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VIEW OFTHE GROUNDS & STRUCTURES OF THE UNITED STATES

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ES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.AT ITS THIRD EXHIBITION IN BOSTON 1855.

Braalord & Cis LJtK

JOURNAL

UNITED STATES

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

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EDITED 3^Y WILLIAM S. KING,

SECRETARY OF THE gOCIETY.

BOSTON :

FEINTED BY BAZIN & CHANDLEB, 37 CXJENHILi*

1855.

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OFFICERS

UNITKD STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ELECTED FOR A. D., 185«.

PRKSIDENT,

MARSHALL- P. W I L D E II, of Boston, Mass.

VIOE-PKi:SIDENTS,

John 1). Lang, Maine,
Henry F. French, N. Hampshire,
Fred. IIoi.brook, Vermont,
B. V. French, Massachusetts,
JosiAH Chapin, R. Island,
Samuel H. Huntington, Conn.,
Henry Wager, New York,
James J. M.y:*ES, New Jersey,
Isaac Newton, Pennsylvania,
S. P. IIoLCOMBE, Delaware,
H. G. S. Key, Maryland,
G. W. P. CuSTls, Virginia,
Henky K. Burgwyn, N Carolina,
James Hopkinson, S. Carolina,
P. M. Nightingale, Georgia,
"A. P. Hatch, Alabama,
Alex. II. Beques, Mississippi,
J. D. B. DeBow, Louisiana,

R. \V. MusGRAVE, Ohio,
Brutus J. Clay, Kentucky,
M. P. Gentry, Tennessee,
Joseph A. Wright, Indiana,
C. H. McCoRMiCK, Illinois,
W. Leanard, Missouri,
T. B. Flournoy, Arkansas,
Charles Fox, Michigan,
Simmons Baker, Florida,
T. J. Rusk, Texas,
W. F. Coolbaugh, Iowa,
N. W. Dean, Wisconsin,
J. M. Horner, California,
F. P. Blair, Dist. Col.,
S. M. Bairi), New ]Mexico,
H. H. Sibley, Minnesota,
Joseph Lane, Oregon,
Jos. L. Hayes, Utah.

executive committee,

C. B. Calvert, j John A. King, | A. L. Elavyn, | B. P. Poore, | A. Watts,

J. D. Weston, \ John Jones.

secretary,
WILLIAM S. KING, Boston, Mass.

treasurer,
WILLIAM SELDEN, Washington, D. C.

asu«

UNITED STATES AGRICOLTDPtAL SOCIETY.

The Second Annual Meeting of this Society was held at
Washington, D. C, on the 22d, 23d and 24th days of Feb-
ruary, 1854. Notwithstanding the fearful snow-storm, which
delayed many members on their route, and deterred many
others from an attempt to attend, twenty-one States were rep-
resented at this meeting by an aggregate of over one hundred
delegates.

The Society met at the Smithsonian Institute, on Wednesday,
the 22d of February, — the birth-day of Washington; and at
once, on the suggestion of the President, (Hon. Marshall P-
Wilder, of Mass.,) adjourned, in honor of the day.

SECOND DAY.

On Thursday morning the Society met, pursuant to adjourn-
ment ; and the proceedings of Wednesday having been read,
and the credentials of delegates received, the President de-
livered his

ANNUAL ADDRESS.

GentlenCen of the Society : — The occasion which has con-
vened us in the Second Anniversary of United States Agri-
cultural Society.

Our meeting occurs this year on a day ever memorable in
America, as commemorative of the birth of the immortal
Washington, the friend of all that ennobles and dignifies
humanity. His military valor, his political wisdom, his pariot-
ism and benevolence were equalled only by his skill as a
farmer, and by his warm and enduring attachment to that
worthy cause whioji our Association seeks to promote.
1

In his first message to Congress, and in his last, he recom-
mended Agriculture to the consideration and patronage of
government, an object which he considered most important to
the -welfare of his country and of mankind, and to which he
returned from the camp and the forum, after a life rendered
illustrious bv distinguished public service in the cause of free-
dom and humanity.

I congratulate you, on the appreciation, by the men of this
generation, of the words of wisdom which fell from his lips
on this subject. The seed which he sowed has been long
buried ; but at length it has sprung up, and gives promise of a
bountiful harvest. The progress of Agriculture is remarkably
evinced in our period by improved arts of cultivation, — by
discoveries in the natural sciences on which those arts de-
pend— by the multiplication of agricultural societies and peri-
odicals— by the patronage extended to these — by the general
diffusion of knowledge — by labor-saving implements of hus-
bandry— by the increase of our agricultural products, in
variety, quality and amount, — by the extended demand for
our crops, — and by the facilities for conveying the same from
the field of production to the great agricultural marts of the
world. But on these themes, it is not my purpose to dwell,
nor to address you at this time upon the science or art of
Aoriculture, nor on the immense influence which is yet to be
exerted on our own country and the world, by the application
of science to this art. My official relation rather demands
such suggestions pertaining to our organization and progress,
as the experience of the past year, and the present condition
of our Society seem to require.

PROGRESS.

When we consider how long kindred and richly endowed
institutions, in other countries, existed before their influence
was powerfully felt in their respective territories, for the pro-
motion of Agriculture, we need not be surprised if our Asso-
ciation, in the first year of its existence, and with small pecu-
niary means, has not made its full impression on the public
mind.

Like every other enterprise, it must pass through its infancy
before it can attain to manhood ; yet it has vital energy and
an important mission to accomplish ; it has grown and began
to act for itself in a manner which gives promise of future and
extensive usefulness. Its general objects have been defined ;
but its specific, await a fuller development.

Four numbers of its Journal have been issued, — the first
National Exhibition has been held — its number of members
and funds have been increased — its agents have commenced
their action under favorable auspices — its diploma has been
designed ; and all these will be spoken of in their proper
place.

THE JOURNAL.

In behalf of the Executive Committee, I have the pleasure
to announce that four numbers of the Society's Journal have
now been published, and constitute the first volume of its
Transactions, thus cancelling our obligations to the annual
members for their first year's subscription.

These, it is believed, will be found of permanent value, as
they contain original and other articles of intrinsic merit ; and
especially as it includes the history of the origin and progress
of the Society, its amended Constitution, lists of ofiicers and
members, with their post office address, as far as it was possi-
ble to obtain them. In some instances, it has been imprac-
ticable to ascertain these, and, consequently, to transmit to
members through the post office, the publications of the Soci-
ety. It will, therefore, be necessary for each member to see
that his name and post office address are properly registered
on the Treasurer's book. It is hoped that the future numbers
of this periodical will possess increased interest and value, be
prepared by a permanent editor, and, if quarterly, issued with
promptness and regularity. Of the past nimibers, the first
was edited by Daniel Lee ; the second by J. C. G. Ke>->t:dy,
Corresponding Secretaries ; and the third and foui'th by TVil-
LiAM S. King, Recording Secretary. It may be deemed advis-
able, by the Executive Committee, to issue the next year's
Transactions, not in quarterly numbers, but in one volume, a

the close of the year, to be delivered to members, on or
before the annual meeting, and to enrich it with illustrated
plates, and drawings of new or improved implements, of stock,
of agricultural products ; and to make, so far as practicable, a
digest of the doings of the several State Societies, and of
others in foreign lands.

FIRST NATIONAL EXHIBITION.

The iirst National Exhibition, held under the auspices of
the Society, was at Springfield, in Massachusetts, on the 19th,
20th, 21st, and 22d days of last October. This was confined
exclusively to that noble animal, the horse. It originated
with the enterprising inhabitants of that city, who generously
assumed its pecuniary responsibility, and whose perseverance
and devotion to the object, conducted it with the most flatter-
ing success ; and who respectfully invited the co-operation and
superintendence of United States Agricultural Society. A
full report thereof is contained in the Journal of the Society.
The benefits of this exhibition, and the attendance of more
than twenty thousand people, encouraged the proprietors to
make the following proposition to the Society :

Resolved, That Ave present to the United States Agricultural Society our
hearty thanks for their co-operation in carrying forward to its successful termi-
nation, the First National Exhibition of Horses in the world ; and that we
respectfully request them to imite with us in promoting a second cxhil)ition of
a similar character, to be held under their auspices, in this city, in the jear
1854, at such time and under such arrangements as may be deemed expedient.

More recently, similar applications have been received by
jour Executive Committee, from Ohio and from difi'erent dis-
tricts of the country. These, in the process of business, will
be submitted, all of which are commended to your favorable
consideration.

From the experiment alluded to above, and the lively in-
terest manifested therein by all classes of society, it requires
no unusual foresight to discover that such national exhibitions
may' not only give character to the Society and extend its influ-
ence, but also may easily be made to enrich its treasury. I
therefore recommend that a Special Committee be appointed
to consider and report at this meeting, upon the expediency

of holding one or more exhibitions during the current year,
either upon the account of the Society, or in conjunction with
similar organizations.

MEMBERS AND FUNDS.

As full returns from the agents employed to solicit member-
ships and funds, have not been received, it is impossible to
report with accuracy the additions which have been made
during the year. The Treasurer's Report, which will be here-
after submitted, will exhibit the condition of his department
at this date.

A number of life-memberships have been created, and a
generous donation has been received from Hon. Jonathan
Phillips, of Boston, of five hundred dollars, the latter to
procure a suitable diploma for the Society. It is confidently
believed that funds sufficient to meet the current expenses of
the year, can be obtained from memberships and donations,
secured by the personal application of our agents ; and from
exhibitions, (should they be deemed advisable,) a permanent
fund might be realized on the principle which has placed other
societies in an independent condition.

GOVERNMENTAL AID.

It is still considered desirable to solicit the patronage of
Government, as contemplated in the last annual address, either
in the form of " a grant in furtherance of our objects, on the
same general principle as many of the State Governments
bestow their patronage upon the Agricultural Societies within
their territorial limits ; or, if Government would so direct, in
the form of a consideration for the performance by this Society
of the duties of the Agricultural Department of the Patent
Office.

" The sum now expended by Government in that branch of
the Department, if placed at the disposal of this Society, would
enable us to collect, through our auxiliaries and corresponding
bodies, the most reliable statistics and the most recent and
valuable information, and would also enable us to publish the

same and to distribute it, through the members of Congress,
through those of this Society, and of the hundreds of kindred
local Associations acting in concert with us throughout the
country." ^

This recommendation was referred to the Executive Com-
mittee, under the following Resolution :

Besoloed, That the Executive Committee be requested to make immediate
application to Cono^ress, for that portion of the monej' now annuallj- appropria-
ted to the Patent Office for the preparation of the AgricuUural Report, and the
collection and distribution of Seeds, with a view to the performance of the
same work by the United States Agricultural Society.

The pressure of business before Congress at the close of the
last session, and other unavoidable circumstances, prevented
your Executive Committee from memorializing that body on the
subject ; but they conferred with members of both branches,
who expressed a deep interest in these objects, and promised
to give them their favorable consideration. It is recommended
that the same Committee be instructed to prosecute these
objects during the present session, or that a Special Committee
be charged with that duty.

DIPLOMA.

In accordance with the suggestion of the Executive Com-
mittee, on the necessity of a suitable Diploma or Certificate
of Membership, an application was made to the benevolent
gentleman, already referred to, for funds to accomplish this
object ; and in consequence of his generous response, I am
now able to present the design for the same, which has been
approved by the Executive Committee.

The design represents, at the top, Ceres, goddess of Agri-
culture, seated in a car drawn by a pair of oxen, and attended
by farm laborers. On her right hand sits Science, on her left.
Art ; before her lie the fruits of the earth, and various imple-
ments used in its cultivation. jThe front of the car is deco-
rated with reliefs of the four quarters of the globe. She is
accompanied also by the Seasons of the year.

On the right side of the design is Pomona, goddess of Hor-
ticulture, and on the left. Flora. Groupes of horses, cattle,
sheep, etc., form the back grounds to these figures.

At the base, in a cartouche, is a view of Mount Vernon,
surmounted by the national emblems, and supported on either
side by a farmer and a gardener, with appropriate scenes in
the distance.

If this design meets the approbation of the Society, it should
be placed in the hands of a competent engraver, and, as early
as possible, a certified copy transmitted to each of the mem-
bers.

INCORPOEATION.

As the funds have been entrusted to this Society, which we
hope will be greatly increased, it is now deemed important that
an Act of Incorporation should be obtained ; and I recommend
that a Special Committee be charged with that duty.

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL DESTITUTION AND EXPERIMENTAL
FARM.

A Committee of the Maryland State Agricultural Society
have the honor of bringing to the public notice the importance
of a National Agricultural Institution and Experimental Farm.
Your Executive Committee had the pleasure to receive from
them a circular, inviting your co-operation in these worthy
objects ; and it is expected that these gentlemen and their
associates, in the progress of business, will present the subject
for your consideration and action.

These objects are essential to the social organization of
American agriculturists. We have various County Asso-
ciations auxiliary to those in the States where they are located ;
and the State Societies cordially co-operate with the United
States Agricultural Society. These State Societies either
have, or are endeavoring to secure Agricultural Institutions
and Experimental Farms under Legislative patronage within
their respective limits. Is it too much to expect that the
Central Government will do at least as much for agricultural
education and scientific farming in the nation, as any one of
the individual States accomplishes within its own borders ? Is
it not competent and expedient for Government to give more
prominence to this great industrial pursuit, — the principal
source of national wealth and prosperity ? These are im-

portant and legitimate inquiries, and I trust they will receive
the consideration which they deserve. May not a National
Agricultural Department, with suitable instructors, library,
cabinet, and apparatus, be attached to the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, for the study of the Science of Agriculture ? May not
the estate of Washington, at Mount Vernon, be purchased for
a national Experimental Farm? And may not the United
States Agricultural Society aid in the solution of these prob-
lems, and in the accomplishment of these objects ?

COMMISSIONERS TO STATE EXHIBITION.

Important advantages have resulted to other Agricultural
Societies, from the appointment of Commissioners to visit the
exhibitions of kindred institutions ; and it is hereby recom-
mended that your Executive Committee be authorized to
appoint Commissioners, whose duty it shall be to attend the
annual exhibitions of the State Agricultural Societies, to col-
lect and transmit to said Committee the transactions of those
Societies, together with their own report of their personal
observation, of whatever is specially important of record in
matters pertaining to the general interests of Agriculture, and
to promote a kind and friendly relation between the National
and State organizations. These reports, from time to time,
to be published under the direction of the Executive Com-
mittee, and be distributed to the members.

OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY.

These have been substantially set forth in its Constitution,
but they are general, and their accomplishment must be a work
of time, and must depend on a concentration of our energies
upon their essential parts.

Our general object is the improvement of American Agricul-
ture ; but on how many things does this depend ? Each of
these must have its time and place ; and all must be prose-
cuted in their natural order. Coming up as we do from diifer-
ent and widely distant sections of our country to the Capital,
only at our annual meeting, it is the more Important that we

sliould, on these occasions, clearly define our specific oljjects
and plans of action for the succeeding year, waiting the devel-
opments of Providence to point out to us the path of future
duty. As I have already intimated, there are certain subjects
"which claim our particular attention at this time, — certain du-
ties which wo can, and in my estimation, ought, to perform.
Of these, the most important and feasible are :

1. Exhibitions by the Society, either in its individual capaci-
ty, or in connection vtdth other associations :

2. The efficient action of the Commissioners to attend the
exhibitions of the various State Societies, and to report thereon :

3. The publication, in the Journal of the Society, of what-
ever is most valuable in the progress of the Agriculture of our
country :

4. An application for the aid of Government, either by an
annual appropriation, or by assigning to our Society the com-
pilation and publication of the agricultural volume now issued
under the direction of the Patent Office, with the privilege of
receiving and distributing seeds etc., free, so that the same
may be placed, by the agency of our Agricultural Associations,
acting in unison with us, directly in the hands of the most
prominent Agriculturists of the country, and so that, in return,
the most reliable and important results may be obtained as to
their inherent value and relative adaptation to different local-
ities. This service we may advantageously perform, even
should an Agricultural Bureau, so eminently desirable, be
established.

The accomplishment of these specific designs will materially
aid in the attainment of our general object, — will extend our
influence, and, in return, will increase our share in the public
confidence and patronage, and will give us our relative position
among the Agricultural Institutions of our own, and other
nations.

Gentlemen: — The presence, on this occasion, of so many
who took an active part in the organization and previous meet-
ings of this Society, and of others from distant sections of the
country, whose acquaintance we are happy to make, afford us
the highest satisfaction and encouragement. Among these I

recognize gentlemen whose names are honored, not only for the
important contributions they have made to the cause of Agri-
culture, but also for their valuable services in the praiseworthy
enterprises of our time and nation. But all are not here ! An
inscrutable Providence has removed some from the scenes of
earth, whose charity contributed liberally to the funds of the
Society. Three of our honorary members, principal benefac-
tors, whose donations were reported at our last annual meet-
ing, have ceased from their labors, and have been gathered to
their rest, " like a shock of corn fully ripe in its season," —
Samuel Appleton, Thomas H. Perkins, and Robert G. Shaw
— a trio of the oldest and most honored citizens in the com-
mercial metropolis of New England, gentlemen whose memo-
ries will be cherished so long as merit shall be appreciated,
princely benevolence awaken gratitude, and worthy deeds com-
mand the admiration of mankind. These have fallen ; but
others are rising up to occupy their places, and to aid and en-
courage our endeavors.

Brother Farmers : I am especially happy to meet you on
this Second Anniversary of the United States Agricultural
Society. Whether you come from the auriferous fields of Cal-
ifornia — from the alluvial soils of our great valleys — from
the plantations of the genial South — from the grain-growing
and manufacturing districts of the North ; I welcome you to a
participation with us in this enterprise, and in the glorious
prospects of our beloved country, — prospects which we think
can hardly be represented in colors too bright, when we con-
sider the agricultural and other resources of our favored land

— the rapid increase of population that supplies the laborers
requisite for the development of these resourscs — the advance-
ment of the arts that put improved implements into their hands

— the progress of education that teaches them how to apply
science to cultivation, and consequently how to labor more
successfully — the facilities for intercommunication that con-
nect city with city, state with state, and ocean with ocean,
conveying our agricultujal products to the great markets of
the world, and rewarding industry and labor with competence
and independence.

What an inviting and interesting field of labor opens before
us ! What a vast extent of territory, to whose limits arid pop-
ulation no manifest destiny has hitherto set bounds ! Who can
predict the amount of our agricultural products, when genius
shall have improved as highly as possible the implements of
husbandry, and when science shall have applied to the arts of
cultivation the rich fertilizers that now lie in their native beds !
Who can calculate the millions of population that those pro-
ducts shall sustain, when our unoccupied territory shall be peo-
pled and improved by an enlightened and industrious yeomanry ?

Friends of Agriculture : In view of these cheering pros-
pects, let us act in a manner worthy of the position we occupy.
Let us mature plans as broad and deep as the responsibilities
that rest upon us, and let us execute them with an energy
which will surmount every obstacle, and with a perseverence
that shall never tire. Then will success reward our efforts, and
enable us to transmit to those who shall succeed us, an inher-
itance richer than the birthright of kings or princes, — the
exalted privileges, the glorious independence of an American
Farmer !

On motion of Mr. J. C. G. Kennedy, 1000 copies of the
Address were ordered to be printed.

On motion of Mr. C. B. Calvert, (President Maryland Agri-
cultural Society) the recommendations therein contained were
referred to special committees.

The Chair presented a communication from the Secretary of
the Treasury, (Hon. James Guthrie), inviting the members of
the society and their families to an entertainment at his resi-
dence in the evening. The invitation was accepted.

On motion of Mr. Dederick, of New York, a Committee of
three members was appointed by the Chair to consider and
report upon the subject of Agricultural Implements; viz:
Messrs. Dederick, Mapes, of N. J., and Musgrave, of Ohio.

On motion of Mr. Denton Offut, of Lexington, Ky., a com-
mittee on Animal Physiology and the improvement of Domestic

Animals, was appointed, (Messrs, Browne, of Penn., B. V.
French and Ben. Perley Poore, of Mass.) This Committee
subsequen|,lj reported, and several members testified in corro-
boration, that Mr. Offiit possessed a singular power over horses
submitted to him, — a power similar to that exercised by the
famous Irish Whisperer. The most vicious animals he tamed
in a few moments, insomuch that, loosened from halter or
bridle, they followed his footsteps and kept time to the beat of
his little drum. Mr. Offut desired rather to obtain subscribers
for his forth-coming book on this subject, than to explain his
mystery verbally ; and the Committee recommended no action
in the premises.

An invitation from Mr. Townend Glover to visit his col-
lection of Models of Fruits, &c., &c., on exhilntion at the
Patent Office, was received and accepted.

On motion of Mr. W. S. King, of Mass., the following gentle-
men— Messrs. Worthington and Warder, of Ohio, Berckmans,
of N. J., B. Munn, of N. Y., and Richards, of Mass., — were
appointed a Committee to examine Mr. Glover's collection.
This Committee subsequently submitted the following report :

REPORT ON GLOVER'S MODELS OF FRUITS, &c., &c.

The Committee to whom was referred the examination of the
fac simile imitations in Plaster, by Mr. Glover, of the Fruits
and Vegetables of our country, Report,

That the collection, so far as it extends, is superior to any
they have seen in the country — being but a commenceme
however, and chiefly copied from specimens north of lat. 38 ®
and east of the Ohio River.

Some of the smaller and softer fruits, as the Strawberry,
&c., are not so well imitated as the larger ones. The latter,
however, comprising the Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, &c., are
so well copied from nature, as to leave little or nothing to
desire, being almost perfect fac similes as to weight, size,
shape, color, and peculiarities of every kind. To this Mr.
Glover has added the habitat of each variety and specimens
from various localities and climates (showing how they are
thereby modified), the local names given in different parts of
the country, observations of the quality, time of fruiting and
maturing of each variety, their adaptation to different latitudes

and locations ; and specimens of the insects by which they are
attached.

The Committee forbear to press upon the brief time of the
Society, considerations of the value which this collection,
when completed, would be to the fruit growers of our vast
country. To be able at once, to decide from an authentic
source, the true name, qualities, time of maturing, habitat and
insect foes of all the valuable fruits of our country, would be
conferring a benefit incalculable in value ; and these considera-
tions are confidently submitted without further comment.

The only question seems to be, " Has this been well done so
far ; and is this enterprize in competent hands ?" To both
these questions your Committee answer unanimously and un-
hesitatingly in the affirmative.

The copies by Mr. Glover of fruits, vegetables, and insects,
are admirable, considered merely as works of art, and to the
sight oifer in most cases a perfect illusion ; and the fac similes
once secured, copies can be made at small expense, and dis-
tributed when desired.

The collection as before stated is not complete, and it would
require several years and a skilled devotion to the subject to
make it so.

Your Committee consider this subject a national one, worthy
the national patronage, and indeed almost impossible of accom-
plishment otherwise.

We therefore recommend the adoption of the following Re-
solution :

Resolved, That this Society coiif^ider the collection of a complete suite of
imperishable /ac fti/nilcs of the various fruits and vegetables of our country a
great desideratum for our National agriculture, and commend the purchase and
completion of the collection of Mr. Glover to the favorable consideration of the
Congress of the United States.

JAS. L. WORTHINGTON,
L. E. BERCKMANS, N. J.,
JNO. A. WARDER,
EDWARD M. RICHARDS.

The President then offered for consideration the contents of
two communications confidentially committed to him. One was
from Mr. Joel Hitchcock, of St. Lawrence county. New York,
on the subject of a remedy for the potato rot ; the other on the
subject of a remedy for the devastations of the curculio on
fruits, by some person whose name did not transpire. The

object of the parties seemed to be to get their remedies to be
tested by the society through committees of the same, and re-
ports made at the meeting of nest year.

The question on the reference of these proposals gave rise to
a very animated debate, in which views of very opposite char-
acter in respect to the probable value of the alleged discoveries
were elicited. Mr. Browne spoke strongly against entertaining
any proposition of a secret nature, and held that all subjects
should be open to all members alike. Science, knowledge, and
not concealment or private speculation and advantage, was the
basis of all the action of this society.

The Chair vindicated Mr. Hitchcock from any secret or
selfish aim. All he wished was that a competent Committee of
the society should give the matter the benefit of their investi-
gation, and report accordingly.

Mr. Worthington said the discovery, whatever it was, is the
property of Mr. Hitchcock, and if the test to be made of it
were successful, Mr. Hitchcock was entitled to the endorsement
of this society. He then moved, " That the communication just
read be received and referred to the Executive Committee to
test the mode proposed, and that they report to the next annual
meeting of this society."

Mr. Earlo supported the same views as above expressed by
Mr. Browne.

Mr. W. S. King protested against the prejudment of a case
without a hearing, and, in advance, pronouncing to be a hum-
bug what was as yet untested. To call a thing a humbug is an
easy, but not an honorable way of disposing of it. The parties
ask of us nothing unusual ; merely to appoint a Committee to
test the ivorth of their discoveries. Twice to-day this has been
done.

He believed Mr. Hitchcock's discovery had genuine merit in
it, and was no humbug ; at all events, it was worth a fair trial.

Mr. Horsey, of Maryland, thought the communication ought
to be printed, that all the members of the Society might test
the thing. He then made a motion that it be printed.

The Chair did not feel it to be within his power to place the
communication in the Society's hands to be printed, without
further instructions from Mr. Hitchcock.

Mr. Landrctli, of Philadelphia, thought little would be lost if
the proposal were declined. If the thing had really any value
in it, the public would soon get it. For himself, he placed but
little confidence in the value of the alleged discovery.

Mr. Lewis, of Massachusetts, thought all those members of
the Society who felt an interest in the subject should form
the Committee to te&t the matter.

Prof. Mapes took the same general views as those expressed
by Mr. Worthington, Mr. W. S. King, and the Chair.

Mr. Dedrick proposed to amend so as to permit the publica-
tion of the secret by the Society.

Further discussion was pursued by Messrs. Poore, Lewis and
French, when the previous question was put and carried.

Mr. Cory, of Indiana, moved that communications from other
persons on the subject of potato disease be referred to the Ex-
ecutive Committee.

Mr. French thought the Executive Committee should be
instructed to appoint proper persons, members of the Society,
to institute experiments. He moved an amendment of Mr.
Cory's motion in consonance with these views, which amend-
ment was carried.

The Chair then presented a written communication from a
gentleman in Ohio, requesting that a Committee of three be ap-
pointed to investigate the subject of the remedy for curculio.

Mr. Browne opposed this and all such secret methods of
operation. He adopted the same line of remark as above on
the potato rot.

Mr^ Poore thought it was one of the purposes for which the
Society was organized to test the value of new discoveries.

On motion of Mr. Calvert, it was unanimously agreed that
in the future proceedings of the Society at this session, no mem-
ber speak more than once on same subject, and then only for
five minutes.

Mr. Lewis moved to lay the curculio paper on the table.
Lost.

Mr. W. S. King moved a select committee of three on the
subject, of which the President of the Society should be Chair-
man. This was carried, and a committee appointed of Messrs.

Wilder, Brincklo, of Ponnsjlvania, and Borckmans, of New
Jersey.

Mr. Bradford, of Delaware, asked and obtained leave to read
a memorial to Congress from citizens of Delaware, praying tlie
interposition of Congress, eitlier by purchase of one of the
Chincha Islands or by negotiation with Peru, to put a stop to
the effects of the operation of the Anglo-Peruvian monopoly, by
which the price of guano has been raised and kept at the
extravagant price of $54 pier ton.

Mr. Bradford pressed this subject on the attention of the
Society as one of primary concern to the agriculturists, and in
fact the whole people of the country. On his motion a Com-
mittee of five was appointed in relation to the matter, viz. :
Messrs. Bradford, Calvert, Browne, Burgwin, of North Caro-
lina, and Booth, of Va.

This committee subsequently reported that they had had an
interview with the Assistant Secretary of State, (Mr. Dudley
Mann), and encouragement was given that arrangements would
be made with Peru, by which the price of guano would be ma-
terially reduced. The report was re-committed.

On motion of Mr. J. D. Weston, of Mass., a Committee of
one from each State and Territory represented, and the Dis-
trict, was appointed to nominate officers of the Society for the
ensuing year.

Prof. Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution, reported the
order of business.

Mr. B. Munn, of N. Y., then presented, and by request read
a communication from Mr. James Pederson on the subject of
introducing into the United States, the Alpaca or Peruvian
Sheep. A copy of the communication was requested for publi-
cation.

Papers collected by the Lighthouse Board were referred to
by Prof. Henry, who made some interesting remarks on one of
them, being a paper on the use and importance of Colza oil for
burning.

Seeds were distributed by Dr. Warder and Mr. Henry Ives,
of Ohio, and other members ; and the meeting adjourned till
5 1-2 o'clock, P. M.

EVENING SESSION.

At six o'clock, P. M., tho President called the meeting to
order, and introduced Prof. Mapes, of New Jersey, wlio exhi-
bited and explained an improved sub-soil plough, invented by
himself. The remarks of the learned Professor were listened
to with great attention.

On motion of Mr. Bradford, of Delaware, the subject was
referred to the Committee on Agricultural Implements.

Dr. J. A. Warder presented a quantity of Japan peas, and
described their nature and value. They were introduced into
the neighborhood of Cincinnati three years ago, and have been
widely distributed. It is not a pea nor a vine, but has a stiff
woody stem ; the leaves, however, are broad, and are greedily
eaten by cattle ; the fruit is very abundant, and occurs in short
pods containing two or three peas ; these are oblong when
green, but round when dry. They will not be valuable for
table use when green, but are liked by most who have tried
them boiled or as soup, when ripe in winter, and must prove of
great value, especially in the Southern States ; succeeding well
on all soils in which they have been planted. Their great
value will be as food for cattle ; they are easily threshed out
when ripe.

In planting give them ample room ; for the greatest effect,
say at squares of three feet ; cultivate as corn.

The meeting then adjourned to 10 o'clock the following

THIRD DAY.

The Society was called to order by the Recording Secretary,
William S. King, of Massachusetts, who stated that the Presi-
dent of the Society was prevented from attending at the open-
ing of the meeting by indisposition, but he hoped to be present
during the morning session. On motion of the Recording Se-
cretary, the Hon. John A. King, of New York, was called to
the chair j9ro tempore.

Dr. Weston from the Committee on Nominations, reported a
list of Officers, who were elected.

Prof. Fox, of Michigan, (senior editor of the Farmer's Com-
panion and Gazette^ then commenced his address on the im-
portant subject of extending and improving the education of
the agricultural population of the United States, so as to ele-
vate that vast majority of our people up to their proper level,
and to bring a greater amount of intelligence to bear upon that
important interest, the judicious cultivation of the soil. Dur-
ing the lecture the President of the Society entered, and took
his seat as chairman of the meeting, held temporarily by Mr-
J. A. King. Not long after, and before the conclusion of Prof.
Fox's address, the President of the United States, accompanied
by the Secretary of the Interior, came in and were introduced
to the Society, which received them with courteous greeting.

At the conclusion of Prof. Fox's very able, interesting, and

eloquent address, on motion of Mr, N. P. Causin, a vote of

thanks was tendered to Prof. Fox for his most acceptable paper,

- and it was referred to the Executive Committee for publication.

The President of the United States then arose, and address-
ing the chair, thanked him for the intelligence that had been
furnished him of the session of the Society : spoke in terms of
compliment and approval of so much of Prof. Fox's address as
he had heard ; acknowledged the high interest and importance
of the objects of the Society, and of the question before it ; and
said that, whilst he should be most happy to remain during the
interesting proceedings yet to be had, other duties demanded
his retirement, and compelled him to bid them good morning.

Mr. Tayloc, of District of Columbia, moved a resolution for
the purchase of Mount Vernon by the General Govdrnment,
and making a portion of it the site of a national experimental
farm.

The Chair stated that the subject was already before the
Society, under a recommendation in the President's annual
address.

Mr. Earle proposed a substitute for Mr. Tayloe's resolution,
the intent of which was that the United States Agricultural So-
ciety, should endorse the eflbrts of the Maryland State Society
to effect the same object. Mount Vernon, he said, was on all
accounts the best place for a national experimental farm, and
he believed there were many members of Congress in favor of
purchasing it.

Mr. Browne moved a reference of the matter to a special Com-
mittee for a report.

Mr. Calvert hoped it would not be referred to the Executive
Committee. They had now at least a month's consecutive work
cut out for them.

Mr. Earle, speaking by permission a second time on the same
subject, opposed reference to any Committee. Its magnitude
and importance entitled it to a consideration by the Society in
full.

Mr. J. A. King liked Mr. Taylor's best, because it was based
upon the independent action of the Society, and thus gave ad-
ditional weight to the memorial from Maryland. In answer
to Mr. Browne, Mr. King said that what Virginia had done
was Avell, but it must be remembered they here represented the
farmers of the whole Union. For this reason he should sup-
port the original proposition.

On motion of W. S. King, the subject was laid on the table,
to be taken up in the afternoon session.

The report of the Committee on Exhibitions was read by
Mr. Calvert, and, on motion of Mr. Poore, made the order of
the day for the next morning.

The Hon. George Washington Parke Custis, — the grandson
of Mrs. Washington — then addressed the Society in the most
eloquent and feeling terms. We hope to procure a correct
copy of Mr. Custis's remarks for the Journal of the Society.

Mr. Cliandler Robbins, of Ohio, presented a memorial from
citizens of Ohio, asking the countenance and patronage of the
Society to a cattle exhibition to be held in September next, in
Springfield, Clark county, Ohio.

Prof. Mapes moved a reference of this memorial to the Ex-
ecutive Committee.

After considerable discussion it was so referred.

[As the action of the Executive Committee upon this and
other similar applications has been variously and incorrectly
stated, we here give an official report thereof: — In Executive
Committee, Feb. 25, 1854 ; on motion of W. S. King, Resolved^
that the application of inhabitants of Springfield, Ohio, for the
holding an exhibition at that place, under the auspices of this
Society, be referred to the President, to be governed by the
terms of the following resolution : — Resolved, that no Exhi-
bition be held within the limits of any State, where a State
Agricultural Society, holding Exhibitions, is in existence, with-
out first obtaining the assent and approval of the State Board
or of the Executive Committee of such State Society. — Ed.]

The application of citizens of Springfield, Mass., for the
holding of a show of Horses at that place, and the memorial
of the Hon. Mr. Meacham for the holding of a show of Sheep
in Vermont, were similarly referred.

Dr. Warder, of Cincinnati, being called on, addressed the
Society on the subject of the culture of the Catawba grape vine,
illustrating his remarks by reference to a series of drawings of
the plant in various stages of progress. Though extempora-
neous, the address was a very excellent one, and so luminous
that everybody could understand it. Dr. Warder was much
questioned by several members on various topics connected
with the culture of this vine, all of which ho answered most
readily and satisfactorily.

The Society passed a vote of thanks for the address, and or-
d8red a written paper on the subject to be printed among their
transactions.

Prof. Mapes testified to the value of charcoal in vine culture.

Dr. Warder spoke of the admirable effects of potash as a
manure for the grape plant. It supplied sweetness, increased
the size, and improved the flavor.

Mr. Darius Claggett, of the District of Columbia, gave the
history of a Catawba vine, now in his possession, more than
forty years old, the parent of the greater portion of the vines
now in the country.

Mr. W. S. King said that, although five hundred copies of
numbers three and four of the Journal had been carefully mailed
to members, he feared many had failed to reach their destina-
tion. In such case he would supply all who had not received
their copies.

The meeting adjourned to meet again at 5 P. M.

EVENING SESSION.

On motion of Mr. Myron Finch, of N. Y., a resolution,
favoring the erection of a monument to the late John S. Skin-
ner, by the contribution of a stone with a suitable inscription,
to the Washington Monument, was passed. The stone is to
be purchased by private contribution.

Mr. George Blight Browne, of Penn., presented to the
Society in the name of the author, a copy of Mr. Peter A.
Browne's able treatise on "Wool and Hair.

Dr. Weston moved that when the Convention adjourned, it
should adjourn sine die, Mr. Lewis of Massachusetts, second-
ing the motion.

After some debate it was carried.

On motion of Mr. Earle, the memorial of the Maryland
State Agricultural Society, petitioning Congress to purchase
Mount Vernon for an Agricultural School, was taken up and
read, as follows : —

MEMORIAL OF MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

" To the Congress of the United States of America:

The Maryland State Agricultural Society, (through its com-
mittee appointed at its last general meeting) begs leave to sub-
mit the views entertained by it in relation to the improvement
of agriculture, and to solicit for the plan proposed in the mem-

orial presented in its behalf, the favorable consideration of
Congress.

The Smithsonian Institution at Washington has been spoken
of as a seminary, around which might spring up that national
board, or school of agriculture, with an experimental farm an-
nexed, contemplated by Washington. During his Presidency
he favored such a plan as a great desideratum to assist our
progress.

" The National Board of Agriculture in Great Britain,^^ he
says, ^^ I have considered one of the most valuable institutions
of modern times ; and in reply to a letter of Baron Poelnitz, *
suggesting the establishing of a farm under public patronage,
for the purpose of increasing and extending agricultural know-
ledge, he expresses his solicitude upon the subject, but adds :
" iknow not whether I can with propriety do any more at pre-
sent than what I have done. I have brought the subject, in my
speech at the opening of the present session of Congress, before
the National Legislature.^'

This was his first message. After eight years administration
of the Government, he renewed the subject ; and in his last
message to Congress, near its close, impresses the object near-
est his heart, with zealous argument, (seldom used in his mes-
sages,) evincing the deep solicitude he felt in the success of
this, his recommendation :

" It will not be doubted, that, with reference either to indi-
vidual or national welfare, agriculture is of primary importance^
In proportion as nations advance in population and other cir-
cumstances of maturity, this task becomes more apparent, and
renders the cultivation of the soil more and more an object of
public patronage. Institutions for promoting it grow up, sup-
ported by the public purse ; and to what object can it be dedi-
cated with greater propriety ? Among the means which have
been employed to this end, none have been attended with
greater success than the establishment of boards, composed of
proper characters, charged with collecting and diffusing infor-
mation, and enabled, by premiums and small pecuniary aids, to
encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and improvement.
This species of establishment contributes doubly to the increase
of improvement, by stimulating to enterprise and experiment,
and by drawing to a common center the results everywhere of
individual skill and observation, and spreading them thence
over the whole nation. Experience, accordingly, has shown

that they are very ,cheap instruments of immense national
benefits.

" I have heretofore proposed to the consideration of Congress
the expediency of establishing a national university, and also a
military academy. The desirableness of both of these institu-
tions has so constantly increased with every new view I have
taken of the subject, that I cannot omit the opportunity of, once
for all, recalling your attention to them.

" The assembly to which I address myself is too enlightened
not to be fully sensible how much a flourishing state of the arts
and sciences contributes to national prosperity and reputation.
True it is that our country, much to its honor, contains many
seminaries of learning, highly respectable and useful ; but the
funds upon which they rest are too narrow to command the
ablest professors in the different departments of liberal know-
ledge for the institution contemplated, though they would be
excellent auxiliaries.

" Among the motives to such an institution, the assimilation
of the principles, opinions, and manners of our countrymen, by
the common education of a portion of our youth from every
quarter, well deserves attention. The more homogeneous our
citizens can be made in these particulars, the greater will be
our prospect of permanent union," &c.

Washington's heart was, at this time, when at the loftiest
point of his elevation, still looking back to the unpretending
pursuit from which he had risen to the command of armies,
confederacies, and finally the great modern model Republic.
He looked back to the soil and that honest industry which
made it feem with blessings. He looked back to the produc-
tive masses, that make up the States and nation, and felt it to
be the duty of those placed by them in power to use that power
to facilitate and perfect the creative industry, which is the
foundation of the prosperity of the whole country. A national
board or school of agriculture, with all the advantages which
books and science could bring ; with all the assistance which
philosophical apparatus and experimental tests, applied directly
to the soil, upon the largest scale, could lend ; with all the op-
portunities which the cultivation of a considerable domain could
afford, for the introduction of that tuition and discipline neces-
sary to form'practical skill and thoroughly systematized views,
in relation to the various modes of farming, was what he con-
templated. A national school with all these essential requi-

sites, was the great object which Washington had at heart up
to the' close of his life.

It is fortunate at, this time that Congress, in acting on the
bequest of another far-seeing philanthropist of a foreign land,
has organized an institute as a national instrument of instruc-
tion, which can, without starting any constitutional cavil, be
employed in imparting agricultural knowledge, not only among
our own countrymen, but among men of all countries. The ex-
press injunction of Smithson's will, which Congress, as a trus-
tee, has undertaken to execute, is " to diffuse knowledge among
men." Can it be pretended that agricultural knowledge is not
that sort of knowledge, which the benevolent friend of human
progress wished to disseminate ? The design of the utilitarian,
who sought, in transferring his wealth to a new country, where
an energetic people were scattered over a rich but rude domain,
to dedicate it to the progress of his race, in pursuits to which
they were called by surrounding circimistances, and which
were most likely to promote their prosperity, would not ex-
clude from the knowledge he provided for them that on which
their welfare most depend."

Mr. French, of Massachusetts, advocated the adoption of
the memorial. It was carried, and Messrs. Blair, of Maryland,
Earl, Browne, King, of New York, and French, of Massachu-
setts, were" appointed a Committee to present it to Congress.

Mr. N. Pope Causin, who, with F. P. Blair, Esq., Jiad been
appointed a Committee to audit the accounts of the Treasurer,
reported them correct; and that there was a balance of $3,005
now in the Treasury, — upwards of $1,000 of which have
been contributed at this meeting.

Hoi. Mr. Benson, of Maine, read a Bill now before a Com-
mittee of Congress, creating an Agricultural Bureau. Mr.
Calvert, of Md., said that we did not ask for a Bureau ; that
a Department with a Secretary — a Cabinet Minister — was
demanded.

The subject was further argued by Messrs. Browne, of Penn.;
French, of Mass., and others. Professor Mapes said he should
vote against any resolution praying Congress to establish an
Agricultural Bureau. They would accept nothing of the sort.

What they wanted was a full Department of Agriculture, and
would have nothing less. Farmers had been bamboozled long
enough, and put off by politicians. It was time Congress
should know this. Talk of an Agricultural Bureau, and what
would it amount to ? He had no notion of the farming interest
of this country being sifted down to a well-hole at the bottoni
of a Patent Office. Congress could spend money without stint
in improving the telescope, but not a cent could they give to
aid the plough* as if the soil of the moon were of more
importance than our own native soil. Who did not know that
whatever would add one-half per cent, to the corn or wheat
crop of the country would give more wealth than the whole
"annual revenue of the country amounted to? Why then
refuse the means to do this ? An Agricultural Department is
absolutely necessary. The agricultural returns of the last
census were not reliable, and no census should ever be without
a proper Department.

Mr. Jones, of Delaware, spoke strongly in favor of a home
market for our wheat. It is the only remedy for many of our
national grievances.

Finally, on motion of Hon. John A. King, of N. Y., thS
resolution passed at the first annual meeting, asking for a
Department of Agriculture, was re-affirmed unanimously.

Hon. Mr. Benson presented a resolution, in behalf of Mr.
Meacham, of Vermont, that a National Exhibition of Sheep be
held in the course of the year in the State of Vermont, at
such time and place as the Agricultural Society of Vermont
shall appoint. Referred to Ex. Committee.

The Chair appointed Hon. John A. King, of N. Y., and
Hon. Mr. Benson, M. C, from Maine, a Committee to apply to
Congress for an Act incorporating the United States Agricul-
tural Society. This Committee, we learn, have already laid
the matter before Congress.

On a strong expression of the wish of the Society, Benj.
Perley Poore, Esq., addressed the Society. Mr. Poore sketched
the rise and progress of agriculture in the old world, and in
the new. He gave an account of Indian agriculture, and,
passing through the history of colonial and revolutionary
farming, came down to the present time.

On motion of Mr. Calvert, the address was ordered to be
published by the Society.

On motion of Mr. Poore, it was resolved that a Committee of
three be appointed to collect facts and statistics illustrating
the Indian and subsequent agricultural history of this Repub-
lic, embracing statistics, accounts of tools, and biographical
sketches of noted farmers, and report to the Executive Com-
mittee in season for publication in the next report, if worthy.
The Committee are Messrs. B. P. Poore, W. S. King, and J.
A. Warder.

The Society then called upon Dr. Eddy, of Massachusetts,
for his lecture on Bees and Bee Culture. He described this
branch of rural industry as the most profitable of all, as he
had proved by his own experience. He pursued the history
of the Bee, in its family and social characteristics, and ex-
plained the process of honey-making.

Dr. Eddy having concluded his lecture on Bees, and a vote
of thanks awarded him, it was, on motion of Mr. W. S. King,
of Massachusetts,

• Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be, and are hereby presented to
Prof. Henry and the officers of the Smithsonian Institution, for the use of their
lecture-room, and for their kind attentions ; and also to Mr. H. Hardy, for his
faithful attendance upon our sessions, and for his full and correct reports of
our proceedings in the National Intelligencer.

And the Society adjourned sine die.

THE NECESSITY OF AGRICULTURAL LNSTRUCTION

AN ADDRESS, DELIVERED BEFORE THE UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIE'IY,
BY CHARLES FOX, OF ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN.

Mr. President, and Gentlemen: — It is ^vith no little diffi-
dence that I rise to speak on the subject of Agricultural
Improvement, to the audience which I see before me. I dare
not measure myself with the experience, knowledge, and skill
of those whose names have become familiar words through the
length and breadth of this great country, as promoters and
improvers in that Art, which has given America her power,
and enabled her, even at this early day, to feed the world,
and to snatch a numerous people from the very jaws of famine.
But I know that the same desires which have brought yon
here to-day, with so patriotic a motive, will prompt you to
overlook my deficiencies ; the more especially when I assure
you that my heart is earnestly with you in your work ; and
that I look upon such meetings as tending not only to ennoble
our common pursuit — to render more profitable the sweat of
our brows, but to raise up, with the lever of knowledge, the
great mass of the American mind from its present level, to
that position which is rightfully the dile of a nation of free-
men and of farmers.

In this annual Congress of Agriculture, there is much more
than the surface shows. Your labors tend not only to improve
an art, but to improve the mind, — not only to add to our tem-
poral riches, but to the riches of knowledge and wisdom, —
not only to render the earth fruitful of grain, but the popular
mind fruitful in resources ; you are not only exalting agricul-
ture, but you will exalt the position, character and influence
of the land-owners and voters of our country — in one word,
of the country itself.

I must therefore beg your lenient consideration, while I
endeavor to add my mite to the treasures around me.

Ou tliis occasion, I will venture to call your attention to that
often-told tale, the necessity of Agricultural Instruction, —
the demand which should, but which unfortunately does not
practically exist, for a higher education for the sons of farmers,
in general. This, I conceive, lies at the very root of your
endeavors; it is the one great object which, at present, you
are striving to attain ; without which, all else you can accom-
plish will but die an untimely death, and, like the apple-tree,
planted in a small hole, in a wet soil, your Society may wear
out a lingering life, and be forever destitute of wholesome
fruit. For what effect can your teachings produce upon a
mind incapable of comprehending them ? — what motives for
advancement and improvement can you offer to hearts that are
content to remain as now they are, and never sigh for the
green fields beyond the swelling flood, because, with their
darkened senses, they can neither see nor hear of them ? The
first step, which a man makes towards advancement, is when
he becomes discontented with himself and his relative position.
The first gleam of light gives the sense of darkness. There
are arts and professions, wherein men are driven to energetic
labor by poverty ; but the American farmer has the command
of every sober luxury ; he desires no more. There are posi-
tions, where envy, jealousy and emulation are the hardest
task-masters ; but the American farmer is a most contented,
charitable, kind-hearted man. He is impenetrable to mortal
weapon, but in one spo.t. Take him in his youth, place him in,
a college, and show him what the mind of man has done and
is doing, — cause him to understand the great principles, the
philosophy of his profession, and you have made a breach in
the walls cemented by centuries of unconcern ; you load him
henceforth by no petty mercenary motive, but by the love of
knowledge, by the desire implanted in every human mind, —
the great motives of curiosity, and pleasure in discovering
what others have failed to discover.

Place one thoroughly educated farmer, educated in hand
and mind and heart, \nt\i muscles of his body and the muscles
of his intellect harmoniously trained — place such an one in
an ordinary agricultural community, and you electrify the

whole. No man will tlien sit down contented, as of old. If
too many years have passed their wings over his brow, he is
determined that his son at home shall take up the gauntlet
thus cast down: and thus, a little leaven will leaven the whole
lump. But leave us as wc now are, to pick up an imperfect
traditionary knowledge of our art, any how we may, with no
principles to direct, and no power to understand the words
of science, and how will you proceed.

For five thousand years, have farmers formed the majority
of the world ; for eighteen centuries have they proved the
weakest and of least account ; for two centuries, the world of
all other arts and sciences, but ours, has gone onwards and
upwards : yet we stand where our grandfathers did, and as they
did, with theirs. Books after books have been written —
appeals most earnest have been made — general instruction
has become common ; but still, as farmers, we make but little
progress. "We have tried all things — but one, and that is
Professional Education, and on that one hangs all our hopes.
In order that we may form a clearly defined idea of what is
wanting, allow me to state what appears to be the existing
condition of things among our agricultural population. And
I am the more anxious to call your attention to this point, pur-
suaded, as I am, that those who have enjoyed superior advan-
tages, or have made more than usual progress in knowledge?
are too apt to place the popular standard of information too
high. I do not say this without just grounds, nor without a
wide investigation. I do not say it in any spirit of detraction ;
but because I believe that there is more or less misunderstand-
ing between the two classes of farmers, (if I may so call
them,) which leads to injurious results, and prevents the one
class from uniting and sympathizing with the other.

Gentlemen, I am not fond of separating men into classes.
I do not use the word in the popular, but in the scientific
sense, and when I make use of it here, I mean by it, what in
common parlance are called Book Farmers and Practical
Farmers — admitting for the moment the existing prejudice
which thus classifies us, and the existence of which prejudice,
as a great fact, we cannot deny.

In tho United States, we have tlie workers of the soil,
formed of many nations, and of many degrees of capability ;
almost worshipping the word ^^ practical,'' content with mod-
erate success, and not anxious to make any changes. And
we have a still comparatively small, but a daily increasing
class of farmers, who are not contented to be as they are ;
who place before their minds a standard of perfectness, which
they strive to attain ; — men who study scientific works ;
reflect on them, and, what is more, ac^ on them; — men who
introduce mechanical improvements ; import superior stock,
and try new grains ; — men who honor and love their profes-
sion with all their hearts, and who are found at the head of
our Agricultural Societies, and Progressive Institutions —
who advocate professional education, and who are never weary
of climbing the rugged hills of knowledge, — ;who take "Excel,
sior " for their battle-cry.

That the Agriculturists of the United States may be thus
broadly distinguished, without any invidious feelings, I think
you will all agree. Upon the latter and the smaller division,
rests, under Providence, the burden of assisting and invig-
orating the larger body ; and I repeat my belief, that neither
class understands nor sympathizes with the other, as they
might do ; and thence, if not contention, at least unconcern ;
if not bitterness, at least jealousy, are too apt to prevail.
There is an antagonism in position which prevents the mi-
nority extending their full intellectual influence, and serves to
repel rather than unite. And yet, I am quite sure that on
your part, gentlemen, as the representatives of the intellect of
American Agriculture, there is no other feeling than an ear-
nest desire to accomplish all the good you can. It is but a
repetition of the old, old truth, that one half the world know
not how the other half lives ; that men exist in parties, and
are separated, as by a wall of fog, from their fellow-men : and
I believe that little more is necessary to work a great change
than the calling to your attention the existence of such a fact.
It is true strength, which never hesitates to bow down to the
waak. Pardon me, if am but repeating an idea already familiar
to you. It has not long been familiar to myself, and yet to

the existence of this apparently trivial circumstance, it seems
to me that very many of the difficulties with which we have
hitherto contended, are owing.

I lay it down then as an axiom, that the Eeformers, the
advanced guard of the agricultural army, do not sufficiently
take into consideration the intellectual deficiencies of their
brother agriculturists, and therefore fail to gain sympathy or
arouse energetic action in their favor.

The true American farmer is ti man of good plain education,
of much general intelligence and shrewdness, deliberate and
calm in judgment, and yet not without a trusting and believing
heart, which sometimes makes him the victim of the dishonest
pretender. He is hospitable ; in proportion to his means, he
is liberal ; yet he knows the value of every dollar he possesses.
He is endowed with remarkable persevering patience ; he is
not only habitually industrious, but he works fast and con-
stantly, for his heart is in the matter. Compared with other
nations, he is peculiarly capable of being his own master ; of
forming his own plans ; of laying down a system of duty
which he obeys without hesitation, as the laws of his existence.
He is not readily led astray ; and having once chosen an object
of pursuit, he is tied to it by bands of steel. Place him in
the West — in a situation entirely novel, with nothing but his
own right arm and clear head to depend on, and he is most
fertile in resources. The densest forests frighten him not:
chip by chip the trees fall and disappear ; inch by inch he
fights his way. He is eminently, above all men in the world,
the cheerful, hoping, persevering conqueror of unsubdued
nature. In his social positions, the sam<3 calm, steady charac-
ter predominates. He respects religion, but he shows it more
in the uprightness of his life than in his conversation. Next
to his church he loves the school-house ; and in a new country,
he never feels easy till he sees both rising beside him, what-
ever personal sacrifices they may have cost him. In all town
and county offices he is conscientious, honest, and straight-
forward ; and he not only understands the theory of self-
government, but he is capable of organizing and conducting a
miniature republic with ability and consistency. He is fond
of comforts, but he is independent of luxuries. However

mucli he may have prospered, he rarely indulges in the pre-
vailing fashions and follies of the day, either in his person,
his house, or style of living ; Hnd if occasionally he relaxes
in his stern republicanism, it is in favor of his daughter, or to
place a son who has left the paternal acres for city life.

But it is necessarry to add certain dark shad6s to complete
the picture. His solitary position — solitary when compared
with city life — produces a positive effect upon his character.
At the best, we are but the children of circumstances. The
professional man, the merchant, the mechanic, in fact all who
live in largo communities, are driven forwards, and, intellec-
tually, upwards, by direct and indirect competition, by con-
stant intercourse with others, and by the tear and wear of
earnest life. In consequence, the city man is characterized
by rapidity, both of action and thought, by an ever readiness
to seize on novelties, by polish of manner and appearance, by
boldness and self-reliance. Like the pebble in the brook, his
sharp corners are worn off and his resting-placo is but tempo-
rary. But the farmer lives alone : his social intercourse is
quiet and circumscribed. His thoughts are regulated by the
fixed laws of nature, and progress becomes a matter of diffi-
culty. Wanting in no comforts, he has no inward impulse to
improvement. Rarely meeting with superiors, never with the
clash of intellect, no outward force drives him forwards ; and
his quiet, happy and useful life is passed in self-commmiion,
oi: in a wandering recognition of the ten thousand objects
which nature presents to his view. So occupied are the eyes,
and the outward senses, that the mind is not driven in upon
itself for for amusement ; and as has been observed, while the
mechanic, confined to some solitary and monotonous trade, is
compelled to think in order to live, the farmer, with ten thou-
sand varying objects to examine, passes them unheeded and
unknown. In the words of the poet, —

"He wanders on unknowing what he sought,
And whistles as he goes, for want of thought."

A shrinking from novelties, an instinctive dislike to be put out
of his old ways — a suspicion of that which he has not seen
and proved — a still greater suspicion of what he cannot

understand — a proud bashfulncss which keeps him to himself —
a clannish spirit which causes him to avoid city life — and a
timid distrusting of his own powers which prevents his com-
peting intellectually with strangers, and which at last degene-
rates into a morbid dislike of men of other pursuits — a
sensitiveness to ridicule, and yet a prevailing tendency to
ridicule any brother farmer who is pushing ahead, or striving
after a better education, all mingle with the finer traits of
character. I must say, however, that the darker hues are
merely on the surface : the good not only greatly prevails, but
is ingrained. It has been my lot to travel in many countries,
and to mix with men of all characters and professions, and I
know not a single class of men, who exhibit a finer character,
with more that is intrinsically excellent, than the true Ameri-
can Farmer ; and I am fully convinced, that you will no where
find so much general intelligence, and such sound judgments
among men of all other professions, who have only enjoyed the
same educational advantages. Considering the farmer as a
man and a citizen, he wears the worst part of his character
outwards ; to admire him as he deserves, you must know him
well ; but to know him well is to love him.

But considering the Farmer strictly in his professional
aspect, there are other traits which peculiarly distinguish him,
and it is to these that I especially direct your attention.
When we speak of such peculiarities, our judgment is neces-
sarily a comparative one ; positive certainty is not only out
of the question, but a wide margin must be left for both indi-
vidual peculiarity and local circumstances. Yet, as we usually
attribute courage to a soldier, or rough manliness to a sailor,
while there may be cowardly soldiers, and sailors of highly
polished manners, so may we attribute a character to the great
body of our farmers — one which is scarcely accurate as it
respects the individual, but which yet faithfully distinguishes
the class.

The most remarkable trait which strikes the investigator, is

a want of esprit du corps. Farmers do not join together to

sustain each other. They feel few or no interests in common ;

they are the bundle of sticks of the Fable, with the bands

severed. Until Agricultural Societies became the fashion, this
■was most conspicuous. Nay, I have been assured that the
first attempt to establish such a Society in New York many
years ago, failed chiefly from personal jealousy, and private
antagonism among the members. When they came together
to form an united Society, they were still individuals : — they
could not melt into one harmonious conglomerate. We hear
of the Bar, of the Boards of Trade, of Change, of Literary
and National Associations ; Printers have their Societies and
laws, uniting them in every town and village ; Mechanics have
their Unions ; the New Englander has his Pilgrim's Day : but
what have Farmers? — where, when, or how do they unite to
strengthen themselves, to improve themselves, to make their
influence felt either practically or otherwise ? — to introduce
new implements and stock, etc. ? Though the soil he tills, the
grain he gathers in, the wool he clips, all teach him that union
is power, and nature is never weary of proclaiming to him that
the mightiest powers are but combinations of small and trivial
units, yet, so far, he has failed .to learn this lesson in his own
social relations. Perhaps you point to our now numerous Agri-
cultural Societies ; but need I affirm that these very Societies
are a proof of what I am saying ? What are they but a dozen
or so of the minority providing a show for the majority, which
majority feel no more direct personal interest in the matter,
than the Indian, who, gazing at the jeweller's window, feels a
desire to attain the civilization of which the gorgeous objects
he views are proofs ?

While manufacturers have long joined together for mutual
benefit, what have farmers done ? While the comparatively
small class, the inventors and patentees of machinery have
added one of the noblest buildings to this already noble city,
what march have farmers made ? — what monument have they,
as agriculturists, created? The preponderating majority of
our voters are farmers. The preponderating majority of the
members of our State Legislatures are farmers : and yet, can
you tell me one single step which these legislatures have ever
spontaneously taken for the intellectual or moral advancement
of farmers, as such ? Our schools and colleges are the glory

of our land ; every class is provided with some opportunity oi
professional instruction ; but where is the Farmer's College ?
Let New York, and the shade of the lamented Delafield,
answer.

Still further : when compared with other men, do not our
agriculturists manifest a want of pride in their profession ? I
fail to express in words what I mean. I appeal to your own
feelings, for a definition of the term "professional pride." It
is something beyond the mere ^/rq/z^ of business ; it is higher
than the mere calculating the number of dollars so much
labor will produce. It is the poetry of existence — a golden
mantle cast around decayed mortality. It upheaves labor from
the mere catagory of plodding toil ; it purifies it from the con-
tamination of time. A worker, with an earnest pride in his
work, is no longer of the earth earthy. It is shown in many
ways : by a struggle to improve, to go onwards, to excel.
The business we love, we do much to honor. The farmer, with
professional pride, has the best buildings, the neatest fences,
the most select orchard his naeans will allow, whether they
pay him or not. In his stables you will find the finest horses,
in his pastures the purest stock, in his granary the choicest
seeds, harvested and stored in the most approved manner.
In his tool-house are the latest inventions ; his fields will be
worked with skill ; and the master mind will be every where
conspicuous. Such farmers we do have ; and I am glad to
believe that the number is rapidly on the increase ; but I ask
you candidly, are they not the exception, not the rule ?

Another striking peculiarity, especially brought to light by
the last census, is the tendency of the sons of farmers to for-
sake their father's business, and crowd to cities : a tendency
which may be ascribed to the want of professional pride which
we have just mentioned. " Bring up a child in the way in which
he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it,"
is a maxim too strongly established in human nature to be
doubted : and did farmers endeavor to turn the attention of
their sons to agriculture, I cannot believe that we should see
so remarkable a change. How it is in the older States, I can
only judge by report, or statistical facts ; but so far as it has

come under my own observation, it seems to me as if there
were a desire among parents to drive their sons from country
life. If a boy shows any remarkable ability, he must be a
lawyer, or a physician, or a minister, or at least, a merchant.
A heavy stupid boy may be retained at home to do the chores
and hold the plow ; if he masters the elements of reading,
writing and arithmetic, it is supposed to be all he needs, while
his more highly gifted brother enjoys every educational advan-
tage, and a few years open wide the chasm which is thus begun
between the two. At the end of ten years, they are essen-
tially different men in standing, feeling, thoughts, manners,
and position ; and when uncle John deigns to visit the old
homestead, he becomes the envy and admiration of a new
generation of candidates for city life. And thus, not only is
there an ever increasing tendency to degrade the requirements
necessary for the agriculturist ; but those who should be an
honor to our profession, are taken from us, and go to increase
the antagonistic forces.

But what is the most remarkable part of the whole, is the
great and prevailing lack of accurate professional knowledge
among those who especially claim to be practical men. We
look upon it as a very peculiar metaphorical phenomenon.
Here we have a large body of truly intelligent persons, all
capable of reading — probably all readers ; in ordinary affairs
and in ordinary knowledge they compare most favorably
indeed with the farmers of any other country in the world.
As citizens, they are all we can wish or expect them to be ;
and personally they cherish and sustain the interests of popu-
lar education.

Gentlemen, the farmers of Michigan are the sons of New
England and New York, with a fair representation of many
other States. Whether the wholesome influences of a new
country may have expanded their powers, ripened their judg-
ments, and enlarged their minds, I know not and I ask not ;
but this I do know, that they are a class of men who are,
in every particular, an honor to their country. iVnd yet how
very few of them are able to give a certain answer to the
plainest problems of agriculture. The theory and effect of

thorough draining ; the proper depth of plowing, under vari-
ous circumstances ; the time requisite to plow a field of a
given size ; the best quality of seed to use ; the comparative
effect of different manures ; the cause of the soil being less
productive than formerly ; the best mode of using plaster ;
the nutritive power of different fodder, grain and root plants ;
the per centage of water contained in each ; the philosophy of
feeding cut or cooked food ; the amount of grain necessary to
fatten a hog or an ox ; the cheapest mode of doing this ; the
profit any one crop pays ; the mode of keeping farm accounts ;
to say nothing of carefully conducted experiments — so nec-
essary in a new country — with a thousand other particulars a
positive knowledge of which is requisite to place us on a level
with the manufacturer, or the chemist, how few can solve.

What is our farming ? Hitching a team to a plow ; turning
over the earth without fixed rule or calculation ; casting in
seed in untested quantity, and burying it at unknown depths ;
harvesting and selling. Or if stock is our department, what
is it but providing grass and hay, and telling the animal eat
all it can, without inquiring the cost, while the animal is itself
the product of chance, and not of science or cultivation ?

It is my duty, as it is my pleasure, to read the greater num-
ber of our agricultural papers ; and it is a constant source of
surprise to me to observe at this latter day the extraordinary
want of knowledge of the practice of agriculture among those
who are eminently practical men — an ignorance of those
facts which constitute the very alphabet of the art ; while
certainty on any point — that certainty which well directed
experiments and observations alone can confer, may be looked
for wholly in vain. In illustration, I take at random a late
number of an agricultural journal, one of the largest and
oldest, and deservedly considered one of the best in the coun-
try, circulating among a population remarkable for its ability,
that of Massachusetts ; one person asks, " how many bushels of
cob-meal are equivalent to one ton of hay, or clear meal, or
how many bushels of oat-meal are equivalent to the same ; "
and the editor answers that he knows of no persons in New
England capable of answering the above questions from exper-

iments under his own supervision. Another asks for the best
mode to destroy Canada Thistles, and the best time to sow
plaster on pasture lands. Three or four practical men are dis-
puting whether turnips are good food for pigs, the real state
of the case being quite unknown, although more or less tried ;
and there is a flat contradiction between two editors as to how
muck and lime should be used ; with several other mooted points.
But there is no harm in practical men asking such questions, if
they are ignorant of the case ; but certainly the question will in-
trude — " How is it that at this late day, with our millions of
pages of able agricultural writings in constant circulation
among an educated community — how is it that scarcely a fact
is positively ascertained by those whose lives have been spent
in the practice of the art ? " What would be thought of the
calico printer, or of the manufacturing chemist, if they were
equally ignorant of their dies and chemicals ; and yet I have no
reason to believe, that in general knowledge they are more
intelligent than farmers.

In connection with this remarkable absence of all positive
knowledge, there is a strong dislike in the minds of our prac-
tical men, to what they call science. To you, gentlemen, I
need not say, that true science is merely facts accumulated and
reasoned on, so that general principles are deduced. True
science owes its birth to Lord Bacon. Before his day, there
was none ; but he taught us that the foundation of all general
knowledge is scientific knowledge ; and the man of science is
distinguished from the man of art, as the Doctor is distinguished
from the Empiric — the former having an accumulation of facts
from which he reasons, the latter possessing only isolated and
disjointed truths. But in the minds of practical farmers, sci-
ence looms large and dread in the fog of misunderstanding ;
and with many, a writing is self-condemned if it professes to
seek the aid of science in the art of agriculture. Moliere, in
one of his comedies, depicts the surprise of an individual on
learning that he had been speaking prose all his life without
knowing it. So it is with our best practical farmers : all that
is good in their practice, they owe to science, either the science
of others or the science of their own minds, their own reason-

ing, or well deserved facts. That farming can be improved
without science, a long experience should now have taught us
to be impossible. If the old way were an efficient way, why
are we now stranded on the bare rocks of ignorance, asking
to-day with equal uncertainty the very questions our great-
grandfathers asked a century ago.

Now, gentlemen, I might proceed to show how melancholy is
the result of this state of things, how the very fate of our coun-
try hangs wavering in the balance, and how in the older States
the descent is rapid, as it is easy from nitrogenous grains, as
the food of man, to carbonaceous grains as the food of animals,
and thence to carbon and silex-grass plants for the production
of meat, cheese and butter for distant city communities, with
all the attendant evils of a sparse population and a pastoral
state of society. But not to detain you unreasonably, and not
to mourn helplessly over the past, but to look cheerfully and
energetically to the future, allow mo to ask what is the only
remedy ? AVe are living at a late period in the world, and
history tells us that farmers have tried everything but one, —
and that one is a strict Professional Education. Time will not
allow me to enter fully on this aspect of the subject, but let me
remark that education is general and professional, and that the
former is very far beneath the latter in value. The one is the
philsophy of Aristotle, the other that of Bacon ; the one is of
the past, the other of the present. The one adapts the man for
a general indefinite utility, the other for direct productive
utility. Wo occasionally see arrive upon our shores from Eu-
rope, cast here by the tide of immigration, a gentleman of high
general education, but impoverished, and compelled to gain his
bread by his own labor. How wholly useless docs he find him-
self even by the side of the uninstructed Irishman. The latter
can, at least, dig, and he is wanted on our railroads ; the other
can do nothing that the community will pay for. All our pro-
fessional men enjoy a distinct professional education, — our
mechanics serve their apprenticeships. It is only those who
earn their bread by the brute force of their bodies, who do not
require a distinct training. Farmers are the only exception to
the rule. The only practical education they receive is the

handling of tools, of simple tools, for few understand mechani-
cal combination, and by such a course they place themselves on
a level with the hand-workers, instead of the mind-workers of
the world. But, I need proceed no further herein, for I am
sure that you agree with me that the only remedy for the
present evils which we so deeply deplore is Professional Edu-
cation.

How then is this to be attained ? If I am not much mis-
taken, the prevailing idea on this subject is that in order to
instruct Farmers in the art of Agriculture, we must have an
institution entirely devoted to this one subject, and that in
connection with theoretical lectures, we must of necessity also
possess a model farm where the students can learn the
mechanical and manual labor portion of their business. So
completely has this idea taken possession of the public mind
that it appears to have prevented all efforts in any other
direction. But the consequence of fixing on this one form of
instruction has so far been that nothing has been accomplished.
We all know how anxiously, and with what self-denial the late
Mr. Delafield and his friends labored in what is justly termed
" the Empire State " to influence the Legislature to establish
such an institution, but in vain ; and how at last, incited by Mr.
Delafield's enthusiasm, many private individuals united to try
. the experiment, but death deprived us of his useful labors, and
nothing but disappointment remains behind.

Against such an institution I have nothing to say. I most
ardently wish that it was in full and successful operation ; but
I must state that I am exceedingly doubtful whether it is at all
adapted for general acceptance throughout our country at the
present time. The doubts which my investigations have
aroused may be stated in few words. 1. That the sons of
farmers are rarely able, if willing, to devote a great length of
time to such instruction. 2. That it would be impossible, in
our state of society to compel young men to work on the farm
without directly remunerating them. They will attend lectures
and receive instruction, because all the benefit reverts to them-
selves ; but they will not test with their bodies for the benefit
of others. 3. That there is a practical difficulty in fiijding the

proper men to conduct such an institution. The President, the
Professors, the analytical Chemist must be scientific Agricultu-
rists ; and the farm must be worked by a practical farmer,
willing and able strictly to follow every regulation given him
by the President. One or two institutions in our older States
might have the good fortune to meet with men fully qualified to
work harmoniously together ; but my own private opinion is,
and for practical purposes I have given the subject my most
earnest attention, that under the present circumstances such an
institution is unfitted for us, because we could not carry it out
so as to render it valuable. The coldness and unconcern
around us, and the many practical and pecuniary difficulties in
the way have entirely disheartened me in any attempt to copy the
German, French, and English Agronomic Institutions. Under
these circumstances, my mind reverted, as I may say, to first
principles, and I asked myself what is the great difficulty in the
way of general improvement ? I was obliged to answer, " an
ignorance of better things before us." Scientific knowledge is
despised because it is not understood. Men neglect science
because they do not perceive its direct connection with art.
They will not study chemistry or meteorology, because they do
not understand what bearing they can have on the profitable
working of a farm. In one word, — I believe the prevailing
need is to imbue the popular mind with general principles, and
until we do this we shall not arouse a demand for further
instruction.

Instead, therefore, of beginning with a college and model
farm, I would begin with our Normal and District Schools.
I would attack the evil at its very origin. I would teach
our little children, the hard words used in Agriculture, for
- in such a case words are thinge, and thousand of farmers
are discouraged in reading scientific books, because they cannot
understand the terms used. Then I would proceed to the more
general principles, of the composition of soils and plants, and
so forth, and if a student made no further progress at school
we have gained a vast advantage. We have given him the
power of understanding, — we have taught him the language of
science, and we have afforded him such an insight into the

utility of theoretical knowledge, that he cannot fail to respect
it, and probably take other means of improving himself here-
after. When I first began to edit an agricultural paper, I
used such scientific terms as are common in Liebig and John-
ston ; but I soon received letters from intelligent men in all
parts of the State assuring me that the great proportion of the^
farmers did not understand what I meant; and I became
thoroughly convinced that a want of knowledge of ivords at
present stands, as a lion in our path. So has it been with my
agricultural lectures. I have found the greatest difficulty in
making the simplest general principles understood, because
there had been no previous instruction ; and during the last
winter, I found it advisable to meet such young men as were
most anxious to improve, very intelligent young farmers too, —
in order that I might explain to them the alphabet of know-
ledge. Then, and not till then, I believe we shall find no diffi-
culty in filling classes at the educational institutions already
established, with young men seeking wider and profounder
instruction. To the knoAvledge demanded by Agriculture,
there is no limit, — when I mention chemistry, meteorology,
mechanics, surveying, botany, vegetable and animal physiology,
a knowledge of medicine and surgery, together with book-
keeping, I only state a tythe of what an educated farmer
ought to understand well, that his art may pay him well. I
am aware of the high esteem in which the manual operations of
a farm are held — an esteem which causes the demand for such
a model farm in connection with a college ; and causes also
contempt of mere theoretical instruction. But, I believe this
esteem to be much exaggerated. It is the smallest portion of
the whole, that which can be learned by any one. We see in
Europe, that the most skilful plowmen and sowers are often •
the most grossly ignorant in other respects. Such manual
dexterity is but the fruit of constant application. We suppose
that pupils of agriculture are brought up on a farm and return
to a farm. If so, as boys and men they acquire this dexterity ;
and what else they need to know in this connection — the depth
and best mode to plow, the varying principles proper for the
working of various soils, the best modes of dragging, sowing,
&c., can be taught in the lecture room as well as not.

What, then, I wish to impress upon your attention, gentle-
men, (and I trust that you may be led to act on), is the neces-
sity in this day of small things, of beginning with small things.
If your Society could succeed in introducing efficient instruction
of the elements of agriculture, first into your Normal schools,
thence into the district schools, thence into the higher institu-
tions of educatipn, and finally into our colleges, with appropri-
ate museums of grains, grasses, and models of implements, with
field lectures upon neighboring farms, I believe all our difficul-
ties would be overcome ; and then we might, with every hope
of success, have our own colleges, with experimental farms on
all sides of us. In fact, as we are at present acting, we are
controverting theexperience of all ages. Reading begins with
the alphabet. Algebra with the Addition table. Doctors and
lawyers spend years in the theory of their arts before they pro-
ceed to practice. Why should not the farmer perfect himself
in the theory of agriculture before he learns the practice ? I
feel the fullest confidence in the ultimate success of such a
plan. It is not skilful practice which we now need. It is sci-
entific knowledge ; and in truth, the late great improvements of
agricultural mechanics threaten before long to reduce farming
to a mere scientific art, all the manual operations being per-
formed by machinery ; and the mere mechanical farmer will rank
with the driver of a locomotive engine.

Gentlemen, our professions teach us the value of little things
— two or three invisible gases, and two per cent, of soluble
salts in the soil make our fields of wheat. Our millions of
bushels of wheat are composed of very small grains uniting.
Particle by particle the grass is turned to meat and wool. Our
richest marls, our densest rocks are but microscopic infusoria.
Agriculture is but the study and employment of minute means
for great ends. In education then let us assume the same prin-
ciples. In our Rural School Districts let the child learn farm-
ing in company with the perpetual reading, writing, and arith-
metic, and depend on it the boy will soon demand the same in
his college. The fathers may stand still — I have known fath-
ers themselves farmers, refuse to allow their sons to study ag-
riculture. But the great probability is that the knowledge of

the children would react upon the parents. Bj these means
we assure ourselves of a great demand for agricultural instruc-
tion in ten or fifteen years, if not sooner. "With our present
plans, how hopeless is the prospect. At the same time, I beg
you not to suppose that I am opposed to strictly agricultural col-
leges. If we can have them now, no one would more sincerely
rejoice ; nay, I would go further, and demand from our State
Governments, farms where the best kinds of stock might be
raised, the produce to be sold at a low price, and where experi-
ments might be made, suitable to the various soils and climates
of this country : but at present I am h^opeless of any other
means than these I have mentioned.

Gentlemen, allow me to remind you that you are not only a
Society, but individuals, and in your individual characters you
can accomplish much in your own districts and States. I see
labors and disappointments enough in introducing agricultural
instruction even in this way. But I believe they are inferior
to any other modes ; and as we shall act upon a vastly increased
number of minds, so is the final hope of success the greater,
and it is not the labor of accomplishing a great work which in-
timidates a wise man, but the doubt of its finally succeeding.
Besides you can exert your influence in dispelling the many
prejudices existing on the subject ; and in inducing young men
to attend the few collegiate institutions where such lectures are
now delivered.

CULTIVATION OF COLZA OR RAPE SEED.

TRANSLATION OF AX ARTICLE OF M. BOSC, — FURNISHED BY LIEUT. THORNTON
A. JENKINS, U. S. NAVY, .AND SECRETARY LIGHT HOUSE BOARD.

CoLSAT, OR Colza : Brassica, Oleracla. — This name is
eommonly given to a variety of cabbage, the least removed
from the type of the species, and cultivated principally for its
seed, which furnishes an oil valuable in the Arts. It is knoAvn
by its radical leaves, which are petiolated, sinuated or slightly
incised — sometimes even pinnated at their base — and by its
oauline or head leaves, which are sessile and cordiform. Both
sets, smooth, and of a yellowish-green color, vary often in size,
but are always smaller than in other varieties.

There are two sub-varieties of Colza: 1st., with white leaves;
2nd., with yellow leaves. These latter are larger, thicker, and
more patient of winter than the former, and the plant that bears
them is therefore cultivated in preference.

Such cultivation cannot be carried on in all localities, some
of which are entirely unsuitable. In France it is only pur-
sued, to some extent, in the plains of what was formerly Flan-
ders. It would be uselessly attempted in the Southern De-
partments, where there are often prolonged droughts, and
where water for irrigation is scanty. The character of the
soil must be above all considered. In a sandy soil, the stem of
the plant is weak, and the grains small ; amid clays, it vege-
tates slowly, turns yellow soon, and yields but little oil. An
intermediate soil, a loam, light and rich, (i. e. the best wheat
land.) is the only one that properly suits it; and such a soil
must have a good depth, and requires to be well worked and
highly manured.

Sown broadcast in the field, it furnishes, in the spring, a
green crop for use ; and in this respect, it is very advantageous
in many circumstances : still for this even, other varieties of
cabbage are preferable. It may be profitably seeded, too, in
order to being turned under when in flower.

In some districts. Colza is cultivated like Rape, i. e. sown
broadcast at once in the field ; but experience has shown, that
the best method is to sow first in a bed, and then plant as other
cabbage.

Ground intended for seeding Colza, is generally chosen in
the neighborhood of the dwelling, so as to be able to take more
regular care of the operations which it requires. It is worked
with the spade better than with the plough, and it must be man-
ured in proportion to its natural poverty, or the exhaustion
from previous crops ; its surface, made as even as possible by
harrowing and rolling, is divided into squares of four or five
feet, separated by furrows or tracks, a foot wide.

Seeding is generally done in July. The grain should be put
in as uniformly as possible, and in small quantity, so that the
plants should not grow up too crowded. The plants after they
come up, are watered in a drought, and are thinned and weeded
as may be necessary.

In England, where good farmers have generally adopted the
method of seeding in ranges or furrows, a similar method is
followed with Colza, i. e. little furrows, six or eight inches
apart, are made with the awk end of the rake, and the seed is
dropped in by pinches, and covered up with a stroke of the
rake.

While the plants are growing in the Colza bed, the ground
intended for planting is being prepared.

The field for it is almost always one which has borne wheat
that season : there is always profit in manuring afresh, though
this is often omitted. The manure should be ploughed in first, a
little after wheat harvest ; a second ploughing should follow in
the first half of September ; and a third, some time in October.
The ploughing should be as deep as convenient, and crossed, in
order to break up the soil more.

It is probable that salt employed in its cultivation would has-
ten the vegetation, as it does that of flax and hemp.

A single spading would supply the place of the three plough-
ings, but the expense of it does not allow it except on small
plantations worked by the proprietor or the tenant by his own
labor and that of his family — labor, which happily for agricul-
ture is counted for nothing — otherwise many operations would
go undone, did we calculate beforehand the trouble they cost,
and the money they return.

Ill all cases the land should be laid in raised beds in order
to discharge surplus water ; and little drains should be made
Avith the same view, if the nature of the soil and the lay of the
land require them.

The month of October is the most proper for transplanting
colza. Weather cloudy, and a little showery should be chosen
that the plants may take more readily. The plants are re-
moved from the seed bed, not by hand pulling, but with a
mattock, handling the roots and leaves with the utmost care,
and are carried in baskets to the field.

The best form for the plantation is a quincunx (i. e. parallel
rows breaking joint alternately) fifteen to eighteen inches
apart, and they should be set in with a mattock rather too deep
than too shallow ; for what is called the stem, in cabbages, is
only the prolongation of the root, and this prolongation being
susceptible of throwing out new fibrils, the plant is better nour-
ished.

If necessary to plant quickly, one person makes the holes
and another puts in the plant and covers up, not pressing the
earth too much around the roots, for that both constrains the
position of the plant and embarasses the root fiber.

In November if the weather allows, plants that have not taken
are replaced ; as this operation is performed till early next
spring. Either way a proportionate number of plants is always
reserved in the seed bed for this pui'pose.

Planting colza with the plough is so easy and economical
that it is astonishing this method is not more ^ generally prac-
ticed. The only inconvenience with it is, that the plant does
not always set straight, but it becomes so ; and whether much
or little leaning, it can be brought up with a short prop.

The plantation is touched no more until March, or even

April, according to the season. Then it is hoed and the stalk
is ridged or hilled. The drains, if there are any, are cleaned
out, and the earth from them is thrown on the ridges. In May
a second hoeing is given like the former.

In the northern departments of France where colza is much
raised, its grain is generally ripe towards the end of July.
More to the southward it may bo a month earlier. The state
of the weather also concurs to advance or retard the epoch of
its maturity. Whoa it should be gathered is known by tho yel-
lowness of the stalk and the falling of the lower leaves. As
the greatest quantity and best quality of the oil result from
perfect ripeness, and as when the seed is left to ripen on the
stalk, a good deal must be lost, the skill of the cultivator is in
choosing the proper time for balancing between these two.

When from being too late in gathering, or from some acci-
dent, the grain has been scattered, some amends may be had
by harrowing it in, thus furnishing an abundant pasture, or at
least a vegetable manure.

The stalks of colza when the grain is ripe, is cut with a sic-
kle close to the ground. Morning is best for this, in order
that the shakings, which in spite of all care the cutting will
occasion, may cause the least loss — the pods swelled by the
dampness of night, having then less tendency to open. The
stalks are placed in a cart, and conveyed to large barracks,
whose floor is close and clean, where they are laid in heaps,
but without being pressed so as to allow, in fact, a circulation
of air ai^ound the branches. There the seed continue to ripen
from the sap which remains in the stem and which evaporates
very slowly.

Whore there is no barrack for the purpose, ricks are made in
the field itself on some convenient place with the cabbage heads
and straw in alternating layers. The tops and sides of these
ricks are then thatched with straw so as to keep off the rain.

When the stacks are perfectly dried, they are threshed either
on the barn floor, or on a treading floor made in the field in or-
der to separate the seed from the pod, an operation very easy
and very rapid. The grain is then winnowed as wheat is,
sifted and cleaned by all possible moans from foreign substances,

for tho cleaner it is, the less it attracts moisture, and conse-
quently the sounder it keeps.

As the grain, although coming from stocks perfectly dry,
(which is however not always attended to) contains still a su-
perabundance of moisture, it is good to spread it for several
days upon sheets, turning it over often in order to hasten the
expulsion of the moisture. Then it is put in sacks, which must
be emptied and refilled every fortnight, until it is carried to
the mill.

With these precautions the grain is kept without moulding
or heating, and yields abundance of oil of excellent quality.

When the grain is pressed too soon, it yields less oil and of
inferior grade. When the pressing is put off too late, there is
still a less yield, and the oil is rancid. In the first instance
the mucilage has not had time to become transformed into oil ;
in the second, the grains themselves become more or less de-
cayed, or spoil in some other manner.

The beginning of winter before the heavy frosts is ordinarily
the time for expressing the oil, and this is in fact the most fa-
vorable period in all respects.

The mode of expressing Colza Oil does not differ from that
employed for other oil yielding grain.

The mass of the grain after expression of the oil is called
tourtean, trouille, or pain de trouille. It is given to cattle, to
cows and pigs, especially, who are very fond of it, and fatten
rapidly on it, or it may be applied to the land which it helps
almost as much as stable manure.

Every time a healthy leaf is pulled off from a vegetable, es-
pecially a vegetable which has leaves so few and so large as
Colza, its growth is hurt, and therefore also its flowers and its
fruit are injured. We cannot therefore recommend for imita^-
tion the practice in some places to strip the Colza leaves for
food of cattle, or even men. If this is the object of the crop
it would be much better to raise green cabbage, and some other
varieties which have more leaves than the Colza, and from
which those leaves can be better spared because they are all
consumed before running to seed.

A variety of Colza, spring colza, is sown in the mouth of
4

May either broad cast or in furrows, or to be transplanted
Like all annuals in the same category, it yields fewer and
smaller seed. It ought not therefore to be raised when it can
be avoided.

It is manifest from what has been said, that the cultivation of
Colza is a substantial benefit in districts where yet prevails the
disastrous fashion of leaving ground in fallow, for it is planted
after the wheat crop of one year and gathered before the seed-
ing of the next. It ought to enter then into the rotation of all
rich and moist lands. The hoeings which are necessary in this
crop clears the ground of weeds and prepares it for the next
crop. But as like all plants that furnish oil, it is very exhaust-
ing to land, it should not come in turn, but after a period of
five or six years at least.

One principal advantage of introducing Colza into the rota-
tion of crops is, that by planting it immediately after the wheat
is cut off, the ground is then used before it has become dried,
and also at a season when for the most part it would otherwise
be bearing nothing.

CULTIVATION OF OIL-YIELDING PLANTS.

TRANSLATION OF AN ARTICLK OF PROF. SCHLIPF, — FURNISHED BY LIEUT.
THORNTON A. JENKINS, U. S. NAVY, AND SECRETARY LIGHT HOUSE BOARD.

The following article on the culture of Rape or Colza is
translated from Professor Schlipf 's Manual of Husbandry for
the People, 3d Edition, enlarged and improved. Rentlinger,
1847. 8vo.

Schlipf is (or was) the lecturer of the Royal Wirtemburg
School of Agriculture at Hohenlinden, on or near the Nechar.
The Manual in question was written for a competition founded
at the association of German Agriculturists at Carlsruhe, in
1850, and obtained the prize.

Oil-Yielding Plants. Rape, Winter Rape, Cole-seed,
Colza, Leevat.Qi) — The culture of Rape, Winter Rape, Cole-
seed, and Colza, have been attended with remarkable advan-
tages in the Districts where it has been introduced. It yields
the earliest crops that give the farmer a money return ; it fur-
nishes him fodder at a season when it is ordinarily scarce ; and
its harvest occurs at a time when he is not usually over-pressed
with other work.(Z))

The Rape has many insect enemies especially hurtful, among
which are the flea beetle, and the turnip butterfly. (c) The last
appears at the period of blossoming and hinders the pods from
forming.

Soil and Exposuee. — The Rape thrives principally upon a
rich and deep soil, such as is suitable for Barley and Wheat,
but more especially upon those which are mellow, marly, or
calcareous. In a very light or a very stiff soil, it only succeeds
by heavy manuring. In a wet land, such as peat and moor

grounds, it does not thrive at all. It answers in all the Dis-
tricts of South Germany except on the bleak mountain sides.
Unseasonable weather in spring, especially extreme changes
from warm to cold in April and May, are very prejudicial.
Very cold and raw north and east winds are likewise very inju-
rious when the ground is not covered with snow. Standing
water is very hurtful to the soil.

Rotation op Crops. — Colza agrees well with every other
growth and is especially good to precede winter grain when it
has thriven well. The best fore crops for Rape are feed-rye, (rf)
fee^-velcher, and clover, or those crops used for soiling, on the
three field system. (e) It is sown usually in the summer field ^
so that it ripens for fallowing, (/) and the winter grain follow-
ing it has then the advantage of a half fallowing. In a regu-
lar rotation ordinarily, feed-rye or feed-velcher precede it.

Manuring. — Colza requires a very heavily manured soil and
more especially loves the more liquid muck. If the manure
be applied immediately, the seed often ripens unequally.
Therefore, it is better to matiure the preceding crop. On the
stiffer soils sheep dung especially is advantageous.

Preparing the Soil. — Colza needs the utmost working and
pulverization of soil, which it obtains very well from naked fal-
lowing. After feed-rye, the ground can readily be prepared,
and so too after clover, when only the first cutting has been
taken. Industrious thorough plowing, harrowing, and rolling
are never lost, and are especially necessary when the seed is
sown with a machine.

Different Methods of Cultivation. — Colza is raised in
three different fashions, viz. : 1. Drilled or sown with a sow-
ing machine, which has very many advantages over the others,
for the drilled seed, better protected against wet and cold,
leaves room for the possible workings to keep the ground freer
and clearer of weeds. So too the proportionate yield is higher,
for less seed is taken in machine sowing. They reckon 6 to 7
pounds per acre in Baden, 4 to 5 pounds in Hesse, and 5 to 6
pounds in Wirtemburg.(g-) With the machine the Colza is
seeded in the first half of August ; often in many places
already at the end of July ; worked in the middle of Septem-

ber, with the horse hoe ; and in October hilled once or twice
with a hill plow. If seeded too thick, it must be thinned late
in the year. The machine with one man can seed in a day from
6 to 7 pounds.

2. Broad cast seeding is done at the end of July or begin-
ning of August. The ground must be lightly harrowed and the
seed covered in. Some pounds more of seed is required for
this than for machine seeding. Care must be taken to n?ake
the casts uniform, so that the plants may stand at the proper
distances. Since the introduction of seeding machines broad
cast sowing has gone very much out of vogue, as it is so often
liable to injury in unfavorable winters.

For transplanting or planting, the seed must have been put
in during the latter half of July. The field on which the rape
is to be planted can be sufficiently prepared if it has borne, just
before, a straw crop. One acre of rape beds will cover two to
three acres of rape plants.

3. On large establishments the planting is done in the be-
ginning of October with the plow, the plants having been
drawn beforehand. A furrow is made, on the steep side of
which the plants are set from four to six inches apart. This set-
ting is done by eight or ten grown boys or girls who are sta-
tioned along the whole length of the furrow, each one having
a certain distance to set in, and being supplied with the neces-
sary number of plants. The plants thus set are covered in by
the return furrow, along which there is then a fresh setting. If
any of the plants fail of being properly covered, they must be
attended to. The cost of planting is from $1,37^ to $1,50 per
acre. On small plantations it is done with the spade and dib-
ble, which is more costly, but often pays well.

THE- HARVEST.

Harvesting. — This occurs generally at the end of
June, or first of July, and is commenced when the pods are
brown, and half of the seeds are found to be of a dark brown
color. The duration of the harvest in most years is very short,
and therefore it is necessary to watch every day the grade of
ripening. The cutting is regularly done with a sickle, and this

in the morning, so that but few grains may fall out. Every
two handfuls are laid on the ground with the cut ends crossing
and the pods spread out. These swaths are left in the field
for some days, and after they are sufficiently dried are hauled
in upon sheets spread in the wagon. In order that the seeds
may not be wasted in loading, a long sheet is spread on the
ground by the side of the wagon. The harvest women take
up the swaths carefully, and lift them over this sheet upon the
wooden pitch-forks of the loaders. In some parts of France
colza is shocked in the field, the single swaths being laid in a
circle, with the seed ends towards the centre, so that the
diameter is double the length of the stalk. In building up
the shocks which are made 5 or 6 feet high, this diameter is
continually diminishing, so that the stalks require an inclina-
tion outward and downward. The shocks are left in this
state until the seeds have fully dried, as is the case in 8
or 10 days. For hauling in, a sheet is laid by the side of
the shock upon which it is tumbled with pitch forks. In
some districts however, the seed is threshed out in the field.
When hauled in it is left still some days on the barn floor, in
order that the seeds may entirely ripen. After threshing, the
seed partly mixed with husks and dust is left upon the floor,
spread out then (2 to 4 inches high) and turned over at first
twice a day, afterwards once a day until it is perfectly dried,
which will be in 8 or 10 days.

Yield. — This is very variable, being subject to divers con-
tingencies. Drilled, sown or planted seed usually gives a
higher yield than broadcast.

WEIGHTS AND PRODUCT IN OUR MEASURES.

Weight. Oil yielded. Oil Cake.

Baden 1 bushel, 54| 67 lbs. 18i '20| lbs. 31 1 34 ,3^. lbs.
Hesse do. 54i lbs. 19| 21i lbs. 33i 36| lbs.

Wirtemb'g. do. 49} 50^ 16f 19|J. lbs. 29,^ 32f lbs.

Summer Rape. — This crop is much more uncertain than the
winter Rape, and ordinarily it is only tried to any extent when
the latter has failed. It suits a light soil better, and succeeds
upon black, muddy soils and dried ponds. It requires like the

other heavy manuring, well working and good weather are both
necessary. The seed is put in by the end of April, and there
is allowed to the Morgen a quarter semri of seed i. e. one-fifth
busheljper acre. The yield is from 33 to 60 per cent, less than
from the winter Rape. It is sold also at a somewhat lower
price. It is often injured by the flea-beetle, or black-jack, the
chafer and the plant lice, or aphides.

NOTES.

(a.) The sjaionyras are Schlipf's. Systematic Botanists distinguish be-
tween the Ilape, Brassica Napus, and the Colza (Kohlsaat Germ.), which in
Brassica Compestris Oleifera, and sometimes B Oleracea. The distinction is
easily marked in the young plant. The B. Napus being smooth leaved, while
the B. Compestris is hispid. This latter yields about one tliird more oil, and
is the plant cultivated on the continent of Europe. The former is the Rape,
or Cole seed, sown principally in England. This distinction is for Light House
purposes, well to be observed.

(b.) This is true for Germany, where the seasons are later than ours. In
middle latitudes of the United States it is probable that the Rape harvest would
occur about the first of June ; which is just the time of being in the thick of
working the corn. Its harvest fortunately however is quickly through.

(c.) The term used here for the German (literally) ground-^ea, is the name
given to the animal in New England. Probably, south of Mason's and Dixon's
line it goes under the general name oi Jly. It is systematically classed among
the Halticlda, and the species most common here is the Haltica Striolala.
Touching this insect and the means of its expulsion, Schllpf has given in
another part of his Manual the follomng particulars : —

" Among the means of avoidance, which however are not always successful
in preventing extensive devastations, the following deserve to be mentioned,
viz. : Sprinkling quick Hme, plaster, peat, ashes, slack coal, soot, brick dust,
road-side dust, &c., early in the morning while the leaves are yet wet with the
dew. Good results have attended a double seeding, the second being made to
follow three to five days after the first. As the flee-beetles habitually resorf
to the youngest plants for their food, they of course attack the growth from
the second seeding, and that from the first escapes. Cultivation in several
adjoining fields ■will also lesson the jikmage in a single one. An early seeding
in Spring is sometimes a protection. The flea-beetles can do the least harm
when the plants have a rapid luxurious grov/th, so that the outer tissues harden
themselves quickly, and the insect can make no more impression. For this
behoof, the ground must be brought into a strong condition, and the soil by
plowing, harrowing, and rolling so prepared that the plants may shoot up
soon and lively."

Schlipf then goes on to describe a machine which he says had been used in
Hobenheim for some years with good results. This appears to consist of a

frame some twelve or fourteen feet long, and three feet wide, carrying boards
smeared with tar against which the flea-beetles are caused to spring and then
stick fast by the action of certain rods worked by the wheels on which the
whole thing slowly moves, and whipping as it were the ground. The detail
are only partially and somewhat illucidly given, but they do not seem very
important.

The other insect mentioned (Glang Kaefer), is probably, as I have rendered
it, the Turnip butterfly — Pieris Nape. As methods of resort against these,
Schlipf indicates :

1. The shaking of the fly from the trees and killing it bodily, which can be
done in the morning to a large extent.

2. The turning in of pigs upon the spots where the leaves are numerous.

3. Digging and plovring the ground if it has been in meadow before, or
raking the soil and carefully gathering the leaves that are turned up ; then
sowing Clover seed, or grass and rolling.

4. Gathering up the leaves after the plow.

6. Watering the spots in question when it is practicable.

6. Paring and burning the surface of the soil, for which he gives in still
another part of the Manual some more particular specifications. If the ground
for instance is even and free from stones and stumps, the paring is done with a
Buitable plow, taking up a sod of one-half to two inches thick. If the ground
is uneven it is better done with a hoe. The clods are then piled in hollow
heaps with a draft opening on one side. The heaps are about three feet in
height, and as much nearly in the width. They are fired with any combustible
rubbish, and the ashes of the pile arc scattered then over the soil and harrowed
in. The iire is regulated by the draft door and must be Avatchcd. The burn-
ing is generally done in the Spring.

7. Sparing the crows, rooks, magpies, &c., which are far more destructive of
insects than of the grain, which they may disturb and pick up. The formers'
prejudice against these granivorous birds is le^s reasonably founded, than some
other of their antipathies. There is reason to believe that such birds do not
frequent field i, attracted by the grain, as much by tliQ insect food they find.
Loudon has already most emphatically and justly combated these prejudices,
and says among other things very forcibly that 'while there are enormous
devastation, and even entire destruction of crops from insects, it remains yet to
find one in which any serious damage has been done by birds.

8. Finally the best remedy, says Schlipf quaintly enough is when nature has
stepped in and killed the grubs with a hard deep frost.

(cZ.) What is translated here, feed-rye corresponds to the German futtcrogge»
and is supposed to explain itself; although not a term in our ordinary hus-
bandry.

(e.) This term has to be translated literally ; for we have here no vernacular
word for expressing a system, which coming down from the time of Charle-
magne, is yet prevalent in Germany. In this the farm is divided into three
fields, the word field not being taken here to mean necessarily a single self-
contained enclosure. The fields or divisions are cleared into first winter crops,
second summer crops, and third fallows. In this system there, is no provision
made for grass and hay, and therefore as the straw from the two crops will
hardly hold out unless manure is imported on the farm, the land will in time
be brought to a very poor condition,

(/■".) The word fallow is used in several senses in agriculture. For
instance it is an adjective, a subsLantive and a verb. Thus we speak of land
" lying fallow," which means sometimes unseeded — sometimes unplowed, and
at other times (raetonymically) neglected, or in our phrase " old fields."
Again, a fallow is sometimes applied to mean only a " breaking up." Some-
times, and most frequently Vidth us it signifies a " fresh breaking up," to be
plowed over again. In some districts it seems to be understood as ajiplicable
to plowing for a particular crop-grain. It is employed in the text in what
seems to be its primary sense, that of " breaking up" for a crop to be after-
wards put in.

What is called in the next sentence " a regular rotation," is a version of the
German Mord fruchtwechselworthschaft, for which we have in English no
single corresponding word. Its principle is that two crops of the same kind
are not to succeed each other. Thus for instance a grain and straw crop like
wheat is not to be followed by a crop of oats, but intervening will be clover or
potatoes.

(ff.) The proportion of seed required in avordupois pounds per acre is as
follows : —

In Baden, 7 7-10 lbs. — 8 2-2 lbs. per acre. Average, 8 lbs. per acre.

"Hesse Uarms, 7 1-10 lbs. — 8 15-16 " " 8 lbs. "

"Wirtemberg, 6 6-10 lbs. — 7 15-16 lbs. " " 7 1-4 lbs. "

(1.) The Morgen in the three States named, varies between five and seven
eighths of an acre. Supposing as is most likely the Hohenheim Morgen to be
here meant the work of the machine would be between G}^^ and 7 acres per
day.

(2.) The Wirtemberg Morgen is 0,7789 acre and the florin 38, 85 cents.
The prices stated then will vary between $1.37 and $2.50 per acre.

(3.) The quantities in this paragraph become when reduced to our measures
as follows :

Per acre. Per acre. Aver, produce.

In Baden, 14, 36, 47 bushels. 0,92, 1,40 tons, 32.V bush : 621 tons.

" Hesse Darms, 12,35 « 0,88,1,76 " 23^ " 1,32 "

Wirtemberg, 13, 46 •' 0,88, 1,60 " 29| " 1,25 "

(4.) These rates reduced to our measures are represented by 93 centa
and $2,31 per bushel. The mean price is $1,80 per bushel.

VALUE OF PHOSPHORIC ACIDS AND PHOSPHATES IN AGRICULTURE.

BT mi. CHAKLKS T. JACKSON, BOSTON.

The importance of Phosphoric Acid, as an ingredient of soils,
is not sufficiently appreciated by practical Agriculturalists.
They do not seem to be aware of the fact that this acid is es-
sential to the healthy growth of all plants, and that its presence
in food is absolutely necessary to render it capable of sustaining
animal life.

It does not exist in the soil in a free or uncombined state,
nor is it so found in either plants or animals, but it is always
combine dwith the earths and alkalies, in all three of these
kingdoms.

Phosphoric Acid consists of one atomic equivalent of Phos-
phorus and five equivalents of Oxygen, or 43.96 per cent, of
Phosphorus, and 56.04 per cent, of Oxygen.

In the state in which it is prepared by chemists, when fused,
it is a solid, transparent substance, like glass, and is called,
from its resemblance to Ice, glacial phosphoric acid.

If it is exposed to a humid atmosphere, its deliquesces, and
forms a very sour liquid, which is a solution of the acid in
water. If it is saturated with any basic substance, such as Lime,
Magnesia, or with the Alkalies , Potash, Soda, or Ammonia, it loses
its acid properties by combining with these bases. Its combina-
tions with the two first named bases are but very sparingly solu-
ble in pure water, but more so in water impregnated with carbon-
ic acid, or with any acids, or with sea salt. With the Alkalies,
it forms very soluble combinations.

In the soil, the comparatively insoluble salts of Phosphoric
Acid are found, and it is evident that they are the only ones
that would be retained ; for water would dissolve the soluble
salts^ and soon transport them into that great reservoir of all
soluble salts of the earth — the sea, from whence they would
not return, since they are not in any degree volatile.

The wisdom of tliis law of nature in making the most precious
saline manure a fixed and difficultly soluble salt, is at once ob-
vious ; for it is thus kept always ready in the soil for the plants
to act upon according to their need.

By their action, little by little the earthy phosphates are
dissolved, taken into the circulatory vessels of plants, and, by
the most curious laws, undergo changes of composition — ex-
changes of bases and acids taking place with the other saline
matters absorbed from the soil. Thus we find Phosphate of
Lime is partly changed into Phosphates of Potash ; and Soda,
another acid, taking possession of the lime, while it yields up its
Alkali, with which it was formerly combined to the Phosphoric
Acid, and new salts are produced, in such proportions as the
plants need, and adequate to the wants of animals feeding upon
them. It is a curious law, also, that when the fruit, or seed,
form, the phosphates mostly leave the stem and go into them,
so as to become concentrated where they are most needed for
food. If we cut the plants down before the seeds form, we
have all the phosphates the plants contain diffused throughout
them, and if we allow the seed to ripen, the phosphates, as before
observed, will be found mostly in the seed. We find them in the
state of Phosphate of Potash, Phosphate of Soda, Phosphate of
Magnesia, and Phosphate of Lime, and probably, also, Phos-
phate of Ammonia.

Now, all these salts are essential to the growth and sus-
tenance of animals, and without them grain would cease to be
sufficient food.

When the farmer raises crops for sale, and removes his grain
and grasses from the ^oil, he sells, a portion of his soil; and if
he does not renew in some way the saline matters taken away
in his crops, he invariably impoverishes the soil. This work of
exhaustion is now going on to a most alarming extent, and our
prolific wheat lands are to be searched for farther and farther
westward as the operation proceeds.

Every one knows the superiority of wheat grown on newly
cultivated lands, and most farmers are aware of the fact that
soils become exhausted of something, they know not what, but
of something essential to the most favorable production of grain.

It will be our object to explain to them the nature of this
operation, and to demonstrate the means of obviating the diffi-

culty. This is the duty of the chemist, and his science will,
we doubt, dot, prove of practical value to the cultivators of
the soil.

We shall, therefore, enter upon this investigation, and ex-
plain, with some minuteness of detail, the nature of the inor-
ganic matters of plants, and the sources from whence they are
derived, and endeavor to explain the best and most economical
method of replenishing soils which have been, in a measure, ex-
hausted or rendered comparatively infertile. In selecting the
Phosphates for our first article, we do not intend to have it
understood that they are the only things needed to render a
soil fertile ; we do mean to insist on the fact that they are the
most important ingredient of plants and of fertile soils. This
will bo at once understood when we show that more than half
the weight of the ashes, or inorganic matters, of all plants con-
sist of the Phosphates of the Alkalies and earths, and that
those salts all come from the soil.

Some writers on Agricultural Chemistry and Botany have
neglected a proper consideration of the inorganic or mineral
ingredients of plants, and have regarded them as mere acci-
dental constituents, rather than as essential elements adapted
to the wants of both vegetable and animal life. This great
error in science would of course lead to important errors in
practice, and therefore it is incumbent upon the chemist to de-
monstrate the necessity of the existence of certain mineral in-
gredients in plants. Perhaps we have already, by reference to
well known facts, sufficiently established the principles for which
we contend, so far as concerns certain combinations of Phos-
phoric Acid. It would be equally easy to prove that most
of the mineral substances entering into the composition of plants
used for food, are also essential to the perfect constitution of
that food, but it would lead us two far from the present subject,
and render complex this article, should an attempt be made to
grasp at once all the relations of the inorganic elements to
which we refer. If time and opportunity permit, the relations
of some other important mineral salts will be considered, but
we shall limit this paper to a more extended description of the
Phosphates.

If the reader will compare a few of the numerous chemical
analyses of plants that have been made subjects of exact re-

search by emiuent chemists, he will discover how very impor-
tant an ingredient Phosphoric Acid is in the vegetable kingdom.
Phosphoric Acid, as before observed, is combined with certain
substances called bases, or electro-positive matters, while the
Acid is an electro-negative substance. The bases may be the
Alkalies, Potash, Soda, and Ammonia, or those called Alkaline
Earths, such as Lime and Magnesia. In some analyses, the
Phosphoric Acid is calculated from the analysis of a salt of
known composition, and is given separately. In others, the
chemist represents it combined with the bases, with which, ac-
cording to the laws of affinity, it was probably united in the
plant. It is usual to give the bases and acids separately in an
analysis, since there may be a difference of opinion among chem-
ists as to the modes of combination of those ingredients, and
in making calculations as to saline combinations it is essential
that we should place the basic and acid elements separately, in
order to see by the ratios of Oxygen in each set, what are the
atomic relations of those bodies ; for the laws of chemistry are
as certain as those of any other science, and their is no divi-
sion of ultimate atoms, as the very term atom^ in its etymology
signifies.

The following table, extracted from Professor Johnston's
Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology, gives a good
view of the relative proportions of Phosphoric Acid, and of cer-
tain bases in the ashes or inorganic matter of our usual crops
and is rxccommended to the attention of farmers.

Potash and

Lime-

Magnesia.

Phosphoric

Sulphuric

Silica.

Soda.

Acid.

Wheat,

0.25

Barley,

0.10

Oats,

Rye,

04.

Indian Corn, *

Rice,

—

Beans,

Peas,

0.51

* Mr. Teschemacher gives me the following note, -which contains valuable
suggestions explaining the relations of the stem to the grain ;

" Previous to fecundation the chief part of the Phosphates are in the stem of
the plant on their passage to the seed, therefore the green plant for fodder is
nutritious, but as soon as the fecundation takes place, the Phosphates begin to
concentrate in the seed, and the stalk or stem gradually becomes less nutritious.

Potach and Lime. Magnssia. Phosphoric Sulphuric Silict.

80(l2.

Acid.

Wheat Straw,

Barley "

Oat

Rye

Indian Corn Stalk?,

—

Rice Straw,

—

Bean Vines,

5.5

Pea

Red Clover,

It will be SGon by consulting this table that the proportion of
Phosphoric Acid in the state of Phosphates, is much greater in
the grain than in the straw or stalk, and hence, if we sell the
grain raised on any soil, we remove the largest proportion of
those valuable salts, and the proportions restored by returning
the straw to the soil are -by no means adequate to supply what
has been taken away in the grain.

If the analysis of Indian Corn-stalks given in this table is
correct, the stalks will not only form a valuable manure but
will also prove more valuable for fodder than they have hither-
to been supposed to be ; but we are not informed whether the
corn had ripened upon these stalks or not, and hence a new
analysis is required. This I shall furnish before long. *

Mr. J. E. Teschemacher has kindly added the following note
to my " Lecture on a Grain of Corn," and by his permission I
here insert it, since the doctrine it indicates is of great impor-
tance to the farmer, and should be carefully tested in a practi-
cal way. He says, in relation to the Phosphates in Indian
Corn, — " Now as the Phosphates, or Salts of Phosphoric Acid,
are the most important of all the inorganic bodies which enter

• Letillier gives in his analysis of Indian Corn grown at Bechelbrun, the fol-
lowing composition :

GRAIN OF INDIAN CORN.

Potash and Soda, ------ 30.8

Lime, ------- 1.3

Magnesia, -------17

Phosphoric Acid, - - - - - 50.1

Sulphuric Acid, --__,. —

Silex, 0.8

which makes the proportion of Phosphoric Acid equal in this grain to that
found in Wheat. This is probably the most correct of the two analyses.

into the construction of the animal frame and its enveloping
parts, it becomes a question of some importance to ascertain
whether wq can, by peculiar methods of agriculture, introduce
into a given weight of Corn, a larger quantity of Phosphates
than is usually found. If this can be done — and the experi-
ment, as well as its test, are very easy — we should then be
able, with less weight of provender, to put an equal quantity of.
flesh or muscle upon our animals, and the triumph of science
would be great." He also observes, in conversation with me, —
'' It is said that animals fatten more rapidly on grain and grasses
which have been treated with guano," — one half of the weight
of guano consisting of Phosphates of Magnesia and of Lime, —
and that " the instincts of cattle lead them to select for food
those patches of grass where the Phosphates abound."

This we can understand, as according with the opinion or
suggestion contained in his note given above.

It is not at all improbable that the instincts of animals should
thus guide them in the selection of the most appropriate food.
We know that Squirrels, and other animals of the Rodent order,
select the chits of Indian Corn as proper to supply their knawing-
teeth, and that they also devour all the horns of Deer, Moose,
and Carriboo, that are annually dropped in our. forests, the
horns consisting chiefly of Phosphate of Lime, with animal
matter.

