Full text of "Journal of a voyage to New South Wales : with sixty-five plates of nondescript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions"

See other formats

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2015

https://archive.org/details/journalofvoyaget1 790whit

Dy, / fey CMON >

- ) with Sixty-five. Plates_of ce >

co Ve, Ve 7 7» GL: y ee “yard S.
Sogpuones, CUIVTOMS ies of ay VA Mr %

eg anrees TIONS

ec Sey Oey Whi: y=

Surgeon General to the Settlement. —

is an eee Z,
) Lid fe S Goa —— es )

Ba
mee MD c Cc AG (ren:
oe os ae . .

ee a

HAVIN CHANT AN

To THOMAS WILSON, Ej.

DEAR SIR,

S the following Journal was undertaken at
your Requeft, and its principal Object to
afford you fome Amufement during your Hours of
Relaxation, I {hall efteem myfelf happy if it anfwers
that Purpofe.

I hope that the Specimens of Natural Hiftory
may tend to the Promotion of your favourite
Science, and that, on this Account, it will not be
unacceptable to you. By the next Conveyance I
truft I fhall be enabled to make fome Additions,
that will not be unworthy the Attention of the
Naturalitfts.

A Let

DD. Boe 7 ee ee oa

Let my prefent Communications, which the
fudden failing of the Ships from hence, and the
Duties of my Department, have rendered lefs
copious than I intended, at leaft ferve to con-
vince you of my Readinefs at all Times to comply

with your Withes ; and of the Refpect and Efteem
with which I am,

DEAR Sie
YOUR VERY OBEDIENT

AND (HUMBLE SERVAN®FE,
SYDNEY Cove, |
Port Jackfon, New South Wales,
November 18th, 1788.

JOHN WHITE.

PoP ER ELS EME N 7.

T becomes the duty of the Editor, as much as it is his

inclination, to return his public and grateful acknow-
ledgments to the Gentlemen, through whofe abilities and
liberal communications, in the province of Natural Hiftory,
he has been enabled to furmount thofe difficulties that ne-
ceffarily attended the defcription of fo great a variety of ani-
mals, prefented for the firft time to the obfervation of the
Naturalift, and confequently in the clafs of Non-defcripts.

Among thofe Gentlemen he has the honour, particularly,
to reckon the names of Dr. Shaw ; Dr. Smith, the pofleffor of
the celebrated Linnzan Collection; and John Hunter, Efq.
who, to a fublime and inventive genius, happily unites a
difinterefted and generous zeal for the promotion of natural
{cience.

The Public may rely, with the moft perfe@ confidence,
on the care and accuracy with which the Drawings have
been copied from nature, by Mifs Stone, Mr. Catton, Mr.
Nodder, and other artifts; and the Editor flatters himfelf
the Engravings are all executed with equal correétnefs,
by, or under the immediate infpection of Mr. Milton. The

Birds, &c. from which the drawings were taken are de-
pofited in the Leverian Mufeum.

A 2

) * * £ra et ee ; ig eS 4 ; ’ _* -, j ; " , ¥ ‘ i sed
a ? a pe Ay : P I ‘ j we df +1 aig -* hs rth be 6g x oo cpt tet'

. ~ y ,
2 .
4 rd “4 r
¥ : : p Cer
a a tek
’ ¥ ,
: \ ) ugh ty
, : f “ 0 Ficy Bey ie
! 7 ee
ehh BF ; Oh) REAR %
; hy o
: iy a
of A
| ‘ &
ae ;
.
>
. ¢
-
: c

> i ee 8 rt a> I ye c 4m rive reahy } rai? if bs azhh . 2
| , : cae WEY te yaad ‘ I : A ee on 4 Mea
‘ | tae See RY: Sf ceil Vi .aAUOD i A Lay
“4 ¥ » -

_ : , iia A 4 4 tee pid: d
ie | | “boy Lt

; ! pre (DWN
ase od a yee nod e, .

: + . J :
: na : \ phi Da sf Yj $ mt iAatete sal tex

; .

’
: , a tian ;
' s
we aye
“sad aS
My “
J meen se Lis hy
+ , ache pret see ‘ 4 P
4 ‘ 5
-
z ot
‘ y
’ y
' :
' if
, ~
¢
a

L J S fh

ee ee RT BE. RS.

A. Budgen, John Smith, Efq.
3 Sapa William Pierce Afhe, Buck, George, Efq.
Biq. DT. PL Brook, Mr.
Addifon, Edward, Efq. Brook, Mr. Richard
Anderfon, Thomas, Efq. Bolt, John, Efq.
Anftruther, John, Efg. M. P. Bunbury, Sir Tho. Charles, Bart. M. P.
Allen, Jofeph, Efq. Bonnor, Mr. William
Arthur, Mr. Bowering, Mr.
Adair, James, Efq. Bofville, William, Efq.
Bradfhaw, Auguftus Cavendifh, Efq.
B. Buckingham Book Club
Burrell, Sir William, Bart. Bowyer, George, Efq.
Barnard, Mr. Boldero, Charles, Efq.
Brifac, Mrs. G. Binftead, Thomas, Efq.
Banks, Sir Jofeph, Bart, Blackmore, Mr.

a Buckmatter,

SUB. 8S °C Riga hie:

Buckmatter, Jofeph, Efq.

Barwell, Edward, Efq.

Barton, the Rev. Mr.

Brown, Jackfon, Efq.

Bateman, Lord Vifcount

Byrne, William, Efq.

Beckett, Mr. Bookfeller, 4 copies
Barker, George Hollington, Efq.
Baldwin, Mr. Bookfeller, 25 copies
Bew, Mr. ditto, 12 ditto

Crewe, John, Efq. M.P.

Caldwell, Sir John, Bart.

Cotterell, John, Efq.

Cavendifh, Right Hon. Sir Henry,
Bart. |

Carpenter, Richard, Efq.

Combe, Dr.

Caflon, William, Efq.

Clake, Rev. James Charles

Church, James Miller, Efq.

Crookfhanks, John, Efq.

Crace, John, Efg.

Carter, Thomas, Efq.

Clarke, Richard, Efq.

Currie, Mark, Efq.

Chafe, John, Efq.

Claridge, Mr.

Chapman, Mr. Henry, two copies.
Calvert, Robert, Efq.

Calvert, Charles, Efq.
Cornewall, Thomas, Efq.
Clark, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies
Clarke, Mr. ditto, 3 ditto
Cuthell, Mr. ditto, 3 ditto
Cooper, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto

Dundas, Sir Thomas, Bart. M.P.
Dawkins, Henry, Efq.
Donegal, the Earl of

Dyer, Mr. George

Dormer, Lady Cottrell

Doo, John, Efq.

Digby, the Rev. Noel
Delgarno, John, Efq.

Dent, John, Efg.

Dilly, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies
Deighton, Mr. ditto 6 ditto

Ellis, George, Efq.
Earle, George, Efq.
Evans, Mr. David
Elliot, William, Efq.
Eardley, Mrs.

Eftridge,

SUB SCR PB E R 5S.

Eftridge, John, Efq.

Englefield, Sir Henry, Bart.

Eaton, the Rev. Stephen

Elmiley, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies
Egerton, Meff. T’. and J. ditto, 15 do.
' Edwards, Mr. ditto, g ditto

Evans, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto

Earle, Mr. 3 copies

Falkner, Thomas, Efq.

Fullarton, William, Efq.
Fonnereau, Martin, Efq.
Fairbank, Mr.

Fitzhugh, Thomas, Efq.

Faulder, Mr. Bookfeller, 15 copies
Forbes, Mr. Bookfeller, 3 copies
Fofter, Mr. 12 copies

Freeman, John, Efq.

Gardiner, Sir John Whalley, Bart.
Godfrey, John, Efq.

Gilbert, Captain

Garrow, William, Efq.

Garrow, Jofeph, Efq.

Grierfon, J. Efq.

Gregfon, Mr. C.

Groombridge, Mr.

Goldfmid, Jeremiah, Efq.
Goldfmid, Abraham, Efq.
Goodenough, Rev. Dr.

Gray, Richard, Efq.

Gardner, Mr. Bookfeller, g copies

Harwood, William, Efq.

Hargrave, Francis, Efq.

Holland, Richard, Efq.

Hawke, Lord

Hawkins, Thomas, Efq.

Hookham, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies
Hughes, Sir Edward, K. B,
Heydinger, Mr.

Hume, Sir Abraham, Bart.

Holmes, Leonard Troughear, Efq.

‘| Hall, Mr.

Hoare, Charles, Efq.

Halliday, Capt. John Smith
Home, Everard, Efq.

Hibbert, Thomas, Efq.

Hodgfon, John, Efq.

Hibbert, George, Efq.

Hunter, John, Efq.

Heylin, J. Efq.

Howe, Captain

Harlow, Mrs. Bookfeller, 6 copies

a 2 Hanbury,

SUBSCRUBRERS

Hanbury, William, Efq.
Harpur, Robert, Efq.
Hafkoll, Mr.

Jenkins, Rev. Mr.

James, Charles, Efq.

Inchiquin, the Ear] of, K. P.
Jeffery, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies
Jervoife Clarke Jervoife, Efq.
Johnfon, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies

Kanmacher, Mr. Frederick

King, Lord

Kelfall, Lieutenant

Kenton, B. Efq.

Kennion, Mr.

Keys, Richard, Efq.

Kerby, Mr. John, Bookfeller, 6 copies
Kerby, Mr. James, ditto, 6 ditto

Lettfom, Dr.
Lewifham, Vifcount
Lucan, Lord

Lomax, Mr. Charles.

Lowes, J. Efq.

Lawrence, Richard, Efq. two copies
L. P.. fq,

Lake, Sir James Winter, Bart.
Lofack, Mrs.

London, Rt. Rev. the Lord Bifhop of
Lefter, Mr.

Long, William, Efq.

Ladbroke, Felix, Efq.

Longman, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies
Law, Mr. ditto, 9 copies

Lewis, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto

Molefworth; Sir William, Bart.
Monro, Dr. John
Marfham, Hon. Charles

‘Mellow, A. Efq. two copies

Mundy, Edward Miller, Efq. M. P.
Mollyneux, Sir Francis, Bart.
Murray, Mr. 6 copies

Minfhull, William, Efq.

Minet, Daniel, Efq.

Mollyneux, Mifs

Mackenzie, Alexander, Efq.
Milton, Mr. Thomas

Nebbit,

SUBSCRIBE RS.

Nefbitt, John, Efq. M.P.
Noble, Francis, Efq.
Naffau, Hon. Mr.

Orford, the Earl of, 2 copies

Orr, Captain

Ofbaldefton, George, Efq.

Ormerod, Rev. Mr.

Ogilvy and Speare, Mefirs. Book-

fellers, 3 copies

Pennant, Thomas, Efq.
Pitt, William, Efq.
Parker, Sir Hyde
Popham, John, Efq.
Peachey, Sir Janes, Bart.
Peachey, John, Efq.
Price, Charles, Efq.
Popplewell, Mr.

Pratt, John, Efq.
Parkinfon, Rev. John
~Purling, John, Efq.
Peelifkie, Lewis, Efq.
Poulter, Rev. Mr.

Pratt, Mr. J.

Price, Mr. William.

Powlett, the Rev. Charles

Pigou, W. H. Efq.

Payne and Son, Meflrs. Bookfellers,
15 copies

Phillips, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto |

Rufhworth, Edward, Efq. M. P.

Rous, Thomas Bates, Efq.

Rainsford, Mr.

Ramus, Mr.

Roberts, John, Efq.

Rebello, D. A. Efq.

Robinfon, J. Efq.

Raynsford, Nicolls, Efq.

Rycroft, Sir Nelfon, Bart.

Rigg, J. Jun. Efq.

Reppington, Charles Edward, Efq.

Ridley, Sir Mathew White, Baronet,
M. P.

Richards, the Rev. Mr.

Rowles, Charles Lee, Efq.

Rudge, Samuel, Efq.

Robinfons, Meffrs. Bookfellers, 60
copies

Rivington and Sons, ditto, 6 ditto

Robfon, Mr. ditto, 6 copies

Spencer,

SSB SoOR TIE Ws.

Spencer, Ear]

Sturt, Charles, Efq. M. P.
Songa, A. Efq.

Stimpfon, Captain

Styan, Mr.

Smith, William, Efq.
Swainfon, Ifaac, Efq.
Smith, Mr.

Shuttleworth, Robert, Efq.
Smith, Sir John, Bart.

Sage, Ifaac, Efq.

Spence, George, Efq.

St. John, Lord

Staniforth, William, Efq.
Smith, Mrs. late Mifs.Stone
Shaw, Doétor

~ Smith; Dr.

Sewell, Mr. Bookfeller, 62 copies

Strahan, Mr. ditto, 3 copies

Scatcherd and Whitaker, Mefiis. 6 do.

ay
Tahourdin, I. S. Efq.

Twigge, Rev. Mr.

Taylor, Michael Angelo, Efq. M. P.
Throckmorton, John, Efq.

Todd, Thomas, Efq.

Tunnard, William, Efq.

Tunftall, Marmaduke, Efq.

Tyrwhit, Emund, Efq.

Trevelyan, Sir John, Bart. M. P.
Turner, John, Efq.

Tahourdin, Captain

Tempeft, John, Efg. M. P.
Tollemache, the Hon. Mr.
Teffeyman, Mr. William, 6 copies
Taylor, Meffrs. J. and J. 3 copies

U.
| Uphill, Mr.
| Upjohn, Mr. Peter
Upjohn, Mr.
W.

| Wilfon, Thomas, Efg. 20 copies

Wilfon, Rev. Jofeph

Woodd, Mr. John

Wools, Mr.

Warren, Dr.

Ward, Rev. William

Walth, John, Efg.

Walford, Thomas, Efq.

Wilfon, Mr. George

Ward, Rev. Mr.

Watfon, Hon. Lewis

Watherfton, Dalhoufie, Efq.

White, Rev. Edward

Watfon, Thomas, Efq.
Winchefter,

Ve,

SUemoe CR PRE Rs,

Winchefter, the Rt. Rev. the Lord
Bifhop of

Willan, Dr.

Walpole, Lord

Wilfon, Lady

Whalley, James, Efq.

Wollafton, Mr.

Wallace, Sir James

Worfley, the Rev. Henry, of Arriton,
Hants

Worlley, the Rev. H. of Whitcombe

Wynne, Robert Watkyn, Efq. M. P,

White, Mr. Bookieller, 3 copies

Walker, Thomas, Efq.

Weld, Richard, Efq.

Wakeman, Thomas, Efq.
Wright, Mr. Thomas

Walker, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies

| Wilkie, Meffrs. ditto, 6 copies

White and Son,. ditto, 18 ditto
Walter, Mr. Charing Crofs, ditto,
15 ditto
Z.

Zimmermann, Mr.

I New Holland Caffowary
\ 2 Great Brown King’s Fifher:-

3 Bankfian Cockatoo - - -
4 4 Blue Bellied Parrot - - -
s Anomalous Hornbill - - -

* 6 Wattled Bee-eater - - - -

—.

V7 Do. Female ~° ~~ - ~--~-
Y 8 Golden Winged Pigeon - -
\ g Port Jackfon Thrufh - - -
v10 Yellow Eared Fly Catcher -
*rn Labuan Parrot, Male= >= ~-
muzeio. Pemale “= 7s 7- -=

‘13 Pennantian Parrot, Male -
ween Do Menialers = = 0/2.

‘15 New Holland Creeper, Male
416 Knob Fronted Bee-eater - -

PAGE.

129
137
139
140
142
144
145
146
1$7
161
168
169
17%
ci es
186

199

17 Sacred

;
+

A, LIST

17 Sacred King’s Fifher - -
18 The Bankfia Serrata in Bud
19 Do.in Flower - = -
20 Do. in Fruit - - - -

21 The Bankfia Pyriformis

‘23 Peppermint Tree - -
24 Tea Tree of New South Wales
25 Bark of the Red Gum Tree

26 Crefted Cockatoo - -
27 White Fulica - - -

28 Southern Motacilla =

‘2g Crefted Goatfucker - -

, 30 Scinc-formed Lizard -

* 31 Muricated Lizard and Snake
» 32 Ribboned and Broad-tailed Lizards

. 33 Blue Frogs - - - -

* 34 Root of the Yellow Gum Tree -

335 White Hawk - - -

36 White Vented Crow -

! 37 Fulliginous Peteril - -

» 38 Variegated Lizard - -

{ 22 The Bankfia, and Bankfia Gibbofa

PLATES.

39 Pungent Chztodon and Granulated Baliftes

* 4t Superb Warblers - -

42 Motacilla - - - =

.40 Muricated Lizard, Variety

Oe Eas ae
:

Al lay OF. PLATES,

Saake NO. 1.0 = =) = = = = =
GaN. 2.0 ol =) == Fu, = =o
Dot Nowrs Ui = =) aha) +N

PowNO. Er. and A = eee fe

Infeéts of New South Wales, viz. Large Scolopendra, Spider,

Crab, and Caterpillar - - - - =
Small Paroquet - - - - - - =
Red Shouldered Do. - - - = - -
Cypronaceous Labrus and Hippocampus
Doubtfull Lophius - - - - - -
Southern Cottus and Flying Fifh - -
Fafciated Mullet and Doubtful Sparus -
The Kangaroo - - Si steh 2p AR a le
White Jointed Spider - - - = -
Wha TapouaRoo = = - = = -
Dog of New South Wales - - - -
Rie? Wap lata oe
@hespotted Don --(-)- . + .
PepeetatsOO l= Naot ae (oe She

Hepoona Roo - = = - = - -

Feather of the Caflowary, and Fifth Hooks

Implements of New South Wales; viz. a War Spear,

Hatchet, a Sword, and Bafket of New South Wales

Atherine, Tobacco Pipe, and Remora Fifh

New Holland Creeper, Female

Fith Gig,

y ee

.. Wy

pays 4 = . \ suas g 4 al a eos
VG) | lok eth. “nh ke Nw Sk | 6g PSA RGY Be ke) SC Ee ee atdivle ome pitti :
: 4 Z

~ 4 a = Yieh ‘ : a“ i i)" «
ge ee re +) a a ee Cee ;

= » + - f * 2 LS o,*
La = er, - > * t. rx bytte Gs f pad ' shin ie st} 08 Lilte oe
* “ ‘ 4
= . *
h ey F is Lis 4 ie
; . Ss a pe & Z Me a + ~ 3) 7 OPE eee

a ~ is ‘ ‘ - ~ ~ - ~ we Onst =>)
3 ‘ . > -
, x be zu
~ 7 ¥
. nee : ‘ af a Ki Fre E os
A ‘
= Vos a
- - é p
re . *.
- ~ ° an - a - - f ra :
. .
> ’ e "=
* “ Me C s a . a. ~ ty

£ y
ie : A it - : - * « bows, ines “d tes

WHITE’ss JOURNAL
Haid © de SU: Ga © 4

T O

WEY SOU LTH WALES.

THIS day left London, charged with difpatches from
the Secretary of State’s office, and from the Admiralty,
relative to the embarkation of that part of the marines and
conviéts intended for Botany Bay ; and on the evening of the
feventh, after travelling two days of the moft inceffant rain
I ever remember, arrived at Plymouth, where the Charlotte
and Friendfhip tranfports were in readinefs to receive them.
General Collins, commander in chief at that port, loft
no time in carrying the orders I had brought into execu-
tion: fo that on the morning of the ninth, the detachment

of marines were on board, with all the baggage. But the

B next

T7607.
March 5.
Keres yom

1787.
March.
ease

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF &

next day being ufhered in with a very heavy gale of wind, made
it impracticable to remove the convicts from on board: the
Dunkirk prifon-fhip, where they were confined. So violent
was the gale, that- his Majefty’s fhip the Druid, of thirty-~
two guns, was forced to cut away her main-maft to prevent
her driving on fhore.

The weather being moderate the following day, the con-
victs were put on board the tranfports, and placed in the
different apartments allotted for them; all fecured in
irons, except the women. In the evening, as there was but
little wind, we were towed by the boats belonging to the
guardfhips out of the Hamaoze, where the Dunkirk lay,
into Plymouth Sound. When this duty was completed,
the boats returned; and the wind now frefhening fo as to
enable us to clear the land, we proceeded to Spithead,
where we arrived the feventeenth, and anchored on the
Mother Bank, among the reft of the tranfports and victuallers
intended for the fame expedition, under the conduc of his
Majefty’s fhip the Sirius. As foon as the fhip came to
anchor, I vilited all the other tranfports, and was really
furprifed to find the convicts on board them fo very healthy.
When I got on board the Alexander, I found there a medi-

cal

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

cal gentleman from Pertfmouth, among whofe acquaintance
I had not the honour to be numbered. He fearcely gave
me time to get upon the quarter-deck, before he thus
addrefied me—‘* I am very glad you are arrived, Sir; for
*¢ your people have got a malignant difedfe among them of
‘*¢ a moft dangerous kind; and it will be neceflary, for their
‘* prefervation, to get them immediately relanded!’ Sur-
prifed at fuch a falutation, and alarmed at the purport of
it, I requefted of my afliftant, Mr. Balmain, an intelligent

young man, whom I had appointed to this fhip for the

voyage, to let me fee the people who were ill. ‘* Sir,” re-

turned Mr. Balmain, taking me afide, <¢ you will not find
*‘ things by any means fo bad as this gentleman reprefents

<‘ them to be: they are made much worfe by him than

Cal

they really are. Unlike a perfon wifhing to adminifter

comfort to thofe who are afflicted, either in body or in
«¢ mind, he has publicly declared before the poor creatures
“ who are ill, that they muft inevitably fall a facrifice to
‘© the malignant diforder with which they are afflicted ;—
«© the malignity of which appears to me to exift only in his
‘* own imagination. I did not, however,” continued Mr. Bal-
main, ‘think proper to contradié the gentleman; fuppofing,

B 2 ‘¢ from

4
1787.

March,
Ne ee!

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

‘* from the confequence he affumed, and the eafe with
‘‘ which he had given his opinion, or more properly his
‘© direétions, that he was fome perfon appointed by the
‘¢ Secretary of State to officiate for you till your arrival.
‘© When you go among the people you will be better able to
‘* judge of the propriety of what I have faid.”” Mr. Balmain
had no fooner concluded thanI went between decks, and found
every thing juft as he had reprefented it to be. There were
feveral in bed with flight inflammatory complaints; fome
there were who kept their bed to avoid the inconvenience
of the cold, which was at this time very piercing, and whofe
wretched clothing was but a poor defence againft the
tigour of it; others were confined to their bed through the
effects of long imprifonment, a weakened habit, and low-
nefs of f{pirits; which was not a little added to by the de-
claration of the medical gentleman above mentioned, whom
they concluded to be the principal furgeon to the expedi-
tion. However, on my undeceiving them in that point, and.
at the fame time confirming what Mr. Balmain had from the
firft told them, viz. haz their complaints were neither malig-
nant nor dangerous, their fears abated. To this I added,
that I would immediately give orders for fuch as were in

want

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

want of clothing, to be fupplied with what was needful; a
power delegated to me by Captain Phillip, together with
the liberty of giving, fuch other diredtions as I thought would
tend to the recovery or prefervation of their health. And
further, as they had been nearly four months on board, and
during that time had been kept upon falt provifions, I would
endeavour to get frefh for them while in port.. This fhort
converfation had fo fudtlen an effe@ on thofe I addreffed,
and was of fo oppofite a tendency to that of the gentleman
alluded to, that before we got from between decks, I had
the pleafure to fee feveral of them put on fuch clothes as
they had, and look a little cheerful. I then pointed out to
Lieutenant Johnfon, commanding officer of the marines on
board, and to the mafter of the fhip, the neceflity there was
of admitting the convicts upon the deck, one half at a time,
during the courfe of the day; in order that they might breathe
a purer air, as nothing would conduce more to the preferva-
tion of their health. To this thefe gentlemen readily affent-
ed; adding, that they had no objection to the whole num-
ber coming upon deck at once, if I thought it neceflary, as
they were not apprehenfive of any danger from the indul-
gence. On returning to the quarter-deck, I found my new

medical

1787.
March,
eee ye

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

medical acquaintance ftill there; and before I could give
fome directions to Mr. Balmain, as I was about to do, he
thus once more addrefled me—‘ I fyppofe you are now
‘* convinced of the dangerous difeafe that prevails among
«< thefe people, and of the neceflity of having them landed,
«¢ in order to get rid of it.”’ Not a little hurt at the abfurd
part the gentleman had acted, and at his repeated importu-

nity, I replied with fome warmth,® that I was very forry to

“A
n

differ fo effentially in opinion from him, as to be obliged

oA
wn

to tell him that there was not the leaf? appearance of

Aw
n

malignity in the difeafe under which the conviés labour-

~
nw

ed, but that it wholly proceeded from the cold; and was

“~
tal

nearly fimilar to a complaint then prevalent, even among

nw
on

the better fort of people, in and about Portf{mouth.”
Notwithftanding this, he ftill perfifted fo much in the pro-
pricty of their being landed, and the neceflity there was for
an application to the Secretary of State upon the occafion,
that I could no longer keep my temper; and I freely told
him, ‘* that the idea of landing them was as improper as it
‘¢ was abfurd. And, in order to make him perfedlly eafy
“* on that head, I affured him, that when any difeafe ren-
‘¢ dered it neceflary to call in medical aid, he might reft

“¢ fatisfied

~VOVYAG EV TOANEW SOUTH WALES.

*¢ fatishied I would not trouble fiz; but would apply to
“ Doéor Lind, Phyfician to the Royal Hofpital at Hafler,
“a gentleman as eminently diftinguifhed for his profef-
*¢ fional abilities as his other amiable qualities; or elfe to
‘«< fome of the furgeons of his Majefty’s fhips in Portfmouth
*« harbour, or at Spithead, moft of whom I had the plea-
«© fure of knowing, and on whofe medical knowledge I was
** certain I could depend.’’ This peremptory declaration
had the defired effe&. The gentleman took his leave, to
my great fatisfa@icn, and thereby gave me an opportunity
of writing by that evening’s poft, to inform the Secretary of
State, and Captain Phillip, of the real ftate of the fick; and
at the fame time to urge the neceflity of having frefh pro-
vifions ferved to the whole of the convicts while in port, as
well as alittle wine for thofe who were ill. Freth provi-
fions I dwelt moft on, as being not only needful for the
recovery of the fick, but otherwife effential, in order to
prevent any of them commencing fo long and tedious a
voyage as they had before them with a {corbutic taint; a
confequence that would moft likely attend their living upon
falt food; and which, added to their needful confinement
and great numbers, would, in all probability, prove fatal

1787.
March.

1787.
March.
eam aed

WHITE’s JOURNAL YVOF VA

to them, and thereby defeat the intention of Govern-
ment.

The return of the poft brought me an anfwer; and like-
wife an order to the contractor for fupplying the marines
and conviés daily with frefh beef and vegetables, while in
port. A fimilar order I found had been given long before
my arrival; but, by fome ftrange miftake or other, had not
been complied with. The falutary effeé of this change of
diet, with the addition of fome wine and other necefiaries
ordered for the fick, through the humanity of Lord Sydney,
manifefted itfelf fo fuddenly, that in the fpace of a uae
night, on comparing my lift of fick with that of a furgeon
belonging to one of the guardfhips, allowing for the difpro-
portion of numbers, mine did not exceed his. And yet, not-
withftanding this, which is a well known fad, the report of a
moft malignant difeafe ftill prevailed: and fo induftrioufly was
the report promulgated and kept alive by fome evil-minded
people, who either wifhed to throw an odium on the humane
promoters of the plan, or to give uneafinefs to the friends
and relations of thofe engaged in the expedition, that letters
from all quarters were pouring in upon us, commiferating
our ftate. The newfpapers were daily filled with alarming

accounts

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

accounts of the fatality that prevailed among us; and the
rumour became general, notwithftanding every ftep was
taken to remove thefe fears, by affurances (which were
ftriétly true) that the whole fleet was in as good a ftate of
health, and as few in it would be found to be ill, at that
cold feafon of the year, as even in the moft healthy fituation
on fhore. The cleareft teftimony that there was more ma-
lignity in the report than in the difeafe, may be deduced
from the very inconfiderable number that have died fince we
left England; which I may fafely venture to fay is much
lef than ever was known in fo long a voyage (the numbers
being proportionate), even though not labouring under the
difadvantages we were fubjec&t to, and the crowded ftate we
were in.

During the abfence of Captain Phillip, I mentioned to
Captain Hunter of the Sirius, that I thought whitewafhing
with quick lime the parts of the fhips where the conviéts

were confined, would be the means of corre&ing and

preventing that unwholefome dampnefs which ufually ap-.

peared on the fbeaanis and fides of the fhips, and was occa-
fioned by the breath of the people. Captain Hunter agreed
with me on the propriety of the ftep: and with that oblig-

C ing

1787.
March.
ee and

WHITE’s. JOURNAL OF A

ing willingnefs which marks his character, made the necef=
fary application to commiflioner Martin ; who, on his party.
as readily ordered the proper materials. The procefs was
accordingly foon finifhed ; and fully anfwered the purpofe.
intended. ° |
May 12. His Majefty’s thip the Hyena joined us. this
day, and put herfelf under the command of. Captain.
Phillip, who had inftructions to take her with him as far as he:
fhould think needful. In the evening the Sirius made the
final to weigh, and attempted to get down to St. Helen’s; 3
but the wind fhifting, and feveral of the convoy not getting
under way, through fome irregularity in the feamen, fhe
was obliged to anchor. When this was done, Captain
Phillip fent Lieutenant King on board the fhips which had
occafioned the detention, who foon adjufted the difficulties.
that had arifen; as they were found to proceed more from
intoxication than from any nautical caufes.
13th. This morning the Sirius and her convoy weighed
again, with an intention of going through St. Helen’s;
but the wind being fair for the Needles, we run through
them, with a pleafant breeze. The Charlotte, Captain
Gilbert, on board of which I was, failing very heavy, the
Hyena

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

Hyena took us in tow, until fhe brought us ahead of
the Sirius, and then caft us off.

5th. An accident of a fingular nature happened to-day.
Corporal Baker of the marines, on laying a loaded mufquet
down, which he had juft taken out of the arms cheft, was
wounded by it in the inner ankle of the right foot. The
bones, after being a good deal fhattered,- turned the ball ;
which taking another direction, had ftill force enough left
to go through a harnefs-cafk full of beef, at fome diftance,
and, after that, to kill two geefe that were on the other
fide of it. Extraordinary as this incident may appear, it
is no lefs true. The corporal being a young man, and in
a good habit of body, I had the pleafure, contrary to the
general expectation, of feeing him return to his duty in
three months, with the perfe& ufe of the wounded joint.

2oth. A difcovery of a futile fcheme, formed by the
‘convicts on board the Scarborough, was made by one of that
body, who had been recommended to Captain Hunter
previous to our failing. They had laid a plan for making
themfelves mafters of the fhip; but being prevented by this
difcovery, two of the ringleaders were carried on board the
Sirius, where ,they were punifhed; and afterwards put on

G2 board

1787.
May.

1787.
June.

Keen panied)

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

board the Prince of Wales tranfport, from which time they
behaved very well. Being now near one hundred leagues
to the weftward of Scilly, and all well, Captain Phillip found
it no longer neceflary to keep the Hyena with him; there-
fore, having committed his letters to the care of the Hon.
Captain De Courcey, he in the courfe of this day fent
her back. |

. 28th. Departed this life, Ifmael Coleman, a convict,
who, worn out by lownefs of fpirits and debility, brought

on by long and clofe confinement, refigned his breath

without a pang.

goth. In the forenoon paffled to the fouthward. of Ma-
deira, and faw fome turtle of the hawks-bill kind.

June 2d. Saw and paffed the Salvages. Thefe iflands
are not laid down in any of the charts we had on board,
except a {mall one, by Hamilton Moore, in the poffeffion
of the fecond mate. They lie, by our obfervation, in lat.
go°. 10..N. long. £5°. 9...

3d. This evening, after feeing many fmall fifth in our
way from the Salvages, we arrived at Teneriffe, and an-
chored in Santa Cruz road, about a mile to the N. E. of the

town of that name, in fixteen fathom water; fome of the

{hips

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

fhips came to in twenty fathom. We were vifited the fame
night, as is the nae of the port, by the harbour matter,
and gained permiflion to water, and procure fuch refrefh-
ments as the ifland afforded. The marines were now ferved
with wine in lieu of fpirits ; a pound of frefh beef was like-
wife daily diftributed to them as wellas to the conviéts ; to-
gether with a pound of rice inftead of bread, and fuch vege-
tables as could be procured. Of the latter indeed the por-
tion was rather {canty, little befides onions being to be got ;
and {till lefs of fruit, it being too early in the feafon.

4th. Captain Phillip, as governor of his Majefty’s ter-
ritories in New South Wales, and commander in chief of
the expedition, accompanied by twenty of the principal
officers, paid his refpeéts to the Marquis de Brancifort,
governor of this and the other Canary iflands. We were
received by his Excellency with great politenefs and cor-
diality; and after the ceremony of introduction was over,
he entered into familiar converfation with Captain Phillip
on general topics. In perfon the Marquis is genteel; he is
rather above the middle fize, but cannot boaft of much
embonpoint; his countenance is animated; his deportment

eafy and graceful; and both his appearance and manners

perfectly

14 WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

1787. perfeétly correfpond with the idea univerfally entertained of
wes the dignity of a grandee of Spain. ‘This accomplifhed
nobleman, as I have been informed, is not a Spaniard by
birth, but a Sicilian; and defcended from fome of the
princes of that ifland. On this anceftry and defcent, it is
vifible that he prides himfelf not a little. The people he
is placed over will have it, that he carries himfelf with too
much ftatelinefs to be long a favourite there; they cannot,
however, help acknowledging that he preferves a degree of
difintereftednefs, moderation, and juftice, in his condué to-
wards them, that is not to be objected to.
6th. A convict, named James Clark, died of a dropfy;
he had been tapped ten days before, and difcharged twelve
quarts of water.
8th. During the night, while the people were bufily
employed in taking in water on board the Alexander, a
fervice in which fome of the convidis aflifted, one of them,
of the name of Powel, found means to drop himfelf unper-
ceived into a {mall boat that lay along-fide; and under
cover of the night to caft her off without difcovery. He
then drifted to a Dutch Eaft Indiaman that had juft come to
an anchor, to the crew of which he told a plaufible ftory,

and

VOYAGE TO NEW. SOUTH WALES.

and entreated to be taken on board; but, though they much
wanted men, they would have nothing to do with him.
Having committed himfelf again to the waves, he was driven
by the wind and the current, in the courfe of the night,
to a {mall ifland lying to leeward of the fhips, where he was
the next morning taken. The boat and oars, which he
could not conceal, led. to a difcovery; otherwife he would
probably have effected his efcape. When brought back by
the party fent after him, Captain Phillip ordered him into
irons, in which ftate he remained for fome time; but at

length, by an artful petition he got written for him, he fo

wrought on the governor’s humanity, as to procure a releafe:

from his confinement.

As you approach the ifland of Teneriffe, and even when:

you are near to it, the appearance from the fea conveys no:

very favourable idea of its fertility; one rugged, barren

hill or mountain terminating in another, until it forme:

the famous Peck. The town of Santa Cruz is large and
populous, but very irregular and ill built; fome of the
private houfes, however, are fpacious, convenient, and
well conftru@ed. Although this town is not confidered as
the capital, Laguna enjoying that pre-eminence, yet I can-

not

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

not help thinking it ought to be fo; not only from its being
more frequented by fhips of various nations, and having a
greater fhare of trade than any other port in the Canaries,
but on account of its being the refidence of the governor-
general.

Among other fteps for its improvement, the Marquis fet
on foot a contribution, and from the produce of it has
caufed to be built an elegant and commodious mole, or pier,
about the center of the town. To this pier, water of an ex-
cellent quality is conveyed by pipes; fo that boats may come
along-fide, and by applying a hofe to the cocks placed there
for this purpofe, fill the cafks without the ufual trouble and
fatigue. The landing or fhipping of goods is likewife,
by means of this pier, rendered both convenient and expe-
ditious. In fhort, I think I may fafely recommend this
port as a very good one for fhips undertaking long voyages
to water at, and refrefh their crews; more efpecially in
the time of the fruit feafon.

About four or five thiles, inland, from Santa Cruz,
ftlands the city of Laguna; fo called from a lake near
which it is fituated. This lake, during the winter, or in
rainy weather, is full of ftagnant water, that in a little time

becomes

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

becomes putrid, and, in very dry hot weather, is to-
tally exhaled. I have before obferved, that Laguna is
confidered as the capital of the ifland, and added my rea-
fons for thinking this an ill-judged diftin@ion. The road
from Santa Cruz to it is a pretty fteep afcent, until you ap-
proach the town, which is fituated at the extremity, or
rather on a corner, of a plain three or four miles long.
This city has two churches, one of them richly ornamented ;
and feveral convents both of friars and nuns. It has like-
wife three hofpitals ; two of which were originally inftituted
for the wife, but ineffe@tual, purpofe of eradicating the /wes
wenerea; a difeafe that has long been, and ftill continues to
be, very common in this ifland. I was however informed,
that perfons affli@ed with other diforders are now received
into thefe two charitable inftitutions ; and that the third is
appropriated to the reception of foundlings. Befides the
foregoing, there are fome other public, as well as private
buildings, that tend to improve the appearance of the town.
There is very little trade carried on at Laguna, it being
rather the retired refidence of the gentry of the ifland, and
of the merchants of Santa Cruz, which is the principal feat
of commerce. The officers of jultice likewife refide here ;

D fuch

1787.
June.

ee ee

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

fuch as the corrigedor, lieutenant of the police, &c. and #
judge whofe bufinefs it is to regulate commercial affairs,
An office of inquifition, with the proper officers, delegated
from, and fubje& to, the tribunal of the holy office held at
Grand Canary, is befides eftablifhed here.

' The prefent natives of this ifland feem to have in then
very little of the ftock from whence they fprung 3 intermar-
riages with the Spaniards have nearly obliterated all traces.
ef the original ftamina: they are of a middle ftature, in-
clining to be flender, and of a dark complexion, with large
animated black eyes. The peafants in general are wretch-
edly clothed ; when they do appear better, they are habited
in the Spanifh fafhion. The men, in a genteeler line, drefs
very gaily, and are feldom feen without long fwords. It is
remarked, that few of them walk with dignity and eafe ;
which may be attributed to the long cloaks they ufually
wear, except on particular occafions.

The women wear veils: thofe worn by the lower ranks
are of black ftuff, thofe of the higher, of black filk; and
fuch among the latter as have any claim to beauty, are
far from being over careful in concealing their faces by
them. ‘The young ladies, fome of whom I faw that were

really

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

really pretty, wear their fine long black hair plaited, and
faftened with a comb, or a ribbon, on the top of the head.

The common people, and in this they refemble the inha-
bitants of moft of the iflands in the Pacific Ocean lately dif-~
covered, have a ftrong {pice of furacity in them; they are
befides lazy; and the moft importunate beggars in the
world: I obferved likewife, that the itch was fo common
among them, and had attained fuch a degree of virulence,
that one would almoft be led to believe it was epidemic
there.

Some of the women are fo abandoned and fhamelefs, that
it would be doing an injuftice to the proftitutes met with in
the ftreets of London, to fay they are like them. The fe-
males of every degree are faid to be of an amorous conftitu-
tion, and addiéted to intrigue; for which no houfes could
be better adapted than thofe in Teneriffe.

The manufaétures carried on here are very few, and the
produc of them little more than fufhicient for their own
confumption. They confift of taffeties, gauze, coarfe linens,
blankets, a little filk, and curious garters. The principal
dependance of the inhabitants is on their wine (their ftaple
commodity), oil, corn, and every kind of ftock for fhipping,

D 2 With

1787.

June.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

With thefe the ifland abounds; and, in their feafon, pro-

duces not only the tropical fruits, but the vegetable produc-
tions of the European gardens, in the greateft plenty. Te-
neriffe enjoys an agreeable and healthful mediocrity of climate.
Indeed I know of none better adapted for the reftoration of
a valetudinarian; as, by going into the mountains, he may
graduate the air, and chufe that ftate of it which beft fuits
his complaint. But although the inhabitants are thus healthy,
and have fo little occafion for medical aid, they loudly com-
plain of the want of knowledge in the profeflional gentlemen
of the ifland.

The prefent governor has eftablifhed a manufactory of filk
and woollen goods in the fuburbs of Santa Cruz, which is
carried on by poor children, old and infirm people, and by
abandoned females, with a view to reclaiming them: an
inftitution that will ever do honour both to his excellency,
and to thofe who have liberally aided him in fo laudable a
{cheme.

Like the inhabitants of moft catholic countries, the
people of this ifland are very profufe in decorating their
churches, and even their dwelling-houfes, on the feftivals
held in honour of their faints. This being Corpus Chriffi, a

| day

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

day of much folemnity and parade, I went on fhore with
Lieutenant Ball of the Supply to fee the proceflion incident
to the occafion. Before we landed we formed a refolution
to avoid, as much as lay in our poweft, giving offence even
to the moft zealous devotee. But we found this was not to
be done. When we arrived at the church, from whence the
proceflion commenced, the Hoft was juft making its appear-
ance; a circumftance that is announced by ringing of bells,
and firing of guns. As it pafled by us we fell on our knees,
as we obferved thofe around us to do; but it unfortunately
happening, that the fpot we knelt upon confifted of fand
intermixed with {mall rough pebbles, the pofture we were in
foon became fo exceedingly painful, that, in order to pro-
cure a momentary eafe, we only let one knee remain on the
ground. This heretical a&t did not efcape the obfervation of
one of the holy fathers, all of whom were intent on the exact
performance of every ceremonious etiquette. It procured for
us a frown from him, and treatment that was. not of the moft
civil kind ; fo that, in order to pacify him, we again dropped
on both knees. Hedid not, however, pafs on, without exhi-
biting {trong marks of ill-nature and refentment in his coun-
tenance, at this trivial and unintended breach of refpecful

attention:

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

attention to the religious rights of the country. The pro-
ceffion, in which the governor and all the principal inhabi-
tants joined, having pafled through moft of the fircets,
returned, with the fame folemnity, to the church it had fet
out from; which was richly ornamented, and fplendidly
illuminated with large wax tapers, upon the occafion.
During our ftay here, his excellency the governor entertained
Captain Phillip and all the officers belonging to the expedi-
tion with a very elegant dinner.

Before we failed from the Motherbank, a Jporatic difeafe
had appeared among the marines and convicts. On its farft
appearance it refembled the mumps, or fwellings of the chaps;
and.as that diftemper fometimes terminates in a tranflation
of the inflammation to the tefticles, fo this complaint (after
the fwelling and induration of the jaws had fubfided, which
ufually happened on the fixth or feventh day) never in one
inftance failed to fix on thofe parts; and that in fo very
obftinate a manner, as not to give way to the treatment |
generally found effectual in fimilar inflammations. One of
the convicts, thus affected, was feized with an intermitting
fever: between the paroxy{m I gave him an emetic; which
had fuch a fudden and wonderful effe@ on this firange com-

plaint,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

plaint, that I was induced to repeat it; and I found it
effectual in this, as well as in all fubfequent cafes. As foon
as we got to fea, the motion of the fhip aéted on all thofe
who were affected, to the number of feventeen, in a moft
furprifing and extraordinary manner. Indeed it was fo fud-
den, that it was like a placebo. I could never account, with
any fatisfaction to myfelf, for the origin of this uncommon
difeafe, though much acquainted: with thofe incident to
feamen; nor did I ever fee or hear of any that refembled
it. The moft fteady and prudent of the mariners, even thofe
who had their wives on board, were equally affected with

thofe who led more irregular lives. At firft I attributed it

to the verdigreafe that might gather on the copper utenfils:

wherein the provifions were cooked; but Iam now fully
perfuaded that this was not the fource from which. it pro-
ceeded ;. for at the very time it was moft prevalent, and at-

tended. with the greateft degree of inveteracy, the coppers

were cleaned, and made as bright as they could be, every day;.

under my own infpe@tion. Another proof, and a very trong
one, that it did not proceed from the before-mentioned caufe
is, that the provifions ftill continued to be dreffed in the

fame coppers, when the fmalleft trace of the difeafe was no

longer

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

longer to be perceived ; which was the cafe after being four
or five days at fea.
oth, P.M. the Sirius made the fignal for all officers to
repair on board their refpective fhips ; an officer was likewife
fent to the governor, to.inform him that we intended to put
to fea in the morning, and, at the fame time, to thank him
for the civilities and politenefs he had fhown us. His excel-
lency returned, in anfwer to this meflage, that his beft and
moft fincere good wifhes fhould attend us; and that he
fhould ever feel a very particular intereft in our fuccefs; which
he hoped would anfwer the intention of government, and
the expectations of thofe who had fo cheerfully entered as
volunteers on fo novel and very uncertain a fervice.
roth. This morning the fleet got under way with a light
breeze, which carried us out of Santa Cruz, but left us two
‘days becalmed between Teneriffe and the Grand Canary. After
this a fine breeze fprung up from the north-eaft; and no oc-

currence worthy of notice happened for fome days. We crofied

the tropical line in 18°. 20. weft longitude, and was nearly

prefled on board the Lady Penrhynn tranfport, whofe people
did not attend to her fteerage, being deeply engaged in fluicing
and ducking all thofe on board who had never croffed it,

17th,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

a7th. In the morning faw a ftrange fail to the north-
ward, and at night the Sirius made the fignal for the convoy
to fhorten fail.

18th. Early this morning the Sirius threw out the Sup-
ply’s fignal to make fail, and look out ahead. She imme-
diately obeyed, and at eight oclock made the fignal for
feeing land; which was repeated by the Sirius to the con-
voy. At eleven we pafled the Ifle of Sal, in lat, 16° 38’ N.
long. 22° 5’ W., and in the evening Bonavifta; two of the
Cape de Verd iflands, a clufter of iflands fo called froma cape
of that name fituated oppofite to.them on the continent of
Africa. We paffed the latter ifland fo clofe, that we faw
the breakers which endangered Captain Cook’s fhip in his
laft voyage. [t blew at the time pretty frefh, and was fo
hazy, that we could make no other obfervation, than
that the land was high, and the fhore (what we could per-
ceive of it through the haze, for the horizon line did not
exceed two miles) had a white appearance, as if fand or chalk
cliffs. At fix in the evening, the Sirius made a fignal for
the convoy to obferve a clofe order of failing, and to fhorten
fail for the night; and at twelve, running under an eafy fail,

E fhe

25
1787.

June.

