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VOLUME 58 NUMBER 1 | 
xrnal of the | 
WASHINGTON 


“ACADEMY OF 
‘SCIENCES © 


JANUARY 1968 
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Electronics as a Means 
For the Advancement 


Of Biomedical Research* 


Winston H. Starks 


Head of Applied Research, American Electronic Laboratories Inc., Colmar, 


Pa. 


Although the subject, “Electronics as a 
Means for the Advancement of Biomedi- 
cal Research,” may upon first considera- 
tion seem relatively straightforward, the 
scope is monumental as a result of the 
endless opportunities and __ possibilities 
that elecironics offers as a tool for re- 
search. | 

Some basic definitions concerning the 
subject should be interesting and thought- 
provoking. | recall a physics professor of 
the “old school” who delighted in 
wrapping definitions up in precise and 
neat packages. One of his favorite defini- 
tions was: 

“A science is an organized body of 
knowledge consisting of a set of exact 
definitions and standards.” 

I should like to take the liberty of 
paraphrasing to define electronics as a 
massive disorganized body of knowledge, 
having a set of inexact definitions and 
secondary standards. However, in fairness 
to the vast capability of electronics, it is 
intriguing to think of it as the art of en- 
slaving the tiny electron to serve as a 
giant Aladdin’s lamp that will perform 
any task envisioned by man in a real and 
practical form. 

In what is still the infancy of its appli- 
cation, electronics now plays a major role 


*An address before the Washington Academy 
of Sciences on May 18, 1967. 


JANUARY, 1968 


in the manufacture or function of numer- 
ous devices in our daily life. It gives us 
computer and data storage systems, and 
makes possible systems of sensing, com- 
munications, and control which challenge 
the imagination in terms of size, com- 
plexity, and extension through time and 
space. 
The deliberate and planned utilization 
of electronics as a tool for research can 
be aided by categorizing the types of func- 
tions and services which it is capable of 
providing. 
There are many ways to clarify the 
services and functions which electronics 
can perform, but for the purpose of this 
discussion, four basic categories are con- 
sidered, each having three sub-categories: 
1) Data Acquistion 
A) Sensing of Information 
B) Measuring by Calibration or Comparison 
C) Recording or Display of Information 

2) Data Analysis 
A) Processing of Information 
B) Interpretation of Information 
C) Conclusions, Interpolations, 

tions, and Predictions 

3) Communications and Propagation 

A) Communications and _ Propagation of 
Information 

B) Communications and 
Energy 

C) Communications and 
Actions and Effects 

4) Energy Utilization 
A) Physical Control 
B) Projection of Work 


C) Conversion and Concentration 


Extrapola- 


Propagation of 


Propagation of 


Fig. 1. Battery-operated biodata acquisition system. 


Fig. 2. Radio telemetry transmitter mounted on porpoise. 


2 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Fig. 3. Tracking beacon showing method of mounting on turtle. 


Interdisciplinary Application 

The field of biomedical research offers 
one of the greatest interdisciplinary op- 
portunities for scientific advancement via 
the “catalytic effect’ of the numerous 
powerful tools of electronics. In addition 
to the basic measurement applications, 
electronics has provided specialized tools 
such as diathermy, the electron micro- 
scope, X-ray and fluoroscopic machines, 
and more recently, the thermograph. 

It is very likely that scientific progress 
would “skyrocket” if each scientist had a 
working knowledge of all disciplines. At- 
tempts to provide combinations of knowl- 
edge in one brain, as typified by the “Med- 
ical Electronic” degrees, can only partially 
meet this need. 

Improved means for interdisciplinary 
communications and cooperation must be 
developed before we can approach the 
full potential for scientific and technolog- 
ical advancement. 


JANUARY, 1968 


The Black Box Concept 


A useful technique for communicating 
problems to electronic engineers is em- 
bodied in the “black box” concept. The 
essence of this concept is that a problem 
or objective may be defined in terms of 
“inputs” or effects going into the black 
box and “outputs” such as signals from, 
or reactions by, the “black box.” In this 
way a problem, or a “system,” may be 
described in its simplest and most general 
form, thus allowing the maximum degree 
of freedom for analysis and solutions. 


Typical Applications of Electronics 
to 
Biomedical Research 
One of the most important services 
electronics can provide to biomedical 
research is the acquisition and analysis of 
data. Electronic systems for data acquisi- 
tion can provide the speed and conven- 
ience inherent in automatic sensors, long- 


Fig. 4. Disposable biotelemetry buoy in test tank. 


or short-range telemetry, automatic re- 
cording, and analysis of data. 

The basic elements of the telemetry 
system consist of one or more sensors 
placed at the point of measurement, a 
transmitter which is modulated by sig- 
nals from the sensors, and a receiving 
station which may include data displays 
and data recorders. 

The required complexity of biophysical 
telemetry systems, and the type of energy 
propagation, will be determined to a 
great extent by the degree of animal free- 
dom to be allowed, and by the composi- 
tion of the medium which surrounds the 
subject. In the case of animals having 
the limited freedom of a cage or pen, 
short-range telemetry may be accomplish- 
ed by a simple system, using ultrasonics 
or magnetic coupling with a surrounding 
medium of water, air, or soil. For long- 
range monitoring applications, radio tele- 
metry is normally used because of the 
ability to propagate usable signals over 
relatively great distances with a_ small 
amount of energy. 

A battery-operated biodata acquisition 
system, consisting of miniature radio te- 
lemetry transmitters, and an eight-element 


Yagi antenna for direction finding, a 140 
MC telemetry receiver, and a digital data 
display for real time viewing of data is 
shown in Figure 1. Although data such as 
temperature are displayed in numerical 
form, they can also be recorded to pro- 
vide a permanent record for analysis at 
a later time. The miniature telemetry 
transmitter, mounted on the back of the 
pigeon, weighs one ounce and will provide 
an operating test time of approximately 
25 hours. . 

A variation of the Bird Telemetry Trans- 
mitter utilizes solar cells to recharge the 
battery, to provide several months of 
continuous operation. Experimental ver- 
sions also have incorporated miniature 
radio command receivers for remote con- 
trol of the device, sometimes referred to 
as a “transponder.” 

Another version of the radio telemetry 
transmitter, with pressurized housing, is 
shown in Figure 2, as it would be applied 
in the monitoring of a porpoise. The par- 
ticular model shown here is larger than 


Fig. 5. VLF underwater telemetry and communi- 
cations transmitter. 


4 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Fig. 6. Swimmer radio EKG telemetry transmitter. 


necessary for the porpoise, since it was 
also designed for monitoring whales. 

Figure 3 depicts the use of a similar 
radio transmitter as it would be applied 
to research studies of migratory habits of 
the green turtle. Radio telemetry tracking 
of both the turtle and the porpoise is 
dependent on the periodic surfacing of 
the animals for air. 

A Marine Bio-Telemetry Buoy of the 
free-floating, disposable type is shown 
under test in Figure 4. This buoy is de- 
siened for temperature telemetry _ but, 
with appropriate sensors, may be used 
to monitor salinity, sound, light, and other 
oceanographic parameters. 

An experimental VLF Underwater Tele- 
metry and Communications Device, Figure 
5, provides a means for limited freedom 
in underwater communications and _tele- 
metry for man and animals. The use of 


JaNuaARY, 1968 


VLF technology in this instrumentation 
enables propagation with low background 
noise and minimized directivity as com- 
pared to ultrasonic propagation in water. 

As a variation on the theme of tele- 
metry data from a free-moving animal, 
Figure 6, a swimmer is being monitored 
for the effects of stress on the human 
heart. This instrument, operating at VHF 
frequencies, has an effective range of 
approximately one mile or more, depend- 
ing on the power used. 

An example of the employment of 
magnetic induction telemetry for the 
study of animals with limited freedom of 
movement is a_ temperature telemetry 
system, utilizing a miniature subcutaneous 
transmitter and a pick-up loop incorpo- 
rated in a cage. This system is common- 
ly used for study of drugs with animals 
such as the rabbit. 


A similar instrument, called the Basal 
Temperature Telemetry System, is em- 
ployed as a research tool for the study of 
fertility cycles. This system consists of a 
vaginal temperature telemeter, a pickup 
loop installed around the edge of the bed, 
a special radio receiver, and a chart 
recorder. The system provides constant 
chart recording of. basal temperature dur- 
ing sleep, thus providing more consistent 
and reliable information. 


Conclusions 


Inherent in the capability of electronics 
to serve science, and specifically the areas 
of biomedical research, is the challenge to 
be bold enough to use this powerful tool 
for investigating beyond the anticipated 
and into the dark unknown. 

Realizing that electronics may be a key to 
opening certain “Pandora’s Boxes” of 
nature, some of which might cause vehe- 
ment public disapproval, I should like to 


conclude with the following thought- 
provoking questions which typify this 
challenge. Considering these questions as 
examples without any implied scientific 
merit: 

e Dare we use electronics to investi- 
gate the effect of magnetic and electro- 
static fields on memory, learning, think- 
ing ability, creativity, and moods? 

e Dare we use it to investigate repro- 
duction of the species and_ biological 
aging? 
and finally, 

e Dare we employ it to investigate 
other controversial areas such as “ESP” 
and perhaps even the soul of man? 

The examples of telemetry instrumen- 
tation in this paper were developed by the 
American Electronic Laboratories. Re- 
search and development on items related 
to birds and aquatic animals were con- 


ducted under the sponsorship of the Office 
of Naval Research. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


The Role of the Science 


Fair in Education* 


Phoebe H. Knipling 


Science Supervisor, Arlington County Public Schools 


While the science fair is a relatively 
new co-curricular activity, the idea is a 
very old one. Throughout the history of 
human society, fairs and exhibits of var- 
ious kinds have stimulated interest in 
ideas, processes, and commodities and 
thus have been major forces in world 
progress. The science fair today is merely 
this old idea, developed especially as an 
educational tool to create interest in 
science and engineering. There can be 
little doubt that, along with the phenome- 
nal growth of the science fair movement, 
interest in science has increased among 
school administrators, students, and pa- 
rents. 

The development of projects has proved 
to be an effective means of extending 
science beyond the classroom. Since this 
is true for the average student as well as 
for the more academically able student, a 
project may take any of many forms and 
deal with any of many subjects. The best 
project is not necessarily the most com- 
plex nor the most expensive; it is rather 
the project which best shows ability of 
the student to solve a problem whether it 
be large or small. The quality of exhibits 
displayed at regional, state, or national 
fairs is remarkable, and the investigations 
and interpreparations that are being made 
by high school students continues to 
amaze both the judges and the general 
public. It must be remembered, however, 
that learning occurs during the develop- 
ment of every project and many of these 


*Presented at a joint meeting of the Washing- 
ton Academy of Sciences and the Washington 
Junior Academy of Sciences, held October 28, 
1967 at Georgetown University. 


January, 1968 


never get beyond the school fair. For this 
reason, the school fair is the most impor- 
tant one in the chain of the school, region- 
al, state, and national fairs. These larger 
fairs, however, are very important as 
incentives to the student and in stimulat- 
ing public interest, and should be sup- 
ported to the fullest extent. These larger 
fairs serve the same purposes as do the 
bowl games or the world series—namely, 
to stimulate interest and motivate effort 
at the local level. 

Rewards are many for each student who 
plans a project and carries out the investi- 
gations to solve the problem. During the 
process he has gained educational ex- 
periences that are of lasting importance: 
he has gained information about a given 
subject, he has learned how to identify 
problems and undertake investigations 
toward the solution, he has learned and 
developed an understanding of the basic 
principles of research, he has acquired an 
appreciation of the implications of 
science, he has learned to use material 
resources, he has become acquainted with 
scientists and their work, he has had ex- 
perience in communicating his ideas to 
others, he has developed self-confidence, 
and, by developing critical thinking, he is 
in a better position to evaluate himself 
for determining the course of study or 
career he should choose. Many of these 
junior scientists are stimulated to become 
senior scientists of tomorrow; others who 
find that they should not pursue science 
as a career will, nevertheless, make up a 
citizenry which will be appreciative of 
science. 

The science fair program, in addition to 
the basic function of inspiring young 


t 


people to do some creative thinking and 
to conduct research, offers an opportunity 
for students to gain recognition for their 
efforts. Every scientist,. whether he be 
seven or seventy, is encouraged and in- 
spired to further his research if he is 
aware that his endeavors are being re- 
warded by recognition. Recognition does 
not mean that large sums of money must 
be spent on prizes. In fact, large cash or 
material prizes, if allowed to become the 
primary emphasis in a science fair pro- 
gram, would cause the fair to lose its 
worth as an educational experience. The 
recognition that a high school student 
wants is an appreciation for his efforts, 
praise for worthwhile work accomplished, 
and encouragement and suggestions for 
advancing his study. 


The opportunity to exhibit a project 
serves as an inducement for its develop- 
ment but the product for exhibition 
should not be the primary aim. The real 
value of a project is in the process of 
developing. The more people with whom.a 
student discusses his project, the more 
ideas and suggestions for solving his prob- 
lem will evolve for evaluation. This type 
of help is valuable and the student should 
be encouraged to seek it. There are, of 
course, limits on both the amount and 
type of outside assistance that a student 
should accept. If, however, the student, 
the teacher, the parent, and outsiders of- 
fering the assistance keep in mind the 
purpose of doing a project, this will 
not become a problem. The student should 
learn early that it is very important to 
keep a record of the people he talks with, 
the references he uses, and accurate data 
on his trials and errors. All of this in- 
formation should be recorded and_be- 
come a part of his exhibit at the time of 
the fair. Care should be taken to give 
recognition to any and all persons who 
have helped in any way. 

Many students begin an investigation 
and fail to progress to a point where they 
think they want to display their findings 
because they think their data are not con- 


~~ 
—_ 


clusive or significant, or perhaps they 
think that their project is not a winner. 
Perhaps too much emphasis is being 
placed on competition with other stud- 
ents and whatever awards may be given 
rather than personal satisfactions and 
personal rewards gained. The rewards 
are there for each student! 


When the projects are displayed in a 
science fair, they are reviewed by a panel 
of senior scientists. We usually refer to 
this team as the judges. These men and 
women should be more than judges. They 
should be consultants, counselors, and 
advisors. 


Every student who conducts an investi- 
gation and enters an exhibit in a fair 
should have an opportunity to discuss 
his project with practicing scientists. This 
is usually done at area fairs, but is some- 
times overlooked at the local or school 
level. I feel that since this does provide 
an opportunity for counseling, it is most 
important that every student be granted 
this opportunity the first time that his 
project is shown. No investigation is 
really ever complete and the sooner the 
student can get the advice of the experts, 
the greater will be the benefits. Many 
students never get beyond the school fair 
because they got started on the wrong 
track. If these same students, however, 
are given the proper counseling, they can 
be encouraged to correct their methods 
and procedures in future studies, and 
thus be encouraged to continue their in- 
terest in science. 


Frequently, fair directors think that 
having each student interviewed by the 
judges would make the job of getting 
enough judges too difficult. This is not 
actually the case because scientists are 
much more willing to give their time if 
they can have the opportunity to discuss 
the project with the student rather than 
merely making judgments on the basis of 
hurriedly examining an exhibit. Only by 
talking with the student can anyone know 
how well the exhibitor really understands 
what he is trying to show and what ques- 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


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tions he needs to have answered in order 
to continue his study. 

In evaluating the role of the science 
fair in education, one must consider all 
of the benefits to be received by all who 
participate. These would include those de- 
rived from selecting and defining a suit- 
able problem, carrying out the investiga- 
‘tion, use of human and material re- 
sources, interpretation of data, prepara- 
tion of exhibit, procedures of judging, 
the awards and recognition, and arousing 
public interest and support. When all of 
these are considered, the rewards are 
many for those who choose this way to 
extend science beyond the classroom. 


T-THOUGHTS 


Standardization 


Those who seem impatient with cur- 
rent progress on the so-called problem of 
“excessive numbers of makes and models 
in our armamentarium” may find solace 
in King Charles’ dilemma. In June 1631, 
he published orders on the subject. A 
transcript of an extract* is given hereon: 

“And because we are credibly given to 
understand that the often and continuall 
altering and changing of the fashion of 
armes and armours, some countrys and 
parts of the Kingdome having armours of 
one fashion, and some of another, do put 
many of our subjects to a great and un- 
necessary charge, and more than need 
requireth;—for the avoiding whereof, our 


* Patent Rolls (Chancery), 7 Charles I, Part 20 
(C66/2579) . 


January, 1968 


will and pleasure is, and wee doe hereby 
appoint and command, that hereafter 
there shall be but one uniform fashion of 
armours of the said common and trayned 
bands throughout our said Kingdome of 
England and domynion of Wales, when as 
any of the said armours shall be sup- 
plied and new made, and that that form 
and fashion of armour shall be agreeable 
to the last and modern fashion lately set 
downe and appoynted to be used by the 
lords and others of our Councel of Warre 
(the patterns whereof are now and shall 
remayn in the office of our ordinance 
from tyme to tyme, which is our pleasure 
likewise concerning gunnes, pikes, and 
bandaliers whereof patterns are and shall 


remayn from tyme to tyme in our said 
office) .” 


Worry-Bridges 


Some people seem to exhibit a propen- 
sity about crossing worry-bridges before 
they come to them. They have the extra- 
ordinary talent of hanging black draperies 
and readying funeral sermons in excited 
anticipation, only to find out later that 
there was no problem after all. They re- 
mind me of Sancho. 

Perhaps you remember Sancho Panza in 
Cervantes’ Don Quixote. The poor fellow 
found himself clinging desperately one 
night to a window ledge. He sweated, 
squirmed, and prayed for dear life all 
through the night. When day broke, he 
found that his feet had been only an 
inch from the ground! 


= Ralph Goi- Sm 


Academy Proceedings 


ACADEMY ANNOUNCES 
AWARD WINNERS 


Recipients of the 1967 Awards for 
Scientific Achievement, sponsored annually 
by the Academy, have been announced. 
They are as follows: 

Biological Sciences: Marie M. Cassidy 
and Charles S. Tidball, George Washington 
University School of Medicine, a joint 
award “for basic contributions on mecha- 
nisms of transport across biological mem- 
branes.” 

Engineering Sciences: Robert D. Cut- 
kosky, National Bureau of Standards, “for 
his contributions to the science of pre- 
cision electrical measurements.” 

Physical Sciences: Charles W. Misner, 
University of Maryland, “for important 
contributions in relativity theory and as- 
trophysics.” 

Mathematics: Leon Greenberg, Univer- 
sity of Maryland, “for new results from 
classical interactions among algebra, ge- 
ometry, and analysis.” 

Teaching of Science: Raymond A. Gallo- 
way, University of Maryland, “for out- 
standing service as teacher, researcher, 
and advisor to students.” 

The selections were made by the Acad- 
emy’s Committee on Awards for Scienti- 
fic Achievement and were approved by the 
Board of Managers on December 21. The 
awards will be presented at the Academy’s 
meeting on January 25. 


ACADEMY ISSUES 
NEW MONOGRAPH 


“Oxygen and Oxidation Theories and 
Techniques in the 19th Century and the 
First Part of the 20th” is the title of a new 
monograph published by the Academy in 
November 1967. The author is Eduard Far- 
ber, adjunct professor at American Uni- 
versity and the Academy’s archivist. The 


publication, containing results of studies 
begun with a two-year grant from the 
National Science Foundation, is arranged 
in three parts: Oxygen and the course of 
oxidation research; oxygen and color; and 
partial combustion. It is available from 
the Academy office, 1530 P St., N.W., at 
a cost of $4.25 (vii + 111 pages; 9 illus- 
trations of apparatus and processes). 

This is the third monograph to be 
sponsored by the Academy. The first, “The 
Parasitic Cuckoo of Africa,’ by Herbert 
Friedmann, was published in 1948. The — 
second, ‘“‘Microsomal Particles and Protein 
Synthesis,” edited by Richard B. Roberts, 
was published in 1958 by Pergamon Press, 
on behalf of the Academy; it contained 
the proceedings of the First Symposium of 
the Biophysical Society, February 5-8, 
1958. 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES 


November 


The Board of Managers held its 588th 
meeting on November 16, 1967, at George- 
town University, with President Specht 
presiding. 

The minutes of the 587th meeting were 
approved as previously distributed. 

Announcements. Dr. Specht reported 
that he had not yet appointed the ad hoc 
committee to review the Academy’s activi- 
ties, which was authorized at the Octo- 
ber Board meeting. Dr. Stern suggested 
that the Committee on Policy Planning 
might carry out this assignment; and Dr. 
Specht ageed that the Committee should 
certainly be involved. 

Dr. Specht announced the death of Carl 
C. Kiess, who retired recently after a 40- 
year career at the National Bureau of 
Standards. 

Dr. Sherlin announced the Philosophical 
Society’s plans for its Annual Christmas 


10 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Lecture, on the afternoon of December 
27 at Georgetown University. It was to be 
held in conjunction with the Christmas 
Convention of the Washington Junior 
Academy of Sciences; and George B. Chap- 
man of Georgetown University was expect- 
ed to speak on “Comparative Studies of 

Cell Fine Structure.” 

Secretary. Mr. Farrow reported that the 
Academy’s Nominating Committee had met 
on October 19 following the 587th 
Board of Managers meeting, to select a slate 
of officers for 1968. An announcement of 
the nominees was mailed to the member- 
ship together with a ballot concerning a 
Bylaws amendment and a proposal for 
affiliation. see 

Mr. Farrow also reported that in ac- 
cordance with custom, Science Service had 
been given permission to use the Acad- 
emys mailing list for an announcement 
of its annual science talent search. 

Membership. Chairman Mitchell had no 
new nominations to submit at the present 
meeting. He suggested that Board mem- 
bers consider submitting the names of 
their associates eligible for fellowship in 
the Academy. He also renewed his sug- 
gestion that the Academy should have a 
membership brochure, perhaps in_ the 
form of an attractive four-page folder, out- 
lining its history and objectives. Dr. Tay- 
lor indicated that he would prepare a 
specimen of such a folder. 

Meetings. In the absence of Chairman 
Galler, Dr. Specht reported that there was 
some question about holding a regular 
December meeting, since the heavy Christ- 
mas schedule would probably limit attend- 
ance. 

Grants-in-Aid, Chairman Sherlin advised 
that a report, to be provided by Dr. Schu- 
bert, would be used in preparing a letter to 
AAAS, requesting its approval for charg- 
ing the Academy’s $300 contribution to 
Dr. Schubert’s student employment pro- 
gram as a grant-in-aid, reimbursable from 
AAAS funds. 

Encouragement of Science Talent. Chair- 
man Heyden announced that the field 


JANUARY, 1968 


trips operated by the Junior Academy 
were now over-subscribed. At the last 
Board meeting he had indicated that 
these trips, which provide a major source 
of income to the Junior Academy, might 
not be as well attended as in the past. 
He was pleased to announce that a last- 
minute rush of applications had corrected 
this situation. 

Father Heyden also reported that the 
October 28 joint meeting of the Junior 
and Senior Academies had been attended 
by a number of Senior Academy members. 
Sessions with representatives from the 
Senior Academy and the Council of Engi- 
neering and Architectural Societies pro- 
vided Junior Academy members with 
answers to questions about Science Fair 
projects. Attendance by Junior Academy 
members was estimated at 150 students. 


Editor. Editor Detwiler reported that the 
October issue of the Journal had appeared 
some time ago, and that the November 
issue had just been mailed. Each issue 
contains an article on the geology of the 
Washington area, developed through the 
initiative of members of the Geological 
Society of Washington. The October article 
already has attracted attention in Wash- 
ington newspapers, and aroused interest 
among geologists and other scientists of 
the area. 

Archivist. Dr. Farber reported that he 
had reviewed the files in the Academy’s 
office, and estimated that it would require 
a half man-year to organize them into 
usable form. He asked that Board mem- 
bers consider whether it would be worth 
while to invest this effort and, if so, what 
questions would likely be asked by per- 
sons using the files. 


NEW AFFILIATION, 

BYLAWS CHANGE APPROVED 
Returns from a special mail ballot of 

the membership, sent out in mid-Novem- 

ber, were tallied on December 18 by a 

Committee of Tellers. 


11 


The first question concerned a proposal 
for affiliation with the Academy of the 
- Washington Section, Instrument Society of 
America. It was approved by a vote of 
402 to 16. 

The second question concerned minor 
revisions of the Bylaws (Article IV, Sec- 


tion 8, and Article VII, Section 1) to 
change the time of the annual meeting from 
January to May, and make the terms of 
office of the Academy’s officers expire at 


this time. It was approved by a vote of 
406 to 10. 


Science in Washington 


CALENDAR OF EVENTS 


Notices of meetings for this column 
may be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, 
George Washington University School of 
Medicine, 1331 H Street, N. W., Washing- 
ton, D. C., 20005, by the first Wednesday 
of the month preceding the date of issue of 
the Journal. 


January 16—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Mary- 
land, 4:30 p.m. 


January 17—American Meteorologi- 

cal Society 

Capt. W. L. Somervell, U.S.N., officer 
in charge, Fleet Weather Facility, Norfolk 
Naval Air Station, will speak on “Weather 
Operations in Southeast Asia.” 

National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m. 


January 17—University of Maryland 
Astronomy Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132—University of Mary- 
land—4::30 p.m. 


January 19—Helminthological Soci- 
ety of Washington 
Charles S. Richards, Laboratory of 
Parasitic Diseases, NIH, “Genetic Aspects 
of Susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata 
to Infection with Schistosoma mansoni.” 
Kendall G. Powers, Laboratory of Par- 
asite Chemotherapy, NIH, “Activity of 


Lincomycin Analogs Against Plasmodium 
cynomolgi in Rhesus Monkeys.” 


Milford N. Lunde and Louis S. Dia- 
mond, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, 
NIH, “Studies on Antigens from Axenic- 
ally Cultured Entamoeba histolytica.” 


J. Eckert, guest worker, Laboratory of 
Parasitic Diseases, NIH, and H.-J. Burger, 
Germany, “Studies on the Parasitic Gas- 
troenteritis in Cattle in Germany.” 


G. Pacheco, Laboratory of Parasitic Di- 
seases, NIH, “Infection of Meriones un- 
guiculatus, M. hurrianae, Mesocricetus 
auratus, and Cricetulus griseus with Di- 
petalonema witet.” 


Wilson Hall, National Institutes of 
Health, Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m. 


January 19—Philosophical Society of 

Washington 

Speaker to be announced. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W. 
8:15 p.m. 


January 23—American Society for 

Microbiology 

“Mycoplasmata and L Forms.” Speak- 
ers to be announced. 

Veterans Administration Hospital, 50 
Irving St., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


January 23—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Mary- 
land, 4:30 p.m. 


12 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


January 24—Geological S ociety of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00 


p-m. 


| January 24—University of Maryland 
Astronomy Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Mary- 
land, 4:30 p.m. 


January 25—American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers 
Speaker to be announced. 
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St, N.W., 
8:00 p.m. 


January 25—Society for Experimen- 
tal Biology and Medicine 

Elmer L. Becker, Department of Im- 
munochemistry, Walter Reed Army Insti- 
tute of Research, Moderator. Topic: “Im- 
munochemistry.” 

Panelists : 

William Terry, National Cancer Insti- 
tute, NIH, “Antibody Activity of Sub- 
classes of Immunoglobulin G.” 

Henry Metzger, National Institute of 
Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, NIH, 
“Paraprotein Antibodies.” 

Tibor Borsus, National Cancer Insti- 
tute, NIH, “Complement Fixation on a 
Molecular Basis.” 

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re- 
search Institute, Naval Medical Center, 
Bethesda, Maryland, 8:00 p.m. 

Formal and informal discussion of the 
topic and the presentations is encouraged. 


Phone Dr. Becker, 576-3665. 


January 30—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Mary- 
land, 4:30 p.m. 


January 31—University of Maryland 
Astronomy Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 


JANUARY, 1968 


Building C-132, University of Mary- 
land, 4:30 p.m. 


February 1—Electrochemical Society 
Ernst M. Cohn, National Aeronautics 
and Space Administration, “Forecast for 
Space Fuel Cells.” 
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American 
University, 8:00 p.m. 


February 1—Entomological Society 
of Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
Room 43, Natural History Building, 
Smithsonian Institution, 8:00 p.m. 


February 2—Philosophical Society of 

Washington 

Speaker to be announced. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W. 
8:15 p.m. 


February 6—Botanical Society of 

Washington 

John Buckley, director, Office of Ecol- 
ogy, Department of Interior, will speak on 
the International Biology Program and 
Conservation. 

Administration Building, National Ar- 
boretum, 8:00 p.m. 


February 6—Institute of Electrical 
and Electronics Engineers, Geo- 
science Electronics Group 
Arthur Markel, vice-president, Reynolds 

Company, “Operations with the Alumin- 

aut Submarine.” 

PEPCO Building, 929 E St., N.W., 8:00 


p-m. 


February 6—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Mary- 
land, 4:30 p.m. 


February 7—University of Maryland 
Astronomy Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Mary- 
land, 4:30 p.m. 


13 


February 8—American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers 
Speaker to be announced. 
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St, N.W., 
8:00 p.m. 


February 8—Chemical Society of 

Washington 

Main speaker: Robert W. Holley, pro- 
fessor of biochemistry, Cornell University, 
“Transfer RNA Structure.” 

Naval Medical Center, 8:15 p.m. 

Topical groups: 

E.C. Horning, professor of biochemis- 
try, Baylor University, “Steroid Chroma- 
tography.” 

C. N. R. Rao, visiting professor, Purdue 
University (Indian Institute of Technol- 
ogy. Kanpur, India), “Some Aspects of 
Electron Donor-Acceptor Systems.” 

William J. LeNoble, State University of 
New York at Stony Brook, “Chemical Re- 
activations under High Pressure.” 

H. K. Livingston, professor of chemistry, 
Wayne State University, “Polymorphism 
in Nylon Single Crystal”. 

Naval Medical Center, 5:00 p.m.; social 
hour, 6:00 p.m., dinner 7:00 p.m. 


February 12—American Society for 

Metals 

Burgess Memorial Lecture. E. Parker, 
professor, University of California, “New 
Materials and Fabrication Processes in 
Metallurgy.” 

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House, 
1500 S. Joyce Street, Arlington, Virginia, 
social hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meet- 
ing, 6:00 p.m. 


February 12—Institute of Electrical 

and Electronics Engineers 

Speaker to be announced; general sub- 
ject, FM Interference to TV. 

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, 
N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


February 13—American Society of 
Civil Engineers 
Arvin H. Saunders, director, Bureau of 
National Capital Airports, Federal Avia- 


tion Administration, “The Future of Na- 
tional and Dulles Airports.” 
YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N. W., noon. 
Luncheon meeting. For reservations, 
phone Mr. Furen, 521-5600, ext. 4470 


February 13—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Mary- 
land, 4:30 p.m. 


February 13—Geological Society of 

Washington 

Speaker to be announced. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.., 
8:00 p.m. 


February 14—University of Maryland 
Astronomy Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Mary- 
land, 4:30 p.m. 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 


Contributions to this column may be 
addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate 
Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture, 
Agricultural Research Service, Federal 
Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland. 


AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 


CHESTER R. BENJAMIN was a mem- 
ber of the U.S. delegation at a USS.- 
Japan Conference on Exchange of Bio- 
logical Materials held in Washington 
November 1-3. The Conference was staged 
as an.activity of the U.S.-Japan Coopera- 
tive Science Program administered on the 
U.S. side by the National Science Foun- 
dation. 

L. D. CHRISTENSON, chief of the 
Fruit and Vegetable Insects Research 
Branch, Entomology Research Division, 
Agricultural Research Service, retired 
from Government service on December 1. 

W.B. ENNIS, Jr., Agricultural Research 
Service, gave an invited paper at an FAO- 
sponsored Symposium on Crop Losses, 


14, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Se ae 


held in Rome October 2-6. Afterward he re- 
viewed Public Law 480 research projects 
in Israel, Yugoslavia, and Poland. 

C. H. HOFFMANN, Entomology Re- 
search Division, participated in the Youth 
Conference Program at the Entomological 
Society of America meeting held in New 
- York City. His presentation on November 
30 was entitled, “Challenges Facing En- 
tomologists in Meeting World Food 
Problems.” 

GEORGE W. IRVING, Jr., spoke before 
the Annual Conveniion of the National 
Agricultural Chemicals Association held 
in Palm Springs, Calif., on-November 6. 

PAUL R. MILLER was a U.S. delegate 
to an International Symposium on Crops 
Losses sponsored by FAO in Rome, Italy, 
October 2-6, 1967. He presented a paper 
on “Plant Disease Epidemics, Their Ap- 
praisal and Forecasting’, and at the con- 
clusion of the Symposium he served as a 
consultant to FAO in the development of 
a worldwide program for the evaluation 
of crop losses. 

REECE I. SAILER has replaced W. H. 
Anderson as chief of the Insect Identi- 
fication and Parasite Introduction 
Research Branch, Entomology Research 
Division, Agricultural Research Service. 


AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 
MILTON HARRIS, Board chairman of 


the American Chemical Society, delivered 
the keynote address at the annual meet- 
ing of the Israel Chemical Society on 
October 23, which was held in Rehovoth, 
Israel. His subject was, “Science and 
Technology in a Modern Economy.” Also, 
Dr. Harris has been selected to receive 
the Distinguished Service Award pre- 
sented by Oregon State University. 


AMERICAN UNIVERSITY 
LEO SCHUBERT, chairman of the 


Chemistry Department, received four Na- 
tional Science Foundation grants during 
December. One, in the amount of $61,270, 
will support the 10th Summer Institute 
for College Professors in the History and 


JANUARY, 1968 


Philosophy of Science and Mathematics, 
to be held from June 20 to July 31, 1968. 
A second, for $60,490, will support the 
13th Institute for Secondary School 
Teachers of Chemistry and Physics, to be 
held June 17 to August 2. A third, for 
about $8,000, will support the 9th Re- 
search Participation Program for Senior 
High School Students, to be held June 21 
to August 20. The fourth, for $39,215, 
will support a cooperative college-school 
science program for the summer of 1968 
and the academic year 1968-69: it is a 
new program designed to upgrade the 
level of elementary-school science instruc- 
tion in the District of Columbia public 
school system. 


CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY 
STEPHEN D. BRUCK, research pro- 


fessor in chemical engineering, has been 
elected a fellow for life of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Sci- 
ence, in recognition of his outstanding 
work on the properties of polymers. He 


had been a member of AAAS since 1956. 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
CHARLES F. WITHINGTON received 


the Survey’s Oral Communications Award 
in early November, “for exceptional 
achievement in improving communications 
and services to the public in general, and 
in stimulating the interest of youthful 
students in the earth sciences and in the 
work of the Geological Survey in particu- 
lar.” Over the past three years, Mr. 
Withington has addressed classrooms— 
ranging from the 3rd to the 12th grades— 
in more than 30 area schools, his talks 
ranging from general discussions of rocks 
and minerals to explanations of the geol- 
ogy of the Washington area and how it 
has affected community growth patterns 
and influenced business enterprise. Much 
of this activity was carried out in collab- 
oration with the Joint Board on Science 
Education. 


NATIONAL BUREAU 
OF STANDARDS 


Foreign talks have been given as fol- 
lows: J. K. TAYLOR—“Recent Advances 
in High Precision Chemical Analysis,” 
Chemistry Department, Seminar for Fac- 
ulty and Graduate Students, University of 
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Oc- 
tober 10; C. S. MC CAMY—‘The Stability 
of Silver-Gelatin Microfilms,’ Second In- 
ternational Congress on Reprography, Co- 
logne, West Germany, October 26; C. P. 
SAYLOR—“The Freezing Staircase Meth- 
od of Purification,” Metallurgical Cen- 
ter of the National Center for Scientific 
Research, France, Staff of Chemical Met- 
allurgy, University of Paris, September 


Sy 


NATIONAL INSTITUTES 
OF HEALTH 


JAMES A. SHANNON, director of 
NIH, received the honorary doctor of sci- 
ence degree from Columbia University’s 
College of Physicians and Surgeons on 
October 20, in recognition of his leader- 
ship of the National Institutes of Health 
during a period of phenomenal growth. 

MARSHALL NIRENBERG of the Na- 
tional Heart Institute received a $20,000 
Special Award of Merit from the Gairdner 
Foundation on November 17 in Toronto, 
Canada. He received the award for his 
work in deciphering the genetic code and 
in controlling protein synthesis within the 
cell. 

BERNARD BRODI, chief of the Labor- 
atory of Chemical Pharmacology, Na- 
tional Heart Institute, received an annual 
Albert Lasker Medical Research Award 
worth $10,000, on November 9 in New 
York City, in honor of his “extraordinary 
contributions to biochemical pharmacol- 


99 
ogy. 


NATIONAL SCIENCE 
FOUNDATION 
RAYMOND J. SEEGER recently spoke 


on “Humanism of Science” before groups 


at the State University College of Buffalo, 
Eastern New Mexico University, and 
Clark College, Atlanta. He spoke on “Art, 
Nature, and Mathematics” at the National 
Gallery of Art on January 14. And he was 
scheduled to be the principal speaker at 
the installation of Sigma Xi clubs in Alex- 
andria, La., and Arkansas State University 
on January 25 and 26, respectively. 


NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 


HERBERT FRIEDMAN, chief scientist 
of the Hulburt Center and superintend- 
ent of the Atmosphere and Astrophysics 
Division, is one of five Federal Govern- 
ment career men who have been named 
to receive this year’s Rockefeller Public 
Service Awards. 


DEATHS 
ALAN T. WATERMAN, 75, first di- 


rector of the National Science Foundation, 
died November 30 at the National Insti- 
tutes of Health from complications follow- 
ing surgery. 

Dr. Waterman became head of NSF 
when it was established in 1951, and held 
the post until his retirement in 1963. Dur- 
ing his incumbency, as NSF has pointed 
out, he “successfully guided this organi- 
zation from a small beginning to a posi- 
tion of strength and influence.” 

A native of Cornwall-on-Hudson, N. Y., 
Dr. Waterman received the doctorate in 
physics in 1916. After serving with the 
Army as a scientist during World War I, 
he joined the faculty of Yale University, 
where he was a member of the physics 
department for 25 years. During World 
War II, he served on the National Defense 
Research Committee, on the National De- 
fense Committee, and in the Office of 
Scientific Research and Development. His 
wartime experience made him aware of 
the need for a closer relation between sci- 
ence and government, a relation that he 
helped foster through the Foundation in 
the post-war years. 

Dr. Waterman won recognition as one 
of the country’s leading physicists for his 


16 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


research in electrical conduction through 
solids; thermionic, photoelectric emission, 
and allied effects; and the _ electrical 
_ properties of solids. He was a member of 
the American Association of University 
Professors, the Scientific Research Society 
of America, the Washington Academy of 
Sciences, the Cosmos Club, Phi Beta 
Kappa, and Sigma Xi. 

SAMUEL N. ALEXANDER, an interna- 
tionally-known pioneer in the automatic 
digital computer field, died December 9 
at the age of 57. He had been a senior 
research fellow with the National Bureau 


of Standards. 


Less than a month before his death, 
Mr. Alexander had received the Harry 
Goode Memorial Award of the American 
Federation of Information Processing So- 
cieties. The citation for this award summed 
up his career: “For almost 22 years, 
Samuel N. Alexander has probably in- 
fluenced more than any other individual 
the introduction and development of au- 
tomatic data processing techniques and 
systems into the operations of the Federal 
Government.” 

Born in Wharton, Texas, he received 
physics and electrical engineering degrees 
from the University of Oklahoma in 1931 
and from MIT in 1933. He continued 
graduate study at MIT until 1935, when 
he became a physicist for the Simplex 
Wire and Cable Corp. in Massachusetts. 
He came to Washington in 1940 as a phy- 
sicist for the Navy Department; and from 
1943 to 1946, he was senior project engi- 
neer for the Bendix Aviation Corp. He 
joined NBS in 1946, as chief of the Elec- 
trical Components Laboratory. Here he 
had the responsibility of organizing a 
group to conduct an R&D program for 
the Army in electronic components suit- 
able for use in automatic digital compu- 
ters. From this beginning he established 
the first laboratory entirely devoted to 
the promotion of automatic data process- 
ing devices and systems for the Govern- 
ment, and to the extension of ADP tech- 


JANUARY, 1968 


niques from the solution of scientific 
problems to more complex information- 
handling and management problems. 

In addition to the Harry Goode Award, 
Mr. Alexander’s many honors included a 
Department of Commerce gold medal in 
1964, and in 1956 the Distinguished Serv- 
ice Medal of the Swedish Royal Academy 


of Engineering Scientists. 


SCIENCE AND 
DEVELOPMENT 


Six major research programs and 162 
individual projects aimed at preserving 
the habitability of the earth have been 
announced by the U.S. National Committee 
for the International Biological Program 
(IBP). The projects are the first to be 
identified and described as part of the 
U.S. contribution to the IBP. 


The major studies, referred to as inte- 
grated research programs, consist of (1) 
an aerobiology investigation, (2) research 
on large ecosystems, (3) a study of Es- 
kimo populations, (4) an investigation of 
terrestrial life in the Hawaiian Islands, 
(5) research in phenology (the science of 
relations between climate and the behav- 
ior of plants and animals), and (6) a 
study of the migration of persons from 
rural to urban areas. It is expected that 
about nine more integrated research pro- 
grams will be developed in the coming 
months. 

Fifty nations are participating in the 
International Biological Program, which 
has as its goal the understanding of the 
biological basis of productivity and human 
welfare. As such it will instigate and cor- 
relate worldwide research efforts directed 
toward understanding man’s effects on 
his environment. IBP entered its five-year 
operational phase on July 1, 1967, after 
three years of planning. U.S. participation 
is directed by the National Committee. 
within the Division of Biology and Agri- 
culture of the National Research Council. 


Fy 


The Commonwealth Fund announced 
on November 30, 1967 a grant of $500,- 
000 to the endowment of the National 
Academy of Sciences for use in further- 
ing the Academy’s ability to exercise in- 
dependent initiative and judgment con- 
cerning vital problems and issues in sci- 
ence. Earlier in 1967 the Ford, Rocke- 
feller, and Sloan Foundations contributed 
a total of $7 million. 


The gift is unrestricted; it is the design 
of the donor, however, to strengthen the 
work of the Academy and its chief oper- 
ating agency, the National Research 
Council, in the identification and study of 
important medical and health problems 
and in the advancement of the underlying 
science of medicine. Founded in 1918 by 
Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness “to do some- 
thing for the welfare of mankind,” the 
Commonwealth Fund works largely in the 
field of medical education and_ health 
care. 


Instruments that measure the earth’s 
magnetic field may some day be used to 
forecast earthquakes. Such 
called magnetometers, have been posi- 
tioned at several locations along Califor- 
nia’s San Andreas Fault to detect changes 
in the geomagnetic field resulting from 
increased stress on subsurface rocks. In 
April 1967, simultaneous changes were 
observed on magnetometers in the Hollis- 
ter, California, area. Slight dislocation 
(creep) of the fault occurred 16 hours 
later. Within two days after the geomag- 
netic changes, a series of earthquakes oc- 
curred. 


A magnetometer array was established 
on the San Andreas Fault in late 1965 by 
Stanford University. The objective of the 
array was to detect local changes in the 
earth’s magnetic field and determine the 
relationship between such events and 
seismic occurrences. 

From December 1965 to October 1966, 
small changes in the geomagnetic field 
were observed on five occasions. In each 


instruments, 


case, the changes were followed by creep, 
or slight dislocation of the fault, and oc- 
casionally by earthquakes. 


These local changes prompted a more 
dense magnetometer array to be estab- 
lished south of Hollister in late 1966. 
With more instruments there would be no 
question as to the reality of the observed 
magnetic variations. Also, more informa- 
tion on the spatial distribution and pos- 
sible relative time variations at the differ- 
ent sites was desired. 


On April 18, 1967, a local decrease in 
the magnetic field of the earth was ob- 
served simultaneously on four instruments 
positioned over a 25-km span along the 
fault. Creep displacement of 4 mm _ oc- 
curred 16 hours after the magnetic event, 
and a series of local earthquakes, the 
largest not exceeding Richter magnitude 


3.6, followed on April 20-22, 1967. 


Throughout the United States, 8,000 
pairs of twins, all men between the ages 
of 45 and 50, are being asked to partic- 
ipate in a major study of the effects of 
environment on human health. The re- 
search seeks information on the relation- 
ship of such environmental factors as to- 
bacco smoking and air pollution to cer- 
tain cardiovascular and respiratory com- 
plaints. 

Questionnaires mailed in late September 
ask the twins for information about their 
general health. Questions cover such res- 
piratory symptoms as coughing and short- 
ness of breath; such cardiovascular symp- 
toms as pain or discomfort in the chest; 
diet, smoking, and drinking habits; phy- 
sical exercise and leisure activities; resi- 
dential and family history. 


The study, sponsored by the Public 
Health Service and the American Medical 
Association, is the first to make use of 
the National Research Council’s Twin 
Registry. This roster of 16,000 pairs of 
male twins was compiled over a 12-year 
period from the medical and vital statis- 
tics records of World War II veterans. 


18 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


OOO Eee 


The registry is designed as a resource for 
use by authorized investigators interested 
in the relative influence of environment 
and heredity in chronic disease. All proj- 
ects are carefully evaluated, however, by 
an NRC advisory committee to protect the 
twins from unwarranted invasions of pri- 
_vacy. 

Conducting the current study are two 
noted Swedish scientists, visiting scholars 
this year at the University of Cincinnati’s 
new Center for Study of the Human En- 
vironment. They are Dr. Lars Friberg and 
Dr. Rune Cederlof, colleagues at the 

Stockholm Karolinska Institute and at the 
National Institute of Public Health of 
Sweden. The questionnaire sent to the 
twins is based on research they have done 
with twins in their homeland. 


The Second Conference on Neutron 
Cross Sections and Technology will be 
held March 4-7 at the Shoreham Hotel. 
This conference is sponsored by the 
American Nuclear Society’s Divisions of 
Reactor Physics and Shielding, the Amer- 
ican Physical Society’s Division of Nu- 
clear Physics, the National Bureau of 
Standards, and the Atomic Energy Com- 
mission. Topics of invited and contributed 
papers include the following general sub- 
ject areas: (1) The need for and use of 
neutron data in the fields of basic and 
applied science; (2) standard data, flux 
measurements, and analysis; (3) the need 
for and use of neutron data in reactor 
design applications; (4) measurement 
and analysis of total and partial cross 
sections for fissile nuclei; (5) measure- 
ment and analysis of total and _ partial 
cross sections for non-fissile nuclei; (6) 
theory of nuclear cross sections and the 
analysis of neutron interactions; (7) data 
storage, retrieval, and evaluation: and 
(8) the use of differential data in an- 
alyzing integral experiments. Further in- 
formation on the meeting is available 
from F. J. Shorten, Rm. A106 Reactor 
Building, National Bureau of Standards. 
Washington, D. C. 20231. 


JANUARY, 1968 


On December 7 the National Bureau of 
Standards reactor achieved criticality. A 
self-sustaining chain reaction was ob- 
tained after 20 fuel elements had been 
loaded into the reactor. Located at the 
Bureau’s Gaithersburg laboratories, the 
facility will be operated at low power for 
testing purposes until funds become avail- 
able for operation at its full power ca- 
pacity of 10 megawatts. 


Initial planning for the facility began 
in 1958 and construction was started in 
1963 under an Atomic Energy Commis- 
sion license. The building was occupied 
in 1965 and the reactor completed late in 
1967. It was designed to provide NBS 
and other laboratories in the Washington 
area with an extensive central facility 
where neutron beams can be used for 
fundamental research on materials of all 
kinds. The primary need of these labora- 
tories in a research reactor is for high- 
intensity thermal and subthermal neu- 
trons. Such neutrons are used primarily 
to measure fundamental properties of or- 
dinary matter, such as the location of 
atoms in a crystal or the forces between 
atoms. Knowledge of these basic proper- 
ties of matter is needed to provide more 
precise standards for industry and new 
tools for research. 


American scientists have discovered an- 
other “hot spot” in the ocean bottom, a 
mysterious hole in the sea in an area where 
the water reaches a temperature of 133° F. 
The new hot spot was found in the Red Sea 
by the Coast and Geodetic Survey ship 
OCEANOGRAPHER which is now on a 


slobal scientific expedition. 


What is unusual about the hot spots— 
this is the fourth to be discovered in the 
Red Sea—is that normally the water gets 
colder the farther down you go. The re- 
verse is true in the hot spots, which are 
essentially ocean deeps or basins at the sea 
botttom, since the temperature of the water 
increases the farther down one goes. 


Another unusual feature of the hot spots 


19 


is that the salt content is as high as 27 
percent, almost eight times the ocean’s nor- 
mal salt content of 3.6 percent. In the Red 
Sea it is normally about 4 percent. 


Bottom sea water with unusually high 
temperatures and salt content was first ob- 
served in this region in 1948 by the 
Swedish Deep Sea Expedition, but it re- 
mained for the British research vessel DIS- 
COVERY to determine in 1964 that the 
lowest 600 feet in a depth of 6600 feet was 
filled with extremely dense brine with a 
temperature of about 111 degrees. The 
expedition named it the Discovery Deep. 
Another hot spot in the same general cen- 
tral Red Sea was found by the research 
vessel ATLANTIS II of the Woods Hole 
(Mass.) Oceanographic Institution to 
reach a temperature of 133° F. and was 
named the Atlantis I] Deep. The only other 
hot spot discovered until now was the 
Chain Deep, which was found by another 
Woods Hole ship. 


The hot spots are all located within a 
10-mile area, and surveys by other ships 
as late as April revealed no other examples 
of this unusual phenomena until the fourth 
was discovered by the USC&GSS OCEAN- 
OGRAPHER as it passed recently through 
the Red Sea enroute to the Indian and 
Pacific oceans. 


Oregon and Utah recently became the 
third and fourth states to receive new 
weights and measures standards under a 
program to replace the standards of all 50 
states. 

Many of the standards and instruments 
used by the states in weights and measures 
administration were provided by the Fed- 
eral Government 100 years ago or more. 


The National Bureau of Standards is su- 
pervising replacement of the state stand- 
ards to update and extend measurement 
competence throughout the nation, as re- 
quired by scientific and technological ad- 
vances. Within the next few months sets 
will be presented to California, Connecti- 
cut, Delaware, Kentucky, New Mexico, and 
Tennessee. 


It is expected that new standards and 
instruments will be provided to about 10 
states per year until all state standards 
facilities have been modernized. 


Each new set includes standards of mass 
(weight), length, and volume and _neces- 
sary laboratory instruments, including 
high precision balances, all specially de- 
signed to meet state weights and measures 
requirements. Each set costs the Federal 
Government about $70,000, including cali- 
bration, installation, and training of lab- 
oratory personnel. The state contribution 
to the program, in the form of new or 
expanded laboratory facilities and better 
qualified personnel, will be considerably 
more than the Federal cost. 


Measurement uniformity among the 
states began in 1838 when Congress au- 
thorized the Féderal Government to supply 
each state with “. . . a complete set of 
weights and measures adopted as standards 
—to the end that a uniform standard of 
weights and measures may be established 
throughout the United States.” 


In the United States, the actual regula- 
tion of weighing and measuring equipment 
in commerce is retained largely by the 
states. The National Bureau of Standards 
is the principal technical resource for the 
states in this area. 


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20 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


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Volume 58 JANUARY 1968 


CONTENTS 


W. H. Starks: Electronics as a Means for the Advancement of Biomedical Res care | 


Phoebe H. Knipling: The Role of the Science Fair in Education... we 
ToT hoviabite | oi. cise) ise viasewingonnecinig reaming Oaetes Orsi ieee Se a neue 
Academy Proceedings | | y: 
Academy Announces Award Winners MER TORRENO ecyok + 
New Monograph ‘Teaued. :\...:...56:Vissrisyitreessiicabiteasen efibe sec teary ns cain ea mer . 


Board of Managers Meeting Notes (November) 000.00... ite 
Results of Balloting sesssenueveefuaduaageennsnitrarennces Goons Gaatdanssney iced tees iasg ene an 
Science in Washington AS 


Calendar of Event. ....cc1...03.i0f0,fccuuctissctssttsectsetts apdeslansy ope oe nae 
Scientiaty is the News «ci. csiassericsivesdevnetteltss gant arrnorn ign gart areaame oe 
Science:and Development .......:.4).i)scgsetieoitonaces oat mtenenny nee oe 


Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class | 
1530—P St., N.W. Pai 
Washington, D.C., 20005 
Return Requested 


VOLUME 58 NUMBER 2 


Journal of the 
WASHINGTON > 
ACADEMY OF 

SCIENCES — 


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FEBRUARY 1968 


Six Scientists Receive 


Academy’s Annual Awards 


Awards for outstanding _ scientific 
achievement were conferred upon five 
research scientists and one science teacher 
at the Washington Academy’s 70th Annual 
Dinner Meeting on January 25 at the 
Cosmos Club. 

The research investigators honored were 
Marie Mullaney Cassidy and Charles S. 
Tidball of the George Washington Uni- 
versity Medical Center, in the biological 
sciences; Robert D. Cutkosky of the Na- 
tional Bureau of Standards, in the engi- 
neering sciences; Charles W. Misner of the 
University of Maryland, in the physical 
sciences; and Leon Greenberg of the 
University of Maryland, in mathematics. 


The science teacher was Raymond A. 
Galloway of the University of Maryland. 

Award winners were introduced by John 
Park, dean of the George Washington Uni- 
versity Medical School; C. H. Page of the 
National Bureau of Standards; and How- 
ard Laster, J. L. Walsh, and R. W. Krauss, 
all of the University of Maryland. 


The Academy’s awards program was 
initiated in 1939 to recognize young sci- 
entists of the area for “noteworthy discov- 
ery, accomplishment, or publication” in 
the biological, physical, and engineering 
sciences. An award for outstanding teach- 
ing was added in 1955, and another for 
mathematics in 1959. Except in teaching, 
where no age limit is set, candidates for 
awards must be under 40. The: previous 
award winners are listed at the end of this 
article. 


Biological Sciences 
Marie Mullaney Cassidy and Charles S. 


Tidball were cited jointly “for basic con- 
tributions on mechanisms of transport 
across biological membranes.” As an out- 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


growth of a long-standing interest in ab- 
sorptive and secretory mechanisms in the 
gastrointestinal tract, Dr. Tidball studied 
the role of divalent cations in regulating 
permeability of physiological membranes. 
He confirmed the extensive increase in 
permeability of the intestinal epithelial 
membrane following chelation depletion 
and established the reversibility of the 
phenomenon when appropriate concentra- 
tions of divalent cations were restored to 
the membrane. In 1963 he was joined by 
Dr. Cassidy, who had previously studied 
ion transport in skeletal muscle. They were 
able to correlate the permeability status of 
intestinal epithelium with the calcium and 
magnesium content of the tissue. Further 
experiments clarified that the moiety re- 
sponsible for this regulation was associated 
with the cell membrane fraction of the 
tissue. Ultrastructural studies with the 
electron microscope revealed a reversible 
morphological alteration which accompa- 
nied the permeability alteration. These 
findings led to a hypothesis that the effect 
of the divalent cations was to modulate the 
size of the aqueous pores of the mucosal 
membrane. Subsequent studies of cellular 
ionic composition and specific pore radius 
estimates confirmed this hypothesis. 


Current theories of water movement 
across epithelial tissues have implicated the 
intercellular channel as the locus of equili- 
bration between actively transported solute 
and moving solvent. The detailed investiga- 
tion of this permeability phenomenon by 
Drs. Tidball and Cassidy has not only 
helped to confirm the role of the intercellu- 
lar channels as an osmotic equilibration 
device but has also suggested the basic 
mechanism by which calcium and mag- 
nesium regulate transport across ail bio- 


21 


Award Winners at Annual Academy Meeting 


M. M. Cassipy 


C. W. MIsNER 


logical membranes. Furthermore, recent 
electron microscopy studies by Drs. Tidball 
and Cassidy demonstrate, for the first time, 
a specific localization of sodium within the 
intercellular channel. These studies offer 
unique evidence for the delineation of the 
active sodium transport mechanism across 
epithelial tissue. The application of coor- 
dinated structural and functional tech- 
niques as employed by these investigators 
should lead to a better understanding of 
similar transport mechanisms in other 
tissues. 

Dr. Cassidy was born in Dublin, Ireland 
on July 30, 1936. She received the B. Sc. 
degree in 1957 from the National Univer- 
sity of Ireland, the M. Sc. degree in 1959 
and the Ph. D. degree in 1962 from the 
same university. From 1960 to 1963, she 
was assistant lecturer in the Department 
of Biochemistry, University College, Dub- 
lin. At present, she is assistant professor of 
physiology at the George Washington Uni- 
versity Medical Center. She also serves as 
a member of the teaching faculty of the 
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 


C. S. TIDBALL 


LEON GREENBERG 


BRS SER. 


R. D. CutKosky 


R. A. GALLOWAY 


Dr. Tidball was born in Geneva, Switzer- 
land on April 15, 1928. He received the 
B.A. degree in 1950 from Wesleyan Uni- 
versity, the M.S. degree in 1952 from the 
University of Rochester, the Ph. D. degree 
in 1955 from the University of Wisconsin, 
and the M.D. degree in 1958 from the Uni- 
versity of Chicago. After interning at Madi- 
son, Wis., he came to George Washington 
University in 1959. He is now Henry D. 
Fry professor of physiology and chairman 
of that Department at the University’s 


Medical Center. 


Engineering Sciences 


Robert D. Cutkosky was cited “for his 
contributions to the science of precision 
electrical measurements.”” Among his ac- 
complishments are the determination, with 
Raymond Driscoll, of the ampere in terms 
of the mechanical force between current- 
carrying conductors. This value of the 
ampere is presently used internationally in 
assigning the values of various atomic con- 
stants. Mr. Cutkosky was the first worker 


22, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


to use a capacitance technique in determin- 
ing the ohm in terms of the mechanical 
units of length and time. The estimated un- 
certainty of this determination was 2 parts 
in a million, an improvement of a factor 
of two over the best previous value. At 
present, Mr. Cutkosky is engaged in a new 
determination of the ohm, using a refined 
capacitance technique. This determination 
is expected to improve the assignment of 
this unit in the United States by a full 
order of magnitude. Mr. Cutkosky’s ac- 
complishments also include the develop- 
ment of a standard of capacitance which 
is stable within one part in 10’ per year, a 
ten-fold improvement over the best stand- 
ard previously available. Copies of this 
standard are being circulated among the 
various national standards laboratories of 
the world to bring their capacitance meas- 
urements to a common basis. 

Born in Minneapolis, Minn. on October 
24, 1933, Mr. Cutkosky received the B.S. 
degree in physics from Massachusetts In- 
stitute of Technology in 1955. Since then 
he has been a physicist in the Electricity 
Division of the National Bureau of Stand- 
ards. 


Physical Sciences 


Charles W. Misner was cited for “im- 
portant contributions in relativity theory 
and astrophysics.” Dr. Misner has been 
able to show that neutron stars can be 
dynamically stable and that their integrated 
properties are relatively insensitive to the 
form of the ultra high density equation of 
state. He developed greatly improved rela- 
tivistic equations to describe the gravita- 
tional collapse currently believed to be a 
possible source of the energy of the quasi 
stellar radio objects (quasars). Subse- 
quently, he modified the equations to allow 
a heat transfer process in which internal 
energy is converted (at some rate con- 
trolled by an equation of state) into an 
outward flux of neutrinos. 


In addition, Dr. Misner has investigated 
the geometry outside a dense star when 
radiation is included and has analyzed the 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


behavior as the star collapses through the 
Schwarzschild “singularity.” Most recently 
he has devoted himself to the cosmological 
problem of how the universe evolved, mak- 
ing important contributions to the under- 
standing of the mode of formation of 
galaxies. 


Dr. Misner was born on June 13, 1932 
in Jackson, Mich. He received the B.S. 
degree in 1952 from the University of 
Notre Dame, the M. A. degree in 1954, and 
the Ph. D. degree in 1957, both from 
Princeton University. He remained at 
Princeton as a faculty member until 1963, 
then came to the University of Maryland, 
where he now holds the rank of professor. 


Mathematics 


Leon Greenberg was cited for “new re- 
sults from classical interactions among 
algebra, geometry and analysis.” Dr. 
Greenberg moves freely among these dif- 
ferent fields in his investigations, employ- 
ing the most advanced tools of modern 
mathematics. In his seminar on the pro- 
found researches of Jakob Nielsen and W. 
Fenchel, he has displayed a mastery of 
exposition as well as mathematics. 


One of Dr. Greenberg’s interests is the 
field of discontinuous groups. In his paper, 
“Maximal Fuchsian Groups,” he proved a 
theorem on the automorphisms of a closed 
Riemann surface, which is a “best possi- 
ble” result and so represents the final chap- 
ter of an investigation opened by the Ger- 
man mathematician Hurwitz in 1891. In 
“Fundamental Polygons for Fuchsian 
Groups,” Dr. Greenberg provided a simple 
proof of a basic result heretofore available 
only in very complicated and not com- 
pletely satisfactory form. 


Born in New York City on September 8, 
1931, Dr. Greenberg completed his under- 
graduate work at the College of the City of 
New York. He obtained the Ph. D. degree 
from Yale in 1958 and taught at Brown 
University from 1958 to 1964. He then 
moved to the University of Maryland, 
where he is now professor. 


23 


Teaching of Science 


Raymond A. Galloway was cited as an 
“outstanding teacher, researcher, and ad- 
viser of students.” In recognition of his 
teaching abilities, enrollments in his grad- 
uate courses in plant biochemistry and 
plant biophysics have soared, largely due 
to students attracted from the Departments 
of Microbiology, Zoology, Horticulture, 
and Agronomy. He gives generously of his 
time in counseling numerous graduate stu- 
dents in their researches in the Botany De- 
partment as well as other departments. He 
also directs the research of a number of 
undergraduate honor students. In addition 
to his teaching responsibilities Dr. Gallo- 
way has carried on a productive research 
program in plant biochemistry and _ bio- 
physics and in the physiology of algae, 


resulting in some 12 publications. He is 
a past president of the Washington Section 
of the American Society of Plant Physi- 
ologists. 


Dr. Galloway was born in Arbutus, Md. 
on May 12, 1928. He was an outstanding 
undergraduate student at the University of 
Maryland, achieving the highest four-year 
average of any student in the College of 
Agriculture (Class of 1952). He obtained 
the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Uni- 
versity of Maryland in 1956 and 1958, re- 
spectively. During the period of his grad- 
uate studies he had summer assignments at 
the Woods Hole Marine Biological Labora- 
tory. Dr. Galloway became a staff member 
of the Department of Botany, University of 
Maryland, in 1958, where he is currently 
an associate professor. 


24. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


Past Winners of Scientific Achievement Awards 


1939 Herbert Friedman 
1940 No award given 
1941 G. Arthur Cooper 
1942 Robert S. Campbell 
1943 Jason R. Swallen 
1944. Norman H. Topping 
1945 Henry K. Townes 
1946 Waldo R. Wedel 
1947 No award given 
1948 Robert J. Huebner 


1939 Wilmot H. Bradley 


1940 Ferdinand G. Brickwedde 


1941 Sterling B. Hendricks 
1942 Milton Harris 

1943 Lawrence A. Wood 
1944 George A. Gamow 
1945 Robert Simha 

1946 G. W. Irving, Jr. 

1947 Robert D. Huntoon 
1948 J. A. Van Allen 

1949 John A. Hipple 

1950 Philip H. Abelson 


1939 Paul A. Smith 

1940 Harry Diamond 

1941 Theodore R. Gilliland 
1942 Walter Ramberg 
1943 Lloyd V. Berkner 
1944 Galen B. Schubauer 
1945 Kenneth L. Sherman 
1946 Martin A. Mason 
1947 Harry W. Wells 


1959 Geoffrey S. S. Ludford 
1960 Philip J. Davis 
1961 Lawrence E. Payne 


1955 Helen N. Cooper 
1956 Phoebe H. Knipling 
1957 Dale E. Gerster 

1958 Carol V. McCammon 
1959 Betty Schaaf 


Helen Garstens 


1951 Howard B. Owens 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


Biological Sciences 


1949 Edward G. Hampp 
1950 David H. Dunkle 
1951 Edward W. Baker 
1952 Ernest A. Lachner 
1953 Bernard L. Horecker 
1954 Leon Jacobs 
1955 Clifford Evans 
Betty J. Meggers 
Robert Traub 
1956 Earl Reese Stadtman 
1957 Maurice R. Hilleman 


Physical Sciences 


1951 Milton S. Schechter 
1952 Harold Lyons 
1953 John R. Pellam 
1954 Samuel N. Foner 
1955 Terrell Leslie Hill 
1956 Elias Burstein 
1957 Ernest Ambler 
Raymond Hayward 
Dale Hoppes 
Ralph P. Hudson 


Engineering Sciences 


1948 Maxwell K. Goldstein 
1949 Richard K. Cook 
1950 Samuel Levy 

1951 Max A. Kohler 

1952 William R. Campbell 
1953 Robert L. Henry 

1954 W. S. Pellini 

1955 Arthur E. Bonney 
1956 M. L. Greenough 


1957 Joseph Weber 


Mathematics 


1962 Bruce L. Reinhart 
1963 James H. Bramble 
1964 David W. Fox 


Teaching of Science 


1960 Karl F. Herzfeld 
Pauline Diamond 

1961 Ralph D. Myers 
Charles R. Naeser 


1962 Francis J. Hewden, S.J. 


1963 Frank T. Davenport 
George M. Koehl 


1952 Keith C. Johnson 


Washington Academy of Sciences 


1958 Ellis T. Bolton 

H. George Mandel 
1959 Dwight W. Taylor 
1960 Louis S. Baron 
1961 Robert W. Krauss 
1962 Marshall W. Nirenberg 
1963 Brian J. McCarthy 
1964 Bruce N. Ames 
1965 Gordon M. Tomkins 
1966 James L. Hilton 


1958 Lewis M. Branscomb 
Meyer Rubin 

1959 Alan C. Kolb 

1960 Richard A. Ferrell 

1961 John Hoffman 

1962 Edward A. Mason 

1963 George A. Snow 

1964 James W. Butler 

1965 Albert J. Schindler 
Robert P. Madden 
Keith Codling 

1966 Robert W. Zwanzig 


1958 San-fu Shen 

1959 Harvey R. Chaplin, Jr. 
1960 Romald E. Bowles 
1961 Rodney E. Grantham 
1962 Lindell E. Steele 

1963 Gordon L. Dugger 
1964 Thorndike Saville, Jr. 
1965 Ronald E. Walker 
1966 Henry H. Plotkin 


1965 Joan R. Rosenblatt 
1966 George H. Weiss 
Marvin Zelen 


Leo Schubert 
1964 Donald F. Brandewie 
Herman R. Branson 
1965 Irving Lindsey 
Stephen H. Schot 
1966 Martha Walsh 


Teaching of Science Special Awards 


25 


Review of Visual Observations 
Of Solar Granulation* 


Thomas E. Margrave, Jr. 


Department of Astronomy, Georgetown University 


The first visual telescopic observations 
of the solar surface were made in 1610 
and marked the birth of solar physics. (1) 
However, the telescopes used were not of 
the size and optical quality necessary to 
reveal the existence of the solar granula- 
tion, which has an angular size of the 
order of 1”. 


An early observation of solar granula- 
tion may have been made by the opti- 
cian James Short in 1748. According to G. 
Chambers, Short “noticed during the 
eclipse of July 14, 1748 that the surface 
of the Sun was covered with irregular 
specks of light, presenting a mottled ap- 
pearance not unlike that of the skin of an 
orange, but relatively much less 
coarse.” (2) Chambers went on to explain 
that “The term luculi (Latin lucus, a 
shining) has been applied to the consti- 
tuent specks.”(3) He tentatively con- 
cluded that this term “may perhaps only 
be an allusion, and the first recorded, to 
the ‘granulations’ recognized in modern 
times.” (4) 


In 1799, Sir W. Herschel began a visual 
study of the solar surface. H. C. King 
noted that Herschel used either a 12-inch 
or 18-inch speculum reflector for his 
solar work.(5) The question of whether 
or not he actually saw the individual 
granules was discussed in a monograph 
on solar photography by the Rev. S. Che- 
valier, S.J.(6) According to him, Herschel 


*Dr. Margrave received his doctorate in astron- 
omy from the University of Arizona in June 1967. 
This article is concerned with the subject matter 
of his thesis. 


stated, in his 1801 memoir to the Royal 
Society, that 

“I call corrugations that very particular 
and remarkable unevenness, ruggedness, 
or asperity, which is peculiar to the lu- 
minous solar clouds, and extends all over 
the surface of the globe of the sun. As 
the depressed parts of the corrugations 
are less luminous than the elevated ones, 
the disk of the sun has an appearance 
which may be called mottled. 

“Indentations are the depressed or low 
parts of the corrugations; they also ex- 
tend over the whole surface of the lumi- 
nous solar clouds.” (7) 

In the record_of his observational study, 
which was conducted from 1799 to 1801, 
Herschel commented, “The whole disk is 
very much marked with roughness like 
an orange;”(8) however, Chevalier ex- 
pressed doubt that Herschel was actually 
able to resolve individual granules. Indi- 
cating that unresolved groups of granules 
may have been observed, he said, 

“D’aprés sa définition et les observa- 
tions qu'il rapporte, il ne semble pas 
qu’il ait remarqué cette forme de gran- 
ules, qui a tant frappé les observateurs 
venus aprés lui; on peut méme se de- 
mander s'il les a apercus distinctement. 
Il semblerait plutét n’avoir vu que les 
amas de granules, qui donnent a la sur- 
face solaire une apparence ridée, lorsque 
les images sont médiocres.” (9) 

There appear to have been no further 
observations of solar granulation until 
1860, when James Nasmyth, using a 20- 
inch speculum reflector,(10) observed 
some fine structure on the solar surface. 


26 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


In his 1864 paper he described this 
phenomenon by the term “willow- 
leaves;”(11) however, a brief mention of 
his discovery first appeared in 1861. In a 
letter that year to W. de la Rue, he wrote 
that “the entire luminous surface of the 
sun is resoluble into the most complex 
superposition of elementary lens-shaped 
figures, arranged without any approach 
to symmetrical order in the details, but 
rather (if the term may be used) in a 
sort of regular random scattering.” (12) 
Believing that he was the first observer of 
this phenomenon, he illustrated his find- 
ings with a drawing which he made at the 
time of the observation. In connection 
with this sketch, he explained, “The chief 
object which I had in making this draw- 
ing is to exhibit (as far as such a draw- 
ing can enable me to do so) those remark- 
able and peculiar ‘willow-leaf’-shaped fil- 
aments, of which I find the entire lumi- 
nous surface of the Sun to be formed.” 
(13) 

Nasmyth estimated that his “willow- 
leaves” had an average length of about 
1000 miles and an average width of 
about 100 miles;(14) these dimensions 
are equivalent to an angular size of 
about 2” by 0”.2 at the center of the 
solar disk. He further stated that the 
granules did not appear to occur in any 
definite pattern, but that instead they 
seemed to overlap one another haphaz- 
ardly.(15) This early description of Na- 
smyth’s, although historically interesting, 
bears scant resemblance to what high- 
resolution solar photographs later reveal- 
ed about solar granulation. Nevertheless, 
S. P. Langley, whose visual work in the 
1870’s will be discussed later, remarked 
that, although Nasmyth “ ... was misled 
in a matter of detail, we should remem- 
ber that he appears to have been the first 
to distinctly call attention to the singular 
individuality of the minute components of 
the photosphere, and this in fairness 
seems to entitle him to the credit of an 
important discovery. . . .” (16) 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


Among the members of the Royal As- 
tronomical Society in England, Nasmyth’s 
observations set off a major scientific 
debate which at times became rather 
heated. Support for his discovery was 
not lacking, as independent visual obser- 
vations were made by E. J. Stone,(17) E. 
Dunkin,(18) W. Huggins,(19) and others. 

In 1864, Stone first described the form 
of the bright granules as being “rice- 
like;”(20) the term “rice-grains,” which 
is still in use, appears to have evolved 
from his description. His observations 
were made with the 12.8-inch refractor 
of the Greenwich Observatory. (21) 


Dunkin, also at the Greenwich Observ- 
atory, used a refractor of about 3.75- 
inch aperture to estimate the number of 
granules within a region of known angu- 
lar dimensions on the solar surface. With 
an instrument of this size, he would have 
been unable to resolve structure smaller 
than about 1”.2 in size. He found that 
there were about 300 granules in a rec- 
tangle 48” by 56”; from these figures 
Langley calculated that the average dist- 
ance between the granules was about 
3’.4, which is somewhat large, as Langley 
remarked.(22) Dunkin considered the 
average length of the “willow-leaves” to 
be about 2”. He pointed out that some 
were larger and that many were smaller 
than this value. (23) 


Huggins described the granules as being 
in general more or less oval in shape, al- 
though not elongated as in the “rice- 
grain” picture of granulation.(24) He 
stated, “An important character common 
to all these bodies, whatever their form, 
is the irregular broken outline by which 
they are bounded.” (25) Huggins estimat- 
ed the sizes of the granules by means of 
a micrometer attached to his telescope. 
He found an average size of 1” to 1”.5. 
Regarding the range in granule sizes, he 
commented, ‘Occasionally a much larger 
granule was seen which might measure 
from 2” to 3” in diameter. Many of the 
granules were smaller than 1” in diam- 


27 


eter.”(26) From King’s remarks, it ap- 
pears that Huggins probably used an 8- 
inch Clark refractor for his solar obser- 
vations. (27) 


The chief critic of Nasmyth’s announced 
discovery of solar granulation was the 
veteran observer, the Rev. W. R. Dawes. 
He stated that, as early as 1848, he ob- 
served, with his 6-1/3-inch refractor at a 
magnification of 65, “bright particles 
scattered almost all over the Sun, which 
I compared to excessively minute frag- 
ments of porcelain—not, however, all of 
the same shape or size.”(28) He identi- 
fied these objects with the “rice-grains” 
of Stone and Dunkin. After further observa- 
tion with the aid of a new solar eye- 
piece usable at magnifications as high as 
600, Dawes came to the conclusion in 
1852 that “these brilliant objects were 
merely different conditions of the sur- 


face of the comparatively large luminous 


clouds themselves—ridges, waves, hills, 
knolls, or whatever else they might be 
called—differing in form, in brilliancy, 
and probably in elevation....”(29) As 
pointed out by Langley, Dawes was essen- 
tially denying the existence of the gran- 
ules as distinct elements of the solar sur- 
face.(30) It was mentioned earlier, that 
Chevalier doubted that Herschel had 
actually observed the individual granules 
on the solar surface. His doubt appears 
to be borne out by the fact that Dawes 
quoted, with abundant praise, Herschel’s 
1799-1801 solar observations in a paper 
in which he rejected the existence of solar 
granulation as being incompatible with 
his own observations.(31) It seems un- 
likely that Dawes would have even men- 
tioned Herschel’s observations if he did 
not feel that they added credence to his 
own view that solar granules did not 
exist. Thus Dawes, as well as Herschel, 
may have seen conglomerations of un- 
resolved granules, which gave them the 
impression of a mottled solar surface. 
The fact that Dawes’ telescope had an 
aperture of 6-1/3-inches indicates that the 
observation on the solar surface of fine 


structure having a characteristic angular 
diameter of 1” should have been within 
the limit of resolution of his instrument. 
His use of magnifications as high as 600, 
combined with the lack of steadiness of 
daytime seeing, probably produced a 
rather blurred solar image, thus reducing 
his ability to distinguish individual gran- 
ules. It is also possible that the entire 
dispute was a matter of semantics. 


Langley mentioned that the Rev. A. 
Secchi, S. J., of the Roman College Ob- 
servatory, also entertained doubts not con- 
cerning the existence of the granules but 
concerning the accuracy of Nasmyth’s de- 
scription of them. Secchi asserted that he 
had seen multitudes of small! discrete 
bodies of a much smaller size than 
the so-called ‘“willow-leaves.” (32) By com- 
paring them with the fine threads of his 
micrometer, he estimated their diameters 
to be 1/4” to 1/3”. (33) He noted that, 
in the penumbrae of sunspots, there can 
be seen an “agglomeration of oblong 
and white bodies, having 1/3 or 1/4 
second of arc in breadth and of very 
different lengths”’(34) Furthermore, his 
impression was that “the general ground 
of the Sun is also. made up of these ob- 
long bodies, but of every form and di- 
mensions. A great many black pores seem 
to show that the photosphere is not a 
continuous stratum, but at the first sight 
it appears made of little lumps, like so 
many little cumuli of cotton-wool.” (35) 
According to H. Strebel, Secchi’s visual 
measurements gave a mean granule size 
of 1”, with the minimum size estimated 
as 1/3” and the maximum as 2”. (36) 
Strebel did not cite the original reference, 
so the validity of this mention of Secchi’s 
results has not been verified. Similarly, H. 
Siedentopf referred to an average gran- 
ule diameter of 1/2” to 3/4” found by 
Secchi in 1872.(37) Secchi concluded from 
his visual examination of the granulation 
around sunspots that such granules were 
larger than those observed in quiet 
regions of the photosphere. (38) 


28 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


The telescopes available to Secchi for his 
solar observations were the 6-inch Cau- 
choix and the 9-inch Merz refractors of 
the Roman College Observatory. (39) 
Neither of these telescopes could have 
resolved granules smaller than about 
0’.5 in size even under perfect seeing 
conditions. Chevalier stated that Secchi’s 
estimate that the granule sizes were 
1/3” to 1/4” was a rough one subject 
to great error. (40) 


Langley also called attention to the 
fact that J. Chacornac observed the solar 
granulation visually and found “the aver- 
age diameter of the rice-grains to be one 
hundred and sixty leagues, which is almost 
precisely 1” of arc.”(41) Chacornac be- 
gan his visual studies of the solar sur- 
face in 1849, concentrating mainly on 
sunspots.(42) Among the telescopes used 
in these investigations were the 4-inch, 5- 
inch, and 9-inch refractors at the Observa- 
tory of the University of Paris(43) and 
the 25-centimeter (10-inch) refractor at 
Marseilles Observatory.(44) Regarding his 
impressions of the structure of the solar 
surface, Chacornac stated that 


“L’enveloppe resplenissante qui limite 
les contours du disque solaire n’est pas 
une enveloppe continue environnant le 


corps central, c’est un réseau a maille 


subelliptique, ou plus certainement a 
forme diversement mamelonnée, offrant 
presque autant d’espaces vides que 
d’escapes pleins. 


“Les plus petits espaces visibles form- 
ant les interstices de ce réseau lumineux 
ayant un diametre de 160 lieues,. . . .”’(49) 
It is not clear exactly when Chacornac first 
noticed “les plus petits espaces visibles,” 
but the fact that he published no refer- 
ence to them until 1865 may have cost 
him recognition as the discoverer of solar 
granulation. 


5. P. Langley himself made extensive 
visual observations of the sun with the 
13-inch Clark equatorial refractor at the 
Allegheny Observatory.(46) He gave a 
picturesque description of the appearance 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


of the solar surface to the eye when he 
said, “Under high powers used in favor- 
able moments, the surface of any one of 
the fleecy patches is resolved into a con- 
geries of small, intensely bright bodies, 
irregularly distributed, which seem to be 
suspended in a comparatively dark me- 
dium.” (47) Concerning the size of the 
bright granules, Langley found _ that, 
when observed at a magnification of at 
least 240, their centers lay an average of 
2”.57 apart, but that an increase in the 
magnification reduces this average separa- 
tion to 1”.42. The telescope aperture was 
diaphragmed to nine inches for these 
observations. He found that as he in- 
creased the magnifying power, the num- 
ber of objects counted as rice grains was 
increased, and the mean distance between 
their centers was decreased. (48) 


Langley claimed to have seen even 
finer structure within the granules them- 
selves. He stated, “In moments of rarest 
definition I ‘have resolved these ‘rice- 
grains’ into minuter components, sensibly 
round, which are seen singly as points of 
light, and whose aggregation produces the 
‘rice-grain’ structure.”(49) He called 
these “minute components” the granules, 
and he claimed that they were probably 
less than 0”.3 in diameter. (50) There 
is particular difficulty in accepting Lang- 
ley’s observations of the extremely mi- 
nute granules, which would have been at 
the very limit of resolution of the full 
aperture of his 13-inch refractor. The 
disturbances of the image due to turbu- 
lence in the earth’s atmosphere would 
have degraded the resolving power from 
its theoretical value. Langley estimated 
that the granules covered less than 
one-fifth the total area of the solar sur- 


face. (51) 


In the last quarter of the nineteenth 
century, O. Lohse at the Potsdam Astro- 
physical Observatory made some visual 
observations of the granulation. A draw- 
ing by Lohse in E. Pringsheim’s book on 
solar physics depicted the granulation as 


29 


consisting of bright granules separated by 
narrow dark interstices.(52) The gran- 
ules on his drawing were of different 
shapes and sizes, but a definite tendency 
towards polygonality was evident. Larger 
dark areas devoid of granules were rep- 
resented, and the interstices seemed to be 
darker in some places than in others. 
Pringsheim stated that Lohse considered 
the granulation to consist in general of 
small roundish Kornern, or grains, fre- 
quently aligned in string-of-pearls fash- 
ion. He estimated that their diameters 
ranged from 1” to 2”.(53) Siedentopf 
quoted the same values for Lohse’s work, 
which he said was carried out in 1874. (54) 
Lohse’s drawing and description of the 
appearance of solar granulation come 
closer than those of any other early 
visual observer to what is actually seen 
on a high-resolution photograph of the 
solar surface. 


Subsequent photographic studies failed 
to substantiate much of what was ad- 
vanced about solar granulation during 
this early period of visual observations. 
Nevertheless, these early pioneers did 
focus attention upon the existence, if 
not the precise nature, of solar granula- 
tion. It was the application of the photo- 
graphic method which later placed the 
observational study of the fine structure 
of the solar surface upon a much more 
secure and quantitative foundation. 