There is of course a limit beyond which we should not go in
feeding animals with highly phosphatized food, for we might
surcharge their systems with mineral matter, and thus produce
some derangement of them. Instinct, however, is a pretty safe
guide, and if the animal is free' to choose his food, will soon
discriminate between what is injurious and what is wholesome,
and regulate in a great degree the requisite supplies to his
system.

If we were to feed young animals exclusively on food free
from Phosphates, starch and sugar for example, they would
soon perish. If, on the other hand, we should feed adult ani-
mals on food containing a great excess of Phosphates, we
should embarrass their economy by surcharging them, and the
excretory organs would have more than their natural functions

to perform, in discharging from their system an excess of
matters which were not needed in the performance of their
healthy functions. ,

We come now to consider the sources of supply of inorganic
matters of plants. They were originally derived from the
mineral kingdom exclusively and were drawn from the soil.
•The growth of a succession of crops that are removed from the
soil will of course take away the inorganic salts that form part
of them, and the soil will be impoverished and ultimately be
rendered barren, unless the removed matters are in some way
restored to it.

This leads us to correct principles in manuring, and it is
the duty of chemists to point out what is to be done in order to
render soils perpetually fertile.

The Phosphates are the rarest salts in the soil, and are those
most required by plants, as the foregoing table fully demon-
strates.

These salts are contained in all the manures that experience
has proved to possess agricultural value, but the proportion in
which they exist is very small, and we are forced to add an un-
necessary amount of other matters not required. For instance,
the soil may be rich enough in vegetable matters. Why then
should we add more ? They may contain an adequate supply
of ammonia-producing matters. Why then should we add
more of them ? If we want fruit, why add those matters that
only extend the foliage, and do not augment the grain ?

Phosphates are the salts most needed in grain and seeds of
all kinds. Let us then supply them. Originally, all the Phos-
phates came from the soil. Why then should we look exclu-
sively to organic products for them ? Why not go back to the
matters that bones were made of, rather than depend wholly on
them ?

The mineralogist points out to the farmer the sources of di-
rect supply of Phosphate of Lime from the rocks, and the chem-
ist shows him how to use it to the greatest advantage. At-
tention being called to the mineral Phosphate of Lime, sources
of supply will from day to day be discovered and wrought.
The mineral Phosphate is better than bones, for it is richer in

Phosphoric Acid, and is more easily prepared for agricultural
use, and in a short time farmers will learn to place more reli-
ance on the indications of science.

About fifteen years ago, the British Government sent Pro-
fessor Daubeny, of Oxford University, to examine the locali-
ties of native Phosphate of Lime among the ancient volcanic
districts of Spain. The mineral was found to exist in too
limited quantities, and too remote from the coast for profitable
exportation, but the scientific question of the agricultural value
of the mineral was fully demonstrated by this gentleman. All
that was wanted was an adequate supply of the mineral at a
reasonable cost. Since then, two abundant sources of supply
of this mineral have been discovered in the United States, —
one in Hurdstown, New Jersey, near the head of the Morris-
town Canal, and the other at Crown Point, on the borders of
Lake Champlain, — and a considerable supply has already been
obtained for agricultural use. A number of tons of it were
sent to England, where it was readily sold, and more was
called for. Here, where it may be had at a lower cost, it has
been hardly known to our farmers ; and a degree of apathy,.
truly astonishing, has been manifested concerning discoveries
that have awakened much enthusiasm in Europe. This is ex-
cusable, for our farmers have not had the experience in the use
of this substance, that is very common in England and France.
It will not be long, however, before we shall be successful com-
petitors with them in scientific agriculture, for the American is
always awake to his interest, and will soon find out how a
penny is to be saved or earned by improved methods ; but he
is not willing to run much risk in the matter, and is apt to wait
until others have demonstrated fully the value of an improve-
ment.

That we should not be reproached with want of enterprise
and skill, let us spread new information over the country, and
endeavor to awaken a proper degree of zeal in experimental
agriculture. Let those who can afibrd it perform the practical
experiments in testing new manures ; and instead of laughing.
at experiments, let the practical farmer consider them with,
seriousness, and endeavor to profit from what can be learned^
5

No science ever came to maturity at once ; time, labor, patient
observation, and careful reflections, are essential elements of
such investigations. It is too late for any one to tbink he can
drive science from the fields, and hold them subject to rude em-
piricism. Men will not walk in darkness, if they can have
light ; they will not consent to be mere ignorant laborers, if
they can have opportunities for intellectual improvement. Sci-
ence renders the field more interesting by explaining the oper-
ations of nature, and there is no reason why we should labor
without thinking. Nor should we be compelled to pursue ex-
clusively ancient methods, when new ones promise successful
results.

In order to render' Phosphate of Lime more available in
Agriculture, chemists recommend that it should be converted
into the Super-Phosphate of Lime, by partial decomposition
witli Sulphuric Acid. This method has been advantageously
employed in England and France for many years, and has been
most highly commended by the late Henry Coleman, notwith-
standing his strong prejudices against the application of Chem-
istry to Agriculture.

In England the farmers add thirty or forty pounds of Oil of
Vitriol, (Sulphuric Acid of Sp. Gr. 1.8,) to one hundred pounds
of bones, water being mixed with the acid before it is poured
upon the ground bones. The whole is allowed to stand in tubs,
or in some suitable vessels, until the decomposition is effected
— say for three or four days — and then it is largely diluted
with water, and distributed by means of a proper watering engine
over the fields.

The immense increase of crops, especially of turnips and of
hops, by this method of manuring, would by many be deemed
almost incredible. The reader will find ample details in the
excellent Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry by Professor
J. W. Johnston, of Durham.

It is stated that coprolites from the lias formation, containing
10 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime are eagerly sought for by
English farmers, and are converted into Super-Phosphate of
Lime for agricultural use, and that the value of land has been
many times multiplied by the introduction of this manure.

In this country farmers rarely are supplied with watering
engines, suitable for the distribution of liquid manures, and
therefore I have advised the formation of composts, to absorb
the prepared Phosphate, and at the same time have shown how
to form the kinds of Phosphates most needed by plants, and in
the cheapest manner, by admixture of ashes with the Super-
Phosphate solution. By this method we make a dry powder,
easily spread on the land, and less liable to be lost by infiltra-
tion into the sub-soil. This powder contains Phosphate of
Lime, Phosphate of Magnesia, Phosphate of Potash, Phos-
phate of Soda, Sulphates of the same bases, and soluble Sili-
cates of the Alkalies. If urine is mixed with it. Sulphate and
Phosphate of Ammonia will also be formed, both of which are
valuable manures.

If we employ the Hurdstown mineral Phosphate of Lime,
one hundred pounds of the pure mineral, containing 92 1-2
pounds of neutral Phosphate of Lime will require 80 pounds of
concentrated Sulphuric Acid for its decomposition ; but we do
not wish to decompose more than half the Phosphate, and add
but 40 pounds of Oil of Vitriol to one hundred pounds of the
ground mineral, diluting it first with twice or thrice its weight
of water, and adding three times the weight of the mineral of
-water to it, so as to make it about as thin as milk. On adding
the Acid the whole becomes thick, aud if it tends to become
solid, we add more water, and stir with a wooden paddle, and
leave for three days in the tubs to decompose. Then we mix
it with wood ashes (leached ashes will answer) until it is all
dried up. This powder is next to be mixed with soil or with
any compost manure, and may be spread from the cart with
great use, quite uniformly over the plowed ground, and should
be harrowed in.

Half a ton of Phosphate of Lime thus prepared, and strewed
over an acre of the soil, will soon render obvious proofs of its
value as a manure, and its beneficial effects will last for several
years.

The available Phosphoric Acid in two pounds or 14,000 grains,
of the ground Phosphate of Lime sent to my laboratory by Mr. F.
Alger, I found to be 2880 grains of glacial Phosphoric Acid.

About half this proportion would be sot free by 40 pounds of
Sulphuric Acid to 100 pounds of the mineral.

I have earnestly advised that the Phosphate of Lime should
be decomposed here at some of our chemical works, where the
diluted Acid of the leaden chambers' might be employed at a
much lower cost than the concentrated Acid that is sold at the
druggists' shops. This might be done, and the prepared Phos-
phates also mixed with ashes and with Ammoniacal Salts, might
be furnished to the farmers at a lower cost than if they should
buy the materials and do the work with their own hands.

If suitable encouragement was offered, I have no doubt that
some of our enterprising manufacturing chemists would under-
take the work.

ANALYSES OF PHOSPHATE OP LIME,

From Hurdstown, N. J., and from Crown Point, N. Y.

In laying before our Agricultural readers the following ana-
lyses of mineral Phosphate of Lime, we would remind them
that the anslyses were made on the pure mineral, unmixed with
rock.

In order to ascertain how much of the ground mineral, sold
.in the market, consists of the pure Phosphate of Lime, a par-
tial analysis will suffice. If the mineral is not mixed with
Carbonate of Lime, (a fact which may be ascertained by pour-
ing some diluted Muriatic Acid upon it, and observing that it
does not effervesce,) we have only to take a weighed portion of
the powdered mineral, and dissolve out the Phosphate of Lime,
collect the residue on a filter of porous paper, wash, dry, and
weigh. The quantity dissolved out is the mineral Phosphate
of Lime, like that analyzed. If Carbonate of Lime, or any
soluble matters are mixed with it, the processes become a little
more complicated, and the farmer will find it most economical
to take a sample of it to some analytic chemist ; for few agri-
culturists have the apparatus and tests required for full
analyses. When the proportion of Phosphate of Lime is
known, it is easy, by consulting chemical tables, or by the use
of Wollaston's Sliding Scale of Equivalents, to ascertain the

amount of Phosphoric Acid contained in it, and also the
amount of Sulphuric Acid required to decompose the mineral.
' In the Eupyrchroite Phosphorite, it would appear that part of
the Lime is in the state of basic Phosphate ; for the Lime is in
excess over that required for the usual mineral Phosphate, like
that of New Jersey, and the properties of the mineral are quite
peculiar. Its concretionary structure, as remarked by Dr. J.
Lawrence Smith, reminds one of that of calculi, such as are
occasionally found in the stomachs of animals, or in the urinary
bladder of man.

CRYSTAL OF PHOSPHATE OP LIMB FIIOM HUEDSTOWN, N. J.

This crystal had a yellow color, and was remarkably resplen-
dent on the surface like those from St. Lawrence county. New
York, appearing as if fire-glazed. Its sp. gr. is = 3.205.

Chemical Analysis. — By qualitative analysis, it was first
proved to contain fluorine and chlorine, phosphoric acid, lime,
oxyd of iron, and manganese. It does not phosphoresce
when thrown upon an iron plate heated nearly to redness.

The fluorine is sufiiciently abundant in it to cause deep
etching on glass, when it is disengaged by the action of sul-
phuric acid. Specimens of this etching I exhibited at the meet-
ing of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences last August.

By quanitativo analysis, the mineral was found to consist of

Phoshhate of lime - - . - . 92.405

Chlorid of calcium ----- .540

Peroxyd of iron ------ ,040

Oxyd of Manganese ----- .003

Fluorid of calcium ----- 7oi2

100.000

If the oxyd of iron is regarded as protoxyd, it will amount
to 0.033 instead of 0.040, but the color forbids its being set down
as the protoxyd. The mineral is evidently identical with
apatite.

EUPYRCHROITE OF CROWN POINT, NEW YORK.

The specimens of Eupyrchroite, which I have analyzed, were
sent to me by Mr. C. F. Hammond, of Crown Point, and he

writes to me tliat one hundred tons of the mineral have been
taken from the mine, and it is understood it is to be employed
in the preparation of phosphates for agricultural use. This
enterprise has followed the movement which Mr. Alger made
at my suggestion, in working the mine of phosphate of lime, in
Hurdstown, New Jersey, and I hope it will awaken the atten-
tion of mineralogists and geologists to other neglected or over-
looked deposits of this valuable mineral, so desirable as a fer-
tilizer, and so important as a constituent of the vegetable pro-
ducts used for food.

When the mode of managing this manure is generally known,
there will be a demand for it that all our present known locali-
ties will not be able to supply, and therefore every new dis-
covery of any extensive deposit of it, will be hailed with
pleasure.

I learn that measures have been taken to export this mineral
to England, where it is most highly valued for agricultural use,
particularly in the preparation of the land for the growth of
hops. It is also extremely valuable in the preparation of the
soil for the growth of other crops, all of which contain phos-
phates in considerable proportions. It appears that the ex-
haustion of wheat lands by incessant cropping, without ade-
quately replenishing the soil by manures, is owing to the re-
moval of phosphates from the soil. Our farmers should there-
fore look into this matter, and remedy the evil that an early
want of attention to the chemical principles of agriculture has
led them into. It is hardly necessary for me to say that burned
or ground bones may be used for the same purpose as the min-
eral I am about to describe ; nor ^yill it be necessary to enter
upon the discussion of the question as to the indispensable
necessity of the existence of phosphates in food, which is to
form flesh, blood, and bones, for most men know that they
have seven pounds of phosphate of lime in their bones, and
nearly as much of other phoshates in the soft parts of their
bodies. It is also known that the ashes of al> cereal grains
contain ' almost fifty per cent, of phosphoric acid, united with
lime, potash, soda, and magnesia, and that plants derive these

phosphates from the soil, which contains generally but a very
minute proportion rarely amounting to three-tenths per cent.

DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS.

This mineral was first described by Professor E. Emmons, in
his Report on the Geology of New York, and was analyzed by
Professor Lewis C. Beck, and published in his Report on the
Mineralogy of New York, p. 240 ; but his specimens differ
somewhat from mine in their physical characters. It was
named Eupyrchroite by Professor Emmons in allusion to the
beautiful emerald green light which it gives out when thrown
on a heated iron, its phosphorescence being nearly equal to
that of the chlorophane fluor spar of Connecticut.

The Eupyrchroite phosphorite occurs in botryoidal concre-
tions, having a fibrous structure, and an ash-gray or bluish gray
color, the concretions being made up of successive layers of
different shades- of color. Their surface is frequently covered
with a delicate film of iron pyrites which scales off readily
when scraped with the knife. Its sp. gr. is 3.053. Hardness
4 1-2. Before the blow-pipe, phosphoresces with a green light
at first, then gives the intense brightness characteristic of lime
salts. It glazes on the surface at a high temperature but does
not melt. In the glass tube it gives out water, which is acid,
and corrodes the glass. When thrown in powder on metal,
heated nearly to redness, it exhibits a beautiful emerald green
phosphorescence. Larger fragments decrepitate strongly.

During its solution in chlorohydric or nitric acid, it efierves-
ces slightly, carbonic acid gas escaping. The quantity of this
gas was accurately determined by a proper apparatus. In pre-
paring the mineral for proportional analysis, each fragment
was carefully examined with a lens to ascertain that it was
free from accidental admixture with other minerals. It was
reduced to impalpable powder by levigation, and dried at 212**
F., and weighed while still warm. A sample of the mineral
in coarse powder was used in the determination of the water
contained in it.

In the other steps of the analysis, the methods as given
by Rose were pursued, and the following results were obtained.

Lime ---.... 47.230

Phosphoric acid ..... 45.710

Carbonic acid - - - - - - 1.218

Lime ..._.. 1.554

Chlorine - - - - - - - 0.130

Calcium - - - - - - 0.204

Fluorine ---..-- 0.599

Calcium ..--.- 0.855

Protoxyd of iron ...... 2.000

Water 0.500

100.000

The fluorine, as usual was expelled, and thus determined by
difference, in the re-formation of phosphate of lime, after
decomposition of the precipitated mixed phosphate of lime
and fluorid of calcium, and its equivalent of calcium was de-
ducted from the lime obtained as a sulphate of lime.

BEES AND BEE-CULTURE.

A PAPER RiaD BEFORE TIIE UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
BY IIEMRY EDDY, M. D., ERIDGEWATER, MASS.

Bee culture in this country is in its infancy. It has
not advanced relatively as improvements have been made in
other departments of rural industry. Relative to improve-
ments, it occupies substantially the same ground which agricul-
ture occupied half a century since, v.heu it began to receive a
greater share of attention, and to awaken a deeper interest
among intelligent and scientific cultivators of the soil. Since
that period the attention of the agriculturist has been effec-
tually aroused and directed, not merely to the real dignity of
this employment as secondary to no other, but to the capabili-
ties of the soil, to the adaptation of certain kinds of soil to
particular crops, to the making of manures, to the importance
of employing certain fertilizers upon particular kinds of soil to
which they are best adapted, to the importance of a suitable
rotation of crops, to the advantages resulting from the use of
labor-saving implements, to the culture of an almost endless
variety of fruits and flowers, to the rearing of improved breeds
of horses and cattle, and sheep, and fowls, and to other kindred
topics too numerous to be mentioned, which are worthy to
engage the attention of the husbandman. The result has been
most happy. Improvements have been made in almost every
department of labor to which attention has been specially
directed. Agriculture has been made to keep pace with the
improvements of the age. It is now adapted to a high state of
civilization. It suffers no material disparagement by a com-
parison with those improvements which have been made in
science and other useful arts. Connected with these improve-
ments, and auxiliary to them, valuable additions have been made
to our literature. Treatises, lectures, addresses, discussions
and periodicals have been multiplied upon almost every topic
which is connected with a tillage of the soil. The consequence
is, a degree of intelligence exists in the popular mind, relative

to the various topics wMcli havo been discussed, wliicli has
existed at no former period. Agricultural and Pomological,
Associations, &c., have been formed by which there has been a
concentration of interest upon particular topics, and it is grat-
ifying to every lover of his country and his race that so much
has been accomplished within so brief a space of time.

Bee-Culture forms an exception. It has not as yet received,
here, that degree of attention which its importance demands. It
has not been made to any great extent a source either of luxury
or profit, and yet there is no want of encouragement to engage in
it, if it is regarded, in either of these points of view. The
English have made fewer advances towards an improved system
of Bee-culture than ourselves ; while the Germans in many
respects are far in the advance of us. They have done, relative
to this subject, what we have aimed at and so happily accom-
plished in reference to other departments of rural industry.
They have made and -published in many instances very critical
and patient investigations which greatly subserve the interests
of an enlightened and profitable system of Bee-culture. These
improvements, verified by our own, are to constitute the land-
marks of our progress. To these, American Associations are
greatly indebted for the advances which we have thus far made.
They have formed Associations. They meet in Conventions,
composed largely of professional and literary men (who are
themselves bee-keepers and careful observers') to discuss and
elicit truth, to state and embody facts, and thus to make
common stock of their experience and observations. Annually
in connexion with their Agricultural Associations, a Committee
reports relative to their success in the line of Bee-culture, and
those who have access to their literature through the medium
of their language will find in their Bee Books and Reports and
Journals, (two of which are devoted exclusively to the inter-
ests of Bee-culture), an amount of reliable and practical
instruction upon this subject which is found in no other
language.

There has long existed among Apiarians a diversity of
opinion relative to the particular office and gender of those
insects which are found during the most active season of their
labors in every colony of Bees which is in full and successful

operation. This diversity of opinion has arisen chiefly from a
want of adequate knowledge, or for the want of opportunities
for careful and accurate observation.

The facts which I am about to state are settled beyond a
doubt in the minds of the most careful observers.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION.

THE QUEEN.

The Queen is the only fully developed female in tho colony.
She lays all the eggs and is the mother of the family.

THE WORKER.

The workers are females, dwarfish in character, not suffi-
ciently developed to dispose them to propogate. They do all
the work of the family.

THE DRONE.

The Drones are the males of the establishment. When their
appropriate office is fulfilled they are destroyed. There is a
general slaughter of them in July or August. None of them
survive the winter. Others are hatched in each successive
season, which are destroyed in the same manner.

SWARMING AND NON-SWARMING.

Divers opinions have been entertained relative to the theory
and expediency of swarming, and these different opinions have
led to very different methods of bee-management. One, virtu-
tually believing that the propensity of the bee to swarm should
not be gratified, or that the Creator (thus impeaching his wis-
dom) has given to them a wrong bias, has devised some
method to interrupt or prevent this " wild freak of nature."
Another, fearing that the bees (poor ignorant creatures) do
not understand the best method of conducting this process, or
that they will mistake the best time of attending to the matter,
has undertaken to hasten the process by some " hot bed " ar-
rangement, or volunteered to give them a few elementary les-
sons, relative to a matter which he understands (?) much betr
ter than they. In the view of one, the bees swarm too often.
In the view of the other, they do not swarm often enough.

Both of these cannot be right ; perhaps neither of them. I
take the liberty here to suggest that it is barely possible the
bees and their Creator also, understand the thing, nearly as
well as those who set themselves up as teachers in this matter.
The first or non-swarming plan is about as wise and profitable
as it would be for a dairy-man to prevent the natural increase
of his stock, by keeping on his farm perpetually, a parcel of
farrow cows. The other, or artificial swarming, is about as
wise and salutary an interference, as it would be for a boy to
catch the old hen and squeeze her because she does not lay
soon enough. There has been too much ofiicious meddling in
this matter. Between these opposite extremes, or with Scylla
on the one hand, and Charybdis on the other, we find the bees
occupying the golden mean, where truth and safety dwell, con-
fident, it would seem, in the position which they have taken,
unchanged in this indomitable propensity, and intent upon giv-
ing to their keeper a " a windfall " as soon as they are able
with all their industry to furnish it to him. Swarming is a
natural process. It cannot, to any great extent, be interfered
with, and the results prove permanently beneficial to the bee-
keeper.

The theory of swarming is this : " The Queen lays eggs

,81

enough, ordinarily, in a common sized hive during the hatch-
ing season, to make up for the losses which the swarm sus-
tains in various ways, and to increase the number of bees to
such an extent that a colony can be spared or sent off", which
shall constitute a new organization. If the hive is double the
ordinary size, and the swarm which occupies it double also, its
losses at the same time are double. If the hive is treble the
ordinary size, and the swarm is treble also, its losses are treble.
The Queen lays just about eggs enough during the season, to
make up for the losses which are sustained by a swarm which
is treble the ordinary size. There is no increase in numbers
beyond the wants of the household. No colony is sent off, be-
cause none can be spared. They remain stationary for a time,
or from year to year, although strong and vigorous. At length
the Queen becomes less fertile as she advances in age. Fewer
bees are raised. Their losses are not made good by the in-
crease. They gradually diminish in numbers, dwindle and
die. The result is the same, whether the bees are placed in
bee-palaces or large hives, or a series of adjacent boxes from
which they do not swarm. Bees are to be placed in a hive of
suitable dimensions, which contains about one cubic foot, with
an arrangement for the deposit of surplus honey, where full
scope is given to their swarming propensities, if the keeper is
to receive from them the greatest profits which they are capa-
ble of furnishing.

FEEDING.

The theory of feeding bees, on a large scale, has had its day.
It has presented splendid results for a time, and resulted at
length in splendid failures. Cheap honey, or a composition,
has been used ; and the bees have been fed freely, under the
impression that whatever they stored in their cells, must, of
course, be honey of the first quality. I would ask why Cuba,
or Southern honey is not made of the first quality, when it is
stored up for the first time in Cuba, or Florida, if bees have
the power of converting an inferior article into one of superior
quality ? The true reason is, that much of this so-called honey
is taken from the sugar plantations, or from flowers, which do

not furnish tho bost honey. And the socond transportation,
although dono by Yankee bees, does not produce any chemical
change in the article which is fed. Honey is gathered, not
made, by the bees. Those who purchase, in market, Cuba ho-
ney, wljich is packed up in " Yankee " boxes, do not get the
best end of the bargain. They have yet to learn that the pack-
ing, or transportation, does not make it the fine flavored and
wholesome article, which is found in white clover, upon all our
hills in New England. The feeding of bees, on a large scale,
or with a view to secure larger quantities of surplus honey,
operates unfavorably upon the bees, in a variety of ways, and the
principal objections to it are the following ; 1. There is no
profit in it. , No man gets the quantity of honey which he feeds.
2. It prevents the bees from going abroad to gather honey from
the fields. 3. If the bees are fed liberally, late in the fall, and
early in the spring, there will be very few empty cells, in which
to rear young bees. 4. It is deceptive, because a cheap and
inferior article is sold for one of superior quality. 5. It re-
sults, in tho process of time, in the extinction of the bees.

The feeding of bees may be practised with advantage when-
ever they are not amply supplied with v/inter stores — a thing
which happens to late swarms, and to those from which large
quantities of honey have been taken. For this purpose, a cheap
article may be used to help them through the winter. It may
be desirable to take from the bees all the white clover honey,
which can be obtained in boxes, with a view to supply them
with a cheaper article.

The idea is extensively prevalent, that bees have the power,
in some way, to mamifacture honey. This is an error. They
have no laboratory for this purpose, and no peculiar process,
by which the work is done. If it were so, they would bring
all the materials, which they employ, to a given standard ; but
such is not the fact, apple-tree-blossom honey is one thing ;
white clover honey is another; buck-wheat honey another;
Southern or Cuba honey, (which is gathered from the sugar
plantations) is quite another ; and sugar syrup, (which is some-
times fed to bees, and is transferred by them, — the liquid part
of which at length evaporates, and leaves the sugar in a candied

state, in the cell (thus spoiling the cells) is still another.
Bees are merely gatherers of honey, which various blossoms
spontaneously produce. The honey is their food, and they
gather it. They will transfer to their cells any kind of sweet,
which you choose to give them, and large quantities of it ; but
no chemical change takes place in the article while the Bees
have it in their possession, or during the act of transportation.
In one minute, and frequently in less time than this, the mate-
rial which is gathered is deposited in the cell, and it is
substantially the same thing after the transportation as before.

The protection from the encroachments of the Bee-moth
which is practicable, the extent to which bees may be safely
kept without overstocking the country, the process by which
a new Queen is raised when one is lost or taken from the hive,
and the profits resulting from a judicious system of Bee-culture
are topics upon which I cannot at present enlarge. These and
kindred topics are discussed in a work which I have recently
issued under the title of " Eddy on Bee-Culture." To this and
kindred works, the Bee-keeper is referred for instruction on
this most interesting subject. It is a subject which is worthy
to receive a much greater degree of attention, not only from
the husbandman, but from the professional man, and the
mechanic, than has hitherto been given to it. We need a
Journal devoted exclusively to the interests of Bee-culture,
which shall be circulated broadcast over the land, and diflfuse
among all classes safe and reliable information relative to the
best modes of bee management. The day is at hand when
such a Journal will be established.

The essential features of successful Bee-culture are the fal-
lowing : 1. Bees should be placed in a good hive, one which
will bear exposure to the weather. 2. The keeper should be
able at any time to inspect their condition. 3. They should be
allowed to swarm. 4. They should be protected from the
encroachments of the Bee-mofch. 5. The hive should be suffi-
ciently ventilated, especially in winter. 6. No Bees should
ever be destroyed. 7. The keeper should be able to avail
himself of all the labor which they can perform. 8. He should
ascertain, and note their weight of stock in autumn and spring.

9. Bees whicli occupy a good hive (and they should be put
into no other), should rarely be dislodged. These are by no
means all the important features of a good system of Bee-
culture. But these I regard as indispensable ; others are
comparatively of minor importance, or incidental. Without
each of these, any system which may be adopted, must present
glaring defects, and must prove unprofitable, in proportion as
such defects are found to exist.

ALPACA OR PERUVIAN SHEEP.

BY CAPT. JAMES TEDEESEN.

A PAPER READ BEFORE THE UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, \T
WASHINGTON, FEBRUARY 23, 1854, BY B, MUNN, OF NEW YORK.

Having recently returned from Peru, and brought with me
to New York some fine specimens of the several varieties of
the celebrated Peruvian Sheep, and having after much difficulty
succeeded in devising means by which I am enabled to calcu-
late on procuring from that country a sufficient stock of those
valuable animals, to warrant an attempt to introduce them to
the prominent notice of the agriculturists of the United States,
I am desirous to call the attention of the United States Agri-
cultural Society to the subject.

It is doubtless within the knowledge of many gentlemen con-
nected with this Society, that for several years past the farm-
ers, and others in England and on the continent of Europe,
who are interested in the advancement and improvement of the
races of domestic animals, have been desirous to introduce the
Llama, Alpaca, and Vecuna of South America into their coun-
tries. Owing however to the extreme jealousy of the Peruvi-
ans at all times to allow these animals to be exported, the at-
tempts that have been made in that direction have been una-
vailing ; it having been found impossible to introduce more than
a single specimen or two by some indirect means, into Europe.
And from this great rarity, and consequent value to Zooloo-ical
Societies there, these animals when obtained have usually found
their way into the collections of those Societies. Specimens
were however obtained some years ago by the late Earl of
Derby, whose celebrated collection of animals is well known,
and they were found to thrive and to adapt themselves perfectly
to the change of climate to which they were subjected. The
London Zoological Society also have specimens in their gardens
in London, which are found to retain their health equally well.
6

It is therefore reasonable to draw the inference that, if the re-
moval of these animals from their native mountains to the com-
paratively moist and humid climate of England has not proved
injurious to them, they certainly cannot fail to be indifferent to
a change to the Middle, Western and Northern States of
America.

The character and habits of these animals is very similar to
that of our own sheep, or perhaps an amalgamation of them,
and of those of the domestic goat. They are gregarious, ex-
cessively gentle and timid to a degree. One valuable quality
they possess that deserves especial attention, is that they require
neither keeper nor fence, or at most one of the slightest descrip-
tion ; for wherever they are driven, there will they remain for
hours, or for days even, without wandering more than a few
yards from the spot.

To those who are not aware of the extreme difficulty that
there always has been to obtain these animals, owing to the jeal-
ousy of the Peruvians to their being exported, it may appear
extraordinary that efforts on a large scale have not been long
since made to introduce them. But that feeling will cease
when this branch of the subject is better understood ; and I
will therefore give some explanation of it.

From time immemorial the Llama has borne an inestimable
value in the eyes of the inhabitants of the southern Pacific
coasts. They have found in them combined the beast of bur-
den for the transit of ore from the mines of Andes to the sea-
board, the raw material for clothing in their wool, and whole-
some nourishment in their flesh. As in the case of the Egyp-
tians of old, the value of the animal clothed it centuries ago
with the character of sanctity. And thence arose and have
been perpetuated prejudices, which superstition has nurtured
into fixed principles. So that in the present day the Peruvian
associates the idea of personal misfortune, if not sacrilege, with
the separation of his favorite Llama from his native home. The
mild temper and perfect domestication of these animals have
led to the establishment of an attachment between the Peru-
vian and his flock of sheep, analogous to that existing between
the Arabian and his horse. And I confess that the recent op-

portunities which I have had of observing these animals, ena-
bles me to appreciate in some degree this commendable feeling
in a portion of the human race, who owe so great a share of
their worldly comforts to these innocent creatures.

But the difficulties in procuring the animals are not depend-
ent upon national prejudice only. The laws of the country
preclude the export of them, and so stringently are they en-
forced that I have ascertained upon undoubted authority that
repeated but unsuccessful attempts have been made by the res-
ident Ministers and Consuls from European Courts at Lima, in
their official character, to obtain them. And the same result
attended an application made some time since by our Minister,
Mr. J. Randolph Clay, who was directed, at the instance of the
New York Agricultural Society, officially to apply for permis-
sion to obtain them.

An incident has been discovered, also, which deserves men-
tion, as evincing the strong prejudice alluded to above, which
is this, namely, that in several instances in which these animals
have been purchased by individuals for export in some indirect
way, it has been afterwards ascertained that the Llamas had
been in some way injured so as to insure their early death, after
leaving the country. And I regret to say that in my own
attempt, recently made, I have found that one of my animals
had been thus treated.

As an evidence of the high esteem in which these Alpacas
are regarded as an addition to the domesticated animals, I may
mention that in my searches in Peru to obtain them, I met with
an individual who is at this very time stationed upon a rancho
on the border, but without the boundary of the country, where
he is rearing them for the purpose of their export to Australia.
And I found from him that he has made arrangements with the
government in Australia for the sale of all the Alpacas that he
sends there at the rate of .£60 a head, without however being
restricted from finding a better market for them if he can do
so ; the sole object of the government being to procure the
introduction of the animals into the country.

These animals are found in all parts of South America upon
the Pacific coast, from the Equator to about the twenty-fifth

degree of South latitude, inhabiting principally the mountainous
ranges ; frequently at the height of twelve to fourteen thousand
feet above the level of the sea ; and in the region of continual
mist and snow. It is not however in these intemperate regions
alone that they find a congenial abode ; on the contrary, they
are found to prosper equally on the middle elevations of the
Andes, where in the Summer the clouds accumulated from the
evaporations of the sea, are blown over and burst in torrents
of which we can form but a faint idea. No' change of tempera-
ture appears however to affect these interesting animals ; and
when to these considerations is added the circumstance that in
temper and docility they combine the intelligent vivacity of the
Deer tribe, with the meek and confiding innocence of our own
Sheep, it appears impossible to conceive an animal better
adapted in every point of view, to form a valuable addition to
our Farms and Homesteads. Such an animal would live and
thrive where Sheep would starve.

It is of course as a wool-producing animal, that the Alpaca is
esteemed in Europe, and in which its value would consist, if
introduced into this country. And there are large tracts of
unprofitable mountainous country in the Western States, that
are admirably adapted to its habits.

I have extracted in reference to this branch of the subject
some valuable information from a work published in Edinburgh
some few years since by Mr. W. Walton, who it appears made
some extensive researches and experiments relative to the
comparative value of Alpaca wool, as compared with that of
the Sheep.

That gentleman says : —

" There are instances of Alpaca wool measuring thirty inches
long, frequently it is seen twenty inches, and it averages from
eight to twelve. In the samples there appeared to be no under
wool, — ^no closer and intermediate covering. There is, in the
mass, what is technically called a trueness ; that is, an equal
growth, and an exemption from shaggy portions, accompanied
by a soundness, by which is meant the general strength of the
fibre, — properties, certainly of the first import to the manufac-
turer. In consequence of this characteristic disposition,
Alpaca wool breaks less in the act of combing, is freer from

shreds, spins easily, and not being so harsh or so stubborn,
docs not injure the machinery so much. The thread spun with
it is also finer and truer. In the manufacture of fine goods, it
is agreed that the pile cannot be too soft or too silky, provided
the strength of the fibre is not impaired. As well as I could, I
have compared the strength of a filament of Alpaca with those
of other wools, and found it the strongest ; and as it is devoid
qf that irregularity of surface, (the knots and joints which
some persons liken to those of a bamboo cane,) the cloth made
from it must consequently be less harsh to the touch.

But the qualities of the Alpaca wool for manufacturing
purposes do not rest upon mere conjecture. The merits of
Alpaca wool have for some time past attracted the notice of
manufacturers, and consequently of merchants, and through the
advice of Mr. Danson, and other enterprising individuals, the
importation of it have within the last eight years considerably
increased. The total amount imported in seven years, ending
Dec. 1843, exceeded twelve million pounds. Another advan-
tage consists in the greater weight of the fleece ; for it ranges
from ten to twelve pounds ; whereas that of our full grown
sheep seldom exceeds eight pounds, and in the small breeds
from four pounds, downwards. From the larger size of the
animal, and the increased surface consequently covered, the
Alpaca necessarily yields most wool, and it has already been
ascertained that on British pasture the weight improves. At
the Royal English Agricultural Show held at Liverpool in July
1844, a sample of black wool was exhibited, taken from an
Alpaca belonging to the Earl of Derby's flock, the staple of
which appeared to be about a foot long ; when his Lordship's
farm-agent expressed his conviction that the same animal had
then seventeen pounds upon its back.

" Another material question is, could the Alpaca live in our
country ? Although delicate in appearance, the Alpaca is per-
haps one of the hardiest animals of the creation. Nature has
provided him with a thick skin and a warm fleece, and as he
never perspires, like the ordinary sheep, he is not so susceptible
of cold.

" Another great advantage in the Alpaca is, that he is not
liable to the many diseases incidental to common sheep, and
which have so often raged like a pestilence among the tenants
of the Scotch hills. Li Peru, where the circumstances are as
near as possible alike, the Llama and Alpaca are not hurt by
changes of diet incidental to the seasons.

" Speaking of the practicability of introducing the Peruvian
sheep more generally, in a letter addressed to Wm. Danson,

Esq., of Liverpool, who, accompanied by a friend, visited
Knowsley, the Earl of Derby's estate, at the beginning of the
month, [April, 1841,] his lordship says, that 'he certainly
knows of nothing likely to prevent the propagation of the ani-
mal in this country. On the contrary,' he adds, ' the gentle-
man will see in these grounds living specimens, that they can
and will do so, one female having produced in each of the two
last seasons, and the young are doing well.' "

At that time Lord Derby had a flock of fourteen Llamas and
Alpacas.

The diflficulty of obtaining the animals in question from Pe-
ru has been before alluded to. But my past experience ena-
bles me to say with confidence, that it is by no means imprac-
ticable. On the contrary I would myself personally undertake
the task under proper arrangements.

Having reference to the injury often inflicted upon them,
when sold to foreigners for export, which I have above advert-
ed to, the most desirable method to be adopted would be, to
obtain a few for stock and breed them in Peru. By such means
in two years a constant supply of animals for export might be
secured, which would be sound and healthy, and I would en-
gage to deliver them either at Panama, or Aspinwall, for a
specific price to be agreed upon. And I cannot doubt that the
result of their introduction amongst us would at an early day
prove both remunerative in an agricultural point of view, and
important in a national one.

New York, February 22, 1854.

ADVANCEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY WITHIN THE
PRESENT CENTURY.

BY R. L. ALLEN, NEW YOKK.

The advance in all the practical sciences and the useful arts
within the last half century, has been many times greater than
within any similar period of authentic history. Some time pre-
vious to this date, and soon after Bacon threw out those mag-
nificent conceptions embodied in his Novum Org-amm, then a
sealed book to the masses, Chemistry was wrested from the
insane crew of the Alchy mists and reduced to a rational science.
Geology, mineralogy, botany, and animal physiology, (embrac-
ing every department of animal living, whatever walks, swims or
crawls, upon, above, or beneath the earth,) with many collate-
ral and kindred subjects, soon followed in the train of chem-
istry, and more recently have been subjected to the mental cru-
cibles of many of the greatest geniuses of the age, and are now
made directly tributary to the advancement of the happiness of
the human race. The science of mechanics and inventions, in
every department of the useful arts, have not lagged behind in
this rapid career, as the multifarious applications of steam and
electricity, and the countless improvements in machinery testify.

The result of all this is shown in the augmented comforts,
whether classed as necessaries or luxuries, now within the easy
reach of every deserving member of a civilized community ; and
it is even seen in the rapid transition of what, but a few years
since, were deemed luxuries, to what are now universally ranked
as necessaries. The peasant and laboring mechanic are, at this
day, better fed and lodged and clothed, than were thrifty
tradesmen fifty years ago ; and in many departments of social
enjoyments, are far in advance of the gentry, and even nobility
itself, two centuries since.

Agriculture, though slow of foot, and halting at every step,
has not been wholly stationary in this age of progress. She

has caught some inspiration from her sister arts in their onward
movement, and already is her banner waving with that power-
ful watchword, " Excelsior." But though slow and unambitious,
as compared with many other departments of human employ-
ment and research, she has in many respects, kept even pace
with the less complex pursuits, inasmuch as the advance in
these have been directly applicable to the elucidation of this
great and comprehensive pursuit. Such are the discoveries in
geology and mineralogy, and especially chemical-geology, and
many of the collateral branches of chemistry, which classify
and exhibit the constituents of soils, and teach us how they
should be modified and compounded to correct imperfections,
and secure the greatest amount of fertility. The composition
of manures, plants, and the ultimate products of all vegetation
and animals, revealed by the researches of chemistry and ani-
mal and vegetable physiology, reflect the fullest length and
breadth of their importance directly upon the science of agri-
culture.

But we have not the leisure to pursue this branch of our sub-
ject, however full and suggestive it may be, but we shall pass
on to the more obvious improvements in the mechanism of ag-
ricultural implements ; trusting that a few niore years of the
primary and higher educational eflforts, now making to imbue
the community of farmers, with the elementary' data of their
honorable profession, will render the more recondite and intan-
gible principles barely alluded to above, equally comprehensible
and attractive to the masses.

We will ask our readers to go back with us some thirty
years ago, to which time our impressions reach with entire dis-
tinctness, and look at the various utensils then generally em-
ployed in the garden and on the farm. A stalwart man could
shoulder and carry to his work, every item employed to aid or
reduce manual labor, except the carts, and perhaps an un-
wieldly, bungling harrow.

THE PLOW.

A few cast iron plows had been introduced anterior to this,
but generally they were made mostly of wood, (the share and

two or more strips nailed across the mold-board, to receive the
brunt of the wear, being of iron,) were not so much behind the
age as some of the old specimens, and especially the Roger
Sherman plow, can testify. The form of the mold-board was,
however, calculated rather for dividing and splitting up the
shallow soil and turning it up edgeways, than to go deeply
into the earth and turn over a handsome, flat furrow thoroughly
pulverized throughout by the action of the mold-board. We
had then but one or two sizes and forms of plows for all the
varieties of work to be performed ; no sod-plow, nor stubble-
plow, nor flat-furrow, nor side-hill, nor double-mold-board, nor
sub-soil plow ; nor were there any of the present arrangements
of fine-cutter, or locked or reverse cutter, or wheel, or dial-
clevis and draft-rod, each of which reduce both hand and team
labor, and add so largely to the benefit derived from the dis-
integration of the soil, which is the great object sought by
plowing. We do not here speak of the signal advantages of
the cast-iron plow, now in almost universal use, this being a
question of economy in the prolonged wear and the great saving
in time and mechanics' bills, by the ready substitution of a new
and nicely fitting piece, always at hand, for the worn or broken
part of the working instrument.

THE HARROW.

If we look to the harrow, we shall find an equal, or even
greater improvement. Then, the divergent chunks of two sap-
ling trunks, tied towards the rear by an equally cumbrous cross-
piece, and pierced by some eight or ten huge bars of iron, or
more generally, wooden teeth, served all the diiferent purposes
of pulverizing subsequent to plowing, cleaning the lands of
weeds, and covering the seed sown broadcast, with the excep-
tion of the occasional substitution of the brush-harrow. This
was simply one or more branches of a thickly sprayed tree,
used only for covering grass seed, clover, turnip, and frequently
the lighter grains. Now, we have the Geddes harrow, light,
flexible and efiicient, with admirable steel-pointed teeth, set in
wings firmly connected by hinges, and varying in capacity from
the one-horse to the four-horse implement. Besides, we have

the scotch, and the square, the triangular and the cultivator
harrows, of various forms, and sizes, and combinations : and last
and least, the tiny hand-harrow, with which the gardener can
weed out and pulverize more surface than eight or ten men
with the hoe.

THE CLOD-CRUSHER.

The clod-crusher, an invaluable instrument for the stiff clays
and fine field cultivation of Great Britain, has been only par-
tially introduced in this country, but when we shall have made
a higher advance in our cultivation, it is destined to play an
important part in the disintegration of our more stubborn soils.

THE ROLLER.

The field and garden roller, almost, if not quite unknown
among us thirty years since, has taken its place among the
most familiar and useful of our farming utensils. It acts not
only as a leveller of awkward clods and obtrusive stones, there-
by greatly facilitating the cutting of meadows, and in this res-
pect being almost indispensable for the use of the great im-
provement of the day — the horse-mowing machine, but it serves
the further and most important purpose of a crusher, breaking
up and reducing to powder many of those obdurate and im-
practicable lumps, so obnoxious to desirable cultivation. They
serve the further and most important purpose of compacting
the surfaces of light and sandy soils, and compressing the di-
vergent particles snugly around the freshly sown seed, thus
affording them abundant moisture for sprouting, and a firm,
compact foothold, to which the tender rootlets may adhere, and
suck therefrom an abundant and appropriate food. These
rollers are, moreover, constructed on the most efficient and
economical principles, being made up of cast-iron sections, of
about one foot in length, attached together by a common axle.
When turning, this roller does not plow up the ground by its
cumbrous immobility, like the old-fashioned wood or stone
rollers, but gracefully accommodating itself to every curve it
is required to make, the extreme sections are turning in oppo-
site directions, while the centre only is at a comparative rest.
If unusual wear or the fracture of any one section requires its

displacement, tlie whole implement is not thereby rendered
worthless, but the impotent limb gives place to a sound one,
and it is thus rendered as effective as when entirely new.

THE CULTIVATOE.

The cultivators embrace an almost endless variety of combi-
nations, according as they arc wanted for the various purposes
of the farm ; and it is not too much to say, that an intelligent
lad and one horse will do the work of a dozen or fifteen men
with a hoe, in the corn or other tillage fields. A friend of the
writer assured him that he has repeatedly made a crop of
seventy bushels per acre of corn in a stiff, northern soil, with
the use of no other implements than the plow, the harrow, and
the cultivator. The hand-hoe did not once profane the soil
during the season. These are variously constructed with iron
and steel teeth, of many forms, and with different arrangements
and attachments, larger or smaller, as may be required, and
adapted to any depth and variety of culture.

THE SEED-SOWER.

The seed-sowers are among the most meritorious of faimi-
utensil invention, and they are exclusively the work of modern
times. These vary from the single small distributing wheel,
that parodies the first play-thing of the toddling urchin, through
every successive grade for hand and garden use, to the large,
many-furrowed drill with broad-cast sower attached, which is
moved over the field by a span of horses. Each of these not
only vastly economises labor, by opening the furrows and depos-
iting and covering the seed at exact and uniform depths ; but
they greatly economize the seed by leaving just the quantity re-
quired and no more, precisely in the place intended, and where
it will be effectually out of the reach of surface marauders,
yet not beyond the genial influence of heat and its requisite
amount of light.

THOROUGH-DRAINING.

But before taking leave of the implements required in the
preparation of the earth for receiving the seed, we must not
omit to notice one of the greatest among the agricultural im-

provements of modern times, albeit, its inception, and partial,
though imperfect practice, dates back, as far at least, as early
in the last century. The past twenty years has, however,
greatly developed its beneficial results, ty perfecting and
extending its practice ; though we regret to be obliged to add,
this great and unapproachable mollifier of both soil and climate
has been mostly limited to Great Britain. We allude to the
system of thorough under-drainage, so recently introduced into
the United States, and hitherto so partially practised within
them. This consists simply, in sinking parallel underdrains,
from two to four rods apart, so as to draw off all the surplus
surface, and other waters inherent in the soil ; leaving a per-
meable, mellow, warm soil, ready to go direct to its appro-
priate work, of producing at once and without delay the
greatest amount of crop of which it is capable. Of the beau-
tiful chemical hydrometric and calorific afl&nities and changes
thereby illustrated and brought into play, so beneficial to agri-
culture and the healthfulness of the country, we must not pause
to consider. It is our duty in this brief article to notice only
the aid which agricultural mechanics have given to this prac-
tise. By skilfully mapping the surfaces to be drained, and
arranging the sluices, so that each shall effectually draio that
portion of the field assigned for it ; calculating with entire
precision their size, distance and depth, as determined by the
character of the soil ; by the substitution of the economical
earthen tile for the vastly more expensive and antiquated stone
or wooden drain ; and lastly, by the use of improved tools for
excavating, we have an aid to agricultural advancement within
the present century, in this practise, which is second to none
other heretofore adopted, and we think is richly entitled to hold
the front rank.

THE EEA PING-MACHINE.

Of those improved implements which most conspicuously
follow the preceding in the operations of the farmer, the Reap-
ing and Mowing machines confessedly stand far in advance of
all others. Yet, with all our pride for the skill of modern
invention, historic truth compels us to admit, that we must go
far back through antiquity for the original, and that not a bad

one, of tliG reaping machine. Yet it is to the present century we
must concede the perfection and general adoption of the reaping
machine. With this, and a good span of horses, tlie husband-
man can cut and throw into convenient bundles ready for
binding, from ten to fifteen acres per day, in the most adroit
and economical manner. The advantages of this machine are
not to be estimated by the saving in the grain, and the cost of
labor only ; but they are more largely to be found, in the prompt
harvesting of every field of grain, as it successively ripens,
without being obliged to hurry on the operation before it is
matured, lest the unfavorable weather, or the scantiness of
labor should oblige the postponement of the cutting, till much
of the grain was loosened from its ear and wasted in the field.
The aggregate of sectional and national wealth is also thereby
greatly augmented, as large fields are thus enabled to be sown
with the assurance that harvesters are attainable at the proper
time to secure the grain, and at a cost that will leave a large
remuneration to the grower. The train of benefits that will
certainly follow from the general introduction and use of these
mechanical reapers may be easily followed out, but cannot here
be dwelt upon.

THE MOWING MACHINE.

We may give antiquity credit for the reaper, but for the
mower we claim its paternity rests with the moderns, and those
of a very recent date. The transition was easy from the one to
the other, yet it has required much close study and application
to adopt the principle to the cutting of grass. Difficult, how-
ever, as this was, it has been successfully accomplished, and we
may assume the mowing machine as one of the accredited, and
soon destined to be among the generally adopted improvements
of the present day. The same general advantages we claim for
the introduction of the reaping machine, must be conceded to
the mower ; the facility for securing within a brief space of
time, and with limited manual labor, large areas of grass, at
any stage of maturity required. The capacity of a good ma-
chine, is ten or twelve acres per day, with a driver and span of
horses ; and this without reference to the weight of forage per
acre ; its age, condition, or other circumstance, whether lodged

and upriglit, succulent or dry ; clover, timothy, salt meadow or
aftermath, all falling alike readily before this new conquering
agent.

THE HORSE-RAKE.

The horse-rake follows the horse mowers, no intermediate
turning of the swath being necessary, the mower leaving the
grass as evenly spread over the surface as when growing, the
only difference being, the horizontal instead of the upright
position it occupied. The man and the horse do the raking
with an eight dollar implement, that was but a few years since
done by a dozen expert hands, each of whom would think
himself indifferently paid by one dollar and a half to two
dollars per day. The stationary pitcher, suspended under the
barn-roof by cords and puUies, jerks off the load of hay by a few
lifts from the horse ; and the easy guidance of the mowing man
readily deposits the hay in such part of the barn as he desires,
without the exhausting, suffocating labor of pitching, and
stowing away in a close air, during the most sultry and stifling
weather of the season.

THRESHING AND WINNOWING MACHINE.

The threshing and winnowing machines operate sometimes
singly, and sometimes combined, and in either case may be
driven indifferently by the force of horses, steam or water.
The owner of one hundred or one thousand standing acres of
stalwart grain, it matters scarcely which, moves his machinery
into the midst of his field, and putting six or eight powerful
animals to the levers of his horse power, with as many men to
feed the ravenous jaws of the thresher, and remove the straw
and grain after passing his mow, turns his sheaves into mer-
chantable wheat ready for the miller, at the rate of four hun-
dred to five hundred bushels per day, and this, too, regardless
of the condition of the grain, whether early or late cut, pecu-
liarly adhesive to the straw, or easily shelled, no matter which.
Experienced wheat growers assure us that the introduction of
threshing machines has enabled them to cultivate some of the
choicest varieties of wheat, which was so difficult of separation
by hand threshing, as to be tabooed from our best wheat grow-

ing regions. The political economist may here note another
important datum for rumiing out important consequences from
adequate causes. Should the more moderate farmer require a
smaller force and more economical machinery for his lesser
harvest, it is readily found in smaller and more simple machines,
many of which are sufficiently capacious, when driven by a
single horse, to do the work of fifteen men.

Well do we remember the time, when the laborer was stinted
to threshing five to eight, and ten bushels per day, according to
the kind, quality, fulness, and tenacity of the grain, and thought
himself but moderately rewarded in receiving one fourth the
quantity of oats, one sixth of the rye, and one tenth of the
wheat for his toil in thpshing. And what a toil was it !
Thwack — thwack — twack — with the heavy, resounding
flail, as it swung in skilful, ponderous curves around the brain-
less, nay rather, unthinking head, from morning sun till night.
Then came that other primitive operation, ycleped winnoiuing;
which sapient practice consisted in strapping over the shoulders
a broad willow fan, raised a few inches on the back part, while
the clothing in front most exposed to the trituration was efibct-
ually guarded by the more thrifty operators by a sul)stantial
leather apron, carefully girded around each leg. This elabo-
rately constructed machine was partially filled by the chaff and
grain, after their separation from the straw, and by a half-
tossing, half-revolving motion, witii a chuck — chuck — chuck,
the grain and chaff gradually, but only partially assumed dif-
ferent sides, like the non-committal or fence men in political
parties ; and these were soon more effectually separated by
blowing the chaff off the smooth edge by the current of air
produced by the often recurring fall of the grain ; the final, and
we believe the only effectual cleansing being secured by expo-
sing the grain and remaining chaff to the more searching opera-
tion of a stiff breeze. All this is now done by a winnower
attached to a large thresher, cleaning the grain for market as
fast as threshed ; or more frequently, by a simple machine,
costing from twenty to thirty dollars, and cleaning by the aid
of two men several liundred bushels daily.

100

THE CORN-SHELLEE.

The corn-sheller is an almost equal improvement over the old
methods for cleaning the corn from its cob. What farmer's
boy, whose recollections go back to this time, does not remem-
ber with a grudge, the fussing and fumbling over the obdurate
flinty ears, when resisting all well-directed efforts, they inconti-
nently slipped past the opposing ear, or glided over the shovel's
edge unshelled, which had been adroitly placed to peel away
the grain from its tenacious hold ? And for this stupid duty he
was compelled to neglect his books, or postpone his fun on the
rainy days and cosey evenings, whenever the grist had to be
prepared for the mill. Husking corn was all frolic and glee,
as the exciting labor was generally participated in by the Avhole
neighborhood of youngsters, in tliose rural gatherings, appro-
priately dubbed, husking' bees ; and not unfrequently were they
enlivened by the bright-eyed lasses of the adjoining households.
But shelling corn was a dull, unmitigated bore, for when not
thus sullenly jerked off by hand, it was as moodily pounded out
by the flail. Now we have the easily propelled sheller, costing
a few dollars only, that will readily turn off eight or ten
bushels per hour, though moved by a lad. Larger machines,
when driven by horse or steam power, will shell their thousands
of bushels in a day, and each may be made effectually to sepa-
rate the corn from the cob, and chaff in the same operation.
The chaff-cutters for hay, straw or corn stalks, with its econo-
mical consequents ; the root cutters and graters ; the corn and
cob crushers ; the straining apparatus and vegetable boilers ;
with innumerable minor inventions, all follow in the train of
modern agricultural improvements, and characterize this age
as one eminently promising for the advancement of the agri-
cultural machinery, the agricultural science, and the agricul-
tural practises for the next, as they have been of the preceding
half century.

New York, Dec. 15th, 1854.

101

SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE AND RELIGIOUS PROSPERITY.

BY REV. WILLIAM CLIFT, STOXINGTON, CONN.

It is a superficial view of agriculture^ to regard it as isolated
from other employments.^ Every lawful calling is linked with
every other, and contributes its share to the general good.
Man can do nothing worthy of his manhood, that will not make
the race happier and better. This connection between the va-
ried occupations of men is more obvious in some cases than in
others. It is generally acknowledged, that religion lies at the
bottom of social prosperity. The reaction of secular business
upon religion is generally overlooked. Stagnation in the form-
er is incompatible with thrift in the latter. A parish where
all earthly interests droop, where the husbandman, the me-
chanic, and the manufacturer, alike fail of success, is not likely
to see piety increasing. The man that is nerveless and dis-
heartened in the prosecution of secular enterprises, will find it
very difficult to " be present in spirit, serving the Lord." In
his straitened circumstances and poorly remunerated toils, how
hardly shall he " devise liberal things for Zion," whether at
home or abroad ?

There are parishes in New England, once able and self-sus-
taining, now so impoverished, by lack of skill and enterprise in
business, that they have lost the ability to support gospel insti-
tutions among them, without foreign aid. Whatever may be
the moral disposition of the people, they lack the pecuniary
means to pay a minister's salary. That many, if not most, ot
our rural parishes are waning in numbers, wealth, and influence,
is generally conceded by intelligent men, without any statistical
knowledge of the fact. The most cursory observation sliows it.
The extent to which this decrease has gone on, would probably
surprise any one who has not had his attention particularly
called to this subject.
7

102

In the August number of the Home Missionary, we find the
following account of the Congregational parish in Bolton, Ct. :

" The time has been when this church needed not the aid of
sister churches. Here were men of wealth, enterprise and en-
ergy, who unitedly labored in the cause of Christ, and honor-
ably sustained di\ine institutions. In the year 1722, they made
ample provision for the support of a pastor, and were in a con-
dition to command the best talent in the ministry. They had
able ministers, and in the early history of missions, this church
contributed annually to the Connecticut Missionary Society ; not
having the most remote idea that it would ever be a suppliant
at the door of the Home Missionary Society.

" The causes of the decline in piety and enterprise are not
without some interest. Bolton included the larger part of Ver-
non for thirty years after President Edwards accepted a call
here ; but it was comparatively an unimportant part of the
town. Its streams ran noiselessly through tangled forests ;
wliile Bolton Centre was a place of business occupied by men
who were princes in the land. Orford, then a waste place in
East Hartford, was dependent for pasturage and bread upon
this fertile mountain. Now Vernon contains three, and Orford
— under the name of Manchester — two Congregational church-
es, and each the same number of other evangelical denomina-
tions — and they are all golden candlesticks ; while Bolton
church, the mother of them all, sits solitary as a widow, de-
pendent on charity, for there are none among her sons and
daughters to guide her. They are gone, some among the lead-
ing men of several of these churches ; more are scattered all
the way from this to California, promoting as we hope, the
kingdom of Christ. ' She that hath borne seven languisheth.'
Our most enterprising and energetic youth go from us every
year to swell the population of the villages around us, or to lend
an impulse to the tide which is bearing thednstitutions and the
civilization of the Puritans to the Pacific.

" It is not more certain that the living springs, gushing from our
mountain sides, will send their contributions to drive the ma-
chinery in the lower towns, than that our youth will be there to
guide the spindle and the loom. The consequence is, that real
estate has been depreciating here for fifty years ; and the poor,
who wUl pay small rent, or buy only on lower terms than in any
of the neighboring towns, can find a home among us. They,
who have the means to emigrate, do so, and our number lessens
every census, though not so fast as our valuation ; for poverty
comes like an armed man."

Such is the graphic description of an agricultural parish by
its present pastor.

103

By referring to tlie census returns^ I find the population of
Bolton in 1810 —700 ; 1830 — 744 ; 1840 — 739. The pro-
portion of agriculturists to manufacturers is 164 to 23, showing
the main business of the town to be farming. Tlie statistics of
th.Q census of 1850 are not at hand, but if they were, they would
probably show no sustantial increase for the last forty years.*
The following table of towns in New London County shows the
same state of things in other parishes.

Pop. inl8!0. Pop. in 1830. Pop. in 1840. Farmer?. Manuf;icturer3.

^A'aterford,

21 80

2477

2329

695

131

Lisbon,

1128

116G

10o2

564

Franklin,

1186

1194

lOCO

794 .

Montville,

2187

1972

1990

1187

N. Stonington,

2524

2840

2269

1661

196

It is believed that there is no exception to this state of things
in any agricultural parish in Connecticut ; for these figures do
not show the full extent of the decrease in such parishes. These
towns include villages where manufactures flourish, and which
increase in population ; but notv^ithstanding such increase, the
towns as a whole, show no large addition to their population for
the last half century. Such parishes have not the population,
the wealth, or the influence they had fifty years ago.

To every good man, these examples of unthrift and decline
are sad spectacles. They are contrary to the genius of Chris-
tianity, which not only " makes the wilderness bud and blossom
as the rose," but keeps the wilderness it has reclaimed, in per-
petual luxuriance.

The decline of our agricultural parishes is too often regarded
as hopeless. Go into any of themj and converse with that class
of farmers who take no agricultural paper ; and, while they
concede the fact that their lands are less productive than for-
merly, they propose no remedy. Is there no help ?

Certainly it ought not to be so. For the right use of every-
thing that God has made , improves it ; while man's works only
wear out in the using. Mind improves by use , and is broken
down only by neglect or abuse. The soil is as much God's work-

*By the censns of 1850, which has come to hand since this article was writ-
ten, the present popuhtiou of Bolton is set down at 600.

104

manship as the mind. Use it riglitly, and it will not only never
wear out, but always improve. There is no good reason why
the soil should not every year increase in riches, and in its ca-
pacity to produce aliment for man and beast. Any usage that
does not secure this result is an abuse of one of the works ot
God.

The natural working of the soil, under the influence of light,
heat and moisture, secures this result. The decay of vegeta-
tion on wild lands, every year, increases the mould, and all
those elements of fertility which future generations of plants
will require. It should be the ofiSce of human tillage to increase
the action of these natural agencies, and to hasten the process
of amelioration. We should come to this conclusion upon gen-
eral principles, were there no science to demonstrate its truth.
The soil would be an exception among all the works of God, if
it were run down by legitimate use. But agricultural science
shows us beyond all cavil, that good tillage, while it gives the
amplest rewards, improves most rapidly the capacities of the
soil for future fruitfulness.

If these principles are correct, it is quite manifest that far
the greater part of the husbandry of our land, is a flagrant
abuse of one of God's gifts. It is wearing out the soil and dis-
sipating the inheritance of future generations with reckless
prodigality.

Says Dr. Lee, in the Patent Office Report on Agriculture, for
1849 and '50 : — "Of the twelve million acres of improved land
in the State of New York, one million are so cultivated as to
become richer from year to year. These improving soils are in
the hands of forty thousand cultivators, who take, and read,
agricultural journals, and nobly sustain the State and County
Societies of that commonwealth.

Three million acres, of the twelve million, are so managed
as barely to hold their own in point of fertility. These lands
belong to a class of persons, who do as well as they know from
personal observation, and seeing how reading men improve their
estates and domestic animals.

Eight million acres are in the hands of three hundred thou
sand persons, who still adhere to the colonial practice of ex

105

tracting from the virgin soil all it will yield, eo long as it will
pay expenses to crop it, and then leave it in a thin, poor pas-
ture for a term of years. Some of these impoverished farms,
which seventy-five years ago produced from twenty to thirty
bushels of wheat per acre, now yield only from five to eight
bushels. In an interesting work entitled ' American Husbandry,'
published in London in 1775. and written by an American the
following remarks may be found on page 98, vol I : —

' Wheat in many parts of the province (N. Y.) yields a larger
produce than is common in England. Upon good lands about
Albany, where the climate is the coldest in the country, they
sow two bushels and better, upon an acre, and reap from twenty
to forty ; the latter quantity, however is not often had, but from
twenty to thirty is common ; and with such bad husbandry as
would not yield the like in England, and much less in Scotland.
This is owing to the richness and freshness of the land.

' According to the State census of 1845, Albany county now
produces only seven and a half bushels of wheat per acre,
although its farmers are on tide water near the capital of the
State, with a good home market, and possess every facility for
procuring the most valuable fertilizers. Dutchess county also
on the Hudson river, produces an average of only five bushels
per acre ; Columbia, six bushels ; Renssalaer, eight ; Westches-
ter, seven ; which is higher than the average of soils that once
gave a return larger than the wheat lands of England, even
with bad husbandry.'

' Fully to renovate the eight million acres of partially ex-
hausted lands, in the State of New York, will cost at least, an
average of twelve dollars and a half per acre, or an aggregate
of one hundred million of dollars. It is not an easy task to
replace all the bone, earth, potash, sulphur, magnesia, and or-
ganized nitrogen in mould consumed in a field which has been
unwisely cultivated fifty or seventy-five years. Phosphorus is
not an abundant mineral anywhere, and this subsoil is about the
only resource of the husbandman, after the surface salt has lost
most of its phosphates. The three hundred thousand pereons
that cultivate these eight million acres of impoverished soil
annually produce less by twenty-five dollars each than they
would if the land had not been injured.

' The aggregate of this loss to the State and the world is
seven million five hundred thousand dollars per annum, and
more than seven per cent, interest on what it will cost to reno-
vate the deteriorated salts. There is no possible escape from

106

this oppressive tax on labor, of seven and a half millions ol
dollars, but to improve the land or run off and leave it.

' That the latter has been done to a large extent, is shown by
comparing the population in rural districts at the census of 1830.
with that of 1840. In nearly half of the towns in the State,
population has decreased notwithstanding the rapid growth ol
the cities and villages, demanding an increase of farm laborer?
to supply the mere local markets."

This curse of depopulation and poverty, which follows the
abuse of the soil, is not to be wondered at. Every good which.
God has given us, has its laws — must have them — to guard
it against abuse, and preserve it for the happiness of future
generations. Retribution follows the violation of these physi
cal laws in this instance. The soil, as if indignant at the
treatment it receives, spews out the population that fail to en
rich and improve it, as the stomach rejects all unwelcome intra
ders that it cannot use to replenisli and build up the system.

What then is the remedy for these wasting agricultural par
ishes ? They are so numerous, in all the older States, at least,
that the question is one of public importance, and demands the
attention of even philanthropists and Christians.

We answer, the remedy is not mere preaching, or moral ap
pliances of any kind. The poor wise men in our pulpits, though
more largely the benefactors of the public than any other class
will find an evil here that the ethics of no school in theology
will directly meet. Were their readers

" All ear,
And took in strains, that might create a soul
Under the ribs of death,"

they could not make of them flourishing congregations. Th
souls are not there to be converted. There is not capacity ii;
the wretched husbandry that prevails, to sustain them and mak.:
them an energetic and thriving parish, if they were converted
Religion corrects the maladies of the heart. It does not prom
ise, directly, to remedy defects of mind, or to reform the bac
results of a wrong mental training. Piety will not give a ma!
the results of experience and business tact. It will not directL'
make a man a better farmer. But finding a farmer or mc
chanic intelligent in his business, it will furnish him with nev

107

motives for its vigorous prosecution, and teach him to make a
wiser use of his accumulations.

There is a physical, rather than a moral, cause for many of
these spiritual wastes and waning parishes in New England,
and there must be corresponding appliances to remove the evil.

The one thing wanted to renovate the soil and to bring back
prosperity to these parishes is scientific agriculture. This will
make husbandry as profitable as other callings, and will change
it from dull plodding and drudgery, to a business of intelli-
gence and taste. The aspiring sons of our New England
farmers, finding employment for mind as well as muscle, in
husbandry, can easily be retained at home to improve and adorn
this heritage of the Pilgrims.

Here is the appropriate field of labor for our agricultural
journals, and the man who shall succeed in putting these upon
the farmer's table, beside his newspaper and his Bible, will
have done a good work for the farmer — a good work for soci-
ety and religion. The farmer does not believe it now — but as
he reads and practices, he will believe it — that with the same
labor and expense his crops may be increased to thirty, sixty,
or an hundred fold ; — that the same sterile acres which now
starve their hundreds, and eject as a burden all the natural
increase of population, are capable of supporting their thou-
sands in joy and jjlenty.

Disseminate agricultural knowledge in every family, and a
new era will open upon these rural districts. A remedy will
have been found for a great evil ; the chief embarrassment of
many parishes will have been removed, and their pastors cheered
and strengthened in their work.

108

THE GRAPE -THE VINEYARD.

A PAPER READ BEFORE THE UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
BY DR. J. A. WARDER, CINCINNATI, OmO.

SELECTION OF SOIL AND POSITION.

As this branch of Agriculture is pursued to a considerable
extent, and with great success in this immediate neighborhood,
the illustrations will be drawn, to a great extent, from our
own vineyards, but the writer will endeavor to collate also the
experiences of those who have studied and pursued the vine-
culture in other parts of the country — for we do not arrogate
to ourselves to possess the only vine lands in our extensive
country ; many spots may be found to be as well, or better,
adapted to the production of the luscious grape and generous
wine.

The natural region of the grape-vine of our country, in its
several species and varieties, is very extended ; we find the
wild vines growing as far north as lat. 45 '^ and extending into
Texas on the south. The Hill grapes and Chicken grapes, Vitis
(Bstivalis, abound upon the gravelly ridges of the middle States ;
while the Fox grape is found in flat lands and near water-
courses, in many parts of the same geographical range, and ex-
tending into New England, which has latterly become almost as
famous for the Charter grape, which is of this class, as one of
the cities of Connecticut is for the Charter oak, whose cavity,
now secured with padlock and iron door, was once the deposi-
tory of invaluable documents. The varieties of the Fox grape,
Vitis labrusca, prevail over a wide extent of territory, covering
the central portion of the Union, from the lakes on the north,
to the Tennessee river on the south.

In this same region, wherever the river bottoms and adjacent
hills are composed of a rich soil, we find, very generally distri-
buted, a luxuriant vine, sometimes of enormous size, on our

109

western streams, where may be seen stems one foot in diameter,
swinging, suspended from the tops of forest trees one hun-
dred feet high. This is the variety known as the River grape
or Frost grape, Vitis riparia; the fruit is very small and too
tart and austere for the table, but its presence has, by most
authors, been assumed a good indication, of a favorable location
for a vineyard — this assumption, however, although supported
■ by the authority of Michaux, himself, has not always proved to
be a safe guide.

The elements for the production of an immense growth of
wood are certainly present in these soils ; but, as their appro-
priations to the culture of superior varieties of the vine have
not always been attended with success, it may be inferred that
the conditions requisite for the production of choice fruit have
not existed. Still, it must be confessed that the natural growth
of wild grapes may be taken as an index of considerable value,
due reference being had to the exposure and elevation of the
spot selected.

In a range south of the region just alluded to, beside the
varieties of the species already mentioned, we find a new class
of vines presenting themselves. In North Carolina, (the source
of the celebrated Catawba, and where perhaps several of the
better sorts of the Fox grape, or those nearly allied to it, grow,)
the Scuppernongs and Muscadines, also, make their appearance)
and constitute the chief representatives of this genus in that
range of latitude, and extend to the Gulf of Mexico. In Ar-
kansas, which is very fruitful in climbers, the grapes abound in
almost all situations — the Muscadine varieties being most com-
mon on the sandy soils, and the better kinds on the rolling
swells south and east of the range of Masserne Mountains ;
among the latter several have been discovered which bear a
strong resemblance to the Catawba. In Texas new varieties
are discovered, some of which may have great merit, but
nothing very superior has yet been brought into notice.

Looking abroad, we find that the soils of the Grape countries
of the world are equally various. In these, however, one
striking feature may be observed, quite different from the na-
tural conditions of our own land ; there the original production

110

of grapos was limited, and embraced very few sorts, while the
distinct species and varieties in this country, as described by
some botanists, are exceedingly numerous. The great number
of varieties cultivated in Europe are either those that have been
introduced from other lands, or produced from seed — new in-
dividuals, but not true natives. In Spain, the soils are de-
scribed as being flinty, and frequently volcanic or granitic. In
Franco, we find an equal diversity in the character of the land
planted with grapes ; but generally speaking, that which is rich
and level is not valued so highly for producing wines of high
character, although the quantity is sometimes enormous. There
we find gravelly, chalky, clayey, rocky and sandy soils, levels,
and ridges, and steep terraced hill-sides, all in turn appropri-
ated to the culture of the luscious grape and flowing wine. In
Italy, the limestones of the Sub- Apennines as well as the Scoria
hills, and the lava rocks of ancient volcanoes, and the gravelly
detritus of the Alpine streams, all yield their surface to the cul-
ture of this crop. In the islands of Madeira, the clefts of the
volcanic mountains, filled with the decayed materials which in
centuries have smouldered from their craggy sides, furnish a
refuge which has hitherto been congenial to the roots of some
of the most delicate varieties of grape, now suffering under the
maladie, after they have obtained a wide celebrity in their pro-
ducts. In the northern parts of France, and in Germany, the
banks of the Rhine and the adjacent regions, with their Mussel-
kalk rocks, have been quarried out and built up in terraces to
support the fruitful vine, which here approaches its northern
limit ; but which submits to severer rigors and a stifi'er soil in
the damp climate of Hungary, where the snow often interferes
with the vintage.

The reader must not hence infer that any soil, and any situa-
tion will answer for the culture of the grape, although it ap-
pears, from this hasty glance, that the cultivation is extended
over many kinds of rocks, with their peculiar soils. One axiom
may be advanced — the mineral constituents of every plant,
must pre-exist in the earth that has produced it ; hence, those
soils which contain a good share of the elements of any plant,
and in a proper state of disintegration, will cwteris paribus, be

Ill

found to be tlie best adapted for the production of that plant ;
now the analysis of the grape-vine and of its fruit, demon-
strates the existence of a large proportion of potash — gran-
itic and volcanic soils furnish this material, and may be as-
sumed as the most favorable for the ymQ — this assumption is
supported by observation. But in the preparation of the sur-
face of the earth, immense attrition, denudation and transport
of the different rocks have occurred, resulting in a hnppy variety
of the several ingredients, more or less thoroughly mixed in
most soils. In this portion of our own country, we do not find
a very large proportion of this very valuable and important in-
gredient ; hence, the a priori conclusion respecting the culture
of the grape, would have been adverse to its introduction ; but
we find a sufficiency of the necessary potassa to furnish luxuri-
ant growth and well ripened fruit, and we have intelligence
enough to add successive supplies, as a special manure, when
we shall find a deficiency indicated by failing crops — this ap-
plication has already been made to some vineyards with happy
results, as will be shown in a future number.

SOIL AND POSITION.

Some diversity of opinion exists among those who plant the
vine, as to the most favorable exposure — each has his peculiar
notions, often founded upon preconceived views brought from a
distant country, not .similarly situated, and with a different
climatic constitution from our own, or drawn from the dogmas
and experiences of writers and planters in other lands. From
these various views, preconceived and practical, I shall endeavor
to deduce some data, which are the results of a very extended
series of observations made in hundreds of localities, with
every variety of exposure.

Loio lands, river bottoms and valleys, should generally be
avoided, as unsuited, on many accoimts, for the grape culture ;
chiefly for the following reasons ; they are very subject to late
vernal frosts, which are often disastrous to the tender young
shoots of the vine ; they are also obnoxious to early frosts
in the autumn, unless where protected by fogs ; they do not en-
joy so free a circulation of air as is desirable for the vine ; the

112

soil is apt to be too rich in vegetable matter, and, if not under-
laid by gravel, the subjacent moisture will be injurious. The
early vine-planters at Yevay, Indiana, committed this mistake,
and were soon driven to the hill-sides, or discouraged, and re-
linquished the culture to such an extent that the products of
that whole region is now quite insignificant.

Hill-sides are generally preferred, and the majority select
those with a southern exposure — those sloping eastwardly to
meet the early sunshine, and those with a western declivity, to
receiTo the health-giving zephyrs, are also much preferred by
some close observers, who claim for cither circumstance, quite
as much value as for the full meridian rays of our summer sun,
while others, consider a northern slope still more advantageous,
because of the greater immunity from the spring frosts, Avhere
the buds are not forced so early as in more sunny situations.
These hill-sides are generally so precipitous as to render
benching or terracing necessary, and where the horizontal
layers of limestone are freely mixed with the soil, these stones
are used for the construction of walls, to support the earth of
the terraces ; when absent, the benches are constructed of the
turf or sods, and they are preserved by the growth of the
grass. The presence of small loose stones is much valued by
some vignerons.

Hill tops, on account of their elevation and free exposure to
sun, and especially to the stirring breeze, are, in my opinion,
decidedly the best positions for the vineyard. Here we have
much less liability to vernal frosts — perfect exposure to the
sun and air, for the dissipation of too abundant moisture, and
an almost complete immunity from fogs, which maybe very val-
uable to protect the deeper valleys from a late frost, but which
are exceedingly injurious to the swelling grape, in the heats of
June, the most critical period with this fruit. Upon these hill
tops we often find an abundant natural drainage, and a soil of
peculiar excellence and adaptation to the vine — a deep, rich,
sandy or friable loam, with clay enough in its composition to
give it a proper tenacity, but not enough to render it heavy, —
and indicating a richly varied list of constituents — in such a
soil, found especially upon the ridges of our river hills, there is

113

a smaller proportion of limo, and a large amount of organic
matter ; in this the grape is found to flourish remarkably.

I shall, therefore, conclude by recommending an elevated
position, well exposed to both sun and wind, and a rich,
friable soil, of varied ingredients, rather than the stiff lime,
stone clays of the hill-sides.

PREPARATION OF THE SOIL.

Having determined upon the soil and position that promises
to be best adapted to the vineyard, the next step will be the
preparation of the land. Should the subsoil be tenacious,
clayey, and holding water, even in a small degree, it will be
advisable to lay drains, but if it should happen that the ground
be at all spouty, it will be absolutely necessary to under-drain
thoroughly, otherwise it will be a loss of labor to prepare the
soil in the usual way, and a loss of plants to set them out upon
it ; for the grape is as fastidious of a wet foot, and as easily
affected as the most delicate invalid.

Of the importance of drainage, as a means of meliorating the
soil, most persons are not sufficiently aware — ^none but those
who have witnessed the good effects of this process can pro-
perly appreciate its great benefits ; for it has been well and
truly said, that by draining, the soil is kept from being too wet,
and also preserved from the effects of drought — that it is
warmed by the summer showers, and escapes the chilling
influence of excessive moisture, and is kept from being baked
by excessive heat — that it is percolated by currents of the all-
pervading air, laden with treasures of food for the plants,
while at the same time the cutting blasts of winds pass harm-
lessly over it without drying out all of the moisture and pro-
ducing excessive cold by its evaporation. The advocate of
draining is thus apparently obliged to blow hot and cold ; but
these assertions, contradictory as they appear, are all supported
by abundant testimony deduced from repeated experiments.

This matter is of so much importance that the reader will
excuse the introduction of the following ten reasons urged in
favor of this operation — they are sound and philosophical,

114

though a thoughtloss parson might at first suppose thorn soms-
what contradictory.

Draining prevents rain-water from resting on or near the
yurface, and renders the soil dry enough to be worked or
plowed at all times.

By rending the soil porous, it can take in water without
flooding in time of rain, and give it off gradually in time of
drought.

By preventing adhesion and assisting pulverization, the roots
can pass freely through all parts of the soil.

By faciliating the mixture of manures through the pulve-
rized portion, are greatly increased in their value and effect.

Watjr falling on the surface passes downward, carrying with
it any fertilizing substance, (such as carbonic acid or ammonia,)
until arrested by the soil.

In a similar manner it abstracts the heat contained in falling
rains — the soil is thus warmed — for the water discharged by
drain-mouths is found to be many degrees colder than ordinary
rains.

The increased porosity of the soil renders it a more perfect
non-conductor of heat, and the roots of plants are less injured
by freezing in winter.

The same cause admits the entrance of air and facilitates
decomposition.

By permitting early plowing, or digging, the crops may be
sown earlier, and an increased yield will be the consequence.

Draining economizes labor by allowing the tillage to progres,
at all times, without interruption from surplus water in springs
or from a hard-baked soil in summer.

The directions, then, are repeated to all who would plant a
vineyard — drain the soil thoroughly, even if the situation be a
steep hill-side ; for it is believed that many of the vines so
situated have suffered from the retentive subsoil of our hills,
even where the declivity would appear to be such as to provide
the most perfect surface drainage. For the miuutise of this
operation, the reader is referred to essays upon this subject
already before the public, especially to those of Messrs. John-
son and Pardee, which were published in the New York Agri-

cultural Transactions, and whicli have been reprinted in several
periodicals.

The principles to be borne in mind are, that as water will
find its level, parallel drains, deeply placed, will affect the
drainage of the soil on either side to a greater or less distance,
according to the tenacity of the soil — practically, the deeper
the better, but always below the reach of the deepest culture-:^
the drains, whether of drain-tile, stone, wood, or even brush,
should be commenced at or near the summit of the hill, for
such places require drainage much more frequently than is
generally imagined, and the lower drains can never bo so ejSi-
cient as when the higher ground is fi.rst relieved of its surplus
moisture.

This primary object havhig been effected, the next step is to
prepare the soil for the noble crop which it is expected to sus-
tain. This being a work destined to last for a life-time, it is
all-important that it be well performed. If the vineyard be
expected to yield profitable returns, there should be no nig-
gardly expenditure in the arrangement, but the most thorough
preparation of the soil is to be effected. The best method of
doing this is to trench the land with the spade, digging it two
or three feet deep, or as much more as you choose ; it has been
asserted by some that if the soil were stirred to the depth of
ten feet, the crop would be all the better for the operation, and
the vines would continue to yield profitably for a longer
period.

The article upon the Mode of preparing the Garden by
trenching the Soil, which may be found in a late number of the
Western Horticultural Reviciv, is recommended to the atten-
tion of those who expect to prepare a vineyard, if their land be
level or gently sloping ; but so many persons prefer a slope,
often a precipitous declivity, that a somewhat different course
will be necessary. In such situations, it becomes advisable to
throw the surface into terraces or benches, as they are called,
so as to reduce the land to a series of levels, or gentle slopes ;
this process is called benching, and although the object, deep
culture, is effected, it is somewhat differently performed from
the common business of trenching, and will need a description.

116

When a piece of land is to be benched for grapes, the first
thing to be done is to lay off the work. Commencing as low
down the hill as the vineyard is to extend, a row of stakes is
set nearly at the same level, but slanting down hill a little at
either end, or, if long, at both ends. From these, and as nearly
parallel to them as the character of the declivity will permit,
and as far np the hill as its slope may require, another row of
stakes is to be placed, declining at either end sufficiently to
carry off the surface water gently. The distance between
these two rows will be the width of the future bench, and must
be determined by the steepness of the ground and by your
determination to have the general surface of the terrace incline
toward the hill or from it ; in the former case the distance must
be less, in the latter it may be greater, and then the effect will
be simply to reduce the slope by raising the lower portion and
lowering the upper part. Many prefer narrower benches, so
constructed that all excess of water shall be carried toward the
hill, to be there received by a gutter, or stiU better, by a
covered drain, which shall carry it to the ends of the bench, or
to an open main channel running down the hill. Benches vary
from a few feet to several rods in width.

Having determined these points, and set the stakes accord-
ingly, the formation of the terraces next depends upon tL ^
material to be used for their construction, for these hanging
gardens must be well supported, as they are to stand for a
lifetime at least, and it is always difficult to repair breaches,
and is much better to provide against accidents in the first
place. If stone abound in the soil, it is used for the walls at
the lower side of each terrace, and this material gives a sub-
stantial character to the work ; walls are expensive, however,
and, beside, they furnish a harbor for vermin, as the stone
should be laid up dry, or without mortar or cement — the height
will depend upon the conditions already mentioned, the steep-
ness of the hill, the width of the terrace, and the direction of
its slope or surface. It would, probably, not be advisable to
purchase, nor to transport stone for this purpose, but if it be
at hand, the appearance and the permanence of the work would
indicate the propriety of its use.

117

Commencing, then, at the lowest row of stakes, the ground
is excavated to a sufficient depth and width to give the wall a
good foundation, in which it is then constructed and carried up
to the necessary height ; the earth of the land marked off for
the terrace is thoroughly trenched, all the surface soil being
thrown to the bottom and the subsoil being brought to the top,
care being taken to regulate the grade during this operation—
a very easy matter to a practiced eye, accustomed to dealing
with surfaces. Great care should bo exercised in digging, to
have the upper portion of the bench deeply stirred, for it is
most natural to have deeper soil at the lower part, against the
wall ; this will require the overseer to watch the laborers
closely, especially if the work be done by contract. The
upper part of the terrace is finished by an excavation for the
foundation of the next wall, the bottom of which may be
arranged for the drainage.

If, from absence of stone, or other reason, it be determined
not to use walls, a very good substitute, producing, to some
eyes, a still prettier effect, is always at hand in the grassy
fields usually selected for the vineyard. In the tenacious soils
of this neighborhood, the tough sod or turf of green grass
(Kentucky blue-grass) forms an excellent material for sup-
porting the terrace, when not too high. The diggers select
this in the beginning, and construct their embankment as they
proceed, arranging the best sods in a steep slope at the lower
side, and throw the best of the earth above it in making the
terrace ; in this plan it is almost impossible to avoid having too
much of the rich surface soil accumulated on this part of the
bench. In finishing at the upper row of stakes, the same care
before advised should be exercised, to have a sufficient depth
to the trenching ; and again a foundation is opened for the
wall, or bank. The next rows or spaces staked off are then
prepared in the same manner until the summit is reached, when
trenching alone, without walls, is all that will be required.

These grassy walls or terrace banks are made as steep as
they can be sodded without slipping — they generally form an
angle of about forty-five degrees, with a vertical line. They
answer very well for low embankments, and when the natural

118

sod of our pastures is employed for this purpose, the effect of
these bright green stripes passing horizontally around a hill,
when seen from a neighboring eminence, is peculiarly striking.
One circumstance must be particularly borne in mind, and will
require attention in due season. This blue-grass (^Poa praten-
sis) requires peculiar treatment ; it is here most favorably
sitauted for making a strong growth, which needs to be mowed
with the scythe, and this must be done in due season. This
grass shoots forth its spear or spire of inflorescence early in
June, hence, often called spear or June grass, and requires to
be cut at the time of blossoming, or the turf below will not
recover its green appearance for a long time. It should never
be allowed to ripen its seed, as its growth, scattered over the
terraces, would be very troublesome. The mowing of these
grassy walls is done with a common scythe, hung for this pur-
pose in such a way as so apply itself to the surface ; the work-
man stands at the upper side and , stoops down to the work.
In a small vineyard, the grass if often cut with a Dutch grass-
knife, a kind of sickle of German manufacture. When cut it
may be removed for feeding, or, better still, left on the ground
and applied as a mulching material.

Where the ground selected for a vineyard is not precipitous,
but gently sloping, or nearly level, no benches will be required ;
or, perhaps, one wall or sod bank may be placed at the bottom
of the declivity ; the latter, in trenching, may be formed from
the earth thrown out of the first excavation — it will give a
finish to the work and save the wash from above ; if built of
stone and carried up sufficiently high, the wall may serve as a
fence to separate the vineyard from adjoining pasture lands.
On a gentle slope not requiring benches, another plan has been
suggested and carried out very handsomely by R. Buchanan ;
the cartways between the squares or subdivisions are carefully
sodded in a shallow gutter form so as to convey off the surplus
rain-water. This author, in his excellent little Treatise, which
should be in the hands of every one engaged in wine-culture,
alludes to this subject, under the head of draining, in the fol-
lowing words : " Surface draining may be obtained by concave
sodded avenues of ten feet wide, and intersecting each other

119

at one hundred, or one hundred and twenty feet, thus throwing
the vineyard into squares of that size ; this will do for gentle
declivities."

Plowing — Some persons, especially those who have selected
a level position, or the summit of a ridge which is nearly level,
will feel unwilling or unable to incur the great expense of
trenching a large extent of vineyard, at a cost of fifty dollars
per acre. Though not generally recommended, plowing may
be substituted for spade husbandry, if care be taken to have it
very thoroughly done, and, with the aid of modern improved
implements, this may be executed with considerable effective-
ness. The largest sized plow, drawn by a powerful team, is
used to reverse the surface soil to a depth of one foot ; the
Michigan double plow may be found better suited to this work
than any other, because it may be made to turn a narrower
furrow-slice, and at the same time open a deep trench, and thus
the work can be adapted to the strength of the team. The
next process will be to loosen the deeper earth thoroughly with
a subsoil plow drawn by a powerful team, and kept down to its
full depth, so as to stir up the soil for a foot or more, leaving
it broken but not excavated. If it be desired, a plow with a
peculiar mold-board, or the Michigan plow itself, is then intro-
duced, and the loosened earth is thrown out upon the furrow
left by the breaking-plow first used. The subsoil plow is then
again passed along the furrow. This will require two or three
teams and as many plowmen, but will effect the object, of stir-
ring the soil pretty effectually, for the depth of twenty to thirty
inches.

Some very fair vineyards may be found that have never been
trenched and only prepared with the plow ; but the practice is
not sustained by the best vignerons, and apprehensions are
entertained that such superficial preparation will not be followed
by enduring vines ; many of the vineyards of Europe, however,
have had no better preparation.

Another method prevails among a portion of the German
vine-dressers — it is called the bed or ridge system, and is
adapted only to level land, or to gentle slopes. It consists of
the construction of ridges about a rod in width, well trenched,

120

and having wide gutters left open between them ; the chief
advantages appear to be thorough surface drainage and deeper
tilth.

LAYL\G OFF PLANTING.

After the ground has been thoroilghly prepared, as previ-
ously advised, whether by the plow or the spade, an important
and rather nice operation is to be performed before proceed-
ing to plant the vines ; this is called laying' off the vineyard,
and should be done with some degree of accuracy, since much
of the appearance and snugness of finish of the place, will
depend upon the correctness with which this is elBfected. A
sufficient number of little sticks should be prepared ; these are
best made by sawing a straight inch pine board, into lengths
of a foot or fifteen inches ; these pieces are then to be split,
and pointed, so as to enter the ground easily.

In the spring, these are taken to the field, and used to
mark the spot where the vines are to grow, and there they
remain during the first season, to aid the vine-dresser in find-
ing the young tender thing, which is often very inconspicuous
at first, though eventually destined to become a great vine.
The distance at which these sticks are to be placed, will
depend much upon the nature of the ground, its exposure,
and also upon the manner in which it has been prepared,
whether it be in benches or otherwise. The rows may be set
closer on narrow terraces, than on wider levels, because of the
more open exposure of the former.

Different views exist among planters, as to the proper spac-
ing, and certainly different distances should be allowed for
rampant and for slender growing varieties of the vine. Hav-
ing stretched a line along one side of the space to be planted,
a measuring stick is prepared, of the length determined, and
with this the little sticks are set with accuracy, at the proper
distances ; the line is next moved to the width of the rows,
and the same measuring stick is again used, in setting the
stakes ; gr6at accuracy is required in these first two settings,
because they will be used as guides to prove the remainder?
so long as they remain in sight.

121

The very common distance, in most vineyards, is four feet
each way, for the Catawba and other grapes, most cultivated,
but the Herbemont, and some others, require more space, while
the Missouri would answer equally well, as it grows here, if
crowded more closely. The vine-sticks are often set 3-| by 4
feet, and 4 by 4, or 4 by 42, occasionally wider, say 3 by 5, or
even 3 by 6. Mr. Buchanan recommends, for steep hill-sides,
8J by 4^, or 3 by 5, but, for gentle slopes, 3i by 6, he says, is
close enough, and for level land, 4 by 7, which will admit sun
and air, to mature the fruit, and leave space enough for the
roots ; he refers, of course, to the vigorous, native sorts, chiefly
cultivated, and which are remarkable for their long, healthy
canes, and exuberant foliage.

The number of plants wanted per acre, will depend upon
the distance chosen ; S^V by 4 feet, will require 3,112 vines ;
4 by 4, 2,762; 4 by 4}, 2,420; 3 by 5, 2,904; 3^ by 4^,
2,766 ; 3i by 6, 2,075 ; 4 by 7, 1,556 ; 3 by 8, 2,815 ; 6 by 8,
908. ' If cuttings be planted double, these numbers will be
required.

Planting. — After the ground has been properly laid off,
the next proceedure is planting the slips, or vines, whichever
may have been determined upon.- There are advocates for
both plans, and there may be reasons why one or the other
should be preferred, foi' different localities, and under different
circumstances, depsnding upon the distance the young plants
have to be carried, and the convenience of transportation. In
some attempts which were made in Arkansas, owing to the
irregularities in the navigation, and perhaps, also, a want of
sufficient care in packing, the young vines nearly all died
before reaching their destination — in such a case, the cuttings
wpuld, probably, succeed much better. Young plants arc
always to be preferred to old ones, and many prefer even to
set out the cuttings, where they are to stand, and thus avoid
the difficulty of transplanting altogether, nor incur the check
and risk of removal. Tender as it is, however, the yearling
vine, with its slender rootlets, will suffer less in transplanting,
han an old vine ; indeed, an experienced vigneron, will hardly
accept such as a gift, preferring rather to wait until healthy

122

young plants shall develop themselves, in the places where
they are to stand.

If rooted plants are used, whether yearlings, or two-year
old vines, holes should be dug in the trenched land, after it
has become quite warm and dry, in the spring, say in April ;
these holes should be made beside the sticks set out at the
laying off — and they must be large enough to accommodate
all the roots of the young plants, without crowding ; one foot
by eighteen inches will generally be sufficient, and a foot deep.
Few of the plants should be exposed at once, and they must be
wrapped up in a damp cloth, to prevent them from drying ;
the vine should then be placed in the hole, and the roots care-
fully spread out, so as to come into a natural position, the stem
being inclined to the stick at one side of the hols, and brought
to the general level of the ground ; the best loose earth is
filled in among the roots carefully, and a cavity is left above
them to retain moisture until toward midsummer, when it is
filled.

The plan of making a vineyard from the cuttings set out in
the field, is now obtaining many advocates among our most
intelligent cultivators, although it is ranked among the innova-
tions of modern practices. The holes are dug the width of
the spade, and extending a foot or eighteen inches beyond it,
on either side, in the direction of the rows. Two cuttings,
duly prepared, as will be indicated in another paragraph, are
then set in each hole, bent somewhat as seen in the cut and
inclined, so that their upper ends, or points shall come together,
or cross one another, near the stick, beside the hole. These
points are brought up to the level of the earth, and the best
and most mellow soil filled in, and pressed gently against
them with the foot, the points being covered about an inch.
Here, again, some recommend that each end of the hole be
but partially filled up, for a month or two, so as to collect
moisture from the rains, and also to allow the vernal sunshine,
to heat the earth, for even common farmers, and dull vine-
dressers, now begin to appreciate the necessity and value of
earth-heat, or bottom-heat, for springing vegetation, better than
the Horticultural writers of a half a century ago ; what was

123

then looked upon as a mystery, is now well understood, since
it has been explained upon physiological principles. The
object in covering the crown of the cutting, is to protect it and
its young buds from injury, by exposure, and especially to
avoid the evaporation which would^ensue, if it projected above
the naked surface of the ground, with nothing to shield it from
the bright sunshine and drying winds of spring. I am not
aware that the " French method " of setting cuttings has been
practiced in the vineyard ; this plan consists of immersing both
ends of the slip in the ground, spring the upper end somewhat,
so as to throw it beneath the surface, where a good bud is
exposed, to make the shoot.

CUTTINGS.

Gtittings will have bean made during the winter, when the
vines were trimmed, and they should be prepared as soon as
the branches are removed from the old vines, either in the
field, the barn, or in the cellar ; the latter is preferable, as
they may be kept more safely from the effects of the wind, and
may be cut up in rainy weather. The vine-dressers' shears
are chiefly employed for this purpose, but a sharp, keen-edged
knife, will leave a much smoother surface. In preparing the
cuttings, all lateral and tendrils are first removed from the
shoots of last year's wood ; only such stalks are selected as
are perfectly healthy, and well developed, and with short
joints ; a portion of the older wood, about two inches long,
is left as a button, at the lower end, and the first cutting is
made by applying the knife or shears midway between two
eyes, about fifteen or eighteen inches above the base; thus each
cutting will have four or five buds ; if the branch be stout and
soimd, it may still furnish one or more cuttings, which should
be of similar length and proportions, but, having no older
wood, to form the button, they must be cut off close below a
bud. Some persons select their cuttings as they are made,
believing that those cut from the base of the shoot, and having
a portion of older wood, are preferable ; these command a
higher price.

The cuttings should be snugly tied up with long willow

124

withes, in bundles of one hundred or two hundred, according
to the size of the shoots, and fancy of the operator. They may
be set up on end, in a damp cellar, with a portion of soil about
their base, or better still, buried in a trench in the open ground,
in a horizontal position, and left covered with earth until
planting time. In the first position, if properly secured, they
will keep very well, and will be accessible at any time, when
wanted for sale ; in the latter, they will be entirely secured
from evaporation, and if they have previously become partially
dried, they may be restored before planting, or if not restored,
they will have turned brown, and thus show that they are not
worth setting out, and should be rejected immediately. Another
method of protecting the cuttings is to bury them partially, in
an upright position — throwing the earth up about them, but
leaving the upper ends exposed to the sun and air. If the
bundles are large, they are apt to become dried in the centre,
and there is a consequent loss.

Those who bury their cuttings as a preparation for planting,
often allow them to remain undisturbed until the buds have
swollen, or even burst, before removing to the vineyard ground
for setting ; this plan will require occasional examination of
the cuttings, lest they advance too far, which should be checked
by disturbing, and then shading them. At planting, the great-
est care must be exercised to prevent breaking off the buds,
which may have started, and which are very brittle ; few are
to be taken at a time, and they should be kept covered with a
damp cloth — the young shoots at the points of these cuttings,
are not to be left exposed, when set, but must be covered with
a little mellow earth, or they will surely die.

TREATMENT.

The young vines will need very little attention during the
first season — the ground should be lightly hood about the
plants, and all weeds are to be promptly destroyed ; every
twig and every leaf should be left undisturbed, because of
the important functions, that of forming roots, which devolve
upon the new plant, which is now setting up an independent
establishment for itself, and must, in future, depend upon its

125

own resources. Should botli these cuttings grow, in the vine-
yard stations, one of them must be removed in the autumn,
either by cutting it off below the surface with a sharp knife, or
by digging it up carefully ; in order to appropriate it to some
vacancy that may have occurred in the plantation, for new
plantings, or for sale.

NURSERY OF CUTTINGS.

The Nursery of Cuttings, is an important part of the vine-
yard, or attache to it — in which the unsold cuttings are placed ;
its objects are the production of young plants for future exten-
sions of the vineyard, and for filling vacancies, or for sale. In
selecting a site for this purpose, it is best to choose a rich,
deep, sandy mold, if in grass, so much the better. If the land
has been drained, and so situated as to retain a good degree of
moisture during the summer, the prospect of a successful
" stribe " will be much enhanced. In addition to all this, the
recommendation of the old Roman Columella, is worthy of
imitation ; he advised cuttings to be dipped into a mixture of
cow-manure, before planting.

As deep tillage will conduce to the last-mentioned quality,
immunity from drought, it will be best to trench the ground,
and the cuttings should be set as the digging proceeds — there-
fore, this operation is to be commenced across the plat appro-
priated, and so soon as the second trench is opened, and the
edge of the loose dirt is brought to a straight, even surface,
by dressing it to a line, the cuttings are set, in a slanting
direction, about four or five inches apart, and their points,
coming to the surface of the earth — the top soil is then dug
and thrown upon the bases of the cuttings, after being mellowed,
it is slightly pressed against them, and the lower soil, is placed
on top, covering the shoots about an inch deep. The ground
will settle and leave the upper eyes projecting, by the time
they have begun to grow. The next row should be placed
about eighteen inches from the first, and so on to the end of
the plat.

During the summer, the young vine-plants will require very

126

littla attention, boyoud the removal of weeds, unless tlie too
heavy nature of the soil should cause it to bake, in which case,
it must be stirred with the hoe, or spading fork. If not
removed the following winter, when they are called yearlings,
the soil should be well stirred the next spring, to encourage a
thrifty growth in the second summer.

In digging up these young plants, great care will be required
to avoid injuring the roots. The row last planted, will be that
which must be dug first, and the vines should be covered from
the air as soon as lifted, tied up in bundles of fifty or a hun-
dred, and immediately buried, as the long, naked, fleshy, fibrous
roots, are very easily injured by exposure, and the vitality of
the plants is thus materially affected ; indeed, it may be as-
sumed, as an axiom, that no roots should ever be allowed to
become dry, if success is desired after transplanting. Too
much care cannot be bestowed upon these operations to pre-
vent exposure to the sun and winds.

All cuttings received from a distance are better for being
buried, as described above, as a compensation for the drying
and exposure incident to transportation, especially, when they
have not been packed in tight boxes, which should always be
called for by persons ordering grape-cuttings from nursery-
men. It may be here observed, that rooted plants require
still more care, in transpoptation, the boxes, in which they
should always be ordered, need not, however, be so tight,
but the roots should be well packed in damp moss.

127

From the Western Horticultural Review.

PRUIsING AND TRAINING THE GRAPE.

BY DR. J. A. WARDER, CINCINNATI, OHIO.

METHOD OF PLANTING AND TRIMMING LAYERS.

A considerable difference of opinion prevails among our
vignerons, as to the proper time for winter pruning ; some per-
sons urge the performance of this operation just before the sap
starts in the spring ; others advise it to be done in the autumn,
after the wood has fully ripened ; while others recommend that
it be performed during any fine weather through the vdnter.
All, however, agree that it should not he done when the wood
is frozen.

As a good deal of tact and judgment are necessary in this
process, general rules only can be laid down, and every one
must be guided by his own discretion. In trimming the vine-
yard, the first thing is to loosen the vine from the stakes, by
cutting the old ties. Supposing that the stakes have been set
in the vineyard, and the vines are of bearing age, they must be
pruned according to the soil and the strength of the wood, and
this will require the strength of the exercise of good judgment ;
if feeble, cut back the lowest branch very close, and remove all
others, and thus endeavor to secure strong shoots for the next
year, but of course you must expect few or no bunches of
grapes ; if strong and healthy, select the largest and stoutest
shoot, coming out as low down on the stock as may be, trim off
all lateral and old tendrils neatly, and cut it off at six, eight,
or ten eyes or buds above its origin. ; be sure not to leave a

128

joint too mucli, as tlie results of over-bearing are very injurious
to the vine, and indeed seldom furnish well-ripened berries.

The lowest and next best shoot is then to be selected for the
spur, and it should be as low as possible ; cut it back two or
three eyes, which are to furnish the canes for the next year ;
let the old wood of the last year's crop, and all extraneous
shoots, be then cut off smoothly and close to the stock. Sec
figures 3 and 4, which represent the trimmed vine.

These directions are brief and concise, but as before observed,
great judgment is required, or the stock will become too long,
as is represented in figure 9, where the summer pruning has
been neglected the previous season. Better lose the crop now?
on any vine, than incur the risk of losing two or three crops by
allowing the vine to become too high, wliich will require it to
be cut back to the ground, or layered, before it can be again
restored to a good shape.

These wood-cuts represent vines that have been winter-
pruned as before directed. In figure 3, the canes have been
freed from the stake, and all tendrils and laterals have been
removed, and they have been shortened-in, but the weaker of
the two has not been cut off for the spur. In figure 4, the
spur is cut to its proper length, and the cane has been bent and
tied into the form of the bow, the use of which is well under-
stood by the vine-dresser, but may require an explanation here.
The object is to cause the buds to break evenly, by equalizing
the force of the sap.

129

These figures are given to illustrate the winter pruning, and
its dependence upon judicious summer pruning of the previous
summer. Figure 5 shows a bow of the previous year, which
had been properly subordinated, by judicious pinching-in of the
fruit-bearing shoots, so that the whole wood-making force of
the plant was directed to the two canes that issued from the
spur ; these are represented as being strong and vigorous, and
devoid of lateral shoots. The straight line drawn across the
base of the bow, is intended to indicate the point at which it is
to be cut off, for upon the renewal system, adopted generally
in our vineyards, the fruit-bearing wood is annually removed
and as often renewed. Of the two canes, one is to be cut short
for a spur, and the other of a suitable length to make a bow,
as represented in figure 6, where, however, the drawing indi-
cates that too much wood has been left in the bow, unless the
root be very strong.

130

Figare 7 is intsadod to represent another form, called tlio
double-bow ^ it is a copy of a European method frequently
adopted with strong vines ; this plan is not so often seen as the
single bow, and it is not recommended for general use ; indeed,
it should only be permitted in strong old stocks, as it is almost
inevitably followed by too great a show of fruit.

Figures 8, 9, and 10, are given to show the result of neglect
in the summer pruning, and the mode of correcting the difficulty
wlien trimming in the winter, if the vine be strong and the
owner is unwilling to lose the season by cutting back the stock
to force out new and strong canes for future use. These cuts
are intended to be representations of the same vine : 8 shows
that the buds at the top of the bow had been allowed to
retain the mastery in their shoots, which arose from their
superior situation, they being forced into top buds, and as their
excessive growth was not properly checked, they grew strongly
at the expense of the other branches, and especially to the det-
riment of the canes that should have been produced from the
spur. Such a vine is very frequently met with in the winter
pruning, for few persons realize the importance of early atten-
tion to the process of pinching-in, which is recommended in
this paper to give especial care.

Two plans may be pursued, as represented in figures 9 and
10 ; in the first, all the laterals are trimmed in to a single eye,
and a portion of the strong shoot is retained as a new cane,
making a combination of caue and spur, and the whole is used
to construct the new bow, and bent so as to bring it within

131

proper limits ; tlie old spur is also cut in boldly, and groat caro
is exercised to encourage vigorous renewal shoots or canes,
for future use as bows the next season. The other plan is, at
once to give up the renewal system for a while, and adopt the
spur method ; this may sometimes be found most advisable.
In adopting it^ the old bow is retained, and the side branches
are cut back every year to a single eye. The objections to
the system are, that it requires great watchfulness and care to
preserve an equable vitality in the shoots, so that the foliage
and fruit may be spread evenly ; and beside this, the old wood
is not generally so well adapted to the production of fruit as
the vigorous young canes ; then, again, it is necessary to lose
a season whenever it may be found necessary to reproduce the
bow, or main glioot as it would here be considered, for the
bow or horizontal system of trainifig should still be adopted.
It should be recollected that these directions are particularly
applicable to the vineyard culture of the Catawba grape to
which they are known, by long experience, to be adapted.
Different plants, with various habits, often require very dif-
ferent treatment and pruning. We have already discovered
that the Isabella grape does not succeed well, as a general
rule, under the treatment here advised; so, also, with the
Herbemont, and some other very rampant growers, it has been
observed that they need long pruning to realize their greatest
excellence and heaviest crops.

Figures 11 and 12 are given to illustrate quite another style
of pruning, which is sometimes called the distaff or bush
method. This is perhaps the most difficult of all, and requires
the greatest exercise of good clear judgment in its manage-
ment, and is, consequently, very seldom met with in vineyard
culture. 11 is a view of the vine after it has received its
winter pruning ; the bush of nearly equal shoots produced the
previous summer, has been thinned out to three or four of the
strongest, and these are cut back, according to their strength,
to two, three, or even six eyes, which gives the plant a sturdy
appearance, and avoids the necessity of much tying to the
stake. During the ensuing summer, great care is requisite,
and the exercise of good judgment is called into play, in the

132

management of the young shoots, which will be almost sure to
spring strongest from the highest buds, and thus speedily
make confusion in the distaff. These will need to be curbed
and the lowest branches encouraged and tied to the stake for
support — figure 12. By a proper management of this style
of pruning, a good supply of leaves is secured, and an abund-
ant crop of well-ripened and well-distributed fruit ; but the
necessary care and treatment are so difficult to describe, and
depend in each case so entirely upon the judgment of the ope-
rator, that it is almost impossible to instruct a common work-
man in the details, and the too frequent result will be a tall,
straggling bush of naked and unproductive branches, with a
constant tendency to extension upward, instead of the snug
and tidy appearance of well grown bow and spur pruning,
which is remarkable for its simplicity, and may be understood
by all who have once seen it properly performed.

Training and Tying of the vines is an important operation,
and should be performed at the end of March, or the begin-
ning of April. After trimming, the canes are to be securely
tied to the stakes, which should have been firmly driven in the
ground before it settles too closely. The usual method is to
bring the main stock against the stake, and secure it with an
osier ; the bow or hoop is then bent and tied where it passes
the stake above, and if long enough, it should be brought back
toward the stock, and there secured. Some train horizontally,
whether on trellises, wires, or by simply tying the ends of the

133

canes to the adjoining stake. It should also be observed, that
a damp or wet day must be selected for this process, because
the strain upon the branch even in careful hands, will other-
wise endanger the vines breaking where it is bent, and an
experienced vigncron will give the cane a verv gentle twist as
he is bending it, and thus avoid the accident apprehended.
Various modifications of training might be suggested, but
these are left for the genius of each to suggest as he pro-
gresses in the work ; security is the great desideratum, and is
best attained by good tough willows.

The young shoots are rich in promise of fruit for this year,
and wood for the next ; therefore the vine-dresser should be
especially jealous of every intrusion, and provident against all
injuries. To this end he must exclude all boys and dogs from
the grounds, but he will frequently pass through the vines
with the wisp of damp rye straw, cut into lengths of about
twenty inches, and as fast as the shoots grow, he will tie them
up to the stakes. This operation should be repeated every
week or two ; for the union of the new and old wood is so
feeble at this stage of growth, that the least force will rup-
ture the connection, and sacrifice the rich prospect. He will,
therefore, constantly watch the protruding shoots, and secure
them with the straw bands, which, like the osiers, are really
twisted rather than tied.

During July, the long canes for next year will require to be
trained from one stake to another. In this process, the advan-
tige of closer planting in Avider rows, say six feet apart, by
three in the row, will be apparent. The trellis, particularly
that made of stout wire, will also be very convenient in at-
tending to this duty, as the canes need only be laid along the
top wire or rail of the trellis, with a little twist to sustain
them until the clasping tendrils may secure their firm embrace.
The fruit branches will also sometimes require support, as their
burden increases in weight ; though it is no disadvantage to
the branches to let them lie even upon the ground. The rot is
seldom found in fruit so situated, and it has been observed that
such are often the earliest ripened bunches, which may depend
upon the greater warmth at the surface sheltered by leaves.
9

134

RUBBING OUT AND PINCHING.

The vigor of many of our native vines forces out an exu-
berant growth of the buds ; three and more, often break out
from each joint ; as this would diffuse and weaken the growth,
all but one, the strongest, should be rubbed off with the finger
before they exhaust the vine too much. This should, therefore,
be done so soon as the promise of fruit is sufficiently developed
to be a guide in thinning the shoots. It will very soon be dis-
covered that the topmost eyes or buds, having started earlier
than the others, and receivmg the greatest flow of sap, will be
taking the lead, at the expense of their followers, as represented
in fig. 8. On account of the difficulty in winter pruning, this
must not be allowed, and is to be counteracted by early pinch-
ing off their points ; but this must not be done too closely, for
it is necessary always to leave at least two or three of the
young leaves beyond the last bunch of grape-buds, or " seed,"
as they are called by the vignerons ; many persons advise leav-
ing four or more leaves. At the same time, these, and all the
shoots that are growing freely, should be tied to the stake with
dampened rye straw, as already advised, to secure them from
injury by wind, as they are very easily torn away from the
stock.

