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BRANCH
ic Societ
:
Agents of the Society. _ et
Be We TRUBNER & Co.
_ Ernest Leroux & Co.
. OTTo HarrassowiTz, Leipzig.
MIssIoN PRESS.
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JOURNAL
ORE
STRAITS BRANCH
OF.BE E
Royal Asiatic Society.
JANUARY 1900.
Agents of the Society.
London and America sis ame ee TRUBNER & Co.
Paris a Lae a 0 ERNEST LEROUX & Co.
Germany ... a Se Otto HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
SINGAPORE :
PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN MISSION PRESS.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
A) 5 105
Council for 1900.
List of Members for 1900.
Proceedings of General Meeting,
Annual Report of the Council.
Treasurer’s Cash Account for 1899,
A trip to Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak, by R. S. Shelford
The Flora of Singapore, by H/. N. Pidley
Chinese Names of Streets in Penang, by Lo Man Yul:
The Orang Laut of Singapore, by IV. JV. Steat and
H, N. Ridley
Cases of Lightning Discharge, by G. E. V. Thomas
Notes from the Sarawak Museum, by R. S. Shelford
The Hot Springs of Ulu Jelai, by A. DY. Machalo
tre
STRAITS BRANCH
OF THE
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.
COUNCIL FOR 1900.
The Right Revd. Bishop G. F. HosE— President,
The Hon’ble W. R. COLLYuR— Vice-President for Singapore.
The Hon’ble Dr. BROWN— Vice-President for Penang.
H. N. RIDLEY, Esq.—Honorary Secretary.
Dr. HANITSCH—J/onorary Treasurer.
H. H. EScuke, Esq. }
The Hon’ble W. J. NAPIEG, |
R. N. BLAND, Esq. \ Councillors.
R. W. HULLETT, Esq. |
|
The Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR.
LAS Oe eS ens
FOR
1900.
ANTHONISZ, J.O., B. A. Singapore.
BAMPFYLD#, C. A. Kuching, Sarawak.
BANKS, J. HE. Singapore,
BARKER, Dr. J. K.. » Sarawak. }
BARNES, W. D. Kuala Lipis, Pahang
BELFIELD, F. Taiping, Perak.
BERRINGYON, A. T. D. Taiping, Perak.
BICKNELL, W. A. Audit Department, Penang”,
Birceu, J. K. Penang.
BLAGDEN, C. O., M.-A.,
(Life Member) England.
BLAND, R. N. Singapore.
Borr, Dr. W. N.
BRADDON, Dr. W. L:. - Seremban, N. Sembilan.
BRANDT, D. VON Stanmore, Singapore.
BROCKMAN, H. L. Singapore.
Brown, The Hon. Dr. W. CG. Penang.
BRYANT, A. T. . Ipoh
BrypGeEs, H. E. H., M. A. Kngland.
BUCKLEY, C. B. Orchard Road, Singapore.
BROME INO Ry se\e Kuala Lumpor.
Camus, A. Taipeng, Perak.
CLIFFORD, H. C. Sandakan.
CoLLYER, The Hon’ble W. R. Singapore.
CONLAY, W. Kuantan, Pahang.
Cook, Rev. J, A.2B. Singapore.
DANE, Dr, R. Province Wellesley.
DENT, SIR ALFRED, K.C.M.G. 11 Old Broad St., London, E. C.
Dew, A. T. Krian, Perak.
(309)
MEMBERS For 1900.— Continued. Vii
Dickson, E. A, Sepang, Selangor.
Driver, JAMES Kuala Lumpor,
DUNKERLEY, REV. W.H., M.A. Penang.
DUNLOP, C. Singapore.
EDMONDS, R. C. Jugra, Selangor.
EGERTON, WALTER Malacca.
ESCHKE, H. H. German Consulate, Singapore.
EVERETT, H. H. Sarawak.
FLOWER, 8. 8. Cairo.
Fort, HUGH Singapore.
FREER, DR. G. D. Penang.
GENTLE, ALEX. Singapore,
GERINI, MAJor. G. S. Siam.
GRAHAM, JAMES Glasgow, Scotland.
GROOM, S. R. Malacca.
HAFFENDEN, JOHN Singapore,
HAINES, Rev. F. W. Malacca.
HALE, A. Tampin, N. Sembilan
HANITSCH, Dr. R, Singapore.
FARE, G. T. Kuala Lumpor.
HAYNES, H. 8. Gantian, B. N, B.
HERVEY, D. F. A., C.M.G.
(Hon. Member) Aldeburgh.
HILL, The Hon. E. ©. Singapore.
HOSE, The Rt. Rev. Bishop G. F,,
. M.A., D.D. (Hon. Member) Singapore.
‘HOSE, CHARLES. Baram, Sarawak.
Hoss, E. S. Perak.
HOYNCK VAN PAPENDRECHT,
PC. Singapore.
HULLETT, R. W., M.A., F.L.S. Singapore.
JOAQUIM, J. P., F.R.G.S. Singapore.
JOHNSTON, L. A. M. Malacca.
KEHDING, Dr. Germany.
KLoss, C. BODEN Singapore.
KNIGHT, ARTHUR Singapore.
KYNNERSLEY, The Hon. C.W.S. Singapore.
LAWES, Rev. W. G.
(Hon. Member) Port Moresby, New Guinea
viii MEMBERS_ FoR 1900:—Continued.
LEASK, Dr. J. T: Singapore.
LEMON, A. H. Penang.
LEWIS, J. E. H., B. A. Government Printing Office.
Sarawak.
LIM Boon KENG, Hon. Dr. Singapore.
LUERING, Rev. Dr. H. L. KE. Singapore.
MACHADO, A. D. Pahang.
MACLAREN, J. W. B. Singapore.
MASON, J. 5S. Matang, Perak.
McCCAUSLAND, C. F. Selangor.
MELDRUM, DATO J. Johore.
MEREWETHER, Hon E£. M. Singapore.
MICHELL, W. C., B.A. Singapore.
MILLER, JAMES Singapore.
MUNSON, Rev. R. W. Padang, Bencoolen.
NANSON, W., B.A,, F.S.G. Singapore.
NAPIER, The Hon’ble W. J.,
M.A., B.C.L. Paterson Road, Singapore.
ORMSBY, G. Mayo, Ireland.
O'SULLIVAN, A. W.5., B.A. ~ Penang.
OWEN, J. F. Port Dickson.
PARR, CW. C. Negri Sembilan.
PERHAM, The Ven’ble. Archdea-
con (Hon. Member.) England.
PEARS, FRANCIS Muar.
RIDLEY, HoON., M.A, Hates: Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
ROBERYS, B. G7 Negri Sembilan.
RODGER, J. P. Kuala Lumpor, Selangor.
RosTapDos, E. Johore.
ROWLAND, W. R. Neeri Sembilan.
DHARAWAK, H. H. The RaJa of,
G.C.M.G. (Honorary Member.) Kuching, Sarawak.
SARAWAK, H. H.:The R.&. C. of, Sarawak.
ATOM SLR in VE. Karna:
(Honorary Member.) Tokyo, Japan-
SAUNDERS, C. J. Singapore.
SEAH LIANG SEAH. Chop ‘Chin Hin,” Singapore.
SEAH SONG SEAH Chop *‘ Chin Hin,” Singapore.
SHELFORD: shay Sarawak,
MEMBERS For 1900.—Continued Se
SHELFORD, W. H. Singapore.
SHELLABEAR, Rev. W. G, Singapore.
SKEAT, W. W. _ ‘Selangor.
SKINNER, A. M., C.M.G. Canterbury, England.
SMEPH, SIR CECIL C., G.C.M.G.
(Honorary Member.) Knegland.
SOHST, 5. C. Singapore.
er. CLAIR, W. G. Singapore.
STRINGER, CHARLES Singapore.
Serears, J. C. Telok Anson, Perak,
SWETTENHAM, The Hou’ble Sir
vA, C.M.G. Singapore.
THOMAS, O. V. Penang.
TOLLEMACHE, R. C.
VAN BENNINGEN VON HELS-
DINGEN, Dr. R. Deli.
VERMONT, The Hon'ble J. M.b. Penang,
MankEe, Li.Col. B.S. F.,
C.M.G. Perak.
Watkins, A. J. M. Selangor.
WELLFORD, Dr. T. Selangor.
WISE, D. H. Singapore.
Woop, J. B. U lu Pahang,
Woop, HE. G. ‘Taipeng.
MWEAY, L., JR. Taipeng, Perak.
Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any
change of address or decease of members, in order that the list
may be as complete as possible.
All communications concerning the publications of the
Society should be addressed to the Secretary: all subscriptions
to the Treasurer.
Members may have, on application, forms authorising their
Bankers or Agents to pay their subscriptions to the Society
regularly each year.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
OF THE
STRAITS BRANCH
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,
HELD AT THE
RAFFLES MUSEUM, SINGAPORE,
ON
29th JANUARY, 7900:
8
e
PRESENT:
Right Reverend BIsHop HosE, Hon'ble W. R. COLLYER,
Hon’ble C. W. KYNNERSLEY, Messrs. A. KNIGHT, R. N. BLAND,
R. W. HuLLETT, A. GENTLE, Dr. LEASK, Dr. HANITSCH,
Rev. W. SHELLABEAR, Rev. J. E. BANKS, and H. N. RIDLEY.
The Minutes of the last Annual General Meeting were read
and confirmed.
The Annual Report of the Council and the statement of
accounts were read and on the proposal of the Hon’ble W. R.
Collyer, seconded by Mr. Hullett, weve passed.
PROCEEDINGS. Xl
The elections of Members during the year were confirmed
by the meeting on the proposal of Mr. Hullett, seconded by
Dr. Leask,
The officers and council for the present year were then
elected, viz:
President.—Right Reverend BISHOP HOSE.
Vice President (Singapore) Horble W. R. COLLYFR.
- (Penang) DR. BROWN.
Honorary Secretary, H. N. RIDLEY,
3 Treasurer, DR. HANITSCH.
Councillors, Hon'ble C. W. KYNNERSLIY, Mr. R. N.
BEAND, Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR, Mr. R. W. HULLETY, and
H..H. ESCHKE.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCME
Oe ISO,
straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,
FOR THE YEAR 1899.
a0}:
In presenting this Report, the Council are pleased to state
that the affairs of the Society are financially more satisfactory
than ever.
Since the last General Meeting the following new Mem-
bers were elected, subject to the Ronbemenen oF the General
Meeting.
REV. ade. iN) Ba CeO Mr. FRANCIS PEARS.
Mipi J ie SWGaeRs: REV. F. W. HAINES:
Mr. R. C. EDMONDS. DR: A: Be BARKER:
The Council regret to have to record the loss by death of
Sir Charles Bullen Mitchell, Patron of the Society, Dr. de Vicq,
(Councillor) and Mr. Koe.
The new map was received at the commencement of the
year and was in much demand, one hundred and forty copies
being sold in Singapore, and one hundred and twenty nine in
England. Copies were presented to the Sultan of Johore, and to
Prince Devawongse, who had materially assisted in its publication.
One Journal, (No. 52) was published during the year, and another
in the course of printing will be shortly in the hands of the
Members.
A large number of books, pamphlets and journals were pre-
sented to the Society or received in exchange from kindred
Institutions.
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A Trip to Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak.
At midday on the 5th of May of this present year of grace,
Mr. &. A. W. Cox, of the Sarawak Government service, and
myself left Kuching for the upper waters of the Sarawak river on
a long talked-of collecting expedition. Our ultimate destination
was Penrissen, a mountain of 4,800 feet high, five miles from
the ‘“ulu” of the left hand branch of the Sarawak river, and
about fifty miles as the crow flies from the sea-coast. The
mountain had previously been scaled, in part at least, by Signor
Beeeam, Mr. A. HH. Kverett, Dr. G. D. Haviland and Mr.
Hen lerson, but had never, from a zoological point of view, been
thoroughly collected over, so that our hopes of obtaining inte-
resting and valuable results ran hich.
Our staff consisted of five Dyak collectors, Malay and
Chinese boys, and a Chinese cook; to convey these, ourselves
and our somewhat bulky baggage, three boats were requisition-
ed, but as events turned out proved insufficient; however the
start was fair and through the lower reaches of the river all
went well and comfortably. The night was spent in part at the
little village of Selobang, but to catch the tide and to avoid the
din of a neighbouring Chinese ‘“ wayang,” we re-embarked at 12
p.m. and proceeded quietly on our way till at 6.30 in the morn-
ing the first ‘‘ karungan” or gravel bed was encountered; here
we stopped for breakfast and a delightful bathe in the now some-
what rapid river. At 9 we were on again, and soon began to
experience some difficulty in progression. The river abounded
with shallows and small rapids; up and over these our heavy and
heavily-laden boats, which to use a Malay expression “ate much
water,’ were poled and hauled only with the greatest difficulty
and exertion, At the very bad places a general halt had always
to be called, whilst the respective crews joined forces and hauled
with ropes one boat up at a time. Late in the afternoon we
finally won to Segu, and right glad were we to partake of the
2 A TRIP TO MT, PENRISSEN, SARAWAK.
hospitality offered to us by the gentlemen then in charge of the
Government coffee-estate at that place. Profiting by our expe-
rience we exchanged next day one of our heavy boats with its
Malay crew for two lighter boats with crews of Land-Dyaks;
these men are experts in the art of poling up against a strong
and shallow stream and the women are not far behind the men.
It was amusing to hear our new recruits coaching our Malay
crews, the latter though secretly acknowledging the superiority
of their advisers as polers were too yroud to take advice in any
form from those they considered in every other respect beneath
their notice. With such valuable additions to our forces we
proceeded up stream at a fair pace; the scenery was lovely,
precipitous walls of limestone carved by the weather into every
imaginable shape, rose high on either side. Their summits were
clothed with a dense growth of trees and creepers, which in
places alm st roofed in the narrow channel up which we moved ;
the river itself here rippling over shallows or dashing through
rocky gateways, there runuing calm and still under an overhane-
ing cliff, ever added fresh beauty and interest to the scene. At
night we tied up opposite the village of Burgor, and slept in
the boats; an early start was made next morning and by mid-
day, we arrived at Pankalan Ampat, thus completing the
first stage of our journey. From here we dispatched messengers
to the neighbouring village of Sennah, and in the evening had a
visit from the Pengara and his youthful son. Thanks to a formi-
dable looking “surat” from the Resident of Sarawak, we met
with little difficulty in arranging the important matter of carriers,
and were able next day to dispatch the heavy baggage to
Sennah, following leisurely ourselves by river, preferring this
to the dangers of a Land Uyak road with its picturesque
though fragile bamboo bridges slung over nasty-looking places
where a fall meant a broken bone or two.
On arrival at Sennah we were met with a cordial welcome
by the Orang Kaya and conducied to the chief house of the
village. This, as is usual amongst the Land Dyaks, consisted of
four or five big houses all built up on tall piles at the summit
of the most precipitous part of the river bank. The approach
to the village consisted of notched logs, with or without a frail
hand-rail of bamboo; communication between one house and
A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK., 3
another is established by logs rounded or slightly flattened,
generally as slippery as glass; in fact within the village itself
no one ever walks on the ground. Beneath the houses pigs
root and grunt, fowls cackle and boys fight, in a sodden mass
of filth, the effluvium from which percolates freely through the
open spaces between the floors of bamboo laths. The particular
house in which we temporarily took up our abode was a
well-builé plank structure with billian attap roof, two large
doors Jed out on to a spacious verandah at tke back, which
again gave on to a large open space surrounded by fowl-
houses and sheds, and with ways leading off to other houses.
Here and in the verandah much of the daily work is gone
through, the house itself being reserved for cooking, eat-
ingand sleeping. In the verandah were a couple of large
bell-shaped wooden vessels, half-filled with padi, and nearly
all day long women were husking this vy repeated thumpings
blows administered by 3 or 4 foot poles; when husked, the padi
is thrown into circular sieves of rotan, and shaken till the husks
and broken grain are separated off. The Land Dyak man pre-
sents in his dress no particular feature of interest, a blue or red
cloth ‘‘ chawat,” or a pair of Chinese trousers and a head hand-
kerchief generally completing his garb. he women however
are more picturesque: their sole garment is a short petticoat
reaching to the knees, generally of blue cloth with a red _ bor-
der, but their arms from elbow to wrist and- their legs from
just beiow the knee to the ankle are encircled by rows of brass
rings; a shell armlet and leglet generally topping each series
of rings; even the little girls are burdened with these orna-
ments, though otherwise innocent of clothing, and when a
number of girls of different ages are seen together it is
quite possible to trace a gradual distortion of the calf of
the leg due to the weight of metal borne; generally also
several rings of votan dyed red or black are worn round the
waist, and out-of-doors a neat close-fitting cap made of palm
leaf. There were few objects of ethnographical interest to be
noticed in the house. Unlike the Sea Dyak, these people neither
weave their cloth, forge their weapons nor make their pottery,
but buy such necessaries from Malay and Chinese traders.
However, I saw, coveted and subsequently purchased a curious
4 A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK.
hat known as “ Bok tumbis;” this was cylindrical, narrower at
the top than at the bottom, 9 inches in height, made cf coloured
beads strung in striking patterus on five threads of rofan, the
whole strengthened with uprights of thicker rotan. The top
was open, and through the aperture the wearer—always a
woman—pulls her hair, allowing it to stream out on all sides, it
is only worn in dances during the annual harvest feast; the men
on such occasions sometimes wear a necklet of tiger-cat’s teeth
alternated with the teeth of bats, syuirrels and such lke small
deer. 3esides elegantly-carved wooden handles for their
parangs, baskets woven from rotan, without any distinctive
pattern, and small oval wooden boxes for powder and shot, I
could discover no other article which these people make.
That evening we held a great ‘ bichara,” and after over-
riding the almost countless objections to carry our baggage
raised by one man after another, we enleavoured to get infor-
mation concerning the summit of the mountain, its conformation,
the water-supply, the animals and birds, and sach like matters:
many yarns were spun to us, and we received a large amount of
information which subsequently proved to be mainly erroneous.
Though Penrissen is the hunting ground of these Sennalhs, but
few had ascended to any considerable altitude, so they compen-
sated for their lack of the knowledge we wanted by. unlimited
romancing. Though we rose early next morning, It was nine
o'clock before we could make a start on our march to the
mountain; our thirty to forty coolies wanted to take only the
hehtest loads, whilst we naturally wanted them to take those
things which we needed most, leaving the rest to follow with
further detachments of coolies from outlying villages, and the
apportioning of weights was a long task. At length we made
a move, and after wading across the river began our tramp.
The way lay through old deserted padi farms overgrown with
a dense but scrubby jungle; the country was undulating in the
extreme, and the path the merest track, a foot or less in breadth,
at frequent intervals interrupted by bamboc bridges and ba-
tangs, for the most part rotten, As the heat was intense we
fund walking very trying and difficult, and were glad at
twelve o'clock to rest and discuss a meal. At one o'clock
we were on again, and soon reached the lower slopes of the
A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK. 5
mountain, and as these up to a height of 2,000 feet are clothed
with bamboo jungle, we found the going much more easy.
After crossing several mountain torrents, we reached late in
the afternoon, at an altitule of 2,500 feet, a huge over-
hanging boulder of sandstone conglomerate, known to the
Sennahs as Batu Tinong, and under this we pitched our
our camp for the night. A dashing mountain stream was
quite close by, and the delight of sitting under a foaming
cascade of really cold water after our exhausting day was one
not readily to be forgotten. Leeches had proved persistent and
troublesome throughout the day, but in my opinion the annoy-
ance caused by them has always veen somewhat exagverated.
Next morning we continued our climb until we had reached
an altitude of 3,4U0 feet, when our guides called a final halt: the
position was not particularly inviting, being a very small flat
area totally shut in by tall jungle, whiist both to the front and
rear the sides of the mountain sloped steeply downwards and
upwards; however, as we were informed that there was no
water to be had at any greater height, and further that all the
Kuropeans who had previously visited the mountain had encamp-
ed here, we had perforce to acquiesce in our guides’ decision.
Our carriers made a clearing and proceeded to build us a hut;
this took two or three hours to complete, as we insisted it should
be commodious, solid and watertight; the poles and beams
were of course felled in the jungle, and the floor, raised about
two feet off the ground, was made with laths and saplings,
whilst intertwisted palm-leaves served for roof and walls. Every
felled tree produced a small harvest of insects; a few interesti 1g
butterflies invaded the clearing, amongst them Cyrestis seminiyra,
previously only recorded from Kina Balu, whilst in the un-
dergrowth were foun] snails, scorpions and centipedes, all
delightfully unfamiliar to the low-co intry naturalist. In secur-
ing these specimens and in rigging up shelves and sleeping-bunks
in our hut, making all comfortable and snug, we spent the rest
of the day.
On the following day (May 13th) Mr. Cox early started
out to explore the mountain at a higher elevation, and at mid-
day returned with the report that after a stiff climb of 400 feet
he had reached a maguificent plateau of considerable extent,
6 A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK.
where water was abundant and a good view readily obtainable,
altogether infinitely superior to our present situation; our cha-
erin at having been deceived by our guides was great, but
we decided to wait till the shooters returned from the jungle
round about, whither they had early that morning been sent,
before deciding whether it was worth while or not staying on
in our present position. When eventually the hunters return-
ed, the results of their latours were not very interesting, ex-
cept the insects; of birds, a small robin-like species, dull in
colour (Alcippe cinerea) was the only one at all characteris-
tic of a mountain ornis. Mr. Cox therefore decided to visit
next day the actual summit of the mountain, and if much of
interest was seen or procured, to stay there for 10 days or a
week. In accordance with this idea he and ail the collectors,
except one, whose services I retained, departed on the 14th.
At mid-day I received word that they had reached the actual
summit. Upto 4,500 feet the climbing had not been particularly
difficult, but the last 300 feet was a sheer precipice of sand-stone
conglomerate with a few narrow ledges at infrequent intervals,
and to scale this. ladders had to be improvised; the summit
was found to be quite flat, about halfa mile long by two hun-
dred yards broad, a dreary wilderness of pandanus and rofan,
with hundreds of huge trees in every stage of life, from full
and vigorous growth to absolute decay. Animal life was very
scarce, and as a strong wind was blowing, bringing up a dense
fog, Mr. Cox decided to descend to the foot of the cliff and
encamp there. By the bearers of his message he sent down
a specimen of the trogon, Harpectes dulitensis, and a gigantic
earthworm nearly eighteen inches long,
During the next five days I collected assidously round
about our hut and on the plateau al lready alluded to, dismissed
our first batch of coolies and awaited the arrival of the rest of
our baggage. This came up br degrees, until finally all our
belongings could be bestowed in our hut and kitchen.
On the 18th, Mr. Cox sent down to say that he had moved
lower down the mountain on to a peak known as Mt. Prang,
altitude 8,900 feet, and as some most curious insect larve
( Vermilee sp.) accompanied his letter, I determined to join him
and investigate the life-history of the insect as fully as possi-
A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK., ii
ble. At this station the hunters had erected a long lean-to
on the side of the hill, and from it we had a most magnificent
view of the country below us right down to the sea, fifty miles
away. Unfortunately at this altitude our view was_ too
frequently interrupted by fog and cloud, which generally swept
up towards the middle of the day, and obscured everything till
nightfall. From this station we made various expeditions round
and about. Birds and mammals were extremely scarce, and
the insects did not differ very markedly from those to be caught
on the plateau; as, moreover, | had obtained alive several speci-
mens of the fly-larva, Vermi'eo sp (?)* we decided to return to
our original and comfortable quarters.
We descended on the 24th, and from then till the 30th lived
a calm and uneventful life; our mornings from an early hour to
nearly noon were spent in tramping through the jungle, hunting
for birds, reptiles, insects, in fact, everything that had life in it;
the afternoons in skinning, pinning out insects, bottling and
labelling spirit specimens, and the other thousand and one dnties
which make a collector’s life a busy one. An early dinner with
bed to follow completed the day.
The return journey to Sennah was much like the first, save
that it was accomplished in one day, one little incident only
perhaps is worthy of note :—as we neared the foot of the mountain
our carriers suddenly esp:ed a small tree, which to our eyes
presented no particular features of interest; however, loads
were thrown aside in a\hurry and a rush made for the tree,
which was quickly hacked down and split up, and from number-
less burrows in the wood, hundreds of a peculiarly scented,
pinkish larva were extracted. No adults or pupez were to be
found, so beyond recognising the larva as that of a beetle. I was
unable 0 determine the species or even family; these larve
when boiled are considered a great delicacy by the natives of
the district. They certainly looked much more appetisine than
the fat white grubs of the big coconut beetle which these
people also devour with great gusto.
From Sennah we _ proceeded straight on to Pankalan
Ampat, and after waiting a fewdays for boats and to collect
* See this Journal for description of the habits of this curious larva.
8 A TRIP TO MT. PENRISSEN, SARAWAK.,
revenue we returned to Kuching, arriving on June 4th.
Taken as a whole, the expedition was a great success, but
the very great scarcity of mammals and birds was disappoint-
ing; only two kinds of monkey were seen. The cry of a solitary
Wa-Wa was heard, but occasionally; pigs, deer, ‘ijung and
pelandok were noticeable only by their absence, and not a single
oame bird was procured or even seen. ‘This scarcity I attribute
to the fact that 60 per cent of the Dyaks of a by no means
thinly populated district are armed with guns, which they
constantly use, huge foraging parties going out before every
harvest feast and keeping up for days a constant fusillade on
anything above the size of a thrush; further I am inclined to
suspect that this the Southern end of Sarawak in less faunisti-
cally rich than the more Northern regions. Certainly the list of
birds which we obtained on Penrissen must compare somewhat
unfavourably with those published by the late Mr. John White-
head and by Mr. Charles Hose of Baram, two gentlemen whose
labours on Mts. Kina Balu and Dulit are so well known in the
zoological world.
Reptiles and amphibia were moderately abundant, and three
species of fish were captured in a mountain stream by the use of
Tuba. The invertebrate fauna was extremely rich, and much
attention was paid to forming large collections of insects, and
arthropods in general, aud I am confident that, entomologically
at least, no mountain in Borneo has been so well worked at as
was Penrissen during our stay there.
Very little time was at our disposal to collect satisfactorily
the flora of the mountain; the smali collections made, however,
have proved to be of such interest (see Appendix to the article)
that [ have determined to send back my collectors to the mountain
in October, almost entirely to botanise.
Lists of the animals obtained wili appear from time to time
in this Journal in the order in which they are worked out. At
present I am indebted to Mr. Ridley for working out the plants
(Phanerogams only) obtained, and to His Lordship the Bishop
of Singapore and Sarawak tor the appended list of, and remarks
on, the ferns.
R. Shelford,
UE
APPENDIX I.
List of the Mammals of Penrissen.
. Hylobates leuciscus Schreb. No specimen of this was captured.
Semnopithecus rubicundus Miill. Extremely common, not
differing in any way from low-country specimens.
. Macacus cynomolgus L. Two specimens were shot near the
summit of the mountain, and were remarkable for the great
length of the hair round the face.
Tipposiderus sp. (?) This is perhaps a new species, a matter
to be decided by Mr. Oldfield Thumas, of the British
Museum.
. Tupaa sp. (?) Closely mimicked by Sciurus everett’. The
Species may possibly be 7. maiil/eri, described lately by
Kohlbrugge.
Tupaia minor Gthr.
Ursus malayanus Raffles. A large specimen of this bear
was encountered as we were on our way down the
mountain and, as guns were not handy, the animal made
good his escape before a shot could be fired.
. Paradoxurus hermaphrodyta Schreb. This and the following
two species are about the only mammals which the Land
Dyaks do not eat,
Arctictes binturong Raffles. Native name ‘“ttin.”
10. Herpestes brachyurus Gray,
11
. Sciurus (Ratufa) bicolor ephippium Miill. Somewhat to my
surprise this squirre) was exactly the same as the variety
obtained round Kuching. It is a species which varies
9
10 LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF PENRISSEN.
most markedly in different localities, mountain forms
being as a rule much darker and redder,
12. Sciurus hippurus Geoff.
13. Sciurus tenuis Horsf.
14. Sciurus (Funambulus) everetti Thos.
15. Nannosciurus melanotis Mill. and Schlee.
16, Mus margarette Thos. This pretty little mouse was seen
about the house one evening, but it eluded all efforts to
catch it.
17. Sus barbatus Miill.
18. Cervus equinus Cuv.
The Birds of Mount Penrissen and
Neighbouring District.
The bird fauna of Mount Penrissen as evinced by collec-
tions made in the month of May of this year (1899) has proved
to be most disappointingly sparse, and this list must compare
somewhat unfavourably with those of the late Mr. Whitehead’s
collections on Mt. Kina Balu and of Mr. C. Hose’s collections on
Mt. Dulit. Not only was the number of species obtained small,
but bird-life in general, with the excepiion of Barbets, was most
noticeably scarce. I attribute this scarcity partly to the fact that
the mountain has long been the happy hunting-ground of the
Land Dyaks, 60 % of whom are armed with guns; all the game
birds seem to have been shot or trapped, for we certainly nei-
ther saw nor heard one, whilst hornbills, profiting by a large ex-
perience of the sound of a shot, were very difficult to approach.
A good collection of low-country birds was made at Pankalan
Ampat, at the head of the left-hand branch of the Sarawak river,
and about 10 miles from the foot of Penrissen. Amongst other
good things we were fortunate enough to obtain there, was a
specimen of a kinefisher, rare in Borneo, Alcedo euryzone.
With the exception of a small fly-catcher, too battered for
description, and an obscure little greenish Timeling, allied to
LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. ‘11
Mixornis, all the species obtained are well known, thanks chiefly
to the labours of Mr. Hose on Mt. Dulit. As each of the above-
mentioned specimens are unique, and as my knowledge of sys-
tematic ornithology is somewhat inadequate, I refrainfrom des-
cribing them, until further material can be obtained. I have
followed the classification adopted by Mr. Everett in his lst of
Bornean birds (cf. this Journal No. 20, 1889,) and I have includ-
ed those species obtained by Mr. Everett in a former expedition
to Penrissen,
FAMILY TURDID.
1. Myiophoneus borneensis Sclater, Ibis 1885, p. 123. One
young specimen of this species was obtained, differing so
markedly from the adult, that I was inclined to regard
it as a new species; a subsequent careful comparison
with a skin of a typical female from Mt. Dulit revealed
its identity. The back wings and tail are of a very
dark brown, and the feathers of the breast and head
have the shafts and tips white, the webs of these feathers
are not so well developed as in the adult, and there is no
trace of any blue coloration on the wings. Feet purple.
4,100 feet.
2. Copsychus saularis L. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p. 65. Common
everywhere in the low-country.
3. Cittocincla suavis Sclater. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p.87. From
Pankalan Ampat.
4, Pomatorhinus borneensis Cat. Sharpe. Cat. B. vil. p. 411.
Low-country and up to 3,000 feet.
5. Stachyris leucotis Sharpe. Ibis 1878, p. 418. Penrissen
3,000 feet.
6. Stachyris borneensis Sharpe. Ibis 1887, p. 449. A common
species on Penrissen. A nest with three eggs was
found, the eggs are white (as is usual in this genus) and
measure 21 by 16 mm: the nest isa loose ill-made struc-
ture,
7. Malacopterum albiguiare Gray. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p. 565.
12 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN.
This species is eminently characteristic of the western
end of Sarawak. Pankalan Ampat.
8. Alcippe cinerea Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p.622. The com-
monest species on the mountain: the note is like that
of a robin.
9. Staphidia everette Sharpe. Ibis 1887. p. 447. Pankalan
Ampat. ‘The nest is neatly woven from vegetable fibres :
the eggs are white with small brown spots, more thickly
placed at the upper end.
10. Turdinus sepiartus Horsf. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p. 544.
Penrissen from 2900 feet upwards. We did not find the
typical mountain form J. canicapillus Sharpe recorded
from Dulit and Kina Balu.
11. Zrichostoma rostratum Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vii. p. 562.
Pankalan Ampat. Not at all common.
12. Drymocataphus capistratoides Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. vii. p.
555. Pankalan Ampat.
13. Kenopia striata Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vil. p. 578. Lower
slopes of Penrissen.
14. Turdinulus exsul. Sharpe, Ibis 1888, p. 479. Penrissen (A.
H. Everett).
FAM. BRACHYPODID.
15. Hemixus malaccensis Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p.52. Found
all over the mountain.
16. Hemixus connectens Sharpe. Ibis 1887, p. 446. This was one
of the commonest species of this family on the mountain.
The Dyak name ‘“empulu” is applied to all birds of this
species.
17. Pinarocichla euptilosa. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 62. Pankalan
Ampat and Penrissen. ;
18. Criniger diardi Temm,. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 76. A cha-
racteristically low-country form, common everywhere.
19;
24).
21,
22.
26
20,
28.
29.
30,
LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. 13
Criniger ruficrissus Sharpe. Id. Cat. B. vi. p. 81. Another
common mountain ‘ empulu. ”
Criniger gutturaiis Bp. Sharpe. Cat. B. vi. p. 80, Penrissen
and Pankalan Ampat.
Criniger finscht Salvad. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 84. Pankalan
Ampat. This is generally found on mountains, and it was
with some surprise that I obtained it at so low an altitude.
Tricholestes criniger Blyth. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 80. Pan-
kalan Ampat.
. Lrachyeomus ochrocephalus Gm, Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 98.
Pankalan Ampat.
. Pycnonotus simplex Less. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 153. Pan-
kalan Ampat.
. Rubigula webbert Hume. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 171. Pan-
kalan Ampat. We did not meet with this pretty little
bird on Penrissen, where Mr. Everett formerly obtain-
ed it.
Hyithina viridissima Sharpe. Cat. B, vi.p. 6. A very common
low-country bird along the banks of rivers in their upper
waters. One specimen was shot on Penrissen at an alti-
tude of 3,000 feet. Actiphia viridis Bp. is common round
Kuching and near the coast.
Chloropsis zosterops Vig. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi. p. 24. Pan-
kalan Ampat.
Pan-
(oN)
Oo
Chloropsis cyanopogon Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. vi p.
kalan Ampat.
Chloropsis viridinucha Sharpe. Id. Cat. B. vi. p. 31. pl.
Pankalan Ampat.
FAM, ORIOLIDZ.
Oriolus xanthonotus Horsf. Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 2135. Pen-
rissen. The only species of Oriole to be found on the
14.
(hs)
bo
@5
(3
LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN.
mountain, a most disappointing fact as I had great expec-
tations of obtaining seme typically mountain form.
. Dissemurus paradiseus L. Sharpe, Cat. B. ii. p. 258. Ranges
up to 5000 feet.
FAM. MUSCICAPID®.
2, Krythromyias mullert ee Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 200 pl. iv.
f.2. Penrissen (A. H. Everett).
. Lrythromytas sp. n (2)
One badly shot specimen of a little fly- catcher belonging to
this genus was obtained: it was quite impossible to sex
the bird and it would be unwise to describe it until fur-
ther material is obtained. The plumage of the upper
parts and wings are as in EF. mulleri, but the breast is
ashy and the lower halves of the outer tail-feathers are
white. Penrissen 4,100 feet.
. Rhipidyra periata S. Mull. Sharp, Cat. B. iv. p. 328.
Common up to 3000 feet.
. Tersiphone afinis Blyth. Sharp, Cat. B. iv. p. 349.
Low country and up to 8000 feet. Known as the “ rain-
bird” by the natives.
36. Philentoma velatum Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 365.
Ranges up to 4000 feet. The young male resembles the
adult females very closely, but the plumage on the abdo-
men and rump is generally admixed with earthy brown. »
. Lhilentoma pyrrhopterum Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 366.
Occurs side by side with the preceding species; both
are easily called up to the gun. Mr. E. Bartlett for-
mer curator of the Sarawak Museum described in this
Journal (April 1894) a new species of Philentoma, P.
maxuelli. I have examined the solitary specimen in the
Museum collection and have very grave doubts of its dis-
tinctness from P. pyrrhopterum; a quite asymmetrical
patch of chestnut on the breast is the only distinguishing
feature, and prefer to regard the bird merely as a some-
38.
39.
40.
41,
42.
43.
44,
LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN, 15
what abnormal variation, until further material is obtain-
ed; but as seven years have elapsed since the specimen
was shot and more or less continuous collecting in the
same area has not brought to light a similar one, though
both pyrrhopterum and velatwn are common enough, |
hold no very strong hopes of matching the specimen with
another.
Culicicapa ceylonensis Swains. Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 369.
Penrissen and surrounding low-country.
Siphia beccariana Salvad. Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 452. Pen-
rissen 4,000 feet.
Siphia (2) everetti Sharpe, Ibis. 1890, p. 366. Penrissen
4000 feet.
I am not at all certain that I have identified this species
correctly ; its nearest ally seems to be Stoparola pana-
yensis Sharpe from the Philippines, judging from a descrip-
tion of that species, the distinction between the genera
Stoparola and Siphia is a very small one, merely a ques-
tion of the proportion of culmen-length to breadth at the
grape.
Fam. NECTARINIIDE.
LEthopyga temmincki 5. Miill. Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 16.
Not uncommon on Penrissen above 3500 feet.
Anthothreptes simpler 8. Mull. Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 114. /
Penrissen.
Anthothreptes malaecensis Scop. Gadow, Cat B. ix. p. 122.
Pankalan Ampat. This species was not found on the
mountain.
Arachnothera flavigaster Eyton. Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 109.
Penrissen up to 4000 feet.
. Arachnothera longirostris Lath. Gadow, Cat. B. ix. p. 103.
Penrissen and Pankalan Ampat.
The nest composed of leaves is fastened to the under side
of a leaf, two or three eggs are laid, often showing a
47.
48.
53.
LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN.
considerable amount of variation in their colouring ; the
most typical form is white with a suffused brown band cir-
cling the egg about its middle.
FAM. DICAIDZA.
. Prionochilus vanthopygius Salvad, Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 66.
Penrissen 4000 feet.
Prionochilus maculatus Temm. Pankalan Ampat. Sharpe,
Cate B. xX.9p..69) ssbankalan
FAM. MELIPHAGIDA,
Zosterops aureiventer Hume. Gadow, Cat. B. M. vol. ix. p.
163, Penrissen (A. H. Everett).
. Zosterops squamifrons Sharpe, Ibis. 1892, p. 323. Penrissen
(A, H. Everett).
FAM. STURNIDA,
. Calornis chalybea Horsf. Sharpe, Cat. B, xiii. p. 148. Pen-
rissen and Pankalan Ampat.
FAM. CORVIDZ.
51. Corvus macrorhynchus Wagler. Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 39.
The crow was met with at considerable elevations.
. Platylophus coronatus Raffl. Sharpe, Cat. B. iii. p. 318.
Penrissen up to 2500 feet.
FAM. PITTIDA,
Pitta arcuata Gould. Scl., Cat. B. xiv. p. 481. Penrissen
up to 4000 feet.
This was the only. Pitta to be found on the mountain
and its melancholy whistle was constantly heard. The
nest is the usual loose bundle of leaves and grass charac-
teristic of the members of this family and the eggs are
white, spotted with grey and brown in an irregular band
above the middle ; they measure 30 by 22 mm.
t
~I
°
List OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN. 7
FAM. EURYLZMIDZ.
. -Calyptomena viridis Raffl. Sel., Cat, B. xiv. p. 456. Panka-
lan Ampat: the mountain forms ©. W/7teheadi Sharpe
and C. jos Sharpe were not found.
Eurylemus ochromelas Raffl. Scl., Cat. B. xiv. p. 465.
Common in the low-country.
Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus Gm. Scl., Cat. B. xiv. p. 468.
Pankalan Ampat.
FAM, CYPSELIDA.
Collocalia fuciphaga, (2) Thunb. Hartert, Cat. B. xvi. p. 498.
Numerous swifts, probably of this species, were seen just
below the summit of the mountain. None were procured,
however.
FAM. PICID2.
~~
58. Sasia abnormis Temm. Haregitt, Cat. B. xvi. p. 557. Pan-
qn
©
60.
61.
62.
kalan Ampat. An omen bird of the Dyaks.
Chrysocolaptes validus Temm, Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 458.
A pair of this handsome woodpecker was shot on Mt.
Seruru. a spur of Mt. Penrissen at an altitude of 4,500 feet.
Chryusophleqma malaccense (Lath.) Hareitt, Cat. B. xvili. p.
Uy IEA givt,
126. _Penrissen and surrounding low country.
Gauropicoides raffesi Vig. Hargitt, Cat. B. xvii. p. 132.
A low-country form: the young male differs very mark-
edly from the adult, nearly the whole of the under
surface being dusky, the red crest smaller, the top of the
head dark, and with a white patch on the side of the
throat.
Miglyptes grammuithorax Less. Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 385.
Pankalan Ampat.
63. Micropternus badiosus Temm. Hargitt, Cat. B. xviii. p. 400.
Pankalan Ampat.
eG)
18 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN.
FAMILY ALCEDINID A.
64. Alcedo euryzone Temm, Sharp, Cat. B. xvii. p. 154.
Pankalan Ampat, banks of river. We noticed the bird
when descending the river from the Dvak village of Sen-
nah to Pankalan Ampat, and about a week later my col-
lectors shot it. Unfortunately by this time I had returned
to Kuching, and was consequently unable to sex the bird
myself or to make colour notes, and I am afraid that as a
result of native carelessness, the present label “ female”
is untrustworthy. The specimen is a very small one, the
total leneth being only 6.5 in. as against 8 in., the total
length of the full-grown adult. It possesses the blue
pectoral band spotted with white, characteristic only of
the male, and the lower parts are not ferruginous as is
usual in females: in many small points this specimen
differs slightly from Dr. Sharpe’s description (1. ¢.) but
nevertheless I am sure that my identification is correct.
65. Ceyx (2) euerythra Sharpe. Sharpe, Cat. B. xvii. p. 179.
The genus Ceyx is ina most confused condition, and I
am therefore extremely doubtful about a young specimen
of this little Kingfisher which was shot close to the sum-
mit of Penrissen. The billis extremely short; °8 inch, as
against 1.5 of the adult, and is black, paler towards the
tip instead of coral red. The wing-coverts and scapulars
are red and there is no blue spot behind. The wing cov-
erts as in C. euerythra, but there is a black frontal patch
asin (. dillwyni: further C. di/lwynt has been found on
Dulit, but C. euerythra has not; Iam _ therefore com-
pletely puzzled as to the correct name for our Penrissen
specimen, and must wait until I can see more young
specimens of both species before absolutely deciding.
66. Haleyon concreta Temm. Sharp, Cat. B. xvii. p. 285, Met.
Penrissen 3000 feet.
FAMILY BUCEROTID”.
67. Rhinoplax vigil Forst. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 427.
The note of this bird, well represented by its native name
68.
69.
Gell
(or)
LIST OF THE BIRDS OF-PENRISSEN, 19
“Tajak,” was frequently heard on the mountain, but we
did not secure a specimen.
Ithytidoceros undulatus Shaw. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 382.
Not common on the mountain.
Anorhinus galeritus Temm. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 391.
The commonest species ; but none of this family were easy
to get, owing to their excessive shyness.
Berenicornis comatus Rafll, Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 423.
Penrissen.
FAM. MEROPIDZ.
Nyctiorns anicta Temm. Sharpe, Cat. B. xvi. p. 90.
Pankalan Ampat.
FAM. TROGONID.
. Harpactes diardi Temm. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p, 482.
Low-country and lower slopes of Penrissen.
. Harpactes kasumba Rati, Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 483.
Occurs with the preceding species.
Harpactes duvaucelii Temm. Grant, Cat. B. xvii. p. 491,
Pankalan Ampat. All the above are omen birds with the
Dyaks.
. Harpactes dulitensis Grant. Cat. B. xvii. p. 502, pl. xvii.
Penrissen from 3,000 feet upwards to the summit. Pre-
viously recorded from Kina Balu and Dulit. It is closély
allied to H, oreskios Temm. from which it differs slightly
in coloration.
FAM. PODARGIDA.
Batrachostomus afinis Blyth. Hartert, Cat. B. xvi. p. 688.
Common at Pankalan Ampat, where it was frequently
seen hawking insects round the teps of trees at twilight :
the fight is peculiar and quite unmistakable.
20 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN,
FAM, CAPITONIDE.
77. Choterhea chrysopsis Goffii. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 59.
Penrissen above 2,000 feet. The “kayu ara” was in
fruit, and this and the two following species of barbets
were excessively common, huge flocks sometimes nearly
covering the trees bearing their favourite fruit.
78. Cyanops mystacophanes Vemm. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 72.
All over the mountain. This bird exhibits considerable
variation in plumage in relation both to sex and age (cf.
Salvadori Occ. Bor. Tav. I): a very interesting young
female specimen was obtained, almost entirely green,
with a few blue feathers on the cheeks and round the
gape, and without a trace of the red and yellow plumage
of the adult.
79. Mesobucco exinius Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 324, 1893, pl. xi.
Penrissen above 2,000 feet.
80, Calorhamphus fuliginosus Temm. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. al.
Lower slopes of Penrissen and the surrounding low-
country.
FAM. CUCULIDA.
81. Surniculus lugubris Horsf. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 227. A
low-country species.
82. Cuculus nicropterus Gould. Shelley. Cat. B. xix. p. 241.
Pankalan Ampat. One female in young plumage with the
bead and neck mottled with fulvous was obtained.
83. Rhinortha chlorophwa Ratt Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 393.
A common low-country species.
84. Rhopodytes bornecnsis Bp. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 389.
Low-country. Native name ‘ Mindu. ”
85. Phenicophoes microrhinus Berl. Nov. Zool. p. 71. Vol. IL.
1895. Low-country. ‘This form has been separated off
from Perythroguathus by Berlepsch (1. ¢.) on account of
the difference in the shape of the nasal apertures, perhaps
LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PENRISSEN., 21
rather a sub-specific than a specific distinction. The fol-
lowing is a tabular arrangement of Berlepsch’s views
concerning the genus Phwnicophes. The genera adopted
in the Brit. Mus. Cat. being placed in brackets.
P. pyrrhocephalus Forst. Ceylon.
P. (Urococcyx) wneicaudus (T. & HE. Verr.) Mentavei Is.
P. (Urococcyx) erythrognathus Bp. Malacca and Sumatra.
P, (Urococcyx) microrhinus Berl. Borneo and Natuna Is.
P. (Rhinococcyx) curvirostris Shaw. Java.
P, (Dryococcyx) Lawingtont Sharpe. Palawan.
P. (Rhamphococeyx) calorhynchus Tem. Celebes.
86. Zanclostomus javunicus Horsf. Shelley, Cat. B. xix. p. 380,
Penrissen 3,000-4,000 feet.
FAM. COLUMBIDZ.
(eo)
~
¢. Macropygia rujiceps Temm. Salvadori, Cat. B. xxi, p. 360,
Penrissen 4,000 feet.
88. Osmotreron olax Temm. Salvadori, Cat. B. xxi p, 64.
APPENDIX II.
Plants collected at Penrissen.
BY HN ar Dan.
This collection, thougu a small one, contains a large pro-
portion of novelties, showing that a more complete botanical.
survey would be well worth making. The plants obtained are
of typical Bornean mountain flora facies, and most closely re-
semble the plants-of Kina Balu in North Hast Borneo.
Sonerila borneensis Cogn. at 3,500 feet; flowers white, stamens
yellow.
Moc Varice) th smaller plant nearly glabrous, common.
Begonia borneensis. A. D.C. At 8,000 feet alt.
Argostemma gracile Stapt. Mt. Seruru, a Peak of Penrissen, 4,500
feet, Only previously known from Mt. Kina Balu.
Ophiorrliza fibrillosa 1. sp.
Stem over afoot tall, rather stout, covered with short
scattered brown hairs. Leaves lanceolate acute at both ends
12 nerved, 4 inches longer less, 14 inch wide green and gla-
brous above glaucous beneath and nerves covered with red
hairs, petiole } inch long covered with red hairs. Stipules
narrow divided into two branches each ending in subulate
fibrils, persistent ¢ inch long hairy. Cymes in terminal axils
much shorter than the jleaves covered with red wool, about an
inch long. Flowers shortly petioled white, Calyx pustular
teeth short acute. Corolla tube dilate at base 4 inch long, lobes
short oblong obtuse pustular. Stamens oblong obtuse, fila-
ments very short. Style slender, stigma broadly bilobed lobes
rounded. Fruit absent. At 4,000 feet, flowers white.
Allied to O. subfalcifolia Mig. The stipules are peculiar in
being broken up into fibrils, and being persistent, and are
PLANTS COLLECTED AT PENRISSEN, 23
crowded together in the terminal buds, giving them a curious
tufted appearance.
Rhododendron cuneifolium var. subspathulatun.
A much branched twiggy plant, leaves mostly spathulate
apices not truncate as in the type; flower tubular, lobes quite
rounded. At 4,500 feet. Flowers red waxy. This might per-
haps be distinguished as a separate species, but the materials,
comprising but a single flower, are hardly adequate. The type
was obtained on Kina Balu by Dr. Haviland.
Nepenthes tentaculata Hook fil. The only species seen, on the
top of a felled tree, at 4,000 feet altitude. Not rare in
North Borneo.
Eria megalopha n. sp. -
Rhizome slender } inch thick covered with short brown
sheaths, roots long and wiry. Stems distant 5 to an inch apart
slender slightly thickened above, covered with brown short
scattered sheaths, 4 to 5 inches tall less than $ inch through.
Tieaves 2, narrow lanceolate acuminate base acute 7 nerved 3 “31
inch long 4 Linch wide. Flower orange froma tuft of papery
brown Breathe 4 inch long, above the leaves. Pedicel and
ovary very slender 5 inch ‘Tone. Upper sepal lanceolate 4 inch
long, lower ones broader subfalcate. Petals linear lorate, nar-
rower. Jip 4 inch long, base narrow fleshy curved, with a
process at base, lateral lobes faleate obtuse broad, terminal one
broadly subquadrate margins rounded. Apex broad truncate +
inch across ; two low rounded ridges between the lateral lobes,
and a single large thin keel edge denticulate running the whole
length of the midlobe and ending in a projecting point, with
three short parallel ridges on each side at right angles to cen-
tral ridge. Column lone arched. At 4,000 feet alt. Flower
orange. Allied to /. neglecta Ridl. but differs in its very slender
stems, remote from each other, and remarkable lip with an
unusually large central keel.
Calanthe Shelford: nu. sp.
Leaves nine, petiole 3 inches long tapering into the lan-
ceolate acuminate blade 1 foot long, 2 inches across, five nerved,
24 PLANTS COLLECTED AT PENRISSEN.
herbaceous plicate. Raceme 8 inches long slender. Flowers
numerous flesh color, nearly an inch across. Pedicels slender $
to ? inch long. Sepals oblong lanceolate acute, upper one
broadest. Petals broadly spathulate acute. Lip 3 lobed much
shorter + inch long, lateral lobes short rounded, median elongate
linear oblong apex dilated rounded then acute: spur $ inch long
pendulous dilated and hooked at apex ; calli on lip z small
wartlike processes. Clinandrium deep edges thin elevated un-
dulate, rostellum long acuminate. At 4,800 feet near summit.
Flowers flesh color. Perhaps as near C. Curculigoides as any
species, but with a more slender raceme and a very different lip.
APPENDIX III.
List of the Ferns of Penrissen.
By BisHoP HOSE.
1. Trichomanes maximum Blume. 4,100 feet, common.
2. Davallia (Humata) peduta Smith. 3,500 feet.
3. Lindsaya cultrata. Swartz.
4, bs concinna Smith.
2. i scandens Hk.
6. Polypodium (Goniopterts) firmulum Baker. Previously record-
ed from Mt. Dulit only.
Gi es (Eupol) decorum Brack. 3,500 feet.
8. Polypodium hirtellun Bl. This species is new to Borneo,
being previously recorded from Java, Perak, Ceylon,
Phillpines and China,
9. Polypodium obliquatum Bl. Also new to Borneo.
ae (Goniophlebiun) (7) sp. nov. This is a very inter-
esting fern. ‘ No other simple form of the sub-genus
has been found in this part ot the world, so far as I
know. (G. EH. S. & 8S.)
11. Nephrodium (7) lineatum Coleb. None of the fronds fertile.
If correctly identified, new to Borneo.
12. Acrostichum (Chrysodiun) sp. (5) near blumeamun Uk.
No fertile fronds.
LYCOPODIACE.
Selaginella atroviridis Spring var. (7) Differs from the type in
having unusually lone cusps to the leaves of the upper
plane. ‘There is so fruit on it. Common.
S. obesa Bak. Specimens without fruit. Common.
26 LIST OF THE PLANTS OF PENRISSEN.
Mosses and Hepatics collected by A. H.
Everett and named by F. Brotherus.
MOossks.
Calymperes cristatum UHampe.
Neckera gracilenta var. flayellifera Broth. n. var,
Choetomitrium leptoma Schwager.
C. orthorrhynchum Bry. Jav.
Thuidium Kverette Broth, n. sp.
HEPATIC,
Bazzania australis Lindenb.
Rh. Shelford.
The Flora of Singapore.
BY 4, NN. RIDLEY.
Introduction. The island of Singapore with the small
islands of Pulau Ubin and Pulau Tekong in the Johore strait
and a few smaller ones lying within English waters form the
area the flora of which is enumerated in this paper. The whole
is little more than 200 square miles in extent and consists of
undulating country, the highest hill being Bukit Timah with an
- altitude of 500 feet above sea level. The Geology of the island
was the subject of a paper by Mr. J. R. Logan (Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xvi. p. 519, published in 1846), but unfortunately he
much misunderstood it, mistaking sedimentary rocks for vol-
canic ones. The bigger hills, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, and
Tanjong Gol, are composed of a grey granite, which crops out
again near Bajau, Changi and Pulau Ubin. The rest of the
island is covered with sedimentary deposits of clays, gravels,
and sands, often very ferruginous and permeated with bands of
clay-ironstone, very much resembling that of some of the Weal-
den beds in Kent. This clay iron-stone has unfortunately received
the name of Laterite here, a name properly applied to soils baked
by a lava-flow, or other volcanic heat. These sedimentary rocks
have never produced any fossils except some obscure traces of
vegetable remains. They appear to have been derived from
disintegrated and decomposed granite, the ironstone bands
being formed in many cases at a much later date. No borings
of any depth having been made it is impossible to say how deep
these strata are, but it is probable that they are of very great
thickness and comparatively modern, as appears to be the case
in Selangor and elsewhere. In the south of the island in some
spots the strata are very strongly upheaved.
Originally the island appears to have been covered with a
dense forest, except along the mangrove edged rivers and the
sandy tract of country lying between Tanjong Ru and Changi
point. But soon after it was acquired, a great deal of this forest
28 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
was felled, partly for the value of the timber and partly for cul-
tivation. Later avery large proportion of the cleared ground
was abandoned, and became covered with secondary growth, or
lalang, and every year still sees the disappearance of some
woodland, so that in several of the localities quoted for certain
plants in this list, such as Ang Mo Kio, few traces of any native
plants can now be found. The names of many villages and dis-
tricts are taken from trees which doubtless plentiful fifty years
ago are now either very scarce or quite extinct. Such are
Kranji (Dialinm,) Changi (Balanocarpus), Tampenis (Sloetia side-
rorylon), Tanjong Ru, the Cape of Casuarinas, Kampong Gelam,
the village of Welaleuca. Extensively as the indigenous flora has
been destroyed in this way, I have succeeded in finding most of
the plants collected here by Wallich in 1822; and of those men-
tioned in his Catalogue which I have not recovered, some at least
were evidently wrongly localised, having been probably collected
in Penang. Many of the trees, however, which were probably
formerly more abundant, are represented now by single specimens,
A few fairly large and representative tracts of jungle remain,
and though in most cases much of the more valuable timber has
been removed, these contain the most varied and interesting
portions of the flora. Among the biggest trees therein are the
Dipterocarpee, Dyera, Dichopsis, Irvingia, Kumpassia, species of
Mangifera, Artocarpus and Tarrietia. Mixed with these are
numerous smaller trees and shrubs of all orders, with rattans,
and other palms, and especially in rocky spots and damp water-
courses, are ground orchids, Scitaminez, aroids, ferns, Ebermaiera,
Pentaphrayma, Cyrtandre and many other smaller plants. Here
too grow the curious little saprophytes Thismia, Sciaphila, A phyl-
lorchis, Burmannia, etc. Many climbing plants such as Unecaria,
Willughbeia, Bauhinia, Strychnos and Gnetum form huge lianes
climbing to the tops of the trees and covering them with a mat
of foliage. On the branches of the loftiest trees grow many
epiphytes not met with elsewhere, orchids, ferns, such as the
rare Davallia triphylla, Rhododendron, Vaccinium and Dischidia,
and it is interesting to note that many of these plants, which in
the low country grow only on this elevated position, are to be
met with as terrestrial or rock plants at greater elevations in the
peninsula. The banks of the larger streams and rivers and a
THF FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 29
good portion of the coast line where mud is deposited are edged
with a thick mangrove jungle composed of Rhizophoracew (Rhi-:
zophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops) Carapa, Lumnitzera, Avieennia
and Heritiera on the branches of which grow abundance of small
orchids, ferns, Lycopodium, Psilotum, Heptapleurum, Pachycentria,
Medinillopsis and other epiphytes, while in the mud on suitable
spots grow such herbaceous plants as Acanthus, Cryptocoryne
ciliata, Tristellateia, Octhocharis and some Cyperacev and grasses.
Inland just behind the mangroves the ground is often sandy
and covered with woods of comparatively small trees, Hugenia,
Podocarpus, Gelonium, Arytera, Afzelia, etc., with clumps of the
Nibunge palm (Oncosperma tigilliaria), and onthese and on the
eround grow many orchids, Cirrhopetalum, Bulbophyllum, Coelo-
gyne, Plocoglottis, Platyclinis, and Eria.
The coast line from Tanjong Ru to Changi is also very
sandy, and here is a very distinct flora much resembling that
which borders the Pahang river near its mouth. It is rich in
erasses and sedges, Vyris, Cyanotis, and other herbaceous plants,
with bushes of Fhodomyrtus, Vacciniun, Leucopogon, Capparis,
Eugenia, etc. Unfortunately a great portion of this district has
been put under coconut cultivation, and the greater part of the
flora has disappeared, except at Changi point where it. still
remains.
As a very large portion of the island has been cleared and
cultivated, and often abandoned, there are very large tracts
covered either with Lalang (Jmperata cylindrica) or fern either
Gleichenia Linearis or bracken, Pteris aquilina or in swampy spots
with Seleria to the exclusion of almost everything else. In
many places however secondary growth has sprung up (Belu-
kar). This consists of small trees or shrubs of Wacaranga javanica
and VW. hypoleuca, Rhodamnia trinervia, Adinandra dunosa, Viter
pubescens, Melastoma polyanthum, Archytea Vahlii, Arthrophyllum
diversifolium and a few others.
In waste ground near villages and in cultivated spots area
number of weeds, many of which are well known as very wide-
ly distributed plants, and most of which have probably been
introduced accidentally or intentionally at no very great dis-
tance of time. These weeds include most of the Composite,
Grasses, Labiatie and probably all the Umbellifere and Solana-
30 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
cee. It is perhaps worth noting that very few of these are
to be found in Wallich’s collection made in 1822, showing that
in all probability they were introduced at a later date Among
these weeds one or two are interesting as not occurring in India,
such are Clitoria cajanifolia, and Cleome aculeata, both South
American piants, which also occur as weeds in Java, whence
probably they were carried accidentally to Singapore.
The flora geographically speaking is typically Malayan, and
resembles as might be expected that of Johore, and to a certain
extent that of the neighbouring coast of Sumatra. A few plants
cecurring here are as far as is known endemic, but it is probable
that most will be re-discovered in the neighbouring countries,
when they are more thoroughly explored. These endemic
plants not known to occur elsewhere are marked with a *.
The absence of certain plants common in the peninsula is some-
what remarkable, such are Hurya acuminata and Grewia umbel-
lata, and there are several striking plants to be found on the
neighbouring islands, and on the coast of Johore, especiaJly near
Tanjong Kupang, which are quite absent from our flora. Of the |
native flora it will be noticed that the greater number of plants
are either trees or shrubs, herbaceous plants being comparative-
ly scarce in the forests. and chiefly to be found in the open
country in the sandy district of the coast. Those of the forest
region being usually epiphytes, orchids, Piperaceae, or Scita-
mineae, aroids, grasses and sedges, with a few saprophytes.
The most extensively represented orders here are those of
the Euphobiacew, Urticacee, Rubiacee and Orchidee. The
variety of the latter will surprise many residents who have pro-
bably seen not more than one or two species growing wild here,
but the fact that these plants are very local and frequently
occur on the upper branches of the loftiest trees, where they
are difficult to see and to obtain, accounts for their being so
often overlovked. The largest genera are those of the Figs
(Ficus) and nutmeg (Myristica).
Asin most equatorial regions, the number of species in
proportion to the number of individuals is very large. A Malay
jungle consists of innumerable trees, shrubs and climbers, all
apparently distinct, and individuals of any one species occurring
singly here and there, often very far apart, so that these forests
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 31
have a very different appearance from those of the more tem-
perate zones, which frequently consist of but one or two kinds.
The contrast is well seen in comparing the English flora with
that of Singapore. In Singapore withan area of 200 square
miles we have over 1,900 species of flowering plants, while the
flora of the British Isles with an area of 121,115 square miles
produces but 1,200 species, while of ferns we have here over
130 species, nearly double the number in Europe, and more than
three times the number in the British Isles.
Seasons. There is no great amount of difference in the
rainfall throughout the year, although as a rule heavier falls
occur in December and January than at other times, so that
plants here have no definite resting periods and are nearly all
truly evergreen. Certain plants, however, such as Cratoxylon
formosun and Ficus Miquelit shed all their leaves at tolerably re-
cular intervals, remaining quite bare for one or two days, when
the young shoots begin to unfold, and in a few days they are
quite leafy again. ‘This change is often but not always follow-
ed immediately by the appearance of the flowers, and often the
young leaves thus produced are of a brighter green, or brilliant
red, orange, white or blue. This change takes place usually
three or four times a year, and every tree of the kind in the
district undereoes the change on the same day. It is not till
we get north of Penang that we find a definite period of rest in
which all or almost all plants shed their leaves altogether and
become quite Lare. A good series of observations on these
phenological phenomena would probably throw light on the
causes of these irregular seasons.
Very few plants have a definite flowering month. A large
nuwber flower more or less steadily throughout the year.
Others flower at regular periods three or four times a year,
aimost every plant of a given kind flowering simultaneously in
the district. This is best known in the case of the Pigeon orchid,
Dendrobium crumenatum. In this plant the flowers are produced
at periods of a little over a month, or two months. The exact
day differs in different parts of the peninsula, but in each district
they all appear in the same day, and it is remarkable that plants
brought to Singapore even from as far north as Siam open their
flowers on the day for Singapore, and not on that for Siam. It
o2 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
is not rare however to find certain plants of Pigeon orchid which
do not flower on the regular day, but have a distinct day which
they appear to keep to with equal regularity. A curious fact is
that another species of Dendrobium (D. criniferum) invariably
flowers in Singapore on the day preceding that of D. crumenatum,
whenever that happens to be. It might be thought that the
weather in the district in which the plant was growing was the
influencing agent, but this appears to have but little effect on the
orchids. On one occasion (Dec. 5, 1893) the pigeon orchids
developed their flowers so far that they were obviously ready to
open them on that day, but an extraordinarily heavy rain retarded
them, and the flowers opened the next day, but except in cases like
this the weather previous to the flowering does not seem to make
any difference to the date of flowering. Some few plants have
a regular annual flowering season, such are Calanthe curculr-
goiles in September, and Grammatophyllum, July and August.
A certain number of trees flower only every fifth year, notably
the Dipterocarper, Every fifth year there appears to be an
average higher temperature, and a period of greater dryness in
May or June than in other years, and then and only then is’ it
possible to obtain flowers of these trees. Such trees are most of
the Dipterocarpee, xanthophyllum Kuustleri, Careya sp. In this
case also all the plants in a given district flower simultaneously.
It can easily be understood that it is very important to a plant
that all should flower on the same day in order that they may be
cross-fertilized by the insects that visit them, and this is especially
the case in plants in which the flowers last but a single day, as
in the case of the Pigeon orchid, but it-is difficult to see how
this is brought about. A good many trees seem to flower even
less often than this and there are not a few which though
apparently full grown healthy trees have not given flowers once
in ten years.
Colors of flowers.
As is well known the colors of flowers depend to a large
extent on the kind of insect fertilizer for which they are destined
to prove attractive. The most abundant insects in the thick
jungle are the flies (Diptera) and these appear often in encrmous
abundance when certain trees are in bloom. ‘The Oaks and
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 33
Chestnuts, Sindora and Aurrinia are particularly attractive to
them and the roar of their wings can be heard often at some
distance from the tree. The chief of these flies is a black J/usca
withredeyes. The flowers of fly-fertilized plants are usually small
and green or whitish, generally possessing an unpleasant odor.
Smaller herbaceous plants growing in dark shady woods often
have deep brownish purple flowers sometimes with an odor of
carrion, at others sweet and aromatic, such are A murphophallus,
Thottea, Tacca and many orchids. ‘These are also fly-fertilized.
Many trees produce masses of white flowers in large panicles or
corymbs. These are very attractive to butterflies and bees,
such are many of the Eugenias, Kvodia, Rhodamnia, and AMelan-
norrhea. 1 have noticed as showing the bearing of the color of
the flowers on insect visitors, that while Huyenta lineata with
corymbs of white flowers attracts innumerable butterflies and
bees and the pollen-eating flies (Syrpha), another species of Euge-
nia with apple-green lowers, which is growing close by was
not visited either by butterflies or bees, but by flies similar to those
which visit the oaks. Pink flowers are not so common, and are
usually visited by bees, as are the deep red blossoms of Craltoxy-
lon arborescens, Gomphia Hlookeri, and Eurycoma. Scarlet and
bright reds are rare in Singapore except in introduced plants,
but we have also the beautiful Aeschynanthus, Rhododendron,
some Loranthi, and some species of //ornstedtia. The red flowers
are most attractive to the Sun-birds, and to butterflies. Bright
yellow flowers are chiefly to be met with in open country especi-
ally near the sea; such are Wedelia, Vyris, Philydrum, Utricularia
(most), Wormia, Timonius, and Gomphia sumatrana. The rarest
color of all is blue, which is also to be met with almost exclu-
sively in open spots. Burmannia coelestis, Commelina, Cyanotis,
Urticularia affinis, Evolvulus, Monochoria, Desmodiun heterophyl-
lum, are almost the only native blue flowers here.
Visitors to the tropics are often surprised by the apparent
paucity and inconspicuousness of the flowers.. This is partly
due to the enormous proportion of foliage, which conceals the
flowers, but the fact that the greater number of our flowers are
adapted for fertilization by Diptera and small Hymenoptera, the
most abundant insects in the forests, and are consequently small
and green or whitish, accounts toa large extent for the small
~
9)
34. | THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
amount of show that the blossoms make in the great masses of
foliage.
Botanists. The number of botanists who have collected or
studied the flora of Singapore is even more limited than that of
Penang. ‘The first of them was naturally Szr Stamford Raffles
who aided by William Jack made extensive collections. all or al-
most all of which were destroyed in the burning of the “ Fame.”
(I’or an account of Jack and some others of the Singapore bota-
nists, see Journal 25, p. 163). Shortly after the founding of Sing-
apore Vuthaniel Wallich came to Singapore to recuperate after
his great Nepaul expedition. He remained here about five
months and established the first Botanic Garden, Nov. 1822,
being Superintendent of it. This Garden, consisting of 48 acres,
included the Government Garden on what is now known as Fort
Canning Hill. After he returned to Calcutta, Jan. 1823, Dr.
Montgomerie took charge of the Garden till 1827. Wallich
seems to have promised to send an assistant from Calcutta Gar-
dens, but did not do so. The Garden, which chiefiy contained
Nutmegs and Cloves, was atolished later, and no trace of it re-
mains. Dr. Wallich seems to have taken some interest in the
development of Singapore, and was one of a committee of three
to fix on the site of the town. He built a house, Botany Hall,
to stay in during his residence here.
His collection of dried plants was an extensive one, and
was eventually distributed with the rest of the East India Com-
pany’s herbarium. The greater number of species which he
discovered here I have been able to find still in Singapore, but
some appear to have quite vanished. This is not surprising
when it is remembered that at that time the district in which he
was collecting, ¢¢7z. the neighbourhood of the town, was thick
jungle, of which nearly every trace has now disappeared under
cultivation. In his Catalogue many of the plants are localised
‘Singapore et Penang,” and as I note that many of these are
strictly hill plants occurring at a higher elevation than there
is in Singapore, I take it that these plants were in a collection
of which the exact locality was lost, and that the label perhaps
should have been rather ‘Singapore or Penang.” Some few
however of the specimens labelled as from this region have never
since been found in the peninsula, e.g. Yylia dolabrifornis, a
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 35
well known Indian tree, and it is probable that the locality is
quite wrong.
Col. Farquhar, the first Resident of Singapore, and John
Prince, Resident Councillor in 1827, who took a little interest in
the botany of the island, are commemorated in the names of
some plants, e. g. Myristica Farquhariana, and Erycibe Prince,
but little was done in botanical research for many years. In or
about 18389, Hugh Cuming well known for his immense botanical
and conchological collections in the Philippines, visited Singa-
pore and also ascended Mount Ophir. While in the Straits he
seems to have chiefly devoted himself to collecting orchids, and
to have sent home a number of live ones, among which were
Coclogyne Cuming, and Dendrobium longicolle. William Lobb,
orchid collector for Messrs Veitch, visited Penang and Singapore
in 1845, but as mentioned in Journal 25, p. 166, his specimens
from the Straits Settlements, Java and India were all mixed up
in distribution, so that his localities as quoted in books are quite
doubtful, Surgeon-General Maingay during his residence in
Singapore made extensive collections, but many of these again
were irregularly labelled, and some mentioned in the Flora of
British India as from Singapore were probably either collected
in Malacca or Penang.
My. Murton the first head of the present Botanic Gardens,
1875 to 1880, collected a number of plants, of which a few
were sent to Kew, and a few, chiefly ferns, are still in the Bota-
nic Gardens Herbarium. .V. Cantley, who succeeded him, em-
ployed collectors and obtained a very large number of speci-
mens, but unfortunately hardly any were strictly localised, and
many labelled from Singapore in the herbarium, are either culti-
vated plants or from some part of the peninsula, so that in most
cases I have been unable to quote safely from his herbarium.
Among other collectors whose names appear in books, asso-
ciated to a small extent with Singapore plants, should be men-
tioned, Dr. Thomas Oxley, who wrote some papers in Logan’s
Journal, one of which dealt with the Flora of Singapore, but
chiefly with Economic plants, while other papers treat of Nut-
mees and Gutta percha. He seems to have collected plants,
saying that he had collected between 40 and 50 orchids, but
what became of his collections and manuscripts, I cannot find
36 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
out. He died in or about 1858.
Sir Robert Schomburgk, well known for his explorations in
Guiana, where he discovered the Victoria regia, was appointed
British Consu] in Siam in 1857. He visited Singapore and col-
lected afew plants there, which he sent to Kew, and which were
described in the Flora of British India. Some of them, however,
were evidently obtained from gardens.
Dr, T. Anderson, 1882 to 1870, was Director of Calcutta
Botanic Gardens. He appears to have visited Singapore at
some time, and obtained several plants of interest. He devoted
himself to the Acanthaceae, and EKranthenum Andersont Mast, a
common garden plant here was named after him.
Mr. R. W. Hullett made some years ago an excellent her-
barium of Singapore plants, which he eventually presented to
the Botanic Gardens. Duplicate specimens were sent to Kew
and to Calcutta, where they were named, and several new spe-
cies bear his name.
In the following list all plants with no collector’s name
were obtained by myself or by native collectors employed at
the Gardens, and the numbers attached are those of my dis-
tribution-series. Endemic species, not yet known from else-
where are marked with an asterisk and introduced plants, which
have not properly established themselves but which occur in
waste ground and the like, are included in brackets, The
Mosses, Lichens, Fungi and Algae, are deferred. Collections of
these have been made and submitted to experts, and I hope to
publish an account of them at a later date.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. Se
DICOTYLEDONS.
DILLENIACE.
Tetracera Assa Dec. A scrambling shrub often forming thickets,
flowers white or pinkish. Common in open country, Ba-
lestier plain, Sepoy lines, Fort Canning, Changi.
T. Assa var. Garden Jungle. A _ very different looking plant,
but Dr. Kine considers it only a large form.
T. euryandra Vab. Climber not rare, Cluny Road, Kraniji.
T. macrophylla Wall. Climber common in woods, but seldom
to be found in flower. Tanglin, ete.
T. fagifolia Bl. Not common, Woods, Garden Junele, Selitar.
Wormia. Large shrubs or trees with showy yellow or white
flowers.
W. suffruticosa Griff. A large bush in damp open country.
The flowers are about 3 inches across bright yellow.
The fruits when ripe split open like a star and are rosy
pink inside, with small black seeds covered with a scarlet
aril. The leaves are rather curious from the way in
which the winged petioles are closed over the buds, It
flowers constantly all the year. Tanglin, Jurong, Pulau
Ubin, Pulau Tekoneg.
W. pulchella Jack. A small bushy tree with oval deep green
leaves and pale yellow flowers. It grows in wet places,
Tanglin, Bukit Timah Road.
W. tomentelia BI], A tall stout tree. Garden jungle, Selitar,
Bukit Timah.
W. Scortechinti King. A small tree with inconspicuous apetal-
ous flowers. Rare, Garden Jungle.
W. sp near W. oblongifolia, but having anthers hairy all over
and white flowers. Bukit Mandai.
38 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Dillenia indica L. This grand tree with its huge white flowers
is doubtfully wild here. It occurs near the Reservoir,
Bukit Panjang.
MAGNOLIACE®.
This order, chiefly of trees of the hill districts, is not un-
represented here.
Talauna lanigera Hook. fil. A large bush rather than a tree
with large white flowers and stiff dark green leaves.
Damp woods, near Chan Chu Kang, Ang Mo Kio, Kranji,
Choa Chu Kang.
T. elegans Mig. Aromadendron elegans Bl. A tall tree with
grey bark about 40 feet talland afoot through. Flowers
white sweet-scented. Rare. Garden Jungle.
Kadsura caulifora Bl. A climber with rough corky bark and
rosy flowers growing on the stem. Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, Kranji.
k. scandens Bl. “Akar Dama Dama.” Forests, Bukit Timah,
Bajau.
To this order also belong the Champaks Michelia Champaka,
and J/7. longifolia Bl. often cultivated for their sweet flowers.
ANONACEA.
Stelechocarpus Burahel Hook. fil. “Singapore Lobb.” This
Javanese plant has never again been collected in the pen-
insula and is probably wrongly localised.
Cyathostenma Scortechinu King. A big climber bearing small
green flowers on the stem, and rather large orange fruits.
Common Garden jungle, Bidadari, Bukit Timah, Jurong,
Pulau Ubin.
C, Hookeri King. Not common. Flowers yellow. Garden jungle.
Uvaria. Climbers with purple rarely yellow flowers.
U’. dulcis Dunal. Rare, Bakit Timah.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, og
(on
”, Lobbiana Hook, fil. Garden jungle,
’. Ridleyi King. Bukit Mandai.
Cc
U. macrophylla Roxb. Common all over Singapore.
U. hirsuta Jack. Very hairy, flowers bright red. Garden jungle,
Changi, etc. Common.
U. subrepanda Wall.* Singapore (Wallich No. 6483). A very
little known species, only collected by Wallich.
Ellipeta cuneifolia Hook. fil. A lofty climber with yellow
flowers. Common. Garden Jungle, Reservoir Woods,
Cyathocalyx virgatus King. A small tree with green flowers.
Rare, Bukit Timah (Hullett).
C. Muaingayt Hook. fil. (Cantley’s collection.) Perhaps wrong-
ly localised.
Artabotrys, Climbers with white or green flowers, and very curi-
ous woody hooks by which the plant climbs.
A. Wrayi King. Flowers large. Cluny Road, Bukit Mandai.
A, suaveolens Bl. Flowers small. Common all over Singapore.
A. Maingayt Hook. fil. Tanglin.
Drepananthus pruniferus Maing. ‘‘ Antoi hitam.” A tall straight
tree. Garden jungle, Kranji.
Unona discolor Vahl, ‘ Akar Darah.” Garden jungle.
U. dumosa Roxb. Cluny Road.
U. longifora Roxb. Common, Kranj', Bukit Timah, Jurong,
Garden jungle.
U. dasymaschala BI. Common, Bukit Mandai. Chan Chu Kang
Garden jungle.
U. desmantha Hook. f. A small tree with yellow flowers, Com-
mon, Garden jungle, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.
40 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
U. stenopetala var. A small tree with buff-colored flowers, Gar-
den jungle, Changi, Bukit Timah.
Polyalthia. Small to medium-sized trees.
P. swnatrana King, Flowers ereen, fruit pink with darker blot-
ches, rare. Chan Chu Kang,
P, Scortechinit King. “ Kenanga hutan.” <A fairly large tree,
with large yellow flowers like those of Cananga. Not
common, Garden jungle.
P, macropoda King. <A tree with large orange fruits very
showy. Bukit Timah.