WHITE’s: JOURNAL OFA

fhe made the fignal for the fhips to bring to, with their
heads to the fouth-eaft,

1gth. At day break we made fail, the Supply being a-
head on the look-out. At eight o’clock fhe made the fig-
nal for feeing land; which proved to be the ifle of Mayo, ~
another of the Cape de Verd iflands, lying in lat. 15° 10' N.
long. 23° W. ‘The Sirius now made the fignal to prepare to
anchor; which was followed by one, that the boats from
the victuallers and tranfports may land, as foon as the fhips
came to an anchor, without afking permiflion as at Teneriffe.
We ran down the eaft fide of the ifland, clofe in with the
fhore, on which we could perceive a high furf, or rather the
fea, breaking violently among the rocks. The haze ftill con-
tinued fo thick that we could only obferve the fhore to-be
rough, craggy, and ‘bold; and that feveral parts of the
ifland feemed high and mountainous. At twelve, through
the haze, faw the ifland of Saint Jago, the principal of the
Cape de Verd iflands, lying in lat. 14° 54 N. long. 23° 29’ W.
Half after one, the Sirius leading into Port Praya Bay, on
a fudden brought to, as we imagined, to wait for the ftern-
moft fhips, which, as they all came up, likewife brought to,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

~ on the outfide of the entrance into the bay. After the pre-
parations which had been made for anchoring, and the dif-
pofition fhown by the Sirius to run in, we were not a little
furprifed to fee her, at two o'clock, throw out the fignal for
the convoy to keep nearer the commanding officer; then
make fail and bear away, fteering fouth-weft. At fix in
the evening we loft fight of the ifland, running with a
{mart top-gallant, and fteering fail, breeze at north-eaft. A
{mall Portugueze brig lay at anchor in Port Praya, which
was the only veffel of any kind at that time there. This
bay is rendered memorable by the action that took place
there, on the 16th of April 1781, between Commodore
Johnftone and Monfieur Suffrein ; in giving an account of
which, the French admiral (in a letter faid to be written by
him) humoroufly thus obferves: ‘* In leading into the bay,
<< I was fome time at a lofs to diftinguifh which was the
<* commodore’s fhip: but on getting more in, I at length
‘¢ faw his pendant blufhing through a foreft of mafts; the
<* Romney being fecurely placed in fhore of the merchant
‘¢ fhips and fmaller men of war.”

The entrance into this bay appeared to be about a mile,
between two bluff points, which makes it fecure from every

B52 wind,

1787.

June.

WHITE*s JOURNAL OF A
wind, except a foutherly one; and when that prevails,
very high fea tumbles into it. On an eminence, in the cen-
ter of the bay, flands a fort, where the Portugueze colours.
were difplayed. Many people appeared on the batteries, look-
ing at the fhips; which were probably more in number than
had been feen there fince the memorable 16th of April..
The appearance of the town and the ifland, from the diftant
view we had, gave us no very favourable opinion of them.
The face of the country feemed to be fterile in the extreme..
The lifelefs brown of the Ifle of Mayo, defcribed by Cap-
tain Cook, may very well be applied to this ifland; for as
far as my eye or glafs could reach, not the {malleft trace of
vegetation or verdure was to be perceived, except at the weft
end of the fort, on the left fide of the bay, where a few
trees of the cocoa nut or palm kind appeared. But noe-
withftanding the fterile pi@ture it exhibits when viewed from
the fea, geographers, and thofe who have been on fhore,
defcribe it to be, in many places, well cultivated and very
fertile; producing fugar canes, a little wine, fome cotton,,
Indian corn, cocoa nuts, and oranges, with all the other tropi-
cal fruits in great plenty; and point it out as a place where
fhips, bound on long voyages, may be conveniently fupplied

with

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,

with water, and other neceflaries; fuch as fowls, goats, and
hogs ; all which are to be purchafed at a very eafy rate.

zoth. This evening, ftanding to the fouthward with all
fail; the wind moderate; the air warm and damp, with
haze; the Sirius made the Alexander’s fignal, who had dropped
confiderably aftern, and reprimanded the mafter for hoifting
out a boat without permiffion. The two following days the
weather was moderately warm, with fome flafhes of light-
ning.

23d... The weather became exceedingly dark, warm,
and clofe, with heavy rain; a temperature of the atmofphere
very common on approaching the equator, and very much
to be dreaded, as the health is greatly endangered. thereby.
Every attention was therefore paid to the people on board
the Charlotte, and every exertion ufed to keep her clean and
wholefome between decks. My firft care was to keep the
men, as far as was confiftent with a regular difcharge of
their duty, out of the rain; and I never fuffered the con-
vidts to come upon deck when it rained, as they had neither
linen nor clothing fuficient to make themfelves dry and
comfortable after getting wet: a line of condu@& which
eannot. be too ftriétly obferved, and enforced, in thofe lati-

tudes.

27
1787.

June.

WHITE’s JOURNAL: OBA

tudes. To this, and to the frequent ufe of oil of tar, which
was ufed three times a week, and oftener if found neceflary, I
attribute, in a great degree, the uncommon good health we
enjoyed. I moft fincerely with oil of tar was in more gene-
ral ufe throughout his Majefty’s navy than it is. If it were,
I am certain that the advantage accruing from it to the health

of feamen, that truly ufeful and valuable clafs of the commu-

‘nity, and for whofe prefervation too much cannot be done,

would foon manifeft itfelf. This efficacious remedy won-
derfully refifts putrefaétion, deftroys vermin and _ infedts
of every kind; wherever it is applied overcomes all dif-
agreeable fmells ; and is in itfelf both agreeable and whole-
fome.

In the evening it became calm, with diftant peals of thunder,
and the moft vivid flafhes of lightning I ever remember. The
weather was now fo immoderately hot, that the female con-
victs, perfe@ly overcome with it, frequently fainted away;
and thefe faintings generally terminated in fits. And yet,
notwithftanding the enervating effects of the atmofpheric
heat, and the inconveniences they fuftered from it; fo pre-
dominant was the warmth of their conftitutions, or the de-
pravity of their hearts, that the hatches over the place

where

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

where they were confined could not be fuffered to lay off,
during the night, without a promifcuous intercourfe imme-
diately taking place between them and the feamen and ma-
rines. What little wind there was, which was only at
intervals, continuing adverfe, and the health of thefe wretches
being ftill endangered by the heat, Captain Phillip, though
anxious to prevent as much as poflible this intercourfe, gave
an order, on my reprefenting the neceflity of it, that a
erating fhould be cut, fo as to admit a {mall wind fail being
let down among them. In fome of the other fhips, the
defire of the women to. he with the men was fo uncontrol-
lable, that neither fhame (but indeed of this they had long
loft fight), nor the fear of punifhment, could deter them
from making their way through the bulk heads to the apart-
ments affigned the feamen.

. 25th. Still inclinable to calms, in lat. 8° 30’ N. long.
22° 36 W. we perceived a ftrong current fetting to the
north-weft; fo that on.the following day, though by our
‘log we had run thirty miles fouth by ecaft, yet by obferva-
tion we found ourfelves in lat. 8° 45'; which fhows the
current againft us to be nearly a knot an hour. I vifited

the different tranfports, and found the troops and convicts,

from

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

from the very great attention paid to cleanlinefs, and airing
the fhips, in much better health than could be expeéted in
fuch low latitudes and unfavourable weather.

27th. Still calm, with loud thunder, and inceffant heavy
rain.

28th. A gentle breeze {prung up to the weftward, and
the next day, about eleven in the forenoon, we faw a ftrange
fail ftanding to the fouth-weft. At twelve the tacked, ftood
towards us, and hoifted Portugueze colours. The Sirius
{poke her; after which we all made fail again, fteering
fouth-eaft by eaft. |

July 2d. The wind continuing foutherly, in latitude
6° 36 N. and being ftill fo far to the eaftward as 20° 23’ W.
longitude, the Sirius made the fignal for the convoy to tack;
and ftood to the weftward. This day we faw fome re-
markable flights of flying fifh; they were fo very numerous
as to refemble flights of fmall birds. The poor creatures
were fo clofely purfued, on all fides, by their common ene-
my, bonitoes, albacores, and {fkip-jacks, that their wings
availed them little. The fucceeding night was a continua-
tion of heavy rain. Every evening, while we continued be-
tween nine and fix degrees of north latitude, we were bafiled

with

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

with calms, and adverfe winds. For feven days together I
obferved that each day generally clofed with heavy rains,
and fome fqualls of wind, which were always remarked to be
from the northward.
sth. The wind fouth-weft by fouth, the fleet tacked by
fignal and ftood to the eaftward. In the evening, a more
numerous fhoal of porpoifes than ever remembered to be
feen by the oldeft feaman on board, prefented themfelves to
our view. T hey were, as we conjectured, in purfuit of fome
wounded fifh; and fo very intent were they on the object of
their chace, that they paffed through the fleet, and clofe to
fome of the fhips, without fhowing any difpofition to avoid
them. The failors and mariners compared them to a nu-
merous pack of hounds, fcouring through watery ground;
and indeed, when the rays of the fun beamed upon them,
I know not what they refembled more. The weather being
moderate, I went round the fhips, and was really furprifed,
confidering the damp and unfavourable weather we had had,
to find the people look fo well, and to be in fo good a ftate
of health. 7
6th. In lat. 5° 38’ N. long. 21° 39 W. the wind S. S. W.
we tacked by fignal, and in the courfe of the day fpoke
F a floop

34 WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

1787. a floop bound to the coaft of Africa, belonging to the
ee houfe of Mether in London; had been out four months, and
was then ftanding to the weftward.

The wind continuing adverfe, and the fleet making little
progrefs in their voyage, Captain Phillip put the officers, fea~
men, marines, and convicts to an allowance of three pints of
water per day (not including a quart allowed each man a
day for boiling peafe and oatmeal); a quantity fcarcely
fufficient to fupply that wafte of animal fpirits the body mift
neceflarily undergo, in the torrid zone, from a conftant and
violent perfpiration, and a diet confifting of falt provifions.
Neceflity, however, has no law in this inftance as well as
in every other; and I am fully perfuaded the commander
acted upon this occafion from the beft of motives, and for
the good of the whole. Were it by any means poffible,
people fubje& to long voyages fhould never be put to a fhort
allowance of water; for Iam fatisfied that a liberal ufe of it
(when freed from the foul air, and made fweet by a ma-
chine now in ufe on board his Majefty’s navy) will
tend to prevent a fcorbutic habit, as much, if not more,
than any thing we are acquainted with. My own ex-
perience in the navy has convinced me, that when {cor-

butic

VOYAGE TO’) NEW SOUTH: WALES.

butic patients are reftrained in the ufe of water (which
I believe is never the cafe but through abfolute ne-
ceflity), and they have nothing to live on but the fhip’s
provifion, the furgeon’s neceffaries being ill-chofen and very
inadequate to the wife and falutary purpofes for which go-
vernment intended them, all the antifeptics and antifcorbu-
tics we know of will avail very little in a difeafe fo much to be
suarded againft, and dreaded, by feamen. In one of his Ma-
jefty’s fhips, I was hberally fupplied with that powerful anti-
{corbutic, effence of malt; we had alfo four krout; and be-
fides thefe, every remedy that could be comprifed in the
fmall compafs of a medicine cheft; yet, when neceflity
forced us toa fhort allowance of water, although, aware of the
confequence, I freely adminiftered the effence, &c. as a pre-
fervative, the {curvy made its appearance with fuch hafty and
rapid ftrides, that all attempts to check it proved fruitlefs,
until good fortune threw a fhip in our way, who {pared us a
fufficient quantity of water to ferve the fick with as much as
they could ufe, and to increafe the fhip’s allowance to the
feamen. ‘This fortunate and very feafonable fupply, added
to the free ufe of the effence of malt, &c. which I had before

2 ‘ftrialy

1787.

July.
Se enn aiid

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

ftri@tly adhered to, made in a few days fo fudden a change
for the better in the poor fellows, who had been covered
with ulcers and livid blotches, that every perfon on board
was furprifed at it: and, in a fortnight after, when we got
into port, there was not a man in the fhip, though, at the
time we received the water, the gums of fome of them were
formed into fuch a fungus as nearly to envelope the teeth,
but what had every appearance of health.

sth. Dark, cloudy, unpleafant, fultry weather; the wind
fouth by eaft. We faw many fifh, and caught two bonitoes.
The boatf{wain ftruck, with a pair of grains, out of the cabin
window, a moft beautiful fifh, about ten pounds weight.
In fhape it a good deal refembled a falmon, with this differ-
ence, that its tail was more forked. It was in colour of a
lovely yellow; and when firft taken out of the water, it had
two beautiful f{tripes of green on each fide, which, fome minutes
after, changed toa delightful blue, and fo continued. In the
internal formation of this fith I obferved nothing particular,
except that its heart was larger, and its refpirations con-
tracted and dilated longer, than I had ever feen before in any
aquatic animal, a tortoife not excepted. As we were at a lofs

what

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

what appellation to give it, having never met with a fith of
this fpecies, and it being a non-defcript, the failors gave it
the name of the Yellow Tail.

8th. The wind ftill S. by E. in lat. 4° 36'N. long. 23° W.
we faw a large veficl ftanding to the northward under a
prefs of fail. Her colours, though at a confiderable diftance,
were judged to be Imperial. Again faw fith of various kinds
in chafe of the flying fith, whofe enemies feem*to be innu-
merable. In order to avoid being devoured by their purfuers,
they frequently fought for fhelter in the fhips; but much
oftener flew with fuch force againft their fides as to drop
lifelefs into the water. We caught three fine bonitoes, and
| thereby rid the poor flying fith, whofe wings feemed to excite
the enmity of all the larger finny race, of three formidable
enemies.

oth and roth. Caught a great number of fifh, as did
the Alexander, who was near us. At night, in the wake of
the fhip the fea appeared quite luminous ; a phenomenon
we attributed to the fpawn of the fifh which furrounded us
on all fides.

14th. About five in the evening we crofied the equator,

without any wifh or inclination being fhewn by the feamen

37
1787.

July.
ee med

WHITE?s JOURNAL OFPA

to obferve the ceremony ufually practifed in pafling under it.
The longitude was 26° 37’ W. the wind at eaft, the weather
moderate and clear. In lat. 1° 24'S. long. 26° 22’ W.
the boatfwain caught fixteen fine bonitoes, which proved a
very feafonable and acceptable fupply. At night the fea, all
around the fhip, exhibited a moft delightful fight. This
appearance was occafioned by the gambois of an incredible
number of various kinds of fifh, who fported about us, and
whofe fudden turnings caufed an emanation, which refem-
bled flafhes of lightning darting in quick fucceflion. What
I before fpoke of as the {pawn, I am_ now fully convinced
were rather the fifh themfelves, turning up their white
bellies at fome little diftance below the furface of the
water, and thefe fudden evolutions were what gave the fea
the luminous appearance obferved on it before. I can the
more readily affirm this to be the caufe, as, one evening,
when we had immenfe quantities about us, I carefully at-
tended to them till it became dark, and was fully fatisfied,
from the obfervations I was then able to make, that it was
the fifh,- and not the fpawn, which occafioned the appear-
ance ; for there was not an officer or perfon ae board but
what was able very plainly to perceive their frolicfome turn-

in gs

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,

ings and windings. Indeed, fome of them came fo near the
furface, that we frequently attempted to ftrike them with
a pair of grains.

18th. Being informed that feveral of the mariners and
convicts on board the Alexander were fuddenly taken ill, I
immediately vifited that fhip, and found that the illnefs
complained of was wholly occafioned by the bilge water,
which had by fome means or other rifen to fo great a height,
that the pannels of the cabin, and the buttons on the clothes
of the officers, were turned nearly black, by the noxious
effuvia. When the hatches were taken off, the ftench was
fo powerful, that it was fcarcely poflible to ftand over them.
How it could have got to this height is very ftrange; for
I well know, that Captain Phillip gave ftri& orders (which
orders I myfelf delivered) to the mafters of the tranfports to

pump the fhips out daily, in order to: keep them {weet and

wholefome ; and it was added, that if the fhips did not ~

make water enough for that purpofe, they were to employ
the convicts in throwing water into the well, and pumping
it out again, until it became clear and untinggd. The
people’s health, however, being endangered by the circum-
ftance, I found a reprefentation upon the fubje& to Captain

| Phillip

1787.
July,

WHITE’s 3-0 URNALYOFSA

Phillip needful ; and accordingly went on board the Sirius
for that purpofe. Captain Phillip, who upon every occafion
fhowed great humanity and attention to the people, with
the moft. obliging readinefs fent Mr. King, one of his lieu-
tenants, on board the Alexander with me, in order to exa-
mine into the ftate of the fhip ; charging him, at the fame
time, with the moft pofitive and pointed inftructions to the
mafter of the fhip inftantly to fet about. {weetening and
purifying her. This commiflion Mr. King executed with
great propriety and expedition; and by the directions he
gave, fuch effectual means were made ufe of, that the evil
was foon corrected: and not long after all the people, who,
fuffering from the effeé&ts of it, were under Mr. Balmain,
my afliftant’s, care, got quite rid of the complaint. I now
returned to the Sirius, and folicited an increafe of water ;
which Captain Phillip with equal readinefs complied with;
and as we had by this time got into a regular fouth-eaft
trade wind, our allowance ferved tolerably well; every man
having three quarts a day.

22d. « The weather moderate and cloudy, in lat 9° 6' S.
long. 26° 4’ W. we faw a noddy and two pintado birds.
At night, the commanding officer of marines having re-

ceived

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
ceived Bitieisetion that three men had made their way,
through ithe hole cut for the admiffion of the windfail, into
the apartment of the female convicts, againft an expreds
order iffued for that purpofe, he apprehended them, and put
them in iconfinement for trial.

23d. he weather being dark and cloudy, with heavy
xain and ftrong breezes, the Sirius icarried away her main-
topfail-yard, in the flings; which, however, in a little time
ithe got seplaced. dn the evening we faw fome grampufes
Sporting about. |
26th. In latitude 15° 18’ fouth, the Sirius made the
fignal for the longitude by lunar obfervation, which was
found tobe 29° 34’ W. Strong breezes and cloudy weather.
‘The Borrowdale victualler carried away ‘her foretop-gallant-
maft. ‘This evening we obferved fome flying fith, very
different from thofe we had before feen. They had wings
on-both the head and tail, and when in the a& of flying, were
faid by our people to refemble a. double-headed fhot. About
ix o'clock the Alexander brought to, and hoifted out a
‘boat in order -to pick up a man who had ‘fallen .over board
from the fpankeriboom; ‘but, as he funk before the boat
could reach him, the attempt proved ineffectual.
G 27th.

1787.

July.

1787,

July.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

27th. The Sirius made the fignal to clofe, and keep
nearer the commanding officer. The weather rainy and
unfettled, with ftrong breezes, and a heavy {well from the
eaftward.

28th. Frefh breezes and cloudy weather. At ten in the

‘morning the Sirius made the Supply’s fignal to come within
-hail, and defired the commanding officer to acquaint the

‘different tranfports, that in the track we then were, lat. 18°

g S. long. 28° 2’ W. there were fome funken rocks, for

which we were directed to keep a good look-out. This fig-

-nal-was followed by one, for the fhips to take their proper
‘ftations in the order of failing; and for the Lady Penrhyn,

-who was confiderably to windward, and aftern withal, to

come into the wake of the Sirius. After thefe orders were

‘complied with, we bore away, fteering S. by W. the wind

Bik HB;

goth. The Supply hailed us, and acquainted me, that a
female.convié, on board the Prince of Wales, had met with
an accident which endangered her life. It being then nearly

dark, and the fhips making quick way through the water,

“it was judged imprudent to hoift- a boat out. “Lieutenant

Ball, of the Supply, therefore promifed to fend a boat early

VOYAGE TO NEW (SOUTH WALES.

in the morning, in order;that I might.go and fee her: but
it was then too late, as fhe died in the night. Her death
was occafioned by a boat, which rolled from the booms,
and jammed. her in'a moft fhocking manner, againft the fide
of the fhip. | Tis 7

Aueuft 1ft. In latitude 22° 39'S. Gaptain Phillip for
the firft time difplayed. his broad pendant; and in the even-
ing made the fignal for the longitude ; which, being confi-
derably aftern, we could not difcern.

ad, Early in the morning paffed and {poke a Portu-
_gueze brig fleering the fame courfe with us, which was to
the coaft of Brazil... She failed fo very dull, that we pafled
her as if fhe lay at anchor, although we had not a faft
failing fhip in the fleet. At eight in the morning faw a
ganet, which are feldom feen out of foundings. Being now
in expectation of foon feeing land, the commodore made the
Supply’s fignal to look out ahead ; and the Alexander’s and
Prince of Wales’s to take their ftation in the order of {fail-
ing, being too far ahead. At three in the afternoon the
Supply made the fignal for feeing land, which was repeated
by the commodore to the convoy. At nine at night, being
well in with Cape Frio, we fhortened fail, running at an

G 2 ealy

1787.
Auguft.
eyed

44
178%:

Auguft.
Coes eae

WHITE”’s fOURNAL OF A

eafy rate untik morning ; when the wind. was little and
variable. | :

3d.. This evening, finding: it impoflible to get hold of
anchorage, the commodore difpatched Lieutenant King in
the Supply, which failed well in light winds, to the vicétoy,
with information that he was, with his convoy, arrived near
the mouth of the harbour, He then made the fignal for the
fhips to: bring to, with their heads: to the fouthward, about
fix miles from. the fhore, Rio dé Janeiro Sugar Loaf beating
weft half north; diftant about fix leagues.. In the courfe of
the day we faw many whales playing about.

4th. This morning, ftanding in for the harbour, the
wind headed us ;, which- obliged. us: to. tack, and fland out
to fea a little, in order to prevent our falling to leeward of
the port, which it would. have been no- eafy matter to. have
regained,

sth. Still calm: ‘Phis morning a boat came alongfide, in:
which were three Portugueze and fix flaves; from whom we:
purchafed fome oranges, plantains, and bread. In tfafficking
with thefe people, we difcovered, that one. Thomas Barfet;
a convict, had, with great ingenuity and addrefs, paffed
fome quarter dollars. which he, affifted: by two othefs, had

coined:

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

eoined out of old. buckles, buttons belonging to the marines,
and pewter fpoons, during their paflage from Teneriffe.
The impreflion, milling, character, in a word, the whole
was fo inimitably executed, that had. their metal been a little
better, the fraud,, f am convinced, would have paffed unde-
tected. A ftri& and careful fearch was made for the appa-
ratus wherewith this was done, but in vain; not the fmalleft
trace or veftige of any thing of the kind was to be found
among them. How they managed. this bufinefs without
difcovery, or how they could effec it at all, is a matter of
inexpreflible furprife to me; as they never were fuffered to
come: near a fire; and a centinel was conftantly placed. over
their hatchway, which, one would imagine, rendered it impof-
fible for either fire or fufed metal to be conveyed into their
apartments. Befides, hardly ten minutes ever. elapfed,
without am officer of fome degree or other going down antong.
them. The adroitnefs, therefore, with which they muft
have managed, in order to complete a bufinefs that required.
fo complicated a procefs, gave me a: high: opinign of their
ingenuity, cunning, caution, and addrefs-;. and I could not.
help wifhing that thefe qualities had been employed to-more
laudable purpofes, The officers of marines, the mafter of

the:

45
1787.

Auguft,
ae pet!

WHIT.E’s JOURNAL OF A

the fhip, and myfelf, fully explained to the injured Portu-
gueze, what villians they were who had impofed upon
them. We were not without apprchenfions that they might
entertain an unfavourable opinion of Englifhmen in ge-
neral from the conduc of thefe rafcals; we therefore
thought it neceflary to acquaint them, that the perpetrators
of the fraud were felons doomed to tranfportation by the
laws of their country, for having committed fimilar offences
there.

About one o’clock a gentle breeze from the eaft carried
us within about a mile of the bar; where, at nine o'clock,
we anchored in fixteen fathom water. The calms had
baffled the Supply fo much, that fhe had only dropped her
anchor a little while before us.

6th. Early this morning, it being quite calm, the com-
modore difpatched an officer to the viceroy, who met with
a courteous reception, and about eleven o'clock returned
with the boat nearly full of fruit and vegetables, fent as
prefents to the commodore from fome of his old friends and
acquaintance. Some years ago Captain Phillip was on this
coaft, commander of a Portugueze man of war. During
that time he performed feveral gallant acts, which, aided by

his

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

his other amiable qualities, rendered him extremely popular
here, and recommended him to the notice of the court of
Lifbon. Shortly after, his own country having a claim to
his fervices, on the breaking out of a war, he declined a
command offered him by the Portugueze, and returned to
the Englifh navy ; where he ferved fome time as lieutenant
(a rank he had held before he had engaged in the fervice of
Portugal) on board the Alexander, under the command of
that brave and exemplary character, Lord Longford.

About two o’clock we got under way, with a gentle fea-
breeze, which ran us into the harbour. In pafling Santa
Cruz fort, the commodore faluted it with thirteen guns,
which was returned with an equal number. -This day a
Portugueze fhip failed for Lifbon, which gave us an oppor-
tunity of writing fhort letters to our friends in England.

8th. In the forenoon, the commodore, attended by moft
of the officers on the expedition, paid the viceroy a vifit of
ceremony. On our landing, we were received by an officer
and a friar, who conduéted us to the palace. As we pafied
the guard on duty there, the colours. were laid at the feet
of the commodore ;. than which nothing could have been a

higher token of refpe&.. We then proceeded. up. ftairs into

a large

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

a large anti-chamber, crowded with officers, foldiers, and do-
meftics. Here we were received by feveral officers belonging
to the houfehold, and the furgeon-general to the army, who
{poke good Englith, having acquired his profeflional know-
Jedge in London. A few minutes after our arrival, a curtain,
which hung over the door of the prefence-chamber, was
drawn afide ; and-on our entrance we were individually in-
troduced to the viceroy by the commodore. ‘The ceremony
being ended, and a fhort converfation having taken place,
we were ufhered into another fpacious room, where -we all
fat down. I could not help remarking that the viceroy
placed ‘himfelf in fuch a manner as to have his back turned
on moft of the officers. I was told afterwards that he apo-
logized for this; but I did not hear him, though wery near.
Neither the room we were now in, nor that into which we
were firft intreduced, exhibited any marks of magnificence
or elegance: I acknowledge, that for my own part I was
exceedingly difappointed. From the parade without, fuch
as the number of guards, &c. I was led to {uppofe that we
fhould find every thing within the palace proportionably
magnificent and princely. But this was by no means the
cafe. The, only furniture I faw in the room we were in,

except

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,

except chairs, were fix card tables, and portraits of two of
the fovereigns of Portugal ; one of which was that of King
Sebaftian the Firft, the other of her prefent majefty ; the
former placed in the centre, eRe lavter at the upper end of
the room. The viceroy appeared to be of a middle age,

Somewhere between forty and fifty, ftout and corpulent,

with a ftrong caft or defe& in both his eyes. He feemed to be *

a perfon of few words, but at the fame time civil and attentive.
Icould not, however, help obferving the very great differ-
ence there was between his excellency’s manner and addrefs,
and that of the elegant and accomplifhed Marquis de Bran-
cifort.

oth. The contract being fettled, the commiflary fup-
plied the troops and conviéts with rice (in lieu of bread),
with frefh beef, vegetables, and oranges; which foon re-
moved every fymptom of the {curvy prevalent among them.

arith. ‘The commodore ordered fix female convicts, who
had behaved well, toibelienieved ‘from the F riendfhip into
the Charlotte; and at the fame time an equal number, whofe
conducé was more exceptionable, to be returned to the
Friendfhip in their ftead. The commodore’s view was (a

matter not eafily accomplifhed) to feparate thofe whofe de-
H cent

1787.
Auguft.
San aie

WHITE’s, JOURNAL! OF A

cent behaviour entitled them to fome favour from thofe —
who were totally abandoned and obdurate.

13th. Cornelius Connell, a private in the marines, was,
according to the fentence of a court martial, punifhed with
a hundred lafhes, for having an improper intercourfe with
fome of the female convicts, contrary to orders. Thomas
Jones. was alfo fentenced to receive three hundred lathes, for
attempting to make a centinel betray his truft, in fuffering

him to go among the women; but in confideration ‘of the

-good character he bore previous to this circumftance,. the

court recommended him to the clemency of the commanding
officer; and, in confequence thereof, he was forgiven.
John Jones and James Reiley, privates, accufed of fimilar
offences to that of Connell’s, were acquitted for want of
evidence, there being no witnefiés to fupport the charge:
except convicts, whofe teftimony could not be admitted.
reth. This being a day of great parade and gaiety with
the Portugueze, the inhabitants. of Rio de Janeiro, arrayed
in their beft and richeft attire, as their cuftom is on regale
days, began to fhow themfelves, during the forenoon, be-
tween the city and the church of St. Gloria, which is about
a mile diflant, and fituated on a rifing ground near the fea.

Perfons

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

Perfons of all ranks, as well in carriages as equeftrians and
pedeftrians, joined in the crowd; but what was the purpofe
of this cavalcade, or to what circumftances it owed its
origin, I am ftill at a lofs to know. Gloria church, which
is rather neat than tich, was decorated with various flowers
(in the difpofal of which fome tafte was difplayed), and moft
brilliantly illuminated. I obferved that the multitude ge-
nerally {topped here, in fucceflion, and employed themfelves

in fome religious ceremonies, fuch as praying and finging

hymns, before they returned to the city. This kind of e

parade was continued the whole day ; the better fort of peo-
ple, however, made their appearance only in the afternoon.
Returning with the reft of the crowd, after it was dark, to
the town, I perceived a {mall church, in one of the bye
{treets, richly ornamented and elegantly illuminated. As I
_faw men, women, and children, ftruggling for entrance,
I joined in the throng out of mere curiofity, and with no
little difficulty made my way in; but all the fatisfaction I
reaped from being thus fqueezed and joftled was, {eeing
fuch as could gain admiffion fall on their knees, and praying
with more fervor, to appearance, than real devotion. On
one fide of the church ftood a fhabby ill-looking fellow,

H 2 felling

§2
1787.

Auguft.
eee ae

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

felling to the multitude confecrated beads ; as did another,
on the outfide of the door. I own I could not help re-
fembling them to mountebanks vending and diftributing
their noftrums. There were many more of thefe religious
hawkers in the ftreets; from fome of whom, as I faw it was
the cuftom, I purchafed a few of their beads. At a little
diftance from the door of the church was erected a flage, on
which was placed a band of vocal and inftrumental per=
formers, who exerted themfelves with might and main to
pleafe the furrounding audience. I cannot, however, fay
that they fucceeded in pleafing me. About ten o'clock a
difplay of fireworks and rockets, of which the Portugueze
feem to be very fond, concluded the entertainments of the
day. Some intrigues, I have reafon to believe, followed.
I was led to this conclufion from feeing many well-drefled
women in the crowd quite unattended; and this was the
only time, during my ftay in the country, that I ever faw
any circumftances which could warrant my forming fuch an
opinion. I know it has been aflerted by fome writers, that
the women of Rio de Janeiro are not uncenfurable in this
point. They have affirmed, that as foon as it became dark,
the generality of them expofed themfelves at their doors

and

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

and windows, diftinguifhing, by prefents of nofegays and
flowers, thofe on whom they had no objeion to beftow
their favours ; a diftin@ion in which ftrangers fhared as well
as their acquaintance. That this might have been the cafe
I will not take upon me to deny ; and, imprefled with the
idea, on my farft arrival, I confidered every woman as a
proper objec of gallantry ; but a month’s refidence among
them convinced me that this imputed turn for intrigue is
chiefly confined to the lower clafs, and that, in general, the
higher ranks are as undeferving of the imputation as the
females of any other country. .

The popularity of our commodore with the viceroy and
principal inhabitants here, procured for the officers the
liberty of going wherever they pleafed. It has always been
the cuftom, for a foldier to follow every foreign officer that
landed at this port; and it was fcarcely ever difpenfed
with. It was, however, unknown to us; and this unaccuf-
tomed liberty gave us an opportunity of infpe@ing more
minutely into the manners and difpofition of the women as
well as the men.

2ift. This being the Prince of Brazil’s birth-day, the
commodore, with moft of his officers, went to court, to

compliment

54 WHITE?’?s-fOURNAL*Y OFA

1787. compliment the viceroy on the occafion. As foon as we

Auguft.

wu. landed, we were received by an officer, who conduéted us to

the prefence-chamber ; where his excellency ftood under a
canopy of flate, receiving the compliments of the officers
of the garrifon, the principal inhabitants, and fuch foreign-
ers as were in the place. After having paid our refpedts, we
withdrew, as did every other perfon, except the principal
officers of ftate, fome general and law officers, and thofe of
the governor’s honfehold. The Sirius and one of the forts
fired royal falutes. The court was brilliant, if a place where
a female does not appear can be faid to be brilliant; but this,
I was informed, is always the cafe here. Thofe gentlemen
who appeared in the circle were richly and elegantly dreff-
ed. The officers of the army and of the militia were parti-
cularly fo, and that in a ftile and fafhion which did no {mall
credit to their tafte. The viceroy worea fcarlet coat trimmed
with very broad rich gold lace; and his hair, according to
his ufual mode of wearing it, in a remarkable long queue,
with very little powder; an article of drefs to which I ob-
ferved the Portugueze were not very partial ; while, on the
contrary, they were profufe in the ufe of pomatum, The
day ended without any other demonftrations of joy. As the

Portugueze

VONAGE? TORN EWOSOUVE Hi WALES.

Portugueze feemed fond of fireworks and illuminations, and
never fail to exhibit them on every religious feftival, we
were not a little difappointed in finding them omitted on

the birth-day of their prince.

31ft. James Baker, a private marine, received two hun-

dred lafhes, agreeable to the fentence of a court-martial, for
endeavouring to get pafled on fhore, by means of one of the
feamen, a fpurious dollar, knowing it to be fo; and one he
had undoubtedly got from fome of the convicts, as it was
of a fimilar bafe metal to thofe which they had coined dur-
ing the paflage, and had attempted to put off on our firft
arrival at this port.

September 1ft. Having now procured every thing at Ric
de Janeiro that we ftood in need of, and thoroughly reco-
vered and refrefhed our people, the commodore, with fuch
officers of the fleet as could be fpared from duty, waited on
the viceroy ta, take leave, and to return our acknowledgments
for the indulgence and attention fhown us; which, I think
we may fay, we experienced in a greater extent and latitude
than any foreigners had ever before done. On our landing,
the fame officer who had attended us upon every other pub-

lic occafion, conduéted us to the prefence-chamber. As we

paffed,,

¥787.
September.
Nemec)

1787.

September,

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

paffed, every military and public honour was paid to the
commodore; the colours were laid at his feet, as they
hitherto had been whenever he landed in his public cha-
racter; a token of refpect that is never beftowed on any
perfon but the governor himfelf.. When we arrived at the
palace, an officer of the houfehold, who was waiting to re-
ceive us, conducted us through a moft delightful recefs,
hung round with bird-cages, whofe inhabitants feemed to
vie with each other, both in the melody of their notes and
the beauty of their plumage. The paflage we walked
through was adorned on each fide with odoriferous flowers,
and aromatic fhrubs; which, while they charmed the eye,
{pread a delightful fragrance around. This paflage led to
a private room, on the outfide of the door of which we were
received by the viceroy, who ftood uncovered, and noticed
each perfon feparately in the moft friendly and polite man~
ner. His excellency preceded us into the room, and having
requefted all of us to be feated, placed himfelf by the
commodore, in a pofition that fronted us. In return for
our thanks and acknowledgments, he faid, ‘‘ it gave him
‘< infinite pleafure and fatisfa@ion to find that the place had
&¢ afforded us the fupplies we ftood in need of: to this he

added,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

added, ‘* that the attention of the inhabitants, which we
“© were good enough to notice, was much fhort of his withes.”’
We then arofe and took our leave; but not before his ex-
cellency had exprefled a defire of hearing from the commo-
dore, with an account of his fuccefs in the eftablifhment of
the new colony. He concluded with faying, “* that he
©‘ hoped, nay did not doubt, from the character the En-
“< olifh bore for generofity of difpofition, but that thofe who
“had fo cheerfully engaged in a fervice, ftrange and uncer-

‘tain in itfelf, would meet with an adequate reward—a

‘© recompence that every one mutt allow they juftly merited.’’*

The room in which the governor received us was that
wherein he ufually fat in his retired moments. It was fur-
nifhed and painted in a neat and elegant ftile; the roof
difplaying well-executed reprefentations of all the tropical
fruits, and the moft beautiful birds of the country. The
walls were hung round with prints, chiefly on religious
fubjedts.

Rio de Janeiro is faid to derive its name from being dif-
covered on St. Januarius’s day. It is the capital of the

Portugueze fettlements in South America, and is fituated on

I the

57
1787.

September.

58
1787.

September.
ey

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

the weft fide of a river, or, more properly (in my opinion),
of a bay. Except that part which fronts the water, the city
is furrounded by high mountains, of the moft romantic
form the imagination can fafhion to itfelf any idea of. The
plan on which it is built has fome claim to merit. The
principal ftreet, called Strait Street, runs from the viceroy’s
palace, which is near the fouth-eaft end of the town, to the
north-weft extremity, where it is terminated by a large
convent belonging to the Benedictine friars, atuated on an

eminence. ‘The {treet is broad, well built, and has in it a

°great number of handfome fhops.. All the others are much

inferior to this, being in general only wide enough to admit
two carriages to pafs each other in the centre. The pave-
ment for foot-paflengers (except in Strait Street, which is
without any) is fo very unfociably narrow, that two perfons
cannot walk with convenience together. The houfes are
commonly two, and fometimes three ftories high ; of which, ©
even though inhabited by the moft wealthy and refpeétable
families, the lower part is always appropriated to fhops, and
to the ufe of the fervants and flaves (who are here extremely
numerous), the family rather chufing to refide in the upper

i part,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

part, that they might live in a lefs confined air. To every
houfe there is a balcony, with lattice-work before it; and
the fame before all the windows.

The churches are very numerous, elegant, and richly de-
corated; fome of them are built and ornamented in a
modern ftile, and that in a manner which proclaims the
genius, tafte, and judgment of the archite&s and artifts.
Two or three of the handfomeft are at this time either un-

finifhed or repairing; and they appear to go on but very

flowly, notwithftanding large fums are conftantly collecting

for their completion. As they are ere@ted or repaired by
charitable contributions, public proceflions are frequently
made for that purpofe ; and the mendicant friars, belong-
ing to them, likewife exert themfelves in their line. At
thefe proceflions, whieh are not unfrequent, perfons of every
age and defcription affift. They ufually take place after it
is dark, when thofe who join in it are dreffed in a kind of
cloak adapted to religious purpofes, and carry a lanthorn
fixed at the end of a pole of a convenient length: fo that
upon thefe occafions you fometimes fee three or four hun-
dred moving lights in the ftreets at the fame time; which
has an uncommon and a pleafing effe&. Confiderable fums

I 2 are

59
1787,

September.

haere romana

1787.

September.
ad

W.HDTEs 4-0 URAA EO Hepa

are collected by this mode. At the corner of every {treet,
about ten feet from the ground, is placed the image of a
faint, which is the object of the common people’s ddcratictts
The town is well fupplied with water from the neigh- —
bouring mountains ; which is conveyed over a deep valley
by an aqueduct formed of arches of a ftupendous height,
and from thence diftributed by pipes to many parts of the
city. The principal fountain is clofe to the fea, in a kind
of {quare, near the palace; where fhips water at a good
wharf, nearly in the fame manner as at Teneriffe, and
with equal expedition and convenience. On the oppofite
fide of the fountain are cocks, from which the people in the
neighbourhood are fupplied. This convenient and capital
watering place is fo near the palace, that when difputes or
contentions arife between the boats crews of different fhips,
the flaves, &c. they are fupprefled and adjufted by the fol-
diers on guard ; who, in the Portugueze fervice, have ereat
power, and often treat the people with no little feverity.
While we ftaid at this place, we made feveral fhort exe
curfions into the country; but did not go near the mines,
as we knew the attempt would not only prove hazardous,
but ineffectual: and as the liberty and indulgence granted

3 us

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

us was on the commodore’s account, we never extended our
trips beyond a few miles, left our doing fo fhould appear
fufpicious, and refle& difcredit on him; we confidering him
in fome degree refponfible for our condu@. As far as we
did go, we experienced the fame polite and attentive beha-
viour we met with from the inhabitants of the city. Never
was more diftinguifhed urbanity fhown to ftrangers, than
was fhown to us by every rank.

From its complicated ftate, I could learn. but few parti-
culars relative to the government of Brazil. The viceroy is
invefted with great power and authority, fubje@ in fome
cafes to an appeal to the court of Lifbon ; but, like a wife
and prudent ruler, he feldom exerts it, unlefs in inftances
where found judgment and true policy render it expedient
and neceflary.. He is a man of little parade, and appears
not to be very fond of pomp and grandeur, except on public
days, when it is not to be difpenfed with. When he goes
abroad for amufement, or to take the air, his guard confifts
only of feven dragoons; but on public occafions he makes
his appearance in a grander ftile. I once faw him go in
{late to one of the courts of juftice; and, though it was

fituated not a hundred yards from his palace, he was at-
| tended

1787.
September.

ees erp

1787.
September.
yer

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

tended by a troop of horfe: His ftate carriage is tolerably
neat, but by no means elegant or fuperb; it was drawm by
four horfes irregularly mottled. :

Carriages are pretty common at this place; there is
fcarcely a family of refpectability without one. They are
moftly of the chaife kind, and drawn in general by mules,

which are found to anfwer better than horfes, being more

indefatigable and furer footed; confequently better calcu+

lated to afcend,their fteep hills and mountains.

The military force of Brazil confifts of a troop of horfe,
which ferve as guards for the viceroy, twelve regiments of
regulars from Europe, and fix raifed in the country: thefe
Jaft enlift men of a mixed colour, which the former are by
no means fuftered to do. Befides the foregoing, there are
twelve regiments of militia always embodied. This whole

force, regulars and militia, except thofe on out-pofts and

other needful duties, appear early in the morning, on every

firft day of the month, before the palace, where they un-

dergo a general mufter, and review of arms and necefiaries.

The private men, although they are confidered as perfons of ©

great confequence by the populace, are, on the other hand,

equally fubmiffive and obedient to their officers. This ftri@

difcipline ©

— eee eee ee

a oe

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

difcipline and regularity, as the city is in a great meafure
under military orders, renders the inhabitants extremely
feiss and polite to the officers, who, in return, ftudy to be
on the moft agreeable and happy terms with them.

_Accaptain’s guard (independent of the cavalry, who are
always in readinefs to attend the viceroy) is mounted every
day at the palace. ‘Whenever Commodore Phillip paffed,
which he did as feldom as poflible, the guard was turned
out, with colours, &c. and, as I before obferved, the fame
mark of -honour paid to him as to the governor. To ob-
viate this trouble and ceremony, he moft frequently landed
and embarked at the north-weft fide of the town, where his
_ boat conftantly waited for him.

On both fides of the river which forms the bay or har-
bour, the country is picturef{que and beautiful to a degree,
abounding with the moft luxuriant flowers and aromatic
+ faubs..-Birds of ia lovely and rich plumage are feen hop-
ping from tree to tree in great numbers ; together with 4
endlefs variety of infe&ts, whofe exquifite beauty and gaudy
colours exceed all defcription. ‘There is little appearance of
cultivation in the parts we vifited ; the land feemed chiefly
pafturage. The cattle here are fmall, and when killed do

not

63
1787.

September.
ee ae

64
1787.

September.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

not produce fuch beef as is to be met with in England: it
is not, however, by any means fo bad as reprefented by
fome travellers to be ; on the contrary, I have feen and eat
here tolerably good, fweet, and well-tafted beef. I never
faw any mutton: they have indeed a few fheep, but they
are {mall, thin, and lean. The gardens furnifh moft
forts of European produétions, fuch as cabbages, lettuce,
parfley, leeks, white radithes, bate peafe, kidney beans,
turnips, water melons, excellent pumpkins, and pine-apples
of a {mall and indifferent kind. The country likewife pro-
duces, in the moft unbounded degree, limes, acid and {weet
lemons, oranges of an immenfe fize and exquifite flavour,
plantains, bananas, yams, cocoa-nuts, cafhoo apples and
nuts, and fome mangos. For the ufe of the faye and
poorer fort of people, the capado is cultivated in great
plenty; but this cannot be done through a want of corn
for bread, as I never faw finer flour than at this place, which
is plentiful, and remarkably cheap. |
Brazil particularly towards the northern parts, furnifhes
a number of excellent drugs. In the fhops of the druggifts
and apothecaries of Rio de Janeiro, of which there are many,
hippo, oil of caftor, balfam capiva, with moft of the valu-
able

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,

able gums, and all of an excellent quality, are to be found;
but they are fold at a much dearer rate than could poflibly
have been conceived or expected in a country of which they
are the natural produce.

The riches of this country, arifing from the mines, are
certainly very great. To go near, or to get a fight of thefe
inexhauftible treafuries, is impoflible, as every pafs leading to
them is ftrongly guarded; and even a perfon taken on the
road, unlefs he be able to give a clear and unequivocal
account of himfelf and his bufinefs, is imprifoned, and per-
haps compelled ever after to work in thofe fubterraneous
cavities, which avarice, or an ill-timed and fatal curiofity,
may have prompted him to approach. Thefe circumftances
made a trial to fee them without permiffion (and that per-
miffion I underftand has never been granted the moft fa-
voured foreigners) too dangerous to be attempted.

In addition to the above fource of wealth, the country
produces excellent tobacco, and likewife fugar canes, from
which the inhabitants make good fugar, and draw a
fpirit called aguadente. This {pirit, by proper management,
and being kept till it is of a proper age, becomes tolerable
rum. As it is fold very cheap, the commodore purchafed a

| K hundred

65
1787.

September,

66 WH LEE’ s 20 URN ALY OF:

1787. hundred pipes of it for the ufe of the garrifon when arrived

ae sei at New South Wales. Precious and valuable ftones are alfo

found here. Indeed they are fo very plenty, that a certain

quantity only is fuffered to be colleéted annually. At the

jewellers and lapidaries, of which occupation there are many

in Rio, I faw fome valuable diamonds, and a great number

of excellent topazes, with many other forts of ftones of

inferior value. Several topazes were purchafed by myfelf

and others; but we chofe to buy them wrought, in order

to avoid impofition, which is not unfrequent when the

ftones are fold in a rough ftate. One of the principal ftreets

of this city is nearly occupied by jewellers and the workers

of thefe flones; and I obferved that perfons of a fimilar
profeflion generally refided in the fame ftreet.