If the wire trellis should be used, no ties will be necessary
but those provided by nature in the vine itself; the young
branch is gently turned around a wire in such a way that its
own elasticity preserves its position until the tendril has time
to clasp the wire. Another plan is occasionally adopted, to
save a long shoot, when the vine-dresser does not happen to be
provided with suitable ties ; it is, to cut an oblique slit on one
corner of the stake, and insert the tendril, which thus secures
the vine very well ; but this practice is not recommended ex-
cept as a substitute for the straw band, and to be used in an
emergency, for the vigneron should ever have watchful eyes,
and must secure the young straggler, whether he be provided
with ties or only his knife.

If the tender-hearted, or those who were anticipating hail-
storms and other injuries, failed to attend to the duty of thin
ning-out the superabundant shoots during May, let them see to

135

their vines, ere the whole force of the season shall have been
diffused among a great number of weak shoots, or for want of
guidance and direction, some of them shall have taken a lead in
the wi-ong direction. As may have been inferred from the re-
marks upon winter pruning, this summer treatment of pinching
is a very important matter ; and much of the future success will
depend upon judicious management of the vines in this partic-
ular. At the first examination of the vineyard, before the blos-
soming, rub out all weak shoots, and such as have no " seed"
or prospect of fruit ; also, remove the weaker, where duplicates
appear ; but observe specially to provide thrifty wood for the
next season, and so arrange your summer pruning that two good
shoots shall grow out from the lower part of the bow and stocks^
and endeavor to have these well balanced, one on eith.-r side.
If, from any accident, your bow-shoots are deficient, or if the
stock, from previous neglect, have become too tall, now will be
a good time to select the strongest shoot among those commonly
called winter sprouts, which often come out from near the ground,
and which should otherwise be entirely removed ; this may be
grown and encouraged for forming the spur in next winter's
pruning. This method has been adopted with the happiest
effect in an old vineyard, where, from neglect, the stocks had
become tall, crooked, and ugly, and the result, at the end of a
couple of years, has been an entire renewal of the vines, the old
stems having been cut off below the surface.

Pinching-in is recommended for May, but must be continued
through the season. If this process has been neglected before,
or more especially, if it has been too severely practiced, the
greater care will be necessary afterward, as in the latter case,
the force of the vine will be throwing out laterals, to make
up for the shortening at the points. This is a waste and mis-
direction of the strength, and may also be followed by injury to
the vines. Do not, however, be too severe in your treatment of
these laterals, and by no means break them out, as has been
recommended by some. Shorten them into one or two leaves,
rather than to tear them out ; the growing fruit needs shade
and healthy leaves to elaborate the sap, and if the first crop of
laterals be destroyed, the dormant bud will often be forced to
start.

136

On the canes it has been advised to remove all laterals from
the length of the wood that is wanted to be used next year ; but
it is considered best to leave all grow beyond this point, and
never shorten in the long canes, as it is not necessary in our
climate to secure the ripening of the wood of our native grapes.
True, it has been and is still the practice of many to shorten-in
these branches, during the summer, but some intelligent persons
have been pursuing a different course, running into the other ex-
treme, having observed, as they supposed, the injurious effect of
too close summer pruning. Now there is reason in this policy,
which commends itself to the favorable consideration of all vine-
dressers, who, being students of nature, begin to realize that
there is really a function to be performed by the leaves of a
plant, beyond the mere ornament and shade they provide ; and
close observers are also aware of the injuries that may happen
to the first leaves from hail, the ravages of insects, and simple
maturity ; hence the policy of leaving more foliage upon the
vines, to aid in the elaboration of the sap for the growing crop.
There may be a time, in some situations, however, when it will
be advisable to pinch-in the ends even of the growing canes of
wood that have been laid in to supply bows for the next year's
crop ; supposing that excess of shoots and laterals have been
broken out during the season, as before advised. The object
of this pinching-in is to ripen the wood, if it continues to grow
very late, and also to keep it from blowing about. At the same
time the canes are to be tied to the stakes, to keep them in their
places, as they may be much injured and broken by the wind,
if loose.

The early summer pruning by shortening of the vines, has
been already urged, but its importance must be the excuse for
reiteration. No one should neglect attending to this important
element of summer pruning, in its projoer season, before the
blossoming ; for by such neglect the strength of the vine will
have been uselessly expended upon many a shoot that must bo
sacrificed, or, at least, which will have been lost by not having
been properly directed. The extreme end of the shoot may bo
easily removed with the thumb-nail, and a change in the direc-
tion of the flow of sap is at once effected towards the canes

137

destined for the next year, while the bearing shoots mil receive
an abundant supply for their o-^i leaves to elaborate for the
fruit. All vine-dressers are not, however agreed upon this
early pinching-in. The blossoming is, by many, considered a
critical period ; and such persons advise that no work be done
in the vineyard while it lasts, and especially they will advise
that the bearing shoots be not shortened-in, as is too often
done, close to the bunch. It is agreed, as stated above, that
two or more leaves should always be left beyond the fruit.
13

There is reason in this caution. If the shoot be vigorous, and
have grown a couple of feet, it must have a considerable amoimt
of sap flowing into it, and directed to the leaves above, which
is thus suddenly thrown in upon the fruit, when the upper por-
tion has been broken off too closely. If the summer pruning
have been neglected to the time of flowering, it is recommended,
by some, to wait until a couple of weeks after the blossoms have
set, and then to attend to tliinning the redundant wood, and
especially to avoid leaving too much fruit.

138

t
FARM DIARIES, FARM ACCOUNTS, AND AGRICULTURAL REGISTERS.

BY BEN. PERLEY TOORE, NEWBURYPORT, MASS.

Agriculture has at length become fashionable.
ans, who have acquired fortunes in cities, return to the home-
steads which they despised in early life ; and resolute young
men, finding little hope of success in the professions or in com-
merce, look — as did their ancestors — to the ample bosom of
Nature for their support. Politicians, who geoerally contrive
to own at least a garden, are ever ready to descant upon the
dignity of agricultural labor ; while scientific book-worms cul-
tivate potatoes, in order to experiment upon the practicability
of increasing their growth by electric currents, or to try the
virtues of magnetic hoes, in drawing out the rot.

Our Republic cannot boast of many private collections of
paintings or of statuary ; a very insignificant fraction of her
sons keep race-horses or pleasure-yachts ; and even the "pomp
and circumstance " of militia honor has sadly dwindled into
disrepute. But in the environs of every city — near the busy
manufacturing village, and in many a secluded spot, trim fences
enclose " Fancy Farms," and buildings of quaint yet fair pro-
portions proclaim the wealth, eccentricity, or exotic taste of
the amateur husbandman. Many of these gentlemen, by the
judicious employment of their capital, and by importing choice
stock, confer benefits, (directly or indirectly,) upon the neigh-
bor-farmers — while others, who madly rush into every new
theory, practically illustrate the folly of " sowing Spanish dol-
lars, and reaping four-pence-ha'pennies."

Then we have the great body of yeomanry — so graphically
described by Quincy, as " men, who stand upon the soil and arc
identified with it ; for there rest their own hopes and the hopes
of their children. Men, who have, for the most part, great

139

farms and small pecmiiary resources ; — men, who are es-
teemed more for their land, than for their money ; more for
their good sense than for their land ; and more for their virtue
than for either. Men, who are the chief strength, support and
column of our political society, and who stand to the other or-
ders of the State, in the same relation which the shaft bears to
the pillar — in respect of whom, all other arts, trades and
professions are but ornamental work — the cornice, the frieze,
and the corinthian capital." Whatever tends to stimulate and
direct their industry, spreads prosperity over their fields, or
carries happiness to their homes, merits careful consideration,
for it strengthens the foundations of our public renown.

Generally speaking, we find few farmers, either " practical "
or " fancy," who have a proper conception of their occupation.
The mysteries of husbandry are considered but as the lesson of
a day ; and every man, the moment he becomes the occupant
of a farm, is allowed to style himself a competent farmer. " Is
there nothing in agriculture," said Columella the Roman,
" which requires to be studied ? Is there nothing to reward
research ? For myself, when I take an enlarged view of this
noblest of all pursuits, and survey it on all sides, and con-
sider what it embraces that it would be profitable to know, I
fear I shall see the end of my days before I shall become a
thorough master of all its mysteries."

As it was in Rome, so is it in Massachusetts. We have our
public men, who, like Cincinnatus, Denatus, and Regulus, re-
treat from the cares and toils of State to the pure and unal-
loyed joys of agriculture and horticulture. Our poets and o,ur
historians, like Virgil, will leave behind them many a token of
their devotion to rural pursuits. And our Legislators, by
repeated grants of money, have shown their appreciation of
Washington's declaration, that " in no way can more real and
important services be rendered to a country, than by improving
its agriculture." All this flatters the amateur farmer and en-
courages the hard-working yeoman — it elevates the common
calling of each in the social scale ; but it does not make either
** a thorough master of all its mysteries."

And what is the lot of a young man who has come from the

140

city to be a farmer, and invested his capital in land, stock and
tools. He has heard Cattle Show orators eloquently descant
upon the " independence " of his new pursuit, and implicitly
believes Franklin's assertion that " the farmer has no need of
popular favor, nor of the favor of the great — the success of
his crops depending only upon the blessing of God upon his
honest industry." But he soon finds that industry must be
well directed in order to be profitable, and he is often at a loss
to know how and when to labor. Agricultural works and pe-
riodicals are generally so interlarded with individual specula-
tions, that he turns from them in despair. Even the valuable
reports of Agricultural Societies, which embody so much valu-
able information, only detail individual cases. They chronicle
the management of the best farms in favorable seasons — the
product of superior beasts — the fruit produced by extra atten-
tion, and the mammoth rarities of the garden. The " art " of
husbandry may be gleaned from many a library, but the stu-
dent-farmer may commit to memory scores of works on Agri-
culture, and yet, like the Roman, " see the end of his days be-
fore he becomes a thorough master of all its mysteries."

These " mysteries " are not, after all, mysterious. The
young farmer who expects to enrich his land by some magical
process, will be as much disappointed in his expectations, as he
is ignorant of the process of improvement. A mere theory,
even if clearly defined, is idle and useless if unattended with
practical observations ; and the more practical information a
young farmer can acquire, the deeper versed he becomes in the
mysteries of his profession — the magical secrets which enable
his more experienced neighbors to bring money from market.
The lawyer finds the " mysteries " of his profession in almost
innimierable volumes of Digests and Reports — the mariner is
guided by the science of previous navigators as laid down in
books and on charts — the soldier learns how to manoeuvre
large bodies of men by reading accounts of successful cam-
paigns — the statesman gleans wisdom from volumes of debates
— and the editor seeks the " mysteries " of Catering for the
public taste in old files of popular journals. But where can
the young farmer go for dates and details. He may pick up

141

an old almanac, containing a few momorandums of the domestic
life of the writer's cows, tlie time his goose commenced her
incubation, and the advent of the baby's first tooth. And
these meagre details convince him, that a Diary kept by any
practical farmer in his vicinity would be more valuable than
Loudon's gigantic Encyclopedias.

Mr. Malcolm, an eminent Stotch agricultural writer, expa-
tiates on the utility of Farmer's Diaries, and asserts that they
are indispensable. Proof of this recently occurred in this
county, where a large farm was worked for several years by
foreign laborers, directed by a mere lad, who was placed in
charge by the proprietor during his absence. The boy had no
experience, and his judgment was of course limited, but he
found counsel and guidance in the Diaries which had been ac-
curately kept on the same farm for nearly twenty years. Se-
lecting the records of what had been done in years of similar
temperature, he not only managed the work creditably, but loft
none of the minor details undone.

"Would it not be beneficial to agriculture, if the Societies
instituted for its advancement gave a certain sum for every well
kept Diary of a farm situated within their respective localities,
with premiums for those which displayed the most industry and
ability on their pages ? By requiring them to be written on
paper of a uniform size, several volumes might be annually
added to the Library, and from them might be condensed a his-
tory of each year. Valuable, to the young farmer, would be
such a chronicle, and he would use it as a constant text-book,
while seldom more than one perusal is given to the " Reports
of Committees."

Farm Accounts are of equal importance to individuals,
although they are not of the same public value as Diaries, un-
less when questions come up relative to the comparative profit
of difierent soils, or of different applications of the same soil.
" There is not a single step," says Mr. Young, in the twenty-
eighth volume of his Annals of Agriculture, " in the life of a
farmer, that does not prove the advantage of his keeping reg-
ular accounts — and yet there is not one in a thousand that
keeps any. This is one, among the many instances, which in

142

the unenlightenGd situation of the practicers of the art, is tho
evident reason for the backwardness in which the art is found,
by any man who searches for the principles deducted from a
practice, which ought to give it the regularity of a cultivated
science."

A few rough memoranda or figures, to yield a gross account
of the general receipts or payments, usually constitutes the
entire financial record of our farmers, even those who amass
large sums of money. In every other pursuit in life, the ad-
vantages of clear accounts are so obvious that book-keeping, by
the Italian mode of double entry, is an essential branch of pub-
lic education. Business men who are not regular in their
accounts, are always rated as unsafe customers by the prudent
portion of merchants — nor is there a greater reproach to a
commercial house, short of insolvency. But agriculture is
destined to be, in all its detail, an exception to every thing else.
Men engage in it without previous education, or even study, or
inquiry ; — and they conduct large concerns in it, without those
accounts known to be necessary in every other pursuit.

Would it not be of great utility to every farmer to have be-
fore him a correct statement of his stock, farm, crops, and im-
plements, taken at the close of the preceding year ? From
such certain documents, he would be able to proceed on his
business in a more regular and methodical way, and conse-
quently, with greater assurance of success, than if every thing,
as is too frequently the case, were left to custom, chance, or the
exertion of the moment.

To keep a Diary and Farm Accounts a farmer must occupy
some of his time, but he will improve his mind which demands
the same constant cultivation as his land. And the recording
what he has done, may stimulate him to improvement and future
exertion. Youth cannot have more profitable employment, as
it not only tasks their mental capabilities, but fosters an attach-
ment to their parental acres, and demonstrates the profit of
well directed agricultural labor.

To the student of political economy, or of history, as weU as
of agriculture, a volume of Diaries kept at the same time in
different sections of a county, could not be destitute of value

14;

the next year — in a century it -would l^e invaluable, for agi'i-
cultural information is always read with interest. What farm-
er has not wished for more precise accounts of Noah's vme-
yards and of Solomon's orchards which bore " all kinds of
fruit" — of the cattle of Uzziah, who " loved husbandry," and
of the operations of Elisha, who was found " plowing with
twelve yoke of oxen." We read in the journal of the Pil-
grims, among the interesting events which occui-red in March,
1620, that " Monday and Tuesday proved fayre dayes, so we
digged our grounds and sowed our garden seeds " — a matter of
no marvellous importance in itself, but worthy of remembrance
as the commencement of those beautiful gardens which now
adorn New England.

Let us then have Agricultural Registers, compiled from the
daily notings of practical farmers. They will not only system-
atize and benefit the Agriculture of the present day, but they
will constitute a valuable inheritance for those who may here-
after be placed upon the soil we now occupy, " to dress it and
to keep it."

" Order is Heaven's first law."
Indian Hill Farm, Mass.

144

THE PRESENT ASPECT OF AGRICULTURE.

BY II. C. \AIL, NEWATIK, N. J.

At no time, within our recollection, has Agriculture pre-
sented a more favorable aspect than it did at the beginning of
the current year. Farmers were elated with the idea of
receiving ample reward for the anticipated toil of the ensuing
season. Speculators were keenly alive to their own interests,
and endeavored to lay the ground-work for a speedy fortune.
Merchants, manufacturers and mechanics, alike expected to
receive much assistance from ^he new impulse given to our
farming community ; — more tools, special manures and clothing
would be required to till the enlarged area, and to cover the
forms of the increased number of laborers, or to gratify the
tastes of the enriched husbandman.

The broker, too, expected to reap some benefits, as loans of
money would be required to enable farmers to carry out their
enlarged schemes.

In short, all prospects were flattering in the extreme, up to
the occurrence of the devastating storm in the latter part of
April, which continued for many hours ; submerging fields,
gullying hill-sides, sweeping away -bridges, and destroying
many miles of our most important railways — thus cutting off
means of transportation, and rendering it utterly impossible to
distribute the fertilizers required for spring use. Thousands
of acres of land, flooded with excessive amountsof water, could
not be tilled until a month later than the proper period. The
after-culture of many crops was thrown into the season of har-
vest, hence they suffered materially from neglect. Winter
grain was injured by the hundred acres, and the grass crop
materially lessened in yield by this storm.

145

Besides all tbe.so accidents, the soil was rendci'ed mord
compact by the falling of so much water, and thus prevented
from receiving full bonofits from being permeated by the atmos-
phere and gasscs. While one held was rendered barren, from
the removal of the fine fertile portions of the surface soil,
another was almost ruined by the reception of this material.

Notwithstanding the loss of fruit by the severities of the
Spring weather, together with the losses detailed above, the
crops lool?;ed well in June, and appeared to be in as fine condi-
tion as could be expected under the circumstances, and farmers
again began to be cheered, feeling sanguine that all would yet
end well, when they were visited by a drought, more universal
and more severe then any before experienced. Although the
crop of hay was fair, oats about the same, wheat medium, and
all secured ; yet fears were justly entertained for the corn,
potatoes and summer market crops — as cabbages, beans, etc.

The drought has passed, and we have not been disappointed
in regard to the later crops generally ; but there have been
many sections where the drought has not injured crops so
materially as was anticipated. In particular localities, the
potato crop is finer than it has been for many years ; while
other crops have been almost destroyed.

Those districts, in which the soil is of a sufficiently pulveru-
lent character to admit of the free ingress of atmosphere, and
which is naturally underdrained by a porous stratum of gra-
velly soil, have escaped much injury, while in the very heart of
country, which has suffered to the greatest extent, where
thorough culture has been pursued, whole fields and farms
have escaped from the evils of drought.

Each day brings new instances of the good eficcts arising
from superior modes of cultivation. In many instances in-
creasing the depth of plowing only three or four inches, has
proved of great benefit, while subsoiling has proved its value,
beyond a doubt. So great have been the differences between
ordinary soils, and those rendered deep by sub-soiling and
underdraining, that the person residing on the latter could
scarcely believe that a drought had really . occurred. Indeed
the past season has fully demonstrated the entire efficiency of

146

sub-soiling, thorough draining, and active surface-culture,
during seasons of the greatest drought. We must recollect,
in this connection, that previous seasons when excessive quan-
tities of water have fallen, the same means have proved to be
equally valuable and for obvious reasons. Hence when we are
expending money for preventing damage from accidental
seasons of dry weather, we are also prepared to ward off
dangers of an opposite character. Hereafter, we hope to hear
nothing said by practical farmers against thorough modes of
culture.

From various causes, unnecessary to be mentioned here, the
commercial world received a shock of a serious character
during the past season. The difficulties arising from this, it
was expected, would be entirely alleviated by the time the
results of the summer crops were realized. But the time has
passed, and we have been disappointed. Although there is
enough for all to subsist upon, until another harvest, yet there
is probably no superabundance.

Farmers are now permitted to see the extent and influence of
the agricultural interest ; they should embrace the present
opportunity to learn lessons, which will be of the greatest
service to them in future years. The present moment is the
proper time to note the means of rendering their results more
certain, and also to take a stand in defiance of all political
leaders, schisms, or parties, for the maintainance of their
rights. Now is the proper time to consider the propriety of
demanding that the many millions of dollars annually spent by
Congress in purchasing useless territory, and making unneces-
sary appropriations, be set aside for the establishment of an
Agricultural Department, for the better providing for the
dissemination of useful and reliable information on agriculture,
for the formation of funded associations, under Government,
for the drainage, improvement and settlement of worn-out
lands, — for the institution of scientific investigations to de-
velope the truths of Agriculture, — in short, to put Agriculture
on a footing with commerce, manufactures, and the arts gene-
rally. Let not the tillers of the soil take part in the move-
ments of the " hards" or " softs," the "Know Nothings," or any

147

other party, until tliey are fully satisfied that tlioir Interests now
will not be neglected.

Such, then, are the present aspects of Agriculture. By a
peculiar combination of circumstances, the inhabitants of our
favored country are less successful than heretofore ; business is
almost stagnated in consequence, and full opportunity offered
for deliberation upon ways and means of avoiding, in future, a
like calamity.

A large proportion of farmers will not have enough to carry
their stock comfortably throughout the winter. Many thou-
sands of cattle, unfit for market, will be slaughtered, thus the
supply of butter, cheese and milk will be lessened, while the
means of increasing the stock of the country will be diminished
and the ratio of animal to vegetable food reduced for the two
or three succeeding years. The amount of farm-made manures
will be less than usual, and although it is true that not so
much has been removed from the soil in crops, as would have
been, in a good season ; yet we may fairly anticipate no great
consequent increase in the crop of next year. We fear that
the temptation, which great prices hold out, will cause farmers
to part with too much of their better class of seed wheat, corn,
&c. It is very probable that the purchase of special manures
will not be so fully indulged in, as would have been the case
in a season of plenty ; although there is every reason for in-
creasing th3 amount used, and also of spending more money in
mechanical cultivation.

Heaw clayey soils should be treated to a coating of long
manures, and thrown up into steep ridges this fall. If this
cannot be done the land should be roughly plowed and the
subsoil plow run into the bottom of every furrow. Drains
should be laid and everything done to facilitate spring work,
and to favor the rapid growth of crops. Manures should be
more carefully housed, divided with muck, charcoal, dust, or
other absorbent material, and thus increase the bulk and save
gaseous portions, which would otherwise be lost. Corn stalks
and hay should be cut and moistenec before being fed. and all
grain ground, and for all stock, except horses, soaked or boiled
previous to being presented to the animal. In short, economy

148

must be rigidly practised, and we have no doubt of the results.
Vegetables must enter more largely into the list of articles of
food for a time sufficiently long to allow the production of ani-
mals fit for the butcher ; as the former can be product d in one
year or less, and the latter require a longer time, therefore we
hope to see the best vegetables grown and preparations made
to increase the amount of fruit.

The prospects of the farmer are far from being gloomy, and
we will be sadly disappointed in our expectations if agriculture
does not receive a new impetus. It no^v commands the atten-
tion of all classes ; and mei. of the first talent are engaged in
furthering its interests.

Newark, N. J., December, 1854.

149

OBSERVATIONS ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS
AND THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW KINDS.

BY B. MUNN, NEW YORK.

The great problem, which the farmer, who would be prosper-
ous, has to solve, is, " What can be grown to yield the greatest
profit? But this inquiry, to be correctly answered, involves
much more than the simple question, " What will, for the
present year, give the greatest return ? The iarmer, to be
successlul, must look ahead ; and whilst he is careful not to
leave a stone unturned, which will contribute to his present
success, he must be constantly pressing forward with the view
to still more advantageous results.

The ways in which such results should be sought are numer-
ous. Of late the attention of farmers has been urgently di.
rected to the introduction of more scientific systems of manur-
ing. The benefits to be derived from that source will, at no
distant period, be such as will startle the most incredulous
amongst the opponents of those systems. Drainage is another
still more important subject, the value of which is beginijiug
to be understood. But these are not all, nor a tithe, of the
channels into which the energies of the farmer should be
directed.

There is another subject, of no less importance than those
above alluded to, which I propose to ofier to the consideration
of farmers, who think; and I trust in these days that class em-
braces the larger portion of the whole farming interest. But
here, again, thinking is not all that is necessary. Experiment
and observation must follow the train of thought ; or the grain,
good in quality though it be, will produce no harvest.

The subject that I propose to submit for consideration is, the*,
improvement of the products of the farm, by the introduction)
of new descriptions of crops, and by the cultivating of the vege-
table products of other countries.
10

150

By the term acclimating, I do not, however, intend that
fruitless and useless attempt to induce any particular exotic
species of the vegetable kingdom to become accustomed, by
time, or care in its first culture, to the climate of another
country to which its constitution and vital powers are unsuited.
Nothing can be more utterly wasted than the time and money
expended in such attempts ; for reasons to which I shall pre-
sently allude. The only system of acclimating which can, with
probability of success, be resorted to is, that which consists in
the endeavor by raising new varieties of different vege table
families from seed, either in its simple state or hybridized with
other indigenous kinds of the same family, to obtain individual
plants of the desired kind but with stronger constitutions. In
that direction a very large field of wealth lies unexplored.

Most farmers are now fully alive to the value of the improve-
ments, that have been introduced into the various breeds of
cattle, by the attention that has, for many years past, been
given to the selection of the stock, and the crossing of various
breeds, so as to neutralize gradually the defects of the one, and
to bring forth and encourage the development of the good and
more valued qualities of another.

To some extent the same thing has taken place in the vege-
table kingdom, but so far as the farmer is concerned in it, the
thing has not been pursued with the vigilance that has attended
the improvement of cattle. In turnips, cabbages, and some
few other instances, the value of the subject has been proved ;
and that should convince the most prejudiced mind that the
probability is great that equal success would reward exertions
in the same direction, in a multitude of other crops.

But the question, to one who has some experimental acquain-
tance with vegetable physiology, is not one of probability in
the aggregate, but of certainty. The laws, within which
xihange can take place in reference to the alteration of the rel-
ative parts of a plant, by the cross impregnation, are so far
ascertained as to direct the experimentalist in his efforts at
improvement ; and consequently, it is no longer the theoretical
assumption of the inquirer merely, but the scientific experience
of the man of science, that guides his hand.

151

That this is so can be demonstrated, by the daily practice of
the florist. It is now every day practice with him, to select
and cross-impregnate particular flowers, belonging to the same
family, for the especial object of producing a shape, or a color,
which he is anxious to possess. And it would astonish those,
who have never witnessed such experiments, to see how nearly
the florist frequently arrives at the desired result. This branch
of his art has, of course, been ascertained only by a long series
of experiments, and it must ever be attended with many fail-
ures ; but it is not the less philosophical in principle, or the
less valuable in practice, on that account. For if the florist,
can "apply this practice to his dahlias and his geraniums, the
farmer has only to avail himself of the knowledge which the
florist has thus hunted out, and apply it to those families of Ih?
vegetable world, in which he is interested ; and if his experi-
ments are directed by intelligence in the selection of his sub-
jects, he will undoubtedly be rewarded by success in a greater
or less degree.

This being so, let us endeavor to apply the principles in-
volved, and see how they may be turned to advantage by the
farmer.

The distribution of plants over the surface of the globe, and
their adaptation to particular climates, is one of the subjects
which have much puzzled the observers of nature. One thing,
however, is certain, that whilst very many are by their consti-
tion limited to a comparatively narrow tract of country, there
are many thousands which are by no means confined to a partic-
ular latitude, altitude, or hemisphere. Some plants are found in
most parts of the world, and appear to be able to adapt them-
selves to almost any vicissitudes of temperature, without mate-
rial alteration ; and it is possible that this circumstance has led
to the opinion, so generally entertained, that all plants, to some
extent at least, have the property of adapting their vital powers
gradually to other climates. Whatever may be the case iu refer-
ence to the human constitution under similar circumstances, the
idea of the possession of such powers by the vegetable world is
fallacious. But let me not be misunderstood. The powers of
endurance, as regards extremes of temperature, whether of heat

152

or cold, of drought, and of moisture, as well as of the periods
of time for which such trials can be borne, vary immensely in
plants of different families, and also in varieties in the same
families ; and it is this latter quality that calls forth those
advantages which it is one object of this paper to point out.
But every plant has a specific, fixed constitution, as regards the
extent of its powers of resistence to those external relations
which are antagonistic to its well-doing ; and whatever that ex-
tent is, (which can only be first known by experiment), it cannot
be altered or extended by the operation of time.

The prevalence of a contrary opinion has arisen in many
instances from a disregard of other causes than those under
consideration, and which have operated favorably in another
direction. For example, suppose two exotic plants of equal
strength, age, and size to be planted at the same time in neigh-
boring grounds, and the one to be carefully guarded from
excessive heat during the first summer, or extreme cold in the
first winter after they were planted, and the other not: the
one plant may live, the other die ; but there is no acclimating
in this. The same thing happens continually with common
plants and vegetables around us, according as they are valued
and cared for, or otherwise ; and it arises simply from the more
favorable circumstances for growth under which the successful
plant was placed while it was young and newly planted, but
which, as soon as it had acquired some strength and become
firmly rooted in its new situation, and had the power to take up
and assimilate its nourishment, no longer required protection or
care. The difference of aspect alone will be sufficient in many
instances to make the difference between the capability of a
plant to endure the extremes of winter temperature. In a
northern aspect, many of the more tender evergreens will stand
unhurt by frost, that would be killed in the same garden, if
planted in a southern exposure. The reason is evident ; for it
is known that many plants, when in a dormant state, can endure
much frost, that suffer immediately, if, when once they are ex-
cited from that state by warmth, they are again subjected to it.
In a northern aspect, the plant remains quiet, with its internal
organization undisturbed till the spring ; but in a southern, (if

153

it be of a kind that is speedily acted upon by warmth,) the same
plant becomes aroused by a few mild days from its dormancy,
and cannot endure the return of the ordinary winter temper-
ature which has not yet passed away but merely been with-
drawn for a short period. We are all familiar with these
effects in respect of a late frost in spring and the destruction of
our fruit crops. The same thing precisely takes place in regard
to the wood-buds of plants and trees of a tender description
during winter ; in many instances, simply induced by a differ-
ence of aspect only.

It will be perceived, therefore, that the question of the adapt-
ability of an exotic plant to a particular country is one which
can only be known by experience ; and further, that much care,
and a repetition of many experiments must be made before the
fact can be ascertained with any precision. The principle
objects in making those experiments should be, to take care
that the plants experimented upon are of a good strength and
age to give them a fair chance of success ; that, when planted,
the soil in which they are placed, as well as the situation, as to
aspect, moisture, &c., is as nearly like that of their native habit
as circumstances permit ; that, after being planted, they are
properly protected until they have their roots well established,
and have so acquired the power of drawing their own nourish-
ment ; and that they are duly looked after as regards, water,
tillage, &c., as other plants require to be to enable them to
succeed.

If, after these experiments have been fairly and fully tried, it
is found that from any cause the plant will not live, it may be
assumed, that no lapse of time merely can vary the constitution
of that plant so as to alter the conditions on which its vitality
depends ; and consequently, that there is no means by which
it can be " acclimated," or made to grow.

But it may, nevertheless, frequently occur with plants that
the difference of a few miles even, with a changed condition of
the face of the country, may suffice to make all the alteration
requisite, and to render the growth of the plant both possible
and easy of attainment. And it is this that I would again press
upon the attention of the reader, as the point to be remem
bered in these experiments.

154

Assuming then that it is found that a particular plant cannot
be acclimated, and will not endure the climate of a country or
district to which it is introduced, the question arises, can noth-
ing be done, and must the hope of gaining a valuable acquisi-
tion be abandoned ? In the case of the transport of strictly
tropical Endogenous plants to temperate climates, generally
speaking, the attempt is useless ; but in a very large proportion
of Exogenous plants from mountainous or elevated tropical dis-
tricts, and from the generality of situations out of the tropics,
very much may be done ; and. the possibility of this, and the
manner of ejBEccting it, we will now consider.

We assume, therefore, that the constitution of any individual
plant is fixed and unalterable. Not but that it may be found
capable of bearing greater degrees of heat or cold, of drought
or moisture, than it is ordinarilv subjected to in its native hab-
itat, for the converse of that is every day seen, both with exotic
and indigenous plants ; but it is fixed as regards a certain limits
which limit being once ascertained by experiments upon plants
of mature growth, no length of time will operate a change of
that limit, as to its extent. But although this is so, it is found
that whilst with some plants their offspring raised from seed
invariably inherit a constitution and habit precisely like that of
the parent, in very many others, although the specific character
of the parent family is preserved, the constitution of the seedling
is found to vary in diverse particulars ; and that the seedling can
endure degrees of frost or of heat, of drought or of moisture,
that would have been fatal to its parent. Moreover it is further
found that as well as in constitution, so also in form and size
both of stem, root, leaf, flower and seed, will the seedling differ
from its parent. And again by the cross impregnation of plants
of the same species these results may often, one or other of
them at will, be promoted with an approximation to certainly.
Because although the desired alteration cannot always be relied
upon in each individual seedling, yet experience has so far
taught us to direct the course of our experiments as to give a
frequent approximation in the right direction ; and persever-
ence is only necessary to perfect the operation.

To the floricultural world all this is familiar ; and it is not

155

unlmown to agriculturists ; but it is too little attended to, and
I fear also it is looked upon by many farmers, if not as a chi-
merical notion, at least as too uncertain and vague practically
to be available for useful purposes. This idea it is, that I wish
to combat, and to urge every farmer to devote a few rods of
ground to the purpose of well directed experiment. These ex-
periments should embrace two objects — the one, the improve-
ments of the different crops now forming the usual produce of a
farm ; the other, the introduction of new vegetable agricultural
crops.

The improvement of crops at present cultivated is not per-
haps now altogether neglected, but is practised by couipara-
tively few individuals, and without sufiScieut attention to care
in impregnation for hybridizing. This is the key to success.
By carefully saving seed from plants remarkable for their good
qualities, and by cross impregnation of fine varieties with each
other, great improvements may be made in all vegetable pro-
duce. A gentleman well known to the writer, many years ago
by attention to turnips improved a particular kind so much as
to command from the seed trade a price for his turnip seed
equal to a hundred per cent, beyond the ordinary market price.
His system was to walk over a piece of turnips and select a
few that possessed particularly good shaped roots, and trans-
plant them by themselves at a distance from all crops of a sim-
ilar nature. The seed from these he sowed, and again repeated
his selection. In this way in three years he obtained a strain
of seed so fine in quality, that it was easy to discriminate be-
tween a piece sovm with it, and one of ordinary seed. It
admits of no doubt that every farmer who will enter upon a
like course of experiments with almost any crop will at an
early day find his account in the success of his efforts.

With respect to the introduction of new kinds of agricultural
crops, the object should be twofold ; the one, to seek out and
obtain the new things that every year are brought forward
through the enterprise of Agriculturists and Horticulturists,
and ascertain by actual experiment whether they are suited to
the location of the experimenter ; and the other, where he
finds they arc valuable, but do not prove to have a constitution

156

adapted to his locality he should attempt by raising seed from
the plant, (with the aid of artificial protection,) to ameliorate
the habit and condition of the plant in its progeny. In some
cases this process may be aided by cross impregnation with na-
tive species, if such exist.

As to the introduction of new kinds of crops, it may be said
with truth perhaps by many that they know not where to look
for them. Our friends in Belgium and France are probably the
most enterprising in that direction, and every year produces
something from their efforts. I will mention two or three that
are at present occupying attention there, premising that I have
no personal knowledge of their merits, as they are not yet, I
believe, in this country, but they could doubtless be readily ob-
tained through Thorburn & Co., of New York, or of any lead-
ing seedsmen having correspondents with the seed trade, in
Europe, and as the expense would be trifling, the experiment
would be well worth making ; for it must be remembered that
the greater heat of summer here, renders it extremely probable
that many things that may prove valueless in those parts of Eu-
rope for agricultural produce, may become nevertheless valua-
ble here.

A tall reedy grass has recently been introduced into France,
which promises to become valuable in temperate climates as a
substitute for the sugar cane. It was sent to France by M. de
Montigny, the French Consul at Shanghai, who forwarded seeds
of it, labelled, " Sugar Cane of the North of China." Monsieur
L Vilmorin, the well known horticulturist of Paris, thus de-
scribes the qualities of the plant, which is named Holcus Sac-
charatus : —

" One stem, weighing 6944 grains, gave on the first trial,
October 13th, 23i grains of limpid juice, with no other flavor
but that of sugar and water. The juice from the whole stem
yielded 10.8 per cent of its weight of sugar. Another trial
made November 28th, gave results varying from 14.6 to 13.8
per cent of sugar. In poor garden soil, there were about 17
stems per square yard grown of sufficient weight for extracting
the juice, or about 27,180 pounds to the acre. And estimating
the quantity of sugar at ten per cent of the juice, the produce
would be 2718 pounds of sugar, which is much more than the
usual produce of beet root. The plant bears much analogy to
the maize or Indian corn, and is similarly cultivated."

157

The French distillers have been investigating the qualities of
the sugar, which is found to be very rich, and the juice of ex-
traordinary purity. It is highly probable that as this plant
flourishes in the north of China, it would also thrive in the mid-
dle and some of the Northern States, and if so, its value re-
quires no argument to commend it to the notice of the farmer.

A new variety of wheat has recently been introduced into
England, by Mr. John T. Harradine, of Needingworth, St. Ives,
Huntingdonshire ; who states that it is a foreign variety, and
that being sown in the proportion of four pecks to the acre, it
has yielded 30 per cent, over the best varieties in use. He re-
fers to gentlemen of respectability who have grown it, and it
appears worthy of experiment. He states that it has not been
sold until the present winter.

Much interest is now taken in Europe in researches for some
vegetable product applicable to the manufacture of paper. The
ordinary raw material for the better description of paper, it
seems, has been gradually diminishing in supply as compared
with the demand for it, until the paper-makers are considerably
embarassed to obtain anything like a sufficient quantity ; and
premiums have been offered, for the discovery of any efficient
substitute for the usual article. There can be little doubt but
that this want will be supplied at an early date ; for there
must be numberless descriptions of vegetable fibre, beside that
now used, which are adapted to the purpose. Until the discov-
ery is made, of course the only suggestion to be given to those
willing to enter upon the investigation, is to direct their atten-
tion to those families of plants whose fibrous substance bears
some analogy in character to that of flax. Enormous profits
must reward the successful competitor for this desideratum, far
beyond any premium which is put forth as a stimulant to ex-
periment.

That the other course of experiment suggested, namely, the
attempt by propagation from seed of many vegetable products
which in their primitive state are not suited to this climate, is
judicious, a well known case will illustrate. The pomologists
of this country have raised several native varieties of apples and
pears of great excellence, and which flourish here admirably

158

from seed of European kinds, wliich latter do not succeed, nor
sustain their natural character on this continent. And this lias
occurred, both in reference to the quality of the fruit, and the
hardiness or otherwise of the tree.

Wherever it is found, as is frequently the case, that the vital
powers of a particular plant although not equal to bear the ex-
tremes of temperature are only affected when those extremes
are most excessive, there is much reason to expect that seed
from such a plant may be sown with a fair expectation of a va-
riation in the constitution of some of the seedlings which would
repay the labor bestowed. When however this does not so tarn
out, the experiment should not nevertheless be abandoned, but
the seedlings should themselves be seeded, and their seed sown
again.

It was by perseverance in this plan of sowing seed of succes-
sive reproductions that the Belgian Pomologist, Dr. Van Mons,
made the extraordinary improvements in Pears, which earned
for him world-wide renown ; and which improvements are car-
ried on in the same way by his worthy friend and successor now
settled in this country, L. Berckmans, Esq., of Plainfield, New
Jersey, from whose experience, and intelligent mind, we may
look forward at an early day to still farther advances in the
same direction.

It is to the diligence of such men as these in scientific
researches that the civilized world owes obligations that it sel-
dom repays until time has ceased /or them^ and eternity begun !
But though this be so, the character of benefactors to their
fellow-men is not the less justly their due ; and if they have the
consciousness that the merit of their exertions is usually slow
in acquiring its reward, they may feel the satisfaction of believ-
ing that, when obtained, the meed of praise, with gratitude
for their labors, will attach to their memory for many a long
year!

If, therefore, farmers, self-interest cannot stimulate you to
exertion, let the more noble sentiments of your nature take
hold upon your energies, and improve your talents for your
COUNTRY, though you be careless for yourselves.
New York, Jan. 1855.

159

BRIEF HTSTORY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE.

BY GEOKGE 11. DADD, VETICRINARY PRACTITIONER, 150ST0N.

This science, like that which is adapted to our race, was first
called into existence by necessity. It was discovered that do-
mestic animals were subject to various forms of disease, identi-
cal with those of man ; and that for want of the requisite
knowledge for the treatment of the same, they generally termi
nated fatally. The sword of pestilence, also, in the form of
epizootics, was continually at work among the flocks and herds,
sweeping all before it.

With a view of preventing these evils, a few master spirits
invoked the aid of science. It was not, however, until the year
1761; that a regular veterinary school was established, although
the dissection of animals had, from the time of Hippocrates to
this period, been prosecuted with considerable ardor. This
school was ushered into existence at Lyons, under the patron-
age of the French Government, and the liberal and scientific
men of that period readily embarked in the novel enterprise.
By unflinching perseverance they overcame every obstacle,
and uprooted long cherished prejudices. Four years after
the endowment of this school, a similar one was established at
Alfort, which also met with great encouragement and success.
Other nations were watching the proceedings with considerable
interest, and the practicability of the undertaking once estab-
lished, they were not slow in following the example.

Similar schools rapidly sprung up in Holland, Prussia, Den-
mark, and in various other States ; and their success was not
inferior to that attending the French schools ; for each adopted
a regular system of medical tuition, creditable alike to the
institutions and pupils ; while it gave the agriculturists a guar-
antee against empiricism and imposition, which had so long been
practised upon them and theirs, by ignorant quacks.

160

In the year 1788, a Frenchman, named St. Bel, undertook
to arouse the English nation who were then in the same relative
position toward the science and its collateral branches, as the
people of this country are at the present day. Furnished with
letters of introduction from eminent Frenchmen to Sir Joseph
Banks and other influential individuals, he mat with a warm
reception, and was encouraged to commence the good work.
He immediately published proposals for establishing a veteri-
nary school, which excited but little attention ; consequently,
during the first year, little else was accomplished than merely
making known his object. In the following year, he read lec-
tures on the science, and thus gave the agriculturists an oppor-
tunity to judge of the new project, but still he met with little
success.

His failure was attributed to various causes, and it may be
proper for us to notice them ; for we sincerely believe, that the
same are now in operation, diverting American skill and intel-
ligence from embarking in a cause so worthy the attention of a
nation of husbandmen. It was then in consequence of the mis-
erable attainments of those who presumed, without authority or
qualification, to practice the art, that Englishmen refused to
accept the proffered boon ; that country had not escaped the
evUs already alluded to — their horses and cattle were subject
to various forms of disease, the cause and pathology of which
were entirely unknown ; this state of things had opened a field
for adventurers and quacks, whose barbarous system of medi-
cation generally resulted in the death of their patients. The
people formed an estimate of the value of this art in exact
ratio to the success of these self-styled Farriers; and they
argued that if the practice of veterinary medicine required no
higher order of talent than these men were wont to display, it
was no science at all, and therefore beneath the dignity of a
gentleman or scholar to have anything to do with it.

St. Noel assigns a reason for his failure in the following lan-
guage : — " The opulence of England offered a wide field for im-
postors of foreign origin, by whom the nation was daily imposed
on, and repeated experience of such impositions naturally excit-
ed distrust towards foreigners in general ; and because honesty

161

of views was not written on my face, patience and perseverance
became my only resources." At this stage of affairs St. Noel
fortunately made the acquaintance of a gentleman, who had a
decided taste for the art, he bid the professor not despair, as-
suring him that the people only needed to have the matter set
before them in its right light, when success would soon crown
his efforts. This assurance, coming from the lips of a man of
influence, inspired St. Noel with new hopes ; he immediately
issued a pamphlet, entitled, " Plan for establishing an institu-
tion to cultivate and teach the Veterinanj art.''' The pamphlet
was well received, and several agi-icultural societies conferred
on him honorary distinction.

During the year 1790, several meetings took place between
members of agricultural societies and gentlemen favorable to
the cause ; till at length active measures were adopted for pro-
moting its object. The result was, an institution was endowed,
called the " Veterinary College of London,' ' to which St. Bel
was appointed Professor, but unfortunately he had scarcely the
chair one year, ere a sudden and brief illness terminated his
earthly career. Notwithstanding this sad calamity, the college
was left in a flourishing condition, the Duke of Northumberland
had contributed for its support a sum, equal in our currency, to
twenty-five hundred dollars, and the enterprise numbered
among the staunch supporters, such men as* the Earl of Gros-
venor, Mr. Penn, Earl Morton, Drs. Hunter and, Crawford, and
subsequently that disting-uished surgeon, Sir Astley Cooper.

Although the college had been but a short period in existence,
its pupils had gained sufficient knowledge of the theory and
practice to distinguish themselves, and they have left, as a leg-
acy to all the world, a record of their labors, which even in this
enlightened age, serve as useful guides to the young aspirant
for veterinary fame.

The vacant professorship was finally conferred on Mr. Cole-
man, who had previously distinguished himself in physiological
research. A medical committee was now appointed, consisting
of some of the most eminent practitioners in the country, by
whom the candidates for graduation were examined, and when
found to have acquired sufficient knowledge for practice, certi-

162

ficates were granted accordinglv. History informs us that this
committee was composed of men who held professorships in the
medical department of one of the London miiversities, and they
admitted veterinary students to their lectnres free of charge.

Through the agency of Prof. Coleman, the patronage of the
British GiDvemment was secured, the strings of the public purse
were loosened, and Parliament voted a sum of money to be
paid annually for the support of the college ; and the reigning
monarch, George the Third, granted the rank of commissioned
officers to veterinary graduates who desired to serve in cav-
alry regiments ; and the Hon. East India Company, so soon as
they observed the good effects produced by appointments, fol-
lowed the example of their monarch, and appointed veterinary
surgeons to serve with their army in India. Veterinary sur-
geons are now to be found in most of the cavalry regiments of
the old world, and their numbers are still increasing.

The advantages under which students can now acquire the
principles of the art in England, France, and Germany, are not
inferior to those of our most favored Universities ; and such
astonishing discoveries, through the aid of microscopic and
chemical inventions, are now being made, and so splendid are
the achievements in surgery, that the sons of Esculapius — our
brethren of the human school — must look to their laurels, or
we shall rival them.

Such is the brief history of this science. Much interesting
matter might be added in view of enlisting the sympathy of
Americans, but we shall reserve such for a future number of
this Journal, feeling assured that the day is not far distant
"when the American people will follow the example of their
brethren in the old world, and establish similar institutions for
do good of both man and brute.

16(

HEDGES.

BY A. H. ERNST, CIXCINXATI, OHIO. ^

More than fifty years ago, owing to the growing scarcity and
increasing cost of wood, the public attention was directed to the
importance of hedging (where stone does not abound on the sur-
face.) During this period, large amounts of money and time
have been expended in the effort to substitute them for the
wooden structures of farm inclosures. More recently, a new
impetus has been given to this subject, by the settlers of our
Western Prairies, where the entire absence of all fencing
materials has forced on them the necessity of its adoption. The
practice and experiments in the older parts of our country have
proved almost an entire failure, amounting to an abandonment
for all practical farming purposes. And the success in the West
has not been very flattering, nor likely to meet the wants of the
farmer.

Much has been written and said of the various modes of form-
ing hedges, during this time. Every periodical in the land,
having any pretensions to a connection with agriculture or
horticulture, in this age of progress, teems with instructions on
the subject, as diverse as the writers are numerous. It may,
therefore, seem presumptuous for me to thrust myself among the
list of instructors in a field already so fully occupied, — a field
in which the fancj/ and poetical genius has been so fully brought
to bear. Still, as I shall confine my remarks to my own prac-
tice and observations, and as our soil and climate difi'er, so wc
may be permitted to difi'er on results ; and as no good fmits
have yet been produced from the general practice in use, there
can be no objection to going back to first principles, and make
a right start from that point. Let me not be understood as
speaking disparagingly of much tliat has been said : tliat is not
my feeling.

164

I will not here consume time to more than refer to some of
the prominent mistakes as the causes of failure ; leaving them to
be discussed as I progress. It is as much my object, however,
to point out a bad or wrong practice, as that of a correct one.
Among these are. The use of improper plants ; Improper culti-
vation ; Too much haste and impatience to make a fence in
height, without proper regard to the base or bottom ; Wide
planting ; Neglect to replant where gaps have occurred by the
death of plants, with general inattention to trimming and keep-
ing the border clear of weeds and other rubbish, and obstructing
the free circulation of air and light on the side of the hedge,
by the near growth of other plants or trees.

It is presumed aU-sufiBcient by most persons to put the plants
(no matter how) in the rows, cut them down once or twice, and
then let them take their course, without stopping to reason on
the result. All look well to them when the foliage is on ; when,
however, deprived of this covering, its deformity and worthless-
ness is exposed, it is found full of gaps and irregular growth,
with abundant openings at the bottom to accommodate rabbits
and pigs with free passage, and very soon animals of larger
growth. The wider the plants are set apart in tlie row, the
more defective will it be found in this respect. This I shall
show before I get through : there is no practice more mischiev-
ous in its effect than this.

Here let me remark to those who flatter themselves that it is
a trifling or light matter to form a perfect hedge, and set about
it with this feeling, in the language of one of the best writers of
his day on this subject — " I would advise such to hold fast by
the post and rail, and not to lose time in doing more harm than
good." There is nothing more beautiful and ornamental in the
landscape of a well ordered farm than a well formed hedge ;
but hardly anything more out of place than one that has been
neglected ; it fails to meet the object for which it was intended,
occupies room, and is an unsightly nuisance rather than an
ornament.

We are accustomed to look to Europe; but more especially to
England, for examples to follow in our agricultural pursuits ; —
80 with hedging, and with great propriety we may ; but it is to

165

be regretted that there, as with us, it is not all as it should be.
According to the testimony of reliable writers and others,
many of their hedges are exceedingly slovenly — mere skeletons
" for the protection of the game," " covers for partridges and
foxes." Here we want something different, and for a better
purpose. In a comitry like ours, where stock of every descrip-
tion is permitted at large to prowl on society, more care and
greater security is required as a barrier against intrusion. Not-
withstanding the length of time that the public attention has
been turned to the importance of hedging, but few of our
farmers have realized its importance, and a less number have
had opportunity to inform themselves correctly on the mode of
operation from any practical example to which they might
resort, but have relied on the too often fancifid instructions of
writers for periodicals, who themselves often write without
experience.

The want of knowledge as to plants that are adapted to this
purpose in our climate, in the first instances, was a fruitful
source of disappointment. The hawthorn of England — the
great hedge-plant there, and even our native thorns, experience
proves will not endure the clipping and consequent exposure to
our hot and dry weather and brilliant sun. The introduction,
however, of the buckthorn, and more recently, of the osage orange
maclura, (which latter is perhaps the best plant in the world
for hedging,) has removed the first difficulty. We, therefore,
may go to the work of hedging with the confident assurance of
success, if we begin right and persevere in right doing. The
path to tliis I will endeavor to point out, after a few remarks on
the principle of vegetation and growth ; from which the reason-
ableness will be apparent of the mode for growing hedges that
I am about to present. Li this I present no new discovery, but
simply re-introduce an old principle ; and without its observ-
ance, aU effort will prove abortive.

It is a principle in vegetable growth to spend itself upwards,
and only horizontally, or in an inclination from a perpendicular
direction, as it is forced, either from an exuberance of vegeta-
tive force or the forcible inclination of the plant, from an upright
position. It does not seek a different direction voluntarily.
11

166

Hence tlie feebleness of the laterals, especially the lower ones,
to the more favored ones near the top of the plant, or tree. It
is true, that there is in some plants a tendency to grow more
dwarfish and bushy than others, as there are some with a pend-
ent habit ; but this does iiot change the general principle, — it is
not of the character that will apply to hedging. From this it
will be seen how important it is to check the upright growth in
hedge-plants, in order to secure the expansion and growth at or
near the ground — to change its upright character and force
the plant in a different attitude from its natural one. The
simple cutting down and forcing out the laterals does not fully
accomplish the object. It will answer for an inside division,
where hogs are not permitted at large, but will hardly prove
sufficiently tight at the base for an outside protection. In
cutting back, we simply cause a greater number of shoots to
proceed from the same point, some of which are forced into the
lateral positions, wliile others seek the upright direction. These
last always secure to themselves the chief growth ; and though
these are again cut back, still the main struggle is to resume its
natural upright position, and the expenditure of the sap is
exhausted to form growth in that direction, leaving only for the
lower laterals what cannot be consumed there.

I am thus particular that the mind of the reader may be pre-
pared to see the objections to wide. planting, and also to an
upright growth, however carefully cut back, to form a base and
an impervious outside hedge. When speaking of wide planting,
I wish to bo understood as meaning any distance, in a single
row, over six inches ; and for a double row in a hedge, any
distance over eight inches. All beyond this I heartily re-
pudiate.

The chief principles on which hedging rests are, To force the
plant out of its natural habit; To dwarf that which usually
grows to a tree ; To divert the concentration of strength in a
few plants ; Not to rely on a few absorbents from the soil,
requiring long extent of root to supply its top, interfering with
and dividing the nourishment of the soil within the inclosurc
they are designed to protect ; To diffuse this strength by divid-
ing it among a number of plants, thus to secure independent,

167

individual absorbefits, with diminished roots, confined to a nar-
row belt in their stretch for food, of less luxuriant growth, less
liable to overgrowth, to the injury of the next plant, and in the
case of the death of one, not to leave an irreparable gap.

It matters not how carefully the cutting back is attended to,
and how wide the base is formed, if the plants are not set close
in the rows. The first impetus of growth, in laterals, is more
or less in an upright direction, and only becomes horizontal or
drooping by the weight or crowded state of other shoots above.
This applies where there is no resistance below to prevent. Of
course, this will be at right angles from the line of the hedge ;
not so between plants. A little observation will show this.
The laterals there are rather forced upward than otherwise, as
they approach each other from plant to plant, and are supported
in that position by each other as they come in contact, forming
an archway for the free passage of small animals. Tliis will be
found invariably the case with all such hedging, when critically
examined, with the foliage off. The wider apart the plants are
S3t in the row, the more defective will it be found. Such has
been the result of my observations, more recently fully con-
firmed in the opportunity aiforded by the kind invitation of the
Committee of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture to accom-
pany them in their examination of hedging. There are defects
wliich never can be cured, in wide planting, by any process of
pruning or trimming, nor can the space between be filled with
other plants. It is a well-known principle in vegetation that
the stronger plants always absorb the nourishment from the
soil to the exclusion of the younger, or weaker ones, until they
die from starvation. Of course, none will grow there.

Having quite fully explained the principle of growth, and the
results of a neglect to regard this principle, with the effect of a
bad practice in hedge growing, I will now briefly point out three
modes for forming a hedge, which experience has proved to be
such as reliance can be placed on, with the hope of success.
After having thoroughly prepared the ground for the line of
hedge by deep plowing or digging, of four feet wide, always
raising the ground in the middle of the border, with a slope
each way from the line of the plants, (which should be planted

168

in the middle of the border,) for the purpose of admitting a
free circulation of air to the bottom of the hedge, that the
laterals may not be choked or smothered there, — too much
care cannot be taken in this, as the future health and durability
of the hedge depends on it. When thus prepared, the plants
should be inserted, either with a dibble, or in a trench made
with the spade ; either mode will do, (but the latter is the
best,) if the plants are small. Four to five inches for a single
row, or six to eight iQches for a double row, is as far apart as
they should be set. This work may be performed at any time
between the time the leaves are off in the fall, and before the
expansion of the buds in the spring, when the weather is not
frosty. When planting is completed, they should be cut back,
leaving not over one inch of the top above tlie ground. In
planting, care should be taken to cut back the top root to
eight or ten inches, and also to assort the plants so that those
of the same size may be planted together. They will grow
more uniform in this way.

The first summer, the plants only require to be kept clear
from weeds and grass. The next spring they must be again
cut down within two inches of the ground, and. treated in the
same way the coming summer. Care must always be observed
to re-plant where any have died out ; and this should always
be with plants as large and old as those in the hedge-rows ; for
this purpose there should always be a supply reserved in the
nursery department.

We have now arrived at the point where a decision must be
made as to the fence we want ; and in this decision we shall
naturally be governed by the pressure to be brought against it.
If for an inside division, where hogs are not permitted at large,
the upright form will answer. If, however^, for an outside pro-
tection, where we have no other than a common control as to
what shall come in contact with it to test its power of resist-
ance, the only safe plan is plaiting or plashing. If the hedge
is to be on the upright principle, it is necessary to again cut it
back the third time, within three inches of the last cutting,
leaving all the laterals, or horizontal shoots below this point.
The plants wiU now have formed a strong nucleus, from which

169

quite a number of vigorous shoots will put out — some forced
into the lateral position, but with the usual tendency to an
upright growth. In June, they must be again cut back within
five or six inches of the last cutting, again carefully preserving
the laterals below this point ; and in July or early in August,
this process must be repeated, within five or six inches of the
last cutting. The next summer, the same process must be con-
tinued, until the hedge is the required height ; the base should
not, in the meantime, be permitted to grow slovenly and care-
lessly, but should have such shoots as are disposed to grow
irregular or rampant, shortened in, so as to have a uniform and
regular, even surface. It will not do to crowd the forming of the
hedge faster than this, or it will not be worth the trouble it
has cost.

The best form for a hedge is the hog-back shape. What is
meant by this form, is a straight line on either side of the
hedge from the bottom of the base to a point of intersection at
the top. This exposes, in the best aspect and beauty, the
greatest surface to light, air, rain and the dews of night, —
very essential points to the health and durability, as also the
best form to check a top growth to the neglect of the base. In
the growth of the hedge, this form should always be kept in
view. Plaiting is the mode adopted with excellent success in
forming the hedge inclosing " Spring Grove Cemetery," at Cin-
cinnati. This course commences in precisely the same practice
as above pointed out, up to the third season ; when the plants,
instead of being cut down, are only partly so, and at various
heights. Having first secured a good growth for a base, aU
the upright shoots are cut down to near the ground, except at
intervals of four inches. Then stakes are put down in the line
of the hedge, eight feet apart and four feet high, on which two
slats are fastened horizontally — the first one foot from the
ground, the other at the top. When thus prepared, all the
shoots not cut down, are bent over alternately, in opposite
directions, and crossing each other at right angles, so as to
form a web-work, like a sieve, and should be similarly woven,
which is easily done if commenced at the bottom ; one half, or
the alternate shoot, is cut off at the first slat, the remainder are

170

continued to the upper slat, and fastened there. They are
fastened by yellow willow ties to each slat, and at each cross-
ing ; this keeps it firm to its place, until the growth has become
so intermixed that nothing short of cutting it down can remove
it. In this form of hedge, the shoots not cut oif are all forced
into an inclined position, whereby the ascent of the sap is im-
peded, the dormant buds below, and all along the shoots are
brought into action, and soon form a complete, impervious
barrier to man and beast.

Most of this hedging is planted in double rows, eiight inches
apart, and the plants eight inches apart in the row, and these
are set opposite to the open space in the other line — which is
equivalent to four inches in the single row. Part of it is, how-
ever, set in single rows, plants four inches apart, and is doing
quite well. This form of hedge is very beautiful, well adapted
to ornamental grounds, as perfectly in keeping with such, but
is too costly to be adopted for general farming purposes.

The third, and last mode for the forming of a hedge which I
shall describe, — that which the farmer must adopt, as suited
to his wants and means, if he hedges at all for an outside pro-
tection,— \^ plashing. This is a very simple process, but in
this, as in the last, the same practice must be pursued up to
the third year as described in the first. In describing this
mode, I do not know that I can do better than to give the sub-
stance of a writer on Horticulture, who possessed much prac-
tical knowledge on this, as other branches of the science ; and
though not of recent date, I have found great benefit in consult-
ing in my practice. In plashing, it is best that the upright
shoots should be permitted to grow to a good length. This the
osage orange will do in one summer, in good soil, after it has
been cut down three times.

In all cases of cutting the hedge, it is necessary for the
operator to provide himself with a good strong pair of leather
gloves, pruning-saw, and a hedge-hook — that is, a heavy instru-
ment with a long and sharp edge, and a sort of a hook on the
lower part of the back, by which the operator can draw the
shoots to where wanted. " Thus prepared, he will proceed by
selecting some of the main, upright stems, at distances in pro-

171

portion to the general growth of the hedge, (from three to
four feet,) to serve for stakes, which are to be cut off to two,
three, or four feet, in proportion to the thickness and strength
of the plants to be plashed, or laid between them. Where
no stems are foimd strong enough, other stakes must be
driven down ; the distance apart must be determined by the
length of the shoots that are to be plashec and layered." As
the object of these stakes is to secure the work when cora-
pleted, the operator will find no difficulty to determine this.
" The hedge is then to be thinned by cutting down to near the
ground, leaving only a sufficiency of the best and longest shoots,
at regular distances of eight inches. The operator will then
proceed to lay down the shoots, first lopping oS any stiff, un-
manageable, or straggling side branches, taking care not to cut
them more than is absolutely necessary to lay and weave them
between the stakes, almost to a horizontal position, all laying
one way. Such shoots as do not yield readily to the desired
position should be brought to it bv a sloping cut near the
ground, taking care that this is not more than is necessary to
effect the object." This process, it will be seen, brings the
shoots one on the other, each with a shorter lop as the work
advances. "When the hedge is thus plashed, finish the top
with some of the largest shoots, first cut ; divesting them of all
their side branches, working two together, plying round and
over one another, between each stake." — that is, thrusting the
end in below, and bringing it across in opposite directions,
lengthwise between the stakes ; then with two others in the
same way, taking care to secure the ends of the last in the grip,
so as to secure them in their places. Thus proceed until the
whole is completed. This forms a finish somewhat like the rim
of a willow basket. " When this is finished, proceed with the
hedge-bill to lop off any irregular, straggling shoots or branches
on the side ; then this part of the work is finished."

Here we have a base that nothing can get through ; every
plant that has been cut off will throw out a number of shoots,
and all the dormant buds along the shoots, laid down, will
burst and grow, making a complete web of an intermixed
growth, presenting a strength that may bid defiance to. in-

172

traders. If this process of plashing is repeated in a year or
two, it will be the better ; otherwise, it must be cut back on it,
and treated as directed in the first case, until the hedge has
attained the desired height. I have practised plashing on the
Washington thorn with the desired success, and feel confident
the osage orange and buckthorn will do better.

Old, neglected hedges can be made valuable, if the gaps are
not too large, by cutting them down, and plashing as above
directed.

For trimming a hedge, nothing is better than a common
Dutch grass-sickle in the hand of an active man. He will pass
over a great length of hedge in a day ; all that is necessary is
a little practice, when, with a quick stroke upwards, he will
make a clear cut from the bottom to the top. This operation
must be often repeated, in order to keep the hedge in a neat
and tidy condition, and the body in a vigorous and healthy
growth. If this is not attended to, the inside will soon become
open and ragged, from the exclusion of light and air, by the
long and irregular shoots on the outside.

From the above it will be seen that a continued vigilance and
care is absolutely essential to the forming- and after preservation
of a hedge. And, as before observed, those who cannot afford
time and patience to practice on the principles laid down in the
above essay, had better not undertake it. They will only by
their defeat discourage others of more perseverance from at-
tempting it, and thus do great harm in preventing this addition
of ornament and beauty to our rural landscapes.

Seeing everywhere the great evil growing out of bad practice,
the perfect waste of time and money which has, and is being
employed, especially just at this time, when the agricultural
community all over the land, but especially on our Western
Prairies is exclusively embarking in this mode of fencing, — in
the hope that I may elicit a right action, is my apology for
placing the result of my observations and practice before you.
In this I have endeavored to be as brief as a comprehensive
undertaking would admit of. Much more might profitably be
said on the subject, which is necessarily excluded. It is a
beautiful subject, in which the poetical and ingenious mind finds

173

a field of capacious dimensions, wliere it may revel without the
fear of exhaustion. This, though pleasant, does not meet the
farmer's wants. It is a plain, common-sense practice that will
suit him best.

So much has been said — and correctly — on the mode and
practice of growing the plants from seed, that it is presumed
unnecessary to take up time by repeating it here. The same
general rule applies to this as it does to all fruit seed. They
must be exposed to the natural operation of the elements, to
dissolve the glutinous substance of the hull enveloping the germ,
or it will not vegetate. If deprived of nature's laboratory to
produce this, an artificial one must be resorted to. Soaking
the seed in warm water at the season of vegetation in the
spring, until the germ is set free to vegetate, is the usual mode
practiced with good success. The treatment afterwards is as
with other seed.

Spring Garden^ Cincinnati, Feb. 3, 1855.

174

A M E R I C A N P 0 M 0 L 0 G Y

STx\TE FRUIT REPORTS.

By the kindness of the government of the American Pomo-
logical Society, we are enabled to present some valuable and
entirely reliable information upon the subject of fruits — a sub-
ject of great and growing interest to the farmer.

Horticulture is but a department of agriculture ; yet there
are too many farms without other than chance-grown fruit trees
within their limits — trees bearing a small quantity of inferior
fruit ; while on the same ground could as well be grown full-
bearers of the choicer varieties.

To show that, when men make the proper effort, " some
things can be done as well as others," we extract freely from
the Fruit Report from Maine, prepared by Mr. Henry Little,
of Bangor, and from the Mississippi Report, presented by Mr.
John C. Jenkins, of Elgin, near Natchez.

Bangor is situated at the head of navigation on the Penob-
scot river, in the State of Maine, in latitude 44° 47' North.
Natchez is located on the Mississippi river, in latitude about 31°
N. Bangor naturally grows forests, for timber, and ice for ex-
portation ; while Natchez is a home of the palmetto and the
orange tree, and its wharves are piled with cotton — the growth
of its back country. The thermometer in the southern city
once astonished the people by descending to 14° above zero ;
when it often accomodates the inhabitants of Bangor by register-
ing 30° below zero. The two cities are distant from each other
about eighteen hundred miles. And yet the Maine Committee
are confident that there is no way, by which the lands of Maine
can be used, that will pay a greater per centage per acre, than
by the cultivation of the finer varieties of fruits ; while in Mis-
sissippi it appears that the pear and other fruits succeed equally
well as in the Northern and Middle States — that many varieties
which at the North are small and of inferior quality, are there

grown in great perfection and attain to great size and weight ;
and rarities which are not in eating in New England until Oc-
tober or November, are ripe in Mississippi in June.
Without further preface, we present a portion of the

■ FEUIT EEPORT FROM MAINE.

A degree of cold equal to Sl*^ below zero, coming upon an
autumn, warm and unusually late, and consequently acting upon
much imperfectly ripened wood, and in too many cases upon
trees weakened by overbearing, might well be feared.

To show that the disasters of the past winter were not
wholly owing to the severity of the cold, it may be well to
mention the fact, that of about eighty pear trees planted by one
of your committee, about the fifteenth of October last, and to
which the leaves adhered firmly, and were removed by hand to
check the farther flow of sap, not one tree was lost ; while in
the nursery rows, from which the trees were taken, a consider-
able proportion were killed.

In consequence of the severe drought of the past summer,
which was more severe than since 1841, (no rain having fallen
for seventy-five days previous to the first week in September,)
the fruit crop of the present year has consequently been very
light, and less opportunity has been aiforded than was desired,
for testing many new varieties, and the more so, as on many
trees not apparently otherwise injured, the blossom buds were
so much injured as to fall without opening.

Yet they are not the less confident, in regard to the ultimate
profit and general success of fruit culture in Maine, if judici-
ously managed in the matter of the selection of suitable vari-
eties, and of subsequent cultivation. As to the adaptation of
varieties to soil and climate we know something ; but much re-
mains to be learned. Of the necessity of thorough cultivation,
we already know more than wo practice.

Allow us to press this point, and urge all who propose to
plant trees, to invest in the operation some money, care, and
labor, say one dollar's worth in all for each young tree, to pur-
chase, plant and care for it the first year, and fifty cents for
each year afterwards. This would suffice, and would not be

176

extravagant. Should this be faithfully done, it would be rea-
sonable to anticipate a good profit on the investment. In a
few years each tree would probably yield as much as the inter-
est of one or two hundred dollars, and will continue to do it
for many years.

The Committee are confident that there is no way by which
the lands of Maine can be used that will pay a greater per cent,
per acre, than by the cultivation of the finer varieties of fruits
which are suited to the climate of the State. They therefore
recommend the extensive cultivation of the choicest and long-
keeping varieties. The winter apples of Maine possess a much
sharper and a higher flavor, and a more crispy and finer tex-
ture than those of the same varieties grown in other States, in
a warmer climate, and a longer season. They also decidedly
possess better keeping qualities. This gives our cultivators an
advantage when large quantities are grown for exportation.
The fact that our long-keeping fruits may be successfully car-
ried to nearly all parts of the world, is calculated to allay the
fears of any who may apprehend that the extensive planting of
fruit trees would result in overstocking the market, for that is
out of the question.

Maine is largely interested in shipping ; our ice crop never
fails, and immense quantities are annually shipped to foreign
countries ; and our fruit and ice can go well together. The
Baldwin and other long-keeping apples have been carried with
ice to Calcutta, and there sold at high prices, weeks and even
months after our stock of apples at home has been exhausted.

FEUIT EEPORT FEOM MISSISSIPPI.

A Report upon the subject of fruit growing in the State of
Mississippi, should properly be prefaced with a few remarks
upon the soil and climate.

Soil. — My locality is six miles south of the city of Natchez,
between the thirty-first and thirty-second degrees of north lati-
tude. The surface soil is a rich, black, vegetable mold, about
eighteen inches in depth, resting upon a strata of hard clay,
underlaying which is a yellow loam filled with fresh water
shells. This great loamy formation, elevated about two hun-

177

dred and fifty feet above the level of the sea, extends along the
right bank (ascending) of the Mississippi River, from the
thirty-first degree of north latitude, as far up as Vicksburg,
(thirty-two and one-half degrees north latitude,) and runs
horizontally eastward from the river, a distance of twelve to
fifteen miles, at which point a marine and fresh water deposit,
with recent sea shells, crops out, followed by the eocene for-
mation of geologists.

Upon the first belt of soil next the river, (the richest upland
in our State,) porous in its texture, abounding in phosphate,
and the underlaying strata of loam in the carbonate of lime,
the native forest trees grow luxuriantly, and attain a majestic
size. The magnolia, the tulip tree, the sassafras, the black
walnut, and several species of the oak, are found eighty to one
hundred feet in height, and having a diameter of from three to
five feet near their base.* In so rich a soil, the growth of all
fruit trees is much more rapid and vigorous than upon the
Atlantic slope, and consequently the trees are a longer time in
coming into a bearing state.

. Climate. — Our winters are generally mild and open — snow
seldom falls, or if so, melts away under sunshine in a few hours.
We never experience so great a degree of cold as to kill fruit
trees. The thermometer has been known to fall as low as
fourteen degrees above zero, but this is very unusual. Our
winters are cold enough to give deciduous fruit trees a suffi-
cient period of rest to recruit for another summer's fruit
bearing ; and this, followed by a spring and summer of so high
a temperature as to mature the latest kinds of fruit early in
the fall, is all that is wanted, as regards climate, to bring fruits
to perfection. The temperature during the nionths of May,
June, July, August, and September, is almost torrid. The
thermometer rarely falling under eighty degrees, and often
rising to ninety and ninety-five degrees. Spring frosts occur,
but rarely destroy the fruit crop. Long droughts are prevalent
during our summer and fall months.

Before noticing the varieties of fruits which follow, I must

*See additional Notes.

premise that aspect is of high importance with us, and that the
best exposure for an orchard is a northern one. I would also
state that my ground was well prepared before I planted out
the trees — that the specific minaral manures, especially for the
apple and the pear, were incorporated in a well decomposed
compost, and this spread over the surface of the orchard two
inches in depth. The ground was then trench plowed, fol-
lowed by a sub-soil plow ; and after planting, the trees kept
well mulched during the summer months, and the soil every
year cultivated in root crops.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES.

No region of country upon the globe, can exceed ours in the
perfection to which these delicious fruits attain, our burning
sun developing the saccharine qualities of the peach to the
highest degree. Even the yellow fleshed varieties are with us,
sweet and sugary, with only so much acid as to be grateful to
the taste. I cultivate about one hundred varieties of the
peach, and six of the nectarine. Although the northern varie-
ties are sometimes cut short by frosts, from their habit of late
blooming, still the peach may be considered a sure crop in this
region. In a period of ten years past, I have never failed in
securing a crop. Oar State exports largely of this fruit to the
New Orleans market. All northern varieties ripen with me in
June and July.

PEARS.

This fruit has only been recently cultivated to any extent in
our State. I learn there are trees yet growing, (supposed to
have been planted by the early French and Spanish colonists,)
upon the Bluffs, south of Natchez — and known as the Cliffs
pear — an indifferent table fruit, and only suitable for cooking ;
although in times past it was so rare a sight to see a pear tree
in the fruit orchards of this region, now that southern nurseries
have been successfully established, thousands and tens of thou-
sands of pear trees are being annually planted, and our State
will, without doubt, in ten to fifteen years from this date, export
largely of this fruit to the West Indies and the northern cities.

179

The intense heat of our summers, maturing the pear fully two
months earlier than ten degrees north of us, it will enable our
fruit growers to supply northern markets with finest varieties
■ during months of July arfd ■ August. I cultivate over one
hundred varieties of the pear. The greater number dwarfed
upon the quince on this stock, trees six and seven years from
the bud, have grown from twelve to twenty feet in height, and.,
have a diameter in trunk of sis: to eight inches. Native or
acclimated trees arc greatly to be preferred over imported
ones.

Madeleine or Citron de Carmes — on quince. — Trees six years
old from bud ; fifteen feet high ; bore heavy crops for first time
this year ; fruit double the size figured by Downing ; flavor
juicy, and sprightly ; quality second rate ; ripe fifteenth of May,
and continues in eating one week.

Julienne, [an inferior pear in Mass., and of small size. — Ed.]
This pear I think the most desirable for general cultivation in
this State of all the summer varieties ; has fruited with me both
on standard and quince. On quince stock, my trees, six and
seven years from bud, have a trimk eight inches in diameter and
fifteen feet high ; vigorous and healthy wood. Trees this year
loaded down with fruit ; had to thm out, leaving about three
hundred specimens on each tree ; will ripen in fruit cellar, if
taken from the tree, from middle of June to end of July, and
continue in eating to 20th of August : fruit large size ; most of
my specimens weighed half a pound, and not unlike Bartlettin
shape ; ripen in fruit cellar beautifully, turning from green to
a rich lemon yellow ; surface shining, waxy, and looking as if
varnished ; flesh melting, buttery, and rich, and having a most
delicate perfume ; quality best. Fearing I might be over-esti-
mating this variety, I invited to my house a number of gentle-
men who were familiar with best fruits north and south. I had
in eating, at the same time. White Doyenne, Bartlett, Beurre
Bosc, Beurre Diel, Golden Beurre of Bilboa, Duchesse d'An-
gouieme, and some other varieties, but the Julienne bore off
the palm, without a dissenting voice, for beauty in color, for its
melting qualities, and for delicacy of flavor.

Bartlett — on quince and standard — fruit large, many speci-

180

mens weighing fully one pound ; ripens admirably in fruit cellar,
long before ripe on trees ; is in eating during all July and
August ; quality best. This pear and the Julienne I consider
best varieties for market culture in our State.

Beurre Dicl — on quince and standard — my trees on quince
stock, seven years from bud, large and vigorous growers ; bears
heavy crops ; trees this year thined out* leaving one hundred
and fifty specimens on each tree ; fruit attains to a much larger
size than at the north. Some of my specimens weighing one
and one-half pounds, and few less than one pound ; ripens finely
in cellar ; turning from green to rich golden yellow ; flesh rich,
sugary, buttery, and melting ; quality best ; ripe all July and
August.

Duchesse d'Angouleme — on quince. — This noble pear, in our
rich warm soil and burning climate, attains its highest per-
fection. Trees on quince vigorous and rapid growers, six years
from bud, twenty feet and over in height ; with me a prolific
bearer ; had this year to thin out fruit, leaving about one hun-
dred specimens on each tree. Fruit very large, but few speci-
mens under one pound in weight, and many one and one-half;
ripens admirably in cellar, and is in eating during all July and
August ; flesh buttery and very juicy, with a rich agreeable
flavor ; quality, very good to best.

This variety is a desirable one for market culture in our
State. I have taken specimens unripe from trees latter part of
July, and carried them by steamer to New York, where they
opened sound and ripe tenth of August.

Fondante d'Automne, or Belle Lucrative — on quince stan-
dard— ^not so large in size as at the north, but is with us a
delicious pear, not exceeded by the Seckel for high aromatic
flavor ; quality best ; ripens last of August.

Chaumontcl — on standard. — This capital old variety, in our
rich warm soil, is a highly desirable pear ; fruit very large,
some specimens weighing one pound ; flesh buttery, sugary,
and melting, with slight perfume ; ripe in October and Novem-
ber.

I have had a few spc cimens of some of the recently intro-
duced Flemish winter pears, but desire a longer experience

181

"before noticing their good or bad qualities in tins climate, 1
would remark, in closing the subject of pears, that the early
and summer ripening varieties are more successfully grown in
this climate than the winter varieties. The liability of the
pear to rot here, as it approaches maturity, may have been one
reason why this fruit has been so long neglected in this State.
This defect I have, in a great measure, obviated by gathering
the different varieties so soon as they have grown to full size,
and before they soften on the tree, and ripening them in a cool
cellar. My cellar is an inside one ; dark, but well ventilated,
and having double walls. The fruit should be suspended by
the stem, and not rest on shelves. Another difficulty : the
larger and heaviest pears are apt to drop from the trees before
maturity, and especially during a period of drought. I have
this year remedied this by placing barrels filled with soap-suds
over the roots of the trees, and allowing the liquid to escape
by drops through a small orifice near the lower end of the
barrel. I have no doubt, too, that the soap-suds and a handful
of guano being put into the barrel has added to the size of the
fruit, and kept the tree in high health during the hot months.

ADDITIONAL NOTES,

I canrot doubt that the cause of the gigantic vegetable
growth upon the formation alluded to in the foregoing report,
is due, in great measure, to the lime in the loamy formation,
the strata being filled with shells partly decomposed, and con-
taining, also, in many places, the bones of extinct orders of the
mammalia.

I had occasion, a few years ago, to dig off six to eight feet
from a few acres of ground in front of my dwelling house, in
order to make a level lawn. This exposed the loamy forma-
tion, (the strata of black mold and clay above not averaging
over four feet in depth.) Upon this loam I planted the live
oak, the magnolia, and other of our forest trees. They have
grown rapidly, and have all a most healthy foliage. Deodar
cedars, set out in the spring of 1851, when small, say one foot
high, are, to-day, by measurement just made, ten and eleven
feet in height ; and cryptomeria japonicas, planted at the same
date, do not fall much, if any, below them,
12

182

I wished to have said something, in niy report, npon the
acclimation of the varieties of temperate latitudes to a region
so far south as this ; but I feared it might be misplaced and
uncalled for. The pear, introduced here more than one hun-
dred years ago, by the French, is a late variety, vigorous in
growth, and the specimens sound and healthy, hanging well on
the tree until approach of winter. The White Spanish Eein-
ette apple, also a long time since introduced, is marked by
many excellent qualities. I am, therefore, induced to believe,
that these fruits, being thoroughly acclimated or rehabituated
to our climate, is one cause of their high health. I am now
grafting standard pears with two varieties, upon each tree, and
from the seeds of these fruits hope to obtain new and improved
varieties, better adapted to the climate than exotic sorts.

In regard to the Julienne pear, from the high rank as to
quality I have given it in my report, you may be led to think
I am deceived in the variety. I am confident I cannot be mis-
taken. The source from which I originally procured the
variety, and my familiarity with the wood and fruit of the pear,
(recognising them as readily as I would the faces of my chil
dren,) convince me I have the Julienne of the books. Corro-
borative of my opinion as to the quality of Julienne, I enclose
a letter I received 20th August last, from H'on. G. W. Sargent,
one of my neighbors, and a zealous pomologist, whose long
residence at the north, (Boston and Philadelphia,) enabled him
to judge of the merits of fruits here.

183

PRODUCTION, PRESERVATION, AND RIPENING OF FRUIT.*

BY HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER, PRESIDENT OF AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY.

PKODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES.

My next suggestion relates to the production, from seed, of
new varieties of fruits, adapted to particular localities, or to
general cultivation.

The immense loss to American cultivators, from the importa-
tion of foreign varieties, in many instances not well adapted to
the countries from which they come, and often still less adapted
to our soil and climate, suggests the importance of raising from
seed, native sorts which, in most instances, possess peculiar
advantages. It is now generally conceded that the trees and
plants of a given country, like its aboriginal inhabitants, will
flourish better at home than in most foreign localities.

We rejoice that public attention has been turned to this sub-
ject by some of our horticultural journalists, and that many
cultivators and amateurs are engaged in this interesting and
promising department. The success which has crowned their
exertions affords great encouragement to perseverance. Wit-
ness, for instance, thirty or more varieties of the cherry, by
Dr. Kirtland, of Ohio, which appear adapted to our eastern
climate, and some of them of superior excellence. Witness
the numerous varieties of the raspberry, by Dr. Brinckle, Ex-
President ot this Society, of which, some have endured, without
covering, the severities of the last winter in the New England
States, and which also promise to be valuable contributions ta

* We cannot resist the temi^tation of transferring to our pages the fcllowing
extracts from the address of the President of the American Pomological Socie-
ty. They will be found of great interest and value. — Ed.

184

American pomology. In addition to these, how many new
varieties of the apple, the pear, the plum, and the grape have
recently been added to the list of American fruits. How many
new and excellent varieties of the strawberry have appeared
since the introduction of Mr. Hovey's Seedlings.

These are sure indications of the success which will reward
future efforts to obtain valuable native varieties of fruit ;
and they point to the fulfilment of the prediction of the cele-
brated Van Mons, " that the time will come when our best
fruits will be derived from seedlings." He gives the following
sage counsel to his correspondents, to whom he had sent trees :
Sow your seed and persevere ivithout interruption, and you will
obtain even better fruit than mine.^'

Among pioneers in this department, I am happy to notice a
gentleman,* (now residing among us) the pupil and friend of
Van Mons, one who has adopted our country as his future home,
and who has already transplanted to our soil many thousands
choice seedlings of the pear, which have come into his posses-
sion from the collections of that gentleman and the celebrated
Esperen.

As to the best method of producing fine varieties from seed,
the opinions of distinguished pomologists are not uniform.

DuHAMELj among the French, from causes which seem to us
irreconcilable with nature and experience, entertained serious
doubts of the practicability of any method for obtaining new
and valuable varieties from seeds, especially of the pear,
because he had tried various experiments without success, for
fifty years.

Dr. Van Mons, of Belgium, instead of saving the seed of the
finest varieties, selected those of inferior sorts, upon the prin-
ciple that a kind having arrived at the highest state of per-
fection must deteriorate, while an inferior one would improve
by successive reproductions. He also held that hybridization
tended to degeneracy and imperfection. Thus he assumes the
doctrine that a perfect variety necessarily deteriorates, and also
overlooks the fact, observed by other distinguished men, that the

L. E. Berckmans, of Plainfield, New Jersey. — [Ed.

185

improvement or deterioration of which he speaks, may result
from natural impregnation by the pollen of other varieties con-
veyed by the air or insects, and therefore that the seed of a
good variety may produce either a better or a worse, and that
of a bad either a worse or a better.

Mr. Knight's system of obtaining new and improved varieties,
depended entirely on hybridization, or artificial impregnation, so
lightly esteemed by Dr. Van Mons. This is somewhat difficult
to practice on account of natural fertilization by insects and
the wind ; but it has the merit of depending on a truly philoso-
phical principle, and with very particular attention may yet
prove as available for the improvement of our fruits as it has
for the production of fine varieties in the vegetable and floral
kingdom, or as the corresponding principle has in the crossing
of the breeds of domestic animals.

The results of Mr. Knight's experience disprove the tendency
to degeneracy, inasmuch as many of his fruits, obtained by
hybridization, are among the most durable and hardy varieties,
as the Eyewood and Dunmore Pears ; the Black Eagle, and
other Cherries.

Many cultivators, as Esperen, Bivort, Berckmans, and others,
both in this and foreign countries, have sown seeds in variety,
and have obtained some valuable sorts. But I am confirmed in
the opinion, that the best means of producing new and excellent
varieties, suited either to general cultivation or to particular
localities, is io plant the most mature and perfect seed of the
most hardy, vigorous, and valuable sorts ; on the general patho-
logical principle that " like produces like," and upon the convic-
tion that immature seed, although the embryo may be sufficiently
formed to vegetate, yet not having all its elements in perfection,
it will not produce a vigorous and healthy ofi'spring. Dr.
Lindley, commenting upon this practice, justly remarks — " All
experience shows that in every kind of created thing, be it
man or beast, or bird, the mysterious principle, called life,
remains during the whole period of existence what it was at
first. If vitality is feeble in the beginning, so it remains.
Weak parents produce weak children, and their children's
children are weaker still, as imperial dynasties have sadly

186

shown." With him, wc believe tliis tlieory as applicable to the
vegetable as to the animal kingdom. May not a disregard of
this doctrine account for the great number of feeble, sickly,
early defoliated trees often found in our grounds by the ^de of
those that are vigorous, healthful, and persistent in foliage ?
Is not the theory we advocate as important in the production
of fruit trees, as in the raising of cereal grains ? The skilful
agriculturist saves the best seed of his various crops, and
selects tlie best animals from his flocks and herds for breeders.
Why should not this law of reproduction regulate the practice
of the pomologist as well as of the farmer ? Has the All-wise
and Infinite enacted several laws, where one would subserve
the purpose ?

To the doctrine of Van Mons, and other distinguished,
writers, respecting deterioration by age, and after a variety
has reached its perfection, there seem to be some exceptions.
From the accounts of oriental travellers, may we not believe
that the grapes of Eschol are as perfect now, as when the chiefs
of Israel plucked their rich clusters three thousand years ago ?
— and that the same variety of the fig, the olive, and the
pomegranate arc as perfect in Syria, to-day, as in the period of
David and Solomon ? It is worthy of inquiry whether the
native grapes, on the banks of our rivers, have deteriorated
since the day when the red men of the forest refreshed them-
selves with fruit from those vines, and whether the orange, the
lemon, the bananna, and the fruits of southern latitudes evince
any more signs of decay than they did centuries ago ? In a
word, whether this doctrine of deterioration is as applicable to
the native, as to the foreign fruit of a country ?

Why may wc not expect to obtain natural varieties of the
apple and other fruit, as durable and far more valuable than
those wliicli have passed their second centennial, as the Endi-
cott and Stuyvesant Pears? Fr6m meteorological or other
causes, which we do not at present understand, particular
varieties may deteriorate in a given locality, for a season, and
afterwards revive ; or, they may show signs of decay in one
ocality and flourish well in others not very remote — as the
White Doyenne wliich has been considered, for many years, by

187

some in this vicinity, on the decline, while it is perfect in seve-
ral places in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and other
States. Fruit-bearing may exliaust the vital energy of the tree
and hasten decay, but still the variety may remain. We have,
among fruit trees, no example of longevity equal to that of the
new Taxodium, found in California, supposed to be three thou-
sand years old. Our object is not to controvert the opinions of
those who believe in the running out of varieties, whether their
duration be limited to one hundred or one thousand years ; but
to enforce the importance of raising new varieties from seed,
especially adapted to our own location.

PEESERVATION AND RIPENING OF FRUIT.

Much progress has been made in this art within a few years,
and important results have been attained. The principle has
been settled that the ripening process can be controlled. Au-
tumnal fruits have been kept and exhibited the succeeding
spring. We have seen the Seckel, Bartlctt, and Louise Bonne
de Jersey pears, in perfection in January, and even later. The
maturity of fruits depends on saccharine fermentation. This is
followed by other fermentations, as the vinous and ascetous.
To prevent these, and preserve fruit in all its beauty, freshness,
and flavor, the temperature must be uniform and kept below
the degree at which the fermentation or the ripening process
commences. Our remarks, like our experience, have special
regard to the apple and the pear, though the principle is doubt-
less susceptible of a more extensive application. Fruits,
designed to be kept for a considerable time, should be gathered
with great care some days before the ripening process com
mences, especially summer pears. A summer pear ripened on
the tree is generally inferior. In respect to the latter, Mr.
Barry, Editor of the Hoifticulturist, has so aptly expressed my
own sentiments, that I use his language. " The process of
ripening on the tree, which is the natural one, seems to act
upon the fruit for the benefit of the seed, as it tends to the
formation of woody fibre and farina. When the fruit is
removed from the tree, at the very commencement of ripening,
and placed in a still atmosphere, the natural process seems to

188

be counteracted, and sugar and juice are elaborated instead of
fibre and farina. Thus, pears which become mealy and rot at
the core when left on the tree to ripen, become juicy, melting,
and delicious when ripened in the house." Various fruit
houses have been built both in this country and in Europe ; and
experience shows that their object can be attained only by a'
perfect control of the temperature, moisture, and light. Hence,
they must be cool, with non-conducting walls, or with exterior
and interior walls, or a room within a room. Thus the external
atmosphere, which either starts the saccharine fermentation or
conveys the agents which produce it, can be admitted or
excluded at pleasure. It is possible, however, to preserve the
temperature at so low a degree and for so long a time as to
destroy, especially with some varieties of the pear, the vitality,
and therefore all power ever to resume the ripening process.
Experience proves that for the common varieties of the apple
and pear, about forty degrees of Farenheit is the temperature
best suited to hold this process in equilibrium.

The proper maturing of fruit thus preserved, demands skill
and science. Different varieties require different degrees of
moisture and heat, according to the firmness of tbe skin, the
texture of the flesh, and the natural activity of the juices.
Thus, some varieties of the pear will ripen at a low tempera-
ture and in a comparatively dry atmosphere, while others, as
the Eastern Beurre, are improved by a warm and humid air.

Some varieties of the pear, ripening with difficulty, and
formerly esteemed only second rate, are now pronounced of
excellent quality, because the art of maturing them is better
understood.

But so many experiments have been tried, or are in progress,
and so much has been written on this branch of our subje ct,
that I need not enlarge except to say that the art of preserving
and ripening fruit in perfection, involves so much scientific
knowledge as to require great attention and care ; and, until
its laws are more fully developed, must be attended with consi-
derable difficulty. I therefore commend it to your special
attention, as second in importance only to the raising of new
varieties.

189

THE RECOMMENDED AND THE REJECTED VARIETIES OF FRUITS.

The cultivation of fruit has been proved to be profitable from
the head waters of the Penobscot to the mouth of the Missis-
sippi. There is no reason why every farmer should not also be
a horticulturist ; but, on the contrary, every reason that he
should. Good, well ripened fruits are not only a luxury,
everywhere so esteemed ; but, as well, a healthful article for
ordinary consumption.

No farm can be considered perfect and well balanced, with-
out its fruit orchard or garden. Most farmers, at the north,
have their apple orchard — as necessary a portion of the farm,
they think, as the meadow or pasture land ; nearly all plant a
few cherry trees here and there, in their kitchen gardens ; one
may find a few quince trees thriving in spite of neglect, beside
the boundary wall ; and a few currant-bushes — perhaps also, a
raspberry or two — struggling with the weeds against death by
suffocation ; but why should not every farmer have his select
varieties of the peach, the plum, and of the rich and juicy
pear ! Why not ?

That they may be guided in their selection — those that are
wise enough to heed a hint, by the best advice obtainable, we
subjoin a list of those fruits which have been recommended by
the American Pomological Society for general cultivation ; as
also a list of those newly introduced varieties, that promise
well; and, that the cultivator may not uselessly expend his
money in the purchase of disappointment, by buying a tree with
naught but a high-sounding name for a recommendation, wo
add the list of those rejected by that Society.

FOR GENERAL CULTIVATION.

APPLES.

American Summer Pearmain, Melon,

Baldwin, Minister,

Bullock's Pippin, Porter,

Dativer's Winter Sweet, Red Astracban,

190

Early Harvest,
Early Strawberry,
Fall Pippin,
Fameuse,
Gravenstein,
Hubbardston Nonesuch,
Lady Apple.
Ladies' Sweet,
Large Yellow Bough,

Winesap.

Rhode Island Greening,

Roxbury Russet,

Summer Rose,

Swaar,

Vandervere,

White Seek-no-Further,

William's Favorite (except for

light soils,)
Wine Apple, or Hays,

Ananas d'Et^,

Andrews,

Belle Lucrative, or Fondante

d'Automne,
Beurr6 d'Anjou,
Beurr6 d'Areraburg,
Beurre Did,
Beurre Bosc,
Bloodgood,
BufTum,

Dearborn's Seedling,
Doyenne D'Ete,
Flemish Beauty,
Fulton,
Golden Beurre of Bilboa,

Lawrence,

Louise Bonne de Jersey,

Madeleine,

Manning's Elizabeth,

Paradise d'Automne,

Rostiezer,

Seckel,

Tyson,

Urbaniste,

Uvedale's St. Germain (for bak-
ing?)

Vicar of Winkfield,

Williams's Bon Chretien or
Bartlett,

Winter Nelis.

FOR CULTIVATION ON QUINCE STOCKS,

Belle Lucrative,
Beurre d'Amalis,
Beurre d'Anjou,
Beurre d'Arembcrg,
Beurre Diel.
Catillac,

Duchesse d'Angoul6me,
Easter Beurre,
Figue d'Alencon,
Glout Morceau,
Long Green of Cox,
Louise Bonne de Jersey.

Napoleon,

Nouveau Poiteau,

Rostiezer,

Beurr6 Langelier,

Soldat Laboreur,

St. Michael Archange,

Triomphe de Jodoigne,

Urbaniste,

Uvedale's St. Germain, or Belle

Angevine, for Baking,
Vicar of Winkfield,
White Doyenne.

191

Bleeeker's Gage,
Coe's Golden Drop,
Frost Gage,
Green Gage,
Jefferson,
Lawrence's Favorite,

McLaughlin,
Purple Gage,
Purple Favorite,
Reine Claude de Bavay,
Smith's Orleans,
Washington,

C HERRI El

Belle Magnifique,
Black Eagle,
Black Tartarian,
Dovener's Late.
Downtown,

Breda,

Elton,

Early Richmond, for cookinj
Graflion, or Bigarreaa,
Knight's Early Black,
May Duke.

Downtown,

APRICOTS.

Large Early,

NECTARINES

Early Violet,

Moorpark.

Elruse.

PEACHES.

Bergen's Yellow, ^ Early York, large,

Cooledge's P^'avorite, George IV.,

Crawford's Late, Grosse Mignonne,

Early York, serrated, Morris White,

Old Mixon Free.

UNDER GLASS.

GRAPES.

Black Hamburg, Chasselas de Fontainebleau,

Black Frontignan, Grizzly Frontignan,

Black Prince, White Frontignan,

White Muscat of Alexandria.

Cawtaba,

Fastolf,
Franconi

Boston Pine,

OPEN CULTURE.
Diana,

Isabella.

RASPBERRIES.

Knevet's Giant,
Red Antwerp,
Yellow Antwerp.

STRAWBERRIES.

Hovey's Seedling,
Large Ea^ly Scarlet.

192

NEW VARIETIES WHICH PROMISE WELL.

Autumn Bough,

Benoni,

Coggswell,

Genesee Chief,

Hawley,

Jeffries,

Ladies' Winter Sweet,
Monmouth Pippin,
Mother,
Primate,
Smoke House,

Winthrop Greening, or Lincoln
Pippin,

Adams,

Alpha,

Beurre Clairgoau,

Beurr6 Giffard,

Beuri-e Sterkman,

Beurre Superfin,

Brande's St. Germain,

Brandywine,

Chancellor,

Charles Van Hooghten,

Collins,

Comte de Flanders,

Doyenne Boussock,

Doyenne Goubault,

Duchesse d'Orleans,

Beurr6 St. Nicholas,

Duchesse de Berri,

Epine Dumas,

Fondante de Malines,

Fondante de Noel,

Howell,

Jalousie de Fontenay Vended,

Kingsessing,

Kirtland,

Limon,

Lodge [of Penn.,]

Nouveau Poiteau,

Onondaga,

Ott,

Pius IX.

Pratt,

Rouselette d'Esperln,

Sheldon,

St. Michel Archange,

Steven's Genesee,

Striped Madeleine,

Theodore Van Mons,

Van Assene, or Van Assche,

Walker,

Zepherin Gregoire,

Black Naples,
May's Victoria,

c u n p. A N T s.

Red Dutch,
White Dutch,
White Grape.

GOOSEBERRIES,

Crown Bob,
Early Sulphur,
Green (iage.
Green Walnut,
Houghton's Seedlin<x,

Iron -Monger,

Laurel,

Red Champagne,

Warrington,

Woodward's White Smith.

BLACKBERRIES.

Lawson's New Rochelle.

193

PLUMS.

Ive^s Washington Seedling. Prince's Yellow Gage,

Munroe Egg, Hiver's Favorite,

St. Martin's Quotche.

CHERRIES.

American Amber, Governor Wood,

Belle d'Orleans, Great Bigarreau of Downing,

Bigarreau Montrose de Hevey,

Bavay, Kirtland's Mary,

Black Hawk, Ohio's Beauty,

Coe's Transparent, Eeine Hortense,

Early Purple Guigue, Walsh's Seedling.

GRAPES.

Concord.

RASPBERRIES.

Erench, Orange, Walkers

STRAWBERRIES.

Walker's Seedling.
FOR PARTICULAR LOCALITIES.

APPLES.

Canada Red, Newton Pippin,

Esopus Spitzenburg, Northern Spy,

Yellow Bellflower.

Grey Doyenne, White Doyenne.

PEACHES.

Heath Cling.

PLUMS.

Imperial Gage.

STRAWBERRIES.

Buiv's New Pine, Jenney's Seedling.

FOR NORTHERN LOCALITIES.

APPLES.

Ribstone Pippin.
FOR GARDENS.

APPLES*

Garden Royal.

194

REJECTED FRUITS.

APPLES,

Beachamwell,
Caroline (Englisb),
Cathead,

Cheeseboro' Russet,
Dodge's Early Red,
Egg Top,
Fcnouillet Rouge,
Gloucester White,
Golden Reinette,
Grand Sachem,
Gray French Reinette,
Henry's AVecping Pippin,
Hoary Morning,
Irish Peach,

Woolston'f

Kirke's Lord Nelson,
Large Red Sweeting,
Marmalade Pippin,
Muscovio,
Pennock,
Pigeonnette,
Priestly,
Red Doctor,
Red Ingestrie,
Red or Royal Russet,
Rowland's Red Streak,
Salina,

White Ingestrle,
Woolston's Red Streak,
White Sweet.

Admiral,

Ah ! Hon Dieu,

Alexander of Russia,

Angers,

Apple Pear,

Armudi,

Autumn Bergamot,

Autumn Superb,

Aston Town,

Beauty of Winter,

Belle d'Aout,

Belle de Bruxelles,

Belmont,

Bergamotte d'Automne,

Burgamotte Fortuned,

Bergamotte Sylvange,

Bergamotte Zappa,

Buerre Adam,

Buerr6 Audusson,

Buerr6 d'Anglaterre,

Buerr6 of Bolwiller,

Buerr6 Colmar of Autumn,

Buerr6 Coloma,

Buerre Kenrick,

Buerr6 Knox,

Buerre Seutin,

Buerre Van Mons,

Bezi Vaet,

Bishop's Thumb,

Blanqet a Longue Queue,

Bleeker's Meadow,

Bon Chrietien d'Ete,

Bon Chretien d'Hiver,

Bon Chretien Bruxelles,

Bon Chretien Spanish,

Boncquia,

Bouquet,

Brougham,

Bruno de Bosco,

Brugman's Birne,

Burgomaster,

Caillot Rosat,

Calebasse, or Pitt's Prolific,

Cassolette,

Chair a Dame,

Charles Van Mons (old).

Chat Brule,

Citron of Bohemia,

Citron de Sierenz,

Clapp,

Clara,

Clinton ,

Columbus d'Hiver,

Compte de Fresnel,

195

Copea,

Crassane,

Crawford,

Croft Castle,

Cuvelier,

D' Amour,

Dearborn of Van Mons,

Deschamps (new late,

Down ton,

Doyenne Dore,

Doyenne Mons,

Dubossury,

Dumbarton,

Duquesne d'Ete^,

Elton,

Endicott,

English Warden,

Famenga,

Fantasie Van Mons,

Figue Extra,

Forme des Delicea,

Forme Urbt^niate,

Foster's St. Michael,

Frederic of Prussia,

Franc Real d'Hiver,

French Iron,

Garnstone,

Gendeseim,

Girardin,

Great Citron of Bohemia,

Green Catharine,

Green Chisel,

Green Sugar,

Green Yair,

Grise Bonne,

Gros Blanquet,

Gros Rousselet,

Hativeau,

Hawthorne's Seedling,

Hays,

Hericart,

Hessel,

Horticulture,

Huguenot,

Ipswich Holland,

Jacob,

Jalousie,

Jargonelle (of the French),

John Monteith,

Jubin,

Kramelsbirne,

Lansac,

Lavalle,

Lederbirue,

Lincoln,

Locke,

Louise Bonne,

Louise of Bologne,

Mabille,

Madame Vert,

Madotte,

Marcellis,

March Bergamot,

Marie Louise Nova^

Martin Sec,

Marquise,

Michaux,

Miller's Seedling,

Moorfowl Egg,

Navet,

Oak Leaf, (Imperial,)

Orange,

Orange Rogue,

Orange Tulipee,

Pailleau,

Passans de Poitugal,

Passe Long Bras,

Phillips,

Pitfour,

Petit Muscat,

Pitt's Marie Louise,

Piatt's Bergamotte,

Pom me Poire,

Pope's Quaker,

Pope's Russet,

Pope's Scarlet Major,

Prince's Portugal,

Princess of Orange,

Queen of the Low Countries,

Queen Caroline,

196

Qullotette of Manning,

Rameau,

Reine d'Hiver,

Reine des Poires,

Rousselet d'Hiver,

Rousselette de Rheims,.

Rousselette St. Vincent,

Royaie d'Hiver,

Rushmore's Bon Chretien,

Sabine (Flemish),

Sans Pepins,

Sapianski,

Shobden Court,

Souvcraine,

St. Bruno,

Striped Madeleine,

Sugar Pear of Hoyerswerda,

Summer Bergamotte,

Summer Rose,

Summer Thorn, or Epine d'Etat^

Suerfondante,

Supasse Meuris,

Swan's Egg,

Swiss Bergamotte,

Tillington,

Thompson (of New Hampshire,)

Trucherdy Dutle,

True Gold of Summer,

Tucker's Bon Chretien,

Tucker's Seedling,

Verte Longue Panache,

Wellington,

Whitfield,

Winter Crassane,

Winter Orange,

Winter Quince,

Wurzur d'Antomne>

Tutte.

197

■REPORT ON SOME OF THE DISEASES AND INSECTS AFFECTING:
FRUIT TREES AND VINES-

BY THADDEUS WILLUM HAKRIS, PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULURAL SOTCIETY.

SWOLLEN BRANCHES OF THE APPLE TREE.

On the 31st of May, the Hon. M. P. Wilder sent to me
some pieces of the limbs of an apple tree, which were singu-
larly enlarged in diameter to the extent of several inches. He
found the disease to prevail on the north side of the tree, while
the south side was almost entirely free from it. The speci-
mens were carefully examined by Prof. Asa Gray and myself,,
without insects, their punctures, or their tracks being found
therein. One of the branches, measuring two and a half inches
in circumference immediately below the swollen part, was
enlarged above this spot to four inches in circumference, and
the enlarged portion was eleven inches in depth. The outer
bark seemed perfectly healthy. When sawn transversely, the
pith was not found iu the centre of the piece, but nearer to one
side than the other, where the layers of wood were thicker,
and looser in texture. It was also evident that the thicker
layers followed a spiral direction around the limb. • When the
bark was raised, the wood presented a singularly irregular sur-
face, caused by numerous depressions and furrows, which were
filled by corresponding elevations of the inner bark. The
disease was evidently a diseased formation and irregular
deposit of woody matter. It belongs to the province of the
vegetable physiologist to explain the cause of this preterna-
tural and diseased formation.

WARTS OR EXCRESCENCES ON PLUM TREES.

These have been attributed by many persons to the punctures
or to the presence of insects therein. I have not been able to
13

198

find either the one or the other in the incipient warts, or in,
their immediate vicinity. It was only when these excrescences
were well grown and were approaching to maturity, that insects
were discovered in them, and not always even in this stage.
Some of the twigs, containing incipient warts, were enclosed
in a tight vessel in May, and were examined in August, when
they were entirely free from the vestiges of insects, although
the tumors when cut open, presented the porous and cancellated
structure peculiar to them when dry. The insects to be found
in the warts in the course of the summer are of sundry kinds ;
such as the grubs of the plum-weevil, borers similar to those
that attack peach and cherry trees, and the worm-like caterpil-
lars of minute moths. The last seem to be the most abundant
and the most common. Their presence is made known by the
castings or grain-like fragments thrown out of their burrows
upon the surface of the warts. These tumors also afford nour-
ishment to certain vegetable parasites, the little black grains,
half immersed in the surface, to which, when mature, they give
a deep black color. These little grains are fungi, which have
been described under the name of Sphceria morbosu. But
neither to them, nor to the various insects before named, is the
origin of the warts to be ascribed. The incipient warts can be
detected, before the outer bark is ruptured, by the swollen
appearance and spongy feeling of the surface. They seem to
be the result of diseased action in the inner bark and new wood,
while these parts are in a state of rapid formation. Upon
examination, the cells of the tissues are found to be surcharged
with fluid, and distorted in shape and arrangement. The plum
tree has been called a gross feeder. It may imbibe fluids by
its roots faster than it can exhale the superfluous moisture from
its leaves ; or the function of the latter may be checked by such
sudden changes in temperature and in the hygrometric state of
the atmosphere as are common in the spring. Li either case,
there would be likely to ensue an accumulation of fluid in the
branches, and particularly in the tender tissues of the new wood,
where warts are most commonly developed.

From experiments made upon my own trees, I have reason to
believe that the growth of these tumors may, in great measure,

199

be prevented by severe root-pruning, stimulating the bark in tbe
spring, or before the buds expand, by washing it with soft soap,
and by cutting oif the warts as soon as formed, and applying
salt or brine to the wounds.

CUKL OF THE LEAVES OP THE PEACH TREE.

This affection, to which the tree is subject during the month
of May, and by which it often loses all its first leaves, has been
commonly attributed to the punctures of insects, such as athides
and the thrips. It is, however, very doubtful whether these
insects are the real cause of that diseased change in the texture
and form of the leaf which is called the curl, because the
insects in question are rarely seen on the affected leaves, and
never in such numbers as sufficiently to account for the exten-
sive injury sustained. The surface of these leaves is swollen
into irregular and crisp tumors, often of a reddish color, and
of a spongy texture, formed of thickened and succulent cellu-
lar tissue. These tumefactions present some analogy to the
warts of the plum tree, and may have a similar origin. The
affection has often been observed to follow a cold storm in May,
whether connected therewith or not. If sudden cold and mois-
ture have a tendency to check evaporation from the leaves,
fluids vsdll accumulate therein, and may thus bring about the
changes by which they become blasted. It is confidently
stated that soaping the limbs of the trees early in spring, or
washing them with a solution of sulphur and potash, wiU pre-
vent them from suffering from the curl. Peach trees on plum
stocks seem to be nearly exempt from this affection, perhaps
because the supply of nourishment from the roots and the
exhalation from the leaves are more nearly balanced in them ;
for the plum stocks makes fewer or smaller roots than the
peach on its own stock.

THE YELLOWS.

For the first time in eleven years the symptoms of this
disease have appeared in my garden. It is confimed to two
branches on the north side of one peach tree, the fruit on which
Is becoming some red some three or four weeks too soon, while

200

a few wiry shoots, clothed with diminutive and pale leaves^,
have sprouted upon these branches. Neither borers nor the
Tomicus liminaris have been discovered in the tree ; and the
cause of the disease remains as much a mystery to me as to
other cultivators. I propose cutting off the diseased branches,
and dressing the soil around the tree with ashes and urine, as
an experiment towards checking the further development of the
disease. In former years peach trees have rarely suffered from
the yellows in this neighborhood, where now many trees are
affected with it. Has the severe drought of the present season
had any influence in producing the disease ?

INSECTS OF THE APPLE TREE.

My remarks will necessarily be confined to a very few of the
numerous insects infesting fruit trees and vines ; there being
nothing new or particularly interesting to be stated concerning
the greater part of them.

Canker-worms. — There are some parts of the country in
which these insects have never appeared : in other parts their
visitations occur several years in succession, are then suspended
for an uncertain term of years, after which they recur again as
before. Thus, in the vicinity of Boston, these insects prevailed
from 1831 to 1840, increasing yearly in numbers till the last
date, after which they disappeared almost entirely till 1847,
when they began again to attract attention, and have become
more numerous every year till the present time. Their ravages
during the past summer, in Cambridge and in some of the
adjacent towns, have been very serious, but have not yet reached
the height they attained in 1839 and 1840. Canker-worms are
generally found upon the buds and leaves of the trees before or
about the middle of May, and disappear before or about the
middle of June, their depredations lasting nearly or quite four
weeks. The parent insects, consisting of winged males and
wingless females, ascend from their burrows in the ground in
the latter part of October, and during the month of November,
and again in the spring from the middle of March to about the
tenth of April. Their spring rising is sometimes retarded and
prolonged a week or more by the backwardness of the season.

201

In mild winters a few of the insects may ascend at various
times between the periods for the ordinary autumnal and spring
risings. It is during these same periods that our trees require
to be protected against the ascent of the females. Soft tar,
seasonably applied around the trunks of the trees, and fre-
quently renewed, is the remedy which has been longest and
most relied upon for this purpose. Various other expedients
have been tried to prevent the insects from ascending the trees
and depositing their eggs upon the branches. Those most
worthy of confidence are circular leaden troughs, containing
cheap oil or gas-tar, secured in a horizontal position around the
trunks of the trees, and the glass rings, lately invented by Mr.
George Everett, of Roxbury, the efficacy of which, however,
has not yet been sufficiently tested. Canker-worms are very
injurious to cherry and plum trees, and to elms and maples, all
of which will have to be secured from their anticipated depre-
dations in the same way as apple trees.