P. Teysmanni King. Common, Chan Chu Kang, Garden jungle.
P. bullata King. Stated in King’s Materials to have been col-
lected by me in Singapore, was collected by Cantley and
perhaps wrongly localised. It occurs in Selangor and
Perak,
P. cinnamomea Wook. fil. is from the same collection, and was
also collected by Wallich in Singapore. I have never
found it here.
Goniothalamus. Small or medium sized trees or shrubs.
G. malayanus ook. fil. Bukit Timah, Pulau Damar.
G. Tapis Mig. Selitar, Jurong.
G, Ridleyi King. A medium-sized tree with large tufts of dull
purplish flowers on the stem, chiefly at the base. Sungei
Morai, Bukit Timah.
Orophea hastata King. Bukit ‘Timah.
Popowta tomentosa Maing. A small tree. Not common, Garden
jungle, Bajau.
P. ramosissimna Hook. fil. Bukit Timah.
Oxymitra calycina King. Dense woods, Garden jungle.
O. afinis King. Sumbawang, Bukit Timah.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 41
Melodorum. Climbers with yellow flowers usually sweet-scented.
J. fulgens Hook. fil. Common in thickets, Bukit Mandai, Toa
Payoh, Tengeh, Chan Chu Kang.
JM. manubriatum Hook. fil. Changi, Bedoh.
M, latifolium Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Toas, Selitar.
M. cylindiicum Maingay. Common, Bukit Timah, Pukit Mandai,
Chan Chu Kang, Loyang.
M. lanuginosum Hook, fil. Fairly common, Bukit Timah, Sumba-
wane, Jurong.
M. prismaticum Uook. fil. Garden jungle, Changi, Kranji.
M. elegans Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Selitar.
M. pisocarpum Hook. fil. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Toas.
Nylopia oxyantha Wook. fil. Singapore (Wallich 6478). Not
seen.
X. dicarpa Hook. fil. * Singapore (Maingay). Not seen.
2
X. malayana Hook. fil. Not common, Bukit Arang, Chan Chu
Kang.
X. caulauta Hook. fil. Singapore (Wallich 6452) Maingay.
Not seen.
X. magna Maingay. “Singapore Ridley” in Materials ; was not
collected in Singapore.
X. feriujinea Hook. fil. “ Jangkang.” A tall tree, flowers green,
fruit long cylindrical red. Common, Bukit Timah, Selitar,
Changi, Sungei Morai.
X. Ridleyi King. * Rare, Changi, Bukit Timah.
Pheanthus nutans Hook. fil. A shrub with green flowers.
sige
Common, Garden Jungle, Bukit Timah.
Ph. lucidus Oliver. Common. <A bush. Bukit Timah, Garden
Jungle, Tanjong Gol.
42 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE
Mezzettia leptopoda Oliver. A very large tree with green
flowers, and large globose fruit containing two very hard
seeds, ‘Poko P’rab.” Garden Jungle.
MENISPERMACEAE.
Clinbing plants with very small dicecious flowers and
drupaceous carpels with the seeds usually curved.
Tinospora cordifolia Miers, Probably introduced. Macpherson
road, Balestier plaia, Pulau Ubin.
Tinomascium petiolare Miers. ‘ Akar Lankap.” A stout climber
with milky juice, flowers white, fruit green with white
spots. A decoction of the roots is used for rheumatism.
Common in open woods, Garden Jungle, Siglap, Jurong,
Bukit Mandai.
libraurea chloroleuca Miers. ‘“ Akar Kuning.” <A big woody
climber with yellow juice formerly used in dyeing. Thke
male flowers are white in large panicles on the stem.
The females green. The fruit is about an inch lone,
orange-colored. Common all over Singapore.
Cosctnium fenestratum Colebr. ‘* Akar Kunyit, Kunyit Babi.”
A stout woody climber with large round leaves white
beneath and large globular fruits. Common in woods.
Chan Chu Kang, Changi, ete.
Hypserpa triflora Miers. A slender climber with narrow deep
greei leaves and small green flowers. Not common.
Hedges, Tanglin, Selitar, Jurong, Chua Chu Kang.
Limacita velutina Miers. A low rather slender climber, the
leaves covered with a velvety golden olive fur. Com-
mon in open country. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Changi, ete.
L Kunstleri King. <A pretty little slender climber with white
flowers and yellow stamens. Mare, on bushes by the sea.
Changi beach.
Stephania hernandifolia Wall, A slender climber with peltate
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 43
leaves, white flowers and red fruits. Edges of jungle,
not rare. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Juron
Ore
=)
Cycl-a peltata Hook. fil. var. Arnoiti. Miers. A slender climber
with orbicular ovate hairy leaves, small hanging panicles
of green flowers and white flat fruits. The natives boil
the leaves with sugar and make a kind of jelly not re-
markably delicious. Common in hedges, Tanglin, Chua
Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin.
NYMPHEACE.,
Bare’aya Motleyi Wook. var. Nunstleri, “ Daun Kalapa.” This
grows in shallow muddy streams in thick jungle. It has
round dark-colored leaves, and inconspicuous dull co‘or-
ed flowers, greenish or brown outside and yellow and
pink within. Capsule pink. Local, Bukit Timah, Ang
Mo Kio.
(Nelum'ium speciosum Willd. The Lotus is often cultivated by
the Chinese, but not wild here.)
CAPPARIDE®.
Cleome aculeatum Jacq. Cl. Iullettii. King. Anintroduced thorny
weed with white flowers, native of the West Indies,
occurs round Tanglin and Kallang
(
Cl. viscosa L. <A sticky weed about a foot tall, with yellow
flowers, occurs near the town casually.
Capparis Finlaysoniana Wall. A thorny climber with large
white flowers with a yellow spot in the throat, and a
sausage-shaped red fruit. Rare. In sandy spots near
Chane.
VIOLACER.
The only genus represented here is the shrubby alsodetu
with small yellow and white flowers.
Alsodeia echinocarpa Korth. ‘“Sebilek.” A shrub or treelet
with ovate serrate leaves, small white flowers, and cap-
44 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE
sules covered with mossy hairs. The seeds are used as
a purgative. Common in dry woods. Reservoir, Chan
Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang.
A. floritunda King. Woods near Ange Mo Kio.
A. membranacea Bing. Ang Mo Kio, Changi.
A, Kunstlerima King. Singapore (Wallich). Not seen.
BIXINEA.
Scolopia rhinanthera Clos. A shrub or small tree, thorny with
with white flowers and black berries. Sandy spots. near
the sea. Changi, Serangoon River.
Flacourtia Rukam Zoll. A thorny tree, with small yellowish
flowers and globose dull red lerries, with a taste of
wooseberries. Common in woods and even in thick
jungle. and evidently truly wild, but also planted.
Bukit Timah. Chan Chu Kane.
Fl. cataphracta Roxb. ©“ Rukam.” <A similar tree with smaller
leaves. 1 donot think it is wild though often cultivated
and established here and there. It a much better eating
fruit than the last.
Il. inermis Cl. A larger tree, quite unarmed, with thinner
narrower leaves. Jurong and Tanjong Karong.
Ryparosa Tullettti King. A small tree with slender spikes of
ereen flowers. Rare in forests, Bukit Timah. Sungei
Buloh.,
PITTOSPOREA.
Pittocporum ferrugincum Ait. ‘“Giramong.” A small tree with
yellowish white flowers. Sea shores, Kranji, Changi,
Selitar.
POLYGALEA.
Polygala brachystachya Bl. <A little prostrate herb with yellow
flowers, growing in turf or sandy spots. Not common,
Gardens, Macpherson Road.
THE FLORA -OF SINGAPORE, 45
Salomonia cantoniensis Lour. A small branched weed about 3
inches tail with pink flowers. Common in waste ground.
S. oblongifo.ia Dec. Rare, sandy spots, Changi.
S. aphylla Griff. A very small buff colored saprophytic plant
with minute flowers. Rare, in dense wet woods. Chua
Chu Kane.
Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Mig. Small tree, flowers white. Bukit
Vj
imab,
Nanthophyllum. Large or small trees, with white or pink
flowers and globose one or several seeded fruits. “ Lima
Beruk.”
X. palenbanicum Miq. A small tree, with white flowers. Woods,
Garden jungle, Selitar.
V, obscurum Benn. A large tree with dark green shining
leaves, flowers white tinted with rose. fruit as large as
a cricket ball, greyish green with a very thick woody
rind orange color inside, and numerous seeds. Woods,
Tanglin.
Y. ellipticum Korth. A medium sized tree with deep green
leaves. Flowers at first white then yellow, with a red
calyx. Drupe globular orange turning dark red, with a
sweet but rather soapy taste. Tanglin, Changi.
Y. affine Korth. A small to medium sized tree, flowers white,
The commonest species in the peninsula, but not common
in Singapore. Woods, Bukit Mandai, Jurong, Bukit
‘Timah. ?
NX. Nunstleri King. A fair sized trea with dark green leaves,
and golden buds, flowers white, fertilized by bees. Not
common. Tanglin.
PORTULACACES.
Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. A common succulent prostrate
weed with yellow flowers. Waste ground.
46 THE FLORA OF SINGAVORE.
P, quadrifida L. A much smaller plant with tufts of white hair
on the joints of the stem. Common in and round the
town, on the wharts, ete.
HYPERICINE®.
TTypericum japonicum 4, Small herb with yellow flowers. Pep-
per plantations, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang.
Cratorylon polyanthum Korth. Tree with loose red bark, flow-
ers pink. Woods, Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan Chu Kane.
C. formosum Benth. <A beautiful tree flowering twice a year.
The flowers rose-pink, appear abundantly when the tree
sheds its leaves, ‘The leaves are red when just open,
cwradually becoming green. Common in open country,
Tanelin, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah.
C. arborescens BI. “Geronggang.” A big tree 50 to 60 feet,
flowers in panicles deep crimson. Woods, Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, Selitar.
GUTTIFERA.
Garcinia eugeniacfolia Wall. Tree, flowers white, sweet. Woods,
Sungei Tengeh, Changi, Chan Chu Kane, Pulau Ubin,
Tanjong Gol.
G. rostrata Benth. Flowers white or pink. Woods, Sungei
Morai, Chan Chu Kang, Changi.
(o)
~
*, cuspidata King. Rare, Kranji.
G. Hombroniana Pierre. The peach-flavoured mangosteen.
The tree resembles the common mangosteen, but the
flowers are cream colored, the fruit smaller crimson, with
a short beak on which is an entire dotted stigma, the
rind is thin and scented like an apple, the pulp acid and
scanty but peach-flavoured. Seashores, more rarely inland,
Blakang Mati, Chan Chu Kang, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
(G. mangostana L. The mangosteen cultivated everywhere. <A
wild or reverted form with smaller more acid fruits,
occurs near villages. )
Gs
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 47
atroviriis Griff. “Asam Gelugur.” <A beautiful tree, leaves
bright red when young, deep green when old. Flowers
large red. [ruit large succulent, flattened at both ends,
and grooved all round, orange color stigma and_persis-
tent sepals red. It is dried in the sun and used in curries.
It makes excellent preserves and pies. Doubtfully wild
here. ‘Tanglin, Tanjong Penjuru.
Grifithit T. Anders. ‘“ Kandis Gajah.” Tree with large leaves.
Flowers hardly opening greenish yellow. Fruit resem-
bling an apple in form and color, acid, but eatable when
cooked. Common in woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah,
Blakang Mati, Chan Chu Kang.
Bancana Mig. ‘Tidal rivers, Kranji, Selitar.
nigrolineatu Pierre ‘‘ Kandis.” Tree, unisexual, flowers
small yellow, fruits small @lobose orange, eatable. Com-
mon, Woods and open country, Changi, Tengeh, Sungei
Morai.
parvifolium Mig. Garden jungle.
Forbesti King. Small tree, flowers cream or pink, fruits
small crimson, eatable. Not very common, Garden jungle,
Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang.
nervost Mig. Rare, Pulau Ubin, Serangoon Road.
dulcis Kurz. ‘“ Mundu.”” Probably not wild here, Gardens
and villages.
Calophyllum. Trees with white flowers and green or purplish
drupes.
. pulchervrimum Wall. Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Kranji.
spectabile Willd. ‘ Bintangor Bunut.” Garden jungle, Bukit
Timah, Selitar
retusum Wall. Singapore, (Wallich).
canum Wook. fil. Not common, Tanglin, Bukit Mandai.
45 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
C. inophyllum L. “ Penaga.” Common on the sea shore. Bajau,
Pulau Selitar, Pulau Ubin.
©. inophylloide King. Rare, Garden jungle, Changi.
C. Wallichianum Planch. ‘ Bintangor Merah.” Bukit Timah
Chua Chu Kang.
C. Griffithii T. Anders. Rare, Sungei Morai.
C. macrocarpum Hook. fil. Changi.
TERNS TROIMIACEA.
Trees with white or pink flowers usually rather small
with many stamens.
Adinandra dumosa Jack. “ Tiup-Tiup.” A very common tree
about 20 feet tall, with white flowers, which are fertilized
by bees and wasps, and the pulpy fruit eaten by bats,
Open country everywhere.
A. Hulletti King. Not common, Garden Jungle, Selitar.
A. acuminata Korth. Woods, Garden jungle, Sembawang, Chan
Chu Kang.
A. maculosa T. Anders. Rare, North Selitar.
A, miqueli King. ‘Kwak.’ <A very different looking tree
with thick leaves and Jarger white flowers, and fruits of
a Terustrcemia, HKdyes of Mangrove swamps, local, North
Selitar, Changi, Sungei Moral, also woods, Bukit Timah.
A, sp. “Mongol.” Rare, Bajau (4004).
A. near integerrima but less hairy. A big tree, Changi.
Ternstramia penangiana Choisy. <A big dense tree with dark
green leaves and white flowers. Fruit egg-shaped about
14 inch long orange, splitting and showing 3 or 4 seels
euciosed in a red pulp. Dry woods near the sea. Bajau,
Toas, Batu Putih, Changi, Pulau Tekong.
Sarauja tristyla Mig. Fern valley, Bukit Timah.
THE FLORA, OF SINGAPORE. 49
Pyrcnaria acuminata Planch. A small tree with inconspicuous
white flowers and small globular apple-like green fruits.
Thick woods. Common, Bukit Timah, Tanglin.
P. Kunstleri King? Rare, Selitar.
Gorlonia excelsa Bl. A tall tree with flowers like these of the
tea plant but larger. Fruit a long woody capsule con-
taining thin winged seeds. Rare, Selitar.
Var. with much larger coriaceous leaves, larger flowers
and fruits. A very different looking tree, but referred by Dr.
-King to the same species. Common, Tanglin, Holland Road,
Jurong, Changi.
Archytea Vuhlii Choisy. ‘ Riang-Riang.” A bush or tall
slender tree with pretty pink or white Howers. Common
in secondary jungle. ‘Tanglin, Jurong, Changi, Blakang
Mati.
DIPTEROCARPE.D.
Tall, often vast trees, with straight bare stems. Flowers
large or small pink white or yellow, very sweetly scented. lruit
usually with two to four of the calyx lobes developed into
long wings, by which the fruit drifts away from the tree in the
jungle. The trees usually flower only once in five years. Very
few flower annually. They supply good and useful timber, and
the resin known as dammar and used for torches, and varnish,
&c. Some also produce wood oil.
Dipterocarpus cornu'us Dyer. ** Minyak Keruing.” One of the
best wood-oil trees, even the fruits are often full of oil.
Woods, Changi, Bukit Timah.
D. Hasselit Bl. Bukit Timah.
D. grandiforus Blanco. This has very large winged fruits, 6
inches or more long, red. Bukit Timah.
Antsopteru glubra Kurz, ‘“ Mersawa.” Garden jungle.
A. costata Korth. <A gigantic tree with coppery looking leaves.
Garden jungle, Dalvey, Bidadari.
~
5O THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
Hopea Pierreaa Wance. “ Merawan.” A tall straight tree with
very small deep crimson flowers. Bukit Arang.
I, Griffithd Kurz. Garden jungle (No 47388).
I], micrantha Wook. fil. Singapore (Cantley).
Tl. Mengaraxan Mig. <A gigantic tree measuring as much as
18 feet in circumference, Common, Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kane.
Shorea gratissima Dyer.* Flowers white. Common, Garden
Jungle, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang.
S. macroptera Dyer. ‘ Kepong.” The bark is used for building
houses. Common, Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kane.
S. parctfolia Dyer. ‘“ Meranti daun Kechil.” Bukit Timah,
Garden jungle.
S. gibbosa Brandis. Flowers pink, Garden Jungle.
S. leprosula Miq. ‘*Serayah batu.” very common, Garden
Jungte, Bukit Timah.
S. rivida Brandis.* Flowers white. Rare, Garden Jungle.
S. pruciftora King. Flowers yellow, Garden Jungle.
S. bracteolauta King. Dalvey Road (No. 1827).
Cotylelolium flavum Pierre. Rare, Sungei Morai.
Vulica Ridleyana Brandis. Common, Garden Jungle, Bukit
Mandai, Changi.
Pachynocarpus Wallichit King. ‘Damar Mata Kuching.” Com-
mon, Garden Jungle, Kranji, Changi, Toas.
MALVACEA.
Ilerbs shrubs or trees with showy flowers.
Sida. Small shrubby plants with yellow flowers.
S. carpinifolia L. Common everywhere in waste ground.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 51
S. rhombifolia 1. “Silaguri Padang.’ A common weed used
in native medicine for tooth-ache. Sepoy lines, Chan
Chu Kang.
Abutilon indicum Don. Weed in waste ground. Alexandra
toad, Pulau Ubin.
rena lobata L. * Pulut-pulut.”. A very common weed with
pink flowers opening in the early morning. The leaves
are used for adulterating Patchouli, and it is cultivated
for its fibre in America, where it is called Cesar-weed.
Common in open dry spots ; the variety sinwafa with deep-
ly lobed leaves occurs more usually near the sea.
ITihiseus, several species are cultivated, including //. rosa-sinensis
L. the Shoe-flower, “ Bunga Rayah,” the flowers of which
are used for blackening leather, and for coloring sweet-
meats red. //. abelmoschus L.. the Musk seed. “ Kapas
hantu,’ with large yellow flowers with a maroon centre,
occurs cultivated and half wild. //. Sabdarigiu, “ Rosella,”
used as a vegetable or preserve. //. esculentus L. ‘ Lady’s
fingers.”
TT. surattensis L. A prickly climbing or creeping plant, with
yellow flowers and a maroon eye. ‘Tanglin, Changi,
Pulau Ubin.
Hl. tiliaceus L. ‘ Baru.’ A common sea-coast tree with large
yellow flowers with a maroon eye, turning pink-soon after
opening. All round the coast.
Thespesia populnea Corr. Tree very similar to the last. Sea
coasts, common, ‘l’oas, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin.
(Eriodendron anjractuosum De C. The tree Cotton, * Kapok.”
Cultivated.)
(Durio zibethinus L. The Durian. Cultivated.)
D. oblongus Mast. A wild Durian, with green uneatable fruits.
Woods, scarce, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.
Neesia synandra Mast. The woody Durian. <A big tree, with
rather small flowers and large wooden blue-grey fruits,
52 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
which partly open, the walls inside are covered with
yellow stinging hairs. ‘The seeds are black with a yellow
waxy aril. Rare, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Kranji,
Chua Chu Kang.
Coclostegia Grifithi Benth. “ Punggai.” <A very big tree with
small flowers on the old wood and large round woody
fruits, the outside, covered with thorns, is black, the inside
brilliant orange. ‘The bark is used in tanning. Rare,
Bukit Timah, Garden Jungle.
Boschia Grifithit Mast.“ Durian-Durian.” A medium sized
tree with small white flowers and little scarlet dutrians.
Rare, Garden Jungle, Bukit Timah.
STERCULIACER.
Sterculia macroph,la Vent. A bie tree with large red pods.
Rare, Reservoir Woods, Chan Chu Kang.
S. levis Wall. A shrub or small tree with green flowers and
scarlet pods which split open into 3 to 5 lobes in the form
of a star, and show the oblong blue-black seeds suspended
all round the margin. Woods, common, Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Pulau Ubin, ete.
Var with very narrow leaves. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit
Mandai, Bukit Timah.
S. rubiginosa Vent. A small or medium sized tree very showy
in fruit, flowers pink. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah,
etc.
S. parviflora Vent. Big tree, Garden Jungle.
S. scaphigera Wall. ‘Kembang Samaneko.” <A very large
tree, often over 100 feet tall. The fruit in the form of a
long green boat containing an oblong seed at one end.
When the seeds are put into water the outer coat swells
up and becomes mucilaginous, and this mucilage is eaten
with sugar in the morning to cool the blood. Rare,
Bukit Mandai.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 5s
Tarrietia simplicifolia Mast. A vast tree. Not common, Dalvey
Road, Bukit Timah.
Hleritiera littoralis Dryand, “ Dungun.” Sea shores, common,
Bajau, Kranji, Pulau Tekong.
77. sp. Lofty tree in jungles. Garden jungle, Apparently
undescribed.
7). fomes Buch. Ham. Mangrove swamps. Kranji.
Pterospermum diversifolium Bl. A gigantic tree, Pulau Ubin.
Pt. Blumeanum Korth. “ Bayur.” A big tree, dense woods,
common, Bukit Timah, Sungei Buluh.
Melochia corchorifoka L. A common weed with small pink
flowers. Waste ground everywhere.
[ Pentapetes phoenicea [.. <A tall herb with deen red flowers.
Waste ground, Tanglin, Blakang Mati.]
Buttneria Maingayi Mast. ‘ Akar Kachubong.” <A big woody
climber with curious little white and pink flowers and
round prickly capsules. Common, Garden Jungle, Changi,
Bukit Mandal, ete.
B. Jackiana Wall, Singapore, King’s Materials. Not seen,
probably an error.
Commersonia platyphylla Andr. ‘“ Durian Tupaie’ A common
tree with white flowers, in large cymes and bristly cap-
sules. Open country Tanglin, Jurong, ete.
TILIACE®.
Brownlowia lanceolata Benth. Rare, ‘ Mangroves, Kranji.
Pentace triptera Mast. ‘Sepa Petri.” Medang Serai.”
A gigantic tree with white flowers. Woods, common.
Bukit Timah, Ang Mo Kio, Chua Chu Kane.
Grewia umbelluta Roxb. A stout climber with white flowers.
Common, Tanglin, Galang, etc.
54 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
G. fibrocorpa Mast. Small tree with orange fruits. Rare,
Cluny Read
G. latifolia Mast. <A large shrub- with orange pear-shaped
fruits about en inch long, and_ pleasantly flavoured.
Flowers yellow. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
The absence of the common reninsular shrub G. panicu-
luta Roxb. is very remarkable.
Tiiumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. A common weed with small yel-
low flowers and prickly fruit. Waste ground, Tanglin,
Changi, ete.
T. pilosa Roth. Singapore (Kine) not seen.
(Corchorus capsuluis LL. “ Jute.” Bukit Timah (Dr. King).
C. acutangulus Lam. Weed with yellow flowers, rare. Chan
Chu Kane.
Fechinocarpus sp. Tree with white flowers in axillary panicles.
Very rare, Kran (No. 6174).
Elwocarpus. ‘Trees with white flowers, often showy, and blue
or green drupes. ‘‘ Mendong.”
‘es
FE, ganitrus Roxb, Cultivated only. The globose oily blue
fruits contain a hard tubercled seed much in request by
Tamils as a bead. It is usually 5 gcooved, but very
rarely a § grooved one is found, which commands as
high a price as 5 dollars.
parvifolius Wall, Common, Tanglin, Changi, ete.
E. sti) ularis Bl. Very common, Tanglin, ete.
Kk. salicifolins King. “ Jurunone Padi.” Not common, Bukit
Timah, Selitar.
KE. paniculatus Wall. Common. Kranji, Bukit Mandai, Selitar.
+
Y
Kk. petiolatus Wall. Common, Tanglin, Selitar, Changi.
x
Kk. Grifithii Mast. Common, Tanglin, Selitar.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 55
Kk. Hullettai King. Not common, Bukit Timah, Bukit Manda‘,
Ey pedunculatus Wall. Sea shores, Loyang, Toas, Jurong, Pulau
Tekong.
E. apiculaius Mast. Rare. Bukit Timah Road.
\
Ee. polystachyus Wall. “ Jurunong Babi.’ Flowers buff, com-
mon in woods, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Teban, Changi.
Jackianus Wall. Not rare, Tanglin, Selitar, Bukit Mandai,
:
i. Mastertti King. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Kranji,
Changi.
E. sp. near E. polystaciyus. Rare, Bukit Timah (4949, 36141)
LINER.
Roucheria Griffithiana Planch. Climber, with yellow flowers,
and small red drupes. Common in thickets and woods.
Tanglin, etc.
Erythrocylon lurmanicum Griff. A tree. Common near the sea.
Ivonanthes icosandra Jack. “ Pagar Anak.” Tree. Common,
Tanglin, ete.
1. reticuluta Jack. Less common, Woods, Garden Jungle, Bukit
Timah, Bajau, Jurong.
MALPIGHIACEZ.
Tristelluteia australausica Rich. A slender climber, flowers yellow.
Common by tidal rivers, and often cultivated. ‘Toas,
Kranji, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
Iiptage sericea Hook. fil. Scandent, but forming bushes in open
sandy spots. Flowers pink and white. Rare, Changi,
Bukit Mandai road.
Axpidopterys concuva Juss. Climber, Forests, Bukit Mandai, Chan
Chu Kang.
56 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
GERANIACEA.
(Oxalis corniculata L. A garden weed, common.)
(Averrhvua Bilimii LL. the Blimbing, and A. Carambola L. “ Kem-
bola,’ are cultivated.)
Connaropsis macrophylla King. Tree, flowers crimson. Not
common, Selitar
RUTACEA.
A number of these are cultivated, among which are Rue
(Ruta graveolens) the Kamuning (J/urraya exotica) of the orna-
mental wood of which the sheaths and handles of Krises
are made, the Lime berry, ‘“Limau Keah” (7riphasia
trifoliolata), the pumelo (Citrus decumanus 11), orange (Citrus
auranttum), various Limes (Citrus medica L.)
Evodia Roxburghiana Benth. ‘“Stenga*burone.”’ <A shrub
with white flowers. Common in open country, Tanglin,
Bedoh, Kranji, Jurong, Bukit Timah.
E. glabra Bl. A fine tree. Local, but not rare; Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
E. robusta Hook. fil. A tall tree. very conspicuous in flower.
Not rare, Reservoir, Toas, Bukit Mandai.
“, pedunculosa Hook. fil.* A very little known plant, said to have
been collected in Singapore by Lobb.
Zanthorylum ovalifolium Wight: Wallich No. 7469, not seen.
Acronychia Portert Hook. fil. A tree, usually small. Flowers
and fruits green. Woods, common, Garden jungle, Bukit
Timah, Changi, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang.
Glycosius pentaphylla Corr. Common in woods and forests, a
large shrub, flowers and fruits white. Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, Kranji, Selitar, etc; a broad leaved form.
A narrow leaved one occurs at Changi.
Micromelum hirsulum Oliv. Wallich (No. 8156 ¢.) Not seen.
Clausena excavata Burm. <A small tree with white flowers,
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 57
strongly scented foliage and semitransparent pink fruits.
Doubtfully wild. Op, en country, Tanglin, Pulau Ubin.
Lurunga eleutheranthera Dalz. Climler, very rarely flowering.
Chani, Bukit Timah.
Paramignya grandiflora Oliver. Very rare, Changi (TTullett) ;
also collected by Lobb.
P, longispina Hook. fil. “Liman Lelang.” A thorny shrub
with curious pear-shaped orange aromatic fruits used in
native medicine, Near mangrove swamps, Kranji, Jurong.
SIMARUBE®.
Brucea swnatrana Roxb, A shrub with aromatic foliage smail
purple flowers and black berries. Wallich (No, 8482).
I have never seen this here, but on introducing some
plants from Pahang, it established itself all about Tanglin,
the seeds being borne about by birds.
Eurycoma longifolia Jack. “ Bidara Pahit.’ An elegant shrub
with a very bitter bark used in medicine against fever.
Common in dry wools, especially near the sea. Tanelin,
Changi, Bukit Timah, Blakane Mati, ete.
Irvingia Malayana Oliver. “ Pauh Kijang.” A gigantic tree
over 100 feet tall,with small green flowers, and fruit like
mangoes, green with an orange pulp.. Tanglin, Reser-
voir woods, Bajau, ete.
OCHNACEA.
Gomphia sumatrana Jack. Tree, flowers yellow. Common,
Bukit Timah, Kalang, Toas, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
(*. Fookeri Planch. Flowers deep red. Less common, near
the sea. Changi, Tanjong Gol, Bukit Timah.
Tetramerista glibra Miq. Wallich (No. 1055). Not seen,
Euthemis leucocarpa Jack. An under shrub, very elegant with
white flowers, and rosy, scarlet or white berries. Com-
mon in sandy woods. Kranji, Changi.
os)
58 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
E. minor Jack. Singapore, according to Jack. I have only
found it at Pulau Battam, south of Singapore.
BURSERACEA.
Trionma malaccensis Griff. A big tree exuding a very aromatic
turpentine, fruit green three-winged, containing three
oval flat-winged seeds, Not common, Garden Jungle,
Bukit Timah.
Canarium Planchoni King. Not common, Bukit Mandai.
C. grandiforum Benn. Flowers orange. Rare. Changi (Hullett),
Bukit Mandai.
(. pilosum Benn. ‘‘Kedondon f&rut.” Not common, Changi.
(. rufum Benn. ‘Kedondon Bulan.” A medium sized tree
with creamy yellow flowers and large hard glaucous
oreen fruits tasting of turpentine, with a triquetrous seed.
Not rare. Tanglin, Selitar.
C. purpurascens Benn. Not common, Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan
Chu Kane.
C. Kadondon Benn. “'Tinou.” Big tree, fruit erect pink,
Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Changi.
(, secundum Benn. Not common, Changi Road, Tanglin, Selitar.
>
' nitidum Benn. Open woods, common, Changi Reservoir
woods, Bukit Timah.
Trigonochlamys Griffithii Hook. fil. ©“ Kumpas Ruman.” Tanjong
Gol. Kranji, Selitar.
Santiria lava King, <A large tree with a spreading head. Flowers
in lax hanging hairy panicles deep red. Drupes_plum-
like rosy. <A beautiful tree when in fruit. Garden
jungle, Bukit Timah.
S. laevigata Bl.‘ Kerantei.” A large tree, flowers green. Not
rare, Selitar, Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.” 59
S. apiculata Benn. Flowers greenish white, fruits rosy. Bajau,
Bukit Timah.
S. multifora Benn. Not common, Selitar.
MELIACE@.
Sandoricum radiatum King, ‘ Kechapi.” Cultivated for its
fruit. Wild on Pulau Ubin in thick woods.
S. indicum Lam. ‘ Sentol.” Cultivated commonly.
Chisocheton pauciflorus King. Thick woods, not common, Bukit
Timah.
Ch. erythrocarpus Hiern. Not common, Pulau Ubin.
Ch. macrophyllus King. Rare. A big tree, Pulau Ubin.
Ch. patens BI. A big tree with long racemes of white flowers,
very fetid. Common, Garden jungle, Bidadari, Changi,
Selitar.
Dysoxylum acutangulum Mig. A tree with large orange-colored
pear-shaped fruits. Changi.
D. costulatum Miq. <A large tree, flowers white. Not rare,
Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah.
D. macrothyrsum Mig. Selitar.
D. cauliflorwm Hiern. A medium sized tree with white tlowers
on the stem, scented of almonds, and red capsules, con-
taining black seed witb a red aril. Common in thick
woods, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Pulau
Ubin.
D. turbinatum King. Rare, Bukit Timah (8108).
Amoora Apihanamixvis Schultes. Not rare, Toas, Bukit Mandai,
Selitar.
A. rubiginosa Hiern. A superb tree, over 100 feet high, the
| leaves of a copper color beneath, flowers rose. Jungles,
Chan Chu Kang.
60
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
A. cuculiala Roxb. Tree, flowers yellow. Selitar (38778, 4575).
wk,
rubescens Lliern. Singapore (Maingay), Selitar.
(Aglaia odorata Lour. Cultivated for its sweet flowers. )
A, oligophylla Mig. Singapore. Wallich (No. 4887). Not seen.
cdbe
glubrifiora Hiern. Small tree, leaves deep shining green,
flowers and fruits white. Local. Garden Jungle, Changi.
A, odoratissina Bl. Tree, flowers yellow. Not rare, Bukit Mandai.
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Reservoir Woods.
A. cordata Hiern, Rare, Selitar.
A. tenuicaulis Uiern. Singapore (Lobb), perhaps an error.
A. trichostemon Dec. Rare. Garden Jungle.
(Lansium domesticum Jack. The Duku ; cultivated.)
Carapa obovata BI. “ Niveh.’ A big tree, with sweet white
flowers and large globular fruits, with corky seeds. The
bark is used in medicine for dysentery. Mangrove
swalps, very common, Kranji, Serangoon, etc.
CHAILLETIACH A.
Chailletia deflerifoliu Turez, A climbing or scrambling shrub,
flowers white. Rare, Bajau,
OLACINEZ.
Ochanostachys amentacea Oliver. “ Petaling.” A well known
timber tree with leaves like those of a beech-tree, small
spikes of green flowers, and gveen fruit with much white
milk. Common, Garden Jungle, Changi, Reservoir
woods.
Strombosia rotundifolia Ning, Woods, Bukit Timah, Garden
jungle, Bukit Manda.
Lepionurus sylvestris Bl. A small shrub, Gardeu jungle, Bidadari.
Ctenolophon parcifolius Oliver. Rare, Gardeu jungle.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 61
NXimenia americana L. ** Bidara Laut.” A spiny shrub with white
flowers and orange eatable drupes. ‘The wood is scented.
Sea coasts, Changi, Pulau Selitar, Jurong, Pasir Panjaug.
Scorodocarpus borucensis Bece. “ Kulim” A large timber tree
with white flowers, all parts having a strong smell of
onions. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.
Gomphandra penangiana Wall. A shrub common in woods.
Bukit Timah, Garden jungle, Tanjong Katong, Selitar.
G. lanceolata Kurz. Not common, Bukit Timah.
Lasianthera secundiflora Mig. A large tree, flowers white. Rare,
Bukit Mandai, Selitar.
Gonocaryum longeracemosum Wing. * Toioh.” A large strae-
eling shrub, with pendulous racemes of purplish green
flowers ; fruits green. Woods, not rare. Tanglin, Changi.
Phytocrene oblonga Wall. A large woody climber with dense
racemes of small grey flowers growing on the stem, fruit
wedge-shaped brown covered with brown bristles and
forming a ball as big as a man’s head. The seeds are
cuneate oblong and curiously reticulated. Rare, Bukit
Timah.
Ph, bracteata Wall. Common, open woods, Tanglin, Tanjong
Katong, Bukit Panjang.
Todes velutina King. Climber. Rare, Bukit Timah Road.
I, oblonga Planch. Not rare, Bidadari, Chan Chu Kang, Gardeu
jungle.
Erythropalum scandens Bl. A slender climber with inconspicuous
gvreen flowers, and very curious and ornamental fruit,
which at first is an oval drupe, but when ripe the husk
becomes bright red and splits into 4 lobes, which recurve
and expose a deep blue seed in the centre. Not common,
woods, Bukit Mandai, Reservoir woods, Garden jungle.
Pteleocarpa malaccensis Oliver. A fair sized tree, flowers yellow,
fruit round thin, winged. Rare, Changi woods,
62 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE
ILICINE®,
Jlex cymosa Bl, A small or medium sized tree with very white
bark, more rarely a bush. Flowers very small and green.
‘“ Timah-Timah” or “ Titimah.” Common in open coun-
try, Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.
I. macrophylla Wa)l. Usually a smaller plant with larger leaves.
Common, Garden jungle, Ang Mo Kio, Changi, Kranji.
CELASTRINE,
Euonymus javanicus Bl. A large shrub. Woods, rare, Kranji,
Sumbawang.
Gly ptopetalum quadrangulare Prain. Not common, Changi beach,
Chan Chu Kang.
Kokoona littoralis Laws. Singapore (Lobb), Not seen.
Lophopetalum fimbriatum Wight. ‘ Krabu.” A tree with yellow
petals and the central disc purple. Rare, Bukit Mandai,
Changi.
L. Curtisti King. A gigantic tree, rare. Bukit Mandai, Chua
Chu Kang.
LL. fuscescens Kurz.* Singapore. (Anderson.) Not seen.
Kurrinia pulcherrima Wall. A tall tree with small red flowers.
Not common, Bukit Mandai, Gardens.
kx. paniculata Wall. A large handsome tree with dark green
leaves and panicles of small green flowers, with an un-
pleasant smell. Much frequented by flies. Fruit a heart-
shaped red capsule. Common in diy woods, Tangtiin,
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, ete.
Tlippocratea indica L. A climber with very small white Huwers.
Local in sandy spots, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
H. Cumingi Laws. ‘Akar Bintang.” Climber, flowers yellow.
Sea coasts, Sungei Pandan, Kranji, Selitar.
THE PLORA) OF SINGAPORE. 6s
Salacia grandiflora Kurz. ‘“ Ampedal Ayam.” A shrub half
scandent, gnarled, with black stems, small pearly flowers,
and eatable orange coloured fruits. Woods and open
country, Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin, Changi, Toas.
Var. longifolia, Changi.
S. latifolia Wall. Singapore (Wallich No. 4222). Not seen.
NR
. prinoides De C. A slender climber (a large straggling shrub
according to King), with very small brown flowers and
small globular orange fruits. Not common. Garden jun-
gle, Bukit Timah Road, Pulau Ubin.
flavescens Kurz. <A climber with yellow or reddish flowers.
Not common, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Changi.
longifora Hook. Half scandent shrub with buff flowers.
Changi, rare.
S. sp. near flavescens. Rare, Changi (4785).
Lh
R
. Lobbit Laws.* “Singapore Lobb.” Not seen, very imperfect-
ly known.
Celastrus Championt Benth. var? Sungei Loyang.
RHAMNE#,
TR
Ventilago leiocarpa Benth, A slender much branched climber
with small green flowers, and small round fruit with a
long narrow wing. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah,
Pulau Ubin.
V. madraspatana Gaertn. Rare. Bukit Mandai.
Zizyphus wnoplia Mill. A scandent thorny bush. Not common,
Orchard Road.
Z. elegans Wall. (Wallich No. 4233). Not seen.
Z. calophylla Wall. <A large climber very thorny dark green
polished leaves, small white flowers and orange globose
eatable fruit. Very common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah,
Selitar, ete.
Var. with small leaves, and smaller fruits. Selitar.
64. ‘THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
Z. Horsfieldi Miq. Rare, Bukit Timah.
Colubrina asiatica Brongn. A shrub with green flowers. Sea
coasts, Galane.
Smithea reticulata King. Ciimber. Not common, near the sea.
Toas, Serangoon.
AMPELIDE®.
Vites macrestachya Mig. Wedges, common, Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Jurone.
V. gracilis Wall. Very common, Changi, Reservoir, Tanglin,
Selitar, ete. :
V. cinnamomea Wall. Not very common, Chan Chu Kang, Re-
servoir, Bukit Mandai.
V. polythyrsa Miq. Rare, Changi,
\. elegans Kurz. Hedges and borders of woods. Very com-
mon, Tanglin, Jurong, ete.
V. Lawsont King, A big climber with large yellow grapes
quite eatable. Woods, Bukit Timah, Garden jungle.
(V. quadrangularis Wall. An odd four-angled stemmed vine,
with very few leaves; not native, but cultivated here
and there.)
V. fureata Laws. <A long vine with flat stems 4 angled green
with thick bands of brown cork alone the edge, grapes
black. Common in dense woods, Bukit Timah, Bukit
Mandai, Tanglin, etc.
V. repens W. and Arn. Hedges, Fort Canning, Chan Chu
Kang.
VY. cerasiformis Teysm. Bukit Timah.
V. glaberrima Wall. <A succulent vine with grey four angled
stems and red tendrils, berries black. Very common
in hedges. ‘“ Asam Riange”. Tanelin, Changi, ete.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 65
V_ mollissima Wall. “ Lakom Gajab.” A hairy vine with tri-
foliolate leaves and large dirty white grapes. Common, |
Cluny Road, Sungei Buluh, Reservoir woods.
V. trifolia L. Very common, hedzes, Reservoir, Race Course,
Kalang Puding. |
V. Japonica Thunb. “Singapore.” Not recognised.
V. novemyolia Wall. A slender vine with large semitransparent
pink grapes, quite uneatable. Commen, Tanglin, Chua
Chu Kang.
V. sp. Leaves simple, flowers very small green in axillary
panicles, crowded at the ends of the branches. Rare,
Selitar.
Pterisanthes coriacea Korth. A very slender vine remarkable
for its long flattened crimson flower spikes 3 or 4 inches
long one or 2 wide; female flowers small sunk in
the spike, males on stalks along the edge, grapes black.
Local in thick woods, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandal, ete.
Leea. Large shrubs with green or red towers in corymbs.
** Malli-malli”.
L. sambucing Willd. Six to ten feet tall, flowers greenish white.
Very common in damp spots. Tanglin, Bukit Timah,
Selitar.
Var. biserratau. Chua Chu Kang.
L. robusta Roxb. Rare, Blakang Mati.
L. rubra BI, A smaller plant with red flowers, very pretty.
Tanglin, perhaps introduced.
L. Juvamce Bl. Singapore (Schomburgk). Not seen,
L. angulata Korth. ‘ Malli biduri.” Passir Panjang.
SAPINDACES.
Cardiospermum Halicacabun lL. the Bailoon vine, is cultivated
_by the Chinese as a vegetable, and occurs in waste ground.
Pulau Ubin, Rochore.
66 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
Allophy'us Cobbe L. A sea shore shrub with white flowers and
red berries. The var. racemosa is the only one here.
Common, Kranji, Selitar, Jurong, Alexandra Road.
Ertoglossum edule Bl. * Mertajam.” <A tree, with small black
unpleasantly Havoured fruits. Common, especially near
town. Government Hill, Pulau Ubin.
AXerospermum muricaum Radlk. © Rambutan Pachat.” A small
tree, flowers white, fruit yellow roughened outside, seed
enclosed in eatable pulp. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Man-
dai, Bukit Arang.
A. Wallichii King. Singapore, Wallich (not seen).
Nephelium lappaceum L. “ Rambutan.” VV. Longana Camb. ;
“Mata Kuching;” VV. chryseum Bl. ‘ Pulassan,” are
cultivated.
NV. glabrum Noronha. ‘“ Redan.” Fruits warted red, acid.
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Toas.
NV. rufescens Hiern. Chan Chu Kane.
AV. eriopetulum Mig, A beautiful tree with white flowers in hang-
ing spikes, and scarlet fruit like rambutans. ‘“ Sunggol
Lotong.” Bukit Timah, Garden Jungle.
Pometia gracilis King. Woods, Bukit Timah.
P. alnifolia Radlk. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.
Guiow pleuropteris Radl. Tree, Howers white.‘ Simpayan
Ular.” Common, Bentley’s hill (Hullett), Bukit Timah,
Selitar. :
G. squamosa Radl. Bukit Timah, Selitar.
G. pubescens Radl. Very common everywhere.
Trigonachras acuta Radl. Rare, Bukit Timah.
Arytera littoralis Bl. var. Major. A shrub or small tree, Sea-
coasts, Chua Chu Kang.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 67
Mischocarpus fuscescens Bl. Bukit Panjang, Pulau Ubin.
M. sundaicus Bl. Tampenis, Serangoon, Changi.
Paranephelium macrophyllum King. Very large tree, with pink
flowers, fruit) woody covered with processes, brown de-
hiscing. Bukit Timah.
Turpinia pomifera De C. ‘ Geritta.” Medium sized tree, flowers
and fruits green. Woods, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Bukit
Mandai.
SABIACER.
Meliosma elliptica Hook. fil. Tree, rare. Chan Chu Kang.
M. lanceolata Bl. Small tree, not rare. Chan Chu Kang,
Jurong, Bukit Mandai
M. Ridleyi King. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah. It also
occurs in Johore, near Castlewood. ~
ANACARDIACE®.
Buchanania florida Schauwer var. lucida. “Otak Hudang.”
Tree with white flowers. Common in open country and
low woods, Tanglin, Changi, Kranji. Var. petiolaris not
common, Selitar.
B. sessilifolia Bl. Common, Chan Chu Kane, Jurong, Tampenis’
Bouea burmanica Griff. ‘“ Ruminiya.” A big tree with small
acid orange mangos, common, wild and cultivated.
ee. macrophylla Griff. ““Kedondong.” Cultivated as a fruit tree.)
Mangifera sclerophylla Hook. fil. A gigantic tree, Rare, Bukit
Timah, Uhangi.
M. odorata Griff. “ Kohini.” Bukit Timah, Toas; perhaps
only cultivated.
(M. foetida Lour. “ Bachang.” Cultivated.)
M., lagenifera Griff. ‘ Lanjoot.” A magnificent tree, with purple
68 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
flowers and large grey pear shaped mangoes, very un-
pleasant to eat. Jurong, Blakang Mati, etc. Cultivated.
M, kemanga Bl. “ Kemang.” Probably only cultivated, rare.
M. indica L. ‘“ Mango.” Cultivated.
Anacardium occidentale I. Cashew. ‘Gajus.” Cultivated
and often established. Common near the sea.
Melanorrhea Maingayi Hook. fil, ‘‘Rengas Manan.” A big
tree with white flowers, and red 5-winged fruit. A well
known timber. Common, Bukit Timah, Changi, Kranji,
Selitar.
Parishia pubescens Hook. fil. A lofty tree, 150 feet tall, flowering
before the leaves come out, flowers white. Very rare,
Dalvey Road.
P. paucijuga Engler. Rare, Bukit Timah.
P. Maingayi Hook. fil. Garden jungle.
Campnosperma Griffithii Hook. fil. ‘‘Teruntang.” A large tree,
with big leaves especially when young. Common, Bukit
Timah.
C. auriculata Hook. fil. Common in woods. Tanglin, Bukit Ti-
mah, Selitar; Teban.
C. Wallichii King. Dalvey Road, Bukit Mandai, Toas.
Melanochyla auriculata Hook, fil. A big tree, with very large
stiff leaves and panicles of green flowers fertilized in the
evening by brown cockchafers. Wet jungles, Chan Chu
Kang.
Dracentomelum mangiferum Bl. Rare, Chua Chu Kang.
CONNARACEZ.
Connarus ferrugineus Jack. A scandent shrub. Not common,
Bukit Mandai.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 69
C. semidecandrus Jack. <A half scandent bush with lilac flowers,
and red pods containing one black seed with a red aril.
Dry open country, Toas, Changi, Selitar, Bukit Mandai.
C. oligophylius Wall. Bukit Mandai, Changi.
C. grandis Jack. Local. Changi, Pulau Ubin.
C. ellipticus King. Bukit Mandai.
Ellipanthus Grifithii Hook. fil. A tree with small white flowers
Garden jungle.
Rourea acuminata Hook. fil. Singapore, Wallich (8533). Not seen.
R. pulchella Planch. Lofty climber. Garden jungle, Changi.
R. rugosa Planch. ‘“Semilat putih.’? Common, Changi Road,
Selitar.
R. parallela Planch. Sungei Buluh, Changi, Kranji.
R. fulgens Planch. ‘“Semilat.” A tall slender climber with pink
and white flowers. The young leaves of a beautiful pink,
whence the specific name. A very beautiful plant. The
bark is used by natives for colic. Very common, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, Teban. 7
R. concolor Bl. Not rare. Teban, Reservoir Woods, Chan Chu
Kang.
A gelea vestita Hook. fil. ‘Akar Kachang-kachang.” A climber
with small pinkish flowers and red velvety pods. Com-
mon in forests, Tanglin, Sumbawang, Bukit Timah,
Changi. |
A, Wallichti Hook. fil. ‘ Akar Kachang jantan.” Changi.
A. Hullettii King. Local, Changi.
Cnestis ramiflora Griff. A climber with brilliant pink shoots,
white flowers, and large pear-shaped red fruits. Common
in dry woods and open country. Tanglin, Changi, Tan-
jong Penjuru,
70 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
LEGUMINOSA.
Abrus precatorius L. <A slender climber with pale lilac flowers
and red and black seeds. A variety with white seeds
occurs and is highly prized by the natives as a medicine.
Sea shores, Changi.
Crotalaria alata Ham. ‘Kachange MHantu Darat.” <A herb
with yellow flowers. Local waste ground, Tanglin,
Changi, Jurong, Ang Mo Kio.
C. retusa L, A glaucous herb with showy orange yellow flo-
wers. Sandy shores, Changi.
CO. Saltiana And. A common weed in waste ground, and sandy-
places, yellow flowers. Changi, Galang, etc.
C. quinquefolia L. Rare, Kranji.
C. incana L. Flowers yellow. Sea shore, Tanah Merah,
Flemingia strobilifera Br. A shrub. Sea shores, not common,
Changi, Blakang Mati.
Vigna retusa Walp. A small yellow vetch. Sea shores, Changi,
Blakang Mati.
(V. Catiang End. ‘“ Kachang Perut Ayam.” Cultivated.)
(Pachyrrhizus angulatus Rich. “ Bengkuang.” ‘« Sengkuang.”
The yam bean is cultivated.) |
(Dolichos Lablab L. ‘“ Karkaras’. Flowers blue or white, cul-
tivated.)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus De C. “ Kachang Botor.” Cultiva-
ted.)
(Clitorea Ternatea L. Cultivated.)
©, cajanifolia Benth. A shrub with large lilac white flowers,
naturalised from Brazil, round Tanglin, ete. Very com-
mon.
Centrosema Plumieri Benth. The ‘‘ Butterfly pea,” climber, flo-
* wers white with dark crimson centre. Naturalised in
hedges near town.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. Ti
{Cunavalia ensiformis De C. ‘ Kachang Parang.” Cultivated.)
C. lineata De C. A creeping bean with pink flowers sweet-
‘scented, beans eatable. Sea shores, common, Changi,
Blakang Mati.
C. obtusifolia De C. A climber on bushes, flowers pink. Beans
said to be poisonous. Sea shores, Toas, Changi.
Mucuna gigantea De C. Climber, flowers greenish white. Not
common, Blakang Mati.
JM. biplicata 'Teysm. Flowers purple. Chan Chu Kang.
(Erythrina stricta and EF. [ithosperma Miq. are planted here and
there, but not wild.)
Spatholobus ferrugineus Benth. ‘ Akar Sejangat.” A big liana,
one of the best of the water vines, climbing to the tops
of the highest trees, flowers deep purplish small. Com-
mon, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, ete.
S. Maingayi Prain. Flowers rosy. Woods, Bukit Timah,
Garden jungle.
S. Ridleyi Prain. * Big climber, Howers white. Gardens, Chan
Chu Kang.
Indigofera hirsuta L. Sea shore, Teluk Kurau.
Sesbania paludosa Roxb. Rare, Marsh near Kranji.
(S. grandifiova Pers. Tree with large white or pink flowers.
Cultivated for its flowers, and for the leaves eaten as a
vegetable. ) se
(Lephrosia candida De U. given for Singapore in the “ Materials,”
is only a garden plant.)
T. Hookeriana W. & A. Waste ground, Bidadari, probably an
escape.
Millettia erianthe Benth. <A lofty climber with coppery red
flowers with a greenish yellow centre to the standard,
outside covered with golden fur. Not very common,
Bukit Mandai, Garden jungle. ?
72 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
M. Maingayi Bak. A big climber with large hanging panicles
of pink flowers deliciously scented. Pods oblong woody,
about 4 inches long, one seeded, wrinkled and covered
with fine grey fur. Not common, Tanglin, Chan Chu
Kang, Reservoir woods.
M. atropurpurea Benth, is probably not wild here. A fine tree
occurs in a garden in Paterson Road.
Pongamia glabra Vent. ‘‘Malapari.” A tree with pink flowers.
Common on the sea coasts. Changi, Siglap, Jurong,
Pulau Ubin.
Derms sinuata Thw. Woody climber, flowers green and white.
Tidal rivers, Pulau Ubin. .
D. thyrsifora Benth. Scandent bush, flowers in dense erect
panicles, white, pods long and thin, reddish when white.
Very common in open country, Tanglin, Changi, ete.
D. uliginosa Benth. ‘ Akar Ketuil”. Scandent shrub, flowers
pink. Common on sea coasts and by tidal rivers Rivers
Valley Road, Changi, Pulau Ubin, Kranji, Bajau.
D. scandens Benth. Flowers white. Pulau Merambong.
D. amena Benth. Climber, flowers pink. Not common, Gar-
den Jungle.
(D. elliptica Benth. “ Tuba.” Often cultivated for killing insects
on vegetables, and catching fish).
D. Malaccensis Prain. Flowers pink. Jurong, Selitar.
—D. oblonga. Benth. Flowers dark pink. - Changi (No. 6086).
D. sp. with very velvety leaves. Rare, Chan Chu Kang,
Changi (6087). |
Kunstleria Ridleyi Prain.* Big climber, flowers small purple
; almost black. Woods, common but rarely flowering.
Garden jungle, Selitar.
Dalbergia Junghuhnit. Benth. A woody climber with small
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 1S
greenish white flowers, Woods common, Tanglin,
Changi, Pulau Ubin, Sumbawang.
Var. Scortechinit, Bukit Timah (6406).
D. velutina Benth. Rare, Changi.
J). pseudosissoo Mig. Climber, flowers white. Common, Gar-
den jungle, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Selitar, Bajau.
YD, Hullettit Prain. Flowers white produced when the leaves
are fallen. Rare, Thomson Road, Selitar.
D, torta Grah. Climber, flowers white. Mangroves and _ sea
shores. Common, Pulau Ubin, Kranji, Pulau Damar.
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Yhe Angsana, or Sena, planted only.
Zormia diphylls Pers. Prostrate herb, flowers yellow. Sandy
places, Galang, Changi.
Uraria crinita Desy. Small shrubby plant with a tall spike
of blue flowers, very beautiful ; on banks sporadically.
Orchard Road, Scott’s Road.
Alysicarpus vaginalis Mig. A slender herb, flowers black purple.
Changi, Teluk Kurau.
Var. nummularifolia Pulau Ubin (Kunstler).
sEischynomene indica L. Shrubby weed, Galang.
Desmodium triflorum De C. Prostrate herb in grass, Howers pink:
Common, Tanglin, Changi.
D. heterophyllum De C. Common over the whole island.
D. umbellatum De C, A big shrub, flowers white. Sea coasts
all round the island.
D, polycarpum De C. A shrubby plant with erect racemes of
deep crimson, or rarely white flowers. Common in open
country, Tanglin, Changi, Selitar, etc.
Var, ovalifolia. Rare, Ang Mo Kio.
10
14 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Ormosia macrodisca Bak. A big tree, flowers pink, pod round
and flat reddish pink with a large scarlet and black seed.
Rare, one tree in Cluny Road.
O. parvifolia Bak. Not a very large tree, leaves small deep
green, flowers white, pod round, seed red. Not rare.
Blakang Mati, Changi, Pasir Panjang, Reservoir.
O. microsperma Bak. Var. Ridleyi. Tree about 50 feet tall, flowers
white. Rare, Selitar, Tanglin.
Cassia obtusifolia L. A common weed with yellow flowers.
Waste ground, Tanglin, Galane.
C. larsuta L. A hairy weed with yellow flowers. Common,
Tanglin, ete.
C. occidentalis L. A common weed.
C. alata L. “Gelenggang, Daun Kurap.” Shrub with showy
yellow flowers. Common round villages.
C. stiamea Lam. Tree, yellow flowers. Occurs near Tanglin,
but doubtfully wild in Singapore. |
C. Leschenaultiana De C. A pretty shrublet with yellow flowers.
Common round Tanglin, Bukit Mandai.
Kumpassia mulaccensis Maing. ‘‘ Kumpas.” <A gigantic tree
with hard red wood. Common all over Singapore.
Diahum laurinum Bak, Kranji, Bukit Timah.
dD, Maingayt Bak. Bukit Timah.
D. Wallichtt Prain. Common, Garden jungle, ete.
The Dialiums are big trees, which supply the well known
timber ‘ Kranji.” The fruit, a velvety black pod filled with a
sweet pith enclosing a single seed, is eaten by natives and sold
in the shops.
Bauhinia purpurea L. is quoted in books for Singapore, but is
only in cultivation.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 15
B.-semibifida Roxb. Climber with white flowers. Common, Bus
kit Timah, Bukit Mandai, etc.
Cynometra caulifora lL. ‘*Nam-nam.” Cultivated
C. ramiflora L. var heterophylla. Shrub. Rare, river banks, Sungei
Jurong.
Sindora Wallichiana Benth. ‘“Saputi.” A very fine tree, with
green flowers. The calyx is covered with soft processes,
not firm prickles as has been described. The flowers are
fertilize by flies, which visit them in such quantity that
I have heard the roar of their wings from the base of a
very lofty tree, when in flower. The pods are flat, usually
one seeded and covered with prickles which exude a gum.
Garden jungle, Changi, Dalvey Road.
S. intermedia Bak. Changi, Blakang Mati.
Afeelia retusa Kurz. A small tree, flowers white; sea coasts,
common, Bajau, Changi, Pulau Ubin. Selitar, Serangoon.
Peltophorum ferrugineum Benth. ‘ Batai.” A handsome tree with
yellow flowers. Rare, Changi.
Cesalpinia nuga Ait. Thorny climber, flowers yellow. Sea shores
Changi, Selitar.
C. tortuosa Roxb. Rare, Selitar.
Mezoneuron sumatranum W. and Arn. A very thorny climber
with erect racemes of tubular flame-coloured flowers and
thin flat pods bright red. Hither in fruit or flower, this
is a most beautiful plant. Not very common. Along the
Bukit Timah Road. Sungei Jurong.
Parkia speciosa Hassk. “ Petai.” A tree with pear-shaped heads
of small yellowish flowers on long hanging peduncles,
and flat green pods, eaten by the Malays. Common wild
and also planted. Bukit Timah, Bajau, Changi, Selitar, ete.
Entada spiralis Rid]. Woody climber with curious curled pods
and very large brown subtriangular seeds. Common all
over Singapore.
76 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Adenanthera pavonina L. “Saga.” Commonly planted and per-
haps wild. .
A. licolor Moon. A more compact tree than ‘“ Saga,” the seeds
half red and half black. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai,
Bedoh, Pasir Panjang, etc.
Neptunia oleracea Lour. The water-sensitive plant, a floating
plant with bright yellow flowers Cultivated as a vegeta-
ble and formerly very abundant in Singapore, now rather
— uncommon.
Nylia dolubriformis Benth. “ Singapore Wallich No. 5279.” This
has never again been found in the peninsula, and is pro-
bably wrongly localised.
Leucena glauca Benth. Occurs near villages, doubtless planted
Mimosa pudica L. The sensitive plant, is a well known pest
over the whole island.
M. sepiavia Benth. <An introduced shrub very common along
the Bukit Timah Road, Dalvey Road, and near the Reser-
voir.
Acacia pscudo-intsia Miq. <A scrambling thorny shrub. Not
rare, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Toas, Chan Chu Kang.
A, pennata Willd. A thorny climber, climbing very high, Tang-
lin, hedges and thickets.
Serianthes grandifiora Benth. Singapore (Wallich). “Not seen.
Albizzia littorahs Teysm. <A tree with pink heads of flowers.
Rare, Pulau Ubin.
A, pedicellata Bak. Rare, Kranji Road.
A. lucida Benth. Singapore fide Baker, possibly from a culti-
vated specimen.
A odoratissima Benth. A. Lebbek Benth. <A. moluccana, some-
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. he
times planted, establish themselves in many places.
Pithecolobium dulce Benth. Cultivated only.
P. confertum Benth. A tree, rare, Bedoh, Selitar.
P. bubalinum Benth. Rather rare, Tanglin.
P. lobatum Benth. “ Jering.” Tree with fetid pods, very
popular with Malays. Common over the whole island.
P. microcarpum Benth. A common little tree with white flowers
and bright orange curly pods, very pretty when in fruit.
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, etc.
P. ellipticum Hassk. ‘“Jering hutan.’ <A large tree with big
curled orange pods from which when ripe hang black
seeds covered with a grey bloom. Not rare, Selitar,
Pulau Ubin.
P. contortum Mart. Common, Tanglin, Changi, Selitar, ete.
P. clypearia Benth. Common, Selitar, etc.
P. angulatum Benth. Very common in open country, woods,
etc. Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, ete.
ROSACEA.
Parinarium costatum Bl. A big tree with white flowers and
hard brown drupes with white dots. Rare, Chan Chu
Kang.
P. oblongifolium Hook. fil. “ Balau.” A well known timber
tree of great size with large leaves white beneath. Rare,
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.
P. Griffithianum Benth. A big tree with deep green leaves,
corymbs of white flowers and yellow plum-like fruits.
Local, Fort Canning, Changi.
P. nittidum Hook. fil. ‘ Kelat Layu hutan.” A medium sized
tree with very small red eatable plums. Bukit Mandai
Chan Chu Kane.
78 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Parastemon urophyllum De C. Sandy places near the sea, Changi,
Chan Chu Kang,
Pygeum Maingayt Hook. fil. Tree with white flowers clustered
on the branches. Not common, Cluny Road.
P. lanceolatum Hook. fil. “Singapore Lobb.” Doubtless an
error for Penang.
P. polystachyum Hook. fil. A fair sized tree, flowers whitish,
scent of almonds, Common, ‘Tanglin, Bukit Timah.
P. persimile Kurz. Rare, Kranji Road.
Rubus Moluccanus LL. The common wild raspberry, fruit red
small and very poor. Thickets over the whole island,
very common.
PR. glomeratus Bl. 1 doubt this than a variety, it has a longer
terminal panicle and more entire leaves, and usually
replaces typical &. Moluccanus in the hills; I have
gathered it however in Jurong.
SAXIFRAGACEA.
Polyosma fragrans Benn. Wallich No. 8472. Not seen.
P. Ridleyi King. * Tree with white flowers. Rare, Selitar,
RHIZOPHORE®.
Rhizophora mucronata Lam. ‘ Belukup.” A common mangrove
used for firewood. All mangrove swamps. Jurong, Bajau,
Changi.
R. conjugata L. “ Akit.” Commcn, Bajau, Jurong, Selitar.
Ceriops Candolleana Arn. ‘Tengah.’ Common. Bark used in
dyeing either a red brown when used alone, or Pe
or black in combination with Indigo.
Bruquiera eriopetala W. and A. Common, Bakau, Kranji, Jurong
B. gymnorhiza Lam. Common, Jurong, Changi, Sungei Miora.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 79
B. caryophylloides Bl. “ Bakau Putih.’ Very common, River
Valley Road, Selitar, Serangoon, Jurong, Pulau Ubin.
B. parviflora W. & A. ‘ Lengegadi.” Common, Serangoon,
Jurong.
Carallia Scortechinti King. ‘Tree, rare, Changi.
Pellacalyx axillaris Korth. Tree, common in secondary growth.
Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang.
P. Saccardianus Scort. Tree. Common in woods, Bukit Timah.
Gynotruches axillaris Miq. ‘“ Mata Kel.” Tree with whorls
of smail greenish flowers, and very small red or black
berries ; very common in secondary jungle and woods,
all over the whole island.
Ansophylleia disticha Baill. An elegant shrub with pendulous
branches and distichous leaves. Common in woods,
Tanglin, Changi, Selitar, etc.
A. Grifithit Oliver. Rare, Chan Chu Kane.
COMBRETACE.
Terminalia phellocarpa Wing. ‘ Mampelam Babi.” <A tree
with small white flowers and large green fruit. Not
rare in damp spots in woods, Bukit Mandai, Holland
road, Bukit Panjang, Chan Chu Kang.
T. Catappa L. ‘Ketapang.” Common along the coasts, and
often planted along road sides.
T. subspathulata King. A very large tree with winged fruits.
Near the Garden jungle, Bukit Timah Road.
Calycopteris floribunda Lam, ‘‘ Singapore Lobb.” Doubtless an
error for Penang.
Lumnitzera coccinea W. & A. Tree with panicles of scarlet
flowers. Common near the sea. Bajau, Serangoon, ete.
EL. racemosa Willd. -Flowers white, Jurong.
SO THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Combretum trifoliatum Vent. I have found fruits of this float-
ing in the s2a near Singapore.
C. sundaicum Miq. Climber, flowers green, Changi, Chan Chu
Kang.
Llligera appendiculata Bl. Climber, rare, Bukit Timah.
MYRTACEA.
Melaleuca leucadendron L. “ Gelam.”. Wild at Tanah Merah,
near Changi. Kampong Gelam may perhaps take its name
from trees formerly growing here.
Tristania Whitiana Griff. in Cantor’s Plants. Journ. As. Soe.
Bengal xxiii. p. 623. 7. Wightiana Griff. Mss accord-
ing to Flor. Brit. India, but Griffith named it after a
clergyman of the name of White. ‘ Pulawan.” A tree
40 feet tall with red bark which flakes off and lies in piles
at the foot of the tree: flowers white, fcetid. Sandy
spots near the sea, Bajau, Pulau Ubin.
T. sp. flowers small white, leaves more coriaceous. Woods,
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.
T. Merguensis Griff. Sungei Morai.
(7. rufescens Pierre. A shrub much resembling Sideroxvylon
ferrugineum, apparently this Cochin Chinese plant occurs
on cliffs of the island Pulau Battam, South of Singapore.)
thodumnia trinerva Bl. A medium-sized tree with white flowers,
often as white as Hawthorn when in flower; berries red
turning black. Very common all over Singapore. The
var. concolor with leaves green on both surfaces grows in
shady places; var. spectabilis with the backs of the leaves
silvery is common in open country, but the two varieties
pass into each other and are often indistinguishable.
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Wight. ‘“Kamunting.” A bush with
rosy or white flowers, fruits plum-colored, eatable. Abun-
dant in sandy spots. Mt. Faber, Blakang Mati, Changi.
THE FLORA OF SINGATORE. 81
Decaspermum paniculatum Kurz. A shrab or small tree, flowers
white. Common in thickets and woods. Bukit ‘Timah,
Bukit Mandai, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang.
Eugenia. This genus of trees, probably the largest one known,
is a very difficult one, and the identification of many of
the species in this list must be somewhat doubtful at
present. All in Singapore are trees of no very great size,
with white, pink or rarely green flowers. Those with
large flowers and fruits are usually known as Jambu, by
the Malays, those with smaller flowers, as Kelat.
(E. (Sect. Jambosa) Maluccensis L. “Jambu Bol.” Flowers
large brilliant pink, fruit large white or pink, eatable.
Cultivated.) —
(EZ. aquea Burm. ‘“Jambu Ayer Mawar.” Flowers white, fruit
semitransparent rose or white, eaten, Cultivated).
(Ek. Jambos L. Flowers white. Cultivated).
EE. densiflora Ve C. Flowers pink, fruit globular pinkish, not
rare, Changi, Siglap, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah road.
E. grandis Wight. ‘Jambu Ayer Laut.” “ Krian.” Common
on the sea coast and planted along the roads. A big tree
flowers white. Wild, at Bajau, Changi.
E. lepidocarpa Wight. “Samak Tebrau.” Big tree, flowers
white; bark used for tanning nets. Common on the sea
coast and inland. ‘Tanglin, Bajau, Kranji, Changi.
E. filiformis Wall. ‘“ Kelat Lapis.” Small tree with small white
flowers on long pedicels, common in woods. Garden
Jungle, Changi, Selitar, Tanjong Gol.
E. inophylla Roxb. ‘Samak Paya.” Chan Chu Kang.
E. pendens Duthie. Dense woods, Bukit Timah.
FE, Helferi Duthie. ‘Singapore Lobb.” Not seen; probably
from Penang.
E* (Syzygium) cymosa Lam. ‘ Kelat Merah.” Small tree, flowers
11
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THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
white. Bentley’s Hill (Hullett), Changi, Teban, Pulau
Tekong.
miyrtifolia Roxb. River banks and near the sea. Sungei
Morai, Selitar, Sungei Jurong.
acuminatissima Kurz. <A big tree, flowers white, fruit purple.
Garden Jungle, Jurong.
cluvijflora Roxb. and H. leptauntha Wight. ‘ Smgapore and
Penang, Wallich.” Not seen; probably both from
Penang.
zeylanica Wight. “ Kelat Nasi-Nasi.? Small tree, flowers
and fruits white. Dry sandy spots, usually near the sea.
Common, Tanglin, Changi, Toas, Kranji.
chlorantna Duthie. A very handsome tree with bright pink
flowers. The name is a very unfortunate one, the petals
are greenish white but very inconspicuous beside the
brilliant red stamens. Cluny road, Bukit Timah, Tanjong
Gol.
lineata Bl. One of our commonest trees in open country,
flowers and fruits copious white. Tanglin, etc. whole
island.
. pyrifolia Wall. Cluny road, Changi.
Thunra Roxb. Garden Jungle.
scoparia Wall. Singapore (Wallich 2094, not identified).
venulosa Wall. Not common, Tampenis, Bukit Mandai.
. oblongifolia Duthie. Garden Jungle, Chan Chu Kang.
subdecussata Wall. ‘‘ Samak Pulut.” Garden jungle, Changi.
Toas.
oblata Roxb, Chan Chu Kang.
papillosa Duthie. Big tree with red flaky bark. Wet jungles
common, Cluny road, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.
bracteoluta. Garden Jungle
laevicuulis Duthie. Pulau Ubin.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 83
Fi anisosepala Duthie. Shrub near sea shore. Pulau Ubin
(Hullett).
E. microcalyx Duthie. Bukit Timah.
FE. Griffithiti Duthie. Woods, Changi, Selitar, Garden Jungle,
Bukit Timah.
E, nitida Duthie. Small tree, flowers pink. Ang Mo Kio, Bukit
Mandai, Bukit Timah.
F.. conglomerata Duthie. Big tree. Garden Jungle.
(FE. Jambolana Lam. ‘ Jiwat.” Planted here and there )
And a considerable number of undetermined species.
Barringtonia speciosa Forst, Sea coasts, Changi, Pulau Tekone,
Beach road,
B. inelyta (Miers). ‘ Putat.” Sea shores, Kranji, Blakang Mati,
Galang. This is certainly distinct from B. racemosa of
the Bot. Mag. t. 3831, to which it is referred in the Flora
of British India.
B. conoidea Griff. A large shrub, tidal rivers, Selitar.
B. cylindrostachya Griff. Shrub with very Jong racemes of pink
on white flowers. Sandy woods. Toas, Changi, Pulau
Tekong, Macpherson Road.
B. pendulum (Miers). Rare, Bajau.
Careyan. sp. A huge tree with large flowers, petals white,
stamens white with pink bases. Leaves oblong obtuse
coriaceous. Fruit like an apple with grey brown seeds
and a strong coarse odour. Rare and seldom flowering.
Garden Jungle.
MELASTOMACE.
Melastoma polyanthum Bl. ‘“Senduduk.” Singapore Rhododen-
dron. A very common shrub, open country everywhere.
M. molle Wall. Singapore Wallich, No. 4046; otherwise only
known from the Philippines.
84 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
M. decemfidum Jack. Singapore, Wallich. (Evidently an error
for Penang.)
Ochthocharis javanica Bl. Shrub with pinkish flowers. Common
in mangrove swamps. Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, Jurong,
Pulau Ubin.
O. borneensis Cogn. Rare, tidal rivers, Selitar.
O. paniculata Korth. Singapore, Wallich, 4083. (Not seen).
Sonerila heterophylla Herb. Dense woods, Chan Chu Kang,
Bukit Timah.
S. moluccana Roxb. Dense woods, Chan Chu Kang.
S. obliqua North. Herb, leaves dark green spotted with white
when young, flowers rosy. Rocks and dead trees in
forests. Common, Bukit Timah.
Marunia vhodocarpa Jack. A climber with large handsome
flowers white with a purple eye. Common, Tanglin,
Jurong, Bukit Timah, Choa Chu Kang, Selitar.
Dissocheta punctulata Hook, fil. Climber. Bukit Timah, Bukit
Mandai, Selitar.
D. pallida Bl. Climber, flowers rose colored. Not common,
Reservoir woods, Bukit Mandai.
DPD. annulata Hook. fil. Woods, Bukit—Timah, Bukit Manda,
Selitar. :
D. gracilis Bl. Slender climber, flowers white. Bukit Mandai,
Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin,
D. celebica Bl. Common, Bukit Timah, Reservoir woods, Selitar,
Chan Chu Kang.
D. intermedia Bl. Rare, Bukit Mandai.
Anplectium giaucum Triana. <A fine climber with rosy flowers.
Woods. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Reservoir, Selitar.
A. annulata Triana. Rare, Pulau Ubin.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 85
Medinilla Hasseltii Bl. Epiphyte with pink flowers and scarlet
berries. Common in mangroves and damp woods, Kranji,
Bajau, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu Kane.
M. macrocarpa Bl. Rare, Bukit Mandai.
Medinillopsis sessilifora Cogn. Epiphyte, with waxy pink flowers.
Mangrove swamps, common, Toas, Selitar, Kranji, Sungei
Buloh.
Pachycentria macrorrhiza Becc. Epiphyte with swollen stem,
flowers pink. Not rare, Selitar, Sungei Morai.
P. glauca Triana. Epiphytic, forming large tufts on trees in
woods. Common, Bukit Timah road, Bukit Mandai, Kranji.
Sungei Buloh, Choa, Chu Kane.
These two Pachycentrias are classed by Beccari as ant-plants
(Piante hospitatrici), but the ants do not live in the
swollen stems as suggested by him, the swollen portions
being quite solid.
Pogonanthera reflevca Bl. Epiphyte, more rarely terrestrial, usually
near the sea, Kranji, Changi, Selitar, Toas, Bukit Timah.
(Clidema hirta Don. <A coarse weed, native of South America,
has established itself in Tanglin, near Fort Canning and
elsewhere. )
Pternandra capitellata Jack. Tree, flowers blue, not common,
Toas, Selitar.
Pt. cwrulescens Jack. Common, Tanglin, Chang’, Chan Chu Kang.
Pt. paniculata Benth. Rave, Chan Chu Kane.
Kibessa echinata Jack. ‘Sial Munahon.” A common tree with
pale violet fugacious flowers. Dry woods, whole island.
Kk. acuminata Dene. Collected here by Walker and Maingay ; not
seen.
Memecylon. Trees with small blue or white flowers; a very
difficult genus, as the species appear to run into each other.
86 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
M. myrsinoides Bl. Bukit Mandai.
M. pauciforum Bl. ‘Singapore, Lobb.” Not seen.
M. levigatum Bl. “ Dulek.” Common on the coasts, Kranji,
Sungei Buluh, Bukit Mandai, Pulau Tekone.
M. acuminatum Bl. Thick woods, Bajau, Bukit Timah.
JT. qrande Retz, A very handsome plant, with panicles of blue
flowers. Selitar, Garden jungle, Serapong, Fulau Mera-
wan,
SS
sm
heteropleurnm Bl.“ Nipis Kulit.” Garden Jungle, Changi,
Bukit Mandai.
M. amplesicaule Roxb. Rare, Chan Chu Kang.
JM. sp. Garden jungle (4436),
M. sp, Bukit Timah (6788).
M. sp. Leaves very narrow. Garden jungle (5753).
M. sp. Sungei Morai (3840).
LY THRACE.
Pemphis acidula Forst. A bush with white flowers. Sea coasts,
not common, Changi, Selitar.
Lagerstroemia Flos-Regine Retz. Given for Singapore in King’s
‘‘ Materials,” is nut wild here.
Sonneratia. Large sea-shore trees, often growing in the sea
itself.
S. acida Linn. Leaves narrow, stamens red. Rare. Balestier
plains, by streams.
S. alba Smith. ‘ Berombong.” Big tree, common, stamens white.
Jurong, Changi.
S. Grifithii Kurz ‘“Pedada.” Toas, Changi, Jurong.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. S7
ONAGRACES.
Herbs or shrubs.
Jussiva repens L. Floating in streams with swollen pithy floats
Flowers white with a yellow centre, Tanglin.
J. suffruticosa L. Shrubby, about é feet tall with yellow flowers.
Common, Serangoon, Kallang, Thomson Road.
J. angustifolia Lam. Herbaceous, about 2 feet tall, nearly glab-
rous. Common in wet spots.
Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. A small herb with small yellow
flowers. Common in wet spots, Tanglin, ete.
SAMYDACEZ.
Trees or shrubs with usually very small inconspicuous flowers.
Casearta "Lobbiana Turez. A small shrub, not a tree as in
King’s ‘“ Materials,” usually about 3 feet tall. Flowers
minute green, capsule orange with red seeds. Common
in woods all over Singapore.
OC. escu'enta Roxb. Woods, Sembawang, Selitar.
C. Clarke King. Rare, Chua Chu Kang.
Osmelia Aaingayti King. ‘Tree, not rare, Bukit Timah, Kranji,
Bukit Mandai, Toas.
Homalium grandiforum Benth. ‘Tree, rare, Kranji.
PASSIFLOREZ.