However, the story of visual observa- 
tions of solar granulation does not end 
here. In more recent times, G. Thiessen 
conducted a program of visual observa- 
tions designed to provide accurate esti- 
mates of the size and shape of solar 
granules as well as their distribution on 
the solar disk and the contrast between 
the brightness of the granules and that of 
the intergranular regions.(55, 56) He 
used the 60-centimeter (23.5-inch) refrac- 
tor of the Hamburg-Bergdorf Observa- 
tory. This instrument has an optical reso- 
lution limit of 0.17. (57) 


From his observations, Thiessen con- 


cluded that granules from 1” to 2” in 
size actually existed and had pronounced 
polygonal boundaries.(58) In the brief 
moments of perfect seeing, he was able 
to observe granules ranging in size from 
several seconds of arc down to below 
0.2, with the most frequent size being 
1” to 2’.(59) The average granule size 
was about 1”.3.(60) Regarding the dis- 
tribution of granules on the surface of 
the sun, he found that on the average 
roughly one-half of the solar surface was 
covered by granules. (61) 


Thiessen also determined the contrast of 
the granules with the darker background 
of the intergranular regions in a direct 
fashion. He compared the solar granula- 
tion seen through the 60-centimeter re- 
fractor to a series of artificial granula- 
tion photographs viewed through a guide 
telescope having the same f-ratio as the 
main telescope. In this way, the bright- 
ness of both images was made equal. The 
artificial granulation photographs were 
of accurately known contrasts. With this 
procedure, he found an average cohtrast 
between granules’ and background of 25 
per cent at an effective wavelength of 
5650 A. After a correction for scattered 
light, he obtained a contrast of 35 per 
cent, which means that, on the average, 
a granule is 35 per cent brighter than its 
surroundings. (62) 


In addition, in the umbrae of sunspots 
Thiessen observed granulation which oc- 
casionally was of a still smaller size than 
the normal photospheric granulation. 
He found the umbrae of two large spots 
to be almost entirely covered with a uni- 
form distribution of bright objects having 
average diameters of 1”. The contrast of 
these umbral granules relative to the dark 
background was much greater than for the 
photospheric granules.(63) His visual 
observations confirmed in general the 
earlier results of S. Chevalier, who con- 
cluded from his sunspot photography that 
“C’est en général une structure granuleée, 
mais moins délicate, plus grossiére que la 


30 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


photosphére.” (64) 

In addition, Thiessen mentioned that 
several very bright and very small gran- 
ules of 0”.3 or less in diameter were 
visible within the umbrae even when the 
umbral granulation itself was absent. (65) 

Thiessen’s observations of solar granu- 
lation marked the last of the visual 
studies which the author has been able to 
find in the literature. Of course, the di- 
rect visual study of solar granulation has 
been rendered obsolete by high-resolution 
solar photography, which dates back to 
1876 and the herculean efforts of P. J. 
Janssen at Meudon Observatory. (66) 


Notes and References 


(1) C. A. Young, 1892, The Sun (4th ed.; Lon- 

don: Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner, and Co.), 
_ 143. 

(2) G. F. Chambers, 1889, A Handbook of 
Descriptive and Practical Astronomy (4th ed.; 
Oxford: Clarendon Press), 1, 46. 

(3) Ibid. 

(4) Ibid. 

(5) H. C. King, 1955, The History of the 
Telescope (Cambridge, Mass.: Sky Publishing 
Corp.), pp. 137 and 140. 

(6) S. Chevalier, S. J., 1914, Annales de 
Observatoire astronomique de Z6-Sé, 8, Cl. 

(7) Ibid. 

(8) W. Herschel, 1801, Philosophical Transac- 
tions of the Royal Society, 91, 265, cited by W. R. 
Dawes, 1864, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astro- 
nomical Society, 24, 59. 

(9) Chevalier, p. Cl. 

(10) King, p. 217. 

(11) J. Nasmyth, 1864, Monthly Notices, 24, 
66. 
(J2) Ibid., 1861, 21, 169. 
(13) Ibid., 1864, 24, 66. 
(14) Ibid. 

(15) Ibid. 


(16) S. P. Langley, 1874, American Journal of 
Science and Arts, 7, 95. 


(17) E. J. Stone, 1864, Monthly Notices, 24, 
124. 


(18) E. Dunkin, 1864, Monthly Notices, 24, 
123. 


(19) W. Huggins, 1866, Monthly Notices, 26, 
261. 


(20) Stone, p. 124. 


(21) The aperture of the Great Equatorial of 
Greenwich Observatory was given elsewhere 


(Langley, 1874, Monthly Notices, 34, 256). 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


(22) Langley, p. 90. There is a misprint in this 
reference which gives 3’.4 instead of 3”.4 as in- 
tended. Also, Langley assumed that 250 granules 
were present within the area in question. 


(23) Dunkin, p. 123. 


(24) Huggins, p. 261. 

(25) Ibid. 

(26) Ibid. 

(27) King, p. 285 of ref. in n. 5. 


(28) 
140. 
(29) 
(30) 
(31) 


W. R. Dawes, 1864, Monthly Notices, 24, 


Ibid. 
Langley, p. 87 of ref. in n. 16. 
Dawes, 1864, Monthly Notices, 24, 56. 

(32) Langley, p. 87 of ref. in n. 16. 

(33) A. Secchi, S. J., 1875-77, Le Soleil (2nd 
ed.; Paris: Gauthier-Villars), 1, 54. 

(34) Secchi, 1865, Monthly Notices, 25, 149. 

(35) [bid §-p.150: 

(36) H. Strebei, 1933, Zeitschrift fiir Astrophy- 
sik, 6, 325. 

(37) H. Siedentopf, 1941, Vierteljahrsschrift 
der astronomischen Gesellschaft, 76, 193. 

(38) Secchi, Le Soleil, p. 55. 

(39) Secchi, 1871, Comptes Rendus de I Aca- 
demie des Sciences, 72, 365. 

(40) Chevalier, p. C12 of ref. in n. 6. 

(41) Langley, 1873, Proceedings of the Ameri- 
can Association for the Advancement of Science, 
22% 170: 

(42) 
6l. 

(43) 

(44) 

(45) 

(46) 

(47) 

(48) 

(49) 

(50) 


J. Chacornac, 1865, Comptes Rendus, 60, 


Ibid., 1858, 47, 1066. 
Ibid., 1858, 46, 365. 
Ibid., 1865, 60, 170. 
Langley, p. 88 of ref. in n. 16. 
Ibid., p. 89. 
Ibid., p. 90. 
Ibid., p. 91. 
Ibid. 
(51) Ibid., p. 92. 
(52) E. Pringsheim, 1910, Physik der Sonne 
(Leipzig: B. G. Teubner), p. 30, Figure 13. 
(53) Ibid., p. 30. 
(54) Siedentopf, p. 193 of ref. in n. 37. 
(55) G. Thiessen, 1950, Naturwissenschaften, 


af, 421. 
(56) Thiessen, 1955, Z.f.Ap., 35, 237. 
(57) Ibid., p. 238. 
(58) Ibid. 
(59) Ibid. 
(60) Thiessen, Naturwiss., p. 427. 
(61) Thiessen, Z.f.Ap., p. 239. 
(62) Ibid. 
(63) Thiessen, 1950, Observatory, 70, 235. 


(64) Chevalier, 1916, Annales de l’Obs. astr. de 
Z6-Sé, 9, B10, cited by Thiessen, Observatory, 
p. 234. 

(65) Thiessen, Observatory, p. 235. 

(66) P. J. Janssen, 1876, Comptes Rendus, 82, 
1364. 


31 


Geological Society of Washington: 
Proceedings For 1967 


All meetings were held in the John Wes- 
ley Powell Auditorium. President Michael 
Fleischer presided except as noted. 


S89th Meeting 


The 889th meeting of the Society was 
held on January 11. A memorial to H. G. 
Ferguson was read by T. B. Nolan. The 
president announced the death of Brian 


C. T. Davis. 


Program 


John C. Reed, Jr. and Bruce Bryant: 
“Tectonic Significance of the Brevard 
Zone—A Journey through Moonshine and 
Magnolias with Brunton and Broad Brush.” 

Kenneth M. Towe: “The Size and Shape 
of Crystals in Shelled Organisms.” 

John D. Bredehoeft: “Water Wells as 


Strain Seismometers.”’ 


S90th Meeting 


The 890th meeting of the Society was 
held on January 27. 


Informal Communications. Isadore Zietz 
described three posters on aeromagnetic 
methods posted in the GSA Building. E. L. 
Yochelson reminded the membership that 
this was the centennial year of the found- 
ing of the Hayden Survey and discussed a 
plaque commemorating the Survey which 
had been on the old Evening Star building. 


Program 


W. H. Bradley, A. J. Tousimis, R. W. 
Visser and M. Sato: “Chemical and Bac- 
terial Environment of an Algal Ooze.” 

Alfred T. Anderson, Jr.: “Massif Type 
Anorthosite—A Widespread Precambrian 
Igneous Rock.” 

E-an Zen: “The Taconic Allochthon in 
Southwestern Massachusetts; Some Struc- 
tural Evidence.” 


89Ist Meeting 


The 891st meeting of the Society was 
held on February 8. 


Program 


J. O’Keefe: “Evidence of Acid Volcan- 


ism on the Moon.” 


A. Helz: “Automation in Spectroscopy.” 


J. B. Rucker: “Seafloor Strength Obser- 


vations from the Alvin.” 


$92nd Meeting 


The 892nd meeting of the Society was 
held on February 23. 

Informal Communication. Jerry Har- 
bour discussed mass movement of lunar 
soils based on Lunar Orbiter photographs. 


Program 

Othmar T. Tobisch: “The Las Palmas 
Gneissic Amphibolite, Puerto Rico, and Its 
Significance in the Caribbean.” 

Motoaki Sato: “Oxygen Fugacity and 
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology—A 
Newcomer’s Approach.” 

Paul D. Lowman, Jr. and Herbert Tiede- 
mann: “Geological Photography During 
Gemini Missions.” 


$93rd Meeting 


The 893rd meeting of the Society was 
held on March 8. 


Program 


I. Zietz, E. R. King, and E. R. Lorentzen: 
‘Magnetic Lineaments and Crustal Struc- 
ture in a Strip Across USA.” 

J. Haas and M. Nicholson: “Hydrology 
of a Karst Aquifer—An Underground 
View.” 

G. H. Espenshade: ‘“‘Petrology and Struc- 
ture of Northeastern Part of the Moxie 
Pluton, Maine.” 


32 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


894th Meeting 


The 894th meeting of the Society was 
held on March 22. 


Program 


R. I. Tilling: “Crystallization History of 
Some Alkali Feldspars from the Boulder 
Batholith.” 

R. B. Perry: 
Aleutian Arc.” 

D. L. Jones: “Structural Significance of 
Late Mesozoic Pelecypod Zones in Cali- 


“Geomorphology of the 


fornia.” 


895th Meeting 


The 895th meeting of the Society was 
held on April 12. The president called all 
members’ attention to two honors awarded 
Society members by the National Academy 
—to W. P. Woodring, the Mary Clark 
Thompson Medal; and to A. R. Palmer, the 
Walcott Medal. 


Informal Communication. W. P. Wood- 
ring discussed K-Ar dating of marine 
Pleistocene strata in California. 


Program 

E. L. Boudette, N. L. Hatch, and D. S. 
Harwood: “Geology of Upper St. Johns 
and Allagash River Basins, Maine.” 

S. J. Gawarecki and R. M. Moxham: 
“Infra-red Survey of Irazi Volcano and 
Vicinity, Costa Rica.” 

P. E. Hare and R. M. Mitterer: “Dia- 
genesis of Organic Matter in Shells—A Po- 
tential Geochronometer.”’ 


896th Meeting 


The 896th meeting of the Society was 
held on April 26. 


Program 

EK. H. Baltz: “Overthrusting and Up- 
thrusting on S.E. Sangre de Cristo Moun- 
tains.” 

Stephen Richardson: “Geologic Implica- 
tions of Some Experimentally Determined 
Reactions Involving Fe-Staurolite.” 

Frank C. Whitmore, Jr.: “Rise and Fall 


of Mammoths and Sea Levels.” 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


897th Meeting 


The 897th meeting of the Society was 
held on October 11. The president an- 
nounced the deaths of W. D. Collins, Wat- 
son Davis, C. E. Dobben, Maxim Elias, 
Depue Falck, Waldemar Schaller, and M. 
G. Walters. 


Program 

Allen V. Heyl: “Genetic Aspects of 
Zinc-Lead-Barite-Fluorite Deposits in the 
Mississippi Valley.” 

W. A. Radlinski: “Research and De- 
velopment in Topographic Mapping.” 

J. P. Owens: “Post-Triassic Tectonic 
Movements in the Central and Southern 
Appalachians, as Recorded by the Sedi- 
ments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.” 


898th Meeting 


The 898th meeting of the Society was 
held on October 25. Vice-president Ralph 
L. Miller presided and announced the 
deaths of A.'N. Sayre, Junius Van Lieu, 
and M. S. Thorson. 


Informal Communication. W. L. New- 
man discussed the need for earth science 
consultants in local schools. 


Program 

N. F. Sohl: “Provenance and Paleoge- 
ography of Upper Cretaceous Gastropods 
in the Western Interior.” 

J. J. Papike, Joan R. Clark, and Mal- 
colm Ross: “Petrologic Significance of 
Cation Distributions in Pyroxenes and 
Amphiboles.” 

John Byrne: “Geology of the Oregon 
Continental Margin in Relation to the East 


Pacific Rise.” 


899th Meeting 


The 899th meeting of the society was 
held on November 8. S. K. Love read a 
memorial to W. D. Collins. The president 
announced the death of R. B. Sosman. 

Informal Communication. Professor Bed- 
rick Bouéek, chief paleontologist of the 
Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences, de- 


33 


livered an illustrated invitation to see the 
Barrandian section and Prague during the 
International Geological Congress in Au- 
gust 1968. 


Program 


Edward Hansen: “Near-Parallelism of 
Fold Axes and Movement Directions in 
Trollheimen, Norway.” 

Erle G. Kauffman: “Cyclic Aspects of 
Cretaceous Marine Rocks, Central Western 
Interior.” 


900th Meeting 


The 900th meeting of the Society was 
held on December 13. An amendment to 
the Bylaws raising dues from $1 and $3 to 
$2 and $5 was passed. 


Program 
Presidential address by Michael Flei- 


scher: ‘‘Minor Elements as Tracers in 
Igneous Rocks.” 


75th Annual Meeting 


The 75th Annual Meeting was held im- 
mediately following the 900th regular 
meeting. The reports of the treasurer, sec- 
retaries, Auditing Committee, and Public 
Relations Committee were read and ap- 
proved. The award for the best paper of 
the year went to D. L. Jones for his paper, 
“Structural Significance of Late Mesozoic 
Pelecypod Zones in California”. E. H. 
Baltz received second prize. The Great 
Dane Award for the best informal com- 
munication was presented to W. L. New- 
man; the Sleeping Bear Award went to 
N. F. Sohl. Officers for 1968 were elected 


as follows: 


President: S005 ste ere Ralph L. Miller 
First Vice-President ...Charles S. Denny 
Second Vice-President . Paul B. Barton, Jr. 
Meetings Secretary .... Wm. L. Newman 
Tresstirer 05 es hoe Wilna B. Wright 
Counell) 407) iF Pho Jack W. Pierce 
William C. Prinz 
Thomas W. Stern 


George V. Cohee was named delegate to 
the Washington Academy of Sciences for 
1968. Carryover officers are Council Sec- 
retary William A. Oliver, Jr. and members- 
at-large B. Carter Hearn, Blair F. Jones, 
and E-an Zen. 

—William A. Oliver, Jr., Secretary 


NOMINATIONS OPEN 
FOR AOAC AWARDS 


Nominations are invited for the 12th 
annual Harvey W. Wiley Award of $750 
for contributions to analytical chemistry 
and the third scholarship, both sponsored 
by the Association of Official Analytical 
Chemists. The Wiley Award was estab- 
lished in 1956 to honor the “Father of the 
Pure Food Law” and to recognize out- 
standing contributions and achievements in 
analytical methodology of interest to agri- 
cultural and public health scientists. The 
scholarship was established in 1965 and 
consists of $300 for each of two years to 
an undergraduate student majoring in a 
scientific area important to agriculture or 


public health. 


Details of both the Wiley Award and the 
scholarship may be obtained from Luther 
G. Ensminger, Association of Official Ana- 
lytical Chemists, Box 540, Benjamin Frank- 
lin Station, Washington, D.C. 20044. 
Nominations for the Wiley Award must be 
received by April 1, 1968; nominations for 
the scholarship by May 1. 


T-THOUGHTS 


Critical Project Evaluation 


Let me commend the following legend to 
those seeking a model of thorough project 
evaluation: 


Many years ago a Roman civil engineer, 
who was a high official in Alexandria, was 
approached by a young Arabian mathema- 
tician with an idea which the Easterner 
believed would be of much value to the 
Roman government in its road-building, 
navigating, tax-collecting, and  census- 


34 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


taking activities. As the Arabian explained 
in his manuscript, he had discovered a new 
type of notation for number writing, which 
was inspired by some Hindu inscriptions. 


The Roman official studied this manu- 
script very carefully for several hours, then 
wrote the following reply: 


“Your courier brought your proposal at 
a time when my duties were light, so for- 
tunately I have had the opportunity to 
study it carefully, and am glad to be able 
to submit these detailed comments. 


“Your new notation may have a number 
of merits, as you claim, but it is doubtful 
whether it ever would be of any practical 
value to the Roman Empire. Even if au- 
thorized by the Emperor himself, as a 
proposal of this magnitude would have to 
be, it would be vigorously opposed by the 
populace, principally because those who 
had to use it would not sympathize with 
your radical ideas. Our scribes complain 
loudly that they have too many letters in 
the Roman alphabet as it is, and now you 
propose these ten additional symbols of 
your number system, namely, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 
6, 7, 8, 9, and 0. 

“It is clear that your l-mark has the 
same meaning as our I-mark, but since this 
I-mark already is a well-established char- 
acter, why is there any need for yours? 


“Then you explain that last circle-mark, 
like our letter O, as representing an empty 
column, or meaning nothing. If it means 
nothing, what is the purpose of writing it? 
I cannot see that it is serving any useful 
purpose; but to make sure, I asked my 
assistant to read this section and he drew 
the same conclusion. 


“You say that the number 01 means the 
same as just 1. This is an intolerable am- 
biguity and could not be permitted in any 
legal Roman documents. Your notation has 
other ambiguities which seem even worse; 
you explain that the 1-mark means ONE, 
yet on the very same page you show it to 
mean TEN in 10, and ONE HUNDRED in 
your 100. If my official duties had not been 
light while reading this, I would have 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


stopped here; you must realize that exam- 
iners will not pay much attention to ma- 
terial containing such obvious errors. 


“Further on, you claim that your system 
of enumeration is much simpler than with 
Roman numerals. I regret to advise that | 
have examined this point very carefully and 
must conclude otherwise. For example, 
counting up to FIVE, you require five new 
symbols whereas we Romans accomplish 
this with just two old ones, the I-mark and 
the V-mark. At first sight the combination 
IV (meaning ONE before FIVE) for four 
may seem less direct than the old IIII, but 
note that this alert representation involves 
LESS EFFORT, and that gain is the con- 


quering principle of the Empire. 


“Counting up to twenty (the commonest 
counting range among the populace), you 
require ten symbols whereas we now need 
but three: the I, V, and X. Note particu- 
larly the pictorial suggestiveness of the V 
as half of the X. Moreover, it is pictorially 
evident that XX means ten-and-ten, and this 
seems much preferred over your 20. These 
pictorial associations are very important to 
the lower classes, for as the African says, 
‘Picture tells thousand words.’ 


“You claim that your numbers as a 
whole are briefer than the Roman numer- 
als, but this is not made evident in your 
proofs. Even if true, it is doubtful that this 
would mean much to the welfare of the 
Empire, since numbers account for only a 
small fraction of the written records; and 
in any case there are plenty of slaves with 
plenty of time to do this work. 


“When you attempt to show that you can 
manipulate these numbers much more 
readily than Roman numerals, your ex- 
planations are particularly bad and ob- 
scure. For example, you show in one addi- 
tion that 2 and 3 equal 5, yet in the case 
which you write as 79 and 16 equal 95, 
this indicates that 9 and 6 also equal 5. 
How can this be? While that is not clear, 
it is evident that the other part is in 
error, for we know that 7 and 1] equal 8, 
not 9. 


35 


“Your so-called ‘repeating and dividing’ 
tables also require much more explanation, 
and possibly correction of errors. I can see 
that your ‘nine times’ table gives sets which 
add up to nine, namely, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 
63, 72, 81, and 90, but I see no such useful 
correlation in the ‘seven times’ table, for 
example. Since we have SEVEN, not nine, 
days in the Roman week, it seems far more 
important to have a system that gives more 


sensible combinations in this ‘seven times’ 
table. 

“All in all, I would advise you to forget 
this overly ambitious proposal, return to 
your sand piles, and leave the number 
writing to the official census takers and tax 
collectors. I am sure that they give these 
matters a great deal more thought than 
you or I can.” 


—Ralph G. H. Siu 


Academy Proceedings 


ELECTION RESULTS 
ANNOUNCED 


Returns from the annual mail balloting 
for officers, sent out in mid-December, were 
tallied on January 5 by a Committee of 
Tellers consisting of Samuel B. Detwiler, 
Jr., Norman Bekkedahl, and Joseph R. 
Spies. 

George W. Irving, Jr., administrator of 
the Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 
was named president-elect. Richard P. 
Farrow of the National Canners Associa- 
tion, and Richard K. Cook of ESSA, were 
re-elected secretary and treasurer, respec- 
tively. Lawrence M. Kushner of NBS and 
Allen L. Alexander of NRL were elected 
managers-at-large for the term 1968-1970. 


According to a recent Bylaws revision, 
the new officers will be installed at the close 
of the May meeting instead of at the close 
of the January meeting, as previously. At 
the same time, Malcolm C. Henderson of 
Catholic University, the current president- 
elect, will automatically assume the presi- 
dency. 


The recent change in the annual meeting 
from January to May will necessitate that 
the present officers and committee chair- 
men continue in office during the interim 


period. 


In the current election, 421 ballots were 
returned by the membership. 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES 


December 


The Board of Managers held its 589th 
meeting on December 21, 1967, at the 
Cosmos Club, with President Specht pre- 
siding. : 

The minutes of the 588th meeting were 
approved as previously distributed. 

Announcements. Dr. Specht announced 
that an ad hoc committee for review of the 
Academy’s activities had been appointed, 
consisting of the members of the Commit- 
tee on Policy Planning plus two additional 
individuals. 


Secretary. Mr. Farrow reported that the 
annual ballot for election of officers and 
managers-at-large had been mailed to the 
membership prior to December 15. 

Membership Promotion. On motion of 
Chairman Diamond, the Board voted to 
offer Academy fellowship to John F. Kin- 
caid, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for 
Science and Technology, under the “emi- 
nent scientist” provision of the Bylaws. 

Review of Academy Activities and Meet- 
ings. Chairman Stern reported that the 


36 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


ad hoc committee had met just prior to the 
Board meeting, to discuss such topics as 
the type and form of the Academy’s meet- 
ings, the meeting place, and suitable activi- 
ties in addition to monthly meetings. While 
the committee was not yet prepared to make 
formal recommendations, it had consid- 
ered new meeting places such as the Car- 
negie Institution, Georgetown University, 
and other universities, where parking might 
be more convenient than at the Cosmos 
Club. Dr. Stern also reported a concensus 
that a greater variety of types of meetings 
should be considered, some of which might 
have a somewhat lower scientific content 
but would still be of interest to the scien- 
tific community. It was suggested that the 
meetings schedule be prepared a year in 
advance if possible, and published in the 
Journal. 


Awards. On motion of Chairman Flor- 
ence Forziati, the Board named the follow- 
ing persons to receive the Academy’s 1967 
Awards for Scientific Achievement: 


Biological Sciences: Marie M. Cassidy 
and Charles S. Tidball, George Washington 
University School of Medicine, “for basic 
contributions on mechanisms of transport 
across biological membranes.” 


Engineering Sciences: Robert D. Cut- 
kosky, National Bureau of Standards, “for 
his contributions to the science of precision 
electrical measurements.” 


Physical Sciences: Charles W. Misner, 
University of Maryland, “for important 
contributions in relativity theory and 
astrophysics.” 


Mathematics: Leon Greenberg, Univer- 
sity of Maryland, “for new results from 
classical interactions among algebra, geom- 
etry, and analysis.” 

Teaching of Science: Raymond A. Gal- 
loway, University of Maryland, “for out- 
standing service as teacher, researcher, and 
advisor to students.” 


Dr. Forziati noted that a total of 32 
award nominations had been reviewed by 
the Committee. Three of the award winners 
are currently fellows of the Academy. The 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


others will be presented to the Board for 
election to fellowship, as provided in the 
Bylaws. 


Grants-in-Aid. Pending receipt of addi- 
tional information, the Board tabled a re- 
quest from the radio club at an area high 
school, for a grant of $150 to help it com- 
plete a radio station. 


Encouragement of Science Talent. Chair- 
man Heyden announced that the Christmas 
convention of the Junior Acedamy would 
be held December 27 at Georgetown Uni- 
versity. The speaker at the Christmas lec- 
ture would be George B. Chapman, chair- 
man of the Biology Department at George- 
town. 


Father Heyden also announced that a 
Junior Academy member, Mr. Tickle, 
would present a paper at the New York 
AAAS meeting. 


Tellers. For the Committee of Tellers, 
Mr. Farrow reported results of the mail 
ballot sent to the membership in mid- 
November, as follows: 


(1) Affiliation with the Academy of the 
Washington Section, Instrument Society of 
America: For, 402; against, 16; not vot- 
ing, 2. 


(2) Amendment of the Bylaws to change 
the inauguration of officers and the annual 
meeting from January to May: For, 406; 
against, 10; not voting, 4. 


Joint Board. It was announced that the 
annual request for financial support had 
been received from the Joint Board on 
Science Education. 


AAAS Council Delegate. It was an- 
nounced that Dr. Mary L. Robbins would 
serve as the Academy’s delegate at the New 
York meeting of the AAAS, in late 


December. 


Old Business. Dr. Taylor reported that 
he had collected several brochures prepared 
by professional societies, and used to an- 
swer inquiries about their organization and 
objectives. He and Dr. Honig expected to 
draft a similar brochure concerning the 
Academy, for the Board’s inspection. 


37 


Annual Report of the Treasurer for 1967 


Washington Academy of Sciences 


Statement of Income and Expenses 


Income 
Dues; 1967) oiee el os PSD cab wapa hie tne tue kta Bald caatebe also @ Usha es alc ea Pe Se ee $10,019.50 
TOGB) os 5. tie, coe Cee em <iierihintiaa 5% = « exale Gao Alege Ss cipias ERE oe pa cht ee 6,775.00 
Journal 
Subsertptrons: 49. tes ak oa eee ess ne ge ae reo Welgenia-s ys ee $3,838.70 
Salevot xeprite, ti eects eR ee. Le ee a ey hoes ee ee 408.60 4,247.30 
Investment INCOME: ° 6. gsc cps ois. Sewn dope ce ec go 4) Ree ae ceed Eee ae 5,927.76 
Miscellaneous. cg voc 2. 2k a cis eles os oo ecele wa. cos wige aia ao Sea een ae Ga 111.50 
otal aneome 42% 8 Sat RS Ces ES ss vn ee elec Hoe stun oo eee $27,081.06 
Expenses 
Headquarters office 
Salaries Sack: eae was. SEO A ee ote pete surae eee $3,895.84 
Supplies; materials,and S€rvices .% . . cactysigd - oss es ce awibe once cme de tees 1,501.91 
MGA. PAROS es his oS ots aah aia sae eae ta Bad 4, 8 apeenl 1S oes et oT ne A 152.79 5,550.54 


Washington Junior Academy of Sciences 


lournal, (printing, mailing, reprints, etc.) +... 26.262 2) ld as des Deas eee dee eee 8.800.97 
Arrangements... ¢c...- suns osc cass eee as Xpele wees all RE. See 2,511.79 
Program. ogee Set ee ee otek ooo ae POON oc Mais one eee eee ae 369.65 2,881.44 
Anmniial, AaWatOS: 0 i026 4 20h cine can wl ba elie ew 5 0 hate On ee eae So eee 327.77 
Monograph: INO. 3). @ sce ste 56 ocsae) og oo ae eee Gldaies. ke tek. cee 268.50 
Gifts and" contributions 00 200s. ce ee eee: os oe peek oun aaeiee Jas be ade dae 925.62 
Miscellaneous 2222S... Sat Bt tke oe aon os Oe re eee Oe. tems tiwsias. eae 63.07 
Total, Expenses: .. 0)...» seovs dss ae w Helos + + a Ra ae eee $18,817.91 


Capital Assets and Cash 
The capital assets are in mutual funds whose total market value on December 31, 1967 was 
$93,972.80. Of this total, $2900.72 is in shares received as capital gains during 1967. The total 
market value on December 31, 1966 was$ 77,466.36. 
The checking account balance on December 31, 1967 was $8,325.20. 


Meetings 
Checking Account ; Savings Account 
Balance 12/31/66"... 228 ma stieee $1,189.98 Balance 12/31/67 ~~... 26 aneee $156.99 
RECESS xis on) 1gys LTE AOS 5,083.20 
Oba ey far avid ovate zie OE eet shez $6,773.18 
Disbursements =. 5.55 2 200s bac06>- 3,493.25 
Balance 12/21/67. 32.285... $3,279.93 
—Richard K. Cook, Treasurer 
JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


38 


Science in Washington 


CALENDAR OF EVENTS 


Notices of meetings for this column may 
be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George 
Washington University School of Medicine, 
1331 H. Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 
20005, by the first Wednesday of the month 
preceding the date of issue of the Journal. 


February 12—American Society for 
Metals 
Burgess Memorial Lecture. E. Parker, 
professor, University of California, “New 
Materials and Fabrication Processes in 
Metallurgy.” 


Three Chefs Restaurant, River House, 
1500 S. Joyce Street, Arlington, Va. Social 
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 
8:00 p.m. 


February 12—Institute of Electrical 

and Electronics Engineers 

Speaker to be announced; general sub- 
ject, FM Interference to TV. 

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, N. W., 
8:00 p.m. 


February 13—American Society of 
Civil Engineers 
Arvin H. Saunders, director, Bureau of 
National Capital Airports, Federal Avia- 
tion Administration, “The Future of Na- 
tional and Dulles Airports.” 


YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N. W., noon. 


Luncheon meeting. For reservations, 


phone Mr. Furen, 521-5600, Ext. 4470. 


February 13—University of 
Maryland Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 

Building C-132, University of Maryland, 

4:30 p.m. 


February 14—Institute of Food 
Technologists 


R. E. Hardenburg, Marketing and Qual- 
ity Research Division, USDA Plant In- 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


dustry Station, Beltsville, Md. “Recent 
Developments in the Use of Controlled 
Atmospheres During the Marketing of 
Horticultural Crops.” 

National Canners Association, 1133 20th 
St., N. W.,, 8:00 p.m. 


February 14—Geological Society of 

Washington 

Symposium on the structure of the con- 
tinental margin of eastern United States. 

Speakers: John C. Reed, Jr., Isidore 
Zietz, Martin F. Kane, U.S. Geological 
Survey; Charles L. Drake, Lamont Geo- 
logical Observatory. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos 
Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m. 
February 14—University of 

Maryland Astronomy Colloquium 

Speaker to be announced. 

Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 pm. | 


February 15-17—Geological Society 
of America, Northeastern Section 


About 100 technical papers will be pre- 
sented, representing research in quaternary 
geology and geomorphology, paleontology 
and stratigraphy, mineralogy and _ petrol- 
ogy, structural geology and _ tectonics, 
marine geology and diagenesis, and remote 
sensing. A special symposium, “Financing 
of Earth Sciences,” also is planned. The 
president of GSA, Dr. Ian Campbell, will 
address the Society on February 16. Addi- 
tional information can be obtained from 
the local chairman, Meyer Rubin, U. S. 
Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 
20242. 

Shoreham Hotel. 


February 15—Developmental 
Biology Seminar 
James D. Ebert, Department of Embry- 
ology, Carnegie Institute of Washington, 
Baltimore, “Changing Concepts of the Re- 
lationship Between DNA Synthesis and 
Differentiation.” 


39 


Museum of History and Technology, 
14th St. & Constitution Ave., N.W., 
7:30 p.m. 


February 16—Philosophical Society 

of Washington 

Speaker to be announced. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos 
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N. W., 
8:15 p.m. 


February 19—Acoustical Society of 
America 
Speaker to be announced. 
National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m. 


February 20—University of 
Maryland Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 

Building C-132, University of Maryland, 

4:30 p.m. 


February 21—American 
Meteorological Society 
Speaker to be announced. 
National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


February 21—Insecticide Society of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium, 
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m. 


February 21—University of 
Maryland Astronomy Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 

Building C-132, University of Maryland, 

4:30 p.m. 


February 23—Society of American 
Military Engineers 
Annual dinner dance. 
Bolling Air Force Base Officers’ Club, 
7:30 p.m. 


February 27—American Society for 
Microbiology 
Wallace P. Rowe, Laboratory of Infec- 
tious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy 
and Infectious Diseases, NIH, “Defective 
Animal Viruses.” 


Wilson Hall, National Institutes of 
Health, Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m. 


February 27—University of 
Maryland Physics Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


February 28—Geological Society of 
Washington 


Speaker to be announced. 


John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos 
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 8:00 


p-m. 


February 28—University of 
Maryland Astronomy Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


February 29—Developmental 
Biology Seminar 


Malcolm Steinberg, Department of Biol- 
ogy, Princeton University, “Reconstruction 
of Tissues from Disassociated Cells.” 

Museum of History and Technology, 14th 
St. & Constitution Ave., N.W., 7:30 p.m. 


February 29—American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers 
Speaker to be announced. 


PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., 
8:00 p.m. 


N.W., 


February 29—Society for 
Experimental Biology and 
Medicine 
H. George Mandel, Department of Phar- 

macology, George Washington University, 

moderator. Topic: “Mechanisms of Drug 

Resistance.” 

Panelists to be announced. 

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re- 
search Institute, Naval Medical Center, 
Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m. 

Formal and informal discussion of the 
topic and the presentations is encouraged. 


Phone Dr. Mandel, 331-6542. 


40 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


March 1—Philosophical Society of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos 
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 8:15 


p.m. 


March 5—Botanical Society of 
Washington . 
Harold Elser, Department of Chesapeake 

Bay Affairs, State of Maryland, “The De- 

cline of Water Milfoil and Other Aquatic 

Plants.” 

Administration Building, National Ar- 

boretum, 8:00 p.m. 


Mareh 5—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


March 6—Institute of Electrical 
and Electronics Engineers, 
Electronic Computers Group 
Speaker to be announced. 

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N.W., 

8:15 p.m. 


March 6—University of Maryland 
Astronomy Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


March 7—Electrochemical Society 
N. Corey Cahoon, vice-president (na- 
tional), Electrochemical Society, “New 
Developments in Batteries.” 
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American 
University, 8:00 p.m. 


March 7—Entomological Society of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
Room 43, Natural History Building, 
Smithsonian Institution, 8:00 p.m. 


March 9—American Association of 
Physics Teachers 
Fletcher G. Watson, professor of educa- 
tion, Harvard Graduate School of Educa- 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


tion, will speak on the Harvard Project 
Physics Program. 

Panel discussion, led by Haven White- 
side, Department of Physics, University of 
Maryland. 

Philip DeLavore, Commission on College 
Physics, will speak on the Commission’s 
Junior College Study. 


Montgomery Junior College, Rockville 
Campus, 9:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m. 


March 11—American Ceramic 
Society and American Society 
for Metals (Joint Meeting) 


EK. Epremian, Union Carbide Corp., 
“New Developments in Graphite.” 
Three Chefs Restaurant, River House, 


1500 S. Joyce St., Arlington, Va. Social 
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 


8:00 p.m. 


March 11—Institute of Electrical 

and Electronics Engineers 

Speaker to be announced; general sub- 
ject, Navigational Satellites. 

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St, N. W., 
8:00 p.m. 


March 12—American Society of 
Civil Engineers 
Speaker to be announced. 
YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N. W., noon. 
Luncheon meeting. For reservations, 


phone Mr. Furen, 521-5600, Ext. 4470. 


March 12—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


March 13—Geological Society of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos 
Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m. 


March 13—Institute of Food 
Technologists 
Richard Stein, Division of Microbiology, 
Food and Drug Administration, “Auto- 


Al 


mated Analysis for Extraneous Matter in 
Foods.” 

National Canners Association, 1133 20th 
St., N. W., 8:00 p.m. 


March 13—University of Maryland 
Astronomy Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


March 14—American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers 


Speaker to be announced. 


PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N. W., 
8:00 p.m. 


March 14—Chemical Society of 

Washington 

Hillebrand Award dinner and _ lecture. 
Award winner to be announced. 

Knights of Columbus Activities Hall, 
9115 Little Falls Rd., Arlington, Va. Social 
period at 7:00 p.m., dinner at 7:30. 

For reservations call Guido Cammisa, 


KI 9-7196. 


March 15—Philosophical Society of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos 
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N. W., 8:15 


p.m. 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 


Contributions to this column may _ be 
addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate 
Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture, 
Agricultural Research Service, Federal 


Center Building, Hyattsville, Md. 


INTERIOR DEPARTMENT 
JOHN W. ALDRICH of the Fish and 


Wildlife Service has received a distin- 
guished service citation for outstanding 
scientific contributions in ecological and 
taxonomic research. 


NATIONAL BUREAU OF 
STANDARDS 


NORMAN BEKKEDALL retired on De- 
cember 15, after almost 40 years of service 
at the Bureau. JAMES F. SWINDELLS, 
Heat Division, retired on December 31 
after 40 years at the Bureau. 


Foreign talks have been given as fol- 
lows: G. T. FURUKAWA, “Application 
of Precise Heat-Capacity Data to the 
Analysis of Temperature Scales,’ Japan 
Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai 
Research Establishment, December 8, and 
‘‘Automation Problems in Calorimetry and 
Thermometry,” Third Japanese Calori- 
metry Conference, Osaka, November 27-28, 
and JT. CARRINGTON, “Molecular Exci- 
tation Mechanisms in Helium Discharges,” 
Center for Research in Experimental Space 
Sciences, York University, Toronto, No- 
vember 22. 

On January 5, Director ALLEN V. AS- 
TIN, presented the 1967 Samuel Wesley 
Stratton Award to JOHN D. HOFFMAN 
for “outstanding contributions in relating 
physical properties of solids to molecular 
phenomena and particularly with respect to 
chain folding in polymers.” Dr. Astin also 
presented the Edward B. Rosa Award to 
FORREST K. HARRIS for “contributions 
to the development of standards for elec- 
trical measuring instruments.” Each of 
these awards consists of a bronze plaque 
and a $1,500 honorarium. Dr. Hoffman is 
chief of the Polymers Division and Dr. 
Harris is chief of the Absolute Electrical 
Measurements Section, Electricity Division. 


NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 
V. J. LINNENBOM is now acting associ- 


ate director for Research in Oceanology. 
He was recently elected to the New York 
Academy of Sciences. 


HERBERT FRIEDMAN has been named 
president of the newly-established Inter- 
Union Commission for Solar Terrestrial 
Physics, International Council of Scientific 
Unions. He has also been named chairman 


42 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


of the Panel for Solar-Terrestrial Research, 
NAS-NRC Committee. This committee has 
been established to further research activi- 
ties of the type carried out during the co- 
operative International Years of the Quiet 
Sun. 


SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT 
A study by the Office of Scientific Per- 


sonnel of the National Academy of Sciences 
gives solid confirmation of the trend to- 
ward domination of doctoral education by 
the large public universities. In 1920, 
twelve of the nation’s top twenty institu- 
tions (as measured by the number of 
Ph.D.’s granted) were private, including 
four of the top five. By 1966, only seven 
of the top twenty were private and only 
one of these was in the top five. The Uni- 
versity of California at Berkeley is the 
largest (637 granted in 1966), followed by 
the University of Wisconsin (543), Uni- 
versity of Illinois (536), Harvard (503), 
and University of Michigan (432). The 
others in the top twenty are, in order, 
University of Minnesota, Columbia Uni- 
versity, Stanford University, Indiana Uni- 
versity, New York University, Ohio State 
University, Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology, Michigan State University, 
Purdue University, University of Texas, 
Cornell University, Yale University, Uni- 
versity of California at Los Angeles, Uni- 
versity of Chicago, and Pennsylvania State 
University. The foregoing ranking for 1966 
is based on unpublished data in the NRC 


doctorate records file. 


A National Bureau of Standards study 
has verified that extreme ultraviolet de- 
tectors based on the principle of rare-gas 
photoionization give direct and accurate 
measurements of spectral irradiance. UI- 
traviolet detectors of spectral irradiance— 
and means for their calibration—have re- 
cently become of increased importance, 
particularly in space applications. The de- 
tector most commonly used for spectral 


FEBRUARY, 1968 


measurements in the extreme ultraviolet is 
a phosphor - sensitized photo - multiplier 
which is calibrated using a thermopile as 
a reference. However, disadvantages have 
long been known to be associated with the 
comparison calibration in that a prelim- 
inary study is required of the variation in 
sensitivity over the active area of the 
thermopile, and of the variation in the 
intensity through a cross section of the 
incident beam. The thermopile must also 
be corrected for the loss of sensitivity due 
to energy being carried away by photo- 
ejected electrons. In addition, thermopiles 
lack sufficient sensitivity to enable their 
use on more than a very few of the spectral 
lines that are typically available in the 
laboratory. In the NBS study, an ion 
chamber with argon gas was checked 
against a calibrated thermopile and found 
to be accurate within 3 percent. 


Chemists of the National Bureau of 
Standards have found that certain crystal- 
line compounds containing a beta-naphthy] 
group produce an increase in the modulus 
of vulcanized rubber under certain condi- 
tions. The most pronounced reinforcement 
is obtained with phenyl B-naphthylamine 
(PBNA), which is about four times more 
effective than carbon black in stiffening 
rubber. Interestingly, when the PBNA is 
extracted with benzene the rubber returns 
to its original degree of stiffness. 


A new agreement between the United 
States, Canada, Denmark, and France has 
made possible an international study of a 
notable example of human adaptability— 
the ability of Eskimos to thrive in the 
earth’s most hostile environment. 

The agreement, an expansion of an 
earlier joint U.S.-Canadian program, grew 
out of a recent conference on circumpolar 
peoples held at Point Barrow, Alaska, 
under the sponsorship of the International 
Biological Program (IBP). 

The remarkable success of Eskimos in 
adapting to difficult circumstances is re- 


43 


flected in their geographical distribution. 
Over the centuries, they have migrated 
around a large sector of the circumpolar 
world so that with their close relatives, the 
Aleuts, they occupy the longest linear dis- 
tance of any group in the world. 

To measure how genetically similar 
groups of Eskimos have adapted to the 
varying environments within this vast dis- 
tance, American, Canadian, and Danish- 
French research sites have been situated at 
points along the original routes of Eskimo 
migration. The U. S. research effort will 
be concentrated near the origins of the 
Eskimo wanderings at Wainwright, Alas- 
ka, a village with 300 residents, 90 miles 
from Point Barrow. The Canadians will 
work near the center of the circumscribed 
migration route at Igloolik, a remote set- 
tlement in the Northwest Territories, while 
Danish and French scientists investigate 


Eskimo adaptation at Upernavik in north- 
eastern Greenland, one of the farthermost 


points in the Eskimo migratory pattern. 


The four-nation study will be conducted 
under the auspices of the International 
Biological Program, a 50-nation study of 
the biological basis of productivity and 
human welfare. The U. S. portion of the 
Eskimo study was developed by the Human 
Adaptability Subcommittee of the U. S. 
National Committee for the IBP, which is 
itself within the Division of Biology and 
Agriculture of the National Research Coun- 
cil. Frederick A. Milan of the University 
of Wisconsin has been appointed director 
of the American study and coordinator of 
the international effort. William S. Laugh- 
lin, also of the University of Wisconsin, 
will serve as co-principal investigator with 
Dr. Milan for the Wainwright project. 


4A, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 


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Volume 58 FEBRUARY 1968 — 


CONTENTS 
Six Scientists Receive Academy’s Annual Awards | Bent? rts are 
T. E. Margrave, Jr.: Review of Visual Observations of Solar Granulation . csohetee . 
Geological Society of Washington: Proceedings for 967 4c F 
Nominations Invited for AOAC Awards | eA. : : | 
PTdeahwrcd ce Ls IN die MA hoor ch So 
Academy Proceedings ; 
Election Results Announced ___. Al hs catuniamends deste <dt> cotds th ae 
Board of Managers Meeting Notes (December) | 
Annual Report of Treasurer for 1967 | ...)..0.4:.30: 02.) sdnstinoveoueanieeen er} 
Science in Washington -" 
Calendar of Eiventa 0.) .:..507:4 ln cusso-sstadbvcighetens agente tae ea Me mt 
Scientists in the Neowd 25 /.50.04.5,.2cdas..b dytin Aut, va eth ae ee ae 
Science and Developaenit 0.00. 5..j).65sccscsscerdcssysss 0b aeeah ergs tcigyn ee ue re 


Washington Academy of Sciences 
1530—P St., N.W. 

Washington, D.C., 20005 

Return Requested 


VOLUME 58 NUMBER 3 


— Journal of the 


WASHINGTON 
ACADEMY OF 
SCIENCES ~ 


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U. S. Participation in the 


International Biological Program 


W. Frank Blair 


Professor of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Chairman, 


U.S. National Committee for IBP. 


The International Biological Program 
(IBP) had its beginnings almost as a pro- 
gram in search of a cause, but in the United 
States it has envolved into a program that 
is appropriate to the times and of great po- 
tential importance to our society. 

The origin of IBP has been credited to 
conversations early in 1959 between Sir 
Rudolph Peters, president of the Interna- 
tional Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) 
and Professor G. Montalenti, president of 
the International Union of Biological Sci- 
ences (IUBS). Stimulus for these talks had 
come from the late Lloyd U. Berkner and 
other influential members of ICSU, who 
had suggested that it would be desirable to 
initiate an International Biological Year. 
Discussions of this proposal were held by 
the Executive Board of the IUBS during 
1959, and at the Ninth General Assembly 
in London in 1961, ICSU appointed a Plan- 
ning Committee for IBP under the chair- 
manship of Professor Montalenti, with rep- 
resentation from several scientific unions. 
The late E. H. Graham and plant geneticist 
G. Ledyard Stebbins were the U.S. members 
of this committee, and Stebbins in partic- 
ular was active in the early promotion of 
IBP among U.S. biologists. 

The ICSU resolution that established the 
Planning Committee also indicated that the 
program would focus on “(1) the effect on 
living communities of changes in the nat- 
ural environment, and (2) the augmenta- 
tions through basic research of natural 
resources and the reduction of losses and 
waste for the benefit of mankind.” As will 
be evident, this focus was altered at the 


AprIL, 1968 


First General Meeting of IBP, held in Paris 
in 1964, with emphasis being shifted to 
item 2, and it has been further modified, 
for better or worse, in the development of 
the national programs under IBP. 

The Planning Committee for IBP at its 
third meeting, in Edinburgh during Novem- 
ber of 1963, presented a suggested plan for 
IBP. This plan was approved in principle 
by the Executive Committee of the TUBS 
and by the General Assembly of ICSU as 
the basis for an International Biological 
Program. ICSU also authorized the estab- 
lishment of a Special Committee for IBP 
(SCIBP). 

In response to the call from ICSU for a 
general meeting of scientists from all parts 
of the world to make a critical examination 
of the plan for IBP, Frederick E. Seitz, 
president of the National Academy of Sci- 
ences, appointed an ad hoc committee 
chaired by Stanley A. Cain, then chairman 
of the Department of Conservation at the 
University of Michigan and_ presently 
Assistant Secretary of Interior for Fish and 
Wildlife and Parks. This committee was 
charged with examining the matter of U.S. 
participation in IBP. In addition to the 
chairman, five of ten committee members 
were recognized ecologists, while the re- 
maining five members represented a var- 
iety of interests ranging from sociology 
and anthropology to plant or animal 
physiology and nutrition. After four meet- 
ings between December 1963 and May 
1964, the ad hoc committee recommended 
that the U.S. participate in further planning 
and that a U.S. delegation be sent to the 


45 


Paris planning meeting of ICSU in July 
1964. 

The U.S. delegation to the Paris meeting 
was co-chaired by Stanley Cain and T. C. 
Byerly, then chairman of the Division of 
Biology and Agriculture of the National 
Research Council. In addition to these, 
there were eight members of the U.S. dele- 
gation and nine other interested U.S. sci- 
entists. Representatives of scientific acade- 
mies in 30 countries participated in the 
Paris meeting. 

The basic philosophy of the IBP that 
came from the Paris meeting has been the 
dominant philosophy in the evolution of an 
IBP program in many countries, particu- 
larly in the developing countries and in the 
scientifically less sophisticated ones. This 
philosophy is set out in the preamble of the 
ICSU proposal for an IBP: 

“As a consequence of the rapid rate of 
increase in the numbers and needs of the 


human populations of the world and their 


demands on the natural environment, there 
is an urgent need for greatly increased 
biological research. 

“It is proposed that there shall be an 
International Biological Program (IBP) 
entitled The Biological Basis of Productiv- 
ity and Human Welfare, with the objectives 
of ensuring a world-wide study of (1) 
organic production on the land, in fresh 
waters, and in the seas, so that adequate 
estimates may be made of the potential 
yield of new as well as existing natural 
resources, and (2) human adaptability to 
the changing conditions. 

“In proposing such a program it is con- 
sidered essential that it shall be limited to 
basic biological studies related to produc- 
tivity and human welfare, which will bene- 
fit from international collaboration, and 
are urgent because of the rapid rate of the 
changes taking place in all environments 
throughout the world.” 

The Planning Committee recommended 
that the IBP be developed on the basis of 
seven sections, each dealing with a distinct 
area of concern, as follows: 

Productivity of Terrestrial Communities 


(PT) 


Production Processes (PP) 
Conservation of Terrestrial Communities 


(CT) 


Productivity of Freshwater Communities 
(PF) 

Productivity of Marine Communities 
(PM) 

Human Adaptability (HA) 

Use and Management of Biological Re- 

sources (UM) 

The limitations in scope imposed by the 
Planning Committee for IBP, and the em- 
phasis on productivity which is only one of 
the many problems challenging the bur- 
geoning human population, led to early 
disenchantment of various U.S. biologists 
with the IBP. It even caused some division 
of opinion in the U.S. ad hoc committee, of 
which I was a member. Nevertheless, the 
U.S. delegation to the Paris meeting recom- 
mended (1) that the U.S. participate in the 
IBP through the National Academy of Sci- 
ences-National Research Council, (2) that 
a U.S. National Committee for the IBP be 
formed, and (3) that the U.S. subscribe, 
through ICSU, $10,000 a year in dues to 
SCIBP and assume an appropriate share 
of additional international costs of the pro- 
gram. U.S. participation in the IBP was 
officially approved when the Governing 
Board of the National Research Council 
met on September 27, 1964. Action phase 
of the program had been scheduled to begin 
July 1, 1967, and, with appointment of a 
U.S. National Committee — headed by 
Roger Revelle of Harvard University’s 
Population Center—planning of the U.S. 
effort under the IBP began. 


Evolution of the U.S. Program 


Two additional sections were added to 
the U.S. program very early in the plan- 
ning by the U.S, National Committee 
(USNC). Primarily at the instigation of 
Ernst Mayr, director of the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology at Harvard Univer- 
sity, a section was established and a sub- 
committee appointed for Systematics and 
Biogeography (SB). Similarly, at the insti- 
gation of T. H. Bullock, physiologist at 


46 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


the University of California, a section was 
established and a subcommittee appointed 
for Environmental Physiology (EP) com- 
posed not only of physiologists but also 
of evolutionists. 


Each of the nine U.S. subcommittees 
was charged with generating a program 
or series of programs pertinent to the 
objectives of the IBP and of the U.S. 
National Committee. There was a great 
deal of muddling and lost motion as seems 
always to be the case when a committee 
undertakes the planning of anything. 
Eventually, a large group of subcommittee 
members and others were assembled in 
Williamstown, Massachusetts, late in 1966 
to put together the U.S. program for par- 
ticipation in the IBP. Report Number 2 
of USNC for the IBP resulted from this 
meeting. Problem areas were delineated 
and a projected plan of action was pro- 
posed. The ultimate broadening and sophis- 
tication of the U.S. program far beyond 
that of the program of any other par- 
ticipating country was already beginning 
to take substance, but it was not then as 
apparent as it was to become later. The 
“Johnny-come-lately” program of the EP 
Subcommittee was featured in the discus- 
sion of the “plan of action” probably be- 
cause its planning was more advanced than 
that of the other programs. The several- 
faceted HA program was also well spelled 
out as was a program called “Productivity 
of Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems” 
which revealed an anticipated merger of 
the efforts of the PT and PF sections. The 
introductory statement of this program was, 
“much of the efforts of the Terrestrial 
and Freshwater Productivity Subcommit- 
tees will be focused on intensive, multidis- 
ciplinary analyses of ecosystems.” 


Many of the programs planned in Report 
Number 2 of USNC/IBP resulted in work- 
ing conferences involving selected groups 
of interested biologists for the purpose of 
planning integrated research programs. 
Twelve of these integrated programs have 


received approval of the USNC/IBP and a 


APRIL, 1968 


few more may do so. A few of these have 
reached the stage of actual research pro- 
posals to permit their initiation or expan- 


sion in 1968 or’/1969. 


Four of these integrated programs have 
been given priority by the Executive Com- 
mittee of the US/IBP National Committee 
—the analysis of ecosystems program, 
studies on the ecology of migrant popula- 
tions, investigations of Eskimo adapta- 
bility, and research in convergent and 
divergent evolution in the Americas. 


The aims and potentialities of these 
four reflect the distance that the U.S. 
National Committee has gone beyond the 
IBP national committee of most countries 
in imagination and sophistication so as to 
merit such comments as, “a model of how 
a sophisticated country should approach 
IBP” (Sir Otto Frankel, chairman, Aus- 


tralian National Committee for IBP). 


The most significant thing about the 
U.S. plan for participation in the IBP 
is that after all of the committee debates, a 
certain number of false starts and abortive 
efforts, and a not-unexpected appearance 
at times of indirection, the U.S. program 
has come into focus on some of the most 
pressing problems that have faced man in 
all of his history. It has come to center 
around man as a component of an eco- 
system, and not just on what he can do 
to increase productivity because this also 
increases his stresses on the biosphere of 
which his population is only a part. The 
really exciting thing, both scientifically 
and with respect to the future of our civili- 
zation, is that somewhere back down the 
trail, the program for analysis of ecosys- 
tems came to be the central core of the 
U.S. program. I am not completely sure 
when this occurred, but occur it did. Such 
understanding is vital to our mounting 
efforts to abate our harmful effects (e.g. 
air, water, and land pollution, and eutro- 
phication) on our environment and to live 
in better harmony with it. Anti-pollution 
legislation has already run head-on into 
ignorance of reasonable baseline standards. 
Consequently, it has not been possible to 


47 


define just what is air or water pollution. 
Ecosystem studies can provide these base- 
lines. 


These integrated ecosystem studies by 
their very nature are going to be big 
science—probably the biggest science that 
biologists have ever undertaken as _ inte- 
grated programs. However, this is the only 
route to the answers we need about the 
functioning of ecosystems. Acquisition of 
these answers seems essential to our ability 
to maintain a world worth living in. Big 
science is seemingly less attractive to many 
biologists than to a physical scientist. How- 
ever, the hard planning for the first part 
of this ecosystem program, the “Grasslands 
Study,” has revealed a potential bonus with 
respect to graduate training and research 
that might well justify the cost of the 
program even if there were not other pres- 
sing reasons for it. I am referring to the 
response of many biologists in small and 
usually “‘have-not” colleges. More than 80 
senior scientists from 20 universities, col- 
leges, and Government laboratories in the 
West involved themselves in this project 
when given the opportunity. Many people 
in the smaller colleges have research talents 
that are going to waste because they lack 
local stimulus, have inadequate local facili- 
ties, and are unable to compete with sci- 
entists in the larger and more prestigious 
universities for scarce Federal research 


funds. 


Involvement of these small college sci- 
entists and their students should improve 
the level of research and teaching in such 
institutions and it should help toward an 
increase in the training of ecologists— 
already in short supply as our society 
begins to think about and do something 
about the quality of the environment. 


The Analysis of Ecosystems program is 
headed by Frederick E. Smith of the School 
of Conservation, University of Michigan. 
An ecologist known for his competence 
in using systems analysis for solution of 
ecological problems, Smith will head the 
entire Ecosystems investigation. Studies in 
six major biotic formations (biomes) will 


each have a biome director, who will be 
responsible for the work in that biome. 
In addition to the work at an “intensive” 
site in each biome, supporting work will 
be encouraged at other sites. The five 
biomes selected in addition to the grass- 
lands are eastern forest, tropical rain- 
forest, coniferous forest, tundra, and desert. 
Comparison of these very different regions 
as functioning systems will yield better 
understanding of our environment and of 
how any given action of many may affect 
it. The IBP is officially scheduled to last 
five years ending June 30, 1972, but it 
is quite obvious that major programs such 
as the Analysis of Ecosystems study will 
be far from complete and will unquestion- 
ably continue beyond that date. We shall 
return to this point later. The grasslands 
study has been given top priority in 
the Ecosystem program and hopefully will 
stand as a model for the others which will 
be phased in as funds become available. 


Since U.S. efforts in the IBP are pri- 
marily concerned with ecosystems, they 
are also concerned with man as a part 
of his ecosystem. How man adjusts to his 
environment, be it city or farm, is of great 
concern today. 


Much of man’s history has been mobile: 
he has moved wherever there are more 
food, more money, and better living con- 
ditions. Right now, there is a great migra- 
tion occurring in the United States from 
the rural south to the industrialized north. 
The Ecology of Migrant Peoples research 
program will attempt to learn more about 
the many physiological and psychological 
problems man encounters while adapting 
to an urban environment. 


The program will consist of a series of 
social, economic, and medical studies of 
Negro residents in Holmes County, Missis- 
sippi, and then, research on their move- 
ment to Chicago. In adition to the sur- 
veys, the scientists will work with children 
in a Head Start program in Holmes County 
and try to determine its effect on their 
health and learning ability. They will also 
try to find out how much of an effect a 


48 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


health information program for pregnant 
women will have on lowering the very high 
occurences of fetal and neonatal deaths 
found in the County. At the same time, 
Chicago-bound migrants and _ former 
Holmes County residents now in Chicago 
will be interviewed to determine charac- 
teristics that can predict successful adapta- 
tion to an urban environment. Other mi- 
grant populations also will be studied, both 
in the United States and internationally, as 
the IBP continues. 


Another major development insofar as 
the U.S. is concerned has been the emerg- 
ence of some truly international and truly 
cooperative research efforts. One of these 
is the Program for Study of Eskimo Peo- 
ples, with U.S., Canadian, Danish, and 
French scientists working in a closely co- 
ordinated study of the adaptation of these 
peoples to their harsh environment. An- 
thropologists have been more prone to 
work cooperatively on an_ international 
scale than have biologists, and the expan- 
sion of previously existing cooperation into 
an IBP effort was probably easier here 
than in the other international programs. 


A second of these international pro- 
grams is one with which I have been 
deeply involved and to which I have de- 
voted much of my time. My involvement 
really began in late 1966 at Tucuman, Ar- 
gentina, where I was participating in a 
symposium at the Primeras Jornadas de 
Zoologica. At this congress, I found the 
opportunity to present a discussion of 
the aims and state of progress of the IBP 
in the United States. The obvious enthusi- 
asm for IBP on the part of these people— 
most of whom were hearing it described 
for the first time—prompted me to volun- 
teer to return early in 1967 to publicize 
IBP in the major countries of South 
America. At that time, no national orga- 
nization for the IBP existed in any Latin 
American country and few Latin American 
biologists knew anything of its scope and 
objectives. I visited 17 cities in 7 countries, 
and talked with interested local biologists. 
One of the things discussed at all of these 


APRIL, 1968 


places was the possibility of organizing 
a truly cooperative research program in- 
volving South American and North Ameri- 
can biologists. The idea of cooperative 
research was received with enthusiasm 
when it became apparent that we really 
meant the word “cooperative.” In some of 
the countries, especially in Brazil and Ven- 
ezuela, there is justified suspicion of North 
American biologists who want to do field 
work. A number of Latin American sci- 
entists feel that their countries have been 
exploited by many of the museum expedi- 
tions from the United States which have 
collected new forms and put the type speci- 
mens—and often the entire collection—in 
a museum in North America. If a South 
American biologist wants to work with 
this material from his own country, he 
usually must come to the United States 
to see M. 


A main stimulus for the development of 
a cooperative inter-American program was 
the discovery that scattered throughout 
South America there are bright, enthusi- 
astic, young, field-oriented biologists who 
are obviously ready to break away from 
the traditional Latin American nationalism 
in science and work cooperatively among 
themselves and with North Americans. 


At Tucuman in 1966, Dr. Marcos A. 
Freiberg, president of the Association of 
Latin American Ichthyologists and Herpe- 
tologists (ALAIH), Dr. Bertha Lutz of 
the Brazilian National Museum, Dr. Ave- 
lino Barrio, director of the Institute of 
Microbiology in Buenos Aires, Dr. Jose 
M. Cei, director of the Institute of Biology 
in Mendoza, and I held informal discus- 
sions about a possible program of coopera- 
tive research on the evolutionary history 
of certain groups of amphibians that range 
into or through both North and South 
America. This was to be modeled after 
a much less ambitious cooperative effort 
that had been in existence among myself, 
Cei, and Asvaldo Reig, formerly of the 
University of Buenos Aires. A network 
of investigators would be established, line 
materials would be exchanged for use in 


49 


modern techniques of analysis, and the 
efforts would be coordinated. 


As the integrated program developed 
under the EP Subcommittee of the US/ 
IBP, the plan originated at Tucuman was 
expanded and combined with a plan to 
study the convergent evolution of species 
and ecosystems under similar physical en- 
vironments in the Southern and Northern 
Hemispheres. As this latter plan developed, 
emphasis was put on the Argentine “Chaco” 
and its counterpart in the southwestern 
U.S., and on the deserts of South and 
North America dominated by the same 
species of creosote bush. 


In November 1967, a conference of 
North American and South American 
biologists was convened at Caracas, 
Venezuela, under auspices of the U.S. 
National Committee, to plan this coopera- 
tive research program. This conference was 
held simultaneously with another confer- 
ence generated in the EP Subcommittee on 
the “Physiology of Colonizing Species,” 
convened by Dr. Calvin McMillan of the 
University of Texas. Twenty-four South 
American and 23 North American biolo- 
gists were invited participants in the Cara- 
cas conference. Observers and Venezuelan 
scientists swelled the number to about 150. 
The program of cooperative inter-Ameri- 
can research centering on “Convergent and 
Divergent Evolution in the Americas” that 
resulted from this conference has reached 
the stage of presentation as a formal pro- 
posal for possible funding. At present, 64 
scientists, more or less equally divided 
between South and North American, are 
involved, and inquiries are being received 
from others who have heard of the pro- 
gram. As now set up, the program is 
open-ended and is expected to grow. 


Just as the program in Analysis of 
Ecosystems sets a new dimension in eco- 
logical research, so does this program set 
a new dimension in evolutionary studies. 
The pattern laid down here is apt to be 
the pattern of the future because of its 
greater efficiency over the limited, national- 
istically-determined patchwork of efforts 


in the past. 


Timeliness of the IBP 


It seems almost entirely coincidental that 
the IBP is developing at a time when, vir- 
tually for the first time in U.S. history, the 
thinking in both the excutive and the legis- 
lative branches of the Government is being 
directed to tthe quality of the environment 
and to what we must do to preserve and 
improve it. There are a series of bills both 
in the House and the Senate calling for a 
national panel of ecological, or environ- 
mental, advisors to the President. There are 
also bills that address themselves to the pro- 
blems of pollution of air, of our fresh 
waters, of our lands, and of our estuaries. 
It seems entirely credible that the IBP can 
furnish an important input into whatever 
panel may be established by the Adminis- 
tration in the next few months or by future 
legislative. 


Another related phenomenon at _ the 
national level is the developing sentiment 
for a National Institute of Ecology. Such an 
institution seems inevitable in the very 
near future, and when it comes into exist- 
ence, it could be the organization for con- 
tinuing much of the research started in and 
related to the various IBP programs. For 
example, the entire ecosystems program, 
with its potential for providing the envir- 
onmental baselines called for in currently 
proposed legislation, would fall logically 
under the administration of such an insti- 
tute. The Ecological Society of America 
has made a feasibility study of such an 
institute through a subcommittee of its 
Ecology Study Committee, and a recom- 
mendation has been made for an organi- 
zation patterned after the National Center 
for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Ecolo- 
gists feel that a semi-autonomous agency 
comparable to NCAR is far preferable to an 
in-house agency under, for example, the 
Department of the Interior as has been pro- 
posed in some of the bills introduced into 
Congress. 


At the international level, it is entirely 
possible that the “Biosphere Conference,” 


50 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


planned under UNESCO for the fall of 
1968, will develop into an international 
action program that will be the successor to 
IBP at its official temination and that the 
more viable parts of IBP will continue 
indefinitely. There is a considerable amount 
of reservation on the part of some U.S. 
ecologists about the desirability of having 
the IBP move eventually under the aegis 
of UNESCO. However, this is a problem 
that will have to be faced some time in the 
future. At the present time, the IBP organ- 
ization has a strong input into planning of 
the Biosphere Conference in anticipation of 
a coordinated effort rather than a competi- 
tive program. 


Management and Funding 


Two committees have played a dominant 
role in the development of U.S. participa- 
tion in the IBP up to the present. One of 
these has been the U.S. National Committee 
comprised of chairmen of the various sub- 
committees and of others, with Roger 
Revelle as chairman until recently and 
T. C. Byerly and Stanley Cain as vice-chair- 
men. During the past four years, this com- 
mittee has been a policy-making body and 
has reviewed for approval, as a part of the 
U.S. participation in IBP, the programs 
generated in the various subcommittees. In 
addition, the USNC through its subcom- 
mittees has reviewed individual projects for 
pertinence to IBP when the principal inves- 
tigator submitting these to granting agen- 
cies requested such a review. 


With near completion of the planning 
phase in the U.S., I see the role of the 
National Committee shifting to one of 
something of a board of overseers for the 
U.S. effort as the various integrated pro- 
grams pass through the years of the action 
phase. I also see the desirability of some 
restructuring and streamlining of the USNC 
to reflect the programs that have emerged 
as active ones. For example, most of the 
executive work, previously done by the 
entire 19-man committee, will now be the 
responsibility of the executive committee, 
which I expect to be enlarged from three 


APRIL, 1968 


to five members. 


Staff support at the National Academy of 
Sciences presently involves three staff offi- 
cers for the IBP, although they do have 
other responsibilities to the Academy, and 
one full-time person in the Office of Infor- 
mation assigned to IBP. 


The current functioning of the various 
committees within US/IBP may be illus- 
trated by briefly outlining the procedures 
that are involved in formulating and 
approving an integrated research program. 
The concept for the program is first pre- 
sented to and approved by the USNC. In 
the majority of cases, a planning conference 
is then convened to formulate the research 
scheme and a program director selected. 
Subsequently he prepares, often with the 
assistance of other scientists involved in the 
planning stages, a program proposal. This 
is then submitted for approval to the sub- 
committee in which the program was gener- 
ated and if approved, goes to the Executive 
Committee. Once approved by the Execu- 
tive Committee, the program is considered 
a part of the U.S. effort and is forwarded 
for funding consideration. 


Funding of the IBP has been the respon- 
sibility of the other important group, 
the Interagency Coordinating Committee 
(ICC). This committee is chaired by Dr. 
Harve J. Carlson, director of the Division 
of Biology and Medicine at the National 
Science Foundation, and made up of one 
representative from each of the various 
Government agencies with natural interests 
in one or more aspects of the IBP. It has 
played an important role during the plan- 
ning stages for U.S. participation in IBP 
by providing funds for modest staffing of 
the central office, for meetings of the USNC 
and its subcommittees, and for the various 
planning conferences such as those in 
Caracas. 

Now that U.S. participation in the IBP 
has reached the stage where funding is 
being sought for the high priority inte- 
grated programs, the activities of the com- 
mittee become even more important. 
Recently some concern has been expressed 


ol 


in various scientific quarters about the 
amount of funding available for the 
research phase of the IBP. Members of the 
ICC, along with representatives of the Ad- 
ministration and Congress, are all consid- 
erably involved in finding the best methods 
for obtaining the necessary funding during 
this very tight budget situation. Without 
being unduly optimistic, I feel that certain 
amounts will most likely become available 
through these efforts as well as those of 
private foundations and __ international 
organizations. 


Where Do We Stand in the US/ IBP? 


The National Committee has spent a 
long time in planning U.S. participation in 
the IBP. This has been criticized in some 
quarters as a lot of talk and “beautiful 
essays.” However, it is probably most for- 
tunate that the program grew slowly, for in 
this time it came into sharp focus on the 
crucial question of how man is going to 
establish a better harmony with the eco- 
sphere he has been exploiting with reckless 
disregard. 

As a result of the recognized necessity 
for systems analysis of ecosystems, a new 
kind of integrated research program in 
biology is emerging. The same may be said 
for the inter-American program to investi- 
gate convergent and divergent evolution. 
It seems to me that programs like these 
have set the stage for a new perspective in 
biological research. It is a prespective that 
has existed in the physical sciences for a 
long time and it has accounted in large part 
for their greater support by Federal funds. 
People simply expect physicists to think 
big and to generate expensive projects. Up 
to now they have expected biologists to 
think small and speak softly. But with 
man’s ever-inreasing damage of the envir- 
onment, this can no longer be the case. 
Biologists must work together on large- 
scale programs if the answers needed for 
controlling the quality of environment are 
to be found. The day of big biology has 
arrived with the IBP, and it is destined to 
become more and more evident in the 
future. 


A CONTRIBUTION 
FROM THE ARCHIVIST 


The War Year 1918 and the Academy 
The Journal for 1918, Volume 8, con- 


tains many items that show the impact of 
the war on the Academy and its affiliates. 
Obituary notes are dedicated to casualties, 
many members are reported as performing 
special duties, lectures on war topics are 
mentioned in the reports of meetings, and 
several of them are printed in full. 

Thus the report about the 118th meeting 
of the Academy, on January 8, 1918, men- 
tions “the Corresponding Secretary, Dr. R. 
B. Sosman, elected by the Board of Man- 
agers in September, 1917, to fill the unex- 
pired term of Dr. F. E. Wright, on account 
of the latter’s continued absence from the 
city while engaged upon war work” (p. 
67). At the 575th meeting of the Biologi- 
cal Society on December 1, 1917, the 
speaker, Dr. Charles Wardwell Stiles “be- 
ing out of the city on sanitary work at one 
of the southern military camps, the paper 
was presented by Dr. T. S. Palmer” (p. 
42). The attendance was 26 persons. The 
occasion for the 119th meeting of the 
Academy on January 17, 1918, was “the 
first of a series of illustrated lectures deal- 
ing with Science in Relation to the War. 
The speaker, Maj. S. J. M. Auld, of the 
British Military Mission, delivered an ad- 
dress on the subject, Methods of gas war- 
fare” (p. 69). At the meeting on March 5, 
1918, the Board. of Managers decided: 
“The dues of members absent from the 
United States on military or naval duty 
were remitted. Dr. Woodrow Wilson, The 
White House, Washington, D. C., was 
elected an honorary member of the Acad- 
emy in recognition of his contributions to 
economic and political history” (p. 208). 
On October 28, the Board adopted the rec- 
ommendation of the Executive Council 
that “those honorary members of the 
Academy who are enemy subjects be sus- 
pended until the end of the war, and their 
case be again considered at that time” (p. 


634). 


52 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Of the seven public lectures on “the 
scientific and engineering aspects of the 
war, six were reprinted in a_ brochure, 
“substantially bound in flexible cloth 
covers,’ and sold at 75 cents a copy. Not 
included was the second lecture, given on 
February 21 by Dr. George E. Hale, direc- 
tor of the Mt. Wilson Solar Observatory 
and chairman of the National Research 
Council, on “Astronomy and War—Some 
Examples of the Close Parallelism Between 
the Methods and Work of the Astronomer 
and Those of the Military Engineer.” 


John Headlam, major-general in charge 
of the British Artillery Mission, surveyed 
“Developments in Artillery During the 
War” (pp. 301-19). Comparing the use of 
shrapnel versus high explosives, he said: 
“The English, as befits the country of the 
inventor, General Shrapnel of the British 
Army, have always been great shrapnel ad- 
herents; our 18-pounder was designed as a 
shrapnel gun, and has undoubtedly the 
most powerful shrapnel in existence. | ad- 
mit we carried this too far in having no 
high explosive at all... . We saw the effect 
of our shrapnel on the German infantry in 
1914, and we have not forgotten it” (p. 
303). He concluded with the assurance 
that “we artillerymen have maintained our 
traditional interest in science. ... 


Raymond Pearl, U. S. Food Administra- 
tion, reflected on “Biology and War” (pp. 
341-50). Pearl was particularly concerned 
with the many and influential, wrong ideas 


99 


about war as a means for or against natu- 
ral selection. “I believe it to be literally 
true that the one event in the history of 
Western Europe which more than any 
other single one laid the foundation for 
the situation in which Western Europe 
finds itself today, was the publication in 
1859 of a book called “The Origin of Spe- 
cies.” With what horror would that gent- 
lest and kindest of souls, whose mind con- 
ceived and executed this work, have been 
filled could he have foreseen the frightful 


welter of blood which has resulted from 


APRIL, 1968 


the gross perversion of his views by Ger- 
man biologists” (p. 355). “As a biologist 
I can come to no other conclusion than 
that wars will occur in the future as they 
have in the past until such time as civi- 
lized man has become a different kind of 
animal than he now is. Happily every war 
advances him by some degree on the road 
to that much-to-be-desired goal” (p. 360). 

Arthur A. Noyes, MIT, chairman of the 
Committee on Nitrate Investigation, Na- 
tional Research Council, lectured on “The 
Nitrogen Problem in Relation to the War” 
(pp 381-94). He mentioned a report “that 
the Minister cf Munitions of England has 
said that this war must be won with am- 
monium nitrate, as no other explosive can 
be produced in quantity adequate to meet 
the enormous demands of the Allied ar- 
mies in Europe” (p. 381). 

X. Reille, lieutenant colonel, chief of ar- 
tillery in the French Advisory Mission, 
presented “The Problem of Anti-aircraft 
Firing” (pp. 465-80) and remarked: “The 
flying machine should be considered not 
so much one of the arms of the artillery as 
one of its eyes—and that eye the better 
one. In fighting the enemy aircraft our 
guns fight the artillery of the enemy in its 
most vital part.” Anti-aircraft firing will re- 
main ineffective “so long as there shall not 
have been found a gun of fantastic muzzle 
velocity, capable of pouring into space pro- 
jectiles of a speed infinitely superior to that 
of the flying machine. .. .” (p. 480). 

Pertinent to this topic are the following 
items among the “Scientific Notes and 
News”: “The National Research Council. 
at the request of the Secretary of War and 
the Secretary of the Navy, has organized a 
explosives investigations. 
The former Chemical and Explosives Sec- 
tion of the War Industries Board has been 
reorganized into two divisions, a Chemi- 


committee on 


cals Division in charge of Mr. Charles N. 
MacDowell, and an Explosives Division in 
charge of Mr. M. F. Chase” (p. 508). 


Much of the personal news is related 


o3 


to the war. One man was removed from 
office by reason of “friendly sympathies 
for the imperial German government” and 
requested “‘an opportunity to reply to any 
charges presented” (p. 509). “Moses Gom- 
berg, professor of organic chemistry at the 
University of Michigan, has been commis- 
sioned a major in the Ordnance Depart- 
ment and is stationed in Washington. 
Prof. R. C. Tolman, formerly of the Uni- 
versity of Illinois, who has been on leave 
of absence for work at the American Uni- 
versity Experiment Station, has been com- 
missioned a major in the Chemical War- 
fare Service. Dr. H. S. Washington, of the 
Geophysical Laboratory, has been appoint- 
ed chemical associate to the scientific at- 
tachés at the American embassies in Paris 
and Rome” (p. 543 f.). 

—Eduard Farber 


T-THOUGHTS 
Problem Solution 


In a talk by D. W. Taylor of Yale in 


1956, he made some interesting remarks. 


on the behavior of average individuals. 
Some of his principal conclusions are pre- 
sented in the subsequent paragraphs. 

In general, men are better than women 
in solving problems that need restructur- 
ing, 1.e., re-formulation or approach from 
a different angle. This is probably to be 
attributed to differences in childhood 
training. After group discussion, women 
improved to a significantly greater degree 
than did men. 

Men showed a _ significant negative 
correlation between willingness to conform 
and ability to solve problems; women 
showed a similar but not significant tend- 
ency. 

Amongst men, those who showed a more 
“masculine” social role tended to be supe- 
rior in problem solving; no such correla- 
tion appeared amongst women. 

While simple probability theory would 
suggest increased frequency of solution 
with increased size of group, this was not 
established. Two performed better than 


one; but groups of four were not superior 
to groups of two. (Most experienced 
leaders said that four would be the opti- 
mum group size.) Taylor injects his own 
opinion that “for many kinds of problems, 
working in a group will turn out to have 
little, if any effect upon individual per- 
formance, and that for a number of kinds 
of problems the effect will be significantly 
negative.” 

Groups of five persons were set up with 
four different patterns of intercommunica- 
tion: circle, straight chain, Y, and wheel. 
A person was permitted to communicate 
only with those to whom he is connected 
by a line. The results were surprising: 

(a) Achievement was least with the cir- 
cle, greater with the chain, still greater 
with the Y, and greatest with the wheel. 

(b) Morale was in the reverse order. 

It almost looks as though, in group 
work, you should not expect to be both 
happy and productive. 

Criteria for selecting individuals are not 
very reliable. The best of the methods 
tried gave a correlation of only 0.40. Con- 
trary to some persons’ views, one does bet- 
ter to hire “A” than “B” students. Those 
who reported a high reading frequency in 
the age period 10 to 12, and came from 
middle income families, tended to be more 
productive. 

In the matter of atmosphere for creative 
thinking, Taylor believes that “the most 
important single factor is the relation be- 
tween the scientist or engineer and his 
immediate supervisor, or more precisely, 
the supervisor who determines the atmos- 
phere in which he works. What is empha- 
sized is the importance of a climate or at- 
mosphere receptive to new ideas.” 

Taylor concludes, “let me suggest one 
factor which, I think, often inhibits the 
thinking of individuals who would other- 
wise be creative: the fear of making mis- 
takes.” 


—Ralph G. H. Siu 


54 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Academy Proceedings 


1968 Budget Approved 
The following budget for calendar year 1968 was approved by the Board of Managers 


at its meeting on February 15. 


Estimated Receipts 


Dues of members and fellows 
Investment income 


Reimbursements for grants-in-aid (AAAS) 
Miscellaneous 


Total 


ee ee) 


Journal (subscriptions, back issues, reprints) 


SPSS eee) Sipe) eee apes tee) 6, 2 00 e's (8) ae te; ee 6 © jo «. \@ \6\.8 (0. @ (0 © 6 '0 @« © © 60 « @ €e 6 6 © © « 6 


Amount 


$10,000 
6,000 
4,000 
600 
300 


$20,900 


eee eee ee ec ee we ewe we we eH he Oh Oe we ew 


Estimated Expenses 


Journal (printing, reprints, etc.) 
Headquarters office 
Operations 
Typewriter 
Cabinets 


Meetings 


PMisSenoeniistt: wie... widis .(.) pa. 


Program 
Grants-in-aid (AAAS) 


Contribution to Joint Board 


Total 


oeee ee ce ee ee ee we ew ee eH eH ew ee ew wo © 


| 


eoeere eee ee ee we we ee ee ee ee ee he we we 


Miscellaneous committee and Board expenses 


@; ol eye (6) s 6) © 6% .€) 8 0 (6, @ (oe oe 0 68 © © 8) © is) o's: 


300 
1,000 
$20,900 


Annual Report of Secretary for 1967 


The “Academy Proceedings” sections of 
the regular issues of the Journal constitute 
a detailed record of the activities of the 
Academy. The Directory Issue (September 
1967) should be consulted for a complete 
list of standing and special committees, 
statistics on the membership, and _ the 
officers of affiliated organizations. 

Membership. During the 1967 calendar 
year, 18 new members and 41 new fellows 
completed membership requirements. Six 


Marcu, 1968 


of the latter were elevations from member 
to fellow. On December 31 the Academy 
records listed 1260 persons as follows: res- 
ident fellows 820, nonresident fellows 159, 
resident members 115, nonresident 
members 9, emeriti 159. 
The following deaths were reported to 

the Academy in 1967: 

T. G. Andrews 

Morris K. Barrett 

L. V. Berkner 


99 


Watson Davis 

Lewis K. Downing 
Henry G. Ferguson 
Edward H. Graham 
Carl C. Kiess 

Clyde E. Leighty 
Albert V. H. Masket 
Donald B. McMullen 
Atherton H. Mears 
David L. Mills 
Edward J. Osten 
Frank H. H. Roberts 
Irena Z. Roberts 
Raymond L. Sanford 
Claude E. Schaeffer 
Henry W. Schoenborn 
Francis B. Silsbee 
Ralph P. Tittsler 
Arthur Q. Tool 

J. B. Umpleby 
George P. Walton 
Alan T. Waterman 
Alfred G. Zimermann 


Meetings. The Academy held seven reg- 
ular monthly meetings. Retiring President 
John K. Taylor addressed the 502nd meet- 
ing in February on “Problem Areas in 
Professional Employment.” 

In March, Donald M. MacArthur of the 
Office of the Secretary of Defense dis- 
cussed “Project Hindsight,” a Department 
of Defense study to determine how science 
and technology were used in advanced 
weapons systems. The address was pub- 
lished in the April issue of the Journal. 

Edward McCrensky, of the United Na- 
tions Bureau of Technical Assistance 
Operations, discussed “Scientists in the 
Public Service of the World” at the 504th 
meeting in April; the address was pub- 
lished in the December issue of the Jour- 
nal. The May meeting heard Winston H. 
Starks discuss “Electronics as a Means for 
the Advancement of Biomedical Re- 
search”; the address was published in the 
January 1968 issue of the Journal. 

The 506th meeting in October was a 
joint meeting of the Junior and Senior 
Academies, at which Senior Academy 


members provided counseling services to 
students on Science Fair projects. It was 
attended by about 150 students. 

In November the Academy heard Dale 
W. Jenkins, of the National Aeronautics 
and Space Administration, discuss “Per- 
spectives in Space and Planetary Biology.” 
There was no December meeting. 

The Academy’s Annual Awards Dinner 
was held as the 508th meeting in January, 
1968. Six Washington area scientists were 
honored for outstanding achievements in 
science and in the teaching of science. The 
speaker, Henry van Zile Hyde, discussed 
“The Doctor in the World.” 


Monograph. The Academy published its 
third monograph, “Oxygen and Oxidation 
—Theories and Techniques in the 19th 
Century and Early Part of the 20th,” by 
Dr. Eduard Farber. 