The manufactures here are very few, and thofe by no means
extenfive. All kinds of European goods fell at an immoderate
price, notwithftanding the fhops are well ftored with them.

The Brazil, or native Indians, are very adroit at making :
elegant cotton hammocks of various dyes and forms. It was
formerly the cuftom for the principal people of Rio to be
carried about in thefe hammocks; but that fafhion is fuc-
ceeded by the ufe of fedan chairs, which are now very com- ,

mon

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

mon among them; but they are of a more clumfy form
than thofe ufed in England. The chair is fufpended from
an aukward piece of wood, borne on the fhoulders of two
flaves, and elevated fufiiciently to be clear of the inequalities
of the ftreet. In carrying, the foremoft flave takes the

pavement, and the other the {treet, one keeping a little be-

fore the other; fo that the chair is moved forward in a:

fidelong dire&tion, and very unlike the procedure of the
London chairmen. Thefe fellows, who get on at a great
rate, never take the wall of the foot-paflengers, nor incom~
mode them in the {malleft degree.

The inhabitants in general are a pleafant, cheerful people,
inclining more to corpulency than thofe of Portugal; and,
as far as we could judge, very favourably inclined to the
Englith. The men are ftrait and well-proportioned. They
do not accuftom themfelves to high living, nor indulge
much in the juice of the grape.

_ The women, when young, are remarkably thin, pale, and
delicately fhaped; but, after marriage, they generally in-
cline to be lufty, without lofing that conftitutional pale, or
rather fallow appearance. They have regular and better
teeth than are ufually obfervable in warm climates, where

K 2 {weet

67
1787.

September,

Se ae

1787.

September.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

{weet productions are plentiful. They have likewife the
moft lovely, piercing, dark eyes; in the captivating ufe of
which they are by no means unfkilled.. Upon the whole,
the women of this country are very engaging ; and rendered
more fo by their free, eafy, and unreftrained manner. _ Both
fexes are extremely fond of fuffering their hair, which is
black, to grow to a prodigious length. The ladies wear it
plaited, and tied up in a kind of club, or large lump; a
mode of hair-drefling that does not feem to correfpond with
their delicate and feminine appearance. Cuftom, however,
reconciles us to the moft outré fafhions; and what we
thought unbecoming, the Portugueze confidered as highly
ornamental. I was one day at a gentleman’s houfe, to whom
I exprefied my wonder at the prodigious quantity of hair
worn by the ladies; adding, that I did not conceive it pof-
fible for it to be all of their own growth. The gentleman
affured me that it was; and, in order to convince me that
it was fo, he called his wife, and untied her hair, which,
notwithflanding it was in plaits, dragged at leaft two inches
upon the floor as fhe walked along. I offered my fervice
to tie it up again; which was politely accepted, and con-
fidered as a compliment by both. It has been faid that

the

VOYAGE TO’ NEW SOUTH WALES.

the Portugueze are a jealous people; a difpofition I never
could perceive among any of thofe with whom I had the
pleafure of forming an acquaintance ; on the contrary, they
feemed fenfible of, and pleafed with, every kind of attention
paid to their wives or daughters.

The current coin here is the fame as that in Portugal, but
filver as well as gold is coined at this place, where they have
an eftablifhed mint. The pieces of gold are of various fizes,
and have marked on them the number of thoufand rees they
are worth. The moft common coin is a 4000 ree piece,
which paffes for £.2. 2. 6, though not fo heavy as an
Englifh guinea. The filver pieces, called petacks, value two
fhillings, are alfo marked with the number of rees they are
worth. You get ten of thefe in exchange for a guinea;
and for a Spanifh dollar two petacks, five vintins and a half,
which is about four fhillings and eight-pence. Here, as in
Portugal, they have five, ten, and twenty thoufand ree
pieces. A ree is a nominal coin ; twenty make a vintin,
value about three half-pence; eight vintins make one fhil-
ling ; a petack is worth two fhillings, and of thefe there are
fome double pieces, value four fhillings fterling.

One morning, as I attended Mr. I] de Fonfo, furgeon ge-

I neral

69 -

1787.

September.

Nascar ymca)

79
1787.

September.
Nee ed

WHITE’s (POURNALYOPTA

neral to the army, and a man of ingenuity and abilities in
his profeflion, to a large public hofpital, a foldier was.
brought in with a wound in his left fide. The inftrument
had penetrated the abdomen, without injuring the intef-
tines ; and from its form and nature the wound mutt have
been inflicted with the point of a knife, or a ftiletto. The
patient, after being dreffed, acquainted us, that the preced-
ing night he had had fome words with another man about a
woman; who, notwithftanding blows had not paffed, ftab-
bed him with fome fharp inftrument, of what kind he
could not fee, as it was then dark, and afterwards made his
efcape. This account led me to believe that affaflinations
were not unfrequent in Brazil; but Mr. Il de Fonfo affured
me to the contrary; telling me that fuch inftances feldom
happened, except among the negroes, whofe vindictive and
treacherous difpofitions led them wonderful lengths to
gratify their revenge, whenever night and a convenient
opportunity confpired, at once to aid and to conceal their
horrid aéts.

While we remained here, the weather being cool and.
favourable, I prevailed on the furgeon who was about to
amputate a limb, to allow me to take it off according to

Allenfon’s

- VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH. WALES.

Allenfon’s method. During the operation I could plainly
fee, that he and his pupils did not feem much pleafed with
it; and he afterwards told me it was impoffible it could
ever anfwer. A very fhort {pace of time, however, made
them of a different opinion; and in eighteen days after,
when we failed, I had the fatisfaGion to leave the patient
with his ftump nearly cicatrized, to the no fmall joy of the
furgeon, who faid, that if the man had died, he fhould have
been heavily cenfured for making him the fubjec& of experi-
ments. The circumftance of a man’s leg being cut off, and
almoft healed in as many days as it generally takes weeks,
foon became known, and added very much to the eftima-
tion in which the people of this place held Englifh furgeons.
Whenever I vifited the hofpital afterwards, the objects of pity
with which it was filled, ufed to crowd around me in fuch
a manner, and in fuch numbers, for my advice, that I found
it dificult to get from them. And they now would readily
have fubmitted to any operation I fhould have propofed; but
as I faw the furgeon did not much approve of my inter-
ference, I gave up all ideas of it.

The harbour of Rio de Janeiro lies in 22° 54 fouth lati-
tude, and 43° 19 weft longitude, about eighteen or twenty

leagues

pu
1787.

September.

72
1787.

September.
at ied

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

leagues to the weftward of Cape Frio. The entrance is good,
and cannot be miftaken, on account of a remarkable hill,
refemblingea fugar loaf, that is on the left hand fide; and
fome iflands before it, one of which is oblong, and does not,
at fome diftance, look unlike a thatched houfe: they lie
from the mouth of the harbour &. by W. about two leagues.
Ships going in may run on either fide. The bar, over
which we carried feven fathom water, is not more than three-
fourths of a mile acrofs, and well defended by forts. The

{trongeft is called Santa Cruz, built on a rock, on the ftar-

board fide as you run in, from which every fhot fired at fhips

paffing muft take effe&. The other, named Fort Lozia, is
fmaller, and built on an ifland or rock, on the larboard fide,
a little higher up, and lying contiguous to the main land.
The tide in the harbour rarely ebbs and flows more than
feven feet ; however, fhips, if poflible, never anchor in this
narrow pafs between the forts, as the bottom is foul, and
the tide runs with confiderable rapidity. All danger in
going in, or running out, may be avoided by keeping the
mid channel, or a little bordering on the ftarboard fhore.
After Santa Cruz fort is paffed, the courfe is nearly N. by W.
and N. N. W.; but, as I before obferved, the eye is the beft

pilot.

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

pilot. When you get within a mile of a ftrong fortified
ifland which lies before the town (only feparated by a nar-
row pafs), called the Ifle of Cobras, you are then in the
great road; where we anchored in fifteen fathom water ;
or, fhould you have occafion to get nearer the town, you
may run round this ifland, on the north fide, and anchor
above it, before the convent of Benediétine friars at the
N. W. end of the city, before {poken of. »

The city and harbour are ftrongly defended and fortified,
but with very little judgment or regularity. The hills are
very high, and fo is the-coaft, which has fuch ftrange,
romantic, and almoft inacceflible terminations, that nature
of her own accord, without the aid of military fkill, feems
difpofed to defend them. Taking every thing into the
account, I think it one of the beft harbours I have ever
feen ; and, upon the whole, better calculated to fupply
the wants of people who have long been at fea, and ftand in

need of refrefhment, than any part of the world, every

thing being fo remarkably cheap. Beef may be purchafed

at feven farthings per pound ; hogs, turkeys, and ducks, both
Engelifh and Mufcovy, were equally reafonable. Fowls were
dearer, but ftill fold at a lower rate than in England, Fith

L was

73
1787.

September.
eee peter

74
1787.

September,

es ered

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF VA

was not very plentiful, but I was told, that at other feafons
they have a moft excellent market for that article. Their
market for vegetables, however, abounded with fruit, roots,
and garden ftuff, of every kind, notwithftanding it was not
the beft feafon for fruit, it then being too early in the {pring
to expec abundance. Oranges, which we had in the ©
greateft plenty, coft only five-pence the hundred.

On a hill, about half a mile S. E. of the city, ftands a con-
vent, named Convento de Santa Therefa; the nuns of which,
amounting to about forty, are not allowed to unveil when
they come to the grate: and ona plain between this con-
vent and the city, ftands another, called Convento A. de
Juda, a very large building, governed by an abbefs and fe-
veral nuns, all under the dire&tion of a bifhop. Here about
feventy young ladies are placed to be educated, who are
fubject to all the reftrictions of a monaftic life, only they are
permitted to be frequently at the grate, and that unveiled.

But what is fingular, the nuns of this convent, when they

arrive at a proper age, are allowed either to take a hufband,

or to take the veil, juft as their inclination leads. They are
not however fuffered to quit the convent on any other terms
than that of marriage; to which the confent and approba-

3 tion

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

tion of the bifhop is always neceflary. If they do not get
a hufband early in life, it is common for them to take the
veil. Many of thefe young ladies were very agreeable both
in perfon and difpofition; and by frequently converfing
with them at the grate, we formed as tender an inter-
courfe with them as the bolts and bars between us would
admit of. Myfelf, and two other gentlemen belonging to
the fleet, fingled out three of thofe who appeared to be the
moft free and lively, to whom we attached ourfelves during
our ftay, making them fuch prefents as we thought would
prove moft acceptable, and receiving more valuable ones in
return. ‘Thefe little attentions were viewed by them in fo
favourable a light, that when we took a laft farewel they
gave us many evident proofs of their concern and regret.
Indeed every circumftance while we continued at this
charming place (except there being no inns or coffee-houfes,
where a ftranger could refrefh himfelf, or be accommodated
when he chofe to ftay a night or two on fhore) confpired to
make us pleafed and delighted with it; and I can truly
fay, that I left it with relu@tance, which I believe was the
~ cafe with many of my companions.

September 3d. The commodore fent Mr. Moreton, the

irs matter

75
1787.

September.

76
1yG7.

September,
ers ed

WHITE’s FOURNAL' OFA

mafter of the Sirius, and two of his midfhipmen, who had
been put on the invalid lift, aboard an Engelifh fhip return»
ing from the Southern whale fifhery to England, which, be-
ing leaky, had been forced into Rio, As this fhip was to
fail in a few days, it furnifhed us with an opportunity of
writing to our friends. About two in the afternoon the
commodore made the fignal for all officers to repair on
board their refpeétive fhips, and for the tranfports to hoift in
their boats.

4th. At fix the fleet weighed with a light land breeze.
On the commodore’s approaching Santa Cruz Fort, he was
faluted from the batteries with twenty-one guns ; which he
returned from the Sirius with an equal number. About ten
o'clock we got clear of the land, fteering to the eaftward
with a gentle breeze. Thomas Brown, a conviét, was pu-
nifhed with a dozen lafhes, for behaving infolently to one of
the officers of the fhip. This was the firft that had received
any punifhment, fince their embarkation on board the Char-
lotic

5th. Wind variable and cloudy ; Rio Sugar-loaf fill in
fight, about eight or nine leagues diftant.

6th. The officers, fhip’s company, marines, and convicts,

I were,

VOYAGE> TOV NEW SOUTH) WALES.

were, by fignal from the Sirius, put toan allowance of three
quarts of water per day, including that ufually allowed for
cooking their provifions. In the courfe of the day a fteady
breeze fprung up at N. E. About fix in the evening, the
Fifhburne victualler carried away her fore-top-gallant yard,
which the foon got replaced with another.

7th and 8th. The weather continued dark and cloudy,
with fome heavy fhowers of rain. On the evening of the
8th, between the hours of three and four, Mary Broad, a
convict, was delivered of a fine girl. :

gth and roth. Fine, clear, dry weather. The commodore
made a fignal for the convoy to clofe, being fcattered about
at a confiderable diftance from him.

zith, rath, and 13th. Frefh breezes, with fudden f{qualls
and heavy rain. The four fucceeding days, light airs, and
hazy, with fome fhowers, and a damp moift air. On the
evening of the 17th, our longitude being, by fignal from
the commodore, 31° 34’ W. we caught a fhark fix feet long,
of which the people made a good mefs.

18th. Heavy rain, with dark and cold weather. Saw
feveral albatroffes and pintado birds.

19th. William Brown, a very well behaved convict, in

bringing

77
1787.

September.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

bringing fome clothing from the bowfprit end, where he
had hung them to dry, fell overboard. As foon as the
alarm was given of a man being overboard, the fhip was.in-~
ftantly hove to, and a boat hoifted out, but to no purpofe.
Lieutenant Ball of the Supply, a moft active officer, knowing
from our proceedings (as we were at the time fteering with a
fair wind, and going near fix knots an hour) that fome acci-
dent muft have happened, bore down; but notwithftanding
every exertion, the poor fellow funk before either the Supply
or our boat could reach him. The people on the forecaftle,
who faw him fall, fay, that the fhip went dire@ly over him,
which, as fhe had quick way through the water, muft make
it impoflible for him to keep on the furface long enough to
be taken up, after having received the ftroke from fo heavy
a body.

23d. From the rgth, the weather had been cold, dry,
and pleafant; it now became wet, fqually, and unfettled ;
the wind wefterly, with a high fea; albatroffes, pintado
birds, and fome fmall hawks, hovering round the fhip.

goth. The weather became more moderate and pleafant,
the wind variable, inclining to calms.

Oétober 1ft.. Light airs, with haze and rain. Saw a

ereat

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

great number of different birds; we were then in latitude
34° 42'S. longitude 1° 10’ E. of the meridian of London.
13th. The Sirius made the fignal for feeing land; and
at feven in the evening we came to, in Table Bay, at the
Cape of Good Hope, in feventeen fathom water, abreaft of

Cape Town, diftant about a mile or a mile and half. As

foon as the Sirius anchored, the commodore and commiflary

went on fhore, and took up their refidence in lodgings at
the houfe of Mrs. De Witt. They were foon followed by
fuch officers as could be fpared from the duty of the fleet,
all wifhing to prepare themfelves, by the comforts and re-
frefhments to be enjoyed on fhore, for the laft and longeft
ftage of their voyage.

14th. The contraé& for provifions being fettled with
Mefirs. De Witts and Cafton, the troops, men, women, and
children, were ferved with a pound and half of foft bread,
and an equal quantity of beef or mutton daily; and with
wine in lieu of fpirits. The convicts, men, women, and
children, had the fame allowance as the troops, except
wine.

16th. Commodore Phillip, attended by moft of the
officers of the fleet, paid a complimentary vifit to his excel-

lency

1787.
Otober.

1787.
October.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

lency Mynheer Van Graaf, the Dutch governor, by whom we

were received with extreme civility and politenefs. A few

hours after we had taken leave, he called on the commodore
at his lodgings, to return his vifit; and the next day re-
turned the vifit of fuch officers, refiding on fhore, as had
paid their refpects to him.

Notwithftanding this ftudied politenefs, feveral days —
elapfed before the commodore could olstelian a categorical an-
{wer to the requifition he had made for the fupplies he ftood
in need of for the expedition: and had it not been for the
judicious perfeverance Commodore Phillip obferved, in urg-
ing his particular fituation, and the uncommon exigency of
the fervice he was engaged in; it was believed the governor,
fifcal, and council, would have fheltered their refufal under
the pretence that a great fcarcity had prevailed in the Cape
colony the preceding feafon, particularly of wheat and corn,
which were the articles we ftood moft in want of. This
idea they wifhed to imprefs us with; but, as juft obferved,
the commodore’s fagacity and induftrious zeal for the fervice
fubdued and got over the fupinenefs fhown by the governor,
é&c. and procured permifiion for the contractor to fupply us
with as much ftock, corn, and other neceflaries, as we could

ftow.

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

ftow. It is, however, much to be lamented that the quantity
we could find room for fell very fhort of what we ought to
have taken in; as the only {pare room we had, was what had
been occafioned by the confumption of provifions, &c. fince
We left Rio de Janeiro, and the removal of twenty female
conviéts from the Friendfhip into the Charlotte, the Lady Pen-
thyn, and the Prince of Wales.

After the fupplies had been granted, his excellency Governor
Graaf invited the commodore, and many of the officers of the
expedition, to a very handfome dinner at his town refidence.
The houfe at which we were entertained, is delightfully
fituated, nearly in the verte) df anuextanfive garden, the
property of the Dutch Eaft India company, ufefully planted,
and at the fame time elegantly laid out. The governor’s
family make what ufe they pleafe of the produce of the
garden, which is various and abundant; but the original
intention of the company in appropriating fo extenfive a
piece of ground to this purpofe was, that their hofpital,
which is generally pretty full when their fhips arrive after
long voyages, may be well fupplied with fruits and vegeta-
bles, and likewife that their fhips may receive a familar
fupply.

M This

1787,
OGobers
(re ema)

1787.
October.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

This garden is as public as St. James’s park; and, for its
handfome, pleafant, and well-fhaded walks, is much fre-
quented by perfons of every defcription, but particularly by
the fafhionable and gay. There are many other agreeable
walks about Cape Town, but none to be compared with thefe.
At the upper end of the principal of them is a {mall fpace

walled in for the purpofe of confining fome large oftriches,

and a few deer. A little to the right of this is a fmall.

menagery, in which the company have half a dozen wild
animals, and about the fame number of curious birds.

As you approach the Cape of Good Hope, a very re-
markable mountain may, in clear weather, be difcovered at
a confiderable diftance ; it is called the Table Land, from
its flat furface, which refembles that piece of furniture.
Mr. Dawes, lieutenant of marines on board the Sirius, an
ingenious and accurate obferver, who has undertaken during
the voyage the aftronomical obfervations ; accompanied by

Mefits. Fowell and Waterhoufe, midfhipmen of the Sirius;

Lieutenant De Witt, of the Dutch navy ; and myfelf, went

to the top of this mountain; an undertaking which we
found to be of a far more ferious nature than we at farft were
aware of. For my own part, I fuftered fo much from heat

and

et ee

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

and thirft, that had not the fear of fhame urged me on, my
companions being determined to accomplifh it at all events,
I fhould moft certainly have given it up, before I reached
the top. During this fultry and fatiguing expedition, I
found great benefit, towards alleviating my thirft, by keep-
ing a fmall pebble in my mouth; and fometimes by chewing
tufhes, which we met with in our way. But, when we had
reached the fummit, the delightful and extenfive profpect
we there enjoyed, the weather being uncommonly fine,
fully atoned for the trouble, fatigue, and every fuffering,
we had undergone. From this elevation we could overlook
all the country about the Cape.

As foon as we got to the top, our firft bufinefs was to
look out for water; but all we could find was fome ftagnant
rain, which lay in the hollow of the ftones. Our thirft,
however, was fo intolerable, that the difcovery even of this
gave us inexpreflible pleafure; and, notwithftanding we all
perfpired moft violently, and were fenfible of the danger
and impropriety of drinking a quantity of bad water in fuch
a fituation, yet we could not refrain. As for my own part,
it was utterly out of my power to liften at that time to the
di@tates of prudence; and I believe it was equally difficult

M 2 to

1787.
Odtober.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

to my companions, if I might judge from the avidity with
which they drank out of the little pools, lying on the
ground at full length, that being the only pofture in which
it was to be obtained.

The regularity of the ftreets of the town, which interfe&
each other at right angles; the buildings, gardens, caftle,
and forts ; with twenty-three fhips then at anchor in the
bay ; all which appeared direétly underneath us; was a
fight beautiful and pleafing beyond defcription. The per-
pendicular height of this land is 18 57 fect from the furface .
of the water. On the top of it we gathered feveral {pecies of
heath, fome wild celery, a few fhrubs, and fome non-defcript
plants; we found alfo fome little ftones of a fine polifh and
fingular whitenefs.

In our defcent, which proved nearly as difficult and trou-
blefome as going up, we faw fome runaway negroes, round
a fire, on the clift of a ftupendous rock, where it was en-
tirely out of the power of their owners to get at them. To
look at their fituation, one would think it beyond the utmoft
ftretch of human ingenuity to devife a way to reach it.
Here they remain all day in perfec fecurity, and during the
night make frequent excurfions to the town and the parts

adjacent,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

adjacent, committing great depredations on the inhabitants.
The whole fubfiftence of thefe fugitives depends on this
precarious method: and even this method would prove in-
fufficient, were it not for the afliftance they receive from
thofe who were once their fellow flaves. Nor is it always
that they fucceed in the depredatory trips, which neceflity
thus urges them to take; they are often betrayed by their
quondam friends; and when this happens, as the Dutch
are not famed for their lenity in punifhing crimes, they
are made horrid examples of. But neither the fear of pu-

nifhment, nor hunger, thirft, cold, and wretchednefs, to

which they are often unavailably expofed, can deter them |

from making Table Land their place of refuge from what
they confider to be greater evils. Scarcely a day paffes but
a fmoke may be feen from fome of thefe inacceflible re-
treats.. Be

In the mild or fummer feafon, which commences in Sep-
tember, and continues till March, the Table Land is fome-
times fuddenly capped with a white cloud, by fome called
the /preading of the Table-cloth. When this cloud feems to
roll down the fteep face of the mountain, it is an unerring

indication of an approaching gale of wind from the fouth-

ealt ;

1787.
O€oher.
Nr arene

1.787.
October.
Neer aed

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

eaft; which generally blows with great violence, and fome-
times continues a day or more, but in common is of {hort
duration. On the firft appearance of this cloud, the hips
in Table Bay begin to prepare for it, by ftriking yards and
top-mafts, and making every thing as {nug as poflible.

A little to the weftward of the Table Land, divided by
a {mall valley, ftands, on the right hand fide of Table Bay,
a round hill, called the Sugar Loaf; and by many the Lion’s
Head, as there is a continuance from it contiguous to the
fea, called the Lion’s Rump ; and when you take a general |
view of the whole, it very much refembles that animal
with his head ere&t. The Sugar Loaf or Lion’s Head, and
the Lion’s Rump, have each a flag-ftaff on them, by which
the approach of fhips is made known to the governor, par-
ticularizing their number, nation, and the quarter from
which they come. To the eaftward, feparated by a {mall
chafm from the Table Land, ftands Charles’s Mount, well
known by the appellation of the Devil’s Tower; and fo
called from the violent gufts of wind fuppofed to iflue from
it, when it partakes of the cap that covers the Table Land;
though thefe gufts are nothing more than a degree of force
the wind acquires in coming through the chafm. When

T this

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

this phenomenon appears in the morning, which is by no
means fo frequent as in the evening, the failors have a faying,
as the Devil's Tower is almoft contiguous to the Table
Land, that the old gentleman is going to breakfaft; if in
the middle of the day, that he is going to dinner; and if in
the evening, that the cloth is fpread for fupper.

The foregoing high lands form a kind of amphitheatre
about the Table Valley, where the Cape Town ftands. From
the fhipping the town appears pleafantly fituated, but at the
fame time {mall ; a deception that arifes from its being built
in a valley with fuch ftupendous mountains dire@ly behind
it, On landing, however, you are furprifed, and agreeably
difappointed, to find it not only extenfive, but well built,
and in a good ftile; the ftreets fpacious, and interfeGing
each other at right angles with great precifion. This exaé-
nefs in the formation of the ftreets, when viewed from the
Table Land, is obferved to be very great. The houfes in ge-
neral are built of ftone, cemented together with a glutinous
kind of earth which ferves as mortar, and afterwards neatly
plaftered, and whitewafhed, with lime. As to their height,
they do not in common exceed two ftories, on account of
the violence of the wind, which at fome feafons of the year

blows

1787,
O&ober.
es peed

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

blows with great ftrength and fury; indeed fometimes fo
violently as to fhake the houfes to the very foundation.
For the fame reafon, thatch has been ufually preferred to
tiles or fhingles; but the bad effe&s that have proceeded
from this mode when fires happen, has induced the inhabi-
tants in all their new buildings to give the preference to
flates and tiles. The lower parts of the houfes, according to
the cuftom of the Dutch nation, are not only uncommonly
neat and clean in appearance, but they are really fo; and
the furniture is rather rich than elegant. But this is by
no means the cafe with the bed-rooms or upper apartments ;
which are more barely and worfe furnifhed than any I ever
beheld: and the ftreets feem to be much upon a par
with them, they being rough, uneven, and unpaved. I was,
however, upon the whole, extremely well pleafed with the
town? Many of the houfes have a {pace flagged before the
door, and others have trees planted before them, which form
a pleafant fhade, and give pleafing novelty to the ftreets.
The only landing-place is at the eaft end of the town,
where there is a wooden quay running fome paces into
the fea, with feveral cranes on it, for the convenience of

loading and unloading the fcoots that come along fide. To

this

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

this place excellent water is conveyed by pipes, which makes
the watering of fhips both eafy and expeditious.

Clofe to this quay, on the left hand, ftands the caftle
and principal fortrefs; a ftrong extenfive work, having
excellent accommodations for the troops, and for many of
the civil officers belonging tothe company. Within the gates,
the company have their principal ftores; which are fpa-
cious as well as convenient. This fort covers and defends the
eaft part of the town and harbour, as Amfterdam fort does the
weft part. The latter, which has been built fince commo-
dore Johnftone’s expedition, and whereon both French and
Dutch judgment have been united to render it effectual
and ftrong, is admirably planned and calculated to annoy
and harafs fhips coming into the bay. Some {maller de-
tached fortifications extend along the coaft, both to the eaft
and weft, and make landing, which was not the cafe before
the late war, hazardous and difficult. In a word, Cape
Town is at this time fortified with ftrength, regularity, and
judgment.

There are two churches here; one large, plain, and
unadorned, for the Calvinifts, the prevailing fe&; and a
{maller one for the Lutherans.

The hofpital, which is large and extenfive, is fituated

N at

89
1787.

Oétober.
Se ae

go
1787.

Otober.
ew

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

at the upper end of the town, clofe to the company’s garden.
It is an honour to that commercial body, and no {mall orna-
ment to the town. The only objection that can be made to it
as a building, is its fituation: had it been ereéted on an
eminence, and a little detached from the town, which might
eafily have been done, no fault could have been found with
it. As it is, the convalefcents have free accefs to the com-
pany’s gardens, where they reap the benefit of a wholefome
pure air, perfumed with the exhalations of a great variety
of rich fruit trees, aromatic fhrubs, and odorous plants and
flowers ; and likewife have the ufe of every produdtion of it,
as before obferved; advantages that compenfate, in a great
meafure, for the flat fituation of the hofpital.

The inhabitants are all exceedingly fond of gardens,
which they keep in moft excellent order. The doing this
is very little trouble to them, the climate and foil being
moft benign and friendly to vegetation. Among the many
which afforded me delight, I muft not forget that belonging
to Colonel Gordon, commander in chief of the Dutch
troops at the Cape; where not only the tafte and inge-
nuity of the gardener, but the {kill and knowledge of the
botanift, are at once manifeft. The colonel is a man of

{cience, of an active and well-cultivated genius, and who

appropriates

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

appropriates thofe hours he can fpare from his military
duties (in which he is faid to excel), to a perufal of the
book of nature, and refearches after ufeful knowledge.
Thefe purfuits tend not only to his amufement, but to his

honour; and they will, doubtlefs, at fome time or other,

further conduce to the advancement of natural hiftory, and

to the honour of his country ; as it is faid he intends to
publifh the obfervations and remarks which have been the
refult of his refearches. Thofe he has made on the Hotten-
tots, Caffres, and the countries they inhabit, will doubt-
lefsly be valuable; he having made himfelf better acquainted
with the fubje&, and penetrated farther into the interior
parts, than any traveller or naturalift that has hitherto
vifited the Cape. It is to be lamented, that he has fo long
withheld from the world the gratification and improvement,
which moft affuredly muft be derived from the obfervations
of a perfon fo well and fo extenfively informed. His polite
attention and civility, during our ftay at the Cape, claim
our moft grateful acknowledgments.

Befides their hofpital, the Dutch Eaft India company
have feveral other public buildings, which tend to improve
the appearance of the town. The two principal of thefe

N 2 are,

92
1787.

Oober.
\ceenen, amens)

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

are, the ftables, and a houfe for their flaves. The former is
a handfome range of buildings, capable of containing an
incredible number of horfes. Thofe they have at the Cape
are fmall, f{pirited, and full of life. The latter is a building
of confiderable extent, where the flaves, both male and
female, have feparate apartments, in a very comfortable ftile,
to refide in after the fatigues and toil of the day; which
undoubtedly is great, but by no means equal, in my opinion,

to that endured by the flaves in our own colonies. How-

ever fevere and cruel the Dutch may be confidered in other

refpects, they certainly treat their flaves with great humanity
and kindnefs; which, I am forry to fay, I fcarcely ever faw
done in theWeft Indies, during a refidence there of three years.:
On the contrary, I have frequently been witnefs to.the in-
fli@ion of the moft brutal, cruel, and wanton punifhmentson
thefe poor creatures, who are the fource and immediate fup-
port of the {plendour of the Creoles. The bare retrofpect of
the cruelties I have feen exercifed there, excites a kind of hor-
ror that chills my blood. At the Cape, there are feveral
officers placed over the flaves, who have commodious apart-
ments, and treat them humanely.

The firft week after our arrival at this place, the militia,

confifting

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

eonfifting both of horfe and foot, were embodied, and
held their annual meeting: I fay annual, as that is the
-ufual period; but this was the firft time of their affembling
fince the conclufion of the war in 1783. The Cape militia
difter from the Englifh, in not receiving pay, or wearing
_tegimentals. In faét they fhould rather be called volunteers,
who turn out for the protection of their own property, and
are not fubje& to ftri@t military difcipline. Moft of them
wore blue coats, with white metal buttons, aukwardly long,
and in the cut and fhape of which uniformity had not been
attended to. ‘Neither was it vifible in the other parts of
their drefs or accoutrements; fome wore powder, others
none; fo that, upon the whole, they made a very unmilitary
appearance. The officers are chofen annually from among
themfelves. Some of thefe, indeed, I obferved to be very
well dreffed. Negleé&, non-attendance, and every other
breach of their military rules, is punithed by fine or forfeiture,
_and not corporally. At this burlefque on the profeffion of
a foldier, I could not help obferving, that many of them had
either got intoxicated that morning, or were not recovered
from their overnight’s debauch; notwithftanding which

they marched to the field, and went through their evolutions
with

1787.
Oé€tober.
en ame)

1787.
October.
Lapeer eed

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

with a fteadinefs and regularity that was really aftonifhing,
confidering the ftate they were in: but it is faid, and
I believe with fome truth, that a Dutchman, when half
drunk, is more capable of performing every kind of bufi-
nefs, than if he were perfe@ly fober. After thefe annual

exhibitions, the members of the corps meet their wives,

daughters, &c. (who take care to be prefent, that they

may be witneffes of their military {kill and atchievements)
at fome friend’s houfe, where they crown the night in
dancing, of which they are uncommonly fond. To danc-
ing are added fubftantial fuppers, and potent libations;
in which they indulge not only upon this, but on all
other occafions. A Dutch fupper to me, at firft, was a
matter of wonder, as I could never fee any kind of differ-
€nce, “either jin the quality or quantity, between them
and their dinners, which were always abundant, and
confifting chiefly of heavy food.

The inhabitants of the Cape, though in their perfons
large, flout, and athletic, have not all that phlegm
about them which is the characteriftic of Dutchmen in
general. The phyfical influence of climate may in fome

degree account for this; for it is well known that in all

fouthern

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
fouthern latitudes the temper and difpofition of the people
are more gay, and that they are more inclined to luxury
and amufements of every kind, than the inhabitants of
the northern hemifphere.

The ladies at the Cape are lively, good natured, fami-
liar, and gay. They refemble the women of England
more than any foreigners I have ever feen. Englith fathions
prevail among them (the female part of the governor’s
family excepted, who imitate the French), notwithftanding
their intercourfe with France is now by far greater than
with England. The habits and cuftoms of the women of
this place are extremely contrafted to thofe of the inhabit-
ants of Rio de Janeiro. Among the latter a great deal
of referve and modefty is apparent between the fexes
in public. Thofe who are difpofed to fay tender and
civil things to a lady, muft do it by ftealth, or breathe
their foft fighs through the lattice-work of a window, or
the grates of a convent. But at the Cape, if you with
to be a favourite with the fair, as the cuftom is, you
muft in your own defence (if I may ufe the expreflion)
grapple the lady, and paw her in a manner that does not
partake inthe leaft of gentlenefs. Such a rough and uncouth

5 condud,

*. we * |
‘WHIPE’s JOURNAL OF A
&

e , e LJ e . ” “e
condué, together with a kifs ravifhed now and then in ~

the moft public manner and fituations, is not only pleafing
to the fair one, but even to her parents, if aan and
is confidered by all parties ‘as an act of the eruacitnd gal-
lantry and gaiety. In fad, the Dutch ladies here, from
a peculiar gay turn, admit of liberties that may be thought

reprehenfible in England; but perhaps as feldom overftep Pony

the bounds of virtue, as the women of other countries.

ne oti my refidence on fhore, whenever I heard of
any Hottentots being in town, I rhade a point of endea-
vouring to get a fight of them, in order to fee whether
their manners and appearance correfponded with the
defcription given of them by travellers; fuch as being

befmeared with greafe,. and decorated with the finkiie

‘entrails of animals; on which they likewife, when prefied

by hunger, are faid to feed. :

‘I faw many of the men, without being able to make

any other remarks on them, than that they were thin,
+

of rather a low ftature, but formed for aétivity: and

further, that their hair, which was fhort and woolly,

as well as their whole bodies, was bedaubed with fome

unctuous or greafy fubftance, which was very offenfive.

3 They

* ‘ " ©
, * < “ A
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
They were of a dark’ brown colour, had a flat nofe, thick

lips, large full eyes, and were ornamented with ivory

“rings, and wore narrow ftrips of the fkin of fome animal,
)
‘devoid of its hair, around their neck, legs, and arms.

The only female of that nation I could get a fight of, was

during a little excurfion in the environs of Cape Town:
walking one evening with a Dutch gentleman, to fee a
garden about a mile from the town, I accidentally met
one of thefe ladies, who was equally as offenfive as the male
I had met. |
The heavy draft work about the Cape is moftly performed
by oxen; which are here brought to an uncommon degree
of ufefulnefs and docility. It is not uncommon to fee
fourteen, fixteen, and fometimes eighteen, in one of -their

teams; when the roads are heavy, they fometimes, though

rarely, yoke twenty; all which the Hottentots, Malayes,
and Cape flaves, have in the moft perfe@ fubje@ion and

obedience. > One -of ‘thefe! fellows places himfelf on the
fore part of the waggon, or, when loaded, on the top of
the load, and with a tremendous long whip, which, from
its fize, he is obliged to hold in both his hands, manages
thefe creatures with inexpreffible addrefs, I have often

O feen

1787.

Oober.
cern eed

®
>
*
*

’
ae” %, 7 Py
if fh > | s*" 2 4
98 WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A :

1787. feen the driver, when he has found “expedition eed:
=, make them keep whatever pace he thought proper; either
trot or gallop (a gait performed or kept up with diffi-

* culty by European oxen), and that with as much eafe as
if he was driving horfes. This immenfe whip, the only

thing with which they guide the team, the drivers ufe fo

dexteroufly, that they make them turn a corner with the Pang

utmoft nicety; hitting even the leading pair, in whatever i .
part they pleafe. The blows thus given muft infli@ y
intolerable pain, or thefe flow animals could never be a
brought to go with the velocity they do at the Cape. * 7

Thefe footy charioteers likewife manage horfes with the
fame dexterity. To fee one of them driving three, four,
five, and fometimes fix pair, in hand, with one of thefe
long whips, as I have often done with great furprife,
would make the moft complete mafter of the whip in
England cut a defpicable figure. Carriages are not very

numerous at the Cape, as the inhabitants in general travel

country. The governor and fome few of the principal
people keep coaches, which are a good deal in the Englith
ftile, and always drawn by fix horfes. The only chariot

in covered waggons, which better fuit the roughnefs of the | |
I faw |
)

+;
2

+ . s
® , ee #
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. 4

I faw there belonged to the governor; I however heard there

were fome others.

“November 1rth. Having got on board fuch animals, pro-

vifions, &c. as we could ftow, the commodore, with all the

t °
officers that had lodgings onefhore, embarked. Previous to
tt -

‘the commodore’s embarkation he gave a public dinner to

fome of the gentlemen of the town and the officers of his

fleet. The Dutch governor was to have been of the
party, ‘but by fome unforefeen event was ‘detained in
the country, where he had been for fome days before.
Commodore Phillip had his band of iti on fhore upon
the occafion, and the day was fpent with great cheerfulnefs
and conviviality.

watts About half paft one o’clock we failed from the
Cape of Good Hope. <A fmall American fhip had arrived

during the forenoon, bound on a trading voyage to China,

with feveral paflengers on board. We learnt from her,
that the Hartwell Eaft Indiaman had been loft, by bordering
too clo on the ifland of Bonavifta, in order to land fome
recruits, who had mutinied, and occafioned great diforder
and confufion in the fhip. It gave’us pleafure to hear from

O 2 the

99
1787.

November.

*. * .
imo.” WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A an
1787, the carpenter of the Hartwell, who was on board the American

Oli ah fhip, that no lives were loft by the accident. The principal ‘
oa part of the crew, we found, had got to Madeira, on their ©
return to England. Abreaft of Penguin Ifland, about three
o'clock, we pafled a large Duteh thip from ‘Holland, bound |
to the Cape, with troops on board. A little before it was.
dark, we fpoke the Kent whaler, from London, who had
been four months out. She with ourfelves was endeavouring

to get to the eaftward. On our firft difcovering her, as

fhe feemed defirous of joining or {peaking to: the odleety J
we were in hopes of her being from England, probably | .
to us; or at leaft that we might get letters by her; but our

fufpentfe on. thefe points, a fufpenfe only to be conceived

by perfons on long voyages, was foon put an end to by

hearing fhe had been fo many months out. A few days

before we left the Cape, fome of the officers of the expe-

dition received letters from England by the Ranger Eaft India
packet, Captain Buchanan, who had put in to water, and i
ftop a leak ; both of which being foon accomplithed, the a”
proceeded on her voyage. . :

14th, This morning Catherine Pryor, one of the con-

z victs,

” Se °
, VOYAGE ge 3, NEW PO nan WALES,

r vids, was delivered of a male: child. The officers, feamen,

troops, and convicts, were put to an allowance of three quarts
of wateraday. : ‘
r7th;)! The wind variable, inclining to the fouthward and
eaftward, with hay weather, an epidemic dyfentry appeared
among the convicts, which very foon made its way among the
marines, and prevailed with violence and obftinacy until
about Chriftmas, when it was got under by an unremitting
‘attention to cleanlinefs, and every. other method’ proper and
effential for the ‘removal and prevention of contagion. It
gives me pleat to be’able to add, that we only loft one
perfon by this difeafe, violent and dangerous as it was;
and that was Daniel Crefiwell, one of ep troops intended
for the garrifon ; who was feized on the 19th of November,
and died the 30th of the fame month, the eleventh day of
his illnefs. From the commencement of his diforder, he
was"in the moft acute agonizing pain I ever was witnefs to;
nor was it tf the power of medicine to procure him the
fhorteft interval of eafe. His cafe being a very fingular one,
I have tranfmitted it, with fome others, to a medical friend
in London, with permiffion to maké what ufe of them he
may think proper, The wind kept to the fouthward and

eaftward

IOL

1787.
No vember, :
ee ae

102

1787.
November.

ee |

6 e ; ..
+ ee a
WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A»
& se :

‘ : bs Yai >. >
eaftward until the 21ft, without veering a point in our .
a e - «
favour, which carried us far out of our way to the weft-
r : * *
ward; but that day it fhifted. e

23d. We fpoke the Prince of Wales, who informed us, © *
that che preceding night one of the feamen had fallen from,
the top-fail yard, and was drowned. Indeed it was fo dark,
and the fhip went fo faft through the water, that ‘iN ireSieuts
to fave him, had any been made, would have “proved fruit-
lefs. This day and the following running to eaftward, with»
the wind to the fouthward and weftward, we faw many _
aquatic birds. ) a |
25th. ‘The commodore removed into the Supply armed | .
tender, and took with him Lieutenant King of the Sirius,
and Mr. Dawes of the marines; whom I had Before occafion
to mention as having undertaken the aftronomical obferva-
tions during the voyage. Having likewife elected fome arti~
ficers from among the convicts, he went on, taking the Alex- »
ander, Scarborough, and Friendfhip with him, being faft fail- _ _ *
ing vefiels; leaving the heavy failers, both tranfports and :
vi@uallers, under the direétion of Captain Hunter of the Si- .
rius. Major Rofs, commanding officer of the troops, re-

moved into the Scarborough, as did the adjutant.
26th. We

i, ay
. , ee . es
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
“26th.” We had not loft dog the Supply and other
fitins, though they were confiderably ahead. Between nine
and ten at night’ the wind came to the S. S. E. which made
us tack and ftand to the S. W. In the morning could fee
nothing of the fying /quadron, as the feamen termed them.
The wind continued all this day at E. S. E. with pleafant
clear weather. . r 7
28th. The wind fhifted to the E.N.E.; the weather
» hazy, with {mall rain and ftrong breezes. The Sirius made
* a fignal for the convoy to clofe.
goth. The wind variable, with fome heavy fhowers, and
_ in the intervals clear weather. |
December 1ft and 2d. The wind from W. S. W. to
S. W. by, W. in lat. 40° fouth, long. 35° 10’ ‘eaft; the
weather moderate, cold, clear, and pleafant. We faw birds
of different kinds.
ad. In the evening, and on the fucceeding day, the wind
to northward and weftward; frefh gales, dark, wet, unplea-
fant weather, with a high fea. The Sirius, for fear of fepa-
ration, as the weather did not look kindly, made the fignal

for the convoy to keep nearer the commanding officer.
sth. In

103

1787,
December.

corer pred)

104

1787.
December.

ee arenes

, “
» ; A
WHITE’s JOURNAL OF sa,
sth. Inthe morning almoft calm, with a heavy {well ;
in the evening a {mall breeze fprung up at the N. E. whi
next day fhifted to the weftward. i
16th. In lat. 41° 7’ fouth, long. 74° ie eaft, clear wea-
ther, with a fmall breeze at N. N..W. we faw fome idem
whales, feveral birds, moftly of the peteral ing: a feal, and
fome rock weed.
17th. Dark, cold, and gloomy. ‘Had fome ailas and
whales round the fhip.

20th. Wind variable, inclining to the fouth. I vifited

the Prince of Wales, where I found fome of the female con-

victs with evident fymptoms of the fcurvy, brought on by ~
&

the damp and cold weather we had lately experienced. The

two fuceeeding days the wind to the weftward, though at

times variable, with dark, wet, gloomy weather; in lat.
41° 18' fouth, long. go° 7’ eaft. We faw and pafied fome
fea weed. On thofe days the {curvy began to fhow itfelf in
the Charlotte, moftly among thofe who had the dyfentery

to a violent degree; but I was pretty well able to keep it

under, by a liberal ufe of the effence of malt, and fome x

good wine, which ought not to be claffed among the

moft

t
“
ee

»
VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH !'WALES.
moft tndiferent antifcorbutics. For the latter we were in-
debted to the humanity of Lord Sydney and Mr. Nepean,
principal and ae fecretaries of ftate.

24th. The weather ftill dark and gloomy. Had feveral
ebirds round the fhip of the albatrofs and peteral kind ;
with what appeared to me to be fomething of the fea-hawk

{pecies. i: |
27th.. Dark hazy weather, with fome light fqualls. We
» paffed more fea weed; fome gulls, and many of the before-

mentioned birds, about the fhip.

goth and gift. Strong breezes, with unfettled-looking

- weiter 5 birds ftill about us, and likewife fome whales.

January 1rft, 1788. The new year was introduced
with a pretty heavy vale of wind from the northward and
weftward, which was the firft we had encountered. fince
we left ‘England. It began a little before: 12 o'clock the
' preceding night, and continued till feven this evening.
The Sirius was the whole day under her ftay-fails; and the
convoy under their fore-fail and ftay-fails.

2d and 3d. Smart gales, with dark gloomy weather.
Some feals and oceanic birds about the fhip.

4th. Cloudy weather, in latitude 44° 2S. The Sirius

P made

105

1788.

January.

leone pated)

106

1788.

January.
SS ae

WHITE’s \JOURNAL? OF FA

made the fignal for the longitude by lunar obfervation;, .
which was found to be 135° 30’ Eaft. In the evening fome
birds, called Mother Cary’s Chickens, were round the fhip.
sth. The weather cold and clear, the wind N. W.. Paffed
fome fea weed. In the morning the third mate thought he’
faw fome divers; but as they were not feen by any other
perfon, not much attention was paid to the report. At
night we had fome fqualls, with light fhowers of rain.
7th. Early in the morning the Lady Penrhyn made the
fignal for fecing land; but it only proved to be a fog-
bank ; a circumftance that often deceives the anxious
mariner. About two o’clock in the afternoon the Prince
of Wales, being the headmoft fhip, made the fame fignal.
The Charlotte being next in fucceflion, the fignal was
{carcely difplayed, before we alfo difcovered it very plainly
through the haze; and repeated the fignal, which*was, an-
{wered by the Sirius. By our laft lunar obfervation this
land appears to be well laid down in Mafkelyne’s Tables!
and in the journals of the celebrated Cook: but to the
furprife of every one onboard, we found a {mall chart, pub- »
lifhed by Steele, and which was held in little eftimation, to
be not only accurate as to the fituation, but alfo to give a to-
lerable

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

lerable appearance and defcription of Van Dieman’s Land :
indeed fuch as may prove extremely ufeful to fhips coming
this way, and fully fufficient to enable them to avoid all
- danger if the weather be clear. For my own part, I fee
no hazard that attends making this land by day (fuch an
attempt by night would be very incautious and abfurd), as
nature has been very particular in pointing out where it lies,
by rocks which jutt out of the fea, like fo many beacons.
I believe a convoy was never conduéed with more care, (Gt
made the land with greater accuracy and certainty, than
this. Indeed, ability and experienced nautical knowledge
were never more fully evinced on all occafions than
by Captain Hunter; who, I may venture to pronounce,
without much rifk of having my veracity called in queftion,
one of the moft affiduous and accurate obfervers, and able
navigators, the prefent day furnifhes. His appointment to
this expedition by Lord Howe is ftrongly marked with that
prudence and wifdom which are known to govern his Lord-
fhip’s conduct. Captain Hunter has a pretty turn for draw-
ing, which will enable him, no doubt, to give: fuch a
defcription of this coaft as will do credit to himfelf, and be
of fingular advantage, as well to thofe whofe lot it may

p.2 be

107

1788.