Modecca Singaporeana Mast. Climber, flowers green, capsule
red with black seeds in a white aril. Common, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Selitar, Pulau Tekong.
JA. populifolia Bl. Less common, Bajau.
Passifora fwtida has established itself mm waste ground near
Tanglin and elsewhere, as have to a smaller extent P.
suberosa, P. minima, and P. quadrangularis,
88 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE
CUCURBITACEZ.
A good many of these are cultivated by the Chinese here,
but very few are wild.
Trichosanthes. Slender climbing pumpkins with white inbr
tubular flowers, opening about ten o’clock at night, and eg
shaped crimson fruit yellow inside the flat seeds ee
ina dark green slimy pulp. They are said to be poisonous,
but are used by the natives in medicine, the pumpkin
being squashed on the head to cure headache.
1. Wallichiana Wight. Very common in woods and hedges,
all over Singapore.
T. Wawraei Cogn. Not rare, Tanglin.
T celebica Cogn. Leaves deep green rather stiff and shining
trifoliate.. The fruit much larger and cylindrical oblong.
Tanglin, Choa Chu Kane.
Commonly cultivated and sometimes occurring in waste
evround are Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Bottlegourd ; Luffa egy ptiaca
Mill. “ Petola;” Momordica charantia L ; Gas sativa “ Ti-
mon,’ cucumber: Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. Water melon ;
Cucurbita moschata Duch. C. pepo De C. “ Labu,” and Benineasa
cerifera Savi. * Kundur.”
FICOIDEAR.
Sesuvzum portulacastium L. Herb, flowers pink. Tidal mud,
Changi, Tampenis road.
Mollugo stricta L. ‘* Tapak Burong.” <A small weed with white
flowers. Common, Janglin, Changi.
UMBELLIFERA.
This order, as elsewhere in the tropics, is very scantily
represented. I have doubts as to any of the species being native.
Hydrocotyle asiatica L. ‘* Pegaga.” A very variable creeping —
herb, much in request as a salad and as medicine, it is
regularly collected and sold in the herb shops. Very
common over the whole island in grassy spots.
a
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. S9
H, rotundijolia Roxb. A very small-leaved species. Occurs in
flower beds in the botanic gardens as a weed.
Eryngtum fetidum Jacq. A prickly herb with a nauseous odour.
Eaten by Chinese. About villages, Changi, Choa Chu
Kang, etc. <A native of the West Indies.
ARALIACEZ.
Aralidium pinnatifidum Miq. “ Tinggal Balai.” A shrub or small
tree with lobed or entire leaves, panicles of small green
flowers and large drupes, at first white, when ripe black
with an unpleasant soapy taste. Common, Bukit Timah,
Jurong, Kranji.
Heptapleurum avene Seem. Epiphyte usually in mangrove swamps,
the lower leaves are trifoliolate, the upper ones simple.
Not common, Kranji, Selitar, Pulau Ubin.
H, cephalotes Clarke. A tree. On rocks, Bajau, Kranji, Pulau
Ubin,
H, subulatum Seem. LEpiphyte on trees in woods, not common,
Chua Chu Kang.
H, ellipticum Seem. LEpiphyte. Bukit Timah, Kranji.
H. Ridleyi King* An epiphyte, or a shrub on rocks near the
sea. Flowers yellow. Not rare, Kranji, Sungai Morai.
H. Hullettii King. A beautiful plant, with handsome foliage,
digitate and deep green. Flowers pure white in long
axilliary panicles, fruit small purple. A tree, often epi-
phytic at first. Woods, Chan Chu Kang and Chua Chu
Kang.
Arthrophyllum diversijolium Bl. ‘ Jolok Hantu.” A tree about
20 feet tall with green flowers and black fruit, very com-
mon all over Singapore in open country.
CORNACEA,
Marlea nobilis C. B, Clarke. “ Sutubal.” Big tree. Rare, Bukit
Timah.
M ebenacea CU. B, Clarke. ‘ Lidah Kerbau” (Buffalo tongue.)
12
90 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
A very fine and large tree with white flowers. A good
timber ; the fruit is large and deep purple. Garden
jungle.
M. Grifithi C. B. Clarke. Rare, Sungei Buluh.
M. sp. ‘‘Kayu Tas.” Rare, Ponggol.
This tree is supposed to have remarkable powers in driving
away tigers, and the Malays often wear bits of its wood
to protect them from these animals.
Masiivia Junghuhniana C. B. Clarke. Garden jungle.
CAPRIFOLIACEA.
Viburnum sambuciunum Reimwdt, A large bush with white flow-
ers and red drupes. Rare, Road to Kranji near Bukit
Mandai.
RUBIACEA,
Sarcocephalus Junghuhui Mig. ‘Chermin Ayer.” A medium
sized tree with balls of small yellowish white flowers and
hard brown compact.heads of fruits. The timber is of
fair quality and used for posts. Woods, Tanglin, Siglap,
Changi, Selitar.
S. subditus Mig. Rarer, Kranji.
S. Maingayt Hav. Bukit Timah Road.
S. sp. A big tree, Chan Chu Kang (6831).
Adina vubescens Hemst. ‘ Berambong.” A tall tree with good
vellow timber, remarkable for the curious natural holes
or depressions in the trunk. Common Tanglin, Bukit
Timah.
Unearia. “ Akar Kait-Kait.” There are a number of kinds of
wild gambiers, all are climbers, and often climb very high
by the aid-of short hook-shaped branches, whence the
native name (Kait, a hook). Some attain a great size, as
thick as a mau’s leg, and these can be safely depended on
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 91
as water-vines, supplying an excellent clear water, to ob-
tain which it is only necessary to cut the stem through
at one blow of a parang, as high as can be reached and
then cut through it again about three feet below, when
the water will drip rapidly from the cut portion. A
piece 3 feet long cut like this will give about half a pint
of water. The flowers are produced in balls two inches
or more through, and are usually green and reddish.
The fruits are capsules, with very fine winged seeds.
ry
. pedicellata Roxb. “ Akar Sulumbah.” One of the biggest
Species, with very large flowers covered with white silky
hairs. Common on edges of woods, etc. Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Toas, Chan Chu Kang.
qa
[”. pteropoda Miq. “ Akar Kait-Kait Darat.” A very large
plant, with broad leaves, stem 4 or 5 inches through.
Common in woods, Garden jungle, Bukit Timak, Selitar.
L’, attenuata Korth. ‘“ Akar Kait-Kait Merah.” <A smaller plant,
the leaves covered with red wool on the back. Not com-
mon, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah Road,
U7’. ovata Hook, fil. Rare, Tanglin near the Gardens.
(U. gambir Roxb. The gambier plant is cultivated and often
persists lone after cultivation has been abandoned. It
is probably not a native.)
U. jasminifora Wall. Flowers greenish white. Not com-
mon, Dalvey Road, Jurong, Selitar.
U. glabrata De C. Not very common. Bukit Timah, Bukit
Mandai, Pulau Ubin.
U. ferrea De C. Chan Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang.
U. Roxburghiana Korth. Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.
U. dasyoneura Korth. was said to have been collected here
by Lobb, Probably an error for Penang.
Coptosapelta flavescens Korth. A climber with sweet greenish
white flowers. Rare, Chua Chu Kang.
92 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Dentella repens Forst. ‘ Bunga Karang.” <A little creeping
weed with white flowers. Common in waste ground,
Tanglin, Galang, ete.
Argostemma parvifolium Benn. A. elatostemma Wook, and A.
spinulosum C. B. C., collected by Lobb and _ labelled
Singapore, were doubtless mislabelled. The Argostemmas
are all hill plants.
Hedyotis capitellata Wall. <A climbing plant with greenish
heads of flowers. Common in thickets, Bukit Timah,
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang.
77. vestita Br. ‘“Tokonge Bulu.” A rough branching herb
with whorls of lilac flowers. Waste ground, Bukit Pan-
jang, Changi.
FT, auricularia L. Somewhat resembling the last, but less hairy,
and with white flowers. Common, Tanglin, Chan Chu
Kang, Toas.
TT, pintfolia Wall. A common weed in sandy spots with narrow
linear leaves and white flowers. Changi, Teluk Kurau,
var. coespitosa. A much more tufted form, grows in the
same places.
H, congesta Br. “ Rumput Lidah Jin.” A _ stiff erect coarse
herb with white flowers, common in woods, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, Jurong, Blakang Mati.
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. A common little annual weed in
waste ground with white flowers. Very variable, the
variety a/sinifolia is aS common as any form. ‘Tanglin,
Changi, ete.
O. diffusa L. Common in sandy spots. Tanglin, Changi,
Jurong.
O. Heyna Br. Tanglin in grass plots.
O. trinervia Retz Sandy places, Galang, Tanglin.
O. dichotoma Retz? Flowers violet. Teluk Kurau.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 98
Ophiorrhiza Harrisiana Heyne. var. A small herb with white
flowers. It differs from the type in being very much
more pubescent, and having pubescent capsules, and
is perhaps a distinct species. Damp rocks in jungles.
Common, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timab, Bukit Man-
dai, Chua Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin, Jurong.
Mussaenda glabra Vahl. ‘Balik Adap.” A common and con-
spicuous shrub with orange or yellow flowers, and one
lobe of the calyx developed into a large white leaf-like
limb, Very variable. In the typical form the leaves are
narrow lanceolate and glabrous in another they are ovate
and pubescent. In the var. setulosa broad and rounded
with bristles on the midrib above and pubescent beneath.
Common all over Singapore.
M. variabilis Hemsl. A half scandent shrub with large star-like
flowers, at first scarlet, then orange. Common in the
peninsula, rare in Singapore. Selitar.
Lucinea morinda De C. Local in deep wet jungle. Bukit Mandai,
Chan Chu Kang.
Adenosacme longifolia Wall. <A slender shrub about 3 feet tall
with small flowers, and translucent white berries. Damp
rocky ravines. Bukit Timah.
Urophyllum. Slender shrubs, rarely small trees, with very small
white flowers in axillary clusters and yellow or orange
berries.
’, Griffithianum Wt. Common in woods, Changi, Bukit Timah,
Bukit Mandai, Sungei Buluh,
’, glabrum Bl. Very common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Garden jungle,
é~
fo
U. streptopodium Wall. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai,
Pulau Ubin.
U. hirsutum Wt. Common, Kranji, Toas, Selitar.
U. villosum Wall, ‘‘Singapore Lobb,” probably an error for
Penang.
94 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Lecananthus erubescens Jack. ‘Achar Achar.” A scrambling
epiphyte in swampy jungle. Flowers small white with
purple bracts in heads. Chua Uhu Kang, Jurong, Selitar,
Webera fragrans Bl. “Jarum Jarum.” Shrub with greenish
white sweet flowers. Kranji, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Bu-
kit Panjang.
W. mollis Wall. Small tree, Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai, Se-
litar.
W. grandifolia Hook. f. A shrub with greenish white flowers.
Changi, Bukit Mandai, North Selitar, Bukit Timah.
W. sp. Shrub with white flowers. Tampenis (5961), Sungei Brih.
W. sp. Chan Chu Kang (6147).
Gardeniopsis longifolia Mig. This curious shrub grows in woods:
The flowers are seldom produced, they are fairly large
and white tinted with rose. Miquel’s description of the
plant, as obtained by him in Sumatra, fits the peninsular
species very well. Bukit Timah.
Randia fasciculata De C. A thorny shrub, common near the sea,
Changi, Pasir Panjang, Balestier plain, Teluk Kurau.
R. longifora Lam. A strong spiny climber with large white
flowers. Not common. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.
R. angulosa, Canthium angulosum Wall. <A strong spiny climber
like the last, but with much smaller flowers in dense heads.
It is indeed referred to that species as a variety in the
Flora of British India, but seems to me utterly different.
Rare, Garden jungle.
R. densiflora Benth. “ Merumbong jantan.” A fairly big tree
with a good timber, flowers small white, berries orange.
Common on some spots, Changi, Selitar.
R. anisophylla Jack. “Simpoh.’ A medium sized tree with ©
small white flowers, and oblong green fruits, woody, con-
taining many flat seeds in a sweet black pulp, eaten by
monkeys, but said to be poisonous by the Malays. Com-
mon in woods, and secondary jungle all over Singapore.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 95
R. macrophylla Br. ‘Delima hutan.” A small shrub with
large white trumpet-shaped flowers 4 inches across, white
with dark purple spots in the mouth. A most beauti-
ful plant. Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Bukit Ti-
mah, ete.
Gardenia tulifera Wall. A shrub or large tree with large sweet-
scented flowers opening nearly white and becoming orange
very quickly. Dense woods and river banks, not very
common here. Garden jungle, Changi, the Reservoir.
G. Grifithit Hook. fil. A slender straight tree, with much larger
flowers than the last and very large globose fruit. Local,
damp thick woods. Bukit Timah, Selitar, Sungei Buluh,
Bukit Mandai.
G. speciosa Hook.* ‘Singapore, Lobb,” I have notseen. This
fine gardenia has only been collected by Lobb and never
met with again.
Petunga venulosa Hook var.(?) Small tree, possibly a distinct
species. Garden jungle.
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. ‘“Chingum.” A very com-
mon sea shore shrub, with small white flowers. The
seeds may often be seen thrown up on the sea shore in
great quantities, Along the coast with mangroves.
Jackia ornata Wall. A tall slender tree about 20 feet tall, with
drooping panicles of rosy white flowers, and red fruits,
very beautiful. Common in open swamps and wet bor-
ders of woods. Dalvey road, Bukit Timah, Changi, Selitar.
Guettarda speciosa L. A common small or medium sea-coast
tree, flowers white, Changi, Selitar.
Timonius Jambosella Thw. A very common tree 12 to 20 feet tall,
with small yellow flowers. Secondary jungle everywhere,
T. Rumphit De C. “ Tulang-Tulang Paya.” Common in secon-
dary jungle, whole island.
YL. Finlaysonianus Wall. A sea-shore plant, flowers white. Ti-
da! rivers, Serangoon, Changi.
96 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Canthium didymum Roxb. “ Mata Keli jantan.” ‘Tidal rivers and
other places near the sea. Common, Kranji, Selitar, Pulau
Tekong.
(Sj
. glabrum Bl. A tall tree, 20 feet high, with small greenisli
white flowers and large grey-green plum-shaped fruits
containing two 3-sided stones. Woods, Garden road, Toas.
C. confertum Korth. Garden jungle (4124), Selitar, Pulau
Tekong.
C. sp. “ Gading.” The white wood, suggesting ivory, gives it
its native name, the leaves are used for making a kind of
tea. Not rare, Tanglin, Thomson Road, Selitar, Jurong
(6506).
C’. horridum Korth. “ Bulangan Tikus.” A small thorny shrub,
with small green flowers and plum-like yellow fruits.
Common especially near the coast in dry spots. Tyersal,
Tanjong Katong, Bukit Timah, Changi, ete.
C. scandens Bl, ‘Akar Kuku Baning,” lit. tortoise-claws. <A
thorny climber with pubescent leaves, green flowers and
black fruits. Thick Woods, Garden jungle.
Ivora pendula Jack. <A pretty shrub about 4 feet tall with
clusters of slender flowers white with a pink tube on long
hanging peduncies. Fruit small elliptic dark purple.
Common in thick woods. Garden jungle, Changi, Chan
Chu Kang, Bukit Timah.
L. opaca Br. Woods. Changi, Bukit Timah.
I, fulgens Roxb. ‘“ Bunga Pechah Priok,” lit. the broken pot,
the red spreading corolla lobes supposed to resemble a
broken earthenware pot. One of the showiest native
plants, the splendid orange red trusses of flowers being
most conspicuous. Common in woods, Tone Bukit —
Timah, Changi, Pulau Tekong, etc.
I. congesta Roxb. A similar plant with broader leaves and
shorter flowers. Common, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Pu-
lau Ubin, Garden jungle.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. O7
I. concinna Br. A shrub or small tree, flowers red or yellow.
Rather rare, Chan Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang.
I. parviflora Vahl. A tree with small yellow fowers. Rare,
Chan Chu Kang.
I, amena Wall. Shrub with orange red flowers not common,
Serembun, Chua Chu Kang.
Pavetia indica L. = Jarum-Jarum.” A large bush with greenish
white flowers, Kranji, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
Morinda citrifolia L. “ Mengkudu.” A small rarely large tree
with white flowers, and large pulpy semitransparent
heads of fruits. The bark of the root is used for dyeing
and tanning nets, also in native medicine. The fruit is
used as soap and eaten. It is very doubtfully wild,
though it is very common in waste ground.
AL. tinetoria Roxb. “ Mengkudu ITiutan.” A smaller shrubby
plant with narrower leaves possibly the wild form of
the preceding. Common every where in secondary jungle.
M. persicefoha Ham. Singapore (Maingay); net seen.
M, umbellata L. Climbing or erect shrub, heads of fruit small
orange. Very abundant in open country near the sea.
Changi, Pulau Ubin.
M. sp. A tall climber with slender stems pubescent leaves and
small orange heads of fruits. Garden jungle.
M. sp. “Sulong Akar Darat.” A scandent shrub with thick
leaves pubescent at the back, flowers few in a_ head
white with a long tube and pubescent mouth, very fra-
grant. Borders of woods, Changi, Pulau Ubin, Pulau
Tekong.
Prismatomeris albidiflora Thw. <A pretty shrub with white
flowers. Open places near the coasts, also in swampy
woods. Changi, Bajau, Selitar, near the Bungalow.
Gynochthodes sublunceolata Mig. A climber with white flowers
13
95 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
and curious lead-grey fruits. Common near the sea,
rarer inland, Changi, Tanglin.
G. coitacea Mig. A much larger broader leaved plant. Not
common, Changi, Garden jungle.
Psychotria. A. jarge group of shrubs or climbers with white or
green flowers, and black orange or white berries.
Shrubs. Berries orange or black.
P. stipulacea Wall. Not common, Bukit Timah.
P. angulata Korth. Changi, Garden jungle.
P. Helferiana Kurz. Common, Garden jungle, Jurong, Selitar.
Kegan, ete:
P, Maliyana Jack. Fruit black. Bukit Timah (6468), Bukit
Mandai, Pulau Ubin.
P. Griffith Hook. fil. Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin.
P. montana vay. tabacifolia Wall. Singapore, Wallich 8384.
(Not seen.)
Climbers, berries white or green.
P. polycarpa Mig. “ Akar Chinta Mula.” Common in hedges
Oey) Be 7 - Ses,
Garden jungle, Changi, Kranji, ete.
P, sarmentosa Bl. Common, woods, Serangoon, Changi, Bukit
Mandal, Selitar.
P. Maingayi Hook. fil. Woods, Selitar, Bajau.
P. morindeflora Wall. Rather common, Sungei Buluh, Bukit
Mandai, Chan Chu Kang.
P. ovoidea Wall. Common, woods, Garden jungle, Jurong,
Bukit Timah.
P. sp. with grey green fruits and large leaves. Reservoir woods.
P. sp. leaves lanceolate, flowers green, Kranji, Ang Mo Kio,
Chasaha curviforu Thw. * Pechah Pirine putih.” A very
common and variable small shrub or herb, flowers white
y
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 99
on purple stalks, berries black on thickened white stalks.
Woods, everywhere, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, etc.
C. rostrata Miq. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.
Geophila lirta Mig. Creeping plant with white flowers, local.
: Reservoir woods, Bukit Timah.
Cephaelis Grifithii Hook. A small shrub with yellow honey-
scented flowers in an involucrate head; berries light blue.
Sandy woods, Toas, Bajau ; also Garden jungle.
Lasianthus, small shrubs with axillary whorls of white flowers
and blue or white berries.
L. cyanocarpus Jack. Sea coasts, Pasir Panjang, Changi,
Pulau Uoin, Pulau Tekone.
LL. appressus Hook. fil. Garden jungie, Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kane.
L. pterospermus Wt, Rare, Chan Chu Kang (6711).
L. densifolius Mig. Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Bukit
Timah, Setitar.
L. Grifithti Wt. Common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Sungei Blukane.
L. stipu'aris Bl. Bukit Timah (4903).
L. ellipticus Wt. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
L. erinitus Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai, Pasir
Panjang.
L. Maingayi Hook. fil. Singapore (Hullett 628.) and several
other unidentified species.
Saprosma sp. Rare, Bukit Mandai.
Hydnophytum formicarium Jack. The ant plant. * Kapala Beruk.”
one of our most curious plants, epiphytic with a large
swollen tuberous stem containing passages always full of
100 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
ants, flowers small white, fruits orange juicy. Common
Tanglin, Selitar, Sungei Morai, ete.
Myrmecodia echinata Jack. Much resembles the last, but is
covered with spines. Rarer, Bukit Timah, Jurong.
Poederia foetida LL. “Akar Sekuntut.” .A slender climber
with panicles of violet and white flowers. The whole
plant has an vnpleasant odor. Not common, Chan Chu
Kang, Bukit Timah.
P. tomentosa BI. Singapore (FI. Brit. Ind.) ; not seen.
Spermacoce hispida L. A common weed with pink flowers.
Paths and waste ground, Tanglin, Changi, Selitar, ete.
S. scaberrima Bl, A rough ‘scrambling herb, flowers white.
Waste ground, Chasseriau estate.
S. ocymoides Burm. A prostrate herb, flowers white. Road-
sides, Choa Chu Kang, Passir Panjang, Gardens.
COMPOSIT A.
This large order is represented here by four or five native plants
and a number of weeds introduced, but now established
in waste ground and such places.
Vernonia arborea Ham. ‘ Merambong.” <A large tree with
lavender colored flowers. ‘There are two forms of if, one
a tall straight tree 50 feet high with perfectly glabrous
leaves, Cluny Road, etc., and one more stunted and
enarled with pubescent leaves, Changi, Chan Chu Kang,
Jurong, Chua Chu Kang.
V’. cinerea Less. A common little weed with purple flowers,
crows everywhere.
V. chinensis L. ‘*Ruku Gajah.” <A larger rough herb, flowers
purple. Common in villages, Chan Chu Kang, Tanglin,
Bukit Mandai.
V. scandens De C. “'Tombak-Tombak.” <A climber in thickets,
flowers yellow. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Uhangi.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 101
Elephantopus scaber L. “ Tutup bumi.” A very common weed
; flowers pink. Whole island.
Adenostemma viscosum Forst. <A coarse herb with white flowers,
waste ground near houses, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin,
Bukit Panjang.
Ageratum conyzoides L. An exceedingly common weed with blue
or white flowers, everywhere.
Mikania scandens Willd. ‘ Akar Churoma.” <A climber with
hanging heads of flowers. Thickets, not common, Jurong,
W oodsville.
Erigeron linifolius Willd “Sumbong Jantan.” <A large coarse
weed. Waste ground, Tanglin, Selitar, etc.
Blumea lacera De C. An erect herb with yellow flowers. Common
waste ground and grassy places. Tanglin, Selitar, ete.
Bt. membranacea De C. Alexandra Road,
Bl. balsamifera De C, Ngai Camphor. ‘“Sumbone.” A tall herb
about 8 feet high or less, with yellow flowers. The whole
plant has a strong camphor smell, and is used in medicine
by the natives. Very common in open ground, Tanglin,
Bedoh, etc.
Pluchea indica Less ‘“ Poko Beluntas.” <A sea-shore shrub with
lilac flowers. Very common on the sea coast, Changi,
Galang, etc.; rarer inland, Tanglin, near the rifle range,
Sphoeranthus africanus lL. <A herb with heads of white flowers.
Ditches, Galang.
Cesulia axillaris Roxb. Ditches, Tanglin and Galang.
Eclipta alba Hassk. Common weed in waste ground, flowers
white.
Centipeda orbicularis Lour. A very smal! prostrate weed with
minute purple flowers. Paths in the Botanic gardens.
Wedelia biflora De C. “Serenai Laut,’ Sea-shore herb with
yellow flowers. Common, Galang, Kranji, Changi.
102 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Spilanthes acmella L. ‘K’rabo.”. The toothache plant, a com-
mon weed with conical heads of yellow flowers very
pungent. Sold in the native herb shops. Open country,
Sungei Morai, Ang Mo Kio,
Synedrella nodifora Gaertn. Stiff weed with yellow flowers.
Very common every where.
Tridax procumbens L. Sandy places, Tanjong Katong, Cathedral
Close, Changi, Teluk Kurau.
Artemisia vulgaris L. Often cultivated for medicine in Chinese
villages.
Gynura sarmentosa De C. * Akar Subiak.” Climbing herb
with glaucous green leaves, and yellow flowers in a pur-
ple involucre. Swampy spots in dense jungle, Bukit
Mandai, Bukit Timah, Tanglin.
G. pseudochina De C. .A coarse common weed, Tanglin, Tan-
jong Katong, Selitar, ete.
Emilia sonchifolia De C. “ Katumbi jantan.” Common herb
with bright pink flowers, waste ground.
(Cosmos bipinnatus. Often cultivated as a vegetable.)
Acanthospermum xanthioides De C. Prostrate herb with white
flowers and burr-like fruit. Not common, Pasir, Pan-
jang, Ang Mo Kio, Tanglin.
GOODENOVIE®.
Scevola Koenigti Vahl. “Ambong-ambong.” A common
sea-shore shrub. Flowers and fruit white. All round
the coasts. Changi, Selitar, Pulau Ubin, Blakane Mati.
CAMPANULACE.
Pratia begonifolia Lindl. Small creeping herb with blue and
white flowers. Wet spots by streams, Bukit Timah,
Choa Chu Kang.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 103s
Pentaphragma begonivfo'ium Wall. “ Balong Ayam Batu.” (Rock
Cock’s comb), a very curious herb with scorpioid spikes of
creamy yellow flowers with purple spots inside. Banks
in woods, common, Bukit Timah, Sungei Morai, Changi,
Chua Chu Kang.
VACCINIACEA.
Vaecinium malaccense Wt. ‘“Kalumpadang.’ A large bush
with pink or white fragrant flowers and eatable black
fruits. Sandy places at Changi, abundant.
V. bancanum Miq. Epiphytic or terrestrial. A bush or small tree,
leaves often red stiff, flowers waxy pink red or white.
Sea coast, Toas, Changi, Sungei Morai, on high trees, Bukit
4
imah,
V. acuminatissimun Mig. Rare, Bukit Mandai.
ERICACER.
Rhododendron lamponguu Mig: RR. javaniewn var. tubiforum,
Bot. Mag. t 9840. <A beautiful epiphytic shrub on the
tops of lofty trees. Bukit Timah, very rare. Flowers
bright red.
HPACRIDEZ.
Leucopogon malayanus Jack. Shrub with small white flowers
and red fruit. Sea shore, Changi.
PLUMBAGINE.
Plumbago zeylanica L. “ Cheraka.”
Waste ground near villages,
Galang, ete.
MYRSINE.
Mesa indica lh. A large shrub or small tree with very small
white flowers. Common in woods, Bukit Timah, Reser-
voir woods, etc.
M. ramentacea De C. A half climbing shrub with narrower
leaves, but otherwise much like the last.- The branches
104 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
often bear moss-like masses of abortive branchlets, which
are much more elegant than the very insignificant flowers.
One of the commonest shrubs in jungles and secondary
forest, every where.
Myrsive capitellata Wall. A small tree, with small white flowers
and fruits, Sea coasts, not common, Changi, Bajau.
Limbelia Ribes Burm. Very common in woods and _ thickets,
Tanglin, Bukit Timah, ete.
Var. garcanievfolia. A distinct looking plant with much more
coriaceous leaves. Rarer, Changi, Reservoir woods,
Bukit Timah.
EE. coriacea A. De C. Thick jungles, Selitar, Bukit Manda.
4
E Limpani Scheff. Hedges, not common, Changi, Bukit Timah.
amentacea Clarke. Hedges, Bukit Timah Road, Bukit Man-
dai, )
di. lucida Wall.* Cat 2315. Singapore. I have not met with it.
Lalisia pothoina Lind]. ‘ Akar Fatimah.” <A little shrub with
small pink flowers, and scarlet fruit, Jeaves of young
plants crenulate deep green edged with pink, when
older lanceolate with long petioles (var. /anceolatu) or
the petiole winged the whole length, (pothotna proper).
Common ip dense woods.
Ardisia. Shrubs, rarely small trees, with or rose pink flowers,
often showy, and red or black berries.
A. crassa Clarke. Rare, Chan Chu Kang (3844).
A lanceolata Roxb, Very handsome shrub. Selitar, Bukit Timah
A. colorata Roxb. Flowers very small, pale pink. Common, Bu-
kit Timah, Garden jungle, Changi Road.
A. tuberculata Wall. Common, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Sungei
Morai.
THE FLORA OF SENGAPORE. 105
A. crenata Roxb. ‘ Mata Pelandok.” Common, Alexander Road,
Changi, etc.
A. villosa Roxb. Rare, dense woods, Pulau Ubin.
A. odontophylla var Lobia. Singapore, Lobb; probably an error
of locality.
A. sp. near Bhotanica Clarke. Rare, Ang Mo Kio (6434).
A, sp. near vi/lost. Rare, Pulau Ubin (2816), Changi.
A, humilis Vahl. One of the largest species, flowers rose pink,
‘berries black. Tidal mud, and damp spots. Common,
Galang, Holland Road, Tanjong Katong, Changi, ete.
Pimelandra Wallichii De C. A small tree, flowers pinkish white,
berries white with black spots. Common, Tanglin, Chan-
gi, Sembawang.
Aegiceras majus Gaertn. Mangroves local, Toas, Sungei Morai,
Pulau Ubin.
SAPOTACER.
A group of trees, of which many produce gutta percha or
Caoutchouc. There are a considerable number here, but they
are difficult to collect on account of their great size, and are not
easy to identify.
Chrysophyllum RoxburyhiiG. Don. <A tall tree with small dark
ereen leaves and yellow flowers, fruit globose 5-angled
yellow 4 an inch long, sweet and eatable but full of rub-
ber. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit Timah.
Sideroéylon ferrugineum Hook. Small tree or shrub. Common
along the coast, Serangoon, Kranji, Changi, Pulau Damar.
S. Maingayi Clarke. Big tree. Garden jungle.
S. Malaccense Clarke. Very large tree. Tanglin, Garden jungle,
Selitar, zi
Dichopsis bancana Miq. Vast tree, flowers and fruit green. Gar-
den jungle.
14
106 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
D. obovata Clarke. A big tree producing a cutta inferior only
to that of D. Gutta. Tanglin, Changi.
PD, Gutta Benth. <A large tree, easily known by the beautiful
golden underside of the leaves. Though it was formerly
very abundant in Singapore, nearly all the larger trees
have been cut for the gutta percha, Flowers small white,
very rarely produced. D. oblongifolia is I think specifically
undistinguishable, merely a variety. It is the commonest
form now in Singapore. Dense jungle, widely scattered
over Singapore. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Selitar,
Pulau Damar.
D. rubens Clarke. Rare, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.
Bassia Mottleyana De Vr. A big tree. Selitar, Jurong, Kranji,
Bukit Manda,
B. cuneata Bl. Rare, Bukit Timah.
B. Ning Stapf. Bukit Timah.
B. Mataccensis (Payena Malaccensis Clarke). Common, Garden
jungle, Changi, Bukit Timah, Selitar.
Payena costata King. ‘ Niato.” Common, a medium sized tree.
Garden jungle, Selitar, Reservoir woods. 3
P. Maingayi Clarke. ‘ Getah Percha Burong.” Rare, Sungei
Morai (6497),
P. Leerti Benth. “Getah Sundik.” Bukit Timah, Bajau.
Mimusops herandra Roxb. ‘“ Niato hitam.” Rare, Tanjong Gol.
(M. Elengi UL. ‘ Poko Tanjong.’ Commonly _ planted, but
doubtfully wild.)
ERENACEA.
Maba buxifolia Pers. Small tree. Rare, Tampinis.
Diospyros microphylla Bedd. Large tree, produces ebony.
Garden Road, Bukit Timah.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. lO?
D. lucila Wall. “Kayu Arang.” Woods, usually near the
sea, not rare. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Changi,
Loyang, Bajau, Tampenis, Sungei Morai.
D, tilocularis Oliv. Maba Maingayi Hiern. Tree. Garden
jungle.
D. sapotoides Kurz. Very large tree, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang.
D. oblonga Wall. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Tanjong Gol.
D. clavigera Clarke, Produces ebony. Sungei Morai.
D, argeniea Griff. ‘ Bedil Lalat.” “ Mulatope Lalat.” A small
tree with large leaves coated beneath with golden yellow
fur. Fruit large, covered.with red hair. The dried
leaves when burnt crackle, and this is supposed to drive
away mosquitoes, hence the native name ‘ Fly-cracker.”
Not rare. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan Chu
Kang. gpm
D, sp. with large coriaceous leaves, and cream colored flowers
on the stem, fruit pearshaped. Bukit Timah,
STYRACE.
Symplocos, small or medium trees with white flowers and blue
or green fruit.
S. spicata Roxb. Rare, Bukit Mandai.
S. fusciculata Zoll. Flowers white in smal! nearly sessile cymes
drupes blue. Very common, woods and secondary jungle.
Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Selitar, etc.
S. adenophylla Wall. Common in woods, especially near the
sea. Changi, Jurong, Kranji, Toas, Pulau Tekong.
S. celustrifolia Griff. Rare, Jurong River (8423).
S. rubiginosa Wall. Not very common, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit
Timah.
S. riyida Clarke. <A big tree. Rare, Changi.
108 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE
S. sp. ‘ Donoon,” A medium sized tree, flowers in compact
cymes. Rare, Kranji.
Styraz Benzoin Dryand. Gum benjamin, ‘ Kemeniyan.” A
tall tree with sweet white flowers, and hard grey round
flattened fruits. Produces the gum benjamin of com-
merce, which is obtained by cutting gashes in the bark,
when the gum, after some weeks, exudes. Common in
jungle, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Choa Chu
Kang.
S. crotonoides Clarke. Singapore (Wallich No. 7848); also in
Cantley’s collection. I have never seen it here,
OLEACEZ.
Jasminum lifarium Wall. ‘“Melor hutan.” Wild Jasmine, very
common in open country, and hedges, Tanglin, Balestier
plain, Changi, etc.
J. Grifithi Clarke. *“* Kuma-Kuma hutan.” <A very hairy jas-
mine. Rare, woods, Garden Jungle, Bidadari, Chan Chu
Kang.
Olea maritima Wall. A large bush with small green flowers and
black drupes, Sea coastsin dry spots, Tanjong Katong,
Changi, Pulau Ubin.
Linociera pauctflora var. pulembanica. A big tree with small white
flowers. Common, Bukit Mandal, Bukit ‘Timah, Changi.
APOCYNACE.
Wiliuyhbeia firma Bl. “Getah Grip or Gegrip.” <A large woody
climber with rough black bark, white flowers and green
or orange oblong or globose fruits. Seeds deep violet
inside. It abounds in rubber, and is the best of all
the local rubber vines. The fruit is eatable and sweet,
but full of rubber milk. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit
‘Timah, Changi, ete. : Taare
W. coriacea Wall. “Getah Ujol.’ An inferior Gutta, which
does not set readily, it is used for adulterating and for
THE FLORA OF SINGAVORE. 109
bird lime. Common, Tanglin, Bajau, Changi, Blakang
Mati, Bukit Timah.
WV. davescens Dyer. Flowers short yellowish white, fruit glo-
bose orange, containing 2 to 7 seeds. Garden jungle,
Pulau Ubin.
W. tenuiflora Wook. fil. Changi.
W. sp. near flavescens, with very small flowers. Corolla tube
short and globose, lobes long. Changi (6023), Chan Chu
Kang, Jurong.
WV.~grandiflora Dyer. Flowers larger than any other species 14
inch long. I take this to be the plant intended for W. gran-
diflora, but note that the leaves are not thickly coriaceous,
nor rounded at the tip as described. The mouth of the co-
rolla tube is hairy. Rare, Reservoir woods.
Leuconotis Griffithit Hook. fil. ‘Akar Getah Sundek.” <A
climber, but less thick than Willuyghbeca (not erect as
stated in FI]. Brit. Ind.). Flowers orange fruit globular
rather small. Not rare. Borders of woods, Jurong,
Bukit Mandai, Selitar, Bukit Timah.
L, Maingayi Dyer. Singapore (Maingay); not seen here.
Melodinus orientalis Bl. Climber, rare, Changi.
M, micrantha Hook. fil. Jalan Bray.
Alyxia lucida Wall. “ Pulasari.” Bark strongly scented as of
new mown hay. Climber, flowers white fragrant. Bukit
Mandai, Jurong, Kranj!, Sungei Morai.
Cerbera lactaia Ham. ‘“ Buta-Buta.” A large tree with white
flowers and a pink eye and large ovoid reddish fruits.
The white milk with which the tree abounds is poisonous
and said to cause blindness if it falls into the eye. Very
common in tidal rivers and swamps. Balestier plain,
Selitar, ‘Tampenis.
C. odellam Gaertn. Kranji, Changi.
OKO) THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Kopsia macrophylla Wook. fil. Shrub about 15 feet tall, flowers
white with pink ring in centre. Chan Chu Kang.
(Vinca rosea L. bas established itself in many places near the
sea, and Allamanda Schottii Pohl. has run wild in a few
places. )
Alstonia scholaris Br. “ Pulai.” A_ tall tree, tlowers green,
branches in distant whorls. Common, Tanglin, Reservoir
woods.
A. spathulata Bl. Jungle swamps, Cluny Road, Bukit Mandai.
A. angustifolia Wall. ‘ Buta Buta Darat.” Common woods,
Bukit Timah, Changi, Kranji, Sungei Mora.
A. grandifolia Miquel. Singapore (Anderson); doubtful.
Dyera laxiflora Hook. fil. “Jelutong.” <A big tree with grey
smooth bark, flowers small white. Pods very large and
woody. Seeds thin fiattened winged. Produces an
inferitr rubber. Common all over Singapore. Tanglin,
Changi, etc.
Tabernaemontana corymbosa Roxb. “ Jelutonge Badak.” A small
tree with white flowers fragrant. Not very common,
Changi, Reservoir woods, Choa Chu Kane.
T. hirta Hook. fil. Chan Chu Kang, Jurong.
T. Malaccensts Hook. fil. ‘Lada Lada jantan.’ A shrub with
small white flowers and orange pods containing several
seeds wrapped in crimson arils. Common in woods.
Gaiden jungle, Changi, etc.
(7. coronaria Roxb. ‘ Bunga susu.” Is often cultivated and
half wild near villages.)
Parsonsia spiralis Wall. Climber with greenish yellow flowers.
Mangrove swamps. Not rare, Changi, Tampenis, Selitar,
Toas, Sungei Morai.
Vallaris Maingayi Hook. fil. A large tree with deep green
leaves and large white flowers. ..Pods long and slender
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 111
containing many long-plumed seeds. Not common,
Garden jungle.
Strophanthus dichotomus De C. “ Bunga Hantu.” <A big shrub
with large white flowers, with long claret-colored tails
to the petals. Open country, Changi, Alexandra road.
S. brevicaudatus Wt. Smaller shrub with small deep purple
flowers. Tanglin, Holland road, Balestier plain.
Ureeola Malaccensis Hook. fil. ‘“ Getah grip tembaga.” A clim-
ber flowers very small white. Produces a fairly good
rubber. Thickets, Tyersall, Changi, Bedoh.
U. Maingayi Hook. fil. Rare, Kranji.
U’. brachysepala Hook, fil. Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah.
U. torulosa Hook. f. Jungles, common, Tampenis, Changi,
Chan Chu Kang.
U. lucida Benth. Changi, Pulau Ubin.
Parameria polyneura Benth. Climber with pink flowers, Garden
jungle, Cluny Road.
P, glandulifera Benth. ‘Singapore Lobb”; not seen.
Aganosma marginata Don. Singapore, (Fl. Brit. Ind.); not seen
wild.
ASCLEPIADEZ.
Streptocaulon Wallichii Wight. Singapore, Wallich in FI, Brit.
Ind.; but Wallich’s No. 8249 is in the Catalogue “ Penang
et Singapore ;” doubtless from Penang only, where it is
common.
Torocarpus Griffithit Don. “ Singapore, Lobb”; certainly an
error of locality.
Genianthus Maingaytzt Hook. fil. Very rare, Bukit Timah,
(Cantley ).
(Calotropis procera Br. Escape from cultivation, Toas, Changi,
Pulau Ubin).
112 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
(Asclepias curassavica L. has established itself at Selitar, etc.)
(Raphistemma pulchellum Wall. Garden road ; escape.)
Sareslobus globosus Wall. Climber, flowers smal] yellow with
brown streaks. Tidal river Lanks, not rare, Balestier
plain, Alexandra road, Kalang Puding, Changi, Selitar
river.
Stephanotis Maingayi Hook. fil. A splendid white flowered
climber, flowers bigger than the garden Stephanotis.
Very rare, Changi (Hullett), once collected.
Tylophora tenuis Wall. Slender climber, flowers pink. Hedges
Blakang Mati, Green Hill, Alexandra road.
T. Wallichit Hook. fil. “ Singapore, Wallich” in FI. Brit. Ind,.
but No. 8194 B. in Wallich’s catalogue is labelied Habit
ignot.
Cynanchum ovalifolium var. Bamboo Hedges, Cluny road,
Balestier plain, Bukit Timah Road.
Dischidia numnularia Br. An exceedingly common creeping
epiphyte draping orchard trees, and doing much damage.
Stems very slender, leaves small and fleshy flowers white
(scarlet as in Fl. Brit. Ind.). Whole island.
D. hirsuta Decne. Flowers red. Common in woods, Selitar, Chan
Chu Kang, Kranji.
D. albida Griff. Flowers creamy white. Rare, Bajau.
D. benghalensis Colebr. A long creeping epiphyte, glaucous
green often nearly leafless. Flowers creamy white,
woods near the sea. Kranji, Sungei Buloh, Bajau.
D. Raffesiana Wall. A very curious plant with some leaves
developed into pitchers, green or often yellow, inside
purple, flowers yellow. Common on trees especially near
the sea. Tanglin, Blakang Mati, Teluk Kurau.
D. collyris Wall. A slender creeper on trees, leaves rounded
buff yellow, above purple beneath, lying flat on the trees.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. Lis
Flowers white. Ants often make their nests between
the leaves and the branches of the trees. Common,
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Kranji.
PD). coccinea Griff. Flowers scarlet. On lofty trees, Bukit Timah,
Selitar, Choa Chu Kang. Very distinct from the last,
of which Maingay suggested it was a variety.
D. Wallichtti Wt. Wall. Cat. 8183. Is apparently a /ieus.
TTloya lacunosa Bl. Flowers white. Not rare, Tanglin, Selitar,
Bukit Mandai.
H. revoluta Wt. Singapore, Wallich 8160 B; not identified.
IT, latifolia Don. A very large-leaved species, leaves often dull
red, flowers small pink. The commonest species. Trees
in dense jungle. (arden jungle, Kranji, Selitar, Pongol,
Changi, Pulau Tekong.
7). parasitica Wall. Common near the sea, very floriferous,
and pretty, flowers pink, Blakang Mati, Changi, Chan
Chu Kang, Toas, Pulau Jahat.
IT. coronaria Bl. The largest: flowered species. Flowers star-
like and waxy opening white, with a yellow tint, then
becoming spotted with pink and finally altogether pink.
Common especially near the sea. Serangoon, Changi,
Kranji, Pulau Tekong, etc.
H. diversifolia Bl. A pretty pink flowered species, often cover-
ing trees like a mat. Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, Kranji.
Serangoon. ,
HI, coriacea B). Flowers yellowish white. Rare, Tampenis
(D’ Almeida).
H. obtusifolia Wt. A very stout kind with thick oblong leaves:
Flowers white with a pink centre, large, rarely produced.
Serangoon, Changi.
H. Finlaysonii Wall. Cat 8166. Leaves only, not identified.
Physostetma Wallichii Wt. ‘ Akar Siak.” Slender climber with
large thin creamy white flowers with a purple centre.
15
114 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Roots scented like new mown hay. Rare, Tampenis
river, Kranji, Toas.
Leptadenia reticulata Wt. ‘Singapore, Lobb;” evidently
wrongly localised.
LOGANIACEA.
Fagraea carnosa Jack (?) Epiphyte, Bukit Timah. Rare. Perhaps
anew species, leaves large cvoid, flowers with a long
tube in pairs.
I’. auriculata Jack. A large spreading shrub, with enormous
thick white trumpet-shaped flowers. The capsule is very
large greyish green conic, splitting when ripe and show-
ing the minute black seed in orange pulp. There are
two forms: one has the flowers as large as in Miquel’s
picture, the other is much smaller. Not common, rocks
overhanging the sea, Pulau Ubin.
<
FI. obovata Wall... Not common, Kranji.
IB
<
racemosa Jack. <A big shrub or small tree with short thick
racemes of pinkish white flowers. Rare here. Pulau
Ubin quarries.
I. mvindefolia Bl. Shrub with slender racemes of pink flowers.
Not -uncommon. Bukit Timah, Kranji, Selitar, Sungei
Loyang.
I. ligustrina Bl. A tree, leaves deep-green smal! flowers slen-
der creamy white with buff coloring in the throat,
fragrant. Rare, ‘Tampenis.
I’, fragrans Roxb. ‘“Tembusu.” A large tree with cream yellow
flowers, and orange berries. Well known for its timber.
Sandy places, Changi. Abandant, Tanglin and other
places near town.
I’, speciosa Bl. A very much larger tree, with fewer and larger
flowers. (Garden jungle, ‘lyersall. .
Noriisia maluccensis Garden. A fairly large tree, flowers white
Garden jungle, Changi. :
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, ES
Strychnos Tiew'e BI. “Ipoh Akar.” A big climber with small
tubular green flowers, fruit large globose gray green
wit) ahard rind, seeds flat, enclosed in a bitter pulp,
Every part of the plant, even the flowers, is intensely
bitter, from the presence of Brucing, nevertheless monkies
and musanes often eat the fruit. The bark is used by
the Sakais in their dart poison. Common in thick jungle.
Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang.
S. malaccensis Benth. Not common. Toas, Garden jungle.
S. pubescens Clarke. Bukit Timah.
Gaertnera Koenigii Wt. var. oxyphy'la Wall. Singapore (Wal-
lich); not seen.
G. viminea Hook. fil. Small slender shrub, with very small
white flowers. Common, Gardep jungle, Bukit Timah,
Pulau Ubin, Changi.
G. obesa Hook. fil. An unbranched erect shrub with dark green
leaves and heads of white flowers, berries pale blue.
Common in jungles, Tanglin, Selitar, Bukit Arang, Toas,
Sungei Bulub, Bukit Timah.
G. grisea Hook, fil. Not rare, Bukit Timab, Changi, Chan Chu
Kang, Sungei Morai.
GENTIANACEA.
Limnanthemum indicum Thw. An aquatic plant with round
floating leaves and a tuft of white flowers with a yellow
centre. Reservoir.
BORAGINER.
Tournefortia Wallichtt De C. Climber, flowers green. Thickets,
Bukit Panjang, Jurong, Bukit Mandai.
Heliotropium indicum L. A common weed in waste ground ev ery-
where.
Cordia myxa L. Shrub, Chan Chu Kang, Pasir Fanjang.
116 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
CONVOLVULACE.
Evycibe malaccensis Clarke. Not cowmon, Chan Chu Kang.
HE. Princet Wall. ‘“ Akar Kijang.” Flowers white, coarsely
scented, drupes black. Common, hedges, Tanglin,
Jurong Kranji, Chan Chu Kang.
E. Grifithii Clarke. Not common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.
E. coriacea Wall. Not common, Changi.
E. leucoryloides. King. A small-leaved climber, flowers white
sweet. Thickets and woods. rarely Howering, common,
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Changi.
Lettsomia tomentosa. ‘ Akar Terong.” Climber, with heads of
white flowers with pink plaits, bracts pink, and fruit
pink, Woods, Chan Chu Kang, Chua Chu Kang, North
Selitar.
Ipomea digitata L.A Jarge pink convolvulus. Not rare, Bukit
Timah Road, Loyang, Changi beach, Chan Chu Kang.
I. angustifolia Jacq. Small climber, flowers pale yellow or near-
ly white eye maroon, Common in grass, or bushes.
Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang, Kranji.
I. tridentata Roth. Prostrate with slender stems, flowers small
white. Sandy spots, Changi.
I, linifolia. Bl. ~T wining and creeping in grass, flowers pale yel-
tow. Common, J'anglin, Chan Chu Kang.
J. chryseides Ker. Flowers in heads small lemon yellow
Waste ground, Tanglin, Government Hill, Bukit Timah
Road, Bajau.
1 biloba Forsk. ‘*Tapak kuda.” Flowers large pink. Sea shores,
common, Changi, Sungei Morai.
T. denticulata Chois. Flowers pink. Sea shores, Teluk Kurau.
I. palmata Forsk. Uedges, Tanglin, Sophia Road.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 117
I, sepiaria Koen, White witha pink eye; Z quamocht L. and
coccinea with small scarlet flowers; /. batatas L. the sweet
potato, “ Keledi,” flowers pink; and J/. aquatica Forsk.
* Kanugkong,” a white flowered aquatic eaten as spinach,
occur as escapes from cultivation here and there.
Evolvulus alsinoiles L. <A little prostrate plant, Howers light
blue. Sandy spots, Changi.
SOLANACE.
I doubt that any of these, except one Sulunum, are native
to Singapore.
Solanum nigrum L. Galane.
S. torcum Sw. Shrub with white flowers, the leaves smoked by
Malays like tobacco. Waste ground, Tanglin.
S, melongena L. “ Brinjal.” Cultivated.
S. sarmentosum Nees. A prickly prostrate plant with blue Howers
and black fruits, weed. Botanic Gardens.
S. aculeatissimum Jacq. ‘* Terong Blanda.” A prickly shrub
with white flowers, and smooth red orange fruits. Sandy
places, Tanjong Katong, perhaps wild.
S. biflorum Lour. Singapore (Wallich); more probably an error
for Penang. It is a hill plant.
Capsicum frutesceus L. C. minimum, and more rarely C. grossum
Willd. are much cultivated, and the two first occasionally
occur as escapes.
Datura fastuosa L. “* Kachubong.” Weed in waste ground. often
planted for use in medicine. Tanglin, etc., Pulau Ubin.
SCROPHULARINEAE.
JMJazus rugosus Lour. Small weed, flowers pale violet almost
white in the centre of the lip, where are 4 or 5 yellow
spots. Waste ground, Botanic gardens.
118 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
Adenosma ovatum Benth. An aromatic herb abont 2 feet tall with
axillary pale blue flowers. Road sides, not rare, Tang-
lin, Chan Chu Kang.
A. capitatum Benth. ‘ Kuching-Kuching.” Aromatic, flowers
in heads blue. Sandy fields, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang,
Jurong, Serangoon. 3
A cerulcum Br. Singapore (FI. Brit. Ind.) ; not seen.
Limnophila conferta Benth. ‘“Bremi.” A little aromatic herb
with violet flowers, used in native medicine. Common
in damp spots, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Reservoir, Bukit
Mandai. Nae
L. pulcsherrina Hook. fil. Wet spots, Selitar, Bukit Timah,
Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang, Jurong.
ITerpestes Monniera HU. Bk. A small glabrous herb in wet
spots, flowers white or blue. Common, Bukit Timah,
Rochore, Serangoon, Teluk Kurau, Tampenis, ete.
Arlanema angustifolium Benth. Singapore (Wallich 3885), not
seen.
Torenia polygonoides Benth. Common little creeping plant in
grass, upper lip of corolla red, lower white. Whole island,
Tanglin, Changi, ete.
T. mucronulata Benth. Weed in Botanic gardens, Bukit Timah.
Vandellia crustacea Benth. ‘“ Kra Nasi.” Common little weed
with violet flowers. Paths and waste ground every-
where.
V. scabra Benth. Flowers pink. Teluk Kurau.
V. hirsuta Benth. Little weed, hairy, flowers pale lilac. Garden
weed. lie
V. pedunculata Griff. Wet spots, flowers pale violet. Govern-
ment Hill.
Bonnaya veronicwfolia Spreng. Wet spots, Chan Chu Kang,
Ang Mo Kio.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 119
B. reptans Spreng. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Panjang.
B. vrachiata Link. Chan Chu Kang.
Scoparia dulcis L. ‘Té Macao.” A commor weed with small
white flowers. A tea for fever is made of it. Whole
island.
Striga lutea Lour. “ Rumput Siku-Siku.” A little stiff erect
herb in grass, flowers pink, or white here. Common,
Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.
LEN TIBULARIEZ.
Utricularia flexuosa Vahl. ‘Lumut Ekor Kuching.” Aquatic
| with bright yellow flowers. Pools, lakes, and ditches.
Common. Garden Lake, Reservoir, Bukit Timah, Changi
Road.
l’. eroleta Br. Much smaller than the last. Garden lake,
ditches Tanglin, Ane Mo Kio.
U. bifida L. A small erect plant with yellow flowers. Common
in shallow ditches and wet sand. Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kane, Reservoir, Bedok.
U. affinis var. Griffith. A tall slender species with bright blue
flowers. In shallow ditches, Changi, Tampenis, Bedok,
Choa Chu Kang.
U. racemosa Wall. Very slender, with very small white flowers.
4 r .
Sandy spots towards Tanah Merah, Changi.
GESNERACEA.
“lischynanthus Motleyi Clarke. An epiphyte forming large
tufts with pendulous branches, leaves pink on the back.
Calyx lobes very narrow purple. Corolla green marked
in the mouth with brownish red. Woods, not rare,
Bukit Mandai, Kranji, Choa Chu Kang, Teban, Selitar.
4, Fobliana Hook. Climbing epiphyte, flowers crimson scarlet
showy. Common in damp woods, and mangrove swamps,
Kranji, Toas, Chan Chu Kang.
120 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
“1, radicans Jack. Creeping over rocks and trees, flowers
crimson. Local. Bukit Timah, Choa Chu Kang.
JE. Wallichit Br. Calyx short cup-shaped green, corolla crim-
son. Dense woods, Bukit Mandai, Kranji, Chan Chu Kane.
Didymocarpus platypus Clarke. A shrubby plant with white
rarely bluish flowers, with a yellow spot in the mouth.
Common, woods, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu
Kang, Changi.
D. sp. Very rare, two plants out of flower in a wooded ravine
near Bukit Mandai.
Cyrtandra bicolor Jack. A shrubby plant, flowers white with
brown or purple spots in the mouth. Leaves sometimes
marbled white. (C. humilis Bl. “ Singapore, Prince,” in
Flor. Brit. Ind. is evidenily the same thing. Damp
ravines in wet jungle, usually very abundant. Bukit
Timah, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu Kang.
C. pilosa Bl, “ Singapore Lobb,” and Cyrtandromea acuminata
Benth. Maingay and Lobb, in Flor. Brit. Ind. evidently
errors of locality
BIGONIACE®.
Dolichandrone Rheedii Seem. Shrub or tree with long tubular
white flowers opening in the early morning and closing
soon. Common. Tidal Rivers, Alexandra Road, Blakang
Mati, Bajau, Ponggol, Pulau Ubin.
Stereospermum chelonowes De C. Tree. ‘Chachar.” - Rare,
Bukit Timah.
S. hyposticta Miq. Tree, flowers white or violet. Not rare,
Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.
PEDALINE®.
Sesamum indicum De C. Til-seed. ‘Bijan.’ Weed in waste
ground. Flowers pink rarely white. Cultivated for the
seed, which is crushed for oil, Tanglin, ete.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 121
ACANTHACEA.
Thunbergia alata Bojer., climber with yellow or orange flowers
with or without black eye, and 7. fragrans Roxb. with
white flowers, are common in hedges, being escapes from
cultivation.
Ehermaiera Grifithiana Anders. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah.
i. setigera Nees. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Chua Chu Kang, Jurone.
oy *
TTygrophila salictifoiia Nees. ‘Chukal.” Herb about 2 feet,
flowers lilac, ditches, common. Garden lake, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah road, Changi.
I, quadrivalvis Nees. Changi, Bukit Mandai.
Ruellia repens L. Erect or creeping in grass, flowers pale lilac
with darker marks in the throat. Very common, Tanglin
Changi, Bajau, Selitar, ete.
Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. “ Jeruju.” A holly-leaved plant
with white or blue flowers. Common in tidal mud:
Kandange Kerbau, Tanjong Pagar, Alexandra Road,
Changi, ete.
A. voluhilis Wall, Twining, leaves not prickly flowers white.
Not common, Bajau, Kranji, Chan Chu Kane.
Asystasia intrusa Bl. Straggling plant 3 feet tall or less,
flowers pale violet. edges and thickets, Fort Can-
ning, Government Hill, Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang.
Eranthenum album Nees. Flowers white, Jungles, local, Changi,
Chan Chu Kang, Ponggol, Selitar, Choa Chu Kang.
(, Andersoni Masters, described from a plant obtained in Singa-
pore by T. Anderson, is only cultivated here.)
Justicia andrographioides Clarke. A straggling herb, with pale
yellow flowers, leaves veined with white when young.
Damp woods, Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang.
16
22 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
J, Gendarussa LL. “Ganda Rusa.” A common shrub round
villages, usually an escape from cultivation.
Adhatoda vasica Nees. “Singapore, Flor. Brit. Ind.’ Not
seen even cultivated.
Peristrophe acuminata Nees. Common herb with pink flowers.
Ang Mo Kio, Choa Chu Kang, Tanglin.
P. montana Nees. ‘ Noja.” Flowers pink, larger than the last.
Leaves used for dyeing eggs, cakes, etc, pink. Tanglin,
Blakang Mati, Jurong.
VERBENACEZ.
Lantana Camara LL. “ Tabi Ayam.” All over Singapore, very
ccmmon. ‘There are several color varieties, the com-
monest is orange red color, turning orange yellow when
"passing over ; another form is pale pink with a yellow eye
turning darker pink, and where these two forms grow
together there is an intermediate or hybrid form. There
is a slight difference in the form of the lower lip. in the
two forms, in the orange one the lip is shorter and broad -
er than in the pink one, where it is nearly quadrate, so
that the pink flower appears more irregular than the
orange one. ‘The plant is a native of South America.
L. indica Roxb. A smaller shrub with lilac flowers, and dark
pink fruits. Waste ground near town, abundant, Rochore,
_ Kalang, Balestier plain.
Lippia nodifora Rich. Prostrate herb, flowers lilac. Waste
ground, Rochore.
Stachytarpheta indica Vahl. ‘ Selasih Dende.” Common shrub,
flowers blue. Waste ground, everywhere.
GS. mu'alilis, much bigger, with rosy flowers, introduced here
and there.)
Geunsia farinosa Bl. (Wallich, No. 1836); not seen.
(Callicarpa Reevesti Wall. Singapore, Murton in Fl. Brit. Ind.
is cultivated only.)
THE FLORA OF SINGAVORE, 12s
C. longifolia Lam. Shrub, lilac flowers and white fruit. ‘¢ 'Tam-
poh Besih.” Common in hedges, Bukit Timah, ‘Tanglin,
Ang Mo Kio.
Premua. “ Buas Buas.” A group of shrubs with small white
flowers, and black drupes. All very closely allied and
difficult to distinguish.
P. cordifolia Roxb. Tanglin, Thomson Road,
P. parasitica Bl. Changi.
P. corymbosa Roth. Climber, Garden jungle.
P. flavescens var. :ubens. Pasir Panjang.
P. coriacea Ularke. Jurong.
P. integrifolia var. angustior. A low prostrate plant, Serangoon
River.
Gmelinw villosa Roxb, “ Bulang.’ A thorny shrub, with large
yellow flowers, fruit a yellow acid plum. Common,
Tanglin, Changi, Teluk Kurau.
G. IHystrix Kurz. occurs in the Garden road, possibly wild.
Vitex trifoia L. “ Lagundi.” Often planted, possibly wild. at
Bajau.
V. Negundo L. Bukit Timah Road, Bukit Mandai; probably
an alien.
V. pubescens Vahl. “ Alban.” Tree, flowers blue, very common
in secondary growth. Whole island.
V. vestita Wall, Tree, flowers yellow. Common in woods,
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kane. ,
V. gamosepala var. ‘Tree, rare, Changi.
Nerodendron inerme Gaertn. Shrub, tlowers white stamens
pink. Very abundant near the sea, Rochore, Changi,
Selitar.
C', disparifolium BI. “Guriam Padang.” Small tree, flowers
yellow, fruit black with a red calyx, ‘The wood is used
19q : THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
for blackening the teeth. Very common in woods and
thickets. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Changi, ete.
Cl. defexum Wall. A snall shrub about 4 feet high with nod-
ding heads of white flowers surrounded with numerous
red sepals. Drupe black. Very common, Tanglin, Gar-
den jungle, Chan Chu Kang, Tampenis.
Cl. panicu'alum L. Shrub with brilliant crimson flowers. Man-
dai, Kranji. Doubtfully wild.
Cl. vidlosum Bl. Common shrub with white flowers. Whole
island.
Cl. myrmecophilum Ridl. * A slender shrub, with the stem hollow
and filled with ants’ nests. Panicles large, flowers orange.
A handsome plant, rare, streams at Choa Chu Kang.
Several cultivated kinds also occur in waste ground near
villages; such are C. fal/ax Lindl. C. squamatum Vall. C.
fragrans Vent. and C. siphonanthus Br. which is cultivated
by Klings, who use the leaves for smoking instead of
Hemp, and call it Ganja.
Cl. ixvoreflorum Hassk. A white flowered species, introduced
into Java from Singapore about 1855, I know nothing
of, and Cl. Colebrookianum Walp. ‘Singapore Lobb”
and Cl. infortunatum Gaertn, mentioned from Singapore
also in Flor. Brit. Ind. I have never met with.
?
Sphenodesma peniandra Jack. ‘Akar Suloug.” Not common,
Changi.
Avicennia officinalis Bl.“ Api-Api.? Very common in mangroves
and along tidal rivers. River Valley Road, Changi, Pulau
Ubin, ete.
LABIAT A.
Coleus atropurpureus Benth. Flowers bright purple. Open
country. Ang Mo Kio, Chan Chu Kang.
Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Very common in waste ground. Sepoy
Lines, Tanjong Katong, Mt. Faber, Changi, ete.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 128).
H. brevipes Poit. Common, Tanglin, Ang Mo Kio, etc. Both
of these are introductions from South America, now
thoroughly established.
Dysophylla auricularia Bl. ‘Ekor Kuching.” Flowers pale
Javender in long spikes. Very common in wet spots.
Tanglin, Changi, etc.
nisomeles ovata Br. Not common, Tanglin.
Leucas zeylanica Br. ‘“ Katumbet.” A common weed with
white flowers, waste ground. ‘Tanglin, Blakang Mati,
Selitar, etc.
L. linifolia Spr. Less common, Mt. Faber, Siglap.
Ocimum basilicum L. Basil. Ruku-Ruku,” often cultivated,
occurs spontaneously in waste ground, as does also Le-
onurus sibiricus L. and Leonotis nepetwfolia Br.
PLANTAGINEA.
Plantago major L. “ Ekor Angin.” Waste ground, Chan Chu
Kang, Tanglin, ete.
NYCTAGINES.
Boerhaavia repens L. Sandy places, Galang.
AMARANTACE.
Allmania nodiflora Br. Sandy spots. Changi, common.
clmarantus spinosus Le. © Bayam Duri.” Common weed in
waste ground. ‘Tanglin, Rochore, etc.
A. viridis L. ‘ Bayam Itek.” Common in waste ground,
everywhere.
al. caudatus L. Cultivated, and often as an escape.
A. paniculatus L. Government Hill.
Cyathula prostrata Bl. Not rare, weed in waste ground. Bukit
Vimah, Pulau Ubin, Teluk Kurau.
126 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Alternanthera sessilis Br. Common everywhere.
Pupalia atropurpurea Mig. Singapore (Wallich in Flor. Brit.
Ind., but in Wallich’s Catalogue it is labelled 6933 L.
Singapore et Penang). Not seen here by me.
POLYGONACEZ.
Polygonum flaccidum Meisn. Common in wet spots, ditches, ete.
Tanglin, Bukit Timah Road, Rochore.
P. pedunculure Wall. Singapore. Wallich, not seen.
P. barbatum L. Ditches, Holland Road, Galang, Chan Chu
Kang.
NEPENTHACE®.
The pitcher plants are known to the Malays as “ Poko
Priok Krah,’ (ape’s cups). The stems of the stouter
kinds are used for binding fences. ‘They always occur
in open country, borders of woods, etc., and are absent
from dense jungle.
N. ampullaria Jack. A common kind with the pitchers in whorls
often sunk in the ground, pitchers green, or more or less
spotted with purple. I once found a plant with ivory
white pitchers. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, ete.
WV. Rajflesiana Jack. Pitchers often very large. Common all
over Singapore.
NV. phyllamphora Willd. Not common, Changi, Jurong.
N. Reinwardtii Mig. Common, Bukit Timah, Changi.
AV. gracilis Korth. Blakang Mati, Changi, Bukit Timah.
N. albomarginata Lobb. “ Singapore, Wallich.” Surely an error
for Penang, where it is abundant.
ARIS'TOLOCHIACEAE.
Aristolochia ungulifora Mast. A climber with large trilobed
leaves and purple flowers. Local in long wet grass.
Jurong.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. WeAq
Thottea grandifiora Rottb. “Seburui.” A low shrub, 2 feet tall
with rough hairy leaves, and bell-shaped flowers as big
as a tumbler, hairy with raised veins outside, smooth deep
purple inside. A very curious plant. Common in dry
jungles, Bukit Timah, Reservoir woods, Bukit Mandai,
Chan Chu Kang, Bajau.
Th, dependens Klotsch, Rare, Sungei Buluh.
PIPERACES.
Piper (Muldera) Maingayi Wook. fil. Climber, rarely flowering.
Common. Jungles, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
P. (Cubeba) sumatrana Cas. Not common, Reservoir woods.
P, pedicellosum Wall. Rare, Chan Chu Kane. ;
P, muricatum Bi. An erect herb. Not very common, Bukit
Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Jurong.
P. (Chavica) caninum Bl. ‘“* Lada Hantu.” S'ender climber,
common in woods. Garden jungle, Selitar, Kranji, Pulau
Tekong.
var. /anata. Less common, in more exposed spots. Siglap,
Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin.
var. angustifolium. Garden jungle, Changi.
P. chaba L. “ Bakek.” Cultivated. I have also what may be a
wild form of this under the name ‘ Bakek hutan” from
Bukit Mandai, (5851).
P. sarmentosum “ Chabei.” “ Kadok.” An erect herb with lone
runners. Common in orchards, villages, ete., all over
Singapore.
(P. Betel L. “Sirih,” and P. nigrum L, “ Lada hitam ” are often
cultivated.) |
P. miniatum Bl. “ Sirih Ayer.” Climber, fruit-spikes red. Woods,
not rare, Reservoir woods, Bukit Mandai, Toas, Chan Chu
Kang.
12's THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
P. rostratum Roxb. Erect, rare, Bukit Timah.
P. porphyrophyllum Ki. Br. A well known ornamental climbing
plant, leaves deep green spotted white and pink. Com-
mon but rarely flowering, dense woods, Bukit Timah,
Selitar, etc.
(Peperomia exigua Miq. A little weed in gardens, on walls, ete.,
introduced. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kane).
CHLORANTHACEZ.
Chloranthus officinalis Bl. Shrublet, with slender spikes of white
flowers and translucent white berries. Damp ravines in
jungles, local but abundant. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai,
Jurong.
MYRISTICACEAE.
The wild nutmegs are very plentiful in Singapore, occurring
in all the bigger jungles, but almost invariably in an isolated
manner, so that it is often by no means easy to get both sexes
of any species. They are all trees, varying in height from about.
fifteen feet to 100 or more. ‘The seeds seem to be (in all but
M. cinnamomea) deficient in aromatic properties, and are not
used by the natives at all. The timber is often good. The
native name for the cultivated Nutmeg is “ Pala,” the Mace be-
ing called ‘* Bunga Pala,” (literally flowers of Nutmeg). Many
of the wild species are called ‘‘ Pala Hutan,” etc.; but “‘ Pendarah,”
with the local variants Menarah, Mendarah, and Chendara, is
the common name for other species.
M. elliptica Wall. Common, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Chan
Chan Chu Kang. rar. Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang.
M. bracteata De C. A very large tree, rare, Bukit Timah.
M. cinnamomea King. Not common, Bukit Mandai, Sumbawane,
Changi, Selitar. .
M, crassa King. Flowers orange, Garden jungle, Bukit Man-
dai, North Selitar, Sungei Morai.
M. Lowiana King. Rare, Kranji.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 129
.iners Bl. Rare, woods, Bukit Mandai.
. ferruginea Wall. (Cat. 6803.) Rare, Selitar.
. superba Hook. fil. Rare, Sungei Bengkuang, 'Toas.
. rubiginosa King. Rare, Garden jungle, Mt. Faber.
. Wallichii Hook. fil. Bajau (3364), also collected by Cantley
without locality.
. sucosa King. Rare, Kranji (6558).
» Furquhariana Wall. Common, Garden jungle, Bajau, Selitar.
. Forbesti King. Selitar.
. bivalvis Hook. fil. Very rare, a single male tree in the Bo-
tanic Gardens, probably planted, but not known else-
where.
. erasstfolia Hook. fil. Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang, Bajau.
. Jrya Gaertn. Rare, Garden jungle.
.majuseula King. Not rare, Tanglin, Cluny road, Bukit Timah,
Selitar.
. brachiata King. Singapore (Wallich); not seen.
. polyspherula Hook. fil. Not rare, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang,
Kranji,
. oblongifolia King. Rare, Bukit Timah.
. conferta King. Bukit Mandai, Changi.
. Wrayi King. Rare, Sungei Jurong.
. intermedia Bl. The commonest species. Tanglin, Changi,
Bukit Timah.
. laurina Bl. Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah,
. glauca BI. Garden jungle, Kranji, Pulau Ubin.
. glaucescens Hook. fil. Cluny Road.
130 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
M. Hookeriana Wall. Usually about 20 feet tall, witn large
leaves covered when young with brown wool which peels
off as the leaves become coriaceous, fruit covered with
brown wool. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kang, Choa Chu Kang.
M. Cantleyi Hook. fil. Bukit Timah.
MM. lonmfolia Wall. Bukit Timah.
MW, pendulina Hook. The only tree of this species known is in
the Botanic Gardens, but must have been planted.
MONIMIACE®.
Matthea sancta Bl. “ Churom.” A large shrub with small yellow
flowers and steel blue fruits. The Jakuns smoke the
leaves with tobacco to cure headaches. Common in woods
and thickets, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang, Ange Mo Kio.
LAURINES.
Trees, more rarely shrubs, with usually unisexual flowers
A difficult group, owing to the difficulty of getting flowers of
both sexes and fruits, many being imperfectly known. The
trees are usually called ‘‘ Medang” by the Malays.
Cryptocarya Griffithiana Wt. ‘Medang Buaya.” Medium sized
tree, with hairy yellow flowers. Not rare, Tampenis,
Changi, Selitar, river, Changi Teban.
C. impressa Meissn. ‘‘Munjuat.” A tall tree. Rare, Garden
jungle.
C. ferrea Bl. Chan Chu Kang, Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.
And two other species.
Betlschniedia malaccensis Hook. fil. Rare, Bukit Timah.
Dehaasia microcarpa Bl. Sungei Jurong.
Cinnamomum javanicum Bl, Not rare in dense woods, but very
rarely flowering. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Ang
Mo Kio.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 131
C. iners Reinwdt. <A medium sized tree, never tall, common in
open country. ‘The young leaves are red and yellow
and appearing just before tlowering give the tree a fine
appearance. The flowers are yellow and feetid, the fruit
blue-black. The bark is but feebly aromatic. Whole
island, Tanglin, Changi, etc.
C. nitidum Bl. Very much like the last, but with larger Howers.
Not common, Tanglin.
Phebe opaca Bl. <A big tree, flowers yellow, fruits black on
swollen red peduncles. Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai.
Ph. declinuta Nees. “Singapore, Wallich.” Not identified.
Ph. sumatrana Mig. Changi (1811).
JMachilus rimosus Bl. Chaugi (4707).
«Alseodaphne decipiens Hook. fil. Small tree, flowers yellow, fruit
obovate green with white spots. Garden jungle, Chan
Chu Kane.
Al. umbelliflora Hook. fil. Not common, Selitar, Chan Chu Kang.
A. costulis Nees. and A. lucida Nees. collected in Singapore
by Wallich Nos. 2594 B and 2590, are entirely doubtful
plants.
Actinodaphne pruinosu Nees. Botanic Gardens.
A, Maingayi Wook. fil. Dense woods, Bukit Timah.
Litsea grandis Bl. Near Tyersall, Bukit Mandai.
L.amara Bl. Jurong, Pulau Ubin.
L. penangiane Hook. fil. Common, flowers white, fruit white in
a green cup. Woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah,
L. myristicefolia Wall. Siglap, Changi.
L. Pavamonja Ham. Rare, Garden jungle.
L. longipes Meissn? ‘“ Mullay.” Rare, Balestier Road.
132 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
L. ferruginea BI. Garden jungle, Bukit Arang.
LL, zeylanca Nees. A large bush, common on the sea coast.
Changi, Pulau Ubin, Bedoh.
L. salicifolia Roxb. Garden jungle,
L. polyantha Juss. Chan Chu Kang, Kranji, Changi.
L. petio’ata Wook. fil. Garden jungle.
L. nitida Bi. Bukit Mandai.
And a number of unidentified species.
Lindéra malaccensis Hook, fll. Small tree, flowers yellow.
Abundant in woods, Garden jungle, Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Chan Chu Kang, ete.
L. sp. “ Perawas.” Tree, leaves used medicinally. Galang,
Garden jungle.
Cassytha jiifornis L. A leatless twining parasite. Common
near the sea, Blakang Mati, Changi, Chan Chu Kang,
etc.
Hernandia peltata Meissn. Singapore, Wallich No. 7811.
Not seen.
PROTEACEA.
Helicia petiolaris Benn. ‘Tree, common in woods. Bukit Timah,
Jurong, Woodlands, Kranji, Changi, Garden jungle.
H. excelsa BI. ‘* Membatu Laiang.” Not very common, Changi,
Chan Chu Kang.
THYMELEACEZ.
Aquilaria malaccensts. The Gaharu, is rare here. Ihave only
seen it at Kranji.
A. grandiflora. Rare, Bajau.
A. sp. A medium sized tree with small white flowers and
very small fruits. Garden jungle.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 133
Gonystylus Maingayi Hook. fil. This aberrant tree is now
referred by some botanists to Tillacew. It occurs in
the Garden Jungle, Bukit Mandai and Chua Chu Kang.
Wikstroemia tidica. “ Singapore, Lobb ;” doubtless an error.
SANTALACEA.
Henslowia Lobbiana De C. Climber. Common near the coast,
Changi, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang.
H, buxifolia Bl. Apparently a root parasite. It is a twiggy,
often nearly leafless shrub, entirely bright yellow.
Berry at first yellow, then red and finally black. Dry
woods near the sea, Bajau, Changi, Kranji, Sungei
Buluh.
Scleropyrum Mainyayt Hook. fil. “ Rukam puteh.” A shrub
or small tree with stout spines, tlowers greenish yellow
in dense spikes, fruit pear-shaped green juicy when
ripe. Woods, not rare, Tanglin, Changi, Kranji, Bukit
Mandai, Selitar.
Champer cia Grifithiana Planch. ‘Chemperei.” A shrub with
white branches, small light brown flowers and orange
fruit. The leaves are eaten as a vegetable, but it is
said to be poisonous to dogs. Sandy spots on the
coasts, Changi, Tampenis, Selitar, Bajau.
Linostoma pauciforun Griff. A slender climber with light yel-
lowish green flowers enclosed in greenish cream colored
bracts. Common, Garden jungle, Blakang Mati, Bukit
Timah, Changi, Loyang.
L. scandens King. ‘ Akar kareh hitam.” <A scandent shrub or
tall climber. Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Chan
Chu Kang.
LORANTHACE.
These parasites are often very destructive to trees in
gardens. They are called by the Malays ‘* Api-Api” or Senalu,
with its variants Bendalu, Ndalu,
134. THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
Loranthus Lobla Wook. fil. A variety with red, not yellow
flowers, Changi, Chan Chu Kane,
L. coccineus Jack. Bukit Mandai.
L. ferrugineus Roxb. Common, Tanglin, ete.
L. longiflorus Desr. Flowers crimson-scarlet. On a very
lofty tree, Bukit Timah. :
L. pentandrus L. A big stout plant, flowers light pinkish red ;
parasitic on Hugenia. Gardens, Alma, Bukit Timah,
Chan Chu Kane.
L. albidus Bl. Flowers white, rare, Bukit Timah.
L. retusus Jack. On Lhodomyrtus and Eugentas, near the sea.
Changi, Blakang Mati, Pulau Tekong, Jurong.
L. ampullaceus Roxb. Flowers green and black. Very
common, Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.
L. crassus Hook, fil. Gardens, Changi.
L. Maingayi Hook. fil. A very curious little flowered species,
flowers brown. Rare, Kranji (6923).
Viscum articulatum Burm. Parasitic on Loranthi. Common,
Tanglin.
V. orientale Willd. On /icus, and Macaranga javanica. Common,
Rochore, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, ete.