Palmer-ivorms. — In the second edition of Dr. Deane's
" New England Farmer and Georgical Dictionary," published
in 1797, there will be found the following article, under the
article Insect :

" The Palmer ivoi-m, a wanderer, as its name signifies, is a
small worm, about half an inch in length, with many legs, and
extremely nimble. It appears at different times in different
parts of the country. I have seen them only on apple trees
and oak trees, in any great abundance. They give the trees the
same appearance that the canker-worm does. They appeared
in the County of Cumberland, [Maine], in the year 1791, about
the middle of June, eating off the covering of the leaves on
both sides, and leaving the membranous part entire. The
following year there were none to be seen, and I have not
known them in any place two years in succession. The seeds
of them may be constant, wanting only a particular state of the
weather to produce them. The spring which preceded their
appearance had been remarkably dry, both in April and May.
The history of this insect is so little known, that I will not
undertake to say how they may be successfully opposed. I
made smokes under the fruit trees, without any apparent effect.

202

As they let themselves down by threads, they may be thinned
by shaking the trees and striking off the threads. Their
ravages had not any lasting effects, for the orchards, that had
been visited by them, bore plentifully the following year."

During the month of June, 1853, a small worm, or naked
caterpillar, whose history accords, in every particular, with the
foregoing account, was observed in great numbers on apple,
cherry, and plum trees, and on oaks, throughout the greater
part of New England and in the valley of the Hudson in New
York. In some places, orchards suffered from these insects
as much as from the ravages of canker-worms ; and not only
the leaves, but also the fruit was injured or destroyed by them.
By many persons they were mistaken for canker-worms. The
latter disappeared here about the tenth of June, at which time
the palmer-worms were just beginning their depredations.
These worms differed from the former in having sixteen legs,
in being much more active in their motions, and in creeping
without looping or arching up their backs at every step. They
were also smaller and differently colored. Towards the end
of June, they came to their growth and left the trees, their
disappearance, in many places, coinciding with the heavy
showers which feU about the same date. Some of the iusects
which were secured, covered themselves with little transparent
silken webs or cocoons, in which they took the chrysalis form
immediately, and came forth as moths between the 8th and 25tK
of July. About the same time they were seen in the moth
state in orchards, and in great numbers among the grass under
fruit and forest trees. Thoy soon entirely disappeared, nor
have they been observed under any form since that time. In
an article printed in the " Cambridge Chronicle," for July
23d, 1853, 1 gave to this insect the scientific name of Rhinosia
pometalla, the little Rhinosia or snout-moth of the orchard,
with a scientific description of it in all its stages. That article,
and another in the " Journal of the New, York State Agricul-
tural Society," for October, 1853, und also Dr. Fitch's account
in the same Journal for September, 1853, may be consulted for
further particulars.

The 'New York Weevil. — In some of the Western States,

203

apple trees, and occasionally pear, plum, and cherry trees, liave
been injured by a large weevil, specimens of which, taken from
these trees in Michigan and Wisconsin, have been sent to me.
This is the biggest weevil known in the United States, measur-
ing half an inch or more in length. It is of a grey color,
striped with white, and dotted with black spots on the back.
The celebrated naturalist and voyager, John Reinhold Forster,
first described it in 1771, under the name of Curculio Noveho-
riicensis,ihQ New York weevil. It belongs to the modem
genus Ithycerus, and has also been described by Mr. Kirby
under the name of Pachyrhynchus Schonherri. According to
Mr. A. H. Hanford, of Waukesha, Wisconsin, and Mr. T. E.
Wetmore, of North Cannon, Michigan, this weevil attacks the
buds and young shoots of the trees, gnawing them to the very
pith, so that they break off, or wither and die. Mr. Wetmore
informs me that their numbers are greater this year than here-
tofore, and apprehends great injury from them should they con-
tinue to increase. They are found on the trees in May and
June ; appear to be active during the night, an^ drop off by
day when the trees are suddenly jarred. I have taken them in
June and^ July on oaks and maples, but never met with them on
fruit trees. Though not a very abuudant species in Massachu-
setts, it is by no means rare, and has a wide range through the
country, being found in most of the New England, Middle, and
Western States, in Canada, and in Newfoundland. There is
an account and figure of it in the " Horticulturist," for August,
1853, page 386. The " Journal of the New York State Agri-
cultural Society," for September, 1853, may be also be con-
sulted for notices of it by Dr. Fitch and myself.

Apate Bicaudatus. — This is the scientific name given by Mr.
Say to a little beetle, whose injurious habits have lately been
observed in Michigan and Wisconsin. Professor S. P. Lathrop,
of Wisconsin University, and Mr. T. E. Wetmore have sent
specimens to me, with accounts of the depredations of the
insects, which are found burrowing in the pith of the young
branches of the apple tree, during the spring. The branches
above the seat of attack soon die. These beetles are from one
quarter to more than three-tenths of an inch long, cylindrical,

204

dark chestnut brown, roughened like a grater, on the fore part
of the thorax, with short spines pointing backwards, and armed,
in the males, with an incurved spine, near the tip of each wing
cover. Besides those sent to me from Michigan and Wiscon-
sin, I have specimens from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and North
Carolina ; but have not met with any in New England.

The Oak-pruner (^Stenocorus putatof) occasionally attacks
the small branches of the apple tree ; and the blight beetle,
Scolytus, or Tomicus Pi/ri, whose perforations blast and kill
the branches of the pear tree, has also been found equally
injurious to those of the apple tree.

Dr. William Le Baron, of Geneva, Illinois, has contributed
some interesting observations on the Bark-Lice, or scale insects
of the apple-tree, to the " Prairie Farmer," for June, 1854. He
finds that there is only one animal brood of these insects, that
they are hatched in- May, and that the females often produce
from seventy to one hundred eggs. He thinks that remedies
for the destruction of the insects should be applied soon after
the hatching season.

PEAE-TREE INSECTS.

Those most injurious to this tree are the Slug-worms, which
destroy the trees, the Scolytus or Tomicus, referred to in a
preceding paragraph, and borers, which make their attacks on
the stocks of dwarf trees that are grafted upon the quince.
Pear trees likewise suffer occasionally from bark-lice. W^ithin
a few years, a new and probably introduced insect has made its
appearance in great numbers on pear trees in the western parts
of Connecticut and of Massachusetts, particularly in the valley
of the Housatonic, and in the adjacent counties of Duchess and
Columbia in New York. This is

The Psylla, or jumping louse, which is probably identical
with the same species that infests the pear tree in Europe.
Some account of it has been given in the second edition of my
" Treatise ; " but the history is professedly incomplete, and fur-
ther particulars have been hoped for from Mr. T. Glover, of
Fishkill Landing, whose opportunities for observing the habits
of the insects are greater than mine have been. In some of its

205

forms it is found on pear trees from May to October ; and
probably two or more broods are produced every year. These
little insects live by suction, and obtain their food by punctur-
ing the bark of the young shoots, mostly in the vicinity of the
buds. They defile the shoots with the fluid which they dis-
charge in large quantities, and which soon forms a blackish
crust on the bark. The best remedy that occurs to me is a
wash of strong soap suds and sulphur, appliec with a brush to
the branches in the spring, before the buds expand. A solution
of whale-oil soap, thrown upon the trees, will kill the insects,
but will have to be repeated at intervals during the summer.

PLUM TREE INSECTS.

The Plum Weevil, Curcidlio, or Conotrachelus Nemqjhar,
continues to baffle all attempts to exterminate it. Cherries,
apples, pears, and peaches, and even the succulent warts of the
plum tree, provide for it abundant resources, in default of
plums, its most appropriate food. We may save a crop of
plums by covering the trees with fine netting, or perhaps by
coating the fruit with whitewash ; but the other fruits above
named will sufier all the more for our pains, and will furnish a
numerous brood of depredators for the following year. Nothing
short of killing the insects, in some of their forms, will ever
prove an effectual remedy.

The Slug-worm, Tenthredo, or Selandria (^Blennocampa)
Cerasi, which destroys the leaves of the cherry and of the pear,
is also injurious to those of the plum. It is easily killed by
dusting ashes or lime upon it, or by throwing upon the leaves a
solution of whale-oil soap.

CHEERY TREE INSECTS.

Those which attack the leaves are chiefly canker-worms and
slug-ivorms, already referred to, and rose-bvgs, which in some
seasons are very injurious to them. The latter, as well as
May-bugs, or Melolonthce, may be gathered by hand on small
trees, or may be beaten olf with poles and caught in sheets
spread beneath the trees. The best time for doing this is in
the evening or very early in the morning, when the insects are

206

sluggish, and readily fall if disturbed. A large proportion of
the fruit is spoiled every year by the grubs of the plum-weevil.
The incautious eater doubtless does something towards check-
ing the increase of the insects ; but a remedy less repugnant to
good taste remains to be discovered.

PEACH TREE INSECTS.

The Tomicus Liminaris, which lives under the bark of dis-
eased peach trees, and has been supposed by Miss Morris to be
the cause of the yellows, has not appeared in my own trees, nor
do I hear of its being found in others in this vicinity. Miss
Morris's communication upon it may be seen in Downing's Hor-
ticulturist, Vol. IV., page 502.

The Peach Tree Borer, (^Mgeria Exitioscs,') an entirely dif-
erent insect from the apple tree borer, and operating in a
different manner, namely, between the bark and the wood, is
more injurious to this tree than any other insect. Great care
is necessary to prevent the tree from being girdled at the root
by these pernicious borers. Frequent applications of urine and
ashes, and of hot soap-suds, around the trunk, seem to have a
good effect, being not only offensive to the fly when about to
deposit her eggs, but also destructive to the young borers.
After any lurking borers and the earth adjacent to the trunk
have been carefully removed, a covering of strong paper around
the base of the tree, tied above with a string, and secured at
the bottom with a bed of mortar, has proved an effectual pre-
ventive against the attacks of the insects. I believe that peach
trees on plum stocks are never injured by these borers.

INSECTS OF THE GRAPE VINE.

The vine is subject to the attacks of a very great variety of
insects, differing also from each other in their operations and in
tlie amount of injury done by them. Most of them have been
noticed in my " Treatise " on injurious insects ; but there are
others claiming the attention of the cidtivator and of the natur-
alist.

Grape Vine Borer. — The roots of cultivated grape vines in
the Southern States have been observed by Dr. F. J. Kron, of

20:

Albermarle, North Carolina, to be so much injured by borers as
to prevent the ripening of the fruit, and finally to cause the
decay and death of the vines. The insects do cot spare even
the native varieties, all of which, except only the scnppernong
or masculine^ are found to be attacked by them. Taking
advantage of the foregoing exemption. Dr. Kron has been
successfully engrafting and cultivating the best foreign and
native grapes on stocks of the wild muscadine, probably the
true vitis viilpina of Linnasus, and of Sir J. E. Smith, in Abbot's
" Insects of Georgia," and identical with the Vitis rotundifolia
of Michaux and of Elliott. He has also favored me with sam ,
pies of injured vine-roots, and specimens of the insects in all
their stages, together with an accoimt of his observations and
experiments upon them. This account, and a scientific descrip-
tion of the insects, written by me at the request of Dr. Kron,
have been published in the Raleigh Register for the 5th of
April, 1854. The insects belong to the genus JEgeria, and are
allied to the borers of the peach tree, and to those that destroy
the roots of pumpin and squash vines. In their winged form
they strikingly resemble certain wasps called Polistes ; hence I
have given to this species the name of jEgeria polistiformis.
According to Dr. Kron, they are found about the vines and on
the wing from the middle of June till the middle of September,
during which time they couple and lay their eggs. These
insects are of a dark brown color, more or less tinged with a
tawney orange on the sides, and banded with bright yellow
upon the edge of the second ring of the hind-body. The thorax
and shoulder-covers, and the fourth ring, are more faintly edged
with yellow or with tawny orange. The feelers, antennse beneath,
and legs are also orange-colored. The fore-wings are dusky ;
the hind-wings transparent, but veined and edged with black.
The female has a little orange-colored tuft on each side of the
tail, and the males have two tufts on each side, the middle pair
longer than the others. The males are more numerous, more
active, and smaller than the females ; they measure from five to
six-tenths of an inch in length, and their wings expand from
one inch to one inch and three-twentieths. The body of the
female varies from six to nine-tenths of an inch in length, and

208

her wings expand from one inch to one inch and a half. These
insects lay their eggs near the roots of the vines, and the whitish
grubs, hatched therefrom, of various sizes, will be found boring
into the bark and wood of the roots during the summer. When
fully grown, these grubs measure from one inch to one inch
and three-quarters in length. They undergo their transforma-
tions in oblong oval pods, formed of a gummy kind of silk^
covered with fragments of wood, bark, and dirt, which will be
found within or adjacent to the injured roots. The insects take
the chrysalis form at various times during the summer. The
rings of the crysalis are surrounded with minute teeth, which
assist the insect in coming forth from its pod or cocoon when
about to be changed to a moth.

Eight- Spotted Sphinx, or Alypia octomaculata. — There are
two insects, occasionally found on the grape vine, which in their
caterpillar state closely resemble each other in form, size, color,
and habits. One of these is the beautiful Eudryas. described
in my " Treatise ; " the other is the Sphinx or Alypia, above
named. This Alypia, though common and occasionally so nu-
merous as to be quite hurtful to the vine in some parts of the
United States, is very rare in New England. I never saw it in
Massachusetts until the summer of 1853, when a few specimens
were discovered on my grape vines ; and during the past sum-
mer they have appeared in greater numbers on the same vines.
At iirst they were mistaken for the catapillars of the Eudryas,
from which, however, they are to be distinguished by having a
conspicuous white spot on each side of the hinder part of the
body. These caterpillors are white, passing into blue, trans-
versely banded with narrow black lines, with a broader orange
colared band, dotted with black, on the middle of each ring.
The head and feet are also orange, dotted with black. The
black dots on the body produce a few short whitish hairs. They
were found eating the leaves of the vine in the latter part of
June and beginning of July. Full grown specimens measured
one inch and a quarter, or more, in length. Before the 16th of
July, they left the vines, and concealed themselves in a loose
web upon the surface of the ground, and soon took the chrysa-
lis form. One of them was transformed to a moth on the 10th

209

of August ; others remained in the chrysalis state through the
winter, and came forth winged in May and June. The winged
insects arc bLack, with two large yellow spots on each of the
fore-wings, and two white ones on the hind-wings. Their shanks
are clothed with orange-colored hairs. Their wings expand
from one inch to one inch and a half. Abbot has figured this
insect in his " Insects of Georgia ; " but has colored the cater-
pillar incorrectly.

Grape-vine Flea-Beetle or Haltica. — The depredations of
this insect upon the grape vine seem first to have been observed
in the year 1831, by the late Judge Darling, in Connecticut,
and by Mr. David Thomas, in New York. An account of them
by the latter gentleman was published in 1834, in the 26th vol-
ume of Silliman's " American Journal of Science." The bee-
tles were found to destroy the fruit buds in the spring, and
their young, in the form of chestnut-colored grubs, destroyed
the leaves in summer. These grubs have never been fully des-
cribed. In a recent excursion to New Hampshire, I was struck
by the condition of the leaves of the black alders {Abius sernu-
lata') which, through a long extent of country, were destroyed
in the same way as the leaves of fruit trees are by canker-
worms. Upon examination, the authors of all this mischief
were found to be certain dark colored grubs, great numbers of
which were still remaining on the leaves on the second of Aug-
ust, while others had already completed their transformations,
and had come forth in the beetle form. The beetles were iden-
tical with the above-named depradators of the grape-vine, and
were feeding upon the few green leaves still remaining on the
alders. The grubs, when fully grown, measured about half an
inch in length. They were of a livid brown color above, and
paler beneath, with a black head, black feet, and a double row
of minute accuminated black warts, each producing a very short
hair, on every ring. The body was nearly cylindrical ; the feet
were six in number, situated beneath the fore part of the body;
and there was a little fleshy propleg beneath the last segment.
It may be added that the beetles were rather more than three-
twentieths of an inch in length, of a brilliant greenish blue

210

color above, and that they leaped with the agility of fleas. The
discovery of these insects in such immense numbers on the
alder, and the extensive ravages committed by them on this
shrub, seem to indicate that the natural food of this species is
obtained from the alder, rather than from the vine ; and that
its resorting occasionally to the latter, may be owing to the
want of the former, or to the extraordinary multiplication of
the insects, in certain seasons, in the vicinity of the grape vine.
Cambridge, 3Iass., 8ept. 5, 1854.

211

MANURES.

BY LEVI BARTLETT, \VAr.>-EK, N. H.

In our intercourse with the farmers of this section of the
country, we find the lack of manure to be a standing complaint
■with a large majority of them. In some measure to remedy
this, many of them, for the two past seasons, have purchased,
and experimented more or less, with guano, ground bones,
superphosphate of lime and some others purchased manures.
In some instances, these manures have added much to the
crops, in other cases their use has been attended with a loss.
No doubt, this last result has been owing, in a great measure,
to the severe droughts of the two past seasons. In some
instances guano has been misapplied by being too much in con-
tact with the seed. In other experiments, it has been strewn,
broad-cast, and left too much upon the surface of the ground,
and much loss occasioned by the escape of the ammonia into the
air.

Good Peruvian guano, crushed bones, superphosphate of
lime, and many artificially prepared manures, are annually
used in England in enormous quantities ; and this proves, be-
yond all cavil, that they possess an intrmsic money value for
manurial purposes ; and doubtless they possess a similar value
for the American that they do for the English farmer, with the
exception of our greater liability to summer and autumnal
droughts. But however valuable these purchased manures may
be, the great body of New England farmers must depend prin-
cipally for this indispensable requisite to feed their growing
crops, (and to keep up or increase the fertility of their fields,)
upon that made from the stock kept upon the farm, and from
such other materials as are found upon it, and in its vicinity.

212

Notwithstanding the universally acknowledged importance
of manures for raising good crops and successful farming upon
most of our New England soils, there is, with a large portion
of our farmers, a great lack of due care in the management of
the manure derived from their farm stock, and a culpable ne-
glect in not collecting, from various sources within their reach,
suitable materials for increasing the amount and value of the
composit heap.

We have recently made several excursions among the farm-
ers of this vicinity, and have particularly noticed the way in
which different farmers manage the winter-made manure of
their cattle, sheep, horses, &c. Many — yes, a vast majority of
our farmers, throw their cattle manure from their hovels, under
the droppings of unspouted roofs, exposed for months together
to washing rains and melting snows, as though it were as
insoluble as granite ; while that from the horse-stable is thrown
in heaps, where it soon heats and fire-fangs.

Such farmers do not seem to bo aware that a valuable portion
of manures can escape in the form of steam and gases, gen-
erated by the heat and decomposition of animal and vegetable
matters ; or that a valuable portion — the more soluble parts^ —
of the manure can be washed out by rain and snow-water : and
the urine is considered of so little worth that most of it is lost
by passing through a leaky hovel floor.

Some one has truly said that " manure is the life-blood of
successful farming." Therefore every farmer should make it a
leading object to guard, as much as possible, against the losses
above named ; and to effect this, the barn-cellar is probably the
best place yet devised ; for here large quantities of peat, muck,
with other valuable absorbing materials, can be stored in sum-
mer and autumn, for daily mixing with the fresh dung during
winter. The temperature of the whole mass can be easily
regulated, so as to guard against loss by excessive fermenta-
tion. The muck, &c., absorbs and saves the urine, and no
drenching rains wash out the soluble portions of the contents of
the cellar, but all is saved in the best possible condition to be
carted out, and plowed into the soil when needed.

But as few farmers, compared with the many, have cellars

213

under their barns and stables, in order to make the most of
their means, they must resort to some other course. I know a
farmer whose barns are so situated that he cannot have a cellar
under them, in consequence of the low and flat situation of the
ground about his buildings ; the water in his wells, a portion
of the year, being within two feet of the surface of the ground.

The farmer alluded to has two barns, one of them 50 by 30
feet. On the south side of this, extending the whole length, is
a hovel, in which sixteen head of cattle can be tied up ; they
stand on a raised platform, and the manure falls into a water-
tight gutter in the rear of the cattle. The hovel is daily lit-
tered with a few quarts of ground-plaster, and about half a
bushel of swamp muck to each animal, over which is a bedding
of refuse hay, leaves, &c. The cattle are kept, most of the
time, tied ; but turned out twice each day to drink — the water
being in the yard. The manure is daily thrown into the base-
ment story of the other barn, which is 25 by 30 feet, and 10
feet high. The horse-stables and hog-pen are so arranged that
the manure from each — as also the droppings of the poultry —
is easily thrown with that of the cattle, and duly mixed. The
floors of all his hovels, stables, &c, are double planked, and
spiked down to the sills and sleepers ; so that none of the
urine is lost, but all absorbed by the muck and litter. A mod-
erate degree of heat is kept up in the mass, but not sa great as
to fire-fang the litter. As the manure does not freeze, a part
of it is sledded out during the winter, and placed in large, com-
pact heaps, near where it will be wanted for use, — thus saving
much heavy cartage over muddy roads and across soft fields in
the busy season of spring.

We have no doubt this man's method of treatment triples the
value of his manure over that of some other farmers who keep
an equal amount of farm stock. He has a more distant hovel
in which a few young cattle and cosset sheep are kept ; the
droppings of which are daily removed, by the use of a wheel-
barrow, to the place of general deposit.

For the storage of muck, there is a shed, partially walled up

214

and otherwise made tight. The muck, stored in autumn, is
well covered with forest leaves, so that the muck does not
freeze.

Some may object to this farmer's course, saying there is too
much like hard work about it. To be sure, there is some labor
in the thing; but we believe most farmers had better ex-
pend a portion of their labor in thus increasing manure for
the benefit of their crops and farms.

215

NATIONAL CATTLE SHOW,

HELD BY THE U. STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, AT SPRINGFIELD, OHIO.

The Executive Committee of this Society having decided to
accept the invitation of the citizens of Springfield, Ohio, to hold
an Exhibition of cattle at that place, the arrangements there-
for were entered upon in good season ; — the President and
Secretary being authorized to act for the Society, and Messrs.
J. T. Warder, C. M. Clark and Chandler Robbins, of Spring-
field, acting as the Local Executive Committee. The prelimi-
naries being settled by correspondence, a meeting of the Joint
Committee was held at Bufl"alo, N. Y., when the premium list
was agreed upon, and the Boards of Judges appointed.

About six thousand dollars were ofiered in premiums ; and
the gentlemen selected to award them, were among the best
judges of cattle in our country.

The 25th, 26th, and 27th days of October were fixed upon
for the Show ; when it was, accordingly, held.

The arrangements made by the Local Committee were excel-
lent, and on a generous scale. The citizens of Spriufield did
all that warm hearts could suggest and willing hands perform,
to welcome and care for the crowd of visitors ; and if one indi-
vidual departed, dissatisfied or disappointed in the general ap-
pearance or the details of the exhibition ; he must belong to the
genus " hard to please." *

It is deemed an act of simple justice to add, that the whole
amount of funds ($10,000) for the payment of expenses and
premiums was guaranteed and paid by the twenty individuals
and firms hereinafter named ; who, for no selfish end, but in the
most public spirited manner, subscribed $500 each : —

*That the arrangements for the transportation of passengers and stock
made with the officers of liail Road Companies were not carried out on their
part, was no fault of the Springfield Committee or of this Society.— Ed,

216

Names of Association. — C. M. Clarke, J. T. Warder, W. D.
Pierce, Jacob Pierce, Clarke County Agricultural Society, A.
I. Paige, Hunt & Cassily, Absalom Foley, Moler, Howel &
Field, L. B. Sprague, J. Mattihson, Yeazle & Swope, Hervey
Cogier, J. F. Whiteman, J. M. Benson, Bobbins & Claypoole,
A. Waddle, Jonathan Cheney, P. Stewart, R. Q. King, H. P.
Harris.

The following Committees were appointed for the purposes
named : —

LOCAL OFFICERS.

Local Executive Committee. — J. T. Warder, C. M. Clarke,
C. Bobbins.

Committee of Arrangements. — Wm. Hunt, W. S. Field,
Jno. Howell, J. F. Whiteman, E. B. Cassilly.

Committee of Reception. — J. S. Goode, Mayor of the City,
J. T. Claypoole, Bodney Mason, A. Waddle, Dr. B. Bodgers.

Chief Marshal.— Col. W. H. H. Taylor, North Bend, Ohio.

Assistant Marshals. — 1st, W. T. Dennis, Bichmond, Indiana;
2d, J. K. Green, Carthage, Ohio ; 3d, J. Klinefelter, Spring-
field, Ohio ; 4th, E. M. Doty, do. ; 5th, A Foley, Harmony,
Ohio.

SUPERINTENDENTS.

Durham bulls. — A. I. Paige, Springfield.
Durham Cows. — L. B. Sprague, Harmony.
Devons. — S. G. Moler, Springfield.
Herefords. — E. B. Cassilly, Moorefield.
Ayrshires. — J. M. Benson, Springfield.
Jerseys. — E. Swope, Springfield.
All other classes. — George Watson, Harmony.

SCHEDULE OF PREMIUMS.

For the best bull and five cows or heifers, of one year and

upward, from any one herd, $500

DUKHAM BULLS.

Best three year old and up.ward, $300

Second best three year old and upward, 200

Third best three year old and upward, 100

21'

Best two year old, and under three years, 6200

Second best two year old, and under three years, 160

Third best two year old, and under three years, 75

Best one year old, and under two years, 150

Second best one year old, and under two years, 100

DURHAM cows.

Best three year old and upward, 8200

Second best three year old and upward, l50

Third best three year old and upward, 100

Best two year old, and under three years, 150

Second best two year old, and under three years, 100

Third best two year old, and under three years, 50

Best one year old, and under two years, lOO

Second best one year old, and under two years, 75

DEVON BULLS.

Best three year old and upward, $100

Second best three year old and upward, 75

. Best tAVo year old, and under nine years, 80

Second best two year old, and under three years, 60

Best one year old, and under two years, 65

DEVON cows.

Best three year old and upward, $100

Second best three year old and upward, 75

Best two year old, and under three years, 75

Second best two year old, and under three years, 60

Best one year old, and under two years, 60

HEREFORD BULLS.

Best three year old and upward, ' $100

Second best three year old and upward, 75

Best two year old, and under three years, 80

Second best two year old, and under three years, 60

Best one year old, and under two years, 75

HEREFORD COWS.

Best three year old and upward, $100

Second best three year old and upward, 75

Best two year old, and under three years, 75

Second best two year old. and under three years, 60

Best one year old, and under two years, 60

218

AYRSHIRE Eri.LS.

hest three year old and upward, ^lOO

Sesond best three year old and upward, 75

Best two year old, and under three years, 80

J^econd best two year old, and under three years, 60

Best one year old, and under two years, 75

AYRSHIRE CCWS.

Best three year old and upward, $100

Second best three year old and upward, 75

Best two year old. and under three years, 75

Second best two year old, and under three years, 50

Best one year old, and under two years, 60

JERSEY BULLS.

Best three year old and upward, $100

Best two year old, and under three years, 80

Best one year old, and under two years, 75

JERSEY' C0"^V9.

Best three year old and upward, $100

Best two year old, and under three years. 75

Best one year old, and under two years, 60

MISCELLANEOUS,

Best single yoke of work oxeu) $50

Best fat bullock, ^ 50

Best fat cow, ' 50

Best milch cow, 50

Best steer, 50

Best bull calf under one year of any breed, CO

Best heifer under one year, of any breed, 50

Discretionary premiums for other breeds or grade stock* 200

LIST OF ENTRIES OF STOCK.

Class A. is Sweepstakes.

Class B. is Durham Bulls.

Class C. is Durham Cows and Heifers.

Class D. is Devons.

Class E. is Herefords.

Class F. is Ayrshires.

Class G. is Jerseys.

219

Class H. IS Miscellaneous— consisting of yoke oxen ;■ fat bullocks ^
fat cows ; milch cows ; steers ; bull calves, of any breed, under one
year ; heifers, under one year, of any breed ; and such entries of
grade stock as may be presented.

No. 1. Symmetry, class B, 3 years; owned by J. G. T)un & Co.,

Madison County, O.
No. 2. Colonel, class B, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 3. Lord Egllnton, class B, 1 yeaf ; owned by D. Wilson, Cin.,

O. ; for sale.
No. 4. White Rose, class C, 3 years ; owned by same.
No. 5. Dandy 2d, class F, 3 years ; owned by P. Melendy, Hamil-
ton County, 0.
No. 6. Ducas, class F, 2 years ; owned by same-
No, 7. Belle, class 7, 3 years ; owned by same«
No. 8. Lassie, class F. 3 years ; owned by same.
No. 9. Alice, class F, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 10. Steer, class H ; owned by Wm. Palmer, Fayette County, 0.
No. 11. Steer, class H ; owned by same.
No. 12. Grade Cow, class H ; owned by same.
No. 13. Imported Cow, class C, 3 years ; owned by same.
No. 14. Jake, class D, 2 years ; owned by E. Merrit, Clerk

County, O.
No. 15. Lafayette, class B, 2 years 5 owned by J. M. Sherwood, Au*

burn, N. Y.
No. 16. General Montgomery, class B, 3 years ; owned by Adam

Fisher, Greensburgh, Pa.
No. 17. Matchem, class B, 2 years; owned by John Eichar, Greens-
burgh, Pa.
No. 18. Durham Bull, class B, 3 years ; owned by S. Howell, Selma,

Clark County, O.
No. 19. Durham Bull, class B, 5 years; owned by J. Cunningham,

Winchester, Ky.
No. 20. Durham Bull, class B, 1 year ; owned by same.
No. 21. Molton, class D, 2 years ; owned by Lewis F. Allen, Buf-
falo, N. Y.
No. 22. Countess, class D, 4 years ; owned by same.
No. 23. Sappho 4th, class D, 3 years ; owned by same.
No. 24. Murat, class B. 4 years ; owned by Wm. Cushman, N.

Braintree, Mass.
No. 25. New Englander, class H, under one year 5 owned by same.
No. 26. Massasoit, class H, under one year ; owned by same.
No. 27. Josephine, class H, cow ; owned by same.
No. 28. Locomotive, class B, 2 years ; owned by Brutus J. Clay,

Bourbon County, Ky.
No. 29. Lady Stanhope, class C, 6 years ; owned by same.
No, 30. Daisy, class C, 8 years ; owned by same.
No. 31, Diana, class C, 4 years; owned by same.
No. 33. Clarinda, class C, 4 years ; owned by same.

220

No. 34. Laura, class C, 2 years ; owned by sarrte.

No. 35. Butterfly, calf, class H ; owned by same.

No. 36. Six head of the. foregoing, class A ; owned by same.

No. 37. Flattery, class C, 2 years ; owned by W. R. Duncan, Clark

County, Ky»
No. 38. Louan 2d, class C, 19 months; owned by Jeremiah Dun'

can, Paris, Ky. ^
No. 39. Perfection, class B, 5 years ; owned by Edwin G. Bedford,

Paris, Ky.
No. 40. Lexington, class B, 1 year ; owned by same.
No. 41. Paris, class H, calf; owned by same.
No. 42. Belle of the West, class C, 1 year ; owned by same
No. 43. Beauty, class H, calf; owned by E. Gv/yn, Springfield, Ohio,
No. 44. Brother Jonathan, steer, class H, 5 years ; owned by J- J.

Jones, Madison County, O.
No. 45. Dudu, grade heifer, class 11^ 3 years ; owned by same.
No. 46. Lord Nelson, class B, 4 years ; owned by J. L. Meyers,

Bloomingsburg, Fayette County, O.
No. 47. Bull calf, class H, 6 months ; owned by Josephus Luse, of

Clark County, O.
No. 48. Eclipse, class D, 4 years ; owned by M. & T. Cooper, Glen"

dale, O.
No. 49. Daisy, class D, 6 years ; owned by same.
No. 50. Duchess, class D, 4 years ; owned by same.
No. 51. 1 yoke of oxen, class H, 6 years ; owned by same.
No. 52. Curly, class E, 3 years ; owned by Thos. Aston, Elyria, O,
No. 53. Duchess, class E, 4 years ; owned by same.
No. 54. Defiance, class E, 1 year ; owned by same.
No. 55. Victoria, class E, 3 years ; owned by John Humphries,

Ridgeville, O.
No. 56. Bull calf, class E, 1 year ; owned by same.
No. 57. Giantess, class H, milk cow, seven years ; owned by John

W. Brock, North Petersburg, Highland County, O.
No. 58. Marquis, class B, 8 years ; owned by J. Fullington, Union

County, O.
No. 59. Starlight, class B, 3 years ; owned by C. Philis, Madison

County, O.
No. 60. Strawberry, class C, 2 years ; owned by J. Fullington,

Union County, O.
No. 61. Victory, class C, 3 years ; owned by same.
No. 62. Miss Hilton, class C, 2 years ; owned by C. Phillis, Madi'

son County, O.
No. 63. Lady Jane, class C, 2 years ; owned by D. Watson, Union

County, O.
No. 64. Yoke of Oxen, class H ; owned by same.
No. 65. Steer, class H ; owned by C. Fullington, Union County, O.
No. 66. Yoke of oxen, class H ; owned by same.
No. 67. Bull calf, class H ; owned by J. Fullington,'Union Ccun., O.
No. 68. Bull calf, class H ; owned by C. PhilHs, Madison County, O.

221

No. 69« King Cyrus, class B, 1 year ; owned by Geo, M. Bedford,

Paris, Ky.
No. 70. Doris, class C, 12 years ; owned by Wm. Harrold, Madiaon

County, 0. ; South Charleston, P. O.
No. 71. Letitia, class C, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 72^ White Rose, grade cow, class H, 2 years ; owned by Jacob

Van Meter, Urbana, O.
No. 73. Arabella 3d, class C, 7 years ; owned by Dr. A. Watts,

Chilicothe, O.
No. 74. Strawberry, class C, 6 years ; owned by same.
No. 75. Bessie Belle, class C, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 76. Mary Grey, class C, twin sister of Bessie Belle ; ovmed by

same.
No. 77. Lavender, class C, 3 years ,• owned by same.
No. 78. Medalist, class B, one year ; owned by same.
No. 79. Whittington, class C, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 80. Lord Stanwick, class B, 1 year ; owned by A. Waddle,

Clark County, O.
No. 81. Zealous, class C, 5 years ; owned by same.
No. 82. Zenobia, class C, 1 year ; owned by same.
No. 83. Mary, class C, 4 years; owned by same.
No. 84. Delialie, class C, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 85. Daisy, class C, 2 years ; owned by same. (The foregoing

six animals entered for sweepstakes.)
No. 86. Bombazine, class E, 5 years old ; owned by Wm, H.

Sotham, Owego, New York.
No. 87. Pretty Maid, class E, 7 years ; owned by same.
No. 88. Bright Eyes, class E, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 89. Mystery, class E, 2 year old bull ; owned by same.
No. 90. Fat Bullock, class H, 7 years ; owned by B. Stedman,

Cleveland, O.
No. 91. Patty 4th, class G, 3 years ; Roswell & Colt, Patterson, N. J,
No. 92. Dun, class G, 7 years ; owned by same.
No. 93. Jersey, class G, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 94. Patty, class G, 1 year ; owned by same.
No. 95. Olive, class C, 8 years ; owned by J. W. Wane, Fayette,

County, Ky.
No. 96. Clarinda, class C, 8 years ; owned by same.
No. 97. Model, class H> 4 years ; owned by same.
No. 98. Kentucky Bell, class H, 4 years; owned by same.
No. 99. Moddle, class H, 4 years ; owned by same.
No. 100. Yoke Oxen, class H, 4 years ; owned by same.
No. 101. T)olly, class D, 2 years; owned by CM. Merriweather,

Todd Co., Ky.
No. 102. Harold 2d, class B, 4 years ; owned by H. A. Pendegrass,

Chatauque Co., N. Y.
No. 103. Wellington, class B, 2 years; owned by J> G. Coulter &

Co., Clinton Co., O.
No. 104. Warrior, class B, 4 years ; owned by same.

222

No. 10-5. Maid of Oakes, class H, 5 years ; owned by <T. P. Brown,-

Madison Co., 0.
No. 106. Queen Victoria, class C, 5 years ; owned by J. B, H. Ren-
nick, Pickaway Co., O.
No. 107. Duchess, class C, 4 years ; owned by William Palmer,

Fayette Co., O.
No. 108. Jenny Lind, class H, 5 years : owned by same.
No. 109. Yoke Oxen, class H; owned by same.
No. 110. Wallace 2d, class F, 2 years ; owned by T. W. Barber,

North Paris, Preble Co., O.
No. 111. Herod, class D. 10 years ; owned by L. G. Collins, Mont-
gomery Co., Ind.
No. 112. Nameless, class D, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 113. Priam, class D, 1 year ; owned by same.
No. 114. Frances, class D, 8 years ; owned by same.
No. 115. Daisy, class D, 1 year; owned by same.
No. 116. Bull Calf, class H, 5 months ; owned by same.
No. 117. Bull Calf, class H ; owned by same.
No. 1 18. Heifer Calf, class H, 5 months ; owned by same.
No, 119. Bull Calf, class H, 10 weeks ; owned by D- M. Creighton,

Madison Co., O.
No. 120. Aylesby Lady, class C, 6 years ; owned by A. I. Paige,

Springfield, O.
No. 121. Czar, class B, 1 year; owned by same.
No. 122. Bull Calf, class H, 6 weeks ; owned by same.
No. 123. Heifer Calf, class H, 8 months ; owned by J. R. Surface,-

Johnson Co., la.
No. 124. Lalla Rookh, class C, 2 years; owned by Wm. Scott.

Greene Co., O.
No. 125. Comet, class B, 1 year ; owned by J. L. Caldwell, Rush

Co., la.
No. 126. Miss Allen, class H, 4 months ; owned by W. W. Thresher,-

Fayette Co., la. ^

No. 127. Favorite, class B, 4 years; owned by Col. S. Meredith,

Wayne Co., la.
No. 128. Clara Fisher, class C, 4 years ; owned by same.
No. 129. White Rose, class C, 4 years ; owned by same.
No. 130. Lady Albert, class C, 3 years ; owned by same.
No. 131. May Clay, class C, 2 years j owned by same
No. 132. Adelaide, class C, 1 year j owned by Geo. Davidson, Wayne

Co., la.
No. 133, America, class H, 4 months; owned by same.
No. 134. Daisy, class H, 5 months ; owned by Col. S. Meredith.

Wayne Co., la.
No. 135. Fat Cow, class H, 4 years; owned by Geo. Davidson, la.
No. 136. Sweepstakes, class A ; owned by Col. S. Meredith, la.
No. 137. Sheffield, class B, 3 years; owned by J. W. Robinson,

Madison Co., O.
No. 138. Fashion, class C, 2 years ; owned by J. Steddom, Warren

Co., O.

223

No. 139. Milk Cow, class H, 9 years ; owned by E. K. Glenn,

Champaign Co., O.
No. 140. Belmont, class B, 4 years ; owned by Caldwell & Co.,

Fayette Co. , la.
No. 141. Yoke Oxen, class H, 6 years; owned by John Reddish,

Springfield, O.
No. 142. New Years's Day, class B, 1 year ; owned by Charles M.

Clarke & Co., Springfield, O.
No. 143. Easter Day, class C, 1 year ; same.
No. 144. Buckingham, class B, 2 years ; owned by W. D. Pierce^

South Charleston, O.
No. 145. Bull Calf, class H, 3 months ; owned by same.
No. 146. Moss Hose, class C, 6 years ; owned by same.
No. 147. Lancaster, class C, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 148. Roan Lady, class C, 2 years ; owned by same.
No. 149. Venus, class C, 1 year ; owned by same.
No. 150. Heifer calf, class H, 6 months; owned by same.
No. 151. Five of the foregoing, and Hippodrome, a heifer of 1 year,

class A ; owned by same.
No. 152. Jack Downing, calf, class H, 8 months ; owned by Samuel

Pyla, Clinton Co., O.
No. 153. Polly Hopkins, heifer calf, class H, 4 months ; owned by

same.
No. 154. Donna Bola, bull calf, class H, 6 months ; owned by Jon-
athan Hadley, Clinton Co., O.
No. 155. Cow, class D, 2 years ; owned by M. W. Smith, Lebanon,

O.
No. 156. Know Nothing, class D, 3 years ; owned by same.
No. 157. Grade cow, class H, 5 years; owned by D. Heiskill, South

Charleston, O.
No. 158. Bull calf, class H, 7 months ; owned by G. Shickadany,

Clark Co., O.
No. 159. Steer calf, class H, 8 months ; owned by same.
No. 160. Alderman, class B, 5 years ; owned by Jacob Pierce, South

Charleston, O.
No. 161. Roman, class C, 5 years; owned by same.
No. 162. Dahlia, class C, 6 years ; owned by same.
No. 163. Diana, class C, 5 years ; owned by same.
No. 164. Juno, class C, 1 year ; owned by same.
No. 165. Roselle, class C, 5 years ; owned by same.
No. 166. The foregoing six entered for sweepstakes ; owned by

same.
No. 167. Uueen, heifer calf, class H, 9 months ; owned by same.
No. 168. Heifer calf, class H, 5 months; owned by M. B. Webb,.

Scott Co., Ky.
No. 169. Yoke Oxen, class H, 4 years; Kinsley & Bohn, Clark Co.,

0.
No. 170. Bull calf, class H, 6 months ; Henry Stickney,. Clark Co., 0.

324

THE AGRICULTURAL BANQUET.

In the afternoon one of the great features of this great exhi-
bition took place — the National Agricultural Banquet — the
first ever given in the West. It was set beneath a mammoth
pavilion, large enough to seat comfortably at the table one-
thousand persons. Distinguished and active agriculturists from
eighteen diiferent States, and from Canada, were present as
guests. Among those at the table were about two hundred
ladies, who imparted a brilliancy to the scene. A table was
spread crosswise the pavilion, at the northern end ; at the cen-
ter of which was seated Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, the Presi-
dent of the U. S. Agricultural Society. On his right, were
Gov. Wright of Indiana, and his young and lovely bride. Col.
Williams of Kentucky, and other distinguished guests from
Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, New York, and Canada. On his
left sat Mrs. Warder of Springfield, Ohio — a noble lady of the
old school, Cassius M. Clay, Dr. Arthur Watts, Brutus J. Clay,
and other prominent gentlemen.

The tables were all filled, and in the open borders of each
side, a large concourse of ladies and gentlemen were assembled-
to feast on the " flow of reason," if not on the good things up-
on the table.

A brass band was stationed at the lower end of the pavilion
and at intervals enlivened the company by playing patriotic
airs. The scene was a brilliant one.

The table was loaded with the " fat of the land," but no
beverage was used save that which God gave to man, — pure
sparkling water.

After the company were all seated, the President invited the
Rev. Mr. White, to invoke the blessing of Heaven. The en-
tire assembly arose at once, and so remained, while the Throne
of Grace was addressed.

The banquet was leisurely partaken of, and it was not until
all had satisfied the " inner man," that the President arose and
delivered the following opening address : — -

226

ADDRESS OP COL. WILDER.

Friends of Agriculture and Fellovj Citizens : — In behalf
of the United States Agricultural Society, under whose auspi-
ces this exhibition is held — in behalf of the citizens of Spring-
field, by whose liberality we are here assembled — and in my
own behalf, I present you cordial salutations, and bid you wel-
come to this our festive board.

Come ye from the Pilgrim shores of New England, from the
plantations of the sunny South, from the great valley and fer-
tile fields of the West ! Come ye from the walks of profes-
sional life, from the halls of legislation, from the marts of
business, or from the high places of power, from whatever sec-
tion of our fair land, from whatever station in society, welcome
— a right hearty welcome — to the joys and pleasures of this
occasion.

We have suspended our ordinary cares, toils and conflicts of
business, and come up to this thriving city from our different
and distant homes, to give expression to a common and impor-
tant sentiment — the love of Agriculture !

We meet here for no sinister motive, no sectional object, no
partisan purpose. We stand here upon a platform broader,
deeper and firmer than that of any politician or partisan ; a
platform upon which those may stand, side by side with the
noble yeomanry of our country, honoring them and honored by
them. We are here for the promotion of that great art, upon
which, more than any other, depend individual happiness and
national wealth, prosperity and power ; an art which is the
parent of every other industrial pursuit, and to which the spe-
cial blessing of Heaven is vouchsafed.

I congratulate you upon the great interest awakened, in our
age and country, in the cause of Agriculture ; an interest man-
ifested by the multiplication of societies and periodicals through-
out the land. I congratulate you upon the wonderful improve-
ment which science has recently made in the implements of
husbandry, and in the art of cultivation — upon the facilities
for the transportation of agricultural products to the great mar-
kets of the world — and especially upon the improvement of

226

our domestic animals, and the laudable enthusiasm which many
of our worthy citizens have manifested in the importation of
best breed of cattle.

It was the latter that suggested the idea of this exhibition,
and it was deemed suitable by the Executive of the United
States Agricultural Society to encourage this praiseworthy en-
terprise, and to accept the generous invitation of its proprie.
tors, approved as it was by the Ohio State Board of Agricul-
ture.

This is the first National Exhibition of Cattle ever held in
America ; and I do but express the common sentiment of this
assemblage, when I say that it has more than realized the an-
/ I ticipations of all concerned. It has been eminently successful,
/ 1 and alike honorable to the citizens of Springfield, to the State
of Ohio, and to this great Republic.

There have been about two hundred entries at this show.
Among them we have seen such samples of the Durhams, the
Herefords, the Devons, the Ayrshires, the Jerseys, and grade
animals, as it has seldom or never been the happiness of man
to behold in one show ; and larger premiums have been offered
for the encouragement of that department of American hus-
bandry than ever before excited competition.

Among so many specimens of rare excellence, no wonder that
the judges have found it difficult to decide upon their respective
merits. Our only regret is that premiums cannot be awarded
to each competitor. But there is one honor which seems suffi-
(5ient to satisfy the ambition of any one, the honor of adding to
the interest of that exhibition, and of thus promoting a pursuit
second to no other in the country.

The report of these proceedings will occupy an important
place in the transactions of this Society, and will go down to
posterity honorably associated with the history of this placsj
and of American agriculture.

And here permit me to tender our most cordial thanks to the
donors whose liberal contributions have supplied the funds for
this exhibition, to its Board of Officers and Managers to whose
skill in designing, and whose energy in execution, we are so
much indebted for the order, convenience and taste, which have

227

characterized these proceedings, to the judges, on whom has
devolved the onerous duty of awarding premiums ; to the con-
tributors, who have so nobly endured the risk and expense of
placing their valuable animals on exhibition. Especially do
we present our heartfelt acknowledgments to our distinguished
guests who have honored us by their presence, and who, we
trust, will instruct and encourage us by their speeches ; to the
good citizens of Springfield and vicinity, whose large hospital-
ity we have enjoyed ; and last, but first in our affections, to the
ladies, whose presence adds so much interest and beauty of this
banquet, and whose approving smiles encourage us in all the
laudable pursuits of life.

Friends and Fellow- Citizens :— In conclusion, permit me to
extend to you the right hand of fellowship, and to invoke your
aid in favor of the cause we seek to promote. While the na-
tions of the Old World seek for glory in war and the acquisitions
of the sword, let us cultivate the arts of peace, and let us ever
remember that the history of a prosperous people is inscribed,
not on the star spangled banner of military fame, or of political
preferment and power, but it is seen in the peaceful triumphs of
the plow, in fields of waving grass and grain, in thriving flocks
and herds, in highly cultivated farms and gardens, in the re-
fined arts of rural life and cultivated taste, and in the grateful
incense which rises from the altars of an industrious, intelligent
and virtuous yeomanry.

Mr. Wilder's remarks were received with interruptions of
applause, and demonstrations of high approbation rent the wel-
kin as he sat down.

The scene was for a few moments enlivened with some music,
when the President read the regular toasts :

1. The State of Ohio, — It was her mission to lead in the
march of Western civilization and improvement. Well has she
executed the high trust ! Long may she gather the rich har-
vest of her planting.

The President stated that the Governor of Ohio was expect-
ed to be present to respond to the toast, but he was not. He

22a

asked whom they would have, when loud calls were made for
Hon Lewis D. Campbell. Mr. C. immediately responded.

Regretting that the Governor was not present, and that one
more competent was not called upon to respond to the compli-
mentary toast, he said, that in agriculture he was emphatically
a Know-Nothing. [Applause.] His ignorance was the more
culpable, as he had had the honor of representing one of the
greatest agricultural districts in the world, and had been receiv-
ing his eight dollars a day and roast beef. [Laughter.]

There was one point, however, upon which he would dwell,
viz. : the encouragement of Agriculture by the National Gov-
ernment. Too much indifference had been manifested by the
people, in this respect, and while Congress appropriated its mil-
lions for the protection of commerce, it has done but little for
Agriculture. A better feeling on this subject is gaining ground,
and all that is necessary now is, for the people to speak, and
Agriculture will soon receive proper encouragement from the
federal government. He exhorted greater interest in this mat-
ter, and closed with a happy tribute to the enterprise and indus-
try of the people of Ohio.

2. The City of Sprinjield, — Springfield in Massachusetts,
and Springfield in Ohio — renowned in the history of American
Agriculture ; the mother for giving birth to the first National
Show of horses — the daughter, for giving birth to twins — the
first Naional Cattle Show, and the first National exhibition of
Babies !

Responded to by R. Mason, Esq., who gave as a sentiment :

Our Country, — Her interests will always be safe, in the
hands of her native born sons.

3. The Ohio State Board of Agriculture, — The uniform
friends of agriculture and rural economy — the annals of our na-
tion attest the value of their labors. May they never lack the
sunshine of popular patronage, or an abundant harvest of well
earned renown.

Responded to by Gen. Worthington, of the State Board, who
warmly welcomed all to the banquet spread upon Ohio's soil.

/ ^29

4. The Great Western Valley, — The great granary of Un-
tie Sam's farm. Like the storehouses of Egypt, let years of
plenty fill it to overflowing, and may it never lack a Joseph,
wisely to dispense of its abundance.

The President said he was glad to know that a Joseph was
present, and it afforded him pleasure to introduce Governor
Wright, our " Brother Joseph " of Indiana. [Cheers.]

Gov. Wright arose, and happily alluded to the brilliant scene
before him. We appear, he said, to live in a day of bank fail-
ures, but this gathering was an offset to such disasters. After
alluding >to the little relief Agriculture needed from Govern-
ment, he said that politicians taught the people only two ideas—*
Washington City and the Penitentiary. [Laughter and cheers.]
One great evil of the present time is, that the attention of the
people is taken from their homes, their fields and their work-
shops, to the Capitol. They forget themselves in the discussion
of political projects. He was glad to see them awakening to
the true interests of the country ■ — the greatest of which is
agriculture. He advised them hereafter if they had a great
man among them to make him constable ; if they had a sensible
man to make him county commissioner ; and if they had one
with only half sense, to send him to Congress. [Cheers.] The
people had been clipping at the tree tops long enough, by sending
all their great men to Washington. It is now time for them to
dig at the roots, by making those great men work at home.

The Governor spoke about twenty minutes, being frequently
interrupted with cheers, and concluded by offering the follow
ing sentiment:

( The First United States AgricvUiural Banquet > — A Union
this day of the citizens of eighteen States. May these associa-
tions continue to increase and multiply until we shall meet at
these annual festivals the citizens of each State, District, and
Territory of this Republic, and greet each other, not as mem-
, bers of different sections of the country, but as citizens, known
\ and recognized by the prouder and higher name, an American

"^ CITIZEN.

Also responded to by J. N. Brown, Esq., President of the
Illinois Agricultural Society, and Mr. Moore, of Michigan.
15

290

.^. The Sitit^ of K^mhff^, — luniowtiod tor tho >'-alor of hor
j^ous, jvud tho prv>touud wit^viom o( her gront ^tntosuiaiu Aiuonj<
hor illusirious yooiujuirv. whom wo oordiallv wolooino to our
Kv\r\l. wo ivr\^ hj^ppy to roooi:;ui/o hor Hrutus and 0:v.<;;ius. inv
Mor than thoir utuno-v<akos it\ Komau history.

This WiU>i roooivod with dotUouiuir applauso, nud rospondod to
mocJt happily, by Ciissius M. Clay, of Koiituoky who sjH)ko ik«
follows : —

Mr. PrfShient, and Getftltmtt* of the A(trieultHral StxHetf^ ;
1 fool a diffidenoe in apjx*aring hon> to answer for a Stato,
jrroat in herself and illustrious in this. Union, for that State aiid
I have the honor to differ on some jx^nts. It is ai\ honest dif-
foronoo of opinion, but in eonsoquonee of it, Kentuoky thinks
Oassius a little enizT, and 1 think that it is Kentuoky that is
ci*axy. l>ut I Ivgin to tind that in this quarrel t have the ad-
vimtaiTO. for the world is coming out on my side. [Applause.]
I will not, however, pursue the subject, nor will I follow tho
oxamplo of the K\v, in the Stat*) of your worthy President, who
knocked his daddy down Kvauso he stoixl so fair. l>utho con-
trary, 1 would nether K> the means of Ivnetitinc: my native
Stato — would nether servo Kentucky, than pntiso her.

1 sub^crilv to the remark made by your worthy President,
that agrioulturo is the mother of all tho arts and scienees ; but
would not have it stop thoro : for she has brv^thors and sisters,
and it is only when united with commerce and manufactures,
that she c;ui secun> tho ^vrfeot development of tho m:m :\nd of
the Smto. And hoiv let me chum in Ivhalf of the Stato 1
rej>ros\nit, that the means of conimunioation. which have brvnight
us all together, wi this invasion, wore not intrv>duced into the
West by the poneer Stat«t of Ohio : Init by Kentucky. I be-
lieve I am right in st;\ting (if I am not, thoro are gentlemen
present who can correct mo^ that tho first nulr».^id in the West
va^s hud down Wtween Franktort :md Lexington, in that Stat)?.
[Several voic^^. •• It's true.**]

And here, 1 would s:\y to your distinguishoil and worthy
President, (and jKrha^vs 1 am the only m:m in this assembly
that d;uv say it,*) that notwithstamiiug the fussthoy make aKnu
their Victories of nutmegs and other notions, in Massachusetts,

231

\}\<',y liJivcn'f, p;ol, every thirij^ <Jf*wn iJion;. It Ii;i,h \><:(iu Huhl \)y
Htme\ti)i\y, no umWiV who, for if, is a truth a(;knowh;<J^'od hy th<;
world Uiai fio who rnakfiH two hladc^j of granH !/» ^row when;
only one frraw hof'oro, \h gloriouH arnonj^ Ciod'K croatunjH. 1
haven't got tho lan^jago, but I've jrot tho idea, [liaujrhtfir
and apfjlauKO.] Now, who haH carrirjd out thiR uU-m) xtitev than
Kontijcky ? Wo not only make two hIadoH jrrow, wlioro orUy
ono jrn;w hfiCoro, hut w<; make thftni very lonj.*; hIadeH at that.
The next man i.s he who makeH two pounds of" beef grow, where
th(;r(! waH only one heforf!, and I think wh(;n we eonnider th(;Be
t,hingH properly, th;i,t MaKHJi/^huHettK haH no right to crow over u«.

Our ohJ(;ct in living in thiw world Hhould ho to advance both
it and ourKclvcH ; — to be great and happy, and to awKJHt U)
rend(jr otherH m ; and in order to do thiw, it Ih neccHKary that
we come into tlie wr^rld at inUirvalH reasonably long, and Ktay
in it aw long jik we can. Hy w>ming t(jo fant therr; miglit be too
many mouths to oat your b(;cf. We find in Kentucky that they
come fant enough now. — Vou have; no need to offer a premium
for any KU(;h things as that down there.

It iH to be rej'.rctted that we cannot, as a State,, meet here on
an etjuality witli you tf>-day ; that w<; are (;xclud(;d from a par-
ticipation f/O ajiy extent in your manufacture« and commerce.
Yet tliat docH not is(!parat<; uk, cithf;r in fooling or in intero«t.
Ah 1 walked in th<j proecKHion to tluH iJanquct, preceded by the
niuwic, and overHhadow(;d by the Htar Spangled Jjanner, I felt
tliat as a people, we are one. There is but ono party on this
Hubject in Kentucky. I will never go with her to trample on
the rights of other StaUiB, but she shall always find me leal to
h(;r — roady to stand up for her rights, and U) redress her
wrongs.

In conclusion, I will give you the sentiment of my heart, in
the well-known langiiage of one of Massachusetts' noble sons,
" Liberty and Union — now and forever — one and inseparable. "

0. Thfi True Crmf/ufror, — He defends the soil, and renders
it more and more worthy ; buth(; is the most useful and glorious
of all confpierors, who subdues a stubborn soil, and who^ by en-
riching and deejjcning it, adds to our country a better domain,
than he who merely enlarges its surface.

232

Colonel Williams, of Kentucky, was invited to respond to
this toast, which he did eloquently. He paid a happy tribute
to his State, alluded to the prejudices of the South against the
North, gave demagogues and political editors a trouncing for
their degeneracy, and declared that he believed that notwith-
standing the fanatical appeals of demagogues and editors, the
great American heart was yet right in be half of our common
country. He resumed his seat amid enthusiastic applause.

7. The British Colonies in America and the United States,
— ^Closely bound together by rural pursuits-^brought nearer by
the wonderful achievements of science, and held together by
the golden links of commerce and reciprocity. One in origin,
one in interest, one in destiny.

This toast was received with unbounded applause, and was
responded to with inimitable humor, by Mr. Askew, of Windsor,
Canada West.

He asked to excuse himself in one particular. He came
from the north of England, where the accent was peculiar, and
as he understood some reporters were present, he hoped they
would be careful of his h's and hex's. [Laughter.] He was
happy in attending this exhibition, and he hoped he would
attend many more like it. A gentleman who met him on the
grounds had called him a half-brother. He did not know as
that was exactly right. He was sure that the Governor of
Canada and the Honorable Secretary of the States had united,
in the reciprocity treaty, the two in marriage and though he
did not like to use ecclesiastical terms, he would' say if " any
of ye know why the two should not be united in marriage,
speak, or forever hold your peace." [Loud cheering.] He
thanked the association for their cordial invitation and hearty
welcome, and spoke of the happy effect of all such exhibitions.
As to the present show, he had never seen it equalled either in
Canada or Great Britain. He gave some important informa-
tion as to stock raising, and concluded by offering :

"Health and happiness to the ladies of the States and
Canada."

233

Before taking Ms seat, he extended his right hand to the
President, which being returned, he declared the consummation
of the " Reciprocity Treaty." The act was received with tre-
mendous cheering.

The President stated, that application had been made to have
the next National Show in Kentucky. He would present it to
the officers of the Association, where it would receive respect-
ful attention. He then read the next regular toast :

8. The State of New YorA:,— The Empire State of the Na-
tional brotherhood, — the entrenched ground for the protection
of American Agriculture.

Col. Alleuj of BujBFalo, New York, was called upon to
respond. He said he came there to work, not to talk. He was
highly gratified with the exhibition, and gave some important
items relative to stock raising, and the commercial interests of
the State.

9. The State of Delaware, — Although one of the smallest
States in the Union, she sends us one of her sons, who is not
only able to speak for himself, but also for her and his country.

Mr. Holcombe, Vice President of the National Society,
responded briefly. One of Delaware's jewels, he said, was her
agricultural department to her university, where her sons, not
only received a classical but an agricultural education. He
complained that the commercial interests, over-rode those of
the agriculturists continually.

Mr. Brown, editor of the Ohio Farmer, was called out, and
responded briefly, closing with a sentiment complimentary to
Massachusetts.

Massachusetts, — Famous in history as the battle-ground of
freedom ; — famous at present as the abode of taste and refine-
ment, and equally famous for the energy, intelligence and en-
terprise of her sons

This called up the President, who replied briefly in behalf
of his State.

Afterwards Colonel James, of Urbana, and Colonel Saunders,
of Kentucky, addressed the company ; after which the follow-
ing resolution was offered and adopted :

234

Resolved^ That the thanks of this assemLly bo rendered to
the Local Board of Mangers, to the Marshab and other officers,
to the editors and reporters of the press, an I to the citizens of
Springfield, for the worthy part which they have respectively
taken ia this magnificent exhibition, and in the excellent
accommodations for those who attended it.

The company then separated, and soon the Fair grounds
were deserted for the day.

REPORTS OF JUDGES.

SWEEPSTAKES.

Board of Judges. — ^LewisF. Allen, Black Rock, N. Y., Chair-
man ; Paoli Lathrop, South Hadley Falls, Mass. ; Jeremiah
Duncan, Paris, Ky. ; John M. Sherwood, Auburn, N. Y. ; Col.
Williams of Ky. ; and three others.

The Committee on Sweepstakes report to the Executive
Committee of the Society, that, after a deliberate examination
and long discussion of the stock referred to them, and various
votes for a decision upon the merits of the several herds of
animals submitted to them, they are unable to agree, and re-
spectfully ask to be discharged from further duty.

LEWIS F. ALLEN, Chairman.

[The Committee on Sweepstakes, (a premium of $500 for the
best herd of a bull and five cows, or heifers, of any breed,)
were unable to agree, after a thorough examination and full
deliberation. The entries were five in number, all of them
superior herds. When they reported their disagreement, the
hour was late, and the sales of stock had commenced ; — it was
found impossible to call a new Committee, and the first one
declined to have any additions made to their number. The
officers of the Society did everything that could be honorably
done to lead to an award of the Sweepstakes, but without
effect. It was an important feature of the show, anc of the
utmost importance to those who presented their fine herds for
competition ; it is therefore to be regretted that a different
result was not arrived at.] — Ed.

235

DURHAI4 BULLS.
Board of Judges. — Jos. A. Wright, of Indianna, Chairman.

[It is to be regretted that Gov. Wright took with him the
Judge's book, containing, among other things, the names of this
Committee, for the purpose of makimg a full report, which has
not yet come to hand.] — Ed.

THREE YEARS OLD AND UPWARD.

1st Prem., $300, to Perfection, bred by Jeremiah Duncan, owned
by Edwin G. Bedford, both of Paris, Ky.

2d prem., $200, to Sheffield, owned by J. W. Robinson, of Madison
county, O.

3d prem., $100, to Belmont, owned by Caldwell & Co., Fayette
county, Ind.

TWO YEARS OLD.

1st prem. $200, to Locomotive, owned by Brutus J. Clay, Paris,

2d prem., $150, to Colonel, owned by R. G. Dun & Co., Madison
-county, O.

3d prem., $75, to Lafayette, owned by J- M. Sherwood, Auburn,
N. Y.

YEARLINGS.

1st prem,, $150, New Year's Day, owned by Charles M. Clarke
& Co., Springfield, O.

2d prem., flOO, King Cyrus, owned by Geo. M. Bedford, Paris,
Ky.

A report will be furnished the President, hereafter, upon the
Durham Bulls thus decided.

JOS. A. WRIGHT, Chairman.

DURHAM COWS AND HEIFERS.

Board of Judges. — ^Lewis Saunders, Grass Hills, Ky. ; Felix
W. Rcnick, South Bloomfield, 0. ; Jas. N. Brown, Berlin, 111. ;
W. H. Sotham, Owego (Tioga Co.,) N. Y. ; M. Clark ; Wood
son Thrasher, Fairville, Ind. ; A. Y. Moore, Schoolcraft, Mich.

The Committee on Durham Cows respectfully report to the
President of the United States Agricultural Society, that they
proceeded to act, in discharging the duty assigned to them, as

236

a Committee on Durham Cows, at Springfield, Ohio, on Thursday^
Oct. 25, 1854 : —

Twentj-four cows, of three years old and upwards, were
entered with the Secretary of the Society by competitors for
the Society's premium O'f $200. Eighteen of this number were
exhibited in the ring for the examination and inspection of the
Committee. We take much pleasure in saying, emphatically,
that it was an array of grand and splendid animals, such as is
rarely if ever seen together. Their beautiful and perfect forms,,
most pleasing and variegated colors, their fine, healthy condi-
tion, and great weight, averaging 1514 pounds, (eleven were
weighed,) — with their fine heads, and small bones, — when
brought to the shambles, would, we think, make them yield at
least sixty-eight per cent, of good beef.

The Committee were duly impressed with the importance of
their position ; they critically examined each animal, and had
much difficulty and perplexity in coming to a conclusion ; con-
siderable yielding of preferences was made. After mature and
deliberate consideration, the Committee unanimously award
premiums as below.

The Committee on two year old Durham heifers, appointed
by the Society to award the Society's first premium of $100
for that class, assembled at the Fair grounds, in Springfield,
Ohio, Oct. 26, 1854, and proceedad to perform the duties as-
signed to them.

Eight heifers were entered with the Secretary of the Society,
to compete for this premium.

Six beautiful animals were led into the ring, with forms most
perfect, fine size, and most pleasing colors. A majority of the
Committee, after due deliberation, award premiums as below.

The Committee named by the Society to award premiums for
one year old heifers, met on the Fair grounds, on Thursday,
Oct. 26. 1854, and proceeded to perform the duties assigned to
them.

Eight heifers were entered with the Secretary of the Society,
and were exhibited for the inspection and examination of the
Committee.

After careful and minute examination, the Committee unani-
mously award premiums as below : —

237

THREE YEARS OLD AND UPWARD.

1st Prem., $200, to Lady Stanhope, owned by Brutus J. Clay,
I'aris, Ky.

2d prem., $150, Duchess, William Palmer, Fayette county, O.
3d prem., $100, Clara Fisher, S. Meredith, Cambridge, la.

TWO YEARS OLD.

1st prem., $150, Fashion, J, Steddon, Warren county, O.

2d prem., $100, Laura, Brutus J. Clay, Paris, Ky.

3d prem., Mary Clay, $50, S. Meredith, Cambridge, la.

YEARLINGS.

1st prem., $100, Louan, Jeremiah Duncan, Paris, Ky.
2d prem., $75, Easter Day, Charles M. Clarke & Co.. Spring-
field, O

LEWIS SAUNDERS, Chairman.

kmORlTY REPORT ON TWO YEAR OLDS.

I exceedingly regret to differ so widely in judgment from the
majority of my Committee, on two year old short-liorns. The
discrepancy in quality of the premium heifer No. 139, belonging
to J. Steddon, of Warren county, .Ohio, and the white heifer
Flattery, owned by W. R. Duncan, Paris, Ky., was so glaring
that it was impossible to be overlooked. The premium heifer,
although loaded with flesh and of beautiful symmetry, was hard
in her handling-, and, with that, of miserable quality ; her hide
was stretched over her, as if tightened with a pair of pincers.
Such a quality of beef, in my opinion, is no better than bull-beef ;
in which estimate I think I can be endorsed by all first-class
butchers in Smithfield and London, as well as all large cities
in this Union.

Nor have I in the- whole course of my life met with an ani
mal with such kind of handling, that produced a good quality
of milk ; it is generall}' as blue as the beef.

The white heifer was a quality of handling rare to be ex-
celled ; and with such handling, rich milking is invariably con-
nected ; and her size and symmetry was about equal to the
premium heifer ; still she did not even obtain third premium.
She was, in my opinion, a very choice animal, and deserved the
first ; and I here declare the best animal in that class.

WM. H. SOTHAM, Owego, {Tioga Co.,^ NY.

Springfield, Oct. 28, 1854.

238

DEVONS.

Board of Judges. — Jas. M. Brown, North Bloomfield, Ohio ;
H. A. Pendergast, Ripley, N. Y. ; Isaac Askew, Windsor, Can-
ada West ; J. W. Barber, New Paris, Ohio ; James Walker,
Staunton, Virginia.

DEVON BULLS.

Three years old. — 1st prem., $100, Know Nothing, N. W. Smith,
Warren co., O.

2d prem., $75, Herod, L. G. Collins, Montgomory co. la.

Tioo years old. — 1st prem , $80, Moulton, L. F. Allen, Buffalo,
N. Y.

2d prem., $60, Jake, E. Merritt, Clark co., O.

Yearlings. — 1st prem., $50, Priam, L. G. Collins, la.

DEVON cows.

Three years old. — 1st prem., $100, Sappho, L. F. Allen, Buffalo,
N. Y.

2d prem., $75, Frances, L. G. Collins, Montgomery co., la.

Two years old. — 1st prem., $75, Dolly, E, M. Merriweather,
Todd CO., Ky.

2d prem., $50, Devon, N. W. Smith, Warren co., O.

A yearling heifer of L. G. Collins was commended.

AYRSHIRES.
Board of Judges. — John Brooks, Princeton, Mass. ; Gen.
Desha, Kentucky ; Arthur Watts, Chillicothe, Ohio ; S. War-
den, Tennessee ; Abiel S. Lewis, Framingham, Mass.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF JUDGES.

The Ayrshire breed of cattle was imported into this country
from the county of Ayr, in Scotland, where it originated.

The climate of this county is moist, and the soil with its pro-
ducts are calculated to render it a fine dairy country.

Alton, in describing this breed of cattle says, " the head must
be small, but rather long and narrow at th( muzzle ; the eye
small, smart and lively ; the horns small, clear, crooked, and
their roots at considerable distance from each other ; neck long
and slender, tapering towards the head with no loose skin be-
low ; shoulders thin ; fore quarters light ; hind quarters large ;
back straight broad behind ; joints rather loose and open; car-
case deep, and pelvis capacious, and wide over the hips, with

230

round fleshy buttocks ; tails long and small ; legs small and short
with firm joints ; udder capacious, broad and square, stretching
forward, and neither fleshy, low hung, or loose ; the milk veins
large and prominent ; teats short, all pointing outwai/i, and at
considerable distance from each other ; skin thin and loose ;
hair soft and wooly. The head bones, horns and all parts of
least value small, and the general figure compact and well-pro-
portioned."

Aiton also informs us, that the Ayrshire farmers prefer
their dairy bulls, according to the feminine aspect of their
head and neck ; and wish them not round behind, but broad
at the back bones and hips, and full in the flank. The Ayr-
shire is believed to possess more good qualities for the dairy
than any other cow in this country. She has hardiness, a
good constitution, a good degree of life and spirit, and is
docile when well used, but when ill-treated is somevfUat wild.
She yields a large quantity of milk and that of a butyraceous
and caseous quality, and after becoming too old for the dairy
feeds well and fats easy, and the fat and lean of the beef being
well mixed or marbled, renders it quite as desirable for the
table as that of any other breed. The ancestry of the Ayr-
shire breed of cattle is not well known but is probably a mix-
ture of the old native Ayrshire stock, with the Teeswater and
Aldernej. Some of the first importations into this country were
made by the Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for promo-
ting Agricultui-e, about the year 1837, and by J. P. Gushing,
Esq., of Watertown, Massachusetts, some few years earlier.
These importations have both proved successful ; the stock
raised from them maintains a high character both for the yoke
and for milking properties. They are better for the dairy in
proportion to size than any other breed known, yielding more
milk, and making as much butter and cheese and of as good
quality as any other stock. They are smaller and more hardy
than either the Durhams or Holderness, and therefore better
adapted to short pastures or light feed and vigorous climates,
and will give the small farmer a larger income for the same
outlay than any other breed known to the committee. A good
Ayrshire cow will yield six or seven hundred gallons of milk in

240

a year, which will make from two hundred and fifty to three
hundred pounds of butter, or from five to six hundred pounds
of cheese, and this beside rearing her calf to six weeks old.

It is well known to the committee ^ that some persons express
doubts as to the success in this country of this breed of cattle.
The importations have not been numerous, and the specimens
imported in some instances may not have been well selected.
Add to tliis the desire of some to sustain purity of blood by
in and in breeding, and size by high feeding, there may have
been in this, as in other imported breeds, occasional disappoint-
ment. It is believed, however, by the committee, that all who
have given them a fair trial, are well pleased with their success.
The descendants of those imported by the Massachusetts Soci-
ety for promoting Agriculture, and also those imported by J.
P. Gushing, of Watertown, and Capt. Randall' of New Bedford,
Massachusetts, and the stock of E. P. Prentice, of Albany, and
R. L. Colt, of New Jersey, all sustain a high character for milk,
for the yoke, and for the shambles.

The committee would here remark, that close, or in and in
breeding, should be carefully avoided ; its tendencies are to
weaken the constitution, reduce the milking properties, and
destroy, to a great extent, the powers of procreation, and the
stock grower who may practice it, will fail to produce a healthy,
vigorous stock of animals.

The committee of Judges have adopted the following list of
points to enable them to judge of the excellence of this breed
of animals. It is the same adopted by some of the Agricul-
tural Societies in this country, and is substantially the same as
that used in Great Britain :

POINTS OF AN AYRSHIRE COW.

The head small, the face long and narrow ; muscle and nose

variable, 4

The eye placid and not strikingly large, 2

The horns small, tapering, with an outward and upward turn,

and set on wide apart, the face somewhat dishing, 2

The ears of full size, and of an orange color within, 4

The neck of medium length, clean in the throat, very light

throughout, and tapering to the head, 4

241

'The shoulders lying snugly to the body, fhin at their top, small
at their point, not long in the blade, nor loaded with" "
muscle, 0

The chest must retain sufficient width and roundness to insure
constitution. The lightness of the fore quarters, and the
" wedge shape" of the animal from the hind-quarter.s for-
wards, arising more from a small, flat and thin shoulder,
than from any undue narrowness of the chest, 12

The crops easily blend ill with so thin a shoulder, and prevent

all hollowness behind, 4

The brisket not over-loaded the fore-end, but light, 4

The back should be straight, and the loin wide, the hips rather

high and well spread, 8

The pelvis roomy, causing a good breadth at what is termed the
" thurl or round-bone," and between the points of the
rumps, 4

The quarters long, tolerably muscular, and full in their upper
portion, but moulding into the thighs below, which should
have a degree ol flatness, affording thus more space for a
full udder. The flanks v/ell let down, but not heavy, 6

The ribs behind, springing out very rouhd and -full, aflbrding
space for a large udder, which by Ayrshire breeders is
considered very essential to secure the milking properties ;
the whole carcass thus acquiring increased volume towards
its posterior portion, 8

The rump nearly level with the back projecting but little, 4

The tail thin in its cord, of full length, light in its hair, and set
somewhat farther into the back than would be admissible
with some other breeds, 1

The legs delicate and fine in the bone, inclining to be short, and

well knit together at the joints, 3

The udder in this breed is of more special importance, as the
Ayrshires have been bred almost exclusively with reference
to their milking properties. The great feature of the udder
should be capacity, without being fleshy. It should be car-
ried squaiely and broadly forward, and show itself largely
behind. As it rises upward it should not mingle too imme-
diately with the muscle of the thighs, but continue to pre-
serve its dwn peculiaf texture of skin — thin, delicate and
ample in its folds. The teats should stand wide apart, and
be lengthy, but not large and coarse, 12

The handling will show the skin to be of medium thickness
only, moving freely under the hand, and evincing a readi-
ness in the animal to take on flesh, when a drain on the
constitution is no longer made by the milk-pail, 6

The hair soft and thick, in the phraseology of the country,

woolly, 4

242

Coloi* varies, a dark i'ed,a rich brown, a liver color, oi mahogny,
running into almost a black ; those very much spotty and
broken at the edges on a white ground are the favorite
colo'-s at the present time. The light yellow is, however,
a color ; sometimes found on very good cows ; but these
pale colors are objected to from an impression that such
belong to animals of less constitution, I

Carriage should be light, active, and even gay ; this latter ap-
pearance is much promoted by the upward turn of the
horn, 1

100

POINTS Of THE AYRSHIRE BULL.

" As regards the male animal, it is only necessary to remark that
the points desirable in the female are generally so in the male, but
must be attended by that masculine character which is inseparable
from a strong, vigorous constitution. Even a certain degree of
coarseness is admissible, but then it must be so exclusively of a mas-
culine description -as never to be discovered in the fem.ale of his get.'"
*■' In contra-distinction to the cow, the head of the bull may be
shorter, the frontal-bone broader, and the occipital flat and stronger,
that it may receive and sustain the horn — and this latter may be
excused if a little heavy at the base, so its upward form., its quality
and color be right. Neither is the looseness of the skin, attached to,
and depending from the under jaw, to be deemed other than a fea-
ture of the sex, provided it is not extended beyond the bone, but
leaves the gullet and throat clean and free from dewlap ? The upper
portion of the neck should be full and imiscular^ for it is an indica-
tion of strength, power and constitution. The spine should be
strong, the bones of the loin long and broad, and the whole muscu-
lar system wide and thoroughly developed over the entire frame ? ''

The Committee award the following premiums : —

The Bull Dandy, No, 5, three years oUl, having seventy nine
of above points, (enough to constitute him a first class
animal), the Committee award him the Society's first
premium, 8100

The Bull Wallace 2nd, No. Ill, two years old, having twenty
six points, (enough for a first class animal in his class.)
the Con«rtittee award him the Society's first premium of 80

The Bull Ducas, No. 6, one year old, having seventy-eight
points, the Committee award him the Society's first pre-
mium of 75

2ii

The Cow Lassie, No. 8, three years old, having nincty-si:k
points, the Committee award her the Society's first
preminm of $100

The Cow Bell, No. 7, eight years old, having eighty-seven
points, the Committee give her the Society's second
premium of 75

The Cow Alice, No. 9, two years old, with a calf by her
side, having eighty-three points, the Committee award
her the Society's first premium of 75

JOHN BROOKS, Mass.

AYHSHIKE BULLS.

Three years oW.— Ist prem., $100, Dandy, P. Melendy, Ha-
milton County, O.

Two years oZrf.— 1st prom., $80, Wallace, T. W. Barber, New
Paris, O.

Oiie year old. — 1st prem., $75, Ducas, P. Melendy.

AYRSHIRE cows.

Three years old — 1st prem., $100, Lassie, P. Melendy,
Ttoo years old. — let prem., $75, Alice, P. Melendy.

HEREFGRDS.

Board of Judg-es. ^Moses Newell, of West Newbury, Mass. ;
Robert Rome, Genessee, N. Y. ; John Jones, Middleton, Del. ;
Cassius M. Clay, Whitehall, Ky. ; Charles L. Flint, Boston,
Mass. ; Dr. Stevenson, Indiana.

The Committee on Hereford Cattle report the following
awards : —

HEREFORD BULLS.

Three years old, — 1st premium, $100, Curly, Thos. Aston, Elyria,
Ohio.

Two years old. — Ist premium, $80, Mystery, W. H. Sotham,
Tioga Co., N. Y.

One year old. — 1st premium, $75, Defiance, Tho8. Aston, Elyria,
Ohio.

HEREFORD COWS.

Three years old. — Ist premium, $100, Bombazine, W. H* Sotham,
Tioga Co., N. Y.

2d premium, $75, Duchess, Thos. Aston, Elyria, Ohio*
Two years old. — 1st premium, $75, W. H. Sotham.

244

JEIISEYS.

Board of Judges. — Jas. T. Wortliington, Chilllcothe, Ohio;
tlenry W. Clapp, Greenfield, Mass.; J. C Holmes, Detroit,
Michigan.

The Committee on Jersey Cattle report the following
awards : —

JERSEY BULLS.

Tliree years o/rf— 1st premium, $100, Pat 4th, R. L. Colt, Pat-
terson, N. J.

JERSEY COWSi

Three years old. — 1st premium, $100, Dun, R. L. Colt,
One yeat old.— Ist premium, $60, Patty, same.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Board of Judges. — Train Caldwell, Bentonville, Ind. ; Geo*
W. Crawford, Clins Mill, Augusta Co., Va. ; James C. Hall.
Atwater, Portage Co., Ohio ; Isaac B. Loder, Raleigh, Ind. ;
W. Freeman, Canada.

The Committee submit the following awards :—

1st premium, work oxen, $50, C. Fullington, Union Co , O.

2d premium, fat ox, $50, B. Stedman, Cleveland, O. ; weight
2^500 lbs.

3d premium, fat cow, $50, J. W. Ware, Fayette Co.^ Kj. ; weight
3,240 lbs.

4th premium, milk cow, $50, J. W. Brock, Ni Pete'rbsurg, 0.

5th premium, $50, steer^ J. W. Wate, Fayette Co., Ky.

6th premium, $50, bull Calf, W. D. Pierce, Clark Co., O.

7th premium, $50, heifer calf, W. W. Thrasher, Fayette Co., Ky.

245

EEPOUrS OF STATE AGRlCUI/rURAL SOCIETIES.

Commissioners, to attend and report upon each of State Ag-
ricultural Societies, were appointed by the Executive Commit-
tee of this Society ; but, unfortunately, a few, only, of such
reports have been received in time for publication. This is, on
all accounts, to be regretted ; as the information, thus derived,
of the working systems of the various societies, and the peculi-
arities of each, could not fail to be interesting and instructive.

It is to be hoped that the Commissioners to be appointed for
the coming year will be more prompt in their reports.

VERMONT STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY^

BY SIMON BEOWN, EDITOR NEW ENGI.AXD FARMER.

The Fourth Annual Exhibition of the Vermont State Agri-
caltural Society, took place at Brattleboro,' September 12, 13,
and 14, 1854. The weather was all that could be desired —
if it had been "made to order," or cast in a mould of exquisite
pattern, it could not have been better. The mornings were
cool, with an elastic and invigorating atmosphere ; health and
buoyancy were in every limb and countenance ; and the hills
and valleys poured forth tides of living beings, full of joyous
anticipations of the events of the coming day.

The Society had made the most convenient and liberal prepa-
rations for the occasion. The grounds contained nearly forty
acres, and were enclosed by a board fence nearly ten feet
high. Convenient offices were erected for the transaction of
every branch of business appertaining to the occasion, whether
it were to be conducted on or off of the grounds. In a spa-
cious tent, purposely erected, the roll of committees was called,
16

246

where the members were introduced to each other, and from
whence they proceeded to the discharge of their duties. A
building was erected for the Floral Department, and dedicated
as " Floral Hall.'' This was filled with things " beautiful to
behold," and with persons who added a new grace and beauty
to every thing around them.

There was another building appropriated to the Department
of Mechanics. It would require much space to enumerate
the fine works of the mechanical skill here exhibited. Among
them were specimens of the handy-work of Henry Partridge,
of Medfield, Mass., in steel forks, rakes, &c., and a great
variety of implements from the Agricultural Warehouse of
Ruggles, Nourse, Mason & Co., of Boston.

The left centre of the ground was occupied by a mammoth
gallery, furnished with seats sufficient for at least 2000 persons,
and built with special regard to substantiality. To this gal-
lery a charge of twelve-and-a-half cents was asked for admis-
sion, and was paid by thousands.

This stand commanded a view of the trotting course, which
lay to the extreme left of the arena. The course was of an
oval form, and carefully prepared for the use for which it was
designed, by grading, watering, and rolling its surface. It
was half a mile in circumference, and the whole circuit could
be taken in at a single glance.

Water was plentiful on the grounds, both for man and beast,
brought in pipes 160 rods, forced up by pumps, acted on by
an ingenious contrivance of an over-shot wheel. Iluiliday's
Patent Wind Engine, was erected in the- centre of the field,
and was an attractive feature.

Among the stock we particularly noticed the imported
Devon bull. Comet, owned by Isaac Stickney, of Grafton. He
is 6 years old, and a very fine animal — one worthy to be
recommended to the breeders of that stock. Messrs. W. R.
Sanford, of Orville, Daniel Davis, of Springfiold, and S. D.
Walbridge, of Bennington, and some others, presented stock
of this blood.

Of Durhams, or Short Horns, the bull Ajax, exhibited by
Sylvester Smith, of Wilmington, was decidedly the finest ani-

247

mal of that breed on the grounds. He is 4 years old, weighs
2,290 pounds, and is made up so as to please the critical eye.
Messrs. A. L. Bingham, of West Cornwall, E. D. Hubbell, of
Bennington, J. C. Lawrence, of Brattleboro,' E. J. Barrington,
of Whitingham, and others, also had stock of this breed.

There were few Alderneys. Mr. J. Bird, of Greenfield,
Mass., had a fine bull, 2 years old, and 2 cows, a heifer, and ^
calf. The cows were small and thin, but were undoubtedly
pure.

Of Herefords, the only representations were a cow and calf,
shown by A. L. Bingham, of West Cornwall.

Working Cattle. — The exhibition of this class was impos-
ing. The number of entries exceeded 200 yoke. The Brat
tleboro' team, 48 yoke, passed in review as a single team.
Among them could be seen tinges of the blood of the Durhams
and Devons with our mixed breeds.

Of Fat Cattle^ a pair driven in by Mr. Fairbanks, of Spring-
field, Mass., weighing six thousand pounds, and were much
admired.

Of Swine there were a few specimens. A Suffolk boar and
sow, presented by Isaac Stickney, of Boston, were models of
their kind. The boar was made up as near the pattern of
perfection as we shall seldom be likely to see. We have seen
as fine a shaped sow, but not often. A pair of the improved
Essex swine, the only ones on the field, were presented by
Solomon W. Jewett, of Weybridge. They were black, and ,
possessed fine proportions.

The Sheep, included several varieties, — Spanish, French,
Silesian, Saxon, with all manner of crosses. Spanish merinos,
were exhibited by Messrs. A. L. Bingham, N. A. Saxton, of
Vergennes, Victor Wright, of Cornwall, Jesse Hinds, of Bran-
don, S. Stickney, D. &. G. Cutting, and J. T. & V. Rich, of
Shoreham, C. D. Sweat, of Bennington, and Mark Crawford
and Samuel Wheat, of Putney. A few Leicesters were exhibi-
ted by A. V. Stockwell and George Winterbottom. Smyrna
and Native, by H. S. Walbridge ; and Silesian, French, and
Spanish, by George Campbell, of Westminster.

Fruits and Vegetables were not numerous, though some
fine samples in each department were exhibited. We noticed

248

a fine basket of Sweet Potatoes^ and a variety of grapes, by
A. Button, of Dummerston. There was a squash, weighing
180 pounds, and a cousin about as large. Apples, pears,
peaches and plums, were not largely represented.

The Address was delivered by Charles Theodore Russell, of
Boston, and a Reporter says, like all his productions, bore the
stamp of eminent ability in conception and expression. Its
subject was " The Enfranchisement of Labor.''''

Capital charcoal sketches of the Black Hawk and Morgan
horses were framed and elevated, one on each end of the spec-
tator's gallery. They were by Mr. Larkin G. Mead, of Brat-
tleboro', and a young artist of great promise.

The grand feature of a Vermont State Pair is \is Horses.
We cannot speak of these in detail — lovers of the noble ani-
mal must go themselves and see. They were trotted in im-
posing parade round the moist and level course, and thousands-
of bright eyes gazed on them as they passed the immense gal-
lery. The procession was headed by a true son of the old
Woodbury Morgan, and followed in order by the Woodburys,
Bulrushes and Shermans — the latter being by far the most
numerous.

But the crowning glory of the Show was in its excellent
arrangements — nothing that could add convenience or comfort
was omitted. The place for the Address was chosen and pre-
pared with good taste. The oflScers were attentive and polite
to every body, and every body had their best bow for the
oiBcers. Ladies, in great numbers, joined in the festivities of
the occasion, and gave a new grace and charm to the whole.
Mr. Holbrook, the President, mingled everywhere with the
throng, and had a kind word for all. We could speak of the
hospitalities of his mansion, and of the distinguished guests we
met there ; but, as that would not be strictly agricultural, and
might be considered an invasion of the sanctities of private
life, we forbear. All were eloquent in praise of the mode in
which the exhibition was managed, and the facilities which had
been furnished for its enjoyment.

It was estimated that 25,000 persons visited^ the Show, and
out of that vast number, not an ill-behaved or intoxicated per-
son did we see.

249

MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Fifth Annual Fair of the Michigan Stato Agricultural
Society came off at Detroit, on the last days of September,
(1854.) It was an occasion of great gratification to every
member of the Society present, and to numberless visitors from
abroad. From a very small beginning, five years ago, the
Society has grown to a strong, vigorous organization, and now
wields an influence — every year widening and strengthening —
which must, surely, effect incalculable advantages for the pro-
ductive industry of the State. Under the working of its foster-
ing provisions, the introduction and increase of fine stock has
been remarkably rapid.

Horses. — The number of g-ood horses in the show-rings, the
present year, exceeded the entries at previous exhibitions,
though, we believe, there were more entries^ taking good and
inferior together, last year. Good animals thus crowd out the
mongrels from competition, and by-and-by, we hope to see none
but the " magnates of the stud," tread the proud circle. It is
well enough that these long-backed, high-rumped, big-shinned,
blunt-noses should go to the plow, where they can do the
country a better service. The importance of breeding horses of
a superior description is not well considered by farmers, — they
are usually content to bring into requisition any old broken-
constitutioned brute, that can carry and rear a foal, hence the
scarcity of good horses through the country.

Cattle. — Short Horns were the chief feature, though the
Devons made no inconsiderable show. One herd of these lat-
t3r, seventeen in number, drew m6re eyes, perhaps, than any
other herd on the ground. There is one defect in our Dur-
hams, — they are too coarse in limb and outline, generally —
altogether inferior to the fine specimens seen at the New York
Show of this year. A very few pure Ayrshires were on the
ground, and no Herefords. There is a perceptible increase of
good working oxen.

250

Sheep.--^ThQ farmers of this Stats are devoting much care
and attention to the growing of fine wool ; this branch of hus-
bandry having increased with great rapidity within the past
three years. There were exhibited, therefore, many choice
lots of French and Spanish Merinos, and Saxony sheep. Long-
wools and South-downs were also there. There is a growing
feeling, among sheep men, in favor of the Spanish sheep, chiefly
on account of a greater hardiness claimed for them.

Swine were out in small numbers, though there are many of
the improved breeds in the State.

Dairy. — The Society never before called out so fine a dis-
play of Dairy produce. Giant cheeses by the cwts., loaded the
tables, rivalling the far-famed Hawburghs ; and they were ac-
companied by " scores of crocks of yellow rolls." The belt of
timbered land, bordering Detroit River and Lake St. Clair, is
by nature adapted to grazing, the soil being heavy and moist,
and farmers here, are every year becoming more and more in-
terested in this branch of husbandry.

The products of mechanical industry were mostly of foreign
manufacture. Michigan has heretofore sought, in New England
and New York, the most of her plows and other farm imple-
ments, embracing agricultural machinery of all kinds, wheel
carriages to a great extent, stoves, &c. Of late, however,
several manufactories of plows and other farm tools have sprung
up, and in different parts, which are well patronized, as they
should be. The show of farming tools was not as good as last
year — a circumstance much regretted by all, inasmuch as our
success as farmers, so greatly depends upon these powerful,
though lifeless things.

Fruit and Floral Hall. — Our State is gaining celebrity for
its fine fruit. The shelves in Floral Hall were well loaded with
apples, pears, and grapes, currant wine and vegetables ; but what
shall we say for the flowers ? there was a deartli ! — no Dah-
lias worth sighing for ; the drouth was so severe, they would
not bloom, but to be parched, for all the fairs in Christendom ;
BO the fruit and vegetables and the Hall of Fine Arts, got a
more thorough examination. The lattsr building, was more
than creditably filled and adorned. One variety of apple cxhi-

261

bited, we feel bound to notice — the Benoni. It was exhibited
by Mr. Daniel Cook^ (nurseryman) of Jackson. It is a late
summer fruit, and possesses a quality which no other summer
fruit does — ^that of retaining its freshness and flavor for a com-
paratively long time. It has a firm texture and handsome ap-
pearance, and is rich. The Society procured a canvass tent,
eighty feet in diameter, for Floral Hall, which proved very
satisfactory.

On the whole, we consider the Fair of 1854, to have surpassed
either of those previously held by the Society, not only in the
spirit of exhibitors and visitors, but particularly in the excel-
lence of everything shown. Among the distinguished visitors
present were Lord Elgin and Malcolm Cameron, of Canada.
The first-named, after viewing the exhibition, gave us a short
speech, delivered in a very happy manner, which was received
with much enthusiasm and good will.

Chas. Betts,
A. Y. Moore,
S. M. Bartlette.

ILLINOIS STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

Hon. M. P. Wilder:

Dear Sir,— It is my duty, as well as my privilege, by the
appointment of the President of the Illinois State Agricultural
Society, to furnish you with a brief account of the transactions
of our State Society. Our worthy Corresponding Secretary,
Dr. Jno. A. Kennicott, as my associate, has furnished you with
a history of our organization, and the details of our first
annual Fair. It only remains for me to give my attention to
the Fair of our Society, held at Springfield, Illinois, in October,
1854.

In consequence of the prevalence of the cholera it was
feared that there would be a failure, but although the country
had for some months sufibred from drought, the exhibition in

252

many respects was much bejtter than that of the previous year,
and the attendance about double that of the former Fair. The
expenditures for premiums and other purposes at this Pair
amounted to $7085.76.

The whole number of articles and stock entered for exhibi-
tion at this Fair was 1067.

The number of premiums awarded for Illinois short horn

Cattle, were 38

For foreign Cattle. (Stock from other States.) , 7

" Steers, work Oxen and fat cattle, 10

In the cattle pens were found Durhams, Devons, and native
Btock. There were a few fine Durham bulls and coy\^s ; some
excellent specimens of work oxen, and the few fat cattle were
decidedly good. The rich and luxuriant growth of grass upon
our prairies furnish the means to our citizens to sustain and
bring to full perfection the fine cattle which for a few years
past have been imported into our States.

The number of premiums awarded for Horses, Jacks and

Mules of our own State were 61

From other States, 2

Of horses, the exhibition was superior, surpassing any thing
ever previously witnessed in our State. It is gratifying to
witness the increased attention given to the rearing of this
useful animal ; and particularly to obtaining animals of the best
blood.

The number of premiums awarded for Sheep of various

kinds were 20

And for Shepherd's dogs, 2

Our soil and climate is better adapted to the producing
sheep for mutton than for fine wool, yet at this exhibition there
were some fine wooled sheep that probably cannot be surpassed
by any in the United States.

The premiums awarded for swine numbered 14

The collection of swine was not numerous, but there was
several of fine proportions which did credit to their keepers,
there was none that I saw of entire purity, of any blood.

253

The number of premiums awarded for various kinds of
poultry were 10

Sixteen premiums were awarded for various farming imple-
ments.

Four premiums for butter, one for cheese, one for ham.

Ten for flour, bread and cereal food.

Seven for Illinois honey, sugar, pickles, &c.

Five for Illinois grain.

Fifty-two for household fabrics of Illinois manufacture.

Six premiums for designs and models.

One premium for vehicles.

Thirteen premiums for furriers, curriers, trunk makers, sad-
dlers and shoe-makers products.

Three premiums for flowers. Professional list.

Five " " " General list.

Nine " " Fruits.

Five " " Vegetable roots.

Five " " Illinois cider and wine.

Thirty-five discretionary premiums.

In the exhibition hall the fruits and vegetables were not as
abundant as the previous year, owing to the drought of the
previous summer.

One of the most interesting and attractive features of the
exhibition was the handiwork of the ladies of our State. The
most beautiful yarns, stockings, quilts, carpetings, and fancy
works of various kinds, were exhibited.

In conclusion, we furnish the proceedings of our Biennial
Meeting, and a list of the ofi&cers elected for the ensuing two
years :

Wednesday Evening', Jan. 3, 1855.

The Biennial Meeting of the Society was held in the Repre-
sentative Hall.

The President, Hon. J. N. Brown, called the meeting to
order at half-past six o'clock. The president then addressed
the Society, stating that it might be expected of him, as he was
about to retire from his position, he would present a brief his-
tory of the proceedings of the Society during the last twc
years.

254

On motion of E. N. Powell, Esq., 600 copies of the address
of the President were ordered to be printed.

Mr. Mills, of Marion, moved an amendment to the Consti-
tution of the Society, which, after discussion, was laid on the
table.

Members were invited to renew their membership, and other
gentlemen to become members of the Society. Seventy-one
persons signed the Constitution and paid their annual fee of
one dollar each.

The Society then, on motion, proceeded to the election of
officers for the next two years, by ballot.

Hon. Harvey C. Johns, of Piatt county, was elected President,
and the following named gentlemen, Vice-presidents :

For 1st Cong, district — John Gage,

Lewis Ellsworth,
Wm. Strawn,
Smith Pry,
Wm. Ross,
Fr. Arenz,
Jas. M. Blackburu,
Cyrus W. Webster,
Pleasant Ward.

J. A. Kennicott was elected Corresponding Secretary.

Simeon Francis was elected Recording Secretary.

N. E. Powell, Esq., moved that the business be suspended
for the introduction of an amendment to the Constitution, which
would go into immediate effect.

Mr. P. then offered the following amendment to the Consti-
tution : —

" That, in all elections for officers of this Society, where there is but one per-
ton put in nomination, the election may be had by a vova-voce vote."

The amendment to the Constitution was adopted.

John Williams was then nominated for Treasurer, and elected
by an unanimous vote.

On motion of Mr. Arny. a committee was appointed to exam-
ine the report of the Treasurer.

Mr. Arny, Mr. Powell, and Mr. Warren were appointed that
committee.

do.

4th

do.

6th

do.

6th

do.

7th

do.

8th

do.

9th

do.

255

Mr. Amy tlien offered the following resolutions, which were
ananimouslj agreed to : —

Resolved, That the executive Board of the Illinois State Agricultural Socie'
ty, be instructed to correspond with the executive Board of the United States
Agricultural Society in relation to the national Fair, for the year 1855, and that
our Board be requested to have the same held in our State, provided satisfac-
tory arrangements can be made to that effect.

Resolved, That this Convention recommend to the Boards of County Agri-
cultural Societies to address their Representatives in Congress, from their
respective districtn, requesting them to use their utmost endeavors to secure a
liberal appropriation by Congress for the establiEhment of a national agricul-
tui'al department to be placed upon a permanent basis, — under such manage-
ment as will disseminate jjractical Agricultural knowledge throughout the
entire Union, thereby prt^noting the general interest of the age.

Resolved, That this Society endorse and recommend to the confidence and
patronage of the fiirmera of Illinois the " Prairie Farmer" published in Chi-
cago.

Dr. Kennicott offered the following resolution :

Resolved, That this Society, in view of the eminent services of Hon. J. N
Brown, late President of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, tender hiro
their unfeigned thanks for his etficient and useful labors in its behalf.

All of which is submitted by,

Respectfully yours, W. F. M. ARNY,
Bwrlin^toriy M'Lean Co., III., Jan. 13, 1855-

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

List of Officers, 3

1. Transactions at Annual Meeting, 5

2. Address by Prof Fox — " Necessity of Agricultural Instruction,". . . 31

3. Cultivation of Colza. By Lieut T. A. Jenkins, U. S. N 49

4. Cultivation of Oil-)-ielding Plants. By same, 55

5. Value of Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates in Agriculture. By Dr.
Chirles T. Jackson, 62

6. Bees and Bee Culture. By Henry Eddy, M, D., 77

7. Alpaca, or Peruvian Sheep. By James Pedersen, 85

3. Advancement in Agricultural Machinerv-. By R. L. Allen, 91

9. Scientific Agriculture and Religious Prosperity. By Rev. Wm. Clift, 101

10. The Grape — The Vineyard. By Dr. J. A, Warder, K)8

11. Farm Diaries, Accounts and Registers. By Ben. Perley Poore,. . . . 138

12. Present Aspect of Agriculture. By H. C. Vail, 144

13. Improvement of Vegetable Crops, &c. By B. Munn, 149

14. History of Veterinary Science. By Geo. H. Dadd, 159

15. Hedges. By A. H. Ernst, ". 163

16. American Pomology — State Fruit Reports, 174

17. Production, Preservation and Ripening of Fruits. By Marshall P,
Wilder, 183

18. Recommended and Rejected Varieties of Fruits, 189

19. Diseases and insects affecting Fruit Trees and Vines. By Dr. T.
W. Harris,. 197

20. Manures. By Levi Bartlett, 211

21. National Exhibition of Cattle at Springfield, Ohio, 215

92. Reports of State Agricultural Societies —

Vermont « " Society, 245

Michigan " " " 249

Illinots " " « 251

JOURNAL

UNITED STATES

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

FOR 1855.

DITED BY W . S. KIXG

SECRETARY.

WASHINGTON, D. C.
185 5.

PRESS or THE

FKANKLIN PRINTING HOUSE,

210 Washington Street,

BOSTON.

OFFICERS

UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ELECTED FOR A.D. 1855.

PRESIDENT,

MARSHALL P. WILDER, of Massachusetts.

VICE-PKESID ENTS

John D. Lang, Maine.
H. F. French, N. H.
Fred. Holbrook, Vt.

B. V. French, Mass.
Jos. J. Cooke, R. Island.
John T. Andrew, Conn.
Henry Wager, N. Y.
Isaac Cornell, N. J.
Isaac Newton, Pa.

C. P. Holcombe, Del.
H. G. S. Key, Md.

G. W

. P. CusTis, Va.

Henry K. Burgwyn, N. C.

James

Hopkinson, S. C.

D. A.

Reese, Ga.

A. P.

Hatch, Ala.

A. G.

Brown, Miss.

J. D.

B. De Bow, La.

Gen.

WuiTEFiELD, Kanzas.

J. T. WORTHINGTON, Ohio.

B. Gratz, Ky.
M. P. Gentry, Tenn.
Jos. Ore, Ind.
J. A. Kinnicott, 111.
Thos. Allen, Mo.
T. B. Flournoy, Ark.
J. C. Holmes, Mich.
Jackson Morton, Fia.
T. G. Rusk, Texas.
J. W. Grimes, Iowa.
B. C. Eastman, Wis.
J. M. Horner, Cal.
Jos. H. Bradley, D. C.
S. M. Baird, New Mex.
H. H. Sibley, Minn.
Joseph Lane, Oregon.
J. L. Hayes, Utah.
Mr. Giddings, Nebraska.

COMMITTEE,

John A. King, N. Y.
Charles B. Calvert, Md.
Alfred L. Elwyn, Penn.
John Wentworth, 111.

Ben: Perley Poore, Mass.
Arthur Watts, Ohio.
John Jones, Del.

SECRETARY,

William S. King, Boston, Massachusetts.

TREASURER,

B. B. French, Washington, D. C.

THIRD ANNUAL MEETING

OP THE

%mih itate igrintliural f utirfij.

The Society met on the morning of Wednesday, the 28th
day of February, in the East Room of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, ' at "Washington. A large number of members were
present, representing twenty-six different States, and there was
a full attendance of delegates from State and County Agricul-
tural Societies. After the reception of credentials by the
Secretary, Hox. Marshall P. Wilder of Massachusetts,
President of the Society, took the chair, and delivered the
following

ADDRESS.

Gentlemen of the Society, and Friends of Agriculture :

To-day occurs the third anniversary of the United States
Agricultural Society. Common visage requires its Executive
to submit some account of its transactions for the past year,
and to make such recommendations in reference to the future
as experience may suggest. In the progress of business.
Reports are expected from various Committees on subjects
previously assigned ; and it is hoped that the same harmony
which has characterized our proceedings from the beginning
will continue to preside over our deliberations, and that all

our discussions and transactions may subserve the great cause
of American agriculture, and promote the welfare of the
American Union.

Most sincerely do I congratulate you upon the increasing
interest manifested throughout our country in this worthy
object, — an interest which is both the reward of our toil and
the encouragement of our hope. It proves that we labor not
alone, that other hearts beat in unison with ours, and that
other hands are employed in the same noble Avork. The
public mind has been profoundly moved, and the current
now sets in the right direction.

Many Agricultural Societies and Boards have been recently
formed in Counties and States where none previously existed,
while older organizations have acted with renewed energy
and success. Among these faithful guardians of this most
important department of human industry and of national
prosperity, Ave recognize New York, with her State Society and
more than fifty auxiliaries, and Avith her able Secretary at the
seat of her government ; Ohio, Avith her efficient State Board,
and a still larger number of auxiliaries ; Kentucky, with her
several powerful district societies ; Missouri, with her State
Society, of recent origin ; Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wiscon-
sin, and youthful Minnesota, with other Western States and
Territories, each associated and vigorously at Avork under the
most favorable auspices ; Maryland, with her State Society
and auxiliaries ; DelaAvare, Avith her County Societies, both
renoAvned for enterprise and stability ; Ncav Jersey, just enter-
ing the field in freshness and vigor ; Virginia, with a State
organization more richly endoAved than any other within our
knoAvledge ; the Southern Central, and other Societies, promis-
ing important results in that section of the country ; Pennsyl-
vania, Avith her ancient Philadelphia Society for the Promotion
of Agriculture, and her more recent flourishing State Society;
Massachusetts, Avith her venerable State Association, and her
present State Board (a department of the government) ; and
around her each of the New England States laboring, within

its respective district, for the promotion of our common cause
with a praiseworthy zeal; and California, that young and
hopeful member of our national confederacy, with a thriving
State Society, and with a soil yielding agricultural products
quite as remarkable as the precious metals of her mines, —
these, by their numerous and constantly increasing auxiliaries,
by their various officers, exhibitions, libraries, periodicals,
lectures, discussions, and farmers' clubs, — all these are co-
operating with us for the advancement of the cause we seek
to promote. Our national Society has contributed its share
toward awakening and diffusing this interest; though, from
the embarrassments which ordinarily attach to the early history
of great enterprises, from the want of funds to support a
permanent Secretary devoted entirely to its business, and
from other causes which will be hereafter specified, it has not
accomplished all which we anticipated and desired,

EXHIBITIONS.

The Society has held two exhibitions ; the first in Spring-
field, Mass., in 1853, which was restricted to that noble ani-
mal, the horse. It was eminently successful, and was reported
in the Transactions of that year.

The Executive Committee, to whom were referred, at the
last annual meeting, the applications requesting this Society to
hold national shows in the States of Ohio, Massachusetts,
and Vermont, after much deliberation adopted the following
order : —

In Executive Committee, February 25, 1854 : on motion of W. S. King,
Resolved, That the application of inhabitants of Springfield, Ohio, for the
holding an Exhibition at that place, under the auspices of this Society, be
referred to the President, to be governed by the terms of the following
resolution : Resolved, That no Exhibition be held within the limits of any
State where a State Agricultural Society, holding Exhibitions, is in exist-
ence, without first obtaining the assent and approval of the State Board, or
of the Executive Committee of such State Society.

The terms of the latter resolution having been complied
with by the State Board of Ohio, an Exhibition, confined to
neat cattle, was held, under the direction of this Society, at

Springfield, in that State, on the 25th, 26th, and 27th days
of last October. Funds to the amount of ten thousand dollars,
for the payment of expenses and premiums, were guaranteed
and paid by twenty public-spirited individuals and firms, whose
names appear in our Transactions, and who, in the most pat-
riotic manner, subscribed Jive hundred dollars each for this
purpose.

The weather was exceedingly propitious, and the Exhibi-
tion in the highest degree creditable to all concerned, espe-
cially to the liberality and hospitality of its projectors and
patrons, to the skill and enterprise of stock breeders, and to
the wisdom and patience of its judges.

Whatever may be said of the quantity of stock on exhibi-
tion, the quality was doubtless superior to that of any other
Cattle ShoAV ever held in the United States. All public
reports agree in the statement that the Exhibition was the
finest, in point of excellence, ever held Avithin the limits of
our republic ; and several gentlemen, who were present from
foreign lands, and who were familiar with similar exhibitions
there, testified that they had never seen it surpassed in any
transatlantic country.

Of the great utility of such Exhibitions in removing
sectional jealousies, in smoothing the asperities of party, in
promoting a more cordial intercourse among American agri-
culturists, even upon subjects on which they may honestly
entertain different opinions, I have no doubt. These Exhi-
bitions disseminate general intelligence, awaken a spirit
of emulation among our intelligent yeomanry, encourage
the local associations where they are held, build up, upon a
firm and enduring basis, our own institution, and strengthen
the bonds which we trust will forever unite, as in one
flourishing and happy family, all the members of our national
confederacy.

In consequence of the holding of this Show of Cattle in
Springfield, Ohio, the contemplated exhibition of Horses, at
Springfield, Mass., and the Show of Sheep, in Vermont,
were omitted.

Applications are now in the hands of your Executive, re-
questing the Society to hold similar exhibitions in several
other States. I commend them to your consideration and
action.

JOURNAL.

In accordance with the suggestion made in the last annual
Address, the Society's Journal has been issued in one octavo
volume, and awaits distribution to such members as have not
previously received a copy. It contains the Society's Trans-
actions for the last year, with reports of committees, essays
and dissertations, together with sundry extracts from a kindred
association, the American Poniological Society. The latter
have been published in this volume, with the consent of the
government of that body, the purpose of which is to advance
an important branch of American agriculture, and which is
now in successful operation throughout the country.

This portion is of permanent value, on account of its list
of fruits adapted to general cultivation and to particular
localities ; and also on account of its Reports, which embody
the experience of the best cultivators in the country, not to
speak here particularly of its able essay on entomology, and
other pomological information. The importance of this branch
of terraculture cannot be exaggerated, forming as it does one
of the most delightful and profitable branches of husbandry.
Comparatively little attention has been devoted to it by
American farmers ; but those who have engaged in it have
found a ready market at home, and an increasing demand for
exportation to foreign markets.

This volume, however, contains but few Reports from the
Agricultural Societies of the States and Territories, because
but few of these, or those of the Commissioners appointed to
visit the Exhibition, were received in season for insertion, an
omission which has reduced its size, and which, it is hoped,
greater diligence will hereafter prevent.

DIPLOMA.

The design for the Society's Diploma, which was presented
and adopted at the last annual meeting, has heen executed,
and I now have the pleasure of presenting a copy to each
member who has not previously received it. I repeat here a
word of explanation for those who were not present at the
adoption of this design.

It represents, at the top, Ceres, the goddess of Agriculture,
seated in a car drawn by a pair of oxen, and attended by farm
laborers. On her right hand sits Science ; on her left, Art ;
before her lie the fruits of the earth, and various iiuplements
used in its cultivation. The front of the car is decorated
with reliefs of the four quarters of the globe. She is accom-
panied also by the Seasons of the year.

On the right side of the design is Pomona, the goddess of
Fruits, and on the left. Flora, the goddess of Flowers.
Groups of horses, cattle, sheep, &c., form the back-grounds
to these figures.