January.
eee

108

1788.
January.

een eee!

WHITE’s JOURNAL’OF A

to vifit, hereafter; this extenfive coaft, as to navigation at
large. The affiftance of Lieutenant Bradley, firft of the
Sirius, (who likewife is an officer of more than common
abilities), as a navigator in conducting a convoy in a track fo
little known, muft have been pleafing to Captain Hun- ~
ter.

As we run in with the land, which is pretty high,
we were furprifed to fee, at this feafon of the year, fome
{mall patches of fnow. The haze being difperfed, by
a gentle breeze at N. N. W. we could obferve, and hear,
as we were not more than fix or feven miles from the fhore,
the furf beating high and loudly againft fome uneven
rocks which jutted out, in ftrange projections, into the fea.
This part of the coaft, as far as we could fee, is bold,
irregular, and craggy; and very few trees, or appearance of
verdure, to be feen. At four in the afternoon, being
about fix or eight miles to the eaftward of the eaftward-
moft rock, called the Mewftone (there being feveral others
which we diftinély faw), bearing N. N. W. we difcovered
to the weftward of them fome eminences, which probably
might be iflands; or, if not, fome land running a confi-
derable way into the fea. For my own part I am inclined

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

to believe the latter to be the cafe; though the diftance
was too great to hazard a conclufive opinion upon it,
as a large fmoke was feen clofe to the innermoft height.
About feven, fteering to the eaftward, along fhore,
nearly at the diftance of four miles, being well in with the
weftward-moft point of a very large bay, called Storm Bay,
Jaid down in lat. 44° 3 S. and long. 146° E. we difcovered
Swilly bearing S. E. :S. and a little to the eaftward of it
a fmall rock rifing out of the fea, diftinguifhed by the
name of the Eddyftone, from its refemblance to the Eddy-
ftone light-houfe off Plymouth, which was very per-
ceptible at the diftance we were then from it. Our
being clofe in with the land, prevented us from feeing
either of thefe before, as they lie at leaft fix or feven
leagues out to fea. From the S. W. cape, which lies
in lat. 43° 39'S. and long. 145° 50 E. to the S, E.. cape,
which is admitted to be Tafman’s South Cape, is about
the diftance of fifteen or fixteen leagues. As we got
to the eaftward, we faw many trees, moftly of a dwarf or
ftunted kind, with a whitifh bark, and perfe@ly leaflefs.
This part of the country ftill continued to be a rough,
rugged, uneven tract, with very little appearance of fertility.

Some

109

1788.

January.

ee a

| Bie)

1788.

January.

ew]

WHITE’s* JOURNAL OBA

Some {mall patches of verdure were difcovered about Storm
Bay, and the trees feemed to increafe in number and fize.
Between eight and nine at night, we faw a large fire

on the eaft point of land which forms this bay, made by the

natives; none of whom could we fee during the day,

though clofe in with the fhore: nor did we perceive any
other indication of its being inhabited, but this fire, and
the fmoke mentioned to be feen on our firft falling in
with the land. The diftance between the fmoke and
the fire was eight leagues, a fpace that would furely
have exhibited fome other proofs of populofity had it been
thickly peopled.

About 10 o'clock, off Storm Bay, the weather moderately
pleafant, the fhip was taken aback. The Lady Penrhyn
was then under our lee quarter, which obliged us to tack ;
after which we immediately wore, brought the fhip to the
wind on the other tack, and ftood to fea with the reft
of the fhips. The wind was then at N. E. which juft
enabled us to weather Swilly and the Eddyftone. As
we got to fea the wind increafed moderately.

_ 8th. The wind and weather variable; could perceive no-
thing of the land. I went on board the Fifhburne, to fee
the

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,

the boatfwain, who, on the firft night of the new year,
having probably drank more grog than he ought, and the
Ship labouring much, had fallen from the top-fail yard; by
which he bruifed himfelf in a dreadful manner. The man
being highly fcorbutic, the parts foon mortified, and he died
about half an hour after I got on board. The mafter of
the fhip fhowed evident marks of great concern for this
invaluable man, as he termed him. He declared to me, that
fooner than venture again on fo long a voyage without
a furgeon, he would put to fea with lefs than half his
complement of men; for he was ftrongly of opinion,
that if the poor fellow had received immediate affiftance
he would have recovered. I fhould have feen him fooner,
but was prevented by my own indifferent flate of health.
How owners of fhips can think of fending them through
fuch a variety of climates, and a voyage of fo great a length,
without a furgeon, is to me a matter of furprife. The Lady
Penrhyn, owned by Alderman Curtis, was the only mer-

chant fhip in our fleet that had a furgeon. What the

others will do on their return, Heaven only knows; but

this I well know, that they would never have reached

I thus

(if

1788.

January.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

thus far but for the fuccour given them by myfelf and my

affiftants.

gth. Wind variable, and weather hazy, damp and dark ;
with fome vivid flafhes of lightning, fucceeded by diftant
peals of loud thunder. On the morning of this day died
Edward Thomfon, a convict, worn out with a melancholy
and long confinement. Had he lived, I think he would
have proved a deferving member of fociety, as he feemed
fenfible of the impropriety and imprudence of his former
life, and ftudious to atone for it.

ioth. The wind variable, and weather dark and gloomy,
with a very troublefome high fea. About two o’clock
P. M. we had one of the moft fudden gufts of wind I ever
remember to have known. {In an inftant it fplit our main-
fail; and but for the adtiwity fhewn by the failors, in let~
ting fly the fheets, and lowering the top-fails, the mafts muft
have gone over the fide. The Prince of Wales, who was
clofe to us, had her main yard carried away in the
flings. Fortunately for us the fquall was of fhort’ dura-
tion, otherwife the fhips muft have fuffered confiderably
from the uncommon crofs fea that was running; which

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

we had found to be the cafe ever fince we reached this
coaft.

rith. and 12th. The wind variable, inclining to the
fouthward and weftward, and ftill an unpleafant crofs
troublefome fea. We faw a whale, feveral feals, and
many large oceanous. birds, which we frequently fired at,
without their betraying the fmalleft fymptom of fear either
at the report, or at the balls, which frequently dropped
clofe to them. A conclufion may be drawn from hence,
that they had never been haraffed with fire arms before; if
they had, they would undoubtedly have fhown fome fear ;
a fenfation they feemed to be totally unacquainted with.
In all our firings we did not kill one of them.
-rgth. In the evening we faw the land over Red Point,
bearing W. by N. the extremes of the land from S, S. W.
to N. We were then about three leagues from the fhore ; and

finding it unlikely to get in that night, Captain Hunter

made the fignal for the convoy to come within hail;

when he acquainted them, that the entrance into Botany Bay
bore N. N. W.: adding, that for the night he intended to
ftand off and on, and early in the morning make fail

for the bay,
Q. eoth, At

1.53
1788.

January.

re ae

114
1788.

January.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

20th. At four in the morning the Sirius and convoy —
made fail, and at eight o’clock anchored in eight fathom _
water; Cape Banks E. S. E,. Point Solander S. S. E. and the j
entrance of the bay, between thefe two lands, W.S.W. We
found herethe Supply tender, which had arrivedthe 18th, and
the Alexander, Scarborough, and Friendthip tran{ports, who
had only arrived the day before. To fee all the fhips fafe in
their deftined port, without ever having, by any accident,
been one hour feparated; and all the people in as good
health as could be expected or hoped for, after fo long a
voyage, was a fight truly pleafing, and at which every

heart muft rejoice. As we failed into the bay, fome of the

"natives were on the fhore, looking with feeming attention at

fuch large moving bodies coming amongft them. In the
evening the boats were permitted to land on the north fide,
in order to get water and grafs for the little ftock we had
remaining. An ofhcer’s guard was placed there to prevent
the feamen from ftraggling, or having any improper inter-
courfe with the natives. Captain Hunter, after anchoring,
waited on the governor, on board the Supply; who, with
feveral other officers, landed. As they rowed along the

fhore, fome of the natives followed the boat; but on her

putting

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

putting in for the fhore, they ran into the woods. Some of
the gentlemen, however, before they returned on board, ob-
tained an interview with them; during which they fhowed
fome diftruft, but, upon the whole, were civillyinclined. The
boats fent to haul the feine returned, having had tolerable
fuccefs, The fifh they caught were bream, mullet, large
trays, befides many other {maller fpecies.
21ft. The governor, Captain Hunter, and the two
mafters of the men of war, with a party of marines, fet off
this morning, in two rigged long boats, to examine Port
Jackfon, a harbour lying a little to the northward, which
was difcovered by Captain Cook.
23d. The party returned this evening, full of praifes on
the extent and excellence of the harbour, as well as the
fuperiority of the ground, water, and fituation, to that of
Botany Bay ; which, I own, does not, in my opinion, by
any means merit the commendations beftowed on it by the
much-lamented Cook, and others, whofe names and judg-~
ments are no lefs admired and efteemed. During his excel-
lency’s abfence the lieutenant governor had iffued his orders
to land all the artificers that could be found among the con-
vidts, and a party of others, to clear the ground for the in-
Q 2 tended

115

1788.

January.

116
1788.

January.

WHITE’s JOURNAL! OF74

tended town, to dig fawpits, and to perform every thing
that was effential towards the works purpofed to be carried
on. Although the fpot fixed on for the town was the moft
eligible that could be chofen, yet I think it would never
have anfwered; the ground around it being fandy, poor,
and fwampy, and but very indifferently fupplied with water.
The fine meadows talked of in Captain Cook’s voyage, I
could never fee, though I took fome pains to find them out ;
nor have I ever heard of a perfon that has feen any parts
refembling them. While the people were employed on
fhore, the natives came feveral times among them, and
behaved with a kind of cautious friendfhip. One evening,
while the feine was hauling, fome of them were prefent,
and exprefled great furprife at what they faw; giving a
fhout expreflive of aftonifhment and joy, when they per-
ceived the quantity that was caught. No fooner were
the fifh out of the water, than they began to lay hold
of them, as if they had a right to them, or that they were

their own; upon which the officer of the boat, I think

very properly, reftrained them; giving, however, to each

of them a part. They did not at firft feem very well
pleafed with this mode of procedure, but on obferving
with

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

with what juftice the fifh was diftributed, they appeared
content. | |

While we remained at Botany Bay, as I was one
morning on board the Supply, we faw twenty-nine of
the natives on the beach, looking towards the fhipping ;
upon which Lieutenants Ball and King, Mr. Dawes, and my-
felf, went on fhore, landing at the place where they were.
They were friendly and pacific, though each of them was arm~
ed with a fpear or long dart, and had a ftick, with a fhell

at the. end, ufed by them in throwing their weapons.

Befides thefe, fome few had fhields made of the bark of the’

cork tree, of a plain appearance, but fufficient to ward off
or turn their own weapons, fome of which were pointed
and barbed with the bones of faith, faftened on with fome
kind of adhefive gum. One of the moft friendly, and who
appeared to be the moft confident, on figns being made to
him, ftuck the end of his fhield in the fand, but could not
be prevailed upon to throw his fpear at it. Finding he
declined it, I fired a piftol ball through it. The explofion
frightened him, as well as his companions, a little; but
they foon got over it, and on my putting the piftol into my

pocket, he took up the fhield, and appeared to be much
I furprifed

117
1788.

January.

118
1788.

January.

eee aimed

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF

furprifed at finding it perforated. He then, by figns and
geftures, feemed to afk if the piftol would make a hole
through him; and on being made fenfible that it would,
he fhowed not the {malleft figns of fear; on the contrary
he endeavoured, as we conftrued his motions, to imprefs us
with an idea of the fuperiority of his own arms, which he
applied to his breaft, and by flaggering, and a fhow of
falling, feemed to wifh us to underftand that the force and
effect of them was mortal, and not to be refifted. How-=
ever, I am well convinced that they know and dread the
fuperiority of our arms, notwithftanding this fhow of indif-
ference ; as they, on all occafions, have difcovered a diflike
to a‘mufquet: and fo very foon did they make themfelves
acquainted with the nature of our military drefs, that, from
the firft, they carefully avoided a foldier, or any perfon
wearing a red coat, which they feem to. have marked as a

fighting vefture. Many of their warriors, or diftinguifhed

men, we obferved to be painted in ftripes, acrofs the breaft.

and back, which at fome little diftance appears not unlike
our foldiers crofs belts.

24th. The boats were employed in getting water and
erafs for the live ftock ; as the governor, finding Port Jack-

fon

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,

fon more fuited to his wifhes, had determined to remove to

that place, and _ form the fettlement there. While thefe
preparations were making, every perfon in the fleet were
furprifed to fee, in this part of the world, two large fhips
plying hard in the offing to get into the bay. It was feen,
in the evening, that they had French colours flying; but
the wind blowing pretty ftrong out of the bay, they were
unable to get in; and the weather becoming thick and
hazy, we foon loft fight of them.

25th. Nothing of the ftrange fhips to be feen. The
governor, with a detachment of marines, failed in the
Supply tender for Port Jackfon; leaving inftru€tions with
Captain Hunter to follow him with all the tranfports
and viétuallers, as foon as the wind and weather would
permit.

26th. We again defcried the French fhips flanding in
for the bay, with a leading wind; upon which Captain
Hunter fent his firft lieutenant on board the commanding
officer’s fhip, which was diftinguifhed by a broad pendant,
to aflift them in coming in. Soon after the lieutenants
were returned to the Sirius, Captain Clonnard, the French
commodore’s captain (who during the late war commanded

3 the

119
1788.

January.

cece pe eames

120

1788,

January,

eee

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

the Artois, taken by the Bienfaifant, Captain Macbride), wait-
ed on Captain Hunter, and informed him, that the fhips were
the Aftrolabe and the Bouflale, which failed from France in
the year 1786, under the command of Meflieurs de la
Peroufe, and De Langle. He further acquainted him, that
having touched at Navigator's Ifles, they had had the misfor-
tune to lofe Captain De Langle, the fecond in command,
with ten other officers, and two boats crews, all of whom
were cut off by the natives of thofe iflands, who appeared to
be numerous and warlike. This accident induced them to
put into this port, in order to build fome boats, which they
had in frames. It alfo had afforded room for the promotion
of Monfieur Clonnard, who, on their leaving France, was
only the commodore’s firft lieutenant. /

At ten o’clock the Sirius, with all the fhips, weighed, and
in the evening anchored in Port Jackfon, with a few
trifling damages done to fome of them, who had run foul of
each other in working out of Botany Bay. Port Jackfon I
believe to be, without exception, the fineft and moft exten-
five harbour in the univerfe, and at the fame time the
moft fecure; being fafe from all the winds that blow. It
is divided into a great number of coves, to which his

excellency

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

excellency has given different names. That on which the
town is to be built, is called Sydney Cove. It is one of the
{malleft in the harbour, but the moft convenient, as {hips of
the greateft burden can with eafe go into it, and heave out
clofe to the fhore. Trincomalé, acknowledged to be one
ae the beft harbours in the world, is by no means to be
compared to it. In a word, Port Jackfon would afford fuffi-
cient and fafe anchorage for all the navies of Europe. The
Supply had arrived the day before, and the governor, with
every perfon that could be {pared from the fhip, were on
fhore, clearing the ground for the encampment. In the
evening, when all the fhips had anchored, the Englifh
colours were difplayed; and at the foot of the flag-ftaff his
Majefty’s health, and fuccefs to the fettlement, was drank by
the governor, many of the principal officers, and private men,

who were prefent. upon the occafion.

27th. A number of convicts from the different tranf--

ports were landed to affift in clearing the ground for the
encampment. His excellency marked the outlines, and as
much as poflible to prevent irregularity, and to keep the
“ae from ftraggling, the provoft marfhal, aided by

the patrole, had orders to take into cuftody all conviéts that
R fhould

I2I

1788.

January.

ea anand)

I22

1788.

January.
red

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

fhould be found without the lines, and to leave them in
charge of the main or quarter guard. The boats fent this
day to fith were fuccefsful. Some of the natives came into
the little bay or cove where the feine was hauled, and
behaved very friendly. Indeed they carried their civility é
far, although a people that appeared to be averfe to work, as
to affift in dragging it afhore. For this kind office they
were liberally rewarded with fifth, which feemed to pleafe
them, and give general fatisfaétion.

29th. A convenient place for the cattle being found, the
few that remained were landed. The frame and materials
for the governor’s houfe, conftructed by Smith in St. George’s
Fields, were likewife fent on fhore, and fome preparations
made for erecting it. This day Captain Hunter and
Lieutenant Bradley began to take a furvey of the harbour.
In the courfe of the laft week, all the marines, their wives
and children, together with all the convicts, male and female,
were landed. The laboratory and fick tents were erected,
and, I am forry to fay, were foon filled with patients afflicted |
with the true camp dyfentery and the fcurvy. More piti-
able objects were perhaps never feen. Not a comfort or
convenience could be got for them, befides the very few we

had

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

had with us. His excellency feeing the ftate thefe poor ob-
jects were in, ordered a piece of ground to be inclofed,
for the purpofe of raifing vegetables for them. The {feeds
that were fown upon this occafion, on firft appearing above
ground, looked promifing and well, but foon after
withered away; which was not indeed extraordinary, as
they were not fown at a proper feafon of the year. The
fick have increafed fince our landing to fuch a degree, that
a {pot for a general hofpital has been marked out, and arti-
ficers already employed on it. A proper {pot, contiguous
to the hofpital, has been chofen, to raife fuch vegetables as
can be produced at this feafon of the year; and where a
permanent garden for the ufe of the hofpital is to be
eftablifhed.

February 1ft. We had the moft tremendous thunder
and lightning, with heavy rain, I ever remember to have
feen.

2d. This morning five fheep, belonging to the lieutenant-
governor and quarter-mafter, were killed by the lightning
under a tree, at the foot of which a fhed had been built for
them. The branches and trunk of the tree were fhivered
and rent in a very extraordinary manner.

2 sth. A

123

1788.

February.
(cee peared

124

1788.

February.
ee ae

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

sth. A ftorehoufe has been begun, for the purpofe
of receiving the ftores and provifions of the three tranfports
bound to China. On a mutter of the convicts this morning,
fome were found to be mifling, and fuppofed to have gone
to Botany Bay, in hopes of being received on board the
French fhips; which are faid to be fhort of hands, and made
more fo by the lofs they had recently fuftained, as before
mentioned.

7th. The governor’s commiffion, and that for eftablith-
ing acriminal court of judicature, admiralty court, &c.
were read. After this was done the troops under arms fired
three volleys; when his excellency thanked the foldiers for
their fteady and good condué& ; which Major Rofs caufed to
be inferted in the general order book. The governor then
addrefied the conviés in a fhort {peech, extremely well
adapted to the people he had to govern, and who were then
before him. Among many circumftances that would tend
to their future happinefs and comfort, he recommended
marriage ; afluring them that an indifcriminate and illegal
intercourfe would be punifhed with the greateft feverity
and rigour. Honefty, obedience, and induftry, he told
them, would make their fituation comfortable; whereas

a contrary

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,

a contrary line of conduct would fubje& them to ignominy,
feverities, and punifhment. When the ceremony was con-

cluded, his excellency, attended by all the officers of the

colony, withdrew to a tent pitched for the occafion, where

a cold dinner was laid out; and after the cloth was
temoved, many loyal and public toafts were drank.

8th. A party of the gentlemen of the garrifon fet out
by land to pay a vifit to the French at Botany Bay; from
whom they met with the moft hofpitable, polite, and
friendly reception and treatment. Many of the convidts
who had been miffing had been at Botany Bay. They had
offered themfelves to the French navigators on any terms,
but not one of them had been received. This refufal
obliged them to return; and when they came. back they
were real objects of pity. Confcious of the punifhment. that
awaited fo imprudent and improper an experiment, they
had ftayed out as long as the cravings of nature would per-
mit, and were nearly half ftarved. A woman named Ann
Smith, and a man, have never fince been heard of. They
are fuppofed to have miffed their way as they returned, and
to have perifhed for want. As the French commodore had

given his honour that he would not admit any of them on
t board,

125

1788,
February.

rat WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

1788. wae it cannot be thought he would take them. The
February. convi@t, it is true, was a Frenchman, named Peter Paris,
, and it is poflible, on that account, he might have been con-
cealed through pity, by his countrymen, and carried off
without the knowledge of the commanding officer. At the
very time the party from hence were gone by land to Botany
Bay, Captain Clonnard came round in a boat, on a vifit of
ceremony from Monfieur de la Peyroufe to the governor.
He brought with him fome difpatches, which he requefted
might be forwarded to the French ambaflador at the court
of London, by the firft tranfports that failed for England.
The captain ftayed all night, and returned the next morn-
ing. This day, for the firft time, a Kangaroo was fhot and
brought into camp. Some of the natives paffed pretty clofe
to the Sirius, without feeming to exprefs, by their counte-

nance or actions, either fear, curiofity, or furprife. During

the courfe of this week fourteen marriages were folemnized.
The criminal court, confifting of fix officers of his Majef-
ty’s forces by land or fea, with the judge advocate, fat for the
firft time; before whom feveral convicts were tried for petty
larceny. Some of them were acquitted, others fentenced to
receive corporal punifhment, and one or two were, by |

the

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

the decifion of the court, ordered to a barren rock, or little
ifland, in the middle of the harbour, there to remain on
bread and water for a ftated time.

r2th. The commiflions were read a fecond time, at the
‘defire of fome of the officers, whofe fituation with the
battalion prevented them from being prefent at the firft
reading ; after which, the lieutenant governor and judge
advocate were {worn in juftices of the peace; and Licute-
nant King (fecond of the Sirius) fuperintendant and command-
ing officer of New Norfolk Ifland; an appointment given
him by the governor.

14th. The Supply failed for Norfolk Ifland, with Lieu-
tenant King and his detachment, confifting of Mr. Cunning-
ham, mafter’s mate, and Mr. Jamefon, furgeon’s firft mate, of
the Sirius, two marines, and twelve male and female convicts.
The governor furnifhed him with provifions and ftores of
every kind for fix months, and with tools for cutting down
timber; which laft employment was the purpofe of his
miffion.

27th. Thomas Barrett, Henry Lovel, and Jofeph Hall,
were brought before the criminal court, and tried for

felonioufly and fraudulently taking away from the public
{tore

127
1788.

February.

(een, tern)

128

1788.

February.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

{tore beef and peafe, the property of the crown. They were
convicted on the cleareft evidence ; and fentence of death
being paffed on them, they were, about fix o’clock the fame
evening, taken to the fatal tree; where Barrett was launch-
ed into eternity, after having confeffed to the Rev. Mr.
Johnfon, who attended him, that he was guilty of the
crime, and had long merited the ignominious death which
he was about to fuffer, and to which he faid he had been
brought by bad company and evil example. Lovel and
Hall were refpited until fix o’clock the next evening.
When that awful hour arrived, they were led to the place of
execution, and juft as they were on the point of afcending ©
the ladder, the judge advocate arrived with the governor’s
pardon, on condition of their being banifhed to fome unin-
habited place.

29th. Daniel Gordon and John Williams were tried and
convicted of ftealing wine, the property of Mr. Zachariah
Clarke. Williams being an ignorant black youth, the court
recommended him to the governor as a proper obje& of
mercy, and he was accordingly pardoned. Gordon, who was
another black, had his fentence of death, while at the
gallows, changed to banifhment with Lovel and Hall.

30th.

SS ae SSS == y = ~

Ga 4

C } 2 ) / Lf 2 ; :
Cupsonary g ( New t luli Up OAD ps ;
CO C 2
London Filliohed De 7 LDebrett ?

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

3oth. John Freeman was tried for ftealing from another
convié feven pounds of flour. He was conviéed, and
fentenced to be hanged ;_ but while under the ladder, with
the rope about his neck, he was offered his free pardon
on condition of performing the duty of the common exe-
cutioner as long as he remained in this country; which,
after fome little paufe, he reluctantly accepted. William
Sheerman, his accomplice, was fentenced to receive on his
bare back, with a cat-o’nine-tails, three hundred lathes,
which ‘were inflicted.

A New Holland Caffowary was brought into camp. This
ied Vioalls feven feet high, meafuring from the ground to
‘the upper part of the head, and, in every refpea, is
much larger than the common Caffowary of all authors, and
differs fo much therefrom, in its form, as to clearly prove
it a new {pecies. The colour of the plumage is ereatly
fimilar, confifting of a mixture of dirty brown and grey;
on the belly it was fomewhat whiter; and the remarkable
ftructure of the feathers, in having two quills with their
webs arifing out of one fhaft, is feen in this as well as the
common fort. It differs materially in wanting the horny
appendage on the top of the head. The head and beak

S are

129
1788.

February.
(cepeereres maaace

130

1788.
February.

WHI E*s | JOURNAL OPP A

are much more like thofe of the oftrich than the common
Caffowary, both in fhape and fize. Upon the upper part
of the head the feathers, with which it is but thinly
covered, are very {mall, looking more like hair than fea-
thers, and in having the neck pretty well clothed with
them, except the chin and throat, which are fo thinly
covered, that the fkin, which is there of a purplifh colour,
may be feen clearly. The fmall wings are exceedingly
fhort, Whisk Sommirae ae eaktes edit ratt with the body,
as they are even lefs than thofe of the Caflowary: they
have no large quills in them, being only covered with the
fmall feathers that grow all over the body. Another fingu-
larity alfo prefents itfelf in this {pecies, which is in refpe&
to the legs. As to the back part of them, the whole
length is indented, or fawed, in a remarkable manner.
The toes are three in number, the middle one long, the
other two fhort, adi {trong claws, not unlike the fame
part of the common fpecies. On examining the vifcera,
they differed from that of every other fpecies of the fea- —
thered kind which I had ever feen; particularly in having
no gizzard, or fecond ftomach; and the liver was fo
very {mall, that it did not exceed in fize that of a black-

3 | bird,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

bird. To this liver was joined a large gall-bladder, well
diftended with bile. The crop, or ftomach, was filled
with uA leaft fix or feven pounds of grafs, flowers, and a
few berries and feeds. The inteftinal canal was at leaft
fix yards long, very wide, and of a regular cylindrical fhape
from the opening of the ftomach to the vent. The heart
and lungs were feparated by a diaphragm or midriff, and
bore a tolerable proportion to the fize of the bird. The
flefh of Le bird was very gaod, and tafted not unlike
young tender beef.

This bird is fuppofed to be not uncommon in Mew
Holland, as it has been frequently feen by our Settlers
both at Botany Bay and Port Fack/on, but is exceedingly
fhy, and runs fafter than a greyhound. One of them
however has been fhot*.

March gth. The governor, ‘with two long boats manned
and armed, returned from Broken Bay, fituated a little to the
northward, which he had been exploring for feveral days.

It affords good fhelter for fhipping, and the entrance is bold ;

* A drawing was taken from this bird, of which an engraving is annexed. It has
been lately fent to England by the governor, as a prefent to Lord Sydney, who,
through the medium of Sir Jofeph Banks, has depofited it in the collections of
Natural Hiftory of Mr. John Hunter in Leicefter Square,

S 2 it

132

1788.

March.

WHITE’ tOPOURN ALT Ge A

it cannot, however, be compared to Port Jackfon. While

he was there, he faw a great many of the natives, fome of

whom he thinks he had obferved before, either at Botany.

Bay or in the neighbourhood of Port Jackfon. One of the
females happened to fall in love with his great coat; and to
obtain it, fhe ufed a variety of means. Firft, the danced,
and played a number of antic tricks; but finding this mode
ineffeQual, fhe had recourfe to tears, which fhe fhed plenti-

fully. This expedient not anfwering, the ceafed from weeping, _

and appeared as cheerful as any of the party around her. |

From this little incident it may be feen that they are not a
people devoid of art. At Broken Bay many of the females,
young and old, had the firft joint of the little finger, on
their left hand, cut off. As this was the cafe with thofe
who were married, or appeared to be fo from their having
young children, as well as wish thofe who were too young
for a connection of that nature, it was not poflible to ac-
count for the caufe of fuch an amputation. Thefts.and depre-
dationson one another have become fovery frequent and glaring
among the convicts, that fcarcely.a day paffes without fome of
thefe miferable delinquents being punifhed. So hardened in
wickednefs and depravity are many of them, that they feem

infenfible

.
VX

VOYAGE: TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

_ infenfible to the fear of corporal punifhment, or eyen death
itfelf.

The principal bufinefs going forward at prefent is erecting
cabbage-tree huts for the officers, foldiers, and convicts ;
fome ftore-houfes, &c.; and a very good hofpital; all
which in the completion will coft a great deal of time and
‘trouble, as the timber of this country is very unfit for the
purpofe of building. Nor do I know any one purpofe for
which it will anfwer, except for fire-wood; and for that it
is excellent: but, in other refpects, it is the worft wood
that any country or climate ever produced ; although fome
of the trees, when ftanding, appear fit for any ufe whatever,
mafts for fhipping not excepted. Strange as it may be ima-
gined, no wood in this country, though fawed ever fo thin,
and dried ever fo well, will float. Repeated trials have
only ferved to convince me that, immediately on immerfion,
it finks to the bottom like a ftone.

The ftone.of this country is excellent for building, could
any kindof cement be found to keep it together. ‘There is
not any lime-ftone (I believe) in New South Wales. The
governor, notwithftanding that he had collected together
all the fhells which could be found, -for the purpofe of

obtaining

#33
1788.

March.
ae

134

1788.

March.!
Neen ened

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A
obtaining from them the lime neceflary to the conftruétion
of a houfe for his own refidence, did not procure even a
fourth part of the quantity which was wanted. The foun-
dation ftone of a private houfe for him has been laid; and a

plate of copper, with the following infcription engraved on

it, is to be placed in the wall:

ARO FeU: Ree, PE, PE TabPy iso:

Captain General in and over his Majefty’s ‘Territory
of New South Wales, and its Dependencies ;

Arrived in this Country on the 18th Day of
January, 1788, with the firft Settlers ;

And on the 15th Day of May, in the fame Year,
the firft of thefe Stones was laid.

The Supply tender returned from Norfolk Ifland; where,
with great dificulty and danger, the ftores fent with Lieu-
tenant King were landed, on account of the rockynefs of
its fhore, and the violence of the furf that almoft continually
beats upon it. In her paflage there fhe fell in with an

ifland,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

ifland, in lat. 31° 36'S, long. 159° 4’ E. never before dif-
covered, to which Lieutenant Ball, who commanded the
Supply on this occafion, gave the name of Lord Howe’s
Ifland. On her return to this port fhe ftopped at it, and
found the landing nearly, if not quite, as difficult as at
Norfolk Ifland. The fhore in many places was covered
with excellent turtle, eighteen of which were brought here,
and proved a feafonable fupply to the convicts affliated with

the fcurvy, many of whom were in a deplorable fituation.
The {malleft turtle brought from Lord Howe’s Ifland did
not weigh lefs than 1501b. They alfo found on it, in great
plenty, a kind of fowl, refembling much the Guinea fowl
in fhape and fize, but widely different in colour; they
being in general all white, with a red flefhy fubftance
rifing, like a cock’s comb, from the head, and not unlike
a piece of fealing-wax. Thefe not being birds of flight,
nor in the leaft wild, the failors availing themfelves of their
gentlenefs and inability to take wing from their purfuits,
eafily ftruck them down with fticks. There were alfo many
birds of the dove kind, as tame as the former, and caught.
with equal facility. Some of them were brought alive to
this place. Befides thefe, the fhore abounded with fea
birds

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

birds of feveral fpecies. The ifland is very barren, and not
more than twenty miles in circumference.

25th. The Scarborough, Lady Penrhyn, and Charlotte,
tranfports, being cleared of government ftores, were dif-
charged from the fervice, and are fhortly to depart for
China, in order to load home with tea, they being chartered
by the Eaft India company for that purpofe.

April 15th. His excelléncy, attended by Lieutenant Ball
of the navy, Lieutenant George Johnifton of the marines,
the judge advocate, myfelf, three foldiers, and two feamen,
landed in Manly Cove (fo called from the manly condu& of
the natives when the governor firft vifited it), on the north
fide of the entrance into Port Jackfon harbour, in order to
trace to its fource a river, which had been difcovered a few
days before. We, however, found this impradicable, owing
to a thicket and fwamp which ran along the fide of it. The
governor, anxious to acquire all the knowledge of the coun-
try in his power, forded the river in two places, and more
than up to our waifts in water, in hopes of being able to
avoid the thicket and fwamp; but, notwithftanding all his
perfeverance, we were at length obliged to return, and to
proceed along the fea fhore, a mile or two to the northward.

ayy

ih th is rena y

wud a “

Ly. Publesherad e 16 ( -
' “6 A ehermols 1): 6, f
v7 Dee pr au ett

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

At the end of this we fell in with a {mall falt-water lagoon,
on which we found nine birds, that, whilft {wimming, moft
perfectly refembled the vara avis of the ancients—a black
fwan. We difcharged feveral fhot at them, but the diftance
was too great for execution. Our frequent firing, however,
caufed them to take wing, and. they flew towards the fea,
which was very near, in the order that wild geefe generally
preferve; the one before the other. Had we not raifed
them, we fhould certainly have concluded that they were
black fwans; but their flight gave us an opportunity of
feeing fome white feathers, which terminated the tip of each
wing; in every other part they were perfectly black. Their
fize appeared not equal to that of an European fwan, but
the fhape exaétly correfponded, except about the wings,
which feemed rather fmall for the body. We not long after
difcovered the great brown King’s Fifher, of which a plate
is annexed. This bird has been defcribed by Mr. Latham
in his General Synopfis of Birds, vol. ii. p. 603, nearly to
the following purport:—The length eighteen inches; the
bill black above, and white beneath; the feathers of the
head narrow, and pretty long, fo as to form a kind of creft.
They are of a brown colour, ftreaked with paler brown; the

ft back

137

1788.
April.

138° WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A>

1788, back and wings in general brown; the lower part of the
April.

——» back and rump pale blue-green; the outer edges of the

quills blue; within and the tips black. On the wing covert
is a patel of glofly blue-green: the tail is barred with ferru-
ginous, and fteel-~black, glofled with purple; the end, for
one inch, white; the under part of the body is white, tranf-
verfely ftreaked with dufky lines ; legs yellow, claws black.

This bird is not uncommon in many iflands of the South
Seas, being pretty frequent at Mew Guinea, from whence
the fpecimen came from which Mr. Latham took his de-
{cription: it is alfo an inhabitant of Mew Holland, from
whence feveral have been fent over to England.

We rounded this lagoon, and proceeded four or five
miles weftward, along the banks of a {mall frefh-water
river, which emptied itfelf into it, and had for its fource
only a fwamp, or boggy ground. After we had paffed this
fwamp, we got into an immenfe wood, the trees of which
were very high and large, and a confiderable diftance apart,
with little under or brufh wood. The ground was not very
good, although it produced a luxuriant coat of a kind of
four grafs growing in tufts or bufhes, which, at fome dif-
tance, had the appearance of meadow land, and might be

miftaken

oD)

RAM OT be

IDebrett

SQ, br,

YT.
/

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

miftaken for it by fuperficial examiners. Here we pitched
our tents (without which the governor never travelled) for
the night, near a fwamp, out of which we were fupplied
with water, not, indeed, either of the beft or cleareft kind.
The night being cold, and a heavy dew falling, we kept up
a large fire before the tents, which, though in one refpec&t
an excellent precaution, far from chafing away, feemed to
allure the mufquitos, which tormented us inexpreflibly
during the whole night. We this day difcovered the
Bankfian Cockatoo. ‘This f{pecies was firft defcribed by Mr.
Latham, in his feventh volume or fupplement to the Ge-
neral Synopfis of Birds, and the one in the plate annexed
differs from that in fome few particulars—In Mr.
Latham’s figure the general colour is dufky black, the fea-
thers of the head longer than the reft, forming a creft;
and each of thofe on the head, back of the neck, and
major part of the wings, have a fpot of buff-colour at the
tips; the under parts of the body barred with narrow bars
of buff-colour ; the tail is black at the bottom and ends of
the feathers, but the middle of a fine red, barred irregu-
larly with black.—In our fpecimen, the general colour of
the bird is olive, or rufty black; the head feathers pretty

2 long,

139

1788.
April.

140

1788.
April.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

long, and about the fides of the head and top of it is a
mixture of fine yellow; but none of the feathers are marked
with buff at the tips, nor is the under part of the body
crofled with buff-colour. In the tail it differs {carcely at
all from Mr. Latham’s figure.

Thefe birds have been met with in feveral parts of Mew
Holland.

We likewife faw feveral Blue-bellied Parrots. This is a
very beautiful bird ; and Mr. Latham, whofe leave we have
to copy the account of it, from his Syz. vol. i. p. 213,
N° 14. B. defcribes it thus: ‘* The length is fifteen inches ;
“¢ the bill is reddifh ; orbits black; head and throat dark
‘< blue, with a oe ne: of lighter blue feathers ; back part
‘© of the head green; towards the throat yellow green;
*“ back and wings green; prime quills dufky, barred with
“* yellow ; breaft red, mixed with yellow; belly of a fine
* blue; thighs green and yellow ; tail cuneiform; the two
‘© middle feathers green; the others the fame, but bright
‘¢-vellow on the outer edges ; legs dufky.”’

This bird is a very common fpecies in various parts of
New Holland, and in great plenty both at Botany Bay and
Port Fackfon. It is found to differ much in plumage,

feveral

7
*

/.
'

Why

oe i |
De TA Pray"
¥

,
=

(yh we ot hE
aie.

vYEW! 1s CERT MAES ane

f j

5 ; : A ‘ ' . ‘ "Ta p yh A Hite) :
LAT ae I ML

ae - eis, o A}

; 4

VOYAGE TO NEW) SOUTH WALES.

feveral other varieties having been met with, which are
natives of Amboina and others of the Molucca Iflands.

16th. We purfued our route weftward, proceeding many
miles inland, without being able to trace, by a fingle veftige,
that the natives had been recently in thofe parts. We faw,
however, fome proofs of their ingenuity, in various figures
cut on the fmooth furface of fome large ftones. They con-
fifted chiefly of reprefentations of themfelves in different
attitudes, of their canoes, of feveral forts of fith and animals ;
and, confidering the rudenefs of the inftruments with which
the figures muft have been executed, they feemed to ex-
hibit tolerably ftrong likenefles. On the ftones, where the
natives had been thus exercifing their abilities in feulpture,
were feveral weather-beaten fhells. ~The country all around
this place was rather high and rocky; and the foil arid,
parched, and inhofpitable.

In the evening, after a long and fatiguing march, we fell
in with the north-weft branch of Port Jackfon Hib cce Here
the two feamen, overcome with fatigue, and having their
fhoes torn from their feet through the ruggednefs of the
road along which we had travelled, could proceed no further.
This circumftance induced the governor to confign them to

the

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

the care of Lieutenant Ball, and a marine, fupplying them
with provifions fufficient to laft them till they reached the
fhips. His excellency, with the reft of the party, pufhed
on to the weftward, by the water fide, in hopes of finding
better land, and a more open country. About four o’clock
in the afternoon we came to a fteep valley, where the flow-
ing of the tide ceafed, and a frefh-water ftream commenced.
Here, in the moft defert, wild, and folitary feclufion that
the imagination can form any idea of, we took up our
abode for the night; dreffed our provifions, wafhed our fhirts
and ftockings, and turned our inconvenient fituation to the
beft advantage in our power. Saw this day the Anomalous
Hornbill, of which a plate is annexed. This bird is fo very
fingular in its feveral charaéteriftics, that it can fcarcely be
faid to which of the prefent known genera to refer it. In
the 4:// it feems moft allied to the Aorwbi//, but the /egs are_
thofe of a ¢owcan, and the tongue is more like that of a crow
than any other: it muft therefore be left to future ornitho- |
logifts to determine the point, refting here fatisfied with
defcribing its external appearance.

The fize of the body is not much lefs than that of a crow:

the bill is very large, and bent, particularly at the tip of the
upper

2 TG B Wis
€ ey OU. pak Ht S 770 rll te

London Publisbed Dee-2y, L789 by LDebritt

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

upper mandible ; the noftrils and fpace round the eyes are
bare and red; the head, neck, and all beneath, are of a
pale grey, crofled over the thighs with dufky lines; the
back and wings dufky lead-colour, with the end of each
feather black; the tail is long and wedge-fhaped, the fea-
thers white at the ends; near which is a bar of black.
The bill and legs are brown ; the toes are placed two before
and two behind, as in the parrot or toucan genus.

This fingular bird was met with at Mew Holland, from
whence three or four fpecimens have found their way to
England, but whether it is a numerous fpecies has not been
mentioned.

The next morning we hid our tents and the remains of
our provifions, and with only a little rum, and a {mall
quantity of bread, made a forced march into the country,
to the weftward, of about. fourteen miles, without being
able to fucceed in the object of our fearch, which was for
good land well watered. Indeed, the land here, although
covered with an endlefs wood, was better than the parts
which we had already explored. Finding it, however, very
unlikely that we fhould be able to penetrate through this

immenfe foreft, and circumftanced as we were, it was

thought

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

thought more prudent to return. We, accordingly, after
an expeditious walk, reached the ftream from whence we
had fet out in the morning, and taking up the tents and
provifions which we had left, proceeded a little farther
down, to the flowing of the tide, and there pitched our
tents for the night; during which it rained very heavily,
with thunder and lightning. The Wattled Bee-eater, of
which a plate is annexed, fell in our way during the courfe
of the day. This bird is the fize of a mifjel thrufo, but much
larger in proportion; its total length being about fourteen
inches. The feathers on the upper part of the head, longer
than the reft, give the appearance of a creft; thofe of the un-
der partare fmooth; the plumage for the moft part is brown,
the feathers long and pointed, and each feather has a ftreak
of white down the middle; under the eye, on each fide, is
a kind of wattle, of an orange colour; the middle of the
belly. is yellow; the tail is wedge-fhaped, fimilar to that of
the magpie, and the feathers tipped with white; the bill
and legs are brown.

This bird feems to be peculiar to Mew Holland, and is un-
doubtedly a fpecies which has not hitherto been defcribed.

18th. -We began our progrefs early in the morning,

bending

.
j

spiny

> “ Wl ee

hendon Published as the Ack dcrects, Dec. 29, Veg ty IT Debrett

‘

\
RON)

wy
XY

>
B\

a ) -
ee Wittled Bee Cater Popicae?

London Pubtistied as the A ctr directs Dec 29, 789, by TD bre ll

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

bending our courfe down the river. Some places along
the fhore, where the tide had flowed fo as to obftrué our
paflage, we were obliged to ford; and, at times, we were under
the neceflity of climbing heights nearly inacceffible. At length,
after undergoing much fatigue, we were agreeably furprifed,
and cheered, with the fight of two boats, fent by Captain
Hunter to meet us, and juft then coming up with the
tide. By them we learnt, that Lieutenant Ball, with his
enfeebled party, had arrived fafe at the fhip the day after
they had quitted us. We all went on board the boats,
and fell down the river till we got toa pleafant little cove,
where we dined, with great fatisfaction and comfort, upon
the welcome provifions which were fent in the boats by
the governor's fteward. After having refrefhed ourfelves,
we again embarked, and about fix o’clock in the evening
arrived in Sydney Cove.

We were likewife able, during this e xcurfion, to take one of
the Gold-winged Pigeons, of whicha plate is annexed. This
bird is a cutious and fingular fpecies, remarkable for having
moft of the feathers of the wing marked with a brilliant fpot
of golden yellow, changing, in various reflections of light, to
ereen and copper-bronze; and, when the wing is clofed,

U forming

146

1788.
April.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

forming two bars of the fame acrofs it, The general colour of
the bird otherwife is brown, changing to vinaceous red on the
breaft, in the manner of our domettic fpecies. The fore part
of the head and chin are buf colour, with a freak of
brownifh red pafling on each fide through the eye. The
quills and tail are darker than the reft of the plumage, but
all the feathers of the laft, except the two middle ones,
incline to lead colour, with a bar of black near the tip.
The bill and legs are of a dull red.

This fpecies is a native of Wew South Wales, feveral of
them having been fent from Port Fack/on.

22d. Onthe morning of this day the governor, accom-
panied by the fame party, with the addition of Lieutenant
Creffwell of the marines and fix privates, landed at the
head of the harbour, with an intention of penetrating into
the country weftward, as far as feven days provifions would
admit of; every individual carrying his own allowance of
bread, beef, rum, and water. The foldiers, befide their
own provifions, carried a camp kettle, and two tents, with
their poles, &c. Thus equipped, with the additional
weight of fpare fhoes, fhirts, trowfers, together with a

great coat, or Scotch plaid, for the purpofe of fleeping in, as
the

AY
\

SRY

SUA
\ ANY
Sy

Wa PG z ) 7 i) .
Golden Vingéd e Vedgeon
Z é

London Bidtished. Dec: 2G, tisca oy TD eba

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

the nights were cold we proceeded on our deftination.
We likewife took with us a fmall hand hatchet, in order
to mark the trees as we went on; thofe marks (called in
America 4/azing) being the only guide to dire& us in our
return. The country was fo rugged as to render it almoft
impoflible to explore our way by the afliftance of the
compafs.
In this manner we proceeded for a mile or two, through
a part well covered with enormous trees, free from under-
wood. Wethen reached a thicket of brufh-wood, which
we found fo impervious, as to oblige us to return nearly
to the place from whence we had fet out in the morning.
Here we encamped, near fome ftagnant water, for the
night, during which it thundered, lightened, and rained.
About eleven o'clock the governor was fuddenly attacked
with a moft violent complaint in his fide and loins, brought
on by cold and fatigue, not having perfedly gotten the
better of the laft expedition, The next morning being
fine, his excellency, who was rather better, though ftill in
pain, would not relinquifh the object of his purfuit; and
therefore we proceeded, and foon got round the wood or
thicket which had haraffed us fo much the day before.
U 2 After

147
1788.
April.