Junior Academy. The Washington Jun- 
ior Academy of Sciences is a leader among 
the nation’s junior academies. Annual ex- 
cursions to Philadelphia and New York 
City museums and similar points of scien- 
tific interest are sponsored by the Junior 
Academy and are ordinarily attended by 
800 to 900 high school students. Its Jan- 
uary meeting, attended by 300 students, 
heard a discussion of summer employment 
opportunities for high school students. The 
February meeting was a joint meeting 
with the Chemical Society of Washington. 
At its annual awards dinner in April, the 
Junior Academy honored 40 young high 
school students for their achievements in 
science. 

New Affiliations and Bylaw Changes. A 
proposal for the affiliation of the Washing- 
ton Section, Instrument Society of Ameri- 
ca, was approved by the members of the 
Academy in a ballot distributed in No- 
vember. This was the 35th local scientific 
organization to associate itself with the 
Academy. The Academy membership also 
approved a Bylaws amendment changing 
the annual meeting from January to May, 
and causing the terms of the officers of the 
Academy to end in May rather than Jan- 
uary. 


56 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Reassessment of Academy’s Role. To in- 
sure that the Academy is serving the 
Washington area scientific public in the 
most effective way possible, President 
Specht appointed a special committee to 
review the role of the Washington Acad- 
emy of Sciences in the scientific communi- 
ty. The Committee will reexamine the poli- 
cy on meetings in an effort to determine if 
the present practice meets today’s needs. 
Other activities suitable for the Academy 
will be examined. 


Journal. Volume 57 of the Journal of 
the Washington Academy of Sciences pub- 
lished 252 pages in 9 issues. In addition to 
approximately 13 feature articles, the 
Journal continues to publish “Academy 
Proceedings” as a regular feature, a meet- 
ings calendar, and other news of interest 
to the Washington scientific public. 

—R. P. Farrow, Secretary 


ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP 


The following persons were elected to 
fellowship in the Academy at the Board of 
Managers meeting on February 15: 


WITOLD M. BOGDANOWICZ, profes- 
sor, Catholic University, “in recognition of 
his contributions to integration and meas- 
ure theory, generalizing previous work.” 


Sponsors: W. W. Jacobs, S. H. Schot. 
WILLIAM S. BOWERS, JR., research 


entomologist, Insect Physiology Laborato- 
ry, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 
“in recognition of his significant con- 
tributions in the field of insect hormones.” 
Sponsors: Carl Lamanna, J. M. Mitchell, 
Jr: 


HENRY M. CATHEY, horticulturalist, 
Vegetables and Ornamentals Research 
Branch, Crops Research Division, Agricul- 
tural Research Service, USDA, “in recog- 
nition of important developments of chem- 
icals useful in the control of plant 
growth.” Sponsors: Carl Lamanna, R. W. 


Kreitlow, J. T. Presley. 


WILLIAM P. FLATT, Energy Metabo- 
lism Laboratory, Dairy Cattle Research 


Marcu, 1968 


Branch, Animal Husbandry Research Di- 
vision, Agricultural Research Service, US- 
DA, “in recognition of his significant 
work leading to understanding of energy 
metabolism in cattle.” Sponsors: Carl La- 


manna, R. W. Kreitlow, J. T. Presley. 
DANIEL R. FLYNN, physicist, National 


Bureau of Standards, “in recognition of 
his superior advances in methods of meas- 
uring the thermal conductivity of metals.” 


Sponsors: H. E. Robinson, J. L. Torgesen, 
J. A. Bennett. 


CYRIL J. GALVIN, JR., oceanographer, 
Army Coastal Engineering Research Center 
and assistant to chief, Oceanographic 
Branch, “in recognition of his work and 
contributions in the fields of earth sciences 
and oceanography, particularly relating to 
advancement of knowledge in sediment 
transport and the generation of longshore 
currents by wave action.’ Sponsors: 


T. Saville, Jr., J. M. Caldwell. 


MARTIN ‘E. GLICKSMAN, research 
metallurgist, Metal Physics Branch, Metal- 
lurgy Division, Naval Research Laborato- 
ry, “in recognition of his outstanding con- 
tributions to the field of solidification and 
crystal growth in metals.” Sponsors: R. E. 


Wood, G. T. Faust. 
NATHAN GORDON, chemist, Depart- 


ment of the Army, “in recognition of his 
contributions to the chemistry of pesti- 
cides, and in particular his researches on 
methods of analysis for the herbicides 2,4- 
D and 2,4,5-T.” Sponsors: T. H. Harris, 
M.S. Schechter, A. J. Shanahan. 


IRWIN HORNSTEIN, chief, Food Qual- 
ity and Use Laboratory, Human Nutrition 
Research Division, Agricultural Research 
Service, USDA, “in recognition of his con- 
tributions to flavor research: in particular 
his research on meat flavor that has estab- 
lished the nature of the precursor systems 
responsible for meat flavor, the source of 
differences in the flavor of meat from dif- 
ferent animal species, and the nature of 
some of the volatile compounds responsible 
for meat flavors.” Sponsors: M. S. Beroza, 


A. M. Pommer. 


o7 


ROYAL B. KELLOG, research associate 


professor, Institute for Fluid Dynamics 


and Applied Mathematics, University of 


Maryland, “in recognition of his work in 
numerical analysis and the light it has 
thrown on physical problems.” Sponsors: 


W. W. Jacobs, S. H. Schot. 
AUSTIN LONG, geochemist, Radiation 


Biology Laboratory, Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, “in recognition of his contributions 
to geochronology, particularly in the de- 
velopment of new techniques for carbon-14 
dating and its application to paleoclimatol- 
ogy.” Sponsors: W. Shropshire, R. L. 
Weintraub. 


WENDELL V. MICKEY, geophysicist 
and chief, Vibration and Engineering 
Projects Branch, Seismology Division, 
Coast and Geodetic Survey, “in recogni- 
tion of his contributions to seismology and 
in particular his researches on the seismic 
effects of high-energy source releases such 
as nuclear detonations and large-scale mis- 
sile launches.” Sponsors: L. M. Murphy, 
C. A. Whitten. 


HANS J. OSER, chief, Mathematical 
Physics Section, Applied Mathematics Di- 
vision, National Bureau of Standards, “in 
recognition of his highly significant math- 
ematical solution to the physical sciences.” 


Sponsors: W. W. Jacobs, S. H. Schot. 
EDWARD D. PALIK, research physi- 


cist, Naval Research Laboratory, “in rec- 
ognition of his magneto-optical investiga- 
tions of energy band _ structures of 
semiconductors.” Sponsors: R. E. Wood, 


G. T. Faust. 
GLENN W. PATTERSON, assistant pro- 


fessor, Department of Botany, University 
of Maryland, “in recognition of distin- 
guished research in the biochemistry of 


lipid and sterol synthesis in plants.” Spon- 
sors: Carl Lamanna, J. M. Mitchell, Jr. 


JOHN C. REED, JR., chief, Eastern 
States Branch, Geological Survey, “in rec- 
ognition of his many and wideranging 
contributions to the geological sciences.” 


Sponsors: R. E. Wood, G. T. Faust. 


FRANK S. SANTAMOUR, JR., research 


geneticist, National Arboretum, “in recog- 


nition of his contributions to tree genetics 


and in particular for his research on the 
cytological and biochemical aspects of tree 
improvement.” Sponsors: H. A. Fowells, 


S. B. Detwiler, Jr., G. W. Irving, Jr. 
JAMES F. SCHOOLEY, Cryogenic 


Physics Section, National Bureau of Stand- 
ards, “in recognition of his distinguished 
research in cryogenics, notably in studies 
of semiconductor superconductors.” Spon- 


sors: R. E. Wood, G. T. Faust. 
PETER J. VAN SOEST, chemist, Nutri- 


tion Investigations, Dairy Cattle Research 
Branch, Animal Husbandry Research Divi- 
sion, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 
“in recognition of his contributions to ani- 
mal husbandry, and development of chemi- 
cal methods for evaluating animal feeds 
and forage.” Sponsors: Carl Lamanna, 


K. W. Kreitlow, J. T. Presley. 
LESZEK J. WOLFRAM, group leader, 


Gillette Research Institute, “in recognition 
of his contributions to understanding of 
the structure and chemistry of natural 
fibers, particularly wool and hair.” Spon- 


sors: R. E. Wood, G. T. Faust. 
DANIEL B. LLOYD, professor of math- 


ematics, D. C. Teachers College, “in recog- 
nition of his contributions to mathematical 
education and his research on the theory, 
applications, and computational techniques 
for the factorization of the general polyno- 
mial.”” Sponsors: J. K. Taylor, R. W. 
Moller, M. Goldberg. 


WALTER E. STEIDLE, specialist for 
science, U. S. Office of Education, “in rec- 
ognition of his many significant con- 
tributions to science education.” Sponsors: 


K. C. Johnson, R. W. Mebs, H. B. Owens. 


ELECTIONS TO MEMBERSHIP 


The following persons were elected to 
membership in the Academy by action of 
the Committee on Membership in Febru- 
ary 1968: 


98 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


CHARLES W. BUGGS, professor and 
chairman, Department of Microbiology, 
College of Medicine, Howard University. 


CHARLES A. BLANK, physical scien- 
tist, Defense Atomic Support Agency. 


HOWARD DeVORE,- mechanical en- 


gineer, Naval Ordnance Laboratory. 


JAMES E. FEARN, chemist, Polymer 
Chemistry Section, National Bureau of 


Standards. 
CONRAD M. SEEBOTH, teacher and 


assistant to mathematics supervisor, Math- 
ematics Department, Board of Education, 


Upper Marlboro, Md. 
GNANAMONY J. THABARAJ, gradu- 


ate research assistant, School of Civil En- 
gineering, Oklahoma State University, 
Stillwater, Oklahoma. 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES 


January 


The Board of Managers held its 590th 
meeting on January 18, 1968, at the Cos- 
mos Club, with President Specht presiding. 

The minutes of the 589th meeting were 
approved as previously distributed, with a 
minor correction. 


Secretary. Secretary Farrow presented a 
listing of changes in the membership dur- 
ing calendar year 1967. This showed 32 
resignations, 9 persons dropped, 16 per- 
sons transferred to emeritus status, and 26 
persons deceased. An informal count as of 
December 31, 1967, showed a total mem- 
bership of 1260 persons. 


Treasurer, Treasurer Cook presented his 
annual report for calendar year 1967, 
showing income of $27,081 (including 
$6,775 for dues applicable to 1968); ex- 
penses of $18,818; checking balance on 
December 31, $8325; capital assets on De- 
cember 31, $93,973 (market value). (For 
detailed report see February Journal, page 


38.) 


Marcu, 1968 


Executive Committee. Dr. Cook reported 
that at its meeting on January 15, the 
Committee had given preliminary consid- 
eration to the 1968 budget. He asked the 
chairmen of committees involved in the ex- 
penditure of funds to send in their esti- 
mates of 1968 expenses, so that a budget 
could be prepared for consideration at the 
February Board meeting. Mr. Detwiler in- 
dicated that Journal expenses would be 
about the same as in 1967. Pending pas- 
sage of the budget, the Board adopted a 
continuing resolution to permit needed ex- 
penditures. 

The Board approved the Committee’s 
recommendation of a $100 fee as the life 
membership dues for Grover C. Sherlin, 
and a $50 life fellowship fee for Marion 
M. Davis. It was suggested that a system- 
atic schedule of dues for life fellowship or 
membership be prepared, based on actuar- 
ial considerations. 

Membership. As provided in the Bylaws, 
Academy award winners Marie M. Cas- 
sidy, Robert D. Cutkosky, and Leon 
Greenberg were elected to _ fellowship. 
Their dues, and those of three award win- 
ners who were already Academy fellows 
(Charles S. Tidball, Charles W. Misner, 
and Raymond A. Galloway), were remit- 
ted for one year. 

E. O. Haenni, new delegate from the 
Chemical Society of Washington, was 
elected to fellowship. 

Ad Hoc Committee for Review of Acad- 
emy Activities. Chairman Stern presented 
an outline of the topics under review by 
his Committee. A primary conclusion of 
the Committee is that the monthly meeting 
schedule should not be abandoned until al- 
ternative formats have been tested for 
member interest. The meeting location has 
been extensively discussed; American Uni- 
versity, Georgetown University, the Carne- 
vie Institution, the Smithsonian, the Na- 
tional Academy, and the Archives are 
among locations under consideration. A 
question for the Board to consider is, 
Should the meetings always be in the same 
place? The Committee recommended that 


39 


a schedule of meetings be prepared for the 
entire year and published in the September 
issue of the Journal. 

Several types of meetings are under 
discussion, including interdisciplinary lec- 
tures; semi-popular lectures; “conversa- 
ziones”; symposia; and meetings sponsored 
jointly with an affiliated society. 

Several Board members commented that 
many different formats should be tried. 
Dr. Fowells said that the Foresters hold 
luncheon meetings which draw about 100 
out of a total of 400 members. 

The format for the annual meeting in 
May was discussed. It was decided to re- 
serve the May meeting for the annual pres- 
idential address, and to have a dinner in 
conjunction with the meeting. 

The Committee also that 
specific invitations might be sent to affiliat- 
ed societies when a meeting topic is of spe- 


suggested 


cial interest. Similar invitations could be 
sent to peripheral science groups, for ex- 
ample, the Astronomers. A survey of such 
groups is needed. 

Additional Academy activities under 
discussion include study groups for con- 
tinuing education, and groups for special 
scientific or public service projects. Dr. 
Stern reported that his group would con- 
tinue its review of Academy activities and 


report further to the Board at a later meet- 
ing. 

Grants-in-Aid. Chairman Sherlin report- 
ed that the IEEE had taken under consid- 
eration the previously-reported request 
from a local high school group for assist- 
ance in constructing a radio station. IEEE 
decided not to support the project finan- 
cially; however, it suggested the names of 
individuals who would be willing to pro- 
vide advice to the students. 


Tellers. For the Committee of Tellers, 
Mr. Detwiler reported the results of the 
ballot counting on January 5, in the an- 
nual mail election of officers. George W. 
Irving, Jr., was elected president-elect; Ri- 
chard P. Farrow was re-elected secretary ; 
and Richard K. Cook was re-elected treas- 
urer. Lawrence M. Kushner and Allen L. 
Alexander were elected managers-at-large 
for three-year terms. 

New business. The Virginia Academy 
has again requested that the Washington 
Academy review papers submitted for 
prize awards sponsored by the Virginia 
Academy. A similar service was performed 
two years ago. Dr. Forziati agreed to orga- 
nize a series of review panels to critically 
examine and comment on the papers. It 
was recommended that a February 15 
deadline be established for receipt of the 
papers. . 


60 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Science in Washington 


CALENDAR OF EVENTS 


Notices of meetings for this column may 
be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George 
Washington University School of Medi- 
cine, 1331 H St., N.W., Washington, D.C., 
20005, by the first Wednesday of the 
month preceding the date of issue of the 
Journal. 


Mareh 14—Consortium of Universi- 
ties of the Washington Metropoli- 
tan Area and the Smithsonian In- 
stitution 


Seminar in Developmental Biology. 


F. C. Steward, Laboratory for Cell 
Physiology, Growth and Development, 
New York State College of Agriculture, 
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., “Cell and 
Tissue Culture in Plants: Its Significance 
for Morphogenesis.” 

Auditorium, Museum of History and 


Technology, Constitution Ave. between 
12th and 14th Sts., N. W., 7:30 p.m. 


March 15—Philosophical Society of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 


John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 
8:15 p.m. 


Mareh 18—Acoustical 


America 


Society of 


Speaker to be announced. 


National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


March 19—Sigma Delta Epsilon 
(Graduate Women’s Scientific Fra- 
ternity ) 


“A Woman Scientist Looks at her 
Boss.” Round table with bosses. 
Dinner meeting. For time and _ place, 


telephone 331-6587. 


Marcu, 1968 


March 19—Society of American Mili- 
tary Engineers 


Speaker to be announced. 


Ft. Myer Officers Club, 11:30 a.m. 


March 19—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 
March 20—American Meteorological 
Society 
Speaker to be announced. 
National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


Mareh 20—-Insecticide 
Washington 


Society of 


Speaker to be announced. 


Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium, 
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m. 


March 20—University of Maryland 
Astronomy Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


March 20—Washington Society of 


Engineers 


An engineer in the Forest Service Divi- 
sion of Engineering will speak about engi- 
neering in the Forest Service. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., noon. 


March 21—Consortium of Universi- 
ties of the Washington Metropoli- 
tan Area and the Smithsonian In- 
stitution 


Seminar in Developmental Biology. 


John Tyler Bonner, Department of Biol- 


61 


ogy, Princeton University, “Morphogene- 

sis in the Cellular Slime Molds.” 
Auditorium, Museum of History and 

Technology, Constitution Ave. between 


12th and 14th Sts., N.W., 7:30 p.m. 


March 22—Helminthological Society 
of Washington 


Joseph K. Adaramola, Howard Univer- 
sity, “Oxygen Uptake by Trypanosoma 
lewist Grown in Young and Old Rats.” 

Mohamed S. El Helu, Howard Univer- 
sity, “Oxygen Uptake by Trypanosoma 
lewist Grown in Albino and Black Rats.” 

John I. Bruce, Howard University, “Me- 
tabolism of Glycolytic and Citric Acid In- 
termediates in Cercariae and Schisotosom- 
ules of Schistosoma mansoni.” 


G. Riou, Institut Gustave, Roussy, 
France, “Electronmicroscopic Study of 
Kinetoplastic DNA from Trypanosoma 
cruzi.” 


Reena Fried, Lafayette College, Eas-_ 


ton, Pa., “A Look at Tropical Medicine in 
Central America and Mexico.” 


Biology Building, Howard University, 


8:00 p.m. 


March 26—American Society for Mi- 
crobiology 


Graduate student night. 


Richard Mageau, University of Mary- 
land, “Studies on the Pathogenicity of 
Gaffkya tetragena.” 

Edwin Murphy, Jr., George Washington 
University, “Some Studies on Mycobacte- 
rial Antigens.” 

John Hooks, Catholic University, “Stud- 
ies on the Uptake of Interferon.” 

R. V. Citarella, Georgetown University, 
“Nucleic Acid Homology of the Genus Vi- 


brio.” 


Yong Ki Lee, American University,. 


“Curing of Lysogeny in Staphylococcus 
aureus.” 

Joy Ozer, Georgetown University, “A 
Possible Cellular Role for beta-Lactamase 
Involvement in Cell Wall Metabolism Dur- 
ing Spore Maturation.” 

Howard University, 8:00 p.m. 


March 26—Georgetown University 
Biology Department Seminar 


Sidney W. Fox, Institute of Molecular 
Evolution, University of Miami, “Self-As- 
sembly of a Model Protocell from Self-Or- 
dered Polymer.” 

Reiss Science Building, Room 112, 
Georgetown University, 4:30 p.m. 


March 26—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


March 27—Geological 
Washington 


Society of 


Speaker to be announced. 


John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00 


p-m. 


March 27—University of Maryland 


Astronomy Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


March 28—American Society of Me- 
chanical Engineers 


Program to be announced. 


PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N.W., 
8:00 p.m. 


Mareh 28—Consortium of Universi- 
ties of the Washington Metropoli- 
tan Area and the Smithsonian In- 
stitution 


Seminar in Developmental Biology. 


Allison L. Burnett, Biological Laborato- 
ry, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 
Ohio, “Problems of Growth and Regenera- 
tion in Hydra—The Acquisition and Mo- 
bility of the Differentiated State.” 

Auditorium, Museum of History and 


Technology, Constitution Ave. between 


12th and 14th Sts., N.W., 7:30 p.m. 


62 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


March 28—Society for Experimental 
Biology and Medicine 


Mihaly Bartolos, clinical assistant pro- 
fessor of pediatrics, medical geneticist, 
Howard University Medical School, mod- 
erator. Topic: “Inherited Metabolic Dis- 
eases.” 

Panelists : 

Donald Tschudy, Metabolism Branch, 
National Cancer Institute, “Biochemical 
Aspects of Acute Intermittant Porphyria.” 

Mary Bazelon, associate director, Clini- 
cal Research Center, Children’s Hospital, 
“Administration of 5-Hydroxytryptophan 
in Down’s Syndrome.” 

Javis Seegmiller, chief, Human Biochem- 
ical Genetics Branch, National Institute 
of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, NIH, 
“An Inherited Abnormality of Purine Me- 
tabolism Associated with Neurological Dis- 
function and a Compulsive Behavior.” 

Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re- 
search Institute, Naval Medical Center, 
Bethesda, Maryland, 8:00 p.m. 


March 29—Philosophical Society of 
Washington 


Speaker to be announced. 


John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 
8:15 p.m. 


April 1 and 2—American Ceramic 
Society 


Continuing Education Symposium. 
National Bureau of Standards. 


April 2—Botanical Society of Wash- 

ington 

Richard H. Eyde, associate curator, Di- 
vision of Plant Anatomy, Smithsonian In- 
stitution, “The Search for the Ancestry of 
the Dogwoods.” 

Administration Building, National Ar- 
boretum, 8:00 p.m. 


April 2—University 
Physics Colloquium 


of Maryland 


Speaker to be announced. 


Marcu, 1968 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


April 3—Institute of Electrical and 
Electronics Engineers, Electronic 
Computers Group 


Speaker to be announced. 


PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N.W., 
8:15 p.m. 


April 3—University of Maryland As- 
tronomy Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


April 3—Washington Society of En- 
gineers 


George Morehead, D.C. Department of 
Sanitary Engineering, “The Dulles: Inter- 
ceptor Sewer.” 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00 


p.m. 


April 4—Consortium of Universities 
of the Washington Metropolitan 
Area and the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion 
Seminar in Developmental Biology. 


Marcus Singer, Department of Anatomy, 
School of Medicine, Western Reserve Uni- 
versity, Cleveland, Ohio, “The Role of the 
Nerve in Regeneration of Body Parts in 
the Vertebrate.” 

Auditorium, Museum of History and 
Technology, Constitution Ave. between 


12th and 14th Sts., N.W., 7:30 p.m. 


April 4—Electrochemical Society 


H. H. Uhlig, Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology, “Corrosion Research.” 

Beeghly Chemistry Building, American 
University, 8:00 p.m. 


April 4—Entomological 


Washington 


Society of 


Speaker to be announced. 


Room 43, Natural History Building, 


63 


Smithsonian Institution, 8:00 p.m. 


April 4—Institute of Electrical and 
Electronics Engineers, Geoscience 
Electronics Group 


Speaker to be announced. 


PEPCO Building, 929 E St., N.W., 8:00 


p-m. 
April 8—American Society for Metals 
Family night. 


Neil F. Lamb, National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration, “A Round Trip to 
the Moon.” 

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House, 
1500 S. Joyce St., Arlington, Va., social 
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 8:00 
p-m. 


April 8—Institute of Electrical and 
Electronics Engineers 


Speaker to be announced; general sub-— 


ject, “Licensing and Regulation of Nuclear 
Power Plant Reactors.” 


PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, 


N.W., 8:00 p.m. 

April 9—American Society of Civil 
Engineers 
Speaker to be announced. 


YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon. 
Luncheon meeting. For reservations, 


phone Mr. Furen, 521-5600, ext. 4470. 


April 9—University 
Physics Colloquium 


of Maryland 


Speaker to be announced. 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


April 10—Geological Society of 
Washington 


Speaker to be announced. 


John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 
08:00 p.m. 


April 10—Institute 
nologists 


of Food Tech- 


Speaker to be announced. 


1133 


National Canners Association, 


20th St., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 
April 11—Chemical Society of Wash- 


ington 

Main speaker: Paul Bartlett, professor 
of chemistry, Harvard University, “Mecha- 
nisms of Cycloaddition Reactions.” 

Howard University, 8:15 p.m. 

Topical groups: 

Charles N. Reilley, professor of chemis- 
try, University of North Carolina, “Elec- 
trochemistry Using Thin-Layer Cells.” 

Arthur Patchett, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, 
“Some Structural Modification Studies on 
Estrogens.” 

Bodie E. Douglas, professor of chemis- 
try, University of Pittsburgh, “Circular 
Dichroism Studies of the Stereochemistry 
of Coordination Compounds.” 

William Klemperer, professor of chemis- 
try, Harvard University, “Molecular Beam 
Electric Resonance Spectra.” 

Howard University, 5:00 p.m.; social 
hour, 6:00 p.m., dinner 7:00 p.m. 


April 12—Philosophical Society of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 


mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 
8:15 p.m. 


April 16—Society of American Mili- 
tary Engineers 
Thomas D. Morris, Assistant Secretary 
of Defense (Installations and Logistics) ; 


subject to be announced. 


Ft. Myer Officers Club, 11:30 a.m. 

April 16—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


64 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


April 17—University of Maryland As- 
tronomy Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 


Contributions to this column may be ad- 
dressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate Edi- 
tor, c/o Department of Agriculture, Agri- 
cultural Research Service, Federal Center 


Building, Hyattsville, Maryland. 


AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 


GEORGE W. IRVING, JR., opened the 
20th Anniversary Symposium on Photo- 
periodism at the Plant Industry Station, 
Beltsville, Maryland, on January 26, 1968. 
Dr. Irving also spoke before the Propeller 
Club of the United States and introduced a 
plant and animal quarantine motion pic- 
ture “Among Your Souvenirs” on January 


11, 1968. 


A. M. POMMER was appointed delegate 
to the Washington Academy of Sciences 
by the Washington Section, Instrument So- 
ciety of America. 


L. D. CHRISTENSON retired December 
1, 1967 from the position of chief of the 
Fruit and Vegetable Insects Research 
Branch, Entomology Research Division, 


ARS. 
C. H. HOFFMANN, Entomology Re- 


search Division, ARS, spoke before an 
open joint meeting of the Western Agricul- 
tural Chemicals Association, Pacific 
Northwest Vegetable Insects Conference, 
Western Cooperative Spray Project, and 
the Northwest Conference, on January 10, 
1968, at Portland, Oregon. The title of his 
talk was “What Does the USDA Forsee on 
Policy and Procedures of Integrated Con- 
trol?” 


GILLETTE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 
ARNOLD M. SOOKNE, a vice president 


of GRI and manager of Harris Research 


Marcu, 1968 


Laboratories, has accepted a United Na- 
tions appointment in Israel as_ technical 
advisor on textile research programs for a 
3-month period which began in mid Feb- 
ruary. Mr. Sookne will be stationed at the 
Institute for Fibres and Forest Products 
Research in Jerusalem. 


ANTHONY M. SCHWARTZ was elected 
chairman for 1968-69 of Committee D-12 
on Soaps and Other Detergents of the 
American Society for Testing and Materi- 
als in recognition of his leadership and 
contributions in the development of tests 
and standards for surfactants. 


NATIONAL BUREAU OF 
STANDARDS 


JOHN D. HOFFMAN was presented the 
1967 Samuel Wesley Stratton Award and 
FORREST K. HARRIS the 1967 Edward 
Bennett Rosa Award in ceremonies Jan- 
uary 5 in the Green Auditorium at NBS 
Gaithersburg. ‘The Stratton Award is given 
each year for outstanding scientific engi- 
neering achievements in support of the 
NBS mission by a member of the staff. 
The Rosa Award is presented annually for 
outstanding achievement in the develop- 
ment of standards of practice. With each 
award goes a $1,500 honorarium and a 
bronze plaque. 


JOAN R. ROSENBLATT of the Statisti- 
cal Engineering Laboratory has been elect- 
ed a Fellow of the American Statistical As- 
sociation for her contribution to the field 
of systems reliability theory, pioneering 
work in the application of statistical meth- 
ods in the physical sciences and for dis- 
tinctive service to the statistical profession 
as officer, organizer, editor, writer and lec- 
turer. 

NORMAN BEKKEDAHL retired De- 
cember 29 after 39 years of Government 
service. Dr. Bekkedahl was named chief of 
the Polymer Structure Section in 1954, 
and since 1963 he has been deputy chief 


of Polymer Division. 


J. F. SWINDELLS, assistant chief for 


65 


Thermometry of the Heat Division, retired 
December 29 after 40 years of service at 
the Bureau. 


SANFORD B. NEWMAN has been ap- 
pointed chief of the Materials Evaluation 
Laboratory Division. He succeeds ROB- 
ERT B. HOBBS, who has become assistant 
director of the Division of Tests and Tech- 
nical Control at the Government Printing 
Office. 

Foreign talks have been given as fol- 
lows: R. G. BATES—“FEquilibrium Prop- 
erties of Acids and Bases in Amphiprotic 
Mixed Solvents,” Symposium on Equilibri- 
um and Reaction Kinetics in Hydrogen- 
Bonded Solvent Systems, University of 
Newcastle upon Tyne, England, January 
11; and “Meaning and Standardization of 
pH Measurements,” Unilever Research 
Laboratory, Port Sunlight, Cheshire, Eng- 
land on January 15, and Bedford, Eng- 
land, January 16. 


SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT 


The bottom of the South Pacific, a vast 
area of the globe virtually unexplored un- 
til recently, has many more undersea 
mountains and plateaus than was previous- 
ly reported, according to the Environ- 
mental Science Services Administration. 

Furthermore, ESSA oceanographers re- 
vealed, many portions of the South Pacific 
are deeper than had been thought and are 
marked with some unusual features for 
which explanations are not yet available. 

These include giant fractures of the 
ocean floor, created years ago by the rest- 
less earth. These South Pacific fractures 
extend in a north-south direction, rather 
than the east-west direction which charac- 
terizes such splits in the bottom in the 
North Pacific. 

The discoveries are based on data gath- 
ered by the oceanographic survey ship 
OCEANOGRAPHER of ESSA’s Coast and 
Geodetic Survey during her recently con- 
cluded global expedition. 

Preliminary studies of data gathered 


during the South Pacific leg of the trip 
reveal the following: 

1. Twenty-five previously unreported 
submerged mountains (sea-mounts) were 
located. Eleven ranged in height from 
about 6,000 to 10,800 feet, or one to two 
miles above the sea floor. 

2. In a number of areas, the sea floor 
had been uplifted and was characterized by 
a series of step-like features extending in 
what appeared to be a north-south direc- 
tion. These steps ranged from 900 to 1200 
feet in height. In each instance, seamounts 
were found alongside these steps on the 
side where the seabed had been uplifted. 

3. Portions of the South Pacific ocean 
basin were found to be generally deeper, 
by as much as 3000 feet, than had pre- 
viously been known from data published 
on nautical charts. 

4. A mountain range about 180 miles 
wide was located west of the crest of the 
East Pacific Rise, a major underwater 
ridge which extends alongside the west 
coasts of South and Central America and 
underneath California. The ESSA scien- 
tists said the ridge may represent the 
southeastward extension of the submerged 
Austral Seamount Chain, which extends 
east from the Fiji and Samoan Islands to- 
ward South America. 


5. Various unreported “rock areas” 
were found, some of them rising to within 
1800 feet of the surface. 


6. Another rock mass, a seamount re- 
corded on nautical charts as rising 40 feet 
above sea level, was found to be non-exist- 
ent at the location given for it, 32° 15’S. 
89°05’W. The OCEANOGRAPHER 
crossed over the specified position, but no 
indication of Podesta Island, as it is 
known, was found. 

The 24-day survey covered about 5400 
miles from a position about 350 miles 
north of Wellington, New Zealand (the 
Kermadec Trench) to the continental shelf 
off Valparaiso, Chile. The ship crossed the 
South Pacific at the 35° South parallel. 


66 JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


The U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 
Ship DISCOVERER is now engaged in a 
three-month, 20,000-mile expedition, gath- 
ering information from the depths of the 
South Atlantic. The expedition is part of a 
long-range deep-sea scientific program by 
the Environmental Science Services Ad- 
ministration. 


During February and March, as part of 
its geophysical investigations off the west 
coast of Africa, the DISCOVERER will 
search for evidence that the continent 
might once have been connected to North 
America as part of an ancient superconti- 
nent. According to the continental drift 
theory, the continents are constantly drift- 
ing in the earth’s mantle, the part of the 
earth’s interior which rests above the mol- 
ten central core. 


Among the scientists who espouse this 
theory, some believe there was once a sin- 
gle supercontinent called Panagea (univer- 
sal continent) ; others that there were two, 
referred to as Gondwana and Laurasia. 
The supporters of the two-continent theory 
believe that Gondwana was composed of 
Australia, Antarctica, India, South Ameri- 
ca, Africa, Malagasy, and various sub- 
merged fragments, while Laurasia consist- 
ed of North America and Eurasia. 


The DISCOVERER’s survey off west 
Africa will be along the 1200-mile edge of 
the continent between Dakar and Abidjan. 
Sub-bottom penetration soundings will be 
made along the 1000-fathom (6000-foot) 
isobath or contour line, using a seismic 
reflection profiler which will detect the 
geologic structure below the sea bottom. 


The purpose is to try to match the conti- 
nents at a point halfway between the sur- 
face of the continents and the deep sea. 
The 24-mile-high continental slopes which 
connect the continental shelves with the 
deep-sea floor are the true geologic bound- 
aries of the continents. 


If the Panagea concept of one supercon- 
tinent is correct, then the DISCOVERER 
should find evidence linking Africa to 
North America. The bulge of Africa 


Marcu, 1968 


around Dakar would fit in a jigsaw puzzle 
manner into southeastern United States 
from about Cape Hatteras to Florida and 
then outside of the Bahama Islands. 

On the other hand, evidence that the 
area around Abidjan fits against north- 
eastern Brazil off the Amazon River, 
would tend to support the two continent 
theory. 


A contract for eleven high-powered 
weather radars has been awarded by the 
Environmental Science Services Adminis- 
tration as part of the Natural Disaster 
Warning System to improve detection and 
warning of tornadoes, hurricanes, snow- 
storms, and other environmental hazards. 

The radar instruments are scheduled for 
installation within the next 18 months in 
the vicinity of Garden City, Kansas; 
Grand Island, Nebraska; Midland, Texas; 
San Antonio, Texas (at © Hondo); 
Springfield, Missouri (at Monett); Way- 
cross, Georgia; Nashville, Tennessee; 
Green Bay, Wisconsin; Denver, Colorade; 
Medford, Oregon; and Bristol, Virginia/ 
Tennessee. 

The new radars will improve weather 
service by providing ESSA-Weather Bu- 
reau forecasters with continuous surveil- 
lance of the location, intensity, and move- 
ment of severe storms and heavy rain or 
snow within a radius of more than 100 
miles. Weather radar vastly extends the 
area which can be observed from a single 
location and supplies vital information for 
public weather warnings and for short- 
range forecasts for air routes, airports, 
and metropolitan areas. 

Purchase and installation of the eleven 
new instruments is a major step in the na- 
tionwide Natural Disaster Warning (NAD- 
WARN) system, a plan instituted by ES- 
SA to improve detection, warning, and 
community preparedness for the multitude 
of hazards the environment presents. 


The most realistic prospect for reducing 
sonic boom from supersonic aircraft lies 


67 


in successive small reductions brought 
about by refinements in conventional air- 
craft design, a- better understanding of 
theory, and improvements in propulsive 
efficiency and operating procedures, ac- 
cording to a report issued by the Nation- 
al Academy of Sciences. 


However, the report does not rule out 
the possibility that future aircraft designs 
may yield significant reductions in boom 
intensities and urges that studies be under- 
taken by both government and industry on 
less conventional configurations. 


The brief report, Generation and Prop- 
agation of Sonic Boom, was prepared by 
the Subcommittee on Research of the NAS 
Committee on the SST-Sonic Boom. The 
committee was established in 1964 at the 
request of President Johnson to study the 
effects of sonic boom as they relate to the 
development of supersonic transport in the 
United States. | 


Although the subcommittee feels much 
outstanding sonic boom research has been 
accomplished, it singles out five areas that 
need additional study. 


Theoretical studies. More theoretical 
work on the generation and propagation of 
shock waves is needed together with a pro- 
gram of controlled experiments both in the 
laboratory and in nature. Especially in 
need of study is the travel of shock waves 
through the frequently turbulent layers of 
atmosphere nearest the ground, which may 


be responsible for many aberrations noted 
during field tests. 

Topographic effects. Hills, valleys, and 
tall buildings can reflect and focus the im- 
pinging shock waves, affecting boom inten- 
sity. The group finds present research on 
this aspect of sonic boom inadequate and 
urges as a first step the construction of a 
facility in which the impact of typical son- 
ic boom signatures on various types of to- 
pography may be simulated and studied in 
the laboratory. 

Effects of acceleration and maneuvers. 
The subcommittee recommends carefully 
controlled laboratory and flight tests to im- 
prove current ability to predict the ways 
in which sonic boom will be altered by 
changes in the speed and direction of an 
aircraft flying supersonically. 

Design studies. Studies of aircraft de- 
sign aimed at minimizing sonic boom 
effects should be carried on continuously 
by both government and industry, the 
group says. It urges that more attention be 
given to unconventional designs in future 
studies. 

Statistical compilations. Because there 
will exist for some time an imperfect un- 
derstanding of the details which help in 
predicting the occurrence of specific sonic 
boom signatures on the ground, the sub- 
committee emphasizes the need to gather 
enough additional field test data to insure 
the successful application of the latest sta- 
tistical techniques. 


68 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


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Volume 58 MARCH 1968 


CONTENTS 


W. F. Blair: U. S. Participation in the International Biological Program: ¥ 


. 


Contribution from the Archivist ee re eer Pree eae ee 


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T-Thougints 00.0.5... ceese ene ied Lcty abs cteh bey ALSO esd igy aE earn Wig 


Academy Proceedings : 
1068- Budget -.:..icncurccorieanineianecBiamnsihacasc tyne eta 
Annual Report of Secretary for 1967 el rh 


Elections to Fellowsliip ....<.:.::.:c-0.-sss-cetethesntterecsvin iia scares sthos ana Bie 
Elections to Membership... 1 ilod oldu ste: ae ou 
Board of Managers Meeting Notes (January) 0.000 2 ae 
Science in Washington 
Calendar of Everts. .....:0:cccisosseeetscqeassvet cxest sivas ayreah catesnapige anaeeinent i 
Scientists in the News .2........:.0sccssssssssessesnsssnteeseseaptoaandancteseanerd eh teanntaeg | - ae 
Science and Development ......:..<5.0:.cscrsescesstenecseenetserternennnagsereent nase fa! 7 


Washington Academy of Sciences 
1530—P St., N.W 


Washington, D.C., 20005 
Return equested with Form 3579 


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VOLUME 58 NUMBER 4 


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APRIL 1968 


Photoperiodism After 50 Years 


Sterling B. Hendricks 


Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural Research 
Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture 


The time was midsummer of 1918—the 
place then was the Arlington Experimental 
Farm of the U. S. Department of Agricul- 
ture near where the Pentagon building now 
stands. H. A. Allard and W. W. Garner 
were starting an experiment on Maryland 
Mammoth tobacco to see if its flowering 
really depended on the length of the day as 
their preliminary observations suggested. 
The results (1) showing the anticipated 
dependence were soon followed by similar 
findings on a soybean variety-and many 
other plant species. Through the ensuing 
years, photoperiodism has been intensively 
studied and many unexpected ramifica- 
tions have been found. To mark the 50th 
anniversary, a symposium on current find- 
ings was held by the Agricultural Research 
Service at Plant Industry Station, Belts- 
ville, Md., on January 26 and 27, 1968. 

Three main channels of discovery are 
now recognized in photoperiodism. The 
first is the ubiquity of the phenomenon in 
all plant and animal phyla. The other two 
are light and time dependencies implied 
respectively by “photo-” and “‘periodism.” 
Ubiquity was first sensed by Garner and 
Allard (1) who wrote “. . . in certain 
species of red algae, there is a definite 
periodicity in the appearance of sexual and 
asexual forms” and “. . . the animal orga- 
nism is capable of responding to the stimu- 
lus of certain day lengths. It has occurred 
to the writers that possibly the migration 
of birds furnishes an interesting illustra- 
tion of this response.” It remained, how- 
ever, for S. Marcovitch (2) in 1924 to 
prove the point in “The Migration of the 
Aphididae and the Appearance of the 
Sexual Forms as Affected by the Relative 


APRIL, 1968 


Length of Daily Light Exposure.” He was 
soon followed by W. Rowan (3) who wrote 
in 1926, “On Photoperiodism, Reproduc- 
tive Periodicity, and the Annual Migration 
of Birds and Certain Fishes.” A photo- 
periodic change in red algae, suspected by 
Garner and Allard in 1920, was not shown 
until 1967. The conchocelis phase of 
Porphyra tenera Kjillmn was found by 
M. J. Dring (4) to be induced by short- 
day conditions achieved by light interrup- 
tions of long-dark periods. 

In the 1968 symposium, Dora K. Hayes 
of the Entomology Research Division, 
Agricultural ‘Research Service, gave the 
first precise measurements on the breaking 
of diapause of insects by light. These re- 
sults (5) with diapausing larvae of the 
codling moth (Carpocapsa pomenella L.) 
and the Chinese oak silkworm (Antheraea 
pernyt Guer.) show a maximum response 
in the blue region of the spectrum, with 
several subsidiary maxima in the green and 
yellow and some action in the red near 630 
nm. Hayes discussed the way in which light 
action on the insect brain takes part in the 
hormonally determined responses leading 
to eclosion and metamorphosis. Results ob- 
tained in 1954 on gamete release from a 
Coelenterata (Hydractinia echinata), which 
were discussed by S. B. Hendricks, show a 
closely similar action spectrum to that of 
the codling moth and silkworm. Action 
maxima are in the regions expected for 
light aksorption by a porphyrin. 

The symposium dealt mostly with light 
control of plant development. Attention 
centered around the action of the blue 
chromoprotein phytochrome, which was 
recognized from physiological work in 


69 


1952 (6, 7) as determining the light con- 
trol. Phytochrome (P) is photolabile and 
can be changed by irradiation from a red 
(660 nm maximum) to a far-red (730 nm 
maximum) absorbing form. The far-red 
form, P;, is physiologically active. An in 
vivo assay, based on the photoreversibility, 
was devised in 1959 (8) and through its 
use P was isolated in 1964 (9). 

H. Linschitz of Brandeis University gave 
results of flash excitation of P in which a 
number of short-lived intermediate forms 
are observed between P, — P;, and P;, > 
P,. A transient form P,, with an absorp- 
tion maximum at 695 nm appears with a 
first-order rate constant of about 5300 sec"? 
at 0.6°C (10) when P, is flashed. This is 
quickly followed, in half times from milli- 
seconds, by three other intermediate forms 
before final appearance of P;,. A question 
exists as to whether these changes take 
place in series or are parallel in part. Evi- 
dence bearing on this point is obtained at 
low temperatures, between O°C and 
— 196°C, where the transitions are slowed 
down. Linschitz concludes that the transi- 
tions are parallel in part and that the first 
intermediate can be held at low tempera- 
tures (—196°C) where it is photoreversi- 
ble to P,. Anderson, of E. I. DuPont de 
Nemours Company, stated that in flash ex- 
citation, as observed by him, isobestic ab- 
sorptions are seen between the intermedi- 
ates, suggesting a series conversion. W. R. 
Briggs, of Harvard University, described 
observations on the kinetics of P,— P;, 
photo-intermediates over a time of many 
minutes, which is longer than would be 
expected from Linschitz’s results. Conver- 
sions of P;,— P, observed by Linschitz 
took place in milliseconds with two inter- 
mediates being involved. There was some 
speculation, but no actual evidence, that the 
several intermediates might be involved in 
physiological display. 

Isolated P has been brought to a high 
state of purity by groups at the Smith- 
sonian Institution (11) and at E. I. Du- 
Pont de Nemours and Company (12). Ob- 


servations of possible multiple forms of 


isolated P at 25° were described by D. L. 
Correll, J. L. Edwards, and W. A. Shrop- 
shire, Jr. of the Smithsonian Institution. 
They conclude that the P chromophore can 
exist in four forms over long periods lead- 
ing to absorption maxima at 580 and 660 
for P, and 730 nm for P;, (13). These 
might be involved in the observations made 
by Briggs (above). Information on the 


ce raga? 
a He ee CH3 
cra eile GE CHa CHs cite 


somowol ol 


fe (oes 
i CH, CHe2 CH3 
H3 ie Gis Wee: CH CHs H3 we 


oa Je me 


Figure 1. Structure of phycocyanobilin (upper) 
compared with that of mesobiliverdin (lower). 


constitution and behavior of the protein 
moiety of P was exchanged in discussion 
by the two groups. One question concerns 
the presence or absence of sulfur in the 
protein. There is the eventual hope in this 
approach of establishing the protein rela- 
tionship to the chromophore of phyto- 
chrome. Linschitz, upon question, stated 
that the entropy of activation for the first 
intermediate in flash excitation is of the 
order of one entropy unit, whereas that for 
some of the later intermediates is high 
(> 20 EU), suggesting considerable pro- 
tein rearrangement. 

The possibility that the chromophore of 
P is related to bile pigments was recog- 
nized in 1950 from the action spectra con- 
trolling flowering. H. W. Siegelman of 
Brookhaven National Laboratory described 
work leading to a full understanding of 
the structure of the phycocyanin and 
phycoerythrin bile-pigment type of chromo- 


70 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


phores (14). These serve as abundant 
model substances for chemistry related to 
the still scarce phytochrome. The phy- 
cocyanin chromophore, phycocyanobilin, 
was shown by Siegelman to have the struc- 
ture shown in Figure 1. 

W. L. Butler reported that the optical 
activity expected from this structure has 
been observed in his laboratory at the Uni- 
versity of California, San Diego. Siegelman 
speculated that the phytochrome chromo- 
phore might have similar arrangements in 
groups A and D. The phytochrome trans- 
formation between the P, and P;, forms 
might involve hydrogen migration. 

The manners in which many responses 
of plants are related to phytochrome action 
were described by Daphne Vince of Read- 
ing University, England, M. J. Schneider 
of Wisconsin University, R. J. Downs of 
North Carolina State University, H. M. 
Cathey of the Agricultural Research Serv- 
ice, W. R. Briggs of Harvard University, 
and W. S. Hillman of the Brookhaven 
National Laboratory. The responses dis- 
cussed included flowering of both long- and 
short-day plants, stem elongation, and 
tuber formation. These were related to pro- 
duction of agronomic and ornamental 
plants and to the ecology of seed plants. 
Flowering and growth responses of many 
plants to short light breaks of normal dark 
periods show the controlling function of 
phytochrome. A more secure basis for P 
involvement is reversibility found for a 
potentiated response by far-red light. Sur- 
vival in the wild and best use of plants in 
culture are closely dependent on adaptation 
to the photoperiodic conditions imposed by 
the season and the latitude. 

Agronomic use of photoperiodism de- 
pends chiefly on breeding of varieties for 
limited latitudes. Wheat, maize, sorghum, 
and soybean varieties have been selected 
with respect to latitude against photoperi- 
odism as a leading background factor. In 
the ornamentals industry, chrysanthemum 
production depends fully upon control of 
day length, both in reducing long days by 
darkening of plants to promote flowering 


APRIL, 1968 


and by light breaks during long nights to 
maintain vegetative conditions. Light rou- 
tines are carefully assessed for use with 
other ornamentals (bedding plants, carna- 
tions, and azaleas) in combination with 
growth—modifying chemicals and aspects 
of management. Competition and _persist- 
ence of species in open fields and in forests 
under natural conditions deeply involve 
photoperiodic responses to an extent that is 
still poorly assessed. 

The photoperiodic control of flowering 
and stem elongation of long-day plants is 
much less understood than are those phe- 
nomena for short-day ones. Control 
through phytochrome depends markedly 
upon the previous main light period, the 
duration of the night—interrupting irradia- 
tion, and the interval chosen for the ex- 
posure. Preferred experimental long-day 
plants have been darnel (Lolium temulen- 
tum), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and 
duckweed (Lemna perpusilla). The first of 
these has the merit of flowering induction 
by a single long night for one selection. L. 
perpusilla 6746 is very small and can be 
handled in sterile culture. Hillman found 
that L. perpusilla flowering is favored by 
the presence of a high level of P;, during 
one part of the daily cycle and a low level 
during another part. Blue light (15), which 
maintains an intermediate level of P;,, can 
act either like red light (producing pre- 
dominate P;,) or far-red light (low P;,) 
depending on the situation. While the ob- 
served flowering responses of L. perpusilla 
can be fully accounted for by phytochrome 
action, responses of several long-day plants 
(Vince) appear to require some further 
light action in the blue part of the spectrum 
as contrasted with far-red. 

Control of dormancy was discussed by 
P. F. Wareing of the University College of 
Wales. Some woody plants grow continu- 
ously on long days. As days shorten, the 
vegetative buds form a number of scales 
and become dormant. This dormancy is 
usually broken only by a period of a 
month or more at temperatures below 
40°F. In a few cases, returning to long- 


71 


day conditions causes resumption of 
growth. The response is controlled through 
the leaves. It is a leading factor in the 
growth and overwintering of trees in tem- 
perate climates and in many of the plant 
growth features accompanying autumn. 

Wareing and his associates extracted an 
active compound from leaves of the Euro- 
pean sycamore (Acer pseudo-platanus) 
that is effective in inducing bud dormancy. 
It has been given the trivial name abscisic 
acid (ABA). ABA has been isolated and 
synthesized by teams of workers in both 
England (16) and the United States (17). 
It is a sesquiterpene acid with the formula 
shown in Figure 2. 


ecole nina Teal 
nee en ike 
Decal 


C. 


C 
A NX “ae 


H 


H 


Figure 2. Structure of abscisic acid (ABA). 


The cis, trans isomer is the active form. 
ABA accumulates in the buds of woody 
plants as the days become short in the 
autumn. It induces the dormancy or cessa- 
tion of growth, causes abscission of leaves, 
inhibits flowering of long-day plants and 
promotes the flowering of some short-day 
plants. The concentration of ABA in a bud 
decreases throughout the winter such that 
growth can be resumed under the favorable 
long days of spring. ABA is one of the 
short, but growing, list of isolated, identi- 
fied, and synthesized plant hormones. It 
interplays with gibberellic acid, kinetins, 
and auxins in its several functions. 

Seeds also show pronounced dormancies 
which resemble diapause in insects as well 
as bud dormancies in principle. Such dor- 
mancies were discussed by A. L. Mancinelli 
of Columbia University. Many seeds after 
a period in storage or overwintering in the 
soil require light to germinate. This light 
action is a response to change of phyto- 


chrome from the P, to P;, form. Dormant 
seeds with phytochrome in the P, form are 
known to have remained viable in soil for 
more than 16 centuries (18). They germi- 
nated quickly upon exposure to light. Many 
seeds are also suppressed in germination 
by prolonged exposures to light. This in- 
volves phytochrome action in part as well 
as some further light action which has 
come to be known as the high-energy re- 
action or the HER. 

The nature of the HER is under debate 
at this time. H. Mohr of the University of 
Freiburg has measured its effect particu- 
larly as a control of stem lengthening and 
other aspects of growth of etiolated seed- 
lings upon exposure to light. A maximum 
of light action is usually found near 720 
nm in the far-red part of the spectrum. 
Action is also present in the blue part of 
the spectrum. Because of the position of the 
far-red action maximum and the effects of 
simultaneous irradiation of mustard seed- 
lings (Sinapis alba) with two wavelengths 
of radiation in the 600 to 800 nm regions, 
Mohr (19) considers the HER to be an 
aspect of phytochrome action. 

Control of flowering of the long-day 
plants, spinach, annual sugarbeet, and hen- 
bane were shown by M. J. Schneider to 
depend upon the HER as well as phyto- 
chrome action. H. A. Borthwick and S. B. 
Hendricks presented results on control of 
germination of Ameranthus  arenicola 
seeds. They interpret their results and pre- 
vious findings on control of flowering, stem 
elongation, and anthocyamin formation as 
an HER display. They differ from Mohr 
in considering the HER to depend upon a 
previously unobserved pigment rather than 
phytochrome. Measurements of absorption 
spectra of turnip seedling tissue known to 
display an HER as control of anthocyamin 
production gave evidence of a weak ab- 
sorption near 720 nm (Norris). 

A role of phytochrome in control of 
enzyme synthesis was discussed by H. 
Mohr. He has found that the level of 
phenylalanine-deaminase activity (20) in 
mustard seedlings is enhanced by exposure 


72 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


to far-red radiation. He interprets this re- 
sult as arising from gene depression as a 
consequence of phytochrome action. 

The nature of the first or early processes 
in phytochrome action has been under dis- 
cussion during recent years. Mohr (20) 
holds that gene derepression is such a proc- 
ess. Others have pointed out (21) that an 
approach to the early action can be found 
only in very quick responses to the change 
in form of phytochrome. The natures of 
several rapid responses suggest that modi- 
fication of membrane behavior is involved. 

T. Tanada reported on the rapid photo- 
reversibility involved in adherence of root 
tips to glass. This response to phytochrome 
is obtained only in the presence of indol- 
acetic acid (10-°m), adenosine triphosphate 
(10-°m), ascorbic acid (10-°m), and sev- 
eral inorganic ions that are known to in- 
fluence membrane permeability. 

Time measurement in photoperiodism— 
the “Periodism’”—is thought to involve the 
“biological clock” of the organism. The 
display of the circadian rhythm of several 
ecological types of Chenopodium rubrum 
under many conditions of long dark peri- 
ods was reported by B. G. Cumming of the 
University of Western Ontario. Induction 
of flowering depends cyclically on the 
length of the dark period irrespective of 
whether a light break is used at various 
hours or plants are returned to continuous 
light. The rhythm is shown by plants main- 
tained on glucose or sucrose—that is, 
plants not strictly dependent on photo- 
synthesis—although it damps out after 
about 72 hours in darkness. In work of 
this type, it is essential to deal with large 
plant populations. The C. rubrum ecologi- 
cal types used by Cumming are ideal in 
this respect. Varieties can be selected that 
flower after a single long night. Flowering 
can be observed 7 days after planting the 
seed. 

Development of knowledge about photo- 
periodism has depended chiefly on use of 
light with appropriate biological material. 
The great advantage of photostimulation in 
studies of causation is that the initial act is 


APRIL, 1968 


fixed as a single photoexcitation irrespec- 
tive of complexities of later expression in 
flowering, stem elongation, or seed germi- 
nation. Measurements of action spectra, ex- 
pressing the energies required at various 
wavelengths for a given response, have 
formed the basic procedure in studies of 
photoperiodism. These led to the discovery 
of phytochrome and to its photoreversibil- 
ity. Optical devices are used in physical 
assays for phytochrome. Results of flash 
excitation are followed by measurements of 
light absorption in periods as rapid as milli- 
seconds to detect short-lived intermediates. 

K. H. Norris of the Agricultural Re- 
search Service described various spectro- 
scopic and light-measuring devices for use 
in photoperiodic work. Among these was a 
simple spectrometer made with one or two 
wedge interference filters. He also de- 
scribed the measurement and analysis of 
absorption spectra for detection of ex- 
tremely minor constituents. These methods 
were applied to detection of possible ab- 
sorbing compounds in the spectral region 
involved in the HER. 

Advances in knowledge of photoperiod- 
ism during the last 50 years have increased 
practical use and have brought the more 
basic questions to a point of reasonable 
study. Among these questions are the exact 
character of the first biological change in- 
duced by phytochrome. Another question, 
now amenable to study, concerns the inter- 
play of hormonal activities in both plants 
and animals in their dependence on en- 
vironmental factors, chief among which is 
the length of the day. There is hope of bet- 
ter understanding the determinative steps 
in biological rhythms. More remote, but 
still involved in the photoperiodic re- 
sponses, is development of an understand- 
ing of control of differentiation, as ex- 
pressed in flowering, and of structure elon- 
gation and expansion. 


References 
(1) Garner, W. W., and H. A. Allard. Effect of 
the relative length of the day and night and other 
factors of the environment on growth and repro- 
duction in plants. J. Agr. Research 18: 553-606 
(1920). 


~] 


Qo 


(2) Marcovitch, S. The migration of aphididae 
and the appearance of the sexual forms as af- 
fected by the relative length of daily light ex- 
posure. J. Agr. Research 27: 513-522 (1924). 


(3) Rowan, W. On photoperiodism, reproduc- 
tive periodicity, and the annual migration of birds 
and certain fishes. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 
38: 147-189 (1926). 


(4) Dring, M. J. Phytochrome in red algae, 
Porphyra tenera. Nature 215: 1411-1412 (1967). 


(5) Hayes, D. K., M. S. Schecter, and W. N. 
Sullivan. A biochemical look at insect diapause. 
Bull. Etomol. Soc. Amer. (in press, 1968). 


(6) Borthwick, H. A., S. B. Hendricks, M. W. 
Parker, E. H. Toole, and V. K. Toole. A reversi- 
ble photoreaction controlling seed germination. 
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 38: 662-666 (1952). 


(7) Borthwick, H. A., S. B. Hendricks, and 
M. W. Parker. The reaction controlling floral ini- 
tiation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 38: 929-934 (1952). 


(8) Butler, W. L., K. H. Norris, H. W. Siegel- 
man, and S. B. Hendricks. Detection, assay, and 
preliminary purification of the pigment controll- 
ing photoresponsive development of plants. Proc. 
Nat. Acad. Sci. 45: 1703-1708 (1959). 

(9) Siegelman, H. W., and E. M. Firer. Purifi- 
cation of phytochrome from oat _ seedlings. 
Biochem. 3: 418-423 (1964). 

(10) Linschitz, H., and V. Kasche. Kinetics of 
phytochrome conversion: Multiple pathways in 
the Pr to Pfr reaction as studied by double-flash 
technique. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 58: 1059-1064 
(1967). 

(11) Correl, D. L., J. L. Edwards, W. H. Klein, 
and W. Shropshire, Jr. Phytochrome in etiolated 
annual rye III. Isolation of phytoreversible phyto- 


chrome. J. Mol. Biol. (in press, 1968). 
(12) Mumford, F. E., and E. L. Jenner. Purifi- 


cation and characterization of phytochrome from 
oat seedlings. Biochem. 5: 3657-3662 (1966). 


(13) Correll, D. L., J. L. Edwards, and W. 
Shropshire, Jr. Multiple chromophore species in 
phytochrome. Photochem. and Photobiol. (in 
press, 1968). 


(14) Cole, W. J., D. J. Chapman, and H. W. 
Siegelman. The structure of phycocyanobilin. J. 


Am. Chem. Soc. 89: 3643-3645 (1967). 


(15) Hillman, W. S. Blue light, phytochrome, 
and the flowering of Lemna perpusilla 6746. 
Plant and Cell Physiol. 8: 467-473 (1967). 


(16) Cornforth, J. W., B. V. Milborrow, G. 
Rybak, and P. F. Wareing. Identity of sycamore 
“dormin” with abscisin II. Nature 205: 1269-1272 
(1965). 

(17) Ohkuma, K., J. L. Lyon, F. T. Addicott, 
and O. E. Smith. Abscisin II, an abscission- 


accelerating substance from young cotton fruit. 
Science 142: 1592-1593 (1963). 


(18) Wesson, G., and P. F. Wareing. Light 
requirement of buried seeds. Nature 213: 600-601 
(1967). 

(19) Wagner, E., and H. Mohr. Kinetic studies 
to interpret “high energy phenomena” of photo- 
morphogenesis on the basis of phytochrome. 


Photochem. and Photobiol. 5: 397-406 (1966). 


(20) Mohr, H. Differential gene activation as 
a mode of action of phytochrome. Photochem. and 
Photobiol. 5: 469-483 (1966). 

(21) Hendricks, S. B., and H. A. Borthwick. 
The function of phytochrome in the regulation 
of plant growth. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 58: 2125- 
2130 (1967). . 


74, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Review of Early Photographic 


Observations of Solar Granulation 


Thomas E. Margrave, Jr. 


Georgetown College Observatory, Washington, D. C. 


In a recent paper (1) a review of visual 
observations of solar granulation was pre- 
sented. However, photographic studies of 
this phenomenon have yielded far more 
exact information about its nature. Of 
course, modern-day efforts in this field are 
of much greater scientific value; but it is 
of some historic interest to trace the early 
applications of photography to the study of 
solar granulation. 

In his monograph on solar photography, 
P. J. Janssen recounted the efforts of J. B. 
Reade in England (2). Possibly observing 
with the 24-inch Craig refractor (3), 
Reade obtained some solar photographs 
which showed, he said, “the rugged aspect 
of the surface” (4). This work, which was 
performed in about 1854 (5), constituted, 
in Janssen’s opinion, “un premier ache- 
minement vers la granulation” (6). 

In 1858, I. Porro took some photographs 
of the sun with a large telescope of his own 
construction; it had an aperture of 52 
centimeters, or 20.8 inches, and a focal 
length of 15 meters (7). These photographs 
measured 0.14 meter in diameter and were 
said by H. A. E. Faye to display evidence 
of “les plus délicates marbrures qui sillon- 
nent les bords du Soleil” (8). 

Janssen also made a passing reference 
to solar photographs taken in 1860 by J. 
Challis, who diaphragmed the 12.8-inch 
aperture of the Great Equatorial of Cam- 
bridge Observatory to 35 millimeters (9). 
The use of such a small aperture eliminated 
any possibility of observing the solar gran- 
ulation. The projected image of the sun 
was 11.42 inches in diameter, and one of 
the photographs obtained revealed two 
groups of spots of moderate size. Faculae 


APRIL, 1968 


were visible around the spot nearest the 
solar limb, and the limb darkening of the 
solar disk was very apparent (10). 

Great efforts were made by Warren de 
la Rue, who in 1857 designed the first 
photoheliograph. This instrument consisted 
of a 3144-inch achromatic objective cor- 
rected for the violet region of the spectrum, 
an enlarging lens behind the primary focus 
to form a 4-inch image of the sun on a 
photographic plate, and a spring-loaded, 
roller-blind shutter located in the focal 
plane (11). This instrument, installed at 
Kew Observatory in 1858, was used in 
making a daily photographic record of 
the solar surface (12). However, the spa- 
tial resolution of the photographs taken 
with the Kew photoheliograph was inade- 
quate for revealing the granulation on the 
solar surface (13). 

L. Rutherford appears to have been 
somewhat more successful, although his ef- 
forts drew scant attention. In 1871, he ob- 
tained, at his private observatory in New 
York, a photograph of a small portion of 
the solar surface; he used a 13-inch achro- 
matic refractor which was “corrected for 
photography by the attachment of a cor- 
recting meniscus of flint glass” (14). He 
also stated that he used “a very short ex- 
posure time” (15). In 1878, in a letter to 
the Royal Astronomical Society, he ad- 
vanced his claim to having obtained the 
first photographs of solar granulation; he 
noted that “on inspection with a proper 
lens . . . the granulations, rice grains, or 
willow leaves are quite fairly visible” (16) 
on the copy of his photograph which was 
presented to the Royal Astronomical So- 
ciety. However, he does not seem to have 


75 


followed his early success with a detailed 
investigation. 

A major step forward in the technique 
required for high-resolution solar photog- 
raphy was accomplished by P. J. Janssen, 
the founder of the Meudon Observatory 
(17). In 1876, he began his elaborate 
photographic study of the solar surface 
with a 5-inch refractor at the Meudon Ob- 
servatory (18). According to J. Rosch, 
Janssen obtained a total of about 6000 
solar photographs taken on wet collodion 
plates (19). The first announcement of his 
success came in 1876, as follows: 

“Sur les photographies que nous avons 
Vhonneur de présenter, le disque solaire a 
22 centimetres de diamétre, et malgré cette 
dimension, qui est actuellement trés-con- 
sidérable pour une photographie solaire, la 
pureté et la netteté des clichés sont trés- 
grandes. Les taches, les facules, les granu- 
lations apparaissent ici a une échelle qui 
soulage l’oeil” (20). 

The earliest photograph among those re- 
produced in his 1896 memoir bears the 
date 23 July 1877 (21). The majority of 
his solar photographs were 30 centimeters 
in diameter with an image scale of 1” = 
0.156 millimeter (22). His exposure times 
were of the order of 1/3000 of a second 
(23). Although he worked with integrated 
sunlight, the objective was achromatized 
for the spectral region near Hy at 4340A. 
As a result of absorption by the glass of 
the objective, this spectral region was also 
the location of the maximum brightness of 
the solar image. Since his photographic 
plates were sensitized for the same spectral 
region, he was in effect working with 
monochromatic light, with all the attend- 
ant advantages (24). 

Janssen’s work in solar photography is 
held in high regard, as is illustrated by 
P. C. Keenan’s remark that “The best of 
Janssen’s photographs have never been sur- 
passed in clarity of detail” (25). K. O. 
Kiepenhauer has given an easily accessible 
example of Janssen’s solar photography 
(26). 

The photographs of Janssen often dis- 


played a large-scale pattern of distortion 
in the form of fairly regular polygons. This 
distortion was in addition to the normal 
irregular blurring caused by turbulence in 
the earth’s atmosphere. Janssen gave the 
name réseau photosphérique to this large- 
scale pattern of distortion, which he be- 
lieved to be an actual feature of the solar 
surface (27). Keenan explained that its 
probable cause was the use of an enlarging 
camera, which caused thermal currents in 
the air near the camera lens (28). This 
explanation was first advanced by Cheva- 
lier in 1908; he stated that the “7eseaw is 
quite frequent when working with an en- 
larging camera” but that “it is but slightly 
marked here and there on the plates placed 
at the focus of the refractor (29). 

From the study of his photographs, 
Janssen concluded that the solar photo- 
sphere was covered by granules having a 
more or less spherical shape (30). In gen- 
eral, their diameters were found to range 
from 1” to 2”, although quite a few had 
diameters as small as 14” and 44” (31). 
It should be noted, however, that since his 
objective had a theoretical limit of resolu- 
tion only slightly smaller than 1”, he could 
not have resolved granules as small as he 
claimed to have done. This fact has already 
been pointed out by Rogerson (32). 
Janssen felt that granules larger than 2” 
were agglomerations of smaller granules. 
He claimed that this situation was verified 
on photographs of very good definition. He 
also noted that the granules themselves did 
not all have the same brightness (33), and 
that in addition there was a considerable 
difference in brightness between the 
granules and the intergranular regions 
(34). He concluded that solar granulation 
was a general phenomenon of the photo- 
sphere and was independent of solar ac- 
tivity (35). 

In 1879, Janssen estimated that the sun 
would emit 10 to 20 times as much energy 
if its entire surface were covered with the 
bright granules (36). This estimate implies 
that Janssen considered only about five to 
ten per cent of the solar surface to be 


76 JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


occupied by the granules. However, by 
1896, he had modified this view, since he 
then indicated that the radiating power of 
the sun would be only five times larger if 
its entire surface were covered by the 
eranules (37). In this case, the granules 
would occupy a relative area of about 20 
per cent of the solar surface. 

Janssen also discovered that the faculae 
and penumbrae associated with sunspots 
were formed of granules like the rest of 
the solar surface (38). Furthermore, a 
photograph taken of a sunspot group on 
June 22, 1885, revealed that bright mate- 
rial in the umbrae of the spots also pos- 
sessed granular structure similar to that on 
other parts of the solar surface (39). 

High-resolution solar photography next 
occupied the attention of a young Russian 
astronomer, Alexis Hansky, who carried 
out his main work in this field at Pulkovo 
Observatory from 1905 to 1907 (40). He 
did his apprenticeship in solar photography 
at the University of Odessa in 1895 under 
the direction of Professor A. P. Konono- 
vich (41). At Odessa, Hansky worked with 
a d-inch photographic refractor to which 
he attached a Dallmeyer portrait lens in 
order to obtain solar images 87 millimeters 
in diameter (42). 

For his work at Pulkovo, Hansky used 
an astrograph which produced a solar 
image three centimeters in diameter at its 
focus, but he did not give the aperture of 
this instrument (43). However, G. A. Tik- 
hoff remarked that one of the astrographs 
at Pulkovo had an aperture of 13 inches 
and a plate scale of Imm = 59.6 (44). 
At this scale, the image of the sun would 
have a diameter of 3 centimeters; this size 
agrees with that mentioned by Hansky. 
Thus it appears to be quite likely that 
Hansky did his solar photography at Pul- 
kovo with the 13-inch astrograph. 

Since he worked with a telescope that 
had more than twice the aperture of the 
one used by Janssen, Hansky had at his 
disposal a theoretical resolving power of 
somewhat better than 14” of arc. He en- 
larged the solar image to a diameter of 54 


APRIL, 1968 


centimeters by means of an achromatic 
enlarging lens. His procedure consisted of 
taking a series of exposures at intervals of 
15 to 30 seconds. Then he made positive 
prints of the resultant negatives which 
were enlarged by an additional factor of 
five to give a final image scale of 1” = 
1.41mm. He found that the form of the 
granulation changed very little between two 
consecutive exposures (40). After a one- 
minute interval it became harder to recog- 
nize the same granules (46). Hansky esti- 
mated a mean granule lifetime of five min- 
utes (47). He also noticed that the diam- 
eters of granules differed considerably 
from one granule to the next. Measuring 
10 granules chosen at random, he found 
the following diameters: 1.8, 1.8, 2.’’1, 
2iastelid Paulie Abi Oe OW 2 Ro 27 Oyan dies 
The average diameter was 1.9, or about 
1400 kilometers at the center of the solar 
disk. The smallest of the 10 granules meas- 
ured had a linear size of 670 kilometers 
and the largest a size of almost 2000 kilo- 
meters (48)., 

In comparing successive photographs 
separated by short intervals of time, 
Hansky became aware of apparent horizon- 
tal displacement of individual granules. He 
measured periodic velocities of the order 
of 30 kilometers per second. He felt that 
these were caused by turbulence in the 
earth’s upper atmosphere, but he also de- 
tected a residual non-periodic horizontal 
motion with velocities of up to four kilo- 
meters per second. He believed that this 
residual motion indicated actual horizontal 
motions of the granules (49). Hansky did 
not make any estimate of the relative area 
of the solar surface which the granules 
occupy. 

Another early practitioner of the art of 
high-resolution solar photography was the 
Reverend Stanislas Chevalier, S.J., who, 
beginning in 1904, carried out solar pho- 
tography with a 40-centimeter photo- 
eraphic refractor of 7 meters focal length 
at the Zo-Sé Observatory near Shanghai 
(50). The objective was diaphragmed to 
36 centimeters, or 14.2 inches, for the pho- 


77 


tographic work (51). The scale of his 
original prime-focus plates was 1” = 
0.033mm (52). Thus details 1” in size 
were practically at the limit of resolution 
of the photographic plates, although they 
were well within the 0.4” theoretical limit 
of resolution of the diaphragmed refrac- 
tor (53). The use of an enlarging camera 
for some photographs gave an image scale 
of 1” = 0.37mm. Some of the photographs 
were enlarged by an additional factor of 
three to give an image scale of 1” = 
l.llmm (54). The exposure times used 
varied from 0.003 second to as long as 0.01 
second (55). Chevalier’s first paper de- 
scribing his successful granulation photog- 
raphy appeared in 1907 (56). Photographs 
which he had taken under favorable atmos- 
pheric conditions distinctly showed the 
granules with diameters ranging from 
about 1” to 3” (57). 

The extensive photographic records of 
solar granulation accumulated by Chevalier 
from 1906 to 1912 were dealt with in a 
paper on the subject which was published 
in 1914 (58). On his photographs, the 
granules appeared to be more or less 
rounded and oval, but the larger the plate 
scale was made, the more angular the shape 
of the granules became. Chevalier deter- 
mined the average granule diameter to be 
1.75, with granules ranging in diameter 
from 0.5 to 3.”0. Granules which had 
diameters of 1” to 2” were the more nu- 
merous ones (959). Chevalier noted no 
change in the nature of the granulation 
from sunspot maximum to sunspot mini- 
mum. In agreement with a similar conclu- 
sion drawn by Janssen, he decided that 
there was no connection between solar ac- 
tivity and granulation. The granules ap- 
peared to be continuously changing their 
appearance, but the granulation itself was 
found to occur over the entire photosphere 
(60). 

Chevalier considered Hansky’s estimate 
of an average granule lifetime of five min- 
utes to be exaggerated. Instead, he felt that 
five minutes was the maximum lifetime of 
a granule. In fact, the identity of the 


granules in any particular group appeared 
to become confused after three or four min- 
utes had elapsed (61). Chevalier estimated 
that the granules occupied more than 31 
per cent but probably less than 50 per cent 
of the solar surface. He also commented 
on the brightness of the intergranular re- 
gions and stated that Janssen greatly 
underestimated their brightness. In his 
opinion, the darkest intergranular regions 
were at least as bright as the edges of the 
solar disk (62). 

Chevalier expressed skepticism at the 
reality of actual horizontal motions of the 
granules. Hansky proposed such motions 
to explain the residual horizontal granule 
displacements, which Chevalier himself also 
had measured (63). In the latter’s opinion, 
random high-speed motions of neighboring 
granules were not possible; he pointed out 
that granules never seemed to move farther 
than a fraction of their own diameters 
during their lifetimes. According to Cheva- 
lier, the apparent horizontal motions were 
probably caused by shifts of the centers of 
gravity of the surface brightness of the 
granules (64). 

The efforts of Janssen, Hansky, and 
Chevalier were sufficient to establish the 
existence of solar granulation beyond any 
doubt. They also delimited the possible 
range of such basic parameters as the aver- 
age granule size, mean lifetime, and the 
relative area of the solar surface occupied 
by granules. Of course, accurate photom- 
etry of the granules had not yet been done, 
but some major features of the solar 
granulation had been established with a 
greater degree of certainty than before. 
Bray and Loughhead, in their volume on 
sunspots, stated that the observational tech- 
niques developed by Janssen, Hansky, and 
Chevalier were unsurpassed until rather re- 
cently (65). The years 1876-1912, which 
span the work of these three investigators, 
witnessed the coming of age of photogra- 
phy as an indispensable tool for the study 
of solar granulation. 


78 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


References 


(1) T. E. Margrave, Jr., 1968, Journal of the 
Washington Academy of Sciences, 58, 26. 


(2) P. J. Janssen, 1896. Annales de [Observa- 
toire d’Astronomie Physique de Paris (Meudon), 
I, 91. 


(3) Hi. C. King, 1955, The History of the 
Telescope (Cambridge, Mass.: Sky Publishing 
Corp.), p. 254. This is probably the large tele- 
scope at Wandsworth to which Janssen (2) was 
referring. 


(4) Janssen, p. 92 of ref. in (2). 


(5) J. B. Reade, 1854, Reports of the British 
Association, 2, 10, cited in J. C. Houzeau and 
A. Lancaster, eds., 1964, General Bibliography of 
Astronomy to the Year 1880 (New ed.; London: 
The Holland Press), 2, 845. 


(6) Janssen, p. 92 of ref. in (2). 


(7) H. A. E. Faye, 1858, Comptes Rendus 
Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Academie des 
Sciences, 46, 705. 


(8) Janssen, p. 92 of ref. in (2). 
(9) Ibid. 


(10) J. Challis, 1860, Monthly Notices of the 
Royal Astronomical Society, 21, 36. 


(11) R. J. Bray and R. E. Loughhead, 1965, 
Sunspots (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 
Inc.), p. 6. 


(12) Ibid., pp. 6-7. 
Vip) Tbid:,.p. 7: 


(14) L. M. Rutherford, 1878, Monthly Notices, 
38, 410. 


(15) 
(16) 
(17) 
(18) 
(19) 
(20) 
(21) 
(22) 


Ibid. 

Ibid. 

J. Rosch, 1957, L’Astronomie, 71, 130. 
Bray and Loughhead, p. 7 of ref. in (11). 
Rosch, p. 130. 

Janssen, 1876, Comptes Rendus, 82, 1364. 
Janssen, Plate 2 of ref. in (2). 

Ibid., p. 103. 

(23) Ibid., p. 99. 

(24) Ibid., pp. 94-95. 


(25) P. C. Keenan, 1953, The Sun, ed. G. P. 
Kuiper (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 
p. 598. 


(26) K. O. Kiepenheuer, 1953, The Sun, ed. 
G. P. Kuiper (Chicago: University of Chicago 
Press), p. 341, Figure 13. 


(27) Janssen, p. 106 of ref. in (2). 
(28) Keenan, p. 598. 


(29) S. Chevalier, S. J., 1908, Astrophysical 
Journal, 27, 14. 


(30) Janssen, pp. 103-104 of ref. in (2). 


APRIL, 1968 


(31) Ibid., pp. 104-105. 


(32) J. B. Rogerson, Jr., 1958, Sky and Tele- 
scope, 17, 113. 


(33) Janssen, p. 105 of ref. in (2). 
(34) Ibid., p. 114. 
(35). Ibid. p. 113. 


(36) Janssen, 1879, Annuaire du Bureau des 
Longitudes, p. 679, cited by A. M. Clerke, 1893, 
A Popular History of Astronomy (3rd ed.; Lon- 
don: Adam and Charles Black), p. 205. 


(37) Janssen, p. 114 of ref. in (2). 
(38) Ibid., pp. 110-112. 

(39) Ibid., p. 111. 

(40) Bray and Loughhead, p. 8. 


(41) P. G. Kulikovskii, ed., 1956, Istoriko- 
Astronomicheskie Issledovaniya (Moscow: State 
Publishing House), Vol. 2, p. 343. 


(42) Ibid., pp. 343-344. 


(43) A. Hansky, 1905, Mitteilungen der Niko- 
lai-Haupt-Sternwarte zu Pulkowo, 1, 82. 


(44) G. A. Tikhoff, 1909, Mitteilungen der 
Nikolai-Haupt-Sternwarte zu Pulkowo, 3, 91-92. 


(45) Hansky, p. 82. 

(46) Ibid., p. 84. 

(47) Hansky, 1908, Mitteilungen, 3, 20. 

(48) Hansky, 1905, Mitteilungen, 1, 84. 

(49) Hansky, 1908, Mitteilungen, 3, 20. 

(50) Bray and Loughhead, p. 8. 

(51) Chevalier, 1914, Annales de l’ Observatoire 
Astronomique de Z6-Sé, 8, C9. 

(52) Ibid., p. C6. 

(53) Ibid., p. C9. 

(54) Ibid., p. C6. 

(55) Tbid.. “p./ C10! 

(56) Chevalier, 1907, Astrophysical Journal, 
255213: 

(57) bid.) p2275. 

(58) Chevalier, p. Cl of ref. in (51). 

(59) Ibid., p. C11. 

(60) Ibid., p. C14. 

(61) Ibid.; p. C15. 

(62) Ibid., p. C20. 

(63) Chevalier, 1908, Astrophysical Journal, 
QT ADA: 

(64) Chevalier, p. C17 of ref. in (51). 

(65) Bray and Loughhead, p. 13. 


DF 


T-THOUGHTS 
The “What” and the “How” 


For quite a few years now we have held 
discussions on the relation of staff and line 
elements. The tune goes something like 
this: “Washington,” being a staff agency, 
should restrict itself to what is to be done; 
the field installation, being a line agency, 
should restrict itself to the how. Crossing 
over is regarded as a sign of managerial 
deficiency. 

Offhand this does not sound unreason- 
able. But it seems to me that there are 
very scraggly edges indeed underlying the 
proposition. 

In the first place, it assumes that the 
what of a problem can be packaged sepa- 
rately from the how. Next it assumes a 
monopoly of capabilities to frame the 
whats in the staff unit and a monopoly of 
capabilities to frame the hows in the line 
unit. Finally, it assumes that increasing 
expertness in the how does not lead to ex- 
pertness in the what and vice-versa. 

I am not so sure that the what of a re- 
search problem can always be cleanly sepa- 
rated from the how. 

When. the demarcation involves a leap 
of several echelons, such as the what of a 
new weapon system requested by the Joint 
Chiefs of Staff as contrasted to the how of 
a fuse design conceived by the electronics 
expert in the laboratory, there can be little 
argument. The problem of separation be- 
comes acute, however, in the case of con- 
tiguous echelons. 

The distinction of the what from the 
how is also clear when simple job-shop 
types of requests are involved. But the 
vanguard of science and knowledge is not 
constituted of such stuff. The very essence 
of the what in the latter instance is the 
how. 

Everybody has known for a hundred 
years, for example, that the challenging 
what of physics is the synthesis of the wave 
and the corpuscular theories of light. There 
is no point for a staff agency to harp con- 
stantly on the what in this case and to hiss 


and holler for “bold approaches.” A sheer 
directive to create or solve neither creates 
nor solves. Neither is there any point for a 
line agency to become preoccupied with 
warding off other thinkers from _ its 
guarded domain of the hows. Everybody 
is stymied at this point and there is no 
telling where the inspirational manna will 
fall. 

It would appear that the what-how equi- 
librium should only be regarded as a good 
point of model departure for contiguous 
staff-line echelons—a sort of a measure of 
central tendency. There is good reason for 
a staff echelon to consider the how, as there 
is good reason for the line to consider the 
what. It’s a matter of degree, I should say. 
Otherwise what would we do, as a staff 
agency, if, confronted with the March 
Hare’s explanation after failing to fix the 
Mad Hatter’s watch—“‘and it was the best 
butter too, the best butter’”—we somehow 
do not appreciate the how? 


—Ralph G. H. Siu 


NEW BOOKS RECEIVED 


MODERN GENETICS. Haig P. Pa- 
pazian. 350 pages. W. W. Norton & Com- 
pany, Inc., New York, 1967. Price $7.50. 


A HANDBOOK OF LIVING PRI- 
MATES. J. R. Napier and P. H. Napier. 
456 pages. Academic Press, London and 
New York, 1967. Price $21.50. 


ORNITHOLOGY: AN INTRODUC- 
TION. Austin L. Rand. 311 pages. W. W. 
Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1967. 
Price $8.50. 


THE FREE-LIVING LOWER INVER- 
TEBRATES. Frederick M. Bayer and 
Harding B. Owre. 229 pages. The Macmil- 
lan Company, New York, 1967. Price 
$11.95. 


GREY SEAL, COMMON SEAL. R. M. 
Lockley. 175 pages. October House, Inc., 
New York, 1967. Price $7.95. 


80 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL GEOG- 
RAPHY. F. J. Monkhouse. Sixth Edition. 
976 pages. Philosophical Library, Inc., 
New York, 1966. Price $10.00. 


THE WEAPONS CULTURE. Ralph E. 
Lapp. 230 pages. W. W. Norton & Com- 
pany, Inc., New York, 1968. Price $4.95. 


GOVERNMENT IN SCIENCE: THE 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1867-1894. 
Thomas G. Manning. 257 pages. Univer- 
sity of Kentucky Press, Lexington, 1967. 
Price $7.00. 


DICTIONARY OF APPLIED GEOL- 
OGY: MINING AND CIVIL ENGINEER- 
ING. A. Nelson and K. D. Nelson. 421 
pages. Philosophical Library, Inc., New 
York, 1967. Price $17.50. 


MARINE SCIENCE AFFAIRS — A 
YEAR OF PLANS AND PROGRESS. Sec- 
ond Report of the President to the Congress 
on Marine Resources and Engineering De- 
velopment. 228 pages (paperback). Super- 
intendent of Documents, Washington, 1968. 
Price $1.00. 