HUPHORBIACEX.
Euphorlia atoto Forst. A shrubby plant, sea coasts, Changi.
E, piiulifera L. Gelang Susu.” Common weed in waste
ground, every where. :
E. thymifolia Benn. Prostrate weed, waste ground, paths, etc.
Common, Tanglin, ete.
(BE. Tirucalli L. A large succulent shrub, often culltvatea
occurs as an escape. The milk is used in native medi-
cine, and for putting into the wounds made for marking
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 135
cattle to make the marks permanent. Said to be a
native of Africa.)
Agyneia bacciformis Muell. A Jittle shrubby plant, in grass, sea-
shore. Teluk Kurau.
Bridelia tomentosa Bl. “ Kenidai.” Shrub or small tree.
Garden jungle.
B. pustulata Hook. fil. Shrub. Jurong, Selitar.
Cleistanthus levis Hook. fil. Tree, Garden jungle, Changi.
Cl. myrianthus Kurz. Bushy tree with coppery leaves. Kranji
road, near Stagmount, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang.
C. hirsutulus Hook, fil. Rare, Bukit Timah.
C. macrophyllus Hook. fil. Rare, Bukit Timah.
C. nitidus Hook. fil. “Singapore, Lobb” ; doubtless Penane.
Actephila javanica Miq. Wallich 8016. A shrub with very
small greenish white flowers. Common, Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai. |
Phyllanthus pectinatus Hook. fil. ‘Laka, Malakka.” A hand-
some tree with a trunk like a yew and elegant feathery
foliage. The fruit a yellowish green angled drupe,
acid, and used for preserves and in curries. The town
of Malacca is said to. take its name from the tree.
Common in woods, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Mandai.
P.coriaceus Wall. ‘Singapore, Wallich 7946.” Not seen
only known from Wallich’s collection.
P. pulcher Wall. Reidia glaucescens Miq. Small shrub, some-
times cultivated as an ornamental plant, possibly wild,
but usually seen about cultivated ground. Tanglin,
P. maderaspatensis L. A small weed. Changi.
P. nirurit Wall. “Dukong Anak Merah,” Common weed,
waste ground, Tanglin, Galang, Changi.
136 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
P.urinaria L. “ Dukong Anak.” Common weed everywhere,
used medicinally, and it is also supposed that after
chewing a bunch of this plant it is possible to bite up
glass with impunity.
(P. distichus Muell. Cicca acidissima is sometimes cultivated.)
Glochidion. Trees with inconspicuous flowers. ‘© Utah,” of
the Malays.
(. littorale BI. Banks of tidal rivers. Chan Chu Kang.
G, goniocarpum Hook. fil. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit Timah,
Galane. 3
G. desmoayne Hook. til. Rare, Bukit Timah, Selitar.
G. insulare Hook. fil. Not rare, Selitar, Bukit Mandai, Toas,
Jurong, ete.
G. brunneum Hook. fil. ‘Ubah Merah.” Gardens, Bukit
Timah.
G. desmocarpum Hook. fil. Not common, Tanglin, Bajau.
G. levigatun Hook. fil. Bukit Timah, Sungei Bruang, Bukit
Mandai.
G. microbotrys Hook. fil. Tall tree with flaking bark. Flowers
very small scented of cucumbers. Gardens, Chan Chu
Kang, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
G. superbum Baill. Small tree with large leaves. Common in
open country all over Singapore.
_ leiosty?um Kurz. Common, Gardens, Selitar.
ep)
G. coronatum Hook. fil. Rare, Jalan Bray.
Breynia rhamnoides Muell. Large shrub. Eskbank (Haullett).
B. discigera Muell. Rare, Upper Bukit Timah.
B. reclinata Hook. fil. ‘ Hujan Panas.” <A shrub conspicuous
from its bright red berries, but why called Hujan Panas,
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 1S7
lif, warm rain, noone seems to know, Very common,
especially near the sea, Tanglin, Reservoir, Changi, etc.
Suuropus albicans Bl. ‘ Chekop Manis.” A small shrubby plant
with dark green leaves with a white central blotch, red
flowers and pink or white fruit. A popular native
vegetable, leaves eaten as spinach. \Waste ground, com-
mon.
Cyclostemon longifolins Bl. A tree with pendent branches anl
large leathery leaves. Rarely met with in flower.
Common in woods, Garden jungle, Selitar.
Choriophyllum malayanum Benth. Sandy spots near the sea.
Rare, Seremban ; also collected by Wallich, 7975.
Aporosa ficifolia Baill, Not rare, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang, Garden jungle.
A. nigricans Hook. fil. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.
A. Muingayi Hook. fil. A shrub, Garden jungle, Selitar,
Kranji, Jurong,
A. fruticosa Muell. A bush. common, Tanglin, Tanjong Gol,
Chan Chu Kang.
A. Praineana King. Bukit Mandai, Selitar, Kranji.
A. Benthamiana Hook. fil. Tree, about 40 feet tall, with red
showy fruits. Not rare, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kane.
A. lunata Benth. Not common, Jurong.
A, stellifera Hook. fil. Garden jungle, Kranji, Bukit Timah.
A. fulcifera Hook. fil. Not common, Jurong, Toas.
Daphniphyllum laurinum Baill. ‘“ Ruas-Ruas jantan.” <A_ big
shrub or tree with white flowers, and olive shaped green
fruits. Usually near the sea, Changi, Kranji, Teban,
Siglap.
Antidesma velutinosum Bl. Shrub with racemes of pink fruits.
Common, Garden jungle, Changi, Pulau Ubin, ete.
poet
92)
138 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
A. cuspidatum Muell. ‘“Sebasah.” A big shrub, common in
thick. woods, Bukit Timah, Changi, Bukit Mandai, Teban,
Reservoir woods.
A. fallar Meisn. Not common, Bukit Timah.
A.alatum Hook. fil. Thick woods, common, Bukit Timah,
Changi, Bukit Mandai, Jurone.
A, bunias Spreng and A. ghaesembilla Gaertn. mentioned in
Flora Brit. Ind. I have not seen wild.
Baccaurea. A genus of trees of no great size, with flowers in
long scented racemes. [*ruit usually a capsule, orange
colored or brown, splitting and disclosing the seeds en-
wrapped in an orange pulp hanging from the placentas ;
sometimes the fruit is a berry, and does not split. Most
are mcre or less eatable though often acid.
B. parviflora Muell, ‘“Setambun.” <A small tree with a knot-
ted stem, and very hard compact yellow wood, used for
making sticks. The male flowers are borne in racemes
in tufts on the stem, they are yellow and smell like
cowslips. The female racemes are borne at the foot of
the tree, so as to lie on the ground. The fruit is a
spindle-shaped berry, claret colored and eatable though
acid. Acommon plant. ‘Tanglin, Bajau, Changi, etc.
B. macrophyila Muell. Tree small or medium. Fruits globose
dull orange russet, pulp of seed orange, sweet. - Garden
jungle, Selitar. |
B. motleyana King. ‘ Rambai.”. A well known fruit, common
in cultivation and apparently also wild.
(B. Malayana King. ‘ Tampoi.” Occurs in cultivation but is
not common.)
B. bracteata Muell. A small tree. Common, Bukit Mandai,
Holland Road, Kranji.
B. latifolia King, Garden jungle (6264).
B. sp. B. in Flor. Brit. Ind. Garden jungle, Kranji.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 139
B. reticu/ata Hook. fil. Kranji, Selitar.
L. Kunstler’ King. <A fair sized tree, fruits ochreous, with
orange pulp. Common, Garden jungle, Selitar, Tanjong
Gol,
BL. minor Hook. fil. Fruit as big as a cherry, ochreous pulp
orange. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.
B, symplocoides King. A small tree, fruits orange, aril crimson.
Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang. :
BL. sp. ‘Tree with narrow lanceolate acute leaves, flowers
green. Garden Jungle (6263).
Microdesmis cusearifolia Planch. A small tree, fluwers bright
yellow, berries red. Thick woods, common, Garden
jungle, Changi.
Galearta. Low shrubs with long slender spikes of very small
flowers, fruits white pulpy. The species are all very
much alike and difficult to distinguish,
G. afints Benn. Woods. Garden jungle, Changi, Bajau,
G. Wallichit Br, Changi (Hullett).
G. subulata Muell. Garden jungle.
G. phlebocarpa Br. The commonest species. Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin.
G. sp. with the leaves pubescent beneath, shoots and racemes
covered with black pubescence. Chang), Siglap.
(Jatropha curcas L. “ Jarak Blanda.” Occurs in and near
villages.)
(J. gossypifolia L. A garden escape, occurs here and there).
(Aleurites Moluecana Willd. Candle nut Singapore nut,
Kamiri, Buah Kras, Is often cultivated).
Croton argyratus Bl. A shrub, leaves silvery beneath.
Local, Batu Putih, Changi.
140 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
C’. caudatus Geisel. ‘ Tuku Takal.” There are two forms, if
they are not specifically distinct here, one a long stout
woody liana with rough greenish capsules. Common at
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang. The other a scandent or
erect shrub with erect racemes of white flowers and hard
globose yellow capsules as big as a bullet.
Common in open country. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bajau,
Chang.
C. Grifithitt Hook. fil, A common shrub in woods. Garden
jungle, Bukit Timah, Sungei Buluh, Chan Chu Kang.
CU, olongifoliun Roxb. Bukit Mandai, Selitar.
LTrigonostemon lonyjolius Baill. A small shrub. Not common,
Chan Chu Kang, Kranji Road.
Ostodes macrophyllus “Kayu Julong.’ <A tree, rare, Bukit
Panjang (common in Malacca).
O, muricata var, minor and Dimorphocalyx capillipes Hook. fil.
‘Singapore Lobb”; evidently an error for Penang.
Agrostistachys filipendula Hook. fil. <A big stiff shrub. A gum
which exudes from the buds was formerly collected for
making a resin for polishing sheaths of Krises. Local.
sandy spots near Changi.
A. longifolia Benth, var. Malayana. “Julong Julong.” A
low little or unbranched shrub, with large erect stiff
leaves, used for thatching and wrappers. The Singapore
plant is very different from that of Pahang and Perak,
which is a much larger branched shrub. Common in
woods. Tanglin, Sungei Bulah, Chan Chu Kang, ete.
Claorylon indicum Hassk. <A large shrub. Thickets, Grange
hnoad.
Cl. longifolium Muell var, brachystachys. Woods, not rare, Bukit
Timah, Pulau Ubin, Bukit Mandat, Chan Chu Kang.
Acalypha indica L. A weed, common in waste ground. Bajau,
Galang, Pulau Ubin, Teluk Kurau.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 141
Celodepas ferruginewm Hook. fil. A small tree with long
slender yellow flower spikes, and capsules covered with
brown wool. Garden jungle (5991, 6481), Bukit
Timah.
Alchornea villosa Muell. “ Ramin bukit.’ A big shrub, the
bark used for string. Common in thickets and edges of
wocds. Bukit Timah Road, Reservoir woods, Chan
Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.
A. rugosa Muell. Common, Changi, Serangoon.
Mallotus macrostachyus Muell. A big shrub. Thickets, Bukit
Timah Road at the 9th mile.
M. Cochinchinensis Lour, ‘“ Balik Angin.” <A small tree, pretty
when in flower from its pendent white racemes. The
under side of the leaves is white, so that when blown
by the wind the whole tree appears white, whence the
native name. A fairly good fibre can be obtained from
the bark. Common in open country, Tanglin, Kranji,
efe.
M, penangensts Muell. Not common, Bajau, Toas, Sungei
Mora.
M, philippinensis Muell, aud WV. barbatus Muell, given in Flor.
Brit. Ind. as from Singapore; (the latter collected by
Lobb) are doubtless errors.
‘M. vernicosus Hook. fil. ‘Singapore’ Botanical Garden,
Cantley ” is altogether doubtful.
Macaranga hypolewca Muell. <A. faiv sized tree with white
stems and white undersides to the leaves. Sticks of its
wood are used for setting gambier. Common in dry
woods and secondary growth, all over Singapore.
a ¥ 5 a.
“ Mahang putih. |
AM. megalophylla Muell, “Kubin.” A fair sized tree with very
large leaves. The wood used for making windumills,
hence its name, Selitar, Choa Chu Kang.
142 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
M, trichocaipa Muell. . A shrub half scandent, with irritating
prickly capsules, Dry woods, common, Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Changi. |
M, 1 DUET Muell. ‘“* Mahang.” A common tree all over the
island with reddish inflorescence, and small capsules
bilobed smooth, and covered with a waxy coat. It is
doubtful whether this is the same as the Javanese
species. Open country and secondary growth, exceed-
ingly common,
JM. triloba Muell. A medium sized tree, leaves entire or three
lobed. Young plants have red leaves, and look very
handsome. Abundant all over Singapore, in woods,
Tanglin, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
M. Lowtt King. Not common, Jurong, Tyersall, Chan Chu
Kang.
JM, populifolia Muell. Big’ tree, in woods, Bukit Timah,
Ptychopyxis costata Miq. <A big tree, flowers velvety yellow,
fruit large green hairy wrinkled. Not common, Garden
jungle, Chan Chu Kang.
(Ricinus communis L. “ Jarak,’ Castor oil; occurs near
villages.)
Eudospermum malaccense Muell. “ Sendok-sendok.” A _ big
tree, with smooth grey bark, flowers green very sweet,
fruit as large as a pea, orange, sweet. The wood is used
to make clogs. Not rare, Bakit Timah, Chua.Chu Kang.
E. chinense Beuth. Singapore, Wallich 7846; a doubtful
specimen.
Gelonium multiforum Juss. Woods, Changi, Bukit Timah.
G. bifarium Roxb. Sea coasts, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
Megistostiyma maluccense Hook. fil. A stinging climber.
Garden jungle.
Homalanthus poene. Grah, Occurs here and there, about
the Alexandra road and elsewhere, probably planted.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 143
Sapium discolor Muell. <A tall tree, very common, Tanglin,
Jurong, Reservoir.
S. indicum Roxb. “Guring.” Sea coasts, Kranji, Pasir Panjang.
Excecaria agallocha L. A small tree full of poisonous milk,
flowers green, very fragrant. Sea coasts, often growing
between rocks. All round the coasts, Kranji, North
Selitar, Toas.
Sebastiania chamelea Muell. <A herb. Sandy spots, Changi,
Blakang Mati.
URTICACIUA,
Trema orientalis Bl. A common shrub. in waste ground,
Tanglin, Changi.
T. angustifolia Bl. Not common, Changi,
7. timorensis BI. Very common, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kane.
Gironniera nervosa Planch. ‘“ Kasap.’ <A big tree, with small
bright orange-colored fruits. Common in woods, Tanglin,
Chan Chu Kane, Changi.
G. subaequalis Planch. <A big tree, less common, Tanelin, Chan
Chu Kang.
G. parvifolia Planch. <A small tree in dense jungle common in
the hill districts of the peninsula, rare in Singapore,
Bukit Timah, Kranji.
Streblus asper Lour. A climber with milky juice. Rare,
Pulau Ubin.
Sloetia siderovylon Teysm. ‘*Tampenis.” <A big tree with
dark brown heart wood, one of the best timbers in the
region, being untouched by termites and unaffected by
ordinary decay for a very long time. The wood when
fresh cut exhales: an unpleasant odor. Large trees are
now scarce as the natives cut them when young to
make carrying sticks,and gambier stirrers, etc. There
isa good deal of difference in the size of the leaves
144 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE
according to the age of the tree. Young shoots from an
old stump usually have large leaves, and it seems to me
that S. penangiana Oliv and S. Wallichii King are
mere States of S. stderorylon, Teysm. The natives how-
ever certainly draw a distinction between some forms
calling S. Wallichti, Tampenis putih and 8S. sideroxylon,
Tampenis Merah, i.e. red and white ‘Tampenis. The
plant flowers very readily, even seedlings in a pot
sometimes flower and fruit when only a foot and a_ half
tall. The fruit is a soft white drupe enclosed in the four
thickened white sepals. These are sweet and eatable
and any pressure on them ejects the fruit to some
distance so that if a bird attempts to eat them the fruit
is thrown out.
Common in dry woods, open country, etc., especially the
broad leaved var. penangiana. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang, Changi,
etc. |
Ficus. The figs are tolerably well represented here, no less than
35 species occurring in the island. They comprise creep-
ing shrubs, big climbers, erect shrubs from two feet tall
to trees of great size. The figs, none of which here are
eatable, are sought for by birds, especially pigeons, bul-
buls and starlings, and by fruit-bats, which frequent the
trees when in fruit in great numbers, and distribute the
seeds everywhere. ‘the common Malay name for any
species of Ficus is “ Ara.” “Sipadik” is applied to many
scandent species, and ‘‘Kelampong” to such trees as
bear the figs clustered on the stem. Most of the trees
are of rapid growth with soft valueless timber,
F. pisifera Wall. Small tree, figs white, common, Bukit Timah,
Bukit Mandai, Pulau Ubin.
F. urophylla Wall. ‘Ara Supudeh.” A shrub, often epiphytic
on other trees and sometimes killmg them, figs small
orange. Very common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kang.
(I. bengalensis L. <A big tree, often planted.)
EB;
F,
i,
(PF.
. Benjamina lL. “ Waringin.’
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 145
bracteata Wall, A medium sized tree, figs orange. Not
rare near the sea, Changi, Batu Puteh, Chua Chu Kang.
annulata Bl. Climber or tree, figs large and orange. Rare,
Bukit Timah. ; ,
. globosa BI. A bushy tree, figs dark green, common in thickets,
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Toas, Reservoir.
. &ijlophylla Wall. A small iree or epipiyte, figs Z inches long
orange with darker spots, very handsome. Not rare, Ga-
lang, Bukit Timah, Changi, Selitar.
. obtusifo'1a, Rare, Pulau Ubin.
. altissima Bl. Big tree. Garden jungle, Serangoon.
. consociata Bl. Var. A/uriont. A tree or large shrub, figs
orange. Notrare on the coast, Changi, Selitar, Ponggol,
Bukit Timah.
. procera BI, A big tree. Fort Canning, Changi.
microstoma Wall. Not seen. Singapore, Wallich 4566.
. andica var. Geldert. An epiphyte or tree. Selitar, Pulau
Ubin.
. sumatrana. ‘Tree. Chan Chu Kang.
acamptophy lta Miq. Big tree, not rare, Bukit Timah, Changi,
Kranji, Bajau, Serangoon.
binnendykit. Mangrove swamps, Jurong, Kranji, Tampenis.
obtusifo'ia Roxb. Rare, Pulau Ubin ( Hullett ).
b)
Commonly cultivated.
. glabella Bl. Big tree, figs small white with pink spots. Chan
Chu Kang, Bedok, Bukit Timah.
retusa var. nitila. Tree. Galang, Changi, Bajau.
religiosa L. Commonly planted. ) |
19
146 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
» pisocarpa Wall. <A big tree. Government House Grounds,
Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang.
. callicarpa Miq. A big climber with flattened stem, figs
very large, pear-shaped orange with paler spots, very
showy. On big trees, common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang.
» punctata Thunb, Slender climber on old stumps. Tanglin,
Chan Chu Kang, Selitar, Tanjong Gol.
. apiocarpa Miq. Strong climber, figs pear-shaped large orange
red. Tanglin.
. obscura Bl. Figs yellowish white. Not rare, Bukit Timah,
Chua Chu Kang.
. levis Bl. Rather rare, Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin (fullett ) ,
Chua Chu Kang.
. recurva Bl, var. — ribesiowes. Bajau, Sungei Morai, Kranji,
Chan Chu Kang.
. ramentacea, Climber with yellow milk, figs bright pink. De-
nse woods, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
. villosa Bl. Climber, figs red or yellow, hairy. Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, etc. Very common.
. diversifolia Bl. Small shrub, terrestrial in sandy spots or
epiphytic in mangrove swamps. Var. ovoidea. Very com-
mon, Changi, Kranji, Sungei Buluh, Teban, Selitar,
Pulau Tekeng.
. Migue'it King. Medium to large tree, figs green with
whitish spots, at length dull red in clusters on the stem.
Very common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai.
. ribes Reinwdt. Singapore, Wallich; not seen.
. fistulosa Reinwdt. Bukit Timah, Changi, Chan Chu Kang
Pulau Ubin.
, glandulifera Wall. Tree with spreading crown, figs yellow.
Not very rare, Garden jungle, Changi.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 147
I’. elba Reinwdt. <A shrub leaves lobed and large when young
smaller and entire in older trees, white beneath, figs, yel-
low, becoming red. Very common in open country.
F. chrysocarpa Reinwdt. A small shrub with rough leaves and
golden hairy figs. Common in open country everywhere.
Dr. King calls this 10 to 30 feet tall, and distinguishes
itfrom /. hirta by the latter being smali and having lobed
leaves. I have never seen this more than 5 or 6 feet tall,
and the leaves are never lobed:
FI. charitacea Wall. A very siender shrub with very small yel-
low figs. The lark is used for string. Common in thick
wocds, Garden Jungle, Changi, Bukit Mandai.
Ariocarpus rigida Bl. ‘ Tampunei.” Monkey Jack. A very
fine large tree with round yellow fruits covered with
short spines and enclosing numerous seeds embedded in an
orange colored sweet pulp. An excellent fruit. Tanglin,
Changi, Chan Chu Kang.
A. Kunstleri King. ‘‘Getah Terap.” A large tree, very vari-
able in the shape of its leaves in young trees deeply
lobed, in adults ovate oblong entire. The best is used
for cordage, and as clothing by the Sakais. The milk is
used as birdlime. Common all over Singapore.
. Lowi King. Rare. Bukit Timah.
. Maingayi King. Rare, Toas.
. Scortechinii King. Not rare, Garden jungle, Kranji.
. lanceefoha Roxb. ‘ Keledang.” A very large tree with ex-
cellent timber. Not common, Tanglin, Changi,
A. Lakoocha Roxb. “Tampang Ambong.” Not rare, Bukit
Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Tanglin, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
A. Gomeziana Wall. ‘“Tampang.” A medium = sized tree.
Fruits smooth round, yellow and shining outside, inside
rose pink, eatable but sour.
A. peduncularis King. Rare, Bukit Mandal.
Sh bm f&
148 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE
A. integrifolia L., the Jack, ‘‘ Naneka;” A. wincisa L., Bread
fruit: and the ‘“ Sukun” said to be a variety of it; and A.
polyphema Pers., the Champedak, are cultivated. The
latter may possibly be wild at Changi.
A. sp. Large tree with pinnate leaves and fruit like that of A.
rigida, probably undescribed. Garden jungle, Pulau Ubin,
3ukit Timah:
A. sp. Medium sized tree with small leaves, and small green
fruits with white flesh 14 inch long, seeds few Garden
jungle.
Conocephulus suaveolens BI, A big scrambling shrub with large
leaves and compact heads of dirty white flowers, smell-
ing of pears. Not rare, thick jungles, bukit Timah, Bukit
Mandai, Pulau Ubin.
C. amenus King. Flowers pink. Dense jungles, Selitar, Pulau
Ubin.
C. Scorechinai King. Singapore, Maingay, anil C. sutrinervius
Miq. collected by Lobb, probably erroneously localised.
Ileurya iuterrupta Gaud, A weed, sometimes stinging. Tanglin.
(Pilea muscosa Lind]. Introduced, common in waste spots in gar-
dens, etc. )
Pouzolzia indica L. and var. angustifolia. ‘‘ Ubai-Ubai. ”
Used asa vegetable by the natives. A low weed, not
very common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
P. pentandra Benn. A common weed, Tanglin, ete.
Pellionia javanica Wed. “ Singapore Lobb,” doubtless an
error for Penang.
Elatostema molle Wedd. Singapore, Wallich 4633 ; probably an
error for Penang.
Pipturus mollissimus Wedd, Shrub. Rare, Toas.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 149
JUGLANDE.
Engelhardtia Wallichiana Lind]. Tree with ~winged fruits.
Rare, Garden jungle.
E. serrata Bl. Rare, Changi.
MYRICACEA.
Myrica Nagi Thumb. “ Gilinche.” A small tree with dark green
leaves and very small red drupes, much smaller than those
figured in the Botanical Magazine t. 5727. Common
on the sea coasts, Toas, Changi, Jurong, Blakang Mati;
rarer inland, Bukit Timah.
CUPULIFERZ.
Oaks and chestnuts are very abundant in Singapore, and are
usually fairly large trees, the timber however is usually
remarkably poor and valueless. When in flower, the
small green blossoms are visited by myriads of small blue-
bottle flies, with red heads. The fruits are sought for
and dispersed by squirrels. :
Quercus owlocarpa Korth. Not common, Garden jungle.
Q.
(QQ.
Q.
Wallichiana Lindl. Jurong, Changi.
spicata var. graci ipes. ‘“ Berangan Padi.” Bukit Timah,Pu-
lau Ubin.
sundaica Bl. ‘ Mempening Bagan.” Not rare, Changi,
Tengah.
Lamponga Miq. Our commonest species. A medium sized tree
with leaves silvery on the back. Very common, Tang-
lin, Changi, Chan Chu Kang. A form passing into Q.
Ewyckii occurs in many spots. Selitar, ete.
hystrix Korth. ‘“ Mempening.” Common Bukit Timah,
Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, Toas.
Q. conocarpa Oudem. Common, Garden jungle, Reservoir,
Changi.
150 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
Q. Benvettii Miq. Rare, Garden jungle, Bajau.
Q. Cantleyana King. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kane.
Q. lucida Roxb. Common, Changi, Selitar, Bukit Mandai.
Q. encleisocaipa Korth. A hig tree, acorns almost completely
enclosed in the very thin cup. Common, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, Changi.
Q. cyclophora Endl. with very large disc-like acorns. Singa-
pore, Wallich ; not seen.
Castanopsis javanica De C. ‘‘Katek Tanga.” ‘ Berangan Ga-
jah.” A big tree with very large spiny chestnuts, unea-
table. Common, Tanglin, Changi.
>
. Waltichiti King. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang. Changi, common,
a
. hystrix Dr C. Rare, Toas.
C. Hullettti King. Involucre without spines but stout ridges on
them. Nuts eatable and good. Garden jungle, Bukit
Timah, Sumbawang, Bukit Mandai.
C. sp. Like the last, but the involucres are spiny, and leaves
smaller. Garden jungle, Changi.
C. nephelioides King. Rare, Bukit Timah, Pulau Damar.
C. sumatrana De C. Singapore, Wallich 2762; not seen.
CASUARINEE
Casuarina equisetifo'ia Forst, ‘‘ Ru”, is often planted, and was
possibly wild here formerly.
CONIFERZ.
Dacrydium elatum Wall. “Singapore, Schomburgk” in Flor,
Brit.Ind, must have been of course from a garden. The
tree does not occur wild at much less than 2,000 feet
altitude in the peninsula.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 1S))|
Podocarpus neglectus Bl. * Sintada.” Common in mangroves,
and.all round the island, Kranji, Changi, Jurong, Seran-
goon.
P. nertifolia Don. Sea coasts, Changi.
A gathis loranthifolia Salish. Very rare, a few young plants in a
wood near Changi. This Damar tree is usually to be
met with only at an altitude of about 2000 feet in these
latitudes, but both at Changi, and in the low country of
Siak, Sumatra, I have found small plants growing far in
tiie jungle.
GNETACER.
Gnelum neglectum BI. <A big climber, fruit apricot color. Com-
mon in forests, and in woods near the sea. Garden jungle,
Chan Chu Kang, Kranji, Bajav, Pulau Tekong.
G. mucrostachyum Hook. fil... Not rare, Bukit Timah, Changi,
Jurong, Selitar.
G. funicu'are Bl. <A big climber, the bark used for making
string. Common, Tanglin, Sumbawang, Kranji.
G. edule Bl. Rare, near Sel.tar.
CYCADACEA.
Cycus Rumphit Mig. Sandy spots by the sea. Changi, Toas.
LaZ THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
MONOCOTYLEDONES.
HYDROCHARIDEZ.
FHlydrilla verticillata Casp. A common water weed in ditches
Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang.
Blyxa maluccensis Ridl. An aquatic with grassy leaves. Tang-
lin, Chan Chu Kang.
Enhalus Koenigi Rich. ‘“Setul.” A marine plant with long
strap-like leaves. The male flowers are very small and
white, borne in a pair of large green boat-shaped bracts
on the end of a long stalk. When fully developed the
inflorescence rises to the surface, and the flowers break
off and float away till they come in contact with a female
flower which they fertilise. . The sea is sometimes sprin-
kled all over with them. The female flowers are solitary
inthe bracts. After fertilization the stalk contracts into a
spiral and the fruit is drawn down to the bottom of the
sea to ripen. It is ovoid, green and hairy, about 14 inch
long. Malay children eat it. The Dugong ( Halicore )
lives mostly on the leaves of this plant. It is very abun-
dant in shallow bays in the Johore Strait, round Blakang
Mati and wherever the sea is shallow enough for it.
Haiophila ovata Gaud. A small creeping marine plant with
obovate leaves. Abundant in shallow bays in mud.
Changi, Blakang Mati.
BURMANNIACEX.
Burmannia coelestis Don. ‘ Sisik Naga.” <A slender little plant
with blue urn-shaped flowers, in grassy spots, common.
Tanglin, Pasir Panjang, Mt. Faber.
B tuberosa Becc. A small white saprophyte, usually almost
completely burizd in the ground. Flowers white
with yellow corolla lobes, scented of cowslips. Damp
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, is
jungle in rotten leaves, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah,
Bukit Mandai.
Thismia Aseroe Becc. A saprophyte, with urn-shaped flowers,
the perianth lobes drawn out into tails yellow. Decaying
leaves in wet jungles. Fairy point, Changi (Beccari),
Bukit Timah, Kranji.
Th. funila Rid!.* Somewhat like the last but smoky -grey.
Rare, Chan Chu Kang.
Gymunosiphon borneense Bece. An exceedingly fragile little plant,
with lavender flowers. Dense jungles in rotten leaves,
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
ORCHIDEA.
Oheronia. Small epiphytic orchids with ensiform distichous
leaves and slender spikes of very small green,’ yellow
or red flowers.
O. dissitiflora Ridl. * Mangroves, Kranji.
S
lunata Lindl. On a high tree, Selitar, Bukit Timah.
O. anceps Lindl. Galang, Kranji.
O, miniata Lindl. ‘Singapore cultivated in Loddiges Garden,”
has not been seen here of late years, and is probably
an error of locality.
O, ciliolata Hook. fil. Mangrove swamps and orchard trees.
Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, Changi, Sungei Morai, Bukit
Timah,
Microstylis, Terrestrial orchids, with the stems usually swollen
at the base, thin-textured leaves, and small red green or
yellow flowers.
M. micrantha Hook. fil. A creeping plant with a rather long
cylindric stem, and lanceolate copper colored leaves,
which “sparkle like the stone avanturine.” flowers
very small red and yellow. On dead leaves, Bukit Man-
dai, Changi, Selitar.
20
154 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
MM. congesta Rchb.f. Stem swollen at the base, flowers pink
or green. Common in woods, Bukit Timah, Kranji, Sungei
Pandan.
Liparis venosa Ridl, The finest in the genus. Flowers fairly
large, petals and sepals pink, lip with dark red veins.
Terrestrial. Woods, very rare. Chan Chu Kang.
I. nervosa Lind], Flowers yellow or purple. Terrestrial in
swamps amon grass in water Changi, Ange Mo Kio. near
the Reservior, Tanglin.
I, e’egans Lind], Epiphytic, with stiff leaves, and racemes of
small yellow flowers with a red lip. Common on old
stumps and trees near the sea. Selitar, Kranji.
LI. disticha Lind]. Epiphyte. The flowers crowded to the end
of the raceme with distichous bracts; small, opening one
at a time, apricot colored. Common. Mangrove swamps,
Kranji, Chan Chu Kang, ete.
Platyclinis longifolia Hemsl. Epiphyte, forming large tufts,
with conical pseudobulbs, long narrow leaves and lone
nodding spikes of brown flowers. It is easy to cultivate,
and flowers all the year. Dry woods near the sea,
Kranji, Sungei Jurong.
Dendrobium longicolle Lindl. * Epiphytic, forming a tuft of long
slender pseudobulbs, bearing one leaf apiece, flowers
sol.tary on long stalks with long filiform petals and a
vellow lip. _ Rare, growing with the last. Sungei Morai.
First discovered by Cuming. .
D. ( Botlidium ) punilum Roxb, A little tufted plant with two
_ leaves to each stem and one or two small flowers, yellow
or veined with purple. Not rare on trees. Mangrove
swamps, orchards, etc. Kranji, Bajau, Selitar.
D. (Sect. Lesmatrichum) ~ lonchophyl'um Hook. fil. Stems
branched and swollen at intervals. Flowers small and
fugacious, yellow with pink stripes. Common all over
Singapore.
D. criniferum Lindl, Flowers yellow spotted purple, lip with —
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 155
many yeilow filaments on the end. Mangroves. Kranji,
Sungei Morai, Changi.
PD. Kunstleri Hook. fil. Flowers cream color with pink spots
Bukit Timah, Kranji, Changi.
D. pallidiflorum Ridl.* Flowers yellowish white. Rare.
Kranji. :
D. laciniosum Ridl.* Flowers yellowish. Rare, Pulau Selitar.
D. (Sect. aporum) Serra Lindl. Stems flat covered with oppo-
site distichous triangular leaves sometimes red, flowers
very small, white. Common, Kranji, Changi, ete.
D. sinuatum Lind]. Stems as the last, but leaves longer ;
flowers orange small. Common, Selitar, Kranji.
D. eulophotum Lind|. Flowers yellow striped red. Common,
Kranji, Bajau.
D. rhizophorett Rid!. Mangroves, Kranji, Sungei Buloh.
-D. atropurpureum Mig. Flowers brownish red or yellow.
Common, Tanglin, Kranji.
D. Leonis Rchb. f. A stout plant with triangular dull green flat
leaves and fairly large yellowish tlhowers spotted red,
scented of vanilla. On trees, common, Tanglin, Selitar.
Bukit Timah.
D. prostratum Ridl. A smaller plant than the last, creeping on
the trunks. Mangrove swamps. Kranji, Selitar, Sungei
Blakane.
D, (Sect.. strongyle). This sectitn has slender stems with
terete curved leaves,
D, teres Lindl. Stems afort tall, flowers white, an orange
spot on the lip. Pretty but rare, on high trees, Toas.
D. junceum Lindl. “Singapore Hort. Loddiges;” probably an
error.
D. aciculare Lindl. “ Singapore,” probably an error.
156 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
D. subula'um Wook, fil, A. small tufted plant, flowers white
with pink veins, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Selitar.
D. acerosum Linil. Common, Kranji.
2D. flerile Ridl. Rare, Bukit Timah.
D, (Sect. Virgatw) couostalix Rchb.f. Terrestrial, growing in
water, with slender erect stems grassy leaves and small
brown flowers. ‘“ Rumput Raja Sari.” Changi, Bukit
Mandai.
LD), villosu'um Wall. Like the last but hairy. On leaves in dry
woods, Bajau, Sungei Buloh, Kranji.
D. (Sect. Bambusaefolie) gemel:um Lindl. Epiphyte with long
slender stems and pale yellow flowers. Common in man-
grove swamps.
D, pensile Ridl. A very curious plant with long hanging stems,
fleshy leaves and yellow flowers in pairs. Mangroves,
Selitar.
D. (Sect. cluvata) tuberiferum Wook. fil. Rare, Selitar, Toas.
D. crumenatun Sw. The “pigeon orchid.” Very common
all over Singapore.
D. (Sect. distichophyl/a) bifarium Lindl. A small plant with pale
yellowish white flowers. Not rare, Tanglin, Toas, Seli-
tar, Serangoon.
D. pandaneti Widl. A curious plant with lone creeping stems
and grassy leaves, flowers fawn color and white. It
always grows on Pandans, or Sagos, or Coconut palms,
climbing up the stems. Bukit Mandai, Jurong.
D, (sect. breviflores) callibotrys Ridl.* A pretty plant with bun-
ches of white flowers with a red and yellow lip, sweet
scented. Rare, ‘loas, Sungei Morat.
D. euyhlebium Rchb. f. Mangrove swamps, Kranji, Seliiar, Toas.
D. flavidu'wn Ridt. A tall slender plant with yellow or whitish
flowers. Kranji, Jurong. Mangrove swamps.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 157
D. (Sect. Pedi'onum,) pyropum Ridl. A tall plant with bright
orange flowers, fairly large. Very rare, Chua Chu Kang.
D, lamellatum Lindl. An odd plant with ovate flat thin stems
and white flowers turning yellow. Damp woods, rare,
Changi.
D, (Sect. speciosa) Dalhousieanun Wall. This well-known and
grand plant has once been found on a big fallen tree in
the forest at Chan Chu Kang.
| Bulbophy!lum macranthum Lindl. Flowers fairly large pink, spot-
ted, scented of cloves. Common in woods.
B, patens King. Like the last but smaller. Chan Chu Kang.
B. rujosum Ridl.* Flowers yellow. Not common, Chan
Chu Kang.
B. pileatum Lindl. Selitar.
B. striatellum Ridl.* Flowers very small, yellow. Not com-
mon, Chan Chu Kang.
B. catenarium Ridl. Abundant on mangrove trees. Sungei
Buloh, Changi, Selitar.
B. avicel/a Ridl. On mangroves common, Kranji, Bajau,
B. clandestinum Lindl. Common on trees, Kranji, Tanglin,
Sungei Morai, Selitar.
. : . 5 a
B. concinnun Hook. fil. Flowers small flame-colored. On
mangroves abundant, Kranji, North Selitar.
by
. vermiculare Hook. f. Au inconspicuous little plant with @reen-
ish white flowers. Mangroves, Kranji, Selitar, Changi.
Cy
adenopetalum Lindl. “Singapore Hort. Loddiges;” is
probably an error. It has never been found here again.
B. apodum Hook fil. Flowers small yellow in spikes, floriferous.
Common, Kranji, Selitar.
B. botryphorum Rid], Forms large tufts on trees, flowers in
small pendulous bunches, purple. Mangroves, Kranji,
Toas, Sungei Buluh.
158 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
B, densiflorum Ridl.* A large long-leaved plant, flowers in
bunches purple. Trunks of trees in woods. Selitar, Choa
Cha Kang, Bukit Timah, Kranji.
B linbatum Lindl. Singapore, Loddiges;” locality doubtful.
B, Trifolium Ridl.* A curious plant with pink flowers in a bunch
like clover. Rare, Sungei Morai.
B. ste‘la Ridl. Flowers ona long slender stem in a terminal
raceme opening singly at intervals, large yellowish and
pink on trees in thick jungle. Bukit Mandai, Jurong,
Choa Chu Kang.
Cirrhopetalum Meduse Lindl. Flowers in a dense mop-like head,
with long tails to the sepals, white with pink spots.
Stems and branches of trees in jungle often very high up,
or on rocks. Tanglin, Galang, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang, Pulau Ubin.
C. vaginatum Lindl. Flowers pale yellow. On trees, common.
C. concinnum Hook. fil, Flowers cream with pink spots or
entirely pink. Common, Bajau, Kranji. etc.
C. gamosepalum Griff. Common, Bajau, ete.
C. acuminatum Ridl.* Rare, Choa Chu Kang.
C. microbulbon Ridl.* Rare, Sungei Buloh.
C. linearifolium Ridl.* Kranji, Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang.
C. semibifidum Ridl.* Rare, Kranji.
C. makoyanum Rchb.f. Rare, Chan Chu Kang.
C. citrinum Ridl. Flowers yellow. Kranji, Tanjong Gol.
C. Biumei Lindl. Mangrove swamps, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang.
Eria obliqua Lindl. A small plant with little white flowers.
Mangroves, Kranji.
E. floribunda Lindl. Flowers in dense spikes white with pink
lips, pretty conmon. Mangroves, Kranji, Sungei Bu-
loh, Sungei Morai.
THE FLORA OF SINGATORE., 1Sag
FE. tenuiflora Rid], Flowers thin yellow. Sungei Morai, Toas.
E. bractescens Windl. Trees, usually near the sea. Chan Chu
Kang, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Selitar.
FE. pulica Ridl. Rare, Changi.
FE. endymion Rid]. Flowers white, sides of lip purple. Rare,
Selitar.
FE. nutans liind|. Common, Selitar, Toas, Kranji.
FE. neglecta Ridl. Common, Kranji, Selitar, Sungei Buluh,
FE. longe-repens Ridl. Not common, Sungei Morai.
FE, pulchelia Lindl. Common on trees or rocks. Kranji, Pulau
Tekong, Sungei Morai.
EF. pannea Lind]. On trees. Common, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang.
F.. stellata Lindl. Rare, Choa Chu Kang.
FE. striolata Rchb, f. Rare, Kranji.
E. vestita Lindl. Not uncommon, Kranji, Sungei Brih, Sungei
Morai,
FE. oligantha Hook. fil. Local, Toas.
E. velutina Lind]. Common, Sungei Morai, Kranji, Jurong.
Phreatia minutifora Lindl. A very small plant with minute
white flowers. Common in mangroves. Kranji, Toas,
Jurong.
Agrostophyllum majus Hook. fil. Common, Kranji, Selitar.
Spathoglottis plicata Bl. A _ terrestrial orchid with pink flowers
very common in open country and on damp rocks. Tane-
lin, Bukit Timah, ete.
Nephelaphylium pulchrum Bl, Terrestrial. Damp woods, Bukit
Timah, Bukit Mandai, Sungei Brih.
Plocoglottis porphyrophylla Rid]. Terrestrial, leaves purple.
Local, Kranji, Toas, Selitar.
P. javanica Bl. Terrestrial, flowers red and yellow. Woods,
local. Chan Chu Kang, Choa Chu Kang,
160 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
P. foetida Rid). Wet woods. Bukit Timah.
Claderia viridifora Hook. fil. A creeping plant climbing up
trees. Flowers large green. Common, Garden jungle,
Bajau, etc.
Celogyne testacea Lindl. Sandy places near the coast on trees
and stumps or on the ground, Kranji, Chan Chu Kang,
Sungei Morai.
C. Rochussenti De Vr. Not common, Selitar.
C, Cumingii Lind). Bukit Timah, on high trees.
C. Maveriana Rchb. f. Flowers green and black, on palm trees
near the sea. Very local, Sungei Buluh, Kranji, on high
trees, Bukit Timah.
‘alanthe curculigoides Lindl. <A beautiful terrestrial plant, with
apricot orange flowers with red lips, in a dense spike.
Common, Choa Chu Kang, Kranji, Toa Payoh, Bukit
Timah.
Dilochia Wallichit Lindl. Singapore ( Wallich No. 1952 ), has
never been found again in the peninsula.
Eulophia squalida Lindl. Terrestrial, flowers pink and green.
Open grassy spots, common. Tanglin, Changi, Chan Chn
Kane.
FE. graminea Lindl. ‘ Bawang hantu.” Common in sandy spots.
Tanglin, Choa Chu Kang, Chan Chu Kang.
Cymbidium alifolium Sw. Epiphytic. Common on thé island
and Pulau Ubin. ,
var. pubescens less common, Sungei Buluh, Jurong.
Grammatophyllum speciosum Bl. Rare, Toas, Pulau Ubin.
Dipodium pictum Rechbf. Climbing on small trees, in woods.
Common, Kranji, Chan Chu Kane.
Bromheadia palustris Lindl. Open grassy and sandy spots, very
common. Flowers white lip pink and yellow. Sweet-
scented,
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 161
B. sylvesiris Ridl. In dense woods, local. Kranji, Changi, Toas,
Sungei Morai.
B. a'ticola Rid’. On high trees,common, Bukit Timah, Bukit
Panjang. |
B. aporoides Rchb. f. On lofty trees. Bukit Timah, Selitar.
Polystachya singapurensis Rid], * On trees near mangrove swamps,
rare, Sungei Morai.
Adenoncos virens B|, A small epiphyte with green flowers. Com-
mon on mangroves, Kranji.
Renanthera alha Ridl. Local, Pulau Selitar and other islands
round ‘the coast.
Rf. elongata Lindl. Rocks, Pulau Ubin; Roadside, Bukit Timah.
R. Maingayi Hook. fil. Pulau Selitar.
Renantherella histrionica Ridl. Rare. Mangroves, Serangoon.
aS alcsiults gigantea Ridl. Very rare, one plant ona tree at
Selitar.
Saccolahium perpusillum Hook. fil. A very small plant with
minute white flowers. Common in mangroves, Kranji,
Sungei Buluh.
Microsaccus javensis Bl. Mangroves, Kranji.
Teeniophylium serrula Hook. f. <A leafless epiphyte with long
roots and small yellow and white flowers. Common, man-
groves, orchard trees, etc. Tanglin, Toas, Kranji, ete.
Cleisostoma latifolium Lindl. Singapore, according to Lindley.
Not seen.
C. spicatum Lindl. ? (non aliorum). A common plant in the
Peninsula. I am doubtful as to its identification with
Lindley’s plant. Not common, Jurong.
Sarcanthus halophilus Rid|. On trees by the sea, common, Kranji,
Sungei Morai, Sungei Tengeh, Pulau Tekong.
162 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
S. densiflorvs Par. S. castaneus Ridl. Rare, on a tree, Dalvey
road. This is figured by Dr. King, Ann, Bot. Gard, Cal-
cutta P]. 83 under the name of Cleisostoma spicatum, but
it is not a Cle‘sostoma at all, as I understand the genus.
Lindley’s original description of C, spicatum is very short,
but he says the flowers are pilose and the lip is longer
than the spur, which does not apply. to this plant.
Sarcochilus caliqgavis Ridl. On tree trunks in dense woods.
Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
S. adnatus Ridl. Very rare, Toas.
Thrirspern.un li'acinum Rehb. fil. Scrambling among bushes and
grass In swamps. Flowers lilac or white. Common,
Selitar, Changi, Ang Mo Kio, Balestier plain.
Th. calceclus Rehb. f. Grows in great masses on the ground or
on trees. Flowers white sweet fugacicus. Common,
Kranji, Sungei Morai, Bukit Timah Road, Pulau Ubin,
Pulau Tekong.
T. arachvites Rchb. f. On trees, flowers yellow denen red with
very long tails to the sepals and petals. Rare, Selitar,
T. notabile Ridl.* Leaves dull red, flowers pink, on trees. Rare
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.
Dendrocollu micul sta Ridl.* Rare, Bukit Mandai.
D. trichog lottis Ridl. Very common on orchards, and gardens.
A small plant with fugacious yellowish flowers. Whole
island,
D. filiformis Rid', Leaves long slender terete, flowers white.
On orchard trees, rare. Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang,
Dalvey road.
Acriopsis javanica Reinwdt. Epiphyte with siGndet panicles of
pink flowers. Trees, open country. Very common, Tang-
lin, Changi, Kranji, ete.
A. Ridleyi Hook. fil.* Flowers yellow, very rare, one plant only
found at Bukit Mandai.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 163
_Podechilus nicrophyllus Lindl. A small creeping epiphyte with
white flowers, on mossy trees, common. Chan Chu Kang,
Ang Mo Kio, Kranji.
Appendicula bifaria Lind]. Common on trees, Sungei Morai,
Kranji, Bukit Timah.
A. callosa Bl. Very common, Bukit Timah, Sumbawang.
A. Lewisii Griff. Singapore (Wallich); not seen.
A. lucida Rid]. Mangrove swamps. Comnton, Kranji, Chan Chu
Kang.
Thelasis elongata Bl. Common, mangroves, Kranji, etc.
Oxyanthera elata Hook. f. Mangroves, common, Kranji, Sungei
Buluh. ;
QO, decurva Hook. fil. Common, mangroves, Serangoon, Selitar,
Kranji. TE 7 |
Galecola. Curious saprophytes with lorg straggling yellow
branches, no leaves, and white or yellow flowers, growing
among long grass or over Beutaps or tree trunks, or
even over matiee huts. -
G. altissima Rchb. f. Not common, Cian Chu Kang.
G. hydra Rehb. f. Krangi, Sungei Buluh.
Vanilla Grifithit Rchb. f. Flowers ie fruit sweet, not
vauilla scented. Local. Pulau Ubin.
Corymbis longiflora Hook. fil. A tall leafy plant about six feet
tall with sweet white flowers. Damp woods. Pulau
Ubin, Choa Chu Kang.
Virydagzynea allida Bl. A small ground orchid, flowers white.
Damp woods. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu
Kang.
V. lancifolia Ridl. Local, Bukit Timah,
V tristriata Ridl. * <A very small plant, leaves reddish olive
164 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
with 3 pink stripes. Very wet spots in jungle, rare, Chan
Chu Kang.
Mucodes Petola Lindl. Leaves bright green with gold veins.
Rare, Selitar.
Cystorchis variegata B]. Leaves apple green with darker mark-
ings. Common in wet wools. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit
Timah, etc.
var. purpurea. Leaves purple. Choa Chu Kang.
Hylophila mollis Lind]. Wet woods, common. Chan Chu Kang,
Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Kranji.
Hetaria. obligua Bl. Rare, Bukit Timah.
Aphyllorchis pallila Bl. A leafless saprophyte, straw color.
Not rare, Tanglin, Reservoir woods, Bukit Timah.
Anectochilus geniculata Ridl. Leaves deep red with gold veins,
Woods, Toas, Chan Chu Kang, etc.
Cryptost,lis arachnites BI. Rare, Bukit Timah, Pulau Damar.
Pogonia punctata B', Rare, Bukit Timah,
Didymoplesis pallens Griff. Leafless purplish saprophyte. Not
common, Chan Chu Kang, Bajau.
Lecanorchis mal iccensis Ridl. A black wiry leafless plant with
pit kish flowers. Common in woods, Bukit Timah, Bajau,
etc.
Gastrodia- javanica Lind]. Rare, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.
Habenaria singapurensis Ridl. * Very rare, Choa Chu Kang
woods.
H. luceriifera Benth. Small white flowered ground orchid.
Common along paths, in grass, etc. Whole island.
H. Muaingayi King. * ‘Singapore Maingay.” I have not seen
this, and hardly see how it differs from the last, which is
a somewhat variable plant.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 165
APOTASIACER,
Apostasia nudu R. Br. Shrubby plant with narrow leaves and
small white flowers. Very common in dry woods, Bukit
Timah, ete.
Neuwiedia Liudleyi Rolfe. A tall handsome plant with bright
yellow flowers. Not rare, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Chua Chu Kang.
N. Curtisii Rolfe. Rare, Changi, Kranji. This is the Zupistra
singapuriana of Wallich’s Catalogue.
N. Grijfithii Rchb. f. Stems creeping, flowers white. Wet
spots. Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Sungei Morai, Chan
Chu Kang, Jurong.
SCILTAMINE.
Tbe Gingers have already been described in a previous number
of the Journal.
Globba panicoides Miq. Woods, Bukit Timah, ete.
GI. uliginosa Miq. Bukit Mandai.
Gl. leucantha Miq Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. Abandoned gardens. Reservoir; Bukit
Mandal, etc.
Costus speciosus Sm. Common, Jurong, Bukit Timah. etc.
var, argyrophyllus Bukit Timah.
C. globosus Bl. Rocky places, Bukit Timah.
Zingiber zerumbet Sm. Waste ground.
Z. gracile Jack. Bukit Timah.
Z. pubcrula Ridl. Common, Bukit Timah, Serangoon, Bajau.
Z. Griffithii Bak. Bukit Timah.
Amomum hastilabium Rid]. Bukit Timah, Selitar.
Hornstedtia seyphus Retz. Common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah.
166 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
H, Leonurus Retz. Common. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit
Panjang.
H. meyalochilus Ridl. Rare, Bukit Mandai.
HT, conica Ridl. Rare, Bukit Panjang.
HI, Maingayi Ridl. Local, Bukit Timah, Sungei Buluh.
Plagiostachys lateralis Ridl. Local, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai,
Reservoir woods,
Elettariopsis latiflora Ridl, Common, Bukit Timah, Kranji, Sun-
gei Buluh.
Alpinia melanocarpa Ridl. Sandy spots near the sea. Kranji,
Selitar.
A. Galanga L. Waste ground and gardens.
A. Rafflesiana Wall. Not common, Sungei Buluh, Changi, Toas.
Donax grandis Ridl. Bukit Timah, Bukit Panjang.
Phrynium Grifithit Bak, Common, Bukit Timah, Jurong.
( Canna indica L. and C. Warcewiezw. Garden escapes. Tang-
lin, etc.)
OPHIOPOGONE#.
Peliosanthes violacea Wall. Dense woods, Bukit Timah.
P. viride Rid|l. Common, Chan Chu Kang, Ang Mo Kio,
AMARYLLIDEA,
Curculigo recurvata Dryand. “ Lumbah.” Common in open
country, Bukit Timah, etc.
C. latifolia Dryand. Very common and variable. All over the
island.
C’. villosa, Wall. C. latifolia, var. villosa Bak. This is a very dis-
tinct species from C. latifolia. The leaves are narrow lan-
ceolate acuminate caudate stiff, glabrous above, cobwebby
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 167
beneath 24 feet long and 5 inches wide with a petiole one
foot long. Spikes 2 inches long, bracts stiff oblong obtuse
green, with the points recurved, something like the spike
of a curcuma. Flowers ocre yellow # inches across.
Sepals lanceolate acute petals. shorter and blunter. Fruit
with beak one inch greenish white. Seeds few black
about half as big as those of C. latifolia Dry. Not rare,
in lone grass and secondary growth. - Bukit Timah,
Tanglin, Chua Chu Kang.
Crinum asiaticum L. ‘ Bakung.” The common white sea shore
Crinum. C. pedunculatum Br. is said to differ in the long-
yedicelled flowers and elongate root stock. I have only
seen one species in Singapore and Penang, and that has
long pedicelled flowers and no root stock, The flowers
_ -open about 6 p. m. and are sweet scented, and very at-
tractive to hawk-moths. Sea coasts, Kranji, Selitar, Pulau
-- Ubin.
Eurycles sylvestris Salisb. Is probably native here. It occurs
in the sea sand at Changi, Bajau, etc., and is often culti-
vated.
TACCACEA,
Tacca cristata Jack. - Common in woods, Bukit Timah, ete.
DIOSCOREACE®.
Dioscorea demona Roxb. “Gadung,” A fairly large climber
with prickly glaucous stems. The tubers sliced and
washed in running water are eaten, but unless so washed
are stated to be poisonous. Common in villages; I have
never seen it elsewhere.
D. pyrifolia Kunth. Common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang,
Bukit Mandai, Sungei Pandan.
D. oppositifolia 1. Garden jungle, Selitar, Bukit Mandai Road,
D, laurifolia, Wall... Woods and edges of jungles, common,
Tanglin, Sungei Morai, Bukit Timah, Changi.
168 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
D, defleca Hook, fil. “Singapore Maingay”; not seen.
D. polyclades Hook. fil. Not common. Sungei Pandan.
D. glabra Roxb. ‘Tanglin, Bukit Mandai.
D. sativa L. ‘ Ubi-Kistala.” Waste ground and hedges, com-
mon.
(D, alata L. The vam is often cultivated.)
ROXBURGHIACEA.
Stemona tuberosa Lour. Not common, Bukit Timah.
LILIACEZ.
Smilar calophy'la Wall. A dwarf erect shrub with yellow flowers
and red berries. Common in dense jungle. Garden jun-
ole, Changi, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah, ete.
S. myosotifiora A. De ©. Slender climber flowers green. Rare,
Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang.
S. megacarpa Roxb. Not common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah,
S. barbata Wail. <A strong climber with ltristly stems. Com-
mon all over Singapore, Tanglin, etc.
S. leucophylla Bl. with large lanceolate acuminate leaves broad at
the base, smooth unarmed stem, and large flowers in
solitary umbels on stout peduncles 2 inches long. Rare.
Tanjong Katong ( Hullett }, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah.
Dianella ensifolia Red. “ Lenjuang.” Herb, flowers yellow-
ish and fruit white, or flowers and fruits blue. Common
all over Singapore.
Dracena granulata Hook, fil. A tree about 20 feet tall with
stems about 4 inches through, leaves narrow .and dark
green, flowers white in large panicles. A beautiful tree.
In Journ. Bot. Apr. 1896. I confused this with D.
graminifolia Wall, a low shrub occurring in the Dindings.
Wet jungles, Bukit Timab, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu
Kang.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 169
D. terniflora Roxb. A low shrub. Common, thick jungles,
Garden jungle, Selitar, Changi, Pulau Ubin. |
D. Portert Bak. Common in thick jungles. Garden jungle,
Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin.
D. aurantiaca Wall. DP. Cantleyi Bak. A shrub little or
not branched, leaves green or purple with lighter rings.
Flowers purple rarely white, fruit orange. Damp spots
all over Singapore, common, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Selli-
tar, “etc:
D. Maingayi Hook. fil. A big tree. Sandy spots near the sea,
Changi, Sungei Morai, Bukit Panjang, Toas.
DPD, singapurensis Ridl.* Woods, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah,
L, gracilis Wall. Common in jungles, Garden jungle, Chan
Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai.
(Cordyline terminalis, the Draceena of Gardens, is not wild any-
where in the peninsula, it is cultivated only.)
PONTEDERIACE.
Monochoria hastwfolia Presl. Aquatic, owers light blue. Com-
mon, Galang, Ang Mo Kio.
M. vaginalis Presl. Flowers dark blve. Common in ditches
all over Singapore; the var, plantayinea is eyen com-
moner. :
PHILYDRACEX
Philydrum lanuginosum Banks. Local. Wet sandy spots,
oa. Bedoh.
XYR!DES.
Ayris anceps Lam. A tufted grassy plant with terminal cones
of brown bracts, with fugacious yellow flowers. Sandy
places, Balestier, plain Macpherson road, Changi, Pulau
Tekong.
X. schwnoides Mart. Balestier plain, Reservoir.
oO
SS)
170 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
COMMELINACEA,
Pollia sorzoyonensis Endl, Herb, flowers whte. Jungle, Pulau
Ubin.
Commelina nutifora L. “Rumput Aur.” Common weed with
blue flowers opening in the early morning and soon
withering. Common all over Singapore.
C. benghalensis L. Weed in cultivated ground, flowers blue.
Tanglin, Galang.
Aneilema nutiforum Br. Small weed with pink flowers, waste
ground, Tanglin.
A. vaginatum Br, Telok Kurau.
Forrestia mollis Hassk. ‘“ Setawa.” <A tall erect plant about,
4 feet high, with white flowers and pink capsules.
Common in jungles, Bukit Timah, Tanglin, Tampenis,
Reservoir, Pulau Ubin.
F. marginata Hassk. Stout creeping plant, flowers white. Cap-
sule purple. Rocks, Bukit Timah.
Cyanotis cristata C. B.C. Sandy shores. Changi, Teluk Kurau.
Floscopa scandens Lour. Damp spots, Tanglin, Galang,
FLAGELLARIEZ.
Fiagellaria indica LL. “ Rotan Binni.” Stems used for making .
baskets. Common in mangrove swamps and other places
near the sea. Bajau, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
var. mor Jurong, Selitar, Bajau. —
Susum anthe'minticum Bl. Common in jungle. Bukit Timah,
Chan Chu Kang.
PANDANEA.
Pandanus atrocarpus Griff. ‘ Mengkuang.” The biggest spe-
cies here, often 40 feet high with very long leaves used
for Kajangs, and ataps, baskets, hats, etc. Common ail
over Singapore, in Swamps.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. Vii
P., Houlletti Carr, About 15 feet tall, leaves large, dark 1¢d
when young. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah.
P. fascicularis Lam. ‘ Pandan Duri.” A large much branched
plant, with heads of fruit as large as a man’s head, bright
orange, Sea coasts, and often planted. The leaves used
for mats and baskets. Common, Changi, Bajau, Blakang
Mati, Pulau Ubin.
P. ornatus Kurz. <A bush with narrow glaucous leaves. Bukit
Timah.
P levis Rumph. ‘“ Pandan Jelinkeh, ” with glaucous unarmed
leaves, is often cultivated, the fences used to flavour rice,
and as a perfume.
P. parrus n. sp. Pandanus 15 Wook, FI. Brit. Ind. Vol. vi. 487.
This has never been completely described nor named so I
give a description of it here. Stem 3 feet tall or less, ani 3
inch in circumference erect grey, emitting long slender roots
from all parts often producing shoots at the base seldom branch-
ed higher up. Leaves a foot long and 3 inches wide abruptly
caudate acumina'e, the point 2 inches long very slender dull
g@reen above glaucous beneath rather thin in texture, spines very
small numerous on the edges and keel at the apex, none on the
keel at the base of the leaf. Male spadix six inches long, rachis
white. Bracts oblong boat-shaped keeled mucronate lowest 4
inches long, the mucro one inch long in the two lowest bracts
which are empty, the upper bracts smaller with the keel, edges,
and point green and armed with short stiff spiny bristles. Flow-
ering bracts 7, softer than the lower ones ivory white spinulose
ovate to ovate lanceolate, the terminal one flat lanceolate barely
4 an inch ae Spikes 5 shorter than the bracts oe the ter-
minal one 3 inch long. Stamens free very slender 3 inch long.
Female spadix solitary g globose about 14 inch long carpels conic
rather eee passing “into a long brown shining upcurved spine
nearly + inch long.
Dry woods, common. Bukit Mandai, Bidadari, Changi,
Kranji, Sungei Pandan, Fulau Ubin. Also occurs in Johore,
IZ THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Perak, Sungei Ujong and Malacca. This is a very distinct little
species, and one of the smallest known to me. ‘The male plants
are very rare. I have only met with one, and have never seen
ripe fruit.
Three other Pandans occur here which I cannot at present
identify.
P. near P. helicopus Kurz. but with very short styles to the
fruit, leaves broad and very thorny at the tip. Woods,
Bukit Timah.
P. sp, Stems slender «bout 5 feet tall much branched, leaves
narrow fruit cylindric 3 inches long and one inch through,
Carpels small narrowed into a single curved spine.
Streams, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah.
P. sp. A tall plant about 10 feet high, with long glaucous leaves
14 inch broad, tips deflexed. Fruits about 5 in a
spike subglobore on a stout peduncle, each 3 inches long,
carpels acuminate into a lone spine conic, orange color.
Forming large thickets in swamps near Bukit Mandai on
the road to Kranji.
Freycinetia angustifolia Bl. A slender climber with narrow
leaves, often covering trees like a mat. Spathes apricot
orange. common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Kranji.
FI. Gaudichaudi Venn, Leaves broader spathes yellow. Com-
mon, Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah, Kranji.
JF insignis Bl? A very stout climber much bigger than the
others. Thick woods. Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang,
Chua Chu Kang.
PALM &.
( Areca Catechu L, “Pinang.” — Betel-nut. Commonly culti-
vated, it does not seem to be known wild anywhere. )
Pinanga coronata B!. Rare, Selitar.
P. disticha Bl. A dwarf palm with mottled leaves. Rather
rare, Selitar,
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE iWws
P. Malaiana Scheff. A tall slender palm. Chan Chu Kang
woods,
P. paradoxa Scheff.? Rare, Chan Chu Kang. The only speci-
men | have closely resembles this plant which is other-
wise a native of our nills at 2,000 feet upwards.
P. poljmorpha Becc. “ Singapore Lobb ;” doubtless an error for
Penang.
Nenga Wendlandiana var. Malaccensis. “ Pinang Umu.” About 15
feet tall fruit black on a red spadix. Flowers cream
colour. Wet woods common, Garden road, Chan Chu
’ Kang.
Ptychoraphis singaporensis Becc. . “ Kerintin.” A tufted palm
about 10 feet tall. Abundant in dry woods, Garden
jungle, Bukit Timah.
Cyrtostachys Lakka Becc. The sealing-wax palm. “ Pinang
Rajah.” \et places near the sea, common, Kranji, Toas,
Chua Chu Kang.
Oncesperma horrida Scheff. ‘ Bayas.” . A big thorny palm,
common in dense jungle. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.
O. tigillaria. Areca tiyi/laria Griff. ‘“ Nibong.” — Like the Ba-
yas, but with drooping leaves, and smaller fruit. Quite
distinct from the Javanese OQ. fi/amentosa Bl. which is
made a synonym in Flor. Brit. Ind. The wood is used
in building and for many other purposes. Common
usually near the sea, Kranji, etc. The Malays distinguish
several other species under the names of ILenou, Ibas, and
Bayas Padi, but they do not seem to me to be specifically
distinct.
Tguanura qeonomeformis Becc.. Not common. Streams in thick
jungle, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai,
TI, Mualaccensis Bece. Rare, Chan Chu Kang.
I. Wallichiana Wook. fil. “Singapore Lobb”; evidently an
error for Penang.
174 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
(Arenga saccharifera Labill. “Kabong,” Sugar palm, is com-
monly cultivated. ) 3
Caryota mitts Lour. ‘Tukus.” Common in woods, Grange Read,
Bukit Timah.
Oranta macrocladus Mart. ‘ Ebol.” A noble palm about 40 feet
tall. Rare in Singapore. Some trees at Chan Chu Kang.
More abundant in Pulau Ubin.
Nipa fruticans Wurmb. ‘ Nipah.”? Common in tidal mud, all
round Singapore. 1 have found fruits of this in the
swampy ground of the Botanic Gardens near Cluny road,
showing that the Bukit Timah stream was formerly tidal
and salt as far inland as this.
Phenix sp. A few plants of a wild date occur scattered about
round Singapore, at Toas and elsewhere, but I have never
been able to get fruits or flowers.
Licuala ferruginea Bece. “Palas.” A stem-less palm with
orange colored flowers and pink fruits. Common in jun-
ole, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
L. triphylla Griff. A very pretty dwarf species, local, thick
woods, Changi. |
L. spinosa Wurmb, Woods, Pulau Ubin.
t. acutifida Mart. ‘Singapore Lobb”; evidently an error for
Penang.
Livistona Kingiana Becc. A tall palm about 40 feet or more with
large fan shaped leaves. Dense woods, Choa Chu Kang,
Toas, Kranji. :
Calumus. The Rotans so extensively exported from Singapore
belong to the genera Culamus, Demonorops, Korthalsia,
Ceratololus and Myrialepis. ‘They inhabit dense forests
climbing to the tops of trees by the aid of their thorny —
flagella or whips. ‘These flagella are used to protect
fruit-trees from bats, the natives attaching them to the
branches and bunches of fruits in such a way that the bats
tear their wings when they fly to the tree. |
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 175
C. javensts Bl. “ Rotan Lilin.” A fine slender rattan, Kranji,
Bukit Timah.
~«
C. dijfusus Becc. ‘ Singapore Lobb.” J] know nothing of this.
C. Singaporensis Becc. Forest near the Botanic Garden, Mur-
ton. A very imperfectly known plant. I donot know
it, and can find nothing like it there now.
C. pallidulus Becc. Rare, Jalan Bray.
C. Oxleyanus Teysm. Rare, Toas.
C. insignis Griff. Bukit Timah.
C. densiflorus Becc. Bukit Mandal.
C. Lobbianus Becc. A short-stemmed species, with dark green
leaves with white backs, and curious black fruits. Bukit
Timah, Selitar.
C. n, sp. near radulosus. Garden jungle, Bukit Mandai.
Demonorops grandis Mart. ‘ Rotan Sumambu.” Common, Gar-
den jungle, Bukit Timah, Selitar.
D. hygrophilus Mart. ‘ Rotan Sepat.” Chua Chu Kang, Chan
Chu Kang.
D. angustifolius Mart. Garden jungle, Changi, Selitar.
D. intermedius Mart. Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.
D. propinguus Becc. “ Rotan Bakau.” Kranji, Bukit Arang,
Ang Mo Kio, Bukit Mandai.
D. didymophy!lus Bece. Common, Bukit Timah, Changi, Toas,
Selitar.
D. leptopus Mart. Bukit Timah, Selitar.
D. hystrix Mart. “ Rotan Sabut.” Very common, Garden jungle,
~ Bukit Timah, Selitar.
D. genicu’atus Mart. Bukit Timah, Toas.
WTS THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
D, longipes Mart. Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Man lat
Changi.
D. cochleatus Teysm, Rare, Selitar,
D. crinita Bl. Not rare, but I have never seen flowers or fruits.
“¢ Rotan Chinchin,” Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kane.
D, accedens Bl. Chan Chu Kang.
Zalucca conferta Griff. ‘Asam Payoh.” “ Kelubi.” A very
thorny palm, common in water in jungles, formin2 close
thickets, fruit very acid, sold and eaten by Malays. Clu-
ny road, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai..
Z. Wallichiana Mart. Dryer woods. Bukit Timah, Bukit Man-
dai.
Korthalsia echinometra Becc. Climber with very large swollen
sheaths inhabited by ants. Flowers and fruits unknown.
Rare, Bukit Timah. 7
K. scaphigera Mart. ‘“ Rotan Semut.” Common, Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah. A good rattan.
K. flagellaris Miq. Bukit Mandai, Chan Chu Kang.
K. polystachys Mart. Bukit Timah.
Ceratolobus Kingianus Becc. Bukit Timah, Selitar.
Plectocomia Gsiffithii Becc. “ Rotan Dahan.” <A very large
stout rattan. The flowers produced in an enormous in-
florescence of pendulous spikes 8 feet long with close dark
brown sheaths enclosing the flowers, each pliant is untsex-
ual, and the flowering stems die away after flowering.
Common in all the woods.
Myrialepis Scoriechinit Becc. “ Rotan Kertong.” Bukit Mandai,
Selitar, Kranjl. 7 )
The Sago palms Metrorylon Sagus Rottb. and MW. Runphit Mart.,
the ‘‘ Lontar,” Borassus flabellifer L., and the Coconut,
Cocos Nucifera L. are cultivated here.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. if
AROIDE.
Cryptocoryne civata’ Fisch. Very abuncant in tidal mud.
Flowers very rarely produced, Kranji, ete.
C. Grifithii Schott. Aquatic in streams in the forests often
almost blocking them. Spathes submerged up to the
mouth, tube white, limb dark crimson pustular. Fruits
pink. Common, Tanglin, Garden Road, Bukit Timah, ‘Toa
Payoh, Kranji, Choa Chu Kang.
Pistia stratiotes L. “ Kiamban.” The Water letiuce, is cultivated
by the Chinese to feed pigs. Common in ditches.
Typhonium Rochurghii Schott. A weed in waste ground.
Amorphophallus Pi aint Took. fil, Bukit Timah.
A. sp. Leaf only seen, Reservoir, Bukit Timah.
Colocasia antiquorum L. ‘ Kelali,” and Alocasia macrorrhiza
Schott and A. indica Schott are commonly cultivated,
and occur as gardenescapes. A. cucul/uta Schott occurs
in waste ground in Tanglin, also doubtless introduced.
Alocusia denudata Enel. ‘Keladi Rimau.” With hastate
leaves deep green with paler nerves entire and peltate in
seedlings, stem mottled with olive, is common in woods
and banks all over Singapore.
A. longiloba Mig. ‘Singapore Wallich,” is probably erroneous-
ly localised.
Aglaonema nitulum N. E, Br. with stems 1 to 2 feet tall and
natrow deep green leaves at the top, is very common in
dense woods. Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Changi,
Pulau Ubin.
A, oblongifolium Schott. A stout plant with dark green leaves
flecked with white. Common in swamps in the jungle.
Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Loyang.
A. minus Hook. fil. A dwarf species, leaves often mottled with
paler color, or pale or dark green. Common in wet jun-
é Ze
NES) THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
gles. Garden Road, Kranji, Chua Chu Kang, Bukit
Mandai, Bukit Timah.
Homalomena sagittefolia Jungh. “ Kelamoyiang.” Dense swam-
py Jungle, Selitar, Changi, Bukit Timah,
H. coerulescens Jungh. Common in jungles, hedges and bauks.
Tanglin, Changi, Bukit Timah, Kranji, Selitar.
H, patudes¢ Hook. fil. Wet swampy woods. Common, Kranji,
Bi kit Timah, Toas, Ang Mo Kio, Jurone.
HH, pumila Hook. fil. A small plant leaves deep velvety green
or purple according to locality. Common in woods, and
very variable. Bukit Timah, Selitar, Reservoir woods.
H. Griffithiti Hook. fil. Common in thick jungle, Bukit Timah,
Bukit Mandai, Tanjong Gol, Selitar.
H, Kingii Hook. fil. Singapore, swamps ( King). Not seen.
H. ovata Hook. fil. Singapore ( Wallich ). Not seen.
H. singaporensis Regel. An altogether doubtful plant, cultivated
in Russia.
Schismatog'ottis Wallichii Hook. fil. Dense jungle in ravines
abundant. Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
S. longipes Miq. Leaves ovate cordate dark green with a light
green bar running round the centre. Abundant, rocky
ravines. Bukit Jimah.
Anadendrum montanum Schott. Climbing on trees low down,
Common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah.
d. medium Schott. Pothos bifuria Wall. VPothos celaticaulis of
Gardens. ‘The young plant grows flat on trees and rocks
with close set distichous velvety green leaves and has long
been cultivated unler the Jast name in Europe. This
form gradually passes into the adult which has stalked
lobed and perforate leaves like those of Monstera.. Not
rare, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Bida lari, Reservoir woods.
Scindapsus pictus Uassk. A well known ornamental clim>er
with green leaves mottled with silver. Common in woods
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 179
but rarely to |e met with in flower. Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kang.
Se. hederacea Schott. Chlmber. Common thick woods, Bukit
Timah, Sungei Buluh, Sungei Tengeh, Chua Chu Kang,
Bidadar'.
taphidphcra Lobb Schott. Woods, Bukit Timah.
ht. minor Hook, fil. Ruire, Toas.
PR. graci'ipes Hook, f.? Rare, Chan Chu Kane.
Epipremnum gigantium Schott. A strong creeper, with very
large leathery leaves on trees and stumps common, Chan
Chu Kang, Bedoh, Sungei Blukane.
Lastia heterophylla Schott. Tidal mud, also inland on muddy
stream banks. Chua Chu Kang.
Cyrtosperma lasioides Griff. Common in marshes. Tanglin, Ju-
rong, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Manda.
Pothos Curtisii Hook. f. Ciimbirg on trees, Bukit Mandai, Kian-
i,
(Acorus Ca'umus L. © Dermgu” cultivated and occuring as an
escape. I[t rarely flowers here, but [ found it in’ flower
in June 1899.)
LEMNACEX.
Lemna pauicostata Wegelm. Ditches, Tanglin, Galane
Ovelc,
LL. polyihiza, Ditches, Tanglin.
L. sp. near L. trisuler, Le Galang.
Wolfia arhiza Wimm, Ditches, Alexandra road.
TRIURIDEA.
Sceiaphi'a affinis Becc. A minute slender plant pink with violet
fruits. Not rare, dense jungle among dead leaves. Bukit
1SO THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Timah, Chan Chu Kang, Selitar. [doubt this being dis-
tinct from Blume’s Ne. tenella.
NATADACEA.
Naias minor All, Ditches, Gardens, often a parfect pest in the
Gardens lake.
HRICCAULONED.
Friocanln sevangulare L. Very common all over Singapore.
Fi. tiuncatun Uam., Damp sandy spots, common. Tanglin,
Tamyenis, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
CYPERACK.
Nylinga cylindrica Nees. Rare, sandy spots. Cathedral close.
KX. melanosperma Nees. Rare, in long damp grass. ‘Tanglin,
hk. brerifolia Rottb. Very common, whole island.
K. monocephala Rottb. Whole island.
Pycreus nitens Nees. Rare, damp sandy spots, Selitar, Changi,
P. polystachyus Beauv. Very common, waste ground and oren
spots. var. laxiflorus. Marshy ground.
Cyperus Haspan 1. Very common in marshy spots. Whole
island.
C. diffusus Vahl. Sandy woods, Bukit Timah,
©. radians Nees. Sea shores, Changi.
C. compressus 4, Common in waste ground, whole islan].
C. Kia Ll. Weed of cultivation, whole island.
C. distans 1. Very common in waste ground.
(. Mataccensis Lam. Muddy spots by tidal rivers, Balestier
plain.
C. pi'osus Vahl. Wet or damp spots, whole island.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 1SI
C. bancanus Miq. Cantley’s collection, no locality.
C. Zollingert Steud. Commen, waste ground near villages.
C. rotundus L. Very common weed, gardens ani waste grounl
C. sto’oniferus Retz. Sea sand, Tanjong Ru, Changi.
Mariscus Dregeanus Kth. Common sanly places near the sea.
Tanjong Katong, Balestier plain, Changi.
M. Cyperinus Vahl. Very common in dry spots, all over Singa-
pore.
M. Siehberianus Nees. Waste ground, Tanglin, Galang.
.)
M. albescens Gaud. Common near the sea. Tanjonz Ru, Ro-
chore, Bajau.
M. microcepha‘us Presl. Galane.
Eleocharis variegata, var, lariforaC.B.C-. Very conmon in ponds
and marshes, ‘Tanglin, Reservoir, Blakang Mati, Changi.
F. ochrostachys Steud. Not rare, Garden Lake, Changi, Selirtar,
Tivoli.
FE. capituta Br. Local, Changi, Tampenis, Teban.
FE. chaetaria Roem. Common in ditches, Tanglin, Chasseriau
Estate, Selitar.