148

1788.
April.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF OX

After we had pafled it, we fell in with an hitherto unper-
ceived branch of Port Jackfon harbour, along the bank of
which the grafs was tolerably rich and fucculent, and in
height nearly up to the middle, interfperfed with a plant
much refembling the indigo. We followed this branch
wettward for a few miles, until we came to a Sirsa frefh
water ftream that emptied itfelf into it. Here we took up
our quarters for the night, as our halts were always regulated
by frefh water, an effential point by no means to be
difpenfed with, and not very abundant, or frequently to be
met with, in this country. We madea kettle of excellent
foup out of a white cockatoo and two crows whichI had fhot,
as we came along. The land all around us was fimilar to
that which we had pafled. At night we had thunder,
lightning, and rain. The governor, though not free from
pain, was rather recovering.

cia As foon as the dew, which is remarkably heavy in
this country, was off the ground, we proceeded to trace
the river, or {mall arm of the fea. The banks of it were
now pleafant, the trees immenfely large, and at a confiderable
diftance from each other; and the Jand around us flat, and
rather low, but well covered with the kind of grafs juft

mentioned.

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

mentioned. Here the tide ceafed to flow; and all further
progrefs for boats was ftopped by a flat {pace of large broad
ftones, over which a frefh water ftream ran. Juft above this.
flat, clofe to the water-fide, we difcovered a quarry of flates;
from which we expected to derive great advantage in refpec&t
to covering our houfes, ftores, &c. it being a material
beyond conception difficult to be procured in this country ;.
but on trial it was found of no ufe, as it proved to be of
a crumbling and rotten nature. On this frefh water ftream,

as well as on the falt, we faw a great many ducks and teal ;

three of which we fhot in the courfe of the day, befides —

two crows, and fome loraquets. About four in the after-

noon, being near the head of the ftream, and fomewhat

apprehenfive of rain, we pitched our tents, before the grafs.

became wet; a circumftance which would have proved very
uncomfortable during the night. Here we had our ducks
picked, ftuffed with fome flices of falt beef, and roafted;
and never did a repaft feem more delicious; the falt beef,
ferving as a palatable fubftitute for the want of falt, gave
it an agreeable relifh, The evening cleared up, and the
night proved dry. During the latter, we heard a noife
which not a little furprifed us, on account of its refemblance

3 ta

15d

1788.

April.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OFA

to the human voice. What it proceeded from we could not
difcover ; but I am of opinion that it was made by a bird,
or fome animal. The country round us was by no means fo
good, or the grafs fo abundant, as that which we had paffed.
The water, though neither clear, nor in any great quantity,
was neither of a bad quality nor ill-tafted.

The next day, after having fowed fome feeds, we purfued °
our route for three or four miles weft, where we met wah
a mean hut, belonging to fome of the natives, but could
not perceive the fmalleft trace of their having been there
lately. Clofe to this hut we faw a Kangaroo, which had
come to drink at an adjacent pool of ftagnated water, but we
could not get within fhot of it. A little farther on, we
fell in with three huts, as deferted as the former,
and a fwamp, not unlike the American rice grounds.
Near this we faw a tree in flames, without the leaft
appearance of any natives; from which we fufpected that
it had been fet on fire by lightning. This circumftance
was firft fuggefted by Lieutenant Ball; who had remarked,
as well as myfelf, that every part of the country, though
the moft inacceflible and rocky, appeared as if, at certain
times of the year, it had been all on fire. Indeed in

I many

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

many parts we met with very large trees, the trunks of
which and branches were evidently rent, and demolifhed
by lightning. Clofe by the burning tree we faw three
kangaroos. Though by this time very much fatigued,
we proceeded about two miles farther on, in hopes of finding
fome good water, but without effe&t; and about half paft
four o’clock we took up our quarters near a ftagnant pool.
The ground was fo very dry and parched, that it was with
fome difficulty we could drive either our tent pegs or poles
into it. The country about this fpot was much clearer of
~ underwood than that which we had paffed during the day.
The trees around us were immenfely large, and the tops of
them filled with loraquets and paroquets of exquifite
beauty, which chattered to fuch a degree, that we could
fcarcely hear each other fpeak. We fired feveral times at
them, but the trees were fo very high that we killed but
few. | |

26th. We ftill directed our courfe weftward, and pafied
another tree on fire; and others which were hollow, and
perforated by a fmall hole at the bottom, in which the
natives feemed to have fnared fome animal. It was

certainly done by the natives, as the trees where thefe
holes

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

holes or perforations were, had in general many knotches
cut, for the purpofe of getting to the top ofthem. After
this we ‘crofled a water-courfe; which fhews, that at

fome feafons the rain is very heavy here, notwithftanding

that there was, at prefent, but little water in it. Beyond

the chafm, we came to a pleafant hill, the top of which
was tolerably clear of trees, and perfectly free from
underwood, His excellency gave it the name of Belle
Vewe. From the top of this hill we faw a chain of hills or
mountains, which appeared to be thirty or forty. miles
diftant, running in a north and fouth direétion. The
northernmoft being confpicuoufly higher than any of the
reft, the governor called it Richmond Hill; the next, or
thofe in the centre, Lanfdown Hills; and thofe to the
fouthward, which» are by much the loweft, Carmarthen
Fills.

In a valley below Belle Veuwe, we faw a fire, and by it
found fome chewed root of a faline tafte, which fhewed
that the natives had recently been there. The country
hereabout was pleafant tothe eye, well wooded, and covered
with long four grafs, growing in tufts. At the bottom of
this valley or flat, we crofled another water-courfe, and

afcended

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

Shecidedx hill, where the wood was fo very thick as to
obftrué& our view. Here, finding our provifions to run
fhort, our return was concluded on, though with great
reluctance; as it was our wifh, and had been our deter-
mination, to reach the hills before us if it had been poflible.
In our way back, which we eafily difcovered by the marks
made in the trees, we faw a hollow tree on fire, the finale

iffuing out of the top part as through a chimney. On

coming near, and minutely examining it, we found that it~

had been fet on fire by the natives; for there was fome
dry grafs lighted and put into the hole wherein we had
fuppofed they ufed to f{nare or take the animal before
alluded to. In the evening, where we pitched our tents,
we fhot two crows and fome loraquets, for fupper. The
night was fine and clear; during which we often heard,
-as before, a found like the human voice, and, from its
continuance on one f{pot, we concluded it to proceed from
a bird perched on fome of the trees near us.

27th. We now found ourfelves obliged to make a forced
march back, as our provifions were quite exhaufted; a
circumftance rather alarming, in cafe of lofing our way ;
which, however, we met with no difficulty in difcovering,

x by

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

by the marked trees. By our calculation we had penetrated.

into the country, to the weftward, not lefs than thirty-
two, or thirty-three miles. This day we faw the dung of an
animal as large as that of a horfe, but it was more like
the excrement of a hog, intermixed with grafs. When
we got as far back as the arm or branch of the fea which
forms the upper part of Port fackfom harbour, we faw many
ducks, but could not get within fhot of any of them. It
was now growing late; and the governor being appre-
henfive that the boats which he had ordered to attend
daily, might be, for that day, returning before we could
reach them, he fent Lieutenants Johnfton and Creflwell, with

a marine, a~head, in order to fecure fuch provifions as

might have beem fent up; and to give direGions for the
boats to come for us the next morning, as. it then appeared
very unlikely that all the party, who were, without excep-
tion, much fatigued, could be there foon enough to fave
the tide down, Thofe gentlemen accordingly went
forward, and were fo fortunate as to. be juft in time; and
they returned to us with a feafonable fupply of bread,
beef, rum, and wine. As foon as they had joined us, we
encamped for the night, en a fpot about the diftance of a

mile

.
a ‘
le

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES:

mile from the place where the boats were to take us up in
the morning. His excellency was again indifpofed, occa-
fioned by a return of his complaint, which had been brought
on by a fall intoa hollow place in the ground, that being
concealed by the long grafs, he was unable to difcern. We
pafied the next day in. examining different inlets in the
upper part of the harbour. We faw there fome of the
natives, who, in their canoes, came along-fide of the boat,
to receive fome trifles which the’governor held out to them.
In the evening we returned to Sydney Cove.

May aft. James Bennet, a youth, was executed for
robbing a ‘tent belonging to the Charlotte tranfport, of
fugar and fome other articles. Before he was turned off
he confeffed his guilt, and acknowledged, that young as he
was he had been an old offender. Some other trifling

thefts were brought before the court at the fame time,

and thofe concerned in them fentenced to receive corporeal

punifhment.

The Supply tender failed for Lord Howe’s Ifland to fetch
turtle; as did the Lady Penrhyn tranfport for China. The
Scarborough dropped down the harbour; fhe was followed the
next day by the Charlotte, and they failed in company for

x 2 | China.

135
1788.
April.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

China. Some of the natives came along-fide the Sirius, and
made figns to have their beards taken off. One of them pa-
tiently, and without fear or diftrult, underwent the operation
from the fhip’s barber, and feemed much delighted with it.
2ift. William Ayres, a convidét, who was in a ftate of
convalefcence, and to whom I had given permiffion to go
a little way into the country, for the purpofe of gathering
a few herbs wherewith to make tea, was, after night, brought
to the hofpital, with one of* the {pears ufed by the natives
fticking in his loins, It had been darted at him as he was ~

ftooping, and while his back was turned to the affailant.

‘The weapon was barbed; and ftuck fo very faft, that it

would admit of no motion. . After dilating the wound to

a confiderable length and depth, with fome difficulty I ex-
tracted the fpear, which had. penetrated the flefh nearly

_ three inches. After the operation, he informed us that he

received his wound from three of the natives, who came
behind him at a time when he fufpeced no perfon to be
near him except Peter Burn, whom he had met a little
before, employed on the fame bufinefs as himfelf. He
added, that-after they had wounded him, they beat him
in a cruel manner, and ftripping the cloaths from his back,

3 carried

Pl a 4

Han it
a Saas

Way )
He
j
| OF
oh as
my?
{a
re!
mk
‘a
’ 1 ‘
bia Fe
4 A
‘ ¥ , I
*
i ,
‘
'
i“
"a
’

y /) 5 a = y
SOE « Yuch-ton Upridte

LondinTublisched Dee 29. 1789. by LDebyett-

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

carried them off; making figns to him (as he interpreted
them) to returntothe camp. He further related, that after
they had left him, he faw Burn in the poffeflion of another
party of the natives, who were dragging him along, with
his head bléeding, and feemingly in great diftrefs; while he
himfelf was fo exhaufted with lofs of blood, that, inftead
of being able to aflift his companion, he was happy to
efcape with his life.

The Port ‘fackfon thrufb, of which a plate is annexed,
inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackfon. The top of
the head in this fpecies is blueifh-grey ; from thence down
the hind part of the neck, and the back, the colour isa
fine chocolate brown; the wings and tail are lead colour,
the edges of the feathers pale; the tail itfelf pretty long, and
even at the end; all the under parts from chin to vent are
dufky-white, except the middle of the neck, jut above the
breaft, which inclines to chocolate. The bill is of a dull
yellow; legs brown.

asth. The Supply arrived from Lord Howe’s Ifland
without a fingle turtle, the obje& for which fhe was fent:
a dreadful difappointment to thofe who were languifhing
under the feurvy; many of whom are fince dead, and there

157

1788.
May.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

is great reafon to fear that feveral others will foon thare the
fame fate. This diforder has now rifen toa moft alarming
height, without any poflibility of checking it until fome
vegetables can be raifed; which, from the feafon of the
year, cannot take place for many months. And even then
Iam apprehenfive that there will not be a fufficiency pro-
duced, fuch are the labour and difficulty which attend the
clearing of the ground. It will fcarcely be credited, when I
declare that I have known twelve men employed for five days,
in grubbing up one tree; and when this has been effected,
the timber (as already obferved) has been only fit for fire-
wood; fo that in confequence of the great labour in clearing
of the ground, and the weak ftate of the people; to which
may be added the fcarcity of tools, moft of thofe we had being
either worn out by the hardnefs of the timber, or loft in the
woods among the grafs, through the carelefinefs of the
convicts; the profped before us is not of the moft pleafing

kind. All the ftock that was landed, both public and

private, feems, inftead of thriving, to fall off exceedingly.
The number at firft was but inconfiderable, and even that
number is at prefent much diminifhed. The theep, in parti-
cular, decreafer apidly, very few ‘being now alive in the

colony,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

colony, although there were numbers, A property of Go-
ea canent or individuals, when firft landed. |

26th. Two men of the Sirius were brought before the
criminal court, and tried for aflaulting, and beating, in a
eruel manner, another man belonging to the fame veflel,
while employed on an ifland appropriated by the governor
to the ufe of the fhip. They were fentenced to receive
five hundred lathes each, but could not undergo the whole
of that punifhment, as, like moft of the perfons in the
colony, they were much afflicted with the fcurvy.

28th. Captain Hunter, his firft lieutenant, and the
furgeon of the Sirius, went to the point of land which
forms the morth head of Port Jackfon. In going there
they difcovered aw old man, with a little girl about five
_ years of age, lying clofe to the ground watching their mo-

tions, and at the fame time endeavouring to conceal them-

felves. The furgeom had his gun with him, the effe&ts of *

which: he let the old mam fee, by fhooting a bird, which fell
at his feet. The explofion at firft greatly alarmed him, but
perceiving that they intended him no ill, he foon got over
his fears. The bird was then given to him, which (having
barely plucked, and not more than half broiled it) he de-

I voured,

159

1788.
May.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

voured, entrails, bones, and all. The little girl was much ~
frightened, and endeavoured to hide herfelf behind the .
old man, to efcape the leaft obfervation.

zoth. Captain Campbell of the marines, who had been
up the harbour to procure fome rafhes for thatch, brought
to the hofpital the bodies of William Okey and Samuel Davis,
two rufh-cutters, whom he had found murdered by the natives
ina fhocking manner. Okey was transfixed through the
breaft with one of their fpears, which with great difficulty
and force was pulled out. He had two other fpears fticking
in him to a depth which muft have proved mortal. His.
fkull was divided and comminuted fo much that _his>
brains eafily found a paflage through. His eyes were out,
but thefe might have been picked away by birds. Davis
was a youth, and had only fome trifling marks of violence
about him. This lad could not have been many hours dead ;
for when Captain Campbell found him, which was among
fome mangrove-trees, and at a confiderable diftance from
the place where the other man lay, he was not ftiff, nor very
cold ; nor was he perfectly fo when brought to the hofpital.
From thefe circumftances we have been led to think that
while they were difpatching Okey, he had crept to the

trees

Yellow a re Py bahar

Si bed PD) 9. (7B by LD),

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

trees among which he was found; and that fear, united
with the cold and wet, in a great degree contributed to
his death. What was the motive or caufe of this me-
lancholy cataftrophe we have not been able to difcover ;
but from the civility fhewn, on all occafions, to the
officers, by the natives, whenever any of them were met,
I am ftrongly inclined to think that they muft have been
provoked and injured by the convidés. We this day
caught a Yellow-eared Flycatcher (fee annexed plate).
This bird is a native of Vew Holland, the fize of a martin,
and nearly feven inches in length; the bill is broad at the
bottom, and of a pale colour; the legs dufky ; the plumage
is moftly brown, mottled with paler brown; the edges of
the wing feathers yellowifh; the under part of the body
white, inclining to dufky about the chin and throat; the
tail is pretty long, and, when fpread, feems hollowed
_ out at the tip; beneath the eye, on each fide, is an irre-
gular ftreak, growing wider, and finifhing on the ears, of a
yellow or gold colour.

Early the next morning the governor, lieutenants G.
Johnfton and Kellow, myfelf, fix foldiers, and two armed
convicts, whom we took as guides, went to the place where

Y the

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

the murder had been committed, in hopes, by fome means
or other, to be able to find out, either the aétual perpe-
trators, or thofe concerned. As moft of their clothes, and
all their working tools were carried off, we expected that
thefe might furnifh us with fome clue; but in this we were
difappointed. We could not obferve a fingle trace of the
natives ever having been there. We then croffed the
country to Botany Bay, ftill flattering ourfelves that we
might be able to difcover, among a tribe at that place,
fome proof that they had been concerned ; as the governor
was refolved, on whomfoever he found any of the tools
or clothing, to fhew them his difpleafure, and, by
every means in his power, endeavour to convince them
of his motives for fuch a procedure. In our route we
faw feveral kangaroos, and fhot a very fine teal. A little
before fun-fet, after a long and fatiguing march, we
arrived at Botany Bay. When we approached the bay,

we faw eleven canoes, with two perfons in each, fifhing ;

moft of them had a fire in their canoe, a convenience

which they feldom go without at any time or feafon, but
particularly at this, as the weather was very cold. Here
we pitched our tents, for (as I have before obferved) we

never

]

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

never travel without them, and kindled large fires both
in front and rear; fill, however, the cold was fo very
intenfe that we could fcarcely clofe our eyes during the
night. In the morning the grafs was quite white with
a hoar froft, fo as to crackle under our feet. After
breakfaft we vifited the grave of the French abbé, who
died whilf&t the Count de Peyroufe was here. It was truly
humble indeed, being diftinguifhed only by a common
head-ftone, ftuck flightly into the loofe earth which
covered it, Againft a tree, juft above it, was nailed a

board, with the following infcription on it:

. HIC JACET
? LE RECEVEUR
EX F. F. MINORIBUS GALLIA SACERDOS
PHYSICUS IN CIRCUMNAVIGATIONE MUNDI
DUCE D. DE LA PEYROUSE,
OBIIT DIE 17th FEBR. ANNO 1788.

As the painting on the board could not be permanent, Go-
vernor Phillip had the infcription engraved on a plate of
copper, and nailed to the fame tree; and at fome future
day he intends to have a handfome head-ftone placed at

ane the

164.

1788.
May.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

the grave. We cut down fome trees which ftood be-
tween that on which the infcription is fixed and the
fhore, as they prevented perfons pafling in boats from
feeing it. |

Between this and the harbour’s mouth, we found forty-
nine canoes hauled upon the beach, but not a native to
be feen. After we had paffed them, we fell in with an
Indian path; and, as it took a turn towards the camp,
we followed it about two miles; when on a fudden, in a
valley or little bay, to the northward of Botany Bay, we
were furprifed at hearing the found of voices, which
we inftantly found to proceed from a great number of
the natives, fitting behind a rock, who appeared to be
equally aftonifhed with ourfelves ; as, from the filence we

obferved, they had not perceived us till we were within

twenty yards of them. Every one of them, as they got.

up, armed himfelf with a long fpear, the fhort ftick
before defcribed, ufed in throwing it, a fhield made of
bark, and either a large club, pointed at one end,
or a ftone hatchet. At firft they feemed rather hoftilely
inclined, and made figns, with apparent .tokens of anger,
for us to return; but when they faw the governor ad-

vance

:
:

VOYAGE TO NEW: SOUTH WALES.

vance towards them, unarmed, and with his hands opened
wide (a fignal we had obferved among them of amity
and peace), they, with great confidence, came up to him,
and received from him fome trifles which he had in his
pocket, fuch as fifh-hooks, beads, and a looking-glafs.
As there appeared not to be lefs than three hundred of them
in this bay, all armed, the foldiers were ordered to fix
their bayonets, and toobferve a clofe, well connected, order
of march, as they defcended the hill. Thefe people (as
already mentioned) feem to diflike red coats, and thofe
who carry arms; but, on the prefent occafion, they fhewed
very little fear or diftruft; on the contrary they, in a few
minutes, mixed with us, and conducted us toa very fine
ftream of water, out of which fome of them drank, to
fhew that it was good. The women and children kept
at fome. diftance, one or two more forward than the reft
excepted, who came to the governor for fome prefents.
While he was diftributing his gifts, the women danced (an
exercife every defcription of people in this country feem
fond of), and threw themfelves into fome not very decent
attitudes.

The men in general had their fkins fmeared all over

with

WHEE’ s JOURN AL Os A

with greafe, or fome ftinking, oily fubftance ; fome wore -
a fmall ftick, or fifh-bone, fixed crofs-ways, in the di-
vifion of the nofe, which had a very ftrange appearance;

others were painted in a variety of ways, and had their

hair ornamented with the teeth of fifth, faftened on by

gum, and the fkin of the kangaroo, As they conducted
us to the water, a toadftool was picked up by one of
our company, which fome of the natives perceiving, they
made figns for us to throw it away, as not being good
to eat. Soon after I gathered fome wood-forrel, which grew
in our way, but nane of them endeavoured to prevent me
from eating it; on the contrary, if a conclufion may be
drawn from the figns which they made relative to the
toadftool, they fhewed, by their looks, that there was nothing
hurtful in it.

We halted but a fhort time with them, as it was growing
jate, and we had a long way to walk. Before we parted
from them, the. governor gave them two {mall hand-
axes, in exchange for fome of their ftone axes and two
of their fpears. As we afcended a hill, after our de-
parture from them, eight of them followed us until we
had nearly reached the top, where one of thofe who had

been

tM OVE GE TON NEW SOUTH WALES.

been moft familiar with us made figns for us to ftop;
which we readily complying with, he ran to the fum-
mit, and made a ftrange kind of hallooing, holding at
the fame time his hands open above his head. As foon
as we came up to him, we difcovered another large body of
them in a bay, about half a mile below us. Our new friend
feemed anxious to carry us down to them; but it not being
in our way, we declined his offer. Seeing us take another
direction, he halted, and opened his hands, in order, as
we fuppofed, to put us in mind that he had received no-
thing from us; upon which we prefented him with a bird,
the only thing we had, with which he returned, to appear-
ance, fully content and fatisfied. We now proceeded to-
wards the camp, where we arrived about fun-fet.

This was the greateft number of the natives we had ever
feen together fince our coming among them. What could
be the caufe of their affembling in fuch numbers gave rife
to a variety of conjectures. Some thought they were going
to war among themfelves, as they had with them a tempo-
rary ftore of half-ftinking fifth and fern-root, the latter of
which they ufe for bread. This we remarked, as feveral

of them were cating it at the time we were among them.
Others

168

1788.
May.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

Others conjectured that fome of them had been concerned in

the murder of our men, notwithftanding we did not
meet with the {malleft trace to countenance fuch an_ opi-
nion, and that fearing we fhould revenge it, they had
formed this convention, in order to defend themfelves
againft us. Others imagined that the affemblage might be
occafioned by a burial, a marriage, or fome religious
meeting.

The Zabuan Parrot, one of which was obferved here,
and of which a plate is annexed, is a bird about eighteen
inches in length, and bigger than the Scarlet Lory. -The
head, neck, and under parts, are of a fine fcarlet;
the upper parts of the body and wings are of a beautiful
green; acrofs the upper part of the wing coverts is
an oblique bar of yellowifh green, more gloffy than the
reft; the lower part of the back and rump is blue; there is
alfo a {mall patch of blue at the lower part of the neck be-
hind, between a fcarlet and green, dividing thofe colours ;
the tail is pretty long, and of an olive brown colour; the
bill is reddifh; the legs deep brown, nearly black.

The Female is moftly green; the head, neck, and under
parts olive brown; belly red; rump blue; tail, on the

upper furface, green; beneath, dufky.

The

“yo

4, ey Aj
e Vab-uus e Liarvvot.

London, Lutliched Dee- 2G, WEY by LDebveli

¥ iw 4 p* } ees , y
pe ON ea mo . ;

7 « 2
on
“a
7 @
ah" Se
we
i) ><
¢
oie
oe)
*
. ~
es
S ia
rf
x - al j
7 fs ‘al
i (ler Ay
t ¥
: : ‘
"*Li ) P ee ;
f ry ha Fae
RAY, ‘ Ls
]
t ¥ .
-
Fa
4
. :

' VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

The above inhabits Botany Bay, and feems much allied
to the Zabuan Parrot defcribed by Mr. Latham, in his
3 Synopfis of Birds; but in that the head, neck, and under
parts, incline to purplith or chocolate colour; both quills
and tail are blue, more or lefs edged with green, and a
crefcent of blue at the back part of the neck; it has alfo
the under jaw furrounded with green feathers. It is probable,
therefore, that our bird is only a variety of the Tabuan
fpecies. !

June 4th. This being the anniverfary of his Majefty’s
birth-day, and the firft celebration of it in New South Wales,
his excellency ordered the Sirius and Supply to fire twenty-
one guns at fun-rife, at one o’clock, and at fun-fet. Im-
mediately after the King’s fhips had ceafed firing, at one
o'clock, the Borrowdale, Friendfhip, Fifhburne, Golden
Grove, and Prince of Wales, fired five guns each. The
battalion was under arms at twelve, and fired three vollies,
fucceeded by three cheers. After this ceremony had taken
place, the lieutenant-governor, with all the officers of the
fettlement, civil and military, paid their refpe@s to his
excellency, at his houfe. At two o'clock they all met
there again to dinner, during which the band of mufick

Ty played

“190

1788,

June.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

played ‘*God fave the King,” and feveral excellent marches.
After the cloth was removed, his Majefty’s health was
drank with three cheers. The Prince of Wales, the Queen
and royal family, the Cumberland family, and his Royal
Highnefs Prince William Henry, fucceeded. His Majefty’s
minifters were next given; who, it was obferved, may be
Pitted againft any that ever conducted the affairs of Great
Britain.

When all the public toafts had gone round, the governor
nominated the diftrid which he had takes poffeffion of,
Cumberland County ; and gave it fuch an extent of boundary
as to make it the largeft county in the whole world. His
excellency faid, that he had intended to have named
the town, and laid the firft ftone, on this aufpicious day ;
but the unexpected difficulties which he had met with,
in clearing the ground, and from a want of artificers,
had rendered it impoflible; he therefore put it off till a
future day. Its name, however, we underftand, is to be
Ausion. The day was pafled in cheerfulnefs and good-
humour; but it was a little damped by our perceiving that
the governor was in great pain, from a return of his
complaint. Though his countenance too plainly indicated

the

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

the torture which he fuffered, he took every method
in his power to conceal it, left it fhould break in upon
the feftivity and harmony of the day. His excellency or-
dered every foldier a pint of porter, befides his allow-
ance of grog; and every convict half a pint of fpirits,
made into grog, that they all may drink his Majefty’s
health; and, as it was a day of general rejoicing and
feftivity, he likewife made it a day of forgivenefs ; remitting
the remainder of the punifhment to which the failors of the
Sirius were fubject, and pardoning Lovel, Sideway, Hiall,.
and Gordon, who had been confined on a little fterile
ifland, or rather rock, fatuated in the harbour, until a
place of banifhment could be found. This ac of lenity
and mercy, added to many others which the governor had
fhewn, it is to be hoped will work fome change on the
minds of thefe men. Indeed fome good may be expected
from Hall and Gordon, who, fince their fentence, have
appeared penitent ; but from Lovel and Sideway very little
change for the better can be expected, becaufe they feem
fo truly abandoned and incorrigible. At night every perfon
attended an immenfe bonfire that was lighted for the occafion ;
after which the principal officers of the fettlement, and of

ile: the

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

the men of war, fupped at the governor’s, where they termi-
nated the day in pleafantry, good humour and cheerfulnefs.

The next morning we were aftonifhed at the number of
thefts which had been committed, during the general fefti-
vity, by the villanous part of the convidés, on one another,
and on fome of the officers, whofe fervants did not keep a
ftri& look-out after their marquées. Availing themfelves thus
of the particular circumftances of the day, is a ftrong inftance
of their unabated depravity and want of principle, Scarcely
a day pafles without an example being made of fome one
or other of thefe wretches; but it feems to have no manner
of effect upon them.

roth. John Afcott and Patrick Burn, two convicts,
were brought before the criminal court, and profecuted by
Lieutenant G. William Maxwell of the Sirius, and Mr.
Kelter the Mafter of the fame fhip, for having, a few nights
before, in a riotous manner, with many more of the con-
victs, attacked fome feamen belonging to the men of war,
and behaving in an infolent and contemptuous manner to
them. After a long and judicious hearing, the prifoners
were acquitted, as the charge brought againft them was by |

no means fubftantiated.

26th,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

26th. About four in the afternoon a flight fhock of
an earthquake was felt at Sidney Cove, and its environs.
This incident had fo wonderful an effe& on Edward Corbett,
a convict, who had eloped about three weeks before, on a
difcovery being made of his having ftolen a frock, that he
returned and gave himfelf up to juftice. A few days ante-
-cedent to his return, he had been outlawed; and was fup-
pofed to have driven of with him four cows, the only
animals of this kind in the colony. This, however, he
denlancd himfelf innocent of ; but confefled his having com-
mitted the theft laid to his charge. The ftri@teft fearch
was made, but in vain, after the cows. It is probable
that they have ftrayed fo far off in this endlefs wild, as to
be irrecoverably loft. Previoufly to the return of Corbett
he muft have fuffered very feverely from hunger; his eyes
were funk into his head, and his whole appearance fhewed
that he had been half ftarved. While he was abfent, he
fays, he frequently fell in with the natives, who, though
they never treated him ill, did not feem to like his com-
pany. He informed us, that in a bay adjacent to that
where the governor and his party had met with fo many of
the natives, he faw the head of one of the conviéts lying near

the

173
1788.

June.

WAYTTE’s JOUR RATS Og A

the place where the body had been burnt in a large fire.
This, in all likelihood, was Burn, who was carried off at
the time Ayres was wounded, as he has not been heard
of fince.

The natives of this country, though their mode of fub-
fifting feems to be fo very f{canty and precarious, are, I
am convinced, not cannibals. One of their graves, which
I faw opened, the only one I have met with, contained a
body which had evidently been burned, as {mall pieces of
the bones lay in the bottom of it. The grave was neatly
made, and well covered with earth and boughs of
trees.

The Pennantian Parrot (of which fee plate annexed) was
about this time firft noticed. The general colour of ithe body,
in the male, is crimfon; the feathers of the back black in
their middle; the chin and throat blue ; the wings blue, with
a bar of a paler colour down the middle of them ; the tail is
Jong, and blue alfo, and all but the two middle feathers have
the ends very pale.

The female differs, in having the upper parts of the neck
and body of a greenifh colour; the top of the head red,

‘ and a patch of the fame under each eye; the chin and

throat

tifa
Snniantbin

London Published Dee-2g 1780)

) Cf? ,
¢ Vepipitaetta@ Servo, S appten

London Putluhed Dee: 29. 1789. by TDebrett

VOYAGE TO: NEW SOUTH WALES.

throat blue; lower part of the neck and breaft red; as are
the rump -and vent; the middle of the belly dufky green ;
tail dark blue, fringed with chefnut; fhoulders blue; the
reft of the wing the fame, but darker; bill and legs as
in the male.

24th. The governor revoked the decree by which Corbett
was outlawed, and he was tried by the criminal court,
fimply for the theft he had committed, and fentenced to be
hanged. Samuel Payton, a convict, likewife received the
fame fentence, for felonioufly entering the marquée of Liecu-
tenant Fuzer, on the night of the fourth of June, and fteal-
ing from thence fome fhirts, ftockings, and combs. His
trial had been put off to the prefent time, on account of a
wound in his head, which he had received from Captain Lieu-
tenant Meredith, who, on his return from the bonfire, found
Payton in his marquee. When brought to the hofpital, in
confequence of the wound which he had received, he was
perfectly fenfelefs. During the time he remained under my
care, I frequently admonifhed him to think of the perilous
fituation he then ftood in, and to make known the accom-
plices whom he was fuppofed to have; but he firmly and
uniformly denied his guilt; and difclaimed his having any

knowledge

175
1788,

June.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

knowledge of, or concern in, robbing Lieutenant Fuzer.

He further faid, that he did not recolle@ how he came to

Captain Lieutenant Meredith’s tent, or any circumftance

relative to it. However, fince he received his fentence, he
has confeffed that he robbed Lieutenant Fuzer; and gave
him information where to find the articles he had been
robbed of: he at the fame time acknowledged that he

entered Mr. Meredith’s marquée with an intention to rob
q

him, doubting not but he fhould be able to make his efcape —

undifcovered, as every one feemed fo fully engaged on the
pleafures of the day. |

When he and Corbett were brought to the fatal tree, they
(particularly Payton) addrefled the convicts in a pathetic,
eloquent, and well-directted fpeech. He acknowledged the
juftice of his fentence ; a fentence, which (he faid) he had
long deferved. He added, that he hoped and trufted that
the ignominious death he was about to fuffer, would ferve
as a caution and warning to thofe who faw and heard him.

They both prayed moft fervently, begging forgivenefs of an

offended Gop. They likewife hoped, that thoie whom ~

they had injured, would not only forgive them, as they
themfelves did all mankind, but offer up their prayers to

a merciful

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

a merciful Repezmer that, though fo great finners, they
might be received into that blifs, which the good and vir-
tuous only can either deferve or expect. They were now
turned off; and in the agonizing moments of the feparation
of the foul from the body feemed to embrace each other.
‘The execution of thefe unhappy youths, the eldeft of whom
was not twenty-four years of age, which feemed to make a
greater impreflion on the convicts than any circumftance
had done fince their landing, will induce them, it is to
be hoped, to change their conduét, and: to adopt a better
mode of life than, I am forry to fay, they have hitherto
purfued. 7

The principal bufinefs now going forward, is the erecting
huts for the marines and conviés, with the cabbage-tree.
We have been here nearly fix months, and four officers only
as yet got huts: when the reft will be provided with them
feems uncertain; but this I well know, that living in tents,
as the rainy feafon has commenced, is truly uncomfortable,
and likely to give a fevere trial to the ftrongeft and moft
robuft conftitution.

The trees of this country are immenfely large, and clear
of branches to an amazing height. While ftanding, many

Aa of

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

of them look fair and good to the eye, and appear fufficient

to make a maft for the largeft fhip ; but, when cut down,
they are {carcely convertible to any ufe whatever. At the
heart they are full of veins, through which an amazing
quantity of an aftringent red gum iflues. This gum I
have found very ferviceable in an obftinate dyfentery that
raged at our firft landing, and ftill continues to do fo,
though with lefs obftinacy and violence.’ When thefe
trees are fawed, and any way expofed to the fun, the cum
mielts, or gets fo very brittle, that the wood falls to pieces,
and appears as if ‘the pieces had been joined together with
this fubftance. How any kind of houfes, except thofe built
of the cabbage tree, can be raifed up, the timber being fo
exceedingly bad, it is impoflible to determine.

I have already faid that the ftone of this country is well
calculated for building, could any kind of cement be
found to keep them together. As for lime-ftone, we have
not yet difcovered any in the country; and the fhells
colle@ed for that purpofe have been but inconfiderable.
From Captain Cook’s account, one would be led to fuppofe
that oyfter and cockle fhells might be procured in fuch
quantities, as to make a fufficiency of lime, for the

purpofe

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

purpofe of conftrudting at leaft a few public buildings;

but this is by no means the cafe. That great navigator,

notwithftanding his ufual accuracy and candour, was.

certainly too lavifh of his praifes on Botany Bay.

The peculiarity I have mentioned relative to the wood
of this place is ftrange. There are only three kinds of it,
dnd neither of them will float on the water. We have
found another refin here, not unlike the balfam Tolu in
{mell and effe@, but differing widely in colour, being of a
_ clear yellow, which exudes from the tree. This, however,
is not to be met with in fuch quantities as the red gum
before mentioned, nor do I think that its medicinal virtues
are by any means fo powerful. A kind of earth has been
difcovered which makes good bricks, but we ftill are in
want of a cement for them as well as for the ftone.

What animals we have yet met with have been moftly
of the Opoffum kind. The Kangaroo, fo very accurately
delineated by Captain Crsadl. is certainly of that clafs, and
the largeft animal feen in the country. One has been brought
- into camp which weighed a hundred and forty-nine pounds.
Ske. plate annexed. The conformation of this animal is
peculiarly fingular. Its hinder parts have great mufcular

ye ae power,

179
1788.

June.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A
power, and are, perhaps, beyond all parallel, out of
proportion, when compared with the fore parts. As it
goes, it jumps on its two hind legs, from twenty to twenty-

eight feet, and keeps the two fore ones clofe to the breaft ;

thefe are fmall and fhort, and it feems toufe them much

like afquirrel. The tail of thefe animals is thick and long;
they keep it extended, and it ferves as a kind of counterpoife
to the head, which they carry erect, when bounding at
full {peed. ‘The velocity of a Kangaroo as far outftrips
that of a greyhound, as that animal exceeds in fwiftnefs a .

common dog. It is a very timid, fhy, and inoffenfive

creature, evidently of the granivorous kind. Upon our

firft difcovering one of them, as it does not ufe its fore feet
to affift it in running, or rather jumping, many were of
opinion that the tail, which is immenfely large and long,
was made ufe of by them in the a of progreflion ; but this
is by no means the cafe. Had it been ufed in fuch a manner,
the hair would probably have been worn away from the
part which, of courfe, muft be applied to the ground, ‘The
tail, from its fize and weight, feems to ferve it for a weapon
both of defence and offence; for it does not appear that
nature has provided it with any other. Its mouth and head,

even

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

even when full grown, are too {mall forit to do much
execution with the teeth ; nor is the conformation of either
at all calculated for the purpofe. Indeed, its fore feet,
which it ufes, as a fquirrel or monkey, to handle any thing
with, and which aflift it in lying down, are too fmall,
and out of proportion, as are all the fuperior parts, to
admit of its either poflefling or exerting much ftrength.
It has been reported by fome convicts who were out one
day, accompanied by a large Newfoundland dog, that the
latter feized a very large Kangaroo, but could not preferve
its hold. They obferved that the animal effected its efcape
by the defenfive ufe it made of its tail, with which it ftruck
its affailant in a moft tremendous manner. ‘The blows
were applied with fuch force and efficacy, that the dog
was bruifed, in many places, till the blood flowed. They
obferved that the Kangaroo did not feem to make any ufe
of either its teeth or fore feet, but fairly beat off the dog
with its tail, and efcaped before the convi@s, though
at no great diftance, could get up to fecure it.

The female has a pouch or pocket, like the Opoffum,
in which fhe carries her young. Some have been thot with
a young one, not larger than a walnut, flicking to a teat

181

1788.

June.

WHITE’s JOURNAE OF A

in this pocket. Others, with young ones not bigger than
arat: one of which, moft perfe@ly formed, with every mark
and diftinguifhing charaéteriftic of the Kangaroo, I have
fent to Mr. Wilfon, of Gower Street, Bedford Square.
There is a peculiar formation in the generative parts
of this animal. Of its natural hiftory we at prefent know

little; and therefore as we are fo unacquainted with its

habits, haunts, and cuftoms, to attempt particular and

accurate defcriptions of it might beget error, which time,
or a fuller knowledge of its properties, would diredly
Be Sie As to mere conjectures (and fuch too: often
are impofed upon the public for inconteftible facts), . it.
cannot be improper to fupprefs them. : re Pee

Every animal in this country partakes, ina great meafure,
of the nature of the Kangaroo. We have the Kangaroo
Opoflum, the Kangaroo Rat, &c. In fact every quadruped
that we have fen, except the flying fquirrel, and a {potted
creature, nearly the fize of a Martin, refembles the Kangaroo
in the formation of the fore legs and feet, which bear
no proportion to the length of the hind legs.

The fcarcity of boats will prevent our being fo well
fupplied with fifth, as otherwife might be expected. Fifth

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

is far holt abounding at the cold feafon of the year; but,
in the fummer, judging from the latter end of the laft, we
have every reafon to conclude that the little bays and coves
in the harbour are well ftored with them. The fith
caught here are, in general, excellent; but feveral of them,
like the animals in fome degree refembling the Kangaroo,
partake of the properties of the fhark. The land, the grafs,
the trees, the animals, the birds, and the fifh, in their
different fpecies, approach by ftrong fhades of fimilitude
toeach other. A certain likenefs runs through the whole.
July 8th. A party of the natives came to the place
where the Sirius’s boat had been to haul the feine, and
having beaten the crew, took from them by force a
patt of the fifh which they had caught. It is a ereat
misfortune to us that we cannot find proper wood in this
place wherewith to build a boat; particularly as fith is
not only fo very plentiful in the fummer, but the only
change from falt provifions which we can procure, there
being neither wild nor domeftic animals fit for food.
Here, where no other animal nourifhment is to be procured,
the Kangaroo is confidered as a dainty; but in any other

country I am fure that fuch food would be thrown to

the

183

1788.

June.

184
1788.

July.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OFA

the dogs; for it has very little or no fat about it, and,
when fkinned, the flefh bears fome likenefs to that of a
fox or lean dog.

A few days fince a civil court of jurifdi@ion (which
confifted of the judge advocate, the Reverend Mr. Johnfon,
and myfelf), was convened, by his excellency, to hear
a complaint made againft Duncan Sinclair, mafter of the
Alexander tranfport, by Henry Coble and Sufannah his
wife (the Norwich conviés who fo much excited the
public attention), for the non-delivery of a parcel fent on
board the Alexander, by Mrs. Jackfon of Somerfet Street,
containing wearing apparel, books, and other things,
for the ufe of the faid Henry Coble, his wife, and child,
value twenty pounds. The parcel was proved (and this
even by the acknowledgment of the mafter) to have been
received on board; and it likewife appeared in evidence
that, on moving it from one part of the fhip to another,
the package had broken, and the books had fallen out,
which books the conviét faid had been delivered to him.
The court, after deducting five pounds (the value of the
books received), gave a verdict in favour of the couple,

in whofe caufe the world had feemed fo much to intereft

themfelves,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

and in confequence of the authority unto them granted by
A& of Parliament, in fuch cafes made and provided,
they adjudged the mafter of the tranfport fully to ‘com-
penfate the lofs of the convicts, amounting to fifteen
pounds. - Sinclair confidered it as oppreflive to be obliged
ta pay for that on account of which he had not received
any freightage ; but this objeétion had no weight with
the court, as the fhip was in the fervice.of government,
and paid for the fole purpofe of conveying thefe people,
and the little property which they poffeffed, to this
country. |

July 13th. The Alexander, Friendfhip, and Prince
of Wales tranfports, with the Borrowdale victualler, failed
for England. His Majefty’s brig the Supply failed at
the fame time for Norfolk Ifland, with provifions, &c.
for the people there.

21ft. I went down the harbour, with the mafter of
the Golden Grove victualler, ta look for a cabbage tree, as
a covering for my hut. On our return, we fell in with three
canoes that had been out fifhing. We rowed towards them,
when the natives in them fuddenly appeared intimidated,
and paddled away with all poflible difpatch. Willing to

Bb convince

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

convince them that they had nothing to dread from us, we
rowed after them, in order to prefent them with fome trifles
which we had about us. | When we approached the canoes,
an old woman in one of them began to caft her fith overboard,
in great hafte; whether it was for fear that we fhould take
them from her, or whether fhe threw them to us, we could
not afcertain. However, when we came along-fide, our
condu& foon convinced her that her alarms, with refpecé
to us, were groundlefs. She had in the canoe with her
a young girl, whom, as fhe wore a complete apron, we
could not help confidering as fuch an inftance of female
decency, as we had not at any other time obferved among
the natives. The girl did not betray the leaft fign of
apprehenfion, but rather feemed pleafed at the interview.
She laughed immoderately, either at us, or at the petulance
fhown by the old woman, who, I believe, was more terrified:
on the girl’s account than on her own. After this we
left them fully fatisfied that we didnot mean. to offer them
any injury.

We difcovered the Mew Holland Creeper; (See plate
annexed). ‘The general colour of the bird is black, {potted
in various parts ‘with white: the ‘bill is dufky, growing paler

towards

an ae x
"Cra CCE Gy.

Cc OO?
F { and Cpccper

London Publohed Dec. 2, TEobYy LDebrett.

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

towards the tip. The neck, breaft, belly, and fides are
more or lefs ftreaked with white; over the eye is alfo a
white ftreak, and the fides of the neck and beginning
of the back have likewife fome ftreaks of the fame. The
| quills and tail feathers are marked with yellow on the outer
margins; the laft are rounded in fhape, and two or three
of the outer feathers fpotted within, at the tip, with white;
legs dutky; is about the fize of a nightingale, and
meafures feven inches in length. It is probably a non-
defcript {pecies. —

A party of convicts, who had croffed the country to
Botany Bay to gather a kind of plant refembling balm,
which we found to be a good and pleafant vegetable, were
met by a fuperior number of the natives, armed with fpears
and clubs, who chafed them for two miles without being
able to overtake them; but if they had fucceeded in the
purfuit, it is probable that they would have put them to
death ; for wherever perfons unarmed, or inferior in num-
bers, have fallen in with them, they have never failed to
maltreat them. The natives had with them fome middling
fized dogs, fomewhat refembling the fpecies called, in
England, fox-dogs. A fervant of Captain Shea being

Bb 2 one

187
1788.

July.
ante ieee ed

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

one day out fhooting, he found a very young puppy,
belonging to the natives, eating part of a dead Kangaroo
He brought it to the camp, and it thrives much. The dog,
in fhape, is rather fhort and well made; has very fine hair
of the nature of fur, and a fagacious look. When found,
though not more than a month old, he fhowed fome fymp-
toms of ferocity. It was a confiderable time before he
could be induced to eat any flefh that was. boiled, but he |
would gorge it raw with great avidity. (See plate annexed).

23d. The blackfmith’s fhop, which was built of
common brufh wood, was burnt down. Very fortunately
for us, the bellows and the other tools were, through
the exertion of the people, faved. To effe& this was no
eafy point, as, in the courfe of three or four minutes,
the wood being very dry, every part of the fhop was in
flames.

29th. One of the conviés was met by fome of the
natives, who wounded him very feverely in the breaft
and head with their fpears. They would undoubtedly
have deftroyed him had he not plunged into the fea,
near which he happened to be, and by that means faved
himfelf. When he was brought to the hofpital he was

very

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

very faint from the lofs of blood, which had flowed
plentifully from his wounds. A piece of a broken fpear
had entered through the fealp and under his ear, fo that
the extraction gave him great pain. Their {pears are
made of a kind of cane which grows out of the tree that
produces the yellow gum; they are ten or twelve feet
long; pointed, and fometimes barbed, with a piece of
the fame cane or the teeth of fifh. Thefe they throw,
with the affiftance of the fnort ftick already mentioned,
which has a fhell made faft to the end of it with the
yellow gum. With this gum they likewife faften their
barbs to their fpears and fifh-gigs. The latter of thefe
differ from the former by having four prongs, and being
always barbed; which is not generally the cafe with the
{fpears. Their fpears, the only weapon they are ever feen
to have that may be confidered in any degree as dangerous,
they throw thirty or forty yards with an unerring precifion..
When equipped for any exploit, they are alfo armed
with a fhield made of the bark of a tree, with which
they very dexteroufly ward off any thing thrown at them..
An humble kind of feymitar; a bludgeon, or club,.
about twenty inches long, with a large and pointed end.;:

andi

189

1788.
July.

1.90

1788.