LETTERS ON WAVE MECHANICS: 
SCHROEDINGER, PLANCK, EINSTEIN, 
LORENTZ. K. Przibram, Editor; Martin 
J. Klein, Translator. 75 pages. Philosophi- 
cal Library, Inc., New York, 1967, Price 
$6.00. 


. IMAGINATION AND THE GROWTH 
OF SCIENCE. A. M. Taylor. 110 pages. 
Schocken Books, Inc., New York, 1967. 
Price $3.95. 


BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO ELECTRON- 
ICS. Terence L. Squires, 194 pages. Philo- 
sophical Library, Inc., New York, 1967. 
Price $6.00. 


YEARBOOK OF ASTRONOMY, 1968. 
Patrick Moore, Editor. 225 pages. W. W. 


Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1967. 
Price $4.95, 


THE NEW LOOK OF THE UNIVERSE. 
Patrick Moore. 126 pages. W. W. Norton 
& Company, Inc., New York, 1967. Price 
$3.95. 


THE AMATEUR ASTRONOMER’S 
GLOSSARY. Patrick Moore. 162 pages. 
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 
1967. Price $5.95. 


AMATEUR ASTRONOMY. Patrick 
Moore. 328 pages. W. W. Norton & Com- 
pany, Inc., New York, 1968. Price $6.95. 


THE CRATERS OF THE MOON: AN 
OBSERVATIONAL APPROACH. Patrick 
Moore and Peter J. Cattermole. 160 pages. 
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 
1967. Price $5.95. 


INTRODUCTION TO RADIO AS- 
TRONOMY. Roger C. Jennison. 160 pages. 
Philosophical Library, Inc., New York, 
1967. Price $4.75. 


INTRODUCTION TO ARITHMETIC. 
C. B. Piper. 211 pages. Philosophical Li- 
brary, Inc., New York, 1968. Price $6.00. 


INTRODUCTION TO GEOMETRY. G. 
A. Dickinson. 174 pages. Philosophical 
Library, Inc., New York, 1967. Price $6.00. 


INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOME- 
TRY. C. C. T. Baker. 166 pages. Philo- 
sophical Library, Inc., New York, 1967. 
Price $6.00. 


DICTIONARY OF INVENTIONS AND 
DISCOVERIES. E. F. Carter. 193 pages. 
Philosophical Library, Inc., New York, 
1967. Price $6.00. 


A REFERENCE BOOK OF CHEMIS- 
TRY. J. H. White. 310 pages. Philosophical 
Library, Inc., New York, 1967. Price 
$10.00. 


Zi 


APRIL, 1968 


81 


Academy Proceedings 


SCIENCE TALENT AWARDS 
DINNER ANNOUNCED 


The annual awards banquet for the 40 
student winners of the Greater Washington 
Science Talent Search will be held at 6 
p-m. on Monday, April 29, in the faculty 
lounge of New South Building, at George- 
town University. 

Father Francis J. Heyden, chairman of 
the Academy’s Committee for the Encour- 
agement of Science Talent, has extended 
a cordial invitation to Academy members 
and their guests to attend the dinner. 
Tickets are $3.10 each, payable at the 
door. Reservations may be made by calling 
Mrs. Elizabeth Humphrey at the Academy 
office (234-5323), preferably by April 15. 


WASHINGTON JUNIOR 
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Activities, 1967-68 
In 1952, the Washington Academy of 


Sciences set up a special committee to study 
means to effect the establishment of a 
junior science group. The present Wash- 
ington Junior Academy of Sciences is the 
result of the special committee action; the 
junior group is specifically required to 
diversify each year’s program. 

The first meeting of the year, under the 
presidency of John F. Williams, was held 
in August 1967. By tradition, this is a get- 
acquainted picnic at the cottage of the Ob- 
servatory at Georgetown University. Guests 
consist of the membetship, and the occa- 
sion honors the ‘Westinghouse Science 
Talent Search winners who are spending 
the summer in the area. 

The September meeting was a service 
activity which brought together the officers 
of all the secondary-school science clubs 
throughout the area. The conference dealt 
with all aspects of science club operation 
and was judged a success by the participat- 


ing club representatives. 

In October a joint meeting of the Senior 
and Junior Academies took the form of a 
workshop on science fairs. President Heinz 
Specht and other members of the Senior 
Academy, and representatives of the Acad- 
emy’s affiliated societies, advised the par- 
ticipants concerning projects in various 
subject areas. A member of the Profes- 
sional Artists of the Federal Government 
conducted a clinic on presentation tech- 
niques. Atttended by 200 students, the 
workshop will no doubt be a factor in the 
quality of the area’s science fair projects. 
This meeting, extending throughout the 
day, was in celebration of the 15th anni- 
versary of the founding of the Junior 
Academy. 

The November meeting of each year is 
the Greater Washington Area Junior Sci- 
ence and Humanities Symposium, which 
this year was co-sponsored by the Smith- 
sonian Associates, the Harry Diamond 
Laboratories, the Army Research Office at 
Durham, N. C., and Georgetown Univer- 
sity. As participants and enthusiastic work- 
ers, the Governing Council and membership 
make a genuine contribution to the success 
of this regional activity. 

The annual Christmas Convention was 
held on December 27. Excellent student 
papers were presented. Abstracts of these 
papers may be found in the Proceedings 
of the Washington Junior Academy of 
Sciences. 

For the first time, the Christmas Lecture 
of the Philosophical Society of Washing- 
ton was delivered in conjunction with the 
WJAS Christmas Convention. The after- 
noon session was devoted to a most in- 
teresting talk by George B. Chapman, chair- 
man of the Biology Department at George- 
town University, entitled, “Comparative 
Studies of Cell Find Structure.” 

The January 1968 meeting, held at 


American University, welcomed the mem- 


82 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


bership and any interested students in the 
area to an exploration of opportunities 
for science-oriented summer employment. 
This meeting is considered a major service 
of WJAS. 

The February meeting was held jointly 
with the Chemical Society of Washington? 
Such meetings provide association with 
adult scientists which often is of value both 
in the immediate inspiration gained by the 
students and as an aid in vocational selec- 
tion. 

The closing meeting of the year is the 
election meeting, held in March. This year, 
for the first time, written ballots will be 
used, thus bringing the election in line 
with the system used by the Senior Acad- 
emy and other scientific organizations. 

The Governing Council of WJAS meets 
monthly with its advisors. Any member 
of the Senior or Junior Academy is most 
cordially invited to attend these meetings. 

New York tours via the Pennsylvania 
Railroad were conducted on October 14 
and 21, and November 4, 11, and 18. These 
tours and membership dues are the major 
sources of income for WJAS. Among an- 
nual expenditures are contributions of $200 
to the Joint Board on Science Education 
and $600 to the Summer Science Research 
Program. When needed, pins and certifi- 
cates for the five area science fairs are 
provided; $122 is appropriated for the 
certificates and $510 for the pins. 

Thus, with its present diversified and 
expanded yearly program, the Washington 
Junior Academy of Sciences has prospered 
and truly fulfills the purpose for which it 
was established, to “—provide to young 
scientists and their sponsors, (1) valuable 
training through cooperative endeavors; 
(2) association with other young scientists 
and with adult scientists; (3) incentives 
to students through exhibits, fairs, and 
congresses, to engage in creative activities; 
(4) incentives and assistance to the adult 
sponsors; (5) insight into senior scien- 
tific organizations and their activities; and 
(6) opportunities to take an active part 
in adult scientific projects.” 


APRIL, 1968 


A summary of the history and organiza- 
tion of the Junior Academy was submitted 
recently to Robert Barlow, special assistant 
to the director of the President’s Office of 
Science and Technology. He had requested 
it so that the office might have a better 
knowledge of the work deing done by the 
Junior Academy. In his letter of acknowl- 
edgement, Mr. Barlow states, “Not only 
is this a very select group, but it sounds 
like a very active one as well.” 


—Francis J. Heyden, S. J. 


JOINT BOARD ON 
SCIENCE EDUCATION 


A behind-the-scenes tour of the Smith- 
sonian Institution’s Museum of Natural His- 
tory highlighted the JBSE Conference on 
Biology Teaching on Saturday, February 
24. This unusual opportunity to visit the 
Museum’s laboratories and observe the ac- 
tual preparation of museum displays at- 
tracted 115 secondary school teachers and 
scientists from the greater Washington 
area, including some from as far away as 
Frederick, Md. The program was arranged 
so that each participant could select and 
go on any two tours. Joseph Britton de- 
scribed the five available tours and led the 
tour, “Invertebrate Zoology—Collections 
and Exhibits.” Three other tours were led 
by Museum personnel: “Anthropology— 
Conservation Laboratory” by Mrs. Bethune 
M. Gibson; “Exhibit Preparation” by Miss 
Thais Weibel; and “Exhibits—Graphic 
Production” by Wallace X. Conway and 
Vincent Mackey. The fifth tour, “Paleobiol- 
ogy,” was led by Ellis L. Yockelson of the 
Geological Survey. 

The tours on paleobiology and zoology 
were concerned primarily with the extrac- 
tion and isolation of specimens, their re- 
construction if imperfect or broken, and 
their classification. The teachers were 
shown how geologic formations were being 
identified by classification studies on a col- 
lection of minute fossils extracted from ma- 
terial recovered during oil-drilling opera- 
tions. In some cases, fossil shells were 


83 


isolated from a CaCO; matrix by the action 
of dilute hydrochloric acid, with the shells 
surviving intact because their original 
carbonates had been replaced by silicates 
during fossilization. In other cases, fossils 
embedded in rock were viewed under a 
microscope after the rock matrix had been 
mounted in plastic and ground down until 
it was essentially transparent. An awe- 
some specimen was an animal recovered 
from frozen tundra. It had been preserved 
by being frozen and still retained some 
fleshy material despite its age of some 
9,000 to 6,000 years. 

The Conservation Laboratory tour was 
concerned with the restoration or reju- 
venation of man-made articles. The teach- 
ers were shown how Indian leather goods 
could be safely divested of the accumulated 
dirt of centuries by an air-blast technique 
employing glass beads as a gentle abrasive. 
They saw how split wooden or ivory arti- 
facts could be treated with water, followed 


by successively more concentrated Carbo- 


wax solutions, until the cracks had been 
closed and the article repaired. 

During the exhibit preparation tour, a 
visit to the Model Shop included a step- 
by-step demonstration of the molding, 
painting, and mounting of individual plas- 
tic replicas of leaves to be used as foliage 
in permanent displays. Other realistic 
models included an aged, rust-encrusted 
cannon ball constructed from a thin-walled 
plastic shell (formed from a mold of the 
original cannon ball), painstakingly hand 
painted on the outside, and filled, with 
plaster and a lead weight to give it an 
authentic heft. The model most popular 
with the visiting teachers, however, was a 
full-size, prickly textured iguana. This 
model was made from a silicone rubber 
mold formed around a recently deceased 
lizard from the Zoo. The use of a soft 
plastic mold mounted on a flexible arma- 
ture resulted in an accurate, full size model 
which could be adjusted to represent char- 
acteristic body positions. 

The remainder of this tour centered on 
the Freeze-Drying Laboratory where new, 


low-temperature, high-vacuum techniques 
for removing volatile components without 
damaging cell structure make it possible 
to preserve a dead animal in toto without 
the necessity for conventional, but demand- 
ing, taxidermy procedures. Basically, the 
process involves making the cells rigid with 
ice and then removing the ice crystals by 
sublimation. The resulting specimens are 
free from decay and have the added virtue 
of being extremely light in weight. Thanks 
to the skill and artistry with which the ani- 
mal corpses had been wired into natural 
poses prior to freeze-drying, specimens 
prepared by this technique are unbeliev- 
ably lifelike. Time and again a visitor 
would reach out to touch an animal “just 
to make sure this one isn’t alive.” 

The artistry needed for museum displays 
also was in evidence throughout the 
graphic-production tour. Here the visiting 
teachers were able to observe the silk- 
screen method of reproduction in detail 
and to examine various samples prepared 
by this technique. 

The Conference ended with a chance 
for all of the participants to exchange de- 
tails of their tours during a luncheon held 
in the Museum of History and Technology, 
in the company of the imaginative crea- 
tures of the carousel. 


—Elaine G. Shafrin 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES 


February 
The Board of Managers held its 591st 


meeting on February 15 at the Cosmos 

Club, with President Specht presiding. 
The minutes of the 590th meeting were 

approved as previously distributed. 


Secretary. Secretary Farrow reported 
that the American Institute of Mining, 
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers 
had inquired about affiliation with the 
Academy. They had been informed of the 
information required and the customary 
procedure for affiliation. 


84. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Treasurer. Treasurer Cooke presented a 
budget for 1968, with estimated receipts 
and expenses of $20,900. This was accepted 
by the Board. (For details, see under Acad- 


emy Proceedings in March issue. ) 


In response to inquiries, it was explained 
that the fiscal year of the Academy remains 
on a calendar year basis, despite the recent 
Bylaws changes whereby the terms of of- 
ficers expire in May, and the annual meet- 
ing is held in May. Two items in the bud- 
get provide for the acquisition of a rebuilt 
typewriter and storage cabinets for the 
Academy office. As concerns headquarters 
office operations, the budget takes cog- 
nizance of an estimated cost of living in- 


crease for 1968. 


Membership. On motion of Chairman 
Mitchell, 22 persons were elected to fellow- 
ship in the Academy, as follows: Witold 
M. Bodganowicz, William S. Bowers, Jr., 
Henry M. Cathey, William P. Flatt, Daniel 
R. Flynn, Cyril J. Galvin, Jr., Martin E. 
Glicksman, Nathan Gordon, Irwin Horn- 
stein, Royal B. Kellogg, Austin Long, Wen- 
dell V. Mickey, Hans J. Oser, Edward D. 
Palik, Glenn W. Patterson, John C. Reed, 
Jr., Frank S. Santamour, Jr., James F. 
Schooley, Peter J. Van Soest, Leszek J. 
Wolfram, Daniel B. Lloyd, and Walter E. 
Steidle. 


Dr. Mitchell announced that six persons 
had been elected to membership in the 
Academy, as follows: Charles W. Buggs, 
Charles A. Blank, Howard DeVore, James 
E. Fearn, Conrad M. Seeboth, and Gnana- 
mony J. Thabaraj. 


March Meeting. It was announced that 
the March meeting of the Academy would 
be held on Thursday, March 21, and that 
the speaker, Anthony J. Goodhart of the 
Coast and Geodetic Survey, would discuss 
“Instrumentation for Oceanography.” 


APRIL, 1968 


Archivist. Dr. Farber inquired about the 
status of his earlier proposal to organize 
the archives of the Academy in some usable 
form. He had estimated that about one-half 
man-year would be required. The sugges- 
tion was made that American University 
has special training for archivists; the job 
might be one for a student project if a 
suitable individual could be found. 


Grants-in-Aid. The Board approved a 
grant of $110 to Bruce Stancomb, a student 
at West Springfield High School in Fairfax 
County, Va., for purchase of supplies for 
a project in which he proposed to grow 
crystals, containing various impurities, at 
high temperatures, and examine them spec- 
trophotometrically. 


Awards. Chairman Florence Forziati sug- 
gested that the Academy consider making 
its annual awards at a date later in the 
year. The present practice of making 
awards in January provides little oppor- 
tunity for collecting award nominations and 
evaluating them properly. Ordinarily the 
Committee does not begin operations until 
sometime after September. The suggestion 
was referred to the Committee on Policy 
Planning. 

New Business. Mr. Sherlin inquired 
about the requirements for emeritus mem- 
bership. He mentioned an instance in which 
a resignation was thought to result because 
the fellow was no longer gainfully em- 
ployed but not yet 65. The Bylaws require 
that fellows or members not gainfully em- 
ployed must have attained the age of 65 or 
have a disability in order to be considered 
for emeritus status. Mr. Sherlin thought 
the Academy should consider amending this 
provision since a number of Government 
employees are now retiring before reaching 
the age of 65. After a brief discussion the 
question was referred to the Committee on 
Policy Planning for consideration. 


85 


Science in Washington 


CALENDAR OF EVENTS 


Notices of meetings for this column may 
be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George 
Washington University School of Medi- 
cine, 1331 H. Street, N.W., Washington, 


D. C, 20005, by the first Wednesday of the 


month preceding the date of issue of the 
Journal. 


April 15 — Acoustical Society of 


America 


Speak to be announced. 
National Academy of Sciences, 201 Con- 
stitution Ave., N. W., 8:00 p.m. 


April 16—Society of American Mili- 


tary Engineers 


Hon. Thomas D. Morris, Assistant Sec- 
retary of Defense (Installations and Logis- 
tics) will speak on the Southeast Asia 
Construction Program. 


Fort Myer Officers Club, 11.30 a.m. 


April 16—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


April 17—American Meteorological 
Society 
Speaker to be announced. 


National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


April 17—Helminthological Society 
of Washington 
Program to be announced, 


Naval Medical Research Institute, Beth- 
esda, Maryland, 8:00 p.m. 


April 17 — Insecticide Society of 
Washington 


Speaker to be announced. 


Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium, 
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m. 


April 17?—University of Maryland 
Astronomy Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:00 p.m. 


April 17—Washington Society of En- 
gineers 

Maj. Gen. C. H. Dunn, director, Military 
Construction, Army Corps of Engineers, 
“The World’s Largest Construction Or- 
ganization.” 


John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos 
Club, 2170 Florida Ave., N. W., noon. 


April 18—American Society of Me- 
chanical Engineers 


Program to be announced. 


PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, N. W., 
8:00 p.m. 


April 18—Consortium of Universities 
of the Washington Metropolitan Area 
and the Smithsonian Institution 

Seminar in Development Biology. 

Carroll Williams, Biological Labora- 
tories, Harvard University, “Hormones, 
Genes, and Metamorphosis.” 

Auditorium, Museum of History and 
Technology, Constitution Avenue between 


12th and 14th Streets, N.W., 7:30 p.m. 


April 23—American Society for Mi- 
crobiology 

Stanley Falkow, Department of Micro- 
biology, Georgetown University, session 
chairman. Topic: “Molecular Genetics.” 

Speakers: 

Donald Brenner, Walter Reed Army In- 
stitute of Research, “A Molecular Approach 
to Bacterial Evolution.” 

David Kohne, Department of Terrestrial 
Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Wash- 
ington, “Isolation of a Gene.” 

Loretta Leive, National Institutes of 
Health, subject to be announced. 


86 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Carl Merrill, Laboratory of Cellular 
Pharmacology, NIH, “Sequence Analysis 
of S-RNA.” 

Reiss Science Building, Georgetown Uni- 


versity, 37th and O Sts., N. W., 8:00 p.m. 


April 23—tUniversity of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 

Speaker to be announced. 

Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


April 24 — Geological Society of 
Washington 


Speaker to be announced. 
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos 
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 8.00 p.m. 


April 24—Institute of Electrical and 
Electronics Engineers, Reliability 
Group 


Jack Q. Reynolds, manager of reliability, 
Collins Radio Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 
“Effects of Sustained Temperature Cycling 
on Electronic Parts.” 

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N. W., 
8:00 p.m. 


April 24—University of Maryland 


Astronomy Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


April 25-26—American Institute of 
Metallurgical Engineers, Institute of 
Metals Division 


Refractory Metals’ Committeee Sympo- 
sium, “Metallurgy and Technology of Re- 
fractory Metal Alloys—State of the Art 
Review.” 

Washington Hilton Hotel. 


April 25—Consortium of Universities 
of the Washington Metropolitan Area 
and the Smithsonian Institution 


Seminar in Developmental Biology. 

Dorothy Price, Department of Zoology, 
University of Chicago, “Fetal Hormones 
and Adaptive Growth in Mammalian Re- 
productive Systems.” 


Aprit, 1968 


Auditorium, Museum of History and 
Technology, Constitution Avenue between 


12th and 14th Streets, N.W., 7:30 p-m. 


April 26—Philosophical Society of 
Washington 


Speaker to be announced. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W.., 
OLS (p.m. 


April 27—American Society of Me- 
chanical Engineers 

Speaker to be announced. 

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, N.W., 
8:00 p.m. 


April 30—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 

Speaker to be announced. 

Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


May 1—Institute of Electrical and 
Electronics Engineers 

Electronic Computers Group. 

Speaker to be announced. 

PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, 
N. W., 8:15 p.m. 


May 1—tUniversity of Maryland As- 
tronomy Colloquium 


Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


May 2—Electrochemical Society 
Fair 


Laboratory Tour and _ Science 


Awards. 
Goddard Space Flight Center, 8:00 p.m. 


May 2—Entomological Society of 


Washington 

Speaker to be announced. 

Room 43, Natural History Building, 
Smithsonian Institution, 6:00 p.m. 


May 7—Botanical Society of Wash- 
ington 
Speaker to be announced. 
Administration Building, National Ar- 
boretum, 8:00 p.m. 


Stel 
O48 


May 7—University of Maryland Phys- 
ics Colloquium 

Speaker to be announced. 

Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


May 8—Geological Society of Wash- 
ington 

Speaker to be announced. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N. W., 
8:00 p.m. 


May $—Institute of Food Technolo- 
gists 
Speaker to be announced. 
National Canners Association, 


20th Street, N. W., 8:00 p.m. 
May 8—University of Maryland As- 


tronomy Colloquium 


1133 


Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


May 9—American Society of Mechan- 
ical Engineers 


Speaker to be announced. | 
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, 
N. W., 8:00 p.m. 


May 9—Consortium of Universities 
of the Metropolitan Area and _ the 
Smithsonian Institution 


Seminar in Developmental Biology. 

Viktor Hamburger, Department of Biol- 
ogy, Washington University, St. Louis, 
Mo., “Some Aspects of Neurogenesis.” 

Auditorium, Museum of History and 
Technology, Constitution Ave. between 


12th and 14th Sts., N. W., 7:30 p.m. 


May 10—Philosophical Society of 
Washington 

Speaker to be announced. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cos- 
mos Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N. W.., 
6:15 p.m. 


May 10—Society for Experimental 
Biology and Medicine 


Program to be announced. 


Main auditorium, Naval Medical Re- 
search Institute, Naval Medical Center, 


Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m. 


May 13—American Society for Metals 


National officers’ night. 

T. C. DuMond, American Society for 
Metals, “ASM, Today and Tomorrow.” 

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House, 
1500 S. Joyce Street, Arlington, social 
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 8:00 
p-m. 


May 13—Institute of Electrical and 
Electronics Engineers 


Speaker to be announced; general sub- 
ject, “Information Retrieval.” 


PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, 
N. W., 8:00 p.m. 


May 14—American Society of Civil 
Engineers 


Speaker to be announced. 

YWCA, 17th and K Streets, N. W., 
noon. 

Luncheon meeting. For reservations, 


phone Mr. Furen, 521-5600, ext. 4470. 


May 15—University of Maryland 
Physics Colloquium 
Speaker to be announced. 
Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 
May 16—University of Maryland As- 
tronomy Colloquium : 
Speaker to be announced. 


Building C-132, University of Maryland, 
4:30 p.m. 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 


Contributions to this column may be 
addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate 
Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture, 
Agricultural Research Service, Federal 


Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland. 


AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 


KENNETH W. PARKER, director of 
Range Management and Wildlife Habitat 


88 JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Research, Forest Service, has been honored 
with a “Certificate of Merit” by the Ameri- 
can Society of Range Management. The 
award was in recognition of Mr. Parker’s 
outstanding achievements as a range sci- 
entist, for his inspirational leadership in 
range management research, and for his 
contributions to the advancement of im- 
proved range management practices. Pre- 
sentation of the award was made February 
13, at the annual meeting of the Society 
in Albuquerque, N. M. 


GEORGE W. IRVING, JR., spoke before 
the 1968 Pest Control Conference held at 
the University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla., 
on February 27. 


CALVIN GOLUMBIC has been named 
assistant deputy administrator for market- 
ing research, Agricultural Research Ser- 
vice. Formerly he was asSistant director of 
the Market Quality Research Division, 
ARS. 


HAROLD H. SHEPARD retired from 
the Agricultural Stabilization and Conser- 
vation Service at the end of March after 
27144 years of service in the Department. 


W. H. ANDERSON, who retired last 
June as chief of the Insect Identification 
and Parasite Introduction Research Branch 
Entomology Research Division, is now 
editor of the Annals of the Entomological 
Society of America. Dr. Anderson lives 


at Snow Hill, Md., 


NATIONAL BUREAU 
OF STANDARDS 


KURT E. SHULER, senior research fel- 
low at NBS, has been named professor of 
chenfistry and chairman of the Department 
at the University of California, San Diego. 
Dr. Shuler, who is currently serving as a 
visiting professor of chemistry at UCSD, 
will take over his new post as chairman at 
the start of the Fall, 1968, quarter. 

W. WAYNE MEINKE, chief of the Ana- 
lytical Chemistry Division, has been elected 
1968 chairman of the American Chemical 
Society’s Division of Nuclear Chemistry 
and Technology. 


APRIL, 1968 


JOHN K. TAYLOR has been named to 
receive the 1968 Honor Award of the 
Washington Chapter, American Institute of 
Chemists. The award will be presented at 
the Chapter’s annual dinner meeting in 


May. 


NATIONAL INSTITUTES 
OF HEALTH 


JAMES A. SHANNON received Hadas- 
sah’s Myrtle Wreath from Mrs. Avraham 
Harman, wife of the ambassador from 
Israel, on January 15. The award was pre- 
sented to Dr. Shannon “in recognition of 
his pioneering service in raising the health 
standards of our nation and the world 
and in appreciation of the development of 
a research institution distinct in its quality 
and effectiveness.” 


KENNETH COLE, senior research bio- 
physicist at the National Institute of Neur- 
ological Diseases and _ Blindness, was 
awarded the 1967 National Medal of Sci- 
ence in ceremonies at the White House. 
The award recognized Dr. Cole for his 
pioneering studies of electrical properties 
of nerves and other cells, especially cell 
membranes. 


NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 
W. A. ZISMAN, for the past 12 years 


superintendent of the Chemistry Division, 
at his own request has been relieved of 
his duties as superintendent. He has been 
appointed to head the Laboratory for 
Chemical Physics, a position in which he 
will be able to devote his time entirely to 
research. A. L. ALEXANDER, head of the 
Organic and Biological Chemistry Branch, 
has been appointed acting superintendent 
of the Chemistry Division. 


JOHN C. MUNSON, formerly of ONR 
and NOL, has been named superintendent 
of the newly formed Acoustics Division. He 
will administer a broad program of theo- 
retical and experimental research in physi- 
cal acoustics, ocean acoustics, and predic- 
tive oceanography to develop theory and 


89 


models of the interaction of acoustic fields 
with structures and ocean environment. 


LEWIS B. WITZEL has been named 
head of the Radio Division. He comes from 
the Institute for Defense Analysis. 


UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
MAURICE LEVY, director of the Sci- 


entific Mission to the French Embassy in 
Washington, has accepted an appointment 
as part-time visiting professor in the Cen- 
ter for Theoretical Physics of the Univer- 
sity’s Department of Physics and Astron- 
omy. Under this appointment, Dr. Levy will 
conduct research and graduate teaching in 
theoretical physics at the Center, while 
continuing his Embassy duties concerned 
with French-American scientific relations. 


DEATHS 


JACOB M. LUTZ, assistant chief of the 
Horticultural Crops Research Branch, Mar- 
ket Quality Research Division, ARS, USDA, 
died of a heart attack on February 26. He 


would have been 60 years old in March. 


Dr. Lutz joined the Department of Agri- 
culture in 1929 as a junior plant physiolo- 
gist. He served as head of field stations at 
Meridian, Miss., East Grand Forks, Minn., 
and the market pathology laboratory in 
New York City. 


THOMAS R. HENRY, well-known Wash- 
ington science columnist, died March 3 of 
leukemia, at the Veterans Administration 
hospital. He lacked two weeks of being 75. 

Mr. Henry was a native of Boston and 
a graduate of Clark University in Wor- 
cester, Mass. During his early newspaper 
career, he served as a general assignment 
reporter for the old Washington Herald 
and as city editor of the Washington Daily 
News. He joined the Evening Star in 1923 
and spent 37 years with that paper, func- 
tioning as science writer and war corre- 
spondent. He formally retired about 10 
years ago, but continued to write the Star’s 
“Vistas in Science” column until shortly 


before his death. 


Mr. Henry won an honorable mention 
among the Pulitzer Prize awards for 1932, 
for his stories on the Bonus Army march 
on Washington. He received the Army 
Medal of Freedom during World War II 
for his coverage of action on the European 
front, as correspondent for the Star. He also 
won the Westinghouse Award for his gen- 
eral science reporting in 1946, at which 
time he was elected president of the Na- 
tional Association of Science Writers. 

Also in 1946, Mr. Henry’s trip to Ant- 
arctica with Richard E. Byrd’s expedition 
resulted in a best-selling book, “The White 
Continent.” He visited the Arctic also, dur- 
ing the winter of 1948-49, on a Navy ice- 
breaker. In 1957 his reporting of the In- 
ternational Geophysical Year won him a 
Washington Newspaper Guild award. 

Mr. Henry was a member of the Cosmos 
Club, the National Press and Overseas 
Writers Clubs, the Explorers’ Club of New 
York, the Washington Academy of Sci- 
ences, and the American Legion. 


SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT 


The Weather Bureau will be engaged in 
a program of official bird watching this 
spring—all for the sake of science and air- 
craft safety. | 

The weather component of the Environ- 
mental Scence Services Administration 
(ESSA) will help track, via radar, the mi- 
gration of the whistling swan from Chesa- 
peake Bay to its nesting grounds in North- 
west Canada. 

The project will be conducted at the re- 
quest of the U. S. Air Force Office of Scien- 
tific Research and the Canadian Wildlife 
Service. The purpose is to gain an insight 
into the migratory habits of the whistling 
swan, which weighs up to 20 pounds and 
constitutes a serious. hazard to aviation. 
Several years ago, a plane crashed in Mary- 
land after striking two of these birds. 

Scientists want to know how fast and 
how high the whistling swan flies, its route, 
and how its progress is affected by weather 
conditions. In studies of other years, it was 


90 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


learned that ducks will migrate with a 
tailwind, but will not migrate into a head- 
wind. Information of a similar nature is 
desired of the whistling swan. 

The Weather Bureau will assist by assign- 
ing selected stations along the migratory 
path the task of taking radarscope photo- 
graphs from the second week in March to 
the second week in April. 


Americans are asked to return a found 
radiosonde—that balloon-borne package of 
weather instruments that flashes back in- 
formation to weathermen around the world. 

Such thoughtful acts by citizens today 
are already saving the American taxpayer 
about $180,000 a year over the cost of 
buying new instruments of this type, ac- 
cording to the Environmental Science Serv- 
ices Administration. 

A small Weather Bureau facility in Joliet, 
Ill., called the National Reconditioning 
Center, recently repaired its 400,000th ra- 
diosonde since the facility was established 
in 1945. 

Radiosondes, which measure tempera- 
ture, humidity, and air pressure as they 
rise through the atmosphere and radio this 
information back to the ground, are 
launched from stations around the world 
more than 300 times each day. Most of 
them are lost in remote or uninhabited 
areas or in the sea when their balloons 
burst and they parachute back to earth. 
But about 25 percent of them are found and 
returned to the Weather Bureau where they 
are reconditioned for use again. (One rec- 
ord-making radiosonde was flown, recov- 
ered, and reconditioned seven times.) 

Printed on the side of each radiosonde 
is a legend asking the finder to deliver the 
instrument (in a postage-paid mailing sack 
which is provided) to the nearest post office 
or mailman for return to the National Re- 
conditioning Center. 

A new radiosonde costs from $15 to $30. 
The average cost of reconditioning one is 
$6.37 which includes parts, labor, and 


overhead expenses at the Joliet center. 


APRIL, 1968 


Potential tornado weather over the 
United States will be photographed every 
15 minutes by a camera 22,300 miles 
above the Equator. 

The photographs of developing severe 
local storm systems will be taken by 
the multicolor spin-scan camera aboard 
NASA’s ATS-III (Applications Technology 
Satellite), now in an earth-synchronous or- 
bit over the equator. 

On days when weather patterns favor 
tornado development, NASA will program 
the camera to photograph the northern 
hemisphere at 15-minute intervals from 7 
a.m. to 9 p.m. Eastern standard time. 

Normally, the camera photographs the 
earth from pole to pole, once every 30 min- 
utes. In the current experiment, the camera 
will sweep only from the North Pole to the 
equator and then begin another picture, in 
a 15-minute cycle. 

Although the polar-orbiting ESSA space- 
craft provide complete photographic cov- 
erage of the earth’s weather once every 
day, their coyerage is not continuous in 
time. The present experiment will permit 
an uninterrupted look at developing severe 
storm situations. 

Some meteorologists believe that poten- 
tial tornado-breeding situations can be 
identified from characteristic cloud mo- 
tions long before the tornadoes actually 
develop. The ATS-III pictures will provide 
an unprecedented opportunity to observe 
cloud movements prior to and during tor- 
nado formation and to confirm or disprove 
this theory. 

This project is mainly a research effort, 
since the pictures will not be available in 
time to be used in the tornado warning 
process. If the space-platform movies do 
help to identify and track the storm-pro- 
ducing clouds, the next step is to provide 
these views in time for operational use in 
actual storm forecasts and warnings. 


A laser light-scattering apparatus con- 
structed at the National Bureau of Stand- 
ards provides a rapid and convenient, yet 
highly sensitive, method for determining 


91 


extremely ‘small concentrations of solid 
particles suspended in liquids. The method 
should be of broad utility in such fields as 
water and air pollution, medical and bac- 
teriological research, particle-free lubrica- 
tion, and manufacturing process control in 
micro-miniaturization. 

While the laser scattering technique is 
applicable to a number of fields, it was 
devised primarily to solve problems that 
have arisen in analytical chemistry. In the 
past several years, analytical chemical 
measurements have become sensitive to the 
effects of extremely small quantities of 
chemical contamination. One of the more 
difficult problems has been the presence in 
liquids of solid particles that are not large 
enough to be removed by conventional fil- 
ters and whose concentration is below the 
level of detection by the usual methods of 
measurement. The NBS scientists therefore 


set out to build an apparatus for this pur- 
pose that would not require much time for 
operation and maintenance. 

The use of a laser for particle contami- 
nation measurement is based upon the fact 
that such small particles are a billion times 
more effective in scattering light than are 
the liquids in which they are suspended. 
The laser has the important advantage of 
providing a very highly concentrated beam 
of light, making feasible the use of small 
sample volumes and a relatively simple de- 
tection device such as a photomultiplier. 

The method was found to be so sensitive 
that concentrations corresponding to the 
ultimate limit of light scattering were read- 
ily obtained. For practical purposes this 
concentration is a few hundred particles 
per milliliter, or one part by weight of 
particles to a billion parts by weight of the 
liquid. 


CTY 


92 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


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Volume 58 APRIL 1968 


No. 4 


CONTENTS 
S. B. Hendricks: Photoperiodism After 50 Years 00000... cn esses ome 
T. E. Margrave, Jr.: Review of Early Photographic Observations = 
of Solar Gramtlation ..)..:..cc-.ccisssdesssocsctefenssecvesnsopoactanpncseiveaeats Mueapaan cont congener «.shae 
T-Thoughts 0.2... c.cccccececcstte cs eeensetenreenbecsonneenenranerrestanseneys fecscrscepvenetnnesesnrnsenens ‘ , 
New Books Received u 


Academy Proceedings 


Science Talent Awards Dinner Announced ............:..::::.0s00:c080ce eters 


a 


peeve 4 \ 


a 


Washington Junior Academy of Sciences .............. uiwce-aiphee ae a ar, 

Joint Board on Science Education .........0...:..00.0: sce ceeseeecresinsneee renee eceeee ae 

Board of Managers Meeting Notes (February) jo i.::ficct decasdaeontae sevnean 
Science in Washington 

Calendar of Eivemite .:.:.aisscsssssoseivicdsjon cotiovielsoviecttins ititi skola bein gira ea ne 

Scientists in the News: .......:cilssocsivisscdidsssceeersseasec ny sasornntyrngeenen nai _ hen 

Science and Development DM et 


Washington Academy of Sciences 
1530—P St., N.W. 


si 


Washington, D.C., 20005 Washing 


Return Requested with Form 3579 


06-75 
y2 W255 


- VOLUME 58 NUMBER 5 © 


: Gonrnal of the 
WASHINGTON 
_ ACADEMY OF 
SCIENCES » 


aii 111 nt Vi 3 


||| e 
oy) tt eet 


MAY 1968 


The Washington Academy of Sciences: 
Scientific Wheel Horse? 


Or Merely a Fifth Wheel? 


Malcolm C. Henderson 
Academy President, 1968-69 


As most of our members know by now. 
the Washington Academy of Sciences and 
the Joint Board on Science Education. 
which for some eight or ten years have 
been housed rent-free in the Carnegie In- 
stitution of Washington at 1530 P St., 
N.W., have had to move out and find new 
quarters for their operating offices. The 
Urban Coalition of Mr. John Gardner has 
moved in and occupies so much space in 
the CIW that there is now no longer room 
for us. 

The Academy’s first words about this 
circumstance must of course be those of 
sincere thanks to the CIW for its long con- 
tinued hospitality to us, amounting in 
effect to a very considerable subsidy. We 
owe a great debt of gratitude to our host 
organization and we have profited much 
by our association with it. The search for 
new quarters has made it clear to your 
Executive Committee how very great our 
debt and profit are. 

Luckily, finding new and suitable quar- 
ters has proved not to be too difficult, 
considered purely as a physical matter of 
searching. What it may imply for the fu- 
ture of the Academy is another matter 
which I shall deal with in a moment. Your 
officers have now leased for a year two 
laree rooms in the Lee building of the 
Federation of American Societies for Ex. 
perimental Biology (FASEB) at 9650 
Wisconsin Ave., a half mile beyond NIH 
and just short of the Beltway. This action 
has been taken with the concurrence of 
the Executive Committee and on the au- 


May. 1968 


thority of the President and Treasurer. 
The move took place on April 18. 

So much for the bare facts of the exo- 
dus. To me this happening has sharply 
emphasized a serious question as to the fu- 
ture of the Academy itself that has been 
bothering many of us for a long time. 
What should the Academy activities be in 
order to justify the very considerable 
extra expense of moving and setting up 
new and expensive quarters? What 
should the Academy do for the Affiliates 
and for the scientific community of Wash- 
ington generally? What indeed can we do 
in this environment, now so vastly more 
complex and diverse than it was at the 
Academy’s founding 70 years ago? Can 
we justify ourselves through the service 
we render, or should we in effect fold up? 
We cannot in good conscience allow our 
considerable prestige to atrophy when we 
have such substantial financial, as well as 
intellectual, resources. But what to do? 

I do not need to rehearse a list, almost 
fantastically numerous, of the scientific 
societies and groups that exist here in 
Washington and nearby, not even count- 
ing our own 35 affiliates. As individuals 
most of us belong to at least two of them, 
so where does the Academy fit in? Is it in 
competition or in cooperation with them? 
A number of them publish their own 
journals; nearly all hold meetings cover- 
ing their own specialties. What then do 
they get out of the fact of affiliation 
with us? 

Many circumstances conspire to make 


93 


some decision—some answer—to these 
questions particularly needed at this par- 
ticular moment. The move from Carnegie 
to 9650 Wisconsin Ave. with rent to be 
paid; the serious reduction in the scope of 
activity of the Joint Board, and its move 
out of a joint office with us—a relation- 
ship that has been most useful to both 
our organizations; the proposal from 
the Institute of Electrical and Electronic 
Engineers that it move its local operation 
to Washington from Baltimore, possibly 
coming into our office; the receptiveness 
of at least two others of our affiliates to 
the idea of having a foothold in an office 
with us; and lastly the thriving state of our 
capital funds, which amount to almost five 
times our annual expenses. Besides this, 
our annual budget is substantially in bal- 
ance at about $20,000 per year of income 
and expense. 

As I write this, the arrangements with 


the IEEE have not been concluded, and — 


what precise form they will take we do 
not know. We hope very much that a 


satisfactory financial agreement can be 


reached and that IEEE will move in with 
us. The facilities of the FASEB establish- 
ment could scarcely be improved as a 
place from which we might operate, no 
matter how much reasonable expansion 
we contemplate. There are reproduction 
and mailing facilities, meeting rooms for 
committees, a modern building only two 
years old, several not-too-distantly-related 
scientific groups already housed in the 
rest of the building, and all the regular 
services—cafeteria, etc.—besides. The ac- 
tual space we have rented, while larger 
than we need for the moment, will permit 
us to have other societies in with us if 
suitable arrangements for sharing the cost 
and staff work can be worked out. As you 
will have gathered, it is in this direction 
that I feel the Academy should move in 
order to justify itself. This is the first 
part of my “platform” for the year. 

When any professional group or society 
first organizes, the secretary and treas- 
urer operate out of their own homes or 


offices in their spare time. However, as 
soon as it achieves more than a hundred 
or two members, the group will require a 
particularly devoted volunteer if the 
burden is to be carried this way. In the 
past the Academy itself has been the bene- 
ficiary of the unpaid help of several such 
devoted amateurs. We have, of course, 
long passed the time when we should im- 
pose on anyone to that extent. However, 
several of our affiliates are at a point 
where it would be of real value to them 
if the Academy could offer them a place 
in which to keep operating files, to list a 
permanent telephone number, to have a 
desk for the secretary or treasurer to use 
as needed, to provide professional secre- 
tarial assistance, and to keep track of 
mailings and general correspondence. All 
of this in return for a suitable financial 
compensation, of course. Such an arrange- 
ment, even if only a few of our affiliates 
took advantage of it, would help us not 
only in the financial support of the quar- 
ters, but would make the preparation of 
the Science Calendar, the arrangement of 
meeting schedules, the recruitment of lec- 
turers and speakers, and the overall co- 
ordination of general scientific activities 
in Washington much easier than at pres- 
ent. Merely to provide the subscribing 
group an office with a permanent tele- 
phone listing, with a secretary at the other 
end who knows who their current officers 
are, would be a useful service. Our office 
has handled such calls for a long time, 
but unofficially, and without always hav- 
ing full information about the individual 
society. We hope for example, that the 
Joint Board on Science Education will 
eventually come back in with us to our 
mutual advantage. Since we share spon- 
sorship of the Board with the Engineering 
Societies, it would be particularly ap- 
propriate to have it do so. 

The second point in the “platform” is 
that the Academy’s activities should be 
re-examined overall. This examination is a 
function of the Policy Planning Commit- 
tee, and I propose merely to list, without 


94, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


extended comment, the things that we 
actually now do in order for you to assess 
their importance and to ask your consid- 
eration of their worth and possible change. 
In the rough order of decreasing annual 
expenditure they are as follows. 

(1) The Journal. This costs us roughly 
$9,000 a year. 

(2) The office and staff. Currently 
about $5,600 a year; with the new of- 
fice, not counting possible and expected 
expense sharing, about $8,000. 

(3) Meetings, with speaker, about 9 
times a year; $4,300. 

(4) Cosponsorship of the Joint Board 
of Science Education; our contribution is 
$600. 

(5) Annual awards for 
achievement in five categories of teaching 
and research, $350. 

(6) Guidance and sponsorship for the 
Junior Academy of Sciences. 

(7) Small grants-in-aid ($50 to $200) 
to young students for their research proj- 
ects, gifts and contributions; $900. 


scientific 


May, 1968 


(8) The selection and election of new 
fellows is not an easy activity to set a price 
on, but costs much time and care never- 
theless. 

(9) Filling orders for back numbers of 
the Journal is very time consuming and 
of problematical value. 

Of these activities, the outstanding prob- 
lem is that of poor attendance at meet- 
ings. To discuss this and a possible solu- 
tion for it is more than should be done 
here; suggestions will be welcome. 


In conclusion, then, it is clear to me 
that to improve our effectiveness in the 
Washington scientific scene, we shall have 
to spend several thousand more a year for 
a year or two until we can render such 
reimbursable service to the Affiliates and 
the community that we again can operate 
entirely from income. The necessary dip 
into capital will be more than justified if 
we thereby achieve a new usefulness, uti- 
lize the unique structure of our organiza- 
tion for new service, and justify our in- 
herited prestige. 


95 


First Portable and First 
Airborne Electric System 


Ernst M. Cohn 


National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C. 


In October 1965 I visited the Universi- 
tets Myntkabinett at Oslo. This coin mu- 
seum owns seven commemorative medals 
made of a copper-zinc alloy. Struck with 
probably two obverse and three reverse 
dies, they are 15 millimeters in diameter 
and of different thicknesses. Most have 
small loops at the top, some are silvered 
and some gold-plated. They are among 
the few surviving remnants of the first 
airborne electric power system, flown on 
at least two of the manned balloons out of 
besieged Paris during the Franco-German 
War.* 

A six and one-half month war—from 
July 19, 1870, to essentially the surrender 
of Paris on January 28, 1871—is too brief 
for introducing new emergency techniques 
or products, unless they are already 
available in such an advanced state as to 
require little or no further improvement. 
The conflict of 1870 is remarkable because 
of the many aerial improvisations made 
by the Parisians. These included the first 
massive air lift of people (164), mail 
(over 10 tons), homing pigeons (over 
390), and cargo (astronomical and pho- 
tographic equipment, two cases of dyna- 
mite); the first V-mail by micropho- 
tography on pigeon back; the first airmail 
newspaper editions and newspaper-letter 
combinations; and the first airborne elec- 
tric system, an electric light. 


*Though often mistakenly called the Franco- 
Prussian War, it was fought by the French 
against a coalition of German states that joined 
to form the German empire in January 1871. 


The many articles, chapters, and books 
on the 1870-71 balloon and pigeon opera- 
tions are incomplete and contradictory in 
numerous ways, as | found upon trying 
to reconstruct the sequence of what is per- 
haps the most bizarre flight in history, 
that of the balloon “La Ville d’Orléans” 
from Paris to Norway on November 24-25, 
1870. To ascertain some of the missing 
facts and to resolve contradictions, I had 
to range far from the immediate topic. 
Norwegian newspaper accounts made brief 
references to “electrical apparatus” aboard 
the balloon, with absurd speculations on 
its use. I surmised that this equipment 
was a lamp. 

It could not have been an incandescent 
lamp, since the first satisfactory filament 
was invented by Edison 8 years after the 
Franco-German War. Nor could it have 
been an arc lamp, such as those used for 
lighting the Paris forts at night and for 
the first electric street lighting experi- 
ment.* * Thece lights required 50-cell 
batteries. Not only would that size bat- 
tery have made an _ unwieldy balloon 
cargo, but the arc would have been a 
serious fire hazard, in view of the coal 
gas used to fill the gas bags of the bal- 
loons. With these questions in mind, I 
chanced upon an article in the Paris 
newspaper Le Rappel, quoted below, that 
provided the clue to the answer. Here, 
then, is the history of that lamp. 


** Engineer Georges Delaporte installed and 
used an arc lamp on the Place du Carrousel for 
one night, January 21-22, or 22-23, 1871, with 
the backing of Minister of Public Works Dorian. 


96 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


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Figure l. 


Origins and Description of 
Dumas Lamp 


The original electric miners’ lamp, de- 
veloped by A. Dumas and Benoit, was de- 
scribed in a note read to the French 
Academy of Sciences on September 8, 
1862. Its designers pointed out that they 


were not the first to employ Geissler 
[Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Geissler (1814 
Igelshieb—1879 Bonn) ] tubes for light- 
ing, but that du Moncel had used specially- 
shaped tubes for mouth examinations. The 
technique, adopted by Despretz at the 
Sorbonne and by Gavarret at the School 
of Medicine, had inspired Dumas and 
Benoit to design an electric mine-safety 
lamp, applicable also in gas works, sewers, 
factories, arsenals, ships, and in war for 


May, 1968 


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“QA ASEAN 


Original design of the Dumas and Benoit portable electric mine-safety lamp. 


night reconnaissance and electric firing of 
explosives (after detaching the light). 

In January 1863, Ernest Saint-Edme. 
professor of physics and Préparateur de 
Physique at the Conservatoire des Arts et 
Meéetiers, wrote an article about the 
‘“Dumace” system in the Economic Ma- 
chinery Journal, its English subtitle. He 
stated that Heinrich (Henri) Daniel Ruhm- 
korff (1803 Hannover—1877 Paris) was 
building the equipment with a _ spiral- 
shaped Geissler tube for Dumas, the direc- 
tor of the Lac mines at Privas, and that 
tests had already been made with such 
lamps in the coal mines of Bességes (Oc- 
tober 1862), Alais, and Grand’-Combe by 
Dumas and Department Engineer Parran, 
who was also president of the Southeast 
District of the Société de |’Industrie Min- 


97 


érale. Though not as simple as the Davy 
lamp, the new system was considered to be 
suitable for many mine uses. In mid- 
1863, Dumas presented its complete de- 
scription to the Society of the Mineral 
Industry. : 

A brief, clear account of the components 
and their functions was carried in Le 
Rappel for December 8, 1870. It must be 
remembered, however, that the system de- 
scribed at that time embodied a number 
of improvements over the first version 
that is illustrated on Figure 1, taken 
from Dumas’ 1863 paper. 


(4 


‘. . . On a shoulder strap, the [user] 
carries a pouch containing 3 _ objects: 
battery, induction spool, and lamp [Figure 
1, left, center and right, respectively]. All 
of this takes barely more space than a 
pouch. . . . The battery is the potassium 
bichromate type (zinc, carbon, potassium 
bichromate with sulfuric acid) ; its special 
construction is such that, carried in one 
position it does not operate, while current 
is produced when the system is inverted. 


“It is thus used up in proportion to the 
required output only. The battery is en- 
closed in a hard rubber bottle that is ab- 
solutely impermeable. The spark gen- 
erator is an induction spool, often re- 
ferred to by the name Rumhkoff [sic]. 
The apparatus is reduced to the smallest 
dimensions and fastened in the pouch near 
the battery. A switch, thrown one way or 
the other, starts the discharge or stops it. 


“As for the lamp, it is based on a very 
interesting principle which combines sev- 
eral physical observations. A spark struck 
in an evacuated tube produces a feeble 
light; but let us imagine that this tube 
becomes a tight and long spiral, turned 
around itself so as to form a_ short 
cylinder, then the illumination will be 
quite bright. If the glass is _ phos- 
phorescent, i.e., itself capable of giving off 
luminous excitation produced by the spark, 
the lighting effect will be greatly ampli- 
fied. 


“The electric spark can pass only in a 


tube from which air has been evacuated; 
thus, if a fracture occurs, the air re- 
enters and the electric current is inter- 
rupted, so that a spark cannot pass. .. .” 


Underground Tests of Dumas Lamp 

The lamp was evaluated by a commis- 
sion, consisting of Messrs. Pouillet, Reg- 
nault, and Balard; also at the School of 
Saint-Etienne and then at Echelles; at 
Chateau-Creux on January 5, 1863; and 
at the mines of Monthieux on April 7, 
1863, in the presence of President Dupont 
and of several members of the Society of 
the Mineral Industry. The test was 
satisfactory from the point of view of 
both light and safety. 

From August 3 to November 1863, 
several electric lamps were tested in the 
Firminy mines. H. Luyton, a council 
member and secretary of the Society, 
wrote about these experiences to Presi- 
dent Dupont, chief Mining Engineer, Di- 
rector of the School of Mines of Saint- 
Etienne. Luyton first mentioned that the 
pale blue light was only one-quarter as 
intense as that from a Davy lamp, as meas- 
ured in April 1863 at the School of 
Mines. Considering that, in a gas-filled 
gallery, the wick of the Davy lamp must 
be lowered and that it burns poorly and 
gives less light in a badly aerated mine, 
this drawback was smaller in practice 
than it appeared to be. In any case there 
was enough light for mine work, and the 
lamp survived ordinary rough usage and 
water falling down a shaft. 


At a depth of 250 meters, the Chapelon 
shaft of Firminy ran into a layer of coal 
that gave off enough gas to make work 
dangerous. Ventilation from a column of 
iron pipes of 22-cm. diameter, extending 
the height of the shaft, had been suffi- 
cient until coal was found. Gas then ac- 
cumulated at the bottom of the shaft 
and promptly filled the lower part, so 
that the wire mesh of Davy lamps became 
red 30 meters above the floor. 


Luyton did not want to invest more 
time and money on the work without fur- 


98 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


ther exploration, particularly since his 
men could remain at the bottom of the 
shaft for several hours, if they only had a 
safe light. That is how he thought about 
the electric lamp. Equipped with three 
Dumas lamps, Edouard (later director of 
the Mines of Vernade at Firminy), Mirc 
(mining engineer of Firminy), and Luy- 
ton went down on August 3 and, during 
more than one hour, assured themselves 
that the miners would have sufficient 
light for working. 


From that day on, digging continued 
without accident. Two lamps generally 
sufficed for each working post in the shaft 
of three-meter diameter. The usual lamp 
caretaker quickly learned how to main- 
tain a lamp and charge its cell. The 
miners, too, became familiar with the ap- 
paratus, which they hung on the wood- 
work and didn’t have to worry about. 

Later, the same lamps were used suc- 
cessfully in the neighboring Saint-Thomas 
shaft to complete an air shaft, where 
Davy lamps burned with difficulty. Fi- 
nally, the lamps were employed during 
October 1863 in the Lachaux shaft at 
Firminy, where a reconnaisance gallery 
into a virgin coal layer gave off a great 
deal of firedamp. Later, the coal bed had 
to be approached through a lower level 
and the gallery had filled with water, 
under such conditions that the bottom was 
probably filled with gas under a pressure 
of 12 meters of water. 

Piercing, necessary to get air moving, 
was effected on October 23 with a probe. 
Gas escaped from the opening of the probe 
and filled the little-developed mine in 
an instant. The workers got back to the 
shaft without trouble. The inrushing gas 
would likely have blown out any Davy 
lamps. There would also have been danger 
of the flame being forced outside the wire 
mesh, with an immediate accident. 

In his report, Luyton hoped the lamp 
might be made more powerful and sold 
more cheaply. But he recommended it 
highly, even in its then current form, for 


May, 1968 


work where the oxygen content of the air 
was low, particularly for building fire 
barriers and for rescue operations. 


Safety Evaluation of Dumas Lamp 

On Saturday, January 28, 1864, the 
Rescue Commission’s subcommission tested 
the Dumas equipment for safety. In 
their published report, Messrs. Dupont, 
Luyton, Meurgey, Grand’Eury, and Mal- 
lard found that the ends of broken wires 
from the secondary spool produced sparks 
not only from one to the other wire, but 
also from at least one wire to ground. 
Such sparks were able to inflame a jet of 
illuminating gas immediately. A powerful 
spark was also produced when the second- 
ary circuit was broken. It was recom- 
mended that stronger connectors be used 
to lessen the danger of accidental break- 
age; other structural changes were thought 
possible, too. 

Even a blank spot on the wire of the 
secondary ,winding could cause a danger- 
ous spark, requiring careful inspection be- 
fore use. The very weak spark between 
striker and anvil of the interrupter was not 
considered hazardous, because this portion 
of the apparatus was well enclosed. The 
lamps, though not absolutely safe, were 
considered to be acceptable. 

The commission found this to be the 
only lamp that permitted continuation of 
work in bad but still respirable at- 
mospheres. 

Dumas and Benoit had informed the 
commission, by letter of January 24, 1864. 
that they intended to change the construc- 
tion so that the wire from the primary 
winding would have to be cut before that 
from the secondary could be ruptured by 
an accidental blow. The commission said 
it would be happy to test this modification 
and report the results. 

A postscript warns users to place the 
lamps far enough from compasses to avoid 
spurious readings due to the magnetic 
field generated by the coil. 

This report was followed by one from 
engineer Ch. Ledoux of the Imperial Mine 


99 


heen OMIZS—-- --—--» 


~~ 


0,08— -> 


! 


Figure 2. Arrangement for testing safety of Geissler tubes. 


Corps, concerning experiments made by 
Dumas, in Ledoux’s presence, on Febru- 
ary 16, 1864. The purpose of these tests 
was to show that a broken light tube 
could not cause an explosion. (That was 
to be expected, considering that the elec- 
trodes were 10-15 cm. apart and the in- 
ternal pressure of carbon dioxide had to 
be no more than 20—25 torr.) Dumas 
took two pieces of wood (Figure 2, a and 
b), each with a cylindrical hole and a 
4.5-cm. wide flange. They were con- 
nected by a rubber sleeve, firmly fitted 
over their edges(e). Two little holes 0 
and 0’ (a) were drilled through the flange 
for the guttapercha-wrapped wires of the 
lamp. The two large cylindrical holes 
held rubber tubes, the openings of which 
could be tied off with wires (c). The lo- 
cation of the light tube between the wood 
blocks is shown in (d). 

One rubber tube was closed, and il- 
luminating gas was passed into the equip- 
ment to obtain a 20-25% gas-air mix- 
ture. The wires from the tube were con- 
nected to a Ruhmkorff coil 11 cm. in 
diameter and 21 cm. long, with a soft iron 
core 3 cm. long and 8 cm. in diameter. 
Two large cells furnished the electricity. 

While the tube was operating, it was 
smashed with a hammer, but no explosion 
occurred. When, after this demonstration, 
two wires for an air spark-gap in the 
other wood block were connected to the 
secondary of the coil, the sparks between 
the wires set the mixture on fire. Twelve 


100 


tubes were destroyed in these tests. 


There followed a third publication, a 
letter from Dumas, dated March 4, 1864, 


at Privas, and addressed to Dupont: 


“|. In the apparatus as constructed, 
nothing need be exposed except the length 
of the capillary glass that is lit. If neces- 
sary, we can put one or more Covers over 
the rest of it. The apparatus will func- 
tion the better and furnish the more light 
as the insulation of the conductors be- 
comes more perfect. Furthermore, after 
two or three days ‘of use, the worker or 
the lamp caretaker will know perfectly by 
touch or from the way the lamp functions 
whether the wires are in _ good 
condition. ...” 


Awards for the Designers 


A general assembly of 32 members of 
the Société de lIndustrie Minérale was 
opened at 2:30 p.m. on December 6, 1863, 
under the presidency of Dupont. Dupont 
mentioned that the Society rewarded and 
encouraged discoveries or useful improve- 
ments for the mineral industry. One of 
these awards, a silver medal, was pro- 
posed by the Administrative Council for 
Dumas, Engineering Director of the Iron 
Mines of Lac and Saint-Priest, and 
Benoit, Doctor of Medicine. He recalled 
that the principles on which their lamp 
was based were known from the experi- 
ments of Grove, Ruhmkorff, and Quet; 
and that Geissler, ‘an artist of Bonn,” was 
fabricating such tubes of different shapes 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


and filled with different gases. But, 
whereas the laboratory experiments re- 
quired large and heavy equipment, these 
two men had miniaturized the system. 
The complete apparatus now weighed 
around 5 kilograms but could probably be 
made still lighter. It furnished light con- 
tinuously for 24 hours. ; 


Dupont stated that the award was a 
solemn sign of gratitude for services 
rendered to the art of mining by their 
lighting equipment. This was in accord- 
ance with Article 12 of the prize program: 


The safest method of destroying firedamp or 
operating underground light by means of electric 
fluid in vacuum, so that the inflammation of 
hydrogenous gas need not be feared. 


He recognized that this problem was 
not yet completely and rigorously solved 
by this lamp, which had not eliminated all 
possible chances of explosion. Neverthe- 
less, their apparatus came sufficiently close 
to the desired solution to merit the medal. 


A little over a year later, on Monday, 
February 6, 1865, the Commission of the 
Insalubrious Arts of the Academy of 
Sciences proposed an award of 1,000 
francs to Engineer Dumas and Dr. Benoit 
at Privas (Ardéche) for use of the elec- 
tric light to light mines infested with 
flammable gas or liable to fire, in which 
it is necessary to save workers, or where 
aeration or sanitation work has to be per- 
formed. This prize was obviously granted, 
because the recipients sent a letter of 
thanks to the Academy soon afterwards. 


The last pre-war publication on the 
lamp appears to be that in the Economic 
Machinery Journal of January 1867, again 
by Saint-Edme, who mentions that the 
secondary wire in the induction coil is only 
1,500 meters long. The battery at that 
time consisted of “four mercuric sulfate 
couples . . . that retain a constant force 
[charge] for several months.” The Geiss- 
ler tube was still spiral-shaped, phos- 
phors had been incorporated, and a re- 
flector added. Furthermore, the lamp had 
been found suitable for use by divers. 


May, 1968 


Although a scientific and a technologic 
institution both bestowed high honors on 
the designers of an electric coal miners’ 
lamp that preceded the portable incan- 
descent one by more than 30 years, the 
first fluorescent safety light was already 
forgotten by 1900. It appears to have 
been too weak, heavy, and costly to be- 
come popular. But before its extinction, 
it was to find yet another use. 


The First Air Lift 

The Franco-German War consisted of a 
series of almost uninterrupted defeats for 
the French armies. On September 19, 
1870, two menths to the day after its 
start, Paris was completely surrounded 
by German troops. A provisional govern- 
ment had been set up at Tours; connec- 
tions between it and Paris headquarters 
were vital for continuing the fight. Be- 
sides, it seems that the Parisian populace 
was willing to suffer any privation except 
being cut off from the rest of the world. 


Ovid’s lines from Daedalus and Icarus 
must have been quoted many times in 
late September 1870: “he may obstruct the 
earth and the waters, but the sky is cer- 
tainly open.” It was; and thanks to a 
small group of skilled balloonists, who 
built about 70 coal-gas balloons of 2000 
cubic meters’ content; who “trained” vol- 
unteer marines, soldiers, guerrillas, and 
civilians as pilots; and who themselves 
piloted both tattered old silk balloons and 
the big new cotton ones, 66 manned 
aérostats left Paris during 41% months. 


From September 23, 1870, until mid- 
November, balloons ascended by day. Al- 
though the Germans tried to shoot them 
down, they succeeded only once. Rumor 
had it that a balloon gun was being built 
by Krupp. Indeed, this was Germany’s 
new war technology, 150-lb. guns that 
shot 3-lb. grenades up to 2000 feet high; 
20 of these were donated to the German 
armies. They were ineffectual weapons, 
because the balloons normally could, and 
did, quickly rise to twice that height and 
more. Yet the Parisian government was 


101 


afraid and ordered a switch to night 
flights, with the assent of one, and over 
the protests of another (former) balloon 
manufacturer. 


Night Flights, Pro and Con 

A personal disagreement between bal- 
loonists Eugene Godard (1827-1890) and 
Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, 1820 
—1910) erupted in the newspapers soon 
after night flights were inaugurated. Nadar 
started it when he wrote a letter, pub- 
lished in Le Gaulois, La France, and Le 
Moniteur Universel on November 25. He 
pointed out that it was “difficult enough, 
particularly for a beginning balloonist, to 
orient himself on a map, even in plain 
daylight; all the more so when the weather 
is more or less overcast, when flying at 
successively different altitudes, and be- 
cause of rotations of the balloon. This 
difficulty is considerably greater at night, 
as is obvious. 


‘At best, I would say that virtually the 
sole guides in night flights are bodies of 
water which, even at new moon and under 
cloud cover, appear to the aeronaut like 
threads or slabs of molten lead. But this 
means of orientation can only be used 
with a certain amount of practice, which 
we cannot expect from new aeronauts, such 
as those we are employing; and also— 
most important — by consulting hydro- 
graphic maps. But we don’t have such 
maps.... 

“It is generally agreed that we are be- 
calmed more at night than during the day. 
To leave without being able to move does 
not seem very useful to me. But the 
uselessness becomes harmful when gas 
bags of new material (for which we pay, 
I suppose, what they are worth) lose gas 
so quickly on the way, by exo- and endo- 
osmosis, that they cannot carry our bal- 
farther than 
when they take off in daytime. ... 


loonists Ferrieres, even 
‘Much concerned about this grave ques- 
tion of night flights, I again recommend 


strongly that departures of postal or other 


102 


balloons should reasonably continue to 
take place in daylight as did all those de- 
partures, always successful, under our di- 
rection, starting with the ascension of our 
first mail balloon, at which I had the 
satisfaction to preside. ...” 


Nadar’s allusion to leaky gas _ bags 
refers to Godard’s balloon “Daguerre”, 
the only one shot down by the Germans. 
It was not leaky, as he supposed; but it 
does seem to have carried rotten sand 
bags, which broke open and released their 
ballast into the bottom of the balloon 
basket. Thus, the balloonists could not 
lighten the load fast enough when they 
came under fire at Ferriéres, 42 km. from 
Paris. 


On December 6, the Electeur Libre in a 
harmless looking paragraph wrote that 
the landing of Godard’s “Archimede” 
in the Netherlands and of Dartois’ “Ville 
d’Orléans” in Norway “rebut the allega- 
tion of M. Nadar condemning night 
flights and pretending that nothing can 
overcome nocturnal calm.” 


Nadar, in his reply published on De- 
cember 9, suspected that some outside con- 
tributor to the paper had been responsible 
for the item of December 6. He then goes 
on to say that “Furthermore, one needs to 
have a lamp on board and, even if it is 
a Mueseler or a Davy, I don’t like a [pe- 
troleum safety] lamp one meter below 
my gas.” Thus, Nadar was unaware of, or 
chose to ignore, the electric lamp, even 
though it had been used at least twice by 
December 6. 


Eugéne Godard Sr. finally wrote a 
signed letter, published on December 16, 
giving his reasons for preferring night 
starts: A neophyte need not know where 
he is going, as long as he gets out of Ger- 
man reach. A _ lighthouse, signaling the 
nearness of the ocean, is easier to see 
farther away at night; but fog obscures 
the sea at any time. The balloon leaks 
less gas at night, leaving the pilot more 
vas and ballast after dawn if he needs 
them. The Germans can signal ahead of a 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


mi 


LES 
+ DC 


\ 


\ 


Ny 
Rahat ee = 
\ 


Y 


TT 


Ups b 
STEP ERALS RAR 


UTE 


IU 
i 


Pas oy 


Figure 3. Originally published in 1872, this appears to be the only sketch (except for a 
mirror image imitation) showing the Dumas lamp in action. It depicts the balloon 
“La Ville d’Orléans” some 20 minutes after leaving Paris on November 24, 1870. 


balloon that must follow the wind, and 
they are using long-range siege guns. 
Anyway, Nadar’s advice is not very au- 
thoritative, and night departures will con- 
tinue despite his opinion. 

On December 19 followed Nadar’s final 
retort. His principal factual observation 
was that night starts were already being 
moved. from 10, 11, or 12 PM to 2: and 


4 AM, thus cutting the night portion of 


May, 1968 


the trip. “Let us accept this progress as 
cold cash, without bargaining about 
words. It would have been lacking in 
grace not to agree to these night de- 
partures that already take place in the 
morning, which is good enough, and that 
will soon take place by day.” 


The First Balloon Lamps 
In any case, night balloons needed a 
light, as explained in Le Rappel: 


103 


“Before the siege of Paris, no one both- 
ered with the problem of how to light a 
balloon. Aeronauts left by day and de- 
scended at nightfall. Today, since good 
King William condemns to death all air 
travelers that come down in the Prussian 
lines, one must break through the encircle- 
ment around Paris at night. 


‘Hence the aeronaut must have a light. 
But a flame, subject to the capricious in- 
fluence of the wind, would be terribly 
dangerous. The Aeronauts’ Lamp must 
thus be precisely the one that protects 
miners from their enemy firedamp, the 
lamp that is operated by an _ electric 
spark.... 

“The aeronaut thus has at his disposal 
a lamp that is powerful enough to permit 
him to read, to check his equipment, to 
study the surrounding atmosphere, and to 
search for terrain suitable for landing.” 


Despite positive statements, by a num- 
ber of sources, that no balloon lamps of 
any kind were used during the 1870-71 
airlift, we have incontestable proof that at 
least two types of lights were flown: | 


(1) A. Doering, who, on December 
15, 1870, led the party that captured two 
of the balloonists and the basket of the 
“Ville de Paris” near Wetzlar, Germany, 
gave the Davy safety lamp from the bal- 
loon to his brother-in-law as a souvenir. 


The lamp had been built by the pilot, Dela- 


marme. 


(2) Shortly after take-off on December 
1, Alfred Martin, pilot of the “Jules 
Favre No. 2”, gave the Rumskhorff ap- 
paratus to his passenger du Caurroy to 
hold. He promptly dropped and broke it. 
It turned out to be fail-safe and irrepara- 
ble, so the rest of the night was spent 
safely and in the dark. 


(3) Paul-Valéry Rolier, pilot of the 
“Ville d’Orléans” (Figure 3), used the 
electric lamp on November 24, as men- 
tioned in his story of the Paris-Norway 
flight, published a scant 39 years after the 
event. While he was being celebrated in 
Christiania (now Oslo) in November- 


104 


December 1870, he donated the French 
government’s balloon and its equipment 
to the university there. The lamp was 
given to Rolier personally by a Mr. AI- 
vergniat as his contribution to the nation- 
al defense, hence it was not standard bal- 
loon equipment. 


The Norwegians, whose sympathies 
were overwhelmingly on the French side, 
capitalized on this extraordinary event to 
express their political feelings. Among 
many tokens of affection and methods 
for helping the French, they coined the 
commemorative medal mentioned above. 
It was struck and sold at a French bene- 
fit bazaar in Oslo late in January 1871 
(Figures 4 and 5). The most obvious dif- 
ferences among the obverse dies are in the 
shape of “D,” the netting near the top of 
the gas bag, and the spacing of “S” in 
“Orleans” from the right edge of the gas 
bag. On the reverse, the single and double 
stop (colon) after 1870 are the most dis- 
tinct differences. The inscription on the 
back reads “air journey 25 November 
1870; metal from balloon.” The last state- 
ment is explained in an article about that 
bazaar in Dagbladet for January 23, 
13871: j 


“There is a large crowd around a great 
press, where 5 or 6 men in smocks are 
hard at work. What is it? We read a sign 
that Goldsmith Tostrup is minting bronze 
medals from the copper [connectors] and 
zinc plates in the electrical battery from 
the balloon “Ville d’Orleans” that landed 
on Lifjeld [that is where the two balloon- 
ists jumped out; the balloon landed more 
than 80 kilometers farther northeast]. 
The aeronauts carried it so that they 
might quickly transmit news from Paris to 
the government delegation at Tours, 
should they land near a telegraph line 
[this is pure fantasy, of course]. The 
small, pretty balloon medals are quickly 
struck and naturally find many buyers. 
Those who want the medal gold-plated 
can have it done on the spot; an electric 
battery is in use; it can be noticed in the 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Figure 4. Fronts of six commemorative medals 
struck in January 1871 at Oslo from zine and 
copper in the Dumas lamp carried by the “Ville 
d’Orléans.” (Courtesy of the late Dr. C. Svars- 
tad, Myntkabinett, Oslo.) 


Figure 5. Backs of same medals. 


air even before one pushes to the fore to 
see how galvanoplastic gold finishing is 
done.” 

Drammens Blad and Shkilling-Magazin 
mention that a package accompanying the 
balloon contained two galvanic zinc-car- 
bon cells for telegraphing. Or perhaps this 
was a 4-cell battery, as described by Ni- 
audet (see below) ? 


May, 1968 


Thus, at least two of the 1870 siege bal- 
loons carried the Dumas lamp, a spin-off 
from industrial technology. 


Later Developments and Descriptions 

A post-war reference to the Dumas- 
Benoit-Ruhmkorff equipment is made by 
Cassé: 

“To remedy this state of affairs [lack 
of light for balloon flights at night] we or- 
dered from Monsieur Gaiffe, in Septem- 
ber 1867, a special form of Geissler tube; 
he modified for us a tube that he is still 
constructing for miners. 

“The modified apparatus consists of a 
crystal tube, closed at one end, containing 
a Geissler tube of uranium glass that is 
coiled in a spiral. The two branches of 
this tube are brought together at the top 
of the former that is closed by a stopper. 
Only two platinum hooks pass through 
[the stoppers] to connect to the wires of 
a small Ruhmkorff coil, activated by two 
Bunsen cells. The outer tube is covered 
with bitumen of Judea. The conductors 
are placed in rubber tubes. The coil is put 
in x case that is also made of rubber and 
con \etely insulated. One has, therefore, 
not’ \g to fear from the spark of the coil. 


“This apparatus, which operated about 
a month ago at a meeting of the School 
of French Aeronauts, adequately fulfils 
the purpose for which it was created.” 

Cassé’s article was published early in 
1877. He referred to Geissler as “‘Gessler,” 
an obvious slip. But did he also slip and 
really mean “in September 1876” instead 
of 1867? Apparently so, because the 
lamp “operated about a month ago”. Per- 
haps Cassé did not remember or know 
about the 1870 flights and thought this 
was his own idea. Incidentally, Gaiffe was 
probably Ruhmkorff’s successor, not rival. 

Niaudet mentions what may have been 
the energy storage and conversion device 
in the siege balloons that carried Dumas 
lamps; unfortunately, he doesn’t specify 
the battery’s use: 

“During the siege of Paris, 4-cell batter- 
ies were constructed. Each cell contained 


105 


semi-cylindrical zinc and carbon elec- 
trodes, separated at the top by a little 
plate of hard rubber. They were inserted 
into holes in a wooden plate. These holes 
can also be lined with two semi-cylinders 
of copper to make very good contact 
with the electrodes and with the connect- 
ing wires. A wooden sleeve permits ma- 
nipulation of all 4 cells together and their 
simultaneous immersion into bottles con- 
taining the electrolyte. The box contains 
a compartment on the right in which the 
electrodes are kept apart from the liquid 
while the battery is not in use.” 


Niaudet thus described a multiple-re- 
serve battery, i.e., one in which electrodes 
and electrolyte can be physically sepa- 
rated whenever the battery is not needed. 
Although single-reserve batteries are now 
highly developed, multiple-reserve batter- 
ies had fallen into disuse. Rediscovered 
only a few years ago, albeit in a much 
more elegant version, they are now being 


developed for NASA. 


Cazin and Angot added the economics 
touch: 

“Furthermore, the shapes of the zinc 
and carbon plates have been varied to in- 
crease their surfaces and diminish their 
resistances, which can be made as low as 
that of the Bunsen cell. This cell was 
employed in the siege of Paris to produce 
electric light. It is less expensive than the 
Bunsen battery, but less energetic and 
much more irregular. But when high con- 
stancy is not needed, it is considerably 
more economical.” 

Again, the authors do not say whether 
these cells were used in conjunction with 
the Dumas lamp. 

In any case, four such 6-cell Poggen- 
dorff batteries furnished the energy to 
propel the Tissandier dirigible in 1883, 
thus making them part of the first air- 
borne electric propulsion system. 

Poggendorff batteries are also men- 
tioned by Captain Picardat, who indicates 
that the Ruhmkorff equipment served dur- 
ing the war for setting off explosives. The 


106 


details of its use can be found in the Oc- 
tober 14, 1870, issue of Le Gaulois, where 
Paul Laurencin mentioned how one man, 
far from all danger, seated by the fire- 
place, can blow up hundreds of victims 
“by pushing a little piece of copper with 
one finger.” Does this make a French 
science writer the author of the phrase 
“push-button war’? 


Conclusion 

The first airborne electric system con- 
tained all the elements required in its 
modern counterpart: An energy source 
(chemicals), conversion device (battery), 
power conditioning (coil), and using de- 
vice (lamp). It was the culmination of a 
most peculiar type of French-German col- 
laboration. Poggendorff’s (German) cell 
was improved by Grenet (French). 
Ruhmkorff was born in Hanover but 
moved to Paris, where he lived for the 
rest of his life. Geissler’s (German) tube 
was improved by Edmond _ Becquerel 
(French). The lamp was eventually flown 
out of Paris at night by French balloon- 
ists, because German troops had _sur- 
rounded the French capital and were 
threatening to use Krupp’s anti-aircraft 
gun against the balloons. All this would 
seem much too artificially contrived if it 
weren't true. 

Well over 100 years after the first 
portable fluorescent lamp was built, an 
improved version came on the market. In 
1966, Burgess Company introduced the 
Safari Lite, a 1234” & 734” * 4” unit 
with a fluorescent tube, claimed to last 
over 100 hours on two batteries. 


Acknowledgments 


This paper was written with the gen- 
erous help of a number of people and or- 
ganizations in the U.S., France, and Nor- 
way, foremost among them Dr. R. Loison 
of Cerchar at Paris, Mr. V. Elvestrand of 
Universitetsbiblioteket at Oslo, Mr. A. 
Renstrom of the Library of Congress, 
and Mrs. L. J. Lanham of the U.S. Patent 


Office Library. I wish to express my sin- 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


cere thanks for their wonderful re- 


sponses to my inquiries. 


References 


(Note: Since many of the old sources are dif- 
ficult to locate, the call number, when available, 
and a library are shown in brackets after the 
first citation of a publication. A call number 
without a library name refers to the Library of 
Congress. ) 

E. Cassé, Eclairage Aérostatique: L’Aérostat, 
1877, No. 3, 11-12; No. 10, front page; No. 12, 
45-46 [Musée de l’Air, Paris]. 

Achille Cazin with Alfred Angot, Traité théo- 
rique et pratique des piles électriques: Gau- 
thiers-Villars, Paris, 1881, p. 162 [QC603.C4]. 

Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Prix dit des arts 
insalubres: 60, 1865, p. 273; ibid., 1865, p. 343 
[506.44.A167c, Smithsonian Instituiton]. 

Dagbladet, Udstillingen paa Klingenberg for de 
franske Saarede og Nodlidende: 23 Jan. 1871 
[University Library, Oslo]. 

A. Doering, Eine franzoesische Poststation im 
deutschen Walde: Die Gartenlaube, 1871, No. 1, 
p. 10 L[AP30.G2]. 

Drammen’s_ Blad: 
Library, Oslo]. 

A. Dumas, Note descriptive de la lampe photo- 
électrique: Bull. Soc. Industrie Minérale, 9, 
1863-4, 5-14 [TN2.S7; figures in TN2.S7f, Acad. 
Natural Sci., Phila.]. 

Idem, (letter to the president), ibid. 9, 1863-4, 
121-23. . 

A. Dumas and Benoit, Note sur un appareil 
propre a éclairer les ouvriers mineurs dans leur 
travaux souterrains au moyen de la lumiére d’in- 
duction: Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 55, 1862, 
439-40. 

Dupont (presidential address): Bull. Soc. In- 
dustrie Minérale, 9, 1863-4, 127-37. 

Eugéne Godard (letter to the editor) ; L’Elec- 
teur Libre, 16 Dec. 1870 [DC281.S6]; excerpted 
in La France, 18 Dec.. 1870 [DC281.F8]. 

Chr. Holst, Kortfattet Fortegnelse over norske 
Medailler siden 1814: Christiania, 1879, p. 8, 


1 Jan. 1871 [University 


May, 1968 


item 32 [Universitets Myntkabinett, Oslo]. 

Paul Laurencin, Le tirage des mines par |’étin- 
celle électrique: Le Gaulois, 14 October 1870 
[DC281.G3]. 

Ch.Ledoux, Note sur la lampe photo-électrique 
Dumas et Benoit: Bull. Soc. Industrie Minérale, 
9, 1863-4, 118-20. 

Paul Maincent, Histoire du ballon “George 
Sand”: Echo de la Timbrologie, 1965, pp. 36-38. 

E. Mallard, Lampe Dumas: Bull. Soc. Industrie 
Minérale, 9, 1863-4, pp. 113-17. 

Alfred Martin, Sept heures cinquante minutes 
en ballon: Paris, 1871 [TL620.M3A3]. 

Nadar, (letter to the editor): Le Gaulois, 25 
Nov. 1870 [DC281.G3]; also in Le Moniteur Uni- 
versel, 25 Nov. 1870 [DC281.M6] and La France, 
25 Nov. 1870 [DC281.F8]. 

Idem, (letter to the editor): L’Electeur Libre, 
9 Dec. 1870 [DC281.S6]; also in La Patrie, 9 
Dec. 1870 [DC281.P33]. 

Idem, (letter to the editor): L’Electeur Libre, 
19 Dec. 1870. 

A. Niaudet, Traité élémentaire de la pile 
électrique: Second ed., Paris, 1880, 208-9 
[QC603.N55]; transl. as Elementary Treatise on 
Electric Batteries: Third ed., Wiley, 1884, 220-21 
[QC603.N57]. 

Le Capitaine A. Picardat, Les mines dans la 
guerre de campagne: Gauthiers-Villars, 1874 
[UG490.P5, Smithsonian, Museum of History and 
Technology Branch Library]. 

Le Rappel, La lampe des aéronautes, 8 Dec. 
1870 [DC281.R3]. 

Paul Valéry Rolier, in Henri Bergeron, Les 
aéronautes du Siege: Le Monde Illustré, 53, 
1909, 170-72, 218-20, 275-77 [AP20.M7]. 

Ernest Saint-Edme, Application de l’électricité 
au sauvetage des ouvriers dans les mines: Por- 
tefeuille Economique des Machines de ]’Outillage 
et du Matériel, 8, Jan. 1863, cols. 19-20. [TJ2.P85, 
U. S. Pat. Office]. 

Idem, Eclairage des mines par 1’étincelle d’in- 
duction: ibid., 12, Jan. 1867, cols. 12-13. 

Skilling-Magazin, De franske Luftseilere i 
Silgjord: 47, 1871, No. 1, pp. 6-7 [University 


Library, Oslo]. 


Veron of the Ratio Ni/Co 
In Igneous Rock Series* 


Michael Fleischer 


U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 


Introduction 


Determinations of minor and trace ele- 
ments in rocks and minerals have been 
made for more than a hundred years, but 
quantitative determinations were scarce 
until forty years ago, when the develop- 
ment of optical spectrographic and X-ray 
spectrographic methods made them pos- 
sible. During the following twenty years, 
our knowledge of the abundance and dis- 
tribution of many rare elements was 
greatly enlarged, especially by the work of 
V. M. Goldschmidt and his coworkers, Ida 
and Walter Noddack, and Georg von 


Hevesy and his coworkers. 


During the past twenty years, with the 
refinement of optical spectrographic and 
X-ray fluorescence methods and the in- 
troduction of new and accurate methods 
using colorimetry, mass _ spectrometry, 
atomic absorption spectrometry, neutron 
activation, and isotope dilution, a flood of 
new determinations of trace elements in 
rocks has poured out, so much so that 
computer methods will be necessary to 
evaluate them. Emphasis has shifted from 
obtaining data on more or less random 
samples of geological materials to obtain- 
ing data on geologically studied samples 
and to using the data on minor elements 
for the solution of geological problems. 


The general field has been reviewed re- 
cently by Taylor (1966) and by Turekian 
(1963) and need not be discussed further 


*Abridged from presidential address, Geolog- 
ical Society of Washington, December 12, 1967. 
Publication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geo- 
logical Survey. 