At the base, in a cartouche, is a vieAv of Mount Vernon,
surmounted by the national emblems, and supported on either
side by a farmer and • a gardener, with appropriate scenes in
the distance.

I also herewith submit impressions of an engraving for the
heading of receipts, letters, and other business documents of
the Society. This is o, facsimile of a sculptured mantel-piece
in Washington's mansion, at Mount Vernon, presented to him
by Mr. Vaughan of London, in 1785.*

FUNDS AND MEMBERSHIPS.

The Treasurer's Report, it is expected, will be submitted
in the progress of business, and will exhibit the condition of
the Society's finances. I regret to state, however, that these
are now locked among the assets of the Exchange Bank of
this city, and are therefore not immediately available, though

* Sparks' Life and Correspondence of Washington, Vol. IX. p. 90.

I am informed by the Treasurer and other gentlemen appointed
to judge of their condition, that the Society -will probably
suffer no loss by their deposit in that institution. These
have been principally procured by the agency of your
presiding officer, who will spare no exertion to preserve them
from depreciation and diversion from their legitimate objects.

I had hoped at this meeting to report accessions, by bequest,
to our funds, of an amount sufficient, by the income thereof,
to support a permanent Secretary, and to meet all the other
necessary expenses of the Society ; and although that hope
has been deferred, yet it has been so far encouraged by
several wealthy benefactors of public institutions, as to justify
the belief that it will yet be realized.

Most of the outstanding bills of the Society had been paid
previously to the time of the assignment of these funds ; but
there now remains due from Society the expenses incurred by
the publication of the Transactions for 1854, the engraving
of the Diploma, and a few other small bills.

The income of the Society from memberships during the
year has been less than was anticipated, owing, in part, to the
difficulty of obtaining agents to solicit them. This applies
particularly to annual memberships, the fee being so small
that the per centage to the agent makes it no object to put
forth the requisite exertions, either for collecting the annual
dues or to obtain new members. It is therefore worthy of
your consideration whether our Constitution should not be
so amended as to reduce the fee for life membership to ten
dollars. This, it is believed, would multiply agents, increase
their energy, and add materially to the funds of the Society.
My own efforts in this and sotne other departments during the
past year have been necessarily limited by the number and
severity of my personal and domestic afflictions. But in
these, it has been no small comfort to know that I have
shared so liberally in the kind sympathies of many whom I
see around me.

KEPORTS.

POTATO DISEASE,

Your Executive Committee, to whom was referred at the last
annual meeting the communication of Mr, Joel Hitchcock, of
Lawrence, New York, on the subject of the potato disease,
with instructions to report at this meeting, have instructed
me to state that they have given it their attention. Exper-
iments have been tried by themselves and others, according
to his directions, and although it may not prove a universal
preventive against the disease, yet his method seems to be
based upon true philosophical principles, and to have the
merit of restoring and preserving from degeneracy the original
qualities of this invaluable esculent. The Committee, there-
fore, recommend him to give his method publicity, that it
may be subjected to a more thorough and general trial.

CURCULIO.

The Committee, of which your President was Chairman,
to which was referred the paper on the destruction of the
Curculio, by the Hon. James Mattheson, Coschocton, Ohio,
have given the subject attention. Experiments have been
made in different parts of the country with various degrees of
success. In view of the importance of the topic, and of
variety in the result, and also in view of the thorough inves-
tigations which are now in progress in regard to insects
injurious to vegetation, and in accordance with the judgment
of the discoverer, the Committee recommend a further trial
before the remedy be made public.

UNIVEHSAL EXHIBITION AT PARIS.

It is probably well known to all of the members of this
Society, that France has resolved upon an Exhibition of the
Industry of all Nations, to commence in the capital of her
empire in the month of May next, and has invited the
co-operation of other countries. I accordingly recommend that

a delegation of one member or more be appointed to represent
this Society, in that National Fair, provided that such delega-
tion be without expense to this Association.

LECTURES AND DISCUSSIONS.

Your Committee on Lectures, I am happy to inform you,
have invited several gentlemen to address you in the course
of the present meeting, on various subjects pertaining to
agriculture, whose names will appear upon the programme of
business. I would also recommend that as much time as
practicable be allowed for public discussions, after the manner
of Farmers' Clubs, for the purpose of giving free expression
to the wisdom and experience of practical cultivators in
different parts of the country ; and that the Committee on
Lectures be requested to open a docket, upon which any
member may enter subjects for discussion. One of the
gentlemen who addressed us at our last annual meeting, the
Rev. Charles Fox, Lecturer on Agriculture in the University
of Michigan, and author of the American Text Book of Prac-
tical and Scientific Agriculture, has fulfilled his earthly mission
and entered upon his reward, and, by his departure, has
admonished us of the uncertainty of life, and of the necessity
of doing speedily and with our might, the work assigned us
here below. This gentleman was ardently devoted to the
cause of agriculture, and did much to promote it by his
writings, his instructions, and example. His memory will
long be cherished for his public services and private virtues.

Other afflictions have interrupted the various circles of our
friendship, and have cast many bitter ingredients into our cup
of earthly bliss. But our hearts still cling with strong attach-
ment to surviving friends with whom we have acted, and
still hope to co-operate, in this and other great benevolent
enterprises of our age and country.

I will not, however, prolong these remarks. My object
has been simply to give you a brief report of what has been

done during the past year, and also an intimation of some
things which it is desirable to attempt in the future. To
many of these I have called your attention in previous com-
munications ; but here, as in the beginning of other great
associations, additional time is requisite for their full accom-
plishment, and for the realization of our hopes.

In conclusion, gentlemen, allow me, in a word, to advert to
some peculiarities in the j)resent condition of American agri-
culture— to the vastness of its resources, appearing in the
extension of our public domain, and in the variety of our climate
and soil — to the rapid increase of cultivators and consumers,
aiding production and creating ready markets at home — to our
remarkable facilities for transportation by our lakes, rivers,
and canals and by our railroads, threading our country in
every direction, and rapidly extending from ocean to ocean —
to the improvement in agricultural implements, by which
machinery performs, for the farmer, the labor of days in a
single hour — to the agency of the press, in the application
of science to the arts of cultivation, and in the diffusion of
general intelligence, in the publication of lectures, and the
reports of exhibitions and discussions in all parts of our
republic — and, above all, to the rise in the price of lands,
and also of crops, for the latter of which demand has increased
as steadily as their quantity.

These, and similar congratulatory considerations, evince the
prosperity of our beloved land, and illustrate the dependence
of the States of our national confederacy upon each other ; —
not one of them liveth to itself — dismemberment or dissevera-
tion is death — the ruin of agriculture, and, therefore, of
commerce and manufactures. For instance : New England, with
all her intelligence, machinery, and capital, cannot live alone ;
she must depend upon the South for her cotton and rice; upon
the Middle and Western States for much of her beef and pork,
for wheat and wool j while, in return, she will send her sister
States the fabrics and other products of her skill and industry.

This reciprocal action and mutual dependence cannot be
destroyed, and should be turned to the highest practical
account. Whose heart does not respond to the sentiments of
our illustrious statesman — "I would gladly see the United
States independent of all foreign nations for all the necessaries
of life, clothing as well as food ; but I do not desire to see
the separate States independent of each other : first, because
climate, soil, geographical position, and physical condition,
designate them for different departments of industry, and
their own highest prosperity will be subserved by following
nature ; and, second, because these mutual Avants and mutual
dependencies are among the strongest bonds of our blessed
Union, and give the best guarantee that it shall endure for
ever."

Gentlemen, in this sentiment I heartily concur ; and it is
my earnest prayer that it may animate all our hearts, and
encourage our endeavors to advance the objects of this Asso-
ciation— to strengthen the bonds of the American Union,
and add to the prowess and glory of these United States.

On motion of Mr. Hall of Georgia, a copy of the Presi-
dent's Address was solicited, for publication in the Society's
Transactions.

On motion of INIr. John A. King of New York, the Pres-
ident appointed a committee of one from each State and
Territory represented, to nominate a Board of Officers for the
ensuing year.

A letter was read by the President from Mr. Wm. Selden,
Treasurer of the Society, resigning his office, and asking a
Committee to investigate the value of the stocks which he
tendered as security for the funds.

On motion of Mr.Tayloe of the District of Columbia, jNIessrs.
AVager of New York, Calvert of Maryland, and Worthington
of Ohio, were appointed, and Mr. Selden's papers were placed
in their hands.

Mr. Holcombe of Delaware made a few eloquent remarks,
protesting against the injustice shown to the large majority of
Americans who compose the Agricultural interest, and offer-
ing the following resolution :

Resolved, That we object to the doctrine of free-trade for AgTicultm-e ;
— to the distinction that lets in the foreign grain-growers, and keeps out the
foreign manufacturers ; — that gives the exclusive right to American ship-
owners to carry all coastwise American produce, and refuses all protection
to American producers; we object to being restricted to purchasing only
American fabrics, or freighting our produce only in American ships, unless
these interests are willing for a hmne " reciprocity," and consent to be fed by
American producers ; if we are not to have an equality of benefits, we must
insist upon an equality of another sort ; benefits not generally given should
be generally withdi-awn.

ilr. Kennedy of Pennsylvania, moved to lay the resolution
on the table as foreign to the legitimate objects of the Society.

Mr. Calvert expressed a hope that the principles embraced
in the resolution would be freely discussed, and was followed
by Mr. Kimmel, who considered the subject one of vital im-
portance to Agriculture. By consent of Mr, Holcombe, the
resolution was made the order of the day for the next morn-
ing, at 10 o'clock.

On motion of Mr. Wager of ISTew York, the President was
authorized to appoint a committee of five, to receive and
report upon proposed amendments to the Constitution.

The President appointed Messrs. Wager, Kennedy, Proctor
of Massachusetts, Stedman of Ohio, and Jones of Delaware.

Mr. King of New York suggested that it might be advis-
able for the Society to meet elsewhere than at Wasliington,
where politics overshadow all other subjects.

Mr. Kennedy stated that he was commissioned by the
Philadelphia Society for the promotion of Agriculture to ex-
tend a cordial invitation to the Society to hold its next
meeting at Philadelphia.

Mr. Elwyn of Pennsylvania assured the Society that a cor-
dial welcome awaited them, and advocated the change of
place of meeting.

Mr. Kimmel, Mr. Calvert and other gentlemen disap-
proved of any change in the place of annual meeting, as the
Society is a national one, and, on motion of Mr. Jones of
Delaware, the subject was laid upon the table.

The President read letters from the Kentucky Agricultmal
and Mechanical Association, and from the Illinois State Agri--
cultural Society, inviting the Society to hold national Exhibi-
tions in those States. After a brief discussion, the invitation
from Pennsylvania was taken from the table, and all the
invitations, with any others that may be received, were referred
to the Executive Committee.

On motion of Mr. Elwyn, the Executive Committee were
instructed to nominate Delegates to attend the coming Indus-
trial Exhibition at Paris.

On motion of Mr. Calvert, seconded by Mr. Underbill of
New York, Messrs. Peck of Maryland, and Mr. Underbill
were appointed a Committee to urge upon Congress the fol-
lowing resolution, which was unanimously passed :

Resolved, That Congress appropriate means to employ Mr. Townsend
Glover to obtain information on the fruits of the United States, and on
insects injurious to vegetation, and to procure drawings and models of the
same, as far as practicable, — said information to be embodied in an Annual
Report.

The subject of Agricultiu'al education was briefly discussed
by Messrs. Kimmel and T. G. Clemson of Maryland ; but no
action was taken thereon by the Society.

Mr. Calvert of Maryland, offered the following preamble
and resolutions, which he supported in an able and eloquent
mamaer, deprecating all applications to Congress, and urging
political action on the part of agriculturists, as calctdated to
command success.

Whereas, The prosperity of a country is in proportion to the improvement
of its agriculture, therefore

Resolved, That agriculture should be the fii-st interest considered in legis-
lating for the general welfai-e, and that such legislation should be had as will
foster and protect this interest, which is paramount to all others.

Resolved, That the time has arrived for the agriculturists of the whole

cotmtry to meet in convention, and determine for themselves Avhat legislation
is necessary for their protection.

Resolved, That such a convention, to be composed of delegates from each
State of the Union, be earnestly recommended by this Society, in order that
an agricultural platform may be established, which will meet the views of,
and be sustaiaed by, the whole body of agriculturists as a profession.

Mr. H. F. French of New Hampsliire followed Mr. Calvert,
and supported his opinion that it was only necessary for Agri-
culturists to insist upon a proper attention to their wants, in
order to obtain it.

Mr. Dyer of Connecticut, urged primary organizations, as
the best calculated to carry out a great national movement.
He offered a resolution, but withdrew it, and Mr, Calvert's
resolutions, with his consent, were put on the next morning's
order of the day.

Mr. Jones of Delaware, read an able paper on the effect of
Tariffs upon the prices of Agricultural Produce, which, on
motion of Mr. King of New York, was ordered to be printed
in the Society's Transactions.

Mr. Davis of New Hampshire, exhibited a patent " Corn-
Planter," which was examined with interest.

Mr. Chas. Cowley of Massachusetts, submitted specimens
of " "Wire Fence," manufactured by the Lowell Wire-fence
Company.

Mr. Kimmel, (at the request of Mr. Shaw of Tennessee,)
stated his experience in raising potatoes. Mr. Kimmel said
that he thought he had accidentally discovered, not only an
avoidance of the " Potato Pot," but what he should more
properly term a preventive. The philosophy of it he could
not explain ; but he would give the facts. He stated that he
had, attached to a farm dwelKng unoccupied, a garden con-
taining about an acre of land in parallelogram form, ten
perches wide and sixteen perches long, inclining lengthwise
to the south-east of about five degrees descent, regarded as
being very rich in original soil, highly manured and well
luned, which he deemed capable of producing a double crop
— corn and potatoes. With that view, he ploughed the

garden in its two lands, (it having been for years divided
lengthwise by a grassed avenue,) each land he ploughed with
a left-hand plough, striking into the middle and through the
furrow to the centre. Having thus finished both lands with
a large heavy plough, the land thus laid for two days for the
operation and eifect of the sun and atmosphere, then lightly
harrowed and laid off lengthwise with a large single shovel
plough, into furrows two and a half feet apart ; planted two
or three cuts or sections of potatoes in hills, each cut with
two or three eyes, about two feet apart, and into each hill
two grains of Indian com, and covered the hills with an
ordinary depth of earth ; cultivated the potatoes with shovel
ploughs and the hoe, as is usually done in the Middle States,
only lengthwise of the garden. When the corn was about
one foot high, he let remain but one corn-stalk in each and
every hill. In some of the liills the corn had missed.

Upon the gathering of the potato crop, he found the
rot had seized the hills where no corn was growing. Where
the corn had consecutively missed, he found the rot complete ;
but where the potato-hill had corn growing, there was no rot.

Mr. King said, that on Long Island, the farmers found that
the great safeguard against rot lay in early planting and high
cultivation — ^but he considered it impossible to produce so
large a crop as was raised ten years ago.

Mr. Underbill thought that Mr. Kimmel's plan might be
successful, and gave the result of his own observation of the rot.

Mr. Newton of Pennsylvania, stated that eight or rune years
since he planted alternate rows of corn and of potatoes, drop-
ping a few pumpkin seeds with the corn. The produce per
acre was 72 1-2 bushels shelled corn, 55 bushels potatoes, and
17 loads of pumpkins,

Mr. Poore of Massachusetts, said that he had thus planted
corn and potatoes in alternate drills, but the potatoes had
nevertheless rotted.

Mr. Hamilton of New Jersey considered shade a prevent-
ive of rot, and gave his reasons, based on his experience.

INIr. Kimmel then spoke of the manner in which he ploughs
his corn-land, forming thousands of small dams to retain the
water, instead of channels to convey it off. He thus pre-
vented any washing of the soil, and retained the moistvire
where it fell. Mr. Kimmel said, that as a general maxim in
corn-making in his section, if the planter has plenty of rain
the corn crop will be large and abundant ; therefore the
question is, to make much water out of little rain — which he
proposed to commend, after mimy years' trial. For illustra-
tion, he supposed a square of ten acres, the sides of which
are north and south, east and west, with a surface inclination
of three degrees to the south — the corn rows planted 3 1-2
feet apart, the cross rows the same distance apart, and the
planting of the corn east and west. The double shovel
plough is so wide that the ploughing back and forward in
each land between two rows would cut and cover the land
between these two rows.

1st. Begin on the west edge and plough out two lands
north and south, leaving third land untouched.

2d. Begin on the north edge, and plough out two lands
east and west, leaving third land untouched.

3d. Begin on the west edge, and plough out the land left
after the first plough.

4th. Begin on the north edge and plough out the land
left after the second ploughing ; then the field is finished.

By which you will find numerous small dams, to retain
the excess of water, which otherwise would be lost in a heavy
shower.

The manner of ploughing corn in his country is old, and
its tendency is to carry off the rain. Tliis plan is new and
his own, and he had practised it with great success for several
years. It ought to be varied according to the surface inclina-
tion, so as to suffer no water to pass off, and according to the
discernment of the farmer, as the little dams would retain the
excess which otherwise would pass off.

G. E. "Waring, Jr., of New York, said that the cross-fur-

rowing of corn, in the manner described by Mr. Kimmel,
althougli doubtless a good means to prevent washing by rains,
is not the best means, for the reason that it causes water to
remain on the surface of the soil. Now the reason why this
surface water is prejudicial to the perfect growth of the crop,
is, that the evaporation of this water abstracts a large amount
of heat from the soil. Any means of preventing washing
which shall at the same time overcome this objection, must
be an improvement. The only available method for accom-
plishing this object, is by opening the lower soil for the
admission of water. This places the soil in a spongy condi-
tion, thus causing it to absorb all water of rains, retaining it
more efficiently, preventing its passage over the surface, and
consequently the washing away of fertilizing material.

Mr. Underhill opposed some of Mr. Waring's views ; and
a discussion upon the upward or downward tendencies of
fertilizers followed, in which Messrs. Davis, Hamilton,
Clemson and King joined.

Mr. Tayloe presented a polite invitation from Lieut. Maury,
addressed to the President, and " inviting him, (and through
him the members of the Society,) to visit the Naval Obser-
vatory at any time that it may suit their convenience."

Mr. Elwyn, at the request of Professor Bache, tendered
"an invitation to the members of the Society to visit the
Coast Survey office, where he would be in attendance to
receive them."

On motion of Mr. King of New York, the thanks of the
Society were presented to Lieut. Maury and Prof. Bache,
and it was suggested that the members visit the Observatory
that evening, and the Coast Survey office the next morning,
at nine o'clock.

At four o'clock, the Society adjourned its business session
until the next morning.

In the evening, the Society and the citizens of Washington
filled the large lecture-room of the Smithsonian Institution.
After the national airs had been performed by a fine band of

music, the President introduced the orator of the evening —
a Vice President of the Society — the venerable George
Washington Parke Custis. His eloquent narrative of the
illustrious " Farmer of Mount Vernon " was listened to with
marked attention by a large audience, and was warmly
applauded.

After the lecture a large number of ladies and gentlemen
were mtroduced by the President to the orator.

The same evening, the officers and committees were elegantly
entertained at the National Hotel, by Mr. C. B. Calvert, the
proprietor of "Piversdale." A sumptuous repast graced the
festive board, and the festivities were prolonged until a late
hour.

SECOND DAY.

March 1, 1855.

The President called the Society to order at 10 o'clock.
Reports from committees were in order, and —

Mr. King of New York, from the Committee on Nom-
inations, reported the following ticket, which was unanimously
elected by ballot.

OFFICERS FOR 1855.

PRESIDENT.

MARSHALL P. WILDER, of Massachusetts.

John D. Lang, Maine.
H. F. French, N. H.
Fred. Holbrook, Vt.
B. V. French, Mass.
Jos, J. CooKE, R. Island
John T. Andrew, Conn

^^CE-PRESIDENTS.

J. T. WORTHINGTON, Ohio.

B. Gratz, Ky.

M. P. Gentry, Tenn.

Jos. Orr, Ind.

J. A. KiNNICOTT, 111.

Thos. Allen, Mo.

Henry Wager, N. Y.
Isaac Cornell, N. J.
Isaac Newton, Pa.

C. P. HOLCOMBE, Del.

H. G. S. Key, Md.
G. W. P. CusTis, Va.
Henry K. Burgwyn, N.C.
James Hopkinson, S. C.

D. A. Reese, Ga.
A. P. Hatch, Ala.
A. G. Brown, Miss.
J. D. B. De Bow, La.
Gen. Whitfield, Kanzas.

T. B. Flournoy, Ark.
J. C. Holmes, Mich.
Jackson Morton, Fla.
T. G. Rusk, Texas.
J. W. Grimes, Iowa.
B. C. Eastman, Wis.
J. M. Horner, Cal.
Jos. H. Bradley, D. C.
S. M. Baird, New Mex.
H. H. Sibley, Minn.
Joseph Lane, Oregon.
J. L. Hayes, Utah.
Mr. GiDDiNGS, Nebraska.

executive committee.

John A. King, N. Y.
Charles B. Calvert, Md.
Alfred L. Elwyn, Penn.
John Wentworth, 111,

Ben: Perley Poore, Mass.
Arthur Watts, Ohio.
John Jones, Del.

secretary.
William S. King, Boston, Mass.

treasurer.
B. B. French, Washington, D. C.

On a report of the Executive Committee, Messrs. Elwyn of
Pennsylvania, Wager of New York, Morton of Massachusetts,
Kimmel of Maryland, and Flint of Massachusetts, were
appointed delegates to attend the coming Industrial Exhibition
at Paris. The Report was accej)ted, and the nominations
confirmed.

Mr. Wager of New York submitted a report on the pro-
posed amendments to the Constitution, which was discussed
by Messrs. Fay and Waters of Massachusetts, Cooke of Rhode
Island, King of New York, Hamilton of New Jersey, Calvert
of Maryland, and Worthington of Ohio. The Report was par-

tially accepted, and the following amendments were passed
by the constitutional vote, "fifty members voting thereon."

Section ii. In the last clause, strike out twenty-jive dollars,
and insert ten dollars, so that it shall read : " Ten dollars
paid at one time shall entitle any person to the privilege of Life
Membership, and exempt him from any annual taxation."

Section iv. Strike out after the word " held " in first
line, and amend so as to read : " The annual meeting of this
Society shall be held in Washington, on the second Wednes-
day in January, in each year."

Mr. Peck reported that the committee appointed to urge
Mr. Glover's appointment, had presented the subject to the
Senate Committee on Agriculture, who had promised that
then- efibrts would be directed to the accomplishment of the
Society's desii-es. The rejjort was accepted.

Prof. Henry, in behalf of the committee to whom a speci-
men of " chess in wheat " had been referred, reported that it
had been placed in the hands of a gentleman well qualified to
examine it.

The following letter gives the result of his investigations.

Cambridge, Mass., March IS, 1854.
My Dear Sir,

Your favor of March 7th, accompanying a specimen said to be wheat
and chess growing on the same head, upon which my opinion is desu-ed, came
duly to hand, and should have been earher answered, but for an accident.

The specimen consists of a fruiting head of genurae wheat, to all appear-
ance in a perfectly natural condition, and of five separate, loose florets of
what appears to be chess. Now I have no evidence that the latter grew on
the same stalk with the former, nor, indeed, have I, antecedently to the
evidence, any belief, or grounds rendering it probable that they did. I have
never seen any specimen that gave any jprobability to such a view, though I
have heard of such things

If there is, in your possession, or reach, any specimen which exhibits such
florets as the loose ones on a wheat-stalk, you will greatly oblige me by send-
ing the specimen, which I will duly return after examination.

That you may see aU the evidence now supplied to me, I return to you
the whole, enclosed — merely putting the chess florets in a separate envelope.
I remain, very respectfully and truly yours,

ASA GRAY.

Professor Henry, Secretary Stnifhsonian Institution.

The committee to whom specimens of the " Oregon Pea"
had been referred, reported that in this case, also, the
committee had placed the matter in the hands of Professor
Henry. That gentleman had sent the peas to the latitude
where it was said they would thrive the best, and had
received the following statement of their product :

Savannah, Geo., Dec. 12th, 1854.
Prof. Henb.y,

Deal- Sir, — In June last, I received two papers of the "Oregon Pea,"
kindly sent from the Smithsonian Institution, accompanied by a request that
the results should be reported. On the 9th of June I planted on soils varying
considerably in character, twenty-eight seeds, all of which germinated. The
season was favorable to their growth, and in two months they attained a
height of from three to four feet, branching freely and covered with dense
foliage, resembling very much, at at a short distance, a luxuriant cotton-plant.
At this stage of their growth, a light gust of wind occurring, several were
destroyed by the splitting of the stalk at the point of branching, just above
the ground ; a few days afterwards several more were destroyed in a similar
manner from a like cause, the wind in neither instance being sufficient to injure
any other vegetation in my garden. On the 14th of August the first blos-
soms appeared, which were rapidly succeeded by a general bloom and
development of pods. On the 8th of September we were visited by a gale
of great violence, Avhich entirely prostrated them. I gathered a considerable
quantity of the seed, which wer^. iuatured, merely as a matter of curiosity,
as I had previously arrived at the conclusion that it was not desirable as an
article of cultivation either for fodder or for seed ; for the stalks were unfitted
from their hardness for food for cattle, and the leaves in a gi-een state were
refused by horses and oxen ; nor was the yield of grain sufficient to warrant
its introduction into our field culture. However w^ell adapted it may be to
other sections of the country, I am satisfied it is utterly worthless for this.
I am. Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

CHAS. GRANT.

Mr. Poore, from the Committee on "Agricultural Archives,"
requested an extension of time before reporting. Granted.

Mr. Holcombe's resolution in relation to the Reciprocity
Treaty was then taken from the table, and discussed by the
mover, by Mr. Jones, and by Mr. Peck, who moved to lay
the whole subject upon the table.

Mr. Calvert objected, and urged the immediate considera-
tion of the subject.

Mr. King of New York moved to refer the resolution to a
committee, which motion was carried after a spirited debate.
The President appointed Messrs. Holcombe, Kimmel, Worth-
ington. Fay of Massachusetts, and Custis of Virginia.

On motion of Mr. Wager, Mr. Holcombe was excused from
serving on the Committee ; and Mr. Fay, on motion of Mr.
Waters of Massachusetts, was also excused. Mr. Kimmel
likewise decHned serving.

On motion of Mr. Elwyn, the reference to a committee was
reconsidered, and the resolution again brought forward for
discussion.

Mr. Kennedy opposed it, as only calculated to advance the
interest of the Middle States, and not an expression of opinion
from the whole agricultural interest of the Union.

Mr. Stodman of Ohio moved to strike out all after the
word " interests," which amendment was carried.

Mr. Jones demanded the previous question, and the resolu-
tion was passed as amended, viz. :

Resolved, That we object to the doctrine of free trade for agriculture and
protection for other interests.

Mr. Calvert's resolutions recommending an Agricultural
Convention, were then discussed, Messrs. Kennedy, Jones,
King of New York, Cowley, Waters, Peck and French taking
part in the debate. They were finally carried, and subse-
quently the following resolution was added :

Resolved, That the first Friday after the next Annual Meeting of this
Society be fixed for the assembling of an Agricultural Convention, and that
the press be requested to urge the importance of the subject.

Mr. Poore offered a resolution for flicilitating the prelimina-
ry organization of this proposed Convention, but, as many
members feared that it might implicate the Society, he with-
drew it, and no further action was taken.

Mr. Bradley of District of Columbia, presented a resolution
passed by the managers of the Metropolitan Mechanics' Insti-
tute, inviting the Society to visit their Exhibition. Invitation
accepted.

Mr. D, J. Brown presented an invitation to the Society to
visit the Agricultural Rooms at the Patent Office under his
supervision. The invitation was accepted.

The President read a letter from the Hon. Geo. P. Marsh,
accepting an invitation to lecture in the evening before the
Society.

Mr. Kimmel of INIaryland presented the following resolu-
tion, which was unanimously adopted :

Resolved, That the thanks of the United States Agricultural Society are
due, and are most gratefully tendered, to the "Venerable Sage of Arlington,"
the protege of the immortal Father of his Country, for the beautiful life-
drawn delineations of the '« Farmer of Mount Vernon," m his lecture of last
evening before the Society and the large audience. And that he be assured
that his devotion to liis vocation, and to the great cause of agriculture, are
highly regarded by the farmers of our model republic.

On motion of Mr. Elwyn, the President was requested to
obtain a copy of Mr. Custis's address, for publication in the
next volume of the Transactions of this Society.

On motion of Mr. Cooke of Rhode Island, the Executive
Committee were empowered to fill all vacancies in their own
body, or in the other offices of the Society.

The President presented certified statements of large crops
of oats, raised by E. M. Bradley of Ontario County, New
York. Referred to Executive Committee.

Mr. Morton presented a paper on " Alderney Cattle."
Mr. Calvert, without questioning the accuracy of the state-
ments advanced, hoped that they would not be published
unless accompanied by similar papers from those partial to
other breeds of cattle. The whole subject was referred to
the Executive Committee.

Mr. Kimmel presented a pamphlet written by Mr. Holcombe
of Delaware, "on the Agricultural interests as affected by
the Reciprocity Treaty," and requested its publication in the
Transactions of the Society. Referred to Executive Com-
mittee.

Mr. Warder of Cincinnati exhibited over thii'ty different

varieties of "Western apples, which he described with his
wonted accuracy.

On motion of Mr. Waters of Massachusetts, the President
appointed Messrs. Berckmans of New Jersey, Dyer of Con-
necticut, and Pierce of the District of Columbia, a Commit-
tee to examine and report upon the Western apples exhibited
by Mr. Warder.

Mr. Custis exhibited a sample of '•' jNIonument Wheat,"
so called because it had been grown by Mr. Robert Dick,
from a few grains found in the straw packed around Crawford's
Statue of Washington.

Mr. Dick of Maryland, stated that he had thought highly
of the wheat lat first, but that he had found it too tender for
the climate, and unworthy of general cultivation.

In the evening, the Hon. Geo. P. Marsh addressed the
Society and the public in the Lecture Room of the Smith-
sonian Institute, on "the Rural Economy of Continental
Europe."

The lecture was listened to with great interest, embodying,
as it did, a great amount of original information, and its pub-
lication will constitute a valuable addition to agricultural
literature.

Mr. Warder followed, with an interesting lecture on hedges,
in his familiar and happy style.

THIRD DAY.

March 2, I800.
The Society met at 10 o'clock, and passed an hour in famil-
iar conversation on agricultural subjects. Mr. Kimmel ex-
hibited the surveyor's compass used by Gen. Washington in
the surveys of his estate at Mount Vernon^ when he divided
it into fields of convenient size for a rotation of crops, and
which was by him presented to Samuel Duval, the County
Surveyor of Frederick county, Maryland, and the agent for
the sale of the confiscated lands in the county, after the Rev-
olution ; upon whose death, and the consequent sale of his

personal property in 1810, it was purchased by William
Hobbs, Esq., for his son, William Hobbs, of Frederick county ;
by whom it was sold to Capt. George Riner, from whom it
passed into the hands of its present exhibitor, who holds it
dear as a sacred relic of the immortal Father of his Country.
It is a substantial looking instrument, made by David
E-ittenhouse, and hopes were expressed that it may soon
be used in surveying the lands of a National Agricultural
College.

Mr. Kimmel also read the following curious extract from
the Maryland Gazette, of September 8, 1747, showing that
" cattle shows " were established at Baltimore in that year.

" Whereas, There is a Fair appointed by act of Assembly, to be held in
Baltimore Town on the first Thursday, Friday, and Saturday in October,
yearly, the Commissioners of said town hereby give notice that whoever
brings to the said Fair, on the iirst day thereof, the best steer, shall receive
eight pounds current money for the same ; also, a bounty of forty shillings
over and above the said eight poiuids. The said steer, afterv.-ards, on the
same day, to be rim for by any horse, mare, or gelding, not exceeding five
years old, three heats, a quarter of a mile each heat, not confined to can-y
any certain weight. The winning horse to be entered to said steer, or to
eight pounds in money, at the option of the owner.

" On Friday, the second day of said Fair, will be run for the sum of five
pounds current money, any horse, mare, or gelding, the same distance, not
confined to carry any certain weight. Also, a bounty of forty shillings will
be given to any person that produces the best piece of yard-wide countrj'-
made white linen, the piece to contain twenty yards.

" On Saturday, the third day, a hat and ribbon will be cudgelled for ; a
pair of pumps wrestled for ; and a white shift to be run for by negro girls.

" All persons are exempted from any arrests during the said Fair, and the
day before and the day after, except in case of felony and breaches of the
peace, according to the tenure of the above-mentioned act."

On motion of Mr. Waters of Massachusetts, it was unan-
imously

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be proffered to the Hon. Geo. P.
Marsh, for the very beautifully written and exceedingly interesting lecture,
pronounced before the Society last evening, and that Professor Henry be
requested to wait on him and request a copy for publication.

On motion of Mr. Calvert of Maryland, it was unanimously

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be presented to Dr. Warder, for
his interesting lecture on the cultivation of hedges, and that he be requested
to present a copy of the same for publication in the transactions of the Society.

Mr. "Wager, from the Committee appointed to examine the
Treasurer's accounts, submitted the following Report, which
was accepted, and ordered to be printed in the Transactions
of the Society.

REPORT ON THE FUNDS OF THE SOCIETY.

To the President of the U. S. Agricultural Society.

The committee appointed to examine the Treasurer's accounts, of which
I have the honor to be chairman, beg leave to respectfully report : That
they have examined the accoimts and vouchers of the Treasurer, and found
that the amoimt in his hands at our last aimiial meeting was $2,114.52.
The subsequent receijits and expenses leave the balance in bank at date,
$ 2.149.13, and that ovir Treasvirer has furnished satisfactory vouchers for
all moneys paid out by him. The funds of the Society were some time
since deposited in the Banking House of Selden, Withers & Co., by direction
of the Executive Committee, and your Committee are satisfied that our
Treasurer has in all respects discharged his trust with fidelity.

Your committee are assiu-ed that the funds of the Society will all be paid
in a short time by the aforesaid bank. But our Treasurer, with great mag-
nanimity, proposes to place in the hands of a proper committee, $3,000 of the
first mortgage bonds of the "Alison Manufacturing Company" as collateral
security for the amomit due the Society by Selden, Withers, & Co., which
security your committee believe to be good ; and in justice to our Treasurer,
feel bound to state that, in their opinion. Col. Selden has in all respects
discharged his trust with honor to himself and fidelity to the Society. And
whereas Col. Selden has thought proper to tender his resignation as Trea-
surer of our Society, your Committee recommend its acceptance, tendering
him the thanks of the Society for his gratuitous services.

All of Avhich is respectfully siibmitted.

HENRY WAGER, Chairman.

Mr. Dyer, from the Committee appointed to test the apples
offered by Mr, Warder on behalf of the " Cincinnati Horti-
cultural Society," made the following; —

REPORT ON WESTERN FRUIT.

The committee respectfully report, that from frost and other accidents of
transport as well as from the lateness of the season, the specimens offered

were not of a character to do justice to the varieties. They imanimously
agree that the relative character of the apples is as follows.

First. Rawle's Janet, New-town Pipprii, Ortley, Northern Spy, Yellow
Belief! eur, Rambo, Esopus Spitzenberg, Buchanan's Seedliiag.

Second. Smith's Cider, Wine Sap, Jersey Black, White or Titus Pippin,
Canadian Reinette, Old Nonesuch.

Third. Willowleaf, Rock or Hoop apple, Gilpin, Lansinburg, Virginia
Greening, Lacquer, White Winter Pearmain, Pennock, Small Black.

HENRY A. DYER.
JOSHUA PEIRCE.

The Society, at 13 o'clock, visited the Exhibition in the
large lower hall of the Smithsonian Institution. On their
return to the East-room, and after the President had taken the
chair, Mr. King of Ne\Y York offered the following resolution,
which was unanimously passed :

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be presented to the officers of the
Metropolitan Mechanics Institute, for their polite invitation to attend their
Exhibition, which we have visited and examined with great pleasui-e.

Judge Mason, Commissioner of Patents, entered the room,
and was invited by the President to take a seat upon the
platform.

The following motion, offered by Mr. Kimmel, was dis-
cussed by several gentlemen, and referred to the Executive
Committee.

Resolved, That the Commissioners to the Paris Industrial Exhibition be
also the Representatives of the United States Agrictiltviral Society to the
Royal Agricultural Society of Great Britain, and to all others in Europe
during the year 1855 ; and that the proper officers of this Society prepare
their testimonials.

Mr. Holcombe of Delaware offered the following resolutions,
which were debated and adopted :

Resolved, That the National Agricultural Society recognizes, with just
satisfaction, the zealous efforts of the press throughout the United States, to
diffuse useful information upon agricultural subjects.

Resolved, That in the opinion of this Society, the time has arrived when,
if our agricultural press, that has so well and ably advocated agriculture,

were to take a more extended range of discussion, following our farmers from
their fields into their markets, and giving some consideration to agricultural
political economy, it would be likely to meet the approbation of their
patrons. All of which, however, is respectfully submitted to the sound
discretion and judgment of the conductors of the agricultural press.

Mr. Tayloe of the District of Columbia expressed his satis-
faction at seeing agriculturists alive to their own interests.
That this predominant occupation had been neglected by
politicians he would not deny, but he was happy to state that
there were exceptions. They should receive due credit for
their praiseworthy conduct, and he offered the following
resolution :

Resolved, That the thanks of the United States Agricultural Society be
presented to the Hon. ^Ir. Morton of the United States Senate, for his able
report upon the establishment of an Agricultiu-al Department.

Mr. H. K. Burgwyn of North Carolina, and Mr. King of
New York coincided with Mr. Tayloe, and the resolution was
adopted.

The President, in behalf of the Executive Committee to
which a " remedy for the curculio " had been referred at the
last annual meeting, asked for further time before reporting.
Granted.

The President, from the same committee, to whom was
referred, at the last annual meeting, the communication of
Mr. Joel Hitchcock on the subject of the potato disease,
reported that experiments had been tried according to Mr.
Hitchcock's directions, which resulted favorably, and that the
Committee had recommended to him to give his method
publicity.

Mr. Stearns of Massachusetts gave an interesting account
of his experience in conveying water through wooden pipes,
which he prefers to iron or lead.

On motion of Mr. Poore, it was unanimously

Resolved, That the thanks of the United States Agricultural Society be
presented to the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, for the facilities

afforded for holding this session. The utility of this Institution, in thus
serving as a nucleus around which all useful associations can rally, at the
capital of our Republic, is exemplified by the present joint occupation of the
spacious halls.

Mr. Warder made some brief remarks upon the American
grape as compared with the European. Papers upon this
subject, and upon the culture of flax, were requested for
publication in the Society's Transactions.

On motion of Mr. King, of New York, it was unanimously

Resolved, That the Thanks of this Society be tendered to Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder, President of the Society, for the ability, the impartiality, and
thy courtesy with which he has presided over its deliberations during its
present session.

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be tendered to W. S. King,
Esq., for his services as Secretary here and elsewhere, as well as for his edi-
torial supervision of the Society's Transactions.

On motion of Mr. Calvert, the thanks of the Society were
tendered to Mr. Poore, of the Executive Committee, for the
preparation of a record of the proceedings.

And the Society, after an interchange of congratulations
upon the full attendance, lectures and discussions of the
session, adjourned sine die.

EXTRACTS FROM THE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Resolved, That an abstract of the proceedings of the Thii-d Annual Session
of the Society be published immediately, for distribution among the mem-
bers, and the Agricultural press — reserving the "papers" referred to the
Executive Committee until the publication of Part II. of the Transactions,

Resolved, That Part II. of the Transactions for the present year be issued
in July next, containing the programme of the Society's Fall Exhibitions,
■with the time and place of holding State and County Exhibitions through-
out the Union, so far as it may be practicable to ascertain them. Societies
are respectfully requested to furnish this information, together with a list of
their officers for the present year.

Resolved, That no exhibition be held by this Society withLu the limits of
any State, where a State Board of Agriculture, or a State Agricultural
Society, holding Exhibitions, is in existence, without first obtaining the
assent and approval of such Board, or the Executive Committee of such
Society.

Resolved, That the applications which have already been made, or which
may be made the present year, for the holding of National Exhibitions in
the various States, be referred to the President to make such arrangements,
as to time and place, and other matters, as he may deem best for the interest
of the Society.

DIPLOMAS.

A large and beautiful Diploma has been prepared, and is
now ready for distribution. Annual members will please
take notice that the terms of Life Membership have been
reduced. A remittance of Ten Dollars to the Treasurer, or
its payment to any authorized Agent of the Society, will
entitle any one to the privileges of Life Membership, and to
one of the Diplomas, itself an elegant allegorical specimen of
art.

THIRD EXHIBITION

OP THH

UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

HELD AT BOSTON,

Octok 23d, 24th, 28th, 26th and 27t\ 1855.

At a meeting of the Executive Committee, held in Wash-
ington, D. C, on the 27th day of January, 1855, the Presi-
dent was authorized " to make such arrangements, as to time
and place, and other matters," for the holding of an Exhibi-
tion of the Society, " as he should deem best for its interests."

For various sufficient reasons, the city of Boston was select-
ed as the locality for the exhibition ; and;, early in the month
of August, the following circular was issued :

UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Office 292 'Washington Street, Boston.

A Grand National Exhibition of Stock — Cattle, Horses, Sheep and
Swine — open to competition to all the States of the Union, and to the
British Provinces, "will be held by the United States Agricultural Society,
in the city of Boston, on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Sat-
urday, October 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th.

The city of Boston has generously granted to the Society, for present use,
a fine public square of fifty acres, at the South End, bounded by Harrison
Avenue, Chester, Albany and Brookline Streets. Twenty Thousand Dollars
have been guaranteed by patriotic gentlemen of Boston and its vicinity to
defray the expenses ; and Ten Thousand Dollars will be offered in Premiums,
in the various departments.

The previous Exhibitions of this Society — at Springfield, Mass., in 1363,
and at Springfield, Ohio, in 1854 — were eminently successful, and no efforts
will be spared to make the present Show, (combining, as it does, the Four
Great Departments of Farming Stock,) superior to its predecessors.

The Premium List, with the Rules of the Exhibition, and all required
information, will be furnished, by addressing the Secretary, at his office. No.
292 Washington street, Boston.

It is earnestly hoped that all breeders, and owners of Fine Stock, will feel
it to be a duty, as it certainly is for their interest, to contribute to the Show.

The list of Entries, Exhibitors, and award of Premiums, and all the pro-
ceedings of the Exhibition, will be published in the Journal of the Society,
for 1855. Annual Members of the Society, who desire to receive the Jour-
nal, should remember to renew their subscriptions.

MARSHALL P. WILDER, President.

William S. Kino, Secretary.
Boston, August, 1855.

The Executive Committee, at a special meeting, held in
Boston, selected the following gentlemen to assist in the field
management of the Exhibition :

CHIEF MARSHAL.

Gen. JOHN S. TYLER, Boston.

Col. Fred. W. Lincoln, Canton.
Col. Thomas Adams, Roxbury,
Col. Geo. Dwight, Springfield.
Col. John C. Boyd, Roxbury.
Maj. L. W. Tappan, Boston.
Col. J. L. BiMMOCK, Watertown.
Maj. C. H. Appleton, Boston,
Col. J. M. Thompson, Springfield.
Maj. M. G. Cobb, Dorchester.
Col. N. A. Thompson, Boston.
Maj. Henry C. Brooks, Boston.
Ives G. Bates, Esq., Boston.

Capt. Jonas H, French, Boston.
Otis Kimball, Esq., Boston.
Maj. P. E. Kingman, Newton.
Col. T. E. Chickering, Boston.
CuAS. F. Lougee, Esq., Boston.
George H. Folger, Esq., Boston.
E. Webster Pike, Esq., Boston.
Col. A. 0. Brewster, Boston.
T. M. Walker, Esq., Springfield.
Elisha G. Tucker, Esq., Boston.
Col. Francis Boyd, Boston.
John Adams, Esq., Boston.

committee of reception.

Hon. J. V. C. Smith, Mayor of Boston; Lieut. Gov. Simon
Brown, of Concord ; Geo. M. Atwater, Esq., of Springfield ; Gen.
B. F. Edmands, of Boston ; Charles L. Flint, Esq., Secretary of
the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, Boston; and Geo. Bliss,
Jr. Esq., of Springfield.

BOARD OF SUPERINTENDENTS.

Moses Newell, W. Newbury, Mass., ) g ^^ ^^^^^^ Department,

Richard P. Waters, Salem, " )

Wesley P. Balch, Boston, Mass., Sup't of Horse Department.

Charles Morrell, Ludlowsville, N. Y., Sup't of Sheep Department.

Eben Wight, Dedham, Mass., Sup't of Swine Department.

Wm. H. Gardiner, Boston, Mass., Sup't of Seats.

Amasa Wales, Dorchester, Mass., Sup't of Grounds and Forage.

John R. Hall, Boston, Mass., Architect.

Dr. Geo. H. Dadd, Boston, Mass., Veterinary Surgeon.

assistant secretaries.
HENRY A. DYER, Brookltn, Connecticut.
EDWARD L. KEYES, Dedham, Mass.

The Regulations and Premium List, which foUo'vr, were
also agreed upon and adopted.

REQULATIONS

OF THE

THIRD NATIONAL EXHIBITION

OF THE

f iiM §kks Agricultural §MuliSy

AT BOSTON,

OCTOBER m, m, 25lli, im, and 27tb, 1S55.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS.

The Show Grounds are located on Harrison Avenue,
(which runs parallel to Washington Street,) about one mile
from the head of State Street. Omnibuses, furnished with
flags for the occasion, will convey passengers, at a charge of
six cents.

The gates will be opened for the admission of the public,
on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday,
the 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th, from 8 A. M. until sun-
down, of each day.

The Marshals and the Superintendents of the various
classes will meet at the President's Marquee, at 8 o'clock A.
M., on Tuesday, 23d, to perfect arrangements for the day.

SUPERINTENDENTS.

The Superintendents are required to take particular charge
of all animals in their respective departments, and see that
they are arranged, as near as may be, in numerical order, for
easy approach and examination.

A Superintendent will accompany each set of Judges, and
point out the different animals to be exhibited. They will
also see that the animals are provided with halters, and suita-
bly arranged for the exhibition of each day.

THE JUDGES.

The Judges are requested to report themselves at the busi-
ness office of the Secretary, on the north-west corner of the
grounds, (corner of Harrison Avenue and Brookline Streets,)
where cards of admission, etc., etc., will be furnished to them.

Vacancies will be filled by the Executive Committee, at 1
o'clock, at the Committee Rooms, on Tuesday, when the
books of entries will be delivered.

The Judges, Marshals, Superintendents, and Invited
Guests, will dine with the Officers of the Society, daily, at 1
o'clock, at the Committee Room building, on the north-east
corner of the grounds.

The Judges will, at their discretion, appoint a time for the
examiyiatioji of animals in their stalls, of which due notice will
be given, through the Superintendents, to exhibitors ; the
exhibition, in the cattle rings or on the track, will take place
punctually at the hours hereinafter specified.

The Judges will report not only the animals entitled to
premiums, but also those next in merit, in each class, to
meet the contingency of any objection which may arise to the
awards, and also that they may receive suitable commenda-
tion. Any animal which, in the opinion of the Judges,
deserves a special commendation, will be so reported to the
Executive Committee.

Discretionary Premiums may be awarded with the previous
permission of the Executive Committee, expressed through
the Secretary.

Regard will be had to the purity of blood, as established
by pedigree, symmetry, size, and general characteristics of
the several breeds ; and the Judges will make proper allow-
ance for age, feeding, and other circumstances. They are

expressly required not to give encouragement to over-fed ani-
mals in the breeding classes.

If not satisfied as to the regularity of the entries in their
respective classes, they will apply to the Secretary for infor-
mation ; and, should there still be any doubt, after examination,
or, if any animal is of such a character as not to be entitled
to exhibition in competition, they will report the facts to the
Secretary, for the consideration of the Executive Committee,
that such course may be adopted as the case may require.

No person who is an exhibitor can act as a Judge on the
class in which he exhibits. And, during the examinations
of the Judges, if any person interferes with them, by letter
or otherwise, he will be excluded from the competition. But
exhibitors, when requested, are expected to make verbal or
written statements concerning their stock.

As one great object of the Society is to collect valuable in-
formation upon the subject-matter of the exhibition, the sev-
eral committees are requested to gather all the information
possible from exhibitors in their classes, and to make their
reports as fall as time and circumstances will permit.

"When there is but one exhibitor, although he may show
several animals in the same class and order, only one pre-
mium will be awarded ; that to be first or otherwise, as the
merits of the animal may be adjudged ; and when the ani-
mal is not deemed worthy of a premium, the judges will, at
their discretion, withhold it. An animal entered for exhibition
in one class cannot compete for premium in any other, but
cattle in other classes are not prohibited from competing for
the Herd Premium.

The Reports of the Judges, (except on the trial of trotting
horses, on Friday and Saturday mornings,) must be handed to
the Secretary on Thursday afternoon, that Diplomas may be
prepared, in season, for the successful competitors.

The awards will be announced at the Banquet, on Friday
afternoon; and Judges are requested not to declare their
decisions previously, except on the trials af speed.

The Reports of Judges will be published in the Journal of
the United States Agricultural Society, which is furnished to
all members of the Society, without other expense than postage.

EXHIBITOES.

Entries of stock may be made at the office of the Secretary,
on the grounds, until 9 o'clock, A. M., on Tuesday, when the
books will be closed.

The exhibition of stock in the rings and on the track will
take place precisely at the times specified in the subjoined ar-
rangement ; and animals not prepared at the proper time and
place, may, at the discretion of the Judges, be ruled out of
competition.

Stock will be marked with cards furnished by the Secretary,
designating the class and number of entry ; and during the
exhibition, stock must be placed entirely under the manage-
ment of the Officers of the Society.

Authentic pedigrees of Blood Stock of all kinds will be
required.

Arrangements will be made for the trial of draught horses
and oxen, by testing their strength, docility, etc., at a load.

A half-mile track, (measuring from the middle of the track,)
for the trial of horses, has been prepared, and commodious
seats for spectators are furnished at a small charge.

No horse will be allowed a premium unless he be sound.

For any exhibitors who may wish to dispose of their stock,
the services of an auctioneer have been secured, and the use of
the grounds given for Saturday, at 2 o'clock, P. M., and the
Secretary will give notice of such sale if entry is made with
him to that effect.

The Executive Committee will take every possible precau-
tion for the safe keeping of Stock on Exhibition, after its
arrival and arrangement upon the grounds, but will not be
responsible for any damage that may occur. They desire ex-
hibitors to give personal attention to their animals, and, at the
close of the Fair, to attend to their removal.

Exhibitors must see to the delivery of their animals upon
the Show Grounds ; and the Society cannot, in any case, make
provision for their transportation, or be subjected to any ex-
pense therefor, either in their delivery at or return from the
grounds ; but all the expenses connected therewith must, as
heretofore, be provided for by the exhibitors.

For the convenience of exhibitors, stalls and covering will
be provided for the Stock ; and forage, consisting of hay and
straw (for litter), with water, will be supplied without charge ;
so that animals, on their arrival, may be driven to the Show
Grounds, and need not be removed till the Exhibition is
closed. Grain will be furnished for Swine. Grain for other
Stock will also be upon the Ground, and will be furnished to
those who desire it at the market price.

RAILROAD ARRANGEMENT.
Arrangements have been effected for the return of such
stock as may be exhibited, free of expense, over the following
railroads : To New York by all the routes. Over the New
York and Erie. To Chicago, via Albany, Suspension Bridge
and Detroit. Also over the Connecticut River ; Fitchburg ;
Vermont and Massachusetts ; Cheshire ; Rutland and Burling-
ton ; Boston and Lowell ; Nashua and Lowell ; Concord ; Bos-
ton, Concord and Montreal; Northern; Passumpsic; Vermont
Central ; Vermont and Canada ; Ogdensburg ; Eastern ; and
Boston and Maine. Similar arrangements will probably be
made over all the other New England roads.

PRICES OF ADMISSION.

The charges for admission to the grounds, will be as follows :

Single admissions to the grounds, .... $0.25
No Season Tickets will be issued.

Members of the Society, ..... Free.

Admittance to the stand an extra charge of . . . 25

Tickets to the Banquet, . . . . . 1.00

Fees for Annual Membership, .... 2.00

do. Life do. .... 10-00
C::^* Visitors cannot be admitted to the grounds in carriages or other
Tehicles.

ENTRANCE FEES FOR STOCK.

The Entrance Fees -for Stock, (except Trotting Horses,) will be :

For competition for premiums of $200, and over, . . $10.00

" " « $100, and under $200, . 5.00

" " " under $100, . . 3.00

" " " for Sheep and Swine, . . 1.50

Trottbg Horses, competing for premiums of $200, . . 20.00

" « " « $300, . . 30.00

PREMIUMS.

Premiuins will be paid in silver plate or money, at the op-
tion of successful competitors, who must become members of
the Society ; and the beautiful Diploma of the Society will be
presented to every Exhibitor to whom a Premium is awarded.

Premiums will not be paid on animals removed from the
exhibition, unless such removal has the special approval of the
Executive Committee ; and premiums not claimed within
thirty days after the award, will be considered as forfeited.

The Treasurer will pay premiums at the business office, on
the ground, during the last day, and at the office of the Soci-
ety, No. 292 AVashington street, during the week following ;
or will forward any premium not so paid, in such manner as
the person entitled to the same may direct.

The fees of Subscription Members of the Society, are two
dollars a year. The payment of ten dollars constitutes a Life
Member.

One Thousand Dollars have been set apart by the Exec-
ntive Committee, to be awarded in Discretionary Premiums,
should objects of special interest, not provided for in any of
the classes, be presented.

GUESTS.
The following-named gentlemen constitute the Committee
for the Reception of Guests : Hon. J. V. C. Smith, Mayor of
Boston ; His Honor, Lieut. Gov. Brown ; Maj. Gen. B. F.
Edmands ; Geo. M. Atwater, Esq., of Springfield ; Chas.
L. Flint, Esq., Secretary of the Board of Agriculture.

The Invited Guests of the Society will please report them-
selves, on their arrival, at the President's Marquee ; where
the Committee of Reception will be in session, and will
extend to them every attention.

For the greater convenience of editors and reporters for the
press, a tent has been specially set apart for their use, and
every facility will be afforded them to obtain and transmit
information. A Committee of Reception, from the Boston
press, will receive their brethren from abroad, on the field,
and further the purposes of their coming. They are requested
to announce themselves on arrival, and to present their names
or credentials at the Secretary's office, at the north-west cor-
ner of the grounds, on the corner of Harrison Avenue and
Brookline Street, when they will be furnished with cards of
admission, etc., etc.

REFRESHMENTS.

Refreshments for visitors, will be furnished on the field, at
a moderate charge, at the southern extremity of the field.

A Saloon for Ladies is arranged, with a withdrawing
room for their accommodation, with female attendants. Ices,
Oysters, Coffee, etc., etc., will be supplied by a prominent con-
fectioner.

ce c, ^ o

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SCHEDULE OF PREMIUMS,

Premiums will be paid in silver plate or money, at tlie
option of successful competitors, who must become members
of the Society ; and the beautiful Diploma of the Society
will be presented to every Exhibitor to whom a Premium is
awarded.

CLASS I. CATTLE.

No. 1.— THE HERD PREMIUMS.

For Best Durham Bull and four Cows, or Heifers, belonging

to any one person, . . _ ^100

Next Best, _ . _ . Diploma.

Board of Judges — The Committees on Durham Bulls and
Cows.
For best Devon Bull and four Cows, or Heifers, belonging

to any one person, . _ _ $100

Next best, _ - _ . Diploma.

Board of Judges — The Committees on Devon Bulls and
Cows.
For best Ayrshire Bull and four Cows, or Heifers, belonging

to any one person, ... $100

Next best, _ . _ . Diploma.

Board of Judges — The Committee on Devon Bulls and
Cows.

to any one person, - -

Next best, _ . . . Diploma.

Board of Judges — The Committee on Hereford Bulls and
Cows.

For best Jersey Bull and four Cows, or Heifers, belonging

to any one person, - - - $100

Next best, . . - - Diploma.

Board of Judges — The Committee on Jersey Bulls and
Cows.
For best Bull and four Cows, or Heifers, (not full blood,)

belonging to any one person, - - $100

Next Best, - - . - Diploma.

Board of Judges — The Committees on Grade, and Native
Cows.

No. 2.— DURHAM BULLS.

Board rf Judges — E. P. Prentice, Albany ; EalphWade, Jr.,
Coburg, C. W. ; Thomas H. Eutherford, Eastchester, N. Y. ;

Samuel Jaques, Somerville, Mass.;

Samuel W.

Bartlett, E.

Windsor, Conn.

Three years old and upwards.

1st premium.

$100

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Two years old and under three years

, 1st premium.

$50

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

One year old and under two years.

1st premium.

$25

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

DURHAM cows AND HEIFERS.

Board of Judges — Jonathan Thorne, N. Y. ; David Chris-
tie, C. W. ; Arthur Watts, Chillicothe, Ohio ; Henry Whit-
ney, New Haven, Conn. ; William F. Arney, Bloomington,
Illinois.

Three years old and upwards^ 1st premium, $100

do. do. 2d do. 50

do. do 3d do. Diploma.

Two years old and under three years, 1st premium, $50

do. do. 2d do. 25

do. do. 3d do. Diploma.

One year old and under two years,
do. do.

do. do.

1st premium, $25

2d do. 10

3d do. Diploma.

No. 3.— DEVON BULLS.

Board of Judges — Horace M. Sessions, South Wilbraham,

Mass.; Isaac Newton, Philadelphia, Penn. ; Isaac Askew,

Windsor, C. W. ; James Mills, Girard, Penn.

Three years old and upwards, 1st XDremium, $100

do. do. M do. 50

do. do. 3d do. Diploma.

Two years old and under three years, 1st premium, $50

do. do. 2d do. 25

do. do. od do. Diploma.

One year old and under two years, 1st premium, $25

do. do. 2d do. 10

do. do. 3d do. Diploma.

DEVON cows AND HEIFERS.

Board of Judges — John T. Andrew, Cornwall, Conn. ;
William H. Sotham, Owego, N. Y. ; Paoli Lathrop, South
Hadley Falls ; Lewis H. Delano, Hardwick, Mass.; John D.
Lang, N. Vassalboro', Me.
Three years old and upwards, 1st premium,

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Two years old and under three years, 1st premium,

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

One year old and under two years, 1st premium,

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

No. 4— AYRSHIRE BULLS.

$100

Diploma.

$50

Diploma.

$25

Diploma.

Board of Judges — E. P. Prentice, Albany, N. Y.; Lem-
uel Hurlburt, Winchester, Conn.; David Lee, Barre, Mass.

Three years old and upwards, 1st premium,

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Two years old and under tkree years, 1st premium,

Dipl(

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Diploma,

One year old and under two years, 1st premium.

$25

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Diploma.

AYRSHIRE COWS AND HEIFERS.

Board of Judges — Same as on Bulls.

Three years old and upwards, 1st premium.

$100

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Diploma.

Two years old and under three years, 1st premium.

$50

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Diploma.

One year old and under two years, 1st premium.

$25

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Diploma.

No. 5.— HEREFORD BULLS.

Board of Judges — William Evans, Montreal,

, Canada ;

Harvey Dodge, Sutton, Mass.; William G. Lewis,

, Framing-

ham, Mass.

Thi-ee years old and upwards, 1st premium.

$100

do. do. 2d do

do. do. 3d do.

Diploma.

Two years old and under three years, 1st premium.

$50

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Diploma.

Oae year old and under two years, 1st premium.

$25

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Diploma.

HEREFOKD COWS AND HEIFERS,

Board of Judges — Same as on Bulls.

lliree years old and upwards.

1st premium.

$100

do. do.

2d do.

do, do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Two years old and under tlu-ee years

, 1st premium,

$50

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma,

One jrM- old and under two years.

1st premium.

$25

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma,

No. 6.— JERSEY BULLS.

Board of Judges — John A, Taintor, Hartford, Conn.; A. L.
Bingham, Williston, Vt.; William S. Lincoln, "Worcester,

Mass.; M. C, Remington, Sennet,

N, Y.; Geo. H

. French,

Andover, Mass.

Three years old and upwards.

1st premium.

|100

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Two years old and under three years, 1st premium.

$50

do, do.

2d do.

do, do.

3d do.

Diploma.

One year old and under two years.

1st premium,

$25

do, do.

2d do.

do, do.

3d do.

Diploma.

JERSEY COWS AND HEIFERS.

Board of Judges — William C, Wilson, Maryland ; Charles

Chapin, Brattleboro', Vt.; Henry W, Clapp, Greenfield,

Mass.; W, W. Billings, New London, Conn,

Three years old and upwards, 1st premium, $100

do. do, 2d do. 50

do* do. 3d do. Diploma.

Two years old and under three years, 1st premium.

|50

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

One year old and under two years,

1st premium.

$25

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

No. 7.— GRiVDE COWS.

Board of Judges — Seth Sprague, Boston, Mass.; John
Jones, Middleton, Del.; William Buckmiuster, Framingham,
Mass.; John Plumer, Goffstown, N. H.; John Whittlesey,
New Britain, Conn.
Three years old and upwards,

do. do.

Two years old and under 3 years,

do. do.

One year old and under two years,

do. do.

1st premium.

#100

2d do.

3d do.

Diploma.

1st premium.

$50

2d do.

3d do.

Diploma.

1st premium.

$25

2d do.

3d do.

Diploma.

No. 8.— NATIVE COWS.

Board of Judges — John W. Proctor, Danvers, Mass.; S. P.
Benson, Wint^ rop, Me.; William Parkhurst, Petersham,
Mass.; Josiah H. Stickney, Watertown, Mass.

Three years old and upwards

1st premium.

$100

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

*rwo years old and under 3 years,

1st premium.

$50

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

One year old and under two years.

1st premium.

$25

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

No. 9.— :milch cows.

Board of Judges — John Brooks, Princeton, Mass.; W. R.
Booth, Gates, N. Y.; John Porter, Hartford, Vt.

Five years old and over,

1st premium.

$100

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

od do.

do. do.

4th do.

Three years old and under five.

1st premium.

$75

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

do. do.

4th do.

No. 10.— WORKING OXEN.
Board of Judges — Aaron D. Weld, West Roxburj-, Mass.;
J. R. Lawton, G. Barrington, Mass.; John Dean, Dedham,
Mass.; J. Munson Hill, Wallingford, ]N. H.; James W.
Hill, Chemung, 111.; J. L. Cilley, Nottingham, N. H.; D.
Adams, Newbury, Mass.

Four years old and upwai-ds, 1st premium, $100

do. do. 2d do. 50

do. do. 3d do. 25

No. 11.— STEERS.

Board of Judges — John Preston, New Ipswich, N. H.;

E. Sheldon, New York ; H. N. Hunt, Readfield, Me.

Two years old and under four, 1st premium, $50

do. do. 2d do. 25

do. do. 3d do. 15

No. 12.— FAT CATTLE.

Board of Judges — Jas. Wadsworth, Geneva, N. Y.; J. N.

Francis, Providence, R. I.; Thomas Devoe, N. Y.

Fat Bullock, 1st premium, $75

do. 2d do. 50

do. 3d do. 25

Fat Cow, 1st premium, $50

do. 2d do. 25

do. 3d do. 15

CLASS II. HOESES.

No. 13.— THOROUGII-BRED STALLIONS AND MARES.
Board of Judges. — John A. King, Jamaica, N. Y.; Robert

Patterson, Philadelphia, Penn. ;

George H. Dadd, Boston,

Mass ; Wm. T. McCoun, N. Y.;

Chas. M.Wood,

Boston.

Stallions 4 years old and iip-vvards

, 1st premium,

$200

do. do.

2d do.

100

flo. do.

3d do.

do. do.

4th do.

Diploma.

Mares 4 years old and upwards.

1st premium,

$150

do. do.

2d do.

100

do. do.

3d do.

do. do.

4th do.

Diploma.

No. 14.— STALLIONS AND MARES— (ROADSTERS.)

Board of Judges. — Tristam Burges, Providence. R. I.;
James D. Ladd, Richmond, Va. ; Thomas Parsons, Brook-
line, Mass ; William B.Bacon, Jamaica Plain, Mass.
Stallions 3 years old and upwards, 1st premium,

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Marcs three years old aud upwards, 1st premium,

do. do. 2d do.

do. do. 3d do.

Colts and Fillies of less age than the above, avIII be provided
for by discretionary Premiums.

100

Diploma.

100

Diploma.

No 15.— STALLIONS FOR GENERAL USE.

Board of Judges. — Charles Cummings, Middlebury, Vt. ;
Dr. Levi Bartlett, Kingston, N. H. ; Dr. Joseph N. Bates,
Bai-re, Mass. ; S. M. Burroughs, Medina, N. Y.

Four years old and upwards,
do. do.

do. do.

do, do.

1st premium,

2d do. 100

3d do. 50

4th do. Diploma.

No. 16.— STALLIONS FOR GENERAL USE.

Board of Judges — John Wadleigh, Meredith, N. H. : Jos,
H. Billings, West Roxbury, Mass. ; Cornelius Delano, North-
ampton, Mass.; Charles Sager, Portland, Me.; Moses Lyman,
Goshen, Conn. .
Three years old and under four,

do. do,

do. do.

1st premium, $150

2d do. 75

3d do. 50

4th do. Diploma.

No. 17.— STALLIONS FOR GENERAL USE.

Boston, Mass. ;'^^S. At-
Ladd, Richmond, Ohio ;
Y. ; Wm. Forbes, Shef-

Board of Judges — M. B. Wildes,
wood, Franklin, Mass. ; James D.
Charles W. Bathgate, Fordham, N.
field. Conn.
Two years old and under three,

do. do.

One year old and under two,

do. do.

No. 18.— BREEDING MARES AND FILLIES.

Board of Judges — Daniel C. Bacon, Jamaica Plain, Mass.
William H. Ladd, Richmond, O.; Ezra Penniman, Braintree,
Mass.; Hiram Fuller, Hancock, N. H.; John B. Clarke,
Manchester, N. H.
Mares 4 years old and upwards,

do. do.

do. do,

do, do.

1st premium.

$50

2d do.

3d do.

4th do.

Diploma.

1st premium.

$30

2d do.

3d do.

Diploma.

1st premium.

$150

2d do.

100

3d do.

4th do.

Diploma.

Fillies, three years old,

1st premium,

$75

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Fillies, two years old.

1st premium,

$50

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Fillies, one year old and under

two, 1st premium,

$30

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

No. 19.— MATCHED HORSES.

Board of Judges — Joshua Seward, Boston, INIass. ; Rus-
sell Jarvis, Claremont, N. H. ; Zorister Bonney, Buffalo,
N. Y. ; Erastus Hubbard, Montpelier, Vt. ; Horatio Sar-
geant, Springfield, Mass.

1st premium, $100

2d do. 75

3d do. 50

4th do. . 25

No. 20.— FANCY MATCHED HORSES.

Board of Judges — Francis Boyd, Boston, Mass. J. M.
Butterfield, Utica, N. Y.; Portus Baxter, Derby, Vt.; Dr, E.

D. Miller, Dorchester, Mass.; Moses Call, Newcastle, Me.;

E. E.. Jennings, Vt.

1st premium, ...... $75

2d do. 50

3d do. , Diploma.

No. 20i— PON^ES.
Board of Judges — Solon Bobinson, New York city ; John
E.. Blake, Boston, Mass.; Sheldon Leavitt, Gt. Barrington,
Mass.

Matched, . $25

Single, 20

No. 21.— FAMILY HORSES.

Board of Judges — J. S. F. Huddleston, Cambridge, Mass ;
Charles Jones, INIoscow, Liv. Co., N. Y. ; R. R. L. Oakley,
White Plains, N. Y. ; Henry Keyes, Newbury, Yt. ; Charles
H. Childs, Providence, R. I.
1st premium, ....... $100

2d - do. 75

3d do. 50

4th do 25

No. 22.— DRAFT HORSES.

Board of Judges. — Ezra Forristall, Boston, Mass. ; Ezra J.
Glidden, Unity, N. H. ; N. B. Maine, N. Sparta, N. Y. i
Benjamin Thurston, Lowell,* Mass ; Erederick Fletcher, Bur-
lington, Vt.

Matched Draft Horses, 1st premium, $100

do. do. 2d do. 50

do. do. 3d do. 25

Single Draft Horses, 1st premium, $50

do. do. 2d do. 25

do. do. 3d do. Diploma.

No. 23.— TROTTING HORSES.

ON TUESDAY AFTERNOOX, OCTOBER 23d.

A trial of speed will be held, open to all horses that have
never trotted for money. Exhibitors to drive, and to be per-
sons wdio have never driven for money. Mile heats, in har-
ness, best three in five.

Board of Judges — David Leavitt, Great Barrington, Mass.;
Lewis B. Brown, New York city ; R. H. Libby, Bangor,
Me.; Anson Livingston, New York City; Paran Stevens,
Boston, Mass.

1st premium, $200

2d « ....... 100

ON THURSDAY, AFTERNOON, OCTOBER 25th.

A trial of sj)eed, open to all horses that have never trotted
for money. Free to all drivers. Conditions same as on Tues-
day.

Board of Judges — Lewis B. Brown, New York City i
Wni B. Bacon, Boston, Mass.j Samuel Jarvis., Claremont,
N. H. ; Thomas Parsons, Boston, Mass.; J. R. Perle, Bos-
ton, Mass.
1st premium, ....... $200

2d do 100

ON FRIDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 26th,

A grand trial of speed, free for all trotting horses and all
drivers.

Board of Judges — ^Wm. H. Gardiner, Providence, E,. I. ;
Frederick Johnson, New York city ; Albert Daily, Provi-
dence, P. I. ; Edward H. White, New York, N. Y ; George
Bacon, Boston, Mass.

Other conditions same as on preceding days.

1st premium, . $300

3d « 100

No. 24.— TROTTING ST.\LLIONS.

ON SATURDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 27th, AT 10 O'CLOCK.

A grand trial of speed, open to all Stallions.

Board of Judges — Tristam Burgess, of Providence ; Thos.
Parsons, of Brookline ; S. E. Sprague, of Boston.
For Stallions 6 years of age and over, 1st premium, $300
do. ' do. 2d do. 150

ON SATURDAY, AT 12 O'CLOCK, M.

Board of Judges — John B. Clarke, Manchester, N. H.;
M. B. Mead, Providence, R. L; L. B. Brown, N. Y.
For Stallions under 6 years of age, 1st premium, $200

do. do. 2d do. 100

CLASS III. SHEEP.

No. 25.— LONG-WOOLED BUCKS.

Board of Judges — Henry Olmstead, East Hartford, Conn.;
George Hartshorn, New York ; John Wilkinson, Great Bar-
rington, Mass.

Two years old and

over,

1st premium.

$25

do.

M do.

do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Under two years.

1st premium,

$20

do.

2d do.

do.

3d do.

Diploma.

LONG-WOOLED EWES NOT

LESS THAN FIVE IN

NUMBER.

Two years old and

over.

1st premium.

$25

do.

2d do.

do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Under two years,

1st premium,

|20

do.

2d do.

do.

3d do.

Diploma.

No. 26.— MroDLE-WOOLED BUCKS.

Board of Judges — John McDonald Mclntyre, Albany,

N/ Y. ; Solomon W. Jewett, Weybridge, Vt. ; C. W. Be-

ment, N. Y.

Two years old and over, 1st premium, $25

do. do. 2d do. 15

do. do. 3d do. Diploma.

Under two years, 1st premium, $20

do. do. 2d do. 10

do. do. 3d do. Diploma.

MIDDLE-WOOLED EWES NOT LESS THAN FIVE IN NUMBER.

Two years old and over, 1st premium, $25

do. do. 2d do. 15

do, do. 3d do. Diploma.

Under two
do.
do.

. years,

do.
do.

1st premium,
2d do.
3d do.

$20

Diploma.

No. 27.-

-SAXON BUCIvS.

Board
James M.
ter, N. Y.

of Judges — Nathan
Ellis, Syracuse, N. Y.

Gushing,
, ; Hiram

Woodstock, Vt;
Brown, Manches-

Two years

old and over.

1st pr

emium,

$25

do.
do.
Under two years,
do.
do.

do.
do.

2d do.
3d do.
1st premium,
2d do.
3d do.

SAXON EWES.

Two years old and over.

do.
do.
Under two years,
do.
do.

do.
do.

1st premium,
2d do.
3d do.
1st premium,
2d do.
3d do.

No. 28.— SILESIAN MERINOS.

Diploma.

$20

Diploma.

Diplc

Board of Judges — Jonathan Talcott, Rome, N. Y.
Giles, Woodstock, Conn.; Obadiah Howland.

John

BUCKS.

Two years old and

do.

Under two years.

do.

1st premium.

$25

2d do.

3d do.

Diploma.

1st premium.

$20

2d do.

3d do.

Diploma.

EWES NOT LESS THAN FIA^E IN NUMBER.

Two y

ears

old and

over;

do.

Under

two

years.

do.

1st premium, $25

2d do. 15

3d do. Diploma.

1st premium, $20

2d do. 10

3d do. Diploma.

No. 29.— FRENCH MERINOS.

Board of Judges — J. E.. Lawton, Great Barrington, j\Iass. ;
Edmund Hammond, Middleton, Yt. ; Leonard Clift, Croton
Falls, N. Y.

BUCKS.

Two years old and

over.

1st premium.

$25

do.

2d do.

do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Under two years.

1st premium,

$20

do.

2d do.

do.

3d do.

Diploma.

EWES NOT LESS THAN

FIVE IN NUMBEE

Two years old and

over.

1st premium.

$25

do.

2d do.

do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Under two years.

1st premium,

$20

do.

2d do.

do.

3d do.

Diploma.

No. 30.— SPANISH MERINOS.

Board of Judges — Same as for No. 27.

BUCKS.

Two years old and over,
do. do.

do. do.

1st premium.

$25

2d do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Under two years.

1st premium.

|20

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

EWES NOT LESS THAN FIVE IN NUMBEE

Two years old and over.

1st premium.

$25

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

Under two years.

1st premium,

$20

do. do.

2d do.

do. do

3d do.

Diploma.

CLASS IV. SWINE.

No. 31.— SUFFOLK BOARS.

Board of Judges — Charles B. Clark, Concord, Mass.; J. L.
Lovering, Queechy Village, Vt.; F. H. North, New Britain,
Conn.

Two years old and upwards.

1st premium.

$25

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

One year old and upwards.

1st premium.

$20

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

surroLK

sows.

Two years old and upwards.

1st premium.

$25

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Dipl )ma.

One year old and upwards.

1st premium,

$20

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

No. 32.— ESSEX BOARS.

Board of Judges — Eben Wight, Dedham, Mass.; Isaac
Newton, Philadelphia, Pa.; S. B. Halliday, Providence, Pv. I.

Two years old and upwards

do. do.

One year old and upwards,

do. do.

1st premium, $25

2d do. 15

3d do. Diploma.

1st premium, ^^^0

2d do. 10

3d do. Diploma.

ESSEX

sows.

Two years old and upwards.

1st premium,

$25

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

One year old and upwards.

1st premium.

$20

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

No. 33.- BOARS OF OTHER BREEDS.

Board of Judges — Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton, Mass.;
Samuel Hill, Jr., Iowa; Charles B. Abbott, Maine; Charles
Hall, Manton, R. I.

Two years old and upwards,

1st premium.

$25

do. do

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

One year old and upwards.

1st premium.

$20

do. do.

2d do.

do. do.

3d do.

Diploma.

No. 34.— SOWS OF OTHER BREEDS.
Board of Judges — Same as for No. 33.
Two years old and upwards, 1st premium,

do.

Diploma.

One year old and upwards, 1st premium, $20

do. do. 2d do. 10

do. do. 3d do. Diploma-

No. 35.— PIGS.

NOT LESS THAN SIX IN A LITTER.

Board of Judges — Same as 33 and 34.
Ten months old and under, 1st premium, $15

do. do. 2d do. 10

LIST OF ENTHIES

CLASS I. CATTLE.
DUUHAMS.

No. 1. Milcli Cow, weight 2630 pounds, owned by William Shep-
herd, Manchester, N. H.

No. 2. Bull, 5 years old, weight 2000 pounds, owned by Charles
B. Demoud & Co., Westboro', Mass.

No. 8. Bull, 1 year old, owned by S. T Tabor, Dover Plains,
N. Y.

No. 4, Yoke of Steers, 3 years old, owned by Luther S. Butler,
Lenox, Mass.

No. 5. Bull Calf, owned by Simeon Leland, New Rochelle, New
York.

No. G. Bull " Duke." 10 years old, owned by Calvin Sanford,
JBarre, Mass.

No. 7. Bull, 5 years old, owned by Paoli Lathrop and George
M. Atwater, South Hadley Falls, Mass.

No. 8. Cow, 5 years old, owned by same parties, South Hadley
Falls, Mass.

^K Sg

oo CD

p^^

pi 05 n;

5 Wh- t^

3 p^

No. 9. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by same parties.

No. 10. Bull, 1 year old, owned by Samuel T. Tabor, Hempstead
Branch, N. Y.

No. 11. Steers, 2 years old, weight 2960 pounds, owned by D.
W. Haynes, Keadfield, Me.

No. 12. Bull, 15 months old, owned by Enoch Train, Dorchester,
Mass.

No. 13. Bull Marniion, 3 years 4 months old, owned by Thomas
G-. Aycrigg, Passaic, N. J.

No. 14. Ball, 18 months old, weight 1300 pounds, owned by
C H. & C. A. Smith, Vergennes.

No. 15. Cow, 7 years old, owned by Charles Shepherd, Man-
chester. N. H.

No. 16. Bull, 3 years old, weight 1820 pounds, owned by W.
W. Sherman, New Haven, Vt.

No. 17. Heifer, 2 years old, weight 1076 pounds, owned by W.
W. Sherman, New Haven, Vt.

No. 18. Bull, Sir Robert Peel, 2 years old, owned by W. B. De
Wolf, Bristol.

No. 19. Bull, 5 years old, owned by Sylvester Smith, Wilming-
ton, Vt.

No. 20. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by H. D. Pierce, Hillsborough,
N. H.

No. 21. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by H. D. Pierce, Hillsborough,
N. H.

No. 22. Bull, 4 Cows, and Heifers, owned by Morris & Becar,
Fordhani, N. Y. (For Herd premium.)

No. 23. Bull Romeo, 4 years old, owned by Morris & Becar,
Fordham N. Y.

No. 24. Cow Mmerva 2nd, 4 years old, owned by Morris & Be-
car, Fordham, N. Y.

No. 25. Cow Iris, 3 years old, owned by Morris & Becar, Ford-
ham, N. Y.

No. 2o. Heifer Minerva 4th, 2 years old, owned by Morris &
Becar, Fordham, N. Y.

No. 27. Heifer Victoria 26th, 2 years old, owned by Morris &
Becar, Fordham, N. Y.

No. 28. Heifer Surprise, 1 year old, owned by Morris & Becar,
Fordham, N. Y.

No. 29. Ileifer Victorine, 1 year old, owned by Morris & Becar,
Fordhain, N. Y.

No. 30. Ball, 4 Cows and Heifers, owned by Noel J. Becar,
Smithtown, L. I. (For Herd premium.)

No. 31. Bull Tallyho, 2 years old, owned by Noel J. Becar,
Smithtown, L. I.

No. 32. Bull Echo of Oxford, 1 year old, owned by Noel J.
Becar, Smithtown, L. I.

No. 33. Cow Maid of Oxford, 3 years old, owned by Noel J.
Becar, Smithtown, L. I,

No. 34. Heifer Miss Bclville, 2 years old, owned by Noel J. Be-
car, Smithtown, L. I.

No. 35. Cow Roraelia, 3 years old, owned by L. G. Morris,
Fordham, N. Y.

No. 3G. Cow Bloom, 3 years old, owned by L. G. Morris, Ford-
ham, N. Y.

No. 37. Bull, 3 years old, o^vned by Drake & Son, Rye, N. H.

No. 38. Cow, 6 years old, owned by J. A. Clarke, Granby.

No, 39. Cow, 6 years old, owned by John E. Brown, Roxbury.

No. 40. Bull Calf, 11 months old, owned by John C. Ray, Dun-
barton, N. H. ^

No. 41. Cow, 7 years old, owned by A. S. Lewis, Praminghara.

No. 42. Ball Farnley, 20 months old, weight, 1410 pounds own-
ed by Simeon Leland, New Rochelle, N. Y.

No. 43. Bull and 5 Cows, owned by Paoli Lathrop, South Had-
ley Falls, Mass. (Fur Herd Premium.)

DEYONS.

No, 43, Cow, 5 years old, owned by Harvey Dodge, Sutton.

No, 44, Cow, 8 years old, owned by William Backminster, Fra-
mingham, Mass.

No. 45. Cow, 5 years old, owned by William Buckminster, Fra-
mingham.

No. 16. Cow, 5 years old, owned by William Backminster, Fra-
mingham.

No. 47. Cow, 5 years old, owned by William Buckminster, Fra-
mingham.

No. 48. Cow, 5 years old, owned by William Buckminster, Fra-
mingham.

No. 49. Cow, owned bv William Buckminster, Framingham.

No. 50. Cow, 6^ years old, weight 960 pounds, owned by B. V.
French, Braintree.

No. 51. Cow, owned by Edward G. Faile, West Farms, N. Y.

No. 52. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by Joseph Burnett, Southboro'.

No. 53. Heifer, 3 years old, owned by William Buckrainster,
Framingham.

No. 54. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by William Buckminster,
Framingham.

No. 55, Heifer, 2 years old, owned by William Buckminster,
Framingham.

No. 56. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by William Buckminster,
Framingham.

No. 57. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by William Buckminster,
Framingham.

No. 58. Heifer, 1 year old, owned by William Buckminster,
Framingham.

No. 59. Bull Calf, owned by William Buckminster, Framingham.

No. 60. Bull Calf, owned by William Buckminster, Framingham.

No. 61, Bull Calf, owned by William Buckminster, Framingham.

No. 62. Heifer Calf, owned by William Buckminster, Framing-
ham.

No. 63. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by Edward G. Faile, West
Farms, N. Y.

No. 64. Heifer, 1 year old, owned by Edward G. Faile, West
Farms, N. Y.

No. 65. Bull, 6 years old, owned by Jacob N. Blakeslee, Water-
town, Conn.

No. 66. Bull, 4 years old, owned by Jacob N. Blakeslee, Water-
town, Conn.

No. 67. Bull, 3 years old, owned by Jacob N. Blakeslee, Water-
town, Conn.

No. 68. Bull, 2 years old, owned by Jacob N. Blakeslee, Water-
town, Conn.

No. 69. Heifer, 1 year old, owned by Jacob N. Blakeslee, Water-
town, Conn.

No. 70. Heifer Calf, owned by Jacob N. Blakeslee, Watertown,
Conn.

No. 71. Bull Calf, owned by Jacob N. Blakeslee, Watertown,
Conn.

No. 72. Bull Calf, owned by Jacob N. Blakeslee, Watertown,
Conn.

No. 73. Bull, 4 years old, owned by Daniel Davis, Springfield, Vt.

No. 74. Bull, Alexander Patterson, 3| years old, weight 1240
pounds, owned by Samuel Chandler, Lexington.

No. 75. Bull, 3 years old, owned by Joseph Burnett, Southboro'.

No. 76. Bull, 4 years old, owned by Nathaniel Dodge, Sutton.

No. 77. Bull, 2 years old, owned by Harvey Dodge, Sutton.

No. 78. Bull Calf, owned by Nathaniel Dodge, Sutton.

No. 79. Bull Calf, owned by Harvey Dodge, Sutton.

No. 80. Bull Calf, owned by Harvey Dodge, Sutton.

No. 81. Bull, North Devon, 8 years old, owned by "William
Buckminster, Framingham.

No. 82. Bull, North Devon, 1 year old, owned by "William
Buckminster, Framingham.

No. 83. Bull, 2| years old, weight 955 pounds, owned by B. "V.
French, Braintree.

No. 84. Bull, 4 years old, weight 1400 pounds, owned N. M.
Tribou, Middleboro', Mass.

No. 85. Cow, 8 years old, owned by Franklin King, Dorchester.

No. 86. Bull, 2 years old, owned by John Gr. Morse, Frances-
town. (Sutton.)

No. 87. Heifer, 3 years old, owned by John G. Morse, Frances-
town. (Queen Anne.)

No. 88. Heifer Princess, 2 years old, owned by John G. Morse,
Francestown.

No. 89. Heifer Fancy, 1 year old, owned by John G. Morse,
Francestown.

No. 90. Cow, 8 years old, owned by Joseph Burnett, Southboro'.

No. 91. Bull "Winchester, 3 years old, owned by J. N. DeForest,
Dover, Duchess Co.

No. 92. Cow, owned by S. Anderson, Petersham.

No. 93. Bull, 16 months old, owned by J. C. Blasdell, Lexing-
ton.

No. 94. Cow and Calf, Jenny and Barnum, 5 years old, owned
by M. Morse, Francestown, N. H.

No. 95. Bull May Boy, 5 years old, owned by C. S. "Wainwright,
Ehinebeck, N. Y.

No. 96. 2nd Cow Helena, 4 years old, owned by C. S. "Wain-
wright, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

No. 97. Cow Kate Kearney, 4 years old, owned by C. S. "Wain-
wright, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

No. 98. Cow Moss Rose, G years old, owned by C. S. Wainwriglit,
Rhinebeck, N. Y.

No. 99. Heifer Donna, 2 years old, owned by C. S. "Wainwrigbt,
Rhinebeck, N. Y.

No. 100. Heifer Linda, 4 years old, owned by C. S. Wainwright,
Rhinebeck, N. Y.

No. 101. Helena 4th, 1 year old, owned by C. S. Wainwright,
Rhinebeck, N. Y.

No. 102. Bull Tecumseh, 1 year old, owned by Edward G. Faile,
West Chester Co., N. Y.

No. 103. Bull Blucher, 2 years old, weight 1204 pounds, owned
by W. R. Sanford, Orwell, Vt.

No. 104. Bull Red Rover, 1 year old, owned by W. R. Sanford,
Orwell, Vt.

No. 105. Cow Gilliflower, 11 years old, weight 1200 pounds, owned
by W. R. Sanford, Orwell, Vt.

No. 106. Cow Jilby, 7 years old, owned by W. R. Sanford,
Orwell, Vt .

No. 107. Heifer Jessamine 2nd, 17 months old, weight 535
pounds, owned by B. V. French, Braintrce.

No. 108. Heifer Van Rensellaer 2nd, 16 months, weight 455
pounds, owned by B. V. French, Braintree.

No. 109. Bull John, 3 years old, owned by James Howe, Dennis _

No. 110. Bull, 8 years old, owned by Wm. Buckminster, Fram.
ingham.

No. 111. Bull, 1 year old, owned by Wm. Buckminster, Fra-
mingham.

No. 112. Cow, 8 years old, owned by Wm. Buckminster, Fra.
mingham.

No. 113. Cow, 5 years old, owned by Wm. Buckminster, Fra-
mingham.

No. 114. Cow, 5 years old, owned by Wm. Buckminster, Fra-
mingham.

No. 115. Cow, 5 years old, owned by Wm. Buckminster, Fra-
mingham.

No. 116. Bull, 3 years old, owned by Wm. Steele, Sharon, Vt.

No. 117. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by Oliver Clifford, East
Medway.

No. 118. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by Oliver Clifford, East
Medway.

No. 119. Heifer, 2J years old, owned by C. M. Vinson, Jamaica
Plain.

No. 120. Bull, 4 years old, owned by Moses B. Ives, Provi-
dence, R. I.

No 121. Bull and 4 Cows, owned by L. G. Morris, Fordham.
N. Y

No. 122. Cow Birthday, 10 yeai's old, owned by L. G. Morris,
Fordham, N. Y.

No. 123. Cow Edith, 7 years old, owned by L. G. Morris, Ford-
ham, N. Y.

No. 124. Cow Fuschia, 3 years old, owned by L. G. Morris, Ford-
ham, N. Y.

No. 125. Bull Frank Quartly, 4 years old, owned by L. G.
Morris, Fordham, N. Y.

No. 126. Heifer Lily, 2 years old, owned by W. R. Sanford,
Orwell, Vt.

No. 127. Heifer Cherry 2nd, 8 months old, weight 602 pounds,

owned by J. T. Andrews, West Cornwall, Conn.

AYR3HIRE3.

No. 128. Bull Wachusett, 2 years old, owned by John Brooks,
Princeton, Mass.

No. 129. Bull, 2 years old, owned by Richard Richardson, Med-
way, Mass.

No. 130. Cow and Calf, owned by Stephen S. Cummins, Stratham,
N. Y.

No. 131. Cow Alice, 12 years old, owned by John Brooks,
Princeton.

No. 132. Bull Logan, 2 years old, weight 1000 pounds, owned
by Wm. A. White, Lancaster, N, H.

No. 133. Bull, owned by George W. Coffin, Amenia, Duchesa
Co., N. Y.

No. 134. Bull, owned by James Smith, Montreal, Canada.

No. 135. Ball.

No. 136. Bull Kilburn, 4 years old, owned by Hungerford,
Brodie & Converse, Ellisburg, N. Y.

No. 137. Cow Mary Gray, 5 years old, owned by Hungerford,
Brodie & Converse, Ellisburg, N. Y.

No. 138. Heifer Lady Ayr, 2 years old, owned by Hungerford,
Brodie & Converse, Ellisburg, N. Y.

No. 139, Heifer Lady Gowan, 2 years old, owned by Hungerford,
Brodie & Converse, Ellisburg, N. Y.

No. 140. Heifer Flora, 1 year old, owned by Hungerford,
Brodie & Converse, Ellisburg, N. Y.

No. 141. Heifer Bessie, 1 year old, owned by Hungerford,
Brodie & Converse, Ellisburg, N. Y.

No. 142. Bull, 2-3 Ayrshire and 1-3 Durkam, 1 year 3 months
old, owned by J. Gass, West Cambridge.

No. 143. Bull, 3 years old, owned by George W. Barrett,
Concord.

No. 144. Cow, 5 years old, owned by George W. Barrett,
Concord.

No. 145. Cow, S years old, owned by Stephen Scammon, Stra-
tham, N. H.

No. 146. Cow Jessie, 6 years old, owned by R. Battell, Norfolk,
Conn.

No. 147. Heifer Jessie 2nd, 2 years old, owned by E. Battell,
Norfolk.

No. 148. Bull, 1 year old, owned by A. L. Lewis, Framingham,
Mass.

HEREFORDS.

No. 149. Heifer, 1 year old, weight 700 pounds, owned by
Charles B. Clark, Concord.

No. 150. Cow Lilla, 12 years old, owned by "Wm. H. Sotham,
Owega, Tioga County, N. Y.

No. 151. Cow Pretty, 7 years old, owned by Wm. H. Sotham,
Owego, Tioga County, N. Y.

No. 152. Cow Myrtle, 4 years old, owned by Wm. II. Sotham
Owego, Tioga County, N. Y.

No. 153. Cow Bombazine, 7 years old, owned by Wm. H.
Sotham, Owego, Tioga County, N. Y.

No. 154. Bull Defiance, 3 years old, owned by William H. So-
tham, Owego, N. Y.

No. 155. Cow Lady, 2 years old, owned by William H. Sotham,
Owego, N. Y.

No. 156. Heifer Blendy, 1 year old, owned by William H. So-
tham, Owego, N. Y.

No. 157. Cow, half Hereford, half Native, 5 years old, owned by
William H. Sotham, Owego, N. Y.

No, 158. Cow Bell, threc-fourtlis Hereford, 12 years old, owned
by same person.

JNo. 159. Cow Fanny, 8 years old, owned by C. B. Clarke, Con*
cord.

No. 160. Bull Cromkill, 3 years old, owned by David Goodell,
Brattleboro', Vermont.

No. 161. Cow Milton, 5 years old, owned by the State Farm,,
Westboro', Mass.

No. 162. Heifer Cora, 8 months old, owned by the State Farm,
Westboro', Mass.

No. 163. Heifer Susan, 2 years old, owned by C. B. Clarke, Con-
cord.

JERSEYS.

No. 164. Cow and Calf, 7 months 4 years old, owned by Jona-
than French, West Rosbury, Mass.

No. 165. Cow, 2 years old, owned by S. R. Spaulding, West
Roxbury, Mass.

No. 166. Cow, 2 years old, owned by S-. R. Spaulding, Wesi
Roxbury, Mass.

No. 167. Cow and Calf, owned by Josej^h Burnet, Soutbboro',
Mass.

No. 168. Heifer, 16 months old, owned by C. L. Cunningham,
Milton, Mass.

No. 169. Bull, 2 years old, owned by Joseph Burnet, Southboro',
Mass.

No. 170. Bull, 1 year old, owned by John Washburn, Swamp-
scot, Mass.

No. 171. Bull, 2 1-2 years old, owned by C. L. Cunningham,
Milton, Mass.

No. 172. Heifer, 1 year old, owned by Joseph Burnet, South-
boro', Mass.

No. 173. Bull Major, 3 years old, owned by Thomas Motley, Jr.,
West Roxbury, Mass.

No. 174. Bull Captain, 3 years old, owned by Thomas Motley,
Jr., West Roxbury, Mass.

No. 175. Bull Bon Juan, 1 year old, owned by Thomas Motley,
Jr., West Roxbury, Mass.

No. 176. Cow Flora, 6 years old, owned by Thomas Motley, Jr.,
West Roxbury, Mass.

No. 177. Cow Susy, 5 years old, owned by Thomas Motley. Jr.,
West lloxbury, Mass.

No. 178. Cow Flirt, 3 years old, owned by Thomas Motley, Jr.,
West Roxbury, IMass.

No. 179. Cow Dalby, 3 years old, owned by Thomas Motley, Jr.,
West Kosbury, Mass.

No. 180. Cow, 7 3^ears old-, owned by George 11. French, Ando-
ver, Mass.

No. 18L Heifer, o years old, owned by George H. French, An-
-dover, Mass.

No. 182. Heifer, 2 years old, owned by George H. French, An-
dover, Mass.

No, 183. Heifer, 1 year old, owned by George II. French, Ando-
ver, Mass.

No. 184. Ileifer, 1 year old, owned by George H. French, Ando-
ver, Mass.

No. 185. Bull Sailor, 5 years old, owned by Samuel Henshaw,
Brookline, Mass.

No. 186. Cow Buttercup, 7 years old, owned by Samuel Hen-
shaw, Brookline, Mass.

No. 187. Cow Daisy, 10 years old, owned by Samuel Henshaw,
Brookline, Mass-
No. 188. Cow Daphne, 7 years old, owned by Samuel Henshaw,
Brookline, Mass.

No. 189. Cow Daphne 2d, 3 years old, owned by Samuel Hen-
shaw, Brookline, Mass.

No. 190. Cow Violet, 3 years old, owned by Samuel Henshaw,
Brookline, Mass.

No. 191- Cow Mignonette, 2 years old, owned by Samuel Hen-
shaw, Brookline, Mass.

No. 192. Bull, 2 years old, owned by Samuel Henshaw, Brook-
line, Mass.

No. 193. Bull, 2 years old, owned by Samuel Henshaw, Brook-
line, Mass.

No. 194. Bull, 2 years old, owned by Samuel Henshaw, Brook-
line, Mass.

No. 105. Bull Prince, 4 years old, owned by R. P. Waters, Bev-
erly, Mass.

No. 196. Heifer Rosa, 2 years old, owned by R. P. Waters, Bev-
erly, Mass.

72'

No. 197. Bull, 2 years old, owned by Richard S. Rogers, Salem,
Mass.

No. 198. Bull, li years old, owned by A. D. Weld, West
Roxbury, Mass.

No. 199. Cow, 3 years old, owned by A. D. Weld, West Rox-
bury, Mass.

No. 200. Cow, 3 years old, owned by W. T. G. Morton, West
Needham, Mass.

No. 201. Bull Victor, 3i years old, owned by W. A. Harris,
Boston, Mass.

No. 202. Bull Diamond, 1^ years old, owned by W. A. Har-
ris, Boston, Mass.

No. 203. Bull Napoleon, 18 months old, owned by Davis & Flint,
Boston, Mass.

No. 204. Heifer, 18 months old, owned by Davis & Flint, Bos-
ton, Mass.

No. 205. Bull, 18 months old, owned by A. W. Taylor, Boston,
Mass.

No. 206. Bull, 19 months old, owned by Edward King, Dorches-
ter, Mass.

No. 207. Heifer, 15 months old, owned by C. M. Vinson, Jamai-
ca Plains, Mass.

No. 208. Bull, 3 years old, owned by John Giles, South Wood-
stock, Ct.

No. 209. Heifer, 3 years old, owned by John G ilcs. South Wood-
stock, Ct.

No. 210. Heifer, 3 years old owned by John Giles, South Wood-
stock Ct.

No. 211. Cow, 3 years old, owned by William B. Bacon, Ja-
maica Plains, Mass.

No. 212. Heifer, 1 year old, owned by William B. Bacon, Ja-
maica Plains, Mass.

No. 213. Cow Alice, 5 years old, owned by the State Farm,
Westboro', Mass.

No. 214. Bull Calf, 16 weeks old, owned by the State Farm,
Westboro', Mass.

No. 215. Cow, owned by A. L. Lewis, Framingham, Mass.

[Also, several superior Jersey animals, which were sent by the
Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, for exhibi-
tion only.]

NATIVE AND GRADE.

No. 216. Cow, Native, owned by Josiah L. Bassett, Bridgewater,
Mass.

No. 217. Bull, Native, 2 years old, owned by Josiah L, Bassett,
Bridgewater, Mass,

No. 218, Cow, Grade, 6 years old, owned by Charles B. Clarke,
Concord, Mass.

No. 219. Bull and four Cows, Native, owned by Asa G.Sheldon,
Wilmington, Mass.

No. 220. Heifer, Grade, 2| years old, owned by William
Spencer, Lowell, Mass.

No. 221. Bull, Hercules, owned by the City of Boston, Mass.

No. 222, Cow, Mary, Grade, 4 years old, owned by John Brooks,
Princeton, Mass.

No. 223. Heifer, unknown, 1 year old, owned by William W.
Watson, Princeton, Mass.

No. 224. Cow, Milch, Grade, 6 years old, owned by William W.
Watson, Princeton, Mass.

No. 225, Bull and four Cows, Paoli Lathrop, South Hadley
Falls, Mass.

No, 226, Milch Cow, Native, 3 years old, owned by Asa G.
Sheldon, Wilmington, Mass.

No. 227. Cow, Grade, 5 years old, owned by Asa G, Sheldon,
Wilmington, Mass.

No, 228, Cow, Grade, 3 years old, owned by Asa G, Sheldon,
Wilmington, Mass.

No, 229. Milch Cow, Native, 9 years old, owned by Asa G.
Sheldon, Wilmington, Mass.

No. 230. Cow, Native, 3 years old, owned by Asa G, Sheldon,
Wilmington, Mass,

No. 231. Cow, Grade, 5 years old, (had four calves,) owned by
Francis Twichell, Petersham, Mass.

No. 232. Cow, Grade, 7 years old, owned by John W. Hollis,
Brighton, Mass,

No. 233. Cow, Grade, 2i years old, owned by John W. Hol-
lis, Brighton, Mass.

No. 234. Heifer, Grade, 21 months old, owned by Charles H.
Keith. Maiden, Mass.

No. 235. Cow, Grade, 8 years old, owaeJ by Thomas Payson,
Dorchester, Mass.

No. 236. Cow, Grade, Twin calves, 7 years old, owned by John
Fussell, Roxbury, Mass.

No. 237. Cow, Grade, 3 years old, owned by John Fussell, Rox-
bury, Mass.

No. 238. Cow, Grade, 3 years old, owned by A. D. Weld, West
Roxbury, Mass.

No. 239. Cow, Grade, 2 years old, owned by A. D. Weld, West
Roxbury, Mass.

No. 240. Heifer, Grade, 1 year old, owned by A. D. Weld, West
Roxbury, Mass.

No. 241. Heifer, Grade, 1 year old, owned by A. D. Weld, West
Roxbury, Mass.

No. 242. Heifer, Grade, 1 year old, owned by A. D. Weld, West
Roxbury, Mass.

No. 243. Cow, Native, 6 years old, owned by Charles R. Da-
mon, Cochituate, Mass.

No. 244. Cow and Calf, Grade, 5 years old, owned by Robert
Whitaker, Saugus, Mass.

No. 245. Cow, Hornet, Grade, G years old, owned by Davis &
Flint, Boston, Mass.

No. 246. Cow, Fanny, Na;tive, 9 years old, owned by Davis &
Flint, Boston, Mass.

No. 247. Milch Cow, Mystery, 6 years old, owned by Davis &
Flint, Boston, Mass.

No. 248. Milch Cow, Nonesuch, 6 years old, owned by Davis &
Flint, Boston, Mass.

No. 249. Milch Cow, Blossom, Grade, 4 years old, owned by
Davis & Flint, Boston, Mass.

No. 250. Milch Cow, Grade, 4 years old, owned by 0. Howland,
Auburn, N. Y.

No. 251. Cow, Native, 5 years old, owned by 0. Howland, Au-
burn, N. Y.

No. 252. Cow, Native, 4 years old, owned by 0. Howland, Au-
burn, .N.Y.

No. -253.' Heifer, Native, 2 years old, owned by 0. Howland Au-
burn, N. Y.

No. 25.4. Cow, Grade, 5 yeai-s old, owned by Josiah Bennett,
Westmoreland, N. H.

No. 255. Heifer, Grade, 3 years old, owned by Josiali Bennett,
Westmoreland^ N. H.

No. 256. Bull and four Cows, Grade, owned by Samuel Ellsworth,
Barre, Mass.

No. 257. Cow, Grade, 8 years old, owned by Samuel Ellsworth,
Barre, Mass.

No. 258. Milch Cow, Ayrshire, and Native, 8 years old, owned
by Samuel Ellsworth, Barre, Mass.

No. 259. Bull Calf, Grade, 8 months old, owned by Samuel Ells-
worth, Barre, Mass.

No. 260. Heifer, Grade, 1 year old, owned by John T. Ellsworth,
Hardwick.

No. 261. Cow, Devon and Creampot breed, 7 years old, weight
1165 pounds, owned by B. V. French, Braintree, Mass.

No. 262. Cow Julia, Devon and Creampot breed, 7 years old,
owned by B. V. French, Braintree, Mass.

No, 263. Cow, Grade, 15 years old, owned by "William Eames,
Worcester, Mass.

No. 264. Milch Cow, 6 years old, owned by William Eames, Wor-
cester, Mass.

No. 265. Milch Cow, 4 years old, owned by William Eames,
Worcester, Mass.

No. 266. Cow, Grade, 5 years old, owned by William Eames,
Worcester, Mass.

No. 267. Cow, Native, 7 years old, owned by George W. Barrett,
Concord.

No. 208. Milch Cow, Grade, 8 years old, owned by George W.
Barrett, Concord.

No. 269. Cow, Grade, 4 years old, owned by George W. Barrett,
Concord

No. 270. Heifer, Grade, 18 months old, owned by C. M. Vinson,
Jamaica Plains, Mass.

No. 271. Cow, Native, 7 years old, owned by David Higgins,
Maiden, Mass.

No. 272. Heifer, Grade, 1 year old, owned by Harvey Dodge,
Sutton.

No. 273. Cow Jessica, Grade, 10 years old, owned by S. J. Ca-
pon, Dorchester, Mass.

No. 274, Heifer, Native, 2 years old, owned by. Henry D. Pierce,
Hillsborough, N. H.

Nov 275. Heifer, Native, 2 years old, owned by Henry D. Pierce,
Hillsborougli, N. H.

No. 276. Milch Cow, Native, 5 years old, owned by Josiah L,
Bissett, Bridgewater.

No. 277. Bull Calf, Grade, 5 months old, owned by Gorham But-
ler, Union, Me.

No. 278. Heifer Lily, Native, 2 years old, owned by A. & T.
Jerome, Bloomfield, Conn.

No. 279. Bull Calf Victor, Grade, 4 months old, owned by A. &
T. Jerome, Bloomfield, Conn.

No. 280. Milch Cow Fanny, 10 years old, owned by S. J. Capen,
Dorchester.

No. 281. Heifer, Native, 20 months old, owned by A. W, Copen-
hagen, Dorchester.

No. 282. Heifer, Grade, 3 years old, owned by E. Sheldon, Cay-
uga Co., N. Y.

No. 283. Heifer, Grade, 1 year old, owned by E. Sheldon, Cay-
uga Co., N. Y.

No. 284. Milch Cow, 9 years old, owned by C. Bramhall, Dor-
chester.

No. 285. Milch Cow, Grade, 7 years old, owned by A. M. Carl-
ton, Chicopce.

No. 286. Bull, Grade, 3 years old, weight 1550 pounds, owned
by F. F. Hoyt, Concord, N. H.

No. 287. Heifer Calf, Grade, 6 months old, weight 511 pounds,
owned by F. F. Hoyt, Concord, N. H.

No. 288, Cow Milker, Native, 14 years old, owned by A. & T.
Jerome, Bloomfield, Conn.

No. 289. Bull, Grade, 3 years old, owned by Daniel Davis,
Springfield, Vt.

No. 290. Cow, Grade, 5} years old, owned by Samuel Jacques,
Somerville.

No. 291. Heifer, Grade, 7 months old, owned by Samuel Jacques,
Somerville.

No. 292. Milch Cow, 6 years old, owned by C. M. Hubbell, Cam-
bridge.

No. 293. Cow, Grade, 6 years old, owned by A. L, Lewis, Fra-
mingham.

WOUKING OXEN AND STEERS.

No. 294. Working Oxen, owned by G. Howland Shaw, Brook-
line, Mass.

No. 295. Working Oxen, Native, weight 2800 pounds, owned by
Nathan B. Read, Berlin.

No. 296. Working Oxen, 7 years old, owned by Alanson Park,
Milbury.

No. 297. Working Oxen, Holderness, 6 years old, owned by Wm,
F. Wheeler, Grafton.

No. 298. Working Oxen, owned by John D. Williams, Rayn-
ham.

No. 299. Working Oxen, Grade, Half Durham and Native, 6
years old, 3450 pounds, owned by Anson Warren, Westboro'.

No. 300. Working Oxen, Grade, Devon and Native, 7 years old,
owned by Harvey Dodge, Sutton.

No. 301. Working Oxen, Grade, 5 years old, 3940 pounds, own-
ed by Stephen A. Coburu, Lowell.

_ No. 302. Working Oxen, Devon and Native, owned by William
Buckminster, Framingham.

No. 303. Working Oxen, North Devon, 6 1-2 years old, 3480
pounds, owned by B. V. French, Braintree.

No. 304. Working Steers, owned by John D. Hudson, Oxford.

No. 305. Working Oxen, 1-4 Devon, owned by Elijah L. Case,
Grafton.

No. 306. Working Oxen, 1-2 Native, 1-2 Holderness, 4 years
old, 3100 pounds, owned by Simon Carpentei', Charlton.

No. 307. Steers, Creampot and Native, 3 years old, 2800 pounds,
owned by Simon Carpenter, Charlton.

No. 308. Steers, owned by Jacob N. Blakeslee, Watertown,
Conn.

No. 309. Working Oxen, Native, 6 years old, owned by J. B.
Moore, Concord.

No. 310. Steers, 2 years old, owned by Wm. W. Watson,
Princeton.

No. 311. Working Oxen, Durham, 5 years old, weight 4000
pounds, owned by Addison G. Cole, Buckfield, Me.

No. 312. Steers, Durham, 3 years old, weight 3200 pounds.

No. 313. Working Oxen, 4 years old, weight 4500 pounds,
owned by Ozias Decaster, Buckfield, Me.

No. 314. Working Osen, Mixed Breed, 4 years old, weight
3200 pounds, owned by Horace Sheldon, Wilmington.

No. 315. Working Oxen, owned by Nathaniel Gr. Giddings,
Exeter, N. H.

No. 316 Working Oxen, Devons, 8 years old, weight 3800
pounds, owned by James Lawrence, Boston.

No. 317. Working Oxen, owned by Josiah Quiney, Quincy.

No. 318. Working Oxen, Durham and Ayrshire, 8 years old,
owned by B. P. Poore, West Newbury.

No. 319. Working Oxen, 4 years old, owned by Josiah Quincy,
Quincy.

No. 320. Working Oxen, Native, 6 years old, weight 2600
pounds, owned by John B. Newcomb, Norton.

No. 321. Steers, Grade, 2 years old, owned by 0. Howland,
Auburn, N. Y.

No. 322. Working Oxen, 4 years old, weight 3456 pounds,
owned by Geo. Harvey, Marlboro.'

No. 323. Working Oxen, 6 years old, weight 4240 pounds,
owned by G. K. Rice, Keene, N. H.

No. 324. Twin Oxen, 5 years old, weight 3800 pounds, owned
by C. H. & C. A. Smith, Vergennes, Vt.

No. 325. Steers, Native, 2 years old, weight 2600 pounds,
owned by Jos. Kittredge, North Andover.

No. 326. Twin Working Oxen, Native, 4 years old, owned by
Oliver Newman, Carthage, Me.

No. 327. Twin Working Oxen, Native, 4 years old, owned by
Oliver Newman, Carthage, Me.

No. 328. Working Oxen, Native, 4 years old, owned by Jos.
Longfellow, Newbury.

No. 329. Working Oxen, Native, 5 years old, weight 3000
pounds, owned by B. F. Jenkins, Buckfield, Me.

No. 330. Working Oxen, Native, 5 years old, weight 3000
pounds, owned by B. F. Jenkins, Buckfield, Me.

No. 331. Twin Working Oxen, Grade, 6 years old, weight 4200
pounds, owned by J. M. Drinkwater, Cumberland, Me.