E. fistulosa Schultes. Local. Marshes round the reservoir.
Fimbristylis tetrrugona Br. Balestier plain,
Fimbristylis acuminata Vall. Common, Blakang Mati, Bukit
Timah, Changi.
F.. setacea Benth. Rare, Tanglin.
F. nu'ans Vahl. Damp sandy spots, Bukit Timah, Changi, Bukit
Mandai, Blakang Mati.
F. pausifora Br. Common all over Singapore in turf, and in
damp spots.
F. diphylla Vahl. Very common all over Singapore.
1S2 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Var. pluristriata. Longe wet grass. Bukit Timah, Chan
Chu Kane.
I aestivalis Vahl. Damp cultivated ground, Tanglin.
Ly ferrujinea Vahl. Tidal river mud. Kranji, Chan Chu Kane,
Pulau Ubin.
I’. spathucea Roth. Sanly spots near the sea, common. Selitar,
Bukit Mandai, Kranji, Changi,
I. teneru var. obtusata, Sandy spots and in turf, not rare, Tang-
lin, Jurong, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang.
I’. asperrina Boeck. Woods, Bukit Mandai.
F’. uitiacea Vahl, Very conmon in dry spots all over Singapore,
Ff, glolu'osa Kth. Common. Tanglin.
I’. complanata Link. Not very common. Botanic Gardens. Chan
Chu Kang, Valestier plain.
F. leptocluda Benth. Common in sandy spots. Tanglin, Bukit
Timah, Changi, Balestier plain.
Bulbostylis barbata Kunth. Common everywhere in sandy spots:
B. puberulu Kth. In Cantley’s collection, without locality.
Scirpus mucronatus L. Common in pools and ditches, Reservoir,
Chan Chu Kang.
Se. grossus Lin. fil. Rare. Ditch at Wayang Satu, Bukit Timah
toad.
Fuirena unbellata Rottb. Common in swampy spots.
Lipocarpha argentea R. Br. Common in wet spots all over the
island,
L. microcephala Kth. Local. Bukit Mandai, and on the Bukit |
Timah road near Kranji, Galang.
Rhynchospora Wallichiana Kth. Common in dry heathy spots.
Jurong, Sungei Morai, Selitar. |
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE 183
R
R
1
. ma’asica. C. B.C. Rare, Belok, Bukit Mandai,
~
. aurea Vahl. Common in wet spots all over the island.
—
=a
. glauca var chinensis. Rare. Sanly spots usuaily near the sea.
Blakang Mati, Changt.
Schoenus calostachyus Poir, Rare. Sanly spots, Changi.
Claliun glomeratun Br. Damp sandy spots, Changi.
Gatma tristis Nees. Common, Blakang Mati, Pukit Timah,
Sungei Morai, Tanglin.
vemirea maritina, Aubl. Sea shores, local, Changi, Tanah Merah,
Hypolytrum latifolium Rich, — Woods, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang.
IL, proliferun Boeck. Damp spots, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang.
Thoracostachyum bancanum Kurz. Very common in all junelys.
Mapania pa'ustris Benth. Dense woods, common, Bukit Timah,
Chan Chu Kang.
M. longa C. B. C. In streams in jungle, rare, Chan Chu Kang,
AM. multispicata C. B. C. Jungles, Bukit Timah.
M. humilis Naves. Jungles, common, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Ti-
mah, Kranji, Bajau.
’
Scirpodendron costatum Kurz, “ Silensing.” Common in tidal
woods, forming large clumps of lonzs grassy leaves,
among which the flower panicles are concealed. The
fruit is an inch long and is probably the largest in the
order, Bukit Manda!, Jurong, Changi, Selitar.
Lepironia musrovata Rich. Swamps, Teban, Jurong.
Sclerta radu'a Wance. Bukit Timah, Bedoh.
Sel. Rid/eyi Clarke. Rare, Changi. It also occurs in Pulau
Buru near the Carimon Isles and Hongkong,
Sel. bifora Roxb. Damp spots and turf. Blakang Mati, Bukit
Timah, Changi, Tanglin.
184 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Scl. zeylanica Poir. Wet spots, Changi, Tanglin.
Sel. caricina Benth. Very common, paths and turf, and damp
spots. All over Singapore.
Scl. laterifora Bekler. Kalang, Tanglin.
Sci, oryzoides Pres]. Rare, wet spots, Changi. *
Scl. bancana Mig. Common in open conntry, Tanglin, ete.
Sel, multifotiata Boeck. Not uncommon in woods. — Bukit
Timah, Garden jungle.
Sci, sumatrensis Retz. Wery common in open country all over
the island.
Scl. levis Retz. Common in dry open spots and waste ground.
Whole island.
Carex cyrtostachys Brngn. Local, in a stream on Bukit Timah.
GRAMINE.
Paspalum scrobiculatun L. Common everywhere.
P. conjuyatum Berg. Very common, probably introduced.
P. distichum Burm. Plentiful in salt mud all round the island,
Tanjong Ru, Bajau.
P. sanguinale Lam. Common everywhere in waste ground.
P. longiflorum Retz. Common in waste ground.
Tsachne Kunthiana Wt. Wet places in wools. Bukit Mandai,
Chan Chu Kang, Jurong.
I. australis R. Br. Very common in marshes, Tanglin, ete.
I. miliacea Roth. Wet spots in woods, Tanglin, Bukit Timah
Road 6th mile, Selitar. |
Panicun crusgalli Lb. Rare, collected by Hullett without locality
P. colonwn L. Common in waste ground.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 185
P. distachyum L. Not Common, Bukit Mandai, Changi, Tanglin.
P. repens L. Common, Tanglin, Reservoir, Changi.
P. aurvitum Presl. Wet, open spots, Reservoir, Changi, Ang Mo
Kio.
P. indicum L. Common, waste ground,
P. myosuroides Br. Ditches, Ang Mo Kio, Kranji.
P. nodosun Kth. Hedges and thickets, Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang.
P. oval‘fol:wn Poir. Rare, Government Hill.
-
sarmentosum Roxb. Woods, Grange Road, Changi, Sumba-
wane.
P. luzonense Presl. Dry roadsides and was‘e ground, Tanglin,
Galane.
P. patens L. Shady spots, Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu
Kang,
P. pilipes Nees. Roadsides, Bukit Timah, Gardens, ete.
pur ’
P. Luifelium L. Damp, shady spots, Tanglin.
Axonopus cimicinus Beauy. \Vaste ground, Tanglin, Chan Chu
Kang.
Seturia glauca Beauv. Waste ground, common. Tanglin, Ang
Mo Kio, Chan Chu Kang.
Thuarea sarmntosa Pe:s. Sandy places near the sea, local.
Changi, Galang, leluk Kurau.
_ Leersia herandra Sw. Common in marshes, whole island.
Leptaspis urceolata R. Br. Dense woods, Bukit Timah, Changi,
Chan Chu Kang.
Perotis latifolia Ait. Sandy places, Cathedral compou:l, Galang,
Changi,
Zoysia pungens \Willd. Common in turf and near the sea.
24
186 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Cow Lachryma-Jolhi LL “Job's Tears,” ‘Jilei.’ Occurs in
waste ground.)
Limeria ornithopoda Trin. Dry sandy spots, Tanglin, Bukit
Timah road. Var. Swiramosa sub, var. imperfecta Hackel.
‘ 2
Changi.
Imperata arundinacea Cyrill. ‘ Lalang.’ Probably the com-
monest plant in the island.
I, exaltata Brngn. ‘“ Lalang Jawa.’ Common, usually pear
abandoned villages, Selitar, Bajan, Chua Chu Kane.
Tschoenum ru josum Salish. Rare, Galang.
T. maynun Rendle. Blakang Mati, Balestier plain, Galang. I
have also collected it in Labuan.
I, muticum L. Common everywhere.
I. cilitre Retz. Roalsides, and turf. Very common.
I. timorense Kth. Roadsides, Tanglin, Kranji.
Rottboellia glandulosa Trin. Borders of woods an‘ thickets,
Changi, Bajau, Pulau Ubin.
Andreprgon pseudograya Kth. Sandy places. Galang, Changi, Bla-
kang Mati.
A. acicultius Retz. Very common in turf, etc., every where.
A. contor:us L. Sandy spots near the sea, Changi.
Anthistiri s aryuens Willd. Dry open spots. Chinese cemetery,
Sepoy lines.
A. giyantea var. villosa. A very tall reedlike-grass. Dry spots.
Fort Siloso, Siglap, Balestier plain.
Polytrias premorsa Hack. Grassy spots. Tanglin, Chasseriau
Estate.
Sphoerocaryum elegans Nees. Wet paths in jurgle common,
Kranji, Ang Mo Kio.
Sporobolus indicus L. Mt. Faber, Ang Mo Kio, Tangtin, Galang.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, IS7
Eriuchne pallescens Br. Dry sandy spots. Blakang Mati, Ga-
lang.
Cynodon dactylon Pers. Common in dry spots.
Chloris burbata Sw. Pulau Brani (introduced) Passir Panjang
Eleusine inlict L. Very common in waste ground. The culti-
vated variety coracana is also sometimes to be met
with.
FE. aegyptiaca Desv. Local, Rochore, Changi.
Eragrostis tenella R. and SS. Very common in waste ground.
Pe
i. amvilis Wight. - Very common.
Ff. eleganiula Steud. Chasseriau Estate.
>
). elongata Jacq. Dry spots, Tanglin, Changi, Bukit Timah,
Chasseriau Hstate.
Centotheca lappacea Beauv. Common in woods. Garden jungle,
Bukit Timah, etc.
Lophatherum Lehmannt Brngn. Woods. Garden jungle, Selitar,
ete.
Bambusa Ridleyi Gamble.* A very slender bamboo growing in
dense woods, Bukit Timah.
(Dendroca/amus flugellifer Munro. Cultivated for its edible shoots.
> . ry i
Jurong, Tanglin. )
Schizostachyum Blumei Nees. Perhaps introduced from Java,
Roadsides, Selitar, Bukit Timah Road.
( Gigantochloa verticilluta Munro. Cultivated, Tanglin, Bukit
Timah Road. )
Ochlandru Ridleyi Gamble.* “© Buluh Kasap.” Bukit Mandai,
Choa Chu Kang. The Javanese say this is introduced
from Java, but it is not known elsewhere than Singapore.
FILICES.
In this list of the ferns, I have followed Beddome’s Ferns of
British India.
18s THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
Gleichenia linearis Burm. Gl. dichotoma Willd. ‘ Resam,” com-
mon all over Singapore.
Alsophilu lutehrosa Wook. Tree fern, stem about 3 feet tall and
2 inches throuzh. Common in damp woods. Bukit
Timah, Jurong, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai, Choa Chu
Kang.
A. comosa Wook. Not rare, Bukit Timah, Jurong, Selitar, Chan
Chu Kang. ;
A. Ridleyi Bak. Rare, Sungei Morai.
Lecanopterts curiosa Bl. Very rare, on lofty trees, Bukit Timah,
Hymenophyllum poljanthos. Common on trees an] rocks in thick
woods. Bukit Timah, Kranji, Changi, Bajau, Sungei
Morai,
H, denticulutum Sw. Not common, mangroves, Kranji.
H. Neesii Hook. Selitar, Bukit Timah.
H.sp. Bukit Mandai (8938).
Trichomanes muscottes Sw. locks, Bukit Timah.
Tr. Juvanicum Bl. Terrestrial, very common in all damp woods.
Tr. rigidum Sw. Less common, Bukit Timah, Toas, Kranji,
Sungei Moral, Selitar, Tanjong Merawan.
Tr. filiculu Bory. Tr. bipuictutun Poir, Creeping on. rocks
aud trees, not very common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang, Kranji.
Tr, mavinun Bl. Rere, Bajau.
Tr. digitutum Sw. Rare, Kranji.
Tr. parviforwn Poir. “Singapore, Moore’s [lerbarium”’ file
Beddome ; not seen.
Humata heterophyila Sw. On trees and on the ground in sandy
spots. Common, Changi, Bajau, Tampeats, Kranji, Bukit
Timah,
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 189
H. anyustata Wall. On trees, Sungei Moai, Chan Chu Kang.
H. pedatu Sw. Not common, Kraunji, Bajau.
fl, parallela Wall. ‘Tanjong Merawan.
A. sessi‘ifo ia Bl.“ Singapore, Sinclair and Moore’s Herbarium ”
in Beddome; not seen.
Leucostegia parru'a Wall. Mangrove swamps. Kranji, Sungei
Buluh, Tanjong Merawan.
Prosaplia contiyua Sw. ‘“ Singapore” fide Beddome, must be
very doubiful.
Davallia triphylla Wook. On lofty trees, apparently by no means
rare, but difficult to produce. Bukit Timah, Selitar,
Kranji.
D. solida Sw. Common, Selitar, Chua Chu Kang, Sungei Mcrai.
D. elegans Sw. On trees, often very high, and on the sand of
the shores, Bukit ‘Timah, Changi.
Microlepia speluncae L. Common on banks, Tanglin, Ang Mo
Kio, Changi, Pasir Panjang, Rochore.
Lindsays repens Vhw. Climbing on s:nall trees in thick forest,
Bukit Timah.
L, trapezifornis Dry. L. Laneea (lL). Dense forest, Bukit Timah
Selitar.
LL. borneensis Hook. Jurong.
L. rigida Sm. Rare, Sungei Buluh.
L. Walterae Hook. Ia open wet spots, common, but local,
Changi, Tampenis, Bukit Mandai.
EL, divergens Wal!, Common in dry wools, Bukit Timah, Bajau,
Sungei Morai.
L. binuyinosa Wall. Ona trees, Jurong river, Bajau, on trees in
the Botanic Gardens.
190 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE,
Schizcloma lobata Poir. In dense woods, Bukit Timah.
Sch. ensifolia Sw. In thick wet woods. Chua Chu Kang.
Sch. media R. Br. Rare, Pulau Brani.
Sch. heterophy'la Dry. Rare, Pulau Brani.
Adiantum flabelluluium L. Banks, Changi; Rocks, Pulau Ubin.
A few other species have established themselves as garden
escapes.
Chet'anthes tenuifulia Sw. Common in dry spots, Tanglin, Chan
Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin.
Pteris ensiformis Burm, Common in dry spots, Bukit Timah,
‘Tanglin, Pulau Ubin.
Pt. longifolia L. Mount Pleasant, (Hullett).
Pt. aquilina L. Common all over Singapore.
Litobrochia incisa Thunb. Tanglin (probably an escape).
Ceratopteris thalictroides L. Common in ditches and sluggish
streams. ‘Tanglin, Selitar, Changi.
Blechnum orientale l. Very common in open places, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, ete.
B. Finlaysontanum Wall. In similar localities, Reservoir, Bukit
Timah, Chan Chu Kang.
B. serrulatum Rich. Singapore (Hullett).
Thamnopteris nidus L, Common on trees all over Singapore, the
large form var. musaefolia is the commonest form.
Aspleniun sguamulatum Bl. Much resembles the last, but has.a
creeping stem. Wet woods, usually growing on stumps,
Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang. .
A. longissimum Bl. On roots of Bamboos, Tanglin.
A. tenernm Forst. Woods, common, Garden jungle, Bukit Timah,
Ang Mo Kio.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 19]
A. fa’catum Lam. Rare, woods, Bukit Timah.
A. maerophyllum Sw. Not common, Chan Chu Kang, Sungei
Buluh, Pulau Ubin (Kunstler).
Diplazium pallidum Bl. Toas.
D, porrectum Wall. Common in woods, Reservoir, Holland
Road, Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Changi.
D. bantamense Bl. Singapore (Tul lett).
D, sylvaticum Presl. Singapore (Hullett).
D. specios.m Mett. Wood near Holland road, Serangoon Road,
Bukit Timah.
D. tomentosuam Hook. Woods, Bukit Timah,
D. sorzogonense Pres). Bukit Timah.
Anisogonium cordifolium Mett. Rocks, Bukit Timah,
Aspidium Singaporianum Wall. Woods, common, Bukit Timah,
Chua Chu Kang.
A. vastun Bl. Woods, Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin.
A. cicuturium Sw. Common in woods, Sungei Blukang, Bukit
Timah, Pulau Ubin.
A. semibipinnatum. Bukit Timah, Bajau, Bukit Mandai.
A. Zollingerianum Kze, Bukit Timah.
Pleocnemia gigantea Bl. Bukit Timah.
Lastrea crassifolia Bl. Bukit Timah, Bajau, Bukit Mandai
L. fuscipes Wall. Bukit Timah.
LL. appendicu'ata. Chua Chu Kang.
Nephrodium unitum L. Common in open places, Galang, Selitar.
N. cucul’a'um Bl. Common, Sepoy lines, Jurong, Changi.
| a Se Hana te
N. aridum Don. Jurong, Green Hill, Kranji.
192 THE EVORAVO FF SING AR: Rie
N. urophyllum Wall. Dense jungle, Bukit Timah.
N. mollz Desv. Common in open places, Tanglin, Chua Chu
Kang, Selitar, Polan Brani,
Var. amboinense, Green Hill, ete.
Var. procurrens. Green Hill.
Var. didymosorum. Not rare.
N. pennigaum Bl. Chan Chu Kang.
N. tectum Wall. Singapore ( Wallich ); not seen.
AV. heterocurpon Bl, Green Hill ( Hullett ).
N. polycarpum Bl. Mesochlana polycarpa Bl. Wools, Bukit
Timah.
N. latebrosum Kze. Bukit Timah.
N. truncatum Pres!. Singapore ( ILullett ).
Nephrolepis exal'ata lh. Common in open country all over
[PABOUS Pp iy
Singapore.
N. volnbilis J. Sm. Climbine over bushes, Rochore, Toas,
Sungei Mora’.
NV. acuta Pres]. Singapore ( Hullett. )
N. Dufii. Has established itself at Changi and a few other
places.
Dictyopteris Barberi Hook. Bukit Timah.
D. difformis Bl. Bukit Timah.
Polypodium decorum Brack. Common on trees, mangrove swamps,
Kranji, Sungei Buluh, Toas.
P. streptophyllum Bak. Very rare, Trees on Serangoon Road
( Murton ).
P. adspersum Bl. and -P. setigerum Bl. in Moore’s Herbarium (Bed-
dome ), probably wrongly localised.
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 193
Gontop*lelium verrucoxum Wall. Damp open spots, Bukit Man-
dai, Pasir Panjang.
Niphobolus adnaszens Sw. On trees, Changi, Pulau Ubin.
N, acrestichoides Sw. Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang.
N. penangiaius Hook. Rare, Kranji.
Dipteris Horsfiellit Br. Abuniant on rocks and banks over-
hanging the sea, all round the island from Pasir Panjang
to Changi, also on Pulau Tekong and otter is'ands in the
Strait.
Drynaria Linnaei Bory. Ona trees, Changi, Serangoor, Toas.
1), quercifo'ium L. On trees, Toas.
D, splendens Look. Singapore (Beddome).
Pleopeltis stenophylla Bl. On lofty trees, Bukit Timah.
P. sinuosa Wall. Common on trees. This curious fern is re-
markable for its hollow rhizome always full of ant’s nests.
Gardens, Jurong, Bukit Timah.
P. longifolia Mett. Sungei Mora,
P. angustata Sw. Common on trees, Gardens, Sungei Morai,
Changi, Bajau, Serangoon.
P. punctata L. P. trioides Hook. Common on trees and banks.
Tanglin, Siglap, Sungei Buloh, Chan Chu Kang.
P. phymatodes L. Very common on trees on the ground in dry
spots. Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Selitar, Changi.
P. nigrescens BI. Woods, Bukit Timah.
Monoqgranme trichoidea Sm. A very small hair-like fern, rocks:
Bukit Timah.
Syngrumme Wa'lichii Hook. Woods, common, Bukit Timah,
Selitar, Chua Chu Kang, ete.
S. alismaefolia Hook. Less common, Bukit Timah, Chan Chu
Kang.
tS
ei
194 THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE.
7
Sel ijguea Feet Wook. Common on trees, especially mangroves
Kranjl, Bajau, Gre:
S. nembranacea Hook. “ Singapore, Moore’s Herb.” (Beddome.)
Gymnogramne calomelanos. The silver fern occars here and there
asanescape. Tanglin, Chan Chu Kang.
Meniscium triphy/lum Sw. Banks of streams, Toa Payoh.
M. cuspidatum Bl. Upper Mandai, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu
RE
Kane.
Antrophyum reticulatum Kaulf. On trees and rocks, not common,
Bukit Timah.
A, plantagineum Kaulf. Selitar.
Vittaria elongata Sw. Very common on trees, Gardens, Kranji,
Thompson Road, etc,
V. scolopenditna Presl. On trees. Chua Chu Kang.
Taenites blichnoides Willd. Very common in woods all over
Singapore.
Drymoglossum piloselloides Pres]. Common on trees every where
Hlaphoglossum Litifulium Sw. On trees in mangrove swamps.
Kranji. .
Stenochliena pulustre L. Common, climbing over trees and
bushes. The young creeping form with delicate finely
cuts fronds may be found in wet woods. I founda
curious fasciated form on Bukit Timah. Rochore, Tanglin,
Bukit Timah, etce..
Polybotrya appendiculita Willd. Local. Rocks, Bukit Timah.
Gymnopteris subrepanda Hook. Bukit Timah.
G. Presliana Hook. Bukit Timah (Hullet).
Acrostichum aureum L. Common in tidal mud, on a‘l the rivers.
Platycerinm grande Sm. Not seen. Singapore (Beddome).
THE FLORA OF SINGAPORE, 195
Pl. biforme Bl. Common in trees all over Singapore.
Schizaea dichotoma Sw. Dry woods, common all over Singapore.
Sch. digitatun Sw. Dry woods. Common all over Singapore.
Lygodium microphyllum B. Br. Common in open places, thickets
etc. Benen: Changi, Kranji.
L.circinatum Sw. L. dichotomum Bedd. ‘ Ritu-Ribu.’ Very
abundant, climbing over trees and bushes, whole island.
L. flecuosum L. Singapore, Hullett.
Angiopteris evecta Hoffm. Rocky woods, Bukit Timah,
Ophioylossum nudicaule L. Bukit Panjang, Chan Chu Kang.
O. pendulum L. Epiphytic on Thamnopteris and Platycerium-:
Not common, Tanglin.
LYCOPODIACEAE.
Lycopodium cernuum L. Terrestrial. Common all over Singapore:
in Open country and secondary growth.
L. tavifolium Sw. Epiphytic on mangroves and other trees near
the sea. Sungei Sumbawang, Chan Chu Kang.
LL. phlegmaria L. Epiphytic, Garden jungle, Chan Chu Kang.
L. squarrosum Forst. Epiphytic. Tanjong Merawan.
L. nummularifolium Bl. Epiphytic, Chan Chu Kang.
Selaginel’a atroviridis Spring. Common in woods, Garden
jungle, Changi, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang.
S. plumosa Bak. Plentiful in many spots in damp woods, Bukit
Timah, Jurong.
S. Willdenowii Bak. Common climbing in thickets. Bukit
Timah, Bukit Mandai, Kranji, etc.
S. trichobasis Bak. ‘ Singapore, Sir W. Norris,” fide Baker ;
perhaps an error for Penang, where Sir \W. Norris col-
lected plants. I have not seen it in Singapore.
196 TilE FLORA OF SINGAPORE
S. sp. Small plant, Bukit Timah, No. 6547.
Psilotum flaccidum Wall. On trees in mangrove swamps, Kranji
P complanatun Sw. Mangroves, Sungei Mora', Kranji.
RHIZOCARPEAE.
Azo‘lu pinnata R. Br. A small floating plant. Ditches, common,
Tanglin, Ang Mo Kio, Galang.
Addenda.
Ludwiytt parviflora Rox). Ditches, Tanglin.
Enhydrias angustipetala Ridl, Common in ponds and ditches,
Tanglin. This new genus must be put in place of //ydri/la
verticillata, for which it was mistaken.
Chinese Names of Streets in Penang,
By2 EO "MAN “YUK.
Communicated by the S-cretary.
In making this little compilation, the compiler has followed
the example set before him by the late Mr. H. I’. Haughton who
published a list of street names of Singapore ‘Town with their
Chinese equivalents in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society in the June issue of 1891. The present
compilation may be taken as a fairly complete list of the names
of roads, streets and lanes in George ‘Town with their respective
Chinese names as called by the Hokkiens ani Cantonese, two of
the more important sections of the Chinese community in Penang,
as well as with notes explaining the meaning and giviny the
derivation of the Chinese names. From a glance at these expla-
natory notes, it will be observed that the Chinese call their
streets generally after some prominent buildings or objects of
view, or the nationality of the people residing. or the particular
kind of bus‘ness carried on, in the locality. ‘There are, however,
some new and out-of-the-way places which have no Chinese
names but which are inserted here partly for the purpose of
making the list as complete as possible and partly for the pur-
pose of leaving space for the insertion of any Chinese names that
may be evolved in future. ‘To this little compilation are appen-
ded (1) a list of some notable buildings and places in George
Town (2) a list of some district names in town and up-country,
(3) a list of the names of some islets in the vicinity of Penang
and (4) a list of names of some places in Province Wellesley and
Dindings ; all with their Chinese equivalents. In conclusion, the
compiler desires to express his best thanks to Mr. Cheam Uheow
Heng, the Senior Chinese Interpreter of the Police Courts, and
other friends for much valuable information concerning this com-
pilation,
198 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Acheen Street: (1) Hokkien. Koai" lat-a fey fe (F-
“a small high tower,’ the high tower is the four-storied
corner house at the junction of Acheen Street and Beach
Street. Cantonese, Ko lau chai fey te (2) Hokkien, Phah
chidh ke FT 4q fy «striking stone street;” so called from
the stone-cutters’ shop there. Cantonese, Ta shek kai, 37
apes
41455
Acheen Street Ghaut: (1) WAokkhien, Koai"-lat-a
]o:- that hye’ (> Roo Cantonese, Ko-lau-chai Jo-thau fay fue
{F Be: 58 (2) Hokkien, Phah-chioh-ke 1o--thau FT 4 5 FE OA
lo:-thai means landing-place. Cuntonese, Ta-shek-kai lo-thau.
47 4.45 5
Ah Quee Street: Mvkkien, A kii ke Wa fafa called
after Captain Ah Quee who presented it to the Municipal
Cantonese, A Kwai kai CHe=s + (hy
Argus Lane: Jokkien, Sek lan ni (Serani) [é-pai-tip
ai hang-a fii, a OL tt FE ae 45 Hes {¥- “Serani Church back
lane” = the lane behind the Church of Assumption.
Argyle Road: Hokkien, Bang-ka-li hang es HL as
« Bengali lane ;” so called because there used to be many, and
there ave still some, Bengalis living there. Cantonese, Mang-ka-
li hong en HL AS
Armenian Street: Pant J., between Beach Street
and Pitt Street. (1) Hokkien, Pun-that-kong hang 7X BA
ANH “ gods’ lane ;” so called after the Kong-si house
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 199
of the Toa Peh Kong Ki{Aa Otherwise known as
the Kién Tek yeep secret society, where they kept their
gods; the remains of that Kopng-si house may still be seen
at the junction of Armenian Street and Pitt Street. Cantonese,
Tai-pak-kung hong AAAS ‘gods’ lane.” (2) Hokkien,
Kien goin ke BTL fey Kien is evidently taken from the
name of the Kien Tek Kong-si referred to in (1). Goin means
origin, and Ke street.
PART II., between Pitt Street and Acheen Street :
Hokkien, Phah tang ke AY nl (Ey ‘striking copper street,”
from the Malay braziers’ shops there. Cantonese, Ta thung
kai FSI
Armenian Street Ghaut: Joklien, Piin-thag-
kong-hang lo--thau AN BA NAR BE BB Cantonese, Tai-pak-
kung-hong lo-thau. FAA AE BE 3A
Ayer I.am Road: /okhien, A-id i-tam (Ayer Itam)
ip na th, TKI ; lo; means road. Cantonese, Ayer Itam lo
RE PR IR GE
Bagan Jermal Road: Afoklien, Oan-té--!s- vk
2 Be Oan-t6* means the bay.
Barrack Road: Jokkien, Peng yang 1s: Eee
“soldier barrack road.” Cantonese, Peng fong lo Fes
Beach Street: Parrl., between Light Street and
China Street. Hokkien, Thé--khor (thavi-kho-) ke -f- fifty
200 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
“oodown street;” street where the European firms are.
Cantonese, Tho-fu kai Li
PART II., between China Street and Chulia Street.
Hokkien, Kang -a-khau we{Fo ‘harbour entrance” ; in olden
times, before the reclamation of the ghauts, the ship:ing busi-
ness was principally done in this part of Beach Street by the
Chinese. Cantonese, Kong chai hau es (FO
Part IIJ., between Chulia Street and Armenian Street,
Hokkien, Tiong ke rp ay “middle street,” i, e., the middle
part of Beach Street. Cantonese, Chung Kai HA ay
Part 1V., between Armenian Street and Acheen Street.
Hokkien, Toan 16:-sin SAE rE. Cantonese, Tuan lo-san
a5 Ae FA Lo-sin is Hussain, i.e. Tungku Syed Hussain, who
formerly owned most of the houses in this part of Beach Street,
Part V., between Acheen Street and Malay Street. //okkien,
Phah thih ke +y $a fy“ striking iron street,”\from the black-
smiths’ shops there. Cantonese, Ta thit ka FY BVT.
Part VI. between Malay Street and Prangin Ditch. Hokkien
Sia boe it Fe ‘ village end”; formerly this was practically the
end of the town. Cantonese, She mi qt Those parts of Prangi,
Road and Bridge Street which join Beach Street at the Anson
Bridge are sometimes, though improperly, called Sia-bée; the
general name for the whole district round about here is Ujong
Pasar, meaning end of town.
Parts IV, V. and VI. are often called Fuk Kin kai
meas ea} ‘Hokkien Street” by the Cantonese, because most of
the shopkeepers there are //okiiens.
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 201
Bishop Street: Parr I.. between Beach Street and
Penang Street. (1) Hokkien, Chhat bok ke AS AK ey painting
wood street,” from the furniture makers’ shops there. Cantonese,
Chhat muk kai (2) Hotkien, Chha kane ke AH a “ wood
workmen street.”
Part II., between Penang Street and King Street.
Hokkien, Lii-song \é-pai-ti® chéng a Ae is FE i Ty « Arme-
nian Church front,” Li-song being a corruption of Luzon of the
Philippine Islands. Cantonese, Lu-sung lai-pai-thong Chhin
ra Avice A if i |
Par? III., between King Street and Pitt’ Street. Hok-
kien, Stin-tek Kong-si ke WA fe ZN By ey called after the
Kong-si house of the Sin Tek people. Cantonese, Shun Tak
Kong-si kai NA ft ZN a
Brick-Kiln Road: Hokkien, Wong chhia - 10:
el BPX “ wind carriage road”; ‘“ wind carriage” is the
Switchback Railway. Cantonese, Fung Chhe lo Jal Ha PS
Bridge Street: Panrrl, Beach Sireet end. Hok-
kien, Koe kang-a ha ves ‘passed rivulet,” the other side
of the Prangin Ditch. Cantonese, Kwo kong chat SH es -F
Part II., the middle part. Hokkien, Pang long fa Ay
“plank depot.” Cantonese, Pan Chhong ey
Parr Ill. Jelutong Road end., Hokkien, Séng-hong bio 16.
bates i hies “Seng Ong Temple Street,” called after the
26
202 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG:
Temple of the tutelary God of the town. Cantonese, Shing
Wong miu lo B54 eg fie
Buckingham Street: Hokkien, Sin-ke that
$y fy BA ‘Campbell Street head.” Ciuntonese, San-ke that
ae es |
A {8 BA
Burmah Road: Hokkien, Gi chhia chii 4E HE 7K
(often ‘contracted to Chhia chui, ‘ bullock-cart water” ;
before the construction of the Municipal Water Service, water
sellers used to come to a well here for water and convey the
same in bullock carts to town for sale. Cantonese, Nzau Chhe
Shui 24 HE 7K
Campbell Street: (1) Hokkien, Sinke ay “new
street,’ in contradistinction to Chulia Street, the old street
where all the Chinese brothels were before Campbell Street
was constructed. Cuntonese, San kai $i ey (2) Hokkien,
Sin toa-mui"-lau em “new Chulia Street” (see
Chulia Street). Cantonese, San tai mun. lau HiT PA tie (3).
Cantonese, Kam-le tai kal Shi RES Kam-le being the
Cantonese pronunciation of Campbell, and tai kai meaning big
street. This last name is chiefly used in matters of marri-
age,funeral and joss processions.
Cannon Square: JHokkien, Lidng San Tong lai
BE LL ee AY ‘‘ Liong San Tong inside”; Lidng San Tong is
the Chop of the Seh Khu Kong-si #EE AVG] which is
inside this square. Cuntonese, Shing Yau Kung-si; the Kong-si
house of the surname Yau clan. ;
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 203
Cannon Street: Jokkien, Toa Chhéng Khang
KEE “big cannon hole,” so called because during the
Penan» Riots the Government fired a cannon shot into this place
where the people of the Toa Peh Kong RAB otherwise
known as the Kién Tek yeep Kong-si encamped.
Carnarvon Street: Part I., between Chulia Street and
Campbell Street, Hokkien, Toa-muti-lat hoai ke ite
He Ht ‘Chulia Street, Cross Street’”—the street ATE
off from Chulia Street. Cantonese, Tai-mun-lau wang kal
Ae is £55 |
Part IJ. between Campbell Street and the Station.
Flokkien, Hoan-a thiong AE (TK “foreigners cemetery ”
the old Malay cemetery. Cantonese, Ma-lai fau [AEE Ake HE
Part [II., between Acheen Street and Prangin Road,
(1) Hokkien, Lam Chhan-a AS ED fF ‘poor fields "= swamp ;
it was formerly nothing but a swamp. Cantonese, Chho thong
Fa yt ‘“ erass pond ”=swamp. (2) Hokkien, Si-kak Chi pu
Fy FE “square well”; formerly there was a square well near
the junction of Kimberley Street. (3) Mokkien, Chap-keng
chhu + BE “ten houses”; formerly there was a row of
ten houses of the same height there. (4) Hokkien, Si* Tiu"
Kong-si ke WBE ANB] called after the Kong-si house
of the seh Tiu clan. Cantonese, Shing Chung Kong-si kai
WEB ZN 8 8
Carnarvon Lane: Jokkien, Kam-kong lai AE Ny
204 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
99
‘Kampong inside,” within the Kampong (or village) so called
because formerly there was a Kampong in this locality. Can-
tonese, Kam-pong lai AB EA
Cecil Street : Hokkien, Koe* Kang-a té chhit tiat 16:
sty Esty A LIRR ‘‘nassed rivulet, number seven street ”
1,e. the seventh street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from
Beach Street. Cantonese, Kwe kong chai tai chhat thiu lo
ARSE SS bi
Che Em Lane: Hokkien, Pak Kan lai AL
‘“‘ pak kan inside”; pak kan is the Cainese See of the
Malay word pekan, a village. .
China Street: Hokkien, Toa ke Ri§ : « big street,”
isl, tlie: principal street where the Chinese formers carne
on business. Cantonese, Kun yam miu chek kai ey = Ja A ay
“Kun Yam Temple straight street.” The street going straight
from the Temple of the Goddess of Mercy.
China Street Ghaut: (1) Hokkien, Toa-ke lo--that .
Tis Cantonese, Kun-yam-miu-chek-kai lo-thau ay :
Jey a 7 BS GA (2) Hokkien, Béng san 16--that BA LL oa
Béng san, Mr. Khoo Béng San, a Chinese merchant, had a
shop there.
Chowrasta Road: - Hokkien, Kiet-léng-4 lan-san
; mea {FF LY ‘Kling market,” i. e., the Chowrasta market,
where the fish and meat sellers are principally Klings; the
word Ban-san being a corruption for the Malay word Bangsal,
(Tamil street has the same name.) Cantonese, Kit-léng pa-sat
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 205
Ee iB, “ Kling market,” pa-sat being a corruption of
the Malay. word pasar.
Chulia Street: PArtT I., between Beach Street and
Pitt Street. (1) Holkien, kiet-léng-d ke Ff ig {f-fly “ Kling
Street,” so called from the Kling shop-keepers there. The
word Chulia itself is a Bengali word meaning Kling. (Vide
King street PART - Cantonese, kit-ling kai Wg {8y
(2) Hokkien, \6--lin ke 2 Be {ey L6:-lin is the Chinese pronun-
ciation for Noordin aa means street, so called after the busi-
ness premises of Mr. H. M. Noordin. Cantonese, Yi sheung kai
KFA “ clothes box street,” from the Chinese cabinet-ma-
kers’ shops there. :
PaRT II., between Pitt Street aie Love Lane. Hokkien
Toa moti" lat K Pt: “big archway ” ; formerly there were
two big archways to a large compound house here (see Sek
Chuen Lane). Cantonese, Tai mun lau A FA je
Part III., between Love Lane and Penang Road. Hokkien
oii-kan-tang Appa ‘cattle pen”; gi means cattle and kan-
tang is the Chinese pronunciation for the Malay word “ kan-
dang” meaning a pen. Cantonese, Sha kong thau BY [it] BA
« sand hill head,” in former days people used to deposit rubbish
there which heaped up in a mound.
Chulia Street Ghaut: (1) Hokkien, kiet-léng-4-ke
lo"-thau ime (y as 38 (vide Chulia Street, PART I.) Can-
tonese, kit-ling-kai lo- an Pym (Ey PS 5A (2) Hokkien, Si? Ta
Kong-si ke REAE ANB] called after the Kong-si house of
206 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
the Seh Iu clan. Cantonese, Shing Yeung Kong-si kai WE pe
ANB TEI (3) Hokkien, Chha |o--thaa Jk WRG « firewood
landing-place” ; firewood used to be sold there, before Maxwell
Road, now a principal place for selling firewood, was constructed.
(4) Hokkien, ‘Toa chui chit Te KE “big water well”: for-
merly there was a big water tank there (ride Pitt street
Part Ty.
Chulia Lane: Aokhien, Chap-chhit keng ++
‘- Seventeen houses” there was a row of seventeen houses of the
same size there. Cantonese, Shap-chhat kan as Bl
Church Street: FORE Gi-hin ke Ss hh 75 “ Gichin
street’ after the Kong-si house of the Gi hin secret society,
which stood where now the family residence of Captain Ah Quee
is. Cantonese, Yi hing kai 25 i fy
Church Street Ghaut: (1) Hokkien, Gi-hin-ke lo--
SEE fe RT Canioiers SONE ka lo-thau Se i 75
BS BA (2) Hokkien, Chit 1o-- that Eat BS BA “distillery land-
ing-place”; the distillery stands at the junction of Church
Street. and Beach Street and belongs to the Spirit Farm.
Cintra Street: (1) Hokkien, Sin-ke hoai™ ke hy
Hee 455 ‘Campbell Street, Cross Street ””—the street crossing
Campbell Street. Cantonese, San kai wang kai th fy he Hy
(2) Hokkien, Phah phat ke FT hea ay the street where brothels
of the lowest type are. Cantonese, 'a Phan Kai Fy Py
That part of this street which runs between Chulia Street and
Campbell Street is often called Jit-pinke Ff Axfey meaning
Japanese Street—the street where the Japanese brothels are.
Cantonese, Yat pun chai kai AN FE ‘‘ Japanese brcthel
street.” nc
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 207
Dato Kramat Road: Parr I, between Magazine
Station and Dato Kramat Station. Hokkien, Kam-a ham KH (F
>
[se] ‘orange plantation”; formerly there was a hig orange
plantation there. Cantonese, Kam chai iin AH {F- [El
PART II., between Dato Kramat Station and the Prisons,
Hokkien, Si-kham tiam PUK AS ‘four shops”; there were only
four shops there before. Cantonese, Si kan tim JU fa AZ
Downing Street: (1) Jlokkien, God koan Spf
“ outer Government office ”»=Chirese Protectorate, which stands
in this street. Cantonese, Man wa kun Aa ah iE asking
question house ” ; house where female immigrants from China are
examined=Chinese Protectorate. (2) Hokkien, Tai jin koan
7 Bal “the Taijin’s office” =the Chinese Protectorate.
Cantonese, Phai kun Hie Get ‘‘license-house” 1.e., the house
where licences under the Contagious Disease Ordinance were is-
sued=Chinese Protectorate.
Drury Lane: Hokkien, Sin hi-tai oF ek “new the-
atre ” after the new Chinese theatre there. Cantonese, san _hi-iin
At EXP |
Esplanade Road: Hokkien, Chhau-po: haf-ki" 16: i=)
bh Eh ‘‘ orass field seaside road ”—road at the sea-side of
the Esplanade. Cantonese, Ta po: te hoi phe FT We is BE BE
“striking ball -place sea-side.’ (2) Sin kau chheung hoi phe
Ay BQ HAF small parade ground sea-side.”
Farquhar Street: Parr 1. between Pitt Street and
Love Lane. Hokkien, ang m6: oh chéng £1. ES iy “red hair
school front,” the front of the Penang Free School.
208 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
PART 1I., between Love Lane and Leith Street, (1) Aok-
kien, Lién hoa ho: SH TE a} ‘lotus pond,” so called after a big
lotus pond formerly situated at the side of the St. George’s
Girl School, the pond having been fillel up some years ago on
account of the many accidents to people in attempting to get at
the lotus. (2) Hokkien, sek-lan-ni (serani) 5h chéng far Bai FL
te SF. : Seee
Hh il ‘‘serani school front. :
Part III., between Leith Street and Northam Road.
Hokkien, ang mo: 10: Ae ie “red hair road” ihe road where
Europeans live. (Northam Road has the same name.)
e ‘ By ae Ay 4 a oe
Fish Lane: Hokkien, kiam hu-a hang Pas £8 {F-.45
‘ galt-fish lane,’ because it branches off from Prangin Lane,
which is called the ‘Salt-fish yard.’ Cantonese, ham ti hong
mus
Gladstone Road: Hokkien, hoé chhia |o- ki ye
“ fire carriage road” ; the fire carriage is the Tramway. Can-
tonese Fo chhe lo ak HA RS
Green Hall: (1) Hokkien, toan pa-l #09 FY Fe,
Mr. Paddy (Pali) formerly owned a Jarge portion of land here,
(2) Hokkien, ki-lin ho: BE a corruption for Green Hall.
Heriot Street: Hokkien, koe kang-a té. péh tiat 16:
SH es (yt VETS “passed rivulet, uumber eight street ;”
i.e. the eighth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach
Street. Cantonese, kwo kong chai tai pat thiu lo 5b Yes (5 44
NG ae
Hong Kong Street: Mokkien, Hiang king lo 7p es
Hess hiang kang is the Hokkien pronunciation of Hongkong.
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 209
Cantonese, Heung kong kai Ae es Ty heung kong is the Can-
tonese pronunciation of Hongkong, and kai means street. ‘The
word Hong itself is a mispronunciation of heung originating
from the boat-population of Canton who were the first to come
in contact with Europeans when they appeared in China).
Hospital Road: Hokkien, Pr chhii lo We BE
‘sick house road ’—road leading to the General Hospital. Can-
tonese, Wong ka yi im lo 4+ KREGER |
: Sree Fie: SA : Lexie {
Hutton Lane: //okkien, Gia-lau (jalan) a-téng AX fail
he] a-teng is the Chinese pronunciation for Hutton.
Jelutong Road: /okkien, Jit-lbh-tong 10 A Pz PS
jit-loh-tong is the Chinese pronunciation for Jelutong.
The town end of this road is called é-téng Pe la or he-tong
Tila which means the lower tong, and the country end of this
road is called téng-tong TAI or siang-tonge EW which
means the upper tong, i. e., cave.- Cantonese, Yat lok tong.
Katz Street : Hokkien, Kot king=4 té lak tiat 10: SU Yes
BH (6 “passed rivulet, number six street,” i, e., the
sixth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach Street.
Cantonese, K wo kong chai tai luk thiu lo se testy Bos RIK
Kedah Road: Hokkien, Kam kong ma lak kah $M 3
pb “Kampong Malacca.” Cantonese, Ku phai kun 4
hi at ‘old license house”; this referring to the Lock Hospital,
which was formerly situated at the site where the present
Chowrasta Dispensary is.
27
210 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Keng Kwee Street: Hokkien, Kéng kui ke By Br fay
named after Captain Ah Quee, who built this street and connect-
ed it with Penang Road. Cantonese, Keng kwai kai Er Eg (3
Kimberley Street: (1) Hotkien, Tio-chiu ke ia) jy 3
‘Te chiu is the name of a prefecture in the Quang-tung Province
in south China, better known as Chao-chow-fu PM
from which the Te-chiu people come. This street is so called
because formerly there were many China-born Te-chiu prostitutes
living there. Owing, however, to the prohibition of female emi-
gration from Swatow, which is the sea-port of Chao-chow-fu,
by the Chinese Government upon representations being made by
the Te-chiu merchants in the Straits Settlements, all Te-chiu
prostitutes have since disappeared from this street. Cantonese,
Chiu chau mui kai WW WRG “chiu chau girl street.” (2)
Hokhien, Soa®-that ke WW Bets “Swatow street.” (3) Hok-
kien, Mm soa” ke Sl Shh ‘vermicelli street,” so called after
the vermicelli makers there. (4) Hokkien, Sv Ti" kong-si ke
et ANG] ¢4y after the Kong-si house of the seh Ti” clan,
which was formerly in this street. (5) Hokkien, Phah soh-a hang
dy #2 (FAK ‘striking rope street” formerly there were some
rope makers’ shops there. (Rope Walk is sometimes called by
this name a'so.)
King Street: Parr l., between Light Street and Dishop
Street. Holkien, Kat-keng-chhi aa Jy, PA JEF7E «Penang
Street back” (vile Penang Street, Part I.) |
PART II., between Bishop Street and China Street. (1)
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 211
Hokkien, Ku-tang toa peh kong ke es HA (AS Kuir-
tang is the Hokkien pronunciation of Quang-tung, a province
in South China. Toa peh kong means god, so called because
there is a temple there built by subscr:ptions raised solely from
the Cantonese. Cantonese, Kwong-tung tai pak kung kai SH
AK {HAG (2) Hokkien, \-phién kong-si ke We A AV Bl fy
‘Opium farm street,” so called after the Opium and Spirit Farms
at the junction of China Street. Cantonese, In kung-si KAN Bl
PART III., between China Street and Market Street.
Hokkien, Kii H6-seng kong-si ke 4E FB ZA wy G5 H6-seng
is the name of a secret society, which formerly had its Kong-st
house there. Cantonese, Kau wo shing kung-si kai 4 Fn
ZN 5
PART IV., between Market Street and Chulia Street.
Hokkien, Kiet-léng-a ke We ea (F {ay “Kling Street ”; this par
of King Street was formerly inhabited chiefly by Klings (vide
Chulia Street, Part I.) Cantonese, Pak kap lung AHF BE
‘Pigeon hole,” so called because formerly there were some ex-
ceedingly small houses there occupied as brothels.
Kulim Lane: (1) Hokkien, Ban an tai Qe “ Ban
an theatre,” so called after the name of the Chinese theatre in
this lane. Cantonese, Mau on thol ee (2) Hokkien, Béng
hi-tai AH jefe “ Béng’s theatre”; béng is a part of the name
of Mr. Ong Béng Tek, the former plapae ioc of the theatre.
Kuala Kangsa Road: Aokkien, Hoan-4 hi-hait ke
FEF G8 [Sl 785 ‘foreigners’ theatre,” so called from the
Malay theatre there.
PED _CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Cantonese, Ma-lai hitin’ kai AEE Jae EE Reel Ey “Malay theatre
street.”
Leith Street: Hoihen: Siang hé chhi chéng AS
Fe Bir By ‘Siang ho’s house front.”
Light Street: Hokkien, Po lé khai HPF T “Police
mouth” entrance to the Police Courts. Cantonese, Po-le-si chhiu
HLF + RY “ Police front.”
Love Lane: Hokkien Sek-lAn-ni (Serani) hang fe, 4
#s Kurasian lane, this lane was formerly inhabited chiefly by
Kurasians.
Cantonese, PART I., between Farquhar Street and Muntri
Street ; Shap- tsz-ka_lai- -pai- -thong pin 4 FART ee
Cross Church side” ; the church referrel to is the church of
Assumption.
~ Part IL, between Muntri Street and Chulia Street. (1)
Ma shui hau FF AKER “double water pipe,” formerly
there were two public stand-pipes there standing side by
side, (2) Lo pau miu kai. et Shr Jeng Ey “lo pau temple street”
the street where the Temple of the God of Carpentry is. This
lane is sometimes called lat-le hong by the Cantonese, lat-le
being a mispronunciation for Love Lane and hong meaning. lane.
MacAlister Road: Hokkien, Tiong 1c: HA “ middle
road,” ie., the middle road of the six roads meeting at Magazine
Cantonese, Chung lo Ft Re
MacCallum Street: /okkien, Koe king-a té go: tiat lo
CHINESE NAMES 0 STREETS IN PENANG, 213
hs (FT 8 HR “passed rivulet, number five street”
i.e., the fifth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach
Street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai san lo set 4 T
Magazine (the open space formed by the intersection of
the six roads in front of the Magazine Police Station), (1) Hokkien,
Chhéng ioh keng SF Ges FE ‘oun-powder depot” formerly the
Government gun-powder magazine was there. Cantonese, Fo
yeuk kuk Ik ie = (2) Hokkien, Go pha teng TARE
“the five lamps” referring to the Municipal lamp-post which
holds five lamps. Cantonese, Ng chan tang e248 (3) Hok-
kien, Lak chhé 16: WX KB “the intersection of six roads”
viz., Magazine Road, Gladstone Road, Penang Road, MacAlister
Road, Dato Kramat Road and Brick-kiln Road. The Malay ver-
sion of this name is Simpang Anam. Cantonese, Luk a lo re G22
Magazine Road: Hokkien, Koe kang-a té it (or that)
tiau 16: Sb SF — ‘passed rivulet, number one
street,” i.e., the first street after crossing Prangin Ditch from
‘Beach Street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai yat thiu lo ba es
(FB — RG
Malay Street: Hokkien: Thai gt hang By7E As “kill-
ing cows lane,” cattle were formerly slaughtered there for the
market: It is also called. Thai gu aa AF AS the back of the
place where cows were killed. Cantonese, Thong ngau hong.
Malay Street Ghaut: Hokkien, Thai ga hang 1o--that
214 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
BUE AR BS BA | Cantonese, Thong-ngau-hong lo thau #)4F
Ae BR EL
Market Lane: Hokkien, Kong hok ki hang nie RG As
kong hok ku is the Chinese name of the Penang Mutual Im-
provement Association the premises of which are in of this
Jane. Cantonese, Yi-nai hong — As te concubine lane,” so
called because this lane used to be occuried chiefly by kept
women. :
Market Street: Hokkien, Pé-sat ke FA ip pa sat
is a corruption for pasar, a Malay word meaning market. Can-
tonese, Pa-sat kai FY, Baw es)
Market Street Ghaut : Hokkien, Sin ban-san $#yigh
(ll ‘the new market,” i. e,, the Central market. Béan-san is a
corruption of the Malay ‘“ bangsal”, meaning a shed. Cantonese,
San pat sat 37 Fy ipl, “new pasar
Maxwell Road: Part I., between Bridge Street and
Gladstone Road. Hokkien, Chha tia” Jey ““ firewood yard:
this is the principal place where firewood is sold in Penang.
Part II., between Gladstone Road and Penang Road,
Hokkien. Khai Héng Bi bi-ka Be PAIS IK RE “ Chop Khie Heng
Be’s rice mill. N. B. This road and Prangin Road are often
called kang-d ki" Yes (Fb ‘rivulet side” because of their
proximity to the Prangin Ditch.
Muda Lane: Hokkien, Thai-ko hang ABT tk ole:
per’s lane”, many lepers used to live in this place on the charity
of a certain wealthy Chinaman.
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 215
Muntri Street: (1) Hokkien, Sek-lan-ni hing f& 9%
AL Ak Eurasian lane. (2) Hokkien, Lam hoa i-i" ke Ma ie
rer veo ‘Tam hoa hospital street,” after the Chinese medical
institution there, Cantonese, Nam wa yi iin kai Be He G2 Ge
447 (3) Hokkien, Sin hai-lam kong-si ke Py ife ey Awl HF
“new Hailam kong:si street,” after the new Kong-si house of the
Hailams. Cantonese, San hoi nam kung-si kai Or AF PA ZAG]
{5
Noordin Street: Hokkien, Koe kang-a té ji tian 16:
Hiatt AT AK “passed rivulet, number two street’
1 e., the second street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from
Beach Street. Cantonese Kwo kong chai tai yi thiu lo 5a es
(F55 — FH
Northam Road: Hokkien, Are mo: Jo XL =E 0 padi
hair road” road where the Europeans live. That part of this
road which joins Penang Road is sometimes called ang mé-: ka
thiong 41 HEIR “red fhair old cemetery ”, i. e., the Pro-
testant and Roman Catholic Cemetery there. Cantonese, Hung
molo #7 >= Pe
Penang Road: Part I., about Chulia Street. Hokkien,
Tiat-lang ke ah Kis ‘“hanging people street ”—formerly cri-
minals were hung there. Cantonese, Tiu yan kai pfy A fy
PART IJ., about Chowrasta market. (1) Hokkien, Ki kha-
khu 4 FM ji “old jail”’—the old Criminal Prison, which was
formerly situated at the present vacant piece of ground opposite
the Chowrasta market. Cantonese, Kau ka-ku 7 FR (1)
216 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Hokkien, Bone einuk chhu chéng BIE BT ‘“ Leng Cheak’s
house front. ”
Part I1]., about the Prangin Ditch. Hokkien, Tiat Kio thau
1) 475 0H ‘suspension bridge head,” i. e., the bridge over
the Prangin Ditch. This name is sometimes, though improperly,
applied, to those parts of Prangin Road, Maxwell Road and
Burmah Road which join Penang Road at the Prangin Ditch ;
the general name for the whole district round about here is”
Titi Papan, meaning wooden bridge. Cantonese, Tiu khiu thau
a doe
rin 15 BH
PART IV., avout the Magazine Police Station. Hokkien,
Lang chhia téng yai koan Key gi “ rickshaw nailing
licence office” = the rickshaw registration department.
Penang Street: Part I., betweeen Light Street and
Bishop Street. Hokkien, Kau keng chhi 7 Al “nine
houses”; formerly there were only nine housees in this part of
Penang Street on the right fea side as one gree up from
Light Street.
PART II., between Bishep Street and Market Street. (1)
Hokkien, Kui-tang ke iz be) Kuir-tang = Quang-tung Pro-
vince in Southern China and ke = street; so called because this
part of Penang Street is principally occupied by Cantonese shop-
keepers. Cantonese, Kwong-tung kai ie Ws kwong-tung =
Quang tung Province; kai — street. (2) Hokkien, Ma-kau ke
Ke Fey ‘“¢ Macao Street”; NConioncen Thong-yan kai BE
‘‘Chinamen’s street”; the word Chinaman refers to the -Canton-
ese in distinction from the Hokkiens, whom the former considered
to be foreigners on account of their different provinciality.
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 2 iy
PART III., between Market Street and Chulia Street
Hokkien, Che-ti ke FUR Aen 45 “‘ chetty* street,” from the chetty
money-lenders living there.
Perak Road: JHokkien, Yoa 16: at RAE big
road back,”’=behind the big road.
Phee Choon Lane: Hokkien, Phi Chin lo ANGERS
Phe Choon is a part of the name of Mr. Li Phee Choon.
Pitt Lane : Mobbien, Tio-chiukong-si aa YY] AVF] FB
“ Te-chiu Kong-si back,” behind the Te-chiu Kong-si house in
Chulia Street, where it joins Queen’s Street. Cantonese, Chhiu
Chau Kung-si au eV A wl tip
Pitt Street: Parr l., between Light Street and China
Street. Hokkien, Koan im téng chéng fol Kj = ii “ Koan im
temple front,’ front of the temple of the Goddess of Mercy.
The Straits-born women often pronounce Klam or Kolam instead
ef koan im, by way of contraction. Cantonese, Kun yam miu
pe fA be eZ
chin REF
PART II., between China Street and Chulia Steet. Hokkien,
-Toa ba-lai K AH “big balei”; the Baleiis the Pilt Street
Police Station. Cantonese, Tai mata liu KAIF FTE © big
police house.”
PART III., between Chulia Street and Armenian Street.
Hokkien, Toa chui chr TAK FE “ big water well” ; formerly
there was a big water tank there. Cantonese, Tai mun lau kai-si
A Pees ih “ Chulia Street market.” [Vide Chulia Street
28°
218 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG
Ghaut (4)] (2) Hokkien, 1a kha +5 EN ‘‘ coco-nut foot”; there
were many cocoa-nut trees there. |
Prangin Road: Parr i., between Beach Street and
Ses Street. (1) Hokkien, Oan thau-a yee BEY “ the
small turning,” i. e., the turning from Beach Street. Cantonese ,
Wan thau chal et DEF (2) Hokkien, Hii Chiu Kong-si ke
HH | AB] By ‘‘ the street where the Kong-si house of the
Hii chiu people is. Hii Chiu is the-name ofa prefecture in
South China whence the Khebs or Hakkas come. Cantonese, wal
chau kurg-si kai HBV AN Bi] 447.
PAR’ II., between Carnarvon Street and Sungei Ujong,
Hokkien, Khai Héng Br ke Bl PH Se fy the street where Chop
Khie Heng Be (rice merchant) is. Cantonese, Hoi Hang Mi kal
\\=3= =2 =
Bi PHS TS.
ParT LIL, tetween Sungei Ujong and Penang Road.
Hokkien, Gu chhia ke Ab EE 5 “ bullock-cart street,” from the
bullock-cart builders’ shops there. N. B. This road and Max-
well Road are often called Kang-a ki* Ais 5 Bey “the rivulet
side,” because of their proximity to the Prangin Ditch. Canto-
nese, Ngau chhe ka AL Hy
Prangin Lane: Hokkien, Kidm ht tia’ Fit fl 4 “* salt-
fish yard,” so called because salt-fish are dried and cured there,
i, e., at the back part of the shops facing Prangin Road. |
Presgrave Street: Hokkien, Kot kang-a te sa” tiaa 16°
3 ae (FH= AK “passed rivulet, number three street,’
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG, 219
i, e, the third street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach
street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai sam thiu lo Snape
= RM
Queen Street: (1) Hokkien, Chap-ji keng +— 8
“twelve houses,” there is a row of twelve houses of the same
height. Cantonese, Shap yi kan ee (2) Hokkien, Ki HO
Hap sia ke 42 Fal 4s ‘old Ho Hap society street,” called
after the Kong-si because of this society there. Cantonese, Kau
Wo Hap she kai 4£ Fil Baits
Race Course Road: Aokkien, Tod chhai har 1s:
RABY “big vegetable garden road,” from the many
vegetable plantations there. Cantonese, Tai chhoi un ARE
R.C.O. Front: Hokkien, Koan-a kak fel (Fy ‘“ Gov-
ernment office corner ’= the corner of the Government offices.
Cantonese, Tai ma-thau A HRA “big jetty,’ after the Old
Jetty there.
Residency Road: Hokkien, Ji ong chhi lo. = -F PERS
‘Second King’s house road,” second King being the Chinese
way of calling the Resident Councillor.
Rope Walk: (1) Hokkien, Gi-hok ke 3% im (3 ‘Qi hok
street,’ so called because the Gi hok secret society had their
Kong-si house there formerly. Cantonese, Yi fuk kai 2 ie sh
(2) Hokkien, Phah soh hang FT FR ‘making rope lane” ;
formerly cocoanut husk ropes were manufactured there. [Vide
Kimberley Street (5)]
220 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG,
_ imailands Road: Holkien, Koe kang-a té kati tiati lo:
ESF TUR RS ‘‘ nassed rivulet, number nine street,”
i 2, ‘ae ninth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from Beach
Street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai kau thiu lo’ 3 es Te
IRR
Scotland Road: Aokkien, Batu Gantonge ASHCAR Wa
Malay, overhanging rock; there is a big overhanging rock there.
Seh Tan Court: Hokkien, Sim Tan kong-si WEE AA Bi]
after the Kong-si house of the Seh Tan clan. Cantonese, Shing
chau Kung-si IS PASE 7
Sek Chuan Lane: /okkien, Toa mii lad lai Ie ia Ake A
‘big archway inside ”= within the big archway; there was a big
compound house there with two entrances, over each of which
there was a big archway, the present Sek Chuan Lane being
formerly one of the two entrances, (Vide Chulia Street, PART
II.) Cantonese, tai mun Tau lung meatal
Stewart Lane: Hokkien, Koan im téng at nS ZL
“ Koan im temple back ” = behind the temple of the Goddess of
Mercy. Cantonese, Kun yam miu hau Hil Ts JB 2
Sungei Ujong: (1) Hokkien, Ho: chio tae BA pi eE
‘‘ Pepper yard,” from the court-yard there where pepper is ex-
posed to be dried. (2) Hokkien, Ban Tek Hong 1o- 6 Fa Hel Be
the road where chop Ban Tek Hong owns the pepper yard above
referred to is situated. Cantonese, Man tak fung kai Hf 75
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 221
Tamil Street: Hokkien, Kiet-léng ban san Ege
an “Kling market.” Cantonese, Kit-ling pa-sat igs EY pl,
Tek Soon Street: (1) Hokkien, Tek Sin 16 fii |S
(2) Hokkien, Chha tia" ai JEN? TB ‘Maxwell Road back”
(Vide Maxwell Road, Part I.)
Thye Sin Street: Hokkien, Koe kang-a td si tiat 10
sa ves A ARS “passed rivulet, number four street,
i.e., the fourth street after crossing the Prangin Ditch from
Beach street. Cantonese, Kwo kong chai tai si thin lo Eh es
FF 548 WU RIK
Toa Aka Lane: (1) Aokkien, Phah-thih-ke hang-a
FT RE Hk TF «¢ Beach street small lane,” the lane that branches
off from Beach street (Vide Beach street, Part V.). Can-
tonese, Ta-thit kai hong chai Fy BA ir AK (F- (2) Hokkien, Kam-
kong-lai hoai" 10: Gil WOK hes PS “Carnarvon Lane cross
street.” Cantonese, Kam-pong loi wang kai 4B EIA a ty
Transfer Road: Hokkien, Tek Sin chhu pi” ke {ita IN
shu)
seis “ Tek Soon’s house side street.” Cantonese, Tak shun
ole pin #5 IL a yee
Union Street: Hokkien, Po-lé ai RIFE “ Police
back ” = behind the Police Courts. Cantonese, Po-li-sihau RF
a
222 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Waterfall Road: Hokkien, A ék td-lin Hee Fal Es
the Chinese pronunciation for Ayer Terjun, which means ‘ water
plunging,’
Weld Quay: Hokkien, Hai kim sin lo fp HHT RS
‘sea-beach new road,” or Sin hay ki" ke hy Hep be, “new
sea-beach road.” Cantonese, Hoi phe HEE JE ‘ sea-beach.”
Western Road: Hokkien, Ave m6: sin thiéng 41 A
ix “red hair new cemetery,” so called after the European new
cemetery there. Sai hoa hang pty #e7k the Western grand
lane. Péng an hang pF HE the happy lane. Cantonese, San
hung mo fan SAL ee ‘new red hair cemetery.” Sai wa
hong Puy FF Hx Pheng on hong A FE Hk
GOVERNMENT OFFICES.
R.C. 0. Aokkien, Ji éng koan = ER “No. 2 King’s
office” ; the Governor being the No. 1 King.
Treasury: Aokkien, Kong-pan-gé kho-pang AV DH Py
ia is kong-pan-gé is the Chinese pronunciation for company,
i. e., the East India Company, the Government; and kho--pang
means treasury. Cantonese, Fu-fong Ets “ treasury.”
Stamp Office: (1) Hokkien, Bé ang-a that é koan Bye
{FBZ Bal “Selling doll-head Office.” Cantonese, Mai kung
chai thau nga mun 33 MF 28 f FA “selling doll-head ya-
men.” (2) Hokkeen, si-tan koan ‘FH si-tan = stamp,
and koan means office. Cantonese, Si tam kun Eh fH ee
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 2235
Public Works Department: Hokkien, Nia té koa"
Hr Sth “ measuring land official.” Cantonese, Leung te kun
EL.
BS |
Land Office: (1) Hokkien, Ga-lan koan FP ial a] ga-lan
= grant. Cantonese, Thiu tho thien HW + field land depart-
ment.” (2) Hokkien,.Té cho- koan Hh BH al ‘land rent office.”
Official Assignee’s Office: Mokkien, Po kiéng si ¥
ge Fi] “ Reporting poverty Official,’ Cantonese, Po khung is
hehe Bi)
Chinese Protectorate: (1) Hokkien, Goaikoan Aha
“ Outer Office” — the office that transacts business with the general
public. Cantonese, Phai kun i Be « Licence house” = house
where licences under the C. D. O. were issued. (2) Hokkien,
Tai-jin koan mI IK al Tai-jin literally means a great man, but
in Chinese official circles it is used as a title applying to any man-
darin of and above the rank of a Taotai, equivalent in English to
His or Your Excellency. Cantonese, Mau wa kun Hae se
“asking questions house ” = house where female immigrants from
Chita are examined under the Women and Girls’ Protestion
Ordinance. (3) Hokkien, Ho--iti sikoan 34 (87 Bi] E] « Protec-
ting Official’s Office” office of the Protector (of Chinese). Can-
tonese, Tai yan nga mun KA PH ‘“Tai-jin’s yamen. (4)
Hokkien, Cheng ba si koan PY wl] | “the government
business official’s offive.” Cantonese, U wai si nga mun EX iF
224 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
By fayF4 ‘‘Protector’s yamen”. (5) Cheng mo si nga mun
‘government business official’s yamen.”
Marine Department: Molkien, Hat koan VEE Bal
“¢ Harbour Office.” Cantonese, Hoi kwan a Ee
General Post Office : Hokkien, Phe koan 4H Bal “ Let-
ter Office.” Cantonese, Shun koan HEE Bal ,
Supreme Court: /okkien, Toa kok Kite “ big court,
kok being the Chinese pronunciation for court. Cuntonese, Tai
kot AB cODio Countea a
Solicitor General’s Department: Hothien, Kong-
pau-gée chig su ZANE yh ein kong-pan-gé = company, i.e.,
the East Indian Company, and chig: su means a lawyer. Cantonese,
Wong ka chong si ERK EM ‘Government lawyer.”
Sheriff Department: Holien, Che-lip B87 this is
the Chinese pronunciation for Sheriff. Cantonese, Fung pho kun
hah ‘sealing shop official.” (2) Hokkien, Hong chhi: koa”
Et J ES ‘Sealing house official.” (3) Hokkien, Lé-long koa"
AEDS Lelong is a Malay-Portuguese word meaning auction,
and koa" means officral>
Poiice Courts: Hokkien, Po-lé He Ea “ police.”. Can-
-tonese, PO-le-si IY Fs a] “police.”
Coroner’s Department: Hokkien, Giam si koa" EB
ey?
rE ‘examining corpse official.” Cantonese, Im si kun Ee
KE .
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 225
Police Superintendent’s Office: /Hoklien, Goa po-
lé-chu Sp Hye Hs — ‘outer police magistrate.” Cantonese, San
sham lau eee a
° f om WEN “te
Police Station p (1 Hokkten, Ma-ta® lat ue 4] 4
“police house.” Cantonese, Mata liu Ha FT (2) Hokkien.
Ba Jai FSG the Malay word balai, a station.
Detective Police Station: //othien, Am pai keng iS
}8 [Aj “secret badge house”; cetectives are called * secret
badge,” because they, not wearing any uniform, are supposed to
wear a police badge secretly on their persons, Cantonese, Am
phai kun Hig hee ye
Marine Police Station: (1) Hokkien, San hai ma-ti"
Jiat 3M fp HE FT HR ‘inspecting sea polive house,” Cantonese,
Shui si mata liu ac arn AB 7 4 shul si means marine. (2)
Hokkien, Siu hat ba lat 3 eR -ASIOR
Criminal Prison: Mokkien, Kha khu keng [HINA FR
“ foot-fettering house.” Cantonese, Kam fong BE Fs “ contin-
ing house”
Debtor’s Prison: Hokkien, Khiam cha kha khu keng
Ap fe FEE AS “ Owing debts prison.” Cantonese, Chhin chai
kam Sx GE Re ‘Debt prison.” | |
General Hospital: //okhien, Pi chhi WH a “ Sick
house.” Cantonese, Yi shang kun Va AE SE (2) Hokkien, Lo
kun chhi meet *¢ Doctor’s house.”
29
226 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
MERCANTILE OFFICES.
Chamber of Commerce: Hokkien, Ang mo: sieng
kong-si AL EWA ‘European merchants’ Kong-si.” Can-
tonese, Sai yan sheung mo kuk Py A TS Bag “ Western
- people’s commercial business board.”
Hongkong &Shanghai Bank: (1) Hokkien, Hu
hong bang pe Bal Hui hong being the Chinese chop of this
bauk and bang—bank. Cantonese, Uifung ngan hong [f& HE $f 4
Ui fung being the Chinese chop of this bank, and ngan hong
means money firm-bank. (2) Hokkien, Siang bat bang amis:
peZ « Shanghai bank.” Cantonese, Shung hoi ngan hong ale
VEE ER FF ‘ Shanghai bank.” ; 7
Chartered Bank; J/okkien, Cha-ta bang rea
‘Chartered Bank.” Cantonese, Cha-ta ngan hong EFF) SB FT
‘Chartered Bank.”
Netherlands Trading Society: Hokkien, Ho-lan
_ bang Fu AA NSZ “ Holland bank.” Cantonese, Ho-lan ngan
hong PUG BRAT
Telegraph Office: J/okkien, Phah tang soa" koan
FT SMA EY “striking brass wire office.” Cantonese, Tin po kak
th eR ay ‘‘ electricity report board.”
Tin Exchange: (1) Hokkien, Chip siang so: AE Sly
‘assembling merchant’s place. Cantonese, Chap sheung so 46.
1A Pr (2) Hokkien, Siak Kong-si EBNF] “the tin Kong-si.”
Cantonese, Shek kung-si ED Bl
CHINESE NAMES OF STREET IN PENANG. 225
Opium and Spirit Farms: (1) Hokkien, A-phién
kong-si te Fe A] “opium Kong-si.” Cantonese, Nga phin.
kong-si Vath: ANG] (2) Hokkien, Chit kong-si Jp¥A a]
“ Spirit kong-si.” Cantonese, Chau kong-si 4 ZB]
Municipal Office: (1) /Hokkien, Ah se koan PA po al
ah se—the Malay word hasil, meaning tax, and koan means office.
(2) Hokkien, Chui se koan 7K 1 Bal ‘water rate office.” (3)
Hokkien, Kong po kiok JF aha ‘ works department.”
Town Hall: Hokkien, Ang m6: kong koan 41. ASE
“ Huropean club.”
Chinese Town Hall: /otsien, Péeng cheang kong kon
RB ABE Cantonese: Pheng cheung kung kun 2 OF
The Medical Institution: Hokkien, Lam hoa i
By ae 2 Cantonese, Nam wa-gi iin ig 2 2 EE
St. George’s Church: J//okkien, Ang m6 toa lé-pai-tiB
41. EKA « European big church.”
Church of Assumption: Hokkien, Sek-lan-ni lé-pai-t1d
ff a FL ee ‘Eurasian Church.”
Armenian Church: Hotkien, Lii-song |é-pai-t PA
et ee li song being a corruption for Luzon of the
Philippines Islands, and !é-pai-tr& means Church.
i ee res School: Hokkien, Ang m6: bh 47 =.
St. Xavier’s Institution: Hokkien, Sek-lan-ni dh
fa PL “ Eurasian School.”
228 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
St. George’s Girls’ School: Hokkien, Lu oh Ty oh.
‘ sirls’ school”.
Convent: Hokkien, Niko am Fe ah lie “nunnery.”
Cantonese, Ku leung thong He eat ‘ladies’ house”, the ladies
being the nuns.
Government Hill: Hokkien, Seng ki soa™ Ft it a
“ Woisting flag hill”. Cantonese, Shing khi san Ff il an
Dato Kramat Gardens : Hokkien, Ong ke hoa hui
ok ‘‘ Government gardens.” Cantonese, Wong ke fa iin
FR
| Waterfall: Hotkien, A-ek to-liin ae 558, FBLA ‘ft Aver
turjun”’ = water plunging. Cantonese, Shui mo KE
Race Course: Hokkien, Phavi bé khoan #49 PGE “run-
ning horse field.” Cantonese, Phau ma chheung fe is oo
Esplanade: (1) Hokkien, Chhati po: Bib ‘ orassfield.”
Cantonese, Siu kau chheung tess “small parade ground,”
(2) Hokkien, Phab kit po FYPH [ey striking ball field.” Can-
tonese, Ta po te FT ye ‘striking ball land.” |
Fort Cornwallis: //okiien, Ang mo: sia TU EK
¢¢ Huropean city.” Cantonese, Phau thoi hf Ss COTO lia’
New Jetty: (1) Mokkien, Thib |6--that al bea |
“iron landing place.” (2) Hokkien, Thih ki6 Bye oS ‘iron bridge.”
Old Jetty: Hotlion, Koan-4 kak pabian Fal {F¥ Fi 1S. ae
koan 4 kak—R. C. O. front, and “pabian”’ isa Malay word for jetty.
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 229
Residency: Hokkien, Ji ong chhi — ENE “No. 2
King’s house.”
Chinese Consulate: Hokkien, Tai chheng kok léng
si’ hu A 7B 26 BF “The Great Pure Kingdom Consu-
late.” Cantonese, Tai chheng kwok leng si fu Tis ed 28 3 lft
The Temple of the Goddess of Mercy (in Pitt Street):
(1) Hokkien, Koan im téng = 75 fel * Koan Im Temple,” Can-
tonese, Kun vam miu FF Jey (2) Hokkien, Kong hok kiéng
Jes iis feo “ Quang-tung and Fuhkien temple” — Cantonese and
Hokkien temple. Cantonese, Kwong fuk kung iia
The Temple of the God of the Town (in Jelutong) :
Hokkien, Séng ong bid Di (ies the Seng Ong god is supposed
to take bis appointment from Yama, theruler of hell, to whom he
has to report the doings, good or evil, of the people in the town
under his jurisdiction. ‘The Chinese consider this temple to be
the most appropriate cne for taking oaths, such as that of cutting
off cock’s heads, etc. Cantonese, Shing wong miu Sih (2 Nay
The Temple of the God of Carpentry (in Love
Lane): Hokkien, Lo: pan ko: bio #4 EF 7h eH ‘To pan’s ancient
temple.” Cantonese, Lo pan ku miu $8 EE Ty Jay
The Temple of the Three Precious Ones—the
Buddhist Trinity (in Ayer Itam): /Zukkten, Kek lok si ips Fe
‘Supreme felicity monastery.” Cantonese, Kek lok chi ale
MA (2) Hokkien, Sam pé tien — #4 fey “the court of the
Three Precious Ones,” so called after the shrine of the Bud-
dhist Trinity inside the above-mentioned monastery. Cantonese,
Sam po tin = FF By
230 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
The Temple of Philosopher Lao-tsu, the founder
of Taoism: Cantonese, Chheng koan si Hae ‘clear view
monastery.” This temple is situated at the top ofa hillin Paya
Rubong, and is approached-by a path consisting of a long flight
of granite steps known as the Chheng ji chan SF ee the
1200 steps. Cantonese, Chheng kun chi jae
The Temple of the Local Deities: (1) Hokkien,
Toa peh kong TIAA Cantonese, Tai pak kung KA
(2) Hokkien, Pin that’ kong AN GBA One in Kirg Street,
one in Tanjong Tokong, onein Ayer Itam, etc. Canionese, Tho te
kung 4-H A 7
The Pleasure Club dHt [Al By ae (in Chulia Street) :-
Hokkien, Jen han piet so. Cantonese, In han pit sii. |
The Penang Literary Association J 4 7% (near
the Esplanade): Hokkien, I bin chai. Cantonese, I man chai.
The Chinese Club ini 7 Al (in MacAlister Road) :
Hokkien, Chheng hong kok. Cantonese, Chhing fong kok.
The Anglo-Chinese Reading Room A*<7fEiliy
(in Chulia Street): Mokkien, Chui nge hien ARAfEHT Can-
tonese, Su nga hin AA ACE y-
CHINESE KONGSI-HOUSES.
A. HOKKIEN. (Names romanised in Hokkien sound.)
Si" Khu Jf} Kong-si Chop Liong San Tong #E|[]’4e Cannon
Square
,» Khu Tiss e. » Btn San Tong AC (LL) ee Bee
Si
1
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 231
Lim AK Kong-si Chop Kiu Lidng Tong FUE ee Beach
Tan iy
Iw AB
Ue a
SGT a nS
Chia pit
Ong #-
2) >]
Street.
Eng Chhoan Tong Ae | Whig ae ia
| Jour
Se. Ti Tone Be eis: Chl
| t.
Chi len Tong Le ae ib ee Jelutong
Chheng Ho Tong ¥ 7a yy Be a
t.