July.

WHITE’s FOURNAL OF A
and fometimes a ftone hatchet; make up the catalogue
of their military implements. :

We this day fhot a Knob-fronted Bee-eater; (See plate
annexed). This is about the fize of a blackbird; the
plumage moftly brown above and white beneath; the
head and upper part of the neck are fparingly covered
with narrow feathers, almoft like hairs; but the fore part

of the neck and breaft are furnifhed with long ones, of a

white colour and pointed at the ends; the tail is pretty
long, and the feathers tipped with white; the bill is
about one inch in length, and pale; but what is moft
remarkable, ori the forehead, juft at the bafe of the bill,
is a fhort blunt knob, about a quarter of an inch in
length, and of a brownifh colour; the tongue is nearly
of the length of the bill, and briftly at the end; the
legs are brown. ‘This inhabits -Mew South Wales, and
is fuppofed to be a non-defcript {pecies.

This day three canoes, with a man and woman in each,
came behind the point on which the hofpital is built, to fifh.
I went over to them, as did two other gentlemen, my
affiftants, without their fhewing any fear at our coming;
on the contrary, they manifefted a friendly confidence.

(aie a

=a ie ee ies:

Ay
a Pa

SS Paes) Be, @
Sint = VOMMEL H€e VILL >)

London Publihed Deeo- 241789 by LDebret

aati

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

We gave them fome bread, which they received with appa-
rent pleafure, but did not eat any of it while in our prefence.
We likewife prefented them with a looking-glafs, but
this they received with indifference, and feemed to hold

in no kind of eftimation. I gave one of the women a

- pocket handkerchief, which fhe immediately tied round

her head, and fhewed great fatisfaGtion. She had a
young child between her knees in the canoe, (the way in
which they always carry their infants), for whom fhe
folicited fomething, in the moft fuppliant tone of voice
I ever heard. The only thing 1 had about me was a
natrow flip of linen, which I gave her; and trifling
as it was, fhe appeared to be perfectly fatished with it,
and bound it round the child’s head. She would not
come out of the canoe, though along-fide the rocks; but
the man quitted it, and fhewed us fome wild figs that
grew mear at hand. Such as were green and unripe he
did not pull; but, after fome fearch, having found one
that was tolerably ripe, he made me pluck it and put
it into his mouth. He eat it with an apparent relifh,
and fmacked chis lips, after he had fwallowed it, to
convince us how good it was,

192

1788.

July.
amen, eee!

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

“At fome little diftance from the place where we were
a fheep lay dead. As foon ashe had difcovered it, he took
it by the horns, and, as well as we could underftand him,
he was extremely inquifitive and anxious to know what it
was. When his curiofity was fatisfied, he went into the
canoe, where the woman had been waiting for him.
About ten or twenty yards from the fhore, among the
long grafs, in the fhallow water, he ftruck and took with
his fith-gig feveral good fifh; an acquifition to which,
at this feafon of the year, it being cold and wet, we
were unequal. While he was engaged in watching for them,
both he and the woman chewed fomething, which they
frequently fpit into the water; and which appeared to us,
from his immediately ftriking a fifh, to be a lure. While
they were thus employed, one of the gentlemen with
me fung fome fongs; and when he had done, the females
in the canoes either fung one of their own fongs, or imitated
him, in which they fucceeded beyond conception. Any
thing fpoken by us they moft accurately recited, and
this in a manner of which we fell greatly fhort in our
attempts to repeat their language after them.

While we were thus amicably engaged, all on a fudden

they

4
c
“s
ti
.
HH
‘
'
- >)

Y4 Uf
age A Lif (PD

(aw:
thi He

( )
e Vite)

London Published Dee: 29.1789 by LDebrett

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

they paddled away from us. On looking about to dif
_ cover the caufe, we perceived the gunner of the Supply
at fome little diftance, with a gun in his hand; an
inftrument of death, againft which they entertain an_
infuperable averfion. As foon as I difcovered him,
called to him to ftay where he was, and not make a nearer
approach; or, if he did, to lay down his gun, The
Jatter requeft he immediately complied with; and when
the natives faw him unarmed, they fhewed no further
fear, but returning to their employment, continued
alternately to fing fongs, and to mimic the gentlemen
who accompanied me.

We this day fhot the Sacred Kings-Fifber (See Plate
annexed). This bird is about the fize of a thrufh, and
meafures nearly ten inches in length: the top of the
head is blue, aad crefted ; fides of the head, and back
part of it, black; over the eye, from the noftrils, a rufty
coloured ftreak; the chin, the middle of the neck, all
round, and allthe under part of the body, buff-colour,
more or lefs inclining to ruft; the upper part of the
plumage chiefly blue; but the beginning of the back is
black, as are alfo the quills and tail feathers within,

Cec bein»

193 |
1788,

Auguft.
SS ee

T 94.

1788.
Auguft.
Nace reed

WHITE’s) JOURNAL OFA

being blue only on the outer edges; the bill is large
pnd black, but the bafe of the under jaw is whitifh;
Ric legs are brown, ‘This bird is fubje@ to great variety,
feveral of them being mentioned .by Mr. Latham in. his
4 iopfis. The prefent feems to come. neareft his Var. G
See vol. ii, page 622, of that work.

Aueuft rath. Celebrated) the Prince of Wales’s birth=

day. The men of war fired a royal falute, and all

the officers in the colony, civil and military, dined
with the governor. The evening was fpent in making
bonfires, and. teftifying fuch other demonftrations of joy
as could be fhewn in this country... The weather is now
very. wet and cold, and has been fo for the laft fix
weeks. Several mornings we have had a hoar froft, and
a few diftin@ pelicles of ice were formed on fhallow
fpots of water; the thermometer frequently as low as

the freezing point.
16th. A convi&t who had been out gathering what
they called fweet tea, about a mile from the camp, met
a party of the natives, confifting of fourteen, by whom
he was beaten, and alfo flightly wounded with the fhell-
ftick ufed in throwing their fpears; they then made him
{trip,

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

ftrip, and would have taken from him his clothes, and
probably his life, had it not been for the report of

‘two mufquets; which they no fooner heard, than they

ran away. ‘This party were returning from the wood, _

with cork, which they had been cutting, either for th ;
canoes or huts; and had with them no other inftruments
than thofe that were neceffary for the bufinefs on which
they were engaged; fuch as a ftone hatchet, and the
fhell ftick before mentioned. Had they been armed
with any other weapons, the convié would probably
have loft his life. ,

That which we call the fweet tea, is a creeping kind
of vine, running to a great extent along the ground;
the ftalk is not fo thick as the fmalleft honey-fuckle ;
‘nor is the leaf fo large as the common bay leaf, though
fomething fimilar to it; and the tafte is fweet, exaély
like the liquorice root of the fhops. Of this the convicts
and foldiers make an infufion which is tolerably pleafant,
and ferves as no bad fuccedanewm for tea. Indeed were
it to be met with im greater abundance, it would be found
very beneficial to thofe poor creatures, whofe conftant
diet is falt provifions. In ufing it for medical purpofes,

Cc 2 I have

195

1788,
Auguft.

WHITE’sOFOURN AL OFM KR

I have found it to be a good pectoral, and, as I before
obferved, not at all unpleafant. (See Plate annexed). We
have alfo a kind of fhrub in this country refembling the

common broom; which produces a fmall berry like a

white currant, but, in tafte, more fimilar to a very four

green goofeberry. This has proved a good antifcorbutic;
but I am forry to add, that the quantity to be met with
is far from fufficient to remove the fcurvy. That diforder
ftill prevails with great violence, nor can we at prefent find
any remedy againft it, notwithftanding that the coun-
try produces feveral forts of plants and fhrubs, which,
in this place, are confidered as tolerable vegetables, and
ufed in common, The moft plentiful, is a plant growing
on the fea fhore, greatly refembling fage: Among it are
often to be found famphire, and a kind of wild fpinage,
befides a fmall fhrub which we diftinguifh by the name of
the vegetable tree, and the leaves of which prove rather a
pleafant fubftitute for vegetables.

22d. His Excellency Governor Phillip, Lieutenant George
Johnfton, his Adjutant of Orders, Lieutenant Crefiwell of
the Marines, myfelf, and fix foldiers, landed in Manly

Cove, in order to examine the coaft to Broken Bay. Ata

fhort

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

fhort diftance from the fhore, we faw fixteen canoes, with
two-péerfons in each, and in fome three, employed in fifhing.
They feemed to take very little notice as we paffed thei,
fo very intent were they on the bufinefs in which they were
engaged. On our landing, we faw fixty more of the natives,
about ‘two hundred yards diftant from us. Some of them
immediately came up to us, and were very friendly. A
black man, who carried our tents, gave two of them a
ftocking each, with which they feemed much pleafed; and
pointing tothe naked leg; exprefled a great defire to have
that alfo clothed. -'The morning was fo cold, that thefe
poor wretches ftood fhivering on the beach, and appeared
to be very fenlible of the comfort and advantage of being
clothed.

We fent back our boats, and proceeded northward along
the coaft about fix miles, where we were forced to halt
for near two hours, until the tide had run out of a lagoon,
or piece of water, fo as to admit of its being forded.
While we were detained here, an old native came to us,

and, in the moft friendly manner, pointed out the thalloweft

part of the water we had to crofs; but the tide ran with too®

much rapidity at that time for us to attempt it, After we
| had

198

1788.

Auguft.
eed

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

had waded through, one of our company fhot a very! fine ~

duck, which we had. dreffed for fupper, on a little eminence
by the fide of a cabbage tree {wamp, ‘about half a mile
from the runof thetide. Here the whole party got as much
cabbage, to eat with their falt, provifions, as ‘they chofe.
While we had been detained by the tide, feveral natives
were on the oppofite fide, who alfo. pointed out to
us the fhoaleft water, and appeared, by their, fgns and
geftures, to wifh us very much to come over; but before
the tide was fufficiently low, they went away. One of
them wore a fkin of a reddifh colour roynd his) fhoulders.
Near the place where we pitched our tent, we faw feveral
quails exactly like thofe in England. I fired four or five times
at them, but without fuccefs, as my fhot was too large.
23d. As foon as the dew was off the grafs, we began
our march, and about twelve o'clock fell in with the
fouth branch of Broken Bay: but finding the; country
round this part very rugged, and the diftance too great
for our ftock of provifions, we returned to the fea fhore,

in order to examine the fouth part of the entrance into the

®bay. This, like every other part of the country we have

feen, had a very indifferent afpec&t. From the entrance

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

of Port Fackfon to Broken Bay, in fome places from fifty
to a hundred, in others to two hundred yards diftant from
the fea, the coaft indeed is very pleafant, and _tolerably
clear of wood; the earth a: kind of adhefive clay, covered
with a thick and fhort four grafs.

All along the fhore we met the natives, who feem to

have no: fixed refidence: or abode; but, indifcriminately,

whenever they meet with a hut, or, what is more common ,
a convenient excavation or hole in the rocks, take poffeflion
of -it-for the time.-In''one of their huts, at Broken Bay,
which was. conftructed. of) bark, and was one of the ‘beft
Thad lever met with, we faw two very well made nets,
fome fifhing lines not inferior to the nets, fome fpears,
a ftone hatchet of a very fuperior make to what they
ufually >have,’ together with two vehicles for carrying
water, one of cork, the other made out of the knot of
a large tree hollowed. In this hut there were two pieces
ef coarfe linen,;. which they muft have obtained from
fome of our people, and every thing about it befpoke
more comfort and convenience than I had obferved im
any other. A little way from it we fell in with a large
party of natives, whom we fuppofed to be the proprietors ;

they

200
1788.
Auguit,

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

they were armed with fpears and ftone hatchets: - One
of the latter they very earneftly wifhed to exchange for
one of ours. Though we would readily have obliged
them, it was not in our: ipowet to comply with their
wifhes, as we had only a fufficient number wherewith
to cut wood for our own fires. However, notwithftanding

our refufal, they parted from ‘us: without appearing at

-all diffatisfied.

As we proceeded along the fandy beach, we gathered
fome beans, which grew on a {mall creeping fubftance not |
unlike a vine. They were well tafted, and very fimilar to
the Englifh long-pod bean. ‘At the place where we halted,
we had them boiled, and we all eat very heartily of them.
Half anhourafter, the governor and I were feized with a
violent vomiting. We drank warm water, which, carrying
the load freely from our ftomachs, gave us immediate
relief. Two other gentlemen of the party ate as freely of
them as we had done, without feeling the. fmalleft incon-
venience or bad effec. About this place we got fome
rafberries; but they had not that pleafant tartnefs: peculiar
to thofe in Europe. |

24th. We returned by the fame paflage, along the coaft,

with

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

without feeing any objects worth notice, until we came

to a convenient fpot to encamp for the night, where
there was great plenty of cabbage trees, and tolerable
water; a circumftance, as I have already obferved, not
generally to be met with in this country, except on the
fea coaft ; and even there by no means in abundance.

While foup was making of fome birds we had lately
killed (which proved very good), and every thing was
getting ready for the night, the governor, the two other
gentlemen, and myfelf, took our guns, and afcended a
hill jut above us. From this eminence we faw the fouth-
ern branch of Broken Bay, which ran far into the country.
During our return, we picked up, in the diftance of
about half a mile, twenty-five flowers of plants and fhrubs
of different genera and f{pecies, {pecimens of which I have
tran{mitted to Mr. Wil/on, particularly the Red Gum Tree.
(See Plate annexed). On the fpot where we encamped,
the grafs was long, dry, and four; and in fuch abundance,
that we fet it on fire all around, for fear the natives fhould
furprife us in the night by doing the fame; a cuftom in
which they feem always happy to indulge themfelves.

25th. We fet off early in the morning to look at the

Dd branch

~——=

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

branch of Broken Bay which we had feen the evening
before; and were led to it by a path not very much |
frequented. At the head of this branch we found a frefh

water river, which took its rife a little above, out of a
fwamp. Such is the origin and fource of every river
we have yet difcovered in this country; though few, when
compared to thofe in any other part of the world. It is
very extraordinary that in all this extenfive tract, a living
fpring has not yet been explored. On this river we faw
many ducks and teal, Mr. Creffwell fhot one of the latter,
and I fhot one of the former. They were both well tafted,
and good of their kind. At the head of this branch we
found the country rough and impaffable. Having followed
the courfe of the river to its origin, we that day returned
to Manly Cove, where we furprifed two old men, an old
woman, a grown-up girl, and thirteen children, in a hut.
When the children faw us approach, they all gathered
themfelves clofely together around the girl; they cried,
and feemed much terrified. The old men fhowed fuch
diflike to our looking at them, that the governor and the
reft of the party withdrew to fome little diftance to dine.

Some of the children, on feeing all the party gone but

myfelf

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

myfelf and another gentleman, began to laugh, and thus
proved that their fears had vanifned. When we joined the
reft of the party, the old man followed us in a very friendly
manner, and took part of every kind of provifion we had,
but he ate none of it in our fight. The women and
children ftood at fome diftance, and beckoned to us when
the men, of whom they feemed to ftand in very great
_dread, had turned their backs.

As foon as we had dined, and refrefhed ourfelves, the
governor, by himfelf, went down to them, and diftributed
fome prefents among them, which foon gained their
friendfhip and confidence. By this time fixteen canoes,
that were out fifhing, came clofe to the fpot where we
were, and there lay on their paddles, which they managed
with wonderful dexterity and addrefs ; mimicking us, and
indulging in their own merriment. After many figns and
entreaties, one of the women ventured’ to the governor,
who was by himfelf, and with feemingly great timidity,
took from him fome fmall fifhing lines and hooks; articles
which they hold in great eftimation. This made her
lefs fearful; and in a little time fhe became perfelly free
and unreftrained. Her condué influenced many others,

Dd 2 who

203

1788.
Augutt.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF. A ™

who came on fhore for what they could procure. Many
of them were painted about the head, breaft, and fhoulders,
with fome white fubftance. None of thofe who were thus
ornamented came on fhore, till by figns we made them
underftand that we intended to offer them fome prefents;
and even then, only one of them ventured. To this
perfon Lieutenant Creflwell gave a white pocket hand-~
kerchief, with which fhe feemed much pleafed. Every
gentleman now fingled out a female, and_prefented
her with fome trinkets, not forgetting, at the fame
time, to beftow gifts upon fome of her family, whom
fhe took confiderable pains to make known, left. they
fhould fall into the hands of fuch as did not belong
to her. It was remarked that all the women and children, :
(an old woman excepted) had the little finger of the left
hand taken off at the fecond joint; the ftump of which
was as well covered as if the operation had been performed
by a furgeon.

While we were thus employed among the women, a
body of men came out of the woods with a new canoe,
made of cork. It was one of the beft we had ob-
ferved in this country; though it fell very fhort of thofe

which

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

which I have feen among the American or Mufquito-fhore
Indians; who, in improvements of every kind, the Indians
of this country are many centuries behind. The men
had alfo with them fome new paddles, fpears, and fith-
gigs, which they had juft been making. They readily
fhowed us the ufe of every thing they had with them.
Indeed they always behave with an apparent civility when
they fall in with men that are armed ; but when they meet
perfons unarmed, they feldom fail to take every advantage
of them.

Thofe females who were arrived at the age of puberty
did not wear a covering; but all the female children and
-likewife the girls wore a flight kind of covering before
them, made of the fur of the kangaroo, twifted into
threads. While we went towards’ the party of men that
came out of the woods with the new canoe, all the women
landed, and began to broil their fifth, of which they
had a large quantity. There feemed to be no _ har-
mony or hofpitality among them. However, the female
to whom I paid the moft attention gave me, but not un-
till I afked her for it, fome of the fifth which fhe was

eating.

205

1788,

Auguft.
eee

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

eating. She had thrown it on the fire, but it was fcarcely
warm. 3

Many of the women were ftrait, well formed, and lively.
My companion continued to exhibit a number of coquettifh
airs while I was decorating her head, neck, and arms,
with my pocket and neck handkerchiefs, which I tore into
ribbons, as if defirous of multiplying two prefents into
feveral. Having nothing left, except the buttons of my
coat, on her admiring them, I cut them away, and with a
piece of ftring tied them round her waift. Thus orna-
mented, and thus delighted with her new acquirements,
fhe turned from me with a look of inexpreffible arch-
nef{s.

Before the arrival of the boats, “which >was late, the
natives pointed toa hawk, and made figns to us to fhoot
it. It had alighted upon an adjoining tree, and the
governor defired that I would bring it down. The report

of the gun frightened them very much. Some ran away ;

_ but on perceiving that no harm was intended againft them,

they returned, and were highly pleafed to fee the hawk

prefented by the governor to a young girl, who appeared

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES,

to be the daughter of the moft diftinguifhed amongft
them.

While the boats were preparing for our reception, an
old woman, perfectly grey with age, folicited us very
much for fome prefent; and in order to make us comply,
threw herfelf, before all her companions, into the moft
indecent attitudes.

The cockfwain of the boat informed us, that while he:
was waiting for our return, the day before, two parties of

the natives met, and commenced hoftilities again{t each

other.. The man thus defcribed the manner in which this

encounter was carried on. A champion from each party,
armed with a fpear and a fhield, prefled forwards be-
fore the reft; and, as foom as a favourable opportunity
offered (till which he advanced and retreated by turns),
threw his fpear, and then retired; when another imme-
diately took his place, going through the fame maneuvres ;
and in this manner was the conflict carried on for more than
two hours. The boats crew and two midfhipmen, who faw
the whole of the proceeding, perceived that one of the
natives walked off with a fpear in his fide. During the
engagement, the women belonging to them, who ftood

208

1788.
Auguft,

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

at fome diftance, difcovered {trong marks of concern, and
{creamed loudly when any of the combatants appeared
to be wounded. As the. boat was returning clofe along
fhore, a {pear was thrown at the people by fome of the
natives, who were lurking behind the trees and rocks. It
was hurled with fuch force, that it flew a confiderable way
over the boat, although we were between thirty and forty
yards from the fhore. |

It was late in the evening before we arrived in Sydney
Cove; and as foon as the governor landed, he was informed
that a gold mine had been difcovered, near the entrance of
the harbour, by a convict. During his excellency’s

abfence, the convi& had made this difcovery known to the

lieutenant governor and the judge advocate; for which, he

faid, that he hoped and expected to have his freedom, and

a pecuniary reward. The gentlemen to whom he applied

anfwered, that they could not promife to grant his requeft |

until he fhould have put them in pofleflion of the mine;

but, that they were well aflured that the governor would -

beftow on him a proper recompence, after fufficient proof of
the difcovery. A boat was, in confequence, ordered from
the Sirius, to carry him and Captain Campbell down to the

place

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

place where he declared that the mine was fituated. At their
| landing, he begged leave to withdraw a little, on fome
neceflary occafion; when, inftead of returning to Captain
Campbell, he went back to the camp, and waiting on the
lieutenant governor and judge advocate, afferted that he
had put Captain Campbell in poffeflion of the mine, who
had difpatched him over land for another officer and a proper
guard. His account not being doubted, he was well fed
and treated; and Lieutenant Paulden, with a guard and
all neceffary articles, was ordered to attend him to the
place. But, before they could fet out, to the great
aftonifhment of all, Captain Campbell arrived, and
unravelled the whole of this extraordinary deception. This
produced an unexpected revolution. Inftead of receiving
a reward for his golden difcoveries, the impoftor was
immediately taken into cuftody, with two others, fuppofed
to be concerned in carrying on the artifice. The next day
he was examined, with great privacy and ftri@nefs; but no
fatisfactory elucidation being obtained from him, he was
ordered to be feverely whipped. Subfequently to this
punifhment, of which he was prepared to expect a weekly
repetition, between the intervals of hard labour, and to be

Ee loaded:

209

1788.
Auguft.

210

1788.

Auguft,
Se ae

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

loaded inceflantly with heavy irons, during the time of his
remaining in the colony, he moft audacioufly perfifted in
endeavouring to maintain the delufion, and declared that
if an officer was fent with him, he would fhow him the
mine; adding, that he was heartily forry for what had
happened. Accordingly, he was fuffered to accompany
Lieutenant G. Johnfton, the Governor’s Adjutant of Orders,
to the place in queftion. Before the boat had reached its
deftination Mr. Johnfton argued with him, yet not with-
out protefting, that if he either attempted ‘to deceive him as
he had impofed upon Captain Campbell, or prefumed to
move five yards from him and his party, he would inftantly
order him to be fhot. Finding that this officer was:not to
be trifled with, but feemed determined, he acknowledged
that it was unneceflary to proceed any farther; that he
was ignorant of the exiftence of any fuch mine, and that
the {pecimens fhown by him were only a compofition of
brafs and gold, which he had filed down and melted.
Mr. Johnfton brought him back; when he was again
examined, and ordered to be punifhed. It is needlefs to
add that no further difcovery was made, He is now at
liberty. He is, however, obliged to wear a large R on

his be

VOYAGE TO NEW- SOUTH WALES.

his back. The man, whofe name is Daily, appears infane; yet
others cannot be perfuaded that he is a lunatic, but are rather
of opinion that he is a defigning mifcreant, and that time
will difclofe a deep-laid fcheme, which he had planned for
fome purpofe hitherto undifcovered, For my own part, I
freely confefs, that I cannot coincide with their fentiments.
He was fo artful as to circulate a report that he had fold

feveral pounds weight of the ore to the mafter of the Golden

Grove, and fome of his feamen. This rumour was received

- with fuch credulity, that, in confequence of the impreffion

which it made, none of the failors were fuffered to leave
the fhip after a certain hour in the evening. In a word, fo
many ridiculous circumftances attended this affair, that to
attempt a complete enumeration of them would prove not
lefs difficult than uninterefting.

26th. The Supply arrived from Norfolk Ifland, after a
long and rough paflage. She had landed, but neither in
apparent fafety nor with facility, the ftores which fhe
earried to that place: and, upon the prefent occafion,
Tam forry to add, that the hazard of landing and embarking
from this little ifland is fo very great, that Mr. Cunning-
ham, a midfhipman of the Sirius (who refided on it with

Ee 2 Lieutenant

2If

1788.

Auguft.
(re reemneened!

212

1788.
Auguft.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

Lieutenant King, the fuperintendant), was loft, with three |
feamen, in a boat that was {wamped by the furf, which on
every part of the coaft runs high, and beats againft the
fhore with great violence; fo that I much fear, from the
difficulty of accefs, and its fituation, it never will prove
of any great confequence, although it promifed fou advan-
tages; particularly in furnifhing us with pine trees, which
erow here toa fize nearly equal to thofe of Norway. In
the whole ifland there is not a harbour capable of admitting
even fo {mall a veffel as the Supply, and the anchorage on
every part of the coaft is equally bad.

The ifland produces a kind of gladiolus luteus, or iris
paluftris, of which, as may be feen by the fpecimens fent
Mr. Wilfon, exceeding good hemp is to be made; and
which is to be procured in any quantity, the plants growing
in great abundance throughout the whole ifland. The
foregoing articles, were the ifland larger and more eafy of
accefs, with even a tolerable harbour, might, in any other
country, be of the firft confequence to a maritime nation. _
But from every information which I have gained from the
officers and crew of the Supply, the procuring of this bene-

ficial acquifition is at prefent fomewhat doubtful. The

people

i abe

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

people iettled upon it, when theycan venture out, get great
plenty of fifth; and, at certain feafons, turtle. In the ifland
alfo are pigeons, as tame as domeftic fowls; and the foil
feems well adapted for the growth of all kinds of grain and
vegetables. It produces a wild banana, or plantain tree,
which, by cultivation, may aflift the fettlers, as a fucce-
daneum for bread: and I.am not without hopes that we
fhall be able to make fome additions from thence to fuch
neceflaries of life as may in time be produced here.

A few days fince the natives landed near the hofpital,
where fome goats belonging to the Supply were browfing ;
when they killed, with their f{pear, a kid, and carried it
away. Within this fortnight, they have alfo killed a he-
goat of the governor’s. Whenever an opportunity offered,
they have feléom failed) to deftroy whatever ftock they could
feize upon unobferved. They have been equally ready to
attack the convicts, on every occafion which prefented
itfelf; and fome of them have become viétims to thefe
favages. I have already obferved that they fiand much in
fear of a mufquet, and therefore they very feldom approach
any perfon by whom it is carried; and their apprehenfions

are almoft equally great when they perceive a red garment.

September

712

1788.
Augutt.

214
1788.
Oober.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF &

September 5th. About half after fix in the evening, we
faw an aurora auftralis, a phenomenon uncommon in the
fouthern hemifphere. .

Oétober 2d. His Majelty’s fhip the Sirius failed for the
Cape of Good Hope, for a fupply of flour, it being difco-
vered that our ftock of this article bore no proportion to
the falt beef and pork.

The fame day the Golden Grove failed for Norfolk Hland,.
with a reinforcement of male and female conviéts; two free
men, as gardeners; a midfhipman from the Sirius, to fill
up the vacancy occafioned by the death of Mr. Cunningham 3
a fergeant, corporal, and fix privates; and a fupply of
neceffaries for eighteen months.

4th. A conviét, named Cooper Handley, who went out
with an armed party of marines to collect wild vegetables
and {weet tea, ftrayed from them, and was afterwards
met by the natives, who murdered. and mutilated him in a
fhocking manner. The natives were fo near our men, that
they heard them very diftingly fhouting and making a
great noife, yet were unable to overtake them in the purfuit.
In the evening, a party of foldiers and convicts were fent
out to bury the deceafed,

roth.

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

roth. A general court martial was convened by warrant
from the governor. When the members, with the deputy
judge advocate, were affembled, they gave it as their
opinion, that notwithftanding the governor has full power

and authority to grant and hold court martials among

regular troops; yet, as a corps of marines, under the influence

of a particular code of laws, and inftructions from the

Admiralty, and only amenable to that board, they could

not proceed to trial; the board of Admiralty not having

delegated any part of their authority over the marine corps,
particularly that of holding court martials, to the governor ;

‘neither did any part of the a@ of Parliament for forming

a colony in New South Wales contain directions relative to
that fubje@. The marine inftructions, with refpec to court
martials, {tate, that no general court martial can be ordered
but by the Lord High Admiral, or three commiffioners for
executing the office; mor any fentence be carried into
execution until approved of by him or them, unlefs the
marines, as in America, fhould be, by act of Parliament,
confidered as a part of the army; which is not the cafe
here. They are truly and ‘literally governed and regulated
by the fame rules and inftru@tions as the marine divifions at

Chatham,

215

6871
October.

WHITE’s JOURNAL OF A

Chatham, Portfmouth, or ‘Plymouth; and, confequently,
their proceeding to trial would not only be illegal, but a ~

dire@ infult to the governance and power of the Board

~ under which they ad, and to whom every appeal from

them muft come; unlefs an act of Parliament, in that cafe
made and provided, otherwife direéts.

28th. A marine went to gather fome greens and herbs,
but has not returned; as he was unarmed, it is feared
that he has been met and murdered by the natives.

gift. A fergeant and four privates, who had been
miffing three. days, returned. They were fent by the
commanding officer to look for the marine, and loft them-

felves in the woods. In the evening of this day we had

very loud thunder, and a fhower of hail; many of the

hail-ftones were meafured, and found to be five-eights of
an inch in diameter.

November 2d. This day more hail; the weather dark
and gloomy, with dreadful lightning. ‘The mercury during
the whole of the day ftood between 66 and 68.

vth. A criminal court fentenced a convict to Bs
hundred lafhes for ftealing foap, the property of another

convict, value eight pence.

roth.

VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES.

yoth. The Golden Grove returned from Norfolk Hand
with a few fpars, and fome timber for the governor.
While fhe lay there, fhe was obliged to cut her cable and
ftand to fea, there being (as before obferved) no harbour
in the whole ifland, where a fhip can ride in fafety. The
mafter of the fhip was f{wamped in the furf and nearly loft,
with his boat and crew.

rith; Thomas Bulmore, a private marine, died in
confequence of the blows which he received during a battle
with one of his companions ; who is to be tried for his
life, on the r7th inftant, by a criminal court. So {mall
is our number, and fo neceflary is every individual who

compofes it, for one purpofe or another, that the lofs of

even a fingle man may truly be confidered as an irreparable

difadvantage! _

The preceding is all the account I am able at prefent to
fend you of the territories of New South Wales, and its pro-
duions. _The unfettled ftate in which you muft naturally

fuppofe every thing, as yet, to remain, will not permit me

_ to be as copious as I could wifh; but, by the next difpatch,

F f I hope

217

1788.
October.

218

WHITE’s JOURNAL, Ge.

I hope to be able to fend you no inconfiderable additions to

the Natural Hiftory, and at the fame time fuch further in-

formation concerning our affairs here as during the interim

fhall have occurred,

—

Ff 2

Dy « eae

era oe we
ea i

ae |

{ fF : J
We oo |
eX
panes

3 | re

if
‘
{

D
Ve

i
vs

bee
i ©

UY
yp yf
Mh WHY s

FE PNakder delin

mee KO d 7 : J)
Te e ei OND e Dervalse (77 LP yy)

Rlblaifiel ws lhe Me cle pects D)te.24 1799 ty LD clrett

MaAtCnrRAaALS HIST ORT.

THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BANKSIA.

HE fineft new genus hitherto found in Mew

Holland has been deftined by Linneus, with great
propriety, to tranfmit to pofterity the name of Sir Fo/eph
Banks, who firft difcovered it in his celebrated voyage
round the world. It is indeed one of the moft magnificent
genera with which we are acquainted, being nearly allied
to Protea and Embothrium in habit and botanical charaers,
but fufficiently diftinguifhed from both by its fruit. © Four
fpecies of Bankfia are defcribed in the Supplementum Plan-
tarum of Linneus; {pecimens of which we have {cen in his
Herbarium now in the poffeflion of Dr. Smith of Marlborough
Street; and we have depofited with the fame gentleman

{pecimens

AEP ESP oH sop a ns

fpecimens of all the plants we are about to defcribe in this
work. Dr. Gaertner, in his admirable book on fruits and
feeds, has figured the fruit of feveral Bank/fias, fome of them
defcribed by Limmeus. Having had his plates, with the
names, engraved before he faw the Supplementum of Linneus,
his nomenclature differs from that of the laft mentioned
author; but he quotes his fynonyms in the letter prefs.
We mention this, that he may not be accufed of wantonly
changing Linnean names, and that for the worfe, as it
would appear to any one uninformed of this circumftance.

The charaéter of the genus is very badly made out in
Linneus. Gaertner has greatly corrected it, but it is ftill
a doubt whether the flowers are conftantly monopetalous or
tetrapetalous, nor have we materials fufficient to remove
this difficulty. All wecan fay is, that Bankfa is next in
natural arrangement to Protea, from which it is effentially
diftinguifhed by having an hard woody bivalve capfule,
containing two winged feeds, with a moveable membranous
partition between them. It is ftrangely mifplaced in
Murray’s 14th edition of Syfema Vegetabilium, being put
between Ludwigia and Oldenlandia!

Mr. White has fent imperfect fpecimens and feeds of

four

CY 7 ; : ae
She Bambsuz ACVVAtTA C0 Yhower

Tonden Pubtivfoed asthe Ace depeota Dec2G, 1789. by TD cb-yett

‘6 r; bs G a
Be Ga ghedtit LEVIAMN AVY S174 Ly i

London Liktished as the Act dércote Dee 29, YE. by LDelreott,

Ss)

AP Pre wD ? Xx.

four fpecies of Bankfia, which we have endeavoured to fettle

as follows:

zt. B. ferrata. Linn. Supp. 126.

B. conchifera. Gaertn. 221. ¢. 48.

This is the moft ftately of the genus. Its trunk is thick
and rugged. Leaves alternate, ftanding thick about the
ends of the branches on fhort footftalks, narrow, obtufe,
ftrongly ferrated, fmooth and of a bright green colour
above, beneath opaque and whitifh, with a ftrong rib
running through their middle. A very large cylindrical
{pike of flowers terminates each branch. Moft of the flowers
are abortive, a few only in each {pike producing ripe feed.
The form of the capfules may be underftood from the figure,
which reprefents a whole {pike in fruit, about half the
natural fize. The capfules are covered with thick down.
Another plate of the plant in flower fhews the curved pofi-
tion in which the ftyle is held by the corolla; the increafe
of the former in length being greater and more rapid than
that of the latter.

2. B

223

24 EP? Ye on
2, B. pytitormis. Gaertz. 220. 2.7 47.f. 4

This {pecies was unknown to Linneus; and as Gaertner has
given no fpecific character of it, we beg leave to offer the
following:

B. flribus folitariis, capfulis ovatis pubefcentibus, foliis

lanceolatis integerrimis glabris.

Bankfia with folitary flowers, ovate downy capfules, and

lance-fhaped entire {mooth leaves.

The capfules are larger than in any other known {pecies.
In the figure they are reprefented fomewhat fmaller than
the life; but the feed is given as large as life.

3. B. gibbofa. B. dadyloides Gaertn, 221. ¢% 47. fr 2.2

B. floribus folitariis, capfulis ovatis gibbofis rugofis, foliis
teretibus.
Bankfia with folitary flowers; ovate, tumid, rugged cap-
fules; and cylindrical leaves.
We fufpea this to be the Bankfia da@tyloides of Gaertner;
but if fo, his figure is by no means a good one; as he is
generally very accurate,’we are rather inclined to believe

ours

es ; AY: ,
Gu Bunboona Vig reYfov need ‘

Piltithecd as the Act clirects DeoQ, EY by PD hvedt

eS
age 4 i

| tad

I ez Banhsa. 2 She ‘Bar bata
LC

London Pidtisiivct cas the Act durects Dee: 2g, 789 by TDeb-rett.

A BPUP GIVI BAX,

ours a different plant, and have therefore given it a new
name. ‘The leaves are very peculiar, being perfedtly cylin-
drical, about two inches long and one line in diameter,
pale, green and fmooth. The flowers we have not feen.
Fig. 1. of the fame Plate reprefents the capfule of another
Bankfia, belonging to thofe which bear the flowers in fpikes,
but we cannot with certainty determine the fpecies. The
capfules are {mooth, at leaft when ripe, and a little fhining.
We think this is neither the B. ferrata, integrifolia, nor dentata
of Linnzus, nor probably his ericifolia ; fo that it feems to
be a fpecies hitherto undefcribed. The leaves and flowers

we have not feen.

Gg THE

225

226

Aor EY SE MNP Tt.

TALE PEPPERMINT T RELL.
Fea doen PIPERITA.
An Eucalyptus obliqua, L’ Heritier Sert. Angl. p. 18?
(See Plate annexed.)

This tree grows to the height of more than an hundred
feet, and is above thirty feet in circumference. The bark
is very fmooth, like that of the poplar. The younger
branches are long and flender, angulated near the top,
but as they grow older the angles difappear. Their bark is
fmooth, and of a reddifh brown. The leaves are alternate,
lanceolate, pointed, very entire, {mooth on both fides,
and remarkably unequal, or oblique, at their bafe; the
veins alternate and not very confpicuous. The whole furface
of both fides of the leaves is marked with numerous minute
refinous {pots, in which:the effential oil refides. The foot-
ftalks are about half an inch in length, round on the under
fide, angular above, quite fmooth. The flowers we have
not feen. What Mr. Wurre has fent as the ripe capfules
of this tree (although not attached to the fpecimens of the
leaves) grow in clufters, from fix to eight in each, feffile

and

args Z) 3
Vhe TSoffeerment Sree “
/ y

Zonder, Pullushed Dee:2Q, WED, by EP. brett

+ a aes a
ay? é LAs “ ,

toe! ee

a q an

ig A Do ...c
‘A a i)
°

Boe ee ee OK,

and conglomerated. Thefe clufters are fupported on angular
alternate footftalks, which form 2ckinds of panicle. Each
capfule is about the fize of an hawthorn berry, globular,
but as it were cut off at the top, rugged on the outfide,
hard and woody, and of a dark brown colour. At the top
is a large orifice, which fhews the internal part of the
capfule divided into four cells,. and having a fquare column
in the center, from which the partitions of the cell arife.
Thefe partitions extend to the rim of the capfule, and
terminate in four {mall projections, which look like the
teeth of acalyx. The feeds are numerous, {mall, and angular.

The name of Peppermint Tree has been given to this
plant by Mr. WuirTe on account of the very great refem-
blance between the effential oil drawn from its leaves and
that obtained from the Peppermint (Mentha piperita) which
grows in England. ‘This oil was found by Mr. Wuire to
be much more efficacious in removing all cholicky complaints
than that of the Englifh Peppermint, which he attributes
to its being lefs pungent and more aromatic. A quart of
the oil has been fent by him to Mr. Wil/on.

The tree above defcribed appears to be undoubtedly of
the fame genus with that cultivated in fome greenhoufes

GP greg in

yy sel

228

A Pee Sow em

in England, which Mr. L’ Heritier has defcribed ‘in
his Sertum Anglicum by the name of Eucalyptus obligua,
though it is commonly called in the gardens Metrofideros
obligua; but we dare not affert it to be the fame {pecies,
nor can this’ point be determined till the flowers and every
part of both be feen and compared; we have compared
the beft f{pecimens we could procure of each, and find no
{pecific difference. The Eucalyptus obliqua has, when dried,
an aromatic flavour fomewhat fimilar to our plant. We
have remarked indeed innumerable minute white fpots,
befides the refinous ones, on both furfaces of the leaves
in fome fpecimens of the garden plant, which are not to
be feen in ours, and the branches of the former are rough,
with fmall fcaly tubercles. But how far thefe are conftant
we cannot tell. The obliquity in the leaves, one fide being
fhorter at the bafe than the other, as well as fomewhat
narrower all the way up, as in the Begonia nitida of the
Hortus Kewenfis, is remarkable in both plants,

The figure reprefents a branch of the Peppermint Tree
in leaf: on one fide of it part of a leaf feparate, bearing the

gall of fome infe@; on the other the fruit above defcribed.

TEA

AP? EB 2 FT. &K.

TEA TREE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. ;
' MELALEUCA ? TRINERVIA,

This is a {mall fhrub, very much branched. The bark full
of longitudinal fiffures, and eafily feparated from the branches.
Leaves on fhort footftalks, alternate, lanceolate, pointed, entire,
about three quarters of an inch in length, fmooth on both fides,
marked with three longitudinal ribs, and reticulated with tranf-
verfe veins; they are alfo full of refinous fpots, the feat of an
aromatic effential oil. The flowers we have not feen, nor can
we determine with certainty the genus of this plant. It moft

nearly approaches the Leptofpermum virgatum of Forfter, re-

ferred by the younger Linneus, perhaps improperly, to Mela-

leuca. At leaft it may fafely be determined to belong to the

fame genus with the Melaleuca virgata Linn. Supp. though a —

diftin& fpecies. The fpecific difference between them is, that
the leaves of our plant have three ribs, whereas M. virgata has
leaves perfectly deftitute of ribs or veins. Hence we judge the
figure and defcription of Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. V. 2.
t. 18. to belong rather to our Tea Tree, than to M. virgata; and
if this conjecture be right, the plants are {till further diftin-
guifhed by the inflorefcence, which in M, virgata is an umbel,
whereas in the figure above mentioned the flowers are folitary.

a. Reprefents a leaf flightly magnified.
SWEET

229

‘230

A’ P PLE UN Bara

SWEET TEA PLANT. .

SMILAX ? GLYCIPHYLLA.

This is a tree or fhrub whofe leaves only we have feen, but
from them we judge it to belong to the genus of Smilax. For —
want of the ftem we cannot fettle its {pecific charaéter. Thefe
leaves are about two inches long, ovato-lanceolate, pointed, entire,
marked with three longitudinal ribs, and many tranfverfe elevated
veins, fmooth and fhining above, glaucous beneath, with a
thick cartilaginous edge of the fubftance of the ribs. The leaves
have the tafte of liquorice root accompanied with bitter. They
are faid to make a kind of tea, not unpleafant to the tafte, and
good for the fcurvy. The plant promifes much in the laft re-
fpec&t, from its bitter as a tonic, as well as the quantity of
faccharine matter it contains.

Leaves of this plant are reprefented on the fame plate

with the Tea Tree. A. is the front, B. the back of a
leaf.

THE

me aa a ? ) > >
She Sea _ Sec of e Ven <Douth- Wiles,

London Pultisted as the Ack directs Dec 29. 789. ly TD ebrett .

Bark of the Gee Yom ce?

London Liultished Dec: 2G, Vika ty TDelbrett

An? ee me Ss,

THE “RED «GUM 'T REE:

EucALYPTUS RESINIFERA.

Floribus pedunculatis, calyptrd conicé acuta.

(See Plate annexed.)

This is a very large and lofty tree, much exceeding the
Englifh Oak in fize. The wood is extremely brittle, and,

from the large quantity of refinous gum which it contains,

is of little ufe but for firewood. -Of the leaves Mr. Wurre

has given no account, nor fent any fpecimens. The flowers
grow in little clufters, or rather umbels, about ten in each,
and every flower has a proper partial footftalk, about a
quarter of an inch in length, befides the general one. The
general footftalk is remarkably comprefled (anceps), and
the partial ones are fo in fome degree. We have perceived
nothing like draéfez, or floral leaves. ‘The flowers appear
to be yellowifh, and are of a very fingular ftructure. The
calyx is hemifpherical, perfeétly entire in the margin, and
afterwards becomes the capfule. On the top of the calyx,

rather within the margin, ftands a conical pointed calyptra,

which

nN
oO

A FP PE RS bt Ss

of the fame colour with the calyx, and about as long as
that and the footftalk taken together. This calyptra,
which is the effential mark of the genus, and differs from
that of the Ewcalyptus obliqua of L’ Heritier only in being
conical and acute, inftead of hemifpherical, is perfedly
entire, and never fplits or divides, though it is analogous to
the corolla of other plants. When it is removed, we perceive
a great number of red ftamina, ftanding in a conical mafs,.
which before the calyptra was taken off, were completely
covered by it, and filled its infide. The Anthere are {mall
and red. In the center of thefe ftamina is a fingle ftyle or
pointal, rifing a little above them, and terminated by a
blunt ftigma. The ftamina are very refinous and aromatic.
They are inferted into the margin of the calyx, fo that the
genus is properly placed by Mr. L’Heritier in the clafs
Icofandria. Thefe ftamina and ftyle being removed, and
the germen cut acrofs about the middle of the calyx, it
appears to be divided into three cells, and no more, as far
as we have examined, each containing the rudiments of one
or more feeds, for the number cannot with certainty be
determined, Whether the calyptra in this {pecies falls off,
as in that defcribed by Mr. L’Heritier, or be permanent,

a > PE ND TX.

we cannot tell. From one {pecimen fent by Mr. Wuire,
the latter fhould feem to be the cafe; and that the calyx
{wells and rifes around it nearly to the top, making a pear-
fhaped fruit, with the point of the calyptra fticking out
at its apex; but as this appears only in a fingle flower, and
none of the others are at all advanced towards ripening feed,
the flower in queftion may poflibly be in a morbid ftate,
owing to the attacks of fome infec&t. (See Fig. g.) Future
obfervations will determine this point. We have been the
more diffufe in our defcription on account of the fingularity
of the genus, and the value of the plant.

On making incifions in the trunk of this tree, large
quantities of red refinous juice are obtained, fometimes even
more than fixty gallons from a fingle tree. When this juice
- is dried, it becomes a very powerfully aftringent gum-refin,
of a red colour, much refembling that known in the fhops
by the name of Kino, and, for all medical purpofes, fully as
eficacious. Mr. Wutre adminiftered it to a great number of
patients in the dyfentery, which prevailed much foon after the
landing of ‘the convicts, and in no one inftance found it to
fail. This gum-refin diffolves almoft entirely in fpirit of
wine, to which it gives a blood red tin@ure. Water

Hh diffolves

234

ANP Poe INE OD aie oe

diffolves about one fixth part only, and the watery folution is
of a bright red. Both thefe folutions are powerfully .
aftringent.

The Plate reprefents a portion of the bark of the Ewca-
lyptus refinifera, with the fruétification annexed.

a. Isabunch of the Howers the fize of nature.