No. 332. Twin Working Oxen, Grade, 4 years old, weight 3200
pounds, owned by J. C. Sanborn, Westboro'.

No. 333. Working Oxen, 6 years old, weight 4040 pounds,
owned by Moses D. Richardson, Leominster.

No. 334. Working Oxen, 4 years old, weight 3600 pounds,
owned by Samuel Swallow, Buckfield, Me.

No. 33.3. Working Oxen, 5 years old, owned hy Samuel Swallow,
Buckfield, Me.

No. 33G. Steers, Grade, 2 years old, owned by A. N. Winslow,
Putney.

No. 337. Working Oxen, Native, 5 years old, weight 2500
pounds, owned by John D. G. Williams, Raynham.

No. 338. Working Oxen, Grade, 5 years old, owned by E. Shel-
don, Cayuga Co., N. Y.

No. 339. Working Oxen, Grade, 5 years old, owned by H.
Sheldon, Cayuga Co., N. Y.

No. 340. Working Oxen, Grade, 7 years old, ov>'ned by F, F.
Hoyt, Concord, N. H.

No. 341. Working Oxen, Grade, 5 years old, owned by E.
Munson, Auburn, N. Y.

No. 342. Working Oxen, Grade, G years old, owned by Moses
D. llichardson, N. Leominster.

FAT CATTLE.

No. 343. Bullock, owned by Samuel S. Stebbins, Conway.

No. 344. Pair of Cattle, owned by William Wadleigh, Exeter,
N. H.

No. 345. Oxen, 5 years old, owned by James Eddy, Swanzey.

No. 346. Oxen, owned by Seth Bush, Westfield.

No. 347. Pair of Cattle, Native, 6 years old, weight 5000
pounds, owned by Leavitt & Hunt, South Wolfsborough, N. H.

No. 348. Oxen, Grade, 5 years old, owned by Seth Bush, Yv^'est-
field Mass.

No. 349. Oxen, Grade, 5 years old, owned by Luke Bush,
Westfield, Mass.

No. 350. Oxen, Grade, 7 years old, weight 22002^ounds, owned
by W. S. Grant, Farmingdale, Me.

No. 35L Bullock, Durham, 3 years old, owned by E. Sheldon,
Cayuga, Co., N. Y.

No. 352. Cow, Durham, 3 years old, owned by E. Sheldon,
Cayuga Co., N. Y.

No. 353. Oxen, Durham, 4 years old, owned by 11. Sheldon,
Cayuga Co., N. Y.

No. 354. Cow, Durham, 4 years old, owned by II. Sheldon,
Cayuga Co., N. Y.

No. 355. Oxen, Durham, 4 years old, cwned by E. Munson,
Auburn, N. Y.

CLASS II. HORSES.

STALLIONS.

No. 1. Stockbridge Chief, Black Hawk breed, 8 years old, 1150
pounds, 16 hands, owned by P. "W. Bishop, Chatham Four Corners,
N. Y.

No. 2. Wild Air, Black Hawk breed, 5 years old, owned by J.
N. Sawyer, Salisbury, N, H.

No. 3. America's Trump, Morgan breed, 1100 pounds, IG hands,
owned by D. T. Hall.

No. 4. Comet, Sherman Morgan breed, 10 years old, 1050 pounds,

14 1-2 hands, owned by Hiram Woods, Hancock, N. H.

No. 5. Morgan, French and English breed, 17 months old, owned
by Charles Howe, Marlboro'.

No. 6. Empire State, Black Hawk and Messenger breed, 850
pounds, 14 1-2 hands, owned by S. 0. Bichardson, South Beading.

No 7. Duke of Norfolk, Messenger and Duroc breed, 2 years old,
830 pounds, owned by Samuel Bradstreet, Dorchester.

No. 8. Morgan and English breed, 11 years old, 1000 pounds,
owned by Galen Gates, Worcester,

No. 9. Morgan, 3 1-4 years old, owned by Creorge C. Durkee,
Littleton.

No. 10. Gray Eagle, Messenger breed, 8 years old, 1000 pounds,

15 1-2 hands, owned by Franklin Biggs, Dorchester.

No. 11. Ethan Allen and Long Island breed, over 1 year old,
owned by Ezra Trull, Watertown.

No. 12. Young St. Lawrence, St. Lawrence breed, 4 years old,
900 pounds, 14 hands, owned by Charles Boynton, Georgetown.

No. 13. Colt, Trustee breed, 1 year old, G. Rowland Shaw,
Brookline.

No. 14. Trustee, Thoroughbred, owned by Mortimer De Motte,
New York.

No. 15. Morgan, owned by Charles C Whitehouse.

No. 16. Roadster, 6 years old, 1000 pounds, 14 hands, owned by
John Bullard, Stockbridge.

No. 17. Logan, Thoroughbred, 5 years old, owned by J. B. Mon-
not, New York.

No. 18. Thoroughbred, 2 years old, owned by David Leavitt,
Great Barrington.

No. 19. Sherman, Morgan breed, owned by A. T. Congdon, Lan-
caster, N. H.

No. 20. Black Hawk, 4 years old, owned by Jolin A. Richardson,
Templeton.

No. 21. Three years old, owned by Thomas Sawyer, Boxford.

No. 22. Martin Kimball, Kemble Jackson breed, 3 years old,
weight 1000 pounds, 16 hands, owned by Wm. T. Hanchett, Natick.

No. 23. Messenger and Duroc breed, 2 years old, owned by
Charles Waite, Cambridge.

No. 24. Duroc and Morgan breed, 4 years old, weight 1000
pounds, owned by R. Kelren, South Boston.

No. 25. 8 years old, owned by Daniel Gate.

No. 26. Lion, Normr.n breed, 12 years old, weight 1150 pounds,
16 hands, owned by F. Whittaker, South Maiden.

No. 27. Fanny Coburn, Black Hawk and English breed, 4 years
old, owned by J. S. Carr, Winchester.

No. 28, Peter, Morgan breed, 2 years old, weight 1025 pounds,
owned by Patrick Cahill, Lexington.

No. 29. Young Chester Lyon, by Chester Lyon imported, 6 yeara
old, weight 1400 pounds, lOJ hands, owned by W. Ellis, Middlebury.

No. 30. Black Hawk, 4 years old, weight 850 pounds, 15 hands,
owned by Daniel Wilson, Billerica.

No, 31. C. M. Clay and Gipsey breed, 3 years old, owned by
James M. Thorndike, New England Village.

No. 32, John Anderson and Gipsey breed, 2 years old, owned by
James F. Thorndike, New England Village.

No. 33, French & Morgan breed, owned by W, E. Mclntyre, Salem.

No, 34, Black Hawk, 1 year old, owned by Levi T, Ballou, Cum-
berland, R. I.

No, 35. Iron Duke, C. M. Clay breed, 3 years old, owned by
Timothy T. Jackson, Jamaica, L. L

No. 36. Black Eagle, Black Hawk breed, 2 years old, owned by
Timothy T. Jackson, Jamaica, L. I.

No. 37. Driving Cloud, Black Hawk breed, owned by Timothy
T. Jackson, Jamaica, L. L

No, 38, Owned by Timothy T, Jackson, Jamaica, L, I.

No. 39, Messenger and Duroc breed, 6 years old, owned by Fred-
erick Leonard, Hanover.

No. 40, Young Arthur, Black Hawk breed, 6 years old, weight
800 pounds, 15 hands, owned by Daniel Butterfield, Pepperell, Mass.

No. 41. Rainbow, Morgan and Tricolor breed, 14 months old,
weight 750 pounds, owned by Arthur W. Austin, West Roxburj.

No. 42. Hamilton, o years old, owned by H. Colby, Dorset, Vt,

No. 43. St. Patrick, Trustee breed, 14 months old, weight 750
pounds, 14^ hands, owned by Joseph H. Billings, West Rosbury.

No. 44. Young America, Messenger breed, 19 months old, weight
950 pounds, 15 hands, owned by Samuel J. Capen, Dorchester.

No. 45. Daniel Webster, Black Hav>'k breed, 3 years old, owned
by Calvin Sanford, Barre.

No. 46. Robert Ray, Black Hawk breed, 2 years old, owned by
Calvin Sanford, Barre.

No. 47. Bob Logic, Thoroughbred, owned by James R. Hutchins,
Montreal, Canada.

No. 48. Hunton Horse, Messenger breed, 12 years old, weight
1225 pounds, 16-| hands, owned by A. Farrer, Buckfield, Me.

No. 49, Grey Eagle, Messenger breed, 4 years old, weight 1050
pounds, 16 hands, owned by A. Farrer, Buckfield.

No. 50, Morrill Horse, Bullrush-Morgan and Messenger breed,
11 years old, weight 1200 pounds, 16 hands, owned by F. Morrill,
Danville Vt.

No. 51. Andrew Jackson, Black Hawk breed, 3 years old, owned
by Harrison Bacon, Barre.

No, 52, Emperor, Morgan breed, 6 years old, weight 2000 pounds,
owned by Plarrison Bacon, Barre,

No, 53, 2 years old, owned by S, C, Oliver, Lawrence.

No. 54. Morgan, owned by J, F. Davis, North Springfield.

No. 55. Henry Clay, Black Hawk and Messenger breed, 6 years
old, weight 1075 pounds, 15| hands, owned by Rogers & Callender,
Albany.

No. 56. North Star, English and IMorgan breed, 6 years old,
owned by Henry Olmstead, East Hartford, Conn.

No. 57. Tricolor, Black Hawk and Messenger breed, 7 years old,
16J hands, owned by Samuel Blodget,, Brandon, Vt.

No. 58. Tricolor, Thorough breed, 7 years old, 15| hands, owned
by Frederick Boyden, Topsfield,

No, 59. Tippo, Half breed, 16 hands, owned by Frederick Boy-
den, Topsfield,

No. 69. Billy Hews, Black Hawk and Trustee breed, 2 years old,
owned by John Welsh, Jr., Methuen.

No. 61. Romeo, Black Hawk and Morgan breed, 3 years old,
owned by John Fussell, Roxbury.

No. 62. Wind, Black Hawk and English breed, 2 years old,
owned by R. S. Denny, Clappville.

No. 63. Ethan Allen, Black Hawk breed, 6 years old, 15i
hands, owned by 0. S. Hoc, Cambridge.

No. 64. Black Hawk Selim, Black Hawk breed, 11 years old,
weight 1100 pounds, owned by Jeremiah Gilson, West Cambridge.

No. 65. Morgan Battler, Morgan and French breed, 4 years old,
owned by Daniel A. White, Dorchester.

No. 66. Billy, Morgan breed, 3 years old, weight 800 pounds,
owned by William H. Whittemore, West Cambridge,

No. 67. Morgan, 3 years old, owned by Willis & Fay, New Ipswich-
No. 68. Parmer's Beauty, 4 years old, owned by D. M. Taggart,
Goffstown, N. H.

No. 69. Morgan Hunter, Woodbury Morgan breed, 5 years old,
weight 1100 pounds, 15| hands, owned by L. D. Harlow, Brandon,
Vt.

No. 70. Matchless, thorough bred, 10 years old, weight 1066
pounds, 15| hands, owned by William B. De Wolf, Bristol, R. I.

No 71. Morgan Empire, Morgan breed, 11 years old, weight 1100
pounds, owned by G. W. Chamberlain, Waltham.

No. 72. Boston Boy, Black Hawk breed, 2 years old, weight 1026
pounds, 1 5 J hands high, owned by Adams Carpenter, Providence.

No. 73. Frank, Black Hawk breed, 2 years 2 months old, weight
900 pounds, owned by J. C. Blasdell, Lexington.

No. 74. Black Hawk, 12 years old, owned by J. E. Maynard,
Lowell.

No. 75. American Eagle, Andrew Jackson breed, 6 years old,
16 kands, owned by Jackson Nichols, Flushing, L. I.

No. 76. American Star, Long Island Black Hawk breed, 5 years
old, owned by Alexander Townsend, Glen Cove, L. I.

No. 77. Flying Scud, Black Hawk breed, 1 year old, owned by
Edward W. Mott, Manhassett, L. I.

No. 78. Black Hawk and Morgan breed, 2 years old, owned by
Elisha Goodwin, Boston.

No. 79. State of Maine, Messenger and Morgan breed, 7 years
old, weight 1250 pounds, 16 hands high, owned by John Moody,
Lincolnville, Me.

No. 80. White Mountain, Morgan and Messenger breed, 3 years
old, weight 900 pounds, 14| hands, owned by S, H. Edgerly, Man -
ehester, N. R

No. 81. Echo, Empire breed, 3 years old, owned by B. W. Wor-
ley, West Roxbury.

No. 82. Sherman Morgan, Black Hawk breed, 10 years old,
weight 1100 pounds, 15| hands high, owned by Samuel North &
D. Warren, Boston.

No. 83. Gen. Washington, Sherman Morgan breed, 5 years old, weight
950 pounds, 15 hands, owned, by Addison Belknap, Framingham.

No. 84. Young Trustee, Trustee and Mauibrino breed, 4 years old,
weightllOO pounds, 16 hands, owned by C D. Freland, Patterson, N. J.

No. 85. Prince Albert, Norman French breed, 2 years old, 16
hands, owned by George Williston & Co., Brunswick, Me.

No. 86. State of Maine, Morgan Messenger breed, 6 years old,
weight 1075 pounds, 16 hands, owned by George Williston & Co.,
Brunswick, Me.

No. 87. Murat, Morgan breed, 3 years old, owned by George
C. Durkee, Littleton.

No. 88. Sherman, 5 years old, owned by Levi Smith, Ashby,

No. 89. Morgan, 3 years old, owned by Miller & Fox, New Ips-
wich, N. Y.

No. 90. i'ot, Roadster, Morgan and Messenger breed, 8 years old,
weight 1040 pounds, owned by W. P. Balch, Boston.

No. 91. King Philip, Black Hawk and Abdallah breed, 1 year
old, owned by J. F. DeWolf, Bristol, B. I.

No. 92. Leather Stocking, Kemble Jackson and Messenger breed,
2 years old, weight 920 pounds, 15 3-4 hands, owned by S. & D.
Leavitt, Jr., Great Barrington.

No. 93. Dandy Jack, Black Hawk breed, 3 years old, owned by
Amos Bigelow, Stanstead, Lower Canada.

No. 94. Yankee Doodle, Abdallah and Messenger breed, 5 years
old, weight 1125 pounds, 15| hands, owned by S. Hayes, Natick.

No. 95. Anglo-Saxon, Black Hawk breed, 5 years old, weight
1100 pounds, owned by William Peters, North Andover.

No. 96. Young Morrell, BuUrush Morgan breed, 7 years old,
weight 1150 pounds, owned by Town & Trow, Barre, Vt.

No. 97. Granite State Morgan, Flint Morgan breed, 8 years old,
weight 950 pounds, 15 hands, owned by Charles C. Whitehouse,
Farmington, N. H.

No. 98. Middlesex, Black Hawk and Morgan breed, 2 years old,
weight 950 pounds, 15 hands, owned by Jno. Osmer, Concord, Mass-

No. 99. Bony, English breed, 3 years old, weight 890 pounds, 15
bands, owned by Charles Nicholson, Leominster,

No. 100. Lion, French and Morgan breed, 7 years old, weight
1200 pounds, 15 hands, owned by L. B. Fulsom, Roxbury.

No. 101. Wild Deer, Tippoo and Wild Deer breed, 7 years old,
weight 1200 pounds, 16 hands, owned by Dean & Merrill, Fabius, N. Y-

No. 102. Ashuelot Morgan, Woodbury Morgan breed, 10 years
old, weight 1320 pounds, 16 hands, Uberto Bowen, Bichmond, N. H.

No. 103. Young Morgan, Bullrush Morgan breed, 9 years old,
owned by John Banfill, Bradford, Vt,

No. 104. Young Morgan Eagle, Morgan and English breed, 1
year old, owned by Joseph L. Bassett, Bridgewater.

No, 105. Young Tiger, Norman French breed, 8 years old, own-
ed by Moses Call, Newcastle, Me.

No. 100, Black Hawk, 2 years old, owned by H. M. Pettigrew.

No. 107. Grovernor, French and Messenger breed, 10 years old,
16^ hands, owned by R. H. Libby, Norway, Me.

No. 108, Lone Star, Black Hawk breed, 7 years old, weight
1054 pounds, owned by Sylvanus Tuttle, Newmarket. N. H.

No. 109. Boston, English and Morgan breed, 15 years old, weight
1000 pounds, 15 hands, owned by W. Lawrence, Portland,

No. 110. Black Hawk Boston, English and Black Hawk breed
3 years old, weight 910 pounds, 16 hands, owned by W. Lawrence,
Portland, Me,

No. Ill, Ashuelot, 8 years old, owned by Uberto Bowen, New
Ipswich.

No. 112. Black Hawk Chief, Morgan breed, 6 years old, owned
by D. Edgar Hill, Bridport, Vt.

No. 113. Black Hawk Defiance, | Black Hawk and Morgan breed,
1 year old, owned by D. Edgar Hill, Bridport, Vt.

No. 114, Big Dick, English and Messenger breed, 5 years old,
weight 1150 pounds, owned by S. L. Bradley, Friburg, Me.

No. 115. American Eagle, Black Hawk and Morgan breed, 3 years
old, weight 1065 pounds, owned by Joshua Sanderson, Petersham.

No. 116. Bay State, Morgan breed, 6 years old, weight 1070
pounds.

No. 117. Royal Defiance, Morgan and English breed, 5 years old,
weight 1200 pounds, owned by E. C. Brooks, Dedhara.

No. 118. Flying Morgan, Morgan breed, 5 years old, weight 970
pounds, owned by Benjamin M. Glives, Byfield.

No. 119. Columbus, French and English breed, 21 years old^
owned by Walter Smith, Orwell, Vt.

No. 120. Colt Olater, Sherman Morgan breed, 2 yea^s old, owned
by C. B. Clarke, Concord.

No. 121. Osceola, Morgan breed, 1 year old, owned by C. B.
Clarke, Concord.

No. 122. Prince Albert, Empire State breed, 16 months old,
owned by C. B. Clarke, Concord.

No. 123. Abderahman, Arabian breeJ, 1 year old, owned by
David Dunn, Portland, Chatham Co., N. Y.

No. 124-. Defiance Black Hawk, Black Hawk bree.l, 3 years
old, owned by B. F. Dis, Lowell.

No. 125. Young Prince, Morgan and English breed, 8 yenrs
old, owned by Daniel Cate, Manchester.

No. 126. Morgan Comet, Morgan breed, 5 years old, weight 800
pounds, owned by H. Billings, Cumberland, Me.

No. 127. Star of Empire, Empire State and Duroc breed, 2 1-2
years old, owned by James Huckins, Ptoxbury, Mass.

No. 128. Coburg Champion, English breed, 7 years old, weight
1650 pounds, 17 hands, owned by James M. Thompson, Springfield.

No. 129. Abel Lyman, Baltimore Morgan breed, 5 years old,
owned by A. Lyman, West Randolph.

No. 130. Green Mountain, Jr., 4 years old, owned by A. Lyman,
West Randolph.

BREEDING MARES AND FILLIES.

No. 181. Lady Sutton, owned by G. Rowland Shaw, Brookline.

No. 132. Arabian Spot, weight 1100 pounds, owned by H. M.
Reed, Lexington.

No. 133. Belle of Lexington, 17 months old, weight 800 pounds,
owned by H. M. Reed, Lexington.

No. 134. With colt, 3-4 Morgan breed, 8 years old, owned by
Asahel Hatch, Jr., Alstead, N. Y.

No. 135. With colt, owned by Trumbull Bull, Harvard.

No. 136. With colt, 10 years old, weight 1114 pounds, owned hj
Daniel E. Williams, Berlin.

No. 137. Jenny Lind, Black Hawk breed in part, 10 years old,
weight 925 pounds, owned by J. G. Wood, Milbury.

No. 138. Fanny and colt. Messenger breed, weight 1100 pounds,
owned by J. M. Maston and Co., Roxbury.

No. 139. Nella, Black Hawk breed, 4 years old, weight 1000
pounds, 15 hands, owned by Charles B. Clark, Concord, N. H.

No. 140. Kate and colt, Messenger breed, 9 years old,. weight
1100 pounds, 15 hands, owned by B. P. Williams, West Roxbury.

No. 141. 10 years old, weight 1100 pounds, 15 hands, owned
by John Bullard, Stockbridge, Vt.

No. 142. 9 years old, owned by Elijah Kimball, Clappville.

No. 143. 5 months old, owned by Elijah Kimball, Clappville.

No. 144. Mary, Long Island Blood breed, 8 years old, owned
by Ezra Trull, Watertown.

No. 145. By Ethan Allen, 16 months old, owned by Ezra Trull,
Watertown.

No. 146. Kate, Morgan breed, 14 years old, weight 1194 pounds,
15 1-2 hands, owned by Arthur W. Austin, West Roxbury.

No. 147. Fanny Walter and colt, Sir Walter and Canadian
Mare, 7 years old, weight 1034 pounds, 15 hands, owned by Arthur
W. Austin, West Roxbury.

No. 148. Young Joice, Messenger and Abdallah breed, 11 years
old, weight 1050 pounds, 15 3-4 hands, owned by Jos. H. Billings,
West Roxbury.

No. 149. Lady Morris, Trustee breed, 5 years old, weight 910
pounds, 15 hands, owned by Jos. H. Billings, West Roxbury.

No. 150. Lady Fremont, Trustee breed, 3 years old, weight 940
pounds, 15 1-2 hands, owned by Jos. H. Billings, West Roxbury.

No. 151. Lady Orange and colt. Messenger breed, 8 years old,
weight 1120 pounds, 16 hands, owned by Samuel J. Capen, Dor-
chester.

No. 152. Mayflower, and 4 months colt, St. Lawrence breed, 8
years old, weight 1000 pounds, owned by John Dugan, Somerville.

No. 153. Sally Jenkins, and 5 months colt, Messenger breed, 12
years old, owned by Harrison Bacon, Barre.

No. 154. Massachusetts Maid and colt. Black Hawk breed, 8
years old, owned by R. S. Denny, Clappville.

No. 155. Fannie Morgan, Morgan breed, 7 years old, owned by
Henry Olmsted, East Hartford, Ct.

No. 156. Fanny and colt, 4 months, Morgan breed, 5 years old,
owned by J. J. Carr, Quincy, Mass.

No. 157. Fanny and colt, Morgan breed, 22 years old, owned by
John Fussell, Roxbury.

No. 158. Fill Fanny, Black Hawk and Morgan breed, 2 years
old, owned by John Fussell, Roxbury.

No. 159. Ethan Allen and English breed, 7 years old, weight
1500 pounds, owned by John JS". Kent, Newbury, Mass.

No. 160. Leaping Fawn, Indian breed, owned by Stillman W.
Ellis, Providence, R. I.

No. 161. Red Colt, Harailtonian breed, 10 years old, weight
1050 pounds, 15 1-2 hands, owned by J. H. Hathorne, Boston.

No. 162, Fanny, Empire and Morgan breed, 3 years old, weight
890 pounds, 15 hands, owned by Jos. L. Brigham, Roxbury.

No. 163. Messenger, 12 years old, weight 1100 pounds, 15 1-2
hands, owned by Adams Carpenter, Providence.

No. 164. Netty McKee, Black Hawk breed, 2 years old, weight
900 pounds, 15 hands, owned by Adams Carpenter, Providence.

No. 165. Soto, Thoroughbred, 9 years old, owned by J. J.
Adams, Boston.

No. 166. Fanny Kemble, Sherman and Black Hawk breed, 3
years old, weight 890 pounds, 15 hands, owned by Thomas Goddard,
Boston.

No. 167. Wild Maggie, Black Hawk breed, 1 year old, weight
700 pounds, 14 3-4 hands, owned by E. S. Stowell, Cornwall, Vt.

No. 168. One-Eyed Mary, Trustee breed, 3 years old, owned by
Jackson Nichols, Flushing, L. I.

No. 169. Flying Mary, with colt, Hamiltonian breed, 7 years
old, owned by S. T. Frost, Somerville.

No. 170. Julia, Messenger breed, 11 years old, owned by J.
F. DeWolf, Bristol, R. I.

No. 171. Fillej', Empire State breed, 3 years old, owned by
James Glover, Jr., Boston.

No. 172. Jenny Lind, Black Hawk and Morgan breed, 9 years
old, 15| hands, owned by C W. Sherman, Vergennes, Vt.

No. 173. Lady Johnson, Messenger breed, 5 years old, owned by
S. K. Johnson, North Andover.

No. 174. Kate Hayes, Green Mountain and Morgan breed, 4
years old, weight 1185 pounds, owned by Samuel Wheat, Put-
ney, Vt.

No. 175. Jessie, Empire State breed, 3 years old, owned by Jas.
W. Haskins, Roxbury.

No. 176. Lady Pingree and Colt, Thoroughbred, 6 years old,
weight 900 pounds, 15|- hands, owned by Walter Smith, Orwell,
Vermont.

No. 177. French, 7 years old, owned by Isaac Field, Waltham,
Mass.

No. 178. Messenger, 8 years okl, weight 1040 pounds, 16 hands,
owned bj Ira Warren, Boston.

No. 179. Lady Humphrey, Morgan breed, 10 years old, owned
by John Oliver, Concord, Mass.

No. 180. Mary Morgan, Morgan breed, 9 years old, weight 1300
pounds, owned by Amos Felch, Limerick.

No. 18L Black Maria, Messenger breed, 15 years old, weight
900 pounds, 14 hands, owned by Charles Nicholson, Leominster.

No. 182. Filly, Black Hawk breed, 4 years old, weight 1000
pounds, In^ hands, owned by Charles Nicholson, Leominster.

No. 183. Duchess, Hambletonian breed, 11 years old, weight
1000 pounds, 15| hands, owned by C. M. Vinton, Jamaica Plains,
Mass.

No. 184. Fashion and Foal, Thoroughbred, 21 years old, owned
by L. G. & F. Morris, Fordham, N. Y.

No. 185. Etiquette, Thoroughbred, 2 years old, owned by L. G.
& F. Morris, Fordham, N. Y.

No, 186. A la mode. Thoroughbred, 1 year old, owned by L. G,
& F. Morris, Fordham, N, Y.

No. 187. Nella, | Sherman Morgan breed, 5 years old, 15 Tiands,
owned by C. B. Clarke, Concord, N. IL

No. 188. Polly Roe, with Colt, Hamiltoniau breed, 11 years old,
owned by Samuel Henshaw, Brcokline.

MATCHED AND FANCY MATCHED HOUSES.

No. 189. Span of Horses, 7 years old, owned by David Leavltt,
Great Barrington.

No. 190. Draft, owned by Page & Noyes, Boston,

No. 191. Sired by Root and Cream Horses, 7 years old, weight
2100 pounds, owned by 0. S. Saunders, Boston.

No. 192. Black Hawk, 7 and 8 years old, weight 1004, and
1005 pounds, owned by Geo. P. Reed, Roxbury.

No. 193. Mares, owned by P. K. Osgood, Rutland, Vt.

No. 194. 3J years old, owned by J. A. Harwood, Littleton.

No. 195. Mares, Lyon and Messenger breed, 6 years old,
weight 1050 pounds, 16 hands, owned by C. F. Whitcomb, Boston.

No. 196. 5 and 6 years old, owned by Paran Stevens, Boston,
Mass.

No. 197. 8 years old, weight 1050 pounds, owned by Thomas
Adams, Roxbury.

No. 198. Messenger, 8 and 9 years old, -weight 2268 pounds,
16| hands, owned by Edward Leary, Boston.

No. 199. Blueher, and Blood Mare, 4 and 5 years old, owned
by Samuel Twichell, Jr., Buffalo.

No. 200. Fancy matched, 6 years old, owned by G. Twichell,
Boston.

No. 201. Ponies, 7 years old, owned by F. Lyon, Niagara
Falls.
. No. 202. 7 years old, owned by James Harris, Brooklino.

No. 203. Morgans, 6 and 7 years old, owned by Thomas Adams,
lloxbury.

No. 204. Lion and Raven, Black Hawk and Morgan breed, 7
years old, weight 1000 and 1000 pounds, owned by Ives G. Bates,
Boston.

No. 205. Morgans, 5 years old, weight 900 and 900 pounds, 15
hands, owned by D. W. Prince, Brandon, Vt.

No. 206. Owned by C. W. Pierce, Boston.

No. 207. Hamiltonian, 7 and 8 years old, weight 1950 pounds,
owned by J. W. Wolcott, lloxbury.

No. 208. Fancy, 5 and 6 years old, owned by David McCulley,
Boston.

No. 209. Messenger, 8 and 9 years old, weight 1157 and 1167
pounds, owned by C S. Butler, Dorchester.

No. 210. Black Hawk, 6 years old, owned by N. E. Nimms, Bos-
ton.

No. 211. 6 years old, weight 2400 pounds, 16 hands, owned by
N. E. Nimms, Boston.

No. 212. Morgan, 9 years old, owned by F. T. Cordis, Long-
meadow.

No. 213. Duke and Commodore, 6 years old, 16 hands, owned
by Horace Sargent, Springfield.

No. 214. Topsy and Dandy, 7 years old, weight 1156 and 1181
pounds, 16J hands, owned by David Sanderson, Somerville.

No. 215. Owned by Joseph Pticketson 3d, New Bedford.

No. 216. Tom and Charley, English and Morgan breed, 3 years
old, weight 1010 and 1010 pounds, owned by J. A. Harwood, Lit-
tleton.

No. 217. Owned by D. Leavitt, Great Barrrington.

No. 218. Morgan, 8 and 9 years old, owned by Henderson & Ball,
Keene, N. H.

No. 219. Owned by K. G. Holmes, Westboro'.

No. 220. Ponies, owned by Rufus Claflln, Milford.

No. 221. Trotters, Tippo's full brothers, 6 and 7 years old, weight
about 2100 pounds, 15| hands, owned by Joseph Wright, Waterloo,
N. Y.

No. 222. Mares, weight 850 pounds each, 14i hands, owned by
George Greig, Boston.

No. 223. Own Sisters, French and Morgan breed, 4 and 5 years
old, weight 1140, and 1180 pounds, owned by Henry D. Pierce,
Hillsborough, N. II.

No. 224. Morgan, 7 years old, owned by N. E. Nims, Boston.

No. 225. 5 and 6 years old, owned by Samuel Thompson, Somer-
ville.

No. 226. Fancy, Hamiltonian and Black Hawk breed, 6 and 7
years old, owned by J. L. Mitchell, Albany.

No. 227. Fancy, 5 and 6 years old, owned by D. Daw, Frederic-
ton, N. Y.

No. 228. Black Flawk and Morgan breed, 6 and 7 years old,
owned by Clapp & Sharp, Hartford, Conn.

No. 229. Sir Henry, 6 years old, owned by Clapp & Sharp,
Hartford, Conn.

No. 230. Ponies, 5 and 6 years old, owned by E. Osgood Libby,
Portland, Me.

No. 231. Major and Colonel, Messenger breed, 6 years old, weight
2450 pounds, 16 hands, owned by C. Fonda, Clifton Park, N. Y.

No. 232. Morgan, 7 years old, weight 2300 pounds, owned by
Wm. G. Ladd, Jr., Watertown.

No. 233. Hamiltonian Horse, and Black Hawk Mare, 6 years old,
weight 2120 pounds, owned by Sabin and Mortimer, Williamstown.

No. 234. Morgans, Black Hawk breed, 6 years old, weight 1900
pounds, owned by A. S. Webster, Boston.

PONIES.

No. 235. Topsy, Mare, 7 years old, owned by Robert B. Forbes,
Milton.

No. 236. Gen. Washington, 7 years old, weight 700 pounds,
owned by Thomas Montgomery, Boston.

No. 237. Englitih Mare Kitty, imported, 8 years old, weight 675
pounds, owned by E. L. Ryder, Boston.

No. 238. Bengal, 6 years old, weight 280 pounds, owned by
Capt. Frank Dale, Boston.

No. 239. Billy Miles, 10 years old, owned by W. S. Evans, Boston.

No. 240. Ned, 11 years old, owned by John Curry, Boston.

No. 2-41. Tom, 9 years old, weight 730 pounds, owned by John
Hogan, Boston.

No. 242. Owned by Ebed Ilanchett, Natick.

No. 243. 8 years old, owned by J. Clapp, Dorchester.

No. 244. Julia, J Morgan and French bi-eed, 10 years old, owned
by L. E. Pope, Roxbury.

No. 245. Willie, Shetland breed, 9 years old, weight 450 pounds,
owned by J. Willie Boyd, Boston.

No. 246. Jenny, English breed, 8 years old, weight, 620 pounds,
owned by E, L. Ryder, Boston,

No. 247. Jenny, 6 years old, weight 825 pounds, 12| hands,
owned by John McDonald, Marlboro',

No. 248. 7 years old, owned by Benj. Merriam, Roxbury.

No. 249. Cham, Shetland breed, 5 years old, weight 250 pounds,
owned by George Miller, Roxbury.

No. 250. Owned by D. P. Matthews, East Boston.

No. 251. Twins, Indian breed, 3 years old, owned by Austin Lord,
Ashtabula, Ohio.

No. 252. Linda, Mexican breed, 4 years old, weight 550 pounds,
owned by J. D. Richards, East Weymouth.

FAMILY HORSES.

No. 253. Jenny, Morgan breed, 6 years old, weight 945 pounds,
owned by Thomas H. Sweetser, Reading.

No. 254. Grelding, 2^ years old, weight 1074 pounds, owned by
Daniel E. Williams, Berlin.

No. 255. Mare, Messenger breed, 10 years old, owned by Charles
Waite, Jr., Cambridge.

No._256. Morgan, 9 years old, weight 1000 pounds,- 16 hands,
owned by Daniel Wilson, Billerica,

No. 257. Bruno, 6 years old, weight 1270 pounds, owned by T.
H. Leavitt, Boston.

No. 258. Daniel Webster, Messenger breed, 9 years old, weight
1050 pounds, 16 hands, owned by James Mattison, Boston.

No. 259. Sancho, 9 years old, owned by Paran Stevens, Boston.

No. 2G0. Frank Pierce, 9 years old, owned by Geo. B. Holmes,
North Bridgewater.

No. 261. G years old, weight 525 pounds, owned by S. S. Rowe,
Boston.

No. 262. Owned by B. S. Buckley, Fairhavcn.

No. 263. 5 years old, owned by Jacob N. Blakeslee, \yatertown,
N. Y.

No. 264. Tiger, Morgan breed, 9 years old, weight 1050 pounds,
owned by Edmund Boynton, Boston.

No. 265. 11 years old, owned by "William Spence, Lowell.

No. 266. Owned by Charles G. Adams.

No. 267. Bell-founder and Morgan, 7 years old, owned by Joab
Hapgood, Shrewsbury.

No. 268. Morgan, 9 years old, weight 1050 pounds, owned by
Edmund Boynton.

No. 269. Billy Gray, Black Hawk breed, 6 years old, weight 800
pounds, 15 hands, owned by J. E. Butterfield, Pepperell, Mass.

No. 270. Messenger, 7 years old, weight 1025 pounds, 15|
hands, owned by Jos. H. Billings, "West Roxbury.

No. 271. Clara, Messenger breed, 8 years old, weight 900 pounds,
13 hands, owned by John A. Lowell, Boston.

No. 272. Golden Farmer, 5 years old, weight 1270 pounds, 17^
hands, owned by A. Farrar, Buckfield, Me.

No. 273. Bullrush, Morgan & Messenger breed, 5 years old,
weight 1100 pounds, 16 hands, owned by P. Morrill, Danville, Vt.

No. 274. Clifford, Morgan and Eclipse breed, 6 years old, owned
by G, Twichell, Boston.

No. 275. Fanny, 8 years old, owned by G. Howland Shaw,
Brookline.

No. 276. Morgan, 8 years old, owned by John E. Cheney,
Boston.

No. 277. Billy, 6 years old, weight 1100 pounds, owned by J. B.
Dinsmore, Charlestown, N. H.

No. 278. North Star, Bulrush breed, 8 years old, weight 1300
pounds, 17 hands, owned by Adams & Co., Boston.

No. 279. 6 years old, weight 1075 pounds, owned by L. M.
Clark.

No. 280. Kate, Messenger breed, 5 years old, weight 1156
pounds, owned by H. N. Hunt, Readfield.

No. 281. Messenger, 5 years old, weight 1000 pounds, owned by
S. C. and G. Fiske, Boston.

No. 282. White Stockings, 10 years old, weight 1000 pounds,
15 hands, owned by William Brown, Boston.

No. 283. S^are, 4 years old, owned by Luther S. Butler, Lenox.

No. 284. The Scates Maid, Morgan breed, 9 years old, weight
940 pounds, owned by D. Scates, Boston.

No. 285. Contocook, Black Hawk breed, 6 years old, weight 900
pounds, owned by D. A. Johnson, Chelsea.

No. 286, Charlie, Trustee and Morgan breed, 6 years old, weight
1100 pounds, 7 hands, owned by Marston & Co., Roxbury.

No. 287. Jerry, Morgan breed, 8 years old, weight 1000 pounds,
owned by B. H. Bailey, Boston.

No. 288. Fanny, Morgan breed, 5 years old, weight 925 pounds,
owned by Edward Gleason, Dorchester.

No. 289. Charlie, Black Hawk breed, 4 years old, owned by W.
E. Cofl&n & Co., Boston.

No. 290. Charlie, Morgan breed, 7 years old, owned by F. T.
Bush, Boston.

No. 291. Whitefoot, 7 years old, weight 990 pounds, owned by
P. N. Pear, Roxbury.

No. 292. J. B. Glover, Boston.

No. 293. Jim, owned by A. S. Pond, Utica, N. Y.

No. 294. F. Sweetser, Boston.

No. 295. Gray Eagle, Messenger breed, 9 years old, weight
1100 pounds, 16 1-2 hands, owned by N. B. Sides, Portsmouth,
N. H.

No. 296. Mayfly, Messenger and English breed, 6 years old,
wei<^ht 1020 pounds, 16 hands, owned by E. Swan, Worcester.

No. 297. Hamiltonian, Messenger breed, 6 years old, weight
1125 pounds, 17 hands, owned by John M. Davenport, Grafton.

No. 298. Billy, Gelding breed, 3 years old, owned by W. E. Cof-
fin, Boston.

No. 299. Billy, Messenger breed, 6 years old, weight 1000
pounds, 15 1-2 hands, owned by Stephen Clark, Boston.

No. 300. Jesse Maynard, Boston.

No. 301. Patrick Greeley.

No. 302. Hardroad, Abdallah breed, 7 years old, weight 950
pounds, 15 hands, owned by E. Harnden, Lowell.

No. 303. Lady Messenger, Messenger breed, 5 years old, owned
by J. E. Sweetzer, Boston.

No. 304, G-reen Mountain Maid, Morgan and Black Hawk breed,
6 years old, weight 1000 pounds, owned by Potter & Whitcomb,
Boston.

No. 305. Kate, English breed, 7 years old, weight 1050 pounds,
15 1-2 hands, owned by H. L, Richardson, Brookline.

No. 306. Lilla, Morgan and Messenger breed, 7 years old, weight
1000 pounds, owned by M. C. Keuney, Cambridge.

No. 307. Prince, Morgan and French breed, 4 years old, owned
by Nahum AVard, Roxbury,

No. 308. Charlie, Morgan breed, 9 years old, owned by Wm.
Pope, Boston.

No. 309. Pacer, Messenger breed, 7 years old, owned by John
Clark, Framingham.

No. 310, Billy, Morgan breed, 8 years old, owned by James
Dennie, Jr., Boston.

No. 311. Mahomet, Abdallah breed, 7 years old, weight 1167
pounds, 16 hands, owned by S. Gr. Reed, Boston.

No. 312. 7 years old, owned by J. F. Richardson, Jamaica
Plains.

No. 313. Black Hawk, 8 years old, owned by Gr. H. Abrahams,
Chelsea,

No. 314, Lady Kate, Comet breed, 6 years old, 16 hands 3 in.,
owned by Jacob S. Williamson, Clover Hill, N. J,

No. 315, Messenger and English, 4 years old, weight 850 pounds,
owned by Amasa Pray, Dorchester,

No. 316, Peacock, English breed, imported, 11 years old, weight
1025 pounds, owned by Jesse H. Smith, Grafton.

No. 317. John Lloyd, English breed, 5 years old, owned by Jas.
W. Ebbett, Grafton,

No. 318. Sleepy Kate, 5 years old, weight 950 pounds, 15|
hands, owned by Jos. J. Fuller, Danvers,

No. 319. Nelly Bligh, Morgan breed, 7 years old, weight 900
pounds, owned by Jos. A. Rogers, East Boston.

No. 320. Kitty Clover, 10 years old, owned by J. H. Heu-
shaw.

No. 321. Bay Jack, Morgan breed, 7 years old, weight 1040
pounds, owned by Henry Stetson, Pawtucket,

No, 322, Star Gazer, 7 years old, weight 1040 pounds, owned by
Eben Flagg, Worcester.

No. 323. Morgan, 7 years old, weight 900 pounds, owned by
Geo. M. Walker, Newtonville, Cafaada.

No. 324. Tiger, 8 years old, oxfmd by David S. Benjamin, Lex-
ington,

No. 325. Nelly, Messenger breed, 6 years old, owned by D. H,
Blaney, East Boston,

No, 32G. Peacock, Messenger breed, 6 years old, owned by Jas.
L. Grreen, Norwich, Conn.

No, 327. 7 years old, owned by Kobert Cunningbam, Dorchester.

No. 328. French and English breed, 4 years old, owned by Am-
asa Clapp, Dorchester,

No. 329. Troubadour, 5 years old, owned by William Barnard,
Franklin, N. C.

No. 330. Morgan, 6 years old, weight 950 pounds, 15^ hands,
owned by James Murphy, Boston.

No. 331. Messenger, 7 years old, weight 1000 pounds, 15|
nands, owned by D, H. Bacon, Natick, Mass,

No, 332. 11 years old, weight 1000 pounds, IG hands, owned by
B. S, Buckley, Fairhaven, Mass.

No. 333. Mike, 6 years old, weight 950 pounds, 15| hands, own.
ed by B. S. Buckley, Fairhaven,* Mass.

No. 334. Gipsey, Roadster, St. Lawrence breed, 7 years old,
weight 925 pounds, 15 hands, owned by H. K. White, Boston.

No. 335. Grey John, Messenger breed, 7 years old, weight 950
pounds, 15 hands, owned by Webster & Bartlett, East Boston.

No. 336. Morgan, 6 years old, weight 1050 pounds, 15 hands,
owned by David Nelson, Holliston,

No. 337. Fox, Drew breed, 7 years old, weight 950 pounds, 15
hands, owned by Jas. E. Simmons, Exeter, Me.

No. 338, Tib, Morgan breed, 9 years old, weight 870 pounds, 14
hands, owned by T. G. Whytal, West Roxbury.

No. 339. Norman, Half breed, 5 years old, weight 1009 pounds,
17 hands, owned by John Sweeney, Boston.

No. 340. Young Ethan, Roadster, Ethan Allen and Hamiltonian
breed, 17 months old, weight 650 pounds, owned by C. M, Vinson,
Jamaica Plain,

No. 341. Nig, French and Morgan breed, 7 years old, weight
800 pounds, owned by W, W, Bartlett, Woburn,

No, 342. Lady Cass, Carson and Morning breed, 8 years old,
owned by Stephen Thomas, West Farley, Vt,

No. 343. Owned by Dr. Peabody, Worcester.

No. 344. Messenger, 8 years old, owned by N. A. FarwelL

No, 345. Wild Prairie, 6 years old, weight 1125 pounds, owned
bj Benjamin Pease, Wareham, Conn.

No. 346. 8 years old, owned by John Leet, Kosbury.

No. 347. Robert, Morgan BuUrush, breed, 6 years old, weight
1130 pounds, 14 hands, owned by W. A. Humphrey, Brookline,
Mass.

No. 348. Mark, Messenger breed, 6 years old, weight 1109
pounds, owned by Levi Bliss, Boston.

No. 349. Fanny, Morgan breed, 5 years old, weight 800 pounds,
owned by Harvey Rogers, Chelsea.

No. 350. Go Ahead, Morgan breed, 6 years old, weight 900
pounds, 15^ hands, owned by Gr. A. B. Shaw, Salisbury.

No. 351. Black Hawk, 8 years old, owned by E. A. Hammond,
Boston.

No. 352. Mare, Black Hawk breed, owned by H. N. Clarke,
Canada.

No. 353. Morgan, 8 years old, weight 1250 pounds, owned by S.
P. Irwin, Southbridge.

No. 354. Black Hawk Belle, 7 years old, owned by David Ellis,
Cambridge.

No. 355. Morgan Bellfounder, 7 years old, owned by J Hap-
good, Shrewsbury, Mass.

No. 356. Morgan, 6 years old, owned by William Elwell, Gar-
diner, Me.

No. 357. Morgan, 6 years old, owned by J. G. Adams, East
Cambridge.

No. 358. Tippo, 6 years old, owned by H. Blakesly, East Cam-
bridge.

No. 359. Apollo, 7 years old, owned by City of Boston.

No. 360. Morgan and Messenger breed, 7 years old, owned by
R. Shurtleff, Bellows Falls.

No. 361. Young Mack, Messenger breed, 6 years old, owned by
Weston Merritt, Boston.

No. 362. Dan, Morgan and English breed, 6 years old, weight
1180 pounds, owned by R. M. Abbe, Enfield, Conn.

No. 363. Lucy Long, Morgan breed, 5 years old, owned by Dr.
Peabody, Palmer.

No. 364. Ben Franklin, 6 years old, owned by D. P. Matthews,^
East Boston.

No. 365. Montepool, Highlander breed, 5 jears old, owned hj
Wm. A. Forbes, Gt. Barrington.

No. 366. Messenger, 6 years old, owned by Stepben White,
North Cambridge.

No. 367. Mayflower, Morgan breed, 4 years old, weight 950
pounds, owned by Jno. Kobie, Ware, N. H.

No. 368. Morgan, 5 years old, owned by Darling & BuflFum,
Eockingham, Vt.

No. 3G9. Black Hawk, 8 years old, owned by E. Moulton
Boston.

No. 370. James F. Clarke, Boston.

No. 371. Stranger, Morgan breed, 5 years old, weight 800
pounds, owned by H. Billings, Cumberland, Me.

No. 372. Kitty Clyde, St. Lawrence breed, 8 years old, owned by
A. D. Briggs, Springfield.

No. 373. Julia Dean, Abdallah breed, 7 years old, owned by A.
D. Briggs, Springfield.

No. 374. Patriot, Patriot breed, 3 years old, owned by Austin
Lord, Ashtabula, Ohio.

No. 375. Lady Macbeth, Morgan breed, 8 years old, weight 900
pounds, owned by S. Gr. Bean, N, Andover.

No. 376. 9 years old, weight 1150 pounds, owned by N. Y. Brit-
nall, Boston.

No. 377. Black Harriet, 7 years old, owned by Wra. H. Pvhodes,
Providence.

No. 378. Fanny, Morgan breed, 7 years old, weight 1050 pounds,
owned by C. M. A. Twichell, East Boston.

No. 379. Lizzie, 6 years old, weight 1000 pounds, owned by J,
M. Barnes, Boston.

No. 380. Lilly, Messenger breed, 7 years old, weight 900 pounds,
owned by J. Hanford, East Boston.

No. 381. Black Hawk, owned by Edward Wyman, Boxbury.

No. 382. 10 years old, weight 1000 pounds, owned by L. A.
Bigelow, Boston.

No. 383. Owned by Ruel Howard, Waterville, Me.

No. 384. Flying Morgan, Gelding, Morgan and English breed, 5
years old, weight 900 pounds, 14i hands, owned by Sewall Blood,
Waltham, Mass.

No. 385. Tom, 9 years old, owned by B. A. Smith, Boston.

DRAFT HORSES.

No. 386. Pair Dark Grey, 6 years old, weight 1340 and 1400
pounds, owned by Russell, Harrington & Co., Boston.

No. 387. Pair White, 8 years old, weight 1330 and 1260
pounds, ovyned by Russell, Harrington & Co., Boston.

No. 388. Pair Bay, 9 and 10 years old, weight 1200 and
1175 pounds, owned by Russell, Harrington & Co., Boston.

No. 389. Pair, owned by Russell, Harrington & Co., Boston.

No. 390. Pair, owned by Russell, Harrington & Co., Boston.

Nx). 391. Owned by Page & Noyes, Boston.

No. 391. 6 years old, weight 1090 pounds, 16 hands, owned by
Alexander Dickinson, Cambridge.

No. 393. Quebec, Morgan breed, 8 years old, owned by Adams
& Co., Boston.

No. 394. Dick, 9 years old, weight 1370 pounds, 17 hands,
owned by Terence F. McHugh, Boston.

No. 395. Diligence, Stallion, French breed, 5 years old, owned
by Edward Harris, Norristown, N. J.

No. 396. 7 years old, weight 1250 pounds, owned by Moses Em-
erson, Boston.

No. 397. 8 years old, owned by East Boston Sugar Refinery, E.
Boston.

No. 398. 8 years old, owned by East Boston Sugar Refinery, E.
Boston.

No. 399. Owned by F. S. Carruth & Co., Boston.

No. 400. Pair, owned by Robert Cowdin, Boston.

No. 401, Pair, owned by Robert Cowdin, Boston.

No. 402. 9 years old, weight 1400 pounds, 17 hands, owned by
Caleb Thurston, Boston.

No. 403. Frank, 8 years old, weight 1100 pounds, owned by M.
W. Goodell & Co., Boston.

No. 404. Aleck, English breed, 7 years old, owned by Hubbard
Pierce, Boston.

No. 405. Coburg Champion, English breed, 8 years old, weight
1700 pounds, 17 hands, owned by James M. Thompson, Springfield.

No. 406. Pair, 8 years old, weight 1300 pounds, owned by M,
L. Kirtland, Vernon, N- Y.

100

TROTTINa HORSES.

No. 407. Owned by W. S. Blackington, Nortli Adams.

No. 408. Eastern Colt, 6 years old, weight 950 pounds, owned
by Ephraim Hayes, Boston.

No. 409, Patapsco, owned by B. S. Buckley, Fairhaven.

No. 410. Chicago Jack, owned by William T. Hanchett, Natick.

No. 411. Grey Eagle, 7 years old, weight 1050 pounds, 16^
hands, owned by "Wm. Rand, Weston.

No. 412. Owned by Barnard Howe, North Brookfield.

No. 413. Genesee, 6 years old, owned by Anson Livingston, New
York.

No. 414. Owned by George Wood, Bangor, Me.

No. 415. Young America, 6 years old, owned by Henry T. Sis-
sons, Providence.

No. 416. Lady Litchfield, 9 years old, weight 900 pounds, 15^
hands, owned by Daniel Mace.

No. 417. Y'ankee, 6 years old, owned by A. Farrar, Bucksfield,
Maine.

No. 418. Owned by N. Norton, Farmington, Me.

No. 419. Tom Hyer, Stallion, Morgan breed, 5 years old, weight
1000 pounds, 15i hands, owned by Jona J. Bowen, Bethel, Vt.

No. 420. Guiding Star, Duroc breed, 8 years old, weight 1000
pounds, owned by Leander Curtis, East Abington.

No. 421. Jenny Lind, 8 years old, owned by Charles Keener,
Dorchester.

No. 422. Eastern Maid, 7 years old, weight 870 pounds, 14J
hands, owned by S. N. Thompson, Roxbury.

No. 423. Invincible, Morgan and Messenger breed, 5 years old,
weight 900 pounds, owned by C. A. Marston, Mt. Vernon, Me.

No. 424. Magnolia, 7 years old, owned by W. W. Springsteed,
Albany.

No. 425. Ned, Pony, 7 years old, owned by D. H. Staunton,
Albany.

No. 426. Lexington, Morgan breed, 6 years old, owned by Dan-
iel S. Benjamin, Lexington.

No. 427. Medley, Messenger breed, 8 years old, weight 900
pounds, 15| hands, owned by S. B. Lawton, Roxbury.

No. 428. 7 years old, weight 900 pounds, 15 hands, owned by J.
Smith, New Bedford.

101

No. 429. Jerry, Eaton breed. 5 years old, 16 hands, owned by
George Stearns, Bangor, Me.

No. 430. Rockland, Morgan breed, 6 years old, -weight 900
pounds, 15 hands, owned by W. G. Berry, Rockland, Me.

No. 431. Morgan, 7 years old, owned by John Banfill, Bradford,
Vermont.

No. 432, Lady Lawrence, owned by Jackson Nichols, Flushing,
Long Island.

No. 433. Fanny Sherman, 9 years old, weight, 7G5 pounds, own-
ed by J. F. Sherman, East Wareham.

No. 434. White Mountain Morgan, 7 years old, weight 1000
pounds, owned by Robbins & Co., Boston.

No. 435. Young Ripton, 8 years old, weight 1000 pounds, 15J
hands, owned by Wm. Barnard, Boston.

No. 436. Vermont Boy, Hamilton breed, 5 years old, weight
1000 pounds, owned by E. H. & F. Gilman, Montpelier, Vt.

No. 437. 6 years old, weight 1025 pounds, owned by F. Perley,
Danvers.

No. 438. Kate Miller, owned by Daniel Mace.

No. 439. Columbus, Stallion, 24 years old, owned by Walter
Smith, Vt.

No. 440, Stockbridge Chief, Stallion, 8 years old, weight 1150
pounds, owned by P, W. Bishop, Chatham Four Corners, N, Y,

No, 441, Harlow, Stallion, Morgan breed, 5 years old, owned by
L, D. Howe, Brandon.

•No. 442. Sherman, Black Hawk breed, 10 years old, owned by
Samuel Nash and Dura Warren.

No, 443. White Mountain, Morgan and Messenger breed, 3 years
old, weight 900 pounds, 14^ hands, owned by S. N. Edgerley, Man-
chester.

CLASS III. SHEEP.
LONG-WOOLED,

No, 1.' Buck, 1 year old, owned by Elihu Norton, Chelsea, Vei--
mont.

No, 2. Buck, 1 year old, owned by Elihu Norton, Chelsea, Ver-
mont.

102

No. 3. Buck, 4 years old, owned by Henry D. Pierce, Hillsbo-
rough, N. H.

No. 4. Buck, 3 years old, owned by Henry D. Pierce, Hillsbo-
rough, N. H.

No. 5. Buck, 18 months old, owned by Henry D. Pierce, Hills-
borough, N. H.

No. 6, 5 Ewes, 4 years old, owned by Henry D. Pierce, Hillsbo-
rough, N. H.

No. 7. 5 Lambs, 6 months old, owned by Henry D. Pierce,
Hillsborough, N. H.

No. 8. Buck Hector, New Oxfordshire breed, 2 years old, weight
290 pounds, owned by J. T. Andrew, West Cornwall, Conn.

No. 9. 3 Sheep, New Oxfordshire breed, 2 years old, weight 290
pounds, owned by J. T. Andrew, West Cornwall, Conn.

No. 10. Buck, 2 years old, owned by D. B. Haight, Dover
Plains, N. Y.

No, 11. Buck, 1 year old, owned by D. B. Haight, Dover
Plains, N. Y.

No. 12. Buck, 1 year old, owned by D. B. Haight, Dover Plains,
N. 1".

MIDDLE-WOOLED.

No. 13. Buck, 2 years old, owned by Richard S. Fay, Lynn.

No. 14. Buck, 1 year old, owned by Bichard S. Fay, Lynn.

No. 15. 5 Ewes, 2 years old, owned by Bichard S. Fay, Lynn.

No. 16. 5 Ewes, 2 years old, owned by Bichard S. Fay, Lynn.

No. 17. 5 Ewes, 2 years old, owned by C. Howland, Albany.

No. 18. Buck, 4 years old, owned by Henry D. Pierce, Hills-
borough, N. H.

No. 19. Buck, Southdown breed, 1 year old, owned by George
Hartshorne, Bahway, N. J.

No. 20. Buck, Southdown breed, 4 years old, owned by L. G.
Morris, New York.

No. 21. Buck, Young Y^'ork, 1| years old, owned by L. G. Mor-
ris, N. Y.

No. 22. 6 Ewes, Southdown breed, over 2 years old, owned by
L. G. Morris, New York.

No. 23. 6 Ewes, Southdown breed, 1 year old, owned by L. G.
Morris, New York.

No. 24. Buck, Southdown breed, 8 years old, owned by D. B.
Haight, Dover Plains, N. Y".

10^

No. 25. Buck, Southdown breed, 1 year old, owned by J). B.
Haigbt, Dover Plains, N. Y.

No. 26. 5 Ewes, Sonthdown breed, 2 years old, owned by D. B.
Haigbt, Dover Plains, N, Y.

No. 27. 5 Ewes, Southdown breed, 1 year old, owned by D. B.
Ilaight, Dover Plains, N. Y.

VARIOUS BREEDS.

No. 28. Bakewell breed, owned by B. II. Lawtoa, Wickford,
R. L

No. 29. Buck, Cotswold and Leicester breed, 1 year old, owned
by George Fox, N. Ipswich, N. H.

No. 30. Buck, Southdown breed, 2 years old, owned by A. S-
Lewis, Framingham.

No. 31. Buck, Southdown breed, 1 year old, owned by A. S.
Lewis, Framingham.

No. 32. 3 Ewes, Southdown breed, owned by A. S. Lewis, Fra-
mingham.

No. 33. 6 Ewes, Leicester breed, 1 year old, owned by Hunger-
ford, Brodie & Converse, Ellisburgh, Jefferson Co., N. Y.

No. 34. Buck, Leicester breed, 2 years old, owned by Hunger-
ford, Brodie & Converse.

No. 35. Buck, Leicester breed, 3 years old, owned by Hunger-
ford, Brodie & Converse,

No. 36. Buck, 2 years old, owned by Albert Kelly, Auburn,
Mass.

No. 37. 5 Ewes, 2 years old, owned by Albert Kelly, Auburn,
Mass. •

No, 38. Buck, Cotswold breed, 2 years old, owned by John
Giles, So. Woodstock, Conn.

No. 39. Buck, Leicester breed, 2 years old, owned by John
Giles, S. Woodstock.

SILESIAN MERINOS.

No. 40. Buck, 2 years old, owned by Chamberlain & Campbell,
Red Hook, N. Y.

No. 41. Buck, 1 year old, owned by Chamberlain & Campbell,
Red Hook, N. Y.

No. 42. 5 Ewes, 2 years old, owned by Chamberlain & Campbell,
Red Hook, N. Y,

104

No. 43. 5 Ewes, under 2 years, owned by Chamberlain & Camp-
bell, Red Hook, N. Y.

No. 44. Buck, 2 years old, owned by George Campbell, West-
minster, Vt.

No. 45. Buck, 1 year old, owned by George Campbell, West-
minster, Vt.

No. 46, 5 Ewes, owned by George Campbell, Westminster, Vt.

No. 47. 5 Ewes, under 1 year, owned by Geroge Campbell, West-
minster, Vt.

FEENCH MERINOS.

No. 48. Buck, 2 years old, owned by Chamberlain & Campbell,
Red Hook, N. Y.

No. 49. Buck, under 2 years, owned by Chamberlain & Camp-
bell, Red Hook, N. Y,

No. 50. Ewes, 2 years old, owned by Chamberlain & Campbell,
Red Hook, N. Y.

No. 51. Ewes, under 2 years, owned by Chamberlain & Camp-
bell, Red Hook, N. Y.

No. 52. Buck, 2 years old, owned by Kimball & Chamberlain,
Rutland, Vt.

No. 53. Buck, 1 year old, owned by Kimball & Chamberlain,
Rutland, Vt.

No. 54. Pair of Ewes, 2 years old, owned by Kimball & Cham-
berlain, Rutland, Vt.

No. 55. Pair of Ewes, 1 year old, owned by Kimball & Cham-
berlain, Rutland, Vt.

SPANISH MERINOS.

No. 56. Buck, 2 years old, owned by W. R, Sanford, Orwell,
Vt.

No. 57. 5 Ewes, 1 year old, owned by W. R. Sanford, Orwell,
Vt.

No. 58. Buck, 2 years old, owned by W. R. Sanford, Orwell, Vt.

No. 59. Buck, 1 year old, owned by W. R. Sanford, Orwell, Vt.

No. 60. Buck, 2 years old owned by J. N. Blakeslee, Watertown,
N. Y.

No. Gl. 5 Ewes, owned by J. N. Blakeslee, Watertown, N. Y.

No. 62. 5 Ewes, 1 year old, owned by J. N. Blakeslee, Water-
town, N. Y.

105

No. 63. Buck, 2 years old, owned by George Campbell, "West-
minster, Vt.

No. 64. Buck, under 2 years, owned by George Campbell, "West-
minster, "Vt.

MIXED MERINOS.

No. 65. Buck, 2 years old, owned by George Campbell, "West-
moreland, Vt.

No. 66. Buck, under 2 years, owned by George Campbell, "West-
moreland, "V^t.

No. 67. 5 Ewes, 2 years old, owned by George Campbell, West-
moreland, Vt.

GOATS.

No. 68. He-goat, South American breed, owned by J. I. Cald-
well.

No. 69. She-goat, Asiatic breed, owned by J. I. Caldwell.

CLASS IV. SWINE.
SUFFOLK BREED.

No. 1. Boar, owned by B. V. French, Braintree, Mass.

No. 2. Sow, owned by B. V. French, Braintree.

No. 3. Sow, owned by James Miller, Somerville.

No. 4. Sow and 5 pigs, and Native, 2| years old, owned by
Charles R. Damon, Cochituate.

No. 5. Boar, 1 year old, owned by Joseph Batchelder, Roxbury.

No. 6. Boar, improved, 3 years old, owned by Josiah & Isaac
Stickney, Boston.

No. 7. Sow, 2 years old, owned by Josiah & I. Stickney, Boston.

No. 8. Sow, 3 years old, owned by Josiah & I. Stickney, Boston.

No. 9. Boar, 1 year old, owned by G. "W. Wilson, Maiden.

No. 10. Boar, owned by Nathan Bobbins, "West Cambridge.

106

No. 11. Boar, 1 year old, owned by Joseph Kittredge, North
Andover.

No. 12. Sow, 2 years old, owned by Joseph Kittredge, North
Andover.

No. 13. Boar, 2| years old, weight 455 pounds, imported, owned
by B. V. French, Braintree.

No. 14. Sow, 2| years old, weight 288 pounds, imported, owned
by B. V. French, Braintree.

No. 15. Boar, 16 months old, owned by Abner Haven, Framing-
ham.

No. 16. Sow, 15 months old, owned by A. Haven, Framingham.

No. 17. Boar, 1 year old, owned by James A. Stearns, Manches-
ter, N. H.

No. 18. Boar, Borneo, 18 months old, owned by G. W. Hil-
dreth, Greenfield.

No. 19. Boar, 4 years old, owned by Lonsdale Company, Smith-
field, R. I.

No. 20. Boar, 2 years old, owned by Davis & Flint, Boston.

No. 21. Sow, 4 years old, owned by Davis & Flint, Boston.

No. 22. Boar, 2 years old, owned by M. C. Hayle, South Ded-
ham.

No. 23. Sow, 2| years old, owned by L. B. Morse, Boston.

No. 24. 2 Sows, 4^ months old, owned by G. F. Darling, West
Needham.

No. 25. 4 Boars, 4 months old, owned by G. F. Darling, "West
Needham,

No. 26. Sow and Pigs, Suflfolk and Mackay breed, owned by

Joshua A. Sawyer, Boston.

ESSEX SWINE.

No. 27. Sow and pigs, owned by Charles B. Clarke, Concord.

No. 28. Boar, owned by B. V. French, Braintree.

No. 29. Boar, 2 years old, imported, owned by C. A. Stetson,
N. Y.

No. 30. Sow, IJ years old, owned by B. V. French, Brain-
tree.

No. 31. Boar, 1 year old, owned by C. B, Clarke, Concord.

No. 32. Sow, 1 year old, owned by C. B. Clarke, Concord.

No. 33. Sow, 2 years old, owned by C. B. Clarke, Concord.

No. 34. Sow, 2 years old, owned by C. B. Clarke, Concord.

107

No. 35, Boar, 1 year old, owned by Wm. A. Harris, Newton.

No. 36. Sow, 2 years old, owned by Wm. A. Harris, Newton.

No. 37. Boar, 4 years old, owned by L. G. Morris, New York.

No. 38. Boar, 1 year old, owned by L. G. Morris, New York.

No. 39. Sow, 2 years old, owned by L. G. Morris, New York.

No. 40. Sow, 1 year old, owned by L. G. Morris, New York.

No. 41. Sow, owned by George Bacon, Brookline.

OTHER BREEDS.

No. 42. Hog, owned by J. L. Dimick, Boston.

No. 43. Sow, mixed breed, owned by Joshua Sawyer, Bolton.

No. 44. Sow, 2 years old. owned by Charles R. Daman, Cochit-
uate.

No. 45. Sow, 2 years old, owned by Joseph Tuttle, Dorchester.

No. 46. Sow, 15 months old, owned by Joseph Tuttle, Dorchester.

No. 47. Boar, Yorkshire breed, 2 years old, owned by Hunger-
ford, Brodie & Converse, Ellisburg, N. Y.

No 48. Sow, Mixed breed, 2| years old, owned by James A.
Stearns, Manchester, N. H.

No. 49. Sir Robert, Boar, Berkshire breed, 4 years old, owned
by L. G. Morris, N. Y.

No. 50. Master Burke, Boar, Berkshire breed, 4 years old,
owned by L. G. Morris, N. Y.

No. 51. Boar, Berkshire breed, 1 year old, owned by L. G.
Morris, N. Y.

No. 52. Sow, Berkshire breed, 1 year old, owned by L. G. Morris,
N. Y.

No. 53. Sow, Berkshire breed, 1 year old, owned by L. G. Mor-
ris, N. Y.

PIGS.

No. 54. 8 owned by Joshua Sawyer, Bolton.

No. 55. 6 Suffolk breed, 5 weeks old, owned by Isaac Stickney,
Boston.

No. 56. 8 Suffolk breed, 4 months old, owned by Isaac Stickney,
Boston.

No. 57. 12 J Suffolk J- Mackay breed, owned by Wm. S. Ward,
Watertown.

No. 58. 8 Suffolk breed, 6 months old, owned by Davis & Flint,
Boston.

108

No. 59. 1-2 Suffolk, 1-2 Mackay breed, owned by Nathan Bob-
bins, West Cambridge.

No. 60. 7 Suffolk breed, 10 weeks old, owned by Abner Haven,
Framingbam.

No. 61. 2 mixed breed, 5 months old, owned by James A.
Stearns, Manchester, N. H.

No. 62. 7 Essex breed, 3 months old, owned by C B. Clarke,
Concord.

No. 63. 9 Suffolk breed, 13 1-2 weeks old, owned by G. W. Hil-
dreth, Greenfield.

No. 64. 8 Suffolk breed, owned by M. C. Hoyle, S. Dedham.

The grounds selected for the show were located on Harrison
Avenue, between Brookline and Chester streets, and contained
about thirty acres:

The first object that attracted the attention of the passer
by, was a fine gateway, of imposing appearance, designed by-
John R. Hall, architect to the society. Two noble towers,
each forty feet in height, supported a splendid arch, that span-
ned the whole width of the street. These towers contained
the treasurer's office, with twelve windows upon the avenue
front for the sale of tickets. Upon their summits were dis-
played the American ensigns. To one entering the field, was
presented the novel and excellent feature of a vast area,
graded to a perfect level. It was clothed in a most May-
like mantle of green — the oats, wliich were sowed on the land
about a month previous, being well up. This served not
only an ornamental purpose, but a very useful one, in keeping
down the dust that the myriads of feet and hoofs would other-
wise have created.

Nearly in the centre of the field appeared a fine track for the
trial of horses, describing, in its elliptical circuit, an exact half
mile. INIidway on ^' the home stretch," a pagoda-like tower, of
beautiful proportions, rose to the height of seventy feet ; and
above it floated the American flag, thirty feet in length by

109

twenty feet in wicltli. The first story of the tower was design-
ed as a gathering ground for the officers of the society, marshals
and invited guests ; the second story accommodated the judges ;
and the third answered as a good lookout for those privileged
to enter it.

On the west side of the track, seats for six thousand spec-
tators were erected, in the most secure manner, capable of sus-
taining ten times the pressure to which they were subjected.
These seats were constantly crowded with occupants, and, thus
filled, formed by no means the least attractive feature of the
show.

In the centre of the grounds was spread a mammoth tent,
capable of seating three thousand persons at the grand agricul-
tural banquet, held on the afternoon of Friday, 26th. To
the north of this, a little in advance, was the President's tent,
where the guests of the society were received and introduced
to its presiding officer.

Still further north was placed another beautiful tent for a
Ladies' Saloon, where ices and other refreshments might be
obtained. Connected with this saloon was a Withdrawing
Room, where, with the assistance of an officiating maid,
bonnets, and collars, and curls could be becomingly adjusted,
if disarranged amid the throng.

For the greater convenience of the repor|ers for the press,
a tent was specially set apart for their use, and every facility
afforded them, to obtain and transmit information. A com-
mittee of reception, from the Boston press, received their
brethren from abroad, on the field, and spared no pains to
further the purposes of their coming.

At the southeastern extremity of the field, preparations on
a grand scale were made to feed the congregated hungry
thousands, so that, in search of the staff of life and its usual
concomitants, no person had occasion to leave the grounds.

The Society's Committee Rooms were established in the
handsome wooden building on the northeast corner. Here
were arranged tables with stationery and other conveniences

110

for every Committee ; and here the judges and the guests
of the Society partook of the noon-tide meal.

More than three thousand feet of stalls were prepared, and
covered with a canvas roof, with festooned curtains in front.
Additional accommodations were arranged for sheep and swine
at the north end ; and for neat stock at the opposite extrem-
ity. At these points, several ranges of tents, about one
hundred feet long by twenty feet wide, were stretched, afford-
ing adequate protection from sun and cold to the animals, and
presenting a picturesque appearance to the observer.

The field-management of the Exhibition was entrusted to
Major General Tylek, Cliief Marshal, with twenty-four assist-
ants ; who appeared in an appropriate and becoming imiform.
In addition, a force of one hundred and fifty police-men,
under the immediate direction of the chief, and assistant
cliief, was constantly on duty. The manner in which their
difficult and delicate duties were performed by the marshals,
and by the police under their direction, may be inferred from
the fact, that, during the five days' continuance of the Exhibi-
tion, not a single breach of the peace occurred witliin the
limits of the enclosure, nor a single serious accident ; although,
at times, more than fifty thousand excited people were there
congregated.

One of the large Platform Scales, for weighing cattle and
other stock on exhibition, was, by permission of the Executive,
set up on the grounds by the Messrs. Fairbanks, of Vermont.
It was built in the most thorough manner, with iron levers
and steel bearings, and so constructed as to combine extreme
nicety of operation with great strength and durability. It
was of a size suitable for weighing stock, or loaded wagons,
and could easily be placed in the farmer's yard, or barn floor.
By using such a scale, the farmer could readily, and without
expense, ascertain the weight of all produce designed for the
market, or for feeding ; and, by weighing his stock at inter-
vals, he might satisfy liimself as to the relative utility of dif-
ferent modes of feeding. In various other ways, which will
at once occur to the intelligent farmer, such a scale might be

Ill

made serviceable ; and we are glad tlie use of tlieni is be-
coming more common.

The Messrs. Fairbanks manufacture farmer's scales of two
tons to ten tons' capacity, and varying in price from ^100 to
^200. Their long experience and ample facilities enable
them to furnish a good article at a reasonable price.

PROGRAMME

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 23d.— FIRST DAY.

At 10 o'clock, A. M. Grand Cavalcade of all the horses
on Exhibition.

At 1 1 o'clock, a. M. Examination in the Cattle Rings,
at the south end of the field, of Durham Bulls, Cows, etc.

Also. Exhibition of Stallions, Mares, etc., (Roadsters,)
"with trials of Speed against time on the track.

At 12 o'clock, M. Examination of Grade, Native and
Milch Cows, in the Rings.

Also. Exhibition of Breeding Mares, EilHes, etc., (No.
17,) on the track.

At 2 o'clock, P. M. Examination of Ayrshire and Here-
ford Bulls, Cows, etc., in the Rings.

Also. Exhibition of Ponies on the track.

At 3 o'clock, P. M. Grand Trial of Speed, open to all
horses that have never trotted for money. Exhibitors to
drive, and to be persons who have never driven for money.
Mile heats, in harness, best three in five.

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24Tn, SECOND DAY.

At 9 o'clock, A. M. Grand Cavalcade of all the Horses
on Exhibition,

At 10 o'clock, A. M. Examination of Devon Bulls, Cows,
etc., at the south end of the field.

Also. Exhibition of Stallions for General Use, 4 years
old and upwards ; with trials of theu* speed on the track.

112

At 12 o'clock, M. Examination of the Stock entered for the
Herd Premiums, in the Rings.

Also. Exhibition of Stallions for General Use, 3 years
old and under 4 ; with trials of speed on the track.

At 2 o'clock, P. M. Examination of Jersey Bulls, Cows,
etc., in the Eing.

Also. Exhibition of Thoroughbred Stallions and Mares,
with trials of speed on the track.

At 3 o'clock, P. INI. Grand trial of speed open to all
horses that have never trotted for money. Free to all drivers.

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 2oth.— THIRD DAY.

At 9 o'clock, A. M. Procession and Trial cf Draft Horses.

At 10 o'clock. Examination and Trial of Working Oxen.

At 11 o'clock. Examination of Fat Cattle and Steers, at
the south end of the field.

Also, Exhibition of Matched and Fancy Matched Horses.

At 2 o'clock, P. M., (and during the afternoon,) Exhibi-
tion of Family Horses, with trials of speed on the track.

FRmAY, OCTOBER 26til— FOURTH DAY.

At 10 o'clock, a. M. Grand Cavalcade of all the Horses
on Exhibition.

At 11 o'clock. Grand trial of speed, free for all trotting
horses and all drivers.

At 1 o'clock. Agricultural Banquet in the great tent ; at
the close of which the awards of Premiums will be declared.

The procession will form at 1 o'clock, precisely, in front
of the President's Marquee. Ladies, as well as gentlemen,
are expected to join in the festivities.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 27ra.— FIFTH AND LAST DAY.

At 10 o'clock, A. M. Trial of speed, open to all trotting
stallions six years old and over.

At 12 o'clock, M. ' Trial of speed open to all trotting stal-
lions, under six years of age.

At 2 o'clock, P. M. Auction Sale, by Samuel Hatch, of
Boston, of all Animals registered for that purpose.

f|)$iiiit|j fl! tlie fxliiiiitlflit

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 23d. PmST DAY.

At precisely 10 o'clock, the hour announced in th^^^pro-
gramme for the opening of the Exhibition, the bugle soi^ded
the call for the grand cavalcade ; and, ten minutes therefafter,
the chief marshal announced to^the President that the proces-
sion was formed, and ready to move.

The President then proclaimed as follows : —

Fellow Citizens : — I have the pleasure to announce that
the Third Annual Exhibition of the United States Agricultu-
ral Society is open, and will continue during the week. The
band will give the customary salute, and the cavalcade will
move on, to the music of the National Air.

The announcement was received by the spectators with
hearty cheers ; the national air was spiritedly performed by the
band, and the cavalcade, preceded by Gen. Tyler, with three
of his aids, moved on in the following order : — 1. Thorough-
bred Stallions and Mares. 2. Stallions and Mares, (Hoad-
sters.) 3. Stallions for general use. 4. Breeding Mares and
Fillies. 5. Matched and Fancy Matched Horses. 6. Ponies.
7. Family Horses. 8. Draft Horses. 9. Trotting Horses.

EXHIBITION OF STALLIONS, (ROADSTERS.)

At eleven o'clock, the Bugle sounded the call for the Stal-
lions (roadsters) to appear on the track, and exhibit their good
qualities and their speed. They were driven round the track
twice ; the first time slowly, the second at the top of their speed.

114

Mares "were exhibited at the same time, and appeared on
the track in goodly numbers.

On the second time round, some fine trotting was exhibit-
ed. The qmckest time made was 1:24, (distance 1-2 mile ;)
this was made by Black Hawk Chief. Others made the half-
mile in 1:25, 1:34, and 1:36.

The Exhibition of Breeding Mares followed. Many of
them had their colts with them, and the gambols of the little
fellows, as they moved round the track, gave much amusement
to the crowd of visitors.

THE SOCIETY'S DINNER.

At precisely one o'clock, a procession was formed at the
President's tent, consisting of the officers of the Society and
invited guests, and proceeded to the committee rooms, where
an excellent and substantial dinner was in waiting, provided
by Mr. John "Wright, caterer for the Society. This dinner
is a most excellent feature of the Society's arrangements —
one peculiar to itself, and one which evinces the liberality of
its managers. Between two and three hundred gentlemen
availed themselves of the Society's hospitality. The dining
hall was ornamented with several beautiful oil paintings of
cattle, landscape views, etc. After the dinner, the list of
committees was called, and, as far as possible, the vacancies
were filled.

THE EXHIBITION OF PONIES,

As set down in the Programme, took place at 2 o'clock.
TRIAL OF SPEED.

The following report was prepared by Anson Livingston,
Esq., of New York, Chairman of the Board of Judges.

On Tuesday, Oct. 23, 1855, a trial of speed for horses that
had never " trotted for money," to be driven by persons who
had never " driven for money," — first premium, $200, second,
$100. The entries were as follows : —

115

Vermont Boy, b. g. 5 years old, entered by E H. & F. Oilman, Montpelier.

Young Ripton, b. g. 8 " "

" Wm. Barnard, Boston.

Lexington, s. g. " "

" D. S. Benjamin, Lexington.

Chestnut gelding, " "

" John Smith, New Bedford.

Gray Eagle, g. g. " "

" Wm. Rand, Weston.

Yankee, b. g. G " "

" A. Farrar, Buckfield, ISIe.

Jenny Lind, bl. m. 8 " «

" Charles Keene, Dorchester.

Eastern ISIaid, b. m. 7 " "

" S. M. Thompson, Roxbury.

Livincible, b. g. 5 " "

« C. A. Marston.

Magnolia, ch. g. 7 " "

" W. W. Sprlngstead, Albany.

Medley Messenger, b. g. " "

" J. B. Lawton, Roxbury,

Jemmy Eaton, s. g. 5 " "

" George Stearns, Bangor.

Rockland Morgan, b. g. " "

W. G. Berry, Rockland, Me,

Lady Lawrence, ch. m. " "

" Jackson Nichols, Flushmg.

Fanny Sherman, 9 " "

« F. J. Sherman, E. Wareham.

White Mountain Morgan," "

" Robins & Coney, Boston.

Parley Roan Colt, r. g. " "

" F. Perley, Danvers.

Norton, br. m. " "

B. V. French.

Tom Hyer, b. g. " «

« John J. Bowers.

The track was in fine order, but from its having been meas-
ured from the centre, instead of three feet from the pole, two
rounds would fall short of a mile about 200 feet — the weather
was fine, and, after some deliberation, the unprecedented field
of competitors was arranged to start five abreast, in four rows,
from a standing start. After one false start, they got off, but,
as trotting horses are never started in this manner, some had
got nearly half way round the track before others had got
fairly settled to their work. The " John Smith " horse came
in ahead, in 2m. 45s. ; more than half the number were dis-
tanced, but, as it was impossible for the committee to decide
positively upon the distanced horses, it was determined to start
them five at a time — '' John Smith " came in ahead in the first
party of five, performing the mile in 2:42 — ^he was closely
followed by " "White Mountain Morgan ;" in the second five,
"Vermont Boy " was the leader in 2:40 ; '' Lexington " was
the victor of the third lot of five, in 2:40 1-2, " Young Rip-
ton " coming out in 2:42 ; " Grey Eagle " won in the fouith
lot in 2:51.

116

The committee now called up the five horses which had
made the best time, and after finding that such arrangement
would be agreeable to the drivers, started them for the final
decision of the matter, in mile heats, best two in thi-ee ; the
horses in this trial of speed were, " Vermont Boy," " Lexing-
ton," "John Smith," *' White Mountain Morgan," and
« Young Ripton."

" Vermont Boy " won in two straight heats performing the
first mile in 2:40, and the last in 2:36 ; "Lexington," ''John
Smith," and " Young Ripton," coming in second, third and
fourth. As, however, it was subsequently proved, by undoubt-
ed testimony, to the perfect satisfaction of the committee, that
" Lexington " and " John Smith " had " trotted for money,"
the second premium was awarded by them to " Young Rip-
ton," owned by Wm. Barnard.

Thus ended the most extraordinary contest of untried
horses, not only as to their numbers, but as to their speed,
which has ever taken place in this country. The contest last-
ed three hours. The committee had an arduous task, and,
although they are well aware, that it is impossible to satisfy
all parties, they trust that the premiums have been awarded to
those strictly most deserving of them.

This closed the exhibition for the day, and the crowd im-
mediately retired from the ground. Everything through the
day passed oiF in the most satisfactory manner. The attend-
ance for the first day was very large.

WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 24.— SECOND DAY.

The elements appeared to have entered into a combination
to see how uncomfortable and dreary a time they could make
for the second day of the great exhibition. The storm, which
commenced on Tuesday evening, continued almost uninter-
ruptedly through the night, and through the entire day, Wed-
nesday. The rain fell in torrents, and at times the wind blew
a gale. Under these circumstances, the entire programme as-
signed for Wednesday was posponed until Thursday. Dur-

117

ing the day there were no visitors on the ground except exhib-
itors and gentlemen serving on committees. A few more
adventurous committee men made their examinations ; but the
most of them posponed this duty until they could have more
favorable weather.

During the foernoon, Wednesday, the officers of the society
and the committees met in the committee rooms, where the
vacancies on the committees were filled.

At one o'clock, the officers and their guests, with the com-
mittees, dined together. After dinner, Mr. Wilder, the pres-
ident, briefly expressed his regrets at the unpropitious state
of the weather, which rendered it necessary to postpone the
programme for the day. But he urged all to keep up good
courage, and, said he, " we shall come out right yet. We are
here, and we mean to stay here and have a good time and fair
weather before we get through." This announcement was
received with much applause.

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 25th. THIRD DAY.

Fortune again favored the exhibition. The rain, which de-
scended on Wednesday, ceased in the evening, and during
the night the moon shone brightly. The sky, however, be-
came overcast again before morning, and at daybreak the in-
dications were about equal for rain and fair weather. The
wind, after a while, got round into the northwest, and blew a
smart gale, which was anything but comfortable to those who
were exposed to it. It however rolled away the clouds, and
before noon the sun was out bright and clear. The ground
was found to be in a much better condition than was expected
after the severe storm. The track was entirely clear of water,
and in a good condition for use.

The gates were opened at eight o'clock. For a half hour
previous to that time every omnibus running to the ground
was filled with people, and thousands could not be thus ac-
commodated, and were obliged to foot it. During the most
of the day the streets and the walks were completely filled

118

witli people, either going to or returning from the exhibition.
It reminded one of the crowd returning from the Common on
a Fourth of July night after the fireworks. This stream was
flowing on towards the grounds during the whole day, a fact
which will render more probable the statement that there
were on the ground during the day more than fifty thousand
persons. A very fair proportion of these were ladies, who
occupied the seats, and with their rich dresses and bright
shawls, presented a very pretty contrast with the black-coated
gentlemen who attended them. Everybody seemed to won-
der where the people came from in such numbers. It was
enough, however, that they were there.

CAVALCADE OF TRUCKMEN.

At ten o'clock, the truckmen came upon the track
over six hundred strong, and made a splendid appearance.
They were headed by Col. Peter Dunbar, as chief marshal.
Then came liis aids, six in number, all mounted on splendid
chargers. Then the Boston Brass Band, in a large wagon,
drawn by six splendid black horses. The truckmen followed
in sections, six deep. Those mounted on light grey horses
came first ; then the iron greys ; then the bays, and then the
blacks. By actual count, as they passed the Judges' stand,
they numbered six hundred mid seventeen, and we run no risk
in stating that a finer display of horses of that class was never
seen in this or any other city in the United States. The
riders were dressed in white frocks and black hats, and were
as fine, stalwart a set of men as one could wish to see. The
cavalcade passed round the track twice, and then retired.
Every body spoke of it in terms of the highest praise.

EXHIBITION OF WORKING OXEN.

At half past ten, the working oxen were driven over the
track. There were about twenty yokes of them. (These were
about one third of those on the ground) — and they were gen-
erally fine animals. There was no attempt to show their

119

" speed," though some acted as though they would like to
try how near they could come to 2:40.

EXHIBITION OF STALLIOXS.

At eleven o'clock, the stallions three years old and upward
were exhibited. This display was very fine.

Then came the exhibition of three years old and under.
Of these there was a great number — between thirty and forty.
A few more years will bring them before the public as com-
petitors for the honors of the turf. They give promise of
maintaining the fair fame of their predecessors. After this
class had passed over the track, an opportunity was given for
such as desired, to try their speed. There were a number of
smart trots in the following order : —

VOLUNTEER TRIALS OF SPEED.

The first contest was between the " Morrell " horse and
one of his colts. The young horse won it, doing his mile
in 2:48.

The next match was between "Stockbridge Chief," a
well known horse, and " Columbus," a horse twenty-four
years old. The well known speed of these horses created
much interest in the match. " Stockbridge Chief " was the
favorite, but he was beaten. *' Columbus " came in about a
length ahead, in 2:46.

American State and American Eagle tried next ; the latter
beat in 3:0T. Wild Deer and Tiger; Flying Morgan and
Morgan Rattler ; Boston Boy and Anglo-Saxon, and Lone
Star and Henry Clay, each had a " brush," in the order in
which we have named them. None of them, however, came
down lower than three minutes, which, in these days, is by
no means considered "fast." We therefore omit the details.

A NOVEL RACE.

While the stallions were on the track, a good deal of fun
was occasioned by the appearance of a monster Devon bull.

120

astride of which was an adventurous individual, who was urg-
ing the " lord of the pasture " forward at the top of his speed.
He bolted from the track without going the rounds. A very-
fair race might have been made between him and some of the
horses last named above.

THE SOCIETY'S DINNER.

At precisely one o'clock, dinner was served again at the
committee rooms. The tables were full. Among the guests
were His Honor the Mayor, Hon. John A. King, of New
York, and a large delegation from the Pennsylvania State
Society, several gentlemen from Canada and New Bruns-
wick, and others from distant parts of our own country. Sev-
eral ladies also graced the occasion with their presence. The
table was twice filled, and yet there was abundance for all.

EXHIBITION OF STOCK: IN THE RING.

During the forenoon, the committees on stock had their
examinations. The animals were led out by their keepers,
and their fair proportions shown to the judges and to the vis-
itors.

The exhibition of the Devons wdien in the ring, was a most
pleasing sight. Their plump appearance, rotund forms, deep
red color, and docile dispositions, were the theme of all.
The Committee said that, at no exhibition, had they been ex-
celled. The strong hold which this blood has in the affec-
tions of the farmers will, in no w^ay, be lessened by the
present exhibition.

The Durhams also attracted much attention. It was gen-
erally conceded that, for the barrel, this blood might be supe-
rior to the Devons, but doubts were expressed by some as to
its adaptation to the climate of New England. Many stock
breeders were present, viewing with great care those on
exhibition.

The Jerseys also received much attention from the dairy-
men. Some of the cows which, from their thinness, eUcited

121

invidious remai-ks from many city-bred gentlemen, were care-
fully examined by clear-headed and calculating farmers from
the country. There were some superior milch cows among
this blood. There were some fine Ayrshires i^resent, and
also Herefords.

Taken as a whole, the show of stock probably never has
been excelled in this country. It Avill do much towards im-
proving the stock in this section. The farmers have the
opportunity to judge of the qualities of the different bloods
by comparison, and, by this means, are enabled to form cor-
rect opinions.

AFTERNOON PROCEEDINGS.

TRUSTEE, LOGAN AND FASHION ON THE TRACK.

The first matter of interest after dinner was the exhibition
on the track of the famous blood horses " Trustee," " Logan,"
" Fashion," " Matchless " and •' Tricolor." The horses were
led out and stripped, and were paraded before the Judges'
stand. To say that they were admired greatly, is but a faint
expression of the pleasure which the vast concourse experi-
enced. It was the first, and probably the last, time that most
of them will ever see such a gathering of blood horses as were
here seen. " Fashion " was attended by her three fillies —
the youngest of which was a perfect picture of herself. It
was a very pretty family — one which any man might be proud
to own. To show " Logan " to all the people, liis owner put
a rider upon him, and galloped him round the track two or
tliree times. The crowd would have been glad to have seen
his rider " let him out," but he did not.

EXHIBITION OF BROOD MARES.

The next exhibition was of Brood Mares, twelve of which
appeared upon the course, some in harness and some to sad-
dle. The first time round was at a slow speed, a trial of mo-
tion ; the second heat, one of speed.

122

TRIAL OF SPEED.

Open to all horses that have never trotted for money, and
free to all drivers. Mile heats to harness, best three in five.
1st premium $200.
2d premium

REPORT OF JUDGES.

The following report was prepared by Lewis B. Brown,
Chairman of the Board of Judges.

Anson Livingston, of New York, entered black horse Gen-
esee, six years old, sired by Henry Clay, he by Andrew Jack-
son, who was the sire of the celebrated Long Island Black
Hawk. Genesee's dam was a Mambrino mare.

Henry Sisson, of Providence, entered grey gelding. Young
America, six years old.

Daniel Mace, of Boston, entered bay mare, Kate Miller,
seven years old.

Ephraim Hayes, of Boston, entered sorrel gelding. Eastern
Colt, six years old.

Leander Curtis, entered brown gelding. Guiding Star, eight
years old, of Duroc stock.

J. H. Stanton, entered brown gelding, Ned, seven years
old.

J. F. Sherman, of East Wareham, entered bay mare, Fanny
Sherman.

RE\TEW OF THE TRIAL OF SPEED.

Guiding Star had the pole, Kate Miller next. Eastern Colt
next. They went oflf with a good start, Kate ]\Iiller leading
and keeping the lead until the last turn. Genesee had evi-
dently, from his careless manner of travelling, been trailing,
when, at the turn, he pulled for the lead of his gallant com-
petitor, and, coming up the straight side, passed her inch by
inch, coming in nearly a length ahead, winning the heat in
2:38. Guiding Star and Fanny Sherman distanced.

Second Heat. — Kate Miller took the lead and kept it for

123

nearly the first half mile. Genesee then began his brush and
passed her, retaining Iris position during the remainder of the
heat, winning by almost one length in 2:35 1-2. Young
America was thu'd. The balance distanced.

Third Heat. — Kate Miller, Genesee, and Young America
were the only horses starting for this heat, the mare as usual
leading, Genesee trailing with his nose to the mare's wheel.
He did not make his brush until the last turn of the mile, and
evidently made it a trifle too late, and as they came' down the
stretch neck and neck, it was one of the most exciting bursts
of speed that has probably ever been exhibited by horses not
much trained to the track.

After a little consultation, it was decided that Kate Miller
had won the heat in 2:37 1-2, by a distance of less than the
length of her nose. An accident occurring to Young Amer-
ica, he withdrew ; leaving the fourth heat to be contested by
Genesee and Kate Miller.

Fourth Heat. — The horse losing the last heat, his driver
(Frederick Johnson,) concluded it was time to go to work,
and with a beautiful start away they went, the horse leading
the mare after a few yards, and she never lapped him in the
mile, he winning the heat with perfect ease in 2:40 ; beating
the mare some three or four seconds. Thus was added an-
other laurel to the old Messenger trotting stock, and another
proof that, for bottom, that stock is losing none of its justly
celebrated character.

The first premium was therefore declared to Genesee. The
second to Kate Miller.

SUMMAEY.

Mr. Livingston's black gelding, Genesee, 112 1
Mr. Mace's bay mare, Kate Miller, 2 2 12

Mr. Sisson's grey gelding. Young America, 3 3 3 withdrawn.

All others distanced.

Thus ended one of the most beautiful trials of speed, wit-
nessed by more people than perhaps were ever before congre-

124

gated together to see a trot, and it is with extreme satisfaction
that your committee report that dming the day the most per-
fect order was maintained, and that we neither saw or heard
of an improper or disorderly act. We think it our duty fur-
ther to state that, in our judgment, your several marshals de-
serve great credit for the calm, cool, and dignified manner in
which they performed their duties. Having undertaken the
responsible and delicate task of pleasing and maintaining order
in an assemblage of forty to sixty thousand people from all
parts of the Union, we take pleasure in offering our testimony
that in no instance did we perceive any one of the officers to
lose his temper. These facts are to us indisputable testi-
mony that gentlemen can meet together for the purpose of
pleasure and to improve the beast in his various uses without
reducing the character of themselves.

Had your committee been timely notified what horses were
entered for the premiums, we should have endeavored to trace
out (as we think should always be done) the various stocks of
the animals, and placed them before your readers. We be-
lieve much benefit can be done by your Society, both to the
farmer who raises stock for his livelihood, and for the gentle-
men of fortune who raises for pleasure, and both need the
information.

We cannot close this report without adding our testimony
to that of thousands who have done so before us, of the great
pleasure we have derived from attending this meeting, and of
the very general good management exhibited in every depart-
ment, and we ask of you to continue your good work. You
are doing the country great service, and if your Society con-
tinues to be conducted as it has been, and we believe it will
be, it must ere long become one of the most important in
the Union, an ornament to the country, and a great pleasure
to its officers.

Very truly yours,

LEWIS B. BROWN, Chairman.

New York, December 10, 1855.

125

FRIDAY, OCT. 26.— FOURTH DAY.

The bright sun and clear sky bespoke a pleasant day, and
early in the morning, the congregating thousands gave evi- •
dence that a large crowd would be in attendance to witness
the proceedings. Early in the morning the track was taken
possession of by those who desired to exhibit their horses,
and a most animating spectacle ensued. Some in light gigs
swept round the course like the wind ; others, in wagons and
carriages, equally desirous of distinguishing themselves and
their horses, got on with commendable speed. It was a lively
scene.

At nine o'clock, the working oxen were marshalled in line
opposite their quarters, for the benefit of the Committee.
This was a pleasing sight. Their stalwart forms, fiir propor-
tions, and honest countenances, were fine to behold. They,
as well as their drivers, seemed to feel a conscious pride in
thus being the cynosure of thousands.

While this was taking place, in the northern section of the
inclosure, matched carriage horses and stallions were coursing,
in curves and direct lines, showing off their motion, according
to the fancy of the various drivers. Much pleasure was af-
forded to the admu'ing crowd by these movements.

CAVALCADE.

At ten o'clock, a grand cavalcade came off upon the course.
This was a magnificent and imposing spectacle. First came
the marshals, in their grey uniforms, then the brood mares
and their colts, followed by the young stallions, led by their
grooms ; next came horses of all work, harnessed to carriages
of every description — gigs, sulkies, buggies, and chaises ;
then followed the matched horses, forty-eight in number, with
coaches and fine carriages, in which were seated gentlemen
and ladies ; after these came the trotters, followed by a splen-
did draft team, consisting of four large and noble bay horses,
attached to a large wagon. The whole number of horses was
two hundred and seventy-seven.

126

It is no easy task to portray the scene at this hour, as view-
ed from the upper balcony of the Judges' stand. The move-
ment of the cavalcade — completely filling the course in its
whole length — the immense crowd which lined the course
and filled the seats, variegated by the many-colored silks and
shawls of the ladies — the living tide of humanity pouring
in at the gates, and across Franklin square, where in the
sunlight the bright fountains glistened, the heavily laden trains
steaming across the railroads in sight, were bringing other
thousands to the scene — the waving banners — the white
tents — the long line of cattle still marshalled beside the track
— the spirit-stirring strains of " Yankee Doodle " swelling
up from the Brigade Band — and the bright sun shining upon
all, rendered it a scene of surpassing beauty — one long to be
remembered by the beholder.

DRAWING MATCH.

At eleven o'clock, there was a drawing match by the work-
ing oxen in the east section of the field, which was witnessed
by a large crowd. The oxen were attached to a cart loaded
with 6100 pounds weight, which they were required to draw
forward several rods, and also to back it to its original po-
sition. It was done by most of them with great ease. The
farmers especially took much interest in this part of the pro-
ceedings.

TRIAL OF SPEED BY MATCHED HORSES.

At half past eleven o'clock, there was a grand trial of speed
on the part of fancy matched horses.

TRIAL OF DRAFT HORSES.

At one o'clock, a trial of draft horses was had on the ground
east of the Pavilion. This was attractive, and afforded much
gratification to those who could not, from the press of the
crowd, obtain a good view of the trotting.

127

themselves, at the slightest word or whisper from those whose
commands they had been accustomed to obey, brought their
shoulders to the work, and accomplished their allotted task
with great ease. They exhibited great docility and careful
education, for it is in reality a course of education which pro-
duces such results as were exhibited.

THE BANQUET.

The great feature of the day, the Banquet, took place at
two o'clock, beneath the grand tent, erected in the centre of
the field. The procession was formed at the President's tent
a few moments before two, and marched to the tent, passing,
as they entered, beneath an arch inscribed, " Success to Ag-
riculture." The tables were spread for over two thousand
people, and every plate was occupied, and others who desired
to enter could not find room. The scene in the pavilion was
one of great beauty. On the south side, opposite the centre,
was the President's seat, and those for guests, elevated above
the others, and in the centre, extending the length of the
pavilion, ten other tables were stretched across the tent, which
were abundantly loaded with a repast provided by Mr. John
"Wright.

In the centre of the tables were gas fixtures of various
forms, to light when the shades of night should gather. In
rear of the President's chair the stars and stripes were grace-
fully gathered in folds, while high above, spread out in all
their amplitude, were the national fiags of England, France,
Belgium, Turkey, and other countries. When the company
had been seated, the spectacle was imposing and sublime.
The vast audience of ladies and gentlemen — their smiling,
happy countenances — the distinguished guests, renowned
in the pulpit, at the bar, in the halls of legislation, and in the
various walks of life — the respected President of the Soci-
ety, through whose exertions, more than any other person,
the Society received its existence, its continuance to the pres-
ent, and its success — and over all the flags of the great powers

128

of the earth, flooded by the golden rays of the declming sun —
the occasion itself, emblematic of the kingdom of peace which
is yet to dawn upon the earth, all combined to render it one
of the noblest spectacles ever beheld in the country.

The following named gentlemen were among the guests
and delegates present : —

Pennsylvania. — Philadcljjhia Society for the Promotion
of Agriculture — David Landreth, President ; Morton Mc-
Michael, Esq., Gen. Robert Patterson, Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn,
Dr. Alfred L. Kennedy, Algernon S. Roberts, Esq., Maj. P.
R. Freas, Owen Jones, Esq., John McGowan, Esq., Wm. G.
Warder, Esq., and Isaac Newton, Esq.

New York. — New York State Agricultural Society —
Hon. John A. King, Luther Tucker, Esq., Robert Ennis,
Esq., and Charles Morrell, Esq.

American Insiitute — Robert S. Livingston, Esq., and George
E. AVaring, Jr., Esq., also from New York ; J. N. Holmes,
Esq., Anson Livingston, Esq., Lewis B. Brown, Esq., Jj. G.
Morris, Esq., N. J. Becar, Esq., E. G. Faile, Esq., C. S.
Wainwright, Esq., Dr. R. T. Underbill, Jos. Harris, Esq.,
Z. Bonney, Esq., J. Butterfield, Esq., W. R. Booth, Esq.,
Chas. H. Richmond, Esq., and Edward Munson, Esq.

Ohio. — State Board of Agriculture — Wm. H. Ladd, Esq.,
Dr. Arthur Watts, Thos. Brown, Esq., Editor Ohio Farmer,
C. M. Clark, Esq., and James D. Ladd, Esq.

British PRO\^NCES. — Board of Agriculture, Montreal,
£,. (7. — Col. Thompson, President ; Wm. Evans, Esq., Sec-
retary ; Isaac Askew, Esq., and Hugh Wade, Esq.

St. Johns, N. B., Agricultural Society — Messrs. Jardin
and Cuming.

Russia. — Dr. Duhamel.

Massachusetts. — His Excellency Gov. Gardner, His
Honor J. V. C. Smith, Mayor of Boston, Hon. Simon Brown,
Ex-Gov. Briggs, Ex-Gov. Washburn, Hon. E. D. Beach,

129

Hon. Joel Parker, Wm. S. Lincoln, Esq., David Leavitt, Esq.,
G. M. Attwatcr, Esq., Paoli Lathrop, Esq., and a large num-
ber of distinguished citizens, and of the clergy.

State Agricultural Society — Hon. J. C. Gray, Hon. Edward
Everett, and Hon. Robert C. Winthrop.

Maine. — J. D. Lang, Esq., Hon. S. A. Benson, and other
distinguished gentlemen.

New Hampshire. — Hon. Anthony Colby, Hon. G. W.
Nesmith, Hon. John Preston, Gen. John Wadlcigh, Levi S.
Bartlett, Esq., and many others.

Vermont. — Hon. Russell Jarvis, Dr. Samuel G. Jaxvis,
Chas. Chapin, Esq., Nathan Gushing, Esq., and Solomon W.
Jewett, Esq.

Connecticut. — Ex-Gov. Chas. H. Pond, Lemuel Hurl-
burt, Esq., John F. Andrews, Esq., Samuel W. Bartlett, Esq.,
Moses Lyman, Esq., Henry A. Dyer, Esq., F. H. North,
Esq., and W. W. Billings, Esq.

Rhode Island. — His Excellency Gov. Hoppin, Hon. W.
B. Lawrence, Jos. J. Cooke, Esq., Geo. Hallett, Esq., E. B.
Potter, Esq., Samuel P. Halliday, Esq., Wm. H. Gardiner,
Esq., and Chas. T. Keith, Esq.

Neav Jersey. — L. E. Berckmans, and Edward Harris,
Esqrs.

Delaware. — John Jones, Esq., Hon. John Wales, Chas.
H. Gordon, and Geo. Pepper Norris, Esqrs.

Maryland. — State Agricultural Society — Wm. H. Wil-
son, Esq., and other citizens.

District of Columbia. — B. B. French, and Thos. Blag-
den, Esqrs.

Alabama. — J. M. Field, Esq.

Illinois. — State Agricultural Society — ^H. C. Jones, Esq.,
President ; Wm. F. M. Arney, Esq.

Michigan. — State Agricultural Society — J. C. Holmes,
Esq., Secretary, and F. W. Backus, Esq.

130

California. — Judge Campbell, and J. Q. A. Warren,
Esq.

Iowa. — E. C. Davis, and D. F. Brigham.

At half past two o'clock, Mr. Wilder arose and said :

Ladies and Gentlemen : — It is suitable on all occasions
to acknowledge our dependence on Him whose are " the cat-
tle on a thousand hills," and who " openeth his hand and
supplieth the wants of every living thing." Will you join
the Rev. Dr. Lothrop in imploring the benediction of Heaven
on us, and on our feast.

Rev. S. K. Lothrop, D. D., of Boston, was then invited
to invoke the divine blessing upon the feast, which he did in
the following language :

IX\^OCATIOX.

Almighty God, we adore thee as the author of all life, and
the giver of every good gift.

We thank thee for this broad, and beautiful, and fertile
earth, which thou hast given us for our present dwelling-
place.

We thank thee for all that it yields from its bosom, and all
that it bears upon its surface, for the use and convenience, the
comfort and enjoyment of man.

We thank thee, oh God, that when thou didst create man,
thou didst endow him with wisdom and power, and under-
standing and strength, and make him the lord of the earth,
and give liim dominion over every living thing moving upon
earth.

Oh God, wilt thou impress all men everywhere with a
deep conviction of the responsibleness which rests upon them
in the possession of this power and dominion.

May they remember that " the Lord careth for oxen," that
he appointed his holy Sabbath, in part, that the beasts of the
field might have rest, and that not a sparrow Mleth to the
srround without his will.

131

Grant, tlierefore, we entreat thee, that all men may use this
power, and exercise this dominion over all the lower orders
of animals, for the wise and benevolent purposes for which
it was bestowed, and not abuse it by cruelty, oppression and
wrong, for the gratification of selfish passions, or to secure
imrighteous gain.

To this end, wilt thou command thy blessing upon this
National Agricultural Society here gathered before thee.
Grant, we entreat thee, that it may be made by thee an in-
strument of great good. Cause that it may tend to diffuse
knowledge, and stimulate to the care and culture by w^liich a
knowledge and a progress in agriculture may be promoted,
and all the orders of domestic animals be improved, and bet-
ter fitted for their various uses. And wliile, oh God, it thus
promotes and advances the specific objects it has in view,
cause, we entreat thee, that, through thy blessiag, it may ex-
ercise high moral and social influences, and be a means of
imiting the hearts of all people thi-oughout the land, one to
another, by kind and social ties, and thus lend its aid, and
promote the best prosperity and the union of these United
States.

Almighty God, let thy blessing be upon us at this hour.
INIay we receive and partake of the fruits of thy bounty with
grateful hearts, and may all that is said and done here tend to
promote thy glory, by promoting the good, the progress and
the affections of men.

We ask and offer all tilings in the name of him who came
to manifest thy love, even Jesus Clii-ist, the Shepherd and
Bishop of our souls, to whom be glory in his church, for
ever. Amen.

At the close of the dinner, the President called upon Rev.
Dr. Kirk to return thanks, who did so in the following lan-
ffuase :

132

THANKS.

Almighty God, the bounteous giver of every good and per-
fect gift, we thank thee for this festive occasion ; that thou
art calling us to honor the industry that cultivates the soil ;
that thou art calling us to recognize thy bounteous hand in
the gifts that we enjoy. And we thank thee, O God, that
we have now partaken of those blessings that call us to look
back to thee as their source. Wilt thou crown this institu-
tion with thy blessing continually. Grant that we may, more
and more, understand the laws that thou hast impressed upon
all nature, and that we may, more and more, recognize thee in
the operations of thy hands, and the gifts of thy bounty, and
above all, in the grace that is manifested in the saving of our
souls. Let thy blessing rest upon us in the exercises before
us, and accept our grateful acknowledgment of thy paternal
kindness, through our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Amen.

The President then arose, and was greeted with enthusias-
tic applause. When it had subsided, he addressed the large
audience substantially as follows :

PRESIDENT WILDER'S ADDRESS.

Brother Farmers, and Felloav Citizens :

Your presence, on this occasion, affords me imfeigned pleas-
ure, for it gathers around me the friends and patrons of agri-
culture. Most sincerely do I rejoice with you in the lively
interest which is manifested by all classes in our exhibition,
especially in the presence of our honored guests, whose attend-
ance gives importance to our meeting, and whose voices are
ever grateful to the ears of their fellow citizens. [Cheers.]

It is also particularly gratifying to meet, at this festive board,
so large a representation of the mothers and daughters of our
land, who have come up here to cheer us by their approving
smiles, and to honor the primeval pursuit of man. Ladies,
we greet you with a most cordial welcome. [Loud applause.]
Nothing can be more appropriate than your presence. Nor is

133

it a new thing in this Pilgrim city for women to be engaged in
industrial exhibitions. More than a century ago, three hun-
dred of your patriotic mothers assembled on Boston Common,
each with her spinning wheel and distaff, to advance a branch
of domestic industry, which has long since been supplanted
by the progress of invention.

One of the most interesting incidents of this exhibition
relates to the spot on which it is held. This whole territory
is land redeemed from Neptune's dominions. Here modern
enterprise has literally fulfilled the words of Scripture, and has
said to the surrounding hills, " Be ye plucked up and cast into
the sea," and they have moved in obedience to its command.
Here, where but yesterday rolled the ocean's wave ; here, in
the middle of the nineteenth century, and in the midst of this
populous and flourishing city, the National Agricultural
Society has come up with its flocks and herds, pitched its
tents, and invited you to unite in celebrating the triumphs of
art over nature, and to witness the achievements of science in
a most important department of husbandry.

In behalf of those whom I have the honor to represent,
and in my own behalf, I tender the grateful acknowledgments
of this Association to the municipal authorities of Boston, for
their prompt and hearty cooperation in the preparation for this
exhibition. [Applause.]

Our thanks are also due to the patriotic citizens of this me-
tropolis and vicinity, for their private munificence in the crea-
tion of a guarantee fund, to insure the success of this enterprise.
Nor would we be unmindful of our obligations to the Massa-
chusetts Society, a pioneer among the agricultural associations
of our country, and to other benefactors, for the aid afforded
us by their liberal donations, and timely exertions. We are
also under great obligations to the contributors who have
placed their valuable stock on exhibition, at no small risk and
expense — to the marshals, judges and others, who have aided
in carrying forward this enterprise to its present happy con-
summation. [Cheers.]

134

Fellow Associates — I congratulate you upon the complete
success which has crowned another exhibition of this Society.
The present has surpassed those that preceded it in interest
and utility, and awakens the most pleasing anticipations of those
which are to succeed. The record of these proceedings will
constitute an important chapter in the history of American
agriculture. A very large number of entries have been
made. But our principal object has been qudlity, and
not quantity ; and it is believed, that, for points of excellence,
this exhibition holds the preeminence among those of our own
and other lands.

All other prodvictions of agriculture and the arts have been
excluded from this exhibition, in order to concentrate the atten-
tion of the public upon a department deemed of paramount
importance to the farmer, and to afford our fellow citizens the
most favorable opportunity to examine the best domestic ani-
mals which have been obtained by gentlemen devoting to this
specific object, their time, talents and fortunes.

Another prominent object has been to awaken in the public
mind a just appreciation of their labors, and a stronger love
for agriculture and rural life. How delightful the occasion !
How salutary its influences ! Here the rough animosities of
party strife, the asperities of political discussions, and the bit-
terness of sectional jealousy, are merged and lost in the love
of a common pursuit, and a common country ; and in propor-
tion as we act in concert and harmony, for the advancement of
the great industrial arts of life, we cement and strengthen the
bonds of our glorious Union. [Enthusiastic cheering.] Here
we witness an illustration of the power of voluntary associa-
tions, the grand characteristic of our age, the great engine which
propels the car of modern enterprise.