108 


here. Taylor expresses optimism about 
the value of such work, but Turekian, 
who has contributed heavily to the field, 
States: 

“On the basis of thousands of trace-ele- 
ment determinations of variable quality by 
many investigators on geologically inter- 
esting materials, it appears that the use of 
trace-element geochemistry in providing 
solutions to classic and specific geologic 
problems has been only rarely successful. 
In many cases, what is reflected in the 
trace element distribution may as easily 
be seen by more direct and immediate 
field or petrographic observations, making 
the trace-element contribution neither a 
unique nor a strongly confirmatory com- 
ponent to the solution of the geologic 
problem.” 

Despite this somewhat gloomy pro- 
nouncement, it seemed worthwhile to ex- 
amine the literature with relation to a 
specific problem, the variation shown by 
the ratio Ni/Co in igneous reck series. 

Similar ratios have been widely applied 
to petrological problems, those used most 
often being ratios of a trace element to an 
abundant element of similar charge and 
ionic ratio, for example, Rb/K, Ga/Al1, 
Ni/Mg, Co/Fe+?, and Hf/Zr. The pos- 
sible usefulness of the ratio Ni/Co was 
pointed out by Lundegardh (1946, esp. p. 
150-157), who states: “From the above 
considerations, it is obvious that the quo- 
tient Ni:Co forms a useful indicator of the 
relative ages of various basic rocks as 
compared with other rocks belonging to 
the same suite of magmatic differentia- 
tion.” The use of the ratio has been 
mentioned occasionally since then, e.g., by 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Ni_in diabase W-| 


Co in diabase W-| 


20 30 40 50 60 70 


Open = 1951-1959 
Filled- 1960-1967 


A = Colorimetric 

© = Optical spectrographic 
O = Neutron activation 

V = X-ray fluorescence 

X = Mass spectrometer 


80 90 100 iiTe) 120 


Parts per million 


Figure 1. Determinations of Ni and Co in diabase W-1. 


Taylor (1966, p. 171-175), who states: 
“The Ni/Co ratio is a very good index 
of fractionation, since both elements are 
divalent.” Nevertheless, no systematic re- 
view of the variation of this ratio in ig- 
neous rocks series seems to have been 
_ made previously. 


Accuracy of Analyses 


The data have been obtained by many 
different laboratories, using many meth- 
ods. It is difficult to judge the accuracy 
of the results, but some insight is given 
by the results reported from 1951 to 1967 
on a diabase sample labelled W-1, from 
Centerville, Va., prepared by the U-S. 
Geological Survey, which had been ana- 
lyzed repeatedly the world over. The data 
are shown in Figure 1; they include de- 
terminations by laboratories that have 
provided most of the minor element de- 
terminations in the literature. The results 
leave much to be desired, yet 70 percent 
of the determinations of nickel fall within 
the limits 78 + 10 ppm and 72 percent of 


May, 1968 


the determinations of cobalt fall within 
the range 50 + 10 ppm. It is to be ex- 
pected that data on a single rock series ob- 
tained by a single laboratory are likely to 
be consistent, but the results show that 
there is some hazard in comparing dif- 
ferent series analyzed by different labora- 
tories. 


Abundances of Nickel and Cobalt 
In Igneous Rocks 


Average abundances of nickel and co- 
balt in some of the common igneous 
rocks are given in Table 1. These, except 
for the figures for ultramafic rocks, were 
obtained by averaging analyses of rocks 
for which complete chemical analyses were 
available, so that a check on the classifica- 
tion of the rock was possible. The data 
show a sharp decrease in the ratio Ni/Co 
with increasing silica content, in agree- 
ment with Lundegardh (1946), which 
makes it desirable to examine the variation 
in different igneous rock series. 
have been used to 


Several methods 


109 


O 
40 30 60 


MAFIC 


Line = Skaergaard 


x=Great Lake Tasmania 


o = Dillsburg, Pa. 


LO 


INDEX : 


Figure 2. Plot of Ni/Co ratio versus mafic index for the diabase-granophyre series of Dillsburg, Pa., 
and Great Lake, Tasmania. The encircled X marks the chilled phase of the Great Lake series. 


represent the variation of major element 
composition in igneous rocks (Simpson, 
1954). In this paper, the variation of the 
ratio Ni/Co is plotted against the “Mafic 
index’’, which is 


FeO + FeO 


ees Se ee ae Oe See ee ee O7 
EO Ser pre PSRs own ee 


Table 1. Average Contents of Nickel 


and Cobalt in Rocks 
No. of Ni Co 
Rock type analyses (ppm) (ppm) Ni/Co 
Ultramafic* — 2000 150 13.3 
Basalt 193 ay! 48 DATE 
Andesite 165 50 33 1.52 
1.07 


Dacite 95 16 15 


“Turekian and Wedepohl (1961). Stueber and 
Goles (1967) give 110 ppm Co for ultramafic 
rocks. 


110 


In the normal rock series, MgO decreases 
more sharply than the iron oxides as 
silica increases, so that the mafic index is 
usually highest for the most siliceous 
rocks. The mafic index seems to be the 
most logical one to use in a study of the 
ratio Ni/Co, because both these elements 
are similar in ionic radius and other geo- 
chemical properties to magnesium and 
ferrous iron. 


Series of Known Sequence of 
Formation 


Let us examine first the variation in 
series for which the sequence of crystalli- 
zation is known with some certainty. In 
the diagrams that follow, data for the 
Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland 


(Wager and Mitchell, 1943, 1951) are 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


40 30 60 
MAFIC 


Line = Skaergaard 
x = Hawaii, Tholeiites 


° = Hawali, Basalt- Trachyte 


70 80 90 Tele) 


INDEX 


Figure 3. Plot of Ni/Co ratio versus mafic index for Hawaiian igneous rocks. 


plotted as a solid line as the basis for 
comparison with other rock series. The 
Skaergaard rocks, ranging from gabbros 
to ferrogabbros to granophyres, have 
been thoroughly studied, and are consid- 
ered to be reasonably representative of 
this type of differentiation series, al- 
though somewhat higher in iron and lower 
in potassium than the average. The cumu- 
late rocks of the series, rich in olivine, 
show considerable scatter on the dia- 
grams and have been omitted. 

Figure 2 compares the Skaergaard rocks 
to those of two series representing the 
sequence diabase (dolerite) to granophyre, 
from  Dillsburg, Pennsylvania (Hotz, 
1953) and from Great Lake, Tasmania 
(McDougall, 1964; Greenland and Lover- 
ing, 1966). The data for the Dillsburg 


rocks fit the Skaergaard curve extremely 


May, 1968 


well; those for the Great Lake rocks 
show lower values of the Ni/Co ratio at 
each value of mafic index. Data for a 
similar series of diabase-granophyre 
rocks from Red Hill, Tasmania (Mc- 
Dougall, 1962; McDougall and Lovering, 
1963) give a curve intermediate between 
those for the Great Lake and Dillsburg 
rocks, and closer to the latter. 

Data available for three Keweenawan 
lava flows from Michigan (Cornwall, 
1951; Cornwall and Rose, 1957) do not, 
however, fit any of these three curves. 
They show considerable scatter, but fit 
the curve approximately for mafic indexes 
above 70; at lower values of mafic index, 
the Ni/Co ratio rises very steeply (4.5—5 
mafic index 60). 

“The chilled margin of an intrusion is 
generally accepted as an approximation to 


lll 


Line = Skaergaard 


x = Snake River, Idaho 
o = Hood River, Oregon 
4 = Columbia River, Oregon 


40 50 60 70 80. 90 
MAFIC INDEX 


Figure 4. Plot of Ni/Co ratio versus mafic index for igneous rocks of the Snake River region in 
Idaho and the Hood River and Columbia River regions in Oregon. 


the composition of the original magma” 
(Greenland and Lovering, 1966, p. 977), 
but these authors give reasons for doubt- 
ing this in some instances. It is neverthe- 
less of interest to compare the composi- 
tions of such chilled margins for the intru- 
sions and flows mentioned above. The 


The two 


data are given in Table 2. 


Michigan lava flows differ markedly from 
all the others in their high contents of 
Fe,03. The four intrusions are very simi- 
lar in their contents of MgO, FeO, Fe203 
and Co, but differ considerably from one 
another in contents of Ni and in Ni/Co 
ratio. The Ni/Co ratio of the chilled 
phase of the Great Lake sheet plots nicely 


Table 2. Compositions of Chilled Phases of Flows and Intrusions 


Ni Co Mafic MgO FeO = Fe2Os 

Name (ppm) (ppm) Ni/Co index (%) (%) (%) 
Skaergaard, Greenland 150 50 3.00 55.9 7.92 8.87 1.16 
Dillsburg of Pennsylvania (av. of 2) 87.5 35 2.50 98.6 Ca 8.66 1.61 
Red Hill, Tasmania (av. of 2) 93.5 47 1.99 57.8 6.71 8.59 0.62 
Great Lake, Tasmania 67 42 1.29 56.9 6.88 7.43 1.64 
Copper City flow, Michigan 200 40 5.00 63.5 T20 6.58 6.03 
Greenstone flow, Michigan 50 40 1.25 61.2 7.62 tor 4.64 


ET JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Ni 
Co 


MAFIC 


Line = Skaergaard 
x = Lassen Peak, Calif. 


o = Medicine Lake, Calif. 


e = Pacific Ocean Basalts 


INDEX 


Figure 5. Plot of Ni/Co ratio versus mafic index for rocks of Lassen Peak and Medicine Lake, 


Calif., and for Pacific Ocean basalts. 


to the position of the curve for the Great 
Lake sheet (Fig. 2), and the intermediate 
ratio for the Red Hill intrusion also cor- 
responds, but one might reasonably expect 
more difference between the curves for 
the Skaergaard and Dillsburg intrusions. 


Series of Less Certain Sequence of 
Formation 

We shall now briefly consider similar 
diagrams for rocks of other areas where 
the relations are more complex. It is 
easy to slip into the error of assuming 
that plots of this kind can be translated 
into a time sequence, with the basaltic 
rocks (of low mafic index) older than the 
silicic rocks (of high mafic index). It is 


May, 1968 


well known that this is wrong. For some 
of the areas discussed below, several cycles 
of igneous activity are known to be repre- 
sented; for some of the others, there is 
good reason to believe that this is so. It 
is not possible to discuss this here or for 
each area, but the point should be borne 


in mind. 
Data for the Hawaiian rocks are plotted 
in Figure 3; they are mainly from 


Nockolds and Allen (1954, 1956), with 
some from Peck, Wright, and Moore 
(1966). Figure 3 shows that the points 
for the tholeiitic series lie somewhat above 
the Skaergaard line, those for the alkali 
basalt-trachyte series somewhat below the 


113 


40 50 60 
MAFIC 


Line = Skaergaard 
x = Hakone, Japan 
o = Aleutian 

A= Guam, Pagan 
e 


= Paricutin 


10 80 90 
INDEX 


100 


Figure 6. Plot of Ni/Co ratios versus mafic index for rocks from the Aleutian Islands, Guam and 
Pagan Islands, Hakone Volcano, Japan, and Paricutin Volcano, Mexico. 


Skaergaard line. The tholeiitic basalts 
have slightly higher cobalt and much 
higher nickel contents than those pre- 
viously discussed; in the rocks with mafic 
index 50-60, Ni ranges from 150 to 350 
ppm, Co from 45 to 60 ppm (compare 
Table 2). The rocks of the Honolulu Vol- 
canic series, which are nepheline-contain- 
ing basanites and the like (not plotted in 
Fig. 3), fall close to the points for the 
alkali basalt-trachyte series, which indi- 
cates that this method of plotting does not 
distinguish these two distinct series. 

Figure 4 is a similar plot for basaltic 
to rhyolitic rocks from the Snake River 


114 


region, Idaho (unpublished data of How- 
ard Powers and Frank Armstrong, U.S. 
Geol. Survey) and from the Columbia 
River and Hood River regions, Oregon 
(mainly unpublished data of A. C. Waters 
and R. E. Wilcox). These follow the 
Skaergaard trend in part and the Red Hill, 
Tasmania, trend in part, but the rocks of 
the Columbia River region depart no- 
ticeably from the general trend. Rocks of 
the John Day region, Oregon (unpub- 
lished data of T. P. Thayer, U.S. Geol. 
Survey) give a plot similar to that of the 
Columbia River rocks. 


Figure 5 is a similar plot of rocks rang- 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Table 3. Ratios of Ni/Co Ratios in Coexisting Olivine, Orthopyroxene, 


md Clinopyroxene 


No. of 


analyses 


Name of rock 


Ni/Co olivine 
Ni/Co orthopyroxene 


Ni/Co olivine 


Ni/Co clinopyroxene 


Dunite 
Dunite 
Eclogite 
Harzburgite 
Basalt 
Basalt 
Basalt 
Gabbro 


Teschenite 


OPN ROHN fp 


Range 


1.23—3.51 


1.08-3.51 


Name of rock 


Dunite 1.14—1.79 
Dunite 
Eclogite 
Harzburgite 
Basalt 
Basalt 
Basalt 
Gabbro 


Teschenite 


0.71-0.76 


0.81—2.17 


0.56—1.11 


ing from basalts to rhyodacites from 
Lassen Peak and Medicine Lake, Cali- 
fornia (Nockolds and Allen, 1953, and 
G. A. Macdonald, unpublished data). 
These follow the Skaergaard trend fairly 
well. For comparison, data are plotted 
for the Pacific Ocean basalts described by 
Engel and Chase (1965) and by Engel, 
Engel, and Havens (1965). It will be 
noted that these Pacific Ocean basalts fit 
the plots of the various continental rocks 
discussed above very well. Furthermore, 
the rocks which Engel, Engel, and Havens 
consider to represent primitive tholeiites 
(the points at mafic index 43, 52, 54, 61, 
and 63) are not distinguishable on this 
plot from those which they consider to be 
fractionated alkali basalts, although these 
two types can be distinguished by other 
criteria, including their contents of Zr, U, 
Rb, and rare earths. Here again is an in- 
dication that the Ni/Co ratio may not dis- 
tinguish different rock series. 


The foregoing data are representative of 


May, 1968 


Ni/Co orthopyroxene 
Ni/Co clinopyroxene 


Av. Range Av. 
2.03 1.25—4.00 2.28 
1.18 0.85 
1.81 1.30 
1.83 1.88—3.62 2.65 
— 2.05—5.76 3.90 
= 1.42—1.67 155 
— 0.89-—3.20 1.79 
References 
1.38 Ross, Foster, and Myers, 1954 
0.72 Challis, 1965 
0.74 Matsui and others, 1966 
0.72 Challis, 1965 
157 Ross, Foster, and Myers, 1954 


— Muir and Tilley, 1964 

— Cornwall and Rose 1957 
0.78 ' Carstens 1958 

— Wikinson, 1959 


most of the rock series that have been 
studied, but there are some that deviate 
widely. Some of these are plotted in 
Figure 6, including data on rocks from 
the Aleutian Islands (basalts to rhyoda- 
cites) (Byers, 1961; Coats, 1952, 1953, 
1959; Coats and others, 1961); Guam 
and Pagan Islands (basalt to dacite) 
(Stark and Tracey, 1963, and unpublished 
data of Gilbert Corwin, U.S. Geol. Sur- 
vey); Hakone Volcano, Japan (basalt to 
dacite) (Nockolds and Allen, 1956); and 
Paricutin Volcano, Mexico (basalt to 
andesite) (unpublished data of R. E. 
Wilcox, and K. J. Murata, U.S. Geol. 
Survey ). 

The reasons for the divergences in be- 
havior of these rock series are not clear 
and lack of space precludes discussion 
here of possible explanations. The data 
for the Paricutin lavas are especially 
striking; analyses within the narrow range 
of mafic index from 54.0 to 61.3 show a 
range of Ni/Co ratio from 2.50 to 8.82. 


115 


The Ratio Ni/Co in Coexisting 
Mineral of Igneous Rocks 


It would be very useful to know how 
nickel and cobalt are distributed among 
the coexisting minerals of igneous rocks, 
but the data are insufficient and frag- 
mentary, except for olivine, (Mg,Fe)» 
SiO,. orthopyroxene (Mg, Fe)SiO:;, and 
clinopyroxene, Ca(Mg, Fet+?, Al) (A1,Si) » 
O,;. The analyses show that, as might 
be predicted, the contents of Ni and Co in 
these co-existing minerals vary roughly 
with the amounts of (MgO + FeQ), that 
is, they are much the highest in olivine 
and higher in orthopyroxene than in 
clinopyroxene. There is, however, no evi- 
dent reason why the ratio Ni/Co should 
differ in these three co-existing minerals, 
but the data given in Table 3 show that 
they do. The most extensive set of values 
is by Ross, Foster, and Myers (1954), 
who analyzed these minerals separated 
from 9 basalts and 4 dunite; their de- 
terminations show consistently the high- 
est Ni/Co ratios in olivine, next highest 
in orthopyroxene, and lowest in clino- 
pyroxene. The other determinations in 
Table 3, however, show higher Ni/Co 
ratios for clinopyroxenes than for ortho- 
pyroxenes. No relationship could be found 
with mafic index of the rocks or with 
Mg/Fe ratios of the minerals. It is evi- 
dent that more work is needed. 


Conclusions 

The data reviewed show that for most 
series the ratio Ni/Co varies in a regular 
fashion with differentiation and can serve 
to locate a rock within a given series. 
There are, however, unexplained aber- 
rant results, so that comparisons of dif- 
ferent series must be made with caution 
and individual determinations of the ratio 
cannot be used to judge degree of dif- 
ferentiation. 


References 


Byers, F. M. (1961), Petrology of three vol- 
canic suites, Umnak and Bogoslof Islands, Aleu- 


116 


tian Islands, Alaska: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., v. 72, 
p. 93-128. 

Carstens, Harold (1958), Note on the distribu- 
tion of some minor elements in coexisting 
ortho- and clino-pyroxene: Norsk, Geol. Tidsskr., 
v. 38, p. 257-260. 

Challis, G. A. (1965), The origin of New 
Zealand ultramafic intrusions: Jour. Petrology, v. 
6, p. 322-364. 

Coats, R. R. (1952), Magmatic differentiation 
in Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks from 
Adak and Kanaga Islands, Aleutian Islands, 
Alaska: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., v. 63 p. 485-514. 

Ibid., (1953), Geology of Buldir Island, Aleu- 
tian Islands, Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 
989-A, p. 1-26. 

Ibid., (1959), Geologic reconnaissance of 
Semisopochnoi Island, western Aleutian Islands, 
Alaska: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1028-0, p. 479- 
519. 

Coats, R. R., Nelson, W. H., Lewis, R. Q., and 
Powers, H. A. (1961) Geologic reconnaissance of 
Kiska Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: U. S. 
Geol. Survey Bull. 1028-R, p. 563-571. 

Cornwall, H. R. (1951), Differentiation in 
lavas, of the Keweenawan series and the origin 
of the copper deposits of Michigan: Geol. Soc. 
Am. Bull., v. 62, p. 159-202. 

Cornwall, H. R. and Rose, H. J., Jr. (1957), 
Minor elements in Keweenawan lavas, Michigan: 
Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 12, p. 209-224. 

Engel, A. E. J., Engel, C. G. and Havens, R. G. 
(1965), Chemical characteristics of oceanic 
basalts and the upper mantle: Geol. Soc. Am., 
Bull. v. 76, p. 719-734. 

Engel, C. G. and Chase, T. E. (1965), Com- 
position of basalts dredged from seamounts off 
the West Coast of Central America: U. S. Geol. 
Survey Prof. Paper 525-C, p. 161-163. 

Greenland, L. and Lovering, J. F. (1966), 
Fractionation of fluorine, chlorine, and other 
trace elements during differentiation of a tholeii- 
tic magma: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 
30, p. 963-982. 

Hotz, P. E. (1953), Petrology of granophyre 
in diabase near Dillsburg, Pennsylvania: Geol. 
Soc. Am. Bull. v. 64, p. 675-704. 

Lundegardh, P. H. (1946), Rock composition 
and development in central Roslagen, Sweden: 
Arkiv. Kemi, Mineral, Geol., v. 23A, no. 9, p. 1: 
160. 

McDougall, Ian (1962), Differentiation of the 
Tasmanian dolerites: Red Hill dolerite-grano- 
phyre association: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. v. 73, 
p. 279-316. 

Ibid., (1964), Differentiation of the Great 
Lake dolerite sheet, Tasmania: Geol. Soc. Aus- 
tralia, Jour., v. 11, p. 107-132. 

McDougall, Ian and Lovering, J. F. (1963) 


Fractionation of chromium, nickel, cobalt, and 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


dolerite-granophyre 


Geol, Soc. 


copper in a_ differentiated 
sequence at Red Hill, Tasmania: 
Australia, Jour., v. 10, p. 325-338. 

Matsui, Y., Banno, S. and Hernes I. (1966). 
Distribution of some elements among minerals of 
Norwegian éclogites: Norsk. Geol. Tidsskr v. 46, 
p. 364-368. 

Muir, I. D. and Tilley, C. E. (1964), Basalts 


from the northern part of the rift zone of the 


Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Jour. Petrology, v. 5, p. 
409-434. 
Nockolds, S. R. and Allen, R. (1953), The 


geochemistry of some igneous rock series: Geo- 
chim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 4, p. 105-142. 


Nockolds, S. R. and Allen, R. (1954), The 
geochemistry of some igneous rock series. II.: 
Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 5, p. 245-285. 


Ibid., (1956), The geochemistry of some igne- 
ous rock series. IIJ.: Geochim. et Cosmochim. 
Acta, v. 9, p. 34-77. 

Peck, D. L., Wright, T. L., and Moore, J. G. 
(1966), Crystallization of tholeiitic basalt in 
Alae lava lake, Hawaii: Bull. Volcanol., v. 29, 
p. 629-655. 

Ross, C. S., Foster, M. D. and Myers, A. T. 
(1954), Origin of dunites and of olivine-rich in- 
clusions in basaltic rocks: Am. Mineralogist v. 
39, p. 693-737. 

Simpson, E. S. W. (1954), On the graphical 
representation of differentiation trends in igne- 
ous rocks: Geol. Mag., v. 91, p. 238-244. 


Stark, J. T. and Tracey, J. I., Jr. (1963), Pet- 
rology of the volcanic rocks of Guam: U.S. Geol. 
Survey Prof. Paper 403-C, p. 1-32. 


Stueber, A. M. and Goles, G. G. (1967), Abun- 
dances of Na, Mn, Cr, Sc, and Co in ultramafic 
rocks: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 31, p. 
75-93. 

Taylor, S. R. (1966), The application of trace 
element data to problems in petrology in Physics 
and chemistry of the earth, eds., v. 6, p. 133-213; 
Pergamon Press, London. 

Turekian, K. K. (1963), The use of trace-ele- 
ment geochemistry in solving geologic problems: 
Roy. Soc. Canada Spec. Pub. no. 6, p. 3-24. 


Turekian, K. K. and Wedepohl, K. H. (1961), 
Distribution of the elements in some major units 
of the earth’s crust: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., v. 72, 
p. 175-192. 

Wager, L. R. and Mitchell, R. L. (1943), Pre- 
liminary observations on the distribution of trace 


elements in the rocks of the Skaergaard intrusion, 
Greenland: Mineralog. Mag., v. 26, p. 283-296. 

Ibid., (1951), The distribution of trace ele- 
ments during strong fractionation of basic 
magma—a further study of the Skaergaard in- 


trusion, East Greenland: Geochim. et Cosmo- 
chim. Acta, v. 1, p. 129-208. 


May, 1968 


Wilkinson, J. F. G. (1959), The geochemistry 
of a differentiated teschenite sill near Gunnedah, 
New South Wales: Geochim. et Cosmochim. 
Acta v. 16, p. 123-150. 


T-THOUGHTS 


Reject Too Soon 

We hear many explanations for intel- 
lectual infertility: depressing environ- 
ment, excessive harrassment, ambiguous 
guidance, inadequate personnel, deficient 
funds, insufficient time, and so on. Simi- 
lar complaints have existed for centuries, 
as you know. It is not surprising, there- 
fore, to read about the great poet-philoso- 
pher Friedrich Schiller having to bend a 
sympathetic ear to the same subject in his 
day. His letter of reply to his bemoaning 
friend on December 1, 1788, may be of 
some interest in our own revival of the 
problem. The relevant excerpt follows: 


“The reason for your complaint lies, it 
seems to me, in the constraint which your 
intellect imposes upon your imagination. 
Here | will make an observation and il- 
lustrate it by an allegory. Apparently it 
is not good—and indeed it hinders the cre- 
ative work of the mind—if the intellect 
examines too closely the ideas already 
pouring in, as it were, at the gates. Re- 
garded in isolation, an idea may be quite 
insignificant and venturesome in the ex- 
treme, but it may acquire importance from 
an idea which follows it; perhaps, in a cer- 
tain collocation with other ideas, which 
may seem equally absurd, it may be 
capable of furnishing a very serviceable 
link. The intellect cannot judge all these 
ideas unless it can retain them until it has 
considered them in connection with these 
other ideas. In the case of a creative 
mind, it seems to me, the intellect has 
withdrawn its watchers from the gates, 
the ideas rush in pell-mell, and only then 
does it review and inspect the multitude. 
You worthy critics, or whatever you may 
call yourselves, are ashamed or afraid of 
the momentary and passing madness which 
is found in all real creators, the longer 


ERY 


or shorter duration of which distinguishes 
the thinking artist from the dreamer. 
Hence your complaints of unfruitfulness, 


for you reject too soon and discriminate 
too severely.” 


—Ralph G. H. Siu 


Academy Proceedings 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES 


March 
The Board of Managers held its 592nd 
meeting on March 21, 1968, at the Cosmos 
Club, with President Specht presiding. 


The minutes of the 591st meeting were 
approved as previously distributed. 


Committee on Policy Planning. Chair- 
man Stern reported that the Committee 
had favorably considered a request for af- 
filiation with the Academy of the American 
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and 
Petroleum Engineers. The Board ap- 
proved the affiliation, subject to ratifica- 
tion by the membership of the Academy. 


The Committee had favorably consid- 
ered a suggestion that the annual awards 
program be changed from January to May 
in order to give the Awards Committee 
more time to consider nominations. As a 
second point, the Committee felt that the 
education award should be restricted to 
college teachers, since the Joint Board 
presents an award in high school teach- 
ing at its May meeting, and the close prox- 
imity of the two awards for high school 
teaching might be considered inappropri- 
ate. Some Board members questioned the 
desirability of having the address of the 
retiring president at the same meeting as 
the awards ceremony. Additional ques- 
tions were raised by other Board mem- 
bers; and at the suggestion of Dr. Specht, 
Dr. Stern agreed to have the Committee 
give further consideration to award pro- 
gram matters. 

Since retirement before age 65 is be- 
coming more common in recent years, the 
Committee had been requested to re- 
examine the Bylaws requirement for emeri- 
tus membership (Article II, Section 10). 


118 


It was the Committee’s recommendation 
that the age requirement for emeritus 
status should be dropped, and that the cri- 
terion should be the absence of regular, 
gainful employment. The Board approved 
the recommendation. 


It had been suggested that the Commit- 
tee examine the possibility of hiring a per- 
son to put the Academy’s archives in 
order; it had been estimated that about 
one-half man-year would be required for 
the job. The Committee recommended that 
an effort should be made to have the job 
done by volunteers who would be reim- 
bursed only for expenses. 

The Committee also recommended that 
the Academy should encourage the forma- 
tion of study and special project groups 
by appropriate announcement in the Jour- 
nal and by appointing a coordinator to 
assist in the formation of such groups. Dr. 
Stern reported that the Committee was 
looking for a suitable person to coordi- 
nate these activities. 

New Business. At Dr. Specht’s request, 
Dr. Henderson reported the results of his 
search for new office space for the Acad- 
emy. The Academy office must vacate the 
space it has occupied at the Carnegie In- 
stitution, on a rent-free basis, for the past 
several years. Dr. Henderson indicated 
that a thorough canvass had been made of 
scientific and educational organizations in 
the Washington area, with a view to find- 
ing suitable space on a cost-free basis. 
There were a few possibilities for free 
space on a temporary basis, including the 
Smithsonian Institution. If this space were 
accepted, it would probably be necessary 
to move again within a few months. 


The Joint Board on Science Education 
is interested in continuing to share the 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Academy’s office space. Various organiza- 
tions affiliated with the Academy also are 
interested in sharing space or office serv- 
ices; for example, the Institute of Electri- 
cal and Electronics Engineers is actively 
interested in developing such an arrange- 
ment. Discussion by the Board developed 
the consensus that it should be possible for 
the Academy to pay for the 500 or 600 
square feet of office space that would be 
required. 

Dr. Henderson described a suite of of- 
fices available at 1507 M St., N.W., avail- 
able at $167.50 per month or about $2000 


per year. The advantages of rented space 
of this type included accessibility after 
regular office hours, one of the disadvan- 
tages of the present location at the Car- 
negie Institution. 

Further discussion developed the con- 
sensus that if free space were not avail- 
able for a period of a year or longer, it 
would be desirable to rent the space on M 
Street. The Board accordingly approved 
the rental of the M Street space at a cost 
of about $2000 per year, and Dr. Hender- 
son was authorized to proceed with the 
negotiations. 


Science in Washington 


CALENDAR OF EVENTS 


Notices of meetings for this column may 
be sent to Mary Louise Robbins, George 
Washington University School of Medicine, 
1331 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 
20005, by the first Wednesday of the 
month preceding the date of issue of the 
Journal. 


May 18—American Society for 
Microbiology 


Joint meeting, Washington and Mary- 
land Branches. 

Dennis Watson, University of Minne- 
sota, president, American Society for Mi- 
crobiology, after dinner speaker. 

Afternoon session: short papers of gen- 
eral microbiological interest. 

Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.; afternoon 
session, 2:00 to 5:00 p.m., followed by so- 
cial hour, dinner, and speaker. 


May 21—Society of American 
Military Engineers 
Edward Wenk, Jr., executive secretary, 
National Council on Marine Resources 
and Engineering Development, will speak 
on the work of the Council. 


I't. Myer Officers Club, 11:30 a.m. 


May, 1968 


May 25—Helminthological Society of 
Washington 
Program to be announced. 
University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton 
Center, Kennett Square, Pa. 


June 7—Washington Statistical 
Society 

Annual dinner meeting. 

Philip Hauser, director and professor of 
sociology, Population Research and Train- 
ing Center, University of Chicago, “Popu- 
lation Models and Muddles: Perspectives 
on Contemporary Problems.” 

Presidential Arms, 1320 G St., N.W., 
social hour, 6:00 p.m.; dinner, 7:00 p.m. 

Send reservations to Maurice Bresnahan, 
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Room 2818 
GAO Bldg., Washington, D.C. 20212. 
($5.00 payable to “Washington Statistical 
Society.”’) 


June 8—Helminthological Society of 
Washington 


Annual HelmSoc picnic (potluck). 
Beltsville Parasitological Laboratory, 


Beltsville, Md., 4:00 p.m. 


119 


June 10—Institute of Electrical and 
Electronics Engineers 


Speaker to be announced; general sub- 
ject, “Outlook for Stocks in the Scientific 
and Engineering Area.” 


PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E Street, N.W.., 
3:00 p.m. 


June 18—Society of American 
Military Engineers 
Brig. Gen. Robert P. Young, division 
engineer, Huntsville Division, Corps of 
Engineers, U.S. Army, will speak on con- 
struction for the Sentinel Anti Ballistic 
Missile Program. 


Ft. Myer Officers Club, 11:30 a.m. 


June 27—Sigma Delta Epsilon 
(Graduate Women’s Scientific 
Fraternity ) 


Annual picnic. 


For time and place, telephone 331-6587. 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 


Contributions to this column may be ad- 


dressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate 


Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture, 


Agricultural Research Service, Federal 
Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland. 


AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 


GEORGE W. IRVING, JR., participated 
in the 155th National Meeting of the Amer- 
ican Chemical Society held in San Fran- 
cisco, California, March 29-April 2. 


NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF 
HEALTH 


JEROME CORNFIELD, chief of the 
Biometrics Research Branch, retired in 
February following 31 years of Federal 
service. Mr. Cornfield will become re- 
search professor in biostatistics at the 
University of Pittsburgh, and act as a con- 
sultant to NHI. 

MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG, chief of 
the Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, 
was named the 17th recipient of Dickin- 
son College’s Priestley Memorial Award. 
The award was presented to Dr. Niren- 


berg on March 14. 


120 


NATIONAL BUREAU OF 
STANDARDS 


ALLEN V. ASTIN received a_Distin- 
euished Alumni Award from the Univer- 
sity of Utah Alumni Association on Febru- 
ary 28. This award annually honors 
alumni of the University who have served 
the nation, the University, or their profes- 
sion with distinction. Dr. Astin was a 
member of the class of 1925 at the Uni- 
versity of Utah. 


J. A. SIMMONS gave a talk on “The 
Geometric Foundations of the Non-Linear 
Deformation of an Imperfect Solid” be- 
fore the United Kingdom Atomic Energy 
Authority, Theoretical Physics Division, 
Harwell, England, on April 2. 


SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT 


Automation of information retrieval 
processes should help keep- museums from 
bogging down in massive quantities of 
data. What’s more, it should change the 
museums from being mere passive re- 
positories of millions of non-unique ob- 
jects to participating dynamically in edu- 
cation and in management of the environ- 
ment and the biota—essential functions in 
today’s world. That is the expectation of 
the developers of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion Information Retrieval System 
(SIIRS) in a pilot effort to automate the 
Museum’s accumulation of data on three 
of its collections. The Museum now houses 
some 50,000,000 specimens and is acquir- 
ing specimens at a rate of 1,000,000 an- 
nually. 

The Museum of Natural History has 36 
collection units identifiable as discrete 
scientific areas with specialized require- 


The tackled, 


oceanic birds, marine crustacea, and ma- 


ments. initial collections 
rine rocks, have already proved so amen- 
able to incorporation in the system that 
extension to related areas has begun. 
Promise of eventual cross-disciplinary in- 
formation retrieval is offered by SIIRS. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


“a Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing 


the Local Affiliated Societies* 


5 


ee ebica Society of Washington 
eye Society of Washington 
iological Society of Washington 
Society of Washington .....0.0..0000.0005. 
tomological Society of Washington 
National Geographic Society 
¢ ‘ological Society of Washington 
edical Society of the District of Columbia 
umbia Historical Society 
Botanical Society of Washington 
rs riety of American Foresters 
Washington Society of Engineers 
-! stitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 
Ame ican Society of Mechanical Engineers 
- Helminthological Society of Washington 
Amerciar Society for Microbiology. 
of American Military Engineers 
n Society of Civil Engineers 
siety for Experimental Biology and Medicine 
erican Society for Metals 
national Association for Dental Research | 


Ar erican Meteorological Society 
Insecticide Society of Washington 
A roustical Society of America 
‘American Nuclear Society 
Institute of Food Technologists 
American Ceramic Society 
Electrochemical Society _ 


ashington History of Science Club 

Opt cal Society of America (oct Sena 

Amer an Society of Plant iti aye Ny 
shington Operations Research Council 


strument Society of America ...................... Gon 


a 


a) 


ican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics a 


Association of Physics Teachers |... cu 


M. M. SHaPiro 

Delegate not appointed 
Delegate not appointed 
. Epowarp O, HAEnni 
Haroip H. SHEPARD 
ALEXANDER WETMORE 
Georce V. Conee 
Delegate not appointed 
U. S. Grant, II 

Peter H, Heinze 
Harry A. Fowets 
Martin A. Mason 
Grorce ABRAHAM 

_ Delegate not appointed 
Auret O. Foster 
Evizasetu J, OSwALp 

H. P. DemutH 
THORNDIKE SAVILLE, Jr. 
WiturAM H. SuMMERSON 
Hucu L. Locan 

Water E. Brown 
Water G. Bere 

J. Murray Mircue ct, Jr. 
H. Ivan RAINWATER 
Aurrep WEISSLER 
Georce L. Wei. 

Lowrit M. BEACHAM 

J. J. Diamonp 

Kurt H, Stern 

Morris LetKinp 
Bernarp B. WATSON 

.. Frep Paut 

WaLTer SHROPSHIRE 
Joun G. Honic 

. Atrreo M, Pommer 


_ * Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective affiliated societies, 


Volume 58 MAY 1968 


: he 

M. C. Henderson: The Washington Academy of Sciences: Scientific Wheel : orse’ 
Or Merely a Fifth Wheel? ccccs.csssscessscsestsesssinsecstsssuantinnineneneme’ ate 
ee 


i 


E. M. Cohn: First Portable and First Airborne Electric System 00... 
M. Fleischer: Variation of the Ratio Ni/Co in Igneous Rock Series ... Soi 


Academy Proceedings 
Board of Managers Meeting Notes (March) .,.....:.:.::cteenesrateerrnten 


Science in Washington 
Codendlar Of Biventt .c-:.ssisstonsteisgencansscaqesrn ocereipap ota rinta hts Sa ‘ Pe . 
Scientists in the News ON Oe ahead . 


Science and Development i sgecdashaladeasshpsansuadigs Qe TE Haoe Gaye Ona $9 rade : 


ov 


Washington Academy of Sciences 
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) 
Washington, D. C. 20014 

Return Requested with Form 3579 


mL, 7? 
D2. W23 


VOLUME 58 NUMBER 6& 


~ Journal of the 

WASHINGTON 

ACADEMY OF 
SCIENCES — 


Directory Issue 


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Washington Academy of Sciences 
1968 Directory 


Foreword 


The present, 43rd issue of the Academy’s 
directory is again this year issued as the 
September number of the Journal. 

Following a pattern established in 1962, 
we have attempted to produce an up-to- 
date listing of the membership, as of July 
1, at minimum cost to the Academy. Mem- 
bers are classified by three listings—alpha- 
betically, by place of employment, and by 
membership in local societies affiliated with 
the Academy. For most members in the 
Washington area, this information will pro- 
vide the basic clues on their fields of pro- 
fessional interest, and how to get in touch 
with them. Complete addresses, if needed, 
can be provided by the Academy office at 
9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda), Washing- 
ton, D. C. 20014 (phone 530-1402). 


Explanation 


The alphabetical listing purports to in- 
clude all fellows and members on the Acad- 
emy rolls as of July 1, 1968, whether resi- 
dent or nonresident (i.e., living more than 
90 miles from the White House), and whe- 
ther active (dues-paying) or emeritus (re- 
tired). 
_ Employment.—The first column of code 
symbols after the name is a semi-mnemonic 
cross-reference to place of employment, as 
shown in the first classified listing. In the 
employment code, 1 refers to Government 
agencies (and 1A to Agriculture, 1C to 
Commerce, etc.; and 1CNBS refers to the 
National Bureau of Standards in the De- 
partment of Commerce); 2 refers to edu- 
cational institutions, both higher (2H) and 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 


With a few exceptions, we have not in- 
dicated places of employment for non-resi- 
dent members, since this would lead to a 
very complex coding system. Nor, generally, 
have we classified emeritus members by 
place of employment, since most of them 
presumably have retired from gainful em- 
ployment. 

Assignment of codes for place of em- 
ployment and membership in affiliated so- 
cieties is based upon results of a postcard 
questionnaire’ sent to the Academy member- 
ship. Where the questionnaire was not an- 
swered, the coding was made on the basis 
of other available information. Corrections 
should be called to the attention of the 
Academy office. 


of Listings 
secondary (2S) (2HUMD is the University 


of Maryland); 3A refers to associations 
and 3] to private institutions; 4 refers to 
consultants, physicians, and other self-em- 
ployed persons; 5 refers to business con- 
cerns (SHALA is the Hazleton Laborato- 
ries, for example) ; 6 refers to foreign and 
international groups (embassies, UN orga- 
nizations, etc.) ; 7 refers to retired persons: 
and 8 and 9 refer to persons whose places 
of employment, if any, are not known or 
not coded. 

Places of employment are given pri- 
marily for resident active fellows and mem- 
bers, with few exceptions. 

Affiliation.—The second column of code 
symbols refers to the person’s membership 


12] 


in one or more of the societies affiliated 
with the Academy, as given in the following 
list, which includes also the year of the so- 
cieties’ affiliation with the Academy: 


2B Philosophical Society of Washington (1898) 

-2C Anthropological Society of Washington 
(1898) 

2D Biological Society of Washington (1898) 

2E Chemical Society of Washington (1898) 

2F Entomological Society of Washington 
(1898) 

9G National Geographic Society (1898) 

94, Geological Society of Washington (1898) 

91 Medical Society of the District of Columbia 
(1898) 

2J Columbia Historical Society (1899) 

2K Botanical Society of Washington (1902) 

2L,_ Society of American Foresters, Washington 
Section (1904) 

2M _ Washington Society of Engineers (1907) 

2N Institute of Electrical and Electronics En- 
gineers, Washington Section (1912)* 

20 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 
Washington Section (1923) 

2P Helminthological Society of Washington 
(1923) 

20 American Society for Microbiology, Wash- 
ington Branch (1923) 

2R_ Society of American Military Engineers. 
Washington Post (1927) 

2S American Society of Civil Engineers, Na- 
tional Capital Section (1942) 

2T Society for Experimental Biology and Medi- 
cine, D. C. Section (1952) 

2U American Society for Metals, Washington 
Chapter (1953) 

2V_ International Association for Dental Re- 
search, Washington Section (1953) 

2W American Institute of Aeronautics and As- 
tronautics, National Capital Section (1953) ” 


2X American Meteorological Society, D. C. 
Chapter (1954) 

2Y Insecticide Society of Washington (1959) 

2Z Acoustical Society of America, Washington 
Chapter (1959) 

3B American Nuclear Society, Washington Sec- 
tion (1960) 

3C Institute of Food Technologists, Washing- 
ton Section (1961) 

3D American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Wash- 
ington Section (1962) 

3E Electrochemical Society, Washington-Balti- 
more Section (1963) 

3F Washington History of Science Club (1965) 

3G American Association of Physics Teachers, 
Chesapeake Section (1965) 

3H Optical Society of America, National Capi- 
tal Section (1966) 

31 American Society of Plant Physiologists, 
Washington Section (1966) 

3J Washington Operations Research Council 
(1966) 

3K: Instrument Society of America, Washing- 
ton Section (1967) 


Academy Status.—The third column of 
symbols refers to membership status in 
the Academy. AF refers to a fellow of the 
Academy, and AM to an Academy member. 
RA refers to -a resident active fellow or 
member; NA refers to a nonresident active 
fellow or member (living more than 50 
miles from the White House) ; and RE and 
NE refer respectively to resident and non- 
resident emeritus fellows. 

Also in this column, for the first time, 
life fellows and members (see Bylaws, Ar- 
ticle II Section 9 and Article III Section 2) 
have been designated by appropriate codes 
(AFRL, AFNL, AMRL). Currently there 


are seven life fellows and one life member. 


Organization, Objectives, and Activities 


The Washington Academy of Sciences 
had its origin in the Philosophical Society 
of Washington. The latter, organized in 
1871, was for a few years the only scien- 


*In 1963 the American Institute of Electrical 
Engineers (affiliated 1912) was merged with the 
Institute of Radio Engineers (affiliated 1933) to 
become the Institute of Electrical and Electronics 
Engineers. IEEE has been assigned the same 


i222 


tific society of Washington. As other more 
specialized local scientific societies were 
formed, need was felt for federation of all 
such societies under an academy of sciences. 


seniority as the elder of the two merged societies. 
* In 1963 the Institute of the Aerospace Sciences 
(affiliated 1953) absorbed the American Rocket 
Society and assumed the new name, American 
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Therefore 14. local scientific leaders moved 
to establish the Washington Academy of 
Sciences, which was incorporated on Febru- 
ary 18, 1898. In that year the first eight so- 
cieties listed above became affiliated with 
the Academy. The Philosophical Society 
heads the list because of its key position in 
the establishment of the Academy; the oth- 
er seven are listed in alphabetical order, and 
the remaining 27 in chronological order of 
affiliation. Some of these 35 societies are 
local, without other affiliation; most are 
local sections or branches of national so- 
cieties; one, the National Geographic So- 
ciety, became a popular national society. 
whose present affiliation with the Academy 
is of only historical significance. 

It should be noted that the Academy has 
had a total of 36 affiliations, but that two 
societies—the electrical engineers and the 
radio engineers—were merged in 1963 as 
mentioned above. 

The primary purpose of the Academy is 
the promotion of science in various ways 
through cooperation among natural scien- 
tists and engineers of the Washington met- 
ropolitan area. Except during the summer 
the Academy holds monthly meetings, 
stressing subjects of general scientific in- 
terest. It publishes a monthly journal, which 
is intended to facilitate and report the orga- 
nized scientific activity of the Washington 
area. It may sponsor conferences or sym- 
posia and publish their proceedings, or it 
may publish suitable scientific monographs. 
In many ways, the Academy encourages ex- 
cellence in scientific research and education, 
e.g., by sponsoring the Washington Junior 
Academy of Sciences; by sponsoring 
through the Joint Board on Science Edu- 
cation, experiments in and services to sec- 
ondary scientific education in the public 
and private schools of the area; by making 
annual awards to promising high school 
students and to a few outstanding young 
professional scientists for their achieve- 
ments in research or teaching; and by mak- 
ing small grants-in-aid for support of re- 


SMITHSONIAN 
WES TITUTION 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 


OCT .8 1968 


search. The Academy also may aid public 
understanding of important scientific de- 
velopments through sponsored conferences 
and teacher training. It may make recom- 
mendations on public policy involving sci- 
entific matters. 

The Academy acts as the federal head of 
its affiliated societies, each of which is rep- 
resented on the Board of Managers by a 
delegate appointed by his society. Annual 
elections are by mail ballot. 

The membership consist of three general 
classes: members, fellows, and patrons. At 
present the membership is composed prin- 
cipally of resident active fellows who by 
reason of scientific attainment are deemed 
eligible. Nominations for fellowship, en- 
dorsed by at least two fellows of the Acad- 
emy, and changes in the status of members, 
are acted upon by the Board of Managers 
upon recommendation of the Committee on 
Membership. The newer category of “mem- 
ber” is open,.upon application, to any in- 
terested person who is approved by the 
Committee on Membership. 

Further information on membership in 
the Academy is given in a statement else- 
where in this issue, at the end of the Gen- 
eral Information section. 


Statistics 


The directory lists 1278 persons, classi- 
fied as follows: fellows, 1151, members, 
127; resident, 1042, nonresident, 236; 
active, 1113, emeritus, 157, life, 8. 

As concerns place of employment, 642 
members and fellows are employed in gov- 
ernment; 143 in universities; 13 in second- 
ary schools; 67 in associations and insti- 
tutions; and 35 in business concerns. There 
are 48 self-employed persons, while 204 are 
retired. Of the government employees, 159 
are located at NBS; 80 in USDA; 64 at 
NRL; 55 at NIH; 43 in ESSA; 37 in the 
Geological Survey; and 20 in the Smith- 
sonian Institution. 

As concerns membership in affiliated so- 
cieties, the National Geographic Society 


123 


heads the list with 382 Academy members, 
while the Philosophical Society has 268 
members and the Chemical Society has 


256 members. 


President 
President-Elect 
Secretary 
Treasurer 


1966-69 
1966-69 
1967-70 - 
1967-70 
1968-71 
1968-71 


Executive 
Membership 
Policy Planning 
Ways and Means 
Meetings 
Awards for Scientific 
Achievement 
Grants-in-Aid for 
Research 
Encouragement of 
Science Talent 
Public Information 


Science Education * * * 


Bylaws and Standing 
Rules 


Meetings Arrangements 


Tellers 


In addition to its regular mailing list, 
the Journal has over 300 subscribers— 
chiefly libraries—in most of the 50 States 


and about 30 foreign countries. 


Officers * 


Matcotm C. HENDERSON 
GEoRGE W. IRVING, JR. 
RicHARD P. FARROW 
RicHARD K. Cook 


Managers-at-Large ** 


ALPHONSE F. ForztatTI 
Joun H. MENKART 
ERNEST P. GRAY 

PETER H. HEINZE 
ALLEN L. ALEXANDER 
LAWRENCE M. KUSHNER 


Standing Committees * 


Matcoto C. HENpDERSON, Chairman 
Maurice APSTEIN, Chairman 

Kurt H. Stern, Chairman 

Joun H. Menxanrt, Chairman 
ZAKA I. SLAwsky, Chairman 


Joun L. Torcesen, Chairman 


GROVER C. SHERLIN, Chairman 
FrAncis J. HEYDEN, S.J., Chairman 
CHARLES DEVORE, Chairman 


ELIZABETH J. OSWALD, Chuirman 


Special Committees 


LAwreENcE A. Woon, Chairman 


CHARLES RaAbDER, Chairman 
Harry A. Fowe ts, Chairman 


Academy Organization for 1968-69 


Catholic University of America 

Agricultural Research Service 

National Canners Association 

Environmental Science Services 
Administration 


Federal Water Pollution Control 
Administration 

Gillette Research Institute 

Applied Physics Laboratory 

Agricultural Research Service 

Naval Research Laboratory 

National Bureau of Standards 


Catholic University of America 
Harry Diamond Laboratory 
Naval Research Laboratory 
Gillette Research Institute 
Naval Ordnance Laboratory 
National Bureau of Standards 


National Bureau of Standards 
Georgetown University 


Office of Naval Research 


Food and Drug Administration 


National Bureau of Standards 


Gillette Research Institute 
Agricultural Research Service 


* Officers and committee chairmen serve from close of annual meeting in May 1968 through May 


1969 meeting. 


** Managers serve three-year terms, from May to May. 
*** This committee also constitutes the Academy’s membership on the Joint Board on Science Ed- 
ucation, which is cosponsored by the Academy and the D. C. Council of Engineering and Architectural 


Societies. 


124, 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Editor 


Associate Editors 


The Journal 


SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR. 


Harotp T. Cook 


RicHARD P. Farrow 
Harry A. FOWELLS 
HELEN L. REYNOLDS 
ELAINE G. SHAFRIN 


Delegate to AAAS 


ALPHONSE F, ForziAtTI 


Agricultural Research Service 
Agricultural Research Service 
National Canners Association 
Agricultural Research Service 
Food & Drug Administration 
Naval Research Laboratory 


Federal Water Pollution Control 
Administration 


Delegates of Affiliated Societies 


See inside rear cover. 


Office Secretary 


President 


Vice-President 


Secretary 


Treasurer 


1898 
1899-10 
1911 
£912 
1913 
1914 
1915 
1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1922 
1923 
1924 


1925 


Sa 


1926 
1927 
1928 


* Served in calendar year 1967 and through May 1968 meeting. 


Academy Office 


ELIZABETH OSTAGGI 


9650 Rockville Pike 
(Bethesda) , Washington, 
D. C. 20014. Phone 
530-1402. 


Washington Junior Academy of Sciences 


CARL HEMENWAY 


PAauL DONOVAN 


DEBORAH LEFF 


KENNETH GALLANT 


John R. Eastman 
Charles D. Wolcott 
Frank W. Clarke 
Frederick V. Coville 
Otto H. Tittmann 
David White 

Robert S. Woodward 
Leland O. Howard 
William H. Holmes 
Lyman J. Briggs 
Frederick L. Ransome 
Carl L. Alsberg 
Alfred H. Brooks 
William J. Humphreys 
Thomas W. Vaughan 
Arthur L. Day 
Vernon Kellogg 
George K. Burgess 
Alexander Wetmore 
Robert B. Sosman 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 ~ 


2 
as 
~ 


1929 
1930 
1931 
1932 
1933 
1934 
1935 
1936 
1937 
1938 
1939 
1940 
194] 
1942 
1943 
1944 
1945 
1946 
1947 
1948 


Past Presidents 


Ales Hrdlicka 
William Bowie 
Nathan Cobb 

Leason H. Adams 
Robert F. Griggs 
Louis B. Tuckerman 
George W. McCoy 
Oscar E. Meinzer 
Charles Thom 

Paul E. Howe 
Charles E. Chambliss 
Eugene C. Crittenden 
Austin H. Clark 
Harvey L. Curtis 
Leland W. Parr 
Clement L. Garner 
John E. Graf 

Hugh L. Dryden 
Waldo L. Schmitt 
Frederick D. Rossini 


Wakefield High School 
(Home 671-9244) 
Yorktown High School 
(Home 536-8402) 
Walt Whitman High School 
(Home 365-0809) 
Montgomery-Blair High School 
(Home 587-7952) 


1949 F. H. H. Roberts, Jr. 
1950 Francis B. Silsbee 

1951 Nathan R. Smith 

1952 Walter Ramberg 

1953 Frank M. Setzler 

1954 Francis M. Defandorf 
1955 Margaret Pittman 

1956 Ralph E. Gibson 

1957 William M. Rubey 

1958 A. T. McPherson 

1959 Frank L. Campbell 
1960 Lawrence A. Wood 
1961 Philip H. Abelson 

1962 Benjamin D. Van Evera 
1963 Benjamin D. Van Evera 
1964 Francois N. Frenkiel 
1965 Leo Schubert 

1966 John K. Taylor 


1967-68 Heinz Specht * 


125 


Bylaws and Standing Rules 


The Bylaws of the Academy, as amended 
in December 1966, were printed in the Oc- 
tober 1967 issue of the Journal, pages 203- 
208. New amendments were approved by 
the membership in the mail balloting of 
December 1967. An up-to-date version of 
the Bylaws will appear in the Journal in 
the near future. 


The Academy’s original Act of Incorpo- 
ration, dated February 18, 1898, appears 
in the Journal for November 1963, page 
212. A revised Act of Incorporation, dated 
September 16, 1964, appears in the Journal 
for October 1967, pages 208-209. 

The Standing Rules of the Board of Man- 
agers appear in the December 1964 issue 
of the Journal, pages 360-364. 


Officers of Affiliated Societies 
Subject Key 


Acoustics: 2Z 
Aeronautics: 2W 
Anthropology: 2C 
Astronautics: 2W 
Biology: 2D, 2T 
Botany: 2K 
Ceramics: 3D 
Chemistry: 2E, 3E 
Dental research: 2V 
Electrochemistry: 3E 


Food technology: 3C 
Forestry: 2L 
Geography: 2G 
Geology: 2H 
Helminthology: 2P 
History: 2J, 3F 
Insecticides: 2Y 
Instruments: 3K 
Medicine: 2], 2T 
Metallurgy: 2U 


Engineering: Meteorology: 2X° 
civil: 2S Microbiology: 2Q 
electrical and electronic: 2N Nuclear science: 3B 
general: 2M Operations research: 3J 
mechanical: 20 Optics: 3H 
military: 2R Physics: 2B, 3G 
Entomology: 2F Plant physiology: 31 
Term 
ends 
2B Philosophical Society of Washington 
President: George T. Rado, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 
20390 (767-3603) 12/68 
President-elect: John A. O’Keefe, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center (474-9000) 12/68 
Secretary: Harold Glaser, NASA Headquarters (962-0157) 12/69 
Delegate: William J. Youden, George Washington University (EM 2-7357) 12/68 
2C Anthropological Society of Washington 
President: Conrad C. Reining, Dept. of Anthropology, Catholic University, 
Washington, D.C. 20017 (LA 9-6000, X605) 5/69 
Vice-president: Gordon D. Gibson, Smithsonian Institution (381-5961) 5/69 
Secretary: Mary Elizabeth King, Howard University (797-1862) 5/69 
Delegate: Priscilla Reining, Catholic University (LA 9-6000, X605) 5/69 
2D __ Biological Society of Washington 
President: Joseph Rosewater, Dept. of Mollusks, Smithsonian Institution, 
Washington, D.C. 20560 (628-1810, X5151) 6/69 
Secretary: Richard C. Banks, Smithsonian Institution 6/69 


126 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


2 


2F 


2G 


2H 


2I 


2J 


2K 


2L 


Chemical Society of Washington 


President: Robert B. Fox, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 
20390 (574-1730) 

President-elect: Edward O. Haenni, Food & Drug Administration (963-6152) 

Secretary: Mary H. Aldridge, American University (244-6800, X265) 

Delegate: : Edward O. Haenni 


Entomological Society of Washington 


President: -Richard H. Foote, Entomological Research Division, USDA, ARS, 
Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. 20705 

President-elect: Helen Soller-Riedel, Agricultural Research Service, USDA 

Secretary: David R. Smith, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA 
(RE 7-4142, X5345) 

Delegate: W. Doyle Reed (retired) EM 2-6577 

National Geographic Society 

President: Melvin M. Payne, National Geographic Society (296-7500) 

Chairman: Melville B. Grosvenor, NGS 

Secretary: Robert E. Doyle, NGS 

Delegate: Alexander Wetmore, Smithsonian Institution 


Geological Society of Washington 


President: Ralph L. Miller, Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242 
(343-3437) 

Vice-president: Charles S. Denny, Geological Survey (343-2127) 

Secretary: William A. Oliver, Jr., Geological Survey (381-5364) 

Delegate: George V. Cohee, Geological Survey (343-2784) 


Medical Society of the District of Columbia 


President: William S. McCune, 2520 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 
(333-0123) 

President-elect: Frank S. Bacon, 2141 K Street, N.W. (223-3940) 

Secretary: Thomas Sadler, 2007 I Street, N.W. (223-2230) 

Delegate: 


Columbia Historical Society 


Vice-president: Homer Rosenberger 

Exec. Director: Robert J. McCarthy, 1307 New Hampshire Ave., N.W. (234-5068) 
Secretary: Winifred M. Pomeroy, 4550 Connecticut Ave., N.W. 

Delegate: 


Botanical Society of Washington 


President: H. Rex Thomas, Plant Industry Station, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, 
Md. 20705 (474-6500, X367) 

Vice-president: H. D. Hammond, Howard University 

Secretary: Ruby Little, Agricultural Research Center (474-4800, X685) 

Delegate: P. H. Heinze, Plant Industry Station, USDA (474-6500, X404) 


Society of American Foresters, Washington Section 


President: John H. Farrell, 11738 Devilwood Drive, Rockville, Md. (762-6650) 

_ Vice-president: Philip L. Thornton, 7509 N. Hamlet St., Springfield, Va. (321-7406) 
Secretary: Malcolm Hardy, 6942 Fern Lane, Annandale, Va. (CL 6-8229) 
Delegate: Harry A. Fowells, USDA, Agricultural Research Service (DU 8-7145) 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 


Term 
ends 


12/68 
12/68 
12/68 
12/68 


12/68 
12/68 


12/68 
12/68 


12/68 
12/68 
12/68 
12/68 


12/68 
12/68 
12/68 


12/68 
12/68 
12/68 


127 


2M 


2N 


20 


7a) 


2Q 


2R 


28 


Pah 


128 


Term 


ends 
Washington Society of Engineers 
President: Robert A. Weiss, 1116 18th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 
(657-3737) 12/69 
Vice-president: William J. Ellenberger, 6419 Barnaby St., N.W. 20015 (EM 3-9033) 12/69 
Secretary: _ Gerald S. McKenna, 9520 Bulls Run Parkway, Bethesda, Md. 12/69 
Delegate: M. A. Mason, 3621 Raymond St., Chevy Chase, Md. (OL 2-8767) 12/69 
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington Section 
Chairman: — George Abraham, 3107 Westover Dr., S.E., Washington, D.C. 20020 
(582-7210) 7/69 
Vice-chairman: Walter N. Pike, Federal Aviation Agency (962-7031) 7/69 
Secretary: Charles deVore, Office of Naval Research (OX 7-4048) 7/69 
Delegate: George Abraham 7/69 
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Washington Section 
Chairman: Charles P. Howard, Mechanical Engineering Dept., Catholic Univ. of 
America, Washington, D.C. 20017 (529-6000, X251) 7/69 
Vice-chairman: Robert A. Cahn, Agency for International Development (383-7383) 7/69 
Secretary: Patrick F. Cunniff, University of Maryland (454-2411) 7/69 
Delegate: William G. Allen, 8306 Custer Rd., Bethesda, Md. (652-7457) 7/69 
Helminthological Society of Washington 
President: David R. Lincicome, Parasitology Lab. (Zoology Dept.) Howard Univ., 
Washington, D.C. 20001 12/68 
Vice-president: Alan C. Pipkin, Naval Medical Research Inst. 12/68 
Secretary: Edna Buhrer, 5415 Connecticut Ave., N.W. 20008 12/68 
Delegate: Aurel O. Foster, Parasitological Lab., USDA, Beltsville 12/68 
American Society for Microbiology, Washington Branch 
President: Ruth G. Wittler, Dept. of Bacteriology, Walter Reed Army Inst. of 
Research, Washington, D.C. 20012 (576-3058) 12/68 
Vice-president: William A. Clark, American Type Culture Collection (949-5610) 12/68 
Secretary: Hope E. Hopps, National Institutes of Health (496-6968) 12/68 
Delegate: Elizabeth J. Oswald, Food & Drug Administration (963-6123) 12/68 
Society of American Military Engineers, Washington Post 
President: Capt. James Moreau, Coast Guard, 9412 Wadsworth Drive, Bethesda, 
Md. 20034 (469-8328) 6/69 
Vice-president: Capt. M. J. Tonkel, ESSA 6/69 
Secretary: Cdr. Howard Pagel, Coast Guard 6/69 
Delegate: Cdr. Hal P. Demuth, ESSA (768-6014) Indef. 
American Society of Civil Engineers, National Capital Section 
President: Donald A. Giampaoli, 1957 E St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006 
(EX 3-2040) 6/69 
Vice-president = Albert A. Grant, 2208 Quinton Rd., Silver Spring, Md. (223-5800, 
X202) . 6/69 
Secretary: Frank Schneller, 1957 E St., N.W. (EX 3-2040) 6/69 
Delegate: Thorndike Saville, Jr., 5601 Albia Rd., Westwood, Md. 20016 
(HO 2-8000) 6/69 
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, D. C. Section 
Chairman: Fred Sperling, Dept. of Pharmacology, Howard Univ. Medical School, 
Washington, D.C. 20001 (797-1422) 6/69 
Vice-chairman: Abe Dury, National Inst. of Gen. Med. Sci. (496-7061) 6/69 
Secretary: Earl Usdin, Atlantic Research Corp. (FL 4-3400, X831) 6/69 
Delegate: Emilio Weiss, Naval Medical Research Inst. (295-0104) 6/71 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Term 


ends 
2U_ American Society for Metals, Washington Chapter 
Chairman: Richard Schmidt, 1710 Rupert St., McLean, Va. 22101 (356-8730) 5/69 
Vice-chairman: Joseph R. Lane, 7211 Rebecca Dr., Alexandria, Va. 22307 (765-5570) 5/69 
Secretary: Eugene A. Lange, 4201 Mass. Ave., N.W. 5/69 
Delegate: | Melvin R. Meyerson, National Bureau of Standards (921-2082) 5/69 
2V International Association for Dental Research, Washington Section 
President: _ Col. P. M. Margetis, Director, Medical Biomechanical Research 
Lab., Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20012 
(576-5151) 6/69 
Vice-president: Capt. N. W. Rupp, National Naval Medical Center (295-0065) 6/69 
Secretary: Walter E. Brown, National Bureau of Standards (921-3336) 6/69 
Delegate: Walter E. Brown 
2W American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Capital Section 
Chairman: Robert C. Smith, Jr., Atlantic Research Corp., Shirley Highway at 
Edsall, Alexandria, Va. 22314 (354-3400, X425) 5/69 
Vice-chairman: Henry H. Hovland, 11252 Knightsbridge Ct., Potomac, Md. 
(762-7068 ) 5/69 
Secretary: James D. Redding, Univac (338-8500, X317) 5/69 
Delegate: Henry H. Hovland 
2X American Meteorological Society, D. C. Chapter 
Chairman: Clifford J. Murino, Program Coordinator for NCAR, National Science 
Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550 (343-4812) 5/69 
Vice-chairman: James K. Angell, Air Resources Lab., ESSA (495-2284) 5/69 
Secretary: Mary Ann Ruzecki, Nat. Environmental Satellite Center, ESSA 
(440-7541) 5/69 
Delegate: Harold A. Steiner, Air Force (OX 7-4648) 5/69 
2Y Insecticide Society of Washington 
President: Victor E. Adler, Room 1, Bldg. CH-C, Agricultural Research Center, 
Beltsville, Md. 20705 (474-4800, X422) 7/69 
Vice-president: Morton Beroza, Agricultural Research Center (474-4800, X219) 7/69 
Secretary: Robert E. Menzer, Univ. of Maryland (454-3841) 7/69 
Delegate: H. Ivan Rainwater, Plant Quarantine Div., USDA, ARS (388-8441) 7/69 
2Z Acoustical Society of America, Washington D. C. Chapter 
Chairman: Ronald K. Eby, Polymer Div., National Bureau of Standards, 
Washington, D.C. 20234 (921-3343) 6/69 
Vice-chairman: Sam A. Elder, Naval Academy (Govt. Line 1229, X2204) 6/69 
Secretary: Gerald A. Franz, Naval Ship R & D Center (995-3126) 6/69 
Delegate: Alfred Weissler, Food and Drug Administration (962-8028) 6/69 
3B American Nuclear Society, Washington Section 
Chairman: Oscar M. Bizzell, Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C. 
20545 (301-973-3471) 6/69 
Vice-chairman: Justin L. Bloom, Atomic Energy Commission (973-7340) 6/69 
Secretary: Leslie S. Ayers, Arms Control & Disarmament Agency 6/69 
Delegate: 
3C_ Institute of Food Technologists, Washington Section 
Chairman: William L. Sulzbacher, Meat Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, 
Md. 20705 (GR 4-4800, X394) 12/68 
Vice-chairman: Victor H. Blomquist 12/68 
Secretary: Cleve B. Denney 12/68 
Delegate: Lowrie M. Beacham, Jr., Food & Drug Administration (RE 7-4142) 
SEPTEMBER, 1968 129 


3D 


3E 


ab 


3G 


3H 


31 


3J 


3K 


130 


American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Washington Section 


Chairman: David W.: Robertson, General Refractories Co., P.O. Box 1673, 
Baltimore, Md. 21203 (301-355-3400, X40) 

Chairman-elect: Joseph L. Pentecost, MELPAR, Inc. (703-534-6000, X2381) 

Secretary: ‘John B. Wachtman, Jr., National Bureau of Standards (921-2901) 

Delegate: J. J. Diamond, National Bureau of Standards (921-2893) 


Electrochemical Society, National Capital Section 


Chairman: R. T. Foley, Chemistry Dept., American University, Washington, D.C. 
20016 (244-6800, X266) 

Vice-chairman: F. X. McCawley (UN 4-3100, X2) 

Secretary: S. D. James, Naval Ordnance Laboratory (495-7742) 

Delegate: Kurt H. Stern, Naval Research Laboratory (767-3549) 


Washington History of Science Club 


Chairman: Richard G. Hewlett, Atomic Energy Commission, Germantown, Md. 
(973-5431) 

Vice-chairman: Deborah Warner, Smithsonian Institution (381-5330) 

Secretary: Dean C. Allard (OX 3-3170) 

Delegate: 


American Association of Physics Teachers, Chesapeake Section 


President: William Achor, Dept. of Physics, Western Maryland College, 
Westminster, Md. (301-848-7000) 

Vice-president: Graham D. Gutsche, Naval Academy (301-268-7711) 

Secretary: John Miller, III, University of Delaware (302-738-2660) 

Delegate: Bernard B. Watson, Research Analysis Corp. (893-5900) 


Optical Society of America, National Capital Section 


President: Arnold M. Bass, Physics B-214, National Bureau of Standards, 
Washington, D.C. 20234 

Vice-president: David L. Ederer, National Bureau of Standards 

Secretary: Terence L. Porter, National Science Foundation 

Delegate: Arnold M. Bass 


American Society of Plant Physiologists, Washington Section 


President: Edward P. Karlander, Dept. of Botany, University of Maryland, 
College Park, Md. (454-3821) 

Vice-president: James E. Leggett, Plant Industry Station, USDA (454-6500, X532) 

Secretary: Patricia Jackson, Plant Industry Station, USDA (454-6500, X533) 

Delegate: Walter Shropshire, Smithsonian Institution (381-5524) 


Washington Operations Research Council 


President: Joann H. Langston, GEOMET, Inc. 12280 Wilkins Avenue, Rockville, 
Md. 20852 (933-5525) 

President-elect: Howard Berger, OASD (SA)-SP, Pentagon (OX 7-0361) 

Secretary: Murray Kamrass, Institute for Defense Analyses (558-1620) 

Delegate: John Honig, Army (OX 7-1107) 

Instrument Society of America, Washington Section 

President: Gerald G. Vurek, 5623 Huntington Parkway, Bethesda, Md. 20014 
(657-1931) 

President-elect: Leopold Perlaky (577-5355) 

Secretary: Edward Popolak (WH 2-9189) 

Delegate: Alfred M. Pommer, (933-2268) 


Term 
ends 


12/68 
12/68 
12/68 
12/68 


5/69 
5/69 
5/69 
5/69 


6/69 
6/69 
6/69 


4/69 
4/69 
4/70 
6/70 


6/69 
6/69 
6/69 


6/69 
6/69 
6/69 
Indef. 


6/69 
6/69 
6/69 
6/69 


6/69 
6/69 
6/70 
6/69 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
Objectives 


The objectives of the Washington Academy of Sciences are (a) to stimulate interest 
in the sciences, both pure and applied, and (b) to promote their advancement and the 
development of their philosophical aspects by the Academy membership and through 
cooperative action by the affiliated societies. 


Activities 


The Academy pursues its objectives through such activities as (a) publication of 
a periodical and of occasional scientific monographs; (b) holding of public lectures 
on scientific subjects; (c) sponsorship of a Washington Junior Academy of Sci- 
ences: (d) promotion of science education and a professional interest in science 
among people of high school and college age; (e) accepting or making grants of 
funds to aid special research projects; (f) sponsorship of scientific symposia and 
conferences; (g) assistance in scientific expeditions; (h) cooperation with other 
academies and scientific organizations; and (i) award of prizes and citations for 
special merit in science. 


Membership 


The membership consists of two major classes—members and fellows. 

Members are persons who are interested in science and are willing to support 
the Academy’s objectives as described above. A letter or form initiated by the appli- 
cant requesting membership may suffice for action by the Academy’s Committee 
on Membership; approval by the Committee constitutes election to membership. 

Dues for members are $7.50 a year. 

Fellows are persons who have performed original research or have made other 
outstanding contributions to the sciences, mathematics, or engineering. Candidates 
for fellowship must be nominated by at least two fellows, recommended by the Com- 
mittee on Membership, and elected by the Board of Managers. 

Dues are $10.00 a year for resident fellows (living within 50 miles of the White 
House) and $7.50 a year for nonresident fellows. 

Persons who join the Academy as members may later be considered for fellowship. 