Pé Su Sia = fe ACL Sue
Thai Guan Tong Tk Re Penang
Road.
B. CANTONESE. (Names romanized in Cantonese sound.)
ge | a Ge Leng yeung ui kun; leng yeung is another name
for san leng xy and ui kun means meeting-
house. (In King Street.)
@ fil ui kun; ui stands for san ui $F and kun
means house. (In Bishop Street.)
Fife BE Ui leng kun; here ui stands for si ui We
—
leng stands for kwong leng i ie and kun
means house.
(In Muntri Street.)
Ep in, Ss Heung yap kun; ‘‘heung town house.” Heung
stands for heung shan Ly (In King Street).
232 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
i AR ei] Neg shi ka miu; “Surname Ng family temple.”
(In King Street.)
WI) Pe AK Je} Leung shi ka miu; “* Surname Leung family tem-
ple.” (In Muntri Street.)
Ta AC Beeb Wong shi ka shuk; “Surname Wong family
ZR CER
Ly HH Ata
Vint 2+ BE
va 3h @ GE
school.” (In Penang Street, )
Li shi kun; © Surname Li house.” (In Love Lane.)
Tun fan kun; the Kong-si house of the people of
surname Miu. (In Penang Street.)
Ku shing ui kun, “The ancient city meeting
house”; this is the meeting-house of the people of
the fullowing four surnames Lau 23 Kwan fg
Cheung be and Chiu pie) The words ancient
city’ bear reference to the story of the “ Three
Kingdoms,” in which four notables of the above
surnames respectively adopted each other as bro-
thers. (In King Street.)
tts BE Neg fuk shu un “the five blessings college”; this
is the Kong-si house of the people coming from
the following twelve districts of the Quang-tung
(Canton) Province, viz., Nam Hoi Pa Pun-u
vey Tung kun i Ss Shun tak Nf
Heung shan LL can on re Sam shu
=k Chhung fa HEAL, Chang shang ver yy
Ung mun HEPA Chhing un TH te. Fa un
4b ih (In Chulia street.)
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 25
C. Tr-cHiv. Name romanized in Te-chiu sound,
#71 Fe)sj Hang kang kia bio, “ Han river family temple”;
so called after the name of a river near Swatow in
China.
D. KHEH or HAKKA. Names romanized in Kheh sound.
3a HE & BE Ka in fikwon ; ka in= ka ying chow, and ti kwon
means meeting-house. (In King Street.)
Ha BE Fi chiu ti kwon; fi chin = Wai chow. (In Prangin
Road.)
yeaa ais Chen liung kwon; chen stands for chen shang
Jer DN and liung stands for liung mun HE FA
(In King street.)
A} BE Yin shin kwon. This is an old Kong-si house of
the Kheh people. The name is simply a fancy
one. (In King Street.)
= Eat ip eae ; r oy te ete
IKK EE Yin thai kwon; yin stands for yin thiu ja
and thai stands for thai phu Abb (In Toa Aka
Lane, )
tt i & BE Chhung chhang fi kwon; chhung stands for
Chhuug fa FEAL and chhiang stands for chhiang
yieu Tei ie. In Prangin Rvad.)
(e) HAILAM. Names romanized in Hailam sound.
5. ||| & BE Keng chiu ui koan; keng chiu = kengchow. It is
also called thien ho kiong “Kg ee meaning
the Temple of the Queen of Heaven. (In Muntri
Street.)
234 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
fa &2 || Lan teng kok This is merely a fancy name. (In
Church Street.)
(f) SHANGHAI and NINGPO, Name romanized in Mandarin sound.
=IJLA San chiang kung so, “ Three chiang public-
house,’ the three chiangs (also pronounced kiang)
being che kiang Pry kiang-su YT tik and
kiang-si 77 py three provinces in North East
China.
A LIST OF SOME DISTRICT NAMES IN PENANG.
PAR ain owmne
Bakar Bata: /Mokkhien, Chui 4 io ff§(F 22 « Brick-
kiln.” |
Dato Kramat: //okhien, Si kham tiam PU Pe NE ‘TOUr
shops.” Cantonese, Si kan tin PU FB
Dhobi Ghaut: Mokkien, Sé po kio BEARS “ wasb-
ing clothes bridge.”
Jalan Bharu; Hokkien, Viong-|6' HH ee ‘middle road.”
Cantonese, Chung lo HH Pe
Kampong Bharu: /okdien, Toa chhit’ kha Thal yl
‘“ Big tree foot.”
Kebun Limau; Hokkien, Kam-a huju PH TF bal
“Orange plantation.” Cantonese, Kam chai un AH (Fel
Pulau Tikus; Hokkien, Phi luv ti kut ee
Rifle Range; Hokkien, Phah chheng po FT Bi
“Hiring gun field.”
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 235
Sepoy Lines: /okkien, Si pai po: Hae BERR si pai =
sepoy ; po’ = field.
Tarek Ayer ; Molhien, Gi chhia chii AE HF 7K “ Bul-
lock-cart water.” Cuntonese, Ngau chhe shui AEE IK
Titi Papan; Mokkien, Tiat kid thaa (fy FIA“ Sus-
pension bridge head.” Cantonese, Tin khiu thau fy 745 BA
Ujong Pasir, or Prangin: Sia bod mt He “town end.”
Cantonese, She me Fe
Part II. Up-country.
Some of the names are romanized in Kheh sound, as the
up-country districts are inhabited more by Khehs than Cantonese.
Ayer Itam: Molhien. A yiitam Hae TRI/K
Ayer Puteh: Avei, Kung sisan Ava] ill “ Kong-si
hill.”
Bagan Jermal : Hokkien, Oan to yeep “bay.”
Balik Pulau: /lokkien, Pha 16 ee Wis Kheh, San poi
yey ‘hill back,” i. e., the back of the Pentland Range.
The town is called Pho: Hf by the Hokkiens, and Tanjong by
the Khehs. Balik Pulau village is called Kung-si, or Bokkan,
which is a corruption of the Malay word ‘pekan,” and the
: > Z{—-
only street there is called fu lo kat chhong iF Nes ey BS
Balik Pulau Hill: Hokkien, Phau tai téng i) 38
“Fort top.” Aheh, Phau thoi tong KaG IB
Batu Ferringgi: Hotkien, Batu téng-gi ARE TT
Kheh, Ma tu tin yi AKG TJ ‘et
236 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Batu Itam: Hokkien Batu I-tam ACHE LR Kheh,
Chin kau lung 3ff He ‘Christian place,”
Batu Lanchang: Hokkien, Batu ban chiang JAG
Batu Uban: Hokkien, Batu ban ACCT
Bayan Lepas: Hokkien, Ma lak pai [PRUE
Bukit Penera: Nid téng 3AJ “hill-path top.”
Kheh, Au tang [NITA ‘valley tcp.”
Gelugur; Aheh, Liong hang hiau Rt “cold
stream mouth.”
Gertak Sanggul: Hokkien, Boé 6: Eaydl “last lake.”
Kheh, Bi fu Fe val
Ginting: Hokkien, Ban téng STH Kheh, Vun ting kok.
IA Vun ting is a corruption for “Ginting,” and kok means
corner,
Jalan Bharu: Hokkien, Sin 16:-that Ar RE OB “new
landing place.” Aheh, Sin tu thiau oh JE BA
Jelutong: Hokkien, Jit loh tong Ff Ye Vial
Pasir Blanda: Aheh, Chuk sa wi Ay ib [eal ‘¢ Bamboo
san enclosure.”
Pasir Panjang: /Hokkien, To& soa po: Tied ip S Bie
sand field.” Kheh, Thai sa pu Ke
Paya Trubong: Molkien, Td bong lai fA/5e Py td
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 237
bong is a corruption for Trubong, and lai means inside.
Permatang Pasir: Hokkien, Mang-gi kha See HE
“ Mangeis (mangosteen) foot.” Aheh, Sa kong Vb Ray “ sand
hill.”
Pondok Upil; Hokkien, O- piv yay Kheh, O bi
ize
Pulau Betong; Hokkien, Phi lo bit tong Ape 3 Via]
Kheh, Fu lo mit tong We Val
Relau: Hokkien, O- lai Tae “lake within” = inside
the lake. heh, (1) Fu lo wang vi Wis He (2) Lau kong
4E es ‘Old stream.”
Relau Hill: heh, Nga kong chhai AES ‘the hill
fortress.”
Sungei Ara: Aheh, Sin kong es ‘“new stream.”
Sungei Burong: Aheh, Sung kiau vu yiung.
Sungei Kluang: JAokkien, Bang kha Jan SS EN
=“ Pengkalan” which means “ landing place” in Malay.
Sungei Nibong: Azheh, Sung kiau li bong.
Sungei Pening: Azeh, Sung kiau pin long.
Sungei Pening: Hotkien Chia” chui king YR eves
Fresh water river.”
Sungei Rusa: Azheh, Sung kiau liu sa.
Sungei Teeram; Aokkien, Koé soa-a se LL TF
‘* Over the hill.”
238 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Tanjong Bunga: Hokkien, Koe soa" 5a “ Over
the hill,”
Tanjong Tokong: Hokkien, Pin that kong si 7K GH
Zrii ‘‘God’s islet.” Aheh, Hoi tsu tsz HEBER SE “ sea-pear!
monastery.”
Teluk Bahang: J/okkien, Lan chio hu? fra bse a]
«‘ Pepper plantation.”
Teluk Kumbar: Hokkien, Kong pa AXFY Kicd,
Kum pa.
ISLETS IN THE VICINITY OF PENANG.
Pulau Betong: Hokkien, Phu 16: bit tong Fp Rie a8 yal
Pulau Jerijak: (1) Hokkien, Pht 16: ji jiak FP Wis Gb Ax
Cantonese, Muk kau shan As web 1 ‘‘earthen-pot hill” = hil|
of the shape of an earthen pot. (2) Hokkien, Thai ko: sti TRA
By id ‘‘Lepers’ island,” called after the Lepers’ Hospital there.
Pulau Kra: Hokkien, di a iif (F- “islet.”
i vai Rimau: Hokkien, Ab--a st Retr ie “ tigers
island.
Pulau Tikus: (1) Hokkien, Péh si Eq ihe ‘“‘ white
island.” (2) Hokkien, Pha 16: kiet chi JE ,eAE TT Malay
“ Pulau Kechil” = small island.
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG. 239
A LIST OF NAMES OF SOME PLACES IN PROVINCE
WELLESLEY AND DINDINGS.
Province Wellesley: Hokhicn, Koe kang sha ves
“over the harbour.”
Ara Kuda: /okkien, A-lah xi-ta Ae fl) ay
Ara Rendang: A-lah lang He fl) lS
Aur Gading:: Hokkien, Song-kai loa HEE Ye, i Sungai
dua.
Bagan Ajam: “Hokkien, Chiu ong ia thaa Jj -F RR 3A
“Chiu god head”’—the place where the god is whose name is
Chiu.
Bagan Dalam: Avieh, Fo shui chbong ZK KR “ Ke-
rosine oil tank.”
Bagan Lalang: J//okbien, Si-kak huin [JU i fii]
“square plantation.”
Bagan Luar: Hokkien, Bang lat Bes ‘ net-houses ”
== fishing houses.
Bagan Tuan Kechil: Hokkien, Chin 16--thaa AH RS OG
‘‘ vessel landing place.”
Bukit Mertajam: Wolhien, Toa soa" kha FQyL JHE
“ Big hill foot.” Aheh, Thai san kiok FQ] HEM
Bukit Minyak: Holkien, Tam-ma (Damar) soa” BRA
a “Damar hill.” Aveh, Pa ma_ san FE Ditty
Bukit Seraya: Hokkien, Sin pa 7 apa ‘new forest.”
Kheh, Shin pa #)p HH
Bukit Tambun: AHokkien, Tambun RUZ Kheh,
Tam mun PRIX
240 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Bukit Tengah: Hokkien, Bukit téng-ga Ee Ep
Kheh, Vu tsz teng-a = a
Butterworth: Hokkien, Pak hai At ez “ north sea.”
Cherok Tokun: Hokkien Tok-kun to: 7S Al HL Kheh.
Tokun tu 7 LA
Jalan Bharu: Hokkien, Sin 16:-that hr RZ Ba “new
landing place.” Avheh, Sin thu thiau pr DE BH
Juru: Hokkien, Gili Agif Aheh, Ngi fu SEF
Kapala Batas: Hokkien, Pa-la ba-tai
Kubang Semang: Hokkien, Ko-pa sam-bang jSy
= Kheh, Thai ng tham KA ‘‘ Bio fish pond.”
Lahar Ikan Mati: Hokkien, Ikan mati.
Machang Buboh: Hokkien, Pa-sia to ELSAHE
Kheh, Ta siak tu FP BAL
Maklom : (1) Hokkien, Sin hai® #y [x] “new plantation.”
(2) Hokkien, Pa-tang (Batang) bod ES, A Se ‘“ Batang end.”
Mengkuang: Hokkien, Mang kuang. Kheh, Mang kang
Nibong Tebal: Hokkien, Ko ien =9)-| ‘“ Krian.” Kheh,
Kow yen.
Padang Manora: Hokkien, Jara.
Pagar Tras: Hokkien, “ Pa-sia t0- seng-tiz wpe hee
ait the holy church at Machang Buboh. Kheh, “Ta siak tue
shin thong FTA ee
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG 241
Parit Buntar: Bee. (1) Sin ba lai pr Axle Seen
station.” (2) Bin ta CHE
Penaga : Hokkien, Pin nd ga AX YF
Permatang Bandahari : Hokkien, Ba tang hali AAA
Permatang Pasir: Hokkien, Batang Pasir; “heh,
Matang Pasir. , 7
Permatang Pau /othien, Batang Po ARAVA Kheh,
Matang pu Nis EAA
Yoko Brangan ; Molkien, Leng chiitiam Ys 9X JB “cold
drink shop.” Aheh, Liorg shui tiam ay The
Sempang Ampat; Sin pang Am pat MMAR
Sungei Bakap ; Hokkien, Jitu" 15h “ Jawi.’ Kheh
Yan ji.
Sungei Derhaka: J//okkien, Sungei laka. Aheh, Sa
kong mui “ ha] Fe “sand hill end.”
Sungei Rambai: Hokkien, Kang kha HVS “river
foot.” Aheh, Kong ha Ex [N ‘river below.”
Tasek: (heh, Pa seh.
Tebing Tinggi: Hokkien, Soa™-a LL fF ‘small hill.”
Dindings: Hokkien, Kai si Fu ‘‘ nine islands.”
Kheh, Kau chi liu J{,F-3Hf “nine links.”
Bruas: Hokkien, Jit loh sa H yz ib
Lumut: Hokkien, Ang thé: kham RAMs “red earth
cliff.” Cantonese, Hung hom STAG
Pangkor: Holklien, Pang ko BZA
242 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
INDEX OF THE STREETS.
A kui ke
A-phien kong-si ke
A-ia i-tam 16-
A ék to-lain
Ang mo: Jo:
Ang mo: ki thiony
Ang mo: oh chéng
Ang mo: sin thiong
Ban an tai
Ban Tek hong 16:
Bang-ka-li hang
Batu Gantong
Béng hi tai
Béng san 1|6:-that
Chap chhit keng
Chap-ji keng
Chap kenge chhi
Che-ti ke
Chha kang ke
Chha 16:-thau
Chha tia”
Chha tia” at
Chhat bok ke
Chhaui-po: hai-ki" ]o-
Chhéng iok keng
Chiu léng 16--that
Gi-hin ke
Gi-hin-ke 16:-thau
Gi-hok ke
Goa koan
Ah Quee Street
King Street
Ayer Itam Road
Waterfall Road
Northam Road or
Street
Northam Road
Farquhar Street
Western Road -
Kulim Lane
Sungei Ujong
Argyle Road
Scotland Road
Kulim Lane
China Street Ghaut
Chulia Lane
Queen Street
Carnarvon Street
Penang Street
Bishop Street
Chulia Street Ghaut
Maxwell Road
Tek Soon Street
Bishop Street
Esplanade Road
Magazine
Church Street Ghaut
Church Street
Church Street Ghaut
Rope Walk
Downing Street
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Go: pha teng
Ga chhia ke
Gi chhia chii
Ga kan-tang
Har ki® sin 16°
Hiang-kang |o-
H6: chio tia”
H6: seng kong-si ke
Hoan-a hi-hui" ke
Hoan-a thidne
Hoé chhia 1s:
Hong chhia 13:
Hii chiu kong-si ke
Ia kha
Gia-lan a-teng
Ji 6ng chhii 16:
Jit-loh-tong 16:
Jit-ptin ke
Kam-a hat
Kam-kong lai
Kam-kong-lai hoai® 16:
Kam kong ma-lak-ka
Kang-d khatt .
Kati keng chhi
Kati keng chhi aii
Kéng kii ke
Khai Héng Bi 1o-
Khai Héng Bi bi-ka
Ki-lin ho:
Kiam ha-a hang
Kiam ht tia?
Kien goan ke
Kiet-léng-a ban san
Kiet-léng-a ke
Kiet-léng-a ke 16--that
Koai® lati-a
Koai® lat-a 10--that
Koan-a kak
Koan im téng aii
Magazine
Prangin Road
Burmah Road
Chulia Street
_ Weld Quay
Hong Kong Street
Sungei Ujong
King Street
Kwala Kangsa Road
Carnarvon Street
Gladstone Road
Brickkiln Road
Prangin Road
Pitt Street
Hutton Lane
Residency Road
Jelutong Road
Cintra Street
Dato Kramat Road
Carnarvon Lane
Toa aka Lane-
Kedah Road
Beach Street
Penang Street
King Street
Keng Kwee Street
Prangin Road
Maxwell Road
Green Hall
Fish Lane
Prangin Lane
Armenian Street
243 -
Chowrasta Road or Tamil Stree
King Street or Chulia Street
Chulia Street Ghaut
Acheen Street
Acheen Street Ghaut
R. C. O. Front
Stewart Lane
244
Koan im téng chéng
Koe kang-a
Koé kang-a sin 16:
Koe kang-a té tt tian 16°
Koe kang-a té ji tiat 16:
Koe kang-a té sa” tiat 16°
Koe kane-a té si tiat 160:
Koe kang-a té go: tiat 16:
Koé kang-a té lak tiat lo
Koe kang-a té chhit tiat lo:
Koé kang-a té peh tiat lo:
Koé kang-a té kati tiat 6:
Kong hok ki hang
Ku Ho Hap sia ke
Ka Ho-seng kong-si ke
Ka kha khu
Kui-tang ke
Kui-tang toa peh kong
Lak chhé 16:
Lam chhan-a
Lam hoa i ™ ke
Lang chhia teng pai koan
Léng chiak chhu chéng
Lién hoa ho:
Liong san tong lai
L6:-lin ke
Li-song Ié-pai-tY chéne
Ma kau ke
Mr soa® ke
Oan that-a
Oan-to: 16:
Pak kan lai
Pa sat ke
Pang long -
Peng pang 10°
Phah chidh ke
Phah chidh ke !6:-that
Phah phat ke
Phah soh hanz
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG,
Pitt Street
Bridge Street
MacNair Road
Magazine Road
Noordin Street
Presgrave Street
Thye Sin Street
MacCallum Street
Katz Street
Cecil Street
Heriot Street
Sandilands Road
Market Lane
Queen Street
King Street
Penang Road
Penang Street
King Street
Magazine
Carnarvon Street
Muntri Street
Penang Road
Penang Road
Farquhar Street
Cannon Square
Chulia Street
Bishop Street
Penang Street
Kimberley Street
Prangin Road
Bagan Jermal Road
Che Em Lane
Market Street
Bridge Street
Rarrack Road
Acheen Street
Acheen Street Ghaut
Cintra Street
Kimberley Street or Rope Walk
CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Phah tang ke
Phah thih ke
Phah thih ke hang-.
Phi chun 16:
Pia” chhii 10°
Po lé ati
Po lé khati
Pun that kong haug
Puin that kong hang 16:-that
Si” Ta" kong-si ke
si Tan kong-si ke
Sr Tr kong-si ke
Sr Tiu" kong-si ke
Séng hone bio |o:
Sek-lan-ni hang
Sek-lan-ni lé-pai-ty aii hang-a
Sek-lan-ni 6h chéng
Si-kak chi
Sikbam tiam
sia boé
Siane hé chhi chéng
Sin ban-san
Sin hai-lam kone-si ke
Sin hi-tai
Sin ke
Sin ke hoai® ke
Sin-ke that
Sin toa-miai"-lati
Soa" that ke
Stn-tek kong-si ke
Tai jin koan
Te-chiu ke
Te-chiu kong-si at
Tek Stn chhu pi ke
Tek sin 16:
Thai gu hang (or thai gu ai)
Thai gi hang !6:-thaa
Thai ko hang
That tiat 16:
Tho: kho: (or that kho-) ke
Armenian Street
Beach Street
Toa Aka Lane
Phee Choon Lane
Hospital Road
Union Street
Light Street
Armenian Street
Armenian Street Ghaut
Chulia Street Ghaut
Seh Tan Court
Kimberley Street
Carnarvon Street
Bridge Street
Love Lane or Muntri Street
Argus Lane
Farquhar Street
Carnarvon Street
Dato Kramat Road
Beach Street (Ujong Pasir)
Leith Street
Market Street Ghaut
Muntri Street
Drury Lane
Campbell Street
Cintra Street
Buckingham Street
Campbell Street
Kimberley Street
Bishop Street
Downing Street
Kimberley Street
Rite Lane
Transfer Road
Tek Soon Street
Malay Street
Malay Street Ghaut
Muda Lane
Magazine Road
Beach Street
245
246 CHINESE NAMES OF STREETS IN PENANG.
Tiat. ki6 than
Tiat: lang ke
Tiong ke
Tiong 16:
Toa ba-lai
Toa chhai hui” lo:
Toa chhéng khang
Toa chui chi"
Toa ke
Toa ke 16:-that
Toa 10: ati
Toa mui? lat
Toa-miui®-lau hoai® ke
Toa mii lati lai
Toan 16°-sin
Toan pa-li
Penang Road (Titi Papan)
Penang Road
Beach Street
MacAlister Road
Pitt Street
Race Course Road
Cannon Street
Chulia Street Ghaut or Pitt Street
China Street
China Street Ghaut
Perak Road
Chulia Street
Carnarvon Street
Sek Chuan Lane
Beach Street
Green Hall
THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE, 247
The Orang Laut of Singapore.
“ We tack not now to a Gallang Prow.” Kipling.
At the time of the occupation of Singapore by the British,
there were living on the island, then densely afforested, one or
two races of natives, known as the Orang Kallang and Orang
Selitar. The former of these lived on the river of the same
name, tbe latter along the rivers of the Johore Strait. Some
accounts of these two tribes was published by Logan in Vol. i. of
Logan’s Journal in 1847, and illustrated by outlines of heads,
The Kallangs were removed by the Tumunggong of Johore
from the Kallang river to Pulai River when the island was
ceded to Britain. They formerly consisted of 100 families, but
in 1847 the small pox bad reduced them to eight. They were
said to have lived exclusively in boats, neither building huts nor
cultivating any plants. Their language at that time appears to
have been Malay, and neither Mr. Logan nor Mr. ‘Thomson
who described the Orang Selitar were able to elicit any words
of their original language. Of these races it is not easy now to
find any traces, as they have become amalgamated with the
Malays, adopting not only their language but also their customs
and religion. Lately however the authors of this pote visited
Kampong Roko, on the Kalang river, and made an attempt to
collect what information was procurable concerning this inter-
esting people. They were accompanied by Mr. R. H. Yapp (of
the Cambridge expedition) who took photographs of some of the
older men who were stated to be of this race. Kampong Roko
itself isa Malay village of the ordinary type, builton a mud
bank of the Kalang river and containing a very mixed popu-
lation. The natives have for many years employed themselves
in fishing and in preparing Nipah leaves for cigarettes- wrappers,
so that the ground is covered fora considerable depth with a
dense mass of waste fragments of leaves. We visited the vil-
lage on Nov. 12th, and sought out the oldest inhabitants, the
Batin Jenang, and an old man named Rabu, together with one
or two others, and spent a long time with them in endeavours to
248 THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE.
obtain information as to the language, traditions, etc., of the Ka-
langs, but they seemed to have forgotten most of the language,
and but little information could be obtained, though what was
obtained was of considerable interest. They affirmed that they
were Orang Daik (Malay) from Lingga, and stated that there
were at least eight tribes who used to visit this district, and
were mostly pirates. They were the
Orang ‘tambus Orang Sekanak
Orang Mantang Orang Barok
Orang Galang Orang Moro-
Orang Pusek (or Persik) Orang Sugi
The first two always lived in boats, having no fixed habita-
tions, and were not piratical. The rest were all bad rirates,
who lived on various islands and travelled as far as Siam and
Cochin China on piratical expeditions. In the time of Sultan
Mahmud, Raja Lang was the chief cf the Galangs, and Orang
Kaya Mepar (Che Muntel) was chief of the Baroks, and his grand-
son is now head. ‘hey have a village at Singkep, or as one of
the men said, on Lingga. The Persiks now live at Pulau Persik
between Retik and Daik. They had a Batin as chief, but no Jen-
ang. The Orang Tambus now live ina village in Silat Durian,
among the Riau islands. They had a Batin only. The Orang
Mantang lived on Pulau Mantang and were very numerous. They
hada Batin. The Orang Galang lived mostly in Pulau Karas, in
the Riau Archipelago, and had a Batin only. The Orang Sekanak
lived on an island between Pulau Retik and Pulau Daik. The Orang
Sugi live near Sulit, in Riau, and had a Batin. The Orang Moro
lived in Pulau Moro, near Pulau Sugi; but they were also said to
belong to the Orang Daik. It should be noted that among the
Sakai tribes of the Peninsula, the Batin is usually if not invariably
considered as the superior of the Jenang. Here however at
Kampong Roko it was stated quite positively that the Jenang was
the higher official.
The following non-Malay words were obtained from these ©
men:
Koyok, a dog. Used by all the above mentioned tribes.
Kiyan, come, come here (lit. thither) cf. Belandas tribe Chan.
Kiyun, go away (lit. hither) cf. Belandas Chun.
THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE. 249
Kiyoh, far off.
Sika, come here, e.g., Sika makan come here and eat.
The following words are probably all of Malay origin:
Jengkeng or bidah, a boat (sampan or koleh).
Lanchang, a sailing vessel.
O-neh or O-ne, friend or comrade, used in addressing other mem-
bers of the tribe whether young cr old, e.g., O-neh Nan
Kamana? Where are you going, friend? ‘The O in Oneh
may be merely interjectional.
Diko =engkau, also used in addressing other tribesmen, but
less polite or less friendly than O-ne.
Pohon was used instead of Poko, tree, as on the Kast
Coast and elsewhere.
The pronunciation was said to be peculiar, thus: s was pro-
nounced like a soft z,e.¢., Nazi for Nasi; r like h, e.g., Parang
for Pahang; k like kh,e.g., Khain for Kain; Khakhi for Kak.
Too much stress however must not be laid upon these ex-
amples of pronunciation, as although what was heard is faith-
fully recorded, the personal equation enters too largely into this
sort of questions for them to be accepted without repeated
checkings. A Sakai, for instance, will occasionally pronounce
one and the same word in two distinct ways, probably through
nervousness at being questioned by an European.
Slight as these traces are, if taken in conjunction with the
important fact that the constitution of these tribes corresponds
fairly closely to that of Sakais (as is shown by the Sakai names
of the chiefs) they appear to suggest the theory that the Sea-
gypsies of Singapore owe their origin largely from Sakai hill-
tribes in the Riau-Lingga Archipelago; that these, whether
through pressure of the Malay immigration or from other causes,
took to the sea, and reinforced probably by more than a sprink-
ling of mere Malay adventurers, developed into the famous
piratical race which under the generic name of Orang Laut
became for a space the terror of all who sailed these Eastern seas.
Such an evolution of one of the mildest mannered and most
timid races of the earth would certainly appear unaccountable,
but if it is to be rejected, it involves us in still greater difficulties.
The evidences may be briefly enumerated as follows.
(1.) ‘The constitution of the tribe under Jinang and Batin.
32
250 THE ORANG LAUT OF SINGAPORE.
(2). The use of undoubted Sakai words; of these Koyok
Kiyan, and Kiyun are all words allied to those used by the
Belandas tribe in Selangor. |
(3.) The Sakai ‘ terumba” or racial records as preserved
by the Besisi tribe in the Kwala Langat district (Selangor),
which explicitly state that the ancestors of the original tribe
descended to the sea and became sea-folk (/urun kalaut jadi
raiat laut) and that the sea-folk became pirates (Raiat laut jadi
Bajau).
Further investigations when opportunities occur may supply
more extensive information as to these wild tribes, now so near-
ly vanished. The foregoing notes, incomplete as they are, show
that there are still some records worth the attention of any who
have the chance of studying the race, and research in the district
of Selitar and Pandan, where the tribe, as late as 18147, were in
a very primitive state of civilisation, and in the Carimons, and»
neighbouring islands, may throw more light on the history and
relationship of the Orang Laut.
W. W. Skeat.
HH. N. hidley:
Cases of Lightning Discharge.
By G. E. V. THOMAS, A.M.I.C.E.
Communicated by A. N. Ridley.
The study of lightning phenomena is of great interest and
importance, and as the conditions which obtain in Malaya are ex-
tremely favourable for the observation of such phenomena, as re-
gards the frequency and violence of thunder storms, it is some-
what surprising to find that the accounts so far available are few.
Those here given are of interest as being descriptive of unusual
effects.
In well-marked cases of the destructive effect of lightning
on trees, the tree struck is completely shattered. Such instances
are familiar, probably because they are immediately apparent as
the result of a severe storm; but the gradual decay and death
of a number of trees in the vicinity of one struck, which would
seem to be a frequent after-effect, is a form of damage which, as
far as the writer can ascertain, has not previously been noted.
The following account, from the diary of Mr. H. N. Ridley,
Director of Gardens and Forests, 8. 8., describes such an effect,
which occurred in a coco-nat plantation in Singapore.
“May 3rd 1898. Visited Siglap and saw a place where, more
than a month previously, a tree was struck by a tremendovs
flash. [rom this tree in a semicircle (there being none on the
outer side) eleven more treesdied. The deaths appeared to radi-
ate out from struck tree gradually. Three were still standing ;
they bore young fruit and flowers, but the whole of the foliage
looked as if burnt. One was still alive and putting up a fresh
leaf. One, covered with fungi, had been dead sometime. Why
this progressive death? Inspector tells me he saw a similar
case where, some time after the death of coco-nuts, some mango-
steen trees withered away in like manner.
A similar instance recently occurred in the Botanical Gar-
- dens, Singapore, and was brought to the writer’s notice by the
252 CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE.
same observer. In this case two trees (Hrythrina and Detarium)
appeared to have been struck simultaneously. Though the da-
mage apparent was very slight and confined to the bark, decay
began in the Hrythrina within ten days. Another Lrythrina ad-
joining died soon after, but the Detarium was unhurt. Another
example occurred on Government Hill, when a sugar palm was
struck (May 2nd, 1869). The writer saw the tree two hours
afterwards and obtained the following account from a native
eye-witness. ‘About half past one there was a single peal of
thunder, very near, but I saw no flash, only a general glare.
Less than one minute afterwards smoke came from the tree
and then flames, about half way up the trunk. The fire went
up very quickly and I ordered the tree to be cut down.”
When the writer saw the tree, the fibrous material which covers
these palms was stiJl smouldering, but the closest examination
failed to reveal any traces of damage other than that caused by
fire, and the surrounding trees were quite unhurt. Three months
afterwards, however, the similar palms in a radius of twelve or
fifteen feet from that struck were completely dead.
A remarkable point in this instance is that although the
palm struck was over sixty feet in height, and surrounded by
others even taller, the flash should have struck it in the middle.
Mr. Ridley has noted a similar case in which an explosion took
place in the fork of a Rambutan tree only six feet above the
ground between the base of the fork and a birds-nest fern, and
set fire to the roots of the fern. There was no damage done to
this tree except from burns, but a chicken at its lase was killed.
The first of the following accounts, furnished by Mr. A.
Knight, is of particular interest, as the phenomena noted were of
an unusual kind and did not occur during a storm. Mr. Knight
writes :— On the 12th September, 1898, I was driving home
from town, and when in the lower part of River Valley Road I
saw a flash in front, and there was a loud report which made my
pony start forward, On reaching my house, Grassdale, I found
that the ladies of my household had been much startled. by the
explosion. ‘Two of them had been near the entrance, standing
facing towards town, while two others were walking from the
direction of town and were about a third of a mile from the
house. To the former two a flame-coloured flash seemed to fall
CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE. 253
in front of them; to the latter two a bright light seemed to be
thrown in their faces and the loud report was instantaneous.
These two afterwards detected a sulphurous smell, and all felt
a sensation like an electric shock. There had been some distant
thunder anil rain shortly after noon. It had afterwards been
bright but stormy looking ; and though clouds were gathering in
the evening, there was at that time no thunder or lightning.
Shortly afterwards there was heavy thunder near, followed by
a copious shower. A. K.”
Mr. Knight’s second account also describes a form of dis-
charge about which very little is known. It is unfortunate that
no photograph was obtained, as it would seem from comments
in a recent electrical journal that no photograph ever has been
obtained of this phenomenon, and it has been customary to dis-
credit statements as to its appearance. Mr. Knight’s note differs
from the more usual accounts, in which the ball of fire is said to
run about before bursting, but is closely analogous to a case
quoted by Dr. Oliver Lodge,* in which however the ball
is described as of a reddish yellow colour, changing to
vivid white. Mr. Knight’s account is as follows :—* On the 14th
October, 1898, there was a very severe thunder squall—strong
wind, violent rain and much thunder, not very distant. It came
on suddenly, about 7 p.m., as we were going down to dinner ;
and as I was about to take my seat at the end of the table, facing
the back of the house, I saw an explosion in the air, like that
of a fireball or bomb, probably four or five feet above the ground,
and there was a loud bang. ‘The light appeared greenish white.
There is no doubt that it was in the back garden, as it was
located there by some neighbours whose line of sight was at
right angles with mine.”
Mr. Ridley reports also the two following cases of globular
lightning, differing from that of Mr. Knight in that the pheno-
mena occurred outside the storm. ‘Some few years ago, I was
sitting in my verandah, about 7 p.m ; it was quite dark, and there
was a thunderstorm going on over the Economic Garden. Sud-
denly there was an intensely brilliant flash and instantaneous
explosion close to the house. My back was towards the garden,
* Lightning Conductors and Lightning Guards. Prof. O. J. Lodge,
254 CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE.
so that I only saw the reflection of the light. Mr. Feilding
was at the time passing along the road below the hill on which
my house stands, when he saw a ball of fire descend in a curve,
slowly, about 50 yards from the house, close to the ground,
between him and the house. It appeared to explode with a
tremendous noise. Careful examination of the grass where the
ball fell showed no trace of burning or other mark. Simal-
taneously with this phenomenon, a large tree (Jrvinia) in the
Economic Garden was struck by lightning, but hardly injured.
This stroke was the last flash of the storm.” ;
(2) ‘A thunderstorm was taking place over the Bukit
Timah Road, beyond the Economic Garden, one Sunday about
two years ago, at between one and two p.m. The sky was
bright, but not cloudless, and the sun brilliant over my house,
and I went out onthe lawn to look at the distant storm to the
North. I sawa zigzag flash apparently about three-quarters of a
mile away, and, almost absolutely simultaneously, a peal of
thunder came from behind me, and behind the house to the west.
I saw nothing to account for this, but Mr. Robertson-Glasgow,
who was sitting in a room facing west, saw a luminous body,
not; ball-shaped, though more or less rounded, moving in a
downward curve to the South, till it disappeared behind some
trees, and was followed by the thunder. It was less bright
than the sunlight.”
The only local cases of damage to buildings reported are
those at the Cape Rachado and Muka Head Lighthouses. The
writer was fortunately able to inspect the former not long after —
the occurrence, and found it to be an interesting example of side
flash, a discharge having left the very fine ‘“ Lightning Rod
Conference” copper conductor at a bend and made sundry holes
in solid masonry walls, traversing two rooms and finally being
dissipated over the sheet of rain water collected in a courtyard.
The Lightkeeper’s report shows that in this case the ‘ expen-
diture of observers” deprecated by Dr. Lodge, nearly occurred,
_as the matting under two low wooden beds, on which some of
the lighthouse attendants were lying at the time, was torn to
pieces. The report. concludes :—-“ In that time Serang, Tindal
and two Lascars is inside the room grate of the Almighty
pity there had not been anything happen.”
CASES OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE. 255
The Muka Head case ( October 9th, 1897, ) affords another
example of the inefficacy of the old-fashioned single conductor,
which was supposed to protect a building of any size if only it
were high enough, and had nicely sharpened points and an earth
resistance measuring a fraction of anohm. [rom the interes-
ting report by Mr. Wills,* the Lighthouse keeper, it would seem
that a Hash struck the conductor, leaving evidence by tearing
off a gunmetal brace about half way up. The discharge then left
the heavy copper rod and proceeded to earth by a thin telephone
earth wire, thirty feet of which was completely deflagrated.
From some further reports collected by the writer, it would
seem that Penang Hill would form an excellent site for obser-
vation, as the disturbances noted by the Signal Sergeant
stationed there are exceptionally freakful and violent. He
states that in April, 1898, a telegraph pole was cut in half
horizontally as if it were sawed off.” The telegraph wire was
also cut in three or four places and three insulators broken. On
another occasion, a discharge passed through a large earthen-
ware jar, making one hole of several inches in diameter, and a
second of less than one inch, and finally excavating part of the
floor near the jar.
An attempt to explain the conditions which serve to bring
about results like these is not within the scope of the present
notes, but the writer may, perhaps, be permitted to invite
further lightning notes, accompanied where possible by photo-
graphs, Such records are of the greatest possible assistance in
promoting the general knowledge of a series of phenomena
about which there is still muck to be discovered. |
G. EH. V. Thomas.
*Kindly furnished by Mr. O. V. Thomas, Acting J. Supt. Govt.
Telegraphs, Penang.
Notes from the Sarawak Museum.
ON A REMARKABLE DIPTEROUS LARVA.
During a recent visit to Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak, I found
in sand beneath some overhanging cliffs numerous small pit-falls
exactly like those made by the ant-lion; some of these when
examined were found to contain a curious worm-like larva which
has since proved to belong to a fly of the genus Vermileo, family
Leptide. The body consists of 11 segments, into the first of .
which the head can be completely retracted, five annuli can
plainly be distinguished on segments 2, 3, and 4, but are less well
marked on the others; the 10th consists only of three. The
middle annulus of the fourth segment bears on the ventral surface
a fleshy knob (abdominal pseudopod) which is surmounted by a
small semicircular chitinous comb longitudinally placed; the
eighthsegment ventrally bearsa median tuft of setee, and a fringe
cf similar setee marks the posterior border of the 9th segment, this
also carries on its ventral surface 2 median setigerous papille.
The 10th segment, which is set at somewhat of an angle to the
9th, bears on the dorsal surface at its anterior border a fringe
of very strong sete directel backwards. The 11th and last
segment terminates in four finger-like processes clothed with
delicate hairs, the anus opens on its ventral, two stigmata on its
dorsal surface. The last three segments are markedly larger
than any of the preceding ones. The larva burrows into the
sand head first, until completely buried, and then proceeds to
form its pit-fall in the following manner: the more deeply
buried tail-end acting as a fixed point, the anterior half of
the body is curved about in all directions, each curving
motion being followed by a rapid straightening out, which jerks
the sand away for some little distance ; since the tail is fixed, the
result of many of these motions is to produce a circular repres-
sion with sloping sides; at the bottom of this lies the larva, ven-
tral surface uppermost, the posterior half of the body still buried,
the anterior half exposed and straightened out. If now an ant
is introduced into the pit-fall, the exposed part of the larva sud-
denly curls up in a spiral coil, the prey being generally included
NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 25%
in the coil and impaled by pressure on the chitinous comb of the
4th segment; a hold is then gained with the mouth, an] after a
few minutes, with a rapid sinuous motion, the larva straightens
out and disappears below the sand, carrying its prey with it. If
the larva is not successful in catching its prey the first time, it _
flings sand about in all directions by rapid switching movements, ~
and the victim, unable to obtain a foothold on the ‘sliding sides
of the pit-fall, falis down to the bottom; or occasionally the
larva actually strikes like a snake at the victim as it endeavours
to escape from the toils, indeed many of the actions of this larva
are quite snake-like, and an ant enclosed in one of its coils re-
minds one of nothing so much as of a small mammal in the grasp
of a python. Occasionally the prey seems somewhat out of
proportion to the larva, but by means of the numerous setz on
the large posterior segments a very firm grip is obtained in the
sand, and | have never yet seen an insect of moderate size make
good his escape after having been once seized. I brought down
to Kuching alive several of these larve, and one or two pupa-
ted ; shortly before pupation, the larva leaves its pit-fall and lies
close to the surface of the san], though completely covered;
the anterior se7ments become much swollen and retracted, un-
til the integument bursts, revealing beneath the brownish pupa ;
by some convulsive movements the whole pupa now appears at the
surface, the larval skin being slowly shuffled off backwards, but
never becoming entirely freed, so that the posterior end of the
pupa always presents a somewhat ragged appearance. Unfor-
tunately the heat of Kuching proved too much for these pupe,
and none came to maturity, but shrivelled up; some Leptid_ flies
which I obtained on Penrissen are, however, I am sure, the
adult stage.
ON A MALE SPECIMEN OF PURLISA GIGANTEUS DIST.
A specimen of this handsome Lyceenid butterfly was described
and figured by Distant in his Rhopalocera Malayana (p. 250. Tab.
XXI. fig, 28. 1885), but the sex was not stated either in this or
in two previous descriptions (Distant, Hut. Month. Mag. Vol.
XVII. p. 245, 1881, and Waterhouse, Aid. Vol. I. pl. XLVI,
1882), and de Nicéville in his ‘‘ Butterflies of India,” Vol. iii. p.
2
vO
258 NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM,
385, writes :—‘* 1 have not seen this species. The sex of the
specimens described is not stated, and it would be hazardous
even to guess from the figures and descriptions what sex they
may be.”
With the capture of an undoubted male specimen on Mt.
Matang, Sarawak, at an elevation of 3,500 feet, in March of last
year, | am enabled to state with absolute certainty that Distant
described a female, and as the male sex has never been described
T now append a short account of it.
Upperside; forewing as in the female, hind-wing with the
dark fuscous area much smaller, commencing as a narrow band
at the external angle it rapidly narrows to a thin marginal line;
costal area grey; underside rather paler than in the female.
The inner margin of the hind-wing just interior to the sub-
median nervure is shortly folded opposite the abdomen, the fold —
containing numerous long scent-hairs. This sexual ebaracter
though common enough in the Nymphalide and Papilionide, is
only met with, amongst the Oriental Lyczenide, in the genus
Simiskina. The neuration of both sexes is identical. Mr. H. H.
Druce has already recorded this species from Borneo in a paper
on the Lyceenide of the island (P. Z. S., 1895, p. 602), but his
specimen was a female.
ON THE FEMALE OF DODONA ELVIRA STAUD.
The male of Dodona Elvira was described by Staudinger in
* Iris, ” Vol. IX. p. 239, pl. V, fig. 6, (1896), together with many
other new Bornean species. Females of this species are ex-
tremely rare, for though I have caught over one hundred males,
I have only been able to secure one female; as. that sex has
never been described, I do so willingly here :—Larger than male.
Uppersiae ochreous; forewing with base broadly shaded with
fuscous, a black spot or costal margin continuous with a fuscous
discal fascia, a short line of the same colour, closing the cell and
almost fused with the discal fascia. Another black spot on the
costal margin, continuous witha very pale fuscous fascia, apex and
external margin broadly bordered with black. The border
containing some obsolescent, ochreous, submarginal spots. Hind-
wing as in the male. Underside ground-colour more rufous
NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 259
The fascias are white, tinged with cchreous, instead of silvery,
and fascia No, 4 on the forewing is very broad, fusing with the
white litura which in the male occurs at the base of the second
median interspace. Expanse 48 mm. Matang, 3,000 feet.
June 1897.
ON THE SYSTEM OF. CATALOGUING ADOPTED IN THE
SARAWAK MUSEUM
In the year 1874 an American, Mr. Melvill Dewey, invented
and published a system for classifying and cataloguing scienti-
fic and other literature by means of employing decimal numbers,
this system is known as the Dewey Decimal System. Curiously
enough it has received but a small amount of attention in Eng-
land and her dependencies, a most astonishing fact when one
compares its perfect method and simplicity with the systems
now in vogue in the majority of large home and colonial libra-
ries. Mr. Dewey is in short the Bertillon of scientific catalogu-
ing, less fortunate than his distinguished prototype, inasmuch
as he has still to receive a wide-spread recognition.
The system consists of dividing the subjects, on which
literature has been produced, into groups; to each group a
number is assigned: each group is subdivided and each sub-
division is characterised by a decimal number, following the
group number. ‘Thus, under such a number as 600 would be
found all works dealing with Geography ; a subdivision of this,
Europe, would have the number 600.1; Asia, 600.2, etc. The
countries making up these main divisions would again have a
number—England 600.11, Scotland 600.12, Ireland 600.13,
etc., etc., whilst still greater subdivision can be provided for by
the addition of another decimal, thus :—Bedfordshire 600.11.1.
Naturally enough countless modifications of this system have
been suggested and tried.
On contemplating the somewhat chaotic system, or rather,
lack of system, employed in cataloguing the zoological speci-
mens in the Sarawak Museum, it seemed to me advisable to re-
catalogue the collections by means of a modification of the
Dewey Decimal System. Each class of animals was marked with
a letter :—Mammals, A. Birds, B. Reptiles, C. Amphibia, D.
Fishes, E. Each family of these classes was numbered in order
260 NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM.
1, 2, 3, ete., each genus with a decimal number following the
family number, each species with another decimal number follow-
ing that of the genus. Let me illustrate this with an example
taken from the catalogue of Fishes.
Class Pisces = I
Order 1. Plagiostomata
Sub-order. Selachoidei
Fam. Carchariide = E 1
Genus Carcharias = E 1.1
Species laticaundus = EH 1.1.1
with specimens a. b. c. d.
Species acutus = EH 1.1.2.
with specimens a. b. c. d., ete.
Fam. Lamnide = E 2
Genus Lamna = E 2.1.
and so on. }
By this means all necessity of check lists, registers and double
entries is obviated; a glance at the catalogue reveals the num-
ber of specimens of any given species in the collection, the num-
ber of duplicates (f any), the desiderata, the number of species
in a genus, of genera in a family, whilst the labels of the indivi-
dual specimens with numbers corresponding to the catalogue
numbers are equally eloquent.
; In cataloguing zoological or botanical specimens by this
decimal system, one meets with a difficulty which does not occur
in cataloguing literature, since literature can be grouped under
subject-headings which always remain constant, such as Geo-
graphy, Geology, Meteorology, etc.; but every biologist knows
that new species, new genera, even new families are constantly
being created by the systematist, either from newly discovered
forms or by the splitting up of old assemblages (for example
the Eastern members.of the genus Sciurus have been recently
divided by Mr. Oldfield Thomas into five genera), all of which
necessitates the interpolation of new catalogue numbers into the
pre-existing series, and I must confess that, as yest, 1 have been
unable to evolve a perfectly satisfactory means of coping with
this difficulty. New species may generally be readily disposed of
by being added on to those already catalogued, but new genera
can not be so treated, since, by so doing, they may be separated
NOTES FROM THE SARAWAK MUSEUM. 261
from their nearest allies; and the same holds good when treating
with new families. I[t is, of course, necessary when writing the
catalogue, to enter and number in order every species, genus and
family already recorded from the area in which the collections
are made, whether or no the collection undergoing cataloguing
contains all those species and genera; if this is done, a double
advantage is secured—the dreaded interpolation is only needed
when new species or genera are discovered, and the catalogue
becomes a complete faunistic list of the collected-over area, and
the importance of such faunistic list is well-recognised by every
museum curator. Myown method of interpolating new genera
into a previously catalogued series has been as follows :—The
new genus is numbered with a fractional number, the numerator
of such a fraction being the number of the nearest ally of the
new genus. The denominator the last two figures of the year
in which the new genus was described. For example, let us
imagine that a new genus Closely allied to Hestia was discovered
this year. The number of genus //estia in the Sarawak Museum
catalogue of Lepidoptera is He 1.1. The new genus would
consequently be numbered He 1}: the number is cumbersume
and somewhat destroys the symmetry of the series, but it is
significant, and that feature I have endeavoured to hold constant-
ly in view during my re-cataloguing labours.
R. H. Shelford.
The Hot Springs of Ulu Jelai.
By A. D. MACHADO.
Having recently occasion to visit the extreme Ulu of the
Jelai district, Pahang, in connection with certain prospecting
operations which I was then undertaking for the Malayan (Pa-
hang) Exploration ©o., I heard from Sakai aborigines of the ex-
istence of hot springs in this neighbourhood. ‘These springs I
found to be situated on one of the spurs of the main range of hills
dividing Pahang from Perak, about Latitude 4° 20’ N., and Long-
itude 101° 380’ KE. Our Sakai guide, who visited this spot ten or
more years ago, described the phenomenon as one eruptive foun-
tain of hot water and steam—the water, according to him, ascend-
ing to a considerable height, a true Geyser in fact. I saw quite a
different thing. I found seven non-eruptive springs of hot water
and steam, the former flowing over sloping terraces or basins of
granitic boulders, till finally they joined on to a stream called
the Cha-ang, which in turn drained into the Jelai. If the state-
ment of the Sakai is credible, and 1 have no reason to disbelieve
him, there has evidently been a change in the structure of these
Springs, within the short space of ten years, a very short geolog-
ical epoch indeed. The usual characteristic sulphurous odour
pervaded this place ; those curiously fretted rims of the boulders
over which tke water flowed, due doubtless to the deposition of
Silica, sulphur, etc., are also noticeable here. Wild animals,
elephants, rhinoceri, deer, etc., visit this spot periodically, judg-
ing by their old and fresh tracks, probably for their saline pro-
perties, while the Sakais hold this place in great awe and venera-
tion. They seemed quite unable to account for this phenomenon,
all the explanation they could give being that they thought it
was the work of “hantus.” These springs are, in their geolog-
ical formation, similar to those visited by me in Maliwun,
Lower Burma, in Renong, Siamese Malaya, and in other parts
of the Malay Peninsula; though, in point of size and importance,
264 THE HOT SPRINGS OF ULU JELAI.
they approximate those of Ojigoku in the Hakone district of
Japan.
I feel here tempted to say a word in regard to this little-
known district of Ulu Jelai. Doubtless for services rendered,
the whole of this district has been assigned, or rather alienated
by the Pahang Government to the Datoh Maharaja Puba of Jelai,
otherwise and better known as the Toh Raja Jelai, who alone
has the right to exploit it. With the exception of a dozen Ma-
lays, dependents of Toh Raja, who live at a place called K wala
Betck, the furthest Malay outpost up the Jelai, this district is
inhabited exclusively by Sakais. These Sakais plant hill paddy
for the Toh Raja and tapioca root for themselves, and do in
consequence much unnecessary destruction to valuable timber
forests. The ten or a dozeu Malays at Kwala Betok have esta-
blished a kind of an octroi or tithes station, where they exact
from the Sakai their pound of flesh for the privilege of cul-
tivating Toh Raja’s land, though, todo the Sakais justice, they
try by all kinds of subterfuge to evade the payment of these
dues-—a case of “ diamond cut diamond.” These Malays will tell
you that the Sakais are cunning, unreliable and great cheats ;
while the Sakais, on the other hand, will tell you that the Malays
are hard task-masters, are cruel and merciless—a case again of
the “pot calling the kettle black.” ‘Taken all in all, this district
is fairly rich in economic and mineral products. Rattans are
plentiful, and so is Kayu Gaharu (A quilaria Malaccensis) in a les-
ser degree, while Gutta of almost every description abounds,
Gutta Rambong (Ficus Elastica) growing wild in places. Of
minerals, gold is known to exist; indeed, I have only just located
two lodes, which I have my reasons to hope may eventually pay to’
work. On the. Betok, a stream which takes its risein Ulu Lipis.
and which drains into the Jelai at the aforesaid K wala Betok,
having an equal volume of water with the latter stream, tin ore is
extremely plentiful and easy to work; so much so, that there is
reason to believe that before long a very thriving mining centre
will spring up in this corner of the Jelai. The Jelai River, in
its upper reaches, abounds in gorges and rapids, formidable
obstructions to navigation, thus nullifying its utility as a highway.
To those who are venturesome, a descent in bamboo rafts affords
exciting experiences.
Ray of igs
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JOURNAL No. 1 to No. 33; ‘Price One Dollar each.
“4 , * Se PE Lt oh
EssaYs RELATING To InpO-CHINA, 4 Vols, Pri
Pau HIKAYAT:- ABDULLAH: “—* a.
Tas Wal-sunc Lorrery, by G, T. Hare, Esq.
RaJau BUDIMAN.
A Malay Folk Tale, by H. Clifi
THE MAP OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. _ See
\
| July 1900
Agents of the Society :
¢
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he
oplgere eet aco h TRupm er & Co.
ik oa cae ERNEST, Legoux & Co,
. >... Oro Harrassowi1z, Leipzig.
Maat NA? |
AMERICAN MISSION PRESS, SINGAPORE:
\SIATIC SOCIETY |
ae
[No. 34]
JOURNAL
of the
Straits Branch
of the
Royal Asiatic Society
JOLY 1900
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walle
Table of Contents.
Inscriptions in St. Paul’s Church, Malacca, by H. M.
Merewether
A Botanical Excursion to Gunong Jerai, by H. N. Ridley
The Use of the Slow Loris in Malay Medicine, by
H. N. Ridley
A List of Brunei-Malay Words, collected by H. S. Haynes
An Expedition to Mount Kina Balu, British North Borneo,
by R. Hanitsch, Ph, D.
Dammar and Wood Oil, by H. N. Ridley
Notes on the Flying Frog, by R. Hanitsch, Ph. D.
Short Notes
49
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Inscriptions in St. Paul’s Church,
Malacca.
The inscriptions on the tomb-stones in the old church of
St. Paul at Malacca are of considerable antiquity, the dates rang-
ing from A.D. 1568 to the early part of the eighteenth century,
and are of no little interest to the student of the past history of
the Settlement. i
In some cases, the lettering of the inscriptions and the out-
lines of the coats of arms areas fresh and sharply-defined to-day
as they were on the day when they were first cut. In other
cases, on the contrary, the inscriptions are either entirely illegi-
ble, or can only be deciphered with difficulty. I therefore seized
the opportunity afforded by a temporary residence in Malacca
to make copies of all the inscriptions which are still legible, with
a view to placing them on record in the journal of the Society,
before time and the action of the weather have wrought any
further havoc among them.
Curiously enough, while I was engaged in this work, the
Acting Col. Chaplain (Mr. J. Hardy) discovered among the old
Dutch records a list of the inscriptions on the tomb-stones made
in 1713 by one Michiel de Bruyn, the Sexton, which was of con-
siderable use to me in deciphering some of the more illegible in-
scriptions. The list is not complete, however, as the worthy
Sexton left the Portuguese inscriptions and some of the Dutch
ones, which are difficult to decipher, severely alone. A transla-
tion of the document is annexed (C).
I have drawn up a list of the inscriptions in brief (A), giving
the names and the dates of birth and death, and I also give the
inscriptions in full (B), with a translation of each in parallel
columns. I further had a plan of the church made, showing the
positions of the different stones, which are marked with numbers
corresponding to those ia the list of inscriptions.
2 INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA.
Another Dutch document found in Malacca, of which I give
a translation (D), shows that at one time there were a good
many coats of arms hanging on the walls of the chureh, but these
have all disappeared.
A few stones, which were lying about loose; were removed
several years ago by Mr. D. F. A. Hervey, late Resident Coun-
cillor Malacca, to the present Protestant Church (Christ Church)
at Malacca, where they still remain. The inscriptions on these
are, however, almost entirely illegible.
In concluding these few remarks, I desire to acknowledge
the great assistance rendered to me by the late Mr. P. Nuy,
Librarian of the Malacca Library, and formerly a member of this
Society, in deciphering the inscriptions on the tomb-stones. The
two Portuguese inscriptions (Nos. 1 and 24) were deciphered
and translated by Mr. H. L. Noronha.
EY OM. Merewether
Singapore, March, 1900,
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH MAZACCA, 3
A.
List of Inscriptions on the Tomb-stones in St. Paul’s
Church, Malacca.
1. Pinto da Fonsequa, d. 27th Sept., 1635.
2, Portuguese. Almost entirely illegible.
3. Daniel Massis, b. 21st June, 1658, d. 19th Feb. 1660;
and Sophia Massis, b. 21st June, 1664, d. 11th
Nov., 1665 (Probably children of Johan Massis.*)
4. Maria Noelmans, wife of Theodorius Zas, d. 14th
March, 1660.
5. Hendrik Schenkenbergh*, Opperkoopman, d. 29th June,
1671.
6. Maria Bort, wife of Nicolaes Miiller, Onderkoopman,
b. 5th Aug., 1689, d. 25th Aug., 1661.
7. Balthasar, infant son of Mathaeus Sonmans and Johanna
Rycke, d. 38rd Aug., 1667. Also Johanna Rycke,
b. 2nd Feb., 1655, d. 25th Jan., 1673.
8. Mons. Gillis Syben, d. 27 Aug., 1663, and his wife
‘alee!
Anna Odame, d. 6th July, 1669.
9. Reynier d’ Dieu, Opperkoopman, d. 17th July, 1655.
10. Johanna van Twist, daughter of Johan van Twist,* first
Governor, d. 12th June, 1644. ©
11. © Manuel Dumoulin,* Opperkoopman and Sabandar d.
25th July, 1660.
12. No name—3 persons, probably brothers.
Note.—The names marked with an asterisk will be found in the list of
Datch Officials given in Journal No, 13, pp. 55-61.
4
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA.
13. Hendrick van Heckel, Opperkoopman, b. 20th March,
oe cs
15.
16.
ie
18
i),
1619, d. 7th July, 1650.
Davidt Walravens, b. 18th Sept., 1623, d. 28th May,
1645,
Valerius van Gisteren, b. 19th May, 1614, d. 22nd
April, 1646 (? 1664).
Theodorus Herbers, d. 18th April, 1659.
Partly illegible. No name.
Maria Quevelerius, wife of Joan van Riebeck,* Gover-
nor b, 20th Oct: 1629) ds 2nd Noyes:
Johanna Dumoulin, wife of Balthasar Bort,* Governor,
b. 19th May, 1653, d. 17th March, 1676. (Pro-
bably daughter of Manuel Dumoulin—see No. 11.)
Johan Wilhem van
,d. 26th Nov., 1655.
Anganeta Robberts, wife of David Verdonck, d. 26th
Feb., 1652.
Pieter Pietersen, Deacon, d. 27th May, 1644.
Maria van Vliet, daughter of Jeremias van Vliet,*
second Governor of Malacca, d. 12th June, 1650.
Ricardo Gonsalves (?) and Magdalena Trinidade, his
wife, d. 29th March, 1568.
Dominus Petrus, Order of Jesuits, second Bishop of
Japan, d. at Singapore, Feb. 1598.
26, Agneta Trip, wife of Arnold van Alsem.* Stone erect-
ed 14th Feb., 1697.
Matthys Jansen, d. 5th Feb., 1673.
‘Sabandar Pedel (?).
Nicolaus Basly, d. 9th April,"1678.
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 5
30.
Tablet. Major Ferrier, 48th Reg’t M. N. I., Resident
Councillor of Malacca, b. 14th Nov., 1811, d. 24th
July, 1854.
Theodorus van de Kerckhoven, d. dth Nov., 1660.
Johan van Z¥l—Opperkoopman and Fiscaal,* d. 3rd
Jan., 1656.
Constantyn Johannes Rooselaar, son of Pieter Roose-
laar,* Governor and Director of Malacca, b. 18th
July, 1708, d. 18th Jan., 1707. Also, Sophia
Huigelbosch, wife of Pieter Rooselaar, b. 24th
March, 1674, d. 9th March, 1709.
Francisca Barber, wife of Capt. James Barber, d. 10th
Sept., 1693.
George Cooke, d. 6th Sept., 1712.
Hendrick Evertsen, d. 22nd Jan., 1698.
6 - INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA.
B.
No.
Sr Di VA Nate SR ENOL DiS
FONSEQVA COMENDA-
DOR DA ORDEM DE SAN-
TIAGO PROVEDOR GERAL
_QVE FOI DAS FORALEZAS
DA INDIA CAPIAM GERA
DE MAR E TERRA NAS
PARTES DO SUL FALECEO
AOS 27 DE SEZEMBRO DE
1635.
Sepultura de Antonio Pinto
da Fonsequa Commendador da
Ordem de Sam Tiago Provedor
Geral que foi das Fortalezas da
India Capitam Geral de Mar e
Terra nas partes do Sul Fale-
ceo aos 27 de Dezembro de
1635,
ib
Grave of Antonio Pinto da
Fonsequa, Commander of the
Order of Sam Tiago former-
ly Commissary-General of the
Forts of India, Captain-General
of the Sea and Land in South-
ern Parts, who died on the
27th December, 1635.
INS AE
DE ZIEL VAN D’EERSTE
SOON EN DOCHTER NAM GOD
MEDE NAARS HEMELS
THROON EN LIET HAAR LICH-
AEM HIER BENEDE.
No.
HIER ONDER LEGGEN BE-
GRAVEN DANIEL MASSIS,
DE IONGSTE GEBOREN DEN
21° JUNY 1638 GESTORVEN
DEN 19" FEBRUARY 1660 EN
SOPHIA MASSIS, GEBOREN
The souls of the first son and
daughter God took to heaven’s
throne, and left their bodies
here below.
a.
(Arms. )
Hereunder lies buried Daniel
Massis the younger, born the
21st June 1658, died the 19th
Feb. 1660,and Sophia Massis,
born the 21st June 1664 and
died the 11th November 1665,
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL'S
DEN 21" JUNY 1664 EN GES-
TORVEN DEN 11" NOVEMBER
1665.
No:
HIER ONDER LEYT BEGRA-
VEN MARIA NOELMANS HUIS-
VROUW VAN DE THEODOR-
1uS ZAS PREDICANT IN MAL-
ACCA GODSALICHLYK IN DEN
HEERE ONTSLAPEN DE 14"
MAERT A®° 1660.
No.
Hip LEYT BEGRA-V EN
HENDRIK SCHENKENBERGH
IN S¥YN- LEVEN OPPER-
COOPMAN EN TWEEDE PER-
SOON DER STAD EN FORT-
RESSE MALACCA. OVERLE-
DEN DEN 29" JUNY 1671.
No.
HiER ONDER LEYT BE-
GRAVEN JUFF==MARIA BORT
GEWESENE HUYSVROUWE
VAN NICOLAES MULLER
ONDERCOOPMAN EN WINCK-
ELIER ALHIER GEBOJREN
BINNEN Amsterd?™ A° 1639
den 5 August¥, en GODSA-
LICHLYK IN DEN HEERE ONT-
SES PEN DEN 25 Aug: A°
1661 OUT ZYNDE 22 Jaeren
En 20 Dagen.
CHURCH, MALACCA. ” 7
4,
(Arms. )
Hereunder lies buried Maria
Noelmans, wife of Theodorius
Zas, Minister at Malacca. who
piously fell asleep in the Lord
on the 14th March 1660.
(Arins. )
Here lies buried Hendrik
Schenkenbergh, in his _ life
Chief Merchant and Second
Personage of the Town and
Fortress of Malacca. Died the
29th June 1671.
(Arms).
Hereunder lies buried Mrs.
Maria Bort, who was the wife
of Nicolaes Miiller, Under-
Merchant and Warehouse-keep-
er here. Born at Amsterdam
the 5th August 1639 and pious-.
ly fell asleep in the Lord the
25th August 1661, aged 22
years and 20 days,
8 INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA.
No. 7. Sh ks eee
Higk LEYT BEGRAVEN
BALTHASAR SONMANS EEN-
IGSTE SOONTJE VAN Ma-
THUS SONMANS EN JOHAN-
NA RYCKE, GEBOREN DEN 307
JULY 67, EN GESTORVEN
DEN 3° AUGUST DESSELFDEN
JAERS.
HitR LEYT BHGRAVEN JO-
HANNA RYCKE HUISVROU
VAN MATH#AZUS SONMANS
EENIGSTE DOCHTER VAN IS-
ALOK RY Chih suN MARTA
Bort. GEBOREN DEN 2° FE-
BRUARY 1655, EN GESTOR-
VEN DEN 25° JANUARY 1673.
No.
WHE Nak CH n rae @ay aire ax
BANDT GEBONDEN HAD AEN
BEN: kh US DEN O0OCK. EBY
MALKAER HIER ONDER DE-
SEN STEEN.
HIER LEGGEN BEGRAVEN
Mons® GILLIS SVBEN GE-
BOORTICH VAN HAERLEM IN
SYN LEVEN OPPERCOOPMAN
EN SECUNDE PERSOON, AL-
HiER GESTORVEN DEN 272
ACU GWG 63.9 N 2D Bassa
HuUYSVROUW ANNA ODAME
UIT SCHRAVENHAGE GES-
TORVEN DEN 6 JULY 1669,
(Arms).
Here lies buried Balthasar
Sonmans, only son of Mathae-
us Sonmansand Johanna Rycke,
born the 80th July, ’67, and
died the 3rd August of the
same year.
Here les buried Johanna
Rycke, wife of Mathaeus Son-
mans, only daughter of Isaack
Rycke and Maria Bort, born
the 2nd February, 1655, and
died the 25th January, 1673.
3.
Those whom. the bond of -
marriage had jomed together
in one, rest also by one another
under this stone.
(Arms. )
Here lies buried Mons’r Gillis
Syben, born at Haerlem, in his
life Chief Merchant and Second |
Personage, died here the 27th
August 1663, and his wife Anna
Odame of Schravenhage, died
the 6th July, 1669.
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MAZACCA.
No.
HIER ONDER LEYT BE-
GRAVEN REYNIER D’DIEU
IN SYN LEVEN. OPPERCOOP-
MAN IN DIENST DER KE.
CoMPp® OVERLEDEN DEN 17?
ew A° 1655.
No.
HIC IACET
TWIST
VAN OMA
PRIM
MAL ATOR
OVIT
AN 164
AITATIS SV4i DECM
No.
HigER LEYT BEGRAVEN
Manuel Dumoulin, IN SYN LE-
VEN OPPERCOOPMAN EN SA-
BANDAER DER STADT Ma-
mueocsA GHBOOREN IN ’T
JAAR 1620 DEN 5 DECEMBER
EN GODSALICHLYK IN DEN
HEERE ONTSLAPEN DEN 25
PoEe. Ae 1660 OUT ZYNDE
39 JAER EN 7 Maenden.
No.
DRIE DIE NATUUR EEN
HUIS ENT SAMEN WONING
Pee Dik LEGGEN HIER
BYEEN BESLOTEN IN DIT
GRAF.
2
oh
Hereunder lies buried Rey-
nier d’ Dieu, in his life Chief
Merchant in the service of the
Honourable Company. Died the
17th July, 1653.
10.
Note. This inscription is in-
complete, and it is not in Mi-
chiel de Bruijn’s list; but it is
probably the tomb of Johanna
van Twist, daughter of Johan
Van Twist, first Governor of
Malacca (1641-1642). She is
mentioned in the list of coats
of arms as having died on the
12th June, 1644. (See No. 10.)
fie
(Arms. )
Here lies buried Manuel
Dumoulin, in his life Chief Mer-
chant and Harbour Master of
the town of Malacca, born the -
Sth December 1620, and pious-
ly fell asleep in the Lord the
25th July 1660, aged 39 years
and 7 months.
LZ:
Three to whom nature gave
one house and joint dwelling
now lie here together enclosed
in this tomb.
10
f 1647 }
| 29 DECEMBER |
OBYT {4 25 FEBRUARY } AN®
LS MARTY |
1660-9]
DEN GAFFEL-BOYER IS
ONS GROOTVADERS EERSTE
VONDT ONS VADERS EERSTE
AUIS" Nu SLoxy er Sk ONS
DE MONDT.
No.
HIER LEGHT BEGRAVEN
HENDRICK VAN EECKEL
GEBOREN TOT AMSTERDAM
Peay a eA oO) a Ean 2.0
MAERT BY SYN LEVEN OP-
PERCOOPMAN EN HOOFT DES
NEDERLANDSZ—C OMPTOIR
LIGOOR OVERLEDEN DEN
dw) 2A° 1Go0:
No:
HIER LEIDT BEGRAVEN
DAVIDT WALRAVENS GE-
BOREN DEN XVIII SEPTEM-
PERTAN? NED Cx xi BN EN
DEN HEERE ONTSLAPEN
DEN XXVIII MAY MDCXXXXV.
No.
HIER LEYT BEGRAVEN VA-
LERIVS VAN GISTEREN
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA,
1647 )
29 December
4 25 February } An?
| 19 March |
ft 1660 }
(Arms.)
The * gaffel-boyer”* is our
erandfather’s first discovery.
Our father’s first house now
closes our mouths. (The mean-
ing of this is not clear).
15.
Here lies buried Hendrick
Van Eeckel, born at Amsterdam
the 20th March 1619: in his life
Chief Merchant and head of the
Netherlands factory at Ligor.
Died the 7th July 1650.
Obit
14.
(Arms.)
Here lies buried Davidt
Walravens, born the 18th Sep-
tember 1623, and fell asleep in
the Lord the 28th May 1645.
15.
(Arms. )
Here lies buried Valerius van |
Gisteren of Amsterdam, Chief-
* An old-fashioned Duteh vessel.
INSERIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. -11
VAN AMSTERDAM OPPER-
KOOPMAN GEBOOREN AN°®
MDCXIV DEN XIX MAY IS IN
DEN HEERE ONTSLAPEN
DEN XXII APRIL A° MDCXLVI.
No.
HEIC SEPULTVS THEODO-
RVS HERBERS GF: OBYT:
ATATIS NONO A° J659: J8:
April.
No.
DE GAFFEL
BOYER IS NYIS (ONS?)
GROOTE VADERS VOND
(ONS?) VADERS EERSTE
HYIS NV SLVYT SE
(ONS DE?) MOND
GRAF DICHT
“HIER LEIDT DES
MOEDERS VREUCHD
EN VADERS EERSTE
STAM DIE OP DE
SELFDE DAG BEGIN
EN EYNDE NAM
No.
Hic JACET SEPULTA Ma-
RIA QUEVELERIUS UXOR IL-
LUST—=D JOANNESA RIE-
BIECK PRIMI COMMENDATOR-
Is ET FUNDATORIS ARCJS
ET COLONIZ IN PROMON-
TORIO BONZ#-SPEI IN AFRICA
5UB DITIONE SOCIETATIS
INDIA (E) ORIENTALIS NUNC-
COMMENDATORIS ET PRASI-
Merchant, born the 19th May
1614, fell asleep in the Lord
the 22nd April 1646.
16.
(Arms. )
Here (lies) buried Theodorus
Herbers. Died in the 9th year
of his age, 18th April 1659.
| fe
(Arms. )
Note. This part of the in-
scription is incomplete, but: it
seems to be almost identical
with the latter part of No 12.
(Arms. )
Close grave.
Here lies the mother’s Joy
and father’s first off-shoot,
which on the same day had
beginning and ending.
1d.
Here lies buried Maria Que-
velferius the distinguished wife
ot Johannes Riebeck, first Com-
mander and founder of the fort
and colony on the Cape of Good
Hope in Africa, under the rule
of the East India Company, now
Commander and Governor of
the city and province of Malac-
ca, born at Rotterdam 20th
12
DIS CIVITATIS ET DITIONIS
MALACENCIS -NATA ROTTER-
DAME SA. DANE Xe Xs Oc
TOBER XX DENATA NOVEM-
PER UAC VEX.
WIEN ROTTERDAM HET
Licut LEYDEN QUE(?) SEDEN
GAF WIENS TROUDAQH
HIELT SCHIEDAM LEYT HIER
NU IN DIT GRAF.
IMWERTM.
No.
Ter Gedachtenisse van Juf-
rouw Joanna Du Moulin Huys-
vrouw van de Heer Balthasar
Bort Raedt Extraordinaris van
India Gouverneur en Directeur
der Stadt en Forteresse MaA-
LACCA Overleden den 17° Meert
1676.
Joanna du Moulin rust onder
desen Steen die vroech al toen
se Juist twee Maenden en twee
dagen min drie en twintich
Jaer had ’s werelts pad _bet-
reen, d’onsterfelyke Ziel quam
Gode op te dragen ten uijterste
gerust Getroost in God’s be-
drijf gevoelde sij geen smert
in’t schei¥den uijt het lijif.
No.
DE-
JOHAN WILHEM VAN
IN ZYN LEVEN KAPFN
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA.
October, 1629, died 2nd Nov-
ember, 1664.
(Arms. )
She to whom Rotterdam gavn
the ight and Leyden educatioe,
whose wedding was celebrated
in Schiedam, hes here now in
this tomb.
12:
To the memory of Mrs. Jo-
anna Du Moulin, wife of Heer
Balthasar Bort, Councillor Ex-
traordinary of India, Governor
and Director of the town and
fortress of Malacca. Died the
17th March, 1676.
(Arms. )
Joanna Du Moulin rests un-
der this stone, whose immortal
soul, when she had trodden
this world’s path just two
months and two days less than
23 years, God came and bore
away to its last rest. Submis-
sive to God’s will, she felt no
pain in parting from the body.
20. ;
Johan Wilhem Van
in his life Captain of this garri-
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA.
ZES GARNIZ’S OVERLEDEN
DE 26 Nov®® A®°. 1655 LEGT
HIER BEGRAVEN.
No.
HIER LECHT BEGRAVEN
ANGANETA ROBBERTS ALMA
HUYSVROVWE VAN DEN COOP-
MAN DAVID VERDONCK
OvT 29 IAREN STERFDE DEN
G Fes. A; 1652.
N
HiER LECHT BEGRAVEN
PIETER PIETERSEN VAN EN-
CHUYSEN, IN SYN LEVEN
GRANC BESOECKER EN DE
DIAKEN DER KERCKE GESTOR-
VEN 27 Mey ANNOD 1644.
No.
HIER LEGHT BEGRAVEN
(Maria van) VLIET (Dogter)
VAN (Jeremias van) VLIET
TWEEDE GOUVERNEUR (VAN)
MALACCA GESTORVEN xii.
(Juny) AN°. MDCXLIV.*
No.
HSTA SEPVLTRA E DE
RCOGL (?) HE DE MADANELA
I (7) NAD A SVA MOHER QVE
FOI MORDOMO D’ ESTA CASA
DE NOSSA SNRA MADRE DE
DEOS MVITOS ANOS HO QVAL
13
son. Died the 26th Nov.,
lies buried here.
1655,
21.
Here lies' buried Anganeta
Robberts, venerated wife of the
merchant David Verdonck, aged
29 years, died the 6th Feb.,
1652.
6 ye
Here lies buried Pieter
Pietersen lof Enchuysen, in his
life visitor of the sick and
Deacon of the Church. Died
27th May A. D. 1644.
(Woman’s Arms.)
Here lies buried (Maria Van)
Vliet, (daughter) of (Jeremias
van) Vliet, second Governor
(of) Malacca, died the 12th
(June) 1644 (7)
24.
*: "The inscription on this stone is incomplete, but I have filled it in
from the copy in Michiel de Bruyn’s list. There is some doubt about the date,
but as J. Van Vliet was Governor from 1642 to 1645, itis probably correct.
14 INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA,
FALECEO AOS 29 DE Marco
D 1568 ANOS.
PATER NOSTER.
Esta sepultura é de Ricardo
Gonsalves e de Magdalena
Trindade (sua mulher) que foi
Mordomo desta casa de Nossa
Senhora Madre de Deos muitos
annos 0 qual faleceo aos 29 de
Marco de 1568 anos.
Pater Noster.
No.
EUG APACE OMI. S
PEERUS 9 S0C EET ATS insu:
SECUNDUS EPISCOPUS JAPO-
NENSIS OBIIT AD FRETUM
SINGAPURZ MENSE FEBRUA-
RIO ANNO 1598.
No.
D. O. M.
PIAEQUE MEMORIAE AGNE-
TAE TRIP UXORIS CASTAE
FOECUND& DILECTZ.
Hoc MONUMENTUM PT.
(Posuit) ARNOLD VAN ALSEM,
Fiscr Apvocarus 14 KAt™
FEBRUARY MDCXCVII.
No.
HIER ONDER LEGHT BEG-
RAVEN MATHYS JANSEN VAN
THONDEREN VRYBORGER.
IS OVERLEDEN DEN 5®' FEB-
RUARI ANNO 1678.
This is the grave of Ricardo
Gonsalves and of his wife Mag-
dalena Trindade, who was for
many years Majordomo of this
House of Our Lady, Mother. of
God, and who died on the 29th
of March of the year 1568.
Pater Noster.
2a.