The time is witliin the recollection of some who now hear
me when the first agricultural society in this country was estab-
lished. This honor belongs to Pliiladelphia, whose society
for the promotion of agriculture is honorably represented at
this board by a large delegation, A subsequent year witnessed

135

tlie organization of the Massachusetts Society for the Pro-
motion of Agriculture, also here represented by worthy and
illustrious members. Others soon followed, and now they
are numbered by hundreds, extending from Maine to Califor-
nia, from the British Provinces to the Gulf of Mexico, whose
delegations we are happy to meet on this occasion, and whose
annual exhibitions have become the great gala days of the
people.

Ladies and gentlemen, on this third anniversary of the
United States Agricultural Society, it affords me peculiar
pleasure to welcome you to this commercial metropolis, and to
the pleasures of this festive and intellectual entertainment.

We, of New England, cannot boast of a luxuriant soil like
that of the prairies and valleys of the West, nor of a genial
clime like that of the sunny South, but industry constrains
our reluctant soil to yield its increase ; and though prominent
among our exports are granite and ice, yet these are no indi-
cations of the hardness of our hearts, nor of the coldness of
our affections. No ! No ! ! We extend to you our friendly
greetings and our most cordial salutations. [Cheers.]

Come ye as the representatives of sister States, or as the
delegates of kindred associations ; come ye from the provin-
ces which lie upon our borders, from whatever town or city,
commonwealth or country you hail, we extend you a hearty
welcome. We bid you, one and all, welcome ! welcome ! !
[Prolonged cheering.]

At the close of the President's eloquent and appropriate
remarks, the vast audience arose and gave liim three hearty
and earnest cheers.

The President then arose and said :

Ladies and Gentlemen : I shall now proceed to offer a
few sentiments with a view to elicit speeches from our distin-
guished guests. After this the premiums will be announced,
with the names of the successful competitors ; and while we

136

congratulate them upon the attainment of the object of their
ambition, we cheerfully render to all others the praise of sus-
taining a competition alike honorable to themselves, useful to
their fello^y-citizens, and serviceable to the cause we seek to
promote.

The President then announced the first regular sentiment

/.^ as follows ;

!' Massachusetts — Her first men were her best Farmers : they planted the

N Tree of Liberty, beneath -whose grateful shade their children now repose in
( peace and prosperity.

The band played " Hail Columbia," at the conclusion of
which, the President said : It affords me great pleasure to
introduce to you the Governor of Massachusetts. [Pro-
longed cheering.]

SPEECH OF GOVERNOR GARDNER.

Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen :

You said, just noAv, sir, that your purpose was to offer a few
sentiments in order to call forth speeches from persons who
sat near you. Now, sir, I wish to enter my caveat in advance
against calling for any speech from me. It is my duty — and
a pleasant and grateful duty, too, Mr. President — to welcome
the members of your Society, and the ladies and gentlemen
who are here present on this occasion, to Massachusetts.
Eight glad are we to have within our own boundaries this
"unparalleled, this unprecedented exhibition, and we in Mas-
sachusetts feel proud of the agricultural productions of our
sister States, — proud to have them exhibited here in our own
midst.

Mr. President, INIassachusetts was settled by farmers. Ag-
riculture was the entire pursuit of our fathers until within
the memory of some of those who hear my voice. It is true,
as you say in the toast you have just uttered, that our fathers
were farmers, and, in connection, sir, it is also true that liberty
is the tree which they planted, and which has flourished until
the present day. Go where you will, all history teaches that,

137

in agricultural communities, you will find the deepest devo-
tion to the spirit of liberty. [Applause.]

Now, sir, I am glad, I am right glad, that while all other
classes in the community have had their exhibitions of varied
kinds, the farmers, the agriculturists, can come together here
on occasions of this kind, to their own exhibition of their own
productions. Why, sir, long ago, centuries, decades of cen-
turies ago, we read of the Hippodromes of Greece and Rome,
where the farmers of those days exhibited their kine, and
compared the pace of their roadsters. We are modernizing
that ancient practice ; we are but reviving it after the lapse of
centuries ; and the exhibition now within our bordeis this
day has been to some extent a parallel to those ancient exhi-
bitions of Greece and Rome.

I conclude, sir, as I commenced, ■with expressing the grat-
ification of the citizens of Massachusetts at seeing a meeting
of the National Agricultural Society held within her borders,
and their thanks and hearty welcome to its members ; and I
will give you a sentiment which every citizen of Massachu-
setts will most cordially respond to :

Prosperity and happiness to the officers and to the viemhers of the United
States Agricultural Socictij. [Cheers.]

The President. — Ladies and Gentlemen : I have now the
pleasure of introducing to you a distinguished official, who
has cooperated most heartily in the preparations for this exhi-
bition. I allude to his honor, the jNIayor of Boston. I give
you as a sentiment :

The City of Boston — We rejoice in her prosperity, and share in the pride
awakened by the contemplation of her history. Her government and her
citizens must be good farmers, for they have made more soil than any toTvii in
the Commonwealth. [Laughter and applause.]

138

SPEECH OF MAYOE SMITH.

Mr. President : It did not occur to me, when you and I
were little boys in a country village, remote from this great
city, that we should ever meet on an occasion so imposing as
this ; neither did I consider that circumstances would ever
make it important that I should be associated, in any manner,
in an effort to carry out a scheme so grand and so important
as this. But such is the fact ; and I am gratified to say, in
behalf of the city government, that there was the most cordial
feeling, on the part of every member, towards aiding in every
official manner they couJd, in order to prepare this ground in
the manner in which you see it, that you might have an exhi-
bition of that branch of industry which is so important to the
national interest, that should meet your entire approval, and
that of your associates. Sir, Boston is always ready to second
any movement which has in view the prosperity of the peo-
ple of this country. [Applause.]

Mr. President, a thought has been flitting across my mind,
while I have been sitting here, which I wonder yourself or
some one else has not alluded to. Your fine cattle and fine
horses are grand sights to us who live in the city ; but to see
these fine men, these beautiful ladies — and so many of them
too — [applause] — it is a grand sight to us all, and adds won-
derfully to the character and attractions of this exhibition.
[Laughter and applause.]

It was thought by some, when this ground was about to be
prepared for the use of the Society, that it was a useless ex-
penditure. Here was a large tract of territory which many of
the citizens of Boston, even, knew nothing about ; and, like
magic, it has been converted into its present attractive condi-
tion, and become the centre of interest, not only to our own
population, but to all the inhabitants of the Commonwealth.
This, sir, has contributed to enhance the value of the public
lands of the city ; and thus, in trying to benefit this Society,
we have actually benefited the whole municipality. [Applause.]

Now, sir, the great object I have in standing here, is to wel-

139

come all this great concourse of people to tlie city of Boston.
Come to see us oftener : you do not understand us yet !
[Laughter and applause.] If our streets are crooked, the
people are straight — [renewed applause] — and they will always
keep an open way for you.

Mr. President, I could occupy the time you have had the
kindness to allot to me much longer than I dare to ; but after
making you welcome, I wish to say that the best part of this
entertainment is yet to come ; for you will hear men speak to-
day, of whom the citizens of Boston, of this Commonwealth,
and of the whole country, are proud. [Applause.] Look on
my right, and see Avho are to address you ! Men wdio have
occupied the whole thought of the nation ! But I must bring
these observations to a close, to give way for those who will
entertain you in a manner most acceptable and agreeable.

As this body is essentially a body of agriculturists, the sen-
timent I have to offer refers to them. Gentlemen, may you
have —

Farms without mortgage, garners all iillecl,

Good crops, a clear conscience, and land that 's well tilled,

Large oxen, fast horses, Durham cows, and fat swine,

Agricultural feasts when your fi-iends come to dine ;

The plough and the hoe, fair maids, and sweet milk.

Instead of pianos, street yarn and fine silk —

A true source of content, independence and wealth,

Of happiness, virtue, and excellent health.

[Loud and prolonged cheering.]

The President — Ladies and gentlemen, it affords me great
pleasure to announce to you that we have here to-day the Chief
Magistrate of a sister state. I offer you now this sentiment :

Rhode Island — The Napoleons of the earth have commonly been small in
stature, and the most famous of Grecian Republics was not larger than
Little Rhody. [Applause.]

His Excellency Gov. IIoppin, of Ehode Island, rose to re-
spond, and was received ^^ ith the most hearty applause. He
spoke as follows :

140

SPEECH OF GOV. HOPPIX, OF RHODE ISLAND.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen :

That excellence does not consist in size may be illustrated
by partaking of the apple which has been exhibited to you by
the President, as coining from the great State of Illinois. To
my taste, large as it is, it is not equal to the Rhode Island
Greenhior. (Applause.) And, ladies and gentlemen, great
as Napoleon was, he never was so great, in the estimation of
American citizens, as that man who did so much for Ameri-
can liberty — Gen. Nathaniel Greene, of Rhode Island.
[Loud cheers.]

But, Mr. President, the announcement in the papers that
addresses might be expected from His Excellency Gov. Gard-
ner, Gov. Everett, Gov. Clifford, and other distinguished
men, was the attraction which brought me here ; and, gentle-
men, no doubt it did others ; and it expelled from my mind
any intention of participating, other than as a silent spectator,
on this occasion. If, occasionally, at home, among my own
friends, and on flmiiliar subjects, I have addressed my fellow-
citizens, the city of Boston, where eloquent men abound, and
where the best models of modern eloquence live, is the last
place where I should venture to try my powers of oratory. It
is not for me, sir, who came here to be instructed and electri-
fied by the rich thoughts and stirring appeals of your great
men, to consume your precious time. We have travelled far,
some of us, and waited patiently ', now, sir, let the occasion
be honored, and our feelings gratified, by listening again and
again to the voices of those who speak pleasant words, and
counsel wisely.

But, Mr. President, I understand why you have called
upon me on this occasion. You, sir, and the gentlemen with
whom you are associated, have given much time and prepara-
tion to this exhibition, and have assumed great responsibilities ;
and now, doubtless, you desire to know what Ave outsiders
think of it. You wish to know my opinion of this exhibi-
tion, and it is for this reason I have risen. Sir, I am wil-

141

Ung to give an opinion, because, like other men who live in
this country, I have an opinion upon this and upon other sub-
jects ; and I am thankful that I live in a country where I
have a right to express an opinion. [Applause.] Freedom
of speech and opinion is the glory and boast of our country,
and in no portion of our land is this sentiment more strongly
cherished than in the old Bay State. [Excuse me, sir, for hav-
ing travelled so far from the record.]

Permit me to say, that, from what I have seen, this exhibition
Is creditable to your Society, creditable to your city, credita-
ble to your State. This may strike you, sir, as faint praise,
but I use the term as applied to the highest standard of ex-
cellence. Creditable in one place may be discreditable in an-
other. What might be creditable in Kansas, might not be
creditable in Massachusetts, and in the city of Boston.
[Cheers.] AVhen we say a thing is creditable in Massachu-
setts, or in the city of Boston, we mean by that to convey the
highest praise ; for somehow or other it has got out, and the
idea is wide-spread in this country, that they do things in
Boston better than in any other city in the Union. [Cheers.]
And I believe there is a feeling and a sentiment in Boston,
that this impression is true.

I really believe, gentlemen, that, if an attempt was made to
dissolve the Union, it would fail, if Massachusetts opposed it,
[cheers ;] but that it might succeed, if Massachusetts favored
it. Then, gentlemen, how important it is that this great and
glorious State should throw her influence into the right scale !
I could bear to see Lexington and Bunker Hill again the
battle-ground of freedom, but never that of civil strife. I
cannot make up my mind that there is a probability of such a
state of things as should ever break up and dissolve this glo-
rious Union. [Cheers.] The idea of such a thing is treason
— its consummation is madness ;'and, gentlemen, I believe
that this sentiment is strong in the hearts of all who glory in
the name of New Englanders — and not only in the hearts of
the men, but in the hearts of the ladies. These sentiments

142

which I have uttered, are their sentiments, and before they
would relinquish one jot or tittle of these precious principles,
I believe that every lady in the city of Boston, and in the
State of Massachusetts, would empty her tea canister into
Massachusetts Bay. [Laughter and cheers.] This is a feel-
ing which I like to contemplate — and when I speak of the
ladies, in their presence, I care nothing about the men, be-
cause I know that, if the ladies are right, the men cannot be
wrong. [Loud cheers.] Who, sir, shall attempt to speak
the praises of the ladies ? Who has ever spoken their praises
as they deserve to be spoken ? To what instrumentalities are
we so much indebted for our happiness and prosperity, as to
them ? What would be the success of the princely merchant
without the advice of her who is nearest and closest to him,
and whose advice alone is disinterested ? And what would
be the success of the fiirmer without the advice of his wife —
of her who attends to the domestic arrangements of Ms
household ? [Applause.] I do not intend to follow out these
ideas, but I do profess to be an admirer and a defender of the
ladies on all occasions.

Sir, from my remarks it may be inferred that my politics
are peculiar ; but, sir, you may call me v/hat you please —
you may call me a Whig, or a Democrat, or a Know Nothing
— ^but I go, sir, for endeavoring, by every fair and honorable
means, to maintain and preserve the Union of these States
[Loud applause] ; and never, sir, shall my voice or my influ-
ence be given to hasten its end.

Excuse me for the discursive character of my remarks. I
suppose that the association of Lexington, and Bunker Hill,
and Massachusetts, has caused my mind to diverge from the
contemplation of those subjects which more peculiarly belong
to this occasion. I hope you will pardon me, sir, if I have
not done justice to the noble State wliich I represent, and in
which I take so much pride ; and I will close by proposing a
sentiment which I think is more applicable to this occasion
than the remarks which I have made. I give you, gentle-
,men —

143

Fine women, fine men, and fine horses — Always found inseparable from
a high state of civilization.

Mr. Wilder then arose and said :

Ladies and Gentlemen : — It affords me pleasure to an-
nounce that we have delegations present from various Agri-
cultural Societies, I have already alluded to one from the
first Agricultural Society ever established in our country.
It may not be possible for me to call upon any more than the
two original societies. If, therefore, any delegate is present
and is prepared with a speech, he will have the kindness to
send it to the Chair.

I wish to call first upon the Philadelphia Society, and then
upon that of JNIassachusctts. I give you now :

The Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture— the oldest
organization for the advancement of the cause — the parent of all similar insti-
tutions in our country. Her children, and her children's children, rise up
and call her blessed.

The President^-Wc are honored, ladies and gentlemen,
by a large delegation from the Philadelphia Society, and I
call upon the President of that Society to say who shall
speak in her behalf.

Mr. Daniel Landretii, President of the Philadelphia
Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, then arose and
said :

MR. LANDRETII'S SPEECH.

Mr. President : — As the chief officer of the Society
which you have just complimented in so agreeable a manner,
it may, perhaps, be expected I should respond, — if so, I am
truly in an awkward dilemma, and, I trust, sir, you will not
smile at my simplicity, when I candidly admit, that, though
expected to say something, I have really nothing to say.

When a schoolboy, Mr. President, you may probably have
read, in an old book, now grown somewhat obsolete, I fear,
the story of certain young women — I think there were five of
them — who, at a festive convention, were discovered in an
unfortunate position. I mean, sir, without oil in their lamps.

144

Unliappny for myself, I am, on tins most intcrestnig occasion^,
in a similar predicament, worse, indeed, than was theirs, sur-
rounded as I am by brighter intellects, and sparkling eyes,
which serve to render my own darkness the- more apparent.

It was Addison, I believe, who said, by way of illustrating
his inability to speak impromptu, that though he could draw
for a thousand pounds, he had but sixpence in his pocket.
Still poorer than he am I in ready money, for I am absolutely
without a penny. In such condition, sir, what is to be
done — in the words of the Irish Ambassador, situated as I
am, indeed I may say, circumstanced as I am, you will, Mr.
President, permit me to invoke the aid of one better suited
than myself to reply to your sentiment, and I therefore call
upon INIr. McMichael, the distinguished editor of the Phila-
delphia Norih American.

INIr, McMichael then arose, and was most heartily cheered ;
he spoke as follows r

MR. McMICHAEL'S SPEECH.

Mr. President — From the land of the Quaker, to the land
of the Puritan — from the city M-here our national independence
was first proclaimed, to the city where its first great labor was
performed — we, who have just been honored by the toast you
have proposed, have come, not as once we might have come, in
awe of stripes, and brandings, and imprisonment ; nor, as again
we might have come, burdened with the weight of a gloomy
fo.reboding to share in the perils of a doubtful conflict. No,
sir. Happier in this than our forefathers, whether of the
earlier or the later time, we have come, assured of hospitabie
welcome, and bounteous entertainment, to witness the gener-
ous rivalries of friendly contestants, and to mingle in the
rejoicings which properly belong to the triumphs of peace.
And, sir, we feel that it is good for us to be here ; we feel —
now that the bitterness of intolerance as between you and us

14^

iias forever ceased — now that the privations and dangers of
revolutionary struggles for you and for us are forever over ;
recalling, as we may with a smile, the follies of the fanaticism
by which we were separated, remembering, as we must with
a sigh, the trials of the patriotism by which we were united —
we feel that it is good for us, men of Pennsylvania, to be here
with you, men of Massachusetts; to engage with you in a com-
mon effort to promote an important interest of our common
country ; to admire with you the rapid development of that
interest ; to exult with you over the unexampled prosperity
of that country. Missionaries from our heaped-up granaries,
from our prolific mines, from our teeming furnaces, we have
entered your industrial establishments — those vast reservoirs
of life, and of motion in its seeming intelligence resembling
life — and, having seen with our own eyes, and measured with
our own judgments, the men and the processes, that, by con-
suming our corn, and our coal, and our iron, and replacing
them with the fabrics that supply the staples of a busy com-
merce, have made our interests and yours complete and identi-
cal, we#are ready to cry "Woe, woe, woe," unto him that
would dissever us. Sir, bound together as Ave are, it was not
possible we could meet as strangers ; but you have received
us as favored brethren ; and, in behalf of my colleagues, and
in the name of those we represent, I cordially thank you ; I
thank you for the courtesy which has been extended to us ; I
thank you for the privilege we have enjoyed of being partak-
ers at the same time of your pleasing duties and your grateful
cheer ; I thank you for the opportunity you have furnished
us of joining our hands, and our hearts, and our voices, with
yours, in the fulfilment of mutual service, in the recognition
of mutual kindness, in the utterance of sentiments of mutual
good will.

Mr. President : As I looked, yesterday, on the gratifying
exhibition made among the triple hills of your beautiful Bos-
ton, like his excellency, the Governor, I too was reminded of
those ancient days, when, from all the isles of Greece, the

146

people gathered to a periodical festival, foremost among l^'lios^
attractions were the achievements of the race-course and the
ring. It is true, sir, contrasting the present with the past^
that, in your curriculum, no gaudy and glittering chariots,
urged by filleted tyrants, have flashed their useless splendor
in our eyes ; but in their stead you have shown us troops of
gallant steeds, stronger of sinew, fleeter of foot, and lither of
limb than ever champed a bit, or struck a hoof in the Elian
circle, and backed by toil-hardened men, who live in the daily
practice of a liberty beyond any of which the Greek had even
dreamed. It is true, sir, that, within your enclosures, tjo
naked wrestlers or sturdy athletes have toitured their supple
joints in degrading encounters ; but, better far than these, you
have set before us whole droves of cattle preeminently fitted
for the dairy, the shambles, or the yoke ; whole flocks of
sheep, rich in the wool that gives activity to our looms, and
the flesh that ministers to the healthy, and tempts even the
sated appetite ; whole herds of swine, suggestive of that
abundance which, out of our surplus, enables its' to feed the
hungry of the earth ; and, all these you have presented so cared
for and provided, so pampered and fattened, that whilcy on the
one hand, you have avoided whatever might lower the condition
of man, on the other, for his use, and convenience, and enjoy-
ment, you have elevated the condition of the brute. And,
Mr. President, if in all things else this anniversary celebra-
tion of the United States Agricultural Society had fallen short
of the far-famed celebrations of old ; if, instead of surpassing
them, as it has, in all the manifestations of material superi-
ority connected with the multiplication of human comforts, it
had failed to match their meanest efforts ; if, instead of the
invincible demonstration of progress which every incident of
the display has contributed to strengthen, there had been
equally unmistakable proofs of stagnation or retrogression ;
there is one thing in which it has gone so immeasurably
beyond them that for that, and that alone, it would be a thou-
sand-fold more entitled to our praise. Mr. President, the

14^

Greek, with all his elegance and refinement ; with all his pki-
losophy and learning ; with all his exquisite appreciation of
poetry, and music, and painting, and sculpture, and statuary,
had no adequate conception of the true value and just posi-
tion of woman, and admitted her to no participation, unless
in exceptional cases, in his higher pursuits and gi-aver occu-
pations. As part of his general system, she was prohibited,
on pain of death, from being present at the ceremonies of the
sacred island , and the reservation in favor of the free-love
priestesses of Ceres only attested more significantly the dis-
honoring character of the exclusion. You, sir, have been
guided by a wiser and better influence, and recognizing that
social equality of the sexes, which reason and revelation alike
teach us, you have thrown your gates wide open to the maids
and the matrons of the community, you have given them due
precedence as well in the spectacles as at the banquet, and, in
the bright, the thoughtful, the eloquent faces which at this
moment turn towards me, I perceive the visible tokens of the
illimitable advance which our Christian has made over
heathen civilization.

Mr. President : In the most glorious era of Grecian rule
under the administration of the magnificent Pericles, the
wealth and power of that accomplished statesman were
directed to the construction of such works as, being immortal
themselves, might confer immortality on their authors and
projectors. Pirst among these in grandeur, in beauty, in
costliness, was the colossal statue of Jupiter, by Phidias.
Towering in its pride of place, in the temple on Mount
Olympus, gorgeous with gold and ivory, and all manner of
precious stones, that transcendent result of genius drew to it
all the visitors of the Olympic games, who oifered their devo-
tion rather to the conscious presence of a divine art, than to
the imaged incarnation of the potent Thunderer, which sat in
cold and stately majesty before them. Sir, nearly fourteen
centuries have rolled by since that statue — the faith it typified
having long before perished — was hurried beneath its own

148

smouldei'ing embers at Constantinople, then tlie brilliant seat
of the Imperial Caesars. And not alone have the faith and
its emblem perished. The classic traveller gropes in vain
among the obliterated landmarks of Antililla for traces of the
Hippodrome, or vestiges of the Prytaneum. Constantinople,
smitten with the plague-spot of a corrupt religion, and emaci-
ated by the long exhaustion of a feeble dynasty, writhes in
the death grasp of inevitable dissolution. The Greek him-
self, enervated alike in language and in spirit, resembles his
fathers only in name.

But, Mr. President, on a new continent, under a new dis'
pensation, and a new polity — professors of a purer creed,
possessors of a surer heritage — -we have to-day commemo-
rated a ncv,^ Olympiad. From all parts of a republic, might-
ier in its inilmcy than Athens in its prime, there have crowded
earnest candidates for the honors, valiant strugglers for the
prizes you have had to bestow. Nor have the statue and tem-
ple been wanting. Beneath the dome of your capitol we have
marked the placid dignity of our Pater Patriro, whose deeds
and whose virtues shall survive in the affections of distant
generations, when the old mythology, father-god and all, with
all its vanities and vices, has sunk into utter oblivion. From
the foot of a neighboring eminence, we have gazed on the
simple column which crowns the spot consecrated by the blood
of the primitive martyrs of American freedom — a column
which, simple though it be, is dearer in the associations which
cluster around it, than any hoary pile, no matter how venera-
ble in its antiquity, nobler than any modern troj^hy,

" Euilt with the riches of a spoiled world."

And, Mr. President, whatever of pride the cultivated
Greek may have felt in contemplating the masterpiece of
Grecian skill, — whatever of reverence the pious Greek may
have felt in contem.plating the master deity of the Grecian
Pantheon, — we, who are now assembled from the north and
the south, from the east and the west, have felt a loftier pride.

149

a holier reverence than ever Olympian statue or Olympian
temple inspired, as, filled with solemn memories of the past,
and jubilant hopes of the future, we have stood before the
marble form of our own AYashington, or beside the granite
monument that records the story of Bunker Hill.

At the close of the eloquent gentleman's remarks, six: hearty
cheers were given, and at each allusion to him by subsequeirt
speakers, the audience testified their appreciation of his
eloquence and genius by hearty applause.

Mr. Wilder here said :

I have already alluded to the generous donation which we
have received from the Massachusetts Society for the Promo-
tion of Agriculture. She has dispensed her bounty with a
liberal hand ; and she has imported, raised and distributed
many valuable specimens of stock ; but her best stock is her
illustrious representatives with whom she honors us on this
occasion. I have the pleasure of introducing to you Hon.
John C. Gray, President of the Massachusetts State Agricul-
tural Society.

SPEECH OF IIOX. JOHN C. GRAY.

Mr. President — It will be impossible, sir, for me to avoid
responding to the notice you have so kindly taken of the soci-
ety which I have the honor to represent ; but I apprehend its
chief merit to be that it has, I will not say taught, but led,
other societies to surpass itself. The society has now retired
from its more active labors ; it rejoices in contemplating and
promoting the progress of younger sister societies. Its chief
merit, sir, I repeat, is, that it did something at an earlier day
to give to our agriculture an impulse not yet exhausted — some-
thing to kindle and feed the flame which, in the hands of
others, is now burning more brightly and broadly than ever,
and which throws such a brilliant lustre and sheds such a
g enial warmth upon this festival.

150

But 1 tliink this the particular occasion to commemorate
Avhat has been clone for agriculture by the rulers of our united,
and, I trust most devoutly, ever to be united country. I
refer, sir, to the information "svhich has been circulated annu-
ally by the general government, %Yhich has done more to
make the inhabitants of these wide-spread States acquainted
with each other's agriculture than all others united. What
better can these rulers do for our national prosperity than by
fostering an art in which all should be interested, and in
which all can engage ; which decorates and cheers our dwell-
ings from our trim gardens, and supports our lives from our
broad fields ?

What man, jSIr. President, or to go further, what lady,
ever regarded the hours spent in the field, the garden, or at
the flower-table, as time unworthily cast away ? Mr. President,
do your splendid fruit and flower borders read you any such
lesson ? [Applause.]

Mr. President, I said when I rose that I represented the
State Society ; I am most happy in saying 1 do not hold that
position alone, and when I take my seat I hope to resign into
your hands the honors with which you have invested me, and
to see them transferred, if such be your pleasure, to my friends
and associates on my right (referring to Messrs. Everett and
Winthrop,) who, I am sure, will do all for our society befit-
ting the occasion, which I may have unaccomplished.

Mr. President, devoutly grateful as we should ever be for
the peace and prosperity of our happy land, it is perhaps not
becoming, as it certainly is not possible, to forget that fair por-
tion of the earth, where thousands who should be employed in
cultivating the surface of the earth, are moistening it with
their blood, and where the soil is torn up and furrowed, not
by the implements of agriculture, but by the missiles of death.
Sir, by your leave, I will conclude with the following senti-
ment : —

The surface of the earth — the rightful domain of Agriculture — May the
whole soon be restored to her peaceful and benevolent sway. [Cheers.]

151

The President then said : —

Ladies and Gentlemen : I receive with pleasure the intima-
tion of the honored gentleman on my right, who has just sat
down, and I will give you, as a sentiment, to introduce our
distinguished and illustrious friend, the name of

Winthrop — A name conspicuous in the history of Massachusetts, and hon-
ored in the councils of the State and nation. Well docs our worthy guest
sustain its ancestral renown.

Mr. "Winthrop spoke as follows :

SPEECH OF HON. ROBERT C. WIXTHROP.

I know of few things, INIr. President, better calculated to
take the courage out of a man, than to find himself rising on
such an occasion and in such a presence as this, with the full
knowledge that he has been advertised, in a hundred bills and
broadsides, for a fortnight beforehand, as being relied on to
furnish one of the formal addresses for this crowning banquet.

For one, I cannot help feeling that the brute beasts, who
are here on exhibition with us, have had something of an
unfair advantage over their human yoke-fellows in this respect.
They have been permitted to come comparatively unconscious
into the field. They have been privileged to exhibit their
points and show their paces without any solicitude as to the
expectations which they may disappoint or gratify. The most
ruminating animals among them all have never spent a
moment, I venture to say, in considering what sort of a figure
they should cut, or what sort of an utterance they should find.
They have chewed their cud in undisturbed complacency,
even while these uncounted thousands of spectators have been
crowding in to gaze upon their qualities. They have, certainly,
stood in awe of no reporters. They ha^'e pondered no periods
— unless, indeed, it be that welcome period which shall put
an end to their strange confinement, and send them quietly
back to their pleasant pastures or their comfortable stalls.
Enviable condition of insensibility and immunity ! Theirs is
a sort of Know-nothing party, which I could be ^^■cll content

152

to join, even tliougli it should consign tne to " a lodge m
some vast wilderness ! " " Wliere ignorance is bliss, 't is
folly to be wise."

Sir, this is, indeed, a truly unaccustomed spectacle for this
precise locality. So many yokes on Boston Neck, which, in
1775, if I remember right, could not bear even one yoke
patiently ! It is a novel sight within the limits of any large
and populous city, — these flocks, and herds, and droves of
cattle by which we are encompassed ! One is well-nigh
constrained to exclaim, in the words of the old ruler of Israel,
"What meaneth, then, this bleating of the sheep in mine ears,
and the lowing of the oxen which I hear ? " But the ques-
tion, unlike that wdiich was addressed to the rebellious
Hebrews, is happily susceptible of a most innocent and agree-
able answer, and one which need involve us in no apprehen-
sion of either divine or human displeasure.

This great congress of animals, convened from all quarters
of the Union, are here on no errand of 'insubordination or
disorganization. They have come in no partisan or sectional
spirit. They have neither assembled to make a i:)latform, nor
to nominate a President. No paramount issues disturb their
serenity. They have come for the simple purpose of remind-
ing us of the pre-eminent importance of Agriculture among
the arts of life, and of the common interests and objects which
should unite and animate the farmers of our whole country,
from Maine to California. They have come as the chosen
representatives of a thousand hills and valleys, to furnish us
with a visible type and illustration of the surpassing magni-
tude of that mighty branch of American Industry of which
they are something more than mere honorary members, and
to impress upon us all a deeper sense of the claims which it
has upon our most careful consideration and attention.

And beyond all doubt, Mr. President, the agriculture of
the United States has long ago reached a condition in which
nothing less than the collected wisdom of the whole country
is required to devise the best means for securing its future

153

prosperity and welfare. So far, indeed, as mere farming is
concerned — so far as relates only to the modes and processes
by which the productiveness of the soil may be increased, and
the soil itself saved from deterioration — I do not feel sure
that much more is to be accomplished by a National Associ-
ation than by state or county societies. Even in this view,
however, I would by no means undervalue the importance of
an organization by which so wide a comparison of opinion
and of experience may be facilitated, and so much of compre-
hensive information obtained.

But what I cannot but think the peculiarly important prov-
ince of a National Agricultural Association, is, to present to
the contemplation of the country, and of the farmers and of
the statesmen of the country, from time to time, some accurate
and adequate conceptions of the condition and of the wants
of American agriculture ; to hold up to the view of the peo-
ple and of the government a just picture of its magnitude
as a whole ,• to develop and display the mutual relations and
dependencies of its different industrial and geographical
departments ; to unfold its relations to other aits and to other
countries ; and, above all, to give seasonable warning of any
dangers, either from overaction or from underaction, which
may threaten the prosperity and welfare of those who are
engaged in it.

It is never to be forgotten, sir, that, while so many other
nations are bestowing attention upon agriculture in order to
prevent their population from starving, — om* own attention
to it thus far is more needed, — I might almost say, is
only needed, — to prevent the waste of our soil, and the
waste of our substance, and the waste of our labor, in produ-
cing m.ore than we can either eat or sell or even give away.
And we may do well to remember seasonably the wise moni-
tions of the immortal dramatist, when he tells us that " they
are as sick that surfeit with too much, as they that starve with
nothing."

154

The agriculture of the United States ! How much is
included in the full significance and import of that phrase !
What gigantic harvests ! What an army of husbandmen !
What a host of housewives and handmaids ! What multitu-
dinous swarms of animals ! AYhat mountainous heaps of corn
and cotton ! What myriads of implements ! What a
measureless breadth of acres !

It is not often that mere arithmetical figures, produce any
impression or sensation of sublimity. — But what can be
grander than some of the items in the statistical tables which
Bet forth the agricultural agencies, capacities and crops of the
United States !

Why, sir, two years ago, there were estimated to be, within
our limits, more than twenty millions of horned cattle, more
than twenty millions of sheep, and more than thirty millions
of swine. By the same returns, there were said to have been
raised in a single year, one hundred and six million bushels
of potatoes, one hundred and ten million bushels of wheat,
one hundred and sixty million bushels of oats, sixteen hundred
million pounds of cotton, fifteen million tons of hay, and six
hundred million bushels of Indian corn ! Follow the order
of the day, sir, and make a fusion of all these, and what a
picture of exuberant fertility do they present !

But these figures are many of them far below the estimates
of the present season. I have somewhere seen our wheat crop
for 1855, set down at not less than one hundred and seventy-
five million, and our maize or Indian corn, at from eight hundred
to one thousand million of bushels ! What mighty aggre-
gates are these, and how do they speak to vis of the growing
greatness, and importance of American agriculture, — not to
ourselves only, but to the whole family of man ! How dis-
tinctly do they point out to us our destined part in the great
economy of human existence ! How emphatically do they
proclaim our mission to pour out the rich gifts of our exube-
rant soil over every land, —

— the naked nations clotlie,
And be the exhaustless granary of a world !

155

Certainly, sir, it is quite time for some national association,
or some National Board of Agriculture, to take such figures
and sucli facts under their especial charge, and to consider by
what arrangements of internal and external exchanges, — by
what enlarged facilities of intercommunication, or multiplied
divisions of labor, — by what additional supply of mouths and
markets, — these enormous harvests may find an adequate con-
sumption at a remunerating price, so that our plenty may
never become our disease, nor our land present the picture of
the industrious farmer buried up beneath his own luxurious
heaps. Foreign wars will not last forever, we trust. Euro-
pean crops will not always be deficient. Peace and plenty
will soon be seen renewing their horns, and diffusing their
priceless blessings over the other hemisphere, as now over
this. All that is temporary and exceptional in the present
demand for the products of agriculture will have passed
away. And then we shall more than ever feel the want of
some better assurance of prosperity for the farmers than any
which rests upon the evils and misfortunes of other people.

Sir, I hail the existence and steady progress of this Soci-
ety as a pledge that the interests of the great body of Amer-
ican farmers shall hereafter be a chosen and cherished theme
for the consultation of wise and experienced men in all parts
of the Union, and that our American crops shall henceforth
be the subject of some careful ascertainment, and of some
systematic disposition and treatment,

>' A mighty maize, biit not without a plan."

Among the many welcome reflections which the establish-
ment of such an association suggests to us, none is more wel-
come than that it is the fulfilment of one of the most cherished
wishes of the Father of his Country. That great, and good,
and eminently wise man — whose character is itself the noblest
product which America has ever given to the world, and
whose name and fame grow brighter and brighter, and dearer
and dearer to us, with the lapse of years — had few things

156

more warmly at heart, than the establishment of precisely such
an institution.

I cannot but wish that his own loved and lovely seat on
the Potomac might one day or other become your permanent
headquarters, and your experimental farm. The ladies of Vir-
ginia, I perceive, are appealing to their sisters throughout the
Union, to aid them in purchasing it ; and I would be the last to
interfere with any plan of our better halves. But by whomsoever
it may be purchased. Mount Vernon must be consecrated to
nothing less than a national use, free from all sectional, free
from all partisan, taint. And what use is there which so
completely fulfils all these requisitions, and which is in such
perfect harmony with the career, and the character, and the
known wishes of Washington, and with the genius of the
place where his ashes repose, as that which I have suggested ?
Methinks your Directors would catch something of fresh
animation and inspiration for the patriotic work which they
have undertaken, if they were gathered from time to time
beneath that hallowed roof, and could hold their deliberations
around that old chimney-piece, covered with the emblems of
agricultural industry ; which you have so appropriately select-
ed as the embellishment of your official letter paper. There,
at any rate, in that venerated mansion, and in the breast of its
august proprietor, the idea of your association originated.

In one of those well remembered letters of his to Sir John
Sinclair, who has been called " the Father of British Agricul-
ture, and the Father of British Statistics," — in one of those
letters of which a fac-simile edition is the richest ornament
of so many farmers' libraries, and of which I had the happi-
ness to present a copy to the son of Sir John, the venerable
Archdeacon of Middlesex, (England), on his late visit to
America, — Washington says : —

" It will be some time, I fear, before an Agricultural Soci-
ety, with Congressional aids, will be established in this coun-
try. We must walk, as other countries have done, before we
can run. Smaller societies must prepare the way for greater ;

157

but, with the lights before us, I hope we shall not be so slow
as older nations have been."

Well, sir, the smaller societies have, indeed, prepared the
way, and it is time for the greater to enter into their
labors. You have called me up in connection with
one of them — " the Massachusetts Society for the Pro-
motion of Agriculture," of which my excellent friend at
my side (Hon. J. C. Gray,) is President. That society, foun-
ded in 1192, has done much, and is still doing much. Its
stock is hardly second to any in your pens this day. Its pre-
miums are, at this moment, stimulating the invention of the
whole country to furnish us with even a better mowing ma-
chine than those which have already been the admiration and
wonder of the crystal palaces of both England and France.
And I believe we shall have a better. I would be the last to
rob this old Society of any of its rightful laurels. But I am,
afraid I cannot insist on its being called the oldest State Soci-
ety in the country.

The first American Society of all was undoubtedly the
Philadelphia Society, which has just been so nobly represented
by my friend, Mr. McMichael, and of which our own Timo-
thy Pickering was the original Secretary. And it is a most
agreeable coincidence that this earliest American association,
for the promotion of this greatest American interest, had the
same birth-place with both the Declaration of Independence
and the Constitution of the United States.

This was a city or county society. But, in examining the
minutes of this time-honored institution, (as printed in 1854,
and kindly sent to me by a Philadelphia friend,) I found
somewhat unexpected evidence that a much earlier State soci-
ety was formed than that of Massachusetts.

The Philadelphia Record of Dec. 5, 1785, sets forth that a
letter was received " from the Hon. William Drayton, Esq.,
Chairman of the Committee of the South Carolina Society of
Agriculture, inclosing a few copies of their address and rules,
and soliciting a correspondence with this Society." Tliis let-

158

ter was dated Nov. 2, 1785, and leaves no doubt, therefore,
that South Carolina had established a State Agricultural Soci-
ety at least seven years before Massachusetts. It is certainly
a striking circumstance, that the year of its establishment was
the very year in which the first five bales of cotton ever
exported from America, were entered at Liverpool, and were
actually seized at the Custom House, I believe, on the ground
that no such thing as cotton had ever been grown, or could
ever be grown in America ! Indigo was then the staple export
of Carolina, of which hardly a plant is now found upon her
"soil, and of which not a pound is exported. Truly, sir, there
have been revolutions in the vegetable kingdom, within a
century past, hardly less wonderful than those of the civil and
political world. J

Allow me, Mr. President, in allusion to some of these
facts, to propose to you as a sentiment for this occasion ; —

Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Massachusetts — The pioneers in the
great cause of American agricultural improvement, with Washington as its
especial patron — May common memories of the past, and common interests
of the present, and common hopes of the future, ever bind them together in
the same glorious brotherhood.

At the close, three cheers were given for Mr. "VVinthrop.

The President then said :

Ladies and Gentlemen : — Our illustrious guest, who is
expected to respond to the sentiment I am about to offer,
needs no commendation from me. His long and valuable
services have made him known to you, and beloved by you
all. I give you.

Our Distinguished Guest — Hon. Edward Everett — Scholar, Diplomatist,
Statesman, Patriot. His name is associated with the learning and literature
of our country, and his words of wisdom and eloquence shall thrill the
heart so long as the English tongue is spoken.

On rising, Mr. Everett was received with great applause,
after which three cheers were given. He then said :

159

MR. EVERETT'S SPEECH.
Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen :

My excellent friend, Mr. Wintlarop, who has just taken his
seat, was good enough to remark that he was waiting with
impatience for me to speak. Far different was my feeling
while he was speaking.

I listened not only with patience, but with satisfaction and
delight, as I am sure you all did. If he spoke of the embar-
rassment under which he rose to address such an assembly —
an embarrassment which all, however accustomed to pubhc
speaking, cannot but feel — how much greater must be my
embarrassment ! He had to contend only with the difficulties
natural to the occasion, and with having to follow the eloquent
gentleman from Philadelphia, (Mr. McMichael.) I have to
contend with all that difficulty, and with that of following not
only that gentleman, who delighted iis all so much, but my
eloquent friend who has just taken his seat.

And when two such gentlemen have passed over the ground,
the one with his wide-sweeping reaper, and the other with his
keen trenchant scythe, what is there left for a poor gleaner
like myself, that comes after them ?

With respect to the kind manner, sir, in which you have
been so good as to introduce my name to this company, it is
plain that I can have nothing to respond, but to imitate the
example of the worthy clergyman upon the Connecticut river,
who, when some inquisitive friend, from a distant part of the
country, asked him, somewhat indiscreetly, whether there was
much true piety among his flock, said, " Nothing in that way
to boast of."

If this were a geological instead of an agricultural society,
and if it were your province not to dig the surface, but to bore
into the depths of the earth, it would not be surprising if, in
some of your excavations, you should strike upon such a fos-
sil as myself. , But when I look around upon your exhibition
— the straining course — the crowded, bustling ring — the mo-
tion, the life, the fire — the immense crowds of ardent youth

160

and emulous manhood, assembled from almost every part of
the country, actors or spectators of the scene — I feel that it is
hardly the place for quiet, old-fxshioned folks, accustomed to
quiet, old-fashioned ways, I feel somewhat like the Doge of
Genoa, whom the imperious mandate of Louis XIV. had com-
pelled to come to Versailles, and who, after surveying and
admiring its marvels, exclaimed, that he wondered at every-
thing he saw, and most of all at finding himself there.

Since, however, sir, with that delicate consideration toward
your " elder hrethren," which I so lately had occasion to ac-
knowledge at Dorchester, you are willing to trust yourself by
the side of such a specimen of palceontology as myself, I have
much pleasure in assuring you that I have witnessed with the
highest satisfaction the proof afforded by this grand exhibition,
that the agriculture of our country, with all the interests con-
nected with it, is in a state of active improvement. In all
things, sir, though I approve a judicious conservatism, it is
not merely for itself, but as the basis of a safe progress. I
own, sir, there are some old things, both in nature, and art,
and society, that I like for themselves. I all but worship the
grand old hills, the old rivers that roll between them, and
the fine old trees bending with the weight of centuries. I
reverence an old homestead, an old burying-ground, the good
men of olden times. I love old friends, good old books, and
I don't absolutely dislike a di'op of good old wine for the
stomach's sake, provided it is taken from an original package.
But these tastes and sentiments are all consistent with, nay, in
^y judgment, they are favorable to, a genial growth, progress-
ion, and improvement, such as is rapidly taking place in the
agriculture of the country. In a word, I have always been,
and am now, for both stability and progress ; learning, from a
rather antiquated, but not yet wholly discredited, authority,
" to prove all things, and to hold fast to that which is good."
I know, sir, that the modern rule is " try all things, and hold
fast to nothing." I believe I shall adhere to the old reading
a little lonsfer.

161

But, sir, to come to more practical, and you will probably
think more appropriate topics, I will endeavor to show you
that I am no enemy to new discoveries in agriculture or any
thing else. So far from it, I am going to communicate to you
a new discovery of my own, which, if I do not greatly over-
rate its importance, is as novel, as brilliant and as auspicious
of great results, as the celebrated discovery of Dr. Franklin ;
not the identity of the electric fluid and lightning, I don't
refer to that ; but his other famous discovery ; that the sun
rises several hours before noon ; that he begins to shine as
soon as he rises ; and that the solar ray is a cheaper light for
the inhabitants of large cities, than the candles, and oil, and
wax tapers, which they are in the habit of preferring to it.
I say, sir, my discovery is somewhat of the same kind ; and
I really think full as important. I have been upon the track
of it for several years ; ever since the glitter of a few metallic
particles in the gravel washed out of Capt. Sutter's mill-race
first led to the discovery of the gold diggings of California ;
which for some time past have been pouring into the country
fifty or sixty millions of dollars annually.

My discovery, sir, is nothing short of this, that we have no
need to go or send to California for gold, inasmuch as we have
gold diggings on this side of the continent much more pro-
ductive, and consequently much more valuable, than theirs. I
do not of course refer to the mines of North Carolina or
Georgia, which have been worked with some success for
several years, but which, compared with California, are of no
great moment. I refer to a much broader vein of auriferous
earth, which runs wholly through the States on this side of
the Rocky mountains, which we have been working uncon-
sciously for many years, without recognizing its transcendent
importance ; and which it is actually estimated will yield, the
present year, ten or fifteen times as much as the California
diggings, taking their produce at sixty millions of dollars.

Then, sir, this gold of ours not only exceeds the California
in the annual yield of the diggings, but in several other

162

respects. It certainly requires labor, but not nearly as much
labor to get it out. Our diggings may be depended on with
far greater confidence, for the average yield on a given super-
ficies. A certain quantity of moisture is no doubt necessary
with us, as Avith them, but you are not required, as you are in
the placers of California, to stand up to your middle in water
all day, rocking a cradle filled with gravel and gold dust.
The cradles we rock are filled with something better. Another
signal advantage of our gold over the California gold, is, that
after being pulverized and moistened, and subjected to the
action of moderate heat, it becomes a grateful and nutritious
article of food ; whereas no man, not even the long-eared
King of Phrygia himself, who wished that everything he
touched might become gold — could masticate a thimble-full of
the California dust, cold or hot, to save him from starvation.
Then, sir, we get our Atlantic gold on a good deal more favor-
able terms than we get the California. It is probable, nay,
it is certain, that, for every million dollars' worth of dust that
we have received from San Francisco, wc send out a full
million's worth in produce, in manufactures, in notions gener-
ally, and in freight ; but the gold which is raised from the
diggings this side, yields, with good management, a vast increase
on the outlay, some thirty fold, some sixty, some a hundred.
But, besides all this, there are two discriminating circumstan-
ces of a most peculiar charactei", in which our gold differs from
that of California, greatly to the advantage of ours. The first
is this :

On the Sacramento and Feather rivers, throughout the pla-
cers, in all the wet diggings and the dry diggings, and in all
the deposits of auriferous quartz, you can get but one solitary
exhaustive crop from one locality ; and, in getting that, you
spoil it for any further use. The soil is dug over, worked
over, washed over, ground over, sifted over — in short, turned
into an abomination of desolation, which all the guano of the
Chincha Islands would not restore to fertility. You can never
get from it a second yield of gold, nor anything else, unless.

163

perhaps, a crop of mullcn or stramonium. The Athmtic dig-
gings, on the contrary, with good management, will yield a
fresh crop of the gold, every four years, and remain in the
interval in condition for a succession of several other good
things of nearly equal value.

The other discriminating circumstance is of still more aston-
ishing nature. The grains of the California gold are dead,
inorganic masses. How they got into the gravel ; between
what mountain mill-stones, whirled by elemental storm winds
on the bosom of oceanic torrents, the auriferous ledges were
ground to powder ; by what Titanic hands the coveted grains
were sown broadcast in the jylaccrs, human science can but
faintly conjecture. We only know that those grains have
within them no principle of growth or re-production, and that,
when that crop was put in. Chaos must have broken up the
soil. How diiferent the grains of our Atlantic gold, sown by
the prudent hand of man, in the kindly alternation of seed-
time and harvest ; each curiously, mysteriously organized ;
hard, horny, seeming lifeless on the outside, but wrapping up
in the interior a seminal germ, a living principle ! Drop a
grain of California gold into the ground, and there it will lie
unchanged to the end of time, the clods on which it falls not
more cold and lifeless. Drop a grain of our gold, of our
blessed gold, into the ground, and lo ! a mystery. In a few
days it softens, it swells, it shoots upwards, it is a living thing.
It is yellow itself, but it sends up a delicate spire, which comes
peeping, emerald green, through the soil ,• it expands to a
vigorous stalk ; revels in the air and sunsliine ; arrays itself
more glorious than Solomon, in its broad, fluttering, leafy
robes, whose sound, as the west wind whispers through them,
falls as pleasantly on the husbandman's ear, as the rustle of
his sweetheart's garment ; still towers aloft, spins its verdant
skeins of vegetable floss, displays its dancing tassels, surcharged
with fertilizing dust, and at last ripens into [two or three
magnificent batons like this, (an ear of Indian corn,) each of
which is studded with hundreds of grains of gold, every one

164

possessing the same wonderful properties as the parent grain,
every one instinct with the same marvellous re-productive
powers. There are seven hundred and twenty grains on the
ear which I hold in my hand. I presume there were two or
three such ears on the stalk. This would give us 1,440, per-
haps 2,160 grains as the produce of one. They would yield,
next season, if they were all successfully planted, 4,200, per-
haps 6,300 ears. Who does not see that, with this stupend-
ous progression, the produce of one grain in a few years might
feed all mankind ? And yet with this visible creation annually
springing and ripening around us, there are men who doubt,
who deny the existence of God. Gold from the Sacramento
river, sir ! There is a sacrament in this ear of corn enough
to bring an atheist to his knees.

But it will be urged, perhaps, sir, in behalf of the Califor-
nia gold, by some miserly old fogy, who thinks there is no
music in the world equal to the chink of his guineas, that,
though one crop only of gold can be gathered from the same
spot, yet, once gathered, it lasts to the end of time ; while (he
will maintain) our vegetable gold is produced only to be con-
sumed, and, when consumed, is gone forever. But this, Mr.
President, would be a most egregious error both ways. It is
true the California gold will last forever unchanged, if its
owner chooses ; but, while it so lasts, it is of no use ; no, not
as much as its value in pig-iron, which makes the best of bal-
last ; whereas gold, while it is gold, is good for little or noth-
ing. You can neither eat it, nor drink it, nor smoke it. You
can neither wear it, nor burn it as fuel, nor build a house with
it ; it is really useless till you exchange it for consumable, per-
ishable goods ; and^ the more plentiful it is the less its
exchangeable value. { Far different the case with oui- Atlantic
gold ; it does not perish when consumed, but, by a nobler
alchemy than that of Paracelsus, is transmuted in consumption
to a higher life. *' Perish in consumption," did the old miser
say ? " Thou fool, that which thou sowest is not quickened
except it die." The burning pen of inspiration^ ranging

165

heaven and earth for a similitude, to convey to our poor
minds some not inadequate idea of the mighty doctrine of the
resurrection, can find no symbol so expressive as "bare grain,
it may chance of wheat or some other grain." To-day a
senseless plant, to-morrow it is human bone and muscle, vein
and artery, sinew and nerve ; beating pulse, heaving lungs,
toiling, ah, sometimes, overtoiling brain. Last June, it sucked
from the cold breast of the earth the watery nourishment of
its distending sap-vessels ; and now it clothes the manly form
with warm, cordial flesh ; quivers and thrills with the five-
fold mystery of sense ; purveys and ministers to the higher
mystery .of thought. Heaped up in your granaries this week,
the next it will strike in the stalwart arm, and glow in the
blushing cheek, and flash in the beaming eye ; — till we learn
at last "to realize that the slender stalk, which we have seen
shaken by the summer breeze, bending in the corn-field under
the yellow burden of harvest, is indeed the " staff" of life,"
which, since the world began, has supported the toiling and
struggling myriads of humanity on the mighty pilgrimage of
being.

Yes, sir, to drop the allegory, and speak without a figure,
it is this noble agriculture, for the promotion of which this
great company is assembled from so many parts of the Union,
which feeds the human race, and all the humbler orders of
animated nature dependent on man. With the exception
of what is yielded by the fisheries and the chase, (a limited,
though certainly not an insignificant, source of supply,) Agri-
culture is the steward which spreads the daily table of man-
kind. Twenty-seven millions of human beings, by accurate
computation, awoke this very morning, in the United States,
all requiring their " daily bread," whether they had the grace
to pray for it or not, and under Providence, all looking to the
agriculture of the country for that daily bread, and the food
of the domestic animals depending on them ; a demand, per-
haps, as great as their own. Mr. President, it is the daily
duty of you farmers to satisfy this gigantic appetite ; to fill

166

the mouths of these hungry millions — of these starving mil-
lions, I might say, for if, by any catastrophe, the supply were
cut off for a few days, the life of the country — human and
brute — would be extinct.

How nobly this great duty is performed by the agriculture
of the country, I need not say at this board, especially as the
subject has been discussed by the gentleman (Mr. Winthrop)
who preceded me. The wheat crop of the United States the
present year, is variously estimated at from one hundred and
fifty to one hundred and seventy-five millions of bushels ; the
oat crop at four hundred millions of bushels ; the Indian
corn, our precious vegetable gold, at one thousand millions of
bushels ! a bushel at least for every human being on the face
of the globe. Of the other cereal, and of the leguminous
crops, I have seen no estimate. Even the humble article of
hay, — this poor timothy, herds' grass, and red top, which, not
rising to the dignity of the food of man, serves only for the
subsistence of the mute partners of his toil, — the hay crop of
the United States is probably but little, if any, inferior in
value to the whole crop of cotton, which the glowing imagi-
nation of the South sometimes regards as the great bond
which binds the civilized nations of the earth together.

I meant to have said a few words, sir, on the nature of this
institution, and its relations to our common country as a bond
of union. (Cries of " Go on, go on.")

I have lost my voice and strength, and my good friend,
who has treated that topic, never yet left anything to be said
by those who come after him. I will only, in sitting down,
take occasion to express the great interest I feel in the opera-
tions of this association. I see that it is doing, and I have no
doubt it will yet do, infinite good.

I beg, in taking my seat, sir, to tender you my most fervent
wishes and hopes for its increased and permanent prosperity
and usefulness.

167

Mr. Everett was listened to throughout with the most in-
tense interest, and was very often interrupted with outbursts
of applause, which seemed to come forth spontaneously from
the large assemblage. At the close, the whole audience gave
him six hearty and enthusiastic cheers.

While Mr. Everett was speaking, the gas was lighted, giv-
ing to the tent a most beautiful appearance. At the close of
his remarks, many of the audience retired.

Mr. Wilder then said :

Ladies and Gentlemen : — ^We are honored to-day by a dele-
gation from Her Majesty's Provinces, and I give you

Canada — Although Her Majesty has not, in her visits to other countries,
set her royal foot upon our soil, yet she honors us on this occasion by worthy
representatives of her loyal subjects.

Music — '• God save the Queen."

I introduce to you Col. Thompson, President of the Board
of Agriculture of Canada West.

COL. THOMPSON'S REMARKS.

Mr. President : I can scarcely hope, at this late hour, to
entertain this assembly ; but cold indeed must be that heart
which would not feel some enthusiasm on an occasion like
this, and seize upon such an opportunity as is here offered for
expressing its emotions. After witnessing what it has been
my privilege to behold at this exhibition, after meeting with
so large an assemblage of brother farmers, and of those who
feel a deep interest in the extension of that science, which it
is our aim to promote, I feel unwilling to forego the privilege
of saying a few words. I have had the satisfaction for several
years of witnessing similar exhibitions in Canada. We do not
there possess much mineral wealth, but we have that vege-
table gold which produces the means of filling our pockets,
which we exchange for many of your Boston notions, which
are made use of to a great extent in our country.

168

Within the last year, our relative positions have been very
materially changed, by a wise and judicious measure, passed by
the legislatures of both our countries, providing for the recip-
rocal change of products. I am happy to be able to mention
a fact that will not astonish people who reflect upon the advan-
tages that result from the immediate intercourse of trade,
namely, that within the last year a greater degree of reci-
procity of hearts has existed between the sons and daughters of
the United States and Canada, than had been known at any
time during the previous five years. This is an extremely
pleasing state of things ; and I only regret that we did not,
five or six years ago, witness in Canada what we have seen
here to-day — so many fair and smiling faces as I see before
me. I regret exceedingly that there are not hundreds of my
young farmer friends of Canada with us here to-day, to witness
the interest manifested by the ladies in these proceedings. I
am sure that it would fill their hearts with gladness, and
induce them to carry out farther that reciprocity. [Laughter.]

Sir, we inhabit a country supposed to be more sterile than
it really is. If you consult statistics, you will find that
Canada is more productive in the cereals — I refer more
particularly to Canada West — than any other portion of
America. It produces a greater amount of wheat of prime
quality, than any other section of the country inhabited by an
equal number of people. The increased intercourse between
us by the lakes, growing out of the Reciprocity Treaty, has
been of marked advantage, both to ourselves and to our
neighbors. This society aims more particularly at the
encouragement of another important branch of our business —
the improvement of the stock of the two countries. We
have had, within the last three or four years in Canada, a great
many valuable importations of animals, and, by judicious
management in crossing families, there has resulted a great
improvement in the brute creation.

The continual advance of agriculture and the rivalry stimu-
lated by our more intimate relations, will have a tendency to

169

promote our mutual interests. The science to wliich we are
devoted, and which is of the utmost importance to mankind,
I hope to see making rapid strides in Canada as well as in.
this country. There is abundant room for improvement yet.
There are few people living in places where it is necessary to
resort to all possible means of fertilization, Avho will not
acknowledge that everywhere in this country this statement is
applicable. I trust, sir, that we shall go on improving, and
while endeavoring to advance our own interests, that we shall
not forget those of our neighbors.

In conclusion, I will only say that we shall be most happy,
on all simiUir occasions in Canada, to see more of the people
of the United States, to witness the results of our efforts
there. They will perhaps see many things that will tend to
their advantage, as we find that we are always gainers by
visiting exhibitions of this kind in the United Stdtes.

For the honor which you have done to Canada, sir, and
particularly for the manner in which the name of our beloved
sovereign, Queen Victoria, was received, I feel bound to
return thanks, and I do so most heartily. We live, sir, under
the dominion of a sovereign, who, I believe, stands higher in
the estimation of the world this day than any sovereign who
has reigned for a century ; and most gladly, while the British
throne is filled by one possessed of her attributes, we acknowl-
edge our allegiance to that banner, which, for a thousand
years, has braved the battle and the breeze.

It is a mistake to suppose that Canadians have not the'
control of their own political institutions. We acknowledge
the sovereignty of Great Britain, and while the throne is
occupied as at present, I do not believe that one in ten thou-
sand of the people of Canada wishes to acknowledge any other
allegiance. At the same time we control our own municipal
affairs wholly ; and if those placed in authority by us do not
give satisfaction, we have it in our power to check them
immediately, and put better men in their places. This is our
condition, and I trust we shall glory in it for many years.

16*

170

"We desire on all occasions to maintain the most courteous and
friendly relations witli our neighbors on this side of the line ;
and we shall always be glad to meet them either in this or
our own country. I beg leave, sir, again to return my sincere
thanks for the toast to which I have been called to respond.

Three cheers for Queen Victoria were then" called by the
President, and heartily responded to.

The President then said :

Ladies and Gentlemen, we are honored, as I have stated,
to-day, by delegations, from the British dominions to the
Gulf of Mexico, and from Maine to California. It was my
hope that I should be able to call upon them ; but there are
two states which have control over a great number of county
agricultural societies ; I mean states which have state associ-
ations. I wish to call upon gentlemen representing them, and
it will be all that we shall be able to do before proceeding to
the premiums. I now call upon the ex-President of the N.
Y. State Agricultural Society, Hon. John A. King.

Hon. John A. King then rose, and was received with
applause.

HON. JOHN A. KING'S SPEECH.

Mr. Pkesident, and Ladies and Gentlemen : —

I had hoped, at least, that I should escape, after the elo-
quence which you have heard here to-day. But I have an
old friend in that chair, who does not, upon such occasions,
spare those even who stand true to him. He makes them
perform a portion of the duty, as he has so ably done his
part. [Applause.]

I will not fail to respond to the honorable allusion which
he has made to the State Society of which I am an humble
representative, and of which I was formerly an officer. In
that State we began early to take our part in agriculture. The
Legislatui'e made liberal and ample provision for the differ-

171

eut counties of the State. They m turn have done their part ;
and in New York we have well-established agricultural soci-
eties,

I have also the honor to belong to the same society to
which your distinguished President belongs — the United
States Agricultural Society. I have served with him also
in that capacity ; and I am here to say, in your presence, and
to his honor, that I know no fitter, no abler, more efficient
officer for that distinguished post. [Applause.] At home
and abroad the same man, the same power, the same vigor,
the same intellect, are all brought to bear on the great cause
which Ave are here assembled to celebrate. [Applause.]

I came here to assist in this .great celebration ; and well
have I been repaid for it. I have witnessed a scene upon
this made land, such as no man 'in this country has ever before
witnessed. I have seen, not only the most beautiful speci-
mens of animals of all characters, but I have seen the noblest
assemblage of the noblest animal — man. I have seen one
hundred thousand persons, yell dressed, intelligent, and ca-
pable of everything that man can be called upon to do — here
assembled to witness that which the society, under his admin-
istration, has been able to produce before you ; orderly, quiet,
and requiring no police, no bayonets, but showing the influ-
ence and power of education, here, in its greatest stronghold^
New England. [Applause.]

I have felt that spirit in me which I have a right to feel,
and that influence which belongs to this nation, and to this
part of the country ; for I, too, boast of some New England
blood in my veins, and it is the best part of me. [.ipplause.]
It is the blood of liberty, the blood of freedom. [Three
cheers were here given.] I am here, in the very air perfumed
with it. Nothing is better, nothing more noble, nothing
more stirring, nothing that makes a man feel more proud than
to be here, in the sight of this noble city, to honor the pro-
fession of the farmer — for I am that ; I belong to the land, I
live upon it, I thrive by it, and I honor the science of agricul-

172

ture, and here I come to show my homage to it in your
presence. [Applause.]

Mr. President, it is too late to go on. [Cries of " Go on,
go on."] You have admonished me, sir, that it is time for
the premiums to be announced, that the fortunate competitors
for the honors awarded by your society are here to receive. I
ought not to delay that announcement. It does not become
me to say more. I did not expect to be called on. I thought
there was another here to answer for New York, and its
society ; but, when you, Mr. President, made the appeal, it
was not in me to refuse ; [cheers] and it would not become
me to do so. Therefore, unprepared as I was, and under the
influence of the eloquence which we have heard, in a great
measure disqualified, still I have ventured, and I ask your
pardon for saying what I have on the spur of the occasion.

Mr. President, I will give a single sentiment, in view of
what I feel upon this occasion. It is :

The citizens of Boston : the intelligent and niuniiicent patrons of the
Farmers' Festival. [Applause.]

The President — I regret exceedingly, ladies and gentle-
men, that it is out of my power to call upon the distinguished
guests who, are here as representatives of other states ; but
we must now proceed to declare the award of premiums.

Solon Robinson, of New York — Mr. President, before
we close, you will allow us to hear from another gentleman
who is present from Canada West. I call for Mr. Isaac
Askew ; I presume he is present.

The President — Ladies and gentlemen, we will rescind
the order that has just been given. Will Mr. Askew please
step forward.

A Voice — Mr. Askew has retired.

Solon Robinson — Is Gov. Colby present? We should
like to hear from New Hampshire.

The President — We should be most happy to hear from
Gov. Colby. Is he present ?

173

There being no response, the premiums were then read by
Wm. S. King, Secretary of the Society.

The following speeches were transmitted for publication, in
accordance with the invitation extended by the President.

SPEECH OF W. F. M. ARNY, Esq., /

DELEGATE FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. President : — It is with much diffidence that I address
you, as the representative of a western state, and of farmers
and mechanics, it would almost appear presumptuous for me
to attempt even a suggestion, after the eloquence with which
our ears have been greeted, by " the wise men of the East."
But, Mr. President, there is one subject connected with the
object of the organization of the United States Agricultural
Society, which should occupy, probably, a little more attention
than has been devoted to it upon the present occasion.

The gentlemen who have addressed you upon " the golden
harvest of our soil," have shown conclusively, that " we have
more wealth in the agricultural products of this nation, than
in the vast gold mines of California."

I have the honor, sir, to represent the prairie state, Illinois,
which, it is admitted, " were her capacities fully developed,
she would be able to furnish bread and meat for this whole
nation ; " and, as was shown, ''gold without food would avail
man nothing," so food without other essentials, would make
man nothing more than an animal. Whilst I boast of the
state of my adoption, I do not disparage other states. If we
cannot raise as good apples as Rhode Island, we know that
we can raise more and better corn, pork and beef, than Rhode
Island and Massachusetts united. Yet, sir, we are far behind
you, in a matter of higher and more vital importance. It is
said that one of our western citizens fell in company with a
Massachusetts lady, and in conversation remarked that " the
soil of your state was unproductive in comparison with the
prairies of the west j" and he thought that " your state would

174

not produce sufficient to feed half your population ; " and he
propounded to her the question, " What do you raise from
your stony soil ? " Her reply, was : " You raise on your
prairies, bread and meat, we raise men and women to eat it,
and school-houses to educate them and you."

Mr. President, it appears to me, as it did to this lady, that
our great mission is to promote the cvltivation of the soil, and
the imiirovement of animals, tvith the greater object of raising
and educating men and women thoroughly.

The God of Nature, and the planet which he has created,
with its products, are types, and man, his creature, is an anti-
type. God, while he is one being, is represented, in the Divine
Book, as possessing three distinct elements, so to speak,
" The Father,'' " the Word," and " the Spirit." His creation
— and his creature, man, like himself, possesses three ele-
ments. The golden grain which the eloquent speaker held
up to our view, contains three elements, " the germ," ** the
substance which gives vitality to the germ," and " the outer
hull." These three are all necessary to the reproduction of
the grain and the perfection of the plant ; but all of these are
useless without proper cultivatiou,

So it is with man. The Creator has given him three
" faculties," the mental, moral, and physical ; all of tchich
must be fully cultivated in order that we may have a perfectly
developed and educated man. Can these objects be accom-
plished more readily than by uniting in an effort for the estab-
lishment of Industrial Universities, to be located in every State
of this Union ? These should be institutions of learning, where
farmers and mechanics may receive an education adapted to
their pursuits in life. Such institutions, ivith a great central
institution near the scat of government of this nation, would
certainly, with the aid of the agricultural associations, do more
towards the improvement and elevation of man, mentally,
morally and physically, than all the wealth of Europe and
America combined would do, appropriated in any other way.
In expressing these views, I may be considered as somewhat

175

enthusiastic. If so, I shall probably be excusable in the eye
of the critic, when I tell you, sir, that they were suggested by
what we have heard here in reference to the proper appropri-
ation of the domain of "Washington, at Mt. Vernon. I was
born and raised within a few miles of that sacred spot, and
almost in sight of the last resting-place of " the Father of our
country." I therefore felt my heart thrill with joy, when the
eloquent speaker alluded to the appropriation of that place to
the agricultural interests of this nation. And, sir, it gave me
the courage to express, in the presence of this intelligent and
vast audience, the imperfect and hasty thoughts suggested
upon this subject. And permit me, sir, to detain you a
moment longer to express the following sentiment :

May the day be not far distant when the United States Agricultural
Society may be enabled to tie the bands of this Union with bonds, more
enduring than " a monument of stone reared to the Father of our country,"
in the appropriation of his domain on earth, to the use dearest to his heart
while he lived.

In conclusion, permit me, sir, to express our grateful thanks
for the kind attention to the delegation from Illinois, and,
especially, for the favorable notice you was pleased to take of
the small offering of fruit from our State exhibition, which
was on your table at this banquet.*

SPEECH OF B. B. FRENCH, Esq.,

OF WASHINGTON, D. C, TREASURER OF THE SOCIETY.

Mr. President : You did me the honor to intimate, a few
days since, that, as I would probably be the only one, officially
present from the District of Columbia, a few remarks from
me would be acceptable, at this time. You, Mr. President,
have only to ask ; it is our duty to comply. I have, therefore,
prepared myself somewhat hurriedly to address you.

The District of Columbia is hardly of sufficient size to make

* In allusion to a barrel of splendid apples, sent by the Illinois Society,
specimens of which were on the tabic.

176

one good farm, therefore I have very little to say of farming
in the District. There are, however, some good and well
cultivated farms in its immediate vicinity, and perhaps one or
two within its boundaries, on which, ten years ago, a half
dozen sheep could hardly have picked up grass enough for a
living. And I should not do justice to those enterprising
gentlemen who have made " the wilderness to blossom as the
rose," did I not make honorable mention of their names here,
for all of them, save one, have their business places in the city
of Washington, and have generously appropriated the means
earned there, to the improvement of the soil. The first one who
commenced farming outside of the city, in good earnest, was
Francis Preston Blair. He purchased a farm called " Silver
Spring," several years ago, which was, at the time, worn out,
and by a liberal expenditure of money, and unwearied indus-
try, he has made it almost a garden. William M. Morrison,
(a native of New Hampshire, and a bookseller in Washing-
ton,) is another of our benefactors of the land, who has made
an excellent farm out of a barren waste. Darius Clagett, a
merchant of Washington, has done the same thing, and he
remarked to me last summer, that farmer Clagett still owed
merchant Clagett a large sum of money. Judging, however,
from my own observation, I should think farmer Clagett was
now fast paying the debt. Thomas Blagden, William Hickey,
Joseph H. Bradley, a Vice President of this Society, and
many others, whose names I do not now recall, are engaged
in this glorious enterprise of improving the land in the vicin-
ity of Washington. They are setting an example that I hope
will be followed by hundreds hereafter in the vicinity, and let
every farmer in the United States bid them God speed.

Twenty-one years ago, I went to Washington for the first
time, and I am constrained to say, that, having been born and
having resided in New England up to that time, the contrast
was such as to lead me to the conclusion that, so far as culti-
vation was concerned, the land between Baltimore and Wash-
ington bore the most God-forsaken appearance that I had ever

177

beheld, except upon the very summit of Kearsarge mountain.
Since that time, the change has been very great, for the better,
aUhough there is " ample room and verge enough " still left
for improvement.

There is, throughout the District of Columbia, I am happy
to know, a deep interest in Horticulture, and Floriculture.
"We have gardens in the city of Washington that can hardly
be surpassed anywhere, and it has become the fashion, the
elegant fashion, among the ladies, to cultivate in flowers every
patch of land about their dwellings, which has given to our
*' city of magnificent distances," a life and a beauty, during
the season of flowers, that is delightful to all eyes which can
appreciate the beautiful in nature. Our bountifully supplied
market bears witness to the superior horticulture in and
around the city, and the public grounds are now the admira-
tion of all beholders. Such, sir, is at present the aspect of
"Washington and its vicinity, so far as regards the proper sub-
ject of remarks here ; and the march there, is, I am happy to
say, onward.

There is one thing, however, which, in my opinion, we
should have there, that we have not, and that is, a Depart-
ment of Agriculture. I know well, that there are those who
have at heart the interests of agriculture, who difier from me
in this opinion, but their arguments have failed to convince
me. "Will any one deny the very beneficial effects upon the
farming interests of the United States of the limited encour-
agement that has been given, by Congress, to it, through the
Patent Office ? I think not. Then, were there a Department
devoted exclusively to this immense national interest, how
much more would be done for its benefit !

I have recently read ** The Japan Expedition, by J. W.
Spalding," and a well written, and most interesting book it
is. I was struck with the following description of the appear-
ance of the land on the "Wooseng river, in China.

*• Nothing," says the writer, "can exceed the closeness
and thoroughness of cultivation visible on both sides of this

178

tortuous stream ; it looks like one great market garden, and
the wonderful industry of its cultivators says to tlie black
soil, month in and month out, " Give ! give ! " The unre-
mitting toil, and the uninterrupted use of ammoniacal fertili-
zers, never allow the earth to be weary of well-doing. No
wonder agriculture is so fostered by the government, and that
once a year the imperial cousin, etc., to the planetary system,
should, by holding the plough in the field, attempt the impos-
sibility of adding dignity to the labors of the husbandman."

There, among a people that we almost deem barbarians.
Agriculture is fostered, especially by the government, and the
Emperor gives, once a year, his example of encouragement,
by holding the plough, — while we, who esteem ourselves
enlightened beyond many nations of the earth, at least in our
farming operations, suffer all the natural encouragement given
to, by far the greater interest of the Union, to be — I use the
strong language of Professor INIapes — " kept in a well-hole of
the Patent Office " !

"While our government are, with watchful eyes, looking
especially after our foreign affiiirs, through their Secretary of
State ; our finances, through their Secretary of the Treasury ;
our military affiiii's, and our naval affairs, through the respec-
tive secretaries having the care of those matters ; our post
office affiiirs, through the Postmaster General ; our law affiiirs,
through the Attorney General, and all our other affiiirs —
except Agriculture ! — through the Secretary of the Interior,
the farm.ers of the country, who, should they combine to do
it, could starve out the government, and all its dependencies,
are left to the tender mercies of a fluctuating Congress, who
may, or may not, as the notion takes them, make a small
appropriation, which, if made, is to be expended under a sub-
ordinate officer, in a cellar of the Patent Office !

Mr. President, is this right ? — ought it to be ? I say, no,
it ought not ! The farmers of this Union ought to combine,
and they ought to say to each candidate for member of Con-
gress, " Sir, pledge yourself to make every effort in your

179

po"\\ er for the establishment of a Department of Agriculture,
and you can have our votes ; refuse to give us such a pledge,
aud you never can enter the halls of Congress as our repre-
sentative." Let the farmers do this, and it will not be long
before we shall have added to our governmental departments
a department of Agriculture ! And, could I have my way,
the head of it should be elected by the farmers of the coun-
try. No political feelings should ever pass its threshold, and
it should be next to treason to hold a discussion upon party
politics within its walls. Give us such a department, with
the proper annual appropriations to carry it on liberally and
generously, and no one can now tell the immense benefits that
would result from it to the nation !

In a nation, extended as ours is, from ocean to ocean, and
almost from the equator to the pole, agriculture is, and ever
must be, the great interest everywhere. Even California, the
land of treasure, where we supposed riches would have been
sought beneath, instead of on the surface of its soil, is, to our
astonishment, sending her agricultural products to our mar-
kets, and promises, ere long, to be one of the best farming
states of our Union !

Sir, I have travelled, during the past season, three times,
between my present home in the city of Washington, and my
former home — the home of my infancy, childhood and youth —
in New England. I have had my eyes wide open to the
prospects around me, and nothing has given more happiness to
my heart than the well-cultivated farms all along the route. I
have seen the independent and happy owner of the soil driving
his team afield, while the morning sun was casting long shadows
westward. I have seen him swinging, with stalwart arm, the
scythe, and leaving the heavy swarths behind him, rolled up
almost like the waves of the ocean. I have seen him gather-
ing in his abundant harvests — indeed, I have seen him, in
nearly all the operations of a farmer's life out of doors, both
early and late, with his hosts — j)robably many of them his
own children — about him, and health and happiness were the
distinguishing features of every scene !

180

And what, sir, were my reflections ? They were somewhat
thus : This is my country ! Broad, extended, and happy —
peace throughout her borders, rich to plethora almost, in all
the necessaries — aye, and luxuries of life, prospering under a
constitution in its formation almost a miracle, and in its con-
tinuation indeed one, and a union of many in one, which

has, for more than half a century, astonished the world ! And
now, when Europe is blazing in war, and the tramp of Power
is over the bloody battle-field, and the smoking and gore-
gorged ruins of what were recently beautiful and peaceful
cities, and the husbandman is called, with hardly a moment's
notice, from his vine-clad fields, to wield the musket and the
sword in slaughter of his fellow-man, and perhaps to lay down
his life, and make one in the holocaust of blood offered up
from the smoking ruins to the god of rapine and slaughter —
I could not but make, in my mind, the vast contrast, and pray
to Heaven that the day may never .come when our broad and
beautiful fields may be made horrid by blood and carnage,
and all our happiness be up-rooted by " grim-visaged war."

Mr. President, is there no danger ? I fear none myself,
from any foreign source, but I do feel, — and I say it with
sadness and with sorrow, — I do feel almost a certainty that
our constitution cannot pass intact, through many more such
ordeals as it has within the past few years. Our fiithers made
it — thus far we have supported it ; let us still do so ! Let
not our children curse us, for destroying their patrimony,
while descending through us to them ! A little care, a little
conciliation, concession and prudence, all over the Union, will
carry us through this crisis, and years upon years of happi-
ness may still be to us and ours. Farmers, the safety of this
Union is in your power ; see to it, that you keep it safe !

Mr. President, I will give you this sentiment :

Uncle Sam's Farm—Oi which we are all tenants in common ; May no one
ever petition for partition !

181

SATURDAY Oct. 27— FIFTH AND LAST DAY.

There was no day thus far, during the autumnal months,
which had opened more bright and beautiful than this, the last
of the exhibition. Early in the morning a few light and fleecy
clouds obscured the sky, but, as the sun ascended the heavens,
they were all rolled away or dissolved in air, leaving the clear
cerulean bright and lovely as a summer morn. Towards
noon, however, there was an unfavorable change, with a few
drops of rain.

At an early hour, the tide of human beings began to set
towards the exhibition grounds on foot and in carriages.
Washington street presented two continuous lines of carriages
— one up town and the other down town. The first named
were loaded to their utmost capacity, and the already weary
omnibus horses, jaded and worn by their labors of the previous
days, seemed to shrink from the loads imposed upon them.

THE TRACK.

The course was occupied at an early hour by those who
were desirous of exhibiting the good qualities of their animals.
Several trials of speed were had but not timed.

The trotting was very good, and here and there were to be
seen some very superior animals, which may be heard from in
the future.

The National Brass Band were in attendance, and enlivened
the scene with some of their sweetest strains.

THE TROTTING.

First Heat. — At ten and a half o'clock, a grand trot came off
upon the track between the following celebrated horses :
"Columbus," "Stockbridge Cliief," "North Horse," and
"Ethan Allen."

The horses were arranged in the order in which they were
named — Columbus having the inside.

" Columbus," — twenty-four years of age — ^is of a chestnut
color, weighing about 1000 pounds ; "Stockbridge Chief" is

182

also of a chestnut color, and the heaviest of the four, weigh-
ing not far from 1100 pounds. " North Horse " is a beauti-
ful black, and is a splendid horse. " Ethan Allen " is of a
fine bay color, well proportioned, and well developed for
speed.

The appearance of the horses upon the track animated the
crowd to high enthusiasm. After three false starts, the bugle
sounded, and they whirled round the course in fine style.
Ethan Allen, although on the outside, at once ranged ahead,
and before the first quarter was reached, took the lead at a
distance so safe, that his driver used no exertions to bring
him in on quick time, and amid the huzzas of the crowd, came
home in 2:34 1-2. Columbus, although in his twenties,
pressed on with remarkable speed, and came in about ten
lengths behind. " North Horse " was about two lengths in
the rear of Columbus, while " Stockbridge Chief" was
distanced.

The first half mile was made by " Ethan " in 1:16.

The trot was an excellent one ; the horses, all of them,
acquitting themselves finely, none of them breaking except
" Stockbridge Chief."

Second Heat. — On the second heat, Stockbridge Chief was
withdrawn. The others came up in good condition, and were
ofi" the first start. The first quarter was nearly neck and
neck, but " Ethan Allen " again ranged ahead and kept it,
although for the first half mile " Columbus " pressed him
hard. The first half was accomplished by "Ethan" in 1 :17.
He broke, however, soon after, but recovered and regained
his lost ground, and came up in fine style in 2:37. " Colum-
bus " was about the same distance behind as in the first heat.

" North Horse " did exceedingly well, and had he not
broke just before reaching the stand, might possibly have
won over " Columbus." It was an exciting scene.

The premiums offered were f 300 and ^150 respectively.
The Judges were Tristam Burgess, of Providence ; Thomas
Parsons, of Brookline ; S. E. Sprague, of Boston.

Their regulations gave much satisfaction.

183

Seco]SD Trot. At 12 o'clock, a grand trial of the speed of
Stallions came off for $200 and |100 prizes.

The Judges were John B. Clarke, Manchester, N. H.;
M. B. Mead, Providence, K I.; L. B. Brown, New York.

The horses entered were under six years of age.

First. Heat. — The horses entered were " White INIountain
Morgan," who had the pole ; " Morgan Hunter," and
"Borneo," who had the outside. After two false starts, the
bugle sounded and they ^were off. " Morgan Hunter " at
once broke, and the others passed on, " Borneo " leading off,
but well followed by " "White Mountain Morgan," who broke
at the first quarter and lost ground. He gradually closed up,
however, but not sufficiently to win, " Borneo " coming in
several lengths ahead, in 2:57. " Morgan Hunter " ran
against the rail at the first half, and was taken from the
course.

Sccojid Heat. — The horses came on in good condition,
" Borneo " especially, who seemed as fast as at the first heat.
They were off at the second attempt, " Bomeo " leading by a
half a length. He soon opened quite a gap between him and
his competitor. He broke once, but immediately recovered,
and had it all his own way to the end, coming in in 2:58.

The " White Mountain Morgan " did not show as well as
he has vijDon some former occasions. He was not in good
condition to take his position in the ring.

Third Trot. — First Heat. — This was a test between the
two celebrated " Morrell " horses, father and son, from Ver-
mont. The " Young Morrell " is owned in Barrc, and the
" Old Morrell " in Danville.

They were off at the first start, the son leading the sire,
and winning the race in 2:42 1-2. The " Old Morrell "
broke badly, and came in far behind.

The slight rain and cool wind at this hour had the effect of
sending a large number of people from the field. Others,
however, kept their position — many of them ladies, much
interested in the exciting scenes.

184

Fourth Trot. — First Heat. — This was a trial of speed for
a prize of $50, horses to saddle, mile heats, best three in five.
The horses entered were " Young America," rode by Wm.
Woodruff, " Young Ripton," rode by Mr. Barnard. " Young
Ripton " is a cream-colored horse, and had the inside. The
other was a white horse. " Young Kipton " took the lead
and kept it to the close without any difficulty, winning the
heat in 2:39 3-4. The other heats were nearly in the same
style, " Young Ripton " winning both with ease.

THE SOCIETY'S DINNER.

As usual at one o'clock, a most excellent dinner was pre-
pared for the officers, committees, and invited guests, at the
committee rooms. The tables were well filled.

COMPLIMENT TO PRESIDENT WILDER.

Before the company left the table, a pleasant incident occured.
Mr. Albert G. Tenney, Editor of the Bath Tribune, Me.,
arose, and, on behalf of the Reporters, in a few brief and appro-
priate words, thanked the Society for the very excellent arrange-
ments which had been made for the accommodation of the
representatives of the Press, and for the many facilities which
had been extended to them during the exhibition. These
kind attentions, he assured the President, would never be
forgotten by the recipients of them. As they left this
exhibition ground, they would go breathing heartfelt wishes
for the long-continued health and prosperity of the President
of the United States Agricultural Society.

MR. WILDER'S RESPONSE.

Gentlemen Reporters — I am taken wholly by surprise by
your kind allusions, and I beg to assure you, that I receive
them with deep gratitude. AYe have r^ied upon you, know-
ing that you would make such representations as would be
just, and might fly on the wings of the wind to every part of
the land. I have always felt safe in your hands, and you have

185

always clone me full justice ; you have awarded me greater
credit than was due to me. To those of you who have come
to our gathering from abroad, permit me to express my sincere
wish for your safe return to your homes, and prosperity in life
worthy of the services you have rendered this society ; for I
am free to say, that much of our present success is due to the
favorable notices you have given. [Applause.]

AFTERNOON PROCEEDINGS.

The first matter of interest after dinner, was the grand trial
of speed, free to all trotting horses, and all drivers, best three
in five. First premium $300 ; second do. $100. A great
deal of interest was felt in this trial, as was manifested by the
crowds which flocked to the seats to get a good view of it.
Three horses yvere entered for it as follows :

Lady Litchfield, - - - by Dan'l JNIace.

Chicago Jack, - - - by John Daniels.

Patapsco, - - - - by Mr. Buckley.

On drawing for the pole, Patapsco got the outside when he
was withdrawn. The trot was therefore between the first two
named horses, and it was contested with much spirit.

On the first heat, the " Lady " broke up badly several times.
Chicago Jack kept steadily to his work and won the heat in
2:3Q 1-2, the " Lady " being but a length behind him.

They got off again on the second heat after two false starts.
The Lady broke up again, and, M'hen not fairly wp, went
skipping along with a gait which might be called any thing
but a trot. The horse as before kept on with a steady trot,
and won the heat in 2:33.

On the third heat the horse broke up badly two oi* three
times, and lost so much that the Lady took the heat in
2:37 1-2.

The fourth heat was also won by the Lady.

The horses now stood equal. Each had won two heats, and
the next was to decide the race. After one false start, they

186

got off in good style. The Lady skipped and jumped as
usual, and came in ahead. Her driver was cautioned before
they started that all she made by such conduct would be
deducted from her time. The Judges acted in accordance
with this warning, and gave the first premium, of three hun-
dred dollars to Chicago Jack. The Lady takes the second,
of one hundred dollars.

The Judges were William H. Gardiner, of Providence,
Frederic Johnson, and Anson Livingston, of New York, and
George H. Butman, and George Bacon, of Boston.

OTHER INCIDENTS.

A splendid specimen of horseback riding was given by
Master Albert Golden, of AVaterville, Maine, who rode a
pretty little sorrel mare, a mile in 2:50. He rode most grace-
fully. The crowd gave him three cheers.

Between the 4 th and 5 th heats, and after the latter, the
famous racer, " Bob Logic," was brought out, and put round
the course two or three times at the top of his speed, to the
delight of the spectators.

Some other trials took place, for the details of which we
have not room, and at about sundown the gates Avere opened,
the audience retired, and the noblest and most successful
exhibition ever held in Boston — that of the LTnited States
Agricultural Society — was closed.

-r. aa

PREMIUMS AWARDED

AT THE

THIKD EXHIBITION

OP THE

CLASS NO. I CATTLE.

No. 1.— HERD PREMIUMS.

Durhams. — First premium, $100, to N. J. Becar, Smithtown,
L. I.; 2d, $50, Morris & Becar, Fordham, N. Y.

Devom. — First premium, $100, C. L. Wainwriglit, Rhinebeck,
N. Y.; and $100 to L. G. Morris, Fordham, N. Y.; 3d, Diploma,
Wm. Buckminster, Framingham, Mass.

Ayrshires. — First premium, $100, Hungerford, Brodie & Converse,
Ellisburg, New York.

Herefords. — First premium, $100, William H. Sotliam, Owego,
Tioga County, New York.

Jerseys. — First premium, $100, Sam'l Henshaw, Brookline, Mass.;
2d, $50, Thomas Motley, Jr., West Roxbury, Mass.

Grades. — First premium, $16^0, Sam'l Ellsworth, Barre, Mass.

Natives. — First premium, $100, A. G. Sheldon, Wilmington, Mass.

No. 2.— DURHAM BULLS.

Bulls three years old and upivards. — First premium, $100,
"Romeo," Morris & Becar, Fordham, N. Y.; 2d, $50, "Kirkleav-
ington," Paoli Lathrop, South Hadley, Mass.; 3d, diploma, "Duke,"
Calvin Sanford, Barre, Mass.

Bulls two years old, — First premium, $50, "Tally-ho," N.J.
Becar, Smithtown, L. I.; 2d, $25, "Sir Robert Peel," W. B.
DeWolf, Bristol, R. I.

Bidls one year dd. — First premium, $25, "Warwick," Sam'l T.
Tabor, Dutchess County, N. Y. ; 2d, $10, "Farnley," Simeon Le-

188

land, New Rochelle, N. Y. ; 3d, diploma, " Echo of Oxford," N. J.
Becar, Smithtown, L. I.

Diplomas of special commendation were awarded to Thomas G.
Aycrigg, Passaic, N. J., for bull, " Marmion ; " Enoch Train, Dor-
chester, Mass., for yearling bull ; N. J. Becar, Smithtown, N. Y.,
for a superior bull-calf, " Charlemagne."

DURHAM COWS AND HEIFERS.

Cows three years old a7id upwards. — First premium, ^100,
" Iris," Morris & Becar, Fordham, N. Y. ; 2d, $50, "Bloom," L.
G. Morris, Fordham, N. Y. ; 3d, diploma, " Maid of Oxford," N.
J. Becar, Smithtown, Long Island.

Heifers two years old and under three years. — First premium,
$50, " Miss Belville," N. J. Becar, Smithtown, Long Island ; 2d,
$25, " Minerva 4th," Morris & Becar, Fordham, N. Y.; 3d, diploma,
"Victoria 26th," owned by the same.

Discretionary Premiums. — P. Lathrop and Gr. M. Atwater, South
Hadley, Mass., for 2 year old heifer, " Yarico 5th."

Heifers one year old and under. — First premium, $25, "Sur-
prise," Morris & Becar, Fordham, N. Y, ; 2d, $10, would have been
awarded to " Victorine," owned by the same parties, but, there being
no competition, this could not be done.

Diplomas of special commendation, and a gratuity of $10, to Noel
J. Becar, Smithtown, L. I., N. Y., for superior heifer-calf, " Grace ;"
to Morris & Becar, Fordham, N. Y., for heifer-calf, "Victorine;"
and to Wm. Shepherd, Manchester, N. H., for a splendid cow, 7
years old, weighing 2630 pounds.

No. 3. — DEVON BULLS.

Balls three years old and upwards. — First premium, $100,
"Winchester," J. W. De Forest, Dover, N. Y. ; 2d, $50, Daniel
Davis, Springfield, Vt. ; 3d, diploma, "Frank Quartly," L. G.
Morris, Fordham, N. Y. A discretionary premium to " May-Boy,"
owned by C. S. Wainwright, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

Bulls two years old and under three years. — First premium,
$50, "Blucher," W. R. Sanford, Orwell, Vt. ; 2d, $25, Harvey
Dodge, Sutton, Mass. ; 3d, diploma, B. V. French, Braintree, Mass.

Bulls one year old and under two years. — First premium, $25,
" Tecumseh," E. G. Faile, West Farms, N. Y. ; 2d, $10, " Plough-
man," Wm. Buckminster, Framingham, Mass ; 3d, diploma, " Red
Rover," W. R. Sanford, Orwell, Vt.

189

DEVON COWS AND HEIFEKS.

Three yearsold and upioards. — First premium, $100, "Jenny," E. Gr.
Faile, West Farms, N. Y. ; 2d, $50, " Edith," L. G. Morris, Ford-
ham, N.Y.; 3d, diploma, " Helena 2nd," 0. S. Wainwright, Khine-
beck, N. Y.

Diplomas of special commendation to L. Gr. Morris, Fordham, N.
Y.; and to C. S. Wainwright, Rhinebeck, N. Y., for Cow " Kate
Kearney."

Two years old and under three years. — First premium, $50,
"Titania," E. G. Faile, West Farms, N. Y. ; 2d, $25, "Donna,"
C. S. Wainwright, Rhinebeck, N. Y. ; 3d, diploma, " Lily," W. R.
Sanford, Orwell, Vt.

Diplomas of special commendation to John G. Morse, Frances-
town, N. IL, and Joseph Burnett, Southboro', Mass.

One year old and under hco years. — First premium, $25, " Cle-
opatra," E. G. Faile, West Farms, N. Y. ; 2d, $10, " Helena 4th,"
C S. Wainwright, Rhinebeck, N. Y. ; 3d, diploma, "Linda," C. S.
Wainwright.

Diplomas of special commendation, two to B. V. French, Brain-
tree, Mass., and one to John G. Morse, Francestown, N. H.

Calves. — Discretionary premium, $25, J. T. Andrew, West
Cornwall, Ct.

No. 4.— AYRSHIRE BULLS.

Bulls three years old and upwards. — First premium, $100, to
" Kelburn," owned by Hungerford, Brodie & Converse, EUisburg,
N. Y. ; 2d, $50, " Major," owned by G. W. Barrett, Concord, Mass.

Bidls two years old and under. — No other premiums were awarded
on Bulls, but the Executive, on a statement of facts, awarded a
diploma of special commendation to a fine Ayrshire Bull, " Logan,"
belonging to Wm. A. White, Lancaster, N. H.

AYRSHIRE COWS AND HEIFERS.

Cows three years old and upwards. — First premium, $100.
" Mary Grey," Hungerford, Brodie & Converse, EUisburg, N. Y. ;
2d, $50, "Jessie," Bobbins Battell, Norfolk, Ct. ; 3d, diploma,
" Alice," John Brooks, Princeton, Mass.

Heifers two years old. — First premium, $50, " Lady Ayr," Hun-
gerford, Brodie & Converse, EUisburg, N. Y. ; 2d, $25, "Jessie 2d,"
R. Battell, Norfolk, Ct. ; 3d, diploma, "Lady Gowan," Hungerford,
Brodie & Converse, EUisburg, N. Y.

190

Heifers one year old. — Messrs. Ilungerford, Brodie & Converse,
of EUisburg, N. Y., exhibited two very fine animals under this head,
but the Committee, under the rules of the Society, there being no
competition, awarded the first premium only ($25,) to " Bessie," the
youngest of the two.

No. 5. — HEREFORD BULLS.
Bulls three years old and upwards. — First premium, $100,
«' Cromkill," David Goodell, Brattleboro', Vt. ; 2d, $50, <' Defiance,"
Wm. H. Sotham, Owego, N. Y.

HEREFORD COAVS AND HEIFERS.
Three years old. — First premium, $100, " Milton," State Farm,
Westboro', Mass. ; 2d, $50, " Pretty," Wm. H. Sotham, Owego, N.
Y. ; 3d, diploma, " Fanny," C. B. Clarke, Concord, Mass.

HEREFORD HEIFERS.
Two years old. — First premium, $50, " Susan," C. B. Clarke,
Concord, Mass. ; 2d, $25, " Lady," Wm, H. Botham, Owego, N. Y.

HEIFERS.
One year old. — First premium, $25, " Blondy," Wm. H. Sotham,
Owego, N. Y.

No. 6.— JERSEY BULLS.

Bulls three years old and over. — First premium, $100, " Major,"
Thomas Motley, Jr., of Mass. ; 2d, $50, to W. A. Harris, of Boston

Bulls two years old. — First premium, $50, Joseph Burnett,
Southboro', Mass. ; 2d, $25, R. S. Rogers, Salem, Mass.

Bulls one year old. — First premium, $25, John Washburn,
Swampscott, Mass. ; 2d, $10, Thomas Motley, Jr., Mass. ; 3d,
Diploma. W. A. Harris, Boston, Mass.

JERSEY COWS AND HEIFERS.

Cows three years old and upwards. — First premium, $100,
"Rose," Gr. H. French, Andover, Mass.; 2d, $50, " Daphne," S.
Henshaw, Brookline, Mass. ; 3d, diploma, " Flirt," Thomas Motley,
West Roxbury, Mass.

Heifers tioo years old. — First premium, $50, " Duchess," S. R.
Spaulding, W. Roxbury, Mass. ; 2d, $25, " Topsey," G. H. French,
Andover, Mass. ; 3d, Diploma, " Rosa," R. P. Waters, Beverly, Mass.

191

Heifers one year old. — First premium, C. L. Cunningham, Mil-
ton, Mass. ; 2d, " Bess," Gr. H. French, Andover, Mass. ; 3d, Diplo-
ma, " Buttercup," W. B, Bacon, Jamaica Plains, Mass.

Diplomas of special commendation were awarded for the following
animals: — "Flora," Thomas Motley, Jr., West Roxbury, Mass.;
" Flora," Jonathan French, Roxbury, Mass. ; " Daphne 2nd," S.
Henshaw, Brookline, Mass.; "Boswell," C. L. Flint, West Newton,
Mass. ; " Belle," G. H. French, Andover, Mass. ; '• Daisy," Joseph
Burnett, Southboro', Mass.

The Executive Committee award a diploma of special commenda-
tion to a fine Jersey cow, "Alice," owned by the State Farm at
Westboro', Mass.

They also commend in the highest terms the fine herd of Jersey
cattle entered (for exhibition only), by the "Mass. Society for the
Promotion of Agriculture."

No. 7. — GTcADE COWS.

Cows three years old and npivards. — First premium, $100,
" Beauty," Geo. M. Barrett, Concord, Mass. ; 2d, $50, " Genuine,"
Samuel Ellsworth, Barre, Mass.; 3d, Diploma, B. V. French, Brain-
tree, Mass.

Cows two years old and under three years. — First premium, $50,
A. D. Weld, Roxbury, Mass. ; 2d, $25, J. W. Hollis, Brighton,
Mass. ; 3d, Diploma, Wm. Spencer, Lowell, Mass.

Coivs one year old and under two years. — First premium, $25,
W. H. Watson, Princeton, Mass. ; 2d, glO, C. H. Keith, Maiden,
Mass. ; 3d, diploma, Henry Sheldon, Cayuga County, N. Y.

Three years old and upwards. — Discretionary premium, $10,
Elon Sheldon, Cayuga County, N. Y.

The Committee recommend a gratuity of $50 to Samuel Jaques,
of Somerville, Mass., for his cow and calf, but, on account of con-
sidering the cow pure blood rather than grade, they were unable to
include it in the latter class, and award it a premium as such. They
also award to Col. Jaques a diploma of commendation for his Grade
Heifer Calf, " Bountiful," six months old. This Calf is of the cele-
brated " Cream-Pot" breed, originated by Col. Jaques, who deserves
great credit for his skill, perseverance and success, as a breeder.

The Executive Committee, upon the representation of the Chair-
man of the Committee on Grade Cows, have awarded diplomas of
commendation, and a gratuity of $25, to two half-blood Herefords,
owned by W. H. Sotham, Owego, N. Y.

192

No. 8 NATIVE COWS AND HEIFERS.

Coivs three years old and upwards. — First premium, $100, Davis
k Flint, Boston; 2d, $50, Daniel Higgins, of Maiden; 3d, diploma
J. L. Barrett, Bridgewater.

Heifers tioo years old. — First premium, $50, A. & T. Jerome, of
Bloomfield, Ct. ; 2d, $25, Henry D. Pierce, Hillsboro', N. H.; 3d,
diploma, Obadiah Rowland, Auburn, N. Y".

U?ider two years old. — First premium, $25, A. W. Copenhagen,
Dorchester.

A diploma of special commendation was awarded to Henry D.
Pierce, Hillsboro', N. H., for a fine heifer.

No. 9. — MILCH COWS.

Cows Jive years old and upwards. — First premium, $100, W. W.
Watson, Princeton, Mass. ; 2d, $75, " Nonesuch," Davis & Flint,
Boston; 3d, $50, A. M. Carlton, Chicopee, Mass.; 4th, $25,
" Fanny," C. M. Hovey, Cambridge, Mass.

Coios three years old and under fine years. — First premium, $75,
'• Fanny," Wm. Fames, Worcester, Mass.; 2d, $50, ''Dinah," Asa
Gr. Sheldon, Wilmington ; 3d, $25, "Nonesuch," Asa G. Sheldon,
Wilmington; 4th, $15, 0. Howland, Auburn, N. Y.

No. 10. — WORKING OXEN.

First premium, $100, J. M. Drinkwater, Cumberland, Me. ; 2d,
$50, Nathaniel G. Giddings, Exeter, N. H. ; 3d, $25, Oliver New-
man, Carthage, Me.

The Committee recommend the following

Gratuities. — $20, Simon Carpenter, Charlton; $15, Stephen A.
Coburn, Lowell; $15, H. Sheldon, Cayuga County, N. Y. ; $10, C.
H. & C. A. Smith, Vergennes, Vt. ; $10, G. H. Shaw, Brookline,
Mass. ; $10, Addison G. Cole, Buckfield, Me.; $5, John B. New-
combe, Norton ; $5 and diploma, E. Munson, Auburn, N. Y. ; and
diplomas to Nathan B. Keade, of Princeton, for best trained on ex-
hibition ; Josiah Quincy, for fine Devons ; B. V. French of Brain-
tree, Wm. F. Wheeler of Grafton, Harvey Dodge of Sutton, Wm.
Buckminster of Framingham, J. B. Moore of Concord, Mass., Jas.
Lawrence of Groton, Geo. Harvey of Marlboro', G. K. AVright of
Keene, N. H., J. C. Sanborn of Westboro', Moses D. Richardson
of Leominster, Earned Swallow of Buckfield, Me., J. D. G. Wil-
liams of Raynham.

193

No. 11. — STEERS.

First premium, $50, D. W. Haynes, Readfield, Me. ; 2d, $25, A.
M. Winslow, Putney, Vt.; 3d, $15, A. G. Cole, Buckfield, Me. ;
discretionary, $10, Elon Sheldon, Cayuga County, N. Y.

No. 12. — FAT CATTLE.

On Bullocks. — First premium, $75, Seth Bush, West6eld, Mass. ;
2d, $50, James Eddy, Swansey, Mass. ; 3d, $25, Samuel Stebbins,
Conway, Mass.

Fat Cows. — First premium, $50, E. Munson, Auburn, N. Y. ;
2d, $25, E. Sheldon, Cayuga County, N. Y.

Fat Steers. — Discretionary, first premium, $50, E. Munson, Au-
burn, N. Y.; 2d, $25, E. Sheldon, Cayuga County, N. Y.; 3d, $15;
H. Sheldon, Cayuga County, N. Y.

CLASS NO. 11. HORSES.

No. 13. — THOROUGH BRED HORSES AND MARES.

Stallions. — First premium, $200, " Trustee," M. De Motte, New
York; 2d, $100, "Logan," J. B. Monott, N. Y. ; 3d, $50, "Match-
less," Wm. B. De Wolf, Bristol, R. I.; 4th, diploma, "Tricolor,"
Frederick Boydcn, Topsfield, Mass. ; diploma of commendation to
" Bob Logic," James R. Hutchings, Montreal, Canada.

Mares. — First premium, $150, "Fashion," L. G. & F. Morris,
Fordham. N. Y.; discretionary premium, $25, "Etiquette," L. G. &
F. Morris, Fordham, N. Y. ; do., $25, "A La Mode," L, G. & F.
Morris, Fordham, N. Y.

No. 14. — STALLIONS AND MARES. — (Roadsters.)
Stalliom. — First premium, $200, "Ethan Allen," 0. S. Roe &
Co., Cambridge, Mass.; 2d, $100, "North Horse," Lemuel North;
and E. Warren, Boston, Mass.; 3d, diploma, "Boston Boy," A.
Carpenter, Providence, R. I., and D. Warren, Boston, Mass.;
diploma of commendation, " Black Hawk Chief," E. Hill, Brid'
port, Vt.

194

The Executive Committee award a diploma of special commenda-
tion, to Frederic Boyden of Topsfield, Mass., for his stallion " Tippo,"
bj accident not examined in his proper class by the judges.

Mares.— Vir^t premium, $150, "Pet," W. P. Balch, Boston,
Mass. ; 2d, $100, "Lady Johnson," S. K. Johnson, North Andover.

No. 15. — STALLIONS FOE, GENERAL USE.

Fmr years old and upwards. — First premium, $200, "Young
Morrell," Town & Trow, Barre, Vt. ; 2d, $100, " Henry Clay,"
Kogers & Cullender, Albany, N. Y. ; 3d, $50, " Morgan Emperor,"
Harrison Bacon, Barre; 4th, $30, " Ashuelot Morgan," U. Bowen,
Richmond, N. H.

The Committee also recommend gratuities of $20 each to the fol-
lowing horses : — " North Star," Henry Olmstead, E. Hartford, Ct. ;
" Young Trustee," C. T>. Freeland, Patterson, N. J. ; " Stockbridge
Chief," J. W. Bishop, Chatham 4 Corners, N. Y. ; " Old Sherman
Morgan," A. J. Congdon, Lancaster, N. H. ; " Granite State Mor-
gan," C. C. Whitaker, Farmington, N. H. ; " State of Maine," J.
Moody, Lincolnville, Me. ; " Comet," Iram Wood, Hancock, N. H. ;
" Duroc," R. Kelram, South Boston. ; " Wild Deer," Dean & Mer-
rill, Fabius, N. Y. ; "Lion," F. Whitaker, South Maiden, Mass.

No. 16. — STALLIONS FOR GENERAL USE.

Three years old and under four years. — First premium, $150,
" Nonpareil," Jas. F. Thorndike, New England Village ; 2d, $75,
" White Mountain," S. H. EJgerly, Manchester, N. H. Gratuities
of $50 each were awarded to " Iron Duke," owned by Timothy T.
Jackson, Jamaica, L. I., and " Andrew Jackson," belonging to Har-
rison Bacon, of Barre, Mass.

No. 17. — STALLIONS FOR GENERAL USE.

Two years old and under three years. — First premium, ^50,
" Leather Stocking," S. & D. Leavitt, Jr., Great Barrington, Mass. ;
2d, $25, "Silver Cloud," T. F. Jackson, Jamaica, L. I.; 3d, $15,
K. S. Denny, Clapville, Mass. ; 4th, diploma, James F. Thorndike,
New England Village, Mass.

One year old and under two years. — First premium, $30, " Fly-
ing Scud," E. W. Mott, Manhassett, L. L ; 2d, $20, " King Philip,"

195

J. B. DeWolf, Bristol, L. I. ; M, diploma, " Young Trustee," G.
Howhind Shaw, Brookline, Mass.

Diplomas of special commendation: — " Abderrahmann," D.
Dunn, Portland N. Y. ; " Empire State," Dr. S. 0. Bichardson, S.
Beading, Mass. ; " St. Patrick," Joseph H. Billings, W. Boxbury,
Mass. ; " Black Hawk Defiance," D. E. Hill, Bridport, Vt.

No. 18. — BREEDING MARES AND FILLIES.

Mares three years old. — First premium, $150, "Jenny Lind," C
W. Sherman, Vergennes, V t. ; 2d, $100, "Lady Sutton," G. H.
Shaw, Brookline, Mass. ; 3d, $50, " Massachusetts Maid," II, S.
Denny, Clapville ; 4th, diploma, '• Sally Jenkins," Harrison Bacon,
Barre, Mass.

Gratuities ('$23.23,) amounting in the aggregate to $140, were
awarded as follows : " Kate," belonging to Arthur W. Austin, West
Boxbury ; " Kate Hays," Samuel "Wheat, Putney, Yt. ; " May
Flower," John Dugan, Somerville; "Fanny Morgan," Henry Olm-
sted, East Hartford, Ct. ; "Julia," J. F. DeWolf, Bristol, R. I.;
" Leaping Fawn," S. W. Ellis, Providence, B. L

Fillies three years old. — First premium, $75, "Fanny Kemble,"
Thomas Goddard, Boston. The Ex. Committee, on a statement of
facts, have awarded the 2d premium, $50, to Joseph H. Billino-s, of
West Boxbury, Mass., for his chestnut filly " Lady Fremont," by im-
ported " Trustee."

Fillies one year old. — First premium, $30, " Wild Maggie," E.
S. Stowell, Cornwall, Vt.

Diplomas of commendation were awarded to " Boston Girl,"
Adams Carpenter, Providence, B. I., and " Mary Morgan," Amos
Felch, Limerick.

No. 19. — MATCHED HORSES.

First premium, $100, David Saunderson, Somerville, N. J.; 2d,
$75, Joseph Wright, Waterloo, N. Y.; 3d, $50, Clapp & Sharp,
Hartford, Ct. ; 4th, $25, Horatio Sargent, Springfield, Mass., and a
diploma to J. A. Harwood, of Littleton, Mass.

The Committee would also recommend the following
Gratuities. — J. N. Randall, Boston, Mass., $20; D. Leavitt, Gt.
Barrington, Mass., $15; J. G. Bates, Boston, $10; diploma, each
to Geo. P. Reed, Boxbury ; N, E. Nimmo, Boston ; Samuel Twitch-
ell, Jr., Buffalo, N. Y.

rrf'i,

IP'

197

Xo. 22. — DRAFT HOESES.

First praniojCD, $100, Bossdl, Harrington & Co., Boston, Mas. ;
2d, $50, East Boston Sugar Kefinerr; :>d, $25. Page ^ Xoves, Bos-
ton, Mass.

Single Draft Banes. — First premium, $30, Bobert Cotrdin, Bos-
ton; 2d, $25, Caleb Thurston, Boston: oA, diploma, Hobbaii
Pierce, Boston.

Ducretionary premiums. — M. ^. Goodell »t Co^ Boston, $25 ;
Edward Harris, Moorestown. >'. J.. $2.5.

Xo. 23. — TKOTTIXG ROSSES OX TUESDAT.

First premium, $2«>X ••Termont Bov,^ E- H. A: F. Gilman,
Montpelier, Vt. ; 2d, $10<L». " Ripton," 3Ir. Bamari. Boston.

In regard to the " John Smith " horse and the " Benjamin ~ hinse,
Ae Committee were satisfied that these horses have trotted for mooej
on a public track and for an advertised purse, the proofe of whidi
would be laid before the Society, if requirei.

TROTTLSG HORSES C'X TETP.SPAT.

First premium. $200, '• Genesee," Anson Livingstoa. Xew York
Citj; 2d, $100, -Kate ^liller," Daniel 3Iace, Boston, Mass.

Xo. £4. — TROmXG HORSES OX SATOLI>AY.

First premium, $300, " Chicago Jack,'' entered bj Jchn Daniels ;
2d, $100, " Lady Litchfield,^ entered by Daniel Mace.

TROniXG STAT.T.TOXS, SEi YEARS OLD AXD UPWARDS.

First premium, $300, to '• Ethan Allen,^ O. S, Roe k Co., Cam-
bridge, Mass. ; 2d. $150, « Columbus,^ Walter Smith, OrweD, Yt.

TROTTESG STAT.T.TOXS, irXDER SESl YEAJRS OF AGE.

First premium, $200, to ''Romeo," Benjamin Thuriow. Lowell,
Mass.; 2d, $100, to "TThite Mountain 3Iorgan," S. R Edgerly,
Manchester, X. H.

TROTTIXG HORSES, ^TO SADDLE.)
First premium, $50, to " Young Ripton," TT. Barnard, Boston.

198

CLASS NO. III. SHEEP.

No. 25. — LONG WOOL SHEEP.