Application forms for membership may be obtained from the office of the 
Washington Academy of Sciences, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda), Washington, 
D.C. 20014. 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 131 


ABBOTs« CHARLES G 
ABELSONe PHILIP H 
ABRAHAMs GEORGE 
ACHTERe MEYER R 
ADAMS+« CAROLINE L 


ADAMS» ELLIOT @ 
AFFRONTIe LEWIS 
AKERSe ROBERT P 
ALDRICHs JOHN Ww 
ALEXANDERe AARON D 
ALEXANDERe ALLEN L 
ALEXANDER+ BENJAMIN H 
ALEXANDERe LYLE T 
ALGERMISSENe SYLVESTER 
ALLANe FRANK D 
ALLENe HARRY C JR 
ALLENe WILLIAM G 
ALLISONe FRANKLIN E 
ALTERe HARVEY 

AMBSe WILLIAM J 
AMIRIKIAN+* ARSHAM 
ANDERSONe. ELIZABETH 
ANDERSONe MYRON S 
ANDERSONe WENDELL L 
ANDREWS+« JOHN S 
APPEL>s® WILLIAM D 
APSTEINe MAURICE 
ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T 
ARSEMe COLLINS 
ASLAKSONe CARL I 
ASTINe ALLEN V 
AUSLOOS+ PIERRE J 
AXILROD» BENJAMIN M 
AXLERe MARJORIE F 
AYENSUse EDWARD S 


BABERS« 
BAILEY e 
BAILEY e 
BAKER +s 
BAKER e 
BALDESe 


FRANK H 

J MARTIN 
WILLIAM J 
ARTHUR A 
LOUIS C wW 
EDWARD J 
BAMFORD+ RONALD 
BANKSe« HERVEY W 
BARBEAUe MARIUS 
BARBROWs+ LOUIS E 
BARGERe GERALD L 
BARNHART+s CLYDE S 
BARRETT+ MARGARET D 
BARSS« HOWARD P 
BARTONE*s JOHN C 
BASS~« ARNOLD M 
BATEMAN+ ALAN M 
BATES*+ PHAON H 
BATES+ ROGER G 
BEACHse LOUIS A 
BEACHs PRISCILLA A 
BEACHAMs LOWRIE M 
BEACHEMe CEDRIC D 
BEANe HOWARD S 
BECKERe EDWIN D 
BECKETT+ CHARLES w 
BECKMANNs+ ROBERT B 
BEDINI+« SILVIO A 
BEIJe K HILDING 
BEKKEDAHL + NORMAN 
BELKINs MORRIS 
BELSHEIMse ROBERT O 
BENDER» MAURICE 
BENEDICT+s WILLIAM S 


132 


Alphabetical List of Members 


7RETD 
31GEL 
1DNRL 
1DNRL 
2HGwU 
8NRNC 
2HGWU 
1HNIH 
1IFWS 
1DAWR 
1DNRL 
1HNIH 
7RETD 
1CESS 
2HGWU 
118MI 
1CMAA 
7RETD 
8NRNC 
BNRNC 
1DNFE 
1HNIH 
7RETD 
1DNRL 
1ARFR 
7RETD 
1 DAHD 
1CNBS 
1DAHD 
4CONS 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
ax 

8NRNC 
1xSMI 


1DAx 
2HGWU 
2HUMD 
1IGES 
2HGEU 
1DAx 
2HUMD 
2HGEU 
8NRNC 
1CNBS 
1CESS 
1DAX 
7RETD 
7RETD 
2HHOU 
1CNBS 
4CONS 
7RETD 
1CNBS 
1DNRL 
4CONS 
1HFDA 
8NRNC 
4CONS 
1HNIH 
1CNBS 
2HUMD 
1XSMI 
7RETD 
7RETD 
1HNIH 
1DNRUL 
1HAPC 
2HUMD 


2B2x3H AFRE 
2B2E2H2Q ~=AFRA 
2B2G2M2N3G AFRA 
2uU AFRA 
2K AMRA 

AFNE 
2Q2T AMRA 
2G AFRA 
2D AFRA 
2Q2T AFRA 
2E AFRA 
2E AFRA 
2E AFRA 

AFRA 
2G62T AMRA 
2B2E2G AFRA 
20 AFRA 
2E2G6 AFRE 

AFNA 

AFNA 
2R2S AFRA 

AMRA 
2E AFRA 
2E AFRA 
2p AFRA 
2E2G AFNE 
2B2G2N AFRA 
2B2E2G AFRA 
2B2G2N AMRA 
2B2G2M AFRA 
2B2N2wW3G AFRA 
2E AFRA 
2B AFRA 
2B AFNA 

AFRA 
2G AFNA 

AMRA 
2E AFRA 
2H AFRA 
2E AFRA 

AFNA 
2K AFRA 

AFRA 

AFNA 
2B2N3H AFRA 
2x AFRA 
2F2G62Y AFNA 
26 AFRA 
202G2kK AFNE 
2T AMRA 
2B3H AFRA 

AFNE 

AFNE 
2E3E AFRA 
2B2G AFRA 

AMRA 
2E3C AFRA 
2u AFNA 
20 AFRA 
2E AFRA 
2B2E AFRA 
2E AFRA 
3F AFRA 
2B AFNL 
2B2E2G AFNA 

AFRA 
2m20 AFRA 
2E2G63C AFRA 
3H AFRA 


BENESCHe WILLIAM 
BENJAMINe CHESTER R 
BENNETT*s JOHN A 
BENNETTe LAWRENCE H 
BENNETTe MARTIN T 
BENNETTs ROBERT R 
BENNETTs WILLARD H 
BERCHs JULIAN 
BERLINERe ROBERT WwW 
BERNTONe HARRY S 
BEROZAe MORTON S 
BESTUL»+ ALDEN B 
BIBERSTEIN»® FRANK A JR 
BICKLEYe WILLIAM E 
BIRCKNERe VICTOR 
BIRDe HR 

BIRKS» LAVERNE S 
BISHOPPe FRED C 
BLAKE. DORIS H 
BLANCe MILTON L 
BLANDFORD:« JOSEPHINE 
BLANKe CHARLES A 
BLOCKe STANLEY 
BLOOMe MORTIMER C 
BLUMe WILLIAM 
BLUNTe ROBERT F 
BOGLEe ROBERT w 
BOLTONe ELLIS T 
BONDELID» ROLLON O 
BORTHWICKs HARRY A 
BOSWELL« VICTOR R 
BOWERe VINCENT E& 
BOWLES« ROMALD E 
BOWMANe PAUL WwW 
BOWMANe THOMAS E& 
BOZEMANe F MARILYN 
BRAATENe NORMAN F 
BRADLEY+ WILLIAM’ E 
BRANCATOs EL 
BRANDEWIE*+ DONALD F 
BRANDTNERe FRIEDRICH J 
BRANSONe HERMAN i 
BRAUERe GERHARD M 
BRAZEE+ RUTLAGE J 
BRECKENRIDGEe F C 
BRECKENRIDGE* ROBERT G 
BREEDLOVE+ C H JR 
BREITe GREGORY 
BRENNERe ABNER 
BREWERe CARL R 
BRICKWEDDE+ F G 
BRIERe GLENN W 
BRODIE+ BERNARD B 
BROMBACHERe W G 
BROOKS+ RICHARD C 
BROWNe ALFRED E 
BROWNe BF 

BROWNe EDGAR 

BROWNe JOSHUA RC 
BROWN» RUSSELL G 
BROWNe THOMAS M 
BROWNe WALTER E 
BRUCKse STEPHEN D 
BRYANe MILTON M 
BUGGS+* CHARLES w 
BUNNs RALPH w 
BURAS* EDMUND M JR 
BURGERS* JM 
BURINGTONe RICHARD S 
BURKs DEAN 

BURKE+ BERNARD F 


2HUMD 
1ARFR 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
4CONS 
11GES 
8NRNC 
3I1GRI 
1HNIH 
4PHYS 
1ARFR 
1CNBS 
2HCUA 
2HUMD 
7TRETD 
8NRNC 
1DNRL 
7TRETD 
1xXSMI 
8NRNC 
1CNBS 
1D-AS 
1CNBS 
1DNRL 
4CONS 
1CNBS 
8NRNC 
31CIW 
1DNRL 
7TRETD 
1AX 

1CNBS 
5BOEN 
1HNIH 
1XSMI 
1DAWR 
1GESS 
311DA 
1 ONRL 
2SARC 
STRwS 
2HHOU 
1CNBS 
1cESS 
7TRETD 
8NRNC 
2HMIC 
8NRNC 
1CNBS 
LHNIH 
8NRNC 
1cESS 
1HNIH 
7TRETD 
1HPHS 
8NRNC 
1DNRL 
7TRETD 
2HUMD 
2HUMD 
2HGWU 
1CNBS 
2HCUA 
1AFOR 
2HHOU 
3AESA 
3IGRI 
2HUMD 
1DNAS 
1HNIH 
8NRNC 


263H 
262K 
2uU 

2U 

2e 

2H 

2B 

2 
2BeT 
21 
2E2T2yY 
2B2E2G 
2B2mM2S 
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2D2F2G 
(al 


2E2G2H 
2E 
2B2E2G3E 
2E2G2VU3E 


2B2G 


202K31 
2G 
3E 
aw 


2D 
2Q2T 
2B2M2R 
2N 
262M 


2G2H 
2836 
2E2v 


2B3H 


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2E2G3E 
2Q 

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2N 
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2U3E 
202k 
2G 

2k 

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2Eev 
2E2G 
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262Q2T 
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2B 
2B2G 
2E31 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 


“AFRA 


AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFNL 
AMRA 


‘AFNA 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNU 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AMRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


BURKE» FREDERIC G 
BURKEYs LLOYD A 
BURNETT+s HARRY C 
BUTLERe FRANCIS E€ 
BYERLY» PERRY 
BYERLY»s THEODORE C 
BYRNE*® ROBERT J 


CALDWELL + FRANK R © 
CALDWELL+« JOSEPH M 
CALLENe EARL R 
CAMERONe JOSEPH M 
CAMPAIGNE+« HOWARD H 
CAMPANELLAs S JOSEPH 
CAMPBELL + FRANK L 
CANDELA*s+ GEORGE A 
CANNONes E W 
CARDER+ DEAN S 
CAREYe FRANCIS E 
CARHARTe« HOMER wW 
CARLSTONe RICHARD C 
CARMICHAEL s+ LEONARD 
CARROLL« THOMAS J 
CARROLL + WILLIAM R 
CARRONe» MAXWELL K 
CARTERe HUGH 

CASHe EDITH K 
CASSEL + JAMES M 
CASSIDYe MARIE M 
CATHEYe HENRY M 
CAULe HAROLD J 
CHALKLEYs+ HAROLD w 
CHAPINe EDWARD A 
CHAPINs EOWARD J 
CHAPLINe HARVEY R JR 
CHAPLINEs wR 
CHAPMANe GEORGE B 
CHEEKs CONRAD H 
CLAIRE+ CHARLES N 
CLARKe FRANCIS E 
CLARKe GEORGE E JR 
CLARKe JOAN R 
CLARKe KENNETH G 
CLAUSENe CURTIS P 
CLEAVERe OSCAR P 
CLEMENTse J REID JR 
CLEVENse G W 
CODLINGe KEITH 
COHEE+ GEORGE v 
COHN. ERNST M 
COHN. ROBERT 

COLE. KENNETH S 
COLLINS» HENRY B 
COLWELLe« RR 
COMPTONe W DALE 
CONGERe PAUL S 
CONTEEe CARL T 
COOKs HAROLD T 
COOKe RICHARD K 
COOK. ROBERT C 
COOKEs. C WYTHE 
COOLIDGEs+ HAROLD Vv 
COOLIDGEs+ WILLIAM D 
COONS+ GEORGE H 
COOPERe G ARTHUR 
COOPERe STEWART R 
CORNFIELDs JEROME 
CORRELLe DAVID L 
CORY.+ ERNEST N 
COSTRELL+ LOUIS 
COTTAMs CLARENCE 
COULSONe E JACK 
COX+ EDWIN L 

COYLE+ THOMAS D 
CRAFT+s CHARLES C 
CRAFTONe PAUL A 
CRAGOE+ CARL S 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 


4PHYS 
31IATC 
1CNBS 
1 DNOL 
4CONS 
1ACSR 
1HNIH 


7RETD 
1DACE 
2HAMU 
1CNBS 
1D-x 

SMELP 
7RETD 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
7RETD 
SASPR 
1DNRL 
1 DNX 

3INGS 
2HGWU 
1HNIH 
11GES 
1HPHS 
7RETD 
1CNBS 
9CLUN 
1ARFR 
1CNBS 
7RETD 
7RETD 
1 DNRL 
1DNSR 
1AFOR 
2HGEU 
1DNRL 
7RETD 
1ARFR 
5ARCO 
11GES 
7RETD 
7RETD 
9CLUN 
1DNRL 
1XTRA 
8NRNC 
11GES 
1XNAS 
1DNHS 
1HNIH 
1XSMI 
2HGEU 
8NRNC 
7RETD 
2SDcP 
1ARMR 
1CESS 
5PORB 
7RETD 
3INAS 
7RETD 
7RETD 
1xSMI 
7RETD 
8BNRNC 
1XSMI 
7RETD 
1CNBS 
8NRNC 
1ARNI 
1ARFR 
1CNBS 
1 ARMR 
2HGWU 
7RETD 


el AFRA 
20 AFRE 
2G2uU AFRA 
2620 AMRA 
AFNA 
ae fj AFRA 
2Q AFRA 
2B2G AFRE 
2s AFRE 
2B AFRA 
2B3K “AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
2F2y AFRA 
AFRA 
2B3J AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
2E2G AFRA 
2G2U3E AFNA 
2G62/42T AFRA 
2B2N2Z3G3H AFRA 
2eE AFRA 
2E2H AFRA 
AFRA 
2k AFRE 
2E AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
2E2vu2ev AFRA 
FAN AFRE 
AFNE 
2G2uU AFRA 
2w AFRA 
26G2KeL AFRE 
AFRA 
2eE AFRA 
2B2M AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
2H AFRA 
2E2G AFRE 
rT AFNE 
2M2N2R AFRA 
AFRA 
2B2G AFRA 
AFNA 
2H AFRA 
2Ee3E AMRA 
2B AFRA 
2B AFRA 
(AE AFRA 
262Q AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRE 
AMRA 
2B2K3C AFRA 
2B2z AFRA 
2K AFRA 
2H AFNE 
AFRA 
AFNA 
2K AFRE 
2H AFRA 
AFRE 
AFNA 
PADS) | AFRA 
QF AFRE 
2B2N AFRA 
2D02G AFNA 
2627 AFRA 
2G AFRA 
2E2G AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
2B2G AFRE 


CRANE* LANGDON T JR 
CRAVEN+ JOHN P 
CREITZ+ E CARROLL 
CRESSMANs GEORGE P 
CRETSOSe JAMES M 
CRY» GEORGE w 
CULBERT+* DOROTHY K 
CULLINANs FRANK P 
CURRAN*+ HAROLD R 
CURRIERs LOUIS w 
CURTIS* ROGER w 
CURTISS» LEON F 
CUTHILLs»s JOHN R 
CUTKOSKY»s ROBERT D 
CUTTITTAs FRANK 


DALY+ JOSEPH F 
DARWENTe BASIL DE B 
DAVENPORTs JAMES C 
DAVISe CHARLES M JR 
DAVIS* MARION M 
DAVIS» R F 

DAVIS* RAYMOND 
DAVIS+e STEPHEN S 
DAVISSONe JAMES w 
DAWSONs ROY C 
DAWSONes VICTOR C D 
DE CARLOs+s MICHAEL 
DE FERIETe J KAMPE 
DE LAUNAYs JULES R 
DE PACKHe DAVID C 
DE PUE*+ LELAND A 

DE VOE+ JAMES R 

DE VOREe CHARLES 

DE VORE+ HOWARD 

DE WIT+ ROLAND 
DEBORD+ GEORGE G 
DEITZ+ VICTOR R 
DEMUTHe HAL P 
DERMENe HAIG 
DESLATTES* RICHARD D 
DETWILERe SAMUEL B 


DETWILER» SAMUEL B JR 


OHILLONe P S 
DIAMOND+e JACOB J 
DIAMONDe PAULINE 
DICKSONe GEORGE 
DIEHL + WALTER S 
DIEHL + WILLIAM w 
DIGGES*« THOMAS G 
DINGERe DONALD 8B 
DOCTORe NORMAN J 
DOETSCHse RAYMOND N 
DOETs FLOYD S 
DOSSe MILDRED A 
DOUGLAS+ CHARLES A 
DOUGLAS+ THOMAS B 
DRAEGER+ R HAROLD 
DRECHSLER+e CHARLES 


DRUMMETER»s LOUIS F JR 


DU PONTe JOHN E 
DUERKSENe JACOB A 
DUNCANs HELEN M 
DUNNINGe KENNETH L 
DUPONT+ JEAN R 
DURBINe« CHARLES G 
DURYs+ ABRAHAM 
DUTILLYe ARTHEME 


EASTER* DONALD 
ECKERT+e Ww J 
ECKHARDTe E A 
EDDYe BERNICE E 
EDDY+ NATHAN B 
EDMUNDS+ LAFE R 
EDMUNDS+ WADE M 


1 XNSF 
1ONSP 
1CNBS 
LCESS 
SL Lis 
1CESS 
3ANST 
7TRETD 
7RETO 
7TRETD 
1XGSA 
7TRETD 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
1IGES 


1 CBUC 
2HCUA 
8BNRNC 
2HAMU 
7TRETD 
2HUMD 
7TRETD 
2HHOU 
1ONRL 
6FAOR 
1DNOL 
3INAS 
8BNRNC 
1DNRL 
1DNRL 
1ONRL 
1CNBS 
1DNOR 
1DNOL 
1CNBS 
7TRETD 
1ONRL 
STeee 
7RETD 
1CNBS 
7TRETD 
1ARNI 
4CONS 
1CNBS 
2SMO0C 
1CNBS 
4CONS 
7TRETOD 
7TRETD 
1DAER 
1DAHO 
2HUMD 
7TRETD 
2HUMD 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
4PHYS 
7TRETD 
1ONRL 
8NRNC 
7TRETD 
1IGES 
1O0NRL 
8NRNC 
1HFDA 
1HNIH 
2HCUA 


1XNAS 
7TRETD 
7TRETD 
1HNIH 
4CONS 
1XNSF 
3148S 


2B2G 
2B2Z2 
ra 

2x 

2e 

2x 

2G 
2G62K31 
2620 
2H 
2G2N 
26 
2G2uU 
2G2N 
2E2G2H 


2B2E 


2z 

2E2G 
2G2T 
2B2E 
2620 

26 

2a 
2G6202U2wW 
2G 


2B 

2G 

2E2G 
2B2M2N38 


2G 
2620 
2e 
2R 
2k 


2G2Ke2L3F 
2e 

ale 
2B2E30 


2G2V 
ew 
202K 
2uU 

2N 

2Nn 

2Q 
2E2Ge2T 
2P 
2B2G3H 
2e 


262K 
3H 


2B2G 
2H 
2B 
2T 
2G2P 
27 
2K 


2E 


28 
2G62Q2T 
2E2Ge2T 

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2G2M2N3B 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AMNA 
AMRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AMNA 
AMRA 
AFRL 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMNA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


AMRA 
AFNA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AMRA 


133 


EGLI.« PAUL H BNRNC AFNA GABRIELSONe IRA N 3IWMI 2G AFRA 


EGOLFs DONALD R 1ARFR 2K AFRA GAFAFERe WILLIAM M 7RETD AFNE 
EISENHARTe CHURCHILL 1CNBS 2B3F AFRA GALLER»s SIDNEY 1XSMI AFRA 
ELBOURNs ROBERT D 1CNBS 2B2N AFRA GALLOWAY» RAYMOND A 2HUMD 2G2K31 AFRA 
ELLINGER»s GEORGE A 7RETD 2G62uU AFRA GALTSOFFs PAUL §S 7RETD 2D AFNE 
ELLIOTTs CHARLOTTE 7RETD AFNE GALVINe CYRIL J JR 1DACE 2H3F AFRA 
ELLIOTT+ FRANCIS E 5SGEEL AFRA GAMOWs GEORGE 8NRNC 2B AFNA 
ELLIS« NED R TRETD 2E2T AFRE GANT+ JAMES Q@ JR 4PHYS 2G2I AMRA 
ELLISONs ALFRED H 3I1GRI 2E AFRA GARDNERe IRVINE C 7TRETD 282G3H AFRE 
ELSASSER+ WALTER M 2HUMD 2B2G AFRA GARGUS* JAMES L 5SHALA AMRA 
EMERSONe WALTER B 7RETD 2G3H AFRE GARNERe CLEMENT L 1CESS 2B2G2M2R2S AFRE 
ENDICOTTe KENNETH M IHNIH 2T AFRA GARSTENSe HELEN L 2HUMD AFRA 
ENNISe WILLIAM B JR 1ARFR 2G AFRA GARVIN»s DAVID 1CNBS 26 AFRA 
ESTERMANNes IMMANUEL 1DNX 2B AFNA GARY« ROBERT 4CONS 2E AFRA 
ETZEL+ HOWARD w 1XNSF 2G AFRA GATES» GE BNRNC 2D AFNA 
EULERe ELVIRA A 2SFAC AMRA GAZIN»s CHARLES L 1XSMI 2D2H AFRA 
EVANSe W DUANE 8BNRNC AFNA GEIL.» GLENN w 1CNBS 2G2U AFRA 
EWERS« JOHN C 1XSMI 2C AFRA GELLER*+ ROMAN F 7RETD 282G63D AFRE 
GHAFFARIe« ABOLGHASSEM 1XNAS 2B AFRL 
GIBSONe JOHN E 7RETD AFNE 
GIBSONe« KASSON S TRETD 2B2G3H AFRE 
FAHEYs JOSEPH J 1IGES 2E2G2H AFRA GIBSONe RALPH E 3IAPL 2B2E2Qw AFRA 
FALLONe ROBERT J SMELP 2D2E AFRA GILBERT+« ROBERT P 8BNRNC AFNA 
FARBER*s EDUARD 2HAMU = 2E3F AFRA GILLMANe JOSEPH L JR 54JOGI 2E2G2M202U AFRA 
FARRe MARIE L 1ARFR 2K AFRA GINNINGSe« DEFOE C 1CNBS 2E2G AFRA 
FARRe MARION M 2HUMD 2P AFRA GINTHERe ROBERT J 1DNRL 303E AFRA 
FARRE+ GEORGE L 2HGEU 3F AFRA GISH.e OLIVER H 7TRETD 2B AFNE 
FARROWe RICHARD P BANCA 2E2G3C AFRA GIUFFRIDAe LAURA 1HFDA AFRA 
FAULKNERe JOSEPH A 1DNOL 2G AFRA GLASGOWs AUGUSTUS R JR IHFDA 2E2G AFRA 
FAUST« GEORGE T 1IGES 2H3D AFRA GLASSERe ROBERT G 2HUMD 2B82G AFRA 
FAUSTs WILLIAM R 1DNRL 2B2G AFRA GLICKSMANe MARTIN E I1DNRL 2G2U AFRA 
FEARNe JAMES E 1CNBS 2E AMRA GODFREYe THEODORE B 7RETD - AFRA 
FELSENFELD+ OSCAR BNRNC 2G AFNA GOLDBERG» MICHAEL 7TRETD 2B AFRA 
FERGUSONe ROBERT E 1CNBS 2E AFRA GOLUMBICs. CALVIN 1ARMR 3C AFRA 
FERRELLe RICHARD A 2HUMD 2G3G AFRA GONET + FRANK 1XUST 2E AFRA 
FIELDe WILLIAM D 1XSMI 2F AFRA GOODE. ROBERT J 1DNRL 2U AFRA 
FINLEY*s HAROLD E 2HHOU 2D AFRA GORDONe CHARLES L 7TRETD 2B2E2G AFRA 
FISKse BERT 1DNRL 2G AFRA GORDONe FRANCIS B 1DNMS 2Q2T AFRA 
FIVAZs ALFRED E 7RETD 2G2L AFRE GORDONe NATHAN 1DAx 2E2T AFRA 
FLATT+« WILLIAM P 1ARFER AFRA g GORDONe+ RUTH E 8NRNC 2Q AFNA 
FLETCHER+ DONALD G 1CNBS 2E AMRA GOULD» IRA A 8NRNC AFNA 
FLETCHER» HEWITT G JR IHNIH 262G AFRA GRAFe JOHN E 7RETD 2D2F2G AFRA 
FLINT» EINAR P 1IBMI 2£2uU3D AFRA - GRANTe ULYSSES §S III 7TRETD 2G62UN2R2S AFRA 
FLORINe ROLAND E 1CNBS 2E2G AFRA GRASSL+ CARL O | 1ARFR AFNA 
FLYNNs DANIEL R 1CNBS AFRA GRATON*» LOUIS C 4CONS 2H AFNE 
FOCKLER» HERBERT H 1HNLM 2G AMRA GRAVATT+ G FLIPPO 7RETD 2KeL AFRE 
FONER» SAMUEL N 31APL 2B AFRA GRAYe ERNEST P 31APL 2B AFRA 
FOOTEs PAUL D 7RETD 28 AFRA GRAY. IRVING : 2HGEU 2T AFRA 
FORDe DECLAN P 1TIRS 2G2H AMNA GRAY» VANNIE & 1CNBS 2E AMRA 
FORDe T FOSTER 1DNRL 2E AFRA GREENBERGe LEON 2HUMD AFRA 
FORZIATI+ ALPHONSE F 1IWPC 2B2E2V3E- AFRA GREENOUGHe M L 1CNBS AFRA 
FORZIATI+ FLORENCE H 1ARNI 2E AFRA GREENSPANe MARTIN 1CNBS 2B2Z AFRA 
FOSTER» AUREL O 1ARFR 2P AFRA GRIFFITHS* NORMAN H C 2HHOU 2V AFRA 
FOURNIER+ ROBERT O 1IGES 2G2H AFNA GRISAMOREs NELSON T 2HGWU 2B2G2N AFRA 
FOURT+ LYMAN 3IGRI 2E AFRA GROVES» DONALD G 3INAS AFRA 
FOWELLS»* HARRY A 1ARAO 2L31: AFRA GUARINOse P A 1DAHD 2N AFRA 
FOWLER» E EUGENE 1XAEC 38 AMRA GUILDNER» LESLIE A 1CNBS 2B2G AFRA 
FOX*s DAVID w 31APL AFRA GURNEYe ASHLEY B 1ARFR 2D2F2G AFRA 
FOXs M R SPIVEY 1HFDA 2E2G2T AFRA 
FOXs ROBERT B 1DNRL 2E62G AFRA 
FRAME» ELIZABETH G YHNIH 2E AFRA HAAS. PETER H 1D-AS AMRA 
FRANKs KARL ' HNIH AFRA HACSKAYLO+« EDWARD LAFOR 2G2K2L31 AFRA 
FRANKs WILLIAM M 1 DNOL AFRA HAENNI« EDWARD O 1HFDA 2E AFRA 
FRANKLIN»s PHILIP J 1XGSA 2E2N AFRA HAGUE + JOHN L 1CNBS 2E2G63H AFRA 
FRANZ+ GERALD J IDNSR 2G2Z AMRA HAHN» FRED E 1DAWR AFRA 
FRAPS+ RICHARD M 1ARFR 2B2T AFRA HAINES* KENNETH A 1ARAO 2F2G2Y AFRA 
FREDERIKSE+ H PR 1CNBS AFRA HAKALA»s REINO W 8BNRNC AFNA 
FREEMANe ANDREW F 1ARNI 2E AMRA HALL» E RAYMOND B8NRNC 20D2G AFNA 
FREEMAN» DAVID H 1CNBS 2E AFRA HALLe« R CLIFFORD 7RETD 2G AFRE 
FREEMAN» MONROE E 1XSMI 2E2T AFRA HALL» STANLEY A 1ARFR 2E2yY AFRA 
FRENKIEL»+ FRANCOIS N 1IDNSR 2B2we2x AFRA HALL» WAYNE C 1DNRL 2B2G2N3G AFRA 
FRIEDMANs LEO BNRNC 2E2G2T3C AFNA HALLER+« HERBERT L 7TRETD 2E2F2G2Y AFRA 
FRIESS« SEYMOUR L 1ONMR 2E AFRA HALLER+s WOLFGANG 1CNBS 2E3D AFRA 
FRUSH» HARRIET L TRETD 2626 AFRA HALSTEAD», BRUCE w 8NRNC 2T AFNA 
FULLMER+ IRVIN H 7RETD 282620 AFRA HAMBLETONe EDSON ¥U TRETD 202F2G AFRA 
FULTON+ ROBERT A TRETD 262Y AFNE HAMBLETONe JAMES I 7RETO 2Fe2y AFRA 
FURUKAWA, GEORGE T 1CNBS 2B2E2G AFRA HAMERe WALTER J 1CNBS 2E2G2N3E AFRA 
FUSILLO»s MATTHEW H 1XVET 2G62Q AMRA HAMILTONe C E MIKE 1xFPC 2G2H AMRA 


134. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


HAMILTONe MICHAEL 
HAMMERSCHMIDT+ WM W 
HAMMONDs H DAVID 
HAMPPs« EDWARD G 
HANDe CADET H JR 
HANSBOROUGHs+ LOUIS A 
HANSENe IRA B 
HANSENe LOUIS S 
HANSENe MORRIS H 
HARDENBURGe ROBERT E 
HARDER: E C 
HARRINGTON» MARSHALL C 
HARRIS* FOREST K 
HARRISe MILTON 
HARRIS« THOMAS H 
HARRISON+ MARK 
HARRISONe WILLIAM N 
HARTMANNe GREGORY K 
HARVALIKs Z V. 
HASELTINEs NATE 
HASKINS» CARYL P 
HASSe GEORGE H 
HAUPTMANs HERBERT 
HAWTHORNE + EDWARD w 
HAZLETON+ LLOYD W 
HEINZEs PETER H 
HELLERe ISIDORE 
HENDERSONe E P 
HENDERSON» MALCOLM C 
HENLEY+ ROBERT R 
HENNEBERRY» THOMAS J 
HENNEY e DAGMAR 
HERMACHe FRANCIS L 
HERMAN« CARLTON M 
HERMANe ROBERT C 
HERSCHMANe HARRY K 
HERSEYe« MAYO D 
HERZFELDe KARL F 
HERZFELDe REGINA F 
HESSe WALTER C 
HETRICKe FRANK 
HEWITT+« CLIFFORD A 
HEYDEN» FRANCIS J 
HIATT+s CASPAR W 
HICKLEYe THOMAS J 
HICKOX* GEORGE H 
HICKSse GRADY T 
HICKS»e VICTOR 
HILDEBRAND» EARL M 
HILL« FREEMAN K 
HILSENRATHse JOSEPH 
HILTONe JAMES L 
HINMANe WILBUR S JR 
HOBBSe+e ROBERT B 
HOCHMUTHe M S 
HOCHWALD» FRITZ G 
HOERINGe THOMAS C 
HOFFMANe JOHN D 
HOFFMANNe CLARENCE H 
HOGEs HAROLD J 
HOLLIES* NORMAN R S 
HOLLINGSHEADse ROBERT S 
HOLLINSHEADs ARIEL C 
HOLMGREN+ HARRY D 
HOLSHOUSERs WILLIAM L 
HONIGse JOHN G 
HOOKER+« MARJORIE 
HOOVERs+ JOHN I 
HOOVER» THOMAS B 
HOPP» HENRY 

HORNIG+s DONALD F 
HORNSTEINe IRWIN 
HORTON+ BILLY M 
MOSTETTER's J C 
HOUGHs FLOYD w 
HOWARD+ GEORGE w 
HOWARDs ROBERT E 
HOWEs PAUL E 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 


31WAC 
1D-S 
BNRNC 
1HNIH 
8NRNC 
2HHOU 
2HGWU 
8NRNC 
1CBUC 
1ARMR 
BNRNC 
1DFOS 
1CNBS 
BAACS 
1HFDA 
2HAMU 
4CONS 
1DNOL 
1DAER 
SwAPO 
31CIw 
1DAER 
1DNRL 
2HHOU 
SHALA 
1ARMR 
2HCUA 
1XSMI 
2HCUA 
7RETD 
1ARFR 
2HGWU 
1CNBS 
LIFWS 
8NRNC 
1CBDS 
7RETD 
2HCUA 
2HCUA 
Q9CLUN 
2HUMD 
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KNIPLINGe EDWARD F 
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KURZWEGe HERMAN H 
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LADOe ROBERT 

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LAKINe HUBERT W 
LAMANNAe CARL 

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LAMBERT+ WALTER D 
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LANDISe PAUL E 
LANDSBERGe HELMUT E 
LANGe WALTER B 
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LAPHAM: EVAN G 
LARRIMERe WALTER H 
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LEEs* RICHARD H 
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MAC DONALD» 
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MACHTAe 
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W GARDNER 


TE-HSIU 


WILLIAM M 
LESTER 
ROBERT P 
SAMUEL L 


MAENGWYN-DAVIES+» G D 


MAGINe 
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HENRY L 
MARTIN A 
JOSEPH T 
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MARION B 
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MAY*« DONALD C JR 


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CABEs WILLIAM J 
CAMYe CALVIN S - * 
CLAINe EDWARD F JR 
CLELLANe WILBUR D 
CLUREs+ FRANK J 
CLURE»+ FRANK T 
CULLOUGHe JAMES M 
CULLOUGHe NORMAN 8B 
ELHINNEYe JOHN 
INTOSHe ALLEN 

KEE« SAMUEL A 
KELVEYe VINCENT E 
KENZIE*« LAWSON M 
KIBBENe EUGENE G 
KINNEYe HAROLD H 
KNIGHTe EDWIN T 
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MILLENe J HOWARD 
MURDIEse« HOWARD F 
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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


MERZe ALBERT R 7TRETD 


MEYERHOFFe HOWARD A 4x 
MEYERSONe MELVIN R 1CNBS 
MEYROWITZe ROBERT 1IGES 
MICHAELIS*e ROBERT E 1CNBS 
MICKEYe WENDELL V 1CESS 
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MILLIKENe LEWIS T 1CNBS 
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MITCHELL» J MURRAY JR 1CESS 
MITCHELL e JOHN w 1ARFR 
MITTLEMANe DON 8NRNC 
MIZELL» LOUIS R 6INWS 
MOHLERe FRED L TRETD 
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MONCHICKe LOUIS 31TAPL 
MOORE «+ GEORGE A 1CNBS 
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MORANs FREDERICK A 1XMDG 
MORGANe RAYMOND 7TRETD 
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MORRIS* JOSEPH B 2HHOU 
MORRISe KELSO B 2HHOU 
MORRISS+* DONALD J TRETD 
MORTONe JOHN D SMELP 
MOSHMANe JACK SLEAS 
MOSTOF I+ F K 1DAIP 
MUEHLHAUSE+ CARL O 1CNBS 
MUELLERe HERBERT J 1DNAS 
MUESEBECKs CARL F WwW TRETD 
MURPHY s LEONARD M 1CcESS 
MYERSe ALFRED T 1I1GES 
MYERSe« RALPH D 2HUMD 
MYERS» WILLIAM H 1XNOD 
NAESERe CHARLES R 2HGWU 
NAMIASs JEROME 1CcESS 
NELSONe RH 3SAESA 
NEPOMUCENEe SR ST JOHN 7RETD 
NEVENDORFFERe JA 1DNX 
NEUSCHEL + SHERMAN K 11GES 
NEWMANe MORRIS 1CNBS 
NEWMANe SANFORD B 1CNBS 
NEWTONe CLARENCE J 1CNBS 
NICKERSON+ DOROTHY 7TRETD 
NICODEMUS+ ROBERT B 2SMO0C 
NIKIFOROFFe C C 7TRETD 


NIRENBERGe MARSHALL W 1HNIH 
NOFFSINGERs TERRELL L 1cCESS 


NOLLA» JOSE A B 4CONS 
NORRISe« KARL H 1ARMR 
NOYESe HOWARD E 8NRNC 
NUTTONSONes M Y 3I11CE 
O BRIENe JOHN A 2HCUA 
O HERNe ELIZABETH M 1HNIH 
O KEEFEe* JOHN A 1XNAS 
O NEILLe+ HUGH T 7TRETD 
OBOURNe ELLSWORTH S 8NRNC 
OEHSERe PAUL H 3INGS 
OKABE+ HIDEO 1CNBS 
OLIPHANT+s MALCOLM w 8BNRNC 
OLIVERe VINCENT J 1cESS 
OLSENe HAROLD w 11IGES 
OLSON+ HENRY wW 2HF CC 


| SEPTEMBER, 1968 


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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


SMITHe PAUL L 

SMITHs SIDNEY T 
SMITHe WILLIE W 
SNAVELYs+ BENJAMIN L 
SNAYe« HANS G 
SNODGRASS*+ REX J 
SNOKE»« HUBERT R 
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SONNe MARTIN 

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SPALDINGe DONALD H 
SPECHTe HEINZ 
SPENCER. LEWIS Vv 
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SPERLINGe FREDERICK 
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SPOONERe CHARLES S JR 
SPRAGUE+« GEORGE F 

ST GEORGE+ RAYMOND A 
STADTMANes E R 

STAIR«e RALPH 
STAKMANe E C 

STAUSS« HENRY E 
STEARNe« JOSEPH L 
STEELEs LENDELL E& 
STEERE»+ RUSSELL L 
STEGUNe IRENE A 
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STEINe ANTHONY C JR 
STEINER*e ROBERT F 
STEINHARDTe JACINTO 
STEPHANs ROBERT M 
STEPHENSe ROBERT E 
STERNes KURT H 

STERNe WILLIAM L 
STEVENSe HENRY 
STEVENSe ROLLIN E 
STEVENS+ RUSSELL B 
STEVENSONe FREDERICK J 
STEVENSONe JOHN A 
STEWARTs DEWEY 
STEWART+ HARRIS B JR 
STEWARTs ILEEN E 
STEWART+ SARAH E 
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STIEHLER+ ROBERT D 
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139 


WASIKs STANLEY P 
WATERMANe PETER 
WATSON+ BERNARD B 
WATSTEINe DAVID 
WATTSe CHESTER B 
WEAVER» DE FORREST E 
WEAVERe ELMER R 
WEBB. ROBERT w 
WEBBER+ ROBERT T 
WEBERe EUGENE w 
WEBERe ROBERT S 
WEIDA»s FRANK M 
WEIOLEIN»s EDWARD R 
WETHEse WERNER K 
WEIL» GEORGE L 
WEINBERGe HAROLD P 
WEINTRAUBs ROBERT L 
WEITRe CHARLES E 
WETSSe EMILIO 
WEISSe FRANCIS J 
WEISSe FRANCIS J 
WEISSe FREEMAN A 
WEITSSe GEORGE H 
WEISSe RICHARD A 
WEITSSBERGe SAMUEL G 
WEISSLERe ALFRED 
WELLMANe FREDERICK L 
WENSCHe GLEN W 
WESTe WALTER S 
WESTe WILLIAM L 
WETMORE+ ALEXANDER 
WEXLERe ARNOLD 
WEYLe F JOACHIM 
WHEELERe WILLIS H 
WHERRY*s EDGAR T 
WHITEs« CHARLES E 
WHITE» HOWARD J JR 
WHITE» ORLAND E 
WHITEs« ROBERT M 
WHITMANe MERRILL J 
WHITTAKERe COLIN w 
WHITTENe CHARLES A 
WICHERSs EDWARD 
WIEDEMANNe HOWARD M 
WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 
WILLITAMSe DONALD H 
WILSON» BRUCE L 


140 


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WILSONe WILLIAM K 
WINSTONe JAY S 
WINTs CECIL T 
WISE. GILBERT H 
WITHINGTONe CHARLES F 
WITKOP+ BERNHARD 
WOLCOTTs» NORMAN M 
WOLFFse EDWARD A 
WOLFHAMs LESZEK J 
WOLFLE +’ DAEL 
WOLICKI« ELIGIUS A 
WOMACK +s MADELYN 
WOOD. LAWRENCE A 
wOODe MARSHALL K 
WOODe REUBEN E 
wOODSe MARK w 
WORKMANe WILLIAM G 
WRENCHe CONSTANCE P 
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YOCUMs L EDWIN 
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YOUDENe WILLIAM J 
YOUNGs CLINTON J T 
YOUNGe DAVID A JR 
YOUNGe ROBERT T JR 
YUILLe« JOSEPH S 


ZELENe MARVIN 
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ZIKEEVe NINA 
ZISMANe WILLIAM A, 
ZMUDA>+ ALFRED J 
ZOCHe RICHMOND T 
ZWANZIGs ROBERT Ww 
ZWEMERe RAYMOND L 


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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Classification 


1 GOVERNMENT 
1A AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 


1ACMS CONSUMER & MARKETING SERVICE 
ZELENYe LAWRENCE 26 


1ACSR COOP STATE RESEARCH SERVICE 
BYERLYe THEODORE C LE 


1AFOR FOREST SERVICE 


BRYANes MILTON M ea 
CHAPLINEs WR ; 2G2KeL 
HACSKAYLO+« EDWARD 2G62KeaL31 
JEMISONse GEORGE M 2 
LITTLE» ELBERT L JR 2Kkeu 
PARKERe KENNETH W 202kK2L 


1AM AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE 


1AMRP MARKETING REGULATORY PROGRAMS 
HUNTs W HAWARD 2G 


1AR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE 


1ARAO OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATORe ARS 


FOWELLSe HARRY A 2c31 

HAINESe KENNETH A 2F2G62Y 

IRVINGe GEORGE W JR 2E3C 
1ARFR FARM RESEARCH 

ANDREWS+ JOHN S 2P 

BENJAMINe CHESTER R 262K 

BEROZAe MORTON S 2E2T2y 


CATHEYs HENRY M 
CLARKe FRANCIS E 


COX» EDWIN L 26 
EGOLF» DONALD R 2k 
ENNISe WILLIAM B JR 26 
FARR» MARIE L 2k 
FLATTs WILLIAM P 

FOSTER» AUREL O 2p 
FRAPS+ RICHARD M 2B2T 
GRASSL»+ CARL O 

GURNEY» ASHLEY B 2D2F 26 
HALL « STANLEY A 2E2Y 
HENNEBERRY» THOMAS J 2F2Y 
HILDEBRANDs EARL M 262K203C31 
HILTONe JAMES L 31 
HOFFMANNe CLARENCE H 2F2L2y 
JACOBSONs MARTIN 2E2Y 
KNIPLINGe EDWARD F 2F 
KREITLOWs KERMIT Ww 262K 
LENTZe PAUL L 262k 
MC CLELLANe WILBUR D 262k 
MILLER+ PAUL R 2k 
MITCHELL» JOHN Ww 31 
PRESLEY* JOHN T 

RUSSELL + LOUISE M 2D2F 26 
SAILER» REECE I 2F2y 


SAN ANTONIOe JAMES P 
SANTAMOURs FRANK S JR als 


SCHECHTERe MILTON S 2F2yY 
SHANAHANe ARTHUR J 2a 
SMITHe FLOYD F 2F2y 
SPALDING» DONALD H 2G 
SPRAGUEe GEORGE F 

STEERE.» RUSSELL L 262K 
STEWARTs DEWEY 262K 
STUART» NEIL w 2K31I 
TAYLORe ALBERT L 2P 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 


by Place of Employment 


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TROMBAs FRANCIS G 2P AFRA 
WISEs GILBERT H 2G AMRA 


1ARMR MARKETING RESEARCH 


COOKe HAROLD T 2B2K3C AFRA 
CRAFT+ CHARLES C AFNA 
GOLUMBICe CALVIN 3C€ AFRA 
HARDENBURGs ROBERT E 2G AFRA 
HEINZEs« PETER H 2E26G2K3C31 AFRA 
LIEBERMANs MORRIS 2E2G3I AFRA 
NORRIS*+ KARL H Se AFRA 
RYALL+ A LLOYD 2G62K3C AFRA 


1ARNI NUTR* CONSUMER & INDUSTRIAL USE 


COULSONs E JACK 2E2T AFRA 
DETWILERe SAMUEL B JR SE AFRA 
FORZIATI«+« FLORENCE H Ze AFRA 
FREEMANe ANDREW F 2E AMRA 
HORNSTEINe IRWIN Z2E3c AFRA 
KURTZ*+ FLOYD E 2E AFRA 
LEVERTONe RUTH M AFRA 
PATTERSON» WILBUR I 2E2G2T3C AFRA 
POMMERse ALFRED M 2E2G2H2T3K AFRA 
REYNOLDSe HOWARD 2Q3C AFRA 
SPIESe JOSEPH R 2E2T AFRA 
SULZBACHERe WILLIAM L 2E2Q3C AFRA 
WOMACKs MADELYN ZEST AFRA 


1ARRP ARS REGULATORY PROGRAMS 


RAINWATERe H IVAN 2F2G2Y AFRA 
SAULMONe ERNEST E AMRA 
WHEELER», WILLIS H 262K AMRA 


1ASCS SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 
VAN DERSAL +» WILLIAM R 2G AFRA 


1AX AGRICULTURE MISC 
BOSWELL e VICTOR R 2G AFRA 


1C COMMERCE DEPARTMENT 


1C-S OFFICE OF SECRETARY 
KINCAIDe JOHN F AFRA 


1CBDS BUSINESS & DEFENSE SERVICES ADM 
HERSCHMANe HARRY K 2u AFRA 


1CBUC BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
DALYs JOSEPH F AFRA 
HANSENe MORRIS H 3J AFRA 
1cCGS COAST & GEOD SURVEYe SEE 1CESS 


1CESS ENVIRONMENTAL SCI SERV ADM 


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BRAZEEs« RUTLAGE v AMRA 
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COOKe RICHARD K 2B2z AFRA 
CRESSMANe+ GEORGE P 2x AFRA 
CRYe« GEORGE w 2x AMNA 
GARNER. CLEMENT L 2B2G2M2R2S = AFRE 
HICKLEYe THOMAS J 2N AFRA 
HUBERTe LESTER F 2x AFRA 
KLEINe WILLIAM H 2x AFRA 
KNAPPs+ DAVID G AFRA 
KOHLERs MAX A 2S2x AFRA 
LANDERe JAMES F 26 AFRA 
LISTe ROBERT J 2x AFRA 
MAC DONALDe TORRENCE H 2X AMRA 

141 


1CMAA 


1CNBS 


MACHTAs LESTER 
MEADE+ BUFORD K 
MICKEYe WENDELL V 


MITCHELL» J MURRAY JR 


MURPHYe LEONARD M 
NAMI ASe JEROME 


NOFFSINGERe TERRELL L 


OLIVER» VINCENT J 
ORLIN*® HYMAN 
OSMUNe JAMES W 
PACKs DONALD H 
PUTNINS» PAUL H 
RICE* DONALD A 
RINEHARTs JOHN S 
RUBIN» MORTON J 
SCHMID» HELLMUT H 
SHAPLEYs A H 
STEWARTs HARRIS B JR 
STRAUBe HARALD Ww 
TEWELESe SIDNEY 
THOMs HERBERT C S 
WHITE* ROBERT M 
WHITTENe CHARLES A 
WINSTONs JAY S 
YAOs AUGUSTINE Y M 
ZIKEEVe NINA 


ALLENe WILLIAM G 


ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T 
ASTINe ALLEN V .- 
AUSLOOSe PIERRE J 
BARBROWes LOUIS E 
BASSe ARNOLD M 
BATESe ROGER G 
BECKETTe CHARLES WwW 
BENNETTe JOHN A 
BENNETTe LAWRENCE H 
BESTULe ALDEN B 
BLANDFORD:e JOSEPHINE 
BLOCKe STANLEY 
BLUNTe ROBERT F 
BOWERe VINCENT E 
BRAVERe GERHARD M 
BRENNERe ABNER 
BROWNe WALTER E 
BURNETTe HARRY C 
CAMERONe JOSEPH M 
CANDELAe GEORGE A 
CANNONe E W 

CASSELe JAMES M 
CAUL s+ HAROLD J 
COSTRELL*+ LOUIS 
COYLEe THOMAS D 
CREITZe E CARROLL 
CUTHILtLs+ JOHN R 
CUTKOSKY*+ ROBERT D 
DE VOE. JAMES R 

DE WITe ROLAND 
DESLATTES+ RICHARD D 
DIAMOND. JACOB J 
DICKSONe GEORGE 
DOUGLASe CHARLES A 
DOUGLASe THOMAS B 
EISENHARTs+ CHURCHILL 
ELBOURNs ROBERT D 
FEARNe JAMES E 
FERGUSONe ROBERT E 
FLETCHERe DONALD G 
FLORINe ROLAND E 
FLYNNe DANIEL R 
FREDERIKSEs+ HP R 
FREEMANs DAVID H 
FURUKAWAs GEORGE T 
GARVINe DAVID 

GEIL « GLENN W 


142 


NATIONAL BUREAU OF 


2x 
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GINNINGS+ DEFOE C 
GRAY» VANNIE E 
GREENOUGHs M L 
GREENSPAN+ MARTIN 
GUILDNER+ LESLIE A 
HAGUE*s JOHN L 
HALLERe WOLFGANG 
HAMER» WALTER J 
HARRIS* FOREST K 
HERMACHs FRANCIS L 
HILSENRATHs JOSEPH 
HOFFMANe JOHN D 
HOOVERse THOMAS B 
HOWARD» ROBERT E 
ISBELL» HORACE S$ 
JENKINSe WILLIAM D 
JOHANNESEN+ ROLF B 
JOHNSON» DANIEL P 
JUDD+ DEANE B 
KANAGYs JOSEPH R 
KELLERs RICHARD A 
KESSLERe KARL G 
KLEBANOFFs PHILIP S 
KOSTKOWSKIe HENRY J 
KOTTERs F RALPH 
KRUGER+ JEROME 
KUSHNERe LAWRENCE M 
LASHOF » THEODORE W 
LEVINe ERNEST M 
MADDEN» ROBERT P 
MANDEL e JOHN 
MANNINGe JOHN R 
MARTONe L 

MARVIN» ROBERT S 
MARYOTTse ARTHUR A 
MASONe HENRY L 
MAZUR» JACOB 


MC ALLISTERe ARCHIE J 


MC CAMYe CALVIN S 
MC NESBYe JAMES R 
MEARS» THOMAS w 
MEBS» RUSSELL W 
MEINKEe W WAYNE 
MELMEDs ALLAN J 
MENISe OSCAR 
MEYERSONe MELVIN R 
MICHAELIS* ROBERT E 
MILLIKENe LEWIS T 
MOORE GEORGE A 
MUEHLHAUSE» CARL O 
NEWMAN» MORRIS 
NEWMANe SANFORD B 
NEWTONe CLARENCE J 
OKABE + HIDEO 

OSERe HANS J 


PAFFENBARGERe GEORGE C 


PAGEs CHESTER H 
PARKERe ROBERT L 
PASSAGLIAs ELIO 
PEISERe H STEFFEN 
PITTSe JOSEPH W 


PROSENe EDWARD J 
RHODESe IDA 
RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 
RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 
ROBERTSONe A F 
ROBINSON. HENRY E 
ROMANOFFe MELVIN 
ROSENBLATT+ JOAN R 
ROSENSTOCKe HENRY M 
ROTHe ROBERT S 
RUBINe ROBERT J 
RUFF e ARTHUR W JR 
SAYLORe CHARLES P 
SCHAFFER: ROBERT 
SCHEERe MILTON D 
SCHOENe LOUIS J 
SCHOOLEYe JAMES F 


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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


SCHOONOVERs IRL C 2B2E2vV 
SCHWERDTFEGERe WM J 2N 
SCRIBNER» BOURDON F 2E3H 
SHAPIROe GUSTAVE 2N 
SHERLINe GROVER C 2B2G2N3G 


SHIELDSe WILLIAM R 
SILVERMANs SHIRLEIGH 2B 
SIMMONSe« JOHN A 
SITTERL Ys CHARLOTTE M 
SMITHe JACK C 
SORROWSe HOWARD E 2G2N 
SPENCERe LEWIS v ¢ 
STEGUNes IRENE A 


2B2G3H 


STIEHLERe ROBERT D 2B2E2G20 
SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 2E2U2V 
TATE» DOUGLAS R 2B 
TAYLOR» JOHN K 2B2E2G3E3G 
TCHENs CHAN-MOU 26 
TIPSONe R STUART ec 
TORGESENs JOHN L 2E2G 
TRYONe MAX 2E2G 
WACHTMANe JOHN B JR 2B62G63D 
WAGMANe DONALD D 2e€ 
WALTONe WILLIAM Ww 2e 
WASIKe STANLEY P 2E 

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WEISSBERGe SAMUEL G 2B2E 
WEXLERe ARNOLD 283K 
WHITE+ HOWARD J JR 2E 
WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 2B2G2W3G3K 
WILSONe BRUCE L 2B2G 
WILSONe WILLIAM K 2e€ 
WOLCOTTe NORMAN M 

WOODe LAWRENCE A 2B2E 


1CWEB WEATHER BUREAUe SEE 1CESS 
10 DEFENSE DEPARTMENT 


1D-AS ATOMIC SUPPORT AGENCY 
BLANKs CHARLES A 2E2G2H 
HAAS» PETER H 


10-I1C ARMED FORCES INDUST COLLEGE 
WARINGe JOHN A 2B3F 


1D-RP ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJ AGENCY 
RAVITSKYs CHARLES 3H 


1D-S OFFICE OF SECRETARY 
HAMMERSCHMIDTe WM W 2B 


10-X DEFENSE MISC 


CAMPAIGNE + HOWARD H 
JACOBSe WALTER w 2B 


1DA DEPARTMENT OF ARMY 


1DABS ARMY BEHAVIORAL SCI RES LAB 
UHLANERe JE 


1DACE COASTAL ENGINEERING RES CTR 
CALDWELL + JOSEPH M 2s 
GALVINe CYRIL J YR 2H3F 
SAVILLEe« THORNDIKE JR 2G62S 


I1DACS OFFICE OF CHIEF OF STAFF 
HONTGe JOHN G 262E3J 
SASMORe ROBERT M 3J 


1DAEC ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND 
STREEVERs RALPH L JR 


WETHEs WERNER K 2G2N3H 


1DAER ENGINEER RES & DEV LABS 


DINGER» DONALD B 2N 
HARVALIKe Z V 2E2G63G 
HASS» GEORGE H 3H 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 


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RODRIGUEZ» RAUL 2R 


1DAHD HARRY DIAMOND LABORATORIES 


APSTEIN»s MAURICE 2B2G2N 
ARSEMe COLLINS 2B2G2N 
DOCTOR+ NORMAN J 2N 
GUARINOe P A 2N 
HORTONe BILLY M 2B2N 
KALMUSe HENRY P 2B2N 
KLUTEs CHARLES H 2B2E 
KOHLERe HANS WwW 2G2N3G 
LANDISe PAUL E 2G 
ROTKINe ISRAEL 2B2N3I 
SOMMERe HELMUT 2B2N 
YOUNGe ROBERT T JR 2G 
1DAIP ARMED FORCES INST PATHOLOGY 


MOSTOF Ie F K 38 


1DARO ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE 
LAMANNAs CARL 2Q2T 
WEITSSe RICHARD A 2G2N 


1DAWC WEAPONS COMMAND 
HUDSONe COLIN M 


1DAWR WALTER REED MEDICAL CENTER 
ALEXANDER+s AARON D 2Q2T 
BOZEMANe F MARILYN 2Q2T 
HAHNe FRED E 
KNOBLOCKe EDWARD C 2EeT 
RIOCHe DAVID M 2d02G2!1 
SAL ISBURY+ LLOYD L 2G2N 


1DAX ARMY MISC 
BABERSe FRANK H 2G 
BALDES» EDWARD J 


BARNHART. CLYDE S 2F2G2Y 
GORDON+s NATHAN 2E2T 
HOCHMUTHe M S 

HOGEe HAROLD J 26 
KEULEGANe GARBIS H 2B2G 
WALKERe RAYMOND F 26 


1DF DEPARTMENT OF AIR FORCE 


1DFOS OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 


HARRINGTON» MARSHALL C 2B2N2W2Z3H- 

SLAWSKYe MILTON M 262M2wW3G 
10FX AIR FORCE MISC 

ROMNEYe CARL F 2H 

SALISBURY+ HARRISON B 2G2H 

STRAUSS« SIMON W 2eE 


1DN DEPARTMENT OF NAVY 


I1DNAS NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND 
BURINGTONs RICHARD S 2B2G 
MUELLERs HERBERT J 


1O0NCE NAVAL CIVIL ENGRG LAB 
REINHARTe FRED M 2u 


1DNFE NAVAL FACILITIES ENG COMMAND 


AMIRIKIANe ARSHAM 2R2S 
HUTTONe GEORGE L 2Fec 
WEBERe ROBERT S 2N2R 


1DNHS NAVAL HOSPITAL 
COHNe ROBERT 2B 


1DNMA NAVAL MATERIEL COMMAND 
POTTSe BL 
REAMe DONALD F 


1DNMR NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH INST 
FRIESSe SEYMOUR L 2e€ 


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143 


MILLAR+* DAVID B 2T AFRA 
STEINER+ ROBERT F 2e AFRA 
WEISSe EMILIO 2Q2T AFRA 

1DNMS BUR MEDICINE & SURGERY 
GORDONe FRANCIS B ‘2Q2T AFRA 

1DNOC NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE 
THOMAS» PAUL D AFRA 
1DNOD NATL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER 
MARCUSe SIDNEY O JR 2x AMRA 
1DNOL. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY 
BUTLERe FRANCIS E 2620 AMRA 
DAWSONe VICTOR C D 2G202U2W AFRA 
DE VORE+ HOWARD AMRA 
FAULKNER+ JOSEPH A 26 AFRA 
FRANKs WILLIAM M AFRA 
HARTMANNe GREGORY K 2B2Z AFRA 
HUMPHREYS» CURTIS J 28 AFNA 
MAXWELL«® LOUIS R 2B AFRA 
SLAWSKYs ZAKA I 28 AFRA 
SNAVELY* BENJAMIN L 2G62Z3G3H AFRA 
SNAY* HANS G 262Z AFRA 
VAN TUYL* ANDREW H 2B2G AFRA 
1DNOR OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 
DE VORE+ CHARLES 2B2M2N38 AMRA 
KINGe PETER 2E2G AFRA 
1DNOS NAVAL ORDNANCE SYSTEMS COMMAND 
MAY* DONALD C UR AFRA 
1DNRL NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 
ABRAHAMs GEORGE 2B2G2M2N3G AFRA 
ACHTERs MEYER R 2u AFRA 
ALEXANDER+ ALLEN L 2e AFRA 
ANDERSONes WENDELL L 2e AFRA 
BEACHe LOUIS A 2826 AFRA 
BELSHEIMs ROBERT O 2M20 AFRA 
BIRKSe LAVERNE S AFRA 
BLOOMs MORTIMER C 2B2E 263 AFRA 
BONDELIDe ROLLON O AFNA 
BRANCATOe E L 262M AFRA 
BROWNs BF 2U3E AFRA 
CARHARTs HOMER W 2E2G AFRA 
CHAPINs EDWARD J 2G62U AFRA 
CHEEKs CONRAD H 2e AFRA 
CLEMENT+ J REID JR AFRA 
DAVISSON+ JAMES w 2B AFRA 
DE LAUNAYs JULES R AFRA 
DE PACKHs DAVID C 2B AFRA 
DE PUE+ LELAND A 26 AFRA 
DEITZ+ VICTOR R 2€ AFRA 
DRUMMETER+* LOUIS F JR 3H AFRA 
DUNNING* KENNETH L 28 AFRA 
FAUST+ WILLIAM R 2826 AFRA 
FISKe BERT 26 AFRA 
FORD» T FOSTER 2€ AFRA 
FOX» ROBERT B 2E26 AFRA 
GINTHERe ROBERT J 3D3E AFRA 
GLICKSMANs MARTIN E 2G2u AFRA 
GOODE+s ROBERT J 2u AFRA 
HALL» WAYNE C 2682G2N3G AFRA 
HAUPTMANe HERBERT 2B2G6 AFRA 
HICKS* GRADY T 26 AMRA 
HOOVER» JOHN I 2B2G AFRA 
HUNTER» WILLIAM R 2B82G3H AFRA 
KARLE+ ISABELLA 2E2G AFRA 
KARLE+ JEROME 2B2E AFRA 
KOLBs ALAN C 2B2G AFRA 
LINNENBOMe VICTOR J 2€ AFRA 
LOCKHARTs LUTHER B JR 2E AFRA 
MAYER» CORNELL H 2B2G2N AFRA 
MC CLAINe EDWARD F JR 2B2N AFRA 
MC ELHINNEY*s JOHN 282638 AFRA 
MILLER» ROMAN R 2E2G63D AFRA 


144, 


PALIKe EDWARD D 


PELLINIe WILLIAM S 2u 
RADOs GEORGE T 2B 
SAENZ* ALBERT W 
SANDOZ+ GEORGE 2G2u 
SCHINDLER» ALBERT I 2B 
SCHOOLEYs ALLEN H 2G2N 
SCHULMANe JAMES H 2B3E3H 
SHAFRINe ELAINE G 2 
SHAPIRO» MAURICE M 2B 
SMITHe PAUL L 2B2N2Z3D 
SMITHe SIDNEY T 2B2N3H 
STEELE*® LENDELL E 2U3B 
STERNe KURT H 2E3E3F 
STILLERe BERTRAM 2B2G 
TOUSEYs« RICHARD 2B3H 
WALTERe DEAN I 2626 
WATERMAN+s PETER 26 
WOLICKI» ELIGIUS A 
YAPLEEs® BENJAMIN S 2N 
ZISMANe WILLIAM A 2E 

1DNSP SPECIAL PROJECTS OFFICE 
CRAVENe JOHN P 2B2Z 

1DNSR NAVAL SHIP R G D CENTER 
CHAPLINe HARVEY R UR 2w 
FRANZe GERALD UV 2G62Z 
FRENKIELe FRANCOIS N 2B2wex 
WRENCHe JOHN W JR 26 
1DNWS NAVAL WEATHER SERVICE 
MARTINe ROBERT H 2x 
1DNX NAVY MISC 
CARLSTONe RICHARD C 2G62U3E 
ESTERMANNe IMMANUEL 2B 
MC CULLOUGHs JAMES M 
NEUENDORFFERe J A 2G63u 


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1H DEPT OF HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE 


1HAPC AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ADM 
BENDER+ MAURICE 2E2G63C 

1HFDA FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION 
BEACHAMs LOWRIE M 2E3C 
DURBIN» CHARLES G 2G62P 
FOXe MR SPIVEY 2E2G2T 
GIUFFRIDA» LAURA 
‘GLASGOWs AUGUSTUS R JR 2E2G 
HAENNI + EDWARD O 2e 
HARRIS» THOMAS H 2E 
LEY» HERBERT L JR 20 
LUSTIGs ERNEST 2E 
MATENTHAL*+ MILLARD 2E 
MILLER» CLEM O 226 
OSWALD+ ELIZABETH J 2a 
REYNOLDSe HELEN L 2E2G 
SLADEK»s JAROMIL Vv 2e 
SUMMERSON»+® WILLIAM H 2E2G2T 
WEISSLER+ ALFRED 282E2Z 


1HNIH 
AKERSe 


ROBERT P 


ALEXANDERs BENJAMIN H 
ANDERSONe ELIZABETH 


BECKER» 
BELKINe 


EDWIN D 
MORRIS 


BERLINERe ROBERT W 


BOWMAN. 
BREWERe 
BRODIEe 


PAUL w 
CARL R 
BERNARD B 


BURKe DEAN 


BYRNE .« 


ROBERT J 


CARROLL + WILLIAM R 
COLEe« KENNETH S 
DURYe ABRAHAM 


NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH 


2G 
2E 


2e 


2B2T 


2Q 
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2E31 
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2c€ 
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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


EDDY+s BERNICE E 2G62Q2T 
ENDICOTT» KENNETH M 20 
FLETCHERse HEWITT G JR 2E2G 
FRAMEs ELIZABETH G 2eE 
FRANKe KARL 

HAMPPs EDWARD G 2Q2V 
HEWITT+ CLIFFORD A 2E2G 
JAYs« GEORGE E JR 2G62T 
KERESTZTESY* JOHN C vale 
LAKI« KOLOMAN 

MALONEYe CLIFFORD J 2B 
MARSHALL» WADE H 2B 

MC CULLOUGHs NORMAN 8B 2G212aQ 
MIDERs G BURROUGHS 2G 
MORRISe J A 2G62P2Q 
NIRENBERGse MARSHALL wW 2E 

O HERNe ELIZABETH M 2Q 
PARKse HELEN D 

PITTMANe MARGARET 2Q2T 
RALL« DAVID P 2G62T 
ROSENTHAL» SANFORD M 
SCHRECKERe ANTHONY w 2E2G 
SHANNONe JAMES A 2; 
SHELTONs EMMA 

SMITHe WILLIE w eli 
SOLLNER»s KARL 2E3E 
SPECHTe HEINZ 2B2G2T 
STADTMANe E R 

STEPHANe ROBERT M 2GeTev 
STEWARTe ILEEN E 

STEWARTs SARAH E 27 
TASAKI« ICHIJ! 

THURMANs ERNESTINE B 2F2G 
TOMKINS+« GORDON 2B 
TRUEBLOODs EMILY E Ziq 
TURNERe JAMES H 2P 

VON BRAND+s THEODOR C 2P2T 
WEISSe GEORGE H 

WITKOP s+ BERNHARD 2E 
WOODS+ MARK wW 2K2T 
WRENCHse CONSTANCE P 2G 


1HNLM NAT LIBRARY OF MEDICIEN 
FOCKLER»s HERBERT H 2G 


1HPHS PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 


BROOKSe+e RICHARD C 2N 
CARTER» HUGH 
RAUSCHe ROBERT 2D02P 


1HX HEW MISC 
‘STEIDLE+ WALTER E 


11 INTERIOR DEPARTMENT 


11BMI BUREAU OF MINES 


ALLENe HARRY C JR 2B2E2G 
FLINTs EINAR P 2E2U3D 


1IFWS FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE 


ALDRICHe JOHN w 2D 
HERMANe CARLTON M 2P 
UHLERs+ FRANCIS M 


1IGES . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


BAKERe ARTHUR A 2H 
BENNETT» ROBERT R 2H 
CARRONes MAXWELL K 2E2H 
CLARKe JOAN R 2H 
COHEE+ GEORGE v 2H 
CUTTITTAs FRANK 2E2G2H 
DUNCAN+ HELEN M 2H 
FAHEYs JOSEPH J 2E2G2H 
FAUST+« GEORGE T 2H3D 
FOURNIER» ROBERT O 2G2H 
HOOKER» MARJORIE 2H 
KNOX*« ARTHUR S 2G2H 


LAKINe HUBERT w 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 


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LEOPOLDese LUNA B 2H2S 


LOVEs S KENNETH 2E2G2H 
MAYs IRVING 2E2G2H 
MC KELVEYe VINCENT £E 2H 

MC KNIGHTs EDWIN T 2H 
MEYROWITZ+* ROBERT 2e 
MILLER» RALPH L 2H 
MISER*e HUGH D 2G2H 
MYERSe ALFRED T 2E2G2H 
NEUSCHEL » SHERMAN K 2H 
OLSENe* HAROLD w 2H 
OWENSe JAMES P 2G2H 
PECORAs WILLIAM T 2H 
PHAIR+ GEORGE 2H 
REICHENs LAURA £& 2E 
RUBIN»® MEYER 2H 
STRINGFIELDs VICTOR T 2G2H2L 
THAYERs THOMAS P 2H 
TODD+ MARGARET R 2G2H 
TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III 2G2H 
WEAVERs DE FORREST E 2E 
WESTs+ WALTER S 2H 
WITHINGTONs CHARLES F 2H 
ZENe E-AN 2H 


1INPS NATL PARK SERVICE 
RUSSELL «+ HENRY w 


1I1WPC FED WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADM 
2B2E2v3e 


FORZIATI+« ALPHONSE F 


1S STATE DEPARTMENT 


1SACD ARMS CONTROL & DISARM AGENCY 


SCOVILLE+ HERBERT JR 


USX! “STATE MIrIsc 


HOPP + HENRY 2 
JOYCEe J WALLACE 2G 
RAMBERG» WALTER 2B202w 


WARD» JUSTUS C 
WEBBERe ROBERT T 
WIEDEMANN:s HOWARD M 2B2G 


1T TREASURY DEPARTMENT 


1TIRS INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE 


FORDe DECLAN P 2G2H 
MATHERS« ALEX P re) = 
PRO» MAYNARD J 2E2G63B 


SCHOENEMANe ROBERT L 
1X OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 


1XAEC ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION 


FOWLER» E EUGENE 38 
MAGINe GEORGE B JR 2E2H38 
POLACHEKe HARRY 2B 


REITEMEITERe ROBERT F 

SEABORGe GLENN T 

WENSCHe GLEN W 2G2U3B 
WHITMANe MERRILL J 3B 


1XDCG DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA GOVT 
TRAVIS» CLARENCE W 2F 


1XFPC FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION 


HAMILTONs C E MIKE 2G2H 
MC CABEe WILLIAM J 2H 


1XGPO GOV PRINTING OFFICE 
HOBBSe ROBERT 8B 2B2E2G 


1XGSA GENERAL SERVICES ADMIN 
CURTIS*e ROGER Ww 2G2N 
FRANKLINe PHILIP J 2E2N 


1XLIC LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 


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145 


QUIMBY+« FREEMAN H 


WEISS*e FRANCIS J 
WEITSSe FRANCIS J 


1XMDG 
MART I 


MORANs FREDERICK A 


2B2E2G2K2Q 
3B3C3I 


MARYLAND GOVERNMENT 


Ne BRUCE D 2H 
2G62S2Xx 


1XNAS NAT AERONAUTICS. & SPACE AGENCY 
COHNe ERNST M 2E3E 
EASTER» DONALD 2e 
GHAFFARI+ ABOLGHASSEM 2B 
KURZWEGs HERMAN H 2B2w 
LIDDEL+ URNER 2B2N2wW 
O KEEFE*s JOHN A 2B 
PAUL + FRED 3H 
PLOTKINe HENRY H 2B3H 
REYNOLDS» ORR E 
SEAMSTER» AARON 
STAUSS+ HENRY & 2U 
TEPPER+ MORRIS 2wex 

1XNOD NAT OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER 
JACOBS+ WOODROW C 2x 
MYERSe WILLIAM H 2G 

1XNSF NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 
CRANE+ LANGDON T JR 2B2G 
EDMUNDS» LAFE R 2F 
ETZEL* HOWARD w 2G 
KAGARISE+ RONALD E 
MC MILLEN» J HOWARD 28 
PELL+® WILLIAM H 2620 
ROBERTSONe RANDAL M 2B2G2L 
RODNEYs WILLIAM S 2B83H 
SEEGER» RAYMOND J 2B3F 3G 


1XOST OFFICE OF SCI & TECHNOLOGY 
HORNIGe DONALD F 

1XSMI SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
AYENSUe EDWARD S 
BEDINI+« SILVIO A 3F 
BLAKE*+ DORIS H ee 
BOWMANe THOMAS E 20 
COLLINSe HENRY B ae 
COOPER+ G ARTHUR 2H 
CORRELL« DAVID L 2E3I1 
EWERSe JOHN C ae 
FIELDe WILLIAM D 2eE 
FREEMANs MONROE E 2E2T 
GALLERe SIDNEY 
GAZINe CHARLES L 2D2H 
HENDERSONe E P 2H 
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SHROPSHIRE+ WALTER A 262K31 
STEWARTe T DALE 2C2G 
WALLENe IRVIN E 2G 
WETMORE+ ALEXANDER 2026 


1XTRA DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION 
CLEVENe G W 2B2G 
HOLSHOUSERs WILLIAM L 2G62U 

1XUST TARIFF COMMISSTON 
GONET+ FRANK 2e 

1XVET VETERANS ADMINISTRATION 


FUSILLO« MATTHEW H 


262Q 


2 EDUCATION 


2H HIGHER EDUCATION 


2HAMU AMERICAN UNIVERSITY 
CALLEN» EARL R 2B 


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DAVIS* CHARLES M JR 
FARBER+ EDUARD 
HARRISON+ MARK 
MOORE + HARVEY C 
RICEs FREDERICK AH 
SCHOTe STEVEN H 
SCHUBERTe LEO 
SMITHe FALCONER 


2HCIT 
MASONe MARTIN A 


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BIBERSTEINe FRANK A JR 
BRUCKe STEPHEN D 
DARWENT+ BASIL DE B 
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HELLER» ISIDORE 
HENDERSONe MALCOLM C 
HERZFELDe KARL F 
HERZFELDe REGINA F 
KENNEDYs E R 
LITOVITZe THEODORE A 
LYNNe wW GARDNER 
MOLLERe RAYMOND w 
O BRIENe JOHN A 
OSGOOD» WILLIAM R 
REININGe PRISCILLA 
ROCKe GEORGE D 
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2@HF CC 
LLOYDe DANIEL B 
OLSON» HENRY W 


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BAKERe LOUIS C w 
BANKS+ HERVEY Ww 
CHAPMANs GEORGE B 
COLWELL» RR 
FARRE»s GEORGE L 
GRAYe IRVING 
HEYDENe FRANCIS J 
KOPPANYI»s THEODORE 
LADOe ROBERT 
LAMBERTONs BERENICE 
MAENGWYN-DAVIESe G D 
ROSE s JOHN C 
SITTERLY* BANCROFT w 
STEINHARDTe JACINTO 
“THALERe WILLIAM J 
VERNICKse SANFORD H 


2HGWU 
ADAMSe CAROLINE L 
AFFRONTI e+ LEWIS 
ALLANe FRANK D 
BAILEYe J MARTIN 
BROWNs THOMAS M 
CARROLL + THOMAS J 
CRAFTONe PAUL A 
GRISAMOREes« NELSON T 
HANSENe IRA B 
HENNEYe DAGMAR 
HOLLINSHEADs ARIEL C 
HUGHe RUDOLPH 
KAISERe HANS E 
KOEHLe GEORGE M. 
KULLBACKe SOLOMON 
MANDEL se H GEORGE 
MILTONe CHARLES 
NAESERe CHARLES R 
PARLETT+ ROBERT C 
PERROSe THEODORE P 
ROBBINSe MARY L 
TIOBALL e+ CHARLES S 


TREADWELL ¢ 
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CARLETON R 
BENJAMIN D 


2Zz 
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2B2E3F 
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CAPITOL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 


2M202S 


CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA 


2B2M2S 
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2K 


2B2G2Z3F 3G 
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ZE 


262Q 
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2B 


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FEDERAL CITY COLLEGE 


2G 


GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY 


2e 


262Q 

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GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 


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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


VANGELI+« MARIO G 2G AMRA 


WALTHERs CARL H 262s AFRA 
WEINTRAUBe ROBERT L 2E2K2Q31 AFRA 
WOODs REUBEN E 2E3E AFRA 


2HHOU HOWARD UNIVERSITY 


BARTONEs JOHN C 2T AMRA 
BRANSON+ HERMAN 2B3G AFRA 
BUGGS+« CHARLES w 262Q2T AFRA 
DAVISe STEPHEN S 2620 AMRA 
FINLEYs HAROLD E 2D AFRA 
GRIFFITHS» NORMAN H C ‘2V AFRA 
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HAWTHORNE *s EDWARD W ele AFRA 
JACKSONe JULIUS L 2B AFRA 
MEARSe« FLORENCE M AFRA 
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MORRIS» JOSEPH B 2E AFRA 
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2HNVC N VIRGINIA COMMUNITY COL 
STEARNe JOSEPH L AFRA 
STEINe ANTHONY C JR 2N AMRA 


2HUMD UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 


BAILEYe wILLIAM J 2e AFRA 
BAMFORDs RONALD 2k AFRA 
BECKMANNse ROBERT B (az AFRA 
BENEDICTe WILLIAM S 3H AFRA 
BENESCHe WILLIAM 2B3H AFRA 
BICKLEYs WILLIAM E 2EZ2yY AFRA 
BROWN+ JOSHUA R C 2G AFRA 
BROWNe RUSSELL G 2K AFRA 
BURGERSe JM 2B AFRA 
DAVISe R F 2G62T AFRA 
DOETSCHe RAYMOND N 2a AFRA 
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FARR« MARION M 2P AFRA 
FERRELL « RICHARD A 2G63G AFRA 
GALLOWAYs* RAYMOND A 2G62K31 AFRA 
GARSTENSe HELEN L AFRA 
- GLASSER+ ROBERT G 2B2G AFRA 
GREENBERGe LEON AFRA 
HETRICKs FRANK 2Q AMRA 
HOLMGRENe HARRY D 2B AFRA 
KRAUSS+ ROBERT Ww 2K AFRA 
LANDSBERG» HELMUT E 2x AFRA 
LANGFORDs GEORGE S (a| 2d) AFRA 
LASTERe HOWARD J 2B3G AFRA 
LEJINSe PETER P 2k AFRA 
LIPPINCOTTs ELLIS R 2B3H AFRA 
LOCKARDe J DAVID Si AMRA 
MAC DONALDe WILLIAM M 2B AFRA 
MARTINe MONROE H AFRA 
MC INTOSHe ALLEN 2GeP AFRA 
MISNER» CHARLES w AFRA 
MYERS+ RALPH D 2B AFRA 
PATTERSONe GLENN W Zest AFRA 
PELCZAR+ MICHAEL J JR 2Q AFRA 
REEVE+ E wILKINS 2eE AFRA 
REINHARTs+ BRUCE L AFRA 
RIVELLOe ROBERT M 202w AFRA 
ROBERTSe RICHARD C 2G AFRA 
SCHAMPs+ HOMER W 2B AFRA 
STERNe WILLIAM L 2k AFRA 
SPIFEC.s PETER 6 2G2H AMRA 
SYSKI« RYSZARD AFRA 
TRAUBe ROBERT 2D2F 2P AFRA 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 


VANDERSLICEs JOSEPH T 2B2E2G 
VEITCHs FLETCHER P JR 2eE 
WHITE*s* CHARLES E& 2eE 
ZWANZIGe*e ROBERT Ww 2B2G 


2S SECONDARY EDUCATION 


2SARC ARLINGTON COUNTY SCHOOLS 
BRANDEWIEs DONALD F 
KNIPLINGs PHOEBE H 


Z2SDEP) DiC PUBERG SCHOOES 
CONTEEs CARL T 
JOHNSONe KEITH C 2B3G 


2SFAC FAIRFAX COUNTY SCHOOLS 
EULERe ELVIRA A 
WALSHe MARTHA L 2E 


2SMOC MONTGOMERY CO BD EDUCATION 
DIAMONDs PAULINE 
JANI + LORRAINE L 
NICODEMUS+ ROBERT B 2BeT 


2SPGC PR GEORGES CO BD EDUCATION 


MC KOWNe BARRETT L 2G 
OWENSe HOWARD B 2D2F2G 
SEEBOTHs CONRAD M 2B 


2SSTA ST ALBANS SCHOOL 
LEE» RICHARD H 3G 


3 ASSOCIATIONS & INSTITUTIONS 
3A ASSOCIATIONS 


B3AAAS AMER ASSN FOR ADV OF SCIENCE 
KABISCHe WILLIAM T 2G 
MAYOR+ JOHN R 2G 
WOLFLEe DAEL 


3AACS AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 


HARRISe MILTON 2eE 
PASSER» MOSES 2eE 


3AAPS AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSN 
ROSS+* SHERMAN 


3ADIS DAIRY INDUSTRIES SUPPLY ASSN 
WILLIAMSe DONALD H SIE 


3AESA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC OF AMERICA 
BUNNe RALPH w 2E 
NELSONe R H 2F2G2Y 


3BAFAS FED AMER SOC EXPTL BIOL 
ZWEMER*s+ RAYMOND L 


BANCA NAT CANNERS ASSOCIATION 
FARROWs RICHARD P 2E263C 


3ANPL NATIONAL PLANNING ASSN 
WOODe MARSHALL K 3J 


BANPV NAT PAINT VAR & LACQUER ASSN 
SCOFIELDs FRANCIS 2E3H 


BANST NAT SCI TEACHERS ASSN 
CULBERTe DOROTHY K 2G 


BAOSA OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 


SANDERSONs JOHN A 2B3H 
WARGAe MARY E 2B62E2G3H 


3H HOSPITALS 


BHDCG D C GENERAL HOSPITAL 
PERKINSe LOUIS R 


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147 


31 INSTITUTIONS 3IWMI WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE 
GABRIELSONe IRA N 2G AFRA 
3IAPL APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY es JHU 
FONER» SAMUEL N 2B AFRA 4 SELF-EMPLOYED 
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MC CLUREs FRANK T 2B2E AFRA BLUMe WILLIAM 2E2G2U3— AFRE 
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ZMUDAs ALFRED J 28 AFRA DIEHLe WALTER S 2w AFRA 
EDDY* NATHAN B 2E2G2T AFRA 
3IATC AMER TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION GARY+s ROBERT 2E AFRA 
BURKEYs LLOYD A 2Q AFRE GRATONe LOUIS C 2H AFNE 
HARRISON» WILLIAM N 282630 AFRA 
3I1CIW CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASH HICKS+s VICTOR AFNA 
BOLTONe ELLIS T AFRA HINMANs wILBUR S JR AFRA 
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ROBERTS» RICHARD B AFRA LOGANs HUGH L 2u AFRA 
RUBIN» VERA C 2B AFRA LORINGe BLAKE M 2G62U AFRA 
MC MURDIEe HOWARD F 3D AFRA 
31GEL GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY. CIw MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD 2B2E2G63C AFRL 
ABELSONe PHILIP H 2B2E2H2Q AFRA NOLLAs JOSE A B 26 AFNA 
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YODER+ HATTEN S JR 2E2H AFRA PHILLIPS» MARCELLA L 2B2N2Z AFRA 
REICHELDERFERe F W 2B2G62x AFRA 
3I1GRI GILLETTE RESEARCH INST REINHARTs FRANK w 2E2G AFRA 
BERCHs JULIAN B= AFRA ROSENBLATT+ DAVID 2B AFRA 
BURAS* EDMUND M JR 2e AFRA ST GEORGE+ RAYMOND A 2D2F2L2Y AFRA 
ELLISONe ALFRED H 2E AFRA STEVENSONs FREDERICK J AFRA 
FOURTs LYMAN 2E AFRA TEELEs RAY P 2B2G3H AFRA 
HOLLIES» NORMAN R S 2E AFRA THOMASe JAMES L AFRA 
KRASNY* JOHN F AFRA WEBERe EUGENE w 262mM2R2S AFRA 
MENKART* JOHN H 2E AFRA WEIL * GEORGE L 2638 AFRA 
RADER: CHARLES A PE AFRA WORKMANe WILLIAM G 2621 AFRE 
SCHWARTZ+s ANTHONY M 2e€ AFRA WYMANe LEROY. L 2G62U AFRA 
SOOKNE« ARNOLD M 2E AFRA 
WOLFHAMs LESZEK J 2E AFRA 4PHYS PHYSICIANS 
BERNTONe HARRY S 21 AFRA 
3I1ICE AMER INST OF CROP ECOLOGY BURKEs FREDERIC G 21 AFRA 
NUTTONSONe M Y 2K AMRA DRAEGER+e R HAROLD AFNE 
GANT+* JAMES @ UR 2621 AMRA 
31I1IDA INST FOR DEFENSE ANALYSIS -STILL*s JOSEPH w 2B AFNA 
BRADLEYe WILLIAM E 2N AMRA 
LEIKINDe MORRIS C 3F AFRA 4X MISCELLANEOUS SELF-EMPLOYED 
AXILROD+s BENJAMIN M 2B AFRA 
3148S JOINT BD ON SCIENCE EDUCATION HOCHWALDe FRITZ G 2E2k AMRA 
EDMUNDSe WADE M 2G62M2N38 AMRA MEYERHOFFe HOWARD A 2H AFNA 
' PARK» J HOWARD 2N AFNA 
3INAS NAT ACADEMY SCIENCES — NRC ROBERTS» ELLIOTT B 2B2G2R2S AFRE 
COOLIDGE+ HAROLD J AFRA 
DE CARLOe MICHAEL 2G AMRA S BUSINESS CONCERNS 
GROVESe DONALD G AFRA 
KLINGSBERGe CYRUS 3D AFRA SAPSY APPLIED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY 
MARSHALL» LOUISE H AFRA SMITHe BLANCHARD D 2N AFRA 
MC KENZIE* LAWSON M 2B AFRA 
SFEITZ:+ FREDERICK AFRA SARCO AVERBACH CORP 
STEVENSe RUSSELL B 2k AFRA CLARKe GEORGE E JR AFRA 
TAYLORe LAURISTON S AFRA 
WEYL e« F JOACHIM 2B AFRA 5ASPR ASSOCIATED PRESS 
CAREYs FRANCIS E AFRA 
3INGS NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 
CARMICHAEL + LEONARD 2G2UN2T AFRA S5BIRE BIONETICS RESEARCH LABS 
OEHSERe PAUL H 2B2D3F AFRA PALLOTTAs ARTHUR J 2E2T AMRA 
31SCP STRUCT CLAY PROD RES FOUND S5BOEN BOWLES ENGINEERING CO 
WATSTEINe DAVID AFRA BOWLESe ROMALD E 2w AFRA 
31WAC WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL S5CODC CONTROL DATA CORP 
HAMILTON» MICHAEL AMRA RABINOWs JACOB 2N AFRA 


148 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY 


OF SCIENCES 


5ENDE ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT INC 6I1NWS INTERNATIONAL WOOL SECRETARIAT 


MC CABEs LOUIS C 2E2G2R AFRA MIZELL+ LOUIS R 2e AFNA 
5GEEL GENERAL ELECTRIC CO 6MOCO MONOCAN CONSUL ATE 
ELLIOTTs FRANCIS E AFRA SCHERTENLEIBs CHARLES 2G AMRA 
5GEON GEONAUTICS+ INC 7TRETO RETIRED 
SIMMONSe LANSING G 2R25S AFRA ABBOT+ CHARLES G 282X3H AFRE 
WOLFF+ EDWARD A | 2G2N2W2x AFRA ALEXANDER+ LYLE T 2e AFRA 
ALLISONe+ FRANKLIN E 2E2G AFRE 
SHALA HAZELTON LABORATORIES ANDERSON» MYRON S 2E AFRA 
GARGUS» JAMES L AMRA APPELs+ WILLIAM D 2E2G AFNE 
HAZLETONe LLOYD w oti AFRA BARRETTe« MARGARET D 2G AFRA 
BARSS+ HOWARD P 2D2G2K AFNE 
SHUAS HUNTER ASSOCIATES LAB BATES+ PHAON H AFNE 
HUNTERe RICHARD S 263C3H AFRA BEITJ*e K HILDING 2B AFNL 
BEKKEDAHL » NORMAN 2B2E2G AFNA 
SITTC INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE & TELEG BIRCKNER+ VICTOR AFRE 
VIGUEe KENNETH J 2N3G AMRA BISHOPP. FRED C 2D2F 2G AFNE 
BORTHWICKe HARRY A 2D02K31 AFRA 
5JOGI JOSEPH GILLMAN ASSOCIATES BRECKENRIDGEs F C 2B3H AFRA 
GILLMAN» JOSEPH L JR 2E2G2M202U) AFRA BROMBACHERs WG 2B3K AFRE 
BROWNs EDGAR 202K AFRE 
SKEAS -KETTELLE ASSOCIATES INC CALDWELL» FRANK R 2B2G AFRE 
RANDOLPH+ WILLIAM D AMRA CAMPBELL» FRANK L 2F2y AFRA 
MOSHMANs JACK au AMRA CARDER» DEAN S AFNE 
CASHe EDITH K 2k AFRE 
5LIPR LIQUIDS PROCESS CO CHALKLEYe HAROLD W 2T AFRE 
ROLLER» PAUL S 2B2E2G AFRA CHAP IN COWARD, A AFNE 
- CLAIRE» CHARLES N 2B2M AFRA 
5LITT LITTON INDUSTRIES CLARKe KENNETH G 2E2G AFRE 
See eas. JAMES. 2E AMRA CLAUSENe CURTIS P 2F AFNE 
RITTs PAUL E AFRA CONGERs PAUL S AFRE 
COOKE» C WYTHE 2H AFNE 
SMELP MELPAR INC COOLIDGE>+ WILLIAM D AFNA 
CAMPANELLAs S JOSEPH AFRA COONS+ GEORGE H 2k AFRE 
FALLONe ROBERT J 2D2E AFRA COOPERe STEWART R AFRE 
MORTONe JOHN D 2x AFRA CORY* ERNEST N 2F AFRE 
ORDWAYs FRED D UR 2E2G3D AFRA CRAGOE»s CARL S 2B2G AFRE 
CULLINANe FRANK P 262K31 AFRE 
SMIAS MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES CURRAN+s HAROLD R 2620 AFRE 
WARD*s THOMAS G 2Q2T AFRA CURRIERe LOUIS w 2H AFNE 
CURTISS+ LEON F 28 AFNE 
SOUEN OUTLOOK ENGINEERING CORP DAVISe MARION M 2E26 AFRL 
YOUNGe CLINTON J T 3H AMRA DAVISe RAYMOND 2B2E AFRE 
DEBORD+ GEORGE G 2620 AFNE 
SPORB POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU DERMEN+ HAIG 2K AFRE 
COOK+s ROBERT C 2k AFRA DETWILER» SAMUEL B 2G62K2L3F AFRA 
DIEHL>+ WILLIAM w 202K AFRE 
S5RACO RAND CORPORATION DIGGES* THOMAS G 2u AFRE 
SMITH» PAUL A 2G62H2S2W AFRA DOFT» FLOYD §S 2E2G2T AFRE 
DRECHSLER» CHARLES 262K AFRA 
SRAYC RAYTHEON CORPORATION DUERKSENe JACOB A 2B26 AFRE 
SPOONER+s CHARLES S JR 26 AFRA ECKERTe w J AFNA 
ECKHARDT+s E A 2B AFNE 
SREAN RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORP ELLINGER» GEORGE A 2G62U AFRA 
WATSONs BERNARD B 2636 AFRA ELLIOTTe CHARLOTTE AFNE 
ELLISe NED R 2E2T AFRE 
S5SURE SURVEYS & RESEARCH CORP EMERSONe WALTER B 2G63H AFRE 
RICEs® STUART A AFRA FIVAZs+ ALFRED E 2G62L AFRE 
FOOTEe PAUL D 2B AFRA 
STELE TELEDYNE INC FRUSHe HARRIET L 2E2G AFRA 
SeMUTHs HAL P eR AFRA FULLMERe IRVIN H 2B2G620 AFRA 
FULTONs ROBERT A 2E2y AFNE 
STRWS _TRW SYSTEMS GROUP GAFAFER» WILLIAM M AFNE 
BRANDTNER+ FRIEDRICH J 2G2H AMRA SALTSOFE sO .S 2D peas 
GARDNER» IRVINE C 2B2G3H AFRE 
SVAEN VALUE ENGINEERING CO GELLFRe ROMAN F 2B2G63D AFRE 
WEINBERGe HAROLD P 2u AFRA GIBSONe JOHN E AFNE 
GIBSONe KASSON S 2B2G3H AFRE 
SWAPO WASHINGTON POST GISH+ OLIVER H 2B AFNE 
HASELTINEs NATE 2x AFRA GODFREY+ THEODORE B AFRA 
GOLDBERG: MICHAEL 2B AFRA 
6 FOREIGN & INTERNATIONAL GORDONe CHARLES L 2B2E2G AFRA 
GRAF» JOHN E 2D2F 2G AFRA 
6FAOR FOOD & AGRICULTURE ORGe UN GRANTe ULYSSES S III 2G62u2R2S AFRA 
DAWSONe ROY C 2a AFRA GRAVATTs G FLIPPO 2K2L AFRE 
LINGe LEE AFNA HALL» R CLIFFORD 26 AFRE 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 149 


HALLER» HERBERT L 
HAMBLETONe EDSON J 
HAMBLETONs JAMES I 
HENLEY» ROBERT R 
HERSEYs MAYO D 

HOLL INGSHEAD+ ROBERT S 
HOUGH+s FLOYD w 
HUBBARDs DONALD 
HUNTERs GEORGE w IIt 
HUNTOON+s ROBERT D 
JACKSONe HARTLEY H T 
JACOB. KENNETH 0 
JENKINSe ANNA E 
JESSUP+ RALPH § 
JOHNSTON» FRANCIS & 
JONES* HENRY A 
JUDD+ NEIL M 
JUDSONe LEWIS Vv 
JUHNe MARY 

KANE +« EDWARD A 
KARRER»s ANNIE M H 
KARRER+ SEBASTIAN 
KAUFMANe H PAUL 
KENK» ROMAN 
KENNARDe RALPH B 
KINNEYe JAY P 
KNOPF +s ELEANORA B 
KNOWLTONe KATHRYN 
KULLFERUDs GUNNAR 
LAMBERTs EDMUND B 
LAMBERT+ WALTER D 
LANGe WALTER B 
LAPHAM. EVAN G 
LINDQUISTe ARTHUR W 
LINDSEYs IRVING 
MADORSKYs SAMUEL L 
MARTINe JOHN H 
MATLACKe MARION B 
MAUSS+ BESSE D 

MC CLUREe FRANK J 
MC KEE*® SAMUEL A 

MC KIBBENe EUGENE G 
MC KINNEYe HAROLD H 
MC PHEE*« HUGH C 
MERRIAMs CARROLL F 
MERZ*+ ALBERT R 
MIDDLETONe HOWARD E 
MILLER» CARL F 
MILL=Re J CHARLES 
MOHLERs FRED L 
MOLLARI» MARIO 
MORGANe RAYMOND 
MORRISS* DONALD J 
MUESEBECKe CARL F W 
NEPOMUCENEs SR ST JOHN 
NICKERSON+ DOROTHY 
NIKIFOROFFs C C 

O NEILL*® HUGH T 
PAGE+s BENJAMIN L 
PARR+s LELAND W 
PARSONS+ DOUGLAS & 
PENTZER» WIL3UR.T 
POLINGs AUSTIN C 
POOS+ FRED Ww 

POPE. MERRITT N 
POPENOE+ WILSON 
RANDS« ROBERT D 
RAPPLFYE* HOWARD S 
READINGs OLIVER S 
REED» WILLIAM D 
REIDe MARY E 
RICKERs PERCY L 
RIDDLE+ OSCAR 
RODENHISER+ HERMAN A 
ROGERS» LORE A 
ROTHs FRANK L 
RYERSONe KNOWLES A 
SCHMITTs WALDO L 