Here hes Master Peter of
the Order of Jesus, Second
Bishop of Japan. Died at the
Strait of Singapore in the
month of February, 1598.
26.
D. O. M.
And to the pious memory of
Agneta Trip, chaste, fruitful,
and beloved wife.
(Arms. )
This monument was erected
by Arnold van Alsem,* Advo-
caat Fiscaal. 14th February,
LOOT:
27.
Hereunder lies buried Mat-
h¥s Jansen of Thonderen, free
citizen. Died the d5th Febru-
ary 1673.
* See Journal No. 13 p. 58,
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA, 15
No..28.
DUSVERRE STRECKT HET
GRAF VAN DEN SABANDAAR
POEL.
No.
HIER ONDER LEYT BEGRA-
VEN NICOLAUS BASLY, IN
SYN LEVEN VRYBORGER
OBYT DEN 9" APRIL A° 1678.
Note. ‘There is no inscrip-
tion on this tomb, and appar-
ently there never has been any,
except the two lines at the
foot.
Thus far extends the tomb
of the Harbour-master Pedel.
29,
Hereunder lies buried Nico-
laus Basl¥, in Ins life a free
citizen. Obit 9th April 1678.
No. 30,
SACRED
TO THE MEMORY OF
MAJOR FERRIER
(OF BELSIDE)
A8™H REGT M. N. I.
AND RESIDENT COUNCILLOR
OF MALACCA. HE WAS BORN
IN SCOTLAND 147 . NOVe
Polis DIED AT PRINGIT IN
MALACCA 24TH JULY 1854.
THIS TABLET IS ERECTED BY
HIS WIDOW.
No. 31.
HIER ONDER DESEN STEEN UYTGECLOVEN
LEGHT THEODORUS VAN DE KERCKHOVEN
IN SYN LEVEN WAS HY VADER’S
EN MOEDER’S VREUGT
SYN BROEDER LEEFDE HY
Tot EEN GENEUGT
KEN JAER MIN DRIE DAGEN
16
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA,
WAS DESE SPRUIT
DoOEN GoD DE ZEL DEED GAN
HET LIGHAEM UIT
EN OFTER NAE SYN UIT VART
YEMANT VROEG
NOVEMBER VYF MEN HEM
TER ASDREN DROEG
In’'t JR SESTEN HONDERT
EN SESMAEL THEN
BINNEN DE STAT MALACCA
SAG MEN’T GESCHEN.
Here in the hollow under this stone lies Theodorus Van de
Kerckhoven.
he loved his brother dearly.
In his life he was his father’s and mother’s joy:
One year less three days was
this tender plant when God caused the soul to leave the body :
and.frequently after his interment people asked about him. On
the 5th November in the year sixteen hundred and six times ten
(1660) was he borne to earth:
occurrence seen.
No.
HIER-ONDER LECHT BEG-
RAVN JOHAN VAN ZYL
GEBOORTICH VAN VYANEN
IN SYN LEVEN OPPERCOOP™
EN Fisct DESER STFDE
OVERLEDEN DEN 3° TANUARY
1656.
No.
HIER RUST CONSTANTYN
JOHANNES ROOSELAAR
Zoontje van den EH. HE. AcT-
BAREN HEER PIETER ROOSE-
LAAR Raad Extraordinair van
InpIA Mitseaders GOUVER-
NEUR EN DIRECTEUR deser
in the town of Malacca was the
32.
(Arms. )
Hereunder lies buried Johan
Van Zyl, born at Vy¥anen, in
his life Chief-merchant and Fis-
caal of this town. Died the
ord January, 1656.
(Arms. )
Here rests Constantyn Jo-
hannes Rooselaar son of the very
honourable Heer Pieter -Roose-
laar, Councillor Extraordinary ~
of India, also Governor and
Director of this town and fort-
ress of Malacca. Born the 13th
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA. 17
-STAD EN FORTRESSE MALAC-
CA. GEBOREN den 13" July
Anno 1703 en OVERLEDEN
den 18" JANUARY 1707.
Alsmede MEVROUWE_ So-
PHIA HUIGELBOSCH' gewe-
sene waerde Gemalinne van
opgemelde Edele Heer PIE-
TER ROOSELAAR Geboren.
binnen de Stad ROTTERDAM
garden 24° MAART AO 1674 —
en in’t Kraambedde Overleden
den 9° Maart Anno 1709.
No.
Francisca Barber Cap. Jacobi
Barber UXoR pientissima Mari-
tume Bombaya insula Chinam
profectum ultro Comitata ad
hance Malaccam jam gravida
mansit Ubi exacto gravidarum
termino Dum frustra_ Batavi
Genus Hospitale Hospitis vitae
salutique student prius quam
levata est fatali onere sub onus
succubuit Decimo Die Septem-
bris 1695.
No.
Vivere Celicolis terre ten-
toria liqui. Vita labor fuerat ;
Mors Mihi vita _fuit.
In certa et constanti spe Ke-
surrectionis hic posite sunt
exuvie GEORGII COOKE quoéda
Juiy 1703, and died the 18th
January, 1707.
Also Mevrouwe Sophia Hui-
gelbosch, who was the beloved
wife of the said noble Heer
Pieter Rooselaar, born in the
town of Rotterdam on the 24th
March, 1674, and died in child-
birth the 9th March, 1709.
aA,
Francisca Barber, most
pious wife of Capt. James
Barber, who accompanied her
husband on his way from the
Island of Bombay to China,
being great with child, remain-
ed here at Malacca: where,
when the period of her pregnan-
cy was complete, while the hos-
pitable Batavian people vainly
laboured for the life and safety
of their guest, before she was
relieved of her dread burden she
sank beneath its weight, on the
10th day of September 1695.
oO”
Oo.
To dwell with the heavenly
host earth’s tents I left. _My
life had been a toil; death
to me was life.
In sure and certain hope
of the resurrection, here are
laid the remains of George
9
v
18 INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA.
Navis Hoivladize Capitanei Vir
Probitate Preeclarus Fidelitate
Insignis et variis Scientiis proe-
ditus in reditu a China Obiit 16
Septembris Anno Salutis nos-
tre 1712 Kt Aetatis suve 36.
No.
HIER LEYD BEGRAVEN
HENDRICK EVERTSEN in syn
LEEVEN BORGER CAPT. en
VRYKOOPMAN’ Alhier Obit
22 JANUARY 1698 out 52 JA-
AREN,
Cook, formerly Captain of a
Dutch vessel. A man distin-
guished by his uprightness,
renowned for his trustworthi-
ness and endowed with vari-
ous kinds of knowledge, he
died on his way back from
China on the 16th September in
the year of our salvation 1712,
and in the 36th year of his age.
356. . |
Here lies buried Hendrick
Evertsen, in his life Citizen,
Captain and free Merchant here.
Obit 22nd January, 1698, aged
d2 years.
C.
Report made by the undersigned sexton, Michiel de Bruyn,
to the honourable Heer Anthony Hansius, Chief Merchant and
second personage (of Malacca), likewise first Churchwarden of
this Government, regarding the inscriptions which are engraved
on the stones in the Church of St. Paul on the hill, and correctly
recorded as follows hereunder, to wit.
(Here follow inscriptions Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27 and 29).
Malacca, 17th March, A° 1713.
(Sd) M. de Bruty.
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA 19
D.
List of the Coats of Arms hanging in the Church of
St. Paul, within this fortress of Malacca.
1. On the right side of the pulpit, ina frame with orna-
ments :—
The arms of the very honourable Heer FREDRICK Go-
BIUS, in his life Governor and Director of this town and fortress.
Died the 15th October, A®° 1730.
2. Over the pew of the Honourable Council of Police,*
in a frame :—
The arms of Mevrouw SoPHIA HUYCHELBOSCH,.f in her
life wife of the Right Honourable Pieter Rooselaar,t Councillor
Extraordinary of Netherlands India, likewise Governor and Direc-
tor of this town and fortress.
Died the 9th March, A° 1709.
3. Thereafter follow, over the same pew, in a frame with
ornaments :—
The arms of the very honourable Heer THOMAS SLICHER, tf
in his life Governor and Director of this town and fortress.
Obiit 18th October, A° 1691.
4, Beside the above follow, between the said pew and that
of the Chief Citizens’ Company, without a frame :—
The arms of the gallant Military Captain JAN CHRIST-
OFFELMOM. Died the 25th September (written ‘‘ 7-ber”) 1736.
5. Thereafter follow, over the last-mentioned pew, without
a frame :—
* In the original ‘‘Raad Van Politie.” This may mean either a Police
Council or Commission, or a person holding the office of Police Commis-
sioner : just as a Member of the Councilof Netherlands India is spoken of
as ‘* Raad Van India.”
+ See No. 33, in the list of inscriptions,
‘{ See Journal No 13, p. 56.
20 INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA
The arms of the noble Heer GERRIT VERSCHRAGEN, in his
life Chief Merchant and — ge e) of this Government.
Obit, 26th May, A° 173
6. Then follow further on, without a frame :—
The arms of the gallant Military Captain ADRIAAN TooT.
Obiit 23rd July, A° 1698.
lewd
7. Next hang, without a frame :—
The arms of the gallant Military Captain HENDRICK
FEMMER.
Obiit 26th October, 1692.
8. Thereafter follow, towards the wall of the choir, without
a frame :—
The arms of Mevrouw SUSANNA SCHAICK, in her life wife
of the very honourable Heer Carel Bolner,* at that time the re-
tirmg Governor and Director of this town and fortress.
Obit 4th February, A° 1707.
9. In the middle of the said wall, right over the pulpit,
in a frame :—
The arms of Mevrouw ANNA WILDELAND, in her life wife
of the very honourable Heer Harmanns van Suchtelen,* Gover-
nor and Director of this town and fortress.
Obit 21st May, A° 1725.
10. Near the above, towards the wall before mentioned,
on the other side without a frame :—
The arms of the young lady JOHANNA VAN TWIST,{ daughter
of the very honourable Heer Joban van Twist,§ Governor and
Director of this town and fortress.
Obiit 12th June, A° 1644.
* See Journal No. 13, p. 56.
t See list of inscriptions No. 10.
§ See Journal No. 13, p. 55.
INSCRIPTIONS IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH, MALACCA, 21
11. Thereafter follow, on the side-wall, over the seat of
the Treasurer, without a frame :—
The arms of Mejuffrouw MARIA QUEVELERIUS* in her life
wife of the right honourable Johannes van Riebeck,f Command-
er and President here.
Obit 2nd November, A° 1664.
12. Near the above, between the said seat and that of the
last-named officer, in a frame :—
The arms of Mejuffrouw AMARENTIA KOECK, wife of the
noble Heer Pieter du Quesne,t then Chief-merchant and second
(personage) of this (place) likewise pro tempore Commander here.
Obut 15th November, A° 1730.
13. Near the above, next the door, over the pew of the
last-named officer, in a frame :—
The arms of Mevrouw JOHANNA DU MOULIN, wife of
the noble Heer Balthasar Bort, t Councillor in Ordinary of
Netherlands India, and Governor and Director of this town and
fortress.
Obiit 11th March, A° 1676.
14. On the other side of the door, over the seat of the
Consistory, in a frame with ornaments :—
The arms of the very honourable Heer GILMEN VOSBURG,f
in his life Governor and Director of this town and fortress.
Obit 19th February 1697.
15. On the left side of the pulpit, without a frame :—
The arms of the youth THEODORUS HERBERTS, son of the
noble Heer Gerard Herberts, Chief Merchant and second
(personage) of this Government.
Obit 18th April 1659. Aged 9 years.
* See list of inscriptions, No. 18. t+ See Journal No. 13, p. 56.
t See Journal No. 13, p. 61. | See No. 19 in the list of in-
scriptions,
ey bs
i
5 a
= 2.
‘
Ean
Bip
+
‘ef
i
: A
y
Ye
3
F
i
Fi
ia aie) iran! ‘V4 9 <2 by ah Ne han
epee acacsa ls ann Cate take eee erence al
BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAT. 23
A Botanical Excursion to Gunong
Jerai. (Kedah Peak.)
Bw HN. RIDLEY
The great isolated mountain commonly known as Kedah
Peak, which forms so conspicuous an object in the view from
Penang, has been several times ascended by Europeans, but as
far as [am aware no account of it has been published. The
following description of its ascent may therefore be useful to
those who intend to scale it.
I left Penang on June 4th, 1893, in the “‘ Rosebud” launch,
accompanied by Mr. Curtis, intending to make the ascent from
the village of Yan, which lies at the foot of the mountain and is
the best starting point, though there is another route from the
Merbau river. The weather was very bad and when we had
arrived opposite Yan, a heavy squall came up and we had to fly
for shelter to Pulau Song-song, where the water was deep and
quiet. With some difficulty, owing to the strong headwind and
dense rain which completely hid the view, we managed to get
under lee of the island, and shortly after the rain abated we
determined as it was rather late to spend the night at Pulau
Sone-sone’, especially as the surf was breaking heavily on the
coast and would make it difficult for us to land the baggage
from the boats.- We therefore landed on the island and took up
our quarters in a native hut. The village is small and the in-
habitants gain their living by catching and curing fish and by
collecting turtle eges. The island is rocky, the prevailing rock
being clay ironstone with ferruginous sands and clays. It is
thickly wooded with fairly large trees, among which were Swin-
tonia spicifera and Anisoptera Curtis’, both in fruit. The former
appeared very abundant and was very conspicuous on account of
its masses of red-winged fruits, but the trees were too tall for
us to secure good specimens. Strolling along the shore we
24 BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAT.,
collected a few interesting plants, among which were Atalantia
monophylla, forming a bushy tree loaded with its small green
oranges, Cordia Sebestena, the iron wood tree of Cocos island,
with its showy orange flowers, a pretty Hoya with white sweet-
scented blossoms, and creeping over the sandy banks a pretty
tuellia with fairly large violet flowers, R. prostratau, not pre-
viously recorded from the Malay Peninsula nor have I ever met
with it since. Orchids were not wanting on the trees by the
beach. Aerides odoratum seemed common and was in bud, and
some fine plants were secured. It seems to have a liking for
the sea shore as I have several times found it abundantly on the
smaller islets in the Straits in similar localities. Evia bractescens,
Cirrhophetalum Medusae, the common Cymbidium (C. aloifolium)
and the pigeon orchid Dendrobium crumenatum were also found
but were not in flower. The maiden hair fern, Adiantum pice
lus-veneris, also grew on the rocks by the sea.
During the night a large turtle landed on the beach near
the village and laid about for ty eggs in the sand which were
easily found next morning by the villagers, as the animal had
left a large wide track like that made by pushing down a boat
through the sand from its nest to the sea.
Next morning being quite fine we hastened across the Yan.
The sea on this coast is very shallow and even small steam
launches have to anchor a mile away at least. The mouth of the
river is exactly opposite Pulau Song-song. <A plantation of
coconut palms runs along the coast south of the river, termin-
ating near its mouth, and thus forms a good land mark. The
river being tidal is fringed with the common tidal swamp vege-
tation, the commonest tree being Avicennia. The wild date
palm, Phoenix paludosa is abundant, Pluc heaindica, Wedelia biflora
and the common Acanthus (A. ebracteatus Vahl) are also conspicuous.
This latter plant has a great reputation in Penang as a medicine
for boils. The seeds are roasted, pulverised and mixed with
water, and the liquid drunk. The natives state that the patient
will be freed from boils for as many years as there are pounded
seeds in the draught. This acanthus known here as Jeruju, has |
the flowers light blue or white, usually the latter in the south of
the peninsula and blue in the north and Java, but blue flowers
occur in some parts of Singapore. The laree and _brilliant-
BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAT. 25
flowered A. ilictfolius, I have only met with in the Lankawi
islands; the prickly holly-lke foliage is similar, but the flowers
are more than twice as large, and of a beautiful blue.
The village of Yan is not visible from the sea-shore but is
situated a few hundred yards from the mouth of the river, which
at high water is deep enough to float good-sized tongkangs.
There is another route to it through a swampy piece of ground
behind the coconut plantation south of the river mouth. This
swamp had apparently been under paddy cultivation but at this
time was covered with a dense bed of sedges chiefly Sczrpus
grossus Which is used in mat making. Among it grew the charm-
ing water balsam Hydrocera tiiflora.
The village is of fair size and there are a good many Chi-
nese settled there who make a livi ine by cutting: timber on the
slopes of the mountain and by making charcoal. _ Durians, Man-
gosteens, Rambai, Bachang and other fruit trees are largely cul-
tivated. The Durian trees were of remarkably large size, and all
day but especially in the evening and early morning one could hear
the crash of the falling fruit. Squirrels seemed to be doing
much damage to themand the village children were prov ided
with pellet-bows made of bamboo and rattan, from which they
discharged stones at the little animals. So famous are the
Durian trees of Yan that the natives gave a half humorous deriva-
tion of the word Durian, from Deri Yan.
There were many pepper gardens in the neighbourhood and
I also saw coffee, patchouli and tobacco cultivated there, but the
latter seemed for the most part to be abandoned. Indigo I was
told had.been tried but apparently without success.
As in other native states under Siamese influence, such as
Kelantan, the women are less confined to the house than in the
Southern States and go about more in the villages. There was
a good deal of sickness apparently and as the natives had no
European medicines and knew nothing about indigenous drug's,
there was an extensive levee of applicants for-medical treatment
every morning. Badly neglected wounds on the feet and legs
from falling durians seemed to be the chief ailments.
The Penghulu Rajah, who had been forewarned of my arrival
from Penang, very considerately put an empty house—the best
in the village—at my disposal, assisted me to.procure coolies and
4
26 BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAI.
sent an armed guard to watch over the house at night while 1
was there, as well as a patrol who rambled about at night armed
with spears and lanterns. The use of the stocks for malefactors
was not abolished here, and in one house we saw a native fixed
in them by one leg.
The natives recommended that I should start early in the
morning for the Peak, as it rained frequently in the afternoon,
so it was determined to remain in Yan for the rest of the day..
Mr. Curtis returned to Penang and I occupied the time in collect-
ing in the nearest patch of jungle, where were a number of trees
hardly or not at all known to me. Among them a large Mag-
nohia (Zaulauma sp.) with very large white fruit with pink seeds,.
Strophanthus Jackianus with its long-tailed orange flowers, a
pretty Elettariopsis (E.. latiflora) with white, crimson and yellow
flowers, and the shrubby Bauhinia mollissima with red flowers, one
petal of which is white and yellow, especially claimed attention.
Specimens of a small tree called here Nasi Sejuk (cold rice) were
brought me by the men. The branches bore a handsome fruit
as large and of the same colour as a good orange. It contained
several large seeds wrapped in a sweet well- flavoured pulp. ‘The
tree proved to be Salucia flavescens.
I secured a specimen of a small prettily marked snake with
remarkably large eyes and later in the day a large black and
white Typhlops was brought me. These were all the reptiles I
saw except the common green tree snake 7ragops porcinus and a
very large tortoise which I perceived creeping along the bottom
of the river in the early morning as I went down to bathe. It
burrowed under the bank and I could not get it out. There
were said to be no crocodiles in the river.
About three miles from Yan is a fine waterfall which i is well
worth a visit. The route to it follows the telegraph line towards
Kedah. The fall is visible for a considerable distance out at.sea.
After remaining a day at Yan, I started with the coolies to as-
cend the mountain. Passing through a little open country inter-
spersed with woods, one reaches the dense jungle which covers the
mountain-side. A guide is necessary for at least the first part of
the way, as there are many tracks made by charcoal-burners and
timber-cutters, which are likely to lead the explorer astray.
The lower woods would well repay a thorough botanical investi-
BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERATI. 27
gation, as there seemed to be very many plants of interest, but
time did not permit of a careful search. ‘The path was strewn
with fruits and seeds of various kinds fallen from the trees. At
one place were innumerable fruits of the ellow flowered Wormia
meliosmaefolia, at another those of the Minyak Kruen, Diptero-
carpus pterygocalyxz. Melannorhea Curtisi7, one of the trees known
as Rengas, was loaded with its red-winged fruit and formed a
conspicuous object. The timber of this tree was in request by
the woodmen, and felled trunks could be seen lying in the wood.
The heart wood is hard and dark red, and as there is much soft
white sap wood, the felled logs are left on the ground till the
termites have eaten off the sap wood, when the heart wood un-
touched by them is dragged to the foot of the hills on buffalo-
sleds. © Vitex coriacea, a small tree, was bright with its innumer-
able violet flowers which attracted hosts of butterflies. Leeches
are rather troublesome in this part of the wood but disappeared
_in the higher parts of the hill. The track is an easy gradient but
long and toilsome and was decided by my boy and the plant col-
lector to be worse than that up Mount Ophir. At one spota fine
view towards the northwest is to be obtained, but otherwise
the path is entirely closed in by jungle. At about 2000 feet
altitude the flora suddenly changes. ‘The trees are smaller and
more slender and the ground in the more rocky spots is covered
with orchids and ferns. The path traversed a thick scrub of the
curious fern Oleandra neriiformis as high as one’s head. Here
and there were open grassy spots on which grew many pink-
flowered Sonerilas, white Hedyotis and yellow Xyris, the latter
being a new species described as Xyris Ridley?. 7
The turf was ploughed up at one of these grassy patches by
rhinoceros, but the animals were not seen. The camping ground
lies in the highest of these spots between two peaks of the range,
the highest of which lying towards the south is a thousand feet
above it, and is the summit of Gunong Jerai. There is a good
stream of water and plenty of firewood here. The rocks consist
of quartzite, sandstones, and micaceous schists and piles of
stones were pointed out as relics of tin mining operations
abandoned some few years previously. A little way below
the camp was an outcrop of iron ore (haematite). Close
to the hut were evident very recent traces of a large tiger,
28 BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAT,
but nothing was heard or seen of the beast. Kijang were
said to be common here, but none put in an appearance. On
one occasion I heard in the evening the cry of a Lotong
(Semnopithecus) but no other animals were seen or heard ex-
cept one or two small bats. Birds too were very scarce and
mostly small species, as at Mount Ophir. Three fine hawks
passed over the camp one afternoon, but kept well out of range.
Butterflies and beetles were numerous and among the latter I
secured a specimen of Odontolabris gazella a well known Ophir
insect. One of the men caught also a death’s head moth, but it
escaped his grasp. ‘The flora round the camp bore some resem-
blance to that of Mount Ophir, many of the trees being of the
same kinds ; such were the Conifers, Dammara orientalis, Dacry-
dium elatum and Podocarpus cupressinus; as also Tristania mer-
gquensis, Boeckia frutescens and Leptospermum ambotnense. The
wild Aniseed, J/licum Cambodianum, with rosy or white flowers
and star lke capsules, resembling those of the true Star anise of
Cochin China but quite odorless, was plentiful in the woods, but
the most striking shrub was a beautiful white Rhododendron
about twelve feet tall which bore bunches of large white flowers
with a yellow centre. <A plant well worthy of cultivation, but
unfortunately neither seeds nor young plants could be obtained.
Among the smaller plants a charming little sonerila with
mauve rarely white flowers, and leaves of every shade of green
olive and purple frequently spotted or marbled with white was
very abundant. Botanically it was especially interesting from
its possessing a tuberous root. Burmannia disticha was un-
usually abundant and fine, bothin size and color. One plant was
gathered . with twenty-six flowers in a head, and growing in
masses as it does here its beautiful blue flowers reminded one of
the blue hyacinths of the English woods. Another pretty blue
flowered plant was a tall grassy leaved Aneilema (A. giganteum Br.)
which opened its azure flowers only at noon. It was hitherto
unknown from the peninsula, though of very wide distribution,
occurring in Africa, India, Ceylon, the Malay islands, China and
Australia. A curious little sedge, Scleria Neesi var borneensis, ©
was another important addition to our flora, as its distribution is
~ confined to Ceylon and Borneo. © Twining in the grasses close to
the stream in damp spots was a pretty Utricularia with large
BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAI. 29
yellow flowers. It was described under the name of U. cnvol-
vens, Ridl.
The ascent to the summit of the mountain is steep in parts
but there is a good track through the woods which clothe it to
the top. The view from the point is very fine and embraces an
extensive tract of country, while on the sea side the Lankawi
islands can plainly be seen. The height is estimated at a little
over 4000 feet; by my aneroid I calculated it to be.a little under,
viz., 3495 feet. The southern side is quite precipitous with near-
ly vertical walls of many hundred feet; at one spot not far from
the camp a stream runs over one of these precipices so steep
that standing on the edge one cannot see the fall of the stream
without bending over. Part of the rocky slopes on this side is
coated with turf upon which I was about to step when one of
the men restrained me and showed me that at a slight push the
whole mass slid off from the smooth rock and went down the
‘side of the precipice. On these rock-slopes grew a pretty Baa
(B. elegans) the only one I have met with which did not grow on
limestone rocks, and with it was an Arwndina with small flowers,
not unlike the Arundina Philippi of our gardens. The biggest
trees on the top were a species of Pieris, somewhat resembling an
Arbutus with long racemes of white bell-shaped flowers. A new
species of Hedychium (H. collinum) with white flowers was obtain-
ed, but only beginning to flower. A white-flowered Canscora was
common near the top. It was quite distinct from the one which
grows around the Kwala Lumpur Caves, and is the second species
obtained in the peninsula, none being recorded in the Flora of
British India.
Orchids are far more numerous here than on Mount Ophir,
and in places form an important portion of vegetation. In
some spots the ground was so thickly covered by them that one
was nearly up to the waist in them and had to cut one’s way
through the masses of tangled stems. Among the most striking
were Spathoglottis aurea, Cypripedium barbatum, Dendrobium san-
guinolentum and more commonly the pale ochre-colored form ce77-
num D. Hughti, with large thin white flowers tinted with violet,
and D. revolutum. Bulbophyllums were very abundant, among
them were B. long/florwn with large pink striped flowers with an
orange lip, and B. hispidum only met with at the very summit,
30 BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO GUNONG JERAI.
with clusters of fairly large deep red hairy flowers with a very
putrid odour. Upwards of fifty kinds of Orchids were collected
here, of which eight kinds were peculiar to the range. As on
Mount Ophir Didymocarpi were not common and what species
did occur seemed to be endemic. Among the most conspicuous
Ophir plants absent were Rhododendron Malayanum and R. jasmi-
niflorum, Arundina speciosa Dendrobium uniflorum, Cladium Main-
gayi, Lepidosperma Chinense and Balanophora, but this latter being
often rather deeply buried in the soil may not be discoverable
unless in flower, and may perhaps be found later in the year.
On the whole the flora most resembles that of Mount Ophir and
is very different from that of the Main Perak hills. The flora
of the Lankawi islands which one can see at no great distance
from Kedah Peak and where so many remarkable plants have
been found by Mr. Curtis is very distinct from that of any part
of the peninsula, having in fact a closer relation with that of
Tenasserin. .I had expected to find on Kedah peak traces of this
northern flora, but there was nothing of the kind, the plants are
typically Malayan. J remained on the mountain for six days
during which the weather was tolerably fine. Rain fell however
almost every night. The temperature is fairly cool, the thermo-
meter falling to 70 at sun down. Mosquitoes occur at the camp,
which is unusual at this elevation, so those who are troubled by
them would do well to take mosquito curtains. The expedition
including going from and returning to Penang has, I believe,
been done in a day, but it can hardly be worth the labour it
entails to make so hurried a visit. The ascent from Yan takes
from 34 to 4 hours, and if wet it will probably take longer as
the track becomes very slippery after rain.
USE OF THE SLOW LORIS IN. MALAY MEDICINE. 31
On the Use of the Slow Loris in Malay
Medicine.
Bye. N: RIDLEY.
The following instructions for the medical and magic uses
of the Loris, were copied some time ago from a manuscript in
Malay, and are excellent illustrations of Malay ideas as to
medicine. In many respects these receipts recall Huropean
medical ideas of some four centuries ago. The notion that one
drug will act beneficially in all diseases that flesh is heir to is
by no means extinct among the more ignorant classes at the
present day, while the use of animals, especially if of strange
and uncanny appearance, simply because they were odd looking,
was formerly quite common in Kurope. Thus the viper, and the
scinc (abuia) were valued highly as late as 1694. (Pomet’s
Drugs). Still earlier toads, bats and other such animals were
used in magic as the Loris is among the Malays and Indians to
this day.
The Kongkang, or Slow Loris (Vycticebus tardigradus) is
common all over the peninsula and also occurs in India. Its
strange appearance with its large eyes and ape-like hands, its
nocturnal habits and its manner of covering its eyes with its
hands, have stamped it in the eyes of all Orientals as an uncanny
beast closely associated with demons, which it is supposed to
have special facilities for seenmg. I have been informed that its
tears if applied to the eyes impart such clearness of vision that
the person using it is able to see ghosts. The method of ob-
taining the tears is to take the animal among a herd of cows
- when it commences to weep, but another plan which indeed
sounds more likely to succeed was to wrap the animal’s body
in a white cloth, and throw pepper in its eyes. The tears are
collected on a bit of cotton.
Five varieties of the Loris are recognised by the Malays,
viz., the Kongkang ayer, the common grey forn, so called
S2 USE OF THE SLOW LORIS IN MALAY MEDICINE.
because it is said it can swim; Kongkang angin, which is black.
This variety is said to have the power of vanishing when a
storm arises, if it is merely tied with a string in a house, but if
confined in a cage it cannot do. Kongkang api is red with a
white mark on its forehead and nose. Kongkang orang is
brownish with a red line over its head and down its back. The
white variety Kongkang puteh or Kongkang Kayu is very rare
and is the most valuable one for magic purposes. It derives its
second name from the peculiar property of causing a tree to fall
in any desired direction. To effect this it must be either found
dead or killed ina special manner known only to an initiated
few, its bones are then laid in a row in the. direction in which
it is desired that the tree shall fall when felled and the tree will
fall exactly on the bones. "
In cutting up a Kongkang for magical purposes it is neces-
sary that the knife used shall be ornamented with gold. The
skull if put ina hole in the ground beneath a house will cause
ghosts (hantus) to appear. The fur if burnt and given toa
woman to eat will cause her to like her husband however much
she may have previously disliked him.
PASAL PERGUNA’AN KONG KANG.
Ayer mata-nya itu jika di pakai pada badan kita yani di
masokkan k-dalam suatu bekas di-pakai sperti azimat, Insha
Allah skhan yang mmendang kita kaseh sklan-nya.
2. Darah-nya jika di champor dngan dawat di tuliskan
azimat Insha Allah mustajab barang perbuat tau-nya, dan jika
di champor dngan ayer susu manusia di sapukan pada mulut
periok, mlainkan tiada masah nasi itu.
3. Prot-nya itu di jmor kring kring dan apabila kita
handak naik rumah orang di asah dns an ayer embon dan jebat
di sapukan di dawah lantai- -nya nschaya tertidor orang yang di
dalam rumah itu dan tiada ktahui kita naik rumah-nya itu, dan
jika di sapukan pada binatang yang buas buas, sperti Harimau,
Sapi, atau Gajah terplihara deri-pada kjahatan-nya, dan _ jika
orang sakit di asah dngan kulit dedak sdikit di-bri minum nscha-
ya semboh.
4, Prot-nya itu jika di-bri kring kring apabila ada prem-
puan susa hndak beranak di asah dngan mempedu-nya dan ayer
USE OF THE SLOW LORIS IN MALAY MEDICINE. 33
mawar di sapukan pada ari ari-nya prempuan itu nschaya kluar
anak-nya itu.
). Mata-nya yane kanan itu jika di lumatkan di champor
dngan susu orang atau susu kambing dan minyak Yatmon di
champorkan pada surmoh di-buat chelak nschaya trang’ mata
yang kelam dngan kuasa Tuhan.
6. Mata-nya kiri itu di lumatkan halus halus di champor
dnean ayer Mawar, ayer madoo dan kapor barus, di buat chelak
mata atau di makan dngan sirih yang bertmu urat uschaya kaseh
orang mmandange kita, dan jika di bri makan pada binatang yang
liar mnjadi jinak.
7. Hati-nya itu pika di kringkan baik baik pada panas
kmdian di lumatkan dan di champor dngan minyak Ziton dan
di sapukan pada (Zakar) bawa_ jinak terlalu lazat, dan jika di
tanam pada rumah kita jadi hormat rumah itu.
8. Tulane blakang-nya jika di tanam di bawah pintu runah
kita mlainkan tiada boleh pnehuri masok,
9 Tulane kaki-nya itu. jika di kolom di dalam mulot di
bawah berchakap- chakap di hadapan Raja raja lmah lahya ber-
buat dhalim di atas kita dan jika di masak dnean minyak ular
atau harimau atau minyak ziton di sapukan ‘pada kaki orang
yang lemah neschaya affiat olehnya.
10. Paruparunya itu jika di tampal pada pintu orang
melainkan bercherai berai orang rumah itu.
11. Jantongnya itu di kringkan diambil satu (kerat) dan di
asah dengan (mani) kita di bri makan perumpuan neschaya kaseh
dia dengan kita.
DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE LORIS.
1. If the tears of this animal be worn on the body, we can
place them in.a small case and carry asa sacred wand. All per-
sons beholding our countenance shall by God’s will bear an
affectionate feeling towards us.
2. Its blood may be mixed with ink, and written with as a
sacred writing, by the will of God any busmess will prove suc-
cessful ; and it can be mixed with milk and rubbed on the mouth
of a pot, when the rice which is to be cooked will never be
done.
34 USE OF THE SLOW LORIS IN MALAY MEDICINE
3. Its gut is to be dried, and when we want to use it, take
a piece and rub it on a stone with dew and civet; when rubbed
below the floor of a house, the inmates will fall asleep and will
not know we are getting in, and if rubbed on wild anmials such
as tigers, oxen or elephants, the person approaching will be safe
from harm, and if ground up with a little bark of Dadup
(Erythrina) and given to a sick person it will cure him at once.
4. The gut when dried and ground with its gall together
with rose water and rubbed on the abdomen of a woman in con-
finement, will assist to cause delivery.
). The right eye dried and eround to powder and mixed
with human or goat’ s milk and some sweet oil may be used as an
eye ointment which will make dim sight bright by the will of God.
6. The left eye ground fine and mixed with rose water,
honey and camphor (Sumatran) can be used as an eye ointment
or eaten with sirih leaf, the nerves of which meet together
causes all who look on us to love us, and if given toa wild beast
it will become tame.
7. The heart well dried and ground and mixed with olive
oil and rubbed on acts as an aphrodisiac and buried in the
front of a house makes it appear respectable.
8. If its backbone is buried beneath the door of the house
we can prevent thieves from entering.
9, If the bone of its left leg be kept in the mouth during a
conversation with a rajah, it will prevent his doing any acts of
tyranny to us, and if we cook it with oil of snake or tiger or olive
oil and rub it on the feet of a weak person, it will streng-
then him.
10. If its lung is placed beneath the door, the people of the
house will be separated.
11. If the liver be dried anda piece taken and rubbed up
and given to a woman to eat it will produce in her feelings of
love towards us,
A REVIEW OF DR. A, B. MEYER'’S NEGRITOS, So
A Review of Dr. A. B. Meyer’s
‘“Negritos.”’
By Rk. N. BLAND:
_ A pamphlet with the above title has recently been presented
to the Library of the S$. B. R. A. 8. by the author. Itisa
translation from the German of two chapters of a larger work,
published in 1893, dealing with the Negritos of the Philippines,
and is confined to a consideration of the distribution of the
Negritos within the Philippines and beyond.
The author, who is the Director of the Royal Zoological,
Anthropological and Ethnographical Museum at Dresden, is a
scientific traveller of established reputation. He has since 1875
published over 20 volumes on Anthropological and Ethnographi-
cal subjects connected with the far eastern Archipelago. The
subject is one that possesses a particular interest in this “ corner
of Asia,” as amongst the natives of the Peninsula we have tribes
representing the ancient race of Pigmy negroes, small black men
with frizzy hair concerning whom science has speculated since
the time of Herodotus.
Jakuns, Sakai, Semang, Orang Raiat, Orang Bukit, Orange
Panggang, Belenda, Bidnanda are some of the names by which
these people are known in different parts of the Peninsula. Pos-
sibly the Orang Laut, who to this day inhabit the villages at the
mouth of the Rochor River, in the harbour of Singapore, and
even the curly-headed “‘ have-a-dive” boys of New Harbour are
also related to this ancient people, but this is still an open ques-
tion.
The author concerns himself only with the distribution of
the Negritos in the Far East—that is, where these people.are to
be met with and where not. In support of his arguments he
quotes over 200 different authorities, and more often than not,
differs from them. 2
36 A REVIEW OF DR. A. B. MEYER’S NEGRITOS,
The writers that our author quotes most, and differs from
most violently, are MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy, both of
them anthropologists of renown. To readers of this Journal,
the criticisms of the views of M. de Quatrefages will be of in-
terest, as some of these views are set forth in two articles entitled
the “ Pigmies” published in Nos. 11 and 13 of the Journal,
». B. R. A. 8. Let us take some of these references in detail.
P. 23. “The most prolific writer on the Negritos is de Quatre-
‘‘fages, who published a monograph in the year 1872, entitled
“ Etude sur les Mincopies et la race Negrito en oénéral e
“and then in 1882, together with Hamy, the‘ Crania Ethnica.’
“ T will not enter into a detailed discussion of this writer’s
‘partially fantastic ideas on the Negrito question. Time will
“decide whether the views advanced by him with great cer-
“tainty will hold good, in that traces of the Negritos are found
‘““nearly everywhere from India to Japan and New Guinea, and
‘that Negritos and Papuans live together in New Guinea and
“ elsewhere, owned and intermixed, differing from the true Pa-
ipuanS 4. - hessame illustrations too, are continually
Pere pLocuceds ata elle Quatrefages’ literary references are
‘ frequently untr ustworthy. He is in spite of his shortcomings
‘respected by many writers as a reliable authority, etc., etc.”
The “Crania Ethnica” is a constant stumbling-block and rock
of offence to our author. He writes of a certain skull described
as coming from Borneo. P. 26. ‘The mischief caused by this
‘“‘ Negrito skull will be carried on in books for some time to come
© ipa consequence of this frequent repetition.” He is strongly
of opinion that the existence of Negritos in Borneo has not yet
been proved, and is much annoyed with M. de Quatrefages for
assuming the contrary on the evidence of a solitary skull.
Writing of the Moluccas of Lesser Sunda isles, our author
disputes an opinion of Prof. Flower regarding the existence of
a “small Negroid population” in certain islands. “ He is” he
says, ‘surely adopting, absolutely without the test. of criticism,
“de Quatrefages’ more recent statements (Les Pygmées, 1887)
which are more or less figments of de Quatrefages’ imag‘ination,”
etc. |
_ Again (with reference to Negritos in Java), ‘ Flower ap-
‘“‘pears here again to follow de Quatrefages (Pygmées, 1887)
A REVIEW OF DR. A. B, MEYER’S NEGRITOS, 37
“blindly, but the statements in question are very much open to
“controversy.” As in the case of Borneo, Mr. Meyer holds that
the existence of Negritos in Java has not been proved.
In examining the evidence as to Negritos in Formosa, Herr
Meyer again falls foul of “ Crania Ethnica” and writes, ‘ For to
* conclude the occurrence of a race in a country from certain
‘characters in two skulls, when this race has not yet been reg-
“istered from that country, is in the present embryonic state
“of craniology, an unwarrantable proceeding, and the two
“French writers will certamly find no follower in this respect,
‘except such as simply copy their assertions.”
_ Here Meyer disputes the existence of Negritos in Japan, on
the evidence of certain skulls described by Hamy. He writes :
“In consequence, this Negritos Japanese skull found its way
into the ‘ Crania Ethnica’ and was duly recorded in all the writ-
ines of de Quatrefages and in many others.”
As regards China, Herr Meyer equally questions the evi-
dence as to Negritos. ‘De Quatrefages and de Lacouperie
“looked upon each other as authorities, the assumption of the
‘one standing for truth to the other, and vice versa; in conse-
‘quence they tried to support each other, but it is more than
* questionable whether others will have the same belief in the
‘categorical statements of these two writers.”
In short, as regards the Dutch possessions, China and
Japan, Herr Meyer finds that all accounts of Negritos outside the
Philippines are traced on very poor evidence, or properly speak-
ing on none at all. He reminds one of the famous chapter in
the * Natural History of Iceland ” headed ‘“ Snakes—There
are none.” Professor Meyer goes on to discuss the Negritos
question as it concerns the Malay Peninsula, the Andamans, the
Mergui and Nicobar Islands, Anam, Cochin China, Cambodia,
India, Australia, and New Guinea. He glances (p. 72) at the
question as to whether we are to regard the Negrito people as
the little modified descendants of an extremely ancient race,
(‘“‘ gens prisca mortalium”) the ancestors of all the Negro tribes,
or whether they may be regarded as a type of comparatively re-
cent growth, retrograded to their present condition after cen-
turies of isolation and confinement to a limited space. “ For at
“the present time our knowledge of the mutability and amount of
38. A REVIEW OF DR. A. B, MEYER’S NEGRITOS,
‘“‘ variation in organic form and their result is still so inadequate,
“that it is extremely rash to speculate in this general manner on
“the genetic connection of races, and doubtless easier to set up
‘‘a clever hy pothesis than to prove its full legitimacy, let alone
“necessity.”
In his. Sonehican he deplores the practice of describing
skulls in detail ‘‘ which will never lead to profitable results.”
He thus takes a final shot at the ‘‘Crania Ethnica.” ‘* Whoever
‘wishes to obtain an idea of the chaos which reigns here let him
“read the ‘Crania Ethnica’ of de Quatrefages and Hamy: he
»° would need Ariadne’s clue to find his way in this labyrinth of
‘skull descriptions.”
He appeals to ‘some able investigator” to dedicate his
powers to the Negritos of the Philippines (as the Saranies have
done for the Weddas), and hopes that later generations will
attain to the “heights of knowledge” and be able to look back
to the present time with its gropings in the dark, its daring hy-
potheses, its paucity of facts, as the childhood of Anthropology.
LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 39
A List of Brunie-Malay Words.
GOLLECTED BY H. S. HAYNES.
Nove. In Brunie-Malay the final / sounds strong.
There are a number of obsolete Malay words in common
use here—such as tapih, a short sarong, but as they are to be
found in the dictionary of L’ Abbé Favre I have not put them in
this list. Here many Malay words are altered slightly, as for
instance lui? for layer, a sail (lari berlar?, to sail.)
GAYA, 27th May, 1900.
Achang
Ajie
Alak Alak
Ali Ali
Alun Alun
Ambok
Ambulong
Ambuyet
Ampas
Ampo!l
Ampuan
Ampus
Anchow
Andang Andang
Andiang
Ang’-up
Anus
Arang Atasan
The tame pigeon.
The chin.
The uvula.
Separate.
A road.
A monkey.
Raw sago.
Cooked sago.
Accent.
Light (not heavy).
A title of rank.
Asthma.
A fine net for catching Bubuk,
made of Sadok.
From the beginning.
The frond of the Cocoanut palm.
To stutter.
The cuttle fish.
Soot.
40 LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS.
Arap Arap
Arik
Arok, Mengarok
Aukup, Snapang .
Aumpok
Auras
Aurok
Ausal
Ausus
Autik
Babat
Babau
Badong
Baguring
Bakat
Bakut, Membakut
Balan
Balong
Balot
Bangas
Bangkawat
Bangking
Banun
Bari
Basak
Basing
Baston
Batah
Batak
Baul
Bawet
Bayung
Beabas
Beading
Pelt
Beluri
To cut up small,
To call.
To thrust a spear up through the
floor of a house.
A. breech-loader, ;
A box made of Selad leaves.
Rubbish.
To open.
‘To settle. ‘To arrange matters.
A bradawl.
Cataract of the eye.
To tie.
Dumb.
An eel.
To roll.
A scar.
To heap up.
Steel.
Jelly-fish.
Béche-de-Mer.
Sour. Stale.
The rainbow.
A bug.
A. herd of cattle.
Steel.
. A fisherman’s basket
A squirrel.
A walking-stick.
A long time.
To rob. Cattle-lifting.
Brackish (of water.)
Cycas revoluta.
A bag made of rushes,
Guava (fruit. )
Shark’s fins and tails.
A stick of tobacco.
To get, to catch, to obtain.
LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDs. 41
Bengkatang
Benukal
Berbakut
Berkami
Barega
Berling Katak
Berling Karong
Bergalop
Berinyut
Berkrapak
Berleon
Bélusier
Bertangar
Bertapak
Betian
Blani
Blatak
Brian
Bubuk
Bubut
Bubus
Bujak
Buli Bult
Bunga Lapane’
Bunga Takat
Bungkutut
Bungal
Bungal
Bruet Ruet
Buyuk
Chabok
Chaka
Chaka]
Chandas
Charok
Chuet
The Proboscis Monkey.
An earthenware jar.
Lo box: Tome ht.
To make water.
To proclaim.
A frog.
A grass lizard.
To play. To act the fool.
Slowly, by degrees.
To speak.
To go round.
To run. :
To pole a boat up stream.
To hide.
Pregnant.
An earthenware Jat.
A basket.
Money, or goods paid for a wife.
The small shrimp.
To follaw, to chase, to pursue.
Worn in holes at the bottom.
A. spear.
Sand fly.
The white crest on the waves,
(breakers. )
Sponge.
The fresh water shrimp.
Deaf.
The sea turtle.
Barbed as a fish spear.
To cheat.
A bathing bucket.
Industrious.
To wrestle.
Chinese chop sticks.
The bow of a boat, or ship.
A plate.
42 LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS.
Damal 4
Damit
Dapong
Dudus
Dugal
Eno
Epong
Gabus
Gadong
Gagar
Gagas
Gaggo ;
Gageut, Bergageut
Garit
Grauk
Geok
Gaul Bergaul
Gubong -
Gucho
Guhan
Guling Tangan
Guntian
Gureding
Gusey
Hias
Inda Inda ;
Indek :
Indong
Ingut :
Jagau
Damp.
Small.
A boat with outriggers,
Mutilated.
Spleen. Nausea.
Phosphorescence of the sea.
An earthenware jar.
Proud.
(creen.
To shake.
In haste.
ry’
To be busy.
To make a disturbance.
A serateh.
Wicked. Naughty.
A worm.
To sound a gone.
A dug-out canoe.
An instrument for
betel nut.
Vegetables.
pounding
¢ or 8 graduated gongs.
Thread for sewing.
A Jew’s harp.
A sacred jar.
To make haste, to spurt, to finish.
Different kinds of things.
To kick.
Mother, of animals.
To shake in a pile.
Tall.
LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS.
Jahat Nawa
Jelamah
Jenguni
Jurong
Kaban
Kalabutan
Kalakati
Kalas
Kalat
Kalindo
Kamah
Kanowl
Kapunan
Karo
Katawi
Katrahan
Keap
Kelala
Keri
Keri
Kubut
Klakar
Kudut
Kuling Bambong
Kuling Papat
Kuratu
Kuroh
Lago
Lakat
Lalam
Lalap
Lambu
Lampo
Lamunita
Langis
Sick, unwell.
A human being.
The Nicobar pigeon.
Oval.
A box.
The cuttle fish.
Betel nut scissors.
Light red colour.
Rope.
A jungle spirit.
Dirty.
The white paddy bird.
Misfortune.
Stiff.
A place for paddy.
43
A place for fowls to lay and sit.
A fan.
To recognize.
The eye brows.
Nepa leaves used to make cigar-
ettes.
An earthenware jar.
To speak falsely.
A plate.
A butterfly.
A firefly.
In times long ago.
To snore.
To call.
To remain, to stay in a place.
Rain when the sun shines.
Meat dried in the sun.
The Illanun boat.
Stout, fat.
Raw sago,
Clean.
abe LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS.
Langone
Lanto
Lasak
Lasuk
Lauangan
Lauk
Lechak
Lekup
Limpaku
Limpong, Malimyponz
Lulan ;
Lulup ‘
Lunconz
Malagas
Malangup
Mandu
Mata-Mata-i
Mauk
Menggagap
Meris
Maritam
Mais
Moah
Mungalimut
Muli
Nandong
Napu
Nyanat
Pajah
Pajal
Pakaram
Pakarangan
A cooking pot.
A bad smell.
Bald headed.
A basket.
A curtain.
Live or fresh fish.
Soft.
The small hornbill.
A passage between the coral
reefs.
To he down.
A seam, a hem.
A woolly kind of stuff obtained
from the Bengkola Palm,
used to caulk boats.
Lazy.
Bald, leafless.
To open wide the mouth.
10 Gantang measure.
To mend a net.
To vomit.
To feel about in the dark.
Leaky, not water-tight.
Pulason fruit.
Orang utan.
The face.
To slander,
To return, to go home.
_ The dragon fly.
Sago flour.
To repeatedly commit the same
offence,
To put out a light.
To force.
To fish.
A fishing boat.
LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 45
Pakul
Palowi
Pampangan
Pandiang
Pandidip
Panggal
Panguling
Panyangat
Papak
Pantaran
Paropok
Patungut
Peasow
Pengaluru
Pengambat
Peratasan
Petang
Piho
Piok
Porok
Puchok Rabong :
Pundok Pundok
Pungarusan
Pungaut
Pungar
Puputan
Rahap
Radu
Rambat
Ranik
Rangit
Ranggas
Repow
Rampok
Rogat
Rumbia
A saddle,
A fool.
Stocks, place cf punishment.
A prostitute.
Matches.
To cut in two.
A midwife.
A wasp.
To chew.
Verandah.
Bamboo grass.
A fire stick.
The cocoanut palm.
To mock.
A travelling trader.
The watershed.
Dark. _ Darkness.
Deer (Cervus. )
To handcuff.
Earth eaten by the natives.
The gums.
To sit idle.
A charm attached to a fishing
net.
A rice spoon.
A dead tree.
Bellows.
A shroud.
_ A plough.
A casting net.
Small, as leaves.
Mosquito.
Leafless.
The refuse of sago.
To shake out.
Torn ears.
The sago palm,
46 LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS.
Rundine
Sabang
Sabal
Sabat
Sadok
Sadi
Sadian
Salajur
Salambo
Saling Kawang
Samandak
Sumba Sumba
Sambat Sambat
Sampar
Sangup
Sapar Sapar
Sarah
sarang Sarang
Saroung
Sarudong
Sawang’
Sear
Sebur
Segi
Segup
Selering
Sepok
Sekup Keri
Sekut
Selankier
Serah
Sering
Sérong
Séut
To make up an account.
A pass between the reefs or sand
banks.
Blunt.
A knapsack.
A kind of coarse canvas.
To dry a boat.
A boat shed.
At once.
A fishing net.
Bracken fern.
A heifer.
Mantis (Praying Insect).
Karly in the morning,
An evil spirit.
A fish spear.
Divided.
A box.
A dish cover.
A conical hat.
A hut built on the floor of an
unfinished house.
A hole.
A shrimp.
Raised divisions in the paddy
fields.
Cowry-shell.
Tobacco.
A fishing net.
Having an extra finger or toe.
Left-handed.
To carry on the back.
The starling.
Salt.
The edge. Sea shore.
The spaces between the posts of
a house.
A landing net.
LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS. 47
Spurdian
Stagal
Stampik
Sulup
Sumbrana
Suri Pimping
Suroh
Tabok
Tabak
Tagar
Tajow
Takat
Tambok
Tambing
Tambuku Bamban
‘Taming
‘Tampeling
‘Tampik
Tangan Tangan
Tung hil
Tapuk
Tara Tara
Tarok
Teébaro
Tekuyong
Tepi
Teranang
Timbaran
Tislear
Tengkalak
Trepas
Tumpong
Of one family.
A little time.
One side.
A hut, a shelter.
Careless.
A kind of bamboo grass.
A cricket.
A window.
To stab.
Rust.
A jar.
A coral reef.
A cooking: place.
The river bank.
Buttons.
A shield.
A slap in the face.
To split wood, ete.
The castor oil plant.
The Cicada.
To hide.
A sea gull.
The colour magenta.
Bamboo evrass.
A shell.
Pear! shell.
A water bottle.
A tree of the bread-fruit kind,
the bark of which is used to
make rope called Pelian.
To make the mouth water.
The block fixed on the top of
the tripod bamboo mast of
a boat.
The small green love bird.
A bamboo used for carrying
water,
48 LIST OF BRUNIE-MALAY WORDS.
Tumpuk Heaps, groups; tufts.
Tunduk The scalp lock.
Tundun The back of the neck.
Tunkus
Grave-clothes.
A silver heart-shaped ornament
for a little girl.
Turuk Turuk
Yubengkone. The hammer-headed shark.
STRAITS BRANCH, R. As. Soc.
J). xxxiv, pl. 4. &% 2%
R. Hanitsch Phot.
Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, British North Borneo, 2000
(LOOKING DOWN).
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU, 49
An Expedition to Mount Kina Balu,
British North Borneo.
By R. HANITSCH, Ps.D.
(With four plates.)
Introductory remarks: The first part of this paper, contain-
ing the narrative of the expedition to Kina Balu, is based upon
diary notes written during the journey and is practically the
report which I sent in to the Committee of the Raffles Museum
on April 27th of last year. The second part, containing the
scientific results, could only be compiled after considerable
delay ; most of the zoological specimens obtained during the ex-
pedition had to be sent for identification to specialists at home
and elsewhere, viz., Messrs. G. A. Boulenyer, Edgar Smith, L. de
Nicéville, R. Shelford, D. Sharp and L. A. Borradaile, and I take
this opportunity of thanking them for their assistance. Two
papers by Mr. Boulenger, the one containing the description of
a new Freshwater Fish (A. M. N. H., Ser. 7, Vol. IV., pp. 228-
229) and the other that of three new Reptiles and a new Batra-
chian (ibid. pp. 451-454), and a paper by Mr. Borradaile on
Freshwater Crustacea, one of which is new (P. Z. 5., 1900, part
I, 2 pp.) are reprinted.
The Government of this Colony had kindly furnished me
with credentials to the British North Borneo Government, and
my thanks are due to the officials there, chiefly Mr. R. M. Little,
Resident of Labuan, and Mr. H. $8. Haynes, Magistrate, Pro-
vince Keppel, who made all arrangements for carriers and who
otherwise assisted me in every possible way.
Narrative.
The Mount of Kina Balu, British North Borneo, was first
ascended in the year 1851 by Hugh Low (6), and since then by
Spenser St. John (8)in 1858, F. W. Burbidge (4) in 1877, R. M.
Little (5) m 1887, John Whitehead (10) in 1887 and 1888, and
7
50 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BAULU, .
G. D. Haviland (9) in 1892. The idea of attempting the ascent
myself occurred to me in January last (7. ¢. 1899) when I made
the acquaintance of Mr. H. T. Burls, M.1.M. E., F. G. S., who
was passing through Singapore on his way to North Borneo in
order to prospect there for oil, and who wished to ascend Kina
Balu apart from his primary business object. After some dis-
cussion on the subject in Singapore, we settled the preliminary
arrangements for a joint expedition by correspondence after Mr.
Burls had arrived in Labuan. H. E. Governor Beaufort, British
North Borneo, expressed his willingness to join the expedition.
I left Singapore by the 8. 8. ‘Ranee’ on Saturday, March
4th, 1899 accompanied by my assistant P. M. de Fontaine and
two native servants, a Chinese cook and a Malay, and reached
Labuan, after an unfavourable passage, on Thursday, March 9th.
Mr. R. M. Little kindly met me on landing and explained to me
the various preparations for transport and carriers which were
being made by Mr. Haynes at Gaya. Unfortunately I heard at
the same time that Mr. Burls and H. E. Governor Beaufort were
prevented from joining the expedition, the former through an
accident to his knee, the latter in consequence of his accelerated
departure for Hurope. However, Mr. Burls kindly offered to
take me on a short trip to Brunei the next day, and we slept the
night on board his steam launch ‘“‘ Marudu” in order to make an
early start for Brunei.
Friday, March 10th. We left about 3.30. a.m. for Brunei,
arriving there at 9. a.m., explored the neighbourhood a little,
visited a pawnshop where [ bought a number of parangs and
krisses for the Raffles Museum, and left again in the afternoon.
We arrived in Labuan at 8 p.m. and slept on board the ‘ Marudu.’
Saturday, March 11th. Mr. Burls bemg unable to accom-
pany me, I chartered the steam-launch ‘ Enterprise, started
from Labuan at 8.45 a.m., and had a pleasant run to Gaya, where
I arrived at 7 p.m. We landed at the pier which is in process of
being broken up. Since Mat Salleh destroyed the greater part
of this village, including the Government offices, in 1897, the
latter have been shifted to Gantian, on the mainland of Borneo, —
and the woodwork of this pier is now required for Gantian. In
the darkness we climbed along the remains of the pier (at least
1 mile long), and, when near the other end, were rescued by a
N EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 51
native boat. Soon after, we met Mr. Haynes. As Mr. Little in
his letter of instructions to Mr. Haynes had recommended that
we should take the Tuaran route to Kina Balu, he very kindly
promised to accompany me the next day as far as Panjut, a vil-
lage on the mainland where our luggage carriers were awaiting
us. I slept on board the ‘ Enterprise.’
Sunday, March 12th. We left the ‘ Enterprise’ at sunrise
and noticed crowds of the long-spmed Sea-Urchin Diadema
setosum in the shallow water below the pier, mostly sticking on
to pieces of rotten timber lying at the bottom. From a fisher-
man we obtained a large number of the huge worm Sipunculus
robustus which he was digging from the sandy shore for bait.
At 8.50 a.m. we left Gaya in two rowing boats manned by Bajous,
and had a most pleasant journey. W hen nearing Gantian, we
passed through shallow water with beautiful corals and numbers
of the striking red and black starfish Oveaster nodosus. At
Gantian, usually known as Kabagegu by the natives, we met Mr.
Ce Keasberry, Sub-Treasurer and Postmaster. Then proceed-
ing, we entered the Menkabong river at 1 p.m., passed the vil-
lage of Mumpelum at 2 p.m., and soon after reached Berunggis
where we landed. Here, without waiting for the second boat
in De Fontaine’s charge, which had dropped somewhat behind,
Mr. Haynes and myself, with a few of the men, walked on to
Panjut, about 24 miles distant, passing through swampy fields
with exceedingly poor padi—I hear by the way that this year’s
padi crop has been a failure throughout North Borneo—and
reached Panjut at 3.15 pm. .We settled down in a spacious
Dusun house, with a splendid verandah, ornamented with about
twenty head-trophies, and caused the drums to be beaten, which
signal was to call the men to fetch our luggage from Berung-
ois. After about 15 hours’ waiting, six Dusuns appeared with
sledges drawn by water-buffaloes and started off towards our
boats. At 6p. m., as there were no signs of the luggage, I
went back to Berunggis to hurry the men on and found that the
second and larger boat had been obliged to stop lower down
the river, as the tide had eone out, and that only a part of the
luggage could be removed that evening. We returned towards
Panjut, and feeling somewhat fatigued I mounted a water-buf-
-falo, but as it floundered into a hole, I was promptly thrown off,
52 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
The harness was broken and the luggage upset, but otherwise
no harm was done, and I mounted another buffalo, this time
behind a Dusun driver; our progress was now safe, but the
odour arising from my driver necessitated my holding my nose
at a laterally elevated angele of 45°
Monday, March 13th. We signalled for more men to fetch
the rest of our luggage, but, after long waiting, only two men
appeared. We followed them towards Berunggis and found a
large fair in progress where the Dusuns from the interior were
selling and exchanging their jungle produce with the Bajous,
from the coast for fish, etc. Here Mr. Haynes introduced me
to Malagup, a Dusun chief, who was to accompany me e Kana
Balu, in charge of the coolies. Not catching the man’s name
I asked him directly for it, but was told by Mr. Haynes that the
natives, and especially the chiefs, feel offended at being asked
for their names directly ; one is supposed to know them and m
any case must find them out from a third person. Most of the
Dusuns had come to the fair on their buffaloes, so that we now
found no difficulty in getting sufficient conveyances for our lug-
gage. Mr. Haynes here left me to return to Gantian, and I
went back to Panjut, arriving there about 11 a.m. The coolies
in the meantime had begun to gather, but appeared most indo-
lent ; they tried package after package, but finding them all too
heavy, dropped them again in disgust. The situation seemed
hopeless ; even Malagup had vanished, and in the burning mid-
day sun I had to go to his house, two or three miles distant, to
look for him. I rode back ona buffalo to Panjut, but now our
patience with the carriers was exhausted. The men had appar-
ently only been awaiting for some forcible language, and at
last took up the luggage. We madea start at 2.30 p.m., and
after about 10 minutes’ walk from Panjut we reached the broad
and rapid Tuaran river. Only a single small boat, a dug-out,
was available, and it took more than an hour to ferry us all
across. Here we met a jovial old Chinaman who invited us to
spend the first night in his house, in the village of Bandeian, not
quite 2 miles higher up on the right bank of the Tuaran. — This
we accepted. The first day’s march was thus only short, but I was
elad to have made a start, and to have oot the coolies away
from their homes. They camped ona nice grassy ground be-
AN EXPEDITION. TO MOUNT KINA. BALU. 53
tween the house and the river, whilst I, with my men from
Singapore, slept inside.
Tuesday, March 14th. We left the Chinaman’s house at
about 7 a.m., walking through an open cultivated plain, passing
many buffaloes grazing there who were apparently on the
best of terms with flocks of snow-white herons who stalked
about between them, or stood on their broad backs. We reach-
ed Menkaladai at 8 a. m., and soon after arrived at the foot of a
long chain of hills. The ascent was steep and_ slippery, some-
times passing through old jungle, more often through high
bamboo, lalang and fern. \We rested on the top of the hill, and
refreshed ourselves with delicious water from the branches of
a creeper, called Pokok Gunatol by the natives, which the men
cut off with their parangs, for every man was thus armed,
some also carrying spears in addition. We marched on, and
reached Kappa at 1.30 p.m. This is a miserable village of four
or five houses in the midst of the jungle, with no attempt ata
clearing, but plenty of filth and pigs about. We settled down
ina house adorned with ancient skulls of deer and wild boar.
Wednesday, March 15th. We left Kappa at 8 a.m., and
walked along mountain ridges through bamboo, fern, and deep
grass, or occasional forest. Drizzling rain set in soon and lasted
for some hours. In the afternoon we passed through several
clearings indicatine the vicinity of a village, and reached Kala-
wat at 4 p.m., though some of the men only turned up at 6 p.m.
This was a small but picturesque village, looking like an oasis
in the wilderness around: an open grassy space with granite
boulders lying about, and clumps of coco-nut palms shading the
houses. The houses, however, were few, about five, and small,
and their unpromising interiors together with the fineness of the
night induced us to pitch our tent and camp outside. Many of
the men did likewise. Malagup showed himself useful by buy-
ing for us a fowl and a joint of bamboo full of honey for seven
cents.
Thursday, March 16th. About 2 am. I was awakened by
a heavy thunderstorm. I felt safe and comfortable in my tent
(lent by the P. W. D., Singapore), till suddenly a little rain came
trickling through my blanket, and I roused myself to find that it
was pouring into the tent which was supposed to be waterproof.
54 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
To leave the tent and take refuge in the houses seemed impossi-
ble ; it was pitch dark and the weather outside too awful. So I
remained soaking till 6 a.m. when I fled to the next house. This
experience cost us dear, since many of our things got wet
through and remained so for several days. We left Kalawat in
disgust at 9.50 a.m., fine rain falling at the time, but fortunately
the sun came out soon after. Our path now descended, and we
had an easy march to the Inuman River, arriving there about
noon. ‘This is a splendid river, rushing along over boulders and
shaded by mighty trees. Here we bathed and the men caught
me some remarkable tadpoles with huge suckers (Rana cavitym-
panum). They always found these tadpoles attached to the
boulders in the most foaming parts of the river. We crossed by
a ford to the left bank, and then over a low watershed and
reached the Menternan River. This river we had to ford three
times in close succession: the natives apparently making a spe-
ciality of short cuts: in this case it seemed to me it would have
been much easier to ford the river once and then proceed along
the bank, but my guides had different ideas. At 2.45 p.m. we
reached Bungol, a large village on the left bank of the Menter-
nan. Here the men begged me for a treat to buy them a
bull. As this somewhat startling proposal only involved an ex-
penditure of $3, and it was a splendid young beast, I agreed, and
much admired the speed with which the animal was despatched
and disappeared in the various cooking pots. I myself had an
excellent steak before me about an hour after the bargain had
been concluded. Heavy rain fell during the late evening.
Irriday, March 17th. The day opened somewhat foggy,
but fine, and we started at 7.45 a.m., fording the Menternan
three times, and ascending Gunong Kampil by a slow incline.
Then followed a tremendously steep descent, about 2000' down
a grass-covered slope, to the Kadamaian river, which is the local
name for the upper course of the Tampassuk. The river here is
already deep and difficult to ford on account of its strong cur-
rent. The men were up to their necks in water, and had to
carry the luggage on their heads. Fortunately everything re-—
mained dry, with the exception of my camera. We rested on
ihe right bank of the river, and reached Koung at 2.15 p.m.,
having had fine weather during the march, though rain set in
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 5S
soon after. I heard that the rice coolies were awaiting us in
this village. They had left Panjut on March Sth with instruc-
tions to proceed to Kiou, but, being afraid of the people of Kiou,
they had stopped here.
Saturday, March 18th. We left Koung at 7.40 a.m. and
proceeded along the right bank of the Tampassuk, climbing over
many cliffs and boulders alone the edge of the river. Then we
forded the deep and rapid river Lobang near its junction with
the Tampassuk, passed through some swampy undulating eround
covered with grass, fern and bushwood, forded the small and
winding Kiulan river several times, ascended a high and _ steep
hill, and reached Kiou at 12.30 p.m. Kiou isa village of con-
siderable size, the largest we had met so far during our march,
scattered over an extensive grassy clearing on an enormous
slope, with many clusters of coco-nut palms in the vicinity of the
houses. I heard that I was the first European who had visited
Kiou for four or five years, but it is apparently more than that,
as two men showed me certificates from Dr. G. D. Haviland,
dated April 24th, 1892, which stated that the bearers had acted
as his guides during his ascent of Kina Balu in March 1892.
Dr. Haviland, called ‘Tuan Bunga’ by the natives, seems to have
been the last European here, and before him Mr. John White-
head in 1887, who is remembered as ‘Tuan Burong.’ Malacup,
the Dusun Chief, here came to me soon after our arrival,
saying :
M. ‘Tabek, Tuan, itu orang coolie mau satu ayam.’
R. H, “Apa? Itu orange coolie samoa samoa mau satu
ayam?”
M,. ‘Tabek, Tuan, satu ayam besar.’
hk. H. “Satu ayam besar?. Apa macham ayam besar ?”
M. ‘Tabek, Tuan, satu kerbau.’
The men had apparently enjoyed the bullock I had given
them two days before, but Iam afraid my answer to Malagup
did not encourage similar requests. Still the men seemed to be
bent on pleasure, for they asked me for a holiday the next day,
which happened to be a Sunday. To this I agreed. In the
morning the weather had been dry, except for a few minutes of
drizzling rain. But we had rain all afternoon till late into the
night. Aneroid at 3.45 p.m. 2400’; thermometer 76° F,
56 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
Sunday, March 19th. ascended with De Fontaine to the top
of Kiou hill which is covered with deep jungle and is about 1000’
above the village. Froma clearing we had a wonderful view
of Kina Balu ; nothing intervened between here and the foot of
the mountain which seemed scarcely more than three miles off,
and the top of the mountain, bare and rocky, stood out chiselled
clear and sharp against the sky. Our success in collecting was
small, but the men brought in a good deal, especially stag >-horn
beetles and several species of coconut beetles. Megalophri Ys
nasuta, the strange frog with the large projecting triangular
eye-lids and triangular flap to its nose, seemed to be common
here, as we found it the day before in Koung. I interviewed
the guides; the one informed me he could only start with us in
two days, as he had to get a fowl and seven eggs for sacrifice
to the spirits of the mountain. Arguing with him led to no re-
sults. The other guide, however, declared that he would be
ready on the next morning.
Monday, March 20th. We rose early to make a start for
Kina Balu, but the coolies, who had scattered over the whole
village, were slow in assembling. I interviewed Malagup at 8
a.m. and tried to expedite matters, but at 10 a.m., as suffi-
cient men had not appeared, I decided to leave some of my
luggage behind and start. But we had still to wait for the
euide who finally turned up after urgent messages. He now
refused to oo without his colleague, the fowl and the seven eros,
So at 10.45 a.m., with blessings on the guides, the fowl and
the seven eggs, I decided to abandon the start. Things seemed
utterly hopeless.—Morning sunny, afternoon dreadfully rainy
and dreary.
Tuesday, March 21st. Dull morning, rain until daybreak.
The men really turned up soon after 6.30 a.m., but a start was
not made until 7.30 a.m. After a steep descent we reached an
isolated group of houses, which the natives still called Kiou, at
8 a.m., aneroid 1800°, then continued the descent to the Kada-
maian River which we reached at 8.25 a.m., aneroid 1500,
crossed twice by bamboo bridges and twice by fords, passed a
little village in the midst of an extensive plantation of Keladi
and a little maize, had to cross by a formidable ford just below
the place where the river forms a small island, and from there
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU, 57
our way lay almost exclusively inside the bed of the river which
consisted of a never-ending series of foaming cataracts rushing
over boulders of granite, and we had to force our way through
the one and climb over the other. The men seemed dishearten-
ed, and the guides recommended waiting a day for the water to
eo down. ‘This seemed an empty excuse at the time, but a little
experience showed us later on how very variable the height of
the water is in these mountainous regions. We still plodded on,
and after many difficulties and some mishaps—one of which was
the breaking of the ground glass of my camera—we reached
at 1 p.m., a spot on the bank of the river sheltered by a huge
slanting rock. Here we camped. Aneroid 2150.'
W Fednesday, March 22nd. 1 slept little during the night,
being kept awake by the comparative cold (about 65° op, ) and “the
roaring of the river. <Aneroid, 6.30 a.m: 20504, We started at
8.25 a.m., proceeding again chiefly in the bed of the Kadamaian.
The cataracts and boulders were, if anything, worse than the day
before. My sturdy Chinese cookie got “washed away by the
torrent, but was rescued by the men. After some hours we
finally left the river, and began a stee ep ascent, first along a little
brook which came dancing down over precipices, then along
an ordinary steep jungle path. Mosquitoes, which during the
whole journey, even in the native houses, had been scarcely
noticeable, began, from about 3500’, to be very troublesome
whenever one was still. At 2.45 p.m., we reached a huge ledge
of rock similar to the one under which we had camped the pre-
vious day. Here we stopped. When changing, as I always
did on reaching camp, I founda leach on my leg, the only one
during the whole expedition, although I took no ‘special precau-
tions against them. Aneroid 41404 Sunny morning, foggy
late in the afternoon, and a little rain.
Thursday, March 23rd. Another cold night, during which,
as in fact during the whole expedition, 1 enjoyed little sleep,
feeling the cold chiefly in my joints, notwithstanding plenty of
warm clothing and blankets. The morning opened dismal, with
drizzling rain. The guides informed me that it would now take
two more days to reach the cave (about 9500’), and as at that rate
probably two additional days would be required to reach the
suminit (13,698’), and probably as much time again to descend
8
58 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
to where we were, say eight days in all, without any time for
collecting, and as of the first half of the time allowed for the
expedition only two days were left, I decided to proceed no
further, but to begin to collect on the spot. I was also influenced
by the guides’ statement that the next climb would be stiffer
than before and would have to be done without shoes,
and that most of the men and the bulk of the luggage
would have to be left behind. That these statements were
no exaggerations, I knew from the accounts of former
travellers. It was a severe disappointment to give up
the idea of reaching the top, but I saw that a hurried climb with
all sorts of discomfort would bring little practical result, and
that the aim of the expedition would be served better by collect-
ing now on the lower ranges of the mountain. I therefore
made the men go out collecting, and as I promised them little
rewards, [ was kept busy all morning receiving and bottling
specimens. Dismal rainy afternoon, during which I amused my-
self (and still more the natives) by compiling a little Dusun
vocabulary, chiefly with Malagup’s help. ‘Temperature at 5 p.m.
66°. Glorious sunset. Fine moon during the night which, how-
ever, did not favour sleep, and though the slanting rock protect-
ed us against rain, it was of no use against the moonlight.
Friday, March 24th. The temperature between 5 p.m. on
the previous evening and 7 a.m. varied between 60° and 64° F.
Aneroid 4210‘. I went out collecting with my men in the vicinity
of the camp. The ground was exceedingly steep, and there
was a great deal of loose rock about: I had constantly to warn
the men to collect at the same level, not below and above each
other ; the rocks were continually crashing down into the valley
like miniature avalanches. Mosquitoes were again very trouble-
some in parts of this jungle. The men brought in small Mam-
mals (shrews, squirrels, rats), trapped during the night, and alsoa
good many Reptiles, Amphibians and Insects. A welcome sur-
prise: the guides, who were now convinced that I should not
attempt to ascend to the summit, presented me with the fowl
which had been intended for the spirits of the mountain. Ap-
parently we did not require any spiritual protection in these
lower ranges The natives evidently did not mean to swindle
the gods, as the fowl was most excellent and tender. Maximum
» a yy 5
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STRAITS BRANCH, R. As. Soc.
J. xxxiv., pl. 3. » % %
R, Hamtsch, Phot.
Kadamaian Kiver, Kina Balu, British North Borneo, 2000
(LOOKING UP.)
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 59
temperature during the day : 67°, down to 65° at 5.45 p.m.; fine,
but foggy, in the morning ; the usual rain in the afternoon.
Saturday, March O5th. Temperature during the night
60°5°-63°. Nice clear morning. Many frogs were brought i in by
the natives. We packed, and began our descent and our way
home at 9.45 a.m., as now the first half of my leave had expired
(7. e. three of the six weeks.) We reached the Kadamaian at
11.45 a.m., and our old camp, under the ledge of rock, at
1.25 p.m., where I decided to stay a day to collect. The des-
cent to the river was steep and difticult, but this time the river
itself offered no dangers and difficulties comparable with those
of a few days before, as the water had gone down. Weather
fine until 3 p.m., when the usual rain set in.
Sunday (Palm Sunday), March 26th. Although the tempera-
ture at mght time here was only very little hig! her than in the
upper Camp (63°-65°, as against ‘G0°-64°), we found the change
very noticeable and most agreeable. I mended my camera by
substituting a piece of oiled paper for the ground glass broken
some days “before, and took a few views of camp and river.
Then we went collecting. the men bringing’ in a good deal.
Monday, March 27th. Lowest temperature during’ the
night 64°; at 6.30 a.m, 65°. I took some more photographs, and
we started for Kiou at 9.30 a.m., the progress through the river
being very easy. We reached the open field at 9.50 a.m., and Kiou
at 12.30 p.m. [Two of the photographs are here reproduced,
both taken from the same point, but one looking up, the other
down, the Kadamaian River. Within the bed of this river our
route lay for a considerable distance up and down Kina Balu.
But on the day when these photographs were taken, the water
was considerably lower than on March 21st and 22nd when we
went up the mountain. |
Tuesday, March 28th. Early in the morning | went with
De Fontaine to the top of Kiou hill to take some photos of Kina
Balu, but found it hazy and the sun standing just above the
mountain. We waited for matters to improve, and climbed about
in search of a favourable spot, finding the heat of the morning
scarcely bearable. Finally we took a few views, and returned
to Kiou, hot and tired. Then after calling the coolies together,
we left the villaze at 10.30 a.m., went down a steep descent,
60 AN EXPFDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
proceeded along our former path, and got a view of the pictur-
esque village of Lobang, perched on a hill in front of us,
and, like most of the villages here, fringed round with coco-nut
palms. We passed below the village, and reached the river
Lobang at 11.45 a.m. - We had to ford it as before, and most of
the men as usual took the opportunity of having a proper bath,
but, for the first. time during the expedition, I felt myself disin-
clined for the exertion. Rain set in soon after, and we reached
Koung at 1.55 p.m. I developed a strange dry cough in the
evening, which, however, disappeared during the night.
Wednesday, March 29th. I had the usual trouble with the
coolies before they took up their luggage. Some were scattered
over the village, and with Malagup I had to go to a house
on the hill to fetch the last strage'lers. Whilst the men were
still packing, I left Koung by myself at 8.45 a.m., wishing to
proceed slowly and intending to await the others at the ford of
the Tampassuk which I thought I remembered. But after half
an hour’s walk, I found that I had lost my way,and endeavoured
to return, passing through jungle and wet grass, breast high.
At last I heard the shouts of the men, and reached the ford just
as the last of them were crossing. I felt pretty well exhaust-
ed, but undressed and went through the rapid river, requir-
ing all my energy to keep my balance. When dressing again
I had oreat difficulty in putting on my clothes which were
damp with perspiration and with wading through brooks and
tall grass during the last hour. I called out for. help and then
almost immediately collapsed in a faint, though retaiming con-
sciousness. I felt as if I had arrived at a very literal ‘dead
stop, lying groaning between the boulders on the bank of the
river and suffering much from cramp inmy limbs. When able to
speak again, I got the men to make me a bed of leaves and light
a fire, and then to prepare for me a strong soup. After taking
this I felt better, and when half-an-hour or so had passed, was
able to get up again. A message was sent to the men in front
of us to stop. De Fontaine as usual proved most helpful and
equal to emergencies, as he had been throughout the whole ex-
pedition. All this happened on the left bank of the Tampassuk —
which, consisting chiefly of sand and boulders, was only a few
yards ‘broad and rose at once into the extremely steep Gunong —
“AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 6!