Bucks two years old and over. — First premium, $25, Hunger-
ford, Brodie & Converse, Ellisburg, N. Y. ; 2d, $15, to the same;
3d, diploma, to J. T. Andrew, West Cornwall, Conn.

Bucks under tioo years old. — First premium, $20, D. B. Haight,
Dover Plains, N. Y. ; 2d, $10, to the same ; 3d, diploma, to George
Fox, New Ipswich, N. H.

Eices under two years. — First premium, $20, Hungerford, Brodie
& Converse, Ellisburg, N. Y. ; discretionary premiums, $15, for
three wethers, to John T. Andrew, West Cornwall, Ct. ; $8, or a
diploma, at owner's option, for two-year old buck, to D. B. Haight,
Dover Plains, N. Y. ; $5, or a diploma, at owner's option, for two-
year old buck, Albert Kelley, Auburn, Mass.

No. 26. — MIDDLE WOOL SHEEP.

Bucks over two years. — First premium, $25, " Young York,"
L. G. Morris, Fordham, N. Y.; 2d, $15, D. B. Haight, Dover
Plains, N. Y.

Bucks wider two years. — First premium, $20, " Boston," L. G.
Morris, Fordham, N. Y.; 2d, $10, D. B. Haight, Dover Plains, N.
Y. ; 3d, $10, and a diploma, Geo. Hartshorn, llahway, N. J.

Ewes over two years'. — First premium, $25, L. G. Morris, Ford-
ham, N. Y. ; 2d, $15, D. B. Haight, Dover Plains, N. Y.

Ewes under two years. — First premium, $20, L, G. Morris,
Fordham, N. Y. ; 2d, $10, D. B. Haight, Dover Plains, N. Y.

No. 27. — MIXED BREED OF SPANISH AND SILESIAN
MERINOS.

Gratuities. — $15, for a pen of four bucks, Geo. Campbell, West-
minster, Vt. ; $15, for a pen of five ewes, to the same.

No. 28. — SILESIAN MERINOS.

Bucks two years old and over. — First premium, $25, Chamber-
Iain, Campbell & Ladd, Redhook, N. Y. ; 2d, $15, Geo. Campbell,
Westminster, Vt.

Bucks under two years. — First premium, $20, to Chamberlain,
Campbell & Ladd ; 2d, $10, to Geo. Campbell.

199

Ewes tioo years old and over. — First premium, 825, to Chamber-
lain, Campbell & Ladd ; 2d, $15, to Geo. Campbell.

Etves binder two years. — First premium, f 20, to Chamberlain,
Campbell & Ladd.

No. 29. — FRENCH MERINOS.

Bucks two years old and upwards. — First premium, $25, Cham-
berlain & Campbell, Redhook, N. Y. ; 2d, $15, Kimball & Cham-
berlain, Rutland, Vt.

Bucks'under two years. — First premium, $30, Kimball & Cham-
berlain, Rutland, Vt. ; 2d, $10, Chamberlain & Campbell, Redhook,
N. Y.

Ewes ever tioo years. — First premium, $25, Kimball & Chamber-
lain, Rutland, Vt.; 2d, not awarded.

Eioes under two years. — First premium, $20, Chamberlain &
Campbell, Redhook, N. Y. ; 2d, $10, Kimball & Chamberlain,
Rutland, Vt.

No. 30. — SILESIAN MERINOS.

Bucks ttvo years old aiid upwards. — First premium, $25, George
Campbell, Westminster, Vt. ; 2d, $15, W. R. Sanlbrd, Orwell, Vt.

Bucks under two years. — First premium, $20, W. R. Sanford,
Orwell, Vt. ; 2d, $10, Geo. Campbell, Westminster, Vt.

Ewes two years and upwards. — First premium, $25, W. R. San-
ford, Orwell, Vt.

Ewes under two years. — First premium, $20, W. R. Sanford>
Orwell, Vt.

CLASS NO. IV. SWINE.

No. 31. — SUFFOLK SWINE.

Boars two years old and upwards. — First premium, $25, T. & J.
Stickney, Watertown, Mass.; 2d, $15, B. V. French, Braintree,
Mass. ; 3d, diploma, Lonsdale Co., Smithfield, R. I.

Boars one year old and over. — First premium, $20, Joseph Kit-

200

tredge, North Andovcr; 2d, $10, G. W. Wilson, Maiden, Mass ;
3d, diploma, Abner Havens, Framingham, Mass.

Sows tiDo years old and over. — First premium, $25, I. & J.
Stickney, Watertown, Mass. ; 2d, f 15, I. & J. Stickney,Watertown,
Mass. ; 3d, diploma, Joseph Kittredge, North Andover, Mass.

Sows one year old and under two years. — First premium, $20, I.
& J. Stickney, Watertown, Mass. ; 2d premium, $10, Abner Ha-
vens, Framingham, Mass.

SUFFOLK PIGS.

First premium, $15, I. & J. Stickney, Watertown, Mass. ; 2d
premium, $10, Abner Havens, Framingham, Mass.

Discretionary premiums. — To Gr. W. Hildreth, of Greenfield,
Mass., for litter of pigs, $10 ; to James A. Stearns, of Manchester,
N. H., for fine boar, $10 ; to G. W. Hildreth, of Greenfield, Mass. ;
for fine boar, $10 ; to 13. V. French, of Braintree, Mass., for fine
sow, $10.

No. 32. — ESSEX SWINE.

Boars two years old and upwards. — First premium, to L. G. Mor-
ris, New York, for "Fisher Hobbs," $25 ; 2d, C. A. Stetson, N. Y.,
$15.

One year old and upioards. — First premium to L. G. Morris,
New York, for " Uncle Tom, 2nd," $20 ; 2d, C. B. Clark, Concord,
Mass., $10 ; 3d, Wm. A. Harris, Newton, diploma.

Saws two years old and upwards. — First premium to Wm. A.
Harris, Newton, $25 ; 2d, "Topsey 2d," L. G. Morris, New York;
•'Aunt Chloe," $15; 3d, C. B. Clark, Concord, Mass., diploma.

One year old and upwards. — First premium to C. B. Clark, Con-
cord, Mass., $20 ; 2d, L. G. Morris, New York, " Topsey 3d," $10 ;
3d, to L. G. Morris, diploma.

ESSEX PIGS.

C. B. Clark, Concord, Mass., $15. Also, a diploma to the sow
" Beauty," owned by Geo. Bacon, Brookline, Mass.

Discretionary premium^ of $15, recommended to C. A. Stetson
N. Y., for Berkshire boar, entered in this class by mistake.

201

No. 33. — BOARS OF OTHER BREEDS.

Two years old and uptoards. — The Committee being unable to
decide on the respective merits of the Berkshire and Yorkshire
breeds, recommend a first premium on each breed, viz:

Boars two years old and upioards. — First premium, $25, York-
shire boar, Hungerford, Brodie & Converse, Ellisburg, N. Y. ; first
premium, $25, Berkshire boar, " Sir Robert," L. Gr. Morris, Ford-
ham, N. Y. ; 2d, $15, Berkshire boar, " Master Burke," L. G. Mor-
ris, Fordham, N. Y.

Boars one year old. — Only one entry was made under this class,
and the Committee therefore award the 2d premium, $10, Berkshire
boar, "Balph," L. C Morris, Fordham, N. Y.

No. 34. — SOWS OF OTHER BREEDS.

Two years old and upioards. — First premium, $25, Joseph Tut-
tle, Dorchester, Mass. ; 2d, $15, Charles R. Damon, Cochituate ;
discretionary premium, $10, J. A. Stearns, Manchester, N. H.

One year old and under two. — First premium, $20, Joseph Tut-
tle, Dorchester, Mass. ; 2d, $10, "Diana," L. G. Morris, Fordham,
N. Y.

NO. 3o. — PIGS OF OTHER BREEDS.

The Committee would report that there were no pigs of other
breeds presented to them which answered the condition requiring
*' not less than six in a litter," and therefore make no award.

In cases where no mention is made of second and third premiums,
they were not awarded by the committee.

202

THE AGRICULTURAL INTEREST,

AS AFFECTED BT THE RECIPKOCITY TEEATT, THE TAKIFP, AND THE
COAST-WISE TRADE.

BY CHAUNCY P. HOLCOMI), ESQ., OF DELAWARE.

[This docuraent was presented at the last annual meeting of the Society^
and referred to the executive committee. Whatever opinions may be enter-
tained by others, in relation to the subject of governmental protection, the
committee feel, that its publication in the Society's transactions is due to its
lamented author, Chauncy P. IIolcomb, Esq., of Delaware, who was a dis-
tinguished member of the Society, and a warm friend of American agricul-
ture.]

The negotiation of the Reciprocity Treaty is but one of a
series of acts in the administration of the government, and in
the legislation of Congress, that shows that the agricultural
interest of the country is utterly disregarded. It is disfran-
chised, so to speak, and completely overslaughed by the para-
mount interest of commerce and manufactures. It is remorse-
lessly sacrificed in any treaty, or in any act of Congress, when
it conflicts in the slightest degree with any other interest.
Even the President, in his late annual message, seems not to
have deemed agriculture of sufficient prominence, in a national
point of view, to be entitled to any notice whatever, and does
not even name it. The powerful control and influence of the
commercial press of the country — and of the commercial men
of the country — of the capital and numbers of the concen-
trated population of our large cities, seem to entirely obscure
it ; nay, more, when they choose, they can overwhelm it ; at
least, they can burden it, and tax it, and introduce at their
pleasure new rivals to share its markets. The representatives
from the rural districts in Congress seem paralyzed, and are
unable, it would seem, to even protest against the sacrifices
their constituents are thus called on to make.

Certain it is, that the merits of this reciprocity treaty came
fully before the House of Representatives, on the bill intro-

203

(luced to repeal the duty imposed by the tarifF on j)rovIncial
produce, Canadian wheat, etc., and the passage of which bill
was necessary to the validity and operation of the treaty. Yet
the agricultural interest appears not to have had one single
friend there to rise and defend it against the " hardest single
blow " it ever received.

This may admit of explanation. Some legerdemain of the
" rules " may account for it ; but the facts are undeniable,
that no voice was heard in the house resisting this iniquitous,
suicidal British treaty — iniquitous, certainly, so far as it sold
the markets of the American farmer that he has been charged
30 per cent, upon everything he has worn and nearly every-
thing he has used for the last quarter of a century to build
up.

Before examining the merits of this treaty, I wish to call
attention to a passage contained in the late message of the
President, in reference to it. I think it goes far towards con-
victing the Chief Magistrate of something very like an attempt
to deceive the country. He certainly has used the technical
language of the treaty as only a special pleader in a bad cause
would be likely to use language, and has submitted a really
false issue to the country. The basis of the treaty is not, and
never was, what the President, in so solemn a paper as his
annual message to the people, would seem to represent it tO'
be. But the farmers had charged him and his administration
with having " sold their wheat fields for codfish and mack-
erel." Listen to the President's statement of the bargain he
has made ! So far from selling their wheat fields, he got
both the inshore fishery and the navigation of the St. Law-
rence, for the right ceded to Great Britain to sell the fsh they
take on the coast in our market, free of duty ! So he says the
treaty " stipulates," and because such a fraud or fiction has
been inserted into the treaty by two cunning Diplomats, the
President justifies himself in holding forth to the country,
that it was the real and honafide consideration, for, as he
expresses it, " privileges of the highest importance and value

204

to the United States." But, not to do the President injustice,
let us give the passage entii-e as it stands in the message :

*' So soon as it (the treaty) was ratified, Great Britain
opened to our commerce the free navigation of the river St.
Lawrence, and to our fishermen iinmolested access to the
shores, and bays, from which they had been previously
excluded on the coast of her North American Provinces : in
return for which she asked for the introduction, free of duty,
into the ports of the United States, of the fish caught on the
coast by British fishermen. This being the comiKiisation stip-
iduted in the treaty for privileges of the highest importance and
value to the United States, .which were thus voluntarily
yielded before it became effective, the request seemed to me a
reasonable one."

Now this is all a fiction, without one fact to give it counte-
nance, and contradicted by the history of all the diplomacy,
negotiation and legislation on the subject from the time
General Dix first introduced his bill into Congress in 1849.

The boon they sought, and the boon (the compensation)
we gave them was not our markets to sell fish in, which fish
they never caught, and probably never will — it was our grain
and produce markets for the sale of their agricultural produce.
It was not for markets in which to sell fish, that Sir Henry
Bulwer sought by every means in his power to get General
Taylor's administration to negotiate, and Congress to legislate
about this, so miscalled reciprocity matter, and sought in vain ;
it was not for this Lord Elgin came on a special mission to
this country, and that Washington has been made to swarm
for the last two years with Canadian officials and unolficials,
but it was to get our home markets for the sale of provincial
produce. Everybody knows this. How absurd, and almost
ridiculous, then, the attempt to keep the real " compensation "
from view ! Nobody will be deceived by it ; but it is morti-
fying and humiliating to see men in high places, in state
papers of the gravest and most solemn import, resorting to
such subterfuges, for they hardly deserve a better name. For

205

the mutual considerations thus named by the President — the
right to the inshore fisheries, and the navigation of the St.
Lawrence, ceded on the one hand, and the right to sell fish in
the American markets on the other, no such treaty could have
been formed ; not that the privileges thus respectively granted
are disproportioned, or that Great Britain would consider she
was parting with any real boon whatever, but she would
rather keep the difficulty about the fisheries a bone of conten-
tion for ulterior ends, than part with her recently asserted
rights so cheaply. Indeed, this fishery title was merely revi-
ved or asserted after our free use of the disputed grounds for
half a century, that it might be used as a pretext to get
possession of our markets for the agricultural products of their
provinces. But for the consideration really given, almost any
and every disputed and unsettled matter would have been
yielded up by Great Britain. Our minister at her court is
understood to complain that his negotiations have been
seriously embarrassed by the too easy relinquishment of the
only boon this wise and wily nation sought.

Thei-e is no doubt but our government has been entirely,
overreached in the bargain they have made. The Secretary
of State seems only to have taken into view, in his statesman-
ship, the state of New York, or at most only the fishermen
and manufacturers of New England, and the merchants and
millers of Noav York. The interest of New York canals
and railroads, the freight, storage, and commissions of New
York merchants, and the grists to grind for the Rochester
and Oswego millers, have been secured as far as could be
done, by Mr. Marcy, who has had these interests in charge
before at home, and does not seem to forget them when
abroad. That his views have been so limited, and his policy
so sectional and local, is a fair inference from the fact that no
such treaty was ever before negotiated between two civilized
nations. No instance can be found of a nation's throwing
wide open its markets, without an equivalent, to another
nation or people growing staples and products similar to its

206

own. All England did, was to let in one or two articles
which she could not supply to her starving people. But we
have thrown our markets as wide open as though these British
provinces were States of this Union — markets which they
will seek merely to sell in, receiving only in payment our
precious metals, or exchange on England, to pay for the goods
they buy of her. Everything they can grow from their soil,
produce from their forests or their mines, we shall have to
take on these terms.

What do they give us in return besides their river to
navigate, which they can 't navigate much themselves — being
frozen tight six months in the year, and a hazardous navigation
the other six — and a right to catch fish where we had always
caught them before ? What real reciprocity can they offer us
in the way of markets ? Why, a distinguished Senator from
Vermont, when Gen. Dix's bill was before the Senate, in
1849, declared that, from his own personal knowledge, living,
as he did, near the line, there was nothing or next to nothing
we could send to Canada. How can we expect to send any
agricultural products there, when five-sixths of their jDopula-
tion are engaged in agriculture ? and these Provinces are
without large cities, towns or manufacturing villages — Great
Britain taking care to do all the manufacturing for them, and
to make the Colonies, as far as she can, her exclusive custom-
ers.

This reciprocity treaty, in its nakedness, and strijoped of its
diplomatic pretexts, is simply an assignment, transfer and
ceding over of our markets to be used, possessed and enjoyed
in common by the farmers of the United States and the sub-
jects of Queen Victoria in her five provinces in British North
America, whereby, so it should recite ; " It is expected New
England manufacturers will get cheaper bread than their
thirty per cent, taxed customers, the farmers of the United
States, can furnish them, and New York canals more freight,
and New York merchants more storage and commissions."
This is Mr. Marcy's treaty. This is the substance, the pith

207

and marrow of it, and the country "will soon find out it is so,
and that protection has been utterly stricken down, so far as
our agricultural interest is concerned.

The grave question now arises, whether the farmers of the
Middle States — many of whom, like the writer of this, has
stood by protection for a quarter of a century — believing^
among other things, that it benefited the country generally,
while the home market it furnished was a sort of equivalent
for the tax it imposed — ^now that this home market has been
taken away, now that our interest has been deserted by the
friends of protection, many of them, if not among those who
have directly betrayed us, still enjoying the treason, (and
many, indeed, directly participating in it,) whether, I say, we
can, with due regard to our interest, or even with due regard
to a proper self-respect, stand by the piesent tariff, is a very
grave question. Another in the same category, and of equal
import is, whether we can longer consent to give to our com-
merce a monopoly in our coast-wise trade ; a monopoly worth
to them, as some estimate it, not less than an average of from
twenty-five to fifty per cent, on the tariff of their freights,
and which comes dix-ectly off from the producer, our commer-
cial marine being allowed, in effect, under the monopoly they
enjoy, to blockade the mouth of every river, bay and lake,
demanding to receive in American bottoms all freight bound
coast-wise, while the foreign trader, who could carry the pro-
ducer's freight low, goes from one of our ports to another in
ballast — goes empty away.

Whoever will take the trouble of casting his eyes upon the
map, will discover that the British possessions on this conti-
nent are even larger than our own. As a late Avriter expresses
it : " This large British territory contains more than four mil-
lions of square miles, more than two thousand six hundred
and thirty millions of acres, and is equal to about one-ninth
of the territorial surface of the terrestrial globe — nay more,"
says this British writer, "it owns the supremacy of our sov-
ereign lady. Queen Victoria ; and the British possessions in

208

Nortli America are open to the energy and enterprise of Eng-
lishmen."

We are annually assured by the President, in his message,
in reiteration of the Monroe doctrine, that we will permit no
interference by foreign nations in the affairs or political desti-
nies of this continent. Our policy, the policy of President
Pierce and his Cabinet, meantime, must and will result in
nothing else than in helping to populate and build up this
" huge territory," enabling it, perchance, in less than a quar-
ter of a century, to place an army of a quarter of a million
of men in the field, to co-operate with the most powerful
naval marine iu the world, to decide this question, so com-
placently stated, and so satisfactorily settled by the President.
But this is more of a political view of the subject than I
design to take.

But what is the agricultural capacity of these provinces ?
The two Canadas alone contain, it is said, 24^^,482 square
miles, and 155,188,425 acres, of which 7,300,839 are occu-
pied and cultivated. Their population is stated by their cen-
sus of 1852 to be 1,842,265 ; the number of acres of wheat
sown, 1,146,311, yielding in Upper Canada sixteen bushels
to the acre, and in Lower Canada nine bushels, and thirteen
and three bushels per capita of the population of each res-
pectively. Some of their further products are 78,000 acres
of rye, 329,755 of peas, and 913,356 acres of oats, averag-
ing twenty-four bushels to the acre, 65,656 acres of barley,
yielding an average of twenty-one bushels to the acre.

These averages exceed our own production per acre, of the
same staples, in any State of the Union, and exceed also our
production in the ratio of population to production. There is
but one State, as aj^pears by the statistics obtained in connec-
tion with our late census, Avhose wheat crop exceeds nine
bushels to each individual, and the average of the best six
States is below seven bushels.

In reference to the future of Canada, the writer above
quoted, remarks :

209

"In the ten years ending in 1851, the population of
Great Britain increased more than thirteen per cent., and that
of the United States more than thirty-five per cent., and that
of Upper Canada more than one hundred and four per cent.
The land even now occupied in Upper Canada would hold
more than eleven times its present population — say 11,000,000
inhabitants."

Throwing our agricultural markets wide open to the agri-
cultural products of this fine region of country must greatly
stimulate production, and rapidly increase their population.

The population that will now move in to swell their num-
bers, is the same that, to a great extent, would have moved
in to people our own States — a valuable class of husbandmen
and farm laborers, that we have yet a plenty of room for.
The negotiation of this treaty will at once give a direction to
emigration to Canada, an object that the English government
has all along sought, for they have beheld with jealousy,
especially recently, the vast accession to our population of
grown up men and women, drawn from their laboring classes.
What inducements have these emigrants noAv to come here ?
They will have our markets to sell in, and much better ones
of their own to buy in. They will have as cheap and as good
lands, and those who become proprietors much cheaper labor ;
they will have everything but our tariff and our taxes, and
these will be auxiliary to their success, for they will burthen
and cripple those who are to be their competitors.

If we call the average production of wheat in Canada but
thirteen bushels to the acre — it is stated at sixteen in Upper
Canada, where much the largest breadth is sown — their crop
in 1852 must have amounted to 14,672,043 bushels. It is
asserted that their crop of 1854 will enable them to export
twelve millions of bushels, which is above the annual average
of our own exports to all the world in wheat and flour, for
the last ten years, exclusive of the last year, and exclusive of
the year 1847, the year of the Irish famine, when our exports
rose to twenty-five millions, it is far above the average of
our annual exports.

210

This is the formidable rival that our wheat-growers have to
enter a common market with, the American producer
paying thirty per cent, duty, under a tariff protecting our
manufacturers, and which at the same time was pi'ofessedly to
protect his own home market ; still farther taxed in being
compelled to ship his coast-wise freight only in American bot-
toms, he enters his own grain markets to be undersold by the
untaxed colonists of Great Britain.

Wheat is but one of their great staples. In reference to
barley, they have so much the advantage of us in soil and
climate (their climate being particularly adapted to its groM'th,
as its high average of twenty-one bushels to the acre shoAvs,)
that they must soon get an entire monopoly of this valuable
cereal.

Their new grain markets will stimulate the production of
barley in Lower Canada, to as great an extent as the produc-
tion of wheat will be increased in the Upper Province. Their
oat crop, averaging twenty-four bushels to the acre, already
amounts to some twenty-three millions of bushels ; and it is
only of Canada we are now speaking. There are foiu- other
Provinces — New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland,
and Prince EdAvard's Island — embraced in the treaty, and
though not as favorably situated for agriculture, and more
likely to make their contributions from their forests and their
mines, for the most part ; still there is one esculent, the pota-
to, which, as has been truly said, '^ may be regarded little
less important in our own national economy than maize, wheat
and rice," that they are likely, particularly Nova Scotia, to
send us in large quantities, and may drive the farmers of New
England, as well as those of New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania, to a great extent, from the Atlantic markets,
though the cultivation of this valuable esculent constitutes at
present a very profitable source of income.

The graziers and stock-breeders will be in like manner
interfered with, by the horses and cattle that will be brought
in, for it is well known that they are much cheaper in the

211

Provinces than on this side of the line ; and hence horses are
often brought in and shipped to the West Indies, the shipper
being entitled in such cases to the drawback.

But it is unnecessary to detail further. The proposition is
self-evident, that the British Provinces, with their good lands
and cheap labor — it is not less than forty or fifty per cent,
cheaper than it is with us — almost untaxed for their munici-
pal government, or for any other object, the small revenue
duty of some eight per cent, upon their imports, together
with the aid they receive in different ways from the mother
country being sufficient to defray all expenses ; with five-
sixths of their population engaged in agriculture, it is very
evident that they can produce cheaper than the American
agriculturist, and that the two are unequal competitors in a
common market. Why ? Because the American govern-
ment draws from the people thirty or forty millions annually
in the shape of duties on merphandise, a large proportion of
which falls upon our agricultural producers, a sum not only
sufficient to support an extravagant government, an army and
navy, but affording a surplus to buy up annually, or bienni-
ally, as the case may be, other States, Territories, and coun-
tries.

Nor is this the worst feature of this tax as it bears upon
our farmers ; it enables the American manufacturer to bid up
for labor, to overbid the farmer ; in short, to buy up and
command the labor of the country. The farmer is thus taxed
twice ; first in the duties he pays, and then the much heavier
tax he pays in having armed the manufacturer to go into the
market and monopolize to a great extent the labor of the
country, by bidding it up so high that the farmer can only
use it, if at all, to a limited extent, and then at such exorbi-
tant rates as to amount to a large per cent, upon the net
income from his freehold.

But is it true that our farmers, under all the disabilities
they have labored, with a temporary increase of many thous-
and consumers from recently arrived emigrants, and the armies

212

of men engaged under the inflated and gigantic system of
railroad enterprises, in wliich the country has been madly
engaged, have not fed the country well, and generally cheaply ?
Great providential afflictions, as a drought, or great national
calamities, as a war at home or abroad, that affect production,
or affect the prices of the markets, temporarily, are contin-
gencies, that are inevitable, and must be submitted to. The
coincidence of short crops in Europe, in 1853, that drew from
our markets, in one year, upwards of thiity millions of bushels
of wheat, followed by a short crop of our own the present
season, when our markets were entirely bare of the old crop,
have greatly advanced the price of wheat and flour. But take
the average price of wheat for the last half century, and it
does not exceed $1.25 a bushel. Take it for the last quarter
of a century, and it little, if any, exceeds one dollar. But
upon three occasions, during that time, has it been as high as
two dollars, and much of the time below one.

Only three years ago, in 1851, the writer of this sold a
beautiful crop of wheat in an Atlantic market, at 80 cents a
bushel, and no longer than two years ago, the autumn sales of
red wheat in the Baltimore market, were many of them made
at 75 and 80 cents a bushel. Let me incidentally add, that,
from high prices, such as ai-e now current, it is not always to
be inferred, that the farmer is making laige profits. The
aggregate amount of my own sales of wheat the present year,
with an equal breadth in, will be below what they have been
for the last three years, the addition to the price not making
up the deficiency in the crop.

Xobodyhas ever doubted but our farmers could feed the coun-
try*, and feed it well, abundantly, and cheaply. The late
census statistics show the crop of wheat of 18-49 amounted
to 100,503,889 bushels, being a gain of 15,645,378 bushels
in the last ten years. But the crop of 1849 was a failure in
several of the large wheat districts, and the return was " short
crop." The crop of Ohio alone was more than 15,000,000
of bushels below her crop of 1850, as ascertained by the

213

statistics of that State, the following year ; and crediting
this addition alone to the annual average, would make the
increase of wheat keep progress with the increase of our
population. It is fair, at least, to state it at So per cent, in the
last ten years, which is the increase of population. Even the
increase in the old Atlantic States, so long cultivated, so lono-
the nursing mothers of generations of men, was seventeen
per cent.

So far from supposing their capacity to feed the country
doubted, our agriculturists, who had put forth their best efforts
to improve their husbandry, had ditched, and drained, and
limed and marled, invoked science, and spent their money
freely in purchasing guano and other fertilizers, the objects of
commercial traffic — they were prepaied to challenge the
country for some praise, and to anticipate that their efforts,
many of them generous and unselfish, looking as much to a
good and high order of faimiug, as to any immediate profits ;
they had a right to suppose that their efforts thus to elevate
the character of agriculture, and to put it on a footing credit-
able to the nation, and compaiing favorably with the same
interests in other countries, would have been promptlv recog-
nized, and acknowledged by congratulations " on parts thus
well sustained." And least of all, were they prepared to see
a project staited, or at least supported, by New England
manufactiu-ers, who had solemnly pledged themselves that we
should feed them if they were allowed to clothe us, to attempt
to get cheaper bread £roux the Canadians. As little were they
prepared to see the commercial interest which they have
already helped to " build up," imtil, as the President, in his
late annual message, tells the country, " our foreign commerce
has reached a magnitude and extent nearly equal to that of
the fijst maritime power of the earth, and exceeding that of
any other," that our merchants thus succeeding and thus sus-
tained, should — in their grasping cupidity for more freights,
storage and commissions, more rivers to na'v'igate, and more
waters for fishing — strike this foul and ungenerous blow at

214

agriculture, barter away our interest to enhance their own, sell
our wheat fields for their fishing grounds — was not only
unlocked for, but is " the most unkindly cut of all." For
this administration is not, by any means, culpable as they are
for executing the measure, solely responsible for the concep-
tion of this British treaty. The power behind the throne,
the commercial and manufacturing interest, was probably
greater than the throne itself

But let the respective interests understand each other. Our
agriculturists have no objections to Canadian farmers being
invoked to feed New England manufacturers, or feed the
country ; and they have as little objection to our commerce
having the free navigation of every river, and every water
that can float a sail, and securing as far as they can their tri-
umphant success, and complete prosperity ; but agriculture
claims an equal freedom. It protests in that case, that these
manufacturers shall not be allowed to restrict the agricultural
community to purchasing from them ; and that in commerce,
American bottoms shall not demand their freights in prefer-
ence to other carriers. If other interests do not require tariffs
and navigation laws for their protection, neither does agricul-
ture. Give us free trade if you say so — free trade, complete
free trade, even to raising the revenue for the support of
government by direct taxation. It was only on your account,
and only as we gloried, as American citizens, to see our com-
merce whiten with its sails, every sea ; only that we rejoice
to give our ingenious artisans a chance to show their skill, and
render the nation independent of all others, in the construction
of her fabrics, that we consented to this tri-party league, in which
each surrendered some privileges, and was protected in others.
If American manufacturers have nothing to fear from British
manufactures, if American commerce has nothing to fear from
British commerce, so American agriculture has nothing to fear
from British agriculture — home or colonial — nothing what-
ever. But the manufacturing and commercial interest must
not suppose that the agricultural interest will consent to be

21i

taxed for their exclusive benefit and advantage. This they
will not agi'ee to, and their resistance to this policy, I venture
to say, will be found very soon, and very generally to mani-
fest itself. Neither their good nature, nor their apathy, will
make them so non-resistant, as to stand by and see other inter-
ests built up by acts of Congress and commercial treaties to
the injury and detriment of the great natural paramount inter-
est of the country — its agriculture. Their passive feelings to
this extent, I repeat, cannot be counted on, though others seem
confidently to have calculated that they could.

It may be thought that the favor this measure is supposed
to have received from the commercial and manufacturing
interests has been too much taken for granted, and that no
sufficient proof that the ratification of this treaty was mainly
brought about by New York millers and merchants, and New
England manufacturers, has been or can be produced.

The proof, however, is at hand, though some of the evidence,
it must be confessed, is rather circumstantial, than dhect —
the parties — particularly the New England manufacturers — did
not care to commit themselves before the country to so open a
betrayal of the agricultural interest, having pledged themselves,
in every shape and form, at every election involving the fate
of the tariff, that home markets, which our farmers were thus
to be taxed to create, should be exclusively theirs to possess
and enjoy.

A short narrative of the order of events Avill show with
whom this reciprocity measure originated, by whom, and by
what arguments it was supported, by what votes it was finally
carried, and also incidentally, by what means the votes of
Southern Senators representing agricultural States was obtained
for it.

General Dix, a Senator from New York, specially repre-
senting, as well understood at the time, the milling interest of
Northern New York, and the commercial interest of the city
of New York, and warmly sympathizing in the success and
prosperity of New York internal improvements — her canals

216

and railroads — prepared a bill embracing the substance of tbe
present treaty, which was introduced by his friends into the
House of Representatives, during the early part of the session
of 1849, and which bill, as Senator Pearce subsequently
stated in his place in the Senate, was " unaccompanied by
any report, passed without discussion ; " and as he, the Sen-
ator, believed, " without any knowledge of a majority of the
members of that body."

It came before the Senate, we are informed, on the same
authority, '* without any report, and no papers accompanying
it." A brief explanation of the bill was now given by Senator
Dix ; but this, so far from satisfying Senators, only sufficed to
call their attention to the obnoxious, selfish and local charac-
ter of the legislation sought.

Senator Pearce attacked it in a masterly speech of great
ability, and showed the injustice that would be done to
agriculture by thus throwing down all barriers so far as this
interest was concerned.

He said : " I think it is a very important measure, a
departure from the general revenue policy of the country,
involving, in its consequences, direct and remote, a probable
and a serious injury to one of the greatest interests of the
country — an interest as little or less protected than any other,
and quite as much entitled to the benefit of direct or inciden-
tal protection as any. The bill proposes to allow the impor-
tation into the United States from Canada, free of duty, of
wheat and breadstuffs generally, and other products of that
colony, upon condition that similar articles, the product of the
United States, may be imported into Canada free of duty.
Now, sir, there is really no reciprocity in all this : the bill is
delusive. If it pass, not a dollar's worth of all these products
will be exported from the United States to Canada. * *

Canada is not and cannot be a market for such products of
the United States ; while a direct effect of the bill is to give
her a participation in our home market — so that there will be
no equivalent afforded to us ; certainly none to the great

217

grain-growing interest, which is mostly concerned in the
legislation on this subject. * * This bill, therefore, may
be considered as the first movement towards the withdrawal
of all, even incidental, protection to the grain-growers of the
United States, while other great interests retain the protection
which the tariff of 1846 gives them, I do not think the
people interested in the agriculture of the country will be
satisfied with this. If they are not to have an equality of
benefits, they will insist upon an equality of another sort.
Benefits not generally given must be generally withdrawn,
and other interests must abandon the protection given to them.
Certainly there is no equivalent offered by this measure to the
agricultural interest. Whatever benefit is to be derived from
it will enure to the millers of Northern New York, to
Northern railroads and canals, and to Northern shippers and
manufacturers, and to them the profits must be much smaller
than the injury to the agricultural class. * * But surely,
in a country like ours, that produces a surplus of twenty to
twenty -five millions of bushels of wheat, beyond all the wants
of our ordinary consumption, we have a right to ask that we
may enjoy our home market without competition from other
countries, on terms such as apply to no other great interest of
the country.

The Senator also forcibly contended that our treaties with
other countries, particularly with Prussia, would compel us
to admit their produce on the same terms we did the produce
of Canada — a position in which he was subsequently sustained
by Mr. Hunter.

But Mr. Hunter also ably opposed this bill on its merits,
and which bill, be it remarked, is identical with the treaty, so
far as the Senator s objections to it went. He asked : " Is it
fair to take away all the protection afforded to the agricultural
interest, while you retain that afforded to the manufacturing
interest ? * * It would seem as if the agricultural interest
were considered a great beast of burden, doomed to bear all

218

the loads to be imposed upon the productions of this country ;
and we tax it freely and without remorse.

" Now, sir, I am willing, so far as the agricultural interests
are concerned, to place them on the footing of free trade,
provided all other interests are placed on the same footing.
But to allow the manufacturing interest to receive high
protection, and to take from the agricultural interest all the
protection that is afforded to them — and that much less than
is afforded to others — is unfair and unjust."

Alluding to the act of 1846, by which the Canadians were
allowed to send their produce through our parts subject to a
drawback, and which law passed Congress, by the bye, as
silently and hurriedly, if not as clandestinely, as the recipro-
city bill did the House of Representatives, " without a knowl-
edge of the majority of the members of that body," — Mr.
Hunter said : — " "VVe have thus done all that is necessary to
give New York all the profits and advantages arising from
the carrying trade between Canada and foreign ports. We
have done all that is legitimate for us to do — ail that the
commercial interest requires — and now they come here and
ask that they may be allowed to receive the productions of
Canada, free of duty, for home consumption. While the
manufacturers of the North and East have the protection that
is afforded them under the present tariff, they are to be allowed
to receive breadstuffs free of duty from Canada, and
probably the Baltic also. Now, sir, this is unequal in more
than one point of view — unequal, not only between the
agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing interest, but also
unequal between different sections of the country. * * *
The commercial and navigating interest have all they can
rightfully demand in the act allowing a drawback on Canadian
productions shipped from our ports. But they have no right
to demand, and surely the manufacturing interest ought not
to expect us to injure the agricultural classes by the passage
of such a law as this for their benefit. With these views I am
opi)osed to this bill, a?id hope the Senate vjill not agree to its
adoption"

219

Thus forcibly the Virgmia Senator expressed linnself — thus
pledged himself before the country.

Hamlet. — If he should break it now —
P. King. — 'Tis deeply sworn.

Mr. Hunter was followed by Mr. Downs, INIr. Phelps, Mr.
Metcalf, and others, all taking strong ground against Gen.
Dix's bill. Its author at once saw that there was no possible
chance for its passage, now that its true character and real
objects were made known, and never even attempted to take
a vote of the Senate upon it while he continued a member of
that body. But by way of making a decent retreat, he called
it up at a subsequent day, and made a speech in its favor,
quoting from Oswego newspapers, and other sources of as
veritable authority, and among other things he made the
following statement and declaration : —

" If," said he, " the bill becomes a law, I have no hesitation
in predicting that vessels will be ladened with wheat at
Chicago, Green Bay, Detroit and Cleveland, and unloaded at
Liverpool. Ship-owners, producers, all, will be greatly
benefited by this free commerce, which will have an advan-
tage in avoiding transhipment between the point of embarka-
tion and the sea or the foreign market. If the result is to
affect in any way the producers in the Middle States, as
Kentucky in the West, and Maryland and Virginia on the
Atlantic, it will be to relieve them from competition in our
own market, with the wheat-growers of Ohio, Illinois,
Michigan and Wisconsin."

The New York Senator thus represents, in effect, that he
had brought forward a measure to turn the grain trade of the
West to Liverpool, via the St. Lawrence, instead of its coming,
as formerly, to New York. He has enumerated all the great
grain States of the West as being likely to take this direction
with their exports, and suggests that they will do so to an
extent to leave our Atlantic markets open to the Middle
States, "relieved" of the competition from the West they
now meet there. Facilities were thus to be furnished

220

Western producers, by this bill, introduced by a New York
Senator, and politician, to avoid New York canals, and New
York railroads, New York shipping ports, and New York
shippers, and even the citizens of the city of New York were
to pay higher prices for flour to the producers of the Middle
States, the produce of the West being thus diverted by Gen.
Dix's new route to Europe, and no longer meeting in compe-
tition in our New York and other Atlantic markets. This is
magnanimous !

One of Mr. Webster's eulogists has claimed for Jam that
he dealt little in '^ assertion or exaggeration ! "

The New York Senator, at the very moment he m'ade
these declarations, knew that the Canadians themselves were
actually taking our route in preference to their own,
boasting that they could send a barrel of flour to Liverpool,
by New York, fifty cents cheaper than they could by the St.
Lawrence, and then as now were taking our route in prefer-
ence to their own. Such assertions not only bear upon their
face their own contradiction, but impeach, in every line, the
sincerity of their author. Gen, Dix could not have believed
that, to any considerable extent. Western produce ^^'ould have
taken the route he indicated, or he would have been the last
man to have brought forward such a measure. It is but too
evident, from his whole course and the character of his speech,
that he was speaking as an advocate rather than as a states-
man— speaking from a brief prepared to argue the cause of
Rochester and Oswego millers, and New York shippers,
instead of taking a statesmanlike, national view of the subject,
or really caring one iota for the interest of those middle
States whose opposition he sought to propitiate by such jjoor
sophistry.

But it must be confessed that the New York Senator was
ingenious and adroit in managing his case. This very speech
had probably much to do in bringing about the ratification of
tlie treaty ; and this is my apology for noticing it at such
length.

221

In tlie course of his remarks, tlie Senator threw out the
following idea : —

" Now, I venture to assert," said he, " that these impo-
sitions," (alluding to the operations of the tariffs of the two
countries,) *' will not long be submitted to on either side ;
and if they are not removed by the two governments, the in-
habitants of both countries will look to annexation as the
only practical measure of relief."

Senator Hunter may not, at the time, have regarded these
words as prophetic ; but, alas ! he soon received what he con-
sidered a confirmation of them, and from that moment saw
only the danger, or fancied danger, to the " peculiar
institution." The wheat fields of the farmer he had so well
defended, were at once abandoned ; the unreasonable exac-
tions of other interests he had so truthfully and forcibly
pointed out, and denounced, he was ready to yield to, and
freely comply with, so that those phantom forms of free men,
multiplied on free territory, should not haunt him through
the vista of a distant future.

Thus it was. On a certain day, some months after this. Sir
Henry Bulwer entered the Senate Chamber, (it is well known
that this British minister frequently resorted there to play the
lobby member, and to electioneer with Senators on this sub-
ject,) and taking Mr. Hunter out, a long conversation fol-
lowed. When the Virginian Senator returned, a gentleman
approached him, and said : —

" Well, sir, did Sir Henry make any impression on you ? "
The answer was —

*'Yes, he did; he represented that five -sixths of this pro-
vincial population were engaged in agriculture ; that they had
no markets ; that markets they must have ; that, u.nless they
could get them on other terms, they would annex themselves
to the United States."

The trap so cunningly set by the New York Senator, and
so successfully sprung by the accomplished British courtier
and dexterous diplomatist, caught not only the Virginia Sen-

222

ator, but nearly every Southern Senator, whig and democrat,
except the two Maryland Senators, and Mr. Badger, who, no
doubt, believed it all ,a mere ruse, and who were certainly
bitterly opposed to the treaty, but the latter was sick and did
not vote upon it. On such compulsion the two Virginia Sen-
ators consented to sacrifice the great and paramount leading
staple of Virginia — her wheat ; the two whig Senators of
Georgia submissively abandoned the great timber forests and
the lumber of that State, and all went for reciprocity, or
rathei', as they probably conceived, against annexation.

Supposing the fears and apprehensions of these gentlemen
to have been really well founded, and that annexation in one
event would have followed, and was desirable to the North
for political or other reasons, or Avas desirable to the country,
for the immense possessions it would have brought us, we
have, by seizing at the shadow, lost the substance ; in attempt-
ing to secure the navigation of a single river, and a little
trade, we have lost an empire — an immense territory, possess-
ing vast resources, and rapidly settling with a good popula-
tion— indeed already to a great extent covered by such a pop-
ulation.

And now for the evidence that New England manufactu-
rers have deserted protection so far as agriculture is protected.
It is to be found in the fact, that every New Enghi/id Sc7iator,
except INIr. Foot, of Vermont,

" Faithful found
Among the faithless, faitliful only he,"

voted in secret session for the ratification of tltis treaty.

The remarks of INIr. Winthrop in the House of Represent-
atives, on the occasion of his calling on Mr. McLane, as
chairman of a committee, to report a bill on this subject, were
at the time regarded as very significant, well known as it was,
that Mr. Winthrop might be regarded as a fair exponent of
the views of New England manufacturers. The movement
of the Massachusetts Eepresentative seemed to anticipate and
approve the result which the two Massachusetts Senators rati-
fied in voting for the treaty.

Nor is this the only instance iu which Xew EngLmd man-
ufacturers have seemed to chuckle over and rejoice at the with-
drawing of protection to agriculture. Mr. Rantoul's construction
of Mr. Slade's bill, or law protecting wool, by which the law
was almost in effect repealed, and which compelled the farmers,
in many instances, to cut the throats of their sheep, was an-
nounced by the press of our protection friends of New Eng-
land, with undissembled satisfaction.

Nor has the manufacturing interest failed to beset every
whig Secretary of the Treasury, to abolish the duty on the raw
material generally, though this was confessedly not the old
tariff doctrine of Henry Clay, Henry Baldwin, John Tod,
and other friends of protection. And they succeeded with
Mr. Corwin, against all his former acts and declarations.
"With ]\Ir. INIeredith, too, they succeeded, but without involv-
ing him, as I am aware, in any inconsistency.

But this is all a short-sighted policy on the part of the
manufacturing interest. They are fast losing both the confi-
dence and the sympathy of the rural districts. Their demands
seem to be for the exclusive advantages of protection. They
are for protection, when they themselves are to be protected,
against it when agriculture is to be protected. They claim a
monopoly in fabricating, that they may sell high ; they refuse
a monopoly, or any protection, to others, that they may buy
low. Their plan seems to be to have one set of customers
to sell to, another to buy from — selling dear and buying cheap
is the substance of the political economy of our manufactur-
ing friends.

In reference to the commercial interests, whoever will look at
the course of the Commercial Press, and the articles with which it
teemed, from Boston to Charleston, in the autumn of 1853, when
the suggestion had been thrown out that the administration
contemplated treating upon the disputed Fishery question, by
offering the British a participation in our coast-wise commerce
— as we were already enjoying a free participation in theirs —
will see that the Commercial Press, and Commercial men.

224

were determined to concede nothing. And this stand they
took, though the matter in dispute was all about waters to
navigate. They insisted, even in such a case, that the con-
sideration should come from the agricultural interest, and any
equivalent to be rendered, or sacrifice required to be made,
should be made by this interest. They endeavored at least to
hedge in the Administration, by operating upon public opin-
ion, in such a way as to prevent them from laying hands on
the monopoly so long enjoyed by our merchants. It was
nothing to them, free traders, as most of them profess to be,
that Great Britain had already thrown wide open her coasting
trade, and thus challenged a reciprocity. They wanted
nothing to do with reciprocity in commerce — in sailing ships
with British merchants, but were for reciprocity in agricul-
ture, of letting American farmers grow grain to send to Can-
ada,— coals to Newcastle — while Canadian farmers sent grain
to our markets, which the farmer has been taxed for a quarter
of a century to build up, and is now taxed to keep up.

Can the passive endurance, the stolid indifference of this
great agricultural community, be counted on to this extent ?
Will they, under the pretext that it is policy to " build up
commerce," longer consent to the monopoly the American
merchant has in carrying all their produce coast-wise — bluff-
ing all other carriers off with the exhibit of an American
bottom ? The farmers have stood this blockade of the mouths
of their rivers and their ports long enough. It is not only to
build up commerce, but to build up Merchant Princes, that this
huge monopoly is continued. Why should all the producers
throughout the great valley of the Mississippi, pay, on all the
grain, pork, bacon, lard, hemp, and tobacco, that arrives at
New Orleans, and is shipped thence to any northern port, or
any port on our continent, two or three cents a bushel more
on their grain, fifty cents or a dollar a barrel more for their
flour or their pork, than an English, or German, or French
vessel would take it for, if permitted to take it at all ? The
same tax is levied, the same tariff of freights, affects the whole

225

cotton and sugar crop having a coast- wise destination. It lias
always been an onerous tax ; continued to this time, it is a
downright imposition. In estimating the advantage thus
given to the American coast trader, as equal to a tariff of tolls
from twenty-five to fifty per cent, above what it could be
carried for if the carriers of other nations were allowed to
participate in it, I am governed by the opinion of one of the
most practical, experienced, and best informed commercial
men of the country, who has no interest whatever in the
question, and whose sympathies, I believe, are with his former
associates.

When this monopoly under which such high and heavy
contributions were laid upon all classes of producers was first
established, the case was different. Then our commerce was
limited ; then our coasting trade was small. Now it employs
a tonnage about equal to all other tonnage afloat. It employs
^,312,114 tons. Our foreign commerce but 2,333,891 tons,
a small excess, of less than 22,000 tons. To allow this
immense fleet to sweep along a coast of thousands of miles,
embracing the shores of two oceans authorized by Acts of
Congress to blockade the mouth of every river, to close up
every port, except as American coast-wise produce is deliv-
ered to them on their own terms of freight, is, I repeat, a
monopoly of the most gigantic character, a restriction of trade
and commerce, that it is really amazing, should so long have
been submitted to. The powerful influence of the Commer-
cial Press, that so zealously and perseveringly represents this
interest, can alone account for it. Its efforts have always been
mainly confined to represent and advocate the commercial
and manufacturing interest. Take the last quarter of a cen-
tury, and everything this press has said about agriculture
would hardly fill half a column in each yearly issue. I
speak of the Commercial MetropoHtan Journals. It was not
until the present season, when the national calamity of a gen-
eral drought came upon us, that the press hardly paragraphed
the prospect and condition of the crops.

226

How has its course in tliis respect contrasted with the
English commercial press, where the condition of agriculture,
the condition of the crops, the state of the market, are weekly
discussed, and the pubHc kept informed of the prospects
of tliis great interest, more intimately connected than any
other mth the welfore of the people ?

Of our production, our northern commercial press has gen-
erally nothing to say beyond a stereotyped pai-agraph, to the
effect, that the Cornucopia is the just emblem at all times and
in all seasons of our rural districts. Then for the condition
of the mai'kets, their view is intensely fixed on the Mark
Lane Express. They look towards the rising sun, for there
their customers sell ; seldom towards the golden west or sunny
south, where most of what they sell comes from, and when, if
it was kno"mi in time what there really was in the country to
sell, this fact would very naturally have something to do in
regulating prices. They are content, however, to report the
** news by the last steamer," and no time is to be lost in giv-
ing this out, as it fixes, until another steamer arrives, the
value of what we have to sell, whether we are within five
hundi-ed bai-rels of flour of the margin of all we have to part
with, or five hundred thousand below it. This is the length
and breadth, rather narrow it must be confessed, of the exhibit
generally made by our Commercial Daily Press, of our pro-
duction and our markets. But I am glad to say, that there
are a few, especially recently, honorable exceptions to this.
Within the last Summer and Autumn especially, some few of
the conductors of our daily press have grappled with the
subject of production, consumption, mai'kets, etc., and labori-
ously and ably investigated and discussed it. Nor is the fault
all their own that they have not done so earlier, and oftener,
before. They have been but following the fashion established
by our public men. Agriculture has hardly been named in
Congress, in a quarter of a century. It is notorious it is only
publicly named, outside of the farmers themselves, in Fourth
of July toasts, where, thanks to the patriotism of one day in

227

the year, it even takes precedence of commerce and manufac-
tures.

Unfortunately, from the days of Alexander Hamilton,
down, the eifort has been to make the countiy great in what
it naturally was not great. Commerce was to be " built up "
and piled up ; manufactures were to be established, (all-
right,) but they were to be protected, indulged, and pampered,
until in fabricating we excel the world. These interests were
to be first, " the rest nowhere." Such was the fashion of the
times, that even the farmers themselves formerly thought the
sacrifice too great to confine a " smart " son to agriculture,
though it might do for the blockheads, while to enter any of
the professions, was equal to obtaining a patent of nobility.

But the public opinion is changing, the fashion is changing,
and public men will change, and editors will change, and it
will be thought, after all, that we should not lose sight entirely
of what brought our fathers here, of what has mainly sup-
ported us here, and increased us, and multiplied us, until we
have become a great nation, our agriculture !

Our coast-wise commerce, then, I contend, should at once
be thrown open to the common carriers by water, of all the
world.

The monopoly in ship-building should, in like manner, be
thrown open.

Not in a spirit of retaliation merely, for throwing open our
grain ports. Not because an American merchant, INIr. J. D.
Andrews, our Consul at St. Johns, New Brunswick, prompted
and liberally fee'd, as it is understood by merchants on both
sides of the line, got up an ingenious and plausible Eeport to
the then Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Corwin, calculated to
effect the object of these merchants, (although even he does
not deny that the measure is injurious to the agricultural
interest) — nor yet because this interest openly combined with
the manufacturing interest, to do this great wrong to agricul-
ture ; but because there is now neither necessity, policy, or
justice, in restricting our producers to ship in American bot-
toms.

228

The merchants will not consent to be restricted to buying
only American flour, or American farm products, horses, beef
or anything the Canadians can grow. "Well, if they will not
consume our produce, they certainly ought not to be allowed
to prevent our sending it off to our different home markets,
as cheap as we can. They have no right to continue to sub-
ject us to their monopoly, having refused the farmer any pro-
tection whatever, for beyond what has been so unscrupulously
taken from him, there is nothing else deserving the name of
protection.

Even the remaining duty on wool, I see that a citizen of
New York, Mr. David M. Stone, is out in a pamphlet, argu-
ing that it should be taken ofi". He seems, at least, to have
converted one man, Mr. David S. Brown, of Philadelphia,
one of the largest manufacturers in the United States ; for this
gentleman, as we learn through the press, recently attended a
meeting of the Agricultural Society of Philadelphia Co., and
after distributing Mr. Stone's phamphlet among the flu'mers,
made a speech in favor of free trade, so far as ivool was con-
cerned.

I am not a going here to review Mr. Stone's pamphlet.
But I answer, that so far as his four columns of figures are
concerned, upon which his argument seems to be mainly based,
it is a perfect no7i scquitur. Worse than this, if in logic, there
can be anything worse, admitting both his premises and con-
clusion, as he would have the figures to represent them, and
they really prove nothing in his favor — nothing one v/ay or
the other of any moment.

Mr. Stone declares, in so many words, that wool " is already
as low here, as in any market of the world." I cannot attempt
to follow him through his paradox, that to make it dearer you
must make it more plenty ; take off all duty, and let it come
from every part of the world ! But his candor forces him, in
the end, that he is a sort of a free trader, but, like his friend
Mr. Brown, he is only so for the present, so far as the yj<rmers
are iirotectcd.

229

"Americans shall govern America/' he saj's, is " now
shouted on every wind." And he adds, "Americans shall
clothe America/' is not behind the other in its declaration of
independence. Yes, but why not then exclaim, " Americans
shall feed America ? " Alas ! the word sticks in their throats,
they cannot pronounce Amen. " Wherefore could I not pro-
nounce amen ? "

Somebody represented that Mr. Stone was a wool-groAver.
I see no evidence of it in his pamphlet, or that he is in any
way connected Avith agriculture. He may have something to
do with/ecce5, but himself and his friend Mr. Brown, are
probably content to take these off the farmers themselves, rather
than off from the farmer's flock.

Neither should we attack the tariff in a si)irit of resentment
or retaliation ; though, when a man finds out that he has been
made the dupe of others, that he has been deceived, and over-
reached, there is a sore feeling of wounded pride, that is very
apt to urge him to resent it. But all the antecedents of the
writer of this, all his social and political relations, come in to
disarm him from attempting to strike an avenging blow. But,
in their self-defence, every farmer, every agriculturist, is now
justified in moving in this matter. "We must defend ourselves ;
we shall be forever taxed, oppressed and impoverished, if we
do not. They have it now all their own way, and will con-
tinue so to have it if we do not organize an opposition, if we
do not make ourselves heard in Congress, to put down these
selfish monopolies.

But what are likely to be the consequences to manufactures
of a repeal, or a great reduction of the tariff ? In the first
place, it was never contemplated that this protection was to
continue forever. The object and intention was, to let our
artisans have time to serve an apprenticeship ; to learn to
manipulate, to invent and construct macliinery. Once faudy
under way, it was believed they could protect themselves ;
that their ingenuity, skill and enterprise, need then fear no
rivalry. I am of that opinion still, and I believe that time

230

lias come. It is because I believe that our manufacturing
interest is so well and firmly established, that the total repeal
of the tariff could not break it up, or in the end seriously
injure it, at least in those branches that it ought mainly to rely
on, and because I see great evils growing out of continuing
this policy farther, great injustice to other interests, that I
would urge upon my brother agriculturists, to insist upon a
modification and great reduction of the traiff. I am satisfied,
bold as the assertion may seem, that most descriptions of man-
ufacturing labor, is nearly or quite as cheap here as in England.
This is mainly the result of personal investigation, personal
inquiries, and an examination at the doors of English work-
shops. Labor has advanced there more than 30 per cent,
within the last three years. Still nominally it is lower than it
is with us ; but, for the quantity of work performed, I think
it is little or no lower. The dexterity and skill of our artisans,
the careful and nimble manipulations of our factory operatives,
the advantages of educated labor over uneducated labor ; of
operatives coming fresh from their homes in the morning, after
a refreshing night's sleep, instead of having passed half the
night at gin-shops, or in some other description of debauch,
fully makes up any difference in the less yer diem compensa-
tion received by the English operative. Such men as Pro-
fessor "Wilson, one of the British Commissioners to the great
New York Fair, and the learned and well-informed William
Chambers, the great Edinburgh publisher, have both recently
borne' their testimony, while visiting our country, to the advan-
tages of our educated labor.

I am satisfied the English manufacturer has a greater
advantage over us in his cheap capital than in his cheap labor.
We must overcome this by being more economical. To begin
with, the country would be cheaper fed. Labor and popula-
tion would be more distributed ; less congregated in towns
and cities. This is a great evil in more ways than one. The
cities are far outgrowing the country, as our census shows,
which is the direct effect of tariffs and navigation laws.

231

And "wliat have we recently witnessed in the action grow-
ing out of the rivahy among these different cities, protected
and pampered as they have been by tariffs and navigation
laws ? jNIore than twenty thousand miles of railroads have
been projected ; more than seven himch'ed million of dollars
been invested in these gigantic and mad enterprises, by a
country comparatively new, and certainly not rich. The
country has been laced and belted even through its wilder-
nesses and vast savannas, and not only where there is no com-
merce, travel or business, now to support such costly high-
ways, but anticipating such an event by more than half a
century. The active capital of the country has thus been all
merged and swallowed up. Not only the capital of business
men, but the trust funds belonging to wards, to orphans and
minors, have been, in many cases, recklessly invested in some
of these worse than South Sea bubble enterprises. Nobody
believes now that a majority of these roads will ever pay. A
vast many will never pay the expense of running them. A
careful calculation will show that the gross amount of all the
agricultural exports of the country, exclusive of cotton, will not
even pay the repairs and running expenses alone. In the
case of a single road, and that one of the most popuhir routes,
take the present value of its stock, and the loss on its capital
is more than eighteen million of dollars, more than half the
capital of the old United States Bank. But this is only one
road out of twenty, out of fifty, perhaps. The Rutland road,
costing ^2,200,000, was sold for twenty-two dollars by the
sheriff, or one mill a share. ISIany of the roads are worth
only what the tracks will sell for when taken up, as they will
be. Not only have these enterprises, to the hatching and
getting up of which, and procuring the means of carrying
them on, the services of every one dexterous in such things,
from an ex-secretary of the treasury doAvn to the aspirant to
a railroad presidency, has been secured, not only has all our
ready money been swallowed up, our credit exhausted in
Europe, the bonds of States and corporations hawked and

232

huckstered among tlieir capitalists until they would sell no
longer, but every town, county, and State almost in the Union,
from Bangor, in Maine, to San Francisco, in California, has
been involved in debt, many of them irretrievably in debt.
And not only the credit of the country has suffered, but the
morals of the country have suffered ; fraud, roguei-y and ras-
cality, seem everywhere to be rife.

Bankruptcies are multiplied until their catalogue could
hardly be contained on a mammoth sheet. Ruin to firms,
ruin to families, operatives discharged, and taking their chance
between the almshouse and street begging ; with all these
things, we are getting to be as familiar as though they formed
part of " our system." They do, or have, but should do so
no longer, for it curses the country, and curses the people,
destroys credit, and destroys morals, makes existence a state
of unrest, and real prosperity only a vision always seen in the
future.

But ^^"hat has all of this to do with navigation laws and
tariffs ? It has much to do with them. The focus of all these
railroad operations, their heart and centre, has been in Wall
street, and wherever brokers' boards are established, and where
merchants most do congregate. Let me incidentally add, that
these establishments are of modern origin. They were
unknown in the early healthful and fair transactions of the
commercial and financial business of the country. They date
back hardly thirty years, when the desire for gain, whetted as
the passion for it is in the circles of trade, by the spirit of
barter and sale, brought them into existence. Their effect
has been, to wonderfully stimulate speculation. Indeed, the
votaries that now surround them or resort to them, do so under
the influence, to a great extent, that filled, towards the close of
the empire, the gambling saloons of Paris with every class of
population, from the old Noblesse down to the red republican,
all intent on jjiay. There is this difference, however. The
stakes in Wall street, in one day, exceed those of all the gamb-
ling saloons of Paris in a month. In the number of their

233

victims tliore may be less difFerence. If more private distress
"vvas inflicted by the latter, no such wide-spread ruin, involv-
ing whole communities, resulted, as by the bold play of a
Schuyler, or of the whole class of Schuylers.

What is at the bottom of these evils ? Too much prosper-
ity, or ai)parent prosperity. The commercial man fancies that
his ships, under the protection of navigation lavv^s, must surely
enrich him. The manufacturer, so powerfully protected,
thinks he may safely extend, not only his business, but take
a chance in real estate speculations, city lots, or western lands.
The dry goods jobber, estimating the amount of his profits by
his long credit sales, already figures up his fortune, and all
are ready to go into "Wall street, or to identify themselves
with some " great enterprise," public or private. The con-
sequences are before us in the beginning of the year Anno
Domini, 1855.

Let us come back. Let us take a fair start, and be content
to get rich slow. The farmers contend, that they have attended
to their own legitimate business, feeding the country well, and
generally, cheaply, and have had notldng to do in creating the
state of things now so much to he deplored. While in favor of
railroads where they are really required, and willing to lend a
helping hand, they have no sympathy with the jealousies and
rivalries among the cities, out of which have grown many of
these wretched enterprises, in seeking to get up roads to being
trade to them from where no trade exists.

Let each and every interest, in future, depend rather upon
its good management, economy, industry and skill, for its
success, than upon the protection of the government. We
are no longer likely to agree, I see, in what proportion such
protection shall be extended. The agriculturist has seen that
it has been withdrawn with great unanimity, so far as he is
concerned. He no longer can, or will agree, under such a
state of things, to the protection of other interests out of his
earnings.

The cry that importations in such an event would ruin us.

234

is answered, by simi^ly saying, if we did not fancy ice had
moficij to buy with, we should not import. And the falling off
of the revenue from duties in December, I believe some fifty
per cent, in one month, shows that our imports are regulated
by what ive deem o\ir ca])acity to fay, and not by a necessity for
consuminion.

Instead, then, of pushing still further the spirit of " enter-
prise," as it is called — more properly the spirit of " adven-
ture " ; instead of giving away to a wild enthusiasm, our heads
constantly full of great schemes for the public, or our own
aggrandizement, let us rather return to a cultivation of some
of the good " old-fiishioned " domestic virtues. Let us prac-
tise economy, industry, frugality, and giving up attempts to
stride to fortune, and the worse attempt, to play at hazard for
it, be content to plod on after it as our fathers did before us,
at most, " hastening slowly."

A Middle State Farmer.

PETITION OF A DELAWARE FARMER.

[The following paper was read by John Jones, Esq., and on motion of
Hon. John A. King, of New York, was ordered to be printed in the Society's
Transactions ; being the siibstance of a petition prepared in the year I80O.]

To the Honorable the Senate a?id Hoiisc of Rciircscntaiives, in

Congress assemhled.

The memorial of John Jones, late President of the New-
'castle County Agricultural Society, in the State of Delaware,
respectfully represents : That he is a farmer, engaged in the
raising of breadstuffs, principally corn and wheat. He fur-
ther represents that the tariff of 1846 has had a disastrous
effect upon the agricultural, manufacturing and commercial
interests, as well as upon the revenues of the country. That
it has fallen far short of the purposes most confidently prom-

235

ised by its autliors ; to wit : of furnishing the American far-
mer with a ready and constant foreign market for all his sur-
plus produce. This fact is abundantly proved by that eminent
statist, the Hon. Edmund Burke, late Commissioner of
Patents, according to estimates carefully made by him. He
stated the amount of corn groivn, in 184:7, over and above
what would be required for food for men and animals, and as
surplus left for exportation, at 173,654,904 bushels.

Now the actual amount of corn of that crop exported to
all the world, as is shown by the Kegister of the Treasury of
1848, was only 8,147,568 bushels, valued at |4,645,084 ;
being 11,970,722 bushels less, and in ^14,261,462 in value
less than the exports of grain the preceding year. This
amount of 8,147,568 bushels, when deducted from the 173,-
654,904, leaves the enormous amount of 165,507,335 bush-
els to be added to our usual surplus, and to rot on the farmers'
hands ; the home markets having been greatly destroyed by
the stoppage of the operators who had been profitably em-
ployed under the x^rotective tariff of 1828 and 1842, and who
iu turn had been compelled to become producers at a
low rate, instead of consumers of breadstuffs at fair remuner-
ating prices.

During the year 1848, the importation of foreign goods
was as great, or nearly so, as in the preceding year, being
nearly an average on each of the four leading articles of iron,
woollen, cotton and silk, of over fifteen millions of dollars,
and of all other products of foreign manufacture, in the same
proportion.

The article of Porcelain, which had been manufactured to
a considerable extent, and high finish, under the tariff of 1828,
has become nearly extinct under the free trade pressure, and
is noAV monopolized by the foreign manufacturer ; $2,330,000
worth of the article was imported m 1848, and this price, too,
founded on ad valorem duty, foreign valuation, and often
fraudulent at that. Exhaustless quantities of Kaolin, the
principal material of which china is manufactured, is found in

236

the liills of our own Brandywine, but a few miles distant
from Wilmington, nmcli of which, is sent to Europe, to be
there manufactured, and returned to us at more than twenty
times the cost of the raw material.

Your memorialist further states, that for more than fifty
years of close observation, he has never known Imv duties to
increase the exports of corn, or other breadstuffs, or swell the
public revenue.

During the tariffs which succeeded the peace of 1815, to
1824, but a trifle of the public debt had been paid. The debt
of 1824, being $95,000,000, was sunk only to ninety mil-
lions of dollars in 1828. But in the nine years which suc-
ceeded the passage of the Protective Tariff of 1828, we had
not only paid off the debt of ninety millions, but had a sur-
plus of forty millions, which was ordered to be distributed
among the States. All this capital accumulated in nine years
— ^besides supporting the Government, increasing the Navy,
building fortifications, light-houses, and making many other
National internal improvements, to an extent never equalled
in the same extent of time, since the existence of this govern-
ment— ALL this, too, when our population, extent of terri-
tory, and resources, were less than half of what they now
are, (in 1853.)

Your honorable body is further referred to one other state-
ment, made by the said Edmund Burke in his Bundelcund
letters, to wit : that the cotton crop of 1845 was estimated at
seventy-two millions of dollars, twelve millions of which was
manufactured at home ; which, when thus manufactured under
the tariff%of 1842, was of the value of eighty-four millions of
dollars, being increased seven times the value of the raw
material. Now, let us suppose the cotton crop of the present
year to amount to three millions of bales, of four hundred
pounds each, or twelve hundred millions of pounds, which, at
12 1-2 cents per pound, would give the value of one hundred
and fifty millions of dollars, and which, if manufactured at
home, and increased thereby at the rate put down by that

237

eminent statist, Mr. Burko, would give the product of the
cotton crop of 1850 a value of one thousand and jifUj millions
of dollars ; an amount much greater than the entire value of
all crops of every description grown over the whole country
the past year, at the present prices.

Your memorialist confidently believes, that, if the Protec-
tive tariff of 1828 had been continued till this time, the en-
tire crop of cotton grown in the United States could now
have been manufactured at home by American citizens, and
mostly in the States in which it is grown ; the manufacturers
of which would all have been fed with American provisions,
and that revenue which would have accrued to the govern-
ment from duty-paying goods, which would have been con-
sumed by so many well-paid, well-fed American freemen,
would have been more than ten times the amount than would
be received under any system of Free trade, and that the
home market for wheat that would have been required for
starch and sizing of such an amount of goods, would have
been twice as much as was exported to England, France, Rus-
sia and Turkey, in 1841.

For the truth of this assertion, your memorialist begs leave
to refer your honorable bodies to the report of the Register
of the Treasury for the fiscal year, ending 30th September,
1841. In that year the whole exports of wheat, and flour as
wheat, to the world, amounted only to 8,447,085 bushels, and
12,562 bushels of corn. Of the above amount, England took
of wheat, 1,894,355 bushels, to the value of $1,827,526, and
the 12,562 bushels of corn.

The three great nations of the world, England, France and
Russia, with whom we most traffic, took only 12,562 bushels
of corn, of the value of $7,448, or about one bushel out of
every five thousand bushels produced.

By the above it will be seen that England took only 12,562
bushels of corn, 1,894,034 bushels of wheat, to the value of
$1,827,562, notwithstanding the fact that we took $45,730,-
000 worth of her manufactured goods. To France we ex-

238

ported only 9,700 bushels of wheat, to the value of $6,928,
while we took $22,478,109, ($16,619,567 of which was duty-
free,) the greater part of which was silk, and a large portion
of which w^as zinc. Exhaustless beds of the ore of zinc,
eighty per cent, purer metal, is found in Pennsylvania, near
navigable water, within seventy miles of our own Wil-
mington. Protection only is wanted to insure this metal to
be extensively worked into the various forms in which it is
used, to -wit : sheets for roofing and flooring, fine paints, &c.

The whole amount of Imports from all the world in 1841,
amounted to $127,949,127. The exports during the same
period amounted to only $106,382,720, leaving a balance of
trade against us of $21,563,450 ; this balance in part has
to be paid in government and State stocks, the interest of
which hangs like a leech upon the vitals of our country.

Your memorialist has demonstrated his position, he trusts,
beyond all cavil, that low duties will not induce Europe to
take our breadstuffs. There was a fair experiment in 1841,
the duties then being at their lowest point under the Compro-
mise, and although we took 32,063,566 duty-free, from Eng-
land and France, out of an importation of only 68,158,116,
yet those two great nations, with Eussia to boot, who alto-
gether govern the world, and with whom we most trade, took
only 1,875,690 bushels of wheat, and 12,562 bushels of corn,
to the value of $1,901,803.

Your memorialist believes that the statistical facts here set
forth, are sufficient to induce your honorable body, to so mod-
ify the tariff of 1846, as to give protection to the labor of our
country, in all its various employments, as well the manu-
facturing and agricultural, as commercial, in preference to the
foreign labor of England and France, or any other foreign
governments, with their offers of free trade. The fact of
their exacting such heavy duties, of from one thousand to
twelve hundred per cent, on one item of our agricultural
production — tobacco — is sufficient evidence of their insin-
cerity.

239

Your memorialist will cite but a single case, in the State of
DelaAvare, to shoAv tlie importance of a change of tariff. In
1839, only 150 houses were erected in the entire State, but
after the tariff of 1842 went fully into operation, as we trust-
ed, permanently, business increased, and in the years 1844-5-
6, an average of 800 houses were constructed in Wilmington
alone, many of which were large, and employed for manufactur-
ing purposes. The past year, one Imndi-ed houses were not put
up, and now, more than two hundred houses are tenantless,
their former occupants having been driven from employment
by the influx of goods, the handiwork of men in foreign
countries.

OATS.

EIGHTr-TWO AND ONE-EIGHTH BUSHELS PEB, ACKE.
E. M. BRADLEY'S STATEMEKT.

Ontario County, ss.— C. C. Murphy, being duly s-n-om, says he L? a sur-
veyor ; that he surveyed, -with chain and compass, the land upon which fi.
M. Bradley raised a crop of oats the past season, and that the land was in
one contiguous piece, and the quantity is three acres and forty one-hun-
dredths (3 41-100) of an acre, and no more.

Chas. C. Muepht.

Subscribed and sworn to, the 5th day of Fehruary, ^
1855, before me, Josiah Poktee, Justice of\
the Peace, in and for said County. )

Ontario County, ss. — E. M. Bradley, bemg duly sworn, says that he
raised a crop of oats, the past season, upon the land surveyed by C. C. Mur-
phy, and that the quantity of grain raised thereon Avas two hundred and
eighty and one- quarter bushels ; and that he was assisted in measuring said
crop by Edward Hatch, and that the statement annexed, subscribed by this
deponent, as to the manner of cultivation, expense, etc., is, in all respects, true,
to the best of his knowledge and belief ; and that the sample of grain exhib-
ited is a fair average sample of the whole crop.

Elisha M. Bradley.

Subscribed and sicorn to, the 5th day of February,
1855, before me, Josiah Porter, Justice of
the Peace, in and for said County.

240

Ontario County, ss. — Edward Hatch, being duly swom, says that he
assisted E. M. Bradley in measuring his crop of oats, referred to in the above
affidavits, and that the quantity of grain was two hundred and eighty and
one-fourth bushels. Edwin S. Hatch.

Subscribed and sicorn to, the 5th day of February, ~\
1855, before me, Josiah Pokteb, Justice of \
the Peace, in and for said County. )

The field upon which this crop of oats was raised, was, in the spring of
1853, manured with about forty loads of common barn-yard manure to the
acre, ploughed and planted to com, and j-ielded eighty bushels of shelled
com per acre.

The soil is a gravelly loam, about ten inches deep, and a subsoil of red
clay.

The field lies gently sloping to the north, and has some ten apple trees
standing upon it.

No manui-e was applied for this crop.

In the month of November, 1853, the land was ploughed with a single
team, to the depth of eight inches.

The second week of AprU, ISSi, the field was thoroughly haiTowed, and
sowed with about three bushels of the common mixed variety of oats to the
acre ; the seed well harrowed in, and the ground rolled with a cast-ixon
roller. No further culture.

The crop was ripe, and cut with a common hand cradle, the first week in
August ; bound in small sheaves, put in stooks and capped. Allowed to
stand until thoroughly dry, when it was hauled to the bam.

Threshed and cleaned with a machine the middle of October, and found
to yield two hundred and eighty and one-fouxth btishels of good merchanta-
uie oars.

The expenses of the crop were as follows : —

Two days ploughing, hand and team, at 16s $4.00

Two days han-owing and rolling, at 16s 4.00

Ten bushels seed, at 4s., sowing the same, 3s 5.38

Three days cutting and binding, at 12s 4.50

Three-quarters day setting up and capping, at 12s 1.13

Moving to the bam, 16s. Threshing and measuring crop, $12.60 14.60

Interest on land at seventy-five dollars per acre 17.90

Total cost of crop $51.51

The value of the crop was as follows : —

Two hundred and eighty and one-fourth bushels of oats, at 4s ,$140.13

Nine loads of good oat straw, at 16s 18.00

$158.13
Deduct cost of crop 51.51

Net value of crop, $106.62

Equal to thirty-one dollars and fifty-six cents per acre.

Elisha M. Bkadley.

241

POLAND OATS.

09 79-100th3 BUSHELS PER ACE.E, WEIG-HING 39 POtrNDS PER BTTSHEL.

BEING EQUAL TO 85 l-32d BTTSHELS PER ACRE. OP 23

POUNDS TO THE BUSHEL.

E. M. beadlet's statement.

Ontario County, ss. — C. C. Murphy, being duly STVorn, says he is a
surveyor ; that he survej^ed, with chaiu and compass, the land upon which
E. M. Bradley raised a crop of oats the past season, and that the land was
in one contiguous piece, and the quantity is two acres and forty hundredtlis
(2 40-100) acres, and no more.

Chas. C. Murphy.

Subscribed and sicorn to, the 5th day of February, ")
1855, before me, Josiah Porter, Justice of\
the Peace, in and for said County. )

Ontario County, ss. — E. M. Bradley, being duly sworn, says that he
raised a crop of oats the past season upon the land surveyed by C. C. Mur-
phy, and that the quantity of grain raised thereon was one hundred and sixty-
seven and one-half bushels, and that he was assisted, in measuring said crop,
by Edward Hatch, and that the statement annexed, subscribed by this depo-
nent, as to the manner of cultivation, expenses, etc., is in all respects true,
to the best of his knowledge and belief, and that the sample of grain exhib-
ited is a fair average sample of the whole crop.

Elisha M. Bradley.

Subscribed and stcorn to, the 5th day of February,
1855, before me, Josiah Porter, Justice of
the Peace, in and for said County.

Ontario County, ss. — Edward Hatch, being duly sworn, says that he
assisted E. M. Bradley, in measuring his crop of oats, referred to in the
above affidavits, and that the quantity of graia was one hundred and sixty-
Beven and one-half bushels.

Edwin S. Hatch.

Subscribed and sicorn to, the 5th day of February
1855, before me, Josiah Porter, Justice
the Peace, in and for said Coxmty.

uary, ^
ice of\

The ground on which this crop of oats was raised, was, in the spring of
1853, manured with about thirty loads of common barn-yard manure to the
acre, ploughed and planted to corn, and yielded sixty bushels of shelled com
per acre.

The soil is a gravelly loam, from eight to ten inches in depth, and has a
subsoil of red clay.

The field lies sloping to the south and east.

No manure was applied for this crop.
22*

242

In the month of November, 1853, the land was ploughed with a single
team, about eight inches deep.

The second week of April, 1854, the groimd was thoroughly harrowed,
and sowed with about two and one-half bushels of the white Poland or
potato oat to the acre ; the seed was well harrowed in and the field rolled.
No fm-ther culture.

The crop was ripe, and cut the last week in July, (being a week or ten
days earher than the common oat.) Cut with a common hand cradle, boiind
in small sheaves, and set up in stooks and capped.

Let stand until thoroughly dry, and then hauled into bam.

Threshed and cleaned with a machme the middle of October, and found to
yield one hundred and sixty-seven and one-half bushels of good merchanta-
ble oats, weighing thirty-nine pounds to the bushel; being equal to two
h^mdred and four and one-eighth bushels of thirty-two pomids to the bushel.

The expenses of the crop were as follows : —

Three days ploughing, harrowing and rolling, at 16s $6.00

Six bushels of seed, at 16s., sowing the same, 2s 12.25

Three days harvesting, at 12s 4.50

Moving to barn, 16s 2.00

Threshing and measuring crop, 7.50

Interest on land at seventy-five dollars per acre, 12.60

Total cost of crop, $44.85

The value of the crop was as follows : —
One hundred and sixty-seven and one-half bushels of oats, worth 8s.

per bushel, $167.50

Six loads of straw, at 16s 12.00

$179.50
Deduct cost of crop, 44.85

Net value of crop, $134.65

Equal to 56 10-100 dollars per acre.

E. M. Bradley.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

*Hon. Samuel Applelon, Boston, Mass.
Millard Fillmore, Ex-President U. S., Buffalo, N. Y.

Franklin Pierce, President U. S., Washington, D. C,

*Hon. Thomas H. Perkins, Boston, Mass.

Hon. Jonathan Phillips, Boston, Mass.

Hon. Josiah Quincy, Boston, Mass.

Edmund Ruffin, Esq., Marlbourne, Va.

^Robert G. Shaw, Boston, Mass.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Adams, Daniel
Adams, William
Amory, Thomas C.

Newbury, Mass.
Boston, "
Boston, "

Baker, Abijah R.
Balch, Wesley P. Jr.
Ballou, Maturin M.
Bayley, Dudley H.
Becar, Noel J.
Berckmans, Emile C.
Berckmans, Louis E.
Berckmans, Prosper J,
Billings, Hammett
Billings, Joseph H.
Brewer, Francis
Brinckle, W. D.
Brooks, John
Blake, Geo. B.
Blake, John R.
Browne, D. Jay
Brown, Lewis B,
Brown, Simon
Burgess, Edward P.

N. Y.

Lynn,

Boston,

New York

Plainfield, N. J.

PlainEeld, N. J.

Boston,

West Roxbury, "

Springfield, *

Philadelphia, Pa.

Princeton, Mass.

Boston, "

Washington, D. C.

New York.

Concord, Mass.

Dedham, "

244

Calvert, Chas. B.

Washington, D. C

Clapp, Henry W.

Greenfield, Mass.

Cook, Geo. Lewis

Warren, R. I.

Cooke, Joseph J.

Providence, R. I.

Copeland, R. Morris

Boston, Mass.

Copenhagen, Arnold W.

Dorchester, "

Crockett, Seldon

Boston, "

Chamberlain, Daniel

Boston, "

Corcoran, W. W.

Washington, D. C.

Cornell, Isaac E,.

Weston, N. J.

Cunningham, C. Loring

Boston, Mass,

Curtis, Thomas B.

Boston, "

Cushman, Henry W.

Bernardston, "

DaviS; Isaac

Worcester, "

Davis, James

Boston, "

Denny, Reuben S.

Leicester, "

DeMotte, M.

New York.

Dodge, Harvey

Sutton, Mass.

Dodge, J. H.

Boston, "

Faile, Edward G.

(West Farms,) Woodside, N. Y.

Fletcher, Gardner

Boston, Mass.

Forbes, R. B.

Boston, "

Francis, John Brown

Providence, R. I.

French, B. B.

Washington, D. C.

French, Benjamin Y.

Braintree, Mass.

French, Jonathan

Roxbury, «'

Gage, Addison

W. Cambridge, "

Garcelon, A.

Boston, "

Gould, James

Lexington, "

Hale, Joseph

Boston, "

Harris, W. A.

Boston, "

Hanchett, W. T.

Natick,

Hunnewell, H. H.

Boston, "

Hatch, A. P.

Newburn, Ala.

Haven, Franklin

Boston, Mass.

Hollis, John W.

Brighton, "

245

Holmes, J. N.
Holmes, R. G.

Hastings Centre, (Oswego Co.) N.Y.
Westboro, Mass.

Jaques, Samuel
Jay, John

King, Wm. S.
Keith, C. T.
King, John A.

Lawrence, Samuel
Lawrence, William B.
Lee, Artemas
Lewis, A. S.
Lewis, W. G.
Lincoln, Levi
Livingston, Anson
Lyon, Henry

Manice, Deforest
McCormick, C H.
Mitchell, James L.
Morris, Lewis G.
Moselj, David
Motley, Jr. Thomas
Mussey, Benjamin B.

Newell, Moses
Nightingale, P. M.

Olmstead, Henry

Partridge, H. Jr.
Paige, James W.
Pierce, Samuel B.
Potter, Joseph S.
Parker, H. D.
Poore, Ben. Perley
Proctor, Abel

Reynolds, John J.
Robinson, E. W.

Somerville, "
New York.

Roxbury, Mass.
Providence, R. I.
Jamaica, N. Y.

Boston, Mass.
Newport, R. L
Templeton, Mass.
Framingham, "
Framingham, "
Worcester, "
New York.
Charlestown, Mass.

Brushville, N. Y.
Chicago, HI.
Albany, N. Y.
Mt. Fordham, N. Y.
Westfield, Mass.
West Roxbury, "
Boston, *'

West Newbury, "
Albany, Ga.

E. Hartford, Conn.

Northampton, Mass.

Boston,

W. Newbury,

Danvers,

Wickford, R. I.
Dorchester, Mass.

246

Ruggles, Nourse, Mason & Co.

Boston, Mass.

Rusk, Thomas J.

Nacogdoches, Texas,

Russell, Geo. R.

West Roxbury, Mass.

Rice, Lewis

Boston, "

Salisbury, Stephen

Worcester, Mass.

Sanderson, David,

Somerville, N. J.

Smith, Geo. C.

Boston, Mass.

Stevens, Paran

Boston, "

Spooner, Wm. H.

Boston, "

Silsby, J. H.

Boston, "

Sprague, Seth

Duxbury, "

Stockwell, S. N.

Boston, "

Tappan, John

Boston,

Thayer, John E.

Boston, "

Thompson, James

Nantucket, "

Twitchell, Genery

Boston, "

Underhill, R. T.

Vinson, Cornelius M.

Wainwright, Peter
Walley, Samuel H.
Waters, Richard P.
Watts, Arthur
Webster, Joshua
Weld, Aaron D.
Vv^'ellington, Andrew
Wheelock, J. R.
Whitmore, Charles 0.
Whitin, Paul
Wight, Eben
Williams, Aaron D.
Wilder, Marshall P.
Worthington, James T.
Wyckoff, N.

Croton Point, Vineyards, N. Y.

Jamaica Plains, Mass.

Boston, "

Rnxbury, "

Salem, "

Chillicothe, Ohio.
Maiden, Mass.
Roxbury, "

E. Lexington, "
Mendou, "

Boston, "

Whitinsville, "
Dedham, "

Roxbury, "

Boston, "

Chillicothe, Ohio,
Williamsburg, N. Y.

247

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Amy, W. F. M.
Aldrich, W. H.
Adams, Geo. E.
Adams, T. J.
Andrew, J. T.
Aiken, E. W.
Allen, H.
Abbot, J. L.
Abbot, B. W.
Armstrong, Jas.
Appleton, Samuel A.
Ayres, W. H.
Augustus, John F.
Alderton, J.

Bullocli, Samuel
Brown, James, N.
Brown, Thomas
Brine, C 0.
Brow, A. J.
Boynton, E.
Burnett, Jos.
Balch, W. P.
Bates, M. B.
Bush, Seth
Butt, Richard
Blagden, Thos.
Bradley, J. H.
Brown, Dr. Geo.
Black, Edgar N.
Bucklew, Jas.
Bowie, Wm. D.
Burgwyn, H. K.
Bishop, Dr. E. H.
Brainard, E.
Brainard, B. F.

Bloomington, 111.
Mendon, Mass.
Medford, "
Wilmington, Del.
West CorQwall, Conn.
Boston, Mass.
Boston, "
Boston, "
Holden, "
Vernon, N. Y.
Boston, Mass.
N. Brookfield, "
Boston, "

Fosboro', "

Mt. Holley, N. J.
Berlin, 111.
Boston, Mass.
Boston, "

Roxbury, "

Boston, "

Southboro', "
Boston, "

Brighton, "

Westfield,
Washington, D. C.
Washington, "
Washington, "
Barre, Mass.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Jamesburg, N. J.
Buena Vista, Md.
Halifax, N. C.
New Haven, Conn.
Portland, Conn.
Portland, "

248

Baker, J. B.
Barnes, D. W.
Bowker, John H.
Boylston, Thos.
Butler, Geo.
Boardman, J. P.
Brownell, H.
Bigelow, Samuel,
Balch, B. W.
Brittan, L.
Burrill, L.
Brownell, Z.
Barrett, Geo. M.
Bacon, H.
Breck, Chas.
Bickford, J. H.
Broadhead, J. A.
Bancroft, S. A.
Barr, Calvin
Brewster, Joshua
Bronsdon, E. F.
Brainard, E. P.
Butterficld, Saml.
Barnes, S. H.
Bradee, Jas.
Bemis, K. W.
Banker, E. W.
Brown, Wm.
Bassett, T.
Bemis, John
Black, C. H.
Black, W.
Bacon, Chas, H.
Bailey, N. W.
Barr, Thos.
Baker, George
Bryant, H. W.
Barnes, J. E.

Boston, Mass.
Boston, »

Boston, "

Jamaica Plains, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Danvers, "
Elyria, Ohio.
Brighton, Mass.
Boston, "

Boston, "

Cambridge, "
Concord, "

Barre, "

Milton, '«

Melrose, "

Boston, "

Highgate, Vt.
Boston, Mass.
Roxbury, *'

St. Albans, Vt.
W. Cambridge, Mass.
Roxbury. "

JefiFerson Co., N. Y.
Chicopee, Mass.
Roxbury, "
Boston, "

New Bedford, Mass.
Barre, "

Augusta, Me.
Augusta, "

Dorchester, Mass.

So. Weymouth, "
So. Boston, "

Belfast, Me.
Roxbury, Mass.
Boston, "

Collett, Wm. R.

Lebanon, Ohio.

249

Clay, Brutus J.
Cilley, Col. J. L.
Chambers, Geo. M.
Cassilly, E. B.
Carpenter, Powell H.
Cowden, Bobt.
Congdon, A. J.
Cole, A. G.
Cheese, L. A.
Cheney, B.
Chase, S. S.
Corliss, C. E.
Childs, Hon. Henry'^H.
Causin, Nathl. Pope
Cowley, Chas.
Cazier, Henry
Cornwall, Geo.
Custis, Hon. G. W. P.
Condict, Henry F.
Collamore, John
Chase, H. L.
Chamberlin, Edward
Child, Addison
Codman, Francis]
Chaddoc, E. N. '
Clarke, Chas. B.
Gushing, L. F. S.
Coburn, D. J.
Campbell, David B.
Cushing, S. T.
Carey, Thos.
Clarke, J. F.
Cavanaugh, W. P.
Chase, L.
Curtis, C. T.
Cochran, John
Carey, James
Chapin, David
Conant, B. C.
Clarke, Chas. M.

Paris, Bourbon Co., Ky.

Exeter, N. H.

Jacksonville, 111.

Springfield, Ohio.

Narragansett, B. I.

Boston, Mass.

Lancaster, "

Buckfield, Me.

Boston, Mass.

Boston, "

Boxbury, "

Billerica, "

Pittsfield,

Washington, D. C.

Lowell, Mass.

Summit Bridge, Del.

Milford, Conn.

Alexandria, D. C.

Washington, "

Boston, Mass.

Boston, "

Medford, "

Boston, "

Concord, "

Boston, "

Boston, '■

Boston, "

Boston. "

So. Boston, "

«
Boston, "

Boston, "

Boxbury, "

Boston, "

Portland, Me.

Springfield, Ohio.

250

Cheney, J. M.
Colburn, Joseph
Cunningham, Wm.
Coll, Erastus E.
Crocker. R.
Campbell, Geo.
Colby, D. E.
Curtis Wm.
Child, M. D.
Child, Danl. F.
Clapp & Sharp,
Crass, W. W.
Carpenter, W.

Donaldson, F.
Dojv, Prentis
Dourey, M. G. P.
Drew, S. W.
DeWolf, W. F.
Drinkwater, J. M.
Damon, Chas. R.
Davitt, E. C.
Davis, C. J.
Dunham, C. L.
Dyer, Henry A.
Davis, N. A.
Dana, C. H.
Dick, R.
Danforth, J. H.
DeWolf, J. F.
DeForest, Isaac, N.
Desbo, J. H.
Dana, Curtis
Dunn, H. S.
Deane, John
Deane, LaPrelot
Danforth, B. F.
Davis, Jas. C.
Dana, G. N.
Dexter, Anson

Boston, Mass.
Boston, '•

Boston, "

Somerville, "
Boston, "

W. Westminster, Vt.
New London, Conn.
Quincy, Mass.
Boston, "
Boston, "
Hartford, Conn,
Bridgeton, Me.
Boston, Mass.

New Richmond, Clarmont Co., 0.

Windsor, Vt.

Boston, Mass.

Woburn, "

Bristol, R. I.

Cumberland, (Cumb. Co.,) Me.

Cochituate, Mass.

Dubuque, Iowa.

Boston, Mass.

Valley Farm, Ind.

Brooklyn, Conn.

Sutton, N. H.

West Lebanon, N. H.

Johnstown, (Mt. Co.,) Md.

Boston, Mass.

Bristol, R. I.

Dover, N. Y.

Newport, R. I.

Cambridgeport, Mass.

Boston,

Cambridgeport,

Boston,

Jamaica Plains,

251

Dudley, J. H.

Milton, Mass.

Dean, Oliver

Canton,

Davis, James

Syracuse, N. Y.

Dutton, Lewis

Norwich, Vt.

Dunbar, C. C.

Roxbury, Mass.

Dinsmore, B. T.

Anson, Me.

Dow, S.

Woburn, Mass.

Dunbar, Jonathan

So. Boston, "

Delano, M. H.

Abington, "

Dickerman, Chas.

New Haven, Conn.

Darling, G. S.

Roxbury, Mass.

Dolan, Thos.

Roxbury, "

Dean, L. B.

Boston, "

De Motte, Mortimer

New York.

Eichon, John

Greensburgh, Pa.

Ernst, A. H.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Eastman, B. C

Platterville, Wis.

Edgerly, S. H.

Manchester, N. H.

Eaton, C,

Winslow, Me.

Elwyn, Dr. Alfred L.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Emerson, Governeur

Emery, H.

Boston, Mass.

Eames, W. J.

Maiden, "

Everett, Eben.

Brunswick, Me.

Eddy, James

Swanzey, Mass.

Edwards, Henry

Boston, "

Ellsworth, Samuel

Barre. "

Emery, Aaron F.

Boston, "

Eaton, R.

Augusta, Me.

Ellis, J. W.

Boston, Mass,

Ellis, David

Cambridge, "

Eldridge, Asa

Greenfield, "

Flint, C. L.

Boston, "

Flint, C. A.

French, G. H.

Andover, "

Fletcher, R. M.

Brighton, "

Fitz, Abel

Somerville, "

Floyd, G.

Boston, "

Fay, Richard S.

(( ((

252

Freas, Phillip R.

Germantown,

Pa.

Fitche, Geo. E.

Boston, Mass,

Fowle, Chas. S.

Jamaica Plains, "

Faxon, Edw'd

Boston, "

Freeland, C. D.

Patterson, N. J.

Forbes, W. A.

Great Barrington, Mass.

Fetridge, W. P.

Boston, "

Freeman, John L,

Fenno, John

Chelsea,

Flagg, ]>enis F.

Boston, "

Fiske, J. M.

New York.

Fitzpatrick, J. B.

Boston, Mass.

Fenno, G. A.

Freeman, J. W.

Foster, W. H.

Fogg, Jesse

Cambridge,

Fay, H. G.

Chelsea,

Fillebrown, Jas. R,

Boston,

Farnham, Otis

Charlton,

Flint, C. P.

Boston,

Franklin, Benjamin

lloxbury, "

Gass, C. M.

Roxbury, Mass.

Grow, L.

Mendon, "

Goodell, M. W. & Co.

Boston, "

Goodell, David

Brattleboro', Vt.

Giddings, N. G.

Exeter, N. H.

Gette, Daniel C

Norristown, Pa.

Graham, Jas. W.

Upper Walboro', Md.

Garwood, Sam'l N.

Occoquan, (Prince Wlb. Co.) Ya

Glover, Townend

Washington, D. C.

Gould, Edward

Boston, Mass.

Gardner, Ilenrj N.

Gill, Jas. M.

Goddard, Thos.

Gilman, E. H. & F. C.

Montpelier, Yt.

Gregg, Geo.

Boston, Mass.

Grisham, William

Canton, (Cherokee Co.) Ga.

Gordon, Charles

Boston, Mass.

Grant, Michael

So. Boston,

253

Grace Thos.
Gillet, Amos
Gulliver, D. F.
Grecnleaf, Chas. W.
Gage, Alva
Guild, Jas.
Gilford Joseph L.
Griggs, S.

Harris, W. H.
Holmes, Geo. K.
Holmes, Geo. N.
Harrington, W. 0. S.
Hanford, J.
Higgins, David
Haight, D. B.
Hill, J. Jr.

Hamilton, S. Alexander
Haskell, J. F.
Harris, Horatio
Howe, B. H.
Holden, A. M.
Holmes, Geo. R.
Hall, A. A.
Hubbard, H.
Holbrook, N.
Hutchins, C. C.
Hutchins, E. C.
Hall, Reuben
Howe, M.
Halloran, N.
Hartwell, C.
Harwood, Peter
Howard, Flodoardo M. D.
Hall, F. M.
Hoyt, Stephen
Hawks, J. W.
Hazelton, J. E.
Harris, Thos.
Hixon, Timothy M.

Boston, Mass.
Syracuse, N. Y.
Norwich, Conn.
Boston, Mass.
Charleston, S. C.
Roxbury, Mass.
Boston, * "
Roxbury, "

Springfield, 111.
Derby Line, Vt.

North Bridgewater, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
East Boston, Mass.
Maiden, Mass.
Dover Plains, N. Y.
Boston, Mass.
Princeton, N. J.
New Bedford, Mass.
Boston, Mass.

Rumney, N. H.
Stanton, Canada East.
Boston, Mass.
South Boston, Mass.
Dorchester, "

Haverhill, N. H.
Boston, Mass.
Warren, Me.
Boston, Mass.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Barre, Mass.

Washington, D. C.

Queen Ann (Prince Geo. Co.) Md.

New Haven, Conn.

Boston, Mass.

254

Holmes, Richard

Hart, J. J.

Hill, William

Ham, S.

Hobart, Chas. G.

Hildreth, a. W.

Haines, D. W.

Howland, C.

Hovey, C. M.
Hobbs, Eben.
Hill, Jr. S.
Hendley, J. H.
Howe, Hall J.
Hurd, Jonas
Healy, Jas. A,
Hildretli, A. W.
Hall, A. G.
Hill, J. C.
Harris, Edward
Hinckley, Holmes
Hazelton, H. L.
Hutching, James

Jones, L. A,
Johnson, S. K.
Jerome, A. & J.
Jones, John
Jennison, Wm.
Johnson, Thomas
Jones, Josiah M.
Jackson, James A.
Johnson, C. B.
Jarvis, C. M.

Kimmel, Anthony
Kendall, Hartwell
Kelren, Robert
Kimball, H. H.
Kennedy, Alfred L. M. D.
Kittredge, A. E.
Kittredge, Joseph

Boston, Mass.

South Scituate,

Boston,

Danvers,

Dorchester,

Greenfield,

Readfield, Md.

Auburn, N. Y.

Boston, Mass.

Waltham, "

Ludlow, Iowa. (P. 0. Wankon.)

Boston, Mass.

Watertown,
Boston,
Athol,
Moorstown, N. J.

Montreal, Canada.

Boston, Mass.
No. Andover, "
Bloomfield, Conn.
Middleton, Del.
Boston, Mass.
So. Boston, "
Boston, "

Petersham, "
Newton, "

Boston, "

Lingamore, Fred'k Co. Md,
Boston, Mass.
So. Boston, "
Boston, "

Philadelphia, Penn.
Roxbury, Mass.
No. Andover, "

255

Kimball, Charles
Kittredge, W. P.
Kirkland, J. B.
Kirkpatrick, A.
Kingsbury, Jere
Kingsbury, Wm. 13.

Langley, S. H.
Lang, J. D.
Lathrop, Paoli
Lovcjoy, Joseph
Loring, Caleb CI.
Leavitt, Thomas
Lord, W. A.
Lee, Francis L
Leavitt, T. H.
Litchfield, Edwin
Locke, H. B.
Larrabee, S.
Lane, John
Learey, T, H.
Livermore, A.
Lamb, James
Leland, Simeon
Lakin, L. B.

Mathew, D. P.
Melendy, Peter
Miller, W. H.
Meredith, Solomon
Moore, Andrew Y.
Marquis, John
Morton, Dr. W. T. G,
Montgomery, W. C.
Merrill, E.
Maynard, J. W,
Mott, E. W.
Melzar, A. P.
Morrison, William M.
Morrison James E,. D.
Mulliken, James

Boston, Mass.

Boston, ''

Vernon, N. Y.
Bangor, IMe.
Roxbury, Mass.
Roxbury, "

Boston, Mass.

Vassalboro', Me.

So. Hadley Falls, Mass

Boston,

Great Barrington,

Boston,

Roxbury,

Boston,

Bangor, Me.

E. Abington, Mass.

Boston, "

Roxbury, "

Athol,

New York.

Boston, Mass.

East Boston, Mass.
Mt. Healthy, Ohio.
Moscow, Mich.
Cambridge City, Ind.
Schoolcraft, Mich,
Monticello, Pratt Co., III.
West Needham, Mass.
Boston, •'

Boston, "

Manchester, (L. I.) N. Y.
Boston, Mass.
Washington, D. C.
Washington, "
Buena Vista, Md.

256

Mackall, Louia
Montgomery, G. K.
Monnot, John B.
Murdock, A. L.
Mackintire, James
Malland, Charles
Moore, J. B.
Merrill, Wm.
Mclntire, True
Mace, Daniel
Messenger, K. E.
Meakin, W.
Meritt, J. C.
Moulton, S. P.
Miles, James
Merritt, J.
Merrill, J. C.
Mathes, A. R.
Morse, J. B.
Mitchell, T. S.
Morey, C. H.

Newhall, Cheever
Newhall, Gen. Josiah
Newman, Oliver
Newton, Isaac
Newton, R. W.
North, Lemuel
Newell, C. H.
Nevins, G. P.
Neff, Wm. J.

Orcutt, Wm. A.
Oxnard, H. P.
Oxnard, G. D.
Osborne, W. T.

Parish, Abram
Pratt, W. H.
Patridge, Adin
Pierce, H. D.

Georgetown, D. C.
Boston, Mass.
New York.
Boston, Mass.
Boston, "

Boston, "

Concord, "

Somerville, "
New Gloucester, Me,
Cambridge, Mass.
Boston, "

Boston, "

Petersham, "
Girard, Penn.
Boston, Mass.
Boston, "
Roxbury, "
Fair Haven, Conn.
Dorchester, Mass.
Boston, "

Dorchester, "
Lynnfield, "
Carthage, Me.
Philadelphia, Pa.

Boston, Mass.
Champlain, N. Y.
Boston, Mass.
New York.
Boston, Mass.

Boston, "

Brighton, "

NapervilJe, III.
Monticello, 111.
Boston, Mass.
Hillsboro', N. H.

257

Porter, Norman
Prentiss, Benj.
Pearl, Chas. L.
Peck, 0. S. X.
Pierce, Joshua,
Pierce, Geo.
Perrin, W. H.
Parks, J. A.
Perlej, F.
Page, Charles G.
Pray, Isaac C.
Putnam, J. Pickering
Penniman, Wm,
Peck, D. H.
Pope, Wm.
Pennock, Abel
Pope & Parsons,
Prescott, Mrs.
Peters, J. H.
Phipps, Sam'l M.
Phipps, J. L.
Presby, H. W.

Quimby, J. H.

Renick, Felix W.
Randall, J. N.
Rhodes, W. H.
Rowe, 0. S.
Roberts, C. P.
Reeves, W. P.
Rockwell, J. A.
Ryerson, L. L.
Rich, Seth
Robbins, Edwin
Ranstead, Chas.
Richardson, S. 0.
Robinson, T. L,
Rice, Geo. T.
Richards, W. H.
Randall, T.
Robinson, J. N.

Berlin, Conn.

.Fitchburg, Mass.
Farraington, Deh
Brownsville, (Wash, Co.) Md.
Washington, D. C.
Boston, Mass.

Danvers, "
Washington, D. C

Boston, Mass.
North Andover, Mass.
Brighton, Mass.
Boston, "

Philadelphia, Pa.
Shirley Village, Mass.
Boston, Mass.
Bradford, Vt.
Rosbury, Mass.
Boston, ''

Belfast, Me.

South Bloomfield, (Fayette Co.) III.

Roxbury, Mass.

Providence, R. I.

Ticouderoga, N. Y.

Gorham, Me.

Albemarle County, Va.

Norwich, Conn.

Roxbury, Mass.

Boston, "

South Reading, Mass.
Boston, Mass.

Dorchester, Mass.
Danville, Vt.
Hardwick, Mass.

258

Ross, H. P.

Groton, Mass.

Reynolds, W. J.

Boston, "

Rice, H. S.

Cambridge, "

Rich, Seth

Boston, "

Russell, S. H.

Roberts, John

Waltham, "

Richardson, John

Orford, N. H.

Sessions, H. M

So. Wilbraham, Mass.

Scott, Robt. W.

Frankfort, Ky.

Sanders, Col. Lewis

Grass Hills, Ky.

Spaulding, J. R.

Boston, Mass.

Smith, Henry

Boston, "

Sprague, Francis

Boston, "

Sprague, William

Boston,

Stone, C. B.

Rosbury, "

Smith, Walter

Orwell, Vt.

Sanford, W. R.

Orwell, Vt.

Stearns, J. A.

Manchester, N. H.

Stebbins, Sam'l

Conway, N. H.

Seldon, Col. Wm.

Washington, D. C.

Stedman, B.

Cleveland, Ohio.

Stedman, Geo. B.

Cleveland, "

Stearns, Chas.

Springfield, Mass.

Saunders, Col. C. J.

Lexington, Ky.

Smith, Jos. L.

Washington, D. C.

Sumner, Benj. L.

Dorchester, Mass

Sumner, Clarence

Dorchester, "

Sanford, J.

Boston, "

Stone, S. A.

Watertown, "

Sargent, Cyrus

Boston, "

Sprague, Seth L.

Boston, "

Smith, Edwin

Boston, "

Scater, C. S.

Boston, "

Stephens, John P.

New Gloucester Me.

Sotham, William H.

Owego, N. Y.

Sumner, John H.

Dorchester, Mass.

Springer, E.

Windsor, Me.

Skiff, B. A.

Freeport, Vt.

Stickney, Geo. J.

Charlestown, Mass.

Stowell, E. S.

Cornwall, Vt.

259

Sherman, C. W.
Sanderson, G. F.
Stickuey, Isaac
Spaulding, Rufus W.
Sanford, Wm. H.
Snow, David Jr.
Stevens, N. C.
Shaw, G. H.
Shurtleff, S. A.
Sheldon, A. Q.
Severence, R. 0.
Spaulding, S. R.
Shoemaker, Geo.
Stickney. T. G.
Smith, Thos.
Shoals, Denison
Smith, Cyrus
Stearns, Chas.
Shaw, John
Shedd, James A.
Stoddard, G. Y.
Simmons, Thos.
Stearns, Simeon
Shaw, H. L.
Smith, F. M.
Stone, James
Steele, John

Vergennes, Vt.
New York.
Boston, Mass
Boston, "

Boston, "

Roxbury, "

Wilmington, "
Boston, "

Boston, "

Georgetown.
Bangor, Me
Middleton,
Boston,
Reading,
Brookline,
New York.
Boston,
Brookline,
So. Boston,
Boston,
Boston,
Boston,
Phillipston,
Stoneham,

D. C.

Mass.

Taylor, Col. Wm. II. Harrison

Tillotston, Col. Zenas

Taylor, Hon. J. L.

Tappan, J. P.

Thatcher, Geo. T.

Thurston, Benj.

Tuttle, Jos.

Tabor, Saml T.

Tyler, J. F.

Tyler, John

Thorndike, J. H.

Tucker, J. A.

Tayloe, B. O.

North Bend, Ohio.
Marshall, Mich.
Chillicothe, Ohio.
Boston, Mass.

Lowell,

Dorchester, "
Duchess Co. N. Y.
Montgomery, Ala.
West Lebanon, Mass.
Boston, Mass.

Washington, D. C.

260

Thompson, Pteuben
Thorndike, James F.
Town & Trow,
Thaster, Theodore
Towne, A. K.
Train, W. G.
Thayer, E. F.
Tilden, W. H.
Tarbox, E.
Tufts, E, T.
Tr avers, S. A.
Turell, Albert
Tufts, Otis, Jr.
Turner, N. D.
Thayer, F. L.
Tompkins, Orlando
Townsend, E.
Trasdell, Austin

Vanderin, D. I.
Vail, Henry C.
Valentine, J. E.
Viets, C. E.

Warder, J. T.
West, S. Ft. S.
Wright, Gov. Joseph A.
Wentworth, Hon. John
Webster, C. W.
White, Stephen
Whittaker, F.
Warsen, E.
Winslow, A. M.
Waring, Geo. E., Jr.
Warder, Dr. John A.
Williams, Geo. Clinton
Willits, Sam'l C.
Wager, Hon. Henry
Wheeler, Wm. F.
Webster, W. W.
Walker, Nath'l L.

Plympton, Mass.

nd Vi:

Barre, Mass.

Boston, "

Dorchester, "

Boston, *'

So. Boston, "

Boston, "

Roxbury, "
So. Weymouth, Masi

Boston, Mass.
Brooklino,
Bridgewater,
Boston,
Boston,
Boston,

Charlestown, 111.
Newark, N. J.
Boston, Mass.
E. Granby, Conn.

Springfield, Ohio.

Olive Branch, (Clarmont Co.) Ohio.

Indianapolis, Ind.

Chicago, 111.

Boston, Mass.

North Cambridge, Mass.

South Maiden, Mass.

Boston, Mass.

Putney, Vt.

American Institute, N. Y.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Woodstock, Conn.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Rome, N. Y.

Grafton, Mass.

Maiden, "

Barre, "

2(5 L

WiUard, Wni.

Boston, i\Iass.

Worthiiigton, Win. F.

Worthington, Jno. H.

Wiggin, R. P.

Wellington, Winslow

Lexington, "

Williams. John

Boston, '•

AVoodside, Franklin

lloxbury, "

Vradleigh, E. D.

Dorchester, Mass.

Wudleigh, D. E.

White, c. a.

Boston, Mass.

Watson, G. S.

Newport, K. I.

Wilcox, S. J.

Boston, 3Iass.

Wheeler, W. J.

Walker, S. H.

Ilolyokc, "

Wellington, B.

Boston, "

AVilcox, John D. F

Eoxbury, "

Wier, Geo. W.

Boston, "

Walker, Jas. A.

Webber, Samuel

York, Me.

Williams, Isaac

Boston, Mass.

Wyman, Edward

lloxbury, "

Weller, John

Boston,

AVetherell, John W<

Wright, Wm. A.

Woodbury, Chas. L.

Portsmouth, N. H.

Williamson, Jacob S.

Huntington Co. N. J.

Wilson, Hiram

Schroon, (Essex Co.) N. Y

"Woods, Iram

Hancock, N. H.

\Villiams, Tilison

K.osbury, Mass.

Wood, Chas. M.

Boston, "

Welch, Harrison

Somerville, "

Welch, Thos. J.

White, Wm. A. •

Lancaster, N. H.

Walker, Joseph

Boston, Mass.

Wolcott, J. M.

lloxbury, "

Waight, Daniel B.

Young, G. W.

Washington, D. C.

York, J. H.

Boston, Mass.

TABLE OF CONTP^NTS.

1 . ( )llicG:-s of tho Society, o

'J. Tliird Anmta! Mcctino', 'J

3. Prcf^ident's Address, ■')

i. 'i'hird Exhibition, o'>

0. List of Marshals und Superintendents, etc., ;5(i

(i. Kegulations of the Exliibition, I5.S

7. Schedule of Premiums, 4-')

, .S. last (if Entries 02

(attic. Durhanis, f!2

" Devons, *> I

-Vyrshii'cs, fiS

' ' - ilercfords, ('•'

.Tcrseys, 70

" Native and tirade, 7;!

■' AVorkiiif"' Oxen .-md Steers, 77

'» Fat 7:'

linrsos. Stallions, SO

Jireedinu; Mares ai^d Fillies, .S^i

Matched and Fancy Matclied S'.t

" Tonics, 'M

" Famih', '•'-

r>raft," !»!'

" Trotting, ^ 100

Sheep 101

Swine, , , lO.'i

!). Description of Show (.hounds, 108

10. I'rogrammc, Ill

11. I)(?.eription of Exhibition, ll.'{

12. AMard of Premiums, 187

13. Jones' Petition to Congress, 234

14. The Agricultural Interest , 202

15. Oats 239

IC. Names of Members , , 243

ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. Frontispiece — View of the Exhibition Grounds.

2. Short-IIorned Bull " Romeo," 44

3. " " C'ov.' " Iris," 4r5

4. " " Heifer <' Miss Belh-ille," 62

5. Jersey Cow " Buttercup," 63

t!. '« ■ " "Daisy," 112

7. " " "Daphne," 113

8. Short-Horned Cow " Maid of Oxford," 186

9. " " Heifer " Surprise," 187

10. South Down Ram " Young York," 199

1 1. Essex Boar " Fisher Hobbs,'
Sow "AuntChloe,

..•• 200

Berkshire Boar " Sir Robert," ) .,fv,
;' Sow "LadvBork," < "

^^Tj

^Mm

Wn^i

<?l ?.^

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