5. The flower, its calyptra, or hood, being removed.

c. Calyx.

d. Stamina.
—e. Piftillum.

jf. Calyptra feparate.

g. The enlarged flower, which we fufpe& to be in a
difeafed ftate.

THE

Ay PP ON TeX:

THE YELLOW RESIN TREE.

This is about the fize of an Englifh walnut tree. Its
trunk grows pretty ftraight for about fourteen or fixteen
feet, after which it branches out into long fpiral leaves,
which hang down on all fides, and refemble thofe of the
larger kinds of grafs or fedge. From the center of
the head of leaves arifes a fingle footftalk, eighteen or
twenty feet in height, perfectly ftraight and ere&, very
much refembling the fugar cane, and terminating in a {pike
of a fpiral form, not unlike an ear of wheat. This large ftem
or footftalk is ufed by the natives for making fpears and fifh
gigs, being pointed with the teeth of fifh or other animals,
fome of which are reprefented, in the plate of Implements,
_ from originals now in Mr. Wilfon’s poffeffion.

But the moft valuable produce of this plant feems to be
its refin, the properties of which vie with thofe of the moft
fragrant balfams. This refin exudes fpontaneoufly from the
trunk ; the more readily, if incifions are made in its bark.
It is of a yellow colour; fluid at firft, but being infpiffated
in the fun, it acquires a folid form. Burnt on hot coals, it

Hh 2 emits

236

APPENDS X

emits a fmell very much refembling that of a mixture of
balfam of Tolu and benzoin, fomewhat approaching to.
ftorax. It is perfe@tly foluble in fpirit of wine, but not in.
water, nor*even in effential oil of turpentine, unlefs it be
digefted in a ftrong heat. The varnifh which it makes with
either is very weak, and of little ufe. With refpeé to its.
medicinal qualities, Mr. White has found it, in many cafes,
a good pectoral medicine, and very balfamic. It is not
obtainable in fo great abundance as the red gum produced by.
the Eucalyptus refinifera.

The plant which produces the yellow gum feems to be
perfeétly unknown to botanifts, but Mr. White has commu-~
nicated no {pecimens by which its genus or even clafs could.

be determined.

‘THE

eS. se

WN
\N

NIAAA
ANY NWN
UY XX

Londen Pultished aa the Act dere? Deo 29. Yeg ty LDebretd

eae
=

im Bs
loca ok

APPENDIX

THE CRESTED COCKATOO.

Psrrracus Cristatrus. Lin.

E cannot regard this bird in any other view than as a
variety of the Pfittacus Criftatus of Linneus, or large white
Cockatoo, which has been defcribed by almoft all ornitho-
logifts, and figured in feveral works of Natural Hiftory.
The bird feems liable to great variation both as to fize and.
colour; the white in fome being of a much purer appear—

ance than in others, and the yellow on the creft and tail

more predominant. All the varieties yet known agree in.

having the beak and legs blackifh. The individual fpeci-
men here figured feemed of a fomewhat flenderer form than.
ufual, The colour not a pure white,. but flightly tinged
on the upper parts, and particularly on the neck and
fhoulders, with dufky.. The feathers on the front white,.
but the long lanceolate feathers below them, which form the
creft, of a pale jonquil-yellow. The tail white above, and

pale yellow beneath; as are alfo the wings.

"THE

237

238

A P PO. BOND ise

THE WHITE FULICA.

FULICA ALBA.

Fulica alba, rofiro fronteque rubris, humeris [pinofis, pedibus flavis ?

Corpus magnitudine fere galline domeftice. Humeri {pina parva incurvata.
In fpecimine exficcato pedes flavi ; fed fortaffe in viva-ave roftro concolores.

White Fulica, with the bill and front red, fhoulders fpined, legs and feet
yellow?

The body is about the fize of a domeftic fowl. The fhoulders -
are furnifhed with a {mall crooked fpine. In the dried fpecimen the
legs and feet are yellow; but, perhaps, in the living bird might have
been of the fame colour with the beak.

Tus bird is the only fpecies of its genus yet known of a
white colour. The birds of this genus rank in the order
called by Linneus Gralla, and moft of the fpecies frequent
watery places. To this genus belongs the well-known bird
called the Moor-hen, or -Fulica chloropus; as alfo a very
beautiful exotic {pecies called the Purple Water-hen, which
is the Fulica porphyrio of Linneus, and which in fhape
much refembles the White Fulica now defcribed.

THE

9. W789. by TDeblrett

Londore Puttlished as theAct directs Dec?

f
i
i
P
:

—- | y; a

)
ate
wa ’
- ie ae
.
.
- , - ——
. j ae 4
- - r 3 » 7.
~ : a 3 y +
0 * Ms
al “Es a
ey) ‘ P aie
> oe Pru:
F ee c =
vs ate =
‘
‘ of
4 so '

al CTRL Ae

| ae ee fs I a % "
She Soult ern e M otpectlgl?

London Pubteted ad the Act directa Dec29178 9. by LDebretl.

A PoP Eo ae X.

THE SOUTHERN MOTACILLA.
MorTaciILLA AUSTRALIS.

M. cinera, fubtus flava.
N.B. Gula fere albida.

-Afh-coloured Motacilla, yellow beneath.
N.B. The throat inclines a little to whitifh.

Ir is not perhaps abfolutely clear whether this bird fhould
be referred to the genus Motacilla, or Mufcicapa: the pro-
bability, however, is in favour of Motacilla.

The bird is about the fize of the Motacilla flava of Lin-
neus, or yellow wagtail, but feems of a ftouter make.
The beak is of a pale colour, and the legs brown. The
two middle tail-feathers have the very extremities flightly
marked with white. | |

The genus Motacilla is extremely numerous, and it is not
eafy to fix upon a proper or expreflive trivial name. Such
names fhould, if poffible, convey fome idea either of the
colour, or fome other circumftance relative to the manners
or habits of the animal; but in new fpecies, whofe hiftory
is unknown, this is impracticable. The trivial name, there-
fore, of Auftralis may be allowable, though it cannot be re-

garded as fufhciently diftin@ive.
WATTLED

239

240

AP. PB WN ae

WATTLED BEE-EATER, or MEROPS, Female.

The female Bea-eater is ftouter in the body and in the
legs, more brilliant in the plumage, the bill more curved;
and the tail cuneated and tipped with white; but fhorter
than inthe male. The feathers on the head are fmall, each
tipped with white, and fomewhat erected : it ris no wattles,
but on the chin the feathers are dark, long, and hang dif-
fufely.

The general colour of the bird is a blackifh chocolate,
lighter on the breaft, and towards the vent; darker on the
abdomen and towards the tip of the tail. The feathers on
the neck and breaft have each a ftreak of white through the
middle. On the wing the outer long feathers are flightly
edged with whitifh, thofe of the middle region round-ended
and tipped only; and on the upper part of the wing each
feather bears a ftreakd own the middle, fuddenly dilating at
the tip. |

The legs yellower than thofe of the male; claws blackifh.

THE

——_ a
i
5 Se)
PES LS
SSB

TRALEE

Gifi Cy
Sc S parted Goatsichey—
C

London! Lilttithed as the Act Lercctes, Dead, 799, by IDebrete,

a PP EB Neer Xx.

THE CRESTED GOAT-SUCKER.,

CAPRIMULGUS CRISTATUS,.
C. cinereo-fufcus, fubtus pallidus, remigibus caudaque fafciis pallidis numerofis,
vibriffis utrinque erecto-crifiatis.
Corpus fupra puncis minutiffimis fubalbidis irroratum.
Cinereous-brown Goat-fucker, pale beneath; with the long feathers of the
wings and tail fprinkled with numerous pale fafcie, and the vibriffe

(or briftles on the upper mandible) ftanding up on each fide, in the

manner of a creft.

The body on the upper part is fprinkled with very fmall whitifh fpecks.

The birds of this genus are remarkable for the exceflive

widenefs of the mouth, though the beak is very fmall;

in their manner of life, as well as general ftructure, they |

“are very nearly allied to the genus Hirundo, or fwallow;
and indeed may be regarded as a kind of noéturnal {wallows.
They feed on infe&s, particularly on beetles. The name
Caprimulgus, or Goat-fucker, was given to this genus from
an idea that prevailed amoneft the more ancient naturalifts
of their fometimes fucking the teats of goats and fheep; a
eircumftance in itfelf fo wildly improbable, that it would
{carce deferve to be ferioufly mentioned, were it not that fo
accurate a naturalift as the late celebrated Scopoli feems in
fome degree to have given credit to it,

Tr THE

241

242

a P © EUN Dre “=.

THE SCINCOID, or SKINC-FORMED LIZARD.
LaAcERTA SCINCOIDES.

This Lizard comes nearer to the Scincus than any I am
acquainted with, but is ftill a diftin@ fpecies.

In the two fpecimens fent over by Mr. Wurre, one had
a procefs on the upper part of the tail, near the top, almoft
like a fupernumerary or forked tail, but which I rather con-
ceive to.be natural; and as this one was a male, I am inclined
to think that this is peculiar to that fex, which would in
fome degree have been more clearly made out, if the other,
which had not this procefs, had proved a female; but as
its being gutted and ftuffed before I faw it, prevented my
examination, this remains ftill to be proved: but what
makes the conjecture very probable, is, that it 1s mentioned
by Mr. Wurre that fome are without, and fome with this
procefs. Now if it was a monfter, arifing either from acci~
dent, or originally fo formed, it would hardly be fo com-
mon as to be taken notice of. The tail is longer than that
of the Scincufes, and not fo taper; the animal is of a dark
iron-grey colour, which is of different fhades in different

parts, forming a kind of ftripes acrofs the back and tail.
| The

————————— SS SSS
a

ESS

GAs 2 > 7. a :
dora pte = 2 Cog. IMaly bohen, 4Dpe/Youny:
AC ne forme oe ig t eae POUCH gs

Pildithed asthe Act dixecta Dew'2G, YEG. by LD drat

} 1 TR
ag EN ia ser
ie Ne

WERONRY ab ED a wdk me

“a ‘a Lek se

AP PEW DB FT X.

The feales of the cuticle are ftrong, but not fo much fo as
thofe of the Scincus. Its legs are fhort and ftrong, covered
with the fame kind of fcales as the body, but the fcales of
the feet are not. Onthe cuticle are {mall knobs, as if it
were ftudded.

The toes on each foot are pretty regular; the difference
in length not great, and the fame on both the fore and hind
foot; whichis not the cafe with the Sincus, it having a long
middle toe.

There are {mall fhort nails on each toe; on their upper
furface they are covered with a ferics of fcales, which go half
round, like a coat of mail.

Jutt within the verge of the external ope ning of the ea
on the anterior edge, is a membrane, covering about one
third of it, which is fcolloped on its loofe or unattached
edge ; this can hardly be called an external ear, nor can it
be called the referve, viz. a valve; but if it is an Hiftead
_to hearing, which it moft probably is, it fhould be confi-
dered as the external ear.

The teeth are in a row on each fide of each jaw, becom-
ing gradually larger backwards. They are fhort above the
gum, and rounded off, fitted for breaking or bruifing of

fubftances, more than cutting or tearing.

Ii 2 THE

24.3

244

ASP Po BON DT ek,

THE MURICATED LIZARD.
Lacerta Moricara:

L. cauda tereti longa, corpore grifeo, /quamis carinatis mucronatis.

Corpus fupra fafcius tranverfis fufcis; fubtus pallidum. Valde affints
Agame et Calote.

L. with long rounded tail, body greyith, feales carinated and fharp
pointed.

The animal on its upper part is fafciated with tranfverfe dufky bars, and
is pale beneath. This f{pecies is very nearly allied to the L. Agama

and Calotes.

This fpecies meafures fomewhat more than a foot in
length. The general colour is a brownifh grey, and the
whole upper part of the animal is marked with tranfverfe
dufky bars, which are moft confpicuous on the legs and tail.
The tail is very long; the fcales on every part of the animal
are of a fharp form, and furnifhed with a prominent line on
the upper furface; toward the back part of the head the
fcales almoft run into a fort of weak {fpines; the feet are

furnifhed with moderately ftrong, fharp claws.
THE

2 del

i Supe, wy t Muvecated Lizard.

Londow Pultished cd the Act derects Dec. 29, EQ by TDelrett.

|
Ny

as
=
Wey
i=

ee et BE

~—

}

tee

ie
;

ee ee

D ki Of
Jc fe oe See A Ze 7 aed a ef ss ward:

y ,
Tutlished as the Act directa -Lee. 29. 198g. by f Debrett:
y

APPENDIX.

Pie RIBBON ED UD EZAR DB.

LAcCERTA I ZNIOLATA,

L. levis, cauda tereti longa, corpore fupra teniolis albis nigrifque, fubtus
albo.

Afinis L.lemnifcate. Crura fupra albo nigroque firiata: digiti unguiculati:
aures confpicue: fquame totius corporis levifime, nitidifime, cauda vix

diftinéte firiata, fubferruginea.

This is a very elegant fpecies. The length of the animal is
about fix inches and a half; and is diftinguifhed by a number
of parallel ftripes, or bands of black and white, difpofed

longitudinally throughout the whole upper part of the body,

except that on the tail the bands are not carried much above

the bafe; the remainder being of a pale ferruginous colour.
In fome fpecimens a tinge of this colour is alfo vifible on
the back ; the lower part of the body is of a yellowifh white ;
the tail is perfe@ly round, of a great length, and gradually

tapers to the extremity.

THE

245

246

A? Pw MBE Ss

THE BROAD-TAILED LIZARD.
LACERTA PLATURA.

L. cauda depreffo-plana lanceolata, margine fubaculeato, corpore grifeo-

Sufco feabro.

Ungues quafi duplicati. Lingua brevis, lata, integra, feu non forficata;

apice autem leniter emarginato.

L. with a depreffed lanceolate tail, almoft fpiny on the margin; the
body ofa dufky grey colour, and rough.

The claws appear as if double; the tongue is fhort and broad, not
forked, but flightly emarginated at the tip.

This Lizard is ftrikingly diftinguifhed by the uncommon
form of its tail, which is of a depreffed or flattened fhape,
with very thin edges, and gradually tapers to a fharp extre-
mity. This depreffed form of the tail is extremely rare in
Lizards ; there being fcarcely more than two other f{pecies
yet known in which a fimilar ftru€@ture takes place. One of
thefe is the L. Caudiverbera of Linnzus, in which the tail

appears

An MN Xe hie

appears to be not only deprefied, but pinnated on the fides,
Another fpecies with a deprefled tail has been figured by the
Count De Cepede, in his Hiftory of Oviparous Quadrupeds.
The prefent f{pecies is about four inches and a half in
length. The head is large in proportion; and the whole
upper furface of the animal is befet with fmall tubercles,
which in fome parts, efpecially towards the back of the head,
and about the tail, are lengthened into a fharpened point.

The lower furface is of a pale colour, or nearly white.

THE

Rana Carurea.

an R. ccerulea, fubtus grifeo-punctata, pedibus ttradaiy, peheriribe pale | us
2, "Sta A
matis. Rava te ; ik alba : i

aS Sree Magnitudo Rane temporaria. AN tal Pde oR cok Sods} eer eae Mi
. Blue Frog, fedecd beneath with greyifh; the feet divided into four an
toes; the hind-feet webbed. ie ~~ aa
Size of the common Frog. ’
iH
x =
N; ef 4 1 j t ‘
a ? ; Plate
j :
5

“AwopueoT-
PDI

: ase 778k YP PPP YZ

Li Ovr"d

NG p

——-

ty | i &
uy)

- hy by,
eae
yy

H
j
2
’
f
3
‘
H
}
fi

Z Kenan ‘delin: ry aA, Y
later B.

London, Lublifhe das the Act directs Dec *2Q, 17 29, by TDebrett.

OPS PE aN ee IX,

Plate A. annexed, reprefents a production of which Mr.
~ Waite has fent no defcription, nor can we give any fatif-
factory account of it. This is faid to come from the root
of the Yellow Gum Tree, and is a congeries of fcales,
cemented, as it were, together by the gum. Whether they
are the bafes of the leaves of that tree, or part of a parafiti-
cal plant growing upon it, future obfervations muft deter-
mine. The latter fuppofition feems to be countenanced by
the appearance of fibrous roots at the bafe of this fingular

production.

Kk THE

24.9

250 AP cP EL Ne Dae ae,

THE WHITE HA WK.
Fatco ALBus.

Falco-albus, rofiro nigro, cera pedibufque flavis.

White Hawk, with black beak, cere and legs yellow. :

This fpecies, in fhape and general appearance, feems.
very nearly allied to the bird called, in England, the Hen-
Harrier, which is the Falco cyaneus of Lanheus:: dts very
nearly of the fame fize, and the legs and thighs are of a,
flender form, as in that fpecies. |

The whole plumage is white, without any variegation.

THE

SS —

ee WZ ye NT oF / \

London tTubtistil as the Act directa D ec: 29, GE. by LD eb ret

J adtone Delon

Ae tata te es

; . =

>
,

a (Spe 2

5)
a

yee
bend

White

LondontLubilijhed as the

Van

ty I Debrelt.

177680

“au

Act

A® PP YE AND eT ox:

THE WHITE-VENTED CROW.
Corvus GRACULINUS.

Corvus niger, remigum rectricumque bafi apiceque caude albis.

Black Crow, with the bafes of the wing and tail feathers, and the tip of
the tail, white.

This bird is about the fize of a Magpye ; and in fhape is
not much unlike one, except that the tail is not cuneated,
but has all the feathers of equal length. The bird is entirely
black, except the vent, the bafe of tani feathers, the
bafe of the wing feathers, and the extremity of the tail,
which are white. The {mall part of the white bafe of the
wing feathers gives the appearance of a white fpot when the
wings are clofed. The beak is very ftrong; the upper
mandible flightly emarginated near the tip, and the lower
mandible is of a pale colour towards the tip. The capi/-
tien reverfum, or fet of briftles, which are fituated forward
on the bafe of the upper mandible in moft of the birds of this
genus, is not very confpicuous in this fpecies; but the
whole habit and general appearance of the bird fufficiently
juftify its being regarded as a fpecies of Corvus.

) Ke kita THE

251

252 AUP CP BAND.

FULIGINOUS P22 ei.

ProcELLARIA FULIGINOSA.

Procellaria fuliginofa, roftro albido.

Fuliginous Peteril, with whitifh beak.

This is probably nothing more than a variety of the Pro-
cellaria AXquinodtialis of Linneus. Its fize is nearly that
of a’raven; © The whole bird is of a deep footy brown, or
blackifh; except that on the chin is a {mall patch of white,
running down a little on each fide from the lower man-

dible. The beak is of a yellowith white.

VARIE-

ee ae

— By SSS

——

_ Hlegyenots ter?

Pudithed aa the tet. direts Dec 29, 1789, ly TDebvelt

; \ ' 7 ih : ; vot. . ¥, robe i ;
y o ae . i A Wh haa
} , i nbd cy Be a AE Ape v=
* at; : ‘4 a i iy "i
‘ ‘

sabi he
i “ie soy

ie ere

a : ( —" DA 4 eR PY VIRPH Sf.
= Pf? fy 7 hg Oph Co 45 AKPOUP Pf ic EN at VEDT Sp (
vi \ 4

SPOUT porebeney Ce

= 2 Lye
: LL —————

=e =<

———s

ae i alee ks Sak Sie

VARIEGATED LIZARD.

LAcERTA VARIA,

Lacerta cauda longa carinata, corpore maculs tranfverfis variis.

Lizard with long carinated tail, the body tranfverfely variegated.

This Lizard approaches fo extremely near to the Lacerta
~- Monitor of Linneus, or Monitory Lizard, as to make it
doubtful whether it be not in reality a variety of that
{pecies, The body is about 15 inches in length, and the
tail is confiderably longer. The animal is of a black
colour, variegated with yellow marks and ftreaks of differ-
ent fhapes, and running in a tranf{verfe direction. On the
legs are rows of tranfverfe round fpots; and on the tail
broad alternate bars of black and yellow. In fome {peci-
mens the yellow was much paler than in others, and nearly

whitifh.

THE

25S

say ist Os ea

vL? +

y 1.9"

“Y Ay s Os key

Feryiire, a) meer aS yh aa ts
. 1. & Fi ¢
{ i Aw
‘ ¥ i
: ‘

APPENDIX. |

THE LONG-SPINED CHET.ODON.
Camropon Armatus.

‘Chetodon Bt tae cor pore S24 sis Me salt nigris, salad pinnae dorfalis Sere :
tertia longiffima.

Whitifh Chetodon, with feven black ftripes on the body, fix fpines
on the dorfal fin, the third very long. | |

Pe. | ee | This appears to be a new and very elegant f{pecies of the
: ; | genus Chetodon. The total length ene {pecimen was

% not more than four inches. The Solent a filvery white,

es darker, and of a bluifh tinge, on the back; the tranfverfe
‘a fafciz, or bands, of a deep black; the fins and tail ae pale

F yes brown. The third ray or fpine of the farft dorfal fin is
ee | much longer than the reft.

: |

| MURICATED. ©

4 She. Finngent Eten: 2 , Granudated Balius§es

London Piddlished ce the Act directs Dec: 2g, FE9. ty TDobrete.

PPaNy

”
Mts a
A Vise alt,

‘ae

aay
in GE
ater, Gat

oo py YL OPM OL

wep TL byl bo? I? P PP YW

AP Fi EI NO hm

MURICGCATFED. LIZARD.

Lacerta MuricatTa. Var.

This variety chiefly differs from that reprefented in a
preceding Plate, p. 244, in having the head lefs diftin@ly
acculeated, and the fcales on the body not fo ftrongly
carinated.

Figure 1. in the above mentioned Plate is a {mall Snake,
about a foot in length, of a white colour, tinged with ferru-
ginous ; the body marked by diftant black bands, and each
feale on the back marked with a fmall black fpeck.

SUPERB

255

256

AX PRL EANID BX

SUPER BU WARES ee
MoraciLLa SuPERBA.

Motacilla nigra, remigibus fufcis, abdomine albo, fronte genifque caruleis.

Black Warbler, with the long feathers of the wings brown; the belly
white; the forehead and cheeks blue.

This beautiful fpecies is generally found in the ftate de-
{cribed in the fpecific charaéter; hut it appears to be fubject
to great variety, two of which are exhibited; the lower and
largeft fpecimen having not only more blue on the head than
ufual, but alfoa patch of brilliant blue on each fide the back,
and a mark of reddifh brown or orange near the fhoulders.

The upper fpecimen is confiderably lefs than that beneath,
and has {till more blue upon the head; the beak and legs
{maller in proportion, darker in colour, and the latter al-
moft black. The head is crowned with a fmall creft of
bright azure; the cheek, and upper part of the back and
wings, are of the fame colour; the lower parts of each brown.
The outer feathers of the wing whitifh, near the fhoulder
marked with brown. The head, neck, and breaft deep
black; abdomen white, faintly tinged with dufky. Tail
black, highly cuneated. In this bird the blue is moft lucid,
compofed of fhort, ftiff feathers, refembling fifh-{fcales, with
fhining furfaces; but it has not the beautiful fcapulary
of prifmatic violet-colour, found in the other. Legs, feet,

and claws black, and extremely flender.
SMALL

)

fs Virion

pe 7¢

5 C

aeeerys
Va a
Pil
stink

1
my)
uh

Th teh
A ae a

Phy
f Palats

> .

ay
Mls
4 oil
kt
Pigs

: res “A ‘

ail

Jon Piubtihid as eb erect, Dec 29, 47 27

CDLrtt

ACTP OP GEO ON ah Xk, 257

MOTACILL A, orn WARBLER.

MoraciLLa PusILia.

M. fufca, fubius pallida, cauda prope apicem fafcia fufca.

Brown Warbler, pale beneath, with a band of brown towards the tip of
the tail.

This little bird is about the fame fize with the Superb
Warbler, and has evidently fome affinity with that fpecies,
but (exclufive of the difference in colour) the-tail is not in

the leaft cuneated, but even at the end.

og SERPENTS.

oe hak Bi

258

a et eee SS ee ae
, {

AP oP AE ND Sr ae

SERPENT SS.

The f{pecies of Serpents are much lefs eafily afcertained
than thofe of moft other animals; not only on account of
the great number of fpecies, but from the innumerable vari-.
ations to which many of them are fubje@ in point of colour.
Amongeft thofe lately received from New Holland, the fol~

lowing are the moft remarkable.

Snaxz, No. 1, about three feet and a half in length,
of a bluifh afh-colour, coated with fcales rather large
than f{mall, and having nearly the fame general proportion
with the common Englifh fnake, or Coluber Natrix of

Linneus.

Snake, No. 2, nearly three feet in length, flender, and
of a tawny yellowifh colour, with numerous indiitin& bars
of dark brown, and fomewhat irregular, or flexuous, in

their difpofition.

SNAKE,

VOL PUPP LAW Dm pypygnT copia

Prepay 7 be

ly?
a

Cee

London Bubluhid ae the dct dterects Dec29, Vik by LDebrett

Cine La

a ia Ee.
RO a a

igh
nay

Bo a

~ ee, alexi
Par

London; Publish as the det durecli Dee: 291789 ly IDebrett

y
‘
’

aS
ri"

i ut . ‘
Eas iA :

C Snaked :

Lindon Buttithidas theAct directs Dee 2GN7EG. by TDetrele.

ROP PE BN Da Pk

Snake, No. 5, upwards of eight feet in length, of a
darkith colour, varied with fpots and marks of a dull yellow:
the belly alfo is of a yellowifh colour. The fcales are fmall
in proportion to the fize of the animal ; the tail gradually

tapers to a point.

SNAKES. See Plate containing Two Figures.

No. 1. Small, about fourteen inches in length,
coated with very {mall feales, and varied with irregular

markings of yellow ona dark brown or blackifh ground.

It is probably a young {nake. |

No. 2. Small, about fifteen inches in length, and

fafciated with alternate bars oF black and white.
None of the above Serpents appear to be of a poifonous

nature: they belong to the Linnean genus Coluber; yet

No. 5. has fome characters of the genus Anguis.

Le. INSECTS.

260.

A Pi BYR Net Dats K2

INSECTS.

The Infe&s received from New Holland are:
No. 1. The large Scolopendra, or Centipede (Scolopen-
dra Morfitans Lin.) The fpecimens feemed of a fomewhat
darker colour than ufual. See Plate of large Scolopendra,

é&c. annexed.

No. 2. A {maller Spider, of a dark colour; with a fmall
thorax and large round abdomen, and with the joints of the

legs marked with whitith..

No. 3. A {mall fpecies of Crab, or Cancer, of a pale
colour, and which fhould be ranked amongft the Cancri

brachyuri in the Linnean divifion of the genus.
No. 4. A Caterpillar, befet with branchy prickles, and
confequently belonging to fome fpecies of Papilio or

butterfly.

LIZARD

lopendra J

2
0

?
LM

sae aH

Lublistied

+ 4 i. "a ; ;
Bein.) fic. COUR ho ais

ih SS, cok Lae |) PL ae

ee a ey er iiacres sfgeareenstpaene neg ; ee

: pki , r ‘ vt aw A "I ’ oA rex pe m : wegy hy,
hs 5 » a ar en | «

x".

1.4
y 4
1854 .%

iE
’
C

——- a
c a

ASP -PCECNAD: 1<x:

Pe Zee DEG. GS:

With the fpecimens of Lacerte, feveral Eggs were
received. They were of an oval fhape, and of a livid brown
colour, whitifh within and not much larger than peafe. On
opening them the young Lizards were extracted, perfedaly
formed, and in all refpects refembling the Scincoid Lizard,
except that the tail was longer in proportion. See Plate of
the Skinc-formed Lizard, Fig. 2, 3, and 4, which are given
of the natural fize. Fig. 1. reprefents the Eggs in the pro-

portion they bear to the adult {pecimen,

SMALL

261

262 AP PE NSD eT TR,

SMALL PAR OO RE Ts
Pstrtracus Pust.uus.

Pfittacus fubmacrourus viridis, capiftro reétricumque bafi rubris.

Cauda fubtus flavefcens, bafi rubra. Remiges latere interiore fifte. Mag-
nitudo Pfittact Porphyrionis. Roftrum fubjlavefcens, feu fufco—fiavefcens
Pedes fubfufct. 7

‘Green Paroquet, with fomewhat lengthened tail; the feathers round the
beak, and the bafe of the tail feathers, red.

About the fize of the violet-coloured Otaheite Paroquet. The beak is
yellowifh, or brownifh yellow. The feet dufky.. The tail feathers
yellowifh beneath, and red at the bafe. The wing feathers dufky on

the interior margin.

RED

Jiltone Delon

: Lees hnall Faroguet ee

London Lublifhed as the Act directs Dee.29 1769 by lDebrett

; i,
Te
pM :

i
oe

oe PO <

abe

<->
a
q *
®.
.
+=
-
1
~
- 4
+t
»

Teg.

Ye’ er

2D?

)
CL)

tS alderit’ iF

by (Se

Lilli

APPEND I X. 264

RED SHOULDERED PAROQUET.
Psirracus Discotor..

Pfittacus macrourus viridis, rectricibus bafi ferruginets, humeris fubtus fan~

guinels.

Long tailed Green Parrot, with the tail feathers ferruginous towards the:
bafe, the fhoulders blood-red beneath..

This fpecies, which appears to be new, is of that fort
generally termed Paroquets. It is about ten inches in
length: the general colour of the bird a fine green: the
outer edge of the wing, near the fhoulders, blue: the
edge of the fhoulders deep red; the under part the fame..
On the fides of the body a patch of red: round the beak a
few red feathers: long feathers of the wings of a deep.
blackith blue, edged flightly with yellow: tail deep ferru-
ginous toward the bafe, each feather becoming blue at the:

tip: bill and feet pale brown.

CYPRI-—

Pe CyPRINACHO USI eRe

a | ' My

| ae | uy, ALapnos “OvrktNacets. 6
> Pei: “ " m
a é “i ae ia
rs

Labrus corpore albefcente. Cc OS jie

as Labrus with whitith body.

The length of this fifh was about fix inches: me colour %
Ne 3 whitifh: fcales large. | ae 3 , ra
; az From the bad condition of the fpecimen it was not pofli- _ i
ble to make fo accurate an examination of its characters as —

~ might have been withed,

ae | As een + DOUBT: ia

5 ; se oe 2 ath em
7 Cyprinaceous alas, ws ee: Hijfpocampes ope
(4

Pidtusted asthe Act directa, Decz 2G, 729. by T-Debrelt.

‘

A
P
-
.
{"

py. ig ON

nm Pu

2 Tine ee

6 a | i

: a i mT te ;
CN Mite y 2
ii ae Hi
Me a ee i cA
a ‘a :
' ya wer ‘i
f hate '
i, hy

i es i Bing

wid ihe
uae .; ea ; t « r
Das i
Ne Ny i
oder A '
& ee ; ‘ .
9 ny . a
pena
ae ; i
in t
if v ibe
say"
5 7
i ~
= ai A
mei
ly
1 1
\
u 7 <
Pi hi
baat i
vi"
er),
sa
wh
| =
7 ‘
t
vi ’

e104 fo Sea
2
c

ppl 69 COMET PP PE PY? PY

Ue! tase

AGP Bi EA Ne DEAT oe

DOUBTFUL LOPHIUS.
Lopuius Dusrus.

Lophius nigricans, fubtus pallidus.
Blackifh Lophius, pale beneath.
-This fifth was about fix inches in length; its general

colour a very deep brown, almoft black; the mouth ex-

_tremely wide, and furnifhed with feveral rows of flender

fharp teeth. On opening it many ova were found, which |

were very large in proportion to the fith.

Mm SOUTHERN

a&6 a PF. BOND De

SOUTHERN COTTUS.

Cotrtus AUSTRALIS.

Cottus albidus, capite aculeato, corpore fafciis tranfuerfis hvidis.

Whitith Cottus, with aculeated head, body marked with tranfverfe livid
bands.

This fifh did not exceed four inches in length, and is
fufficiently defcribed in its fpecific character,

DOUBTFUL

CV 2 O Ger Gey. Ne. aa
4 ye : ern COMMA, 9 She . My ong - Fish.
Cede:

Londow, Publiohed av the Act directs Dee 23/789) bay LDebrett

APR eee BOR 267

DOUBTFUL, or COMPRESSED SPARUS,
Sparus? CompRESsUs.

Sparus? Argenteus, campre(fus.

Sparus? Ofa filvery colour, the body much compreffed.

The f{pecimen figured was nearly fix inches in length;
the colour a filvery white; fcales of a moderate fize, and the
body much comprefled. It feemed to pofflefs the charaéters
of a Sparus, though they could fcarce be determined with

fuficient certainty, from the bad condition of the fpecimen.

Mm-2 . FASCIATED

268 ASP UP SHINE De eas

FASCIATED MULLET.

MuLuvus FasciatTus.

Mullus fubflavefcens, fafcuis longitudinalis fufcis.

Pale yellowifh Mullet, with longitudinal brown bands.

Length about five inches: {cales large.

The

————
——

—S—
==

pee Ae Vi ?
A Hi nocvated Mullee. ss Doubtful : Yi PILd .

Tondon Published aa the Act derects Dec 2.9, 1789, by TDebrett.

fe PUPS EN OP OX

The Non-defcript Animals of New South Wales occupied
a great deal. of Mr. Wuire’s attention, and he preferved
feveral fpecimens of them in fpirits, which arrived in
England in 3 very perfec ftate. There was no perfon to
whom thefe could be given with fo much propriety as
Mr. Hunter, he, perhaps, being moft capable of exa-
mining accurately their ftructure, and making out their
place in the fcale of animals; and it is to him that we
‘are indebted for the following obfervations: upon them;
in which the anatomical ftructure is purpofely avoided, as
being little calculated for the generality of readers of a work

of this kind.

It vis much’ to ‘be wifhed that thofe gentlemen who
are defirous of obliging their friends, and promoting
the ftudy of Natural Hiftory, by fending home fpeci-
mens, would endeavour to procure all the information
they can relating to fuch {pecimens as they may colled,
more efpecially animals. The fubje@s themfelves may be
valuable, and may partly explain their conne@ion with
thoie related to them, fo as, in fome meafure, to eftablith
their place in nature, but they cannot do it entirely ; they

only

265

A PB Py Be Ni em

only give us the form and conftruGion, but leave us in
other refpects to conjefure, many of them requiring
further obfervations relative to their economy. A negle&
in procuring this information has left us, almoft to this
day, very ignorant of that part of the Natural Hiftory of |
animals which is the moft interefting. The Opoflum is
a remarkable inftance of this. There is fomething in the
mode of propagation in this animal that deviates from all
others; and although known in fome degree to be extraor-
dinary, yet it has never been attempted, where opportunity
offered, to complete the inveftigation. I have often endea-
voured to breed them in England; I have bought a great
many, and my friends have aflifted me by bringing them or
fending them alive, yet never could get them to breed;
and although poffefied of a great many facts refpecting
them, I do not believe my information is fufficient to.
complete the fyftem of propagation in this clafs. In
colleGing animals, even the name given by the natives,
if poflible, fhould be known; for a name, toa Naturalift,
fhould mean nothing but that to which it is annexed, having
no allufion to any thing elfe ; for when it has, it divides the
idea. This obfervation applies particularly to the animals

which

6 PP EM Pt x.

which have come from New Holland; they are, upon the
whole, like no other that we yet know of ; but as they have
parts in fome refpect fimilar to others, names will naturally
be given to them expreflive of thofe fimilarities; which has
already taken place: for inftance, one is called the Kangaroo
Rat, but which fhould not be called either Kangaroo or
Rat; I have therefore adopted fuch names as can only be
appropriated to each particular animal, conveying no
other idea, :

Animals admit of being divided into great claffes; but
will not fo diftin@ly admit of fubdivifion, without inter-
fering with each other. Thus the clafs called Quadruped
is fo well marked, that even the whole is juftly placed
in the fame clafs. Birds the fame; Amphibia (as they.
are called) the fame; and fo of fifth, &c. ; but when we are
fubdividing thefe great claffes into their different tribes,

genera, and fpecies, then we find a mixture of properties ;

fome fpecies of one tribe partaking of fimilar properties with:

a {pecies of another tribe..

271

A P P EN Bon =

Of th KANGAROO.

This animal (probably from its fize) was the principal ane
taken notice of in this ifland; the only parts at firft
brought home were fome fkins and fculls; and I was favour-
ed with one of the {culls from Sir Jofeph Banks. As the
teeth of fuch animals as are already known, in fome degree
point out their digeftive organs, I was in hopes that
I might have been able to form an opinion of the
particular tribe of the animals already known, to which
the Kangaroo fhould belong; but the teeth did not accord
with thofe of any one clafs of animals I was acquainted
with, therefore I was obliged to wait with patience till I
could get the whole: and in many of its other organs
the deviation from other animals is not lefs than in its teeth.
In its mode of propagation it very probably comes nearer to
the Opoffum than any other animal; although it is not at
all fimilar to it in other refpeéts. Its hair is of a greyith

brown colour, fimilar to that of the wild rabbit of Great

‘Britain, is thick and long when the animal is old; but it is

late:

4, CX She )
CL e Ji WNGATOO :
[4

London Eulttiedas the At directo Dec: 29.1789 TDeiret

; oun hele ni
eo wi pared fas iy in
Hira See

Ao Bo Re aed x.

Jate in growing, and when only begun to grow, it is like
a {trong down; however, in fome parts it begins earlier than
others, as about the mouth, &c. In all of the young
Kangaroos yet brought home (although fome as large as a
full grown cat), they have all the marks of a fetus ; no hair;
ears lapped clofe over the head; no marks on the feet of
having been ufed in progreflive motion. The large nail on the
great toe fharp at the point; and the fides of the mouth
united fomething like the eye-lids of a puppy juft whelped,
having only a paflage at the anterior part. This union of
the two lips on the fides is of a particular flruature, it
wears off as it grows up, and by the time it is of the fize of

a {mall rabbit, difappears.

Of the Teeth of the Kangaroo.

The teeth of this animal are fo fingular, that it is
impoflible, from them, to fay what tribe it is‘of. There is
a faint mixture in them, correfponding to thofe of different
tribes of animals.

Take the mouth at large, refpedting the fituation of

. the teeth, it would clafs in fome degree with the Scalpris
Nn dentata 3

273

274

XP Pe ae ee

dentata*; in a fainter degree with the Horfe, and Ruminants ;
and with regard to the line of direction of all the teeth,
they are very like thofe of the Scalpris dentata. The fore
teeth in the upper jaw agree with the Hog; and thofe
in the lower, in number, with the Scalpris dentata; but
with regard to pofition, and probably ufe, with the Hog.
The grinders would feem to be a mixture of Hog and
Ruminants; the enamel on their external and grind-
ing furfaces, rather formed into feveral cutting edges,
than points. There are fix incifors in the upper jaw,
and only two in the lower; but thefe two are fo placed
as to oppofe thofe of the upper; five grinders in each fide
of each jaw, the moft anterior of which is {mall. The pro-
portions of fome of the parts of this animal bear no analogy
to what is common in moft others. The difproportions in
the length between the fore legs and the hind are very
confiderable; alfo in their ftrength; yet perhaps not more
than in the Jerboa. This difproportion between the fore legs
and the hind is principally in the more adult; for in the very

young, about the fize of a half grown rat, they are pretty

* This tribe includes the Rat, &c.

well

ae Pee ee eee

well proportioned ; which fhews that at the early period
of life they do not ufe progreflive motion. The proportions
of the different parts of which the hind legs are compofed,
are very different. The thigh of the Kangaroo is extremely
fhort, and the leg is very long. The hind foot is uncommon-
ly long; on which, to appearance, are placed three toes,
the middle toe by much the largeft and the ftrongeft, and
looks fomething like the long toe of an Oftrich. The
- outer toe is next in fize; and what appears to be the

inner toe, is two, inclofed in one {kin or covering.

The great toe nail much refembles that of an Oftrich,

as alfo the nail of the outer toe; and the inner, which
appears to be but one toe, has two fmall nails, which are
bent and _ fharp.

From the heel, along the under fide of the foot and toe,
the fkin is adapted for walking upon.

The fore legs, in the full grown Kangaroo, are fmall in pro-
‘portion to the hind, or the fize of the animal; the feet, or
hands, are alfo fmall; the fkin on the palm is different from
that on the back of the hand and fingers. There are five toes or

fingers on this foot; the middle rather the largeft; ‘the others

become very gradually fhorter, and. are all nearly of

Nn 2 the

275

276

a) Poe ON oe? cA

the fame fhape. The nails are fharp, fit for holding.
The tail is long in the old; but not fo long, in proportion
to the fize of the animal, in the young. It would feem
to keep pace with the growth of the hind legs, which are
the inftruments of progreflive motion in this animal;
and which would adfo fhew that the tail is a kind of
fecond inftrument in this action.

The under lip is divided in the middle, each fide rounded
off at the divifion.

It has two clavicles; but they are fhort, fo that the

fhoulders are not thrown out.

WHITE-

af Pe ‘ rt a

*
ley

: ps ah weep is Petre:

a ec

: a aes

CFD
Vhite

DS ted Sp L Ler =

Tondow, Published as thed ct A veote Dee29 (7 29. by LDebrrett,

A POW ee wy.

WHITE JOINTED SPIDER.

The fpecies of Spiders, unlefs feen recent, and in the
utmoft flate of perfection, are not eafily diftinguifhed. The
prefent f{pecies is moft remarkable for the lucid furface of its
thorax and legs, which latter are furnifhed with feveral long
moveable fpines, that may be either elevated or depreffed at
the will of the animal: this however is not peculiar to the pre-
fent {pecies, but is feenin fome others. The eyes are eight in
number, and are arranged in the fame manner as thofe of
the great American Spider, or Aranea Avicularia of Linneus.
The colour of this Spider is a clear chefnut brown, except
the body, which is a pale brown, with a very deep or blackith
fafcia on its wpper part, reaching about half way down.
The orifice at the tip of each fang is very vifible by fo
flight a magnifying power as that of a glafs of two inches
focus: this Spider is therefore of thenumber of thofe which
poifon their prey before they deftroy it.

The Plate exhibits the back and front view, of the natural
fize. A. the order in which the Spines are placed. The
lefler a. two Spines enlarged, fhewing the Bracket on which
they turn, and the Groove or Niche they fhut into when

clofed, C, the Fangs magnified,
WHA

273

a oP PO EON DD Poe

WHA TAP O AU. hoo:

This animal is about the fize of a Racoon, is of a dark
grey colour on the back, becoming rather lighter on the
fides, which terminates in a rich brown on the belly. The
hair is of two kinds, a long hair, and a kind of fur, and
even the long hair, at the roots, is of the fur kind.

The head is fhort; the eyes rather prominent; the ears
broad, not peaked.

The teeth refemble thofe of all the animals from that
country I have hitherto feen-

The incifors are not continued into the grinders by inter-
mediate teeth, although there are two teeth in the interme-
diate fpace in the upper jaw, and one in the lower. The
incifors are fimilar to thofe of the Kangaroo, and fix in num-
ber in the upper jaw, oppofed by two in the lower, which
have an oblique furface extending fome diftance from their
edge, fo as to increafe the furface ‘of contact.

There are two cufpidati on each fidein the upper jaw, and
only one in the lower; five grinders on each fide of each

jaw,

—— x

+>
Whe es Pe oe LO Five >:

Pibahed ws the eb-lederis Doo: 29.1789.by fDirbrett—

Mortimer delon

WS
Sy

“i

| ps ‘i ay «
' ‘ ; ; ay *) vr : st i. le -
: a - Pe} f Ah <
F } 7 .: - ny hg. 4 }' he See Me
I ."

42)
wh
Ep iM

vain ie iyi fants

ae ak fy at
rit a a if

rs * | aN,
vu ; i '
\ vi te .f
qi : os poy ” "
4 . ” -*
4 Pee ons Pid f |
5 i r ‘ ¥ x , = #
‘d *- ie ¥ . ity ’ # .
q - ‘ at 4 “ a9 - a vehi ‘ ny ae es
ot a | 5 7 y | + mt eT ;
a ede ae
| : . ‘ ey, Je ; ‘ ,
; \ . a 6 4 a y a p ay
ty (ag = Pp ' 4
7 7 a BS ee a a » ; 7 ie ;
“¥ Tae" RS Sap. « Lae Fu.) hee
7 ‘ ; 5 ry YS -. f 2.9j c 509 « ‘
non : | d - | 5
a Re 2 ¥ -
i A if ,
7 ’
F ‘ “7 } ’
- e
cs = : i}
Nj ;
‘ s a ps
a :
i
] ; ,
“-- »

: ce
‘ ,
y .
i
B. ts
ee real
’
4
‘
;
0

Biers Bo Teac De: X;

jaw, the firft rather pointed, the others appear nearly of the
fame fize, and quadrangular in their fhape, with a hollow
- See acrofs their bafe from the outfide to>the inner,
which is of fome depth; and another which croffes it, but
not fo deep, dividing the grinding furface into four points.

On the fore foot there are five toes,, the inner the fhorteft,,
refembling, in a flight degree, a thumb. The hind foot re-
fembles a hand, or that of the Monkey and Opoffum, the
great toe having no nail, and oppofing the whole fole of
the foot, which is bare. The nails on the other toes, both
of the fore and hind foot, refemble, in a fmall degree,
thofe of the cat, being broad and covered; and the laft bone
of the toe has a projection on the under fide, at the articula-
tion. Each nail has, in fome degree, afmall fheath, covering
its bafe when drawn up. |

The tail is long, covered with long hair, except the under

furface of that. half towards the termination, of the breadth

of half an inch, becoming broader near the tip or termina-_

tion: this furface is covered with a ftrong cuticle, and is

adapted for laying hold.

A DINGO.

279

|
a oy
' \ on

- es

AP. Poe Me Di Peeks

A DINGO, or DOG, of NEW SOUTH WALES.

This animal is a variety of the Dog, and, like the thep-
herd’s dog in moft countries, approaches near to the original
of he {pecies, which is the wolf, but is not fo large, and
does not ftand fo high on its legs.

The ears are fhort, and ereét, the tail rather bufhy; the

hair, which is of a reddifh dun colour, is long and thick,

but ftrait. It is capable of barking, although not fo rea-
dily as the European dogs; is very ill-natured and vicious,
and {narls, howls, and moans, like dogs in common.
Whether this is the only Dog in New South Wales, and
whether they have it in a wild ftate, is not mentioned ; but
I thould be inclined to believe they had no other; in which
cafe it will conftitute the wolf of that country; and that
which is domefticated is only the wild dog tamed, without

having yet produced a variety, as in fome parts of America,

TAPOA

SS =
Da Tat

5 LE
Ee ean = S : S / Zz
ae - i) Z WONG

Of, nt ee ae

—

4 /

London Pultishid as thedct directs Dec 2G, 178, ly IDedbrrett.

te} wii io

e
i

ite emer ey

Nae iin)

;
MH '
; a
f
(
S
- vi
p «
° a

ba)

TYG Y, hy tol, ‘be - PIP PY Aly PP PVD 77)

Jt ky Soe ee f? a

— - —

ARP. R -BeN, Week He.