Kampil, about 2000‘ high. Being covered with grass only,
this hill was exposed to the full glare of the sun. However, I
decided to push on to our next stopping place, Bungol, rather
than return to Koung, but progress was exceedingly slow, as
after every twenty yards or so of climbing I had to rest. After
an hour’s time I took a tin of Brand’s Essence of Beef, and in
another hour a cocktail, and, with the help of a man in front of
me, who pulled me up with his stick, I progressed better. The
men were most patient aud stopped every time with me. At
about 2 o’clock the sky darkened, affording at least some protec-
tion against the burning sun, and finally the usual thunderstorm
broke forth, but with abnormal violence. Still climbing and quite
drenched, we reached a little broken-down shed where some of
the men, with most of my private luggage and the tent, were
awaiting me. Most of the party, however, including Malagup,
had gone on to Bungol. Here I partook of more refreshment,
and feeling very much better by this and probably also by
the cooling rain, I, after a little rest, astonished and amused my
men by shouting out‘ lakas, lakas’ when they were taking up their
things at 4.15 pm. The ascent continued, so did the pouring
rain, and finally, near the top of the mountain, we entered thick
jungle. Lightning and thunderclaps were now frequent, and
were greeted with yells by the men. Now begana slow descent
along a clayey and deeply worn jungle path which in many places
was transformed into a yellow stream. About 6 p.m. the rain
ceased, and we approached the River Menternan with many mis-
eivines. I knew it had to be forded before reaching Bungol,
and when we arrived on the bank at 6.15 p.m., I was not surpris-
ed to find it a roaring yellow torrent, impossible to cross. But
we had some hope, as from the marks along the bank we saw
that it was goine down rapidly after the heavy thunderstorm.
So we decided to wait a little, | trying to keep myself warm by
walking about. It got dark now and | lit the stump of a can-
dle which I found in my portmanteau, and the men made lone,
but fruitless efforts to light a fire. Two or three of our most
plucky men were daring enough to cross the river in order to
go to Bungol for help and a lamp, but they did not return.
Waiting and shivering with cold, we stood about till 8. p.m.,
“when I decided to stay where I was and fix up my tent. I put
62 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
on dry clothes, wrapped myself in blankets and felt warm and
comfortable, although getting only little sleep. But as the river
by this time had gone down considerably, De Fontaine and some of
the men managed to cross and reached Bungol in safety. Only a
few Dusuns stayed with me, making as usual next to no effort to
prepare a sleeping place for themselves, but remaining squatted
on the wet ground, some perhaps with a few sticks between it
and themselves, but in no case with protection above. My
camp-bed broke down partly during the night.
Thursday, March 30th. I got up at 6 a.m. and found that
there had actually been no rain during the night. Some of the
men had already returned from Bungol to help us across the
Menternan, so we left at 6.30 a.m., and as I still wore my dry
and warin flannels from the previous evening, I had myself car-
ried across the river, which we had to ford three times, and
reached Bungol at 7.45 a.m. I felt the need of a day’s rest, and
decided to remain here, but gave directions to Malagup to pro-
ceed with the coolies carrying the luggage which was not im-
mediately required, to Panjut, our starting place on the coast.
1 gave him instructions to reach there on the Satur day following,
and to discharge the coolies on arrival, giving him also a
letter for the district officer there to the same effect. I spent
the day resting and taking notes. Dull day, drizzling rain from
about 1 p.m., heavy rain from 3 p.m.
Friday (Good Friday), March 81st. I had a comfortable
night, although only little sleep. We left. Bungol at 8.3 a.m.,
forded the Menternan and Inuman Rivers, climbed the Gunong
Kalawat, and reached Kalawat at 1.55 p.m., in fog and rain. It
was a heavy day’s work, ascending nearly all the time, added
to which was the recollection of our march over the same ground
two weeks ago, when we had found the down-hill way so easy.
This time we did not attempt to camp out in this village, and I
managed to get a tiny, but comfortable room all to myself.
Saturday, April Ist. We left Kalawat at 7.50 a.m., caught
sight of the sea for the first time again at 9.40, and were over-
joyed, like Xenophon and his companions. When approaching -
Kappa, about 2 p.m., one of the men who had been in advance
came running back to say that a ‘Tuan’ had arrived in the vil-
lage and wished to see me. It was Mr. Burls on his way to.
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 63
wards Kina Balu. He told me that he had left Labuan on
March 16th, and, on account of trouble with the carriers, had been
detained on his way. The old Chinaman whose hospitality we
had enjoyed some weeks ago in Bandaian, had turned up in
Kappa before my arrival, and had informed Mr. Burls that gold
was to be found one hour’s walk from here. So Mr. Burls sent
for the Dusun who was supposed to know the spot, and, on my
advice, asked the man to fetch him a piece of the precious metal.
The man promised to do so next morning at daybreak.
Sunday (Easter), April 2nd. At 7.30 a.m. ‘Mr. Burls heard
that the Dusun had not started as yet for the gold, but would
do so after his breakfast. This was at last over, but then the
Chinaman came to say that the locality was unsafe on account
of an enormous snake. The Chinaman’s arms were just long
enough to give us an idea of this snake’s diameter. We tried to
allay those fears, but were then told that the cold was down
a deep hole, that candles were required, and that at least three
men would have to go. To my regret I had to leave Kappa
in the midst of this interesting discussion, starting at 8.40 a.m.
It was a nice morning, after pouring with rain all night until
6am. We began the descent at 10.15 a.m., reached the plain
at 10.50, the village of Menkaladai at 11.30, rested a little, and
reached the Tuaran River at 2.20 p.m., one of the men taking us
through a most swampy ‘short cut, between padi fields. Here
we had to wait a little while for a boat, and I reached Panjut
somewhat in advance of the others at 3 p.m., with feelings of
profound relief. Being transplanted comparatively suddenly
from the hilly interior to Panjut, in the plain and near the sea,
the people here struck one at once as more comfortable and
better off: they had more buffaloes, many geats, and sledges,
which indeed would have been impossible inland, and better
clothing, and were also oftener intoxicated, a sure sign of
civilization. But there were also more fhes and ants in the
houses, and more mosquitoes at mght time, which, however,
were not very troublesome. We heard that on the day before
there had been a large funeral here, on which occasion five
buffaloes were killed.
Monday, April 3rd. As I was absolutely in the dark as to
when and where, whether in Gaya or in Labuan, we should be
64 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU..
able to catch a steamer to take us to Singapore, I sent De Fon-.
taine to Gantian to make enquiries. I spent the day taking
notes, the coolies and crowds of villagers as usual standing and
squatting round me, and watching every movement, nearly dis-
tracting me by their continuous coughing. But I found some
music going on in a neighbouring house very soothing.
Tuesday, April 4th. De Fontaine came back at 7 a.m.,
after having travelled part of the night, bringing the dismal
news that a coasting steamer had left Gaya for Labuan at
midnight. This really made no difference in the end, however, as
we heard later on that this boat had no connection in Labuan.
with boats for Singapore. He had brought with him a large
rowing boat, and so I decided to leave at once for Gan-
tian. We started from Panjut at 8.30 a.m., reached Berunggis
at 9.15, left there by boat at 9.30, and reached the district
office of Menkabong, at the mouth of the Menkabong river, at
12.30. Here we had a rudimentary tiffin, left again at 2 p.m.,
and, rowing and sailing, reached Gantian at 4.53. p.m. It was
avery trying journey: the day was hot and cloudless, and we
sat in an open boat cramped between piles of luggage. ‘To my
regret, | found Mr. Haynes, who in the meantime had shifted
from Gaya to Gantian, down with liver, but Mr. Keasberry
kindly took charge of us and put us up in an-unfinished wooden
house intended for the native clerk. The carpenters with their
boards and wood shavings lying about were cleared out in a
few mintues, and we established ourselves there in a rough and
ready fashion.
Wednesday, April 5th. No work done, all feeling the need
of a day’s rest. I saw some newspapers, for the first time for
about a month.
Thursday, April 6th. I hired a native boat and went out at
6.30 a.m. to the reefs where I[ did some collecting, chiefly corals,
a native diving for them, and spent the greater part of the day in
cleaning and bleaching the corals. A coasting steamer brought .
the welcome news from Mr. Little, Labuan, that two gentlemen,
Messrs Lower and Pavitt, would arrive in Gaya on Sunday next
with the steam-launch ‘Sri Putri, and could take me down to
Labuan just in time to catch the ‘Hecuba’ for Singapore. De
Fontaine was ill this day. :
N EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 65
Friday, April 7th. I collected more corals, and De Fon-
taine went out shooting birds and squirrels. There were strange
rumours about: trouble was expected with the natives in the
neighbourhood, and rough defences, consisting of breast-high
boarding with sand between and plenty of barbed wire outside,
were erected around the offices. We noticed several little
colonies of natives settling down on the shore of the bay just to
the north of Gantian, having left their homes out of fear.
Saturday, April Sth. We spent the day in packing and
preparing for our return to Singapore.
Sunday, April 9th. Messrs Tower and Pavitt arrived here
at 8.45 a.m., and informed me of the arrival of their steam-launch
in Gaya. I reached Gaya at 12.15 p.m., and we all left for
Labuan at 4.40 p.m.
Monday, April 10th. We anchored during’ the meht off
Pulo Tiga, reached Labuan at 10.55 a.m. and put our luge: age
on board the ‘Hecuba’. I went to see Mr. Little, made two
or three calls and returned to the ‘Hecuba’? which was to sail
at 4pm. Onmy way down tothe boat I found the place in
ereat excitement as Governor Beaufort was leaving by her for
Singapore, bound for Europe. The natives expressed their fare-
well good wishes by firing off crackers, and by music and
processions. Also a large party of Europeans came on board to
see H. E. off. The boat left at 5.15. p.m.
Tuesday, April 11th—Thursday, April 13th. At sea. Plea-
Sant passage.
Friday, April 14th. \We anchored off Singapore soon after
midnight, and landed at Johnston’s Pier at 7.15 a.m.
General Remarks.
Barter and Coinage. When preparing for my expedition |
was in doubt as to whether I should take with mea supply of
barter, as Spenser St. John, Whitehead, and others had done, but
was afterwards olad that I had abandoned the idea. The thines
I would have taken would certainly have been almost useless,
What we were asked for in every village to andfrom Kina Balu
was kerosine oil, and the natives always annoyed us by bringing
large vessels in the hope of sharing our little supply. Next in
demand were soap and matches. Only once in Kiou were we
9
66 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU,
asked for cloth and red beads. Thus, with the exception of the
last, it is the necessaries of life which would seem to be required,
not trifles, though the red beads, as universally worn by the
women, may almost also be regarded as necessaries. Instead of
barter I had supplied myself with plenty of small silver, but was
highly astonished to find these coins were almost unknown; even
Malagup, the Dusun chief, living in a comparatively rich district
on the coast close to where a large fair is held once or twice a
week, did not know the value of a 5-cent piece. These coins
were always accepted with distrust, except by a young man in
Bungol who had a collection of them. But-he had lived in Kudat
for some time and spoke Malay fluently. On the other hand, notes
(B. N. Borneo has notes down to the value of $1, 50 cents, and
25 cents), silver dollars, and copper cents were always accept-
able, copper being apparently the chief currency, though the
natives were ylad when they could exchange their copper sav-
ines for silver dollars with us. In great demand also were the
empty provisions tins, especially those with lds, and it was
amusing to see the scramble when one threw an empty con-
densed milk tin away.
On the March. We generally started at 8 a.m. and reached
the next stopping place about 2 p.m., the villages being at
convenient distances from each other. The weather as a rule
was fine in the morning, but rain set in nearly always in the
early afternoon, so that we seldom reached camp without get-
ting wet. However, this made little difference, as we were
often soaking wet from fording the rivers. Naturally we al-
ways changed on reaching camp and made an attempt to dry
our things, but they were generally still wet on the next morn-
ing, and when setting out on our march we always put on the
wet things from the day before, feeling only little discomfort.
There is a narrow path from Panjut right up to Kiou, just wide
enough for one man, but broadening out in the neighbourhood of
the villages, and of course branching off here and there. It runs
for a considerable distance along the top of the mountain ridges,
rather provokingly following every one of their curves, but.
having the advantage of a free outlook for ascertaining one’s
whereabouts. Paths along the rivers on this route were ex-
ceedingly rare, thus differing essentially from the Tampassuk
AN. EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 67
route to Kina Balu. After Kiou the path continued in the usual
way, became somewhat indistinct after we had left the Kada-
maian River, but was more noticeable here and there from old
camping places and traps for birds and smaller game set at
intervals.
Life amongst the Natives. \We found the Dusuns very good-
natured and harmless people, and quite honest until the last day
in Panjut when our kerosine oil disappeared for a few hours and
some other trifling things forever. They were certainly
somewhat lazy in the morning, and there was generally a great
deal of grumbling before they took up their loads, but when
once started, they left little to be desired, and showed themselves
splendid carriers especially on hilly ground. Very annoying was
their intense curiosity: when we arrived ata village, not only
our carriers and the people of the house with their immediate
friends, but all the village came and stood there, several rows
deep, around us. We could not change our socks or any other
part of our dress without themselves and their women and
children taking stock of every movement and every article. It
was the same when the cook prepared my meals or when |
partook of the same, when I wrote my notes or bottled speci-
mens, when I undressed at night-time and disappeared behind
the mosquito-curtain, everything formed food for their admira-
tion and amazement. Sometimes when I sat perfectly still
without doing anything, their attention relaxed, but my slightest
movement had the effect of the curtain rising at the Pantomine,
the eyes and open mouths of all present were directed to one
point. No box or portmanteau could be opened without every
one rushing to see what it contained. When I awoke in the
morning I was sure to find people squatting round my camp-bed
who had apparently been anxiously waiting for signs of my
awakinge. The worst was that it was impossible to escape from
it: as, once arrived at a village at about 2 o'clock in the after-
noon, we changed, and as we nearly always had rain from that
hour and the neighbourhood of the houses was a mass of filth,
accumulated ever since the houses had been built, we did not
care to go out and get wet and dirty again. The inside of the
houses was at least dry and fairly clean, the floor, raised about
five feet above the ground, being formed of split bamboo, in
68 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
many cases covered by rattan matting, and in a few cases the
owners of the houses brought me a special mat to sit upon. The
space below the houses was generally inhabited by pigs, but
though they grunted day and night, it did not interfere with
our peace. Much more annoying was the continuous coughing
of the people, many of them seeming to suffer from chronic
colds. Taken altogether, the stay in the Dusun houses was far
from pleasant, and on dull days exceedingly dreary, but, after
our experience at Kalawat, it was preferable to camping in the
open.
Food. As I mentioned before, the last padi crop was a
failure in N. Borneo, but even in prosperous years it would pro-
bably be impossible to get sufficient rice from the different vil-
lages for a large body of carriers, and on this occasion people
did not even like to sell a few cents’ worth. In the district we
visited communication is a matter of intense difficulty, every-
thing has to be carried by man, the hilly parts are quite impas-
sable for bullocks, and the rivers are torrents along which even
the smallest crafts could not find a passage except for a few
hundred yards at a time. However, in almost every village I
was able to get fowls and eggs for my own consumption, the
former ranging in price between 10 and 20 cents, sometimes
even less, and eggs from 1 to 2 cents. But large parties would
probably have been unable to get sufficient. Milk was unknown.
Coco-nuts we got in every village free of charge, and they were
always welcome. There was practically no house without a
group of coco-nut and betel-nut palms close by. Two or three
times we got Langsats, which seemed to grow half wild, espe-
cially near Koung. They were very refreshing, but unusually
sticky.
Scientific Results.
MAMMALS.
From the list given below it will be noticed that no big
game was obtained during the expedition. The largest mammal
seen was a black long-tailed monkey, probably Semnopithecus
femoralis, observed near Gantian. However, in the mountain jun-
gle between Kappa and Kalawat, we passed several traps which
we were told were intended for Tembadaus (Bos sondaicus).
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 69
These traps consisted of two rows of substantial upright poles
rammed into the ground and converging at one end, the other
end being open and continuous with the jungle path, so that the
animal once entered would jam itself between the poles at the
far end of the traps. Traps for small mammals, as figured by
Burbidge (4), p. 87, and Whitehead (10), p. 167, were frequently
seen on Kina Balu, and most of our mammals were obtained with
them. The only mammal we saw in anything like numbers was
the bat Cynopterus lucast which made its appearance generally late
in the afternoon at our upper camp, 4,200.‘ The following is a
complete list of the mammals obtained.
Cynopterus lucas’ 6 Q Kina Balu, 4,200‘
Scotophilus temminckii Q Kappa.
Tupaia ferruginea longipes 8 Kina Balu, 4,000/.
Crocidura fuliginosa $6 Kina Balu, 4,000‘.
Gymnura (Hylomys) suilla 9 Kina Balu, 2,100’
Sciurus brookei 8. Kina Balu, 4,000‘
notatus 9. Gantian.
———— prevostii g. Gantian.
Mus miilleri 9. Kina Balu, 4,000‘.
sabanus g. Kina Balu, 2,0004
whiteheadi 9. Koune.
— ephippium 2. Bungol.
rattus @ 92. Several specimens on the hills and
in the low lands.
BIRDS.
Only three common birds were obtained in the lowland
near Gantian :
Bubuleus coromandus @.
Nyctiornis amicta & @.
Rhinortha chlorophea §.
At Kiou, 2,400’, a female Merula obscura, since identified by
Mr. A. L. Butler, was obtained.
REPTILES,
The chief prizes obtained during the expedition belong to
this group, as of the 18 species collected three proved new to
©) AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU,
science, one of them representing a new genus, and two others
new species. It is noteworthy that of only a very few species
was more than one specimen obtained. The collection comprises :
CHELONIA:
Trionyx cartilagineus, Ganong Kalawat.
LACERTILIA :
Gymnodactylus marmoratus. Kina Balu, 4,200’. 8 specimens.
ITemidactylus frenatus. Near Tuaran River.
———— platyurus. B. N. B.
Gehyra mutilata. B.N. B.
Gecko rhacophorus, n. sp. Kina Balu, 2,1004
Draco cornutus. Kiou.
Calotes cristatellus. B. N. B.
Japalura nigrilabris. Kina Balu, 4,200’. One 6 ; two (9).
Mabwa rudis. B. N. B.
multifasciata. B. N. B. 3 specimens.
Lygosoma variegatum. Kina Balu, 2,100", and 4,200’, Many
specimens,
OPHIDIA.
Stoliczkaia borneensis, n. sp. Kina Balu, 4,200%
Tropidonotus conspicillatus. Near Tampassuk River.
—— —— flavifrons. Kina Balu, 2,100"
—--———_ saravacensis. - Kina bali, 2.1007
Oreocalamus hanitschi, n..g. and n.sp. Kina Balu, 4,200’
Lachesis gramineus. Kina Balu, 2,100'.
The description of the three new species as given by Mr.
G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., (3) pp. 451-453 is as follows :
Gecko rhacophorus.
‘‘Tfead moderately large, once and one-third as long as
broad ; snout longer than the distance between the eye and the |
ear-opening,, once and a half the diameter of the orbit; ear-open-
ing round, its diameter one-third that of the eye. Body and
limbs much depressed, bordered with dermal expansions ; fingers
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. - Wh)
and toes fully half-webbed. Head, body, and limbs covered with
minute granules intermixed with small, round, smooth tubercles;
rostral a little more than twice as broad as deep, without median
cleft ; nostril pierced between several small scales; nine upper
and ten lower labials ; symphysial small, pentagonal; a series of
six small chin-shields ; spine-hke tubercles on the sides of the
head, the largest above the ear. A moderately developed scal-
loped membrane on each side of the body, scaled like the body
and fringed on the edge. Abdominal scales flat juxtaposed gra-
nules. An angular series of preeanal pores. Tail depressed,
scaled like the ‘body, bordered with a series of rounded lobes.
Greyish above, speckled with darker and with wavy dark trans-
verse lines; brownish beneath throat with darker dots.”
Miullim.
Total lene th ane ae asia ee lt
Head me is ek ce 18
Micon meade ... ate ae 14
Body A. ae is a AT
Fore limb oi, Wo eas 21
Tiind limb bee Hae he 28
Tail ue of 4()
“A single specimen from the Kadamaian Riv er.) Kinga ali,
2,100 feet.”
“This species connects Gecko with Ptychozoon and stands in
the same relation to the latter genus as Hemidactylus platyurus
does to Mimetozoon. The lesser development of the parachute-
like lateral membrane and the absence of differentiation in the
lepidosis of that membrane, justify its allocation to the genus
Gecko rather than Ptychozoon.”
Stoliczkaia borneensis.
‘“ Rostral moderately large, triangular, not visible from
above ; a pair of very narrow internasals ; a pair of large pre-
frontals, separated from the frontal and supraoculars by a series
of small scales ; frontal a little broader than long, a little shorter
than the parietals ; supraocular very small; eye very prominent,
with vertically subelliptic pupil, surrounded by the supraocular,
two or three proeoculars, the fifth labial, and seven or eight
small scales; nostril very large; loreal much longer than deep;
72 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
ten upper labials, the two last longest; temporals small, scale-
like ; a single pair of small chin-shields, in contact with three
lower labials. Scales in 30 rows, those on the vertebral region
and those adjacent to the ventral shields largest, elongate rhom-
boidal, juxtaposed, the others very small and separated by naked
skin. Ventrals 210; anal entire; subcaudals 124. Rufous, with
large blackish spots, at least as large as the space between them,
disposed more or less regularly in three longitudinal series;
brown beneath, the shields edged with yellowish.”
“ Total length 750 millim.; tail 240.”
‘A single female specimen from Mount Kina Balu, 4,200
cel
Orcocalamus, Zen, NOV.
* Agrees in every respect with JJacrocalumus, Gthr., except
in the presence of a pair of internasal shields.”
Oreocalamus hanitschi.
“ Snout poimted. Rostral as deep as broad, the portion
visible from above measuring half its distance from the frontal ;
internasals half as long as the prefrontals; frontal hexagonal,
once and a half as long as broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; nostril close to
the rostral, between a nasal and the first labial (the suture be-
tween the two shields has disappeared on the left side of the
type specimen); loreal longer than deep, its lower border form-
ing an angle wedged in between the second and third labials;
one pre-and one postocular; temporals 1-+2; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entermg the eye, seventh largest; first
lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; pos-
terior chin-shields shorter, in contact with each other. Scales
smooth, in 17 rows. Ventrals 127; anal entire; subcaudals 26
pairs. Blackish brown above and on the outer ends of the ven-
tral shields; belly yellowish white, with a few scattered brown
dots; tail brown beneath, with a darker median streak.”
‘“ Total length 375 millim. ; tail 50.”
‘A single male specimen from Kina Balu, 4,200 feet.”
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. Ls
AMPHIBIANS.
Of these we obtained fifteen different species, one of which
proved new to science. Unlike the Reptiles, we obtained of
most species of this group numerous specimens, until on Kina
Balu we had to refuse the more common species which the men
brought in. Wealso noticed on our march how the various
species of Batrachians replaced each other as we went along.
At Panjut, nearest the coast, we obtained only Rana erythrea,
which was followed by Rhacophorus leucomystax at the Tuaran
River, by Rana kuhlii on Gunonge Kappa and Gunong Kalawat,
by Wegalophrys nasuta at Koung, Kiou and the Kadamaian River,
Kina Balu, 2,100’ Finally Bufo leptopus, B. penangensis and
especially Runa whiteheadi were dominant on Kina Balu. Of the
latter species enormous numbers were brought in. The single
specimen of Jchthyophis glutinosus was found lying near the bank
of the Menternan River, after a heavy thunderstorm, with a
great deal of sand sticking to its slimy surface.
Very interesting were the tadpoles of Rana cavitympanum,
with their huge ventral suckers, which my men found attached
to the boulders in the most foaming parts of the Inuman River
where the current was so strong that we could keep our feet
only with the greatest difficulty. T. Mocquard (7) in an appendix
to Whitehead’s ‘ Exploration of Kina Balu,’ pp. 285-286, discusses
these adhesive disks and considers the tadpoles to be parasitic. If,
however, he had had the opportunity of seeing these creatures
alive in their natural surroundings, he would have had no diffi-
culty in discovering the true function of those suckers, which
can only be to enable their owners to hold on to a firm object in
the midst of the raging torrent in which their existence com-
mences.
‘The Amphibians obtained are :
Rana cavitympanum (tadpoles). Inuman River.
erythrea. Panjut.
kuhlii. Gunong Kappa and G. Kalawat.
———— luctuosa. Koung.
—— whiteheadi. Kina Balu, 2,100‘ and 4,200’.
Rhacophorus acutirostris. Kina Balu, 4,200’.
—— leucomystax. 'Tuaran River.
—-——
——_—____..
10
14 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.,
Ivalus natator. Kina Balu, 4,200‘.
Oreobatrachus baluensis. Kina Balu, 2,1004
Bufo leptopus. Kina Balu, 2,100/ and 4,200.
ee GOING SIs ~ Loney eel, A IOY aaah 220),
Leptobrachium baluense, n. sp. Kina Balu, 4,2004.
———— hasseltii. Gunonge Kappa.
Megalophrys nasuta. - Koung, Kiou and Kina Balu, 2,100
Ichthyophis glutinosus. Menternan River, near Bungol.
Kight specimens were obtained of the new form Leptobra-
chium baluense and Mr. Boulenger, (3), pp. 453-454, gives the
following description of the one specimen submitted to him :
Leptobrachium baluense.
* Tongue pyriform, entire. Vomerine teeth in two small
widely separated groups behind the line of the choane. Head
much depressed, nearly twice as broad as long, semicircular im
outline ; skin adherent to the rugose skull; snout shorter than
the diameter of the orbit, not projecting beyond the mouth ;
canthus rostralis angular; loreal region vertical, concave ; inter-
orbital region nearly twice as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympa- -
num feebly distinct, three-fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers
rather elongate, slender, first extending a little beyond second.
Foot much longer than the head ; toes moderately long, slender,
with a very short web at the base ; no subarticular or metatarsal
tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder.
Skin perfectly smooth; a very small tubercle near the border of
the upper eyelid, above the pupil. Back and upper surface of
snout dark grey; posterior half of upper surface and sides of
head blackish brown ; a curved light streak, the concavity turned
forwards, across the upper eyelids and the interorbital region,
followed by a Y-shaped blackish marking; two light spots on
the upper lip, below the eye; large blackish-brown partly con-
fluent spots on the back; sides dark brown, light-edged above ;
limbs dark brown, with rather indistinct darker cross-bars ;
throat brown, belly brownish white.”
“From snout to vent 65 millim.”
‘A female specimen, full of ripe eggs, 3 millim. in diameter,
from Mount Kina Balu, 4,200 feet.”
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU., 75
“Nearest allied to Z. Few, Blgr. Distinguished by the smaller
head, the distinct tympanum, the | longer digits, and the absence
of a large horn-like tubercle on the upper eyelid.”
FISHES.
Only two freshwater fishes were obtained during the expe-
dition, both from the Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2,150‘, viz:
one specimen of the remarkable Gustromyzon borneensis (=Lepido-
glanis monticola) with its flat sucker-like ventral surface, enabling
the animal to live in the mountain torrents, like the tadpoles of
Rana cavitynpanum mentioned above ; and many specimens of a
new homalopteroid fish, named by Mr. Boulenger (2) Glaniopsis
hanitschi, n. g. and n. sp. He gives the following description of
this fish :
Glaniopsis, gen. NOv.
“ Head and anterior part of body depressed ; snout scarcely
projecting beyond the mouth, which is moderately large; five
pairs of barbels—two in front of the snout, two at the angle of
mouth, and one between the two nasal openings; gill-openine's
narrow. Body covered with small scales, head naked ; lateral
line present. Dorsal fin short, further back than base of vent-
tals; anal short; pectoral and ventral fins How oneal many -
rayed, the outer rays simple.”
“ Well distinguished from /Tomaloptera by the presence of a
nasal barbel.”
Glaniopsis hanitschi,
‘Depth of body 64 times in total length, length of head 5
to 54 times. Head scarcely longer than broad ; snout rounded;
eye in the middle of the length of the head, its diameter 5 times
in length of head, 24 in interorbital width; barbels subequal in
length, twice as long as diameter of eye. Dorsal 8, commenc-
ing a little behind base of ventrals, situated at equal distance
from the end of the snout and the end of the caudal. Anal 7.
Pectoral as long as head, terminating at a considerable distance
from the ventral. Caudal as long as head, scarcely emarginate.
Caudal peduncle as long as_ deep. Scales extremely “small,
smooth; lat. ]. 120-125. Yellowish brown above, with trans.
76 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
verse dark brown spots or interrupted cross-bands; head dark
olive-brown above; lower parts whitish; dorsal and caudal
greyish, the latter blackish at the base; pectorals greyish olive
above, white beneath; ventr als and anal white; a black spot at
base of ventral.”
“ Total length 93 millim.”
pe A female contains ripe ova of large size, 2 millim. in dia-
meter,”
MOLLUSCGA.
The following land and fresh-water mollusca, as identified
by Mr. EDGAR SMITH, British Museum, were obtained during
expedition :
Helicarion whiteheadi, Godwin-Austen. Kina Balu, 4,200/.
Macrochlamys subconsul, Kdgar Smith. Gantian and Kina
Balu, 2 oO0nands4-2007
Macrochlamys sp., Kina Balu, 4,200’
Rhyssota brookei, Adams and Reeve. Kappa. .
Hemiplecta densa, Adams and Reeve. Kina Balu, 2,150‘
and 4,200/.
Iemiplecta sp.,-Kiou.
Trochonanina kinabaluensis, Rdgar Smith. Kina Balu, 2,150!
and 4,200/.
Chloritis tomentosa, Pfeiffer. Kiou. Kina Balu, 2,150"
Amphidromus adamst, Reeve. Kina Balu, 2,150".
Leptopoma sericatum, Pfeiffer. Kina Balu, 2,150’ and 4,200!
———— undatum, Metcalfe. Kina Balu, 4,200/.
Microparmarion simrothi, Collinge and Godwin Austen
Kina Balu, 2,050’.
Pterocyclos tenuilabiatus, Metcalfe. Kina Balu, 2,150’
Cyclotus trusanensis, Godwin Austen. Kina Balu, 4,200°
Dyakia n. sp. ? Kina Balu, 4,200’
Lagochilus kinabaluensis, Edgar Smith. Kina Balu, 4,200”
Pythia scarabeus, L. Gantian.
Melania epise opalis, Lea. Menternan River.
INSECTS.
All the Insects I obtained, with the exception of the Lepidop- |
tera, were sent to Dr. Sharp who kindly identified all the
known species. The collection, however, contains, especially
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU: her
amonest the Orthoptera, quite a number of species which, accord-
ing to Dr. Sharp, are probably new, and their identification is
unavoidably left for some future occasion.
Some of the most remarkable Insects on Kina Balu, 4200‘,
were certain forms which Dr. Sharp considers to be coleopter-
ous larvee, probably of Lycides. They were constantly brought
in by my men in handsful, and I collected them myself on the
eround, on rotten pieces of wood, and on low shrubs. These
larvee resemble in many points certain larve which I collected
on Bukit Timah, Singapore, and on Maxwell’s Hill, Perak, and
which, according to Dr. Sharp, belong to another species of
Lycides. tis apparently this form from the Malay Peninsula
which is figured by C. J.Gahan, NATURAL SCIENCE, Vol. VII
(1898), p. 45, in an article on the carboniferous Dipeltis. Since,
however, Gahan’s figure is not accompanied by a description and
since, aS far as I know, the larva from the Malay Peninsula has
never been described, I have thought it advisable to give the
following description of it.
The animal is remarkably flat and leaf-like, only a few parts
of its body exceeding 1 mm. in thickness, the greatly expanded
lateral portions of the thorax being even thimner. The head is
very small, 1:5 mm. across, and can be retracted within the cavity
of the prothorax, and is always so in dead specimens. Hyes very
small, black. Both maxillary and labial palps are cone-like struc-
tures, with four and three joints respectively, the basal joint in
each being very much broader than the distal joint. Mandibles
small. The antenne are very short club-shaped bodies, about
0°68 mm. in length and 0°5 mm. in greatest thickness. There is
a chitinous rmg round the narrow base, distally followed by a
crown-like chitinous structure, consisting of a broad ring from
which four lobes arise lying close round the ‘club.’ In the living
specimen, the antenne often appear as if they themselves were
retractile, but as at the slightest disturbance the entire head is
withdrawn inside the tubular cavity of the prothorax, and the an-
tenn are so very minute, nothing definite could be ascertained.
The prothorax is somewhat triangular, about twice as broad as
long ; both mesothorax and metathorax are nearly three times
as broad as long, and the posterior border of the metathorax is
deeply concave. Of the abdomen, nine segments are visible ex-
78 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALJU;
ternally, and its length is only about that of prothorax and
mesothorax together. The width of the first segment is two-
fifths that of the metathorax, that of the last segment one-fifth.
The prothorax bears dorsally two tubercles, about equidistant
from the middle line and the side, and slightly nearer the pos-
terior than the anterior margin. The mesothorax bears two pairs
of tubercles, an anterior and a posterior, the posterior pair being
situated near the centre of each half of the seement, and the
anterior pair at equal distance from the posterior pair and the
anterior margin of the sezment, and nearer the middle line; the
metathorax also has two pairs of tubercles, placed like those of
the mesothorax. ‘The first eight abdominal sezments bear three
pairs of spines each, viz. one pair of lateral ones (shown in Gahan’s
figure), and two pairs of ventral ones; the last seement has
lateral spines only.
Colour: the thoracic tubercles are black, and the tips of the
ventral spines are yellowish. The rest of the body is uniformly
deep chestnut brown.
Size: length of the largest Singapore specimen 41 mm.; of
the largest Perak specimen 49 mm. ; greatest width (metathorax) :
21 mm. in both cases.
T[ab: mountainous jungle of Singapore and Malay Penin-
sula. Rare.
The Kina Balu larva differs from this one (1) in the propor-
tions of its dimensions, the thorax being narrower, and the abdo-
men longer and broader; (2) in the position of the thoracic
tubercles, which are always placed in one row and close to the
posterior margin of the segments; (3) in the presence of ab-
dominal tubercles, viz., two in each of the first eight abdominal seg-
meuts, also placed close to the posterior margin of the seg-
ments; (4) in the structure of the antennee, which, although of
the same size and shape, and having also a narrow chitinous ring
round their base, have the crown-like chitinous structure at their
distal end divided, not into four, but into 12 narrow finger-like
lobes; (5) its colour, being of a lighter chestnut brown, with an
orange line along the sides of the thorax, the tubercles and feet
also being orange. The number of thoracic tubercles and ab-
dominal spines is, however, the same in the two species.
No luminosity was observed in either species, although I
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. co
had the one from the Malay Peninsula alive for several weeks,
~ and was able to watch the Kina Balu one for several nights, as
much of the material brought in had to be rejected and the larve
were crawling about near our camp.
A tabular statement of the chief points of difference may be
useful :
Malay Peninsula form. Kina Balu form.
Length : ; ; :
total 49 mm. (P) 41 mm. (5) 2 mm.
thorax Za 29 2625
abdomen 22 16 29°d
Width :
metathorax 20:9 21 18
abdomen 10 9 LZ
Tubercles :
prothorax two near centre two near post. edge.
mesothorax four do. four do.
metathorax four do. four do.
abdomen none twoin first 8 segments,
Antenne :
chitinous crown four lobes twelve lobes
Colour :
general dark chestnut light chestnut.
edge of thorax clo. orange
tubercles black do.
feet dark chestnut do.
spines do. do.
Occurrence : rare common (4200/, March
1899),
Nove: *P’ and ‘S’ refers to the largest specimens obtain-
ed in Perak and Singapore respectively.
On Kina Balu, 4200’, I also found two specimens of another
form which bore some superficial resemblance to the larvee describ-
ed above, but which I now consider to be adult females of some
beetle, as they are luminous. Dr. Sharp (Cambridge Natural
History, Vol. VI, p. 251) refers toa paper by Haase (Deutsche
Ent. Zeitschrift, Vol. XXXII, 1888, pp. 145-167) where an ex-
traordinary light-giving larva-lhke adult female beetle from
South America is described (Phengodes hieronymi). The Kina Balu
SO AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
form has, however, except for its luminosity and absence of
wings, little resemblance to the 5. American form, and rather
recalls an Oniscus in its oval shape and uniform segments, al-
though its body is more elongate. Its head is small and black.
Mouth appendages normal; mandibles long, thin, curved, and
crossing each other in repose. Antennee with four joints each :
length of first joint, 2 mm., of second 1 mm., of third 4 mm., of
fourth 1 mm; first and second joints and proximal half of third
joint white, distal half of third joint black, fourth joint yellow and
covered with sete. Eyes small (0°5 mm. diameter), placed behind
the base of the antenne. The body is much depressed, with little
difference between the segments of the thorax and abdomen.
The larger of the two specimens captured is 60 mm. in length
(prothorax 12, mesothorax 7, metathorax 6, abdomen 33 mm.),
18 mm. in greatest width (metathorax), 7 mim. in greatest thick-
ness. The terga are slightly arched and entirely smooth ; colour
black, with a narrow white marginal border on the prothorax
which is continued and widens posteriorly until, im the eighth
abdominal segment, only a small black patch is left in the centre
of its posterior margin. ‘The last sezment is small, 4 mm. across,
and entirely black. The legs are black, with the exception of
the tibiz; the first seven and the ninth sternum, the chitinous
patches around the thoracic (prothorax and mesothorax) spiracles
and those around the first seven abdominal ones are also black ;
the rest is white, viz., the eighth sternum, except for a black cross,
the membranous portions between the sterna, the tibiz, and
especially also the circular area around the eighth abdominal
spiracle. In this oval white patch, measuring 3°d by 2 mm., the
luminous organ is situated, and the light given off by it is of an
extraordinary brilliancy. I had one of these larve alive for
nearly a week, and enclosed ina glass-tube, it served me as a
night light during the long sleepless nights on Kina Balu.
Dr. Sharp to whom I submitted this species for identification,
marked it ‘ Larva of Lampyrides, unknown, but on account of its
luminosity I venture to regard it as an adult female, similar to the
5. American form mentioned above. The absence of sufficient.
material for dissection, however, makes a final decision impossible
) The following is a list of the Orthoptera, Coleoptera and
Rhynchota as identified by Dr. Sharp.
=
ct
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 81
ORTHOPTERA.
Discoteltix belzebuth, Kina Balu, 2,100’.
Marmessoidea n. sp. Bungol.
Clitarchus n. sp. (No. 1) Kina Balu, 2,100%.
Clitarchus n. sp. (No. 2) Kiou, 2,400‘.
Mierodula birivia, var. minor, Koung.
Deroplatys exsiccata, Kiou.
Tenodera aridifolia, B. N. B.
Panesthia sp. (near P. javana), Kina Balu, 4,200’.
COLEOPTERA.
LAMELLICORNIA :
Aceraius sp. (near A. borneanus). Kina Balu, 4,200‘.
———— sp. (near A. grandis). B. N. B.
n. sp.? Kina Balu, 4,200‘.
Catharsius molossus, 9. Kappa.
Chalcotheca auripes. Kina Balu, 2,100‘.
spathulifera, 9. Kaiou, 2,400‘.
sp. (called C. pomacea by Heyne). Kina Balu,
2,100/.
Lachnosterna sp. Kina Balu, 4,200/.
Leucopholis sp. Kiou, 2,400’.
Milon sp. 9. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
Odontolabis brookeanus. @ 2. Kiou, 2,400’.
Trichogomphus milon © ) go. Bungol.
———— sp. B.N.
Westwoodia sp. (near i howitti). Kiou, 2,400%.
——— sp. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
Xylotrupes gideon, var. 9. Kaiou, 2,400‘.
CURCULIONIDE :
Cyrtotrachelus sp. Kiou, 2,400’.
Macrocheirus sp. Kiou, 2,400’.
Protocerus colossus. Koung.
Rhynchophorus sp. Kiou, 2,400’.
BRENTHIDZ :
Eutrachelus temminckt 8 9. Kiou, 2,400’
Il
SZ AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU,
LONGICORNIA :
Apriona flavescens. Kiou, 2,400‘.
Batocera titana var. Koung.
Epepseotes luscus. Kiou, 2,400/.
Palimnia tessellata. Kiou, 2,400’.
Thysia wallichti. Kiou, 2,400‘; Kina Balu, 2,000’.
PHYTOPHAGA:
Anisodera sheppardi. Kiou, 2,400‘.
Aplosonyx sp. Kina Balu, 2,100’.
HEROTYLIDA :
Triplatoma macleayi var. Kina Balu, 4,200‘.
ENDOMYCHID#:
Eumorphus quadrinotatus. Kina Balu, 2,100’.
RHYNCHOTA.
Tacuna speciosa. Kiou, 2,400’, and Kina Balu, 4,150.
Cryptotympana aquila. Kiou, 2,400‘, and Kina Balu, 2,150‘
Dundubia rugivena. B. N. B.
Cosmosearta viridans. Kina Balu, 2,100’.
Pycanun pretiosum. Kiou, 2,400‘.
Tessaratoma malaya. Kiou, 2,400!.
Eusthenes robustus. Kina Balu, 2,000/.
Prionolomia heros. Kina Balu, 4,2004.
Laccotrephes ruber (?). B. N. B.
lata (Peciloptera) cireulata (?). Kiou.
LEPIDOPTERA.
The specimens collected during the expedition were identi-
fied by Messrs. L. DE NICEVILLE and R. SHELFORD :—
Hestia lynceus, Drury. Kaiou.
Ideopsis daos, Boisd. @ Kina Balu, 2,000’.
Danais intensa, Moore. Kina Balu, 2,000‘.
———— crowleyi, Jenner Weir. ¢ Kina Balu, 4,150’
aspasia, Fabr. Kina Balu, 2,000‘.
—_——— septentrionis, Butl. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
Mycalesis orseis, Hew. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 83
— polydecta, Cram. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
janardana, Moore. Kiou.
—_—— pitana, Staud. Kiou.
Ypthima pandocus, Moore. Kina Balu, 2,000‘.
var. corticaria. Kiou; Kina Balu, 2,000’.
Amnosia baluana, Fruhstorfer. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
Thaumantis odana, Godt. 6 Kiou.
Tenaris occulta, Grose Smith. Kaiou.
Clerome besa, Hew. Kiou.
kirata, De Nicéville. Kiou.
Xanthotenia busiris, Westw. Kina Balu.
Vanessa perakana, Distant. Kiou.
Synbrenthia hippoclus, Cram. § Kiou; Kina Balu, 2,000‘.
——hypselis, var. balunda, Staud. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
Euthalia ambalika, Moore. Kaiou.
Chersonesia rahria, Moore. Kiou.
Neptis leucothoe, Cram. Kiou.
Athyma kresna, Moore. Kiou.
Cethosia hypsea, Doub. and Hew. ¢ Kina Balu, 2000’.
Cynthia deione, Erichson. Kina Balu, 2,000'.
Manto martina, Hew. Kiou.
Sinthusa amata, Dist. Kiou.
“Sithon kiana, Grose Smith. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
Rapala sphinx, Fabr. Kiou.
Leptosia xiphia, Fabr. Kina Balu, 2,300‘.
Delias parthenia, Staud. Kiou.
eumolpe, Grose SmithKiou.
Terias hecabe, L. Kina Balu, 2,000’. Kiou.
Huphina( =Appias) hespera, Butl. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
Ornithoptera andromache, Staud. Kiou.
—————— brookeana, Wallace. ¢ Kina Balu, 2,150’.
-—ruficollis, Butler.S Kiou.
Papilio procles, Grose Smith. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
— stratiotes, Grose Smith. Kina Balu, 2000’.
sclateri hewitsonii, Westwood. Kina Balu, 2,000’.
———— memnon, L. (m.) Kiou.
~———— helenus, var. palawanicus, Staud. Kiou; Kina
Balu, 2,000. ’
delesserti, Guerin. Kiou.
84 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
Hasora mus, Elwes. Kina Balu, 4,150’.
Telicota bambuse, Moore. _ Kiou.
Odontoptilum pygela, Hew. Kina Balu, 2,000.
MYRIAPODA AND ARACHNIDA.
Some of the specimens obtained in these groups were identi-
tied by Dr. Sharp as follows :
CHILOPODA :
Scolopendra sexspinosa. Kina Balu, 2,150’.
DIPLOPODA :
Sptrotreptus baluensis. B. N. B.
Zephronia sp. (near Z. everett’). Kina Balu, 4,200’.
Stenoniodes baluensis. Kina Balu, 2,150’,
SOCORPIONINA :
Cherilus levimanus. Kina Balu, 4,150’,
PEDIPALPI :
Thelyphonus sp. (near T. klugi). Kina Balu, 4,150’.
PHALANGINA :
Sagvella sp. Kina Balu, 2,100’.
ARANEINA :
Fasteracantha vittula. B. N. B.
———— fornicata. Kiou, 2.400’.
Hevennia ornatissima. Kiou, 2,400’.
FRESHWATER CRURSTACEA.
One species of prawn and three species of crabs were ob-
tained. One crab, Potamon consobrinum, was common in the
Kadamaian River a few yards from our camp on Kina Balu, 2,100’,
where it lived in the crevices of the rock just below the water.
The men caught them by holding bait at the mouth of these cre-
vices. The following list gives the species and the number of
specimens collected : : ra
Palemon pilimanus de Man. 1 specimen.
Potamon converum (de Man), 2
Potamon consobrinum de Man, 26 _,,
Potamon kadamaianumn. sp., 1 ,, oa tte ee
Mr. Borradaile to whom one or more specimens-of ‘each
species were submitted, reports as follows :—“ Each of the three
known species is already recorded from Borneo ;-and-the- new
99
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 85
one is allied to a form found in the island by the Dutch Central
Borneo expedition.”
Suborder MACRURA
Tribe CARIDEA.
Family PALHMONID&.
Genus. PALZMON.
1. ‘“ PAL MON (MACROBRACHIUM) PILIMANUS de Man.
Palemon pilimanus, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus. i. p. 181
(1879); Veth’s ‘Midden Sumatra,’ Crust. p. 4, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1882).
Palemon (Macrobrachium) pilimanus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb.
x. Syst. p. 735, pl. xlvii. fig 9 (1891); de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus.
xx. p. 158 (1898).
The single specimen, which is from the Innuman River, be-
tween Kalawat and Bungol, British North Borneo, differs from
Ortmann’s figure in having the submedian spines of the telson
considerably shorter ; it is very possible, however, that the ends
of these have been worn or broken off.”
Suborder BRACHYURA.
Tribe CYCLOMETOPA.
Family POTAMONID#.
Genus POTAMON.
2. ‘“POTAMON (PARATHELPHUSA) CONVEXUM (de Man).
Paratelphusa convera de Haan, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus, i.
p. 63 (1879) ; Max Weber’s ‘ Reise Ned. O. Ind.’ ii. p. 302 (1892).
Potamon (Parathelphusa) convexa, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus.
xxi. p. 142 (1899).
The single specimen seems, by the following characters, to
med to this species.
i. There are two epibranchial teeth on each side.
ii. There is a spine near the end of the merus in the walk-
ing legs.
ii. The distance between the tip of the postorbital tooth and
that of the first epibranchial tooth does not exceed the
distance between the first and second epibranchial teeth.
iv. The outer edge of the first epibranchial tooth is strongly
convex. )
v. There are no spots on the carapace or limbs.
S6 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU.
The dactyles of the walking-legs are rather shorter and
stouter than is indicated in de Man’s figure of the allied P.
maculata. The fingers of the chele are dark in colour. P.
convexa is already recorded from Java, Timor, and New Guinea,
and doubtfully from Borneo’. P. maculata (de Man) 1879 is
a Closely allied form from Sumatra.
1 2 British North Borneo.”
3. “ POTAMON (THELPHUSA)? CONSOBRINUM, de Man.
Potamon (Potamon) consobrinum, de Man, Notes Leyd. Mus.
XM, . Gy PIS. v1. kee Te LONGI S OO):
This species is already reported from Borneo (Mt. Damoes.
and Upper Sibau River) by de Man. Ortmann (Zool. Jahrb. x..
Syst. p. 301) gives a list of allied forms and their distribution.
2 ¢,1 9; Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2,100 feet.”
4, “ POTAMON (GEOTHELPHUSA) KADAMAIANUM, na. sp.
A single female specimen of a form allied to P. obtusipes
(Stimps.) 1858, and P. dehaani (Gray) 1847, seems to deserve a
name of its own. Whether it were not better treated as a local
race of one of the above species, or all three as local forms of
P. dehaani, is a question to be settled when the subject of the
interrelationship of the various forms in the genus comes up for
discussion. In the meantime its distinctness seems quite as great
as that of several of the generally accepted species. It differs
from P. obtusipes in the greater slenderness of its legos, especially
of the dactyles, which are long and narrow and end in a sharp
claw.* A Potamon of the subgenus Geothelphusa with the surface
of the carapace smooth and finely pitted over the greater part of:
its extent, finely granular on the front, more coarsely so on the
forepart of the branchial region, rugose on the hinder part of the:
same region; the front much deflexed, ending below the outer
angles of the orbits, when viewed in front bounded by an almost
straight line curving away gradually towards the outer angles ;_
1Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. (5) v. p. 306 (1880).
2 According to Ortman (Zool. Jahrb. x. Syst. 300) Thelphusa is the
correct name_for the subgenus in which this species must be placed, :
* The portion defined by asterisks was by Mr. Borradaile’s wish sub-
stituted for the original passage in the P. Z. S.
AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT KINA BALU. 37
the median furrow of the carapace continued over the front to
its anterior edge, behind each orbit a shallow triangular depres-
sion of the carapace reaching backwards through rather less than
half the length of the cephalothorax and separating the branchial
from the gastric region; the chelipeds subequal, similar, when
fully extended outwards reaching the end of the carpopodite of
the second walking-leg, the wrist and palm rugose tuberculate,
the fingers rather shorter than the greatest length of the palm,
the immoveable finger with two ridges along the outside, the
moveable with one, the wrist with a sharp point at the outer end,
and a strong tooth on the inside; the second walking leg rather
longer than the third, the latter longer than the first and fourth
which are approximately equal, the upper edges of the meropo-
dites of all the legs rugose, the propodites of the walking legs
somewhat longer than the carpopodites, the dactyles about equal
to the propodites, sword-like, ending in a sharp claw, and pro-
vided above and below with spines. * The length of the cepha-
lothorax is 15 mm. ‘The colour in spirit is a dark brown.
P. dehaani has been found in Japan and the Loo Choo Islands;
P. obtusipes in the Loo Choo Islands and the Philippines.
P. bicristatum de Man, 1899, is an allied species from Borneo
(Mount Liane Koeboeng). In view of the peculiarities of the
distribution of the genus, it seems best to choose a territorial
name for the new species. That of kadamaianum is therefore
proposed, derived from the name of the river in which une pre-
sent specimen was found.
1 2; Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2100 feet.”
Literature.
1. Borradaile, L. A., Ona small collection of Decapod Crus-
taceans from Freshwaters in North Borneo. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1900, pp. 98-95.
2. Boulenger, G. A., Descriptions of Two new Homalopteroid
Fishes from Borneo. A.M.N.H.,(7) Vol. IV (1899), pp. 228 & 229.
3. Descriptions of Three new Reptiles
and anew Batrachian from Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo.
A. M. N. H., ser. 7, Vol. IV (1899), pp. 451-454.
4, Burbidge, F . W., The Gardens of the Sun, or ‘ A Natura-
88 AN EXPEDITION TO. MOUNT KINA BALU.
list’s Journal on the Mountains and in the Forests and Swamps
of Borneo and the Southern Archipelago.’ London, 1880.
5. Little, R. M., Report on a Journey from Tuaran to Kiau
and Ascent of Kinabalu Mountain. J. Straits Branch, R. As.
Soc., No. 19, (1887), pp. 1-25.
6. Low, Hugh, Notes of an Ascent of the Mountain Kina-
Balow. J. Indian Archipelago, Vol. VI, (1852), pp. 1-17.
7. Mocquard, F., Sur une Collection de Reptiles et de
Batraciens des Iles Borneo et Palawan. (Whitehead, Exploration
of Kina Balu, pp. 285-286).
Sia St: Jott, Spenser, Life in che Forests of the Far East:
or Travels in Northern Borneo. 2 Vols. London, 1863.
9, Stapf, O., On the Flora of Mount Kina Balu, in North
Borneo. ‘Trans. Linnean Soc., Botany, ser. 2, Vol. IV (1893),
pp. 69-263. (Contains Dr. G. D. Haviland’s Narrative of his
ascent of Kina Balu in 1892).
10. Whitehead, John, Exploration of Mount Kina Balu,
North Borneo. London, 1893.
Explanation of the Plates.
N. B. Plates I and II illustrate the animals first described
by Mr. Boulenger in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural His-
tory. They are, however, now figured for the first time.
PLATE I. |
Fig. 1. Gecko rhacophorus, Boulenger (p. 70.)
» 2 Stoliczkaia borneensis, Boulenger (p. 71.) Dorsal, ven-
tral and lateral views.
» 9 Oreocalamus hanitschi, Boulenger (p. 72.) Dorsal, ven-
tral and lateral views.
PLATE II.
Fig. 1. Leptobrachium baluense, Boulenger (p. 74.)
99 la. 99 9 79 pp) Mouth.
» 2 Glantopsis hanitschi, Boulenger (p. 75.)
ee ear eras " si a Ventral view.
PLATE III.
Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2000‘, Looking up. March 27th 1899.
PLATE IV,
Kadamaian River, Kina Balu, 2000’,Looking down. Mar. o7th 1899.
Taken from the same spot as Plate III.
Straits Branch.R.As.SoeJ XXXIV .PI.1.
J.Green del.et kth . MinternBros.imp.
1 Gecko rhacophorus. 2.otohezkaia borneensis.
3.Oreocalamus hanitschi.
oh i
a aa!
Laie
I]
Straits Branch. R.As.Soc.J. XXXIV.P1.
Mentern Bros.imp.
J. Green del.et hth.
| Leptobrachium baluense.
tschi.
1
han
10psis
2 (Gles
DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL: 89
Dammar and Wood Oil.
By “Ho Ne RIDEEY:
Dammar is the resin exuded from various trees when wounded.
The trees producing it belong chiefly to the order Dipterocarpee,
and to the genera Shorea, Hopea and Anisoptera, but the Malays
also class as Dammar resins derived from certain species of Cana-
rium, and Triomma (Burseracee) and Calophyllumn (Guttifere).
The resins are exuded from wounds in the trunk or branches,
or sometimes a tree is hollow in the centre. and the space is filled
or partly filled with the dammar, which thusforms a cast of the
hole. At times it is exuded beneath the bark when it sets in the
form of a plate or lamina, or it may drip slowly from a broken
or cracked bough, so as to form stalactitic pipe-like masses on
the injured part, and sometimes a stalagmitic mass on the ground
below. The exudation does not commence immediately the
wound is inflicted, and is produced very slowly, at first like tur-
pentine, but soon setting into a hard crystalline mass. Even
quite young trees, such as shoreas, produce the dammar when the
stem or twigs are broken or bored by insects. The masses of
dammar are not only modified in form by their method of pro-
duction but also in colour and transparency. Many of the
native and trade names have reference rather to the form and
colour of the resin mass than to the tree from which it is derived.
Thus Cat’s-eye Dammar (Damar mata kuching) is a transparent,
pale, yellowish resin, usually in small pieces, and can be derived,
I believe, from almost any of the Hopeas. Damar daging, a
dark brown, often handsomely marbled resin, often occurs in
large masses showing the form of the hollow of the tree in which
it was exuded. A very beautiful dammar of which I obtained a
specimen from Johore was a clear sea green. It was found buried
in the ground as is often the case, and there was no clue as to
what tree produced it. When oxidised the resin becomes opaque
12
90 DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL.
and yellowish white, and rather soft and powdery. Most of the
dammar found in the ground in the forests is much oxidised out-
side, but the action goes on very slowly, and ground dammar in
good condition can often be found in spots where for many years
there has been no forest or dammar trees. Thus one can often
find pieces of dammar in the ground on Blakang Mati where
dammar trees have long ceased to exist. The greater part of
the dammar collected by the Malays is thus found by digging in
the ground where shoreas or other dammar trees have decayed.
No attempt is made to extract it from trees as is the case in
wood oil. The resin is used locally for making torches, and also
for varnish, but the export trade in Singapore has very much
declined of late years. Cat’s-eye dammar and copal from Cele-
bes are almost the only dammars now exported from Singapore,
there being no demand for the less transparent varieties. The
copal which occurs in large beautifully transparent yellow mass-
es is derived from Shorea selanica Bl., and is not to be confused
with the African and American Copals, which are derived from
species of Hymenea and Trachylobium (Leguinnosa@).
Varieties of Dammar.
The following is a list of the local names of dammars of the
peninsula as far as I have been able to get them.
Damar Seraya Batu; Damar Seraya. A hard opaque mass of
a dull orange colour, probably derived from Shorea leprosula Miq.
Kapong Labu is also from this tree.
Kapong Jalor. A pipe-shaped mass, brown outside, inside
yellow, centre dull olive brown.
Kapong Hantu. Dark brownish colour mixed irregularly
with yellow. Both of these are derived from Shorea macroptera
Dyer, the tree known as Kepong, as perhaps are Kapong Sabut,
Kapong Slawang and Kapong Segan.
Meranti Bunga. An amorphous mass nearly opaque of a
whitish olive yellow mixed with greenish brown and weathering
yellow.
Meranti Sarang punai; Meranti Tembaga, M erants Sama,
Meranti Ketapa are probably derived from Shoreas.
Meranti Batu, a dark brown weathering orange. This is
very similar to the Damar Daging of the Malays, which occurs
DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL. 91
in large masses in the ground, evidently originally exuded into
the hollow of a tree and perhaps taking its brown colour from
this method of production.
Damar Mata Kuching. Cat’s-eye dammar appears as pale
yellow or nearly white, quite transparent, glassy tears. It is
the most valued of the local kinds. A number of trees are said
to produce this Dammar, among them Hopea globosa Brandis,
Hopea intermedia, King, and H. micrantha Hook. f. (Trans. Linn.
Soc. XXIII. 160) also Pachynocarpus Wallichit.
Damar Rambet Daun. <A transparent yellow Dammar,
browner in the middle, occurs in a stalactitic form, and is produc-
ed by Shorea acuminata Dyer.
Damar Chingal is from Shorea bracteolata, Dyer.
Merawan Jangkar, Merawan jalor, Merawan Kunyit are
doubtless produced by species of Hopeu.
Damar Mersawa hitam, by Anisoptera glabra, Kurz.
Damar Mersawa putih probably by A. costata, Korth.
The seagreen dammar from Johor I have already described.
Another unidentified kind I have met with, had been exuded
from the stump of a large tree which had been felled in the
Carimon islands. It formed an opaque bright yellow mass of
the appearance of bee’s wax. I was informed that the tree was
a Keruing (Dipterocarpus), but I could not verify this.
Besides the Dipterocarpus resins, there are some kinds which
belong to very different classes of trees, and are roughly classed
as Dammars by the Malays. Among these there are several from
the genera Canarium, Santiria and Triomma, (Burseracee). The
most interesting is the Kedondong Kijai from Zriomma Malaccen-
sis, Griff. This resin seems to set with difficulty being more of
the consistency of turpentine. It is dark grey or black turning
yellowish grey or opaque white with a very pleasant aromatic
scent. Other resins obtained from plants of the same order are
Damar Kedondong Krut (Santiria sp.) and Kedondong Mata hari
from Trigonochlamys Griffithii Hook. fil. Sayang from Santiria
lara, King. Damar Kijai a resin valued by the Malays, is said
to be produced by Canar‘um secundum Benn.
Other resins sometimes classed as Dammars by the Malays
are those exuded from wounds in various species of Calophyllum ;
Bintangor bunga and Bintangor batu, (C. pulcherrimum) which
92 DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL.
produces a soft resin very sticky, of a bottle green colour when
thin, and black when in mass.
Damar minyak is the name given to the turpentine of the
large Conifer Dumara Orientalis, which grows in the hill ranges
of Penang, Perak, etc. This tree abounds in the turpentine,
which is very liquid. I have seen it poured out in large quanti-
ties from cut roots of a big tree on the Thaiping hills. Cooke
states that it was sold to varnish makers under the name of Hast
India Dammar, and that it is much esteemed by natives for incense.
Kelulut Damar. This is a black or more rarely grey Dammar
obtained from the nest of the little stingless bees known as 77igo-
na. ‘There are several species here which make dammar nests. The
commonest appears to be 7. laeviceps, a small black kind; there
is also a light brown kind, and a very small black species which
frequently nests under the planks in houses. In the case of
T. laeviceps, the nest is built in a hollow tree at the entrance to
which the bees build a trumpet shaped or flattened tube projecting
for six inches or more from the tree. From one nest I obtained
a very large cylindrical tube a foot long ending in a flat spoon
shaped portion. These tubes are made of a sticky resin, too
adhesive for any insect except a Trigona to walk over, so that
enemies cannot invade the nest. The nest itself consists of an
irregular mass of dammar, in which are placed the detached
elliptic cells, in which is often a good deal of black honey. The
mass of dammar in old nests is often very large and must repre-
sent a vast amount of work on the part of these little bees. Both
the dammar and honey are sought by Malays, and used as
medicine and the resin also for torches, etc. The tube at the
entrance pounded up is rubbed over the body in cases of rheuma-
tism. The presence of a Kelulut’s nest ina tree is not necessarily
injurious to the tree. Very large nests may occur in trees for
many years without causing any appreciable injury. On the
other hand itis very probable that they prevent further decay
by sealing up the injured wood in dammar, and by preventing
termites from effecting a lodgement in the tree. One species of
Kelulut makes its nest in that of one of the termites underground
usually at the foot of a large tree. There appears to have been
some question as to what tree the Kelulut obtained its dammar
from, as it has long been noticed (Cook’s Gums and Resins) that
DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL. 93
it was very different from any known kind of resins. The fact
is that it is a mixture of all kinds of resins, indeed any resinous
substance that the bees can get is collected. They quickly
find any wounded resinous tree and gather as much as_ they
can. JI have seen them at work at Shoreas (S. parvifolia)
Garcinias, Calophyllum, Triomma and Angsana(Pterocarpus indicus).
Woop OIL.
The trees of the genus Dipterocarpus do not, like the allied
Shoreas, produce dammar but they produce instead, wood oil, or
Gurjun oil, as it is commonly called, the Minyak Keruing of the
Malays. The Dipterocarpi are trees of gigantic size, with large
pink or white sweet scented flowers and globose or four or five
angled or winged fruits witha pair of long oblong wings as
much as nine inches long in D. grandiflorus Blanco. The “oil is
obtained by cutting deep holes into the stem of the tree with an
axe or chisel about six inches square, the top of the hole sloping
inwards, and the floor excavated to hold the oil. A fire is then
made in the hole so as to char the sides and top, after which the
oil is exuded in considerable quantities, and collected in kerosine
tins. When the oil ceases to flow. itis usual to burn the wound
again, when it recommences.
This operation does not necessarily injure the tree to any ex-
tent unless itis done to excess, butnatives often cut so many holes
in a tree that it dies and many trees have been thus killed. As
the oil-trees are usually very isolated in the forests and never
occur in any great number together a very large extent of
forest is required to supply a comparatively smal] amount of oil,
and the supply is now so scanty that the natives seldom go to
seek it, and the oil has nearly disappeared out of commerce.
The oil is used for varnish either alone or mixed with other
substances, or for caulking boats and such purposes but it is
also used to a small extent in medicine under the name of Gur-
jun balsam, as a substitute for a Copaiba, and it is also stated to
be valuable used externally and internally in leprosy. When
allowed to stand the oil separates into a clear or dark liquid
known as Chaver by the Malays and thick semi-solid resin, Beku.
The chief trees producing oil here, are, Dipterocarpus grand-
Jlorus, Blanco. Minyak Keruing Dadeh ; Minyak Gombang Kechil.
94 DAMMAR AND WOOD OIL.
The oil soon sets into a stiff light brown resin, leaving very
little of the hquid (Chaver). It is used for varnish either when
fresh before it has time to set or mixed with other more liquid
oils.
D. Kerrii, King. Minyak Keruing Chaier. The oil is rather
thin and watery of a yellow colour, and the resin is yellowish
white.
D. Hasselti Bl. Minyak Keruing Sudi. The oil is of a
deep brown colour, red by transmitted hght with a rather stiff
brown resin deposit. One of the best oil trees; it is not rare
to find fruits of this in which the pericarp contains nothing but
a clear transparent oil.
D. crinitus, Dyer. Minyak Keruing Bulu. This oil is con-
sidered a good kind and used for mixing with the thicker oils.
The tree is commonly known as Gombang.
Minyak Pekat, Minyak Merah and Minyak Babi are as yet
unidentified.
D. incanus Roxb. and D. alatus Roxb. occur in Siam and
supply the greater part of the Siamese Wood Oils of commerce.
They will probably be found in the north of the peninusula as
they are found quite in the south of Siam. Siamese wood oil
(probably from D. alatus) is very dark in colour nearly black by
reflected lizht but yellow by transmitted light; the resin whitish.
The greater part of the Wood Oils of Commerce are now export-
ed from Rangoon, and are derived from the forests of Burmah.
The trees producing them are all species of Dipterocarpus but
all or nearly all distinct from those of the Malay Peninsula.
A full account of them is to be found in Watt’s Dictionary of
the Economic Plants of India.
iy
ve
96 NOTES ON THE FLYING FROG.
Notes on the Flying Frog
Rhacophorus nigropalmatus.
sy) ie EASA S Cire ae keaEtesi:
Mr. A. D. Machado, one of the most constant benefactors to
the Raffles Museum, presented last year a specimen of a Flying
Frog from Pahang which I have only recently been able to
identify as Rhacophorus nigropalmatus. As only two specimens of
this species have so far been recorded, the one obtained by Dr.
Charles Hose from the Akan River, Borneo (see G. A. Boulenger,
A. M.N. H. (6), XVI, p. 170), and the other obtained by Mr. L.
Wray in the Piah Valley, Upper Perak (see 8. 5. Flower, P. Z.5.,
1899, p. 899), this third specimen appears to deserve a special
note.
Mr. Machado writes: ‘I caught this specimen in an old
prospecting pit one morning (January 1899) at Kuala Merbao in
Ulu Pahang. He had evidently fallen into it and could not get
out. I found him swimming about in the water. The pit was
about twelve feet deep.” |
The specimen shows in external characters no differenee
from those described by Boulenger and Flower, except slightly
as regards its cutaneous fringes and coloration. The fringes of
the arm seem to be more developed than in either of the other
two specimens: there is one not only along the outer edge of
the fore-arm continued right to the tip of the fifth finger, but
also a smaller triangular one along the inner side, beginning at
the proximal end of the upper arm and ending at the distal end
of the fore-arm, being widest at the elbow joint. There is a
semilunar flap on the tibio-tarsal articulation, as in the other
specimens, atid, after a break, a narrow fringe along the. outer
side of the tarsus to the tip of the fifth toe. A very much
smaller fringe runs along the first toe. A flap of skin above the
cloaca is scarcely noticeable.
SOME NEW EASTERN GINGERS. 97
* When alive, the colour was a brivht green above, but now,
in spirit, a dark slate-grey with a purplish hue, with numerous
‘minute white dots, isolated or in groups. There are five very
conspicuous white-spots on the upper surface of the thigh, one of
them close to its origin, the other four a little lower down,
arranged in a square. The flanks are whitish, veined with black,
as in the Bornean specimen, the lower surface is a yellowish
white. The enormous interdigital membranes are black near
their base, but yellowish towards the edges, with yellow rays
going into the black portion.
The specimen is male, its testes being very large, 15 mm,
in leneth. The Bornean specimen was female, whilst there is no
record of the sex of the Perak specimen.
Its length from snout to vent is 84 mim., against 80 min, in
the case of the Bornean and 98 min. in the Perak specimen.
The Flying Frog of which Wallace (Malay Archipelago,
10th edition, p.30) gives such a graphic description, is Rhacopho-
rus pardalis and occurs in Borneo and the Philippines, whilst a
third Malayan species, Rh. retnwardti7, occurs in Java and Suma-
tra. Very similar species are found in Malabar (Rh. malabari-
sus), the Eastern Himalayan region (Rh. bimaculatus) and Mada-
gascar (Rh. madagascariensis).
Some New Eastern Gingers.
The following new species of Scrtaminew have passed
through my hands since writing the paper published in Journal
No. 32 and do not appear to be described in Schumann’s paper.
Alpinia pectinata n. sp. Plant 4 to 7 feet tall. Leaves oblong
lanceolate glabrous thinly coriaceous, blade 20 inches long 4
inches wide with a thick keel, ocrea obtuse. Panicle pendulous
secund, with a lone thick peduncle, dense with short crowded
branches. Bracts many obconic half an inch long papery brown.
Flowers “2 ee pedicels in fruit: 4 inch long. Capsule
globose trilocular $ inch long. Seeds very numerous.
Celebes at Gunong Klabat 1300 to 1600 metres elevation,
fruiting in January.
A remarkable plant in its one sided panicle with very short
‘branches bearing heads crowded together, about 100 in a panicle.
13
98 SOME NEW EASTERN GINGERS,
The bracts which are ribbed and -pubescent,° resemble those of
Alpinia involucrata on a small scale. The specimens: are all in
fruit. There are two undescribed species belonging to this sec-
tion in Schumann’s paper from Celebes.
_- “A (Hellenia) Celebica n. sp. A herb more than 18 inches
tall with glabrous very long pointed lanceolate leaves, 8 inches
long 14 inch wide, petiole terete striolate graceful one inch long
ochrea oblong truncate. Panicle graceful erect branches short
many flowered five inches long. Bracts caducous. Flowers 14
inch long. Calyx tubular truncate $ inch long. Corolla tube
twice as long, lobes oblong obtuse 4 inch long. Lip narrow
shorter than the corolia, deeply bifid, lobes spathulate emarginate.
Staminodes narrow subulate. Stamen witha rather long fila-
ment, another oblong not crested. Style graceful.
Jelebes. |
Allied to 4A Fraseriana of Borneo, but remarkable for its
very deeply cleft lip. r
— Amomum termmmale n. sp. Stems crowded slender about 2
feet tall, or much taller | mch through. Leaves dark green,
elliptic lanceolate acuminate thinly coriaceous pale beneath gla-
brous 7 inches long, 2 inches wide, petiole very short, ocrea }
inch long rounded. Spike terminal or basal cylindric 4 moh
long 2 inch through. Bracts ovate obtuse margins hairy ? inch
long 4 inch wide red. Bracteole 3 inch long oblong obtuse
pink. Flowers in pairs. Calyx tubular dilated upwards trifid
pink 3 inch long. Corolla tube one inch long slender white,
lobes lanceolate acute 4 inch long. Lip three lobed, two lateral
lobes shorter curved outwards, acute, median obovate obscure-
ly lobed, $ inch long. Anther with a broad connective rounded
crenulate.
Bismarck Archipelago (Micholitz.) Flowered in the Botan-
ic Gardens, Singapore, Feb. 1900,
The habit of this plant and its red bracts cause it to resem-
ble some species of Zingiber, but it has not the long anther beak
of that genus. It is abnormal among Amomums in having the
spike terminal, but it also is said to produce basal spikes from
the rhizome. It is indeed difficult to refer it to any genus but_I
am unwilling to make a distinct genus for italone. In some re-
spects it may be classed with an ornamental plant known as Costus
BIRDS OF THE LARUT HILLS. 99
Zebrinus of gardens, which however has no relationship with the
genus Costus at all.
Tapeinocheilus Koordersiana n. sp. A tall plant, 25 feet tall.
Leaves broadly oblong nearly four feet lone 8 inches wide,
subcoriaceous pubescent or glabrous narrowed at the base.
Spike subcylindric 8 inches long, 4 inches wide. Bracts stiff
coriaceous not woody oblong or ovate cuspidate ribbed pubes-
cent the larger ones 24 inches long and one inch wide, the inner
ones lanceate cuspidate pubescent longer. Bracteoles linear
narrowed acute shorter than the flowers. Calyx tube one inch
lone narrow little enlarged above, lobes lanceolate acute quite
covered with silky hairs. Corolla tube hairy but little longer,
lobes narrow acute. Lip oblong rounded hairy. Anther oblong
hairy. Capsule an inch lone obovate warted covered with
brown wool.
Celebes.
Another species of this grand Eastern island genus, allied
to Miquel’s 7. pungens but with larger flowers and pubescent
bracts. I have great pleasure in associating it with the name of
Dr. Koorders, who Eaee such fine collections of plants in Celebes
recently.
The Birds of the Larut Hills,
Two birds mentioned, but not named, in my paper on the Birds
of the Larut Hills have been identified for me by Dr. Hartert.
They are:
Aethopyga temminckii, Temminck’s Honeysucker. The second
species of scarlet honeysucker- mentioned on p, 21.
_- Notodela leucura. The White-tailed Blue Robin, a female.
The “small robin-like brown bird” alluded to at the foot of
Be 30. A. L.. Butler:
=—_
“Batanical N efes:
Malayan Gingers. Dr. K. Schumann has Aublishid this year
in Engler’s Jahrbuch Vol. 27, a monograph of the Scitaminee
collected in the various islands of the archipelag o, by Beccari,
in Sarawak, Sumatra and New Guinea, by the brothers Sarasin in
100 BOTANICAL NOTES.
Celebes, and by Warburg, Hollrung and others in New Guinea.
In his arrangement he adheres to the old classification including
Hornstedtia, Plagiostachys, etc., under Amomum, and so on. One
new genus he describes under the name Haplochorema seems to be
a true Koempferia with creeping rhizomes. It occurs in Borneo,
four kinds being described from Sarawak. One might describe
it as a Koempferia adapted for jungle life. Hedychium microchi-
lum described from Java in my paper in the last Journal, appears
as Brachychilus Horsfieldii Peters. It was originally described
under the name of Hedychium Horsfieldii in Hooker's Kew
Miscellany, and also by Peters in a Copenhagen Botanical Jour-
nal, both works difficult to procure. The whole habit of the
plant is so much that of Hedychiwm, that I think it would be bet-
ter to keep it in that genus... A good figure of what is evidently
the common Costus globosus Bl is given under the name of C.
acanthocephalus n. sp. It was collected in West Sumatra by
Beccari. The plant is evidently widely distributed. The whole
monograph is interesting from a geographical point of view, for
though of course one may be sure that many more of. these
plants will be found in the Eastern islands, it gives sufficiently
clear evidence of the change in the flora as we go further east.
Thus one notices that the Globbas, so abundant here, disappear
to a large extent, few occurring in Borneo, fewer in Java, and
only one (excluding G. marantina probably introduced) further
east in the Philippines. Gastrochilus, except the cultivated G.
panduratus, does not occur in the list; but. probably this is due
to the difficulty of getting the flowers in wild plants. Zingiber
also disappears rapidly towards the East, but one kind has been
met with in New Guinea. Tapeinocheilus appears to be abundant
in the Papuan region, fourteen species of these grand plants
being catalogued, extending from Amboina to New Guinea. £
“Alpinia ‘rosella Ridl. Since publishing this species (Journal
32. p. 164) I have found a figure and description of a plant col-
lected in British North Borneo by Burbidge and published under
the name Alpinia Fraseriana Oliver, in the Icones Plantarum
vol. vi. pl. 1567, which agrees closely with A. rosella, and is I
think the same species. Lalso note some misprints in my de-
scription on p. 165, in line 2 absent should be about, andin line 10
the words should run “Seeds 3 about 4 inch. through. a
A PULAU TIUMAN SUPERSTITION, 101
Susu Rimau. In Journal No. 22, on page 340, I gave some
account of the curious vegetable product known to the Malays
as Susu Rimau, the sclerotium or resting stage of some species
of Polyporus. I have since obtained other fine specimens of the
tuber and the fully developed fungus attached in Singapore and
Penang, and Mr. Massee, of Kew, has identified it as Polyporus
sacer, a very widely distributed fungus.
—=
A Pulau Tiuman Superstition.
I visited the Pahang island of Tiuman in 1898 and stumbled
across a superstition which did not impress me very much at
the time, though it was recalled to my memory by hearing later
of an almost identical belief concerning a hill in upper Siam.
Shortly after going ashore at the island the headman re-
quested me to prevent my Chinese cook bringing any vinegar off
the boat; he informed me that if by any chance the vinegar
should be spilt, the island would be convulsed and a terrible
storm result. On an occasion a few years previously the cook
of an European prospector at work on the island had by a simi-
lar accident raised such a typhoon that, to quote my informant
‘the sea was invisible for five days.”
This superstition is evidently connected with the widespread
belief that no dragon can face vinegar, for it was told me in the
village under the peculiar double spur of hill at the extreme
south of the island called ‘‘ Chula Naga” (Dragon’s Horns), and
it has peculiar application in this instance, though dragons are
accredited to several other mountains on the peninsula.
W. C.
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