150 


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8BNRNC 


SCHOENINGs HARRY WwW 
SCHUBAUER»s GALEN B 
SCHULTZe EUGENE S 
SCHWARTZs BENJAMIN 
SCOTT+ ARNOLD H 
SERVICEs JERRY H 
SETZLERe FRANK M 
SHALOWITZ:* AARON L 
SHAPOVALOVs MICHAEL 
SHEPARD» HAROLD H 
SITEGLERe EDOUARD H 
SLOCUMs GLENN G 
SMITHe CHARLES M 
SMITHe EDGAR R 
SMITHe FRANCIS A 
SMITHe NATHAN R 
SNOKEe« HUBERT R 
SPENCERe ROSCOE R 
SPICER.) iH) (CEGiTiIz 
STAIRe RALPH 
STEPHENSe ROBERT E 
STEVENSe HENRY 
STEVENSONe JOHN A 
STIEBELINGe HAZEL K 
STIMSONe HAROLD F 
STIRLINGe MATHEW W 
SUTCLIFFE+ WALTER D 
SWICKe CLARENCE H 
SWINDELLS* JAMES F 
TILDENs EVELYN B 
TITUSe HARRY W 
TODDe FRANK E 
TORRESONe OSCAR w 
TUVEs MERLE A 
VACHER+ HERBERT C 
VINALe+« GEORGE w 
VOLWILERe ERNEST H 
WALKERe EGBERT H 
WARD+ HENRY P 
WATTS+e CHESTER B 
WEAVERe ELMER R 
WEBBs ROBERT w 
WETDAe FRANK M 
WEIDLEINe EQWARD R 
WEISSe FREEMAN A 
WHERRYe EDGAR T 
WHITEe« ORLAND E 
WHITTAKER»e COLIN W 
WICHERS+« EDWARD 
YEOMANSe ALFRED H 


. YOCUMe L EDWIN 


YOUDENe WILLIAM J 
YUILLe JOSEPH S 
ZIES* EMANUEL G 
ZOCHe RICHMOND T 


ADAMSe ELLIOT @ 
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AMBSe WILLIAM J 
AXLERe MARJORIE F 
BARBEAUs MARIUS 
BEACHEMe CEDRIC D 
BENNETTe WILLARD H 
BIRD» HR 

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BOGLEe« ROBERT w 
BRECKENRIDGEe ROBERT G 
BREITe GREGORY 
BRICKWEDDEe F G 
BROWNe ALFRED E 
BURKEe BERNARD F 
CODLINGe KEITH 
COMPTONe W DALE 
CORNFIELD+ JEROME 
COTTAMe CLARENCE 
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DE FERIETe J KAMPE 


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2E 

2G 
262K2GQ 


reat § 

2H 

2G 

2B 
2E2GeT 
262K 
2e 
2B2G 
2C2G 
2B2G2M2R 
2B2G2M 
2B2G 
2G 

2G 


2G 
2B 
2uU 
2B2G 
2G 
2K 
2E2G6 
2B2G 
2E2G 
2B 
2B 
2G 
2G2K2Q 


2e 
2E 
2K 
2B2E2G 


2F2G2Y 
2E2G2H 


26 


2uU 
286 


2B2G 


2B 


2B2E2G 


2D2G 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 


NONRESIDENTe EMPLOYER NOT CODED 


AFNE 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNL 
AFNA 
AFNL 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AMNA 
AFNA 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


DU PONTs JOHN E& AMNA PAYNEs LAWRENCE E AFNA 


DUPONT+ JEAN R r245 AFNA PIGMANe w WARD AFNA 
EGLI»* PAUL H AFNA PIKL» JOSEF AFNA 
EVANSe W DUANE AFNA PIORE.s EE R 2B AFNA 
FELSENFELD+s» OSCAR 2G AFNA POSNER-+ AARON S AFNA 
FRIEDMANs LEO 2E262T3C AFNA RITTS.s ROY E JR AFNA 
GAMOWs GEORGE 2B AFNA RIVLINs RONALD S AFNA 
GATESs GE 2D AFNA ROSSINI» FREDERICK D 2B AFNA 
GILBERT+ ROBERT P AFNA RUBEYs WILLIAM w 2H AFNA 
GORDON+ RUTH E _- 2a AFNA SCOTT» DAVID 6 ay AENA 
GOULD+ IRA A AFNA SHAWs JOSEPH C 2T AFNA 
HAKALAs REINO Ww AFNA SHIMKIN»s DEMITRI B AFNA 
HALL « E RAYMOND 2D2G AFNA SHMUKLERe LEON AMNA 
HALSTEAD+ BRUCE w 2T AFNA SHUL=Re KURT E 2B2E AFNA 
HAMMONDe H DAVID 2K AMNA SILBERSCHMIDTs« KARL M AFNA 
HAND» CADET H JR 2G AFNA SIMHAs ROBERT aed 
HANSEN» LOUIS S 2v AFNA SLACKs LEWIS AFNA 
HARDER+ E C DENA SMART*+ J SAMUEL 2B AFNA 
HERMANe ROBERT C 2B AFNA SMITHe HENRY L JR 2c AFNA 
HIATTe CASPAR w 262Q AFNA SNODGRASS» REX J AFNA 
HICKOXe GEORGE H 2G AFNA SONNe MARTIN AFNA 
HOSTETTERe J C AFNE STAKMANs EC AFNE 
HOWARDe GEORGE Ww AFNA STEVENSe ROLLIN E AFNE 
HUNDLEYs JAMES M AFNA SWINGLEe CHARLES F AFNE 
HUTCHINSe LEE M 2K2L AFNA TALTAFERROs WH AFNA 
IMAT* ISAO AFNA TAUSSKYs OLGA AF NE 
IRWINe GEORGE R 2B AFNA TEAL» GORDON K AFNA 
JAMESe L H AFNL THABARAJ. G J AMNA 
JAMESe MAURICE T 2F AFNA THOMPSON» JACK C 2x AFNA 
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T 2F2G AFNA TILLYERe E D AFNA 
JORDANs GARY B 2N AMNA TOLL»* JOHN S AFNA 
KARR» PHILIP R AFNA TULANEe VICTOR J AFNA 
KEGELES« GERSON AFNA TUNELL e GEORGE 2H AFNA 
LAMBs FRANK W 26 AFNA VESTINE*s E H AFNA 
LEINERe ALAN L AFNA -  YVINTIe® JOHN P 2B2G AFNA 
LEVY» SAMUEL 202w2z AFNA VON HIPPEL*+ ARTHUR 26 AFNA 
LIe HUI-LIN AFNA WELLMANe FREDERICK L AFNE 
LICKLIDERe JOSEPH C R AFNA WILSONe RAYMOND E 2B2G AFNA 
LIEBSONe SIONEY H 2B AFNA WINTe CECIL T AFNA 
LILLY* JOHN C 2N2Z3H AFNA WULF se OLIVER R AFNE 
LUDFORDe GEOFFREY S S AFNA YOUNGs DAVID A JR 2F AFNA 
LYMAN+. JOHN AFRA ZELENe MARVIN 26 AFNA 
MARCUSe MARVIN AFNA 
SSUES SS 2 altel pe QCLUN CLASSIFICATION UNKNOWN 
MARZKEe OSCAR T AFNA SASe Tor ennerean AFRA 
MASONs EDWARD A AFNA 

CLEAVERe OSCAR P 2M2N2R AFRA 
MC BRIDEs GORDON Ww AFNA 
Per lemrne DON =: AFNA HESSe* WALTER C 2E2G62T2vV AFRE 
NOYES» HOWARD E 202T AFNA ROpN Nee Nese eunS ne 
OBOURNs ELLSWORTH 5S 2836 AFNA fa SIS Cle i Sil cote 
OLIPHANTs MALCOLM w AFNA 
OVERTONe WILLIAM C UR 2B2G AFNA QNCOC NOT CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION 
‘PATTERSON® MARGARET E AFNA PEACOCK» ELIZABETH D AMRA 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 151 


2B 


Classification by Membership in Affiliated Societies 


2B PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON GAMOW+ GEORGE BNRNC AFNA 
ABBOTe CHARLES G TRETD AFRE GARDNERe IRVINE C 7TRETD AFRE 
ABELSON+ PHILIP H 3I1GEL AFRA GARNER» CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE 
ABRAHAMs GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA GELLER» ROMAN F 7TRETD AFRE 
ALLEN» HARRY C JR 11BMI  AFRA GHAFFARI+« ABOLGHASSEM 1XNAS) AFRL 
APSTEIN+ MAURICE 1DAHD AFRA GIBSON» KASSON S 7TRETD AFRE 
ARMSTRONG*+ GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA GIBSONe RALPH £& 31APL AFRA 
ARSEMs COLLINS 1DAHD- AMRA GISH»+ OLIVER H 7TRETD AFNE 
ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS AFRA GLASSER» ROBERT G 2HUMD AFRA 
ASTINe ALLEN V 1CNBS AFRA GOLDBERG. MICHAEL 7TRETD AFRA 
AXILROD+ BENJAMIN M 4x AFRA GORDON+s CHARLES L 7TRETD AFRA 
AXLER«e MARJORIE F BNRNC AFNA GRAY e ERNEST P 31 APL AFRA 
BARBROWs LOUIS E 1CNBS AFRA GREENSPANe MARTIN 1CNBS AFRA 
BASSe ARNOLD M 1CNBS AFRA GRISAMORE+ NELSON T 2HGWU AFRA 
BEACHs LOUIS A 1DNRL AFRA GUILDNERe LESLIE A 1CNBS AFRA 
BECKETT» CHARLES W 1CNBS AFRA HALL» WAYNE C 1DNRL AFRA 
BEIJe K HILDING 7TRETD AFNL HAMMERSCHMIDT. WM W 1D-s AMRA 
BEKKEDAHL» NORMAN 7TRETD AFNA HARRINGTON» MARSHALL C 1DFOS AFRA 
BENESCHe WILLIAM 2HUMD AFRA HARRISONe« MARK 2HAMU AFRA 
BENNETTe WILLARD H 8NRNC AFNA HARRISONe WILLIAM N 4CONS AFRA 
BERLINER» ROBERT W 1HNIH AFRA HARTMANNe GREGORY K 1DNOL AFRA 
BESTUL + ALDEN B 1CNBS AFRA HAUPTMANe HERBERT 1DNRL AFRA 
BIBERSTEIN+s FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA HENDERSON» MALCOLM C 2HCUA AFRA 
BLOOMe MORTIMER C 1DNRL AFRA HENN=Ye DAGMAR 2HGWU AMRA 
BOGLE» ROBERT w BNRNC AFNA HERMACHs FRANCIS L 1CN3S AFRA 
BRAATEN+s NORMAN F 1CESS AFRA HERMANe ROBERT C 8BNRNC AFNA 
BRANSONe HERMAN 2HHOU AFRA HERSEYe MAYO D TRETD AFNA 
BRECKENRIDGE*s F C TRETD AFRA — : HERZFELDe KARL F 2HCUA AFRA 
BRICKWEDDE+ F G 8NRNC AFNL HEYDENe FRANCIS J 2HGEU AFRA 
BROMBACHER»s W G 7TRETD AFRE HILL» FREEMAN K 3IAPL AFRA 
BROWNe ALFRED E 8NRNC AFNA HILSENRATHs JOSEPH 1CNBS AFRA 
BURGERS» J™M 2HUMD AFRA HOBBSe ROBERT B 1XGPO AFRA 
BURINGTON»s RICHARD S 1DNAS AFRA HOFFMANe JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA 
CALDWELL» FRANK R 7TRETD AFRE HOGE» ‘HAROLD J 1DAx AFNA 
CALLENe EARL R 2HAMU AFRA HOLMGRENe HARRY D 2HUMD AFRA 
CAMERONs JOSEPH M 1CNBS AFRA HONIGe JOHN G 1DACS AFRA 
CANNONes E W 1CNBS AFRA HOOVERe JOHN I 1DNRL AFRA 
CARROLL» THOMAS J 2HGwU AFRA HORTON. BILLY M 1DAHD AFRA 
CLAIREs CHARLES N 7TRETD AFRA HUMPHREYSe CURTIS J 1DNOL AFNA 
CLEVENe G W 1XTRA AFRA HUNTER»e WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA 
COHN+ ROBERT 1DNHS AFRA : INSLEYe HERBERT 4CONS AFRA 
COLE + KENNETH S 1HNIH AFRA IRWINe GEORGE R 8BNRNC AFNA 
COOK» HAROLD T: 1ARMR AFRA JACKSONe JULIUS L 2HHOU AFRA 
COOKse RICHARD K 1CESS AFRA JACOBS+ WALTER Ww 1D-xX AFRA 
COSTRELL« LOUIS 1CNBS AFRA JENe CHIH K BIAPL AFRA 
CRAGOEs CARL S 7TRETD AFRE JESSUP. RALPH S TRETD AFRA 
CRANE+ LANGDON T JR 1XNSF AFRA JOHNSON» DANIEL P 1CN3S AFRA 
CRAVENe JOHN P 1DNSP AFRA JOHNSONe KEITH C 2S0CP AFRA 
CURTISSs LEON F TRETD AFNE JOHNSTONe FRANCIS E 7RETD AFRE 
DARWENTs BASIL DE B 2HCUA AFRA JUDD+ DEANE B 1CNBS AFRA 
DAVIS*« RAYMOND 7TRETD AFRE JUDSONe LEWIS v 7RETO AFNE 
DAVISSON+»s JAMES w 1DNRL AFRA KALMUS+ HENRY P 1DAHD AFRA 
DE PACKHe DAVID C 1DNRL AFRA KARLEs JEROME 1DNRL AFRA 
DE VORE+ CHARLES 1DNOR AMRA KARRERe SEBASTIAN 7TRETD AFRA 
DIAMONDe JACOB J 1CNBS AFRA KENNARDe RALPH B 7RETD AFRE 
DOUGLAS+ CHARLES A 1CNBS AFRA KESSLERe KARL G 1CNSS AFRA 
DUERKSEN» JACOB A 7TRETD AFRE KEULEGANe GARBIS H 1DAx AFNA 
DUNNINGs KENNETH L 1DNRL AFRA KLEBANOFFe PHILIP S 1CNBS AFRA 
ECKHARDT» E A 7TRETD AFNE KLUTE*« CHARLES H 1DAHD AFRA 
EISENHART+ CHURCHILL 1CNBS AFRA KOLBe ALAN C 1DNRL AFRA 
ELBOURNs ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA KOSTKOWSKI.e HENRY J 1CNBS AFRA 
ELSASSER» WALTER M 2HUMD AFRA KURZWEGe HERMAN H 1XNAS AFRA 
ESTERMANNe IMMANUEL 1 DNX AFNA LAMBERT+ WALTER D 7TRETD AFRE 
FAUST» WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA LANDERe JAMES F 1CESS AFRA 
FONER+ SAMUEL N 3IAPL AFRA LAPHAM. EVAN G 7RETD AFNE 
FOOTE» PAUL D TRETO AFRA LASHOF + THEODORE w 1CN8S AFRA 
FORZIATI»+ ALPHONSE F l1IwePC AFRA LASTERe HOWARD J 2HUMD AFRA 
FRAPS» RICHARD M 1ARFR AFRA LIDDEL + URNER 1XNAS AFRA 
FRENKIEL+ FRANCOIS N 1DNSR AFRA LIEBSONe SIDNEY H 8BNRNC AFNA 
FULLMERs IRVIN H 7RETD AFRA LIPPINCOTTe ELLIS R 2HUMD AFRA. 
FURUKAWAs GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA LITOVITZe THEODORE A 2HCUA AFRA 


152 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


LYNN» W GARDNER 
MAC DONALDe WILLIAM M 


MAENGWYN-DAVIESe G D 
MAHAN» ARCHIE I 
MALONEY» CLIFFORD J 
MANDEL + JOHN 
MARSHALL + WADE H 
MARTONe L 

MARVINe ROBERT S 
MASONe* HENRY L 
MASSEY* JOSEPH T 
MAXWELL» LOUIS R 
MAYER» CORNELL H 
MAZUR» JACOB 

MC CLAINe EOWARD F JR 
MC CLURE+ FRANK T 
MC ELHINNEY* JOHN 
MC KENZIE+ LAWSON M 
MC MILLEN+ J HOWARD 
MC NESBY» JAMES R 
MC PHERSON+ ARCHIBALD 
MEARS» THOMAS W 
MICKEY» WENDELL Vv 
MILLIKEN» LEWIS T 
MITTLEMANs DON 
MOHLERs FRED L 
MONCHICKs LOUIS 
MORGAN» RAYMOND 
MUEHLHAUSE» CARL O 
MURPHY » LEONARD M 
MYERS+ RALPH D 
NICODEMUS+ ROBERT B 
O KEEFE* JOHN A 
OBOURN+ ELLSWORTH S 
OEHSER» PAUL H 
OVERTON+ WILLIAM C UR 
PAGE» BENJAMIN L 
PAGE+ CHESTER H 
PARSONS» DOUGLAS E 
PEISER» H STEFFEN 
PERROS» THEODORE P 
PHILLIPS» MARCELLA L 
PIOREs ER 

PLOTKINe HENRY H 
POLACHEK+ HARRY 
RADO+ GEORGE T 
RAMBERG» WALTER 
RAPPLEYE+ HOWARD S 
READINGe+ OLIVER S 
REICHELDERFER+ F W 
RICHMOND» JOSEPH C 
ROBERTS» ELLIOTT B 
ROBERTSON+s RANDAL M 
RODNEYs WILLIAM S 
ROLLER» PAUL S 
ROSENBLATT» DAVID 
ROSENBLATT» JOAN R 
ROSSINI+ FREDERICK D 
ROTKIN» ISRAEL 
RUBIN» ROBERT J 
RUBIN*® VERA C 

RUFF» ARTHUR W JR 
SANDERSON+ JOHN A 
SAYLOR+s CHARLES P 
SCHAMP» HOMER w 
SCHEER+ MILTON D 
SCHINDLER» ALBERT I 
SCHOONOVER+ IRL C 
SCHUBAUER+ GALEN B 
SCHUBERT+ LEO 
SCHULMANs JAMES H 
SCOTT» ARNOLD H 
SEEBOTH» CONRAD M 
SEEGER» RAYMOND J 
SHAPIRO» MAURICE M 
SHERLIN+ GROVER C 
SHULER» KURT E 
SILVERMAN+ SHIRLEIGH 


SEPTEMBER, 1968. 


2HCUA 
2HUMD 


2HGEU 
31APL 
1HNIH 
1CNBS 
1HNIH 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
31APL 
1DNOL 
1DNRL 
1CNBS 
1ONRL 
3ITAPL 
1DNRL 
3INAS 
1XNSF 
1CNBS 
4CONS 
1CNBS 
1CESS 
1CNBS 
8NRNC 
TRETD 
31 APL 
TRETD 
1CNBS 
1CESS 
2HUMD 
2SMOC 
1XNAS 
8NRNC 
3INGS 
8BNRNC 
TRETD 
1CNBS 
TRETD 
1CNBS 
2HGWU 
4CONS 
8NRNC 
1XNAS 
1XAEC 
1 DNRL 
1SX 

7TRETD 
7TRETD 
4CONS 
1CNBS 
4x 

1XNSF 
1 XNSF 
SLIPR 
4CONS 
1CNBS 
8NRNC 
1DAHD 
1CNBS 
31DTM 
1CNBS 
3AOSA 
1CNBS 
2HUMD 
1CNBS 
1 DNRL 
1CNBS 
TRETD 
2HAMU 
1DNRL 
TRETD 
2SPGC 
1XNSF 
1ONRL 
1CNBS 
8NRNC 
1CNBS 


2B-2D 


SITTERLY»s BANCROFT w 2HGEU 
SITTERLY*« CHARLOTTE M 1CNBS 
SLAWSKYs ZAKA I 1DNOL 
SMART+ J SAMUEL BNRNC 
SMITHs FALCONER 2HAMU 
SMITHs PAUL L 1DNRL 
SMITHs SIDNEY T 1DNRL 
SOMMER» HELMUT 1DAHD 
SPECHT+s HEINZ LHNIH 
STEPHENS+ ROBERT E TRETD 
STIEHLER+s ROBERT D 1CNBS 
STILL»® JOSEPH w 4PHYS 
STILLER+ BERTRAM 1DNRL 
STIMSON+s HAROLD F TRETD 
SUTCLIFFE» WALTER D 7RETD 
SwICKe CLARENCE H 7RETD 
SWINDELLS* JAMES F 7TRETD 
TALBOTT+ F LEO 2HCUA 
TATE+ DOUGLAS R 1CNBS 
TAYLORe JOHN K 1CNBS 
TCHENs CHAN=MOU 1CNBS 
TEELEs RAY P 4CONS 
TOMKINSe« GORDON LHNIH 
TOUSEYs RICHARD 1ONRL 
TUVEs MERLE A 7TRETD 
VAN TUYLs ANDREW H 1 DNOL 
VANDERSLICE* JOSEPH T 2HUMD 
VINAL*® GEORGE w 7RETD 
VINTI« JOHN P 8NRNC 
WACHTMANe JOHN B JR 1CNBS 
WARGAs MARY E& BAOSA 
WARINGese JOHN A 1D0-I1C 
WATTSe CHESTER B 7TRETD 
WEBBe ROBERT WwW 7TRETD 
WEIDAe FRANK M 7TRETD 
WEISS« FRANCIS J IXE TC 
WEISSBERG:+e SAMUEL G 1CNBS 
WEISSLERe ALFRED 1HFDA 
WEXLER» ARNOLD 1CNBS 
WEYL» F JOACHIM 3INAS 
WHITTENe CHARLES A 1cESS 
WIEDEMANNe HOWARD M 1Sx 

WILDHACKse WILLIAM A 1CNBS 
WILSONe BRUCE L 1CNBS 
WILSONe RAYMOND E 8NRNC 
WOOD+ LAWRENCE A 1CNBS 
YOUDENe wILLIAM J 7TRETD 
ZMUDA+ ALFRED J 31APL 
ZWANZ!IGe ROBERT w 2HUMD 


2C ANTHROPOLOGICAL 
COLLINSe HENRY B 


EWERS* JOHN C 


HERZFELDe REGINA F 


MILLERe CARL F 
MOOREe HARVEY C 


REININGse PRISCILLA 


SETZLER»+ FRANK 


SMITHe HENRY L JR 


STEWARTs+ T DALE 


STIRLINGse MATHEW W 


2D BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF 


ALDRICHs JOHN w 
BARSS+« HOWARD P 
BISHOPP+ FRED C 


BORTHWICKe HARRY A 


BOWMANe THOMAS 
BROWN+ EDGAR 
COTTAMe CLARENC 
DIEHL e WILLIAM 
FALLONe ROBERT 
FINLEY+ HAROLD 
GALTSOFFe PAUL 
GATES+ GE 
GAZINe CHARLES 
GRAF s« JOHN E 
GURNEYe ASHLEY 


M 


E 


2 
W 


J 
E 
Ss 


rc 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


SOCIETY OF WASH 


1XSMI 
1XSMI 
2HCUA 
7RETD 
2HAMU 
2HCUA 
7TRETO 
8NRNC 
1XSMI 
7TRETD 


1IFWS 
7TRETO 
7TRETO 
7RETO 
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7TRETO 
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AFRA 
AFRA 
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WASHINGTON 


AFRA 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFNA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


153 


2D-2E 


HALL» E RAYMOND 
HAMBLETON»® EDSON J 
HANSENs IRA B 
JACKSON» HARTLEY H T 
JENKINS» ANNA E 
LARRIMERe WALTER H 
MOLLARI+ MARIO 
MUESEBECKs CARL F W 
OEHSER+ PAUL H 
OWENS* HOWARD B 
PARKER«s KENNETH w 
POPENOE+ WILSON 
RAUSCH+ ROBERT 
REHDER» HARALD A 
RIOCH» DAVID M 
RUSSELL» LOUISE M 
SCHMITT+s WALDO L 

ST GEORGE+ RAYMOND A 
TRAUB+s ROBERT 
WETMORE» ALEXANDER 


BNRNC 
TRETD 
2HGWU 
TRETO 
7TRETD 
4CONS 
TRETD 
TRETD 
3INGS 
2SPGC 
1AFOR 
7TRETD 
1HPHS 
1XSMI 

1DAWR 
1ARFR 
TRETD 
4CONS 
2HUMD 
1XSMI 


AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AMNE 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


2E CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


ABELSONe PHILIP H 
ALEXANDERe ALLEN L 
ALEXANDER» BENJAMIN H 
ALEXANDERe LYLE T 
ALLEN* HARRY C JR 
ALLISONe FRANKLIN E 
ANDERSONe MYRON S 
ANDERSONe WENDELL L 
APPEL+ WILLIAM D 
ARMSTRONGs* GEORGE T 
AUSLOOSe PIERRE J 
BAILEY+ WILLIAM J 
BAKERe LOUIS C w 
BATESe ROGER G 
BEACHAMe LOWRIE M 
BECKER+ EDWIN D 
BECKETTs« CHARLES WwW 
BECKMANNe ROBERT B 
BEKKEDAHL + NORMAN 
BENDER» MAURICE 
BENNETTe MARTIN T 
BERCH+s JULIAN 
BEROZAe MORTON S 
BESTUL»+ ALDEN B 
BLANKe CHARLES A 
BLOCKe STANLEY 
BLOOMse MORTIMER C 
BLUMs WILLIAM 
BRAUERe GERHARD M 
BREEDLOVE+ C H JR 
BRENNERe ABNER 
BROWNe ALFRED E 
BROWNe WALTER E 
BRUCKe STEPHEN D 
BURAS+« EDMUND M JR 
BURKe DEAN 

CARHARTe« HOMER W 
CARROLL+ WILLIAM R 
CARRON>» MAXWELL K 
CASSEL + JAMES M 
CAUL*+ HAROLD J 
CHEEK+ CONRAD H 
CLARKe KENNETH G 
COHN+ ERNST M 
CORRELL» DAVID L 
COULSONs E JACK 
COYLE*+ THOMAS D 
CREITZe E CARROLL 
CRETSOS*« JAMES M 
CUTTITTAs FRANK 
DARWENTs+ BASIL DE B 
DAVIS+ MARION M 
DAVIS+ RAYMOND 

DE VOE+ JAMES R 
DEITZ+ VICTOR R 
DETWILER»e SAMUEL B JR 


154, 


31GEL 
1 ONRL 
1HNIH 
TRETD 
11BMI 
TRETO 
TRETD 
1 ONRL 
TRETD 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
2HUMD 
2HGEU 
1CNBS 
1HFDA 
1HNIH 
1CNBS 
2HUMD 
TRETD 
1 HAPC 
4CONS 
31GRI 
1ARFR 
1CNBS 
1D-AS 
1CNBS 
1DNRL 
4CONS 
1CNBS 
2HMIC 
1CNBS 
BNRNC 
1CNBS 
2HCUA 
3IGRI 
1HNIH 
1ONRL 
1HNIH 
1IGES 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
1DNRL 
TRETD 
1XNAS 
1XSMI 
1ARNI 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
SLITT 
1I1GES 
2HCUA 
TRETO 
TRETD 
1CNBS 
1ONRL 
1ARNI 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 


AFRA. 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRL 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


DIAMOND. JACOB J 


DOF Te 


FLOYD S 


DOUGLAS» THOMAS B 
EASTERe DONALD 


EDDY « 
EU eareSie 


NATHAN B 
NED R 


ELLISONe ALFRED H 


FAHEY ¢ 


JOSEPH J 


FALLONe ROBERT J 
FARBER+ EDUARD 
FARROWs RICHARD P 


FEARNe 


JAMES E 


FERGUSONe ROBERT E 
FLETCHERe DONALD G 
FLETCHERe HEWITT G JR 


FLINT» 


EINAR P 


FLORINe ROLAND E 


FORD « 


T FOSTER 


FORZIATI« ALPHONSE F™ 
FORZIATIe« FLORENCE H 


FOURT 


LYMAN 


FOXe M R SPIVEY 
FOXe ROBERT B 


FRAME ¢» 


ELIZABETH G 


FRANKLINe PHILIP J 
FREEMANe ANDREW F 
FREEMANe DAVID H 
FREEMANe MONROE E 
FRIEDMANe LEO 
FRIESSe SEYMOUR L 


FRUSHe 


HARRIET L 


FULTON+ ROBERT A 
FURUKAWAs GEORGE T 
GARVINe DAVID 


GARY ¢ 


ROBERT 


GIBSONe RALPH E 
GILLMAN+e JOSEPH L JR 
GINNINGSe DEFOE C 
GLASGOWs AUGUSTUS R JR 


GONET « 


FRANK 


GORDON’ CHARLES L 
GORDONe NATHAN 


GRAY e 
HAENNI 
HAGUE e 
HALL « 


VANNIE E 

» EDWARD O 
JOHN L 

STANLEY A 


HALLERe HERBERT L 
HALLERe WOLFGANG 


HAMER» 


WALTER J 


HARRISe MILTON 
HARRISe« THOMAS H 
HARVALIKe Z V 
HASKINSe CARYL P 
HEINZE+ PETER H 


HESS¢s 


WALTER C 


HEWwITTe CLIFFORD A 


HOBBSe 


ROBERT B 


HOCHWALDe FRITZ G 
HOERINGe THOMAS C 
HOLLIESe NORMAN R S 


HONIGe 


JOHN G 


HOOVERe THOMAS B 
HORNSTEINe IRWIN 


HOWE e 


PAUL E 


HUBBARD*s DONALD 
IRVINGe GEORGE wW JR 
ISBELL e HORACE S 


JACOBe 


KENNETH D 


JACOBSONe MARTIN 
JOHANNESENe ROLF B 
KANAGY+* JOSEPH R 


KANE ¢ 
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EDWARD A 
ISABELLA 
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KARRERe SEBASTIAN 


KEREST 
KINGe 
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ZTESYe JOHN C 
PETER 
CHARLES H 


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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


2E-2F 


KNOBLOCKe EDWARD C 1DAWR AFRA STIEBELINGs HAZEL K TRETD AFRE 
KNOWLTON» KATHRYN TRETO AFRA STIEHLERe ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA 
-KRUGER+ JEROME 1CNBS AFRA a8 a ae ae tien 
KURTZ*s FLOYD E 1ARNI AFRA eRe ES Aaa ut PAG He 
ES REST M Melee pabealiin | SUMMERSONs WILLIAM H 1HFDA AFRA 
LIEBERMAN+ MORRIS LARMR AFRA ae aa a a Ree. apes 
LINNENSOMs VICTOR J IDNRL AFRA a PG 2 rer a Sate kaon 
LOCKHARTs LUTHER B JR. 1DNRL AFRA SaePaG Gey ae Sees eae 
LOVEs S KENNETH 1IGES AFRA ; aie ace aaet ee mee 
LUSTIGe ERNEST LHFDA AFRA Fae ah aun.) eure stay rela 
MADORSKY»s SAMUEL L 7RETD AFRE Lies espe age age S caeeyechas 
MAENGWYN=DAVIES+ G D 2HGEU AFRA Ue ako has awed pats aaa ae 
MAGINe GEORGE B JR 1XAEC AFRA TREADWELL» CARLETON R. 2HGWU AFRA 
MALENTHAL+ MILLARD 1HFDA AFRA gin sonrte eae? fea 
ay | GEORGE Pu  aaalglaal VAN EVERA»s BENJAMIN D 2HGWU AFRA 
mR INS Sea Eee aittialg aaa VANDERSLICE+ JOSEPH T 2HUMD AFRA 
MARYOTT+s ARTHUR A 1CNBS AFRA VEITCH» FLETCHER P JR. 2HUMD AFRA 
eee LEX P a orn WAGMANs DONALD D ICNBS AFRA 
MATLACK+ MARION B TJRETD AFRE Meee STR C te eek 
MAY+ IRVING 1IGES AFRA fei da eae et ne 
eee OUTS C PEINIEIE, (as leieie WALTON» WILLIAM w 1CNBS AFRA 
MC CLURE»s FRANK T 31APL AFRA TR ees cee ee 
MC PHERSON+ ARCHIBALD 4CONS AFRL SOE. Ee Co Aad hoe 
REAR Ss THOMAS W WSNIES) sual aa WASIKs STANLEY P 1CNBS AMRA 
MEINKE + W WAYNE ENE Aree WEAVERe DE FORREST E 1IGES AMRE 
MENKART»s JOHN H 3IGRI AFRA Pome aes ope ate 
fieeor SCSERT R USE Maa WEINTRAUBs ROBERT L 2HGWU AFRA 
MEYROWITZ» ROBERT LIGES AFRA eye eee oe oO Gee aon 
MILLER+e CLEM O 1HFDA AFRA WEISSBERG*e SAMUEL G 1CNBS AFRA 
MILLERs ROMAN R OITA WEISSLER* ALFRED 1HFDA AFRA 
MILLIKEN» LEWIS T GONE Balas WHITE*s CHARLES E 2HUMD AFRA 
MIZELEs LOUIS R SUNS lane WHITE* HOWARD J JR 1CNBS AFRA 
MONCHICKs LOUIS SNE alana WHITTAKER» COLIN W 7RETD AFRA 
MORRIS* JOSEPH B 2HHOU AFRA io ae ees sen ah ween 
foe eo 6 SING lela WILSONe WILLIAM K 1CNBS AFRA 
peek? SEFRED T BIGES 5 GARINA WITKOR» BERNHARD 1HNIH AFRA 
NAESER» CHARLES R 2HGWU  AFRA rent Sesser Seah eee 
NEPOMUCENE+® SR ST JOHN 7RETD AMRE Perc es ork Ree ay eae 
NIRENBERGs MARSHALL w  1HNIH AFRA aoe CR GeE: ik renee pea 
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ORDWAYs FRED D JR SMELP AFRA YODER» HATTEN S UR 3IGEL AFRA 
PALLOTTAs ARTHUR J 5BIRE AMRA Rt rae Sees. ARUR 
age e’ MESES SIGS IN ZIES» EMANUEL G 7RETD AFRE 
PATTERSON» GLENN W 2HUMD AFRA Seg eon ages aan aes 
PATTERSON» WILBUR I LARNI AFRA 
eee EN CN es tleaia leis 2F ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 
PERROS» THEODORE P 2HGWU  AFRA ay LETT BURRS Be Mas Paes 
eee fsa a alelainds BICKLEY+ WILLIAM E 2HUMD AFRA 
Baon MAYNARD J PRS ARRA BISHOPP+ FRED C 7RETD AFNE 
PROSENs EDWARD J ICNBS AFRA See Hee oe ee ee 
RADER»+ CHARLES A 31GRI AFRA Bou. Gat BeCw Sy IEE 
aoe WILKINS ee oaaol ala CAMPBELL» FRANK L 7RETD AFRA 
Rees EUR E BEIGE S AERA CLAUSEN+ CURTIS P 7RETD AFNE 
REINHART» FRANK w 4CONS AFRA Se gee a ee eee 
Redes HELEN. t. Haale a EDMUNDS» LAFE R 1XNSF  AFNA 
RICE+ FREDERICK AH 2HAMU AFRA Sent Tin A ts ive. Rea 
ROLLER» PAUL S SLIPR AFRA DK singer: pe amet 
SAYLOR»s CHARLES P 1CNBS AFRA UGH Ee orreh eee ReER Bees 
SCHAFFER+e ROBERT 1CNBS AFRA HAINES« KENNETH A 1ARAO AFRA 
SCHEER+ MILTON D 1CNBS AFRA SABER MEREERS AL a ae 
Begeenover: TRE C TSN Siig ln HAMBLETONs EDSON J 7RETD AFRA 
SCHRECKER» ANTHONY W LHNIH AFRA Cee Ee One AMES. I Saesoe Weak 
SCHUBERTs LEO 2HAMU AFRA AE erage SIO ena: SEER 
oe! TONY oy wane HENNEBERRY+ THOMAS J 1ARFR AFRA 
SCOFIELD» FRANCIS 3ANPV AMRA ee eae Tens eR 
SCRIBNER* BOURDON F 1CNBS AFRA a ay vr et ee oe eeee nen 
SHAFRINe ELAINE G IDNRL AMRA ee aRee i. TOheE AERA 
SHERESHEFSKY*s J LEON 2HHOU AFRE teens. ausiee + Beate. Ache 
Sages KURT E oy ol eae Ny JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T BNRNC AFNA 
SLADEK+ JAROMIL v 1HFDA AFRA ZOOL ING. RDWORG FE LARER AERA 
Bae JEVGAR R GEE ne Sean LANGFORDs GEORGE S 2HUMD AFRA 
SOLLNER+ KARL 1HNIH AFRA eae EAM SRe. Rene meee 
SOOKNE+» ARNOLD M 3IGRI AFRA MERGU TET GRECHURE be aReTD ARMA 
SPIES+ JOSEPH R LARNI AFRA MOLLARIe MARIO 7RETD AFRE 
STEINHARDT+ JACINTO 2HGEU AFRA NELSONe RH BAESA AFRA 
STERN+ KURT H 1DNRL AFRA came. anwtca te SeeEE WEE 
STEVENS+ HENRY 7RETD AFRA Bede. aes 7RE<O., APGR 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 155 


2F-2G 


RAINWATER+s H IVAN 1ARRP AFRA DE PUEs LELAND A 1DNRL AFRA 
REED» WILLIAM D T7RETD AFRA DE VOE+ JAMES R 1CNBS AFRA 
RUSSELL e« LOUISE M 1ARFR AFRA DE wlTe ROLAND 1CNBS AFRA 
SAILERe REECE I 1ARFR AFRA DEBORD. GEORGE G 7RETD AFNE 
SCHECHTER» MILTON S . 1ARFR AFRA DETWILER» SAMUEL B 7RETD AFRA 
SHEPARDe HAROLD H TRETD AFRA DICKSON» GEORGE ' 1CNBS AFRA 
SIEGLER»+ EDOUARD H TJRETD AFRE DOFTe FLOYD §S 7RETD AFRE 
SMITHs FLOYD F 1ARFR AFRA DOUGLAS*« CHARLES A 1CNBS AFRA 
ST GEORGE» RAYMOND A 4CONS AFRA DRECHSLER» CHARLES 7RETD AFRA 
THURMAN» ERNESTINE B LHNIH AFNA DUERKSEN» JACOB A 7RETD AFRE 
TRAUBs ROBERT 2@HUMD AFRA DURBINe CHARLES G 1HFDA AFRA 
TRAVIS+« CLARENCE W 1XDCG AMRA EDDY. BERNICE £ LHNIH AFRA 
YOUNGs DAVID A JR 8BNRNC AFNA EDDY+ NATHAN B 4CONS AFRA 
YUILL» JOSEPH § 7RETD AFRA EDMUNDS» WADE M 31UBS AMRA 
ELLINGERe GEORGE A 7RETD AFRA 

2G NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ELSASSER» WALTER M 2HUMD AFRA 
ABRAHAM. GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA EMERSONe WALTER B 7RETD AFRE 
AKERSe ROBERT P 1HNIH AFRA ENNIS» WILLIAM B JR 1ARFR AFRA 
ALLAN» FRANK D 2HGWU AMRA ETZEL+« HOWARD w 1XNSF AFRA 
ALLENe HARRY C JR 1IBMI AFRA FAHEYs+ JOSEPH J 1IGES AFRA 
ALLISON» FRANKLIN E 7RETD AFRE FARROWs RICHARD P BANCA AFRA 
APPEL» WILLIAM D TRETD AFNE FAULKNERe JOSEPH A 1DNOL AFRA 
APSTEINe MAURICE 1DAHD AFRA . FAUSTe WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA 
ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA FELSENFELD»® OSCAR 8NRNC AFNA 
ARSEMe COLLINS 1DAHD AMRA ' FERRELL» RICHARD A 2HUMD AFRA 
ASLAKSONes CARL I 4CONS AFRA FISKe BERT 1DNRL AFRA 
BABERS» FRANK H 1DAx AFNA FIVAZs ALFRED E TRETD AFRE 
BARNHART»+ CLYDE S 1DAx AFNA FLETCHER» HEWITT G JR LHNIH AFRA 
BARRETT» MARGARET D TRETD AFRA FLORINe ROLAND. E 1CNBS AFRA 
BARSS» HOWARD P 7RETD AFNE FOCKLER+s HERBERT H 1HNLM AMRA 
BEACHs LOUIS A 1DNRL AFRA FORDs DECLAN P 1TIRS AMNA 
BEKKEDAHL » NORMAN 7RETD AFNA FOURNIER+ ROBERT O 1I1GES AFNA 
SENDER» MAURICE 1HAPC AFRA FOXs M R SPIVEY LHFDA AFRA 
BENJAMIN» CHESTER R 1ARFR AFRA FOXs ROBERT B 1DNRL AFRA 
BESTUL.» ALDEN B 1CNBS AFRA FRANZe GERALD J 1DNSR AMRA 
BISHOPP.» FRED C T7RETD AFNE FRIEDMANe LEO 8NRNC AFNA 
BLANKe CHARLES A 1D-AS AMRA FRUSHe HARRIET L TRETD AFRA 
BLOOMe MORTIMER C 1DNRL AFRA FULLMERe IRVIN H 7RETD AFRA 
BLUMs WILLIAM 4CONS AFRE FURUKAWAs GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA 
BOGLE+ ROBERT Ww BNRNC AFNA FUSILL:O+. MATTHEW H 1XVET AMRA 
BOSWELL» VICTOR R 1AX AFRA GABRIELSONe IRA N 3IWMI AFRA 
BRANCATOe E L 1DNRL AFRA GALLOWAY*® RAYMOND A 2HUMD AFRA 
BRANDTNERe FRIEDRICH J 5TRWS AMRA GANT« JAMES Q@ UR 4PHYS AMRA 
BRENNERe+ ABNER 1CNBS AFRA GARDNER« IRVINE C 7RETD AFRE 
BRIER* GLENN w 1CESS AFNA GARNER» CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE 
BROWNs ALFRED E BNRNC AFNA GEIL* GLENN w 1CNBS AFRA 
BROWN» JOSHUA R C 2HUMD AFRA GELLERe ROMAN F 7RETD AFRE 
BRUCKs STEPHEN D 2HCUA AFRA GIBSON» KASSON S 7RETD AFRE 
BUGGSs CHARLES Ww 2HHOU =AFRA GILLMAN+ JOSEPH L UR SJOGI AFRA 
BURINGTONe RICHARD S I1DNAS AFRA GINNINGSe DEFOE C 1CNBS AFRA 
BURNETT* HARRY C 1CNBS AFRA GLASGOW» AUGUSTUS R JR 1HFDA AFRA 
BUTLER+ FRANCIS E 1DNOL AMRA GLASSER+ ROBERT G 2HUMD AFRA 
CALDWELL« FRANK R TRETD AFRE GLICKSMANe MARTIN E 1DNRL AFRA 
CARHART*« HOMER WwW 1ONRL AFRA GORDON» CHARLES L 7RETD AFRA 
CARLSTONe RICHARD C 1DNx AFNA GRAF e JOHN E 7TRETD AFRA 
CARMICHAEL «+ LEONARD 3INGS AFRA ; GRANTe ULYSSES S III TRETD AFRA 
CHAPINe EDWARD J 1DNRL AFRA GRISAMORE+ NELSON T 2HGwU AFRA 
CHAPLINE+ WR 1AFOR AFRE: GUILDNER+ LESLIE A 1CNBS AFRA 
CLARK» KENNETH G 7TRETD AFRE GURNEYe ASHLEY B 1ARFR AFRA 
CLEVENe G W 1XTRA AFRA HACSKAYLOe EDWARD 1AFOR AFRA 
COLWELL» RR 2HGEU AFRA HAGUE+ JOHN L 1CNBS AFRA 
COTTAMs CLARENCE 8BNRNC AFNA HAINESe KENNETH A 1ARAO AFRA 
COXs EDWIN L 1ARFR AFRA HALL +» E RAYMOND BNRNC AFNA 
COYLE*+ THOMAS D 1CNBS AFRA HALL» R CLIFFORD 7RETD AFRE 
CRAGOEs CARL §S 7RETD AFRE HALL « WAYNE C 1DNRL AFRA 
CRANE*+ LANGDON T JR 1XNSF AFRA HALLER» HERBERT L 7RETD AFRA 
teeta pmo) les SANS T:  AMRA HAMBLETON+ EDSON J 7RETD AFRA 
CULLINANs FRANK P TRETD AFRE HAMERe WALTER J 1CNBS AFRA 
CURRANe HAROLD R 7RETD AFRE HAMILTONe C E MIKE 1xXFPC AMRA 
CURTIS» ROGER Ww 1XGSA AFRA HAND+ CADET H JR BNRNC AFNA 
CUTHILL+® JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA HANSENe IRA B 2HGWU AFRA 
CUTKOSKYs ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA HARDENBURG+ ROBERT E 1ARMR AFRA 
CUTTITTAse FRANK 1IGES AFRA HARRISONe WILLIAM N 4CONS AFRA 
DAVIS* MARION M 7RETD AFRL HARVALIKe Z V 1DAER AFRA 
DAVISs RF 2HUMD AFRA HASKINSe CARYL P 3ICIW AFRA 
DAVIS» STEPHEN S 2HHOU AMRA HAUPTMANe HERBERT 1DNRL AFRA 
DAWSON» VICTOR C D 1DNOL AFRA HEINZE+ PETER H 1ARMR AFRA 
DE CARLO» MICHAEL 3INAS AMRA HENDERSONe MALCOLM C 2HCUA AFRA 


156 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


2G 


HESSe* WALTER C S9CLUN AFRE MILLER. CARL F 7TRETO AFRE 
HEWITT» CLIFFORD A LHNIH,, AMRA MILLER» CLEM O 1HFDA AFRA 
HEYDEN+ FRANCIS J 2HGEU AFRA MILLER» ROMAN R 1DNRL AFRA 
HIATT» CASPAR w BNRNC AFNA MILLIKENs LEWIS T 1CNBS AMRA 
HICKOX»s GEORGE H BNRNC AFNA MISER*« HUGH D 1IGES AFRE 
HICKS+ GRADY T 1DNRL AMRA MITCHELL» J MURRAY uR 1CESS AFRA 
HILDEBRAND+s EARL M 1ARFR AMRA MOHLER+ FRED L JRETD AFRE 
HILL» FREEMAN K 3IAPL AFRA MOORE+ GEORGE A 1CNBS AFRA 
HOBBSs ROBERT B aE ae 2 MORAN» FREDERICK A 1XMDG AMRA 
HOERINGs THOMAS C 3IGEL AFRA MORRIS+s J A IHNIH AMRA 
HOLSHOUSERs WILLIAM L 1XTRA AFRA MYERS+ ALFRED T LIGES AFNA 
HOUGH+s FLOYD w TRETD AFNA NELSONs-R H BAESA AFRA 
HUBBARD« DONALD PRETO: <AFRA NEUENDORFFER+ J A 1DNX  AFRA 
HUNT» W HAWARD 1AMRP AMRA NICKERSON+ DOROTHY 7RETD AFRA 
HUNTERe GEORGE wW III TRETDs “ARNE NIKIFOROFFe CC TJRETD AFRE 
HUNTER» RICHARD S 5HUAS AFRA NOLLAe JOSE AB 4CONS AFNA 
HUNTER» WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA ORDWAY. FRED D UR SMELP AFRA 
HUTTONs+ GEORGE L 1DNFE AFRA OSER+ HANS J 1CNBS AFRA 
INSLEYs« HERBERT 4CONS AFRA OSMUNe JAMES w 1GESS' SAPNA 
JAYs« GEORGE E JR }HNIH° AFRA OVERTON+s WILLIAM C UR BNRNC AFNA 
JENKINS» ANNA E 7FRETO AMNE OWENS* HOWARD B 2SPGC AFRA 
JESSUP. RALPH S 7TRETD AFRA OWENS+* JAMES P 1IGES AFRA 
JOHANNESEN® ROLF B 1CNBS AFRA PAGE+ BENJAMIN L 7TRETD AFRE 
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T B8NRNC AFNA PAGEe CHESTER H 1CNBS AFRA 
JOYCE+ J WALLACE 1Sx AFRA PARSONS+« DOUGLAS & 7TRETD AFNE 
JUDSON+s LEWIS v TRETD AFNE PASSAGLIA»s ELIO 1CNBS AFRA 
KABISCHe WILLIAM T BAAAS AMRA PATTERSON+ WILBUR I 1ARNI AFRA 
KAISERe HANS E 2HGWU AMRA PELL+ WILLIAM H 1XNSF AFRA 
KARLE+ ISABELLA 1DNRL AFRA PITTSe JOSEPH w 1CNBS AFRA 
KARRERe SEBASTIAN 7RETD AFRA POMMERs ALFRED M 1ARNI AFRA 
KENKe ROMAN 7TRETD AFRA , POOS»s FRED w 7RETD AFRA 
KENNARDs RALPH B TRETD AFRE PRO* MAYNARD J 1TIRS AFRA 
KENNEDYs E R 2HCUA AFRA PUTNINSe PAUL H 1CESS AFRA 
KESSLER» KARL G 1CNBS AFRA RAINWATER» H IVAN LARRP AFRA 
KEULEGANe GARBIS H 1DAx AFNA RALL», DAVID P 1HNIH AFRA 
KINGe PETER 1DNOR AFRA RANDS+« ROBERT D 7TRETD AFNE 
KNOXe* ARTHUR S 1IGES AMRA RAPPLEYEs HOWARD S 7RETD AFRA 
KOHLERe HANS w 1DAHD AFRA REED+ WILLIAM D TRETD AFRA 
KOLB. ALAN C 1DNRL AFRA REHDER+ HARALD A 1XSMI AFRA 
KREITLOWe KERMIT w 1ARFR AFRA REICHELDERFER. F W 4CONS AFRA 
KULLERUDe GUNNAR 7TRETD AFRA REINHARTe FRANK wW 4CONS AFRA 
LAMB» FRANK WwW BNRNC AFNA REYNOLDOSe+ HELEN L 1HFDA AMRA 
LAMBERTs EDMUND B TRETD AFRE RICE*s FREDERICK AH 2HAMU AFRA 
LANDISe PAUL E 1DAHD AFRA RICHMOND: JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA 
LANGe WALTER B 7TRETD AFRE RINEHARTs* JOHN S 1CESS AFNA 
LARRIMERe WALTER H 4CONS AFRE RIOCHe DAVID M 1DAWwR AFRA 
LASHOF s+ THEODORE W 1CNBS AFRA ROBERTS+ ELLIOTT B 4x AFRE 
LATTAs RANDALL 4CONS AFRE ROBERTS« RICHARD C 2HUMD AFRA 
LENTZe PAUL L 1ARFR AFRA ROBERTSON+ RANDAL M 1XNSF AFRA 
LIEBERMANs MORRIS 1ARMR AFRA ROBINSONe HENRY E 1CNBS AFRA 
LLOYDe DANIEL B 2HFCC AFRA ROLLERe PAUL S SLIPR AFRA 
LORINGse BLAKE M 4CONS AFRA ROTHe FRANK L 7RETD AFNE 
LOVEs S KENNETH 1IGES AFRA RUFF e ARTHUR W JR 1CNBS AFRA 
MAENGWYN-DAVIESe G D 2HGEU AFRA RUSSELLe LOUISE M 1ARFR AFRA 
MANNINGs JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA RYALL»® A LLOYD 1ARMR AFRA 
MARTINe JOHN H TRETD AFRE RYERSONes KNOWLES A 7TRETD AFNA 
MARVINe ROBERT S 1CNBS AFRA SALISBURY+ HARRISON B 1D0FX AMNA 
MARYOTTs+ ARTHUR A 1CNBS AFRA SALISBURYs LLOYD L 1DAwR AMRA 
MASON+* HENRY L 1CNBS AFRA SANDOZ+ GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA 
MATLACKs MARION B 7RETD AFRE SAVILLE+ THORNDIKE UR 1DACE AFRA 
MAY» IRVING 1IGES AFRA SCHERTENLEI8»s CHARLES 6MOCO AMRA 
MAYER» CORNELL H 1DNRL AFRA SCHMID>+ HELLMUT H 1CESS AFRA 
MAYOR+ JOHN R BAAAS AFRA SCHOENINGe HARRY WwW TRETD AFRA 
MAZURe JACOB 1CNBS AFRA SCHOOLEYe ALLEN H 1DNRL AFRA 
MC CABE+ LOUIS C SENDE AFRA SCHOOLEYe JAMES F 1CNBS AFRA 
MC CLELLANe WILBUR D 1ARFR AFRA SCHRECKER+ ANTHONY w LHNIH AFRA 
MC CLURE+» FRANK J 7RETD AFRA SCHULTZ+ EUGENE S 7TRETD AFRE 
MC CULLOUGHs NORMAN B 1HNIH AFRA SCOTT*+ ARNOLD H 7TRETD AFNE 
MC ELHINNEYs* JOHN 1DNRL AFRA SERVICE+ JERRY H 7TRETD AFNE 
MC INTOSHe ALLEN 2HUMD AFRA SETZLER+ FRANK M 7TRETD AFNE 
MC KINNEY* HAROLD H 7RETD AFRE SHERLINe GROVER C 1CNBS AMRL 
MC KOWNe BARRETT L 2SPGC AMRA SHROPSHIREe WALTER A 1XSMI AFRA 
MC PHEEs HUGH C 7RETD AFRE SITTERLY* CHARLOTTE M 1CNBS AFRA 
MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD 4CONS AFRL SLAWSKY+« MILTON M 1DFOS AFRA 
MEARSe THOMAS w 1CNBS AFRA SMITHe FRANCIS A 7TRETD AFNE 
MERRIAMs CARROLL F 7RETD AFNA SMITHe NATHAN R TRETD AFNE 
MIDERe G BURROUGHS JHNIH AFRA SMITHs PAUL A SRACO AFRA 


; ! SEPTEMBER, 1968 | 157 


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SNAVELYs BENJAMIN L 1DNOL AFRA WYMANe LEROY L 4CONS AFRA 
SNAY* HANS G 1DNOL AFRA YOUDENes WILLIAM J 7TRETD AFRA 
SORROWS+s HOWARD E 1CNBS AFRA YOUNGe ROBERT T JR 1DAHD AFRA 
SPALDINGs DONALD H 1ARFR AFRA YUILL«® JOSEPH S 7TRETD AFRA 
SPECHTs HEINZ LHNIH AFRA ZELEN« MARVIN BNRNC AFNA 
SPOONERe CHARLES S JR- 5RAYC AFRA ZELENYe LAWRENCE 1ACMS AFRA 
STAIRe RALPH 7TRETD AFRA ZIES* EMANUEL G 7TRETD AFRE 
CSTBERECERUSSEEE TE 1ARFR AFRA ZWANZIGe ROBERT wW 2HUMD AFRA 
STEPHANe ROBERT M LHNIH AFRA 
STEVENSs HENRY 7TRETD AFRA 2H GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 
STEVENSONe JOHN A 7TRETD AFRE ABELSONe PHILIP H 3IGEL AFRA 
STEWARTs DEWEY 1ARFR AFRA BAKER» ARTHUR A 1IGES AFRA 
STEWARTse T DALE 1XSMI AFRA BENNETT+ ROBERT R 1IGES AFRA 
STIEHLERe ROBERT D 1CNBS  AFRA BLANKe CHARLES A 1D-AS AMRA 
SPREE s) PETER: IB 2HUMD AMRA BRANDTNERe FRIEDRICH J STRwS AMRA 
STILLER+s BERTRAM 1DNRL AFRA CARRONe MAXWELL K 1IGES AFRA 
STIMSONe HAROLD F TRETD AFRE CLARKe JOAN R 1IGES AFRA 
STIRLINGs MATHEW W 7TRETD AFRA COHEEs GEORGE v 1IGES AFRA 
STRINGFIELD+ VICTOR T 11GES AFRA L COOKE+ C WYTHE 7TRETD AFNE 
SUMMERSONe WILLIAM H 1HFDA AFRA COOPERe G ARTHUR 1XSMI AFRA 
SUTCLIFFEs WALTER D 7TRETDO AFRE CURRIERe LOUIS w 7TRETD AFNE 
SWICKe CLARENCE H 7TRETD AFRA CUTTITTAse FRANK 1I1GES AFRA- 
SWINDELLSe JAMES F 7TRETD AFRA DUNCANe HELEN M 1I1GES AFRA 
TALBOTT+s F LEO 2HCUA AFRA FAHEY+s JOSEPH J 1I1GES AFRA 
TAYLOR» JOHN K 1CNBS AFRA FAUST+« GEORGE T 1IGES AFRA 
TEELEs RAY P 4CONS AFRA FORDs+ DECLAN P 1TIRS AMNA 
THOMse HERBERT C S 1CESS AFRA FOURNIERe ROBERT O 1IGES AFNA 
THURMANe ERNESTINE B IHNIH AFNA GALVINe CYRIL J JR 1DACE AFRA 
TILDENs EVELYN 8B 7TRETD AFNE GAZINe CHARLES L 1XSMI- AFRA 
TITUS*+ HARRY w 7TRETD AFNA GRATONs»s LOUIS C 4CONS AFNE 
TODD» MARGARET R 11GES AFRA HAMILTONe C E MIKE 1XFPC AMRA 
TORGESENe JOHN L 1CNBS AFRA HENDERSONe E P 1XSMI. AFRA 
TORRESONe OSCAR w 7TRETD AFRE HOERINGe THOMAS C BIGEL AFRA 
TOULMINs PRIESTLEY III 1IGES AFRA HOOKER+ MARJORIE 11GES AFRA 
TRYONs MAX 1CNBS AFRA INSLEYe HERBERT 4CONS AFRA 
VAN DERSAL + WILLIAM R 1ASCS AFRA KNOXe ARTHUR S 11GES AMRA 
VAN EVERAs BENJAMIN D 2HGwU AFRA LANGe WALTER B TRETD AFRE 
VAN TUYLe ANDREW H 1DNOL AFRA LEOPOLD.» LUNA B 1IGES AFNA 
VANDERSLICEs« JOSEPH T 2HUMD AFRA LOVE+ S KENNETH 1IGES AFRA 
VANGELI+ MARIO G 2HGWU AMRA MAGINe GEORGE B JR 1xXAEC AFRA 
VINAL + GEORGE w 7TRETD AFNE MARTINe BRUCE D 1XMDG AFNA 
VINTI«® JOHN P 8NRNC AFNA MAYs IRVING 11GES AFRA 
VOLWILERe ERNEST H 7TRETD AFNA MC CABE. WILLIAM J 1xXFPC AMRA 
VON HIPPEL» ARTHUR 8NRNC AFNA - MC KELVEYs VINCENT E 1IGES AFRA 
WACHTMANe JOHN B JR 1CNBS AFRA MC KNIGHTFe EDWIN T ' 1IGES AFRA 
WALKER» RAYMOND F 1DAx AFNA MEYERHOFFse HOWARD A 4x AFNA 
WALKERe RONALD E 3BIAPL AFRA MILLERe J CHARLES 7TRETD AFNE 
WALLENe IRVIN E 1XSMI AFRA e MILLER» RALPH L 11GES AFRA 
WALTERs DEAN I 1DNRL AFRA MILLIKENe LEWIS T 1CNBS AMRA 
WALTHERe CARL H 2HGwU AFRA MILTONe CHARLES 2HGWU AMRA 
WARDs HENRY P TRETD AFRE MISERe HUGH D 1IGES AFRE 
WARGA»s MARY E BAOSA AFRA MYERSe« ALFRED T 1IGES AFNA 
WATERMANe PETER 1DNRL AFRA NAESERe CHARLES R 2HGWU AFRA 
WATSONe BERNARD B SREAN AFRA NEUSCHEL e+ SHERMAN K 1IGES AFRA 
WATTS+ CHESTER B 7TRETD AFRA NIKIFOROFFe C C 7TRETD AFRE 
WEAVERe ELMER R 7TRETD. AFRE OLSENe HAROLD w 1IGES AMNA 
WEBERs EUGENE Ww 4CONS AFRA -- OWENS» JAMES P 11IGES AFRA 
WEIDLEINe EDWARD R 7TRETD AFNE PECORA»s WILLIAM T 1IGES AFRA 
WEIHE*+ WERNER K 1DAEC AFRA PHAIRe GEORGE 11GES AFRA 
WEIL *« GEORGE L 4CONS AFRA POMMERe ALFRED M 1ARNI AFRA 
WEIRe CHARLES E 1CNBS AFRA ROMNEYe CARL F 1DFx AFRA 
WEISSe FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA RUBEYe WILLIAM w 8NRNC AFNA 
WEISS* FREEMAN A TRETD AFNE RUBIN» MEYER 1IGES AFRA 
WEISS* RICHARD A 1DARO AFRA SALISBURYe HARRISON B 1 OFX AMNA 
WENSCHe GLEN W 1XAEC AFRA SMITHe PAUL A SRACO AFRA 
WETMOREe ALEXANDER 1XSMI AFRA SPICERe H CECIL 7TRETD AFNE 
WHEELERs WILLIS H 1ARRP AMRA STEWARTe HARRIS B JR 1CESS AFNA 
WHITTENs CHARLES A 1CESS AFRA STIFELe PETER B 2HUMD AMRA 
WIEDEMANN»s HOWARD M 1Sx AFRA STRINGFIELDse VICTOR T 1I1GES AFRA 
WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 1CNBS AFRA THAYERs+e THOMAS P 1IGES AFRA 
WILSONe BRUCE L 1CNBS AFRA TODD + MARGARET R 1IGES AFRA 
WILSONe RAYMOND E BNRNC AFNA TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III 1IGES AFRA 
WINSTONe JAY S 1CESS AFRA TUNELL +» GEORGE 8NRNC AFNA 
WISE+ GILBERT H 1ARFR AMRA WESTe WALTER S 11IGES AMNA 
WOLFF e EDWARD A S5GEON AFRA WITHINGTONe CHARLES F 1I1GES AFRA 
WORKMANe WILLIAM G 4CONS AFRE YODERe HATTEN S JR 3IGEL AFRA 
WRENCHe CONSTANCE P LHNIH AMRA ZEN+e E-AN 1I1GES AFRA 
WRENCHs JOHN w JR 1DNSR AFRA ZIES* EMANUEL G 7TRETD AFRE- 


158 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


21-2N 


2i1 MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE DIST OF COL WHEELERe WILLIS H 1ARRP AMRA 
BERNTON» HARRY S 4PHYS AFRA wOODS+ MARK w LHNIH AFRA 
BROWNe THOMAS M 2HGWU AFRA YOCUMs L EDWIN 7RETD AFNE 
BURKEs FREDERIC G 4PHYS AFRA 
GANT« JAMES Q JR 4PHYS AMRA 2L SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 
HAWTHORNE s EDWARD Ww 2HHOU AFRA BRYANs MILTON M 1AFOR AMRA 
MC CULLOUGHe NORMAN 8B 1HNIH AFRA CHAPLINEs wR 1AFOR AFRE 
RIOCH+ DAVID M 1DAWR  AFRA DETWILER+ SAMUEL B 7TRETD AFRA 
ROSE+ JOHN C 2HGEU AFRA - DHILLONe P S 4CONS AMNA 
TIDBALL+ CHARLES S 2HGWU AFRA FIVAZe ALFRED € 7TRETD AFRE 
WORKMANes WILLIAM G 4CONS AFRE FOWELLSe HARRY A 1ARAO AFRA 

GRAVATT+ G FLIPPO TRETD AFRE 

2J COLUMBIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY HACSKAYLOs EDWARD 1AFOR AFRA 
CARMICHAEL « LEONARD BINGS AFRA HOFFMANs JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA 
GRANTs ULYSSES S II! TRETD AFRA HOFFMANNe CLARENCE H 1ARFR AFRA 

HOPPs HENRY 1Sx AFRA 

2k BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON HUTCHINSe LEE M BNRNC AFNA 
ADAMS CAROLINE L 2HGwWU = AMRA JEMISON+ GEORGE M 1AFOR AFRA 
BAMFORDs RONALD 2@HUMD AFRA KINNEYe JAY P TRETDOD AFNE 
BARSS« HOWARD P TRETO AFNE GITTEEs, ELBERT it. JR 1AFOR AFRA 
BENJAMINe CHESTER R 1ARFR AFRA MORRISSs DONALD J TRETD AFNE 
BORTHWICKs HARRY A TRETD AFRA PARKERs KENNETH W 1AFOR AFRA 
BROWNe EDGAR TRETD AFRE POPENOEs WILSON 7TRETD AFNE 
BROWNe RUSSELL G 2HUMD AFRA ROBERTSON*+ RANDAL M 1 XNSF AFRA 
CASHe EDITH K TRETOD AFRE SANTAMOURs FRANK S JR 1ARFR AFRA 
CHAPLINEs® W R 1AFOR AFRE ST GEORGE+ RAYMOND A 4CONS AFRA 
COOKe HAROLD T 1ARMR AFRA STRINGFIELDe VICTOR T 11GES AFRA 
COOKs ROBERT C SPORB AFRA 
COONSe GEORGE H TRETD AFRE 2M WASHINGTON SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS 
CULL INANe FRANK P TRETO AFRE ABRAHAMs GEORGF 1DNRL AFRA 
DERMENe HAIG TRETD AFRE ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS AFRA 
DETWILER» SAMUEL B TRETD AFRA BELSHEIMs ROBERT O 1ONRL AFRA 
DIEHL s+ WILLIAM w TRETD AFRE BIBERSTEINe FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA 
DRECHSLER»+ CHARLES TRETD AFRA BRAATENe NORMAN F VCESS AFRA 
DUTILLYe ARTHEME 2HCUA AFRA BRANCATOse EL 1DONRL AFRA 
EGOLFe DONALD R 1ARFR AFRA CLALREe« CHARLES N TRETD AFRA 
FARR»se MARIE L 1ARFR AFRA CLEAVERs OSCAR P OCLUN AFRA 
GALLOWAYs+ RAYMOND A 2HUMD AFRA DE VOREe CHARLES 1DNOR AMRA 
GRAVATT+ G FLIPPO TRETD AFRE EDMUNDS+« WADE ™ 31J4BS AMRA 
HACSKAYLO+s EDWARD 1AFOR AFRA GARNERe CLEMENT L ICESS AFRE 
HAMMONDe H DAVID BNRNC AMNA GILLMANe JOSEPH L JR SJOGI AFRA 
HEINZEs« PETER H 1ARMR AFRA KAUFMANe H PAUL TRETD AFNA 
HILDEBRANDs EARL M 1ARFR AMRA MASON» MARTIN A 2HCIT AFRA 
HOCHWALDs FRITZ G 4X AMRA MC KIBBENe EUGENE G T7RETD AFRA 
HUTCHINS+ LEE M 8BNRNC AFNA MEBS~* RUSSELL W 1CNBS AFRA 
JENKINSe ANNA E TRETD AMNE RAPPLEYE« HOWARD S TRETD AFRA 
KRAUSSe ROBERT w 2HUMD AFRA RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA 
KREITLOWe KERMIT wW 1ARFR AFRA SLAWSKYe« MILTON M 10FOS AFRA 
LAMBERTe EDMUND B TRETD AFRE SUTCLIFFE* WALTER D TRETD AFRE 
LE CLERGe ERWIN L 4CONS AFRA SWICKe CLARENCE H TRETDOD AFRA 
LEJINSe PETER P 2HUMD AFRA WEBERe EUGENE wW 4CONS AFRA 
LENTZe PAUL L 1ARFR AFRA 
Bltrees EEBERT t JR 1AFOR AFRA 2N INST ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGRS 
MC CLELLANs WILBUR D 1ARFR AFRA ABRAHAM: GEORGE 1DONRL AFRA 
MC KINNEYe HAROLD H 7RETD AFRE APSTEINe MAURICE 1DAHD AFRA 
MILLER» PAUL R 1ARFR AFRA ARSEMs COLLINS 1DAHD AMRA 
NUTTONSONe M yY 311CE AMRA ASTINe ALLEN V 1CNBS AFRA 
O BRIENe JOHN A 2HCUA AFRA BARBROWe LOUIS E 1CNBS AFRA 
PARKERe KENNETH w 1AFOR AFRA BRADLEYe WILLIAM E 31IDA AMRA 
POPEe MERRITT N TRETD AFNE BROOKSe RICHARD C 1HPHS AMRA 
RANDS+* ROBERT D 7TRETD AFNE CARROLL e+ THOMAS J 2HGwWU AFRA 
REIDe MARY E TRETD AFRE CLEAVER:e OSCAR P OCLUN AFRA 
RODENHISERe HERMAN A TRETD AFNA COSTRELL+ LOUIS 1CNBS AFRA 
RYALL» A LLOYD 1ARMR AFRA CURTIS*« ROGER w 1XGSA AFRA 
SCHULTZ+ EUGENE S TRETD AFRE CUTKOSKY+ ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA 
SHROPSHIRE »s WALTER A 1XSMI AFRA DE VOREe CHARLES 1O0NOR AMRA 
SMITHe NATHAN R TRETD AFNE DINGERe DONALD B 1DAER AFRA 
STEEREs RUSSELL L 1ARFR AFRA DOCTOR+ NORMAN J 1DAHD AFRA 
STERN» WILLIAM L 2HUMD AFRA EDMUNDSe WADE M 3148S AMRA 
STEVENSese RUSSELL B 3INAS AFRA ELBOURNes ROBERT OD 1CNBS AFRA 
STEVENSONs JOHN A 7TRETD AFRE FRANKLINe PHILIP J 1xGSA AFRA 
STEWART+ DEWEY 1ARFR AFRA GRISAMORE+ NELSON T 2HGwU AFRA 
STUART+ NEIL W 1ARFR AFRA GUARINOe P A 1DAHD AFRA 
TAYLORe MARIE C 2HHOU AMRA HALL e« WAYNE C 1ONRL AFRA 
WALKERe EGBERT H TRETD AFRA HAMERe WALTER J 1CNBS AFRA 
WEINTRAUBs ROBERT L 2HGwU AFRA HARRINGTONe MARSHALL C 10FO0S AFRA 
WEISSe FRANCIS J PX AFRA HARRISe« FOREST K 1CNBS AFRA 
WEISS* FREEMAN A TRETD AFNE HERMACHe FRANCIS L 1CNBS AFRA 


SEPTEMBER, 1968. 159 


2N-28 


HICKLEYe THOMAS J 1CESS AFRA BREWER. CARL R 1HNIH AFRA 
HORTONe BILLY M 1DAHD AFRA BUGGS+ CHARLES w 2HHOU AFRA 
JORDAN+s GARY B BNRNC AMNA * BURKEYse LLOYD A BIATC AFRE 
KALMUSe HENRY P 1DAHD AFRA BYRNEe ROBERT J 1HNIH AFRA 
KOHLERe HANS w 1DAHD AFRA COLWELL. RR 2HGEU AFRA 
KOTTERe F RALPH - 1CNBS- AFRA CURRANe HAROLD R 7TRETD AFRE 
KULLBACKe SOLOMON 2HGwU AFRA DAWSON. ROY G 6FAOR AFRA 
LIDDEL + URNER 1XNAS AFRA DEBORD. GEORGE G 7RETD AFNE 
LILLY*® JOHN C 8SNRNC AFNA DOETSCH*e RAYMOND N 2HUMD AFRA 
MARTONe L 1CNBS AFRA EDDY+ BERNICE E 1HNIH AFRA 
MAYERe CORNELL H 1DNRL AFRA FUSILLO« MATTHEW H 1XVET AMRA 
MC CLAINe EDWARD F JR 1DNRL AFRA GORDONe FRANCIS B 1DNMS AFRA 
PAGE+ CHESTER H 1CNBS AFRA GORDONe RUTH E 8BNRNC AFNA 
PAGE+ ROBERT M 4CONS AFNA HAMPP+ EDWARD G 1HNIH AFRA 
PARK+ J HOWARD 4x AFNA HETRICKe FRANK 2HUMD AMRA 
PHILLIPSe MARCELLA L 4CONS AFRA HIATTe CASPAR w BNRNC AFNA 
RABINOWe JACOB 5CODC AFRA : HILDEBRANDs EARL M 1ARFR AMRA 
ROTKINe ISRAEL 1DAHD AFRA HOLLINSHEADs ARIEL C 2HGwU AFRA 
SALISBURY+ LLOYD L 1DAWR AMRA HUGHe RUDOLPH 2HGwU AFRA 
SCHOOLEYs+ ALLEN H 1DNRL AFRA KENNEDY: E R 2HCUA AFRA 
SCHWERDTFEGERe wM J 1CNBS = AFRA LAMANNAe CARL 1DARO AFRA 
SCOTT+ ARNOLD H TRETD AFNE LEY. HERBERT L JR 1HFDA AFRA 
SHAPIRO+e GUSTAVE 1CNBS AFRA MC CULLOUGHe NORMAN B LHNIH AFRA 
SHERLINe GROVER C , ICNBS AMRL MC KINNEYs* HAROLD H TRETD AFRE 
SMITHe BLANCHARD D SAPSY AFRA MORRISe JA 1HNIH AMRA 
SMITHe PAUL L 1DNRL AFRA NOYESe HOWARD E 8NRNC AFNA 
SMITHe SIDNEY T 1DNRL AFRA O HERNe ELIZABETH M 1HNIH AMRA 
SOMMERs HELMUT 1DAHD AFRA OSWALD» ELIZABETH J 1HFDA AFRA 
SORROWS* HOWARD £ 1CNBS AFRA PARLETTe ROBERT C 2HGWU AFRA 
STEIN+* ANTHONY C JR 2HNVC AMRA PARRe LELAND Ww 7RETD AFRE 
VIGUE*® KENNETH J SITTC AMRA PELCZAR« MICHAEL J UR 2HUMD AFRA 
WEBER+ ROBERT S 1ONFE AMRA PITTMANe MARGARET 1HNIH AFRA 
WEIHEs® WERNER K 1DAEC AFRA REYNOLDS+ HOWARD 1ARNI AFRA 
WEISSe RICHARD A 1DARO AFRA ROBBINSe MARY L 2HGWU AFRA 
WOLFFe EDWARD A SGEON AFRA ROGERSe« LORE A 7TRETD AFNE 
YAPLEEe BENJAMIN S 1ONRL AFRA SHANAHANe ARTHUR J 1ARFER AFRA 
SLOCUMe GLENN G 7RETD AFRE 
20 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECH ENGINEERS SMITHe NATHAN R TRETD AFNE 
ALLENe WILLIAM G 1CMAA  AFRA SULZBACHER+s WILLIAM L 1ARNI AFRA 
BEANe HOWARD S 4CONS AFRA ; WARDe THOMAS G SMIAS AFRA 
BELSHEIMe ROBERT O 1DNRL AFRA WEINTRAUBs ROBERT L 2HGWU AFRA 
BUTLERe FRANCIS E 1DNOL AMRA WEISSe EMILIO 1DNMR AFRA 
DAVIS*e STEPHEN S 2AHOU AMRA WEISSe FRANCIS JV LSE AFRA 
DAWSONes VICTOR C D 1DNOL AFRA WEISSe FREEMAN A 7RETD AFNE 
FULLMERe IRVIN H 7RETD AFRA : 
GILLMANe JOSEPH L JR SJOGI AFRA 2R SOCIETY OF AMER MILITARY ENGINEERS 
LEVYs SAMUEL 8BNRNC AFNA AMIRIKIANs ARSHAM 10NFE AFRA 
MASONe HENRY L 1CNBS AFRA : BRAATENe NORMAN F 1CESS AFRA 
MASONe MARTIN A 2HCIT AFRA CLEAVER+ OSCAR P S9CLUN AFRA 
OSGOOD>s wILLIAM R 2HCUA AFRA DEMUTHe HAL P STELE AFRA 
PELL+« WILLIAM H 1XNSF AFRA GARNERe CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE 
RAMBERGe WALTER 1Sx AFNA GRANTe ULYSSES S III 7TRETD AFRA 
RIVELLO+e ROBERT M 2HUMD AFRA HASKINSe CARYL P 3ICIW AFRA 
STIEHLER+ ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA MC CABEe LOUIS C SENDE AFRA 
MEADEs BUFORD K 1CESS AFRA 
2P HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASH RAPPLEYEs HOWARD S 7RETD AFRA 
ANDREWS* JOHN S 1ARFR AFRA - RICE+ DONALD A 1CESS AFRA 
DOSS* MILDRED A 2HUMD AFRA : ROBERTS+ ELLIOTT B 4x AFRE 
DURBIN» CHARLES G 1HFDA AFRA RODRIGUEZ RAUL 1DAER AFRA 
FARR» MARION M ; 2@HUMD- AFRA SCHMID» HELLMUT H 1CESS AFRA 
FOSTERe AUREL O 1ARFR AFRA SHALOWITZe AARON L 7RETD AFRE 
HERMANe CARLTON M 1IFWS AFRA SIMMONS+ LANSING G SGEON AFRA 
HUNTER» GEORGE w III 7RETD AFNE SUTCLIFFEe WALTER D 7RETD AFRE 
MC INTOSHe ALLEN 2HUMD AFRA WEBER» EUGENE w 4CONS AFRA 
MOLLARI« MARIO TRETD AFRE WEBER+ ROBERT S 1DNFE AMRA 
MORRISe J A . LHNIH AMRA 
RAUSCHe ROBERT 1HPHS AFNA 2S AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 
TAYLORe ALBERT L 1ARFR- AFNA AMIRIKIAN* ARSHAM 1ONFE AFRA 
TRAUBs ROBERT 2HUMD AFRA BIBERSTEINe FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA 
TROMBAs FRANCIS G 1ARFR AFRA CALDWELL» JOSEPH M 1DACE AFRE 
TURNER» JAMES H LHNIH AFRA GARNERe CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE 
VON BRAND+ THEODOR C 1HNIH AFRA GRANTs ULYSSES S III 7TRETD  AFRA 
KOHLER+e MAX A 1CESS AFRA 
2Q AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY LEOPOLDe LUNA B 1IGES AFNA 
ABELSONe PHILIP H 3IGEL AFRA MASONe MARTIN A 2HCIT AFRA 
AFFRONTI+ LEWIS 2HGwWU AMRA MORAN+« FREDERICK A 1XMDG AMRA | 
ALEXANDER» AARON D 1DAWR AFRA PARSONS+ DOUGLAS E& 7TRETDO AFNE 
BOZEMANe F MARILYN 1DAwR AFRA RAPPLEYEe HOWARD S 7TRETO AFRA 


160 JOURNAL-OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


28-2W 


ROBERTSe ELLIOTT B 4x AFRE TRUEBLOODs EMILY E& lHNIH AFRA 
SAVILLE*« THORNDIKE JR 1DACE AFRA VON BRANDs THEODOR Cc IHNIH AFRA 
SIMMONSe LANSING G SGEON AFRA WARDs THOMAS G 5SMIAS AFRA 
SMITHe PAUL A SRACO AFRA WEISS+« EMILIO 1DNMR AFRA 
WALTHERse CARL H . 2HGwWU AFRA WOMACK +s MADELYN 1ARNI AFRA 
WEBERe EUGENE w 4CONS AFRA WOODSs MARK w LHNIH AFRA 
oor SOC EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2U AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS 

AFFRONTI+ LEWIS 2HGwU AMRA ACHTERse MEYER R 1ONRL AFRA 
ALEXANDER»s AARON D 1DAWR AFRA BEACHEMs CEDRIC D 8BNRNC AFNA 
ALLANe FRANK D 2HGwWU AMRA BENNETT+ JOHN A 1CNBS AFRA 
BARTONE+ JOHN C 2HHOU AMRA BENNETT+« LAWRENCE H 1CNBS AFRA 
BERLINER* ROBERT W LHNIA AFRA BLUMe WILLIAM 4CONS AFRE 
BEROZA+ MORTON S 1ARFR AFRA BROWNe BF 1ONRL AFRA 
BOZEMANe F MARILYN 1DAWR AFRA BURNETT+ HARRY C 1CNBS AFRA 
BRODIEs« BERNARD B 1HNIH AFRA CARL STONe RICHARD C 1ONX AFNA 
BUGGSe CHARLES w 2HHOU AFRA CAUL + HAROLD JU 1CNBS AFRA 
BYERLYe THEODORE C 1ACSR AFRA CHAPINe EDWARD J 1ONRL AFRA 
CARMICHAEL + LEONARD 3INGS AFRA CUTHILLs JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA 
CHALKLEYs HAROLD w 7TRETD AFRE DAWSONe VICTOR C D 1ONOL AFRA 
COULSONe E JACK 1ARNI AFRA DIGGES*e THOMAS G 7TRETD AFRE 
DAVIS» RF 2HUMD AFRA ELLINGERs+ GEORGE A 7RETD AFRA 
DOFT« FLOYD S TRETD AFRE FLINTe EINAR P 1I6MI AFRA 
DUPONTe JEAN R 8BNRNC AFNA GEIL«+ GLENN w 1CNBS AFRA 
DURYe« ABRAHAM LHNIH AFRA GILLMANe JOSEPH L UR 5JOGI AFRA 
EDDY+ BERNICE E€ 1LHNIA AFRA GLICKSMANe MARTIN E 1ONRL AFRA 
EDDY+ NATHAN 8B 4CONS AFRA GOODE+ ROBERT J 1ONRL AFRA 
ELLISe NED R 7TRETO AFRE HERSCHMAN+ HARRY K 1CBDS AFRA 
ENDICOTTs« KENNETH M 1HNIH AFRA HOLSHOUSERe WILLIAM L 1XTRA AFRA 
FOXs M R SPIVEY 1HFDA AFRA : JENKINSs WILLIAM D 1CNBS AMRA 
FRAPS+e RICHARD M 1ARFR AFRA LOGANs HUGH L 4CONS AFRA 
FREEMANe MONROE E& 1XSMI1 AFRA LORINGs BLAKE M 4CONS AFRA 
FRIEDMANe LEO 8BNRNC AFNA MANNINGe JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA 
GORDONe FRANCIS B 10NMS' AFRA MEBSe RUSSELL w ; 1CNBS AFRA 
GORDON+ NATHAN 1DAX  AFRA MEYERSONs MELVIN R 1CNBS AFRA 
GRAYs« IRVING ; 2HGEU AFRA MICHAELIS*+ ROBERT E 1CNBS AFRA 
HALSTEADs+ BRUCE w 8NRNC AFNA MOORE* GEORGE A 1CN3S AFRA 
HAWTHORNE» EDWARD w 2HHOU AFRA PASSAGLIAe ELIO 1CNS3S AFRA 
HAZLETONe LLOYD w SHALA AFRA PELLINI« WILLIAM S 1DONRL AFRA 
HESSe WALTER C S9CLUN AFRE PITTS« JOSEPH w 1CNBS AFRA 
HOLLINSHEAD+ ARIEL C 2HGWU AFRA REINHARTs+ FRED M 1DNCE AFNA 
HOWE e PAUL E 4CONS AFRA RINEHART+ JOHN S 1CESS AFNA 
JAYs« GEORGE E JR LHNIH AFRA SANDOZe GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA 
JUHN« MARY T7TRETD AFRA STAUSS« HENRY E 1XNAS AFRA 
KNOBLOCKe EDWARD C 1DAwR AFRA SEE Cee Teen DEE Ee 1ONRL AFRA 
KNOWLTONe KATHRYN 7TRETD AFRA SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 1CNBS AFRA 
KOPPANYI+« THEODORE 2HGEU AFRA 4 VACHERs HERBERT C TRETO AFRE 
LAMANNAe CARL 1DARO AFRA WEINBERGe HAROLD P SVAEN AFRA 
MANDEL » H GEORGE 2HGwWU AFRA WENSCHe GLEN W 1XAEC AFRA 
MAENGWYN—-DAVIES+s G D 2HGEU AFRA WYMANe LEROY L 4CONS AFRA 
MC CLUREs FRANK J 7TRETD AFRA 

MILLARs DAVID B 1DONMR AFRA 2Vv INTERNAT ASSN FOR DENTAL RESEARCH 
NICODEMUSs+ ROBERT B 2SMOC AMRA BRAVUER+ GERHARD M 1CNBS AFRA 
NOYES+« HOWARD £ 8BNRNC AFNA BROWNe WALTER E 1CNBS AFRA 
PALLOTTAs ARTHUR J SBIRE AMRA . CAULe HAROLD J 1CNBS AFRA 
PARRe LELAND w TRETO AFRE DICKSONe GEORGE 1CNBS AFRA 
PATTERSONe WILBUR I! 1ARNI AFRA FORZIATI*s+ ALPHONSE F lIwPc AFRA 
PITTMANe MARGARET LHNIH AFRA GRIFFITHS*+ NORMAN H C 2HHOU AFRA 
POMMER,», ALFRED M 1ARNI AFRA HAMPP+ EDWARD G 1HNIH AFRA 
RALL*+ DAVID P 1HNIH AFRA HANSENe LOUIS S BNRNC AFNA 
REID+ MARY E T7RETD AFRE HESSe WALTER C OCLUN AFRE 
RICEe FREDERICK AH 2HAMU AFRA MC CLUREe FRANK J TRETO AFRA 
ROBBINS« MARY L 2HGWU AFRA PAFFENBARGERe GEORGE C 1CNBS AFRA 
ROSE + JOHN C 2HGEU AFRA SCHOONOVERe IRL C 1CNBS AFRA 
SCHOENINGe HARRY wW 7TRETD AFRA SCOTTe DAVID B BNRNC AFNA 
SHANNONes JAMES A 1HNIH AFRA STEPHANs ROBERT M LHNIH AFRA 
SHAWe JOSEPH C 8NRNC AFNA SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 1CNBS AFRA 
SMITHs FALCONER 2HAMU AFRA 

SMITHse WILLIE w LHNIH AFRA 2w AMER INST AERONAUTICS+ASTRONAUTICS 
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STEWARTs SARAH E l1HNIH AFRA GIBSONe RALPH E 3IAPL AFRA 
SUMMERSONs WILLIAM H 1HFDA AFRA HARRINGTONs MARSHALL C 10FOS AFRA 
TREADWELL» CARLETON R 2HGwWU AFRA HILL « FREEMAN K 3SIAPL AFRA 


SEPTEMBER, 1968 | 161 


2W-3D 


KLEBANOFFe P 
KURZWEGe HER 
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LIODDELe URNE 
OSMUNe JAMES 
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RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 


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SCHUBAUERs G 
SLAWSKYs MIL 
SMITHe PAUL 
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2x AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 


ABBOTe CHARL 
BARGER» GERA 
CRESSMANe GE 
CRYe GEORGE 

FRENKIELe FR 
HASELTINEs N 
HUBERT.» LEST 
JACOBSs WOOD 
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LANDSBERGe H 
LISTe ROBERT 
MAC DONALD es 

MACHTAs LEST 
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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


RICHMOND+ JOSEPH C 
SMITHs PAUL L 


WACHTMAN+ JOHN B JR 


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SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 


BATES+ ROGER G 
BLOOMe MORTIMER C 
BLUMe WILLIAM 
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BRENNER+ ABNER 
BROWNs BF 
CARLSTONe RICHARD C 
COHN+ ERNST M 
FORZIATI+« ALPHONSE F 
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HAMER+ WALTER J 
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SCHULMANe JAMES H 
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BEDINI+ SILVIO A 
DETWILERe SAMUEL B 
EISENHARTs« CHURCHILL 
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FARRE+s GEORGE L 
GALVINe CYRIL J JR 
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JENKINS« ANNA E 
LEIKINDs MORRIS C 
N=EPOMUCENEe SR ST JOHN 
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PERROS+ THEODORE P 
SCHUBERTs LEO 
SEEGERe RAYMOND J 
STERN» KURT H 
WARINGe JOHN A 


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ABRAHAMs GEORGE 
ASTINe ALLEN V 
BRANSONs« HERMAN 
CARROLL» THOMAS J 
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HALL» WAYNE C 
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LASTERs HOWARD J 
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OBOURN.+ ELLSWORTH S 
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SLAWSKY« MILTON M 
SNAVELYs BENJAMIN L 
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VIGUE*s KENNETH J 
WATSON+s BERNARD 8B 
WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 


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ABBOT+ CHARLES G 
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SEPTEMBER, 1968 


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164 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON A 


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i Delagatee continue in office until new selections are made by the rote weit i 


Volume 58 SEPTEMBER 1968 
CONTENTS 
1968 Directory 
General Informatiton ss... «dicsipfaes hrs cook ganar ah ia 
Alphabetical List of Members .........0000....:001:1.y ses vesnsssssvssoisercnmanecen 7 


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Classification by Place of Employment es 


Classification by Membership in Affiliated Societies 


Washington Academy of Sciences 

Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) a 
Washington, D. C. 20014 Washingt 
Return Requested with Form 3579 ‘on 


VOLUME 58 NUMBER 7 


Journal of the 
WASHINGTON 
ACADEMY OF 
SCIENCES 


OCTOBER 1968 


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Engineering Geology—lIts Role 
In the Development and Planning 
Of the Washington Metro* 


Larry H. Heflin 


Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Washington, D.C. 