WHE UC APROA OT AP A; or TAP ECA:

This animal is the fize of a rat, and, has very much
the appearance of the martin cat, but hardly fo long in the
body in proportion to its fize.

The head is flat forwards, and broad from fide to fide,
efpecially between the eyes and ears; the nofe is peaked, and
projecting beyond the teeth, which makes the upper jaw
appear to be confiderably longer than the lower; the eyes
are pretty large; the ears broad, efpecially at gear bafe, not
becoming regularly narrower to a point, nor with a very
{mooth edge, and having a {mall procefs on the concave, or
inner furface, near to the bafe. It has long whifkers from the
fides of the cheeks, which begin forwards, near the nofe, by
{mall and fhort hairs, and become longer and ftronger as they
approach the eyes. It has very much the hair of a rat, to
which it is fimilar in colour; but near to the fetting on of
the tail, it is of a lighter brown, forming a broad ring round
it. The fore feet are fhorter than the hind, but much in

the fame proportion as thofe of the rat ; the hind feet are

Oo more

281

282

AP FP EN DB.

more flexible. There are five toes on the fore feet, the
middle the largeft, falling off on each fide nearly equally ;
but the fore, or inner toe, is rather fhorteft: they are thin
from fide to fide, the nails are pretty broad, laterally, and
thin at their bafe; not very long but fharp’; the animal |
walks on its whole palm, on which there is no hair. The
hind feet are pretty long, and have five toes; that which
anfwers to our great toe is very fhort, and has no nail; the
next is the longeft in the whole, falling gradually off to the
outer toe; the fhape of the hind toes is the fame as in the
fore feet, as are likewife the nails; it walks nearly on the
whole foot. The tail is, long and covered with long hair,
but not all of the fame colour.

The teeth of this creature are different from any other
animal yet known. The mouth is full of teeth. The
lower jaw narrow in comparifon to the upper, more efpecially
backwards, which allows of much broader grinders in this
jaw than in the lower, and which occafions the grinders in the
upper jaw to project confiderably over thofe in the lower.
In the middle the cufpidati oppofe one another, the upper
piercers, or holders, go behind thofe of the lower; the

fecond clafs of incifors in the lower jaw overtop thofe of

the

m& IP CP’ aN Stl 7X.

the upper while the two firft in the lower go within, or
behind thofe of the upper. In the upper jaw, before the
holders, there are four teeth on each fide, three of which are
pointed, the point ftanding on the inner furface; and the
two in front are longer, ftand more obliquely forwards,
and appear to be appropriated for a particular ufe. The
holders are a little way behind the laft fore teeth, to allow
thofe of the lower jaw to come between. They are pretty
long, the cufpidati on each fide become longer and larger
towards the grinders; they are points or cones placed on a
broad bafe.

There are four grinders on each fide, the middle two the
largeft, the laft the leaft; their bafe is a triangle of the fca-
lenus kind, or having one angle obtufe and two acute.
Their bafe is compofed of two furfaces, an inner and an
outer, divided by proceffes or points: it is the inner that
the grinders of the lower jaw oppofe, when the mouth is
regularly fhut. The lower-jaw has three fore teeth, or inci-
fors, on each fide; the firft confiderably the largeft, proje&-
ing obliquely forwards ; the other two of the fame kind, but
fmaller, the laft the fmalleft.

The holder in this jaw is not fo large as in the upper jaw,

Oo 2 and

283

284

AEP OP. OR Ni TSE oA:

and clofe to the incifors. There are three cufpidati, the
middle one the largeft, the laft the leaft; thefe are cones
ftanding on their bafe, but not on the middle, rather on the
anterior fide. There are four grinders, the two middle the
largeft, and rather quadrangular, each of which has a high
point or cone on the outer edge, with a fmaller, and three
more diminutive on the inner edge, It is impoffible to fay
critically, what the various forms of thefe teeth are adapted
for from the general principles of teeth. In the front we
have what may divide and tear off; behind thofe, there are
holders or deftroyers; behind the latter, fuch as will affift in
mafhing, as the grinders of the lion, and other carniverous
animals; and laft of all, grinders, to divide parts into {maller
portions, as in the graminiverous tribe: the articulation of

the jaw in fome degree admits of all thofe motions.

THE

te Dal

Z
TO fg 09h) bow vag rpoypipy 7 CY fr,

a eae, 2 2 27 aes a) Le

—_———

PRY
Va

A? Pie Nw . eee. s: 285

wien Ty A POA TAF A:

Another animal of the fame fpecies; only differing from
the Tapoa Tafa in its external colour, and in being

{potted.

THE

286

AP FP. END fT

THE POTO ROO, or KANGAROO RAT.

The head is flat fideways, but not fo much fo as the true
Scalpris Dentata. The ears are neither long nor fhort, but
much like thofe of a moufe in proportion to the fize of the
animal, |

The fore legs are fhort in comparifon to the hind. There |
are four toes on the fore feet, the two middle are long, and
nearly of equal lengths, with long narrow nails, flightly bent;
the two fide toes are fhort, and nearly equal in fize, but the
outer rather the largeft. From the nails on the two middle
toes, one would fuppofe that the animal burrowed. Their
hind legs are long, and it is in their power to ftand either on
the whole foot, or on the toes only.

On the hind legs are three toes, the middle one large, and
the two fide ones fhort. The tail is long. The hair on the
body is rather thin ; it is of two kinds, a fur, and a long
hair, which laft becomes exterior from its length. The fur
is the fineft, and is compofed of ferpentine hairs; the long

hair is fironger, and isalfo ferpentine, for more than two

thirds

G igigee, Q

Libledtet ad the tet aeihtch

’ AU} nM,

; a 7
wt; _ re ,
a4;
= it
ba Tae .
y % a

7 ¥
oe
a UNE
’ a hy
11% a
°

AP PORN De wy

thirds of its length near to the fkin, and terminates in a pretty
ftrong pointed end, like the quill of a hedge hog. It is
of a brownifh grey colour, fomething like the brown, or
erey rabbit, with a tinge of a greenifh yellow.

It has a pouch on the lower part of the belly, the mouth
opens forwards, and the cavity extends backwards to the
pubis, where it terminates ; on the abdominal furface of this
pouch are four nipples or two pair, each pair placed very

near the other..

THE

287

ACR Pe Be Np, ek

THE HEPOONA 2 ROD:

This animal is of the fize of afmall rabbit: it has a broad
flat body, the head a good deal refembles that of the fquir-
rel: the eyes are full, prominent, and large: the ears broad
and thin: its legs fhort, and its tail very long. Between
the fore and hind legs, on each fide, is placed a doubling of
the: fkin of the fide, which, when the legs are extended
laterally, is as it were pulled out, forming a broad lateral wing
or fin, and when the legs are made ufe of in walking, this
fkin, by its elafticity, isdrawn clofe to the fide of the animal,
and forms a kind of ridge, on which the hair has a peculiar
appearance. In this refpect it is very fimilar to the flying
{quirrel of America.

It has five toes on each fore foot, with fharp nails. The
hind foot has alfo five toes, but differs confiderably
from the fore foot; one of the toes may be called a thumb,
having a broad nail, fomething like that of the Monkey or
Opoffum: what anfwers to the fore and middle toes are

united in one common covering, and appear like one toe
with

Yc ) PUOO? TY ¢

20
C

(

Star yh eee es

‘
‘
7 *
j
»
a
‘ q
2 i
4
Li 4 by
aly aT
yn
5

ASP &, Bon Det

with two nails; this is fomewhat fimilar to the Kangaroo,
the two other toes are in the common form, thefe four nails
are tharp like thofe on the fore foot. This formation of the
foot is well calculated for holding any thing while it is
moving its body, or its fore foot, to other parts, a property
belonging (probably) to all animals who move from the hind
parts; fuch as the Monkey, Mocock, i Opoffum,
Parrot, Leech, &c.

Its hair is very thick and long, making a very fine fur,
efpecially on the back. It is of a dark brown grey on the
upper part, a light white grey on the lower fide of what may
be termed the wing, and white on the under furface, from

the neck to the parts adjacent to the anus,

P p FEATHER

289

290

KP Pe Rew fe

FEATHER ofr trHe CASSOWARY.

The feathers of the New Holland Caflowary are of a
remarkable conftru@ion ; and may, perhaps, be more eafily
delineated than defcribed. The fpecimen is figured of the
exact fize, and confifts of two long flender fhafts, extremely
flaccid, iffuing from one fmall quill. The feather at the
bafe of each fhaft is clofely fet, foft, and floffy, widening
and growing harder gradually to the tip, refembling the
texture of a dried plant.

The colour brownifh afh, whitening towards the quill.

Ttfeems incapable of refifting water, or of holding air. This
circumftance in the feather, added to the great pliability of
the fhaft, is a moft admirable provifion for a bird whofe

fafety is entrufted folely to its feet.

FISH

OC: Konnewn delen: London, Lublifhed as the Act directs, Dec! 29. 1789, by TDebrett.

bas a vie
AS la

| enhevt

UT ae

Ag PL Po TN | Oe B90:

FISH HOOKS or NEW SOUTH WALES.

Fig. A. reprefents a hook of the fame fize, formed of a
hard black wood-like fubftance, neatly executed, and
finifhed with a fmall knob to affift in faftening it to the line;
it is well mounted: the line confifts of two ftrands very
evenly laid, and twifted hard; made with a graffy fubftance
dark in colour, and nearly as fine as raw filk: the length
of it is fhewn by the top of the rod being broken off.

Fig. B. isa hook of mother of pearl, formed by an internal
volute of fome fpiral fhell, affifted by grinding it a little on
one fide only: the point of this hook, as well as of the for-
mer, feems, to an European, to turn fo much as to render

them almoft ufelefs,

Pp 2 IMPLEMENTS

291

AY PD RE RANDE Tew

IMPLEMENTS or NEW SOUTH WALES,

AA. isa War Spear, formed of a light reed-like fubftance
produced by the Yellow Gum Tree, vide p. 235, which if the
ends marked with the letters were joined together, would fhew its
full length: the long pointed head is of hard wood, of a reddifh
colour, and is faftened into the fhaft in the firmeft manner by
a cement of the yellow gum only.

B. is a Stick, at one end of which is a fmall peg faftened
with the fame cement, and forming a hook: the other end is
ornamented with the fhell of the Limpet or Patella, ftuck on with
the gum; and, thus conftructed, it is ufed to throw the fpear—
in this manner: The fhell end of the ftick being held in the
tight hand, and the fpear poifed in the left, the end of the hook
at B. is inferted into a hollow at the foot of the fpear at D. and
thus thrown with a force fimilar to that of a ftone from a fling:
this is {hewn more particularly in a reduced figure at the upper
part of the Plate, a. 4.

CC. is a Spear or Gig, of a fubftance fimilar to the former, for
firiking fifh in the water: the true length of which will be

known

Implements of O Ver Sortth Wilor)

i i yj i
cF —————— ——— —
Londen Pubtistved ao thertob dévecto Deo: 2g 1789, by LD chrett
/ /

wiawd = 5 fig, la ory

fi? C amin of saerl in Teh an Te

sy
>

‘lon het ty) ti 1 fay * Shue a tal ‘ee

4 et ee | hace! j wis anh

ji earch AL

iia

.
a
Ny ‘he
oe
_

ki » v
ee gS . }
x af m
; "
i ¥, | ¥ il 3 ‘
A
- . , . 2
4 ve d ¥ 4 + A "4 #2
¥>
< A
i 7 4
bel | my. he
-"

at
a

* Oy ip Ane

epi

mG * a

burp

FI estan ing) it ‘bing {3

% david te nie
ago aE: jai A asah a Weece AST

Ke ay Limusl ih UD te ‘ale Te | sb wa in

T¢
iy
y, a i

; Mrvtie jo sea oe ae se ie unt

4 FPP EN Be? X.

known by fuppoling the parts joined together at the lettered ends :
the fhaft confifts of two pieces, a large anda {mall one, joined
by the gum: and the head is compofed of four fticks inferted
into the fhaft with gum, and tied together above with flips of
bark, which are afterwards tightened by little wedges, driven
within the bandage: each of thefe fticks is terminated by the
tooth of a fifth, very fharp, and ftuck on by a lump of the gum
cement: the fhaft of this inflrument is punctured in many
places with very fmall holes, to the pith in the centre, but for
what purpofe is not known.

H. is a Hatchet, of which the head isa very hard black pebble
ftone, rubbed down at one end to an edge; the handle is a ftick
of elaftic wood, fplit, which being bent round the middle of the
ftone, and the extremities brought together, is ftrongly bound
with flips of bark, and holds the head very firmly, as fmiths
chiffels are held by hazel fticks in Europe.

S. is a kind of blunt Sword, of hard wood, like the head of
the fpear A.

F, feems to be an inftrument of offence ; it is a flick of the
natural growth, with the bark on; the root of which is cut
round into a large knob; the end F. is made rough with notches,
that it may be held more firmly in the hand.

R. is

293

204. OP PY BN OD Te

R. is a Bafket, formed by a fingle piece of a brown fibrous
bark. This feparated whole from the tree is gathered up
at each end in folds, and bound in that form by withes,
which alfo make the handle. The Bafket is patched in feveral
places with yellow gum, from which it appears to have been
fometimes ufed for carrying water.

Thefe Implements are drawn from exact meafurements, and

fitted to a {cale of three feet, inferted at the foot of the Plate.

FLYING-

A ae OR my IR a eX,

Pik Neu ON: Core ee ye St Ee
Exoca&tTus VoLiTANs.

This fifth is fo well known to Naturalifts, and is fo fre-
quently feen in every voyage, that it is unneceflary to give

a particular defcription of it. See Plate page 266.

SEA-HORSE, or HIPPOCAMPUS.

This animal, like the Flying-fifh, being commonly known,
a defcription is not neceffary. It is the Syngnathus Hippo-
campus of Linnzus, See Plate page 264.

GRANULATED BALISTES.

BALISTES GRANULATA.

Baliftes pinna dorfali antertore biradiata, corpore granof).
Valde affinis B. Papillofo Linnei. Corpus albido-cinerafcens, papillis par-
vulis afperfum.

Thorax velut in facculum productus.

Baliftes with the anterior dorfal fin two-{pined, and the body covered
with granules.

This fith is extremely nearly allied to the Baliftes Papillofus of Linnzus.
The body is of a whitith ath-colour, and covered with {mall papilla.

The thorax as it were produced into a Sacculus beneath. See Plate

page 254.
SOUTHERN

495

AP cP We ND aie.

$ OU T. BLE .R N- ACT EE ER ENE:

ATHERINA AUSTRALIS,

Au vere diftinéta ab A. Hepfeto Lin. 2
A. pinna ani radiis fedecim.
Corpus fubferrugineum. Cauda forficata. Fafcia lateralis nitidifima.

Doubtful whether really diftinét from the A. Hepfetus of Linneus.

Atherine with the anal fin furnifhed with fixteen rays.

The body is of a fubferruginous caft. The tail ‘forked. The lateral line
extremely bright.

THE TOBACCO-PIPE Fisk.

This fifth is fo well known, that a particular defcription

need not be given. It is the Fiftularia Tabacaria of Linneus.

REMORA, or SUCGCKING-FISH.
The Echeneis Remora of Linnzus. °

This fith, like the preceding, does not require a particu-
lar defcription ; is met with in moft feas, and: poffeffes power-
fully the faculty of adhefion, by the top of the head; fre-

quently to fhips bottoms, whence it is named Remora.

NEW

COMPO C%

a 7 Pe SE Ws Ie. YZ OZ on
/ Shes We Q The Debacn Vipes CI L. Be eL COTMET ES:

Londen , Lu Lhishd. as the Met dtecd Mee. 29 1759 vy 4. Dobrelt

wi a oe AY ;

a i ;
Ue

a al
fl
Can een Lee a
1 ain

¥ (i ‘ i :
pay \
eh ae p

on
UE be

ye’
ee '

ut
Tif

Os ON ah
=

rae i ; nl EP inh a

pA at i ;
ee , el

pV Cy ML ee AL Bele oN be

A ae ae, @ = sa
c7 otir Ht lanl C, reefer, as

London Pultushd as thedd diredi Dec 2g, YE by TDehrete.

APR BM D's x. 297

NEW HOLLAND CREEPER, Female.

The general colours of the female are the fame as in the _
male, but lefs vivid; nor has it the white markings on the
front of the head and over the eye, but on the cheeks only.
The back and breaft are black without white interfperfions.
The abdomen black, ftreaked with dufky white ; the yellow
on thewings and tail inclining to an olivaceous green, the
feathers in the latter obtufely pointed. A {capulary of
brown adorns the fhoulders, terminating in a lanceolate
fhape, half way down the back.

In this bird the bill is longer, and the legs and general

form ftouter than the male.

Qq DEATHS

298

x? A BM Ee

DEATHS between Decemerr 1786 and Jury 1788.

On the Paffage.
DV amines) «mel Pein arrive Sikh ee ded ive) 6 Meeks bea tae ee

Marines: Wivesiys S00 came te he) 8 ie me ee dae

After the Landing.

Marines’) <2! Ga) VSO £30" OFRROL ROA MSOs 3g
Marines Children Die ROME OE APOE REE es dh

On the Paffage.

Male Convicts -- - - -- = - = = = = 4 = = -~]| 36
Bereleh Gon wide: arty Sire: wosietat- aie bled eile Rortsare 4
Convicts Children’ =) Sov rman bare m 22 eat MR ees Skene eee ‘

After the Landing.

Male Conviéts, including two murdered - - - - - - | 22
Female Ditto — (20 2-95) (i ee ee ee ee ee re g
Gonvicts (Children ih = ta eee lt Pe et 9

Total 84

Executed, by a fentence of the Criminal Court - - - - -
Condemed to death by the Court, but pardoned by the?

Governor 3)’ 23) ea =) = eee
Mifling, including one Female “=. = 2 = em) =e eat =

299

ASPs Tey ie Nw Di Tee X,

‘

Bh be
Iay2 Jo Aros09
-3I ayy 107 adox

“ny Oy Suruinjay ‘TTAIMXV W Sainv [----quvuajnary ALY

‘SNITTO) =-JULUDINITT PuosaSg

“Toyruowend “ivzung sawv [----queuajnory Yay

‘juvin{py ‘onoy NHo[

"AGI WVITTI A

“AWMAVID

sJUvUO NIT] puodas

“AAVG SVWOH JT,

“SNIWNIT, SVWOH],
*d¥IVHS GNVILIV| sanv[
‘NOLSNHO[ Nuof
"NiqdToog NHof[

"“MOTTIY LUICOY

“ITIMSSTUD Nuofl

"NOLSNHO[ *9---sjuvUaINar] Yary

“HONG YT NIMLV AA

"HLIGAIUI sjuvuaqnary “3deg

‘vaHS NHO[

“ITGM@ANVO saWv [----------—-surejidey

‘LNAWLUYUVdAG AUVLITIW

SH2IVM HINOS MUN

—aas

‘spue] jo tofaaing *byy ‘ity saxrsnoayy inf

"TRUE, YOaOIg-------WAMTUG wit y
‘OING OFWG pity .------ NIVWIVG WVI771
OIG 0111q puodag-------- ITZONUY ss
"OUI WY Y YIlq------------- WOCIS Ne
*"U0d0.ING ---=--=------- TLIN A,
"aqe.0ApYy ospni[ ---------- SNITION AIAy:

*AQUIT[9IXT sty 0}
Areqoinag pue ‘Areyruuog—-=-——-us ITIP MaaNy

‘urrjdeyg-Nosnuof auvHory ‘aay

*sdooly, a1 Jo Jopurut
“WOD pur “IOUIIAOD *INsI'J-=--=--"byyq ‘ssoy LYITO"Y

*92Q 1929 [e.IoUasy
urvideg Yalyg ul iouslsa0y--—"byy ‘attiing waHLay

LNA Da ded TERA TS

10 LNAWHSITIV LSA

a
od ye 35

a .
a a

A
*

“Oo se uy

-
a _ - _—~
angonm tlie

D | Peay, R ¥
OF THE
Winds, Weather, Temperature of the Air, 7c.
wit aie DIFFERENT

RADY) ET,.U DES ann LO NG bk’ UO DiS,
PN A

peek eu Gtk: Gee Cie vy

7Zy@)

PORTE FACK SON VEMW SOUTH: WALES.

A PP Bea er hee

———

*puras Jo Site YSITY
» *Ulet YONTAT

‘puis 333177

*59Z991q SUOIIS
"ules SOUT] J# ‘saZI21q SuOIIS

ule [[BWy atuoS

i
pue ‘Surusaa aya ur ATjenbs

‘SMIUVNAY

wy
pure -zy sod
UOLIEIIL A

6 62

*uloIe g

‘2g4t AVI

-1*qQ qeunT pure

"Woy T,

‘1odaay-oult J,
Jad apnyisu0'y

ur ‘Su0'T

‘sopnjisuoy pue sopnziey
WUSIDYIP ayI YIM ‘999 SIty dy2 Jo oinjesaduayz, “Joy wayA ‘spuIAA Sy JO Livid

LE LY

ff 9F

UI spniney]

S009 |“MW°N ‘hy

Apnoy9

“raya My

yinos

*spurAR

sXe gd

AGSP 1BOCH VIN WD 1 aX.

a (RA a
*g6 ung ayy ur Anos] — Oo 7 CRO” of > gt G1 L¥ o€} ava yon | 18

Oye ‘sayy taqajaq ayy Dealt

*uO0l} ory
“BAIZJGO OU :JOyIVOM ond t ies | ea a be gi) 98 €) kpnoiy} aN | 62
"Roy : fone
Zumonjoye yum sopeSepagt| — | ele t9 err Ore ye-OU O98): spools a “MLS
*P2am JIN) soy MRS _ gz OF |o Fo gh ut OF 41) 7Y gf) rary | af oN 42
"of ot Shs, pa ee ee
Lt of | st Of |'6 19 Ot ZI 69 €1 tv oF} Xpnoyy} “AN QZ
Gc 6£ | 6 69 of 11 G-= £3 4S tPF} sears, yon | 92

‘ea ySIy pure ‘saqv3 Buoys = £6 62 }o 69 gf o1 tI BI S1 ¥h) aeaa | M'N'N| ¥2

*“SUIUDAD OY) UT Ules aUIOS — yr de pe. Ls onl f% 11 av Sh) oseaay [SM NN £2
‘Sutuadd ay) ur sayeS yyory — TOOL | oO §o GE or oan a! @ LF) ae [nN Aqsa] 22
ae Geers ae

TE Of 10 og | (My SF rt [eM gl ralNe Lh] owas IMs “MF

Auge UP OE AND aie

*QyL9Ua TL,
“prow
paoyouy

jo. puepl oy) ul
zig) wurg our

sug
[jews Aueus ey spuras apqa17T

SHUVNAY

*JOYIUE Je ; —=
L

— ee |

O*" OF
Lo gt

‘wy
pure *zy aad
uorwiE A

— jo GL
ae o.- GL
o o oh
eink o LZ
nee o &Z
a o bh
z of
o ObaloOastte
"moreg | *urzay,y,

"LQL1

—

SNe ie

‘dO AvuN'T] pur
‘sadaay-owty
jod apniisuo'T

ANA

—

UI *SUO'T

{

_—

"NT ZG 62

(eres tee

ur opnyney

S33, | “HAQss iy Z

"1OYIEIM

“SBREAY

she

APP: By NSD. Ve

ake el a re a a ee ge a A
Zw of | oe oe

DY
-Surky jo soquinu yeas

*uyy-Surdy e Mes

*snouruiny, 89S

"PIPMYIM
oy} 03 sn Sunnjzay juazng

Ww ung dy} punol siuy ue

‘pum ofa] Azaa £ payrey wf

*royoue 3 {IS

——

See ee

tc Oc

OF VS

oF 61

G rl

ov 6t

bo Le

Tous

Apnol
Apnoj9

ApnojD

ce eer

Apno[9

Apnoy

eer

ApnolpD

te ee

Apnojy3

ns Fa ee ol ee
el 8
Sac
agai a=

Wes ot
eS
sta
ae
as |e

ee ae ani leh Sano cee ge NN

A. P PE WM Did, =,

‘Jopunya jueyip
uv ‘Burujysiy ‘dies, AAvopZy

‘Burujyysry

"ekesg WOg OWT! paxooy
:okvfy «pue = ‘eyravuog
‘eS JO spuepy 243 payed

*soytu

OM} 3noqe UIT UOZIIOFT

[ley oBursiy e mes

SHUVNAYD

“wy
pur ‘zy sad
UOTILIIE A

g Cf |O 2%
Pr of eae
cog Oo 2g
Bat 0. 3g
= o gf
is o gf
Wales
‘moreg | “w9y,T,

"M 23 33
U

‘qO JeuN'T pue

‘sodaaxy-ourr J,
sad apnusu0T

ur suo]

Lz gt

"nN. S&S gt

ur apnyyeT

kpnoyy

JED

Bie) ie)

Azeyy

Aze Fy

Azeyy

Apnoyy

“19129 MA

oH De

aPUr AN

€z

*skeq

RiP. Re er MD) Ee.

a tt

i
“U9AI OY UT JOYIVIM O}IG

l
ajyerapoul Bulusaa oyi uy

i
Japuny3 yum Sues Aavopy

“sue IYSIT

“MCN 943
0} Suryjay yuaina Suons

"ADYILIM OIG

§ Gs Oo 29

v of a
€ of ae
5 ols
bale 9
aw
€ of ae

Vy 6r

6 Z

ROOT AAS. AN

Ivy

Asamoys

JIQuue A

aqrie a

SeLasiaN

a EEEEIEEEEEEEEEED TERE ae

2% j
-WWUNU jwaIB UI sn punos UL 5

"eJauOg & IYysNeD — ¥ 0&8 |o og — 6r oz} 91 S | Apnopa | -qAqvs | Z
OA apes <S t o& |oPr og — 6€ 12 g& § | Apnojy | 7M “SS {'9
WOIT [JOMy B + SazaaIq Yas J
bei Ree le =
*194IOUB suo jo oyeuo i 9 of Pay 19 pe Oz zz €G G pnoy> “shq' M's G
m fur yy jo Ajotiva yeas Vy
a ee pes | ee | | oe RS | LT
z 8 of | 0% og _ G 3% gr.9 | Apno[d | “ass | ¥
fx —a ee | ee | eee
a, Ge <Q8 Tito! 509g — 6% 1% 9£'9 | kpnolp | “a sss | &
As ES ee | en | Geen ROS CE ae | RS | a SNS, |, a, |, aes
*pIVMYoM 9} Lee 9 of |o og sve: €& oz gt 9 Iva) yinosg zo
<, loi pooy pur ‘diyg payor y
Bee = 61 |-m 3S-gr |e ozlen eh 9 | Apnoig | ms ‘s| t
pue ‘{[n3 v mez: ures AAVOFT bee OE Hie IN Is aes eh CO Re eee os
SIUVAATYA pue ie Jad| ‘woieg | *uayy, cates te ur ‘Su0T | Uropnyney) “oywom *SPpUIAA *sheq
UOLeIE A jad apnjisuo'y

ete. ate Ss OMS + Sar RE SL te aE RS ee | ara RANDLE aan

Loft KT AL

AP VP IE VN. ADT xX.

| eso oF bj. Ae |, ee

M6008 12 68. Vo °62 — 61.92] 9 z JeaqD yeq
serum roy sas 3! _ |e cco ac} — | eal ms} mol oa
ee er ie wid | = | Aces atl eee.
ge ee ls oe ai | = | allel smacl oes
ot eee eee ee ae ee ee

ae g° of fo LL _ 3 te ae nee aS

a 9 oF jo &L Salt The nite ge Pe
a) See Oe es ee ce

*snoutuiny AIDA — cam: : |. oe
{eaj oy) “Joywam ayesapopy #508) )0 . $e M82 S2)"N L9 € | aeaig |g Aq -q"s

Sameer

ALP UP CEN Sei a.

———$——$_—

*a10Jaq

— {én of jo f —_ ¢ eek
ep ayy se ‘sazdaiq Suoss | pl Set Sage zg 11) Apnofa | *s Aq-y | tz
‘sopnduressy — é¢, se lo 64 —— Gi § |
omy Mrz fsiomouy Aavofy Le. - 1) Aureyy | *N Aqg*ay| &2
“AppoN ® MES a 6 of lo 65 ae g 6 | kpnory | +g dq eq | 22
beet O2- 02 eee o 8 rea | °s:Aq “ae. Fs
2S 9 ) | oan
moEg 14 08 Jo. 62 — LG 9, iv3I9 yeq | 0%
Foe ee oR
fad 29, jB 2 | 08.08 om S$ 9 ae | *s Aq aq | 61
o'™6 Yd See i PS :
ides PP OR) ee A gale be HP deal |.°N Anta) 8
Rohs dO Jeu ary pure .
AA ae ems aa a | ur Suoy | Ul opnine'y s19YIPIM *spulAA | “SAB

soF

meal bes

“LOLE

me) Bae dee NOS EY iy X

| ea GL A, a
v2G

ssoyqeam Asp queyealg

“epEpHMAT, 105

Suyooy Joyyeam qurjeayg

‘Tay

’saz901q YJ

*pleMYva oY} Wolf
S4ayivam = pafywoyus)

*suyy i

aqqnop yim yyy-Surk{g mes

FS ns

“Joya OIC

27S

O¢.65 |0 SL
gz Of 2s
Vz Of One
ae
ees
Ses G91

0% of |o gf

gh 12

wad |-adqrgq 2 18

Apnoyd jadqea-N

ee ee ee

Ri) ip)

Apnojp

SIIMOUS

Apno]9

Apnojy

| of
Zeis
ae
g a ae
‘Ss fq “A } 9%

AAP I POR ay "Det Be,

*Inoqiefy 2
osauef op ony ul pasoyouy $

"Iq OLY JO apy ino pazeyouy

l
“10g pure savy AQ Aueu mes

‘jeorT aeSng i

oslauef sp ory jo 34S uy

*[IZeIg JO yvoo ay Mes

*“JOYIVIM JULILITT

“STUVNAYU

See

wy
pue -zy aod
uoneiie A

— |0 z —
co 2 ae
ee fe
ee eA ae
2 <7 ow
2 dh ae

Lia Oe tl OGL —

‘qO seun'y pur
‘sodaay-outy,

jod apnyisu0'T

“Wore g “urToy T,

"M ve EE

ur *Su0'T

"s 68 2%

cD CS

UI Opny yey

RiP) fe)

“1942 AA

wyes

eee

21qRUe A,

21qee A

ITquiie A,

a[qeueA

“Spurs

*skeq

4£g4lk LSaya

Fe Ne ile hd AS OD Eng

“SUrYy
“IITA 92 pred siaowo ay3
{We 4q Auowsis9 jo ayia VW

A PPE Wt a alk

eI —— SS ee eee

"InNOqIeEY

343 03 sjuawtduios pied
$ Avep-y yng spizesg Joooulig

*INOqiepy
olrauef op Oly Ul JOYyouL IV

‘SHUVNAY

uy
puv ‘zy sod

UOIRIUL A

“woe |

‘LOLI

Qo gh

“Woy TL,

"GQ Jeun’T pure

‘sadaay-aUll J,

jad apnyiduo0'T

Ur "Suo'T

Sa)

UL opniney

“TOYyIVIM

IQuue A,

JIQUUeA

ee ee

STQRue A

ee ee

a GPHeA

J[quue A

SPOT

*skeq

Ap Pe ND TOM

*InNOqieET
ostauef ap Ory UI Joyoue WY |__.

— — |o $l
Sees O72
O-..o4

m= =| O98

pane Sen (ae

SE
a3
=

Iva)

ues | 18
aii 8
ee
wea
ae
seed
ero. |

yqeuva | Fz

AP Poe pp aE.

‘ures Aavay JySiu yy

"IWS ur Jeo] rvong ony
‘adopy
poor jo ade ay3 30} pajies

“qnoqey ory UF [IIIS

“SUIY-291A aq Jo
PALIT YOO} ssIO 243 [TV

SMUVNAY

—

uy
pue "zy sad
uonEne A

“wore g

Wy, L,

ete

*qO JeUN'T pur
‘radaoy-owt,y,
gad apnyiZu0'7

aG oF

"MZ& ZF

Ur “SUO'T

LE Sz

9S EE bz

eet

Ur opnainey]

Apnoya

{pnoj5 |

*1IYITI MA

“aN N| A

ee.

“DN

—— —

aque

a[quie A

SPAS

a
"LQLI

YH NaALdas

—

—-

sXe

& BY Poy BY Neo Eee . X.

“re fjiow dug
*spivyg & Iysney
“sre YS]

“Joyvam OIG

"ured
Aavoy YM “aywam og

“stjenby yim ‘saz291q Suoss

“Jaqieam Arp aurq

"satu 38 ATamoys

ExXhE

6 3&

Sz gf

"M 6& 6€ lem ly 6F

¥5 O€) Apnory | -q 4q':n_ | ot

—_— =

LE of

Bz of

Apnoyy

ACP PO REN gee. Bee

esjjenby Suong

*rayivaM Arp pod

*diyy 243 ynoge spurg
Opewiq pues safoureqy

"PILOGIOAO YO] WIAUOD YW

‘splig opezulg pur sayor
“Pqiy [eiaagy MES “UIE

—

‘ae ylour dwrq

wy
SIYVNAY pur ‘zy od
uoee A

“mol g

‘Loli

“UID J,

"M VE IE

‘dO Aeuny pure

‘sadaax-oult y,
tad apniisu0'T

vS €€| yg
oe Faas
we es
16 ma
“expla,
ae 3
=H 1 so
Ur apnaney] ssoyiea

YAANada Ldas

“a "NON

“apUr

& FM My eee m,

<[teY atoy YIM ‘sates SUIS

"Wed 0} BqQvulpIUy

*I9y

“BoM juvyeatdun ‘jam ‘prog

soywIM papyauQ

‘diyy ay) ynoqe sp3iq Auryl

‘vay YSIY & pure

"vay YSsIy £ JOyIeIM PTO

“MO 9/F of

vg 62

+6 62

02.69 155 - St
ee ee
ie an
= any
aa .
— eo

Oo +S

|
6 +8] Apnory |em ‘sg

/ |
qty | 2atHtA oh

ey es | ey es | eee

ee eae

i
|
; de
V7

AP FP BON M Boe

‘Jayieam ayesiapouwr ‘dug

“IYI
-vam juryeatd pur ‘ae Iysry

—sroyqvom durep ‘Apnoj9
*UIes IWOZ £ JoYIVIA dIvIDPO]A]
‘ules [[eWy pur Sure IYSIT

“ISYIVIM JULILI] J

AUR AD StSBEP
‘Jo spsiq Auew jeoid & mug

SHUVNAYA

oe ee ee

"MOF OI] £6 62

“wy
pure *zy sod
UOI}LIIe A

—

Oe OG

Zi of

61 62

"WOR g

‘LQLI

§ 219

+ £9

6 79

9 8&9

“wWdaY J,

"dO Jeun'y pur

‘sadaay-aulr J,

jad apnyidsuoy

ul *dU0'T

Word oO L0.0

Ul apni yey]

KS304

Apnoya

IvIID

"JOYICIAN

“MON

“MON ‘CN

“SUSAN.

AO OE FOR a DRX,

‘royoue WZ —

‘adofy pooy jo ade>
‘Avg o[qey, ul paloyouy

Sv gi
‘AS 943 Wolz [aM YW AV OL Iz
*S[aJ919q WO} Mes =
*noqe
spaiq Auevw £spnojo Surdy7 ae
"MS QI
“SPI DULIIO JO SPIO} | AA OV QI

‘1ea] yYSnoyye ‘duiep ary

O@ OF

15-65

¥ o9

sncoeemmemmmenn, em | es ee

"a ve Ltl°sg gz bE
a ae
ee] as
ate
So 8 =

IeIID

ates lens
ee 7
ee
ae ee
gate
pa be
cate
aeeere
‘MN a

A. P Pee Ne DY POX:

Pip ese oF a= = ro oe
|
“yurlq stya dn Suyyy worz | ie =E
au payusaad yyeoy Aur | | ———|—__ |__| ——— | — —_ | - | —-—— | —_
jo Ayaaooo1 ayy JOJ asouy
uo Suiay Au :Joyoue jy — — — _— is
eR eg Ee ee aoe eee: ech ie
| — — — — — — — —
L

wy "qo ieun’T pue
SUUVNAY pue ‘zy sod} -woreg | ‘wuoyy, | ‘sedooy-owry, | ur*Suoy furopniney] “rayiea jy “SPU
UOTE A sad apny13u0'7

*skeq

L484 YAACOLOIO

ALP Fe EON" DP. TRG

‘adofy poor jo
ades oy 38 sJoyoue ye [NS

as pao

A OP Pteiun D> we

‘adofy poor jo
ade7) ay} Je JOYyoue 3e T/L

STUVNAYA

= — ed ——
—_— oe ey se | ces | ee ee | ee come |e per -_:

4 — — — — — — —
| nn ee SS a Oe eee Se — A bee
l

— —= mS ——

—~ —
| wee |S a | ee er | ee ee | es ees | eee | eet ee | ee
| —a eel — —_— —— eS —

uy "dO JeunT pue
pue -zy sod} swoirg | *uoyy, |‘iedaoy-oury, | ur -Suoy | uropniney| ‘soya *spu
UOlIeLIE A ied apnjisuo0'y

484 YAACNAAON |

ACPI PCE “N [DeRX.

*90uRJvad

-de sjt opeu Asajugsp y

‘adofy poor)

jo adey 343 wos payies

‘adofZy pooy jo
ades aya 28 Joyoue ye [NS

{

|
|
|

Sb £9

Of zg

LE a

99 V1 ty VE

PS S298
"q-8 Ql +o tn SE

Azvyy

——-——_—_—_

aIqene Aj

a -

“mM 4q°s
“Wy Aq °s

"a Aq ‘s

EAN 77D Ot aah

WY of Ge

“pivoqiaao0

JOpIeg B YO] sae MA JO souls Fase 56 6% | of 9

*SoTRYUAA OWOJ MES _

gt 1z| 66 62 G1 t9
"WWD 03 B]QeUTPOUT 4G 0%| 8 08 | Sb zg
"M66 12| 2& O€ | of 19
"UIeY — vi of | Si 19
“uy
SUIUVNAY pure -zyisd} swoirg | ‘wor,
UOTE A

Uv tt

‘dO Avun’y pur
‘radaay-auit J,
tad apnytsuo'7T

‘q Or FI

ul *SuoT

"S OF G

Ur opniney

€z

AP Pee eal AX,

\Spiiq Jo Jaquinu 3vai3 & Mes

‘ire duep £ Joyyzam ayesopoyy

‘ules
SUI[ZZUp qm ‘sareS Suoss

*s]penby yataa ‘ures Aavazy

‘uler AAvaFT [*MV OF 92/6 of

a’

of 62

Los

gv gé}.

GS 6§& Apnoly |" °S °S
Se Bar rere 3 ce ee Ea ee YARNS NES Coenen ae,

Iva}

Azvry |

AzeEy

JeID

Apnoy3

a1qeuiea | o8
| |
“ANS AA] 6e

Se |
‘a8 r Zs

“Wyo | 9?
gqeuea | Sz
Vz

d 2

AP Pe nee ae Tee:

oe viieped® PUL
£ SUTUDAD dU} Ul [[aMj IvIIT YW

az YOY pue “Jayrwom quyy
-vajdun am £safeS Suols

*spiiq Aur Mts

"Jayivam yuezesid ‘3]eJ9POJA]

SHUVANAYA

‘uy
pue "zy aad
uOneHe A

LL 6z | o& 19
zg 6210 09
9. 6z. | os gf
g 62 | O08 o9
£8 a S¥ 19
of 62] of 19
g 6210. 29
ruoreg | “uray.

LQLI

"qO JeunyT pur

‘sadaay-auit 7,
sad apgisu07T

II gv

es (ae ia 2 |

ur *Su0'T

Waa IN WO Cd

v& oF

UI Opniey]

wy | A'N'M| 4

OMELET

MAQ"AA'N

“SPUrAA

*skeq|

A TEP OT Bee: Tie

‘puny Jasa3
-dgq 9y3 JO Sprig Auew pue
*paaM-YyIOI IWOJ ‘Teas B MES

|
|
!
"SOIL AA IOIL] QWIOF MLS

"SPUIA JYSIT faIvIPOFAT |

“UIEL
[[euy yt ssa qe Aypenbs

“JayIvIM avJapow “ploy

*$aZ99I1q IILIIPOT]

QI %2z| 91 OF | OF 19

os. £2
"M £& gz

Zl Gt

S3 62

Ce c0F

ns,
ee

Iz oS

61 ot

Je3[D

‘MN “AA! 9F
beatae
ie
ae
eal =
Seale
Pea
Tee 6

wM | 8

A? (Pub ia Dew x.

Se a er a
Azepy |'N Aq*ma} Ez

“uled

"paaas-Bay OWOJ MUG “UIE Y

of GS — Apnoya | squurA | oz
’SaIe AA JO OOULS
IY} pivoq uo 3nd ayo1q of 9S — yueq | aqeiie, | OF
Aainoy ay, “JoyIWaM Plog se 28 ae
Ph ar 68 $5 | om bpnoyy | “ai fq] 82
awoy Ary fJayiveaA plod
sat $ -- —- med | ‘N‘N| 4
-UIAD BY UT S][NS) atUoj MES
‘ ‘wy *qQ Jeun'Ty pue
SHTIUVAN DY puv *zysed| woieg | ‘wioyy, | ‘1odooy-ourry, "IOYIVIM *spurA, | sskeq
UOIIRTE A gad apnyisu0'T

L941 WAACWAIAAC

EON D 1S.

Fee ae

*spyenby pue utr

yum ‘ayivam AWoo|s Y2q

‘digg aya jnoqe sayey Ay FWI0S

"tay SUUAOTTOJ YSIFY

‘S{I9D

pur sayoneqry [esaazy Meg

Aueut

*PooM-BoF IOUT MES

‘uel SUIIZZING

‘diyy aya noge spirq
SJIYILIA IILIIPOTA]

Oo gi
oF 1

Lo 6% | o&..$9
11 Of |.0& gS
z of |o 25}
g6 62 | 0& 19
OL of | of 3S

W6E os1| “g €5 Eb
aton| uses
ae
ae es
eee a ar
mot
ne ES ee

Apno[d |"M"N ‘N

Azepy

“AAS TM

*N Aq AATN,

+h 1b} Apnojy | “N4Aq*M| F%

ed bl

aM Ria PN NY Mie ead

i
MIN jo adez ‘MA *§ AY) MES

"ures yum ‘siyenby awog

*paom-By } ;

atoy payed £ sayyram plo

|
-yorya s hasec sayIoy] aI0g

"sayoneqry
Auew pure ‘sjeag awoy mes

*diuy
ay2 Inoge spsiq Auvur f4ay3

eam popiajun fo |

‘a 4q°-N
purIM ayy sya ws * syenby

uappny yum ‘sayed Aavazy

SUUVNAY

“uy
pure "zy sad
UOrBLIE A

*QOLT

dad apnjisu0'7

'
1

SP? gz

——e ee

ur *Suo'y

AUVANVE

b br! pnoa
Lah ae
—
aah oa
Atl
ay yee
a+ Ss
ei ld “soy1eo M

“MN 'N

“MN OM

—— ee ne

MIN M

AP PoORom kx,

‘SuluYySt pux zapuny) i 62 |Sx SZ aes us| x
1yStu ye fJoqqwwam OIG fa “fies a ae Cais a YON | 9F
eee aoe ee rs boos s ith
VY *S9Z921q ai a:
Suouy WA “oyIeaA ut 6z of | of ¥Z |} 6& ZE} sieq | atqrue,a | St
“ITE YOU WIE AA of o1| 62 6%} of 99 _ — 6& ZE| xzery | ms “Al FF
2$ O1 2 gr Spee. ares
o§ o1| of 62 | of 99 _ — — Azezy | aiqvisea | &F
‘diuy ob 6 “ot
ay} JNOge spsIq pue soTey AA 18 62) of 29 eas a 1 OF} sed | 'M'S S| FF
-diyg aya anoqe
sjvag pur pani oe of 3 | 41-62] 0 &9 _ — $1 1+] Apnoys | aqemea | TE
*sjjenby uappny “Suosg] =v Z| «62 | OF 19 — _ gz zh] yuseq | aqeiue, | OF
3
Serine Span of S | 96 6z]| of a9 _ — G1 tb} Aypeabs | atqvue,a | 6

yum ‘soyivom dup ‘xed

| ReMe A | $

ACSR SPOOR SNE BE air

eee

Lt o& |o SZ

‘keg Auvjog ut pasoyouy

“keg Auviog ivou
pur] ou} Mey SurusJoUW oy} UT

"1UIOg Pry J9A0 purT
ay3 MEG “JoyIwomM JuRealg

“WYD 0} B[QeUITOUT [sy oF 6
\ "uy
SUUVAN AY pur ‘zy sod
UOILIIE A

*wOIeg

"QQLI

of +Z

Sv $L

of of

°qO JeunT pure

‘uray y, | ‘1adeay-aurry,

AUVANVI

| sad apnusu0'T

UI *SUOT

UI Opniyney

ELELEIUN

“o[qulie A

aTqeHeA

PLAN

*skeq

AMP My DP xX.

/ |pue I UsaMj0q DDUDJAyIp oy)

‘diqy & pivog uo ue oy

dUIWaI9p 03 SaJOYy; UO Way)
Suryei uo “Ja}0WO1eq AW pu

*xU JO Yo pey J Jaawow | —————

-Jayi A[UO ay Yeasq 03 ound

joys oyi pey f Avp siyps — g6 62 |0 of
.( FSS ase — £6 6%}0 GL

“ . ee a os | pnrmighy uncle
ts, : %

5ne a ee

id pcuaktiet ap br

ae oe
. Sint? Phas ed Tt?’ <1 20
> bode } . - "s - . de. f -4 4

; ; } ) ¢ ae :

saint nt ee ee Sy ieee ee Ae Se

: ’ hy eReader ,

4bry } 4 >
i

ti aye

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Journal of a voyage to New South Wales : with sixty-five plates of nondescript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions"

See other formats