The Washington Metropolitan Area is 
the fastest growing region of over two 
million population in the United States. 
With few exceptions it is one of the 
largest cities in the United States without 
a system of rapid rail transit. Congress 
provided for creation in 1960 of the Na- 
tional Capital Transportation Agency, 
forerunner to the present interstate Wash- 
ington Metropolitan Area Transit Author- 
ity. This agency, charged with develop- 
ment and construction of a rapid rail 
transit system for the nation’s capital, 
dealt with many pitfalls, real and 
imagined, in developing a design for the 
Metro. One of the most often cited ob- 
stacles against construction of a subway 
was the rumored “bad ground”, the er- 
ratic water courses, and the unquestioned 
varying geology of the Washington area. 


Within the limits of the city of Wash- 
ington are found two distinct physio- 
graphic provinces which embrace, within 
their parts, a need for the entire gamut of 
construction techniques and the resulting 
demand for a wide range of information 
on the physical characteristics of the ma- 
terials encountered. The Piedmont prov- 
ince consists of metamorphic rocks cov- 
ered, to the east, by the unconsolidated 


* An address before the Association of Engi- 
neering Geologists on September 15, 1967. Mr. 
Heflin is currently chairman of the Association’s 
Baltimore-Washington Section. 


OCTOBER, 1968 


sediments of the Coastal Plain province. 
(For a more detailed description of gen- 
eral Washington geology, see Withington, 
J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 56, 1967.) The point 
of contact is the fall line, originally de- 
fined by joining points where rivers or 
streams grade from the more resistant 
Piedmont rocks to the softer sediments of 
the Coastal Plain. At this point falls or 
rapids are developed. The contact be- 
tween the two rock types dips southeast- 
ward at 60 to 125 feet per mile. Hence, 
the same rocks seen at Rock Creek are 
buried some 300 feet below sea _ level 
beneath the Capitol. For engineering pur- 
poses the intersection of the transit profile 
with this contact becomes, within wide 
limits, the dividing line between rock tun- 
nel construction and earth tunneling or 
cut and cover methods where a subsurface 
route is called for. The line thus defined 
intersects the basic transit system at three 
points: near Blair Park, between Lafay- 
ette Park and Farragut Square, and just 
south of the Pentagon. 


Subsurface profiles along the lines of 
the studied routes have been plotted by 
grouping the materials into broad geo- 
logic categories and _ subdividing this 
grouping according to the physical prop- 
erties of the materials encountered. Five 
major categories of materials have thus 
been segregated: bedrock, Cretaceous sedi- 
ments, Pleistocene terrace deposits, recent 
river alluvium, and “drainage channels 


165 


Spring 


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Van Ness e 


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Porter 
= Michigan Ave. |_| 
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Conn. at 
Woodley \\ 
Rhode Island 


Ave. ay 


Dupont 
Circle { ) 


AW 5 : 
ROS a, Union 
PLR. } Station Benning at 
Oklahoma 
Mo a. 


2th at 
ndependence 


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Conn. at K 


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Kenilworth 


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2th at Pa. 


Pentagon 


Pentagon ( 
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AUTHORIZED BASIC SYSTEM 
RAPID RAIL TRANSIT 


166 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


and (man-made) fills.” 


Bedrock 


Bedrock consists, along the routes 
studied, of crystalline metamorphic schists 
and gneiss of Precambrian age. The main 
rock types encountered are mapped under 
the broad categories of schistose gneiss, 
chlorite schists, and quartz-diorite gneiss. 


The schistose gneiss unit, as broadly 
identified, includes complex interfinger- 
ings of varying amounts of quartz-horn- 
blende gneiss, and quartz-biotite gneiss. 
The relationship between these rock types 
cannot be seen in the individual widely 
spaced boreholes but by the use of closely 
spaced cores, the borehole camera, and 
in situ physical testing with the Menard 
Pressuremeter, a closer correlation of 
these rock types can be determined in 
station areas. For design purposes this 
broad category of schistose gneiss appears 
sufficient. An increase in the percentage 
of hornblende-gneiss apparently correlates 
with a decrease in the modulus of elas- 
ticity and compressive strength whereas 
an increase in quartz content generally 
tends to raise these values. The schistose 
gneiss is the broadly mapped bedrock 
from Klingle Valley on Connecticut Ave- 
nue southward and is of primary design 
interest along the Connecticut Avenue 
route and the Pentagon route. The latter 
includes the river crossing just north of 
Roosevelt Island. 


The chlorite schist unit, corresponding 
to the soapstone mapped by others from 
outcrops west of the fall line, is mapped 
primarily at the transit crossing of Rock 
Creek Park. A zone of chlorite schist oc- 
curs in the running tunnel section extend- 
ing northward from here through the 
Woodley Road Station location. The oc- 
currence of talc and joint planes fre- 
quently altered to clay makes the chlorite 
schist the least desirable of the bedrock 
units from a structural standpoint. 


The quartz-diorite gneiss unit is the 
most structurally favorable bedrock en- 
countered and has, in general, the least 


OcTOBER, 1968 


support requirement. This material is 
found north of Klingle Creek and con- 
tinues, with intermixings of  schistose 
gneiss, to the northern terminus of the 
basic system near Van Ness Street. Often 
described as “granite gneiss”, “biotite 
granite”, or in older literature, as “bas- 
tard granite”, this material is broadly 
banded with a makeup of 80 to 90% 
quartz and feldspar. 


Saprolite is encountered in remnants 
over 60 feet thick northwest of the fall 
line. East of the fall line erosion has re- 
moved much of this material, leaving an 
average thickness of about 5 feet. This 
material, the decomposed remnants of the 
underlying bedrock, has been treated as a 
soil for testing purposes. The standard 
penetration resistance of the saprolite 
ranges from a low of 4 or 5 blows per 
foot in shallow, highly weathered areas to 
a range of 50 to 100 blows per foot in the 
deeper, less altered sections. The material 
corresponds to a sandy loam where en- 
countered over the diorite gneiss, and de- 
creases in sandiness over the chlorite 
schist and schistone gneiss bedrocks. In- 
crease in natural moisture content cor- 
responds to a decrease in strength. In 
the higher, more deeply weathered areas 
west of the fall line, the transition from 
saprolite to bedrock is transitional; the 
contact becomes sharper and more easily 
defined east of the fall line. 


Cretaceous Sediments 


Cretaceous sediments overlie weathered 
bedrock throughout most of downtown 
Washington. Mapped predominantly as 
the Potomac Formation, these sediments 
dip gently southeastward and range from 
weathered softened clayey materials along 
the northern portions of the B&O-C&O 
tracks to very firm materials sampled 
only with difficulty in most of the down- 
town area. Underpinning piling with a 
general working load capacity in the 
range of 60 to 80 tons may be carried to 
the Cretaceous where required in _ the 
downtown area, and where the depth to 


167 


ADOPTED REGIONAL 


SYSTEM 


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crystalline bedrock is too great. Along 
the “G” Street portion of the line, the 
elevation of the top of the Potomac 
Formation is generally near elevation 


30: 


Pleistocene Terrace Deposits 


Pleistocene terrace deposits overlie the 
cretaceous as a complexly interlayered se- 
ries of lenses of gravel, sand, silt, and 
clay mixtures. It is these materials which 


168 


Doe amma e KING uf 


Saul NGTON 


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are of primary concern in the open cut 
and cover and earth-tunnel construction 
methods proposed for the downtown sec- 
tions of the subway. Many of the clays 
encountered have been stiffened by des- 
iccation to as much as 40 feet below sea 
level, giving them a prestress of nearly 
one ton per square foot. The swelling 
index of some of the clay layers has been 
computed as 0.015, which can, where 
these clays are thickest, produce a swell 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


and subsidence of between one and two 
inches during construction. Draw-down of 
groundwater levels will, in the down- 
town area, be no greater than dewatering 
which has already taken place for previ- 
ous excavations for structures near the 
proposed lines. Previous dewatering by 
others for these excavations has resulted 
in no evidence of detrimental settlements. 


River Alluvium 


Recent deposits of river alluvium have 
been encountered only near and beneath 
much of the Potomac in the exploration 
of the route leading to the Pentagon. 
These deposits are generally the weakest 
structurally of the in sitw sediments tested. 
Two time divisions of deposition appear: 
an older organic sand with a standard 
penetration resistance of about 15 blows 
per foot and a younger silty to sandy 
clay with lenses of peat with an average 
blow count of about 5 per foot. The al- 
luvium overlies the schistose gneiss where 
the river bed has not been scoured clean; 
it also fills stream channels that enter the 
Potomac from the southwest. Tests show 
the upper alluvium has been pre-consol- 
idated by drying which occurred at some 
time of lower sea level, probably during 
the last glacial period some 10,000 years 
ago. 

Artificial Fill 

Filling and grading of irregular top- 
ography has been extensive in Washington. 
Reference to old maps shows extensive fill- 
ing operations along almost all points of 
the waterfront, resulting in much man- 
made land, including East Potomac Park, 
the National Airport area, and much of 
the Navy Yard and Southwest Mall area. 
The Mall area was largely a low-land 
swamp at the time of the settlement of 
Washington’s predecessor towns: George- 
town, just upstream of Rock Creek; 
Hamburgh, in the Foggy Bottom area 
near George Washington University and 
the State Department; and Carrollsburg, 
bordering the Anacostia River (then the 
Eastern Branch) near the present Buz- 


OCTOBER, 1968 


zards Point. The watergate was the mouth 
of Goose (or Tyber) Creek fed in turn 
by the drainage of Goose Creek (approxi- 
mately paralleling Delaware Avenue 
north, and about a block to its west) and 
St. James Creek (approximately parallel- 
ing Delaware Avenue south, and about a 
block to its east). The topography in this 
area was dominated by Jenkins Hill, made 
up of materials from the 90-foot terrace 
to the east and the 50-foot terrace to 
the west of what is now the west front 
of the Capitol. United States Coast and 
Geodetic Survey maps dated 1893 were 
used to plot the original rolling topog- 
raphy of the route of Connecticut Avenue. 
Dramatic changes to this area have oc- 
curred as a result of grading. Several 
cuts of over 40 feet have removed hills 
and provided fills of nearly equal depth. 
Undisturbed samples of saprolite used as 
fill frequently show the original struc- 
ture disoriented but undisturbed, and test- 
ing proves the material’s retention of a 
natural pre-consolidation found in the in- 
situ material. 


The Connecticut Avenue route, between 
De Sales and L Streets, crosses the rem- 
nants of a Pleistocene lowland called 
Walker Swamp, as well as the drainage 
channel of Slash Run, a historical stream 
that drained westward to Rock Creek and 
was later covered with nearly 15 feet of 
fill. The 1791 topographic map of Lau- 
rence LaFarge was used in establishing 
the original ground contours here. The 
soft organic Pleistocene clays of Walker 
Swamp, which contain the well known 
cypress stumps, will provide no especial 
engineering problems to the open cut 
construction proposed for this section. 
(For more detailed information on the 
Walker Swamp, see Knox, J. Wash. Acad. 
Sct. 56, 1966) 


Groundwater 


Close observations have been made on 
wells maintained along the proposed lines 
of the basic system since 1966, a period 
covering the exceptionally dry period of 


169 


August 1966 and near normal rainfall con- 
ditions in the following year. The maxi- 
mum range between the observed ground- 
water record high and record low was 16 
feet, although the typical yearly varia- 
tion is expected to be about 5 feet. As 
might be expected, permeability generally 
decreases with depth and increasing age of 
the deposits, ranging from a low perme- 
ability coefficient for bedrock, which has 
a median of 4 x 10~*fpm. Major ground- 
water problems are not expected to occur 
during construction, and the pumping 
rate for open excavations will not be ex- 
cessive. Extensive pumping tests have been 
run in Lafayette Square, N. W.; near the 
intersection of Canal and D Streets, S. W.; 
and New York Avenue and 12th Streets, 
N. W. The Lafayette Square pit involved 
excavation of a 66-foot deep shaft through 
the Pleistocene deposits to weathered 
bedrock and steady pumping for 30 days. 
Average water flow measured during a 
10-day stabilized period in the Layfayette 
pit was only 4.6 gpm while incurring only 
small measurable drawdowns. 


Both soil and water were analyzed in 
a corrosion testing program instituted to 
permit the evaluation of potential cor- 
rosion tendencies on underground siruc- 
tures associated with the subway system. 
Soils proved to be generally acidic with 
a pH ranging from 5.0 to 6.1. Average 
percentage of total chlorides as NaCl was 
0.031 and of sulfates as SO, was 0.004. 
The average resistivity of soils was about 
8,000 ohms/cm? varying as the inverse of 
the plasticity index and with increasing 
grain size of the material sampled. Gen- 
eral values of resistivity of the recent de- 
posits ranged from an average of 14,330 
ohm/cm? for gravelly sands to 7,950 
ohms/cm? for silty clays, and 4,940 
ohm/cm? for clays. Organic Pleistocene 
clays averaged 5,720 ohms/cm?. Water 
corrosion test data are generally con- 
sistent although an expected variation 
was found in samples taken from filled 
areas. Bicarbonates provide a mild alkalin- 
ity, in the range of 7.3 to 7.9, in sam- 


170 


ples from the soils and bedrock. A more 
pronounced alkalinity, from both car- 
bonates and_ bicarbonates, occurs in 
filled areas. Chloride and sulfate con- 
tents were found to decrease with the in- 
creasing age of the overburdened de- 
posits. The topmost fill deposits showed 
respective values of 89 and 178 ppm. The 
average for recent deposits was between 
40 and 69 ppm, and for Pleistocene de- 
posits 25 and 32 ppm. Water samples 
analyzed from saprolite and_ bedrock, 
however, average 75 ppm chloride and 67 
ppm sulfate. 
Conclusions 


The subsurface investigation for the 25- 
mile basic system will, upon its comple- 
tion, have included the drilling of over 
600 borings and the retention of over 15 
tons of rock and soil samples for inspec- 
tion by section designers, prospective bid- 
ders, and contractors. Some 25 geological 
reports have provided the source of the 
conclusions cited herein. These reports 
have been completed by the Authority’s 
General Soils Consultant, Mueser, Rut- 
ledge, Wentworth & Johnston of New 
York City, for the National Capital Trans- 
portation Agericy and the Washington 
Metropolitan Area ‘Transit Authority. 
Final reports for. each of the four routes 
of the authorized basic system are also 
being prepared. 

The type of construction required and 
the variety of subsurface materials to be 
dealt with have posed a challenge in de- 
sign and construction techniques and will 
provide an excellent opportunity to eval- 
uate and compare alternative construc- 
tion methods, especially in tunnel driving 
techniques. Aesthetic and economic con- 
siderations have led to the decision to 
put some 14 miles of the basic system in 
subway, 2 miles as aerial construction and 
9 miles as surface construction. 

Investigations have already begun on a 
97.2-mile adopted regional system. First 
rapid rail transit service is scheduled for 
1972, with completion of the basic system 
in 1974, and the regional system in 1980. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Flight from Paris* 


Ernst M. Cohn 


National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C. 


Astronomically, the Franco-German 
War** was poorly timed, in view of the 
fact that it included December 22, 1870. 
On that day, an eclipse of the sun was to 
be visible in Algeria. The war would have 
been of small consequence to astronomers 
if France had been winning. But the Ger- 
man confederation kept advancing almost 
from the very start (July 19), so that 
several armies had surrounded Paris and 
cut it off from free France and the rest of 
the world by September 19; until its sur- 
render on January 28, 1871, the only reg- 
ular, non-diplomatic | communications 
were via the world’s first airlift—by bal- 
loon out of, and by homing pigeons into, 
the capital of France. 


For a while it looked as though astron- 
omer Jules Janssen would not be able to 
leave in time for observing the eclipse. 
That is why his British colleagues had 
petitioned Prussia for a safe-conduct pass, 
to let Janssen and his equipment go 
through the investment lines. Chancellor 
Bismarck had notified U.S. Ambassador 
Washburne that the request was approved 
and had asked him to inform the Paris 
government of this fact. But Janssen re- 
fused the offer, not wanting to accept 


* A sequel to Mr. Cohn’s article, “First Portable 
and First Airborne Electric System,” that ap- 
peared in the May 1968 Journal. Curiously, the 
hero of the present story, Jules Janssen, appears 
to be the same astronomer who is discussed in 
Thomas E. Margrave’s paper, “Review of Early 
Photographic Observations of Solar Granulation,” 
in the April 1968 issue of the Journal. 

** Often called the Franco-Prussian War, de- 
clared by Emperor Louis Napoleon on July 19, 
1870, against King Wilhelm of Prussia; ended by 
treaty signed on May 10, 1871, between the 
German Empire and the French Republic. 


OCTOBER, 1968 


any favors from the enemy. Instead, he 
proposed departing by balloon. The Acad- 
emy of Sciences and the Bureau of Longi- 
tudes supported his plan; and the Minis- 
try of Public Instruction donated a bal- 
loon for this sole purpose. 


Paris had long since run out of old silk 
balloons. Two private companies were 
chartered in September to mass-produce 
new cotton ones. Most of the gas bags, 
varnished with linseed oil, held 70,000 
cubic feet of coal gas, enough to lift a 
one-ton payload. The wicker baskets, 4x4 
feet in area and 3 feet high, held two 
benches and were considered ample for 
four aeronauts. Both factories were lo- 
cated in temporarily useless railway ter- 
minals, where the new pilots received 
their training, too. Thirty of the 66 airlift 
pilots were sailors, because - sailing 
through the air was considered to be com- 
parable to sailing the seas. 


Janssen’s balloon, the “Volta,” was 
piloted by a sailor named Chapelain, 
from the ship ‘“Zénobie.” The balloon, 
manufactured under the direction of the 
Godard family of professional balloon- 
ists at the Gare d’Orléans (now called 
Gare dAusterlitz), cost about 4,000 
francs ($800), including the pilot’s fee 
of 300 francs. The fee was reduced to 200 
francs during the siege, but the exact date 
seems not to be known anymore. The 
weight of the “Volta,” translated into 
pounds, was 


Balloon with accessories .............. 1144 lbs. 
Astronomical instruments ................. 352 
Janssen and Chapelain ................ 330 
Sand-bag ballast ...... valet 1254 
a eee eee 3080 lbs. 
171 


Though it had been hastily constructed 
in 12 days or less, there being a penalty 
of 50 francs per day for any delay, this 
aérostat had proven itself airworthy by 
not losing any large amounts of gas dur- 
ing several days of inflation before de- 
parture. It was equipped with an equa- 
torial parachute, a Godard invention, con- 
sisting of a 3-foot wide strip of material. 
One edge was fastened around the equator 
of the gas bag, the other to the ropes of 
the net. It was supposed to slow down 
the descent. 

To minimize the weight, Janssen took 
along only the most important portions of 
three telescopes, spectroscopes, polarim- 
eters, barometers, etc., and planned on 
buying the remainder at a large town on 
the way. Interchangeable duplicate parts 
were also packed in case of breakage 
upon landing. Each of the 4 heavy wooden 
cases contained instruments and _ spare 
parts, all separately packaged in tightly 
wadded, shredded paper. The boxes, held 
together by screws, strapped with iron 
tapes, and externally padded, were ar- 
ranged around the basket and mounted 
just above the floor to avoid shocks. 

Janssen and Chapelain left Paris on 
December 2 in the 36th manned siege bal- 
loon, without the usual mail bags and 
cages of homing pigeons that were car- 
ried by most of the government-chartered 
balloons. Because the Germans had cap- 
tured the crews of three balloons and 
threatened to court-martial aerial P.W.’s 
as spies and line-crossers, Paris had de- 
cided to shift from publicized day to se- 
cret night starts. But the poor experience 
of several of these night flights that al- 
most ended in the Channel and the North 
Sea (the loss of one balloon off Lizard 
Point was not yet known) had finally 
convinced the authorities to shift the de- 
parture time to the early morning hours. 

Released at 6 a.m., the “‘Volta” was im- 
mediately lightened by four sand _ bags, 
about 100 pounds, and rose to 3000 feet. 
The lights and fires of Paris disappeared 
rapidly as the baloon moved towards the 


L772 


southwest. At 6:30 a fifth sand bag was 
emptied. From 7:15 on, Janssen could 
read his instruments and took frequent 
thermometer and barometer readings. The 
sunrise at 7:35 caused the air to cool 
rapidly, and more sand was released. 
Ten minutes later, the sun started to heat 
the gas bag and to spin the balloon be- 
cause of uneven heating. Flying at 50 
m.p.h. and in clear weather, the aero- 
nauts could see the ground in great de- 
tail. By 9:45 they were at their peak alti- 
tude, 6500 feet. About 11:15, Janssen 
noted from the more numerous lakes, the 
wider river beds, and the flatter land that 
they were approaching the sea coast. He 
asked Chapelain to open the gas valve. 
Realizing that they were now dropping 
too fast, he made Chapelain empty 3 sand 
bags. The maneuver was repeated twice 
more. At a height of 160 feet, Chapelain 
released the 1000-foot long drag rope— 
about three times the usual length, as re- 
quested especially by Janssen. 


After clearing a tower by quickly 
dumping sand, they dropped anchor, 
opened the vent, and were dragged 


through an orchard and hedge rows. The 
anchor caught on a tree and broke, but 
the drag rope finally stopped the “Volta” 
at 11:30. Farmers helped hold the balloon 
until it was deflated near the village of 
Briche-Blanc, community of Beuvron, ar- 
rondissement of Saint-Nazaire. As Jans- 
sen learned from the stream of people on 
foot and on horse that had followed the 
balloon, its passage over Mamers at 9 
a.m. had already been telegraphed to 
LeMans and to Tours. 

The balloon was packed into the basket 
and all equipment carted to the station. 
Despite rumors, the astronomical equip- 
ment had been unscathed. Janssen and 
Chapelain were the guests of a local land- 
owner, Monsieur Paul Serrant, and en- 
joyed a mid-day dinner such as had be- 
come unobtainable in beleaguered Paris— 
eges, butter, and poultry. The luncheon 
was not exactly undisturbed, since every 
local dignitary appears to have dropped 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


in to meet the balloonists and get first- 
hand news about Paris. The aeronauts 
and their balloon were then taken by 
special train to Nantes and from there 
went to Tours, the temporary government 
seat, where they arrived at 1] p.m. 


In Tours, Janssen reported to Post- 
master Steenackers, who in 1883 still 
hadn’t forgotten that Paris had squan- 
dered a balloon in this manner, instead of 
sending official and regular mail as well 
as more homing pigeons. Nevertheless, 
the next day (December 3) Steenackers 
sent a message of the safe arrival of Jans- 
sen by pigeon mail to Paris, where it ar- 
rived on the 16th and was telegraphed 
to the Governor, the Minister of the In- 


OctosBeErR, 1968 


terior, the Minister of Public Instruction. 
the Minister of Finance, the president of 
the Academy of Sciences, the Minister 
of Posts, the National Observatory, and to 
the Janssen family by the Ministry of 
Telegraphs. Janssen sent a private pigeon- 
gram, too. 


From Tours, Janssen went via _ Bor- 
deaux and Marseille to Oran, where he 
arrived on December 10. Aided by the 
local officials, he made elaborate prep- 
arations for observing the eclipse. A few 
days later, he also met the British Com- 
mission and thanked them for their in- 
tervention with the Prussian authorities 


in his behalf. 
On December 22, 1870, it rained. 


Academy Proceedings 


ELECTIONS TO 
FELLOWSHIP 


The following persons were elected to 
fellowship in the Academy at the Board 
of Managers meeting on June 6: 


CHARLES W. BUGGS, professor and 
chairman of the Department of Microbiol- 
ogy, College of Medicine, Howard Uni- 
versity, “in recognition of his commit- 
ment to medical education, with special 
concern for preparation of disadvantaged 
young people for the study of medicine; 
and in recognition of his research on 
antibiotic therapy of bacterial infections.” 
(Sponsors: Mary L. Robbins, R.C. Par- 
lett. ) 


WALTER M. ELSASSER, research pro- 
fessor, Institute for Fluid Dynamics and 
Applied Mathematics, University of Mary- 
land, “in recognition of his outstanding 
contributions to the understanding of 
the physics of the solid earth, especially 
his work on the magnetic field of the 
earth and on convective currents in the 
earth.” (Sponsors: H. E. Landsberg, W. C. 
Jacobs, J. M. Mitchell, Jr.) 


EINAR P. FLINT, staff metallurgist, 
Bureau of Mines, “in recognition of his 
contributions to inorganic chemistry as a 
research administrator and as an investi- 
gator of phase equilibria and mineral 
synthesis, and in particular for his dis- 
covery and synthesis of the class of min- 
erals known as the hydrogarnets.” (Spon- 
sors: J. J. Diamond, J. K. Taylor, W. J. 


Hamer. ) 


LAURA GIUFFRIDA, research chem- 
ist, Food and Drug Administration, “in 
recognition of her contributions to the 
field of gas chromatography, and in par- 
ticular her development of the thermionic 
detector which is now widely used for 
pesticide analysis.” (Sponsors: M. Ber- 
oza, A. M. Pommer.) 


174 


ARIEL C. HOLLINSHEAD, associate 
professor of medicine and director, Labo- 
ratory for Virus and Cancer Research, 
George Washington University, “in recog- 
nition of her research on the relation- 
ships between viruses and cancer, and in 
particular her studies on antigens in 
virus-induced malignant tumors.” (Spon- 
sors: B. D. Van Evera, Mary L. Robbins, 
H. G. Mandel.) 


DAVID BOSIE-SEURS MILLAR, bio- 
chemist, Laboratory of Physical Bio- 
chemistry, Naval Medical Research Insti- 
tute, “in recognition of his outstanding 
contributions to basic understanding of 
the physical properties of ribonucleo- 
tides.” (Sponsors: C. Lamanna, F. B. Gor- 
don. ) 


RALPH L. MILLER, staff geologist, 
U.S. Geological Survey, “in recognition 
of his contributions to geology, especially 
to the Paleozoic stratigraphy and _ struc- 
tural geology of the Appalachian Moun- 
tain region, and to mineral resources eval- 
uation and geologic education in Mexico, 
Central America, Colombia, and Af- 
ghanistan.” (Sponsors: S. B. Detwiler, Jr., 


C. H. Dane, G. V. Cohee.) 
MOSES PASSER, Educational Secre- 


tary, American Chemical Society, “in rec- 
ognition of his outstanding work as pro- 
fessor and researcher in organic chemis- 
try while at the University of Minnesota 
and his imaginative leadership as Educa- 
tional Secretary of the American Chemical 
Society, and particularly his initiation of 
its Short Courses Program.” (Sponsors: 


L. Schubert, G. M. Brauer, J. K. Taylor.) 
ROBERT G. L. REEVES, geologist, 


U.S. Geological Survey, “in recognition 
of his important contributions to eco- 
nomic geology in the western United 
States and Brazil.” (Sponsors: W. T. Pec- 
ora, G. V. Cohee, E. T. McKnight.) 


DONALD #H. SPALDING, 


research 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


plant pathologist, Agricultural Research 
Service, Department of Agriculture, “in 
recognition of his contributions to knowl- 
edge of enzyme and ethylene production 
by fungi and the tole of pectic enzymes in 
plant disease.” (Sponsors: P. H. Heinze, 
M. Lieberman, R. E. Hardenburg.) 

FREDERICK SPERLING, associate 
professor of pharmacology, Howard Uni- 
versity Medical School, “in recognition 
of his important studies of the distribution 
and fate of toxic agents in the animal 
body, including both ordinary and labeled 
compounds; and in particular his devel- 
opment of methods for studying volatile 
toxic agents using the isolated rat lung.” 
(Sponsors: Mary L. Robbins, H. G. Man- 
del, J. M. Mitchell, Jr.) 

HOWARD M. WIEDEMANN, special 
assistant for science affairs, Bureau of In- 
telligence and Research, Department of 
State, “in recognition of his contribu- 
tions to Scientific Intelligence during a 
career extending over 25 years; and of 
his continuing interest in the significance 
of science in international affairs.” 
(Sponsors: M. C. Henderson, S. B. Det- 
wiler, Jr.) 

CHARLES F. WITHINGTON, geolo- 
gist, U.S. Geological Survey, “in rec- 
ognition of his contributions toward the 
greater use of geology in an urban en- 
vironment, especially his contribution to a 
general understanding of the necessity of 
using geology in land-use planning by 
guidance of planning and municipal of- 
ficials in the Washington Metropolitan 
Area.” (Sponsors: G. V. Cohee, E. T. 
McKnight, S. B. Detwiler, Jr.) 


ELECTIONS TO 
MEMBERSHIP 


The following persons were elected to 
membership in the Academy by action of 
the Committee on Membership on May 
27: 

J. MARTYN BAILEY, associate profes- 
sor of biochemistry, George Washington 
University School of Medicine. 


OCTOBER, 1968 


MARIAN B. DeBERRY, teacher of 
mathematics, McKinley High School. 

STEPHEN HOPKINS, assistant direc- 
tor of science, D.C. Public Schools. 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES 
April 


The Board of Managers held its 593rd 
meeting on April 18, 1968, at the Cos- 
mos Club, with President Specht presiding. 

The minutes of the 592nd meeting were 
approved with one addition. 

Announcements. Dr. Specht announced 
that Dr. Curtis W. Law, the scheduled 
speaker for the 511th meeting of the Acad- 
emy, had died suddenly on April 15. 
Fred Hurley, who was familiar with the 
subject material, had agreed to substi- 
tute on short notice. 

Treasurer. Mr. Cook reported that the 
lease for the new office had been signed, 
effective from April 15. Additional ex- 
penditure will be about $1,900 during 
1968. Academy affiliates including Oper- 
ations Research Council and IEEE may 
share the office space and expenses. The 
officers are also considering the employ- 
meni of additional office help. 

President Elect Henderson read a state- 
ment on the acquisition of the new quar- 
ters and plans for providing limited of- 
fice services for some of the affiliates. 
Dr. Honig reported that the Washington 
Operations Research Council had endorsed 
the proposal to share the space and that 
the Philosophical Society is interested in 
a similar arrangement. 

Dr. Taylor moved that the President 
express to the officers of the Carnegie In- 
stitution the formal appreciation of the 
Academy for the rent-free office space 
provided to the Academy by the Carnegie 
Institution for several years. The motion 
was carried. 

Committee on Arrangements. Chairman 
Rader reported that the May meeting was 
scheduled as a dinner meeting featuring 


175 


an address by the retiring president and 
installation of new officers. Officers of 
the affiliates were to be invited and given 
recognition at the meeting. 

Grants-in-Aid. Chairman Sherlin had 
spent $110 of the $900 originally avail- 
able, and expected more requests in the 
summer. 

Science Education. Mr. Sherlin re- 
ported on plans for a dinner to be held at 


the University of Maryland at which the 
Joint Board on Science Education would 
recognize those serving the Joint Board 
for 34 years or more by presenting them > 
with certificates. 

He also described a program in which 
some 300 scientists visited high schools in 
the area to lecture to classes interested in 
science. The project was very well re- 
ceived. 


BYLAWS OF 


THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
(Last Revised in December 1967) 


Section 1. The purposes of the Washington Academy of Sciences shall be: (a) to stimulate 
interest in the sciences, both pure and applied, and (b) to promote their advancement and the 
development of their philosophical aspects by the Academy membership and through cooperative 


action by the affiliated societies. 


Section 2. These objectives may be attained by, but are not limited to: 


(a) Publication of a periodical and of occasional scientific monographs and such other pub- 


lications as may be deemed desirable. 


(b) Public lectures of broad scope and interest in the fields of science. 


(c) Sponsoring a Washington Junior Academy of Sciences. 


(d) Promoting science education and a professional interest in science among people of 


high school and college age. 


(e) Accepting or making grants of funds to aid special research projects. 


({) Symposia, both formal and small informal, on any aspects of science. 


(g) Scientific conferences. 


(h) Organization of, or assistance in, scientific expeditions. 


(i) Cooperation with other Academies and scientific organizations. 


(j) Awards of prizes and citations for special merit in science. 


(k) Maintaining an office and staff to aid in carrying out the purposes of the Academy. 


ARTICLE IJ—MEMBERSHIP 


Section 1. The membership shall consist of three general classes: members, fellows and 


patrons. 


Section 2. Members shall be persons who are interested in and will support the objectives of 
the Academy and who are otherwise acceptable to at least two-thirds of the Committee on Mem- 
bership. A letter or application form requesting membership and signed by the applicant may 
suffice for action by the Committee; approval by the Committee constitutes election to member- 


ship. 


Section 3. Fellows shall be persons who by reason of original research or other outstanding 
service to the sciences, mathematics, or engineering are deemed worthy of the honor of election 


to Academy fellowship. 


Section 4. Nominations of fellows shall be presented to the Committee on Membership as a 
form approved by the Committee. The form shall be signed by the sponsor, a fellow who has 
knowledge of the nominee’s field, and shall be endorsed by at least one other fellow. An ex- 
planatory letter from the sponsor and a bibliography of the nominee’s publications shall 


accompany the completed nomination form. 


176 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Section 5. Election to fellowship shall be by vote of the Board of Managers upon recom- 
mendation of the Committee on Membership. Final action on nominations shall be deferred at 
least one week after presentation to the Board, and two-thirds of the vote cast shall be necessary 
to elect. 


Section 6. Each individual (not already a fellow) who has been nominated as a Delegate by 
a local affiliated society or who has been chosen to be the recipient of an Academy Award for 
Scientific Achievement shall be considered nominated for immediate election to fellowship by the 
Board of Managers without the necessity for compliance with the provisions of Sections 4 and 5. 


Section 7. An individual of unquestioned eminence may be recommended by vote of the Com- 
mittee on Membership Promotion for immediate election to fellowship by the Board of Managers, 
without the necessity for compliance with the provisions of Sections 4 and 5. 


Section 8. Persons who have given to the Academy not less than one thousand (1,000) dollars 
or its equivalent in property shall be eligible for election by the Board of Managers as patrons 


(for life) of the Academy. 


Section 9. Life members or fellows shall be those individuals who have made a single pay- 
ment in accordance with Article III, Section 2, in lieu of annual dues. 


Section 10. Members or fellows in good standing who have attained the age of 65 and are 
retired, or are retired before the age of 65 because of disability, may become emeritus. Upon 
request to the treasurer for transfer to this status, they shall be relieved of the further pay- 
ment of dues, beginning with the following January first; shall receive notices of meetings with- 
out charge; and at their request, shall be entitled to receive the Academy periodical at cost. 


Section 11. Members or fellows living more than 50 miles from the White House, Wash- 
ington, D. C., shall be classed as nonresident members or fellows. 


Section 12. An election to any dues-paying class of membership shall be void if the 
candidate does not within three months thereafter pay his dues or satisfactorily explain his 
failure to do so. 


Section 13. Former members or fellows who resigned in good standing may be reinstated upon 
application to the Secretary and approval by the Board of Managers. No reconsideration of the 
applicant’s qualifications need be made by the Membership Committee in these cases. 


ARTICLE IIJ—DuvueEs 


Section 1. The annual dues of resident fellows shall be $10.00 per year. The annual dues ot 
members and of nonresident fellows shall be $7.50 per year. Dues for fractional parts of the year 
shall be at the monthly rate of one-twelfth the annual rate. No dues shall be paid by emeritus 
members and fellows, life members and fellows, and patrons. 


Section 2. Members and fellows in good standing may be relieved of further payment of 
dues by making a single payment to provide an annuity equal to their annual dues. (See Article 
II, Section 9.) The amount of the single payment shall be computed on the basis of an 
interest rate to be determined by the Board of Managers. 


Section 3. Members or fellows whose dues are in arrears for one year shall not be entitled 
to receive Academy publications. 


Section 4. Members or fellows whose dues are in arrears for more than two years shall be 
dropped from the rolls of the Academy, upon notice to the Board of Managers, unless the Board 
shall otherwise direct. Persons who have been dropped from membership for nonpayment of 
dues may be reinstated upon approval of the Board and upon payment of back dues for two 
years together with dues for the year of reinstatement. 


ARTICLE ,[V—OFFICERS 


Section 1. The officers of the Academy shall be a President, a President-elect, a Secretary, 
and a Treasurer. All shall be chosen from resident fellows of ihe Academy. 


Section 2. The President shall appoint all committees and such non-elective officers as are 
needed unless otherwise directed by the Board of Managers or provided in the Bylaws. He (or 


OcTOBER, 1968 177 


his substitute—the President-elect, the Secretary, or the Treasurer, in that order), shall preside 
at all meetings of the Academy and of the Board of Managers. 


Section 3. The Secretary shall act as secretary to the Board of Managers and to the Academy 
at large. He shall conduct all correspondence relating thereto, except as otherwise provided, 
and shall be the custodian of the corporate seal of the Academy. He shall arrange for the 
publication in the Academy periodical of the names and professional connections of new 
members, and also of such proceedings of the Academy, including meetings of the Board of 
Managers, as may appropriately be of interest to the membership. He shall be responsible for 
keeping a register of the membership, showing such information as qualifications, elections, 
acceptances, changes of residence, lapses of membership, resignations and deaths, and for inform- 
ing the Treasurer of changes affecting the status of members. He shall act as secretary to the 
Nominating Committee (see Art. VI, Sect. 2). 


Section 4. The Treasurer shall be responsible for keeping an accurate account of all receipts 
and disbursements, shall select a suitable depository for current funds which shall be approved 
by the Executive Committee, and shall invest the permanent funds of the Academy as directed by 
that Committee. He shall prepare a budget at the beginning of each year which shall be reviewed 
by the Executive Committee for presentation to and acceptance by the Board of Managers. 
He shall notify the Secretary of the date when each new member qualifies by payment of dues. 
He shall act as business adviser to the Editor and shall keep necessary records pertaining to 
the subscription list. In view of his position as Treasurer, however, he shall not be required to 
sign contracts. He shall pay no bill until it has been approved in writing by the chairman of 
the committee or other persons authorized to incur it. The fiscal year of the Academy shall 
be the same as the calendar year. 


Section 5. The President and the Treasurer, as directed by the Board of Managers, shall 
jointly assign securities belonging to the Academy and indorse financial and legal papers neces- 
sary for the uses of the Academy, except those relating to current expenditures authorized 
by the Board. In case of disability or absence of the President or Treasurer, the Board of 
Managers may designate the President-elect or a qualified Delegate as Acting President or an 
officer of the Academy as Acting Treasurer, who shall perform the duties of these officers 
during such disability or absence. 


Section 6. An Editor shall be in charge of all activities connected with the Academy’s 
publications. He shall be nominated by the Executive Committee and appointed by the President 
for an indefinite term subject to annual review by the Board of Managers. The Editor shall 
serve as a member of the Board. 


Section 7. An Archivist may be appointed by the President. If appointed, he shall maintain 
the permanent records of the Academy, including important records which are no longer in 
current use by the Secretary, Treasurer, or other officer, and such other documents and material ~ 
as the Board of Managers may direct. 


Section 8. All officers and chairmen of standing committees shall submit annual reports 
at the May meeting of the Board of Managers. 


Section 9. Prior to November 1 of each year the Nominating Committee (Art. VI, Sect. 
2), having been notified by the Secretary, shall meet and nominate by preferential ballot, 
in the manner prescribed by the Board of Managers, one person for each of the offices of 
President-elect, of Secretary and of Treasurer, and four persons for the two Managers-at-large 
whose terms expire each year. It shall, at the same time and in like manner, make nominations 
to fill any vacancy in the foregoing. Not later than November 15, the Secretary shall forward 
to each Academy member a printed notice of these nominations, with a list of incumbents. 
Independent nominations may be made in writing by any ten active members. In order to be 
considered, such nominations must be received by the Secretary before December 1. 


Section 10. Not later than December 15, the Secretary shall prepare and mail ballots to 
members and fellows. Independent nominations shall be included on the ballot, and the 
names of the nominees shall be arranged in alphabetical order. When more than two candi- 
dates are nominated for the same office the voting shall be by preferential ballot in the man- 


178 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


ner prescribed by the Board of Managers. The ballot shall contain also a notice to the effect 
that votes not received by the Secretary before the first Thursday of January, and votes of 
individuals whose dues are in arrears for one year or more, will not be counted. The Com- 
mittee of Tellers shall count the votes and report the results at the annual meeting of the 
Academy. 


Section 11. The newly elected officers shall take office at the close of the annual meeting, 
the President-elect of the previous year automatically becoming President. 


ARTICLE V—BoarpD OF MANAGERS 


Section 1. The activities of the Academy shall be guided by the Board of Managers, con- 
sisting of the President, the President-elect, the immediate past President, one Delegate from 
each of the affliated societies, the Secretary, the Treasurer, six elected Managers-at-Large, and 
the Editor. The elected officers of the Academy shall hold like offices on the Board of Managers. 


Section 2. One Delegate shall be selected by each affiliated society. He shall serve until 
replaced by his society. Each Delegate is expected to participate in the meetings of the 
Board of Managers and vote on behalf of his society. 


Section 3. The Board of Managers shall transact all business of the Academy not other- 
wise provided for. A quorum oi the Board shall be nine of its members. 


Section 4. The Board of Managers may provide for such standing and special committees 
as it deems necessary. 


Section 5. The Board shall have power to fill vacancies in its own membership until 
the next annual election. This does not apply to the offices of President and Treasurer (see 


Art. IV, Sect. 5), nor to Delegates (see Art. V, Sect. 2). 


ARTICLE VI—CommMITTEEs 


Section 1. An Executive Committee shall have general supervision of Academy finances, 
approve the selection of a depository for the current funds, and direct the investment of the 
permanent funds. At the beginning of the year it shall present to the Board of Managers 
an itemized statement of receipts and expenditures of the preceding year and a budget based 
on the estimated receipts and disbursements of the coming year, with such recommendations 
as may seem desirable. It shall be charged with the duty of considering all activities of the 
Academy which may tend to maintain and promote relations with the affiliated societies, and 
with any other business which may be assigned to it by the Board. The Executive Committee 
shall consist of the President, the President-elect, the Secretary and the Treasurer (or Acting 
Treasurer) ex officio, as well as two members appointed annually by the President from the 
membership of the Board. 


Section 2. The Delegates shall constitute a Nominating Committee (see Art. IV, Sect. 9). 
The Delegate from the Philosophical Society shall be chairman of the Committee, or, in his 
absence, the Delegate from another society in the order of seniority as given in Article VIII, 
Section 1. 


Section 3. The President shall appoint in advance of the annual meeting an Auditing Com- 
mittee consisting of three persons, none of whom is an officer, to audit the accounts of the 


Treasurer (Art. VII, Sect. 1). 


Section 4. On or before the last Thursday of each year the President shall appoint a com- 
mittee of three Tellers whose duty it shall be to canvass the ballots (Art. IV, Sec. 10, Art. VII, 
Sect. 1). 


Section 5. The President shall appoint from the Academy membership such committees as 
are authorized by the Board of Managers and such special committees as necessary to carry out 
his functions. Committee appointments shall be staggered as to term whenever it is determined 
by the Board to be in the interest of continuity of committee affairs. 


Octoser, 1968 179 


ARTICLE VIJ—MEETINGS 


Section 1. The annual meeting shall be held each year in May. It shall be held on the 
third Thursday of the month unless otherwise directed by the Board of Managers. At this meet- 
ing the reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditing Committee (see Article VI, Sect. 3), and 
Committee of Tellers shall be presented. 


Section 2. Other meetings may be held at such time and place as the Board of Managers 
may determine. 


Section 3. The rules contained in “Robert’s Rules of Order Revised” shall govern the 
Academy in all cases to which they are applicable, and in which they are not inconsistent with 
the bylaws or special rules of order of the Academy. 


ArTICLE VIII—CoopEeRATION 


Section 1. The term “affiliated societies” in their order of seniority (see Art. VI, Sect. 2) 
shall be held to cover the: 


Philosophical Society of Washington 

Anthropological Society of Washington 

Biological Society of Washington 

Chemical Society of Washington 

Entomological Society of Washington 

National Geographic Society 

Geological Society of Washington 

Medical Society of the District of Columbia 

Columbia Historical Society 

Botanical Society of Washington 

Washington Section of Society of American Foresters 

Washington Society of Engineers 

Washington Section of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 
Washington Section of American Society of Mechanical Engineers 
Helminthological Society of Washington 

Washington Branch of American Society for Microbiology 

Washington Post of Society of American Military Engineers 

National Capital Section of American Society of Civil Engineérs 
District of Columbia Section of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 
Washington Chapter of American Society for Metals 

Washington Section of the International Association for Dental Research 
National Capital Section of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 
D. C. Chapter of American Meteorological Society 

Insecticide Society of Washington 

Washington Chapter of the Acoustical Society of America 

Washington Section of the American Nuclear Society 

Washington Section of Institute of Food Technologists 
Baltimore-Washington Section of the American Ceramic Society 
Washington-Baltimore Section of the Electrochemical Society 

Washington History of Science Club 

Chesapeake Section of American Association of Physics Teachers 
National Capital Section of Optical Society of America 

Washington Section of American Society of Plant Physiologists 
Washington Operations Research Council 

Washington Section of the Instrument Society of America 


and such others as may be hereafter recommended by the Board and elected by two-thirds of the 
members of the Academy voting, the vote being taken by correspondence. A society may be 
released from affiliation on recommendation of the Board of Managers, and the concurrence of 
two-thirds of the members of the Academy voting. 


Section 2. The Academy may assist the affiliated scientific societies of Washington in any 


matter of common interest, as in joint meetings, or in the publication of a joint directory: Pro- 
vided, it shall not have power to incur for or in the name of one or more of these societies any 


180 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


expense or liability not previously authorized by said society or societies, nor shall it without 
action of the Board of Managers be responsible for any expenses incurred by one or more of 
the affliated societies. 


Section 3. No affiliated society shall be committed by the Academy to any action in conflict 
with the charter, constitution, or bylaws of said society, or of its parent society. 


Section 4. The Academy may establish and assist a Washington Junior Academy of Sciences 
for the encouragement of interest in science among students in the Washington area of high 
school and college age. 


ARTICLE J[X—AWARDS AND GRANTS-IN-AID 


Section 1. The Academy may award medals and prizes, or otherwise express its recognition 
and commendation of scientific work of high merit and distinction in the Washington area. Such 
recognition shall be given only on approval by the Board of Managers of a recommendation by a 
committee on awards for scientific achievement. 


Section 2. The Academy may receive or make grants to aid scientific research in the Wash- 
ington area. Grants shall be received or made only on approval by the Board of Managers of a 
recommendation by a committee on grants-in-aid for scientific research. 


ARTICLE X—AMENDMENTS 


Section 1. Amendments to these bylaws shall be proposed by the Board of Managers and 
submitted to the members of the Academy in the form of a mail ballot accompanied by a state- 
ment of the reasons for the proposed amendment. A two-thirds majority of those members voting 
is required for adoption. At least two weeks shall be allowed for the ballots to be returned. 


Section 2. Any affiliated society or any group of ten or more members may propose an 
amendment to the Board of Managers in writing. The action of the Board in accepting or reject- 
ing this proposal to amend the bylaws shall be by a vote on roll call, and the complete 
roll call shall be entered in the minutes of the meeting. 


4 


ACT OF INCORPORATION OF 
THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


We, the undersigned, persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority 
being citizens of the District of Columbia, pursuant to and in conformity with sections 545 to 
oo2, inclusive, of the Revised Statutes of the United States relating to the District of Columbia, 
as amended by an Act of Congress entitled “An Act to amend the Revised Statutes of the 
United States relating to the District of Columbia and for other purposes,” approved April 23, 
1884, hereby associate ourselves together as a society or body corporate and certify in writing: 

1. That the name of the society is the Washington Academy of Sciences. 

2. That the term for which the Corporation is organized shall be perpetual. 

3. That the Corporation is organized and shall be operated exclusively for charitable, educa- 
tional and scientific purposes and in furtherance of these purposes and for no other purpose shall 
have, but not be limited to, the following specific powers and purposes: 

a. To encourage in the broadest and most liberal manner the advancement and promotion of 
science. 

To acquire, hold, and convey real estate and other property and to establish general and 
special funds. 

c. To hold meetings. 

d. To publish and distribute documents. 

e. To conduct lectures. 

f. To conduct, endow, or assist investigation in any department of science. 

s 

h 


= 


To acquire and maintain a library. 
. And, in general, to transact any business pertinent to an academy of sciences. 


OcTOBER, 1968 18] 


Provided, however, that notwithstanding the foregoing enumerated powers, the Corporation shall 
not engage. in activities, other than as an insubstantial part thereof, which are not in themselves 
in furtherance of its charitable, educational and scientific purposes. 

4. That the affairs, funds, and property of the Corporation shall be in general charge of a 
Board of Managers, the number of whose members for the first year shall be nineteen, all of 
whom shall be chosen from among the members of the Academy. 


5. That in the event of dissolution or termination of the Corporation, title to and possession 
of all the property of the Corporation shall pass to such organization, or organizations, as 
may be designated by the Board of Managers; provided, however, that in no event shall any 
property of the Corporation be transmitted to or vested in any organization other than an or- 
ganization which is then in existence and then qualified for exemption as a charitable, edu- 
cational or scientific organization under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended. 


Editor’s Note: This Act of Incorporation is shown as amended in 1964 by Francois N. Frenkiel, 
President, and George W. Irving, Jr., Secretary, acting for the Washington Academy of Sciences, 
in a Certificate of Amendment notarized on September 16, 1964. A copy of the original Act of 
Incorporation dated February 18, 1898, appears in the Journal for November 1963, page 212. 


182 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Science in Washington 


CALENDAR OF EVENTS 


Notices of meetings for this column may 
be sent to Elaine G. Shafrin, Apt. N- 
702, 800-4th St., S. W., Washington, D. C., 
20024, by the first Wednesday of the 
month preceding the date of issue of the 
Journal. 7 


October 15—American Society for 
Microbiology 
Annual banquet, to be held jointly with 
the Washington Academy of Sciences. 
Wilbur E. Garrett, National Geographic 
Magazine, will speak on travels in Mexico, 
with colored slides. 
John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170 
Florida Ave., N.W.; social hour 6 p.m.; 


dinner 7 p.m.; meeting 8 p.m. 


October 15—Society of American 
Military Engineers 
Brig. H. W Love, Canadian Army 
(Ret.), executive director, Arctic Institute 
of North America, will speak on engi- 
neering applications and forecast of de- 
velopments in polar regions. 


Fort Myer Officers Club, 11:30 a.m. 


October 16—American Meteorologi- 
cal Society 
Speaker to be announced. 


National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


October 16—Insecticide Society of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium, 
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m. 


October 16—Washington Society of 
Engineers 
James Webber, manager for Statistics, 
Prices, and Costs, Engineering News- 
Record, “The Construction Industry, To- 
day and Tomorrow.” 


OcToBER, 1968 


John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170 
Florida Ave., N.W., noon. 


October 31—Society for Experimen- 
tal Biology and Medicine 
Moderator: Dr. George Vahouny, De- 

partment of Biochemistry, George Wash- 

ington University School of Medicine, 

“Cardiac Metabolic Regulation.” 
Auditorium, Naval Medical 

Institute, Bethesda, Md., 8 p.m. 


Research 


November 5—Botanical Society of 
Washington 
E. Ayensu, Department of Botany, 
Smithsonian Institution, “Anatomy of the 
Monocotyledons with Special Reference to 
the Dioscoreaceae and the Velosiaceae.” 
Administration Building, National Ar- 
boretum, 8:00 p.m. 


November 7—Entomological Society 
of Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
Room 43, Natural History 
Smithsonian Institution, 8:00 p.m. 


Building. 


November 7—Electrochemical 
Society 
Speaker to be announced. 
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American 
University, 8:00 p.m. 


November 6—Washington Society of 

Engineers 

Actor T. Abbott, Jr., engineering man- 
ager, Liaison and Right-of-Way, Ameri- 
can Telephone and Telegraph Co., “Liai- 
son in the Bell System.” 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170 
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


November 12—American Society of 
Civil Engineers 


Jack I. Bragman, Deputy Assistant 
Secretary of Interior for Water Pollu- 
tion Control. “The Engineering Aspects 


183 


of the Construction Grants Program.” — 
YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon. 
Luncheon meeting. For reservations 


phone Floyd E. Curfman, 557-4586. 


November 12—Institute of Electrical 
and Electronics Engineers 
Reliability Group. 
Subject: computer 

Speaker to be announced. 
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St, N.W., 

8:00 p.m. 


aided _ design. 


November 12—Society of American 
Foresters 
Luncheon meeting. 

nounced. 

Occidental Restaurant, 
vania Ave., N.W., noon. 


Speaker to be an- 


1411 Pennsyl- 


November 13 — Institute of Food 
Technologists 
Speaker to be announced. 
National Canners Association, 1133 20th 
St., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


November 18—American Society for 

Metals 

Joint meeting with SAMPE. Harry H. 
Kessler, consulting metallurgical engineer, 
Sheldon Weinig, president, Materials Re- 
search Corp., and Daniel D. Roman, pro- 
fessor of business administration, George 
Washington University, will speak on 
“The Metallurgical Entrepreneur.” 

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House, 
1500 S. Joyce St., Arlington, Virginia, 
social hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meet- 
ing, 6 p.m. 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 


Contributions to this column may be 
addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate 
Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture, 


Agricultural Research Service, Federal 
Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland 
LO TaZ: 


AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 
C. H. HOFFMANN, Entomology Re- 


search Division, participated in the Tropi- 
cal Medicine and Parasitology Study Sec- 


184 


tion Workshop sponsored by the National 
Institutes of Health at Berkeley, California, 
on April 25. Dr. Hoffmann spoke on 
“Integrated Insect Control Projects of the 
USDA.” 

MORTON BEROZA, Pesticide Chemi- 
cals Research Branch, has been named 
to receive the American Chemical Society 
Award in Chromatography and Electro- 
phoresis. The award of $1000, sponsored 
by Lab-Line Instruments, Inc., will be 
presented at the April 1969 ACS meeting 
in Minneapolis. Dr. Beroza is _ being 
honored for his contributions to chroma- 
tography, including rapid determination 
of pesticide residues in foods. 


FOOD AND DRUG 
ADMINISTRATION 


HELEN L. REYNOLDS has _ been 
elected a fellow of the Association of 
Official Analytical Chemists. The award 
will be made at the Association’s 82nd 
Annual Meeting, October 14. 


HEALTH, EDUCATION, 
AND WELFARE 


MAURICE BENDER has _ transfered 
from special assistant to the commis- 
sioner of the National Air Pollution Con- 
trol Administration, DHEW, to the office 
of the assistant administrator for research 
and development of the newly-established 
Consumer Protection and Environmental 


Health Service, DHEW. 


NATIONAL BUREAU 
OF STANDARDS 


ROBERT D. STIEHLER, | standards 
manager, Materials Evaluation Division, 
was presented the American Society for 
Testing and Materials Award of Merit on 
June 26. The award was made at a 
luncheon at the San Francisco Hilton 
during the ASTM’s 7lst annual meeting. 
Dr. Stiehler was cited for his participa- 
tion in the work of ASTM Committee 
E-20 on Temperature Measurement, con- 
tributions to the tire industry, standard- 


ization of test procedures for rubber 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


products, and establishment of safety 
standards for brake fluids and_ safety 
belts. 


ROGER G. BATES, chief of the Elec- 
trochemical Analysis Section, has been 
named to receive the American Chemical 
Society Award in Analytical Chemistry. 
The $2000 award, sponsored by Fisher 
Scientific Company, will be presented at 
the April 1969 ACS meeting in Minneap- 
olis. Dr. Bates is being recognized for his 
research on the behavior of electrolytes 
in solutions. 


NATIONAL INSTITUTES 
OF HEALTH 


MARSHALL NIRENBERG and 
JOSEPH E. RALL received the Nation’s 
highest civilian honor, the Distinguished 
Service Award, at the Department of 
Health, Education, and Welfare annual 
awards ceremony on April 11. 


JOHN C. KERESZTESY retired from 
the National Institute of Arthritis and 
Metabolic Diseases on March 31 after 
more than 20 years service. 

ROBERT W. BERLINER, director of 
Intramural Research for the National 
Heart Institute, has been elected to the 
National Academy of Sciences. 


G. B. MIDER, formerly director of 
Laboratories and Clinics, is now special 
assistant to the director of the National 


Library of Medicine. He has been suc- 
ceeded by ROBERT W. BERLINER. 


JAMES A. SHANNON received a 
Doctor of Laws degree from Yale Uni- 
versity on June 10 and from the Uni- 
versity of California on March 23; the 
degree of Doctor of Human Letters from 
the College of Mount St. Vincent on May 
24; and an honorary Doctor of Science 
degree from the University of Kentucky 
Medical School on May 23. On June 7, 
Dr. Shannon received the Jesse L. Rosen- 
berger Medal for his achievements in 
public medicine and medical education. 
Dr. Shannon retired as director of the 
National Institutes of Health on August 


OctoBer, 1968 


31 after 13 years in that position. He has 
accepted an appointment as special advisor 
to the president of the National Academy 
of Sciences. 


BERNARD B. BRODIE, chief of the 
Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, 
National Heart Institute, was awarded an 
honorary Doctor of Medicine degree by 
the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, 
Sweden. 

THEODOR C. VON BRAND, National 
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Dis- 
eases, has been elected an _ honorary 
member of the German Society of Para- 
sitology. 


NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY 
LOUIS R. MAXWELL, solid state 


physicist, has been named senior research 
consultant to the associate technical direc- 
tor for Research. Dr. Maxwell. was 
formerly chief of the Applied Physics 
Department. 


NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 
ISABELLA L. KARLE, research physi- 


cist on the structure of matter, has been 
named to receive the 1968 Achievement 
Award of the Society of Women Engi- 
neers, in recognition of her contributions 
to unique procedures for crystal struc- 
ture analysis. Dr. Karle, who has been 
with NRL since 1946, is conducting re- 
search in electron and X-ray diffraction. 
Previous honors include Phi Beta Kappa, 
Phi Kappa Phi, Sigma Xi, the Horace H. 
Rackham  predoctoral fellowship, 
American Association of University 
Women fellowship, Navy Superior Civil- 
ian Service Award, and the NRL-RESA 
Applied Science Award. 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
CHARLES ABBOT, former secretary of 


the Smithsonian Institution, was honored 
at a luncheon on June 5 at the Museum of 
History and Technology. The guest list in- 
cluded Mrs. Abbott, three other secre- 
taries—S. Dillon Ripley, Leonard Car- 


185 


michael, and Alexander Wetmore and 
their wives. Mr. Abbot who is 96, still 
maintains an office in the Smithsonian 
and was recently granted a U.S. patent 
for a method to convert solar energy into 
electric power. 


MISCELLANEOUS 
CARL LAMANNA, Office of the Chief 


of Research and Development, Depart- 
ment of the Army, has been elected 
councilor-at-large of the American Society 
for Microbiology. In addition, Dr. La- 
manna has been appointed to the Inter- 
national Activities Committee of the 
Society. 

RAYMOND J. SEEGER lectured on 
“Nature, Art, and Mathematics” on the 
occasion of a convocation honoring the 
2oth anniversary of the founding of the 
Sigma Xi Chapter at Polytechnic Institute 
of Brooklyn, May 10; on the occasion 
of a program for graduating honor 
students in the tri-state areas of Ohio, 
Kentucky, and Indiana, at the Cincinnati 
Science Center, May 17 and 18; and at 
the annual banquet of the Sigma XI 
Chapter, University of Delaware, on May 
18. 


EMANUEL R. PIORE, vice president 
and chief scientist of the International 
Business Machines Corporation, was 
elected on April 23 to a four-year term 
as treasurer of the National Academy of 
Sciences, a position which he has filled 
since the death in June 1967 of Lloyd V. 


Berkner. 


DEATHS 


JOHN MASON BOUTWELL died in 
Salt Lake City, Utah, on March 2. He was 
93 years old. Mr. Boutwell received a 
master’s degree from Harvard University 
in 1889 and taught there in the Depart- 
ment of Geology from 1896 to 1900, 
when he was employed by the U.S. Geo- 
logical Survey. In 1908 he became a 
private consulting mining geologist. He 
served as president of the Society of 


186 


Economic Geologists from 1944 to 1945, 
and was director of the Mining and 
Metallurgical Engineers from 1937 to 
1943. 


OLLIE E. REED died June 4 at the 
Washington Sanitarium, Takoma Park, 
Md. He was 82. Dr. Reed served with the 
Department of Agriculture from 1928 
until his retirement in 1956. He received 
the bachelor’s and master’s degrees from 
the University of Missouri and was 
awarded an honorary degree of doctor of 
science by Purdue University in 1947. 
Prior to joining the USDA as chief of 
the Bureau of Dairy Industry, he taught 
at Kansas State Agricultural College and 
Michigan State College. Dr. Reed was a 
past president of the American Dairy 
Association and a member of the Agricul- 
tural Board of the National Research 
Council. 


SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT 


The Federal Government is undertaking 
an extensive survey of the continental 
shelf beneath the Bering Sea, including a 
search for indications of gold, tin, plati- 
num, or petroleum beneath the sea floor. 


The coordinated survey is being con- 
ducted by scientists of the Department of 
Commerce’s Environmental Science Ser- 
vices Administration and the Interior 
Department’s Geological Survey as part 
of a long-range national program to map 
the 862,000 statute square miles of the 
continental shelf, America’s last frontier. 


The survey is concentrated in the area 
off Nome, Alaska, between St. Lawrence 
Island and the Seward Peninsula, in 
Western Norton Sound. It is the most 
comprehensive survey of these waters 
ever made. 


The Norton Sound area was uncovered 
during the Ice Ages when the sea level 
was much lower than it is today, and 
gold was concentrated along streams and 
beaches just as today. This was con- 
firmed by U.S. Geological Survey recon- 
naissance investigation of the area last 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


year, conducted in cooperation with the 
University of Washington and the USS. 
Bureau of Mines. The survey also showed 
the presence of thick layers of sedimen- 
tary rock under much of the northern 
Bering Sea, raising the possibility of 
petroleum deposits under Norton Sound. 

The ships’ survey is being carried out 
under the direction of Richard B. Perry, 
of Williamstown, Mass., a Coast and Geo- 
detic Survey oceanographer who is ESSA 
scientific coordinator for the project. 
David M. Hopkins, an authority on Alaska 
geology, is serving as scientific cordina- 
tor for the U.S. Geological Survey. 

The Bering Sea survey is a pilot proj- 
ect in line with the recommendations of 
the National Council on Marine Re- 
sources and Engineering Development, 
with a future view to extending the pro- 
gram to the continental shelves off the 
Pacific, Gulf, and Atlantic coasts. The 
Alaskan shelf comprises about two-thirds 
of the entire submerged area. An ESSA 
program is already underway to survey 
the entire shelf, and bathymetric maps 
of its topography have already been 
issued for portions of the coast off the 
Aleutian Islands, Oregon, Southern Cali- 
fornia, New England, and the mid-Atlan- 
tic Coast. The Geological Survey will use 
these maps of the geology and mineral 
resources of the submerged continental 
margin. 


On January 1, 1969, the National Bu- 
reau of Standards expects to introduce a 
new base of reference for the volt, the 
practical unit of electromotive force 
(emf) or voltage. Under this change, the 
value of the U.S. legal volt, as maintained 
by a group of standard cells at NBS, will 
differ by about 10 ppm from its previous 
value. The new value represents a_ better 
measurement of the voltage of these cells 
in terms of the theoretical unit of emf 
derived from the basic mechanical units 
of length, mass, and time. 

The proposed action by NBS will be co- 
ordinated with planned international ac- 


OcToBER, 1968 


tion to bring the volt units of 10 countries 
into agreement. This action is expected to 
be taken by the International Committee 
on Weights and Measures at its meeting 
during October 1968, on the recommenda- 
tion of its Advisory Committee for Elec- 
tricity. It will be the first change in the 
volt that the International Committee has 
made since 1946, when it recommended a 
conversion from the “international” elec- 
trical units to the “absolute” system. The 
recommendation of 1946 was universally 


adopted on January 1, 1948. 


A major breakthrough in surveying has 
been achieved with lasers, according to 
the Environmental Science Services Ad- 
ministration. Lasers have enabled survey 
teams to expand by 20-50% the amount 
of terrain covered and to increase their 
accuracy. Two transcontinental traverse 
teams, which are establishing geodetic 
controls across the country, are the first 
to use the lasers here. They are achieving 
an accuracy in their measurements of 1] 
ppm, akin to'an error of approximately 
1% inch in 10 miles. 


The laser is a concentrated red light 
which is being used with a geodimeter, a 
surveying instrument which utilizes the 
approximately 186,000-m i | e s-per-second 
speed of light to measure linear distances. 


Scientists are today using a “seismolog- 
ical level” to determine when the earth’s 
crust tilts. Called a tiltmeter, it is another 
tool in man’s effort to devise a method 
for predicting earthquakes. 

The degree of the earth’s tilt may vary 
daily or even hourly. The tiltmeter 
measures changes in level as small as 2 
microns (.0001 inch) and provides read- 
ings every 10 minutes. 

Tiltmeters have been installed in Cali- 
fornia and Alaska by the Environmental 
Science Services Administration of the 
Department of Commerce. They are 
located in the Buena Vista Oil Field at 
Taft, Calif.; the Stone Canyon Geophysi- 


187 


cal Laboratory, directly on the San An- 
dreas Fault, a geological weakness in the 
earth’s crust, south of Hollister, Calif.; 
and Kodiak Island, in southern Alaska, 
southwest of the area where the massive 
1964 earthquake occurred. 


The Japanese, who developed the first 
practical tiltmeter, found that following 
a destructive earthquake some after- 
shocks were preceded, several days in 
advance, by tilts which corresponded in 
direction with the foci (points of initial 
rupture of the earth) of the aftershocks. 
The Japanese seismologists estimated from 
their studies that large blocks in the 
earth, perhaps 10 miles on a side, have 
tilted in many earthquakes. In California, 
however, small irregular tiltings have 
shown no correlation with large shocks. 


A modified vinyl type of coating for 
use as a camouflage and solar reflecting 
coating on neoprene and rubber type sub- 
strates has been developed by the U.S. 
Army Mobility Equipment Research and 
Development Center, Fort Belvoir, Vir- 
ginia. 

Laboratory and field tests reveal that 
the coating has excellent adhesion, oil 
and fuel resistance, and _ exceptional 
resistance to water swell and weathering. 
High abrasion resistance, good color re- 
tention, and flexibility are other features 
that make the coating highly versatile. It 
also has been modified as an anti-fouling 
coating for rubber pontoons, and prelimi- 
nary reports, after 7 months of testing in 
Vietnam, indicate that the coating has ex- 
cellent service characteristics. 

Other uses contemplated for this coat- 
ing are pattern paint for camouflage of 


rubber items, camouflage and solar re- 
flecting coating for collapsible fuel tanks 
(to cut down fuel evaporation), radomes, 
abrasion and fuel resistant coating for 
solvent resistant hose and wire, and high 
visible color coatings for rubber life rafts. 


BOOK REVIEW 


Potomac Trail Book. By Robert Shosteck. ; 
Foreword by Justice William O. Doug- 
las. 167 pages and map. Potomac 
Books, Inc., 1518 K St., N.W., Wash- 
ington, D.C. 20005. $1.95. 


This excellent pocket-size paperback is 
a second edition of a 1935 publication. 
It is a detailed guide to what an observant 
hiker, bicyclist, or car-driver can see in 
the Washington area on a day’s trip and 
covers varied fields of natural history, as 
well as historical sites and local lore. The 
author has drawn freely on the knowledge 
of dozens of scientific authorities, so that 
the information given is adequate and 
reliable. Among the many features that 
distinguish this book is a list of organiza- 
tions which should interest amateur 
naturalists; chapters on poison ivy, chig- 
gers, ticks, and other varmints; on geology, 
mammals, birds, fishes, trees, mines, 
minerals, quarries, and many more. 
Forty-five separate hikes are detailed with 
42 strip maps. 


This book would be an excellent gift 
for a family coming to the Washington 
area, partciularly if there are youngsters 
who enjoy the outdoors. 

| Charles Milton 
Research Professor 
of Geology, George 
Washington University 


cM. 


188 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


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Volume 58 OCTOBER 1968 


CONTENTS 


L. H. Heflin: Engineering Geology—tts Role in the Development and PI nning, 
of the Washington Metro 0.0.0.0... cess rere tr omer 


7s 
E. M. Cohn: Flight from Paris ..........0.:c.csccrcteceesc reste ents rtatoeeere antes ee 
Academy Proceedings . 
Elections to Fellowship |... ithe: ea aia Ae ee Oe ‘a 


Elections to Membership ..............000:00cscseccp tens steer neen ester tesenen ene ee 
Board of Managers Meeting Notes (April) 00.00. 
Bylaws of the Academy ........2:.::::)::0scssc cert etcen ssctenes en eaetnnetene aaa 
Act of Incorporation of the Academy 0... 2000s z 7 f 


Science in Washington 
Calendar of Events ........:.ccc:cc:cecsesesccssecceersceensentesseversettenseceenseneesseenpay ertndins ae 


2 
Scientists in the News 0.0.0... rongaindsicraiess eh eenkivee ite aut eae idee 
Science and Development ............ sesapayneypb rane plage dtc hea aan ae 
Book FReview .j.ccssticlessseccccdscasevunssedeieasss hs wR ences Se ot ee ee 


Washington Academy of Sciences 
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) 
Washington, D, C. 20014 

Return Requested with Form 3579 


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Marshall W. Nirenberg, 


Nobelist 


On the morning of October 16, 1968, 
Marshall Nirenberg was in his laboratory 
at the National Institutes of Health as 
usual. He received a totally unexpected 
telephone call informing him that he had 
been selected to receive one-third of the 
1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medi- 
cine. The members of his staff were 
quickly informed and gathered in his of- 
fice for a family celebration. Later in the 
day there was a large press conference in 
Building 31, which led to public announce- 
ments and stories in the newspapers. 

This news came as no surprise to the 
members of the Washington Academy of 
Sciences who had read about Nirenberg in 
their Journal in March 1962; or who had 
attended a meeting of the Academy on 
May 17, 1962, at which he spoke; or who 
were present at the annual dinner meeting 
of the Academy on February 21, 1963, at 
which he received the annual award of 
the Academy in the biological sciences. 

Although few members of the Academy 
at that time could have fully appreciated 
the significance of Nirenberg’s research, 
it must have been clear to all that he had 
done something extraordinary when he 
succeeded in synthesizing protein in a cell- 
free system, in proving that synthetic ri- 
bonucleic acid (RNA) would stimulate 
such syntheses, and in demonstrating that 
a synthetic RNA of a relatively simple 
structure would synthesize a certain rela- 
tively simple protein. 

The basic advances just mentioned had 
already been made when I visited Niren- 
berg in his laboratory at NIH on Febru- 
ary 5, 1962. The resulting Brownstone 
Tower, beginning on page 69 of the March 
1962 issue of the Journal, was not the 
first popular account of his work, which 


NovEMBER, 1968 


began at NIH in 1959, but it 
early recognition by the Academy and to 
his membership in it. Thus the Academy 
is elevated by his distinction. 

My meeting with Nirenberg in 1962 was 
not prompted by my prescience in genetics 
or biochemistry, in which I was and still 
am poorly informed; it resulted from in- 
formation available to me as executive 
secretary of the Division of Biology and 
Agriculture, National Academy of Sci- 
ences-National Research Council. In 1961 
the United States Steel Foundation wished 
to establish an award in molecular biology 
to be presented annually by the National 
Academy to the nominee of its special 
committee on the award. I knew that Niren- 
berg was the choice of the committee for 
the first presentation of this new award in 
April 1962 and therefore visited him as 


led to his 


189 


a reporter of the Journal of the Washing- 
ton Academy. This was not only a new 
award; it was Nirenberg’s first also. His 
second award came from the Washington 
Academy of Sciences. Since 1962 not a 
year has passed without one or more 
awards or honors for Nirenberg. The total 
score is 14 awards, four honorary degrees, 
three lectureships, and the crowning honor, 
prior to the Nobel Prize, of election to 
the National Academy of Sciences in 1967 
at the early age of 40! 

My previous report in 1962 gives me 
an opportunity to point out the progress 
of six years of Nirenberg’s devotion to 
research on the “genetic code.” A new 
word, “codon,” has come into scientific 
use. It seems to mean an RNA that carries 
in its chemical structure a code for the 
production of a protein containing certain 
amino acids. | quote now from further in- 
formation provided for science writers. 


“Although the base composition of RNA 


codons and many properties of the genetic 
code were clarified with the use of synthet- 


ic polynucleotides, the sequences of the 


bases (purines and pyrimidines) within 
each codon remained unknown. More re- 
cently, a general method of great simplic- 
ity was found by Nirenberg and coworkers 
for determining the base sequence of co- 
dons...” 

To sum up, “Nirenberg has deciphered 
the genetic code. His work has given us 
understanding of much of the mysterious 
way information is coded into the nucleic 
acids and used to direct the incorporation 
of specific amino acids into proteins. It 
represents a major contribution toward 
understanding on a molecular basis how 
the chemicals of the cell nucleus carry the 
hereditary message from one generation 
to the next.”” Of course there is no end to 
the detail that remains to be worked out— 
no end to the questions that will arise 
and the problems to be solved as the work 
continues. 


Did all this recognition have a noticea- 
ble effect on Nirenberg and his laboratory 
during the past six years? I decided to go 
out to NIH and see for myself. Yes, there 
has been a great change, but not in Niren- 
berg. He is the same modest gentleman 
that he was before, but he now has an 
office to himself where he can shut the 
door and think. He is now a Chief—of the 
Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, Na- 
tional Heart Institute, of NIH, and of 
course he has a protective secretary’s of- 
fice outside his own. His laboratory space 
has expanded severalfold and now occupies 
all the north side of the D wing, sixth 
floor, of the Clinical Center. I counted 14 
doors as I walked from one end of the 
corridor to the other within his domain. 
All led into laboratory rooms except those 
already mentioned and one that opened 
into a conference room and library. Orga- 
nizationally, Nirenberg heads the whole 
Laboratory, one of several under the intra- 
mural research program of the National 
Heart Institute. These laboratories are 
divided into Sections. Within his labora- 
tory Nirenberg heads also the Section of 
Molecular Biology, which is much larger 
than the other Section on Macromolecules 
headed by Alan Peterkofsky. The subordi- 
nate professional personnel of both sec- 
tions, all Ph.D.’s, add up to 19, three of 
them women, not counting Mrs. Nirenberg. 
Not one of them is old enough to be listed 
in the current edition of American Men of 
Science! We find therefore, the young 
master, Marshall Nirenberg, surrounded by 
his school of younger disciples, seeking 
inspiration from him and providing him 
with many pairs of extra hands and with 
many keen minds to react with his in the 
ongoing search for fundamental biologi- 
cal truth. 

—Frank L, Campbell 
October 21, 1968 


WW 


190 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


The Smithsonian Oceanographic 


Sorting Center 


I. E. Wallen, H. A. Fehlmann, 


Background 


During the past 20 years a world-wide 
explosion of activity has occurred in the 
field of oceanography, involving a rapidly 
increasing number of research vessels and 
oceanographic expeditions. The systematic 
handling and processing of data and sam- 
ples collected during these expeditions 
have become an increasing problem to all 
the world’s marine scientists. An urgent 
need arose prompt efficient 
handling of world-wide oceanographic 
data and samples. Representative as they 
are of unique times and places within a 
continually changing and 
marine samples and data, often collected 
at great cost and difficulty, are virtually 
irreplaceable. Each sample may be rep- 
resentative of vast populations in the sea, 
and scientists from all over the world are 
entitled to share the basic 
that is available in each sample. 

To facilitate and hasten results of studies 
of the oceans, the Smithsonian Oceano- 
graphic Sorting Center (SOSC) was 
established in Washington, D.C., in Decem- 
ber 1962. Its initial purpose was to serve 
marine scientists in the United States and 
abroad as a temporary repository and a 
sorting and distribution center for the 
large collections of marine specimens 


for and 


shifting sea, 


information 


* Dr. Wallen is head of the Office of Oceanog- 
raphy and Limnology, Smithsonian Institution. 
Dr. Fehlmann is chief of the Smithsonian Ocean- 
ographic Sorting Center. Mrs. Stoertz is a former 
staff member of SOSC and currently associate 
editor of Geo Marine Technology magazine. 

See also Dr. Wallen’s article, “The International 
Indian Ocean Expedition: A Status Report,” in 
the March 1964 issue of the Journal. 


NovEeMBER, 1968 


and Cynthia Stoertz* 


which were expected to be gathered by 
the International Indian Ocean Expedi- 
tion, a research effort sponsored by the 
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commis- 
sion and having lead funding in the United 
States by the National Science Foundation. 
NSF had established a scientific committee 
for the Indian Ocean Expedition, and this 
committee urged that the Smithsonian 
develop a center for equitable distribution 
of the specimens expected to be collected 
by NSF-supported participants in cruises 
of the two biological ships of the expedi- 
tion, ANTON BRUUN and TE VEGA. 
More than 140 scientists from the United 
States participate in the two years of in- 
tensive collecting in the Indian Ocean, 
and literally tons of biological and geolo- 
gical collections came to SOSC to 
be sorted. 

The principles of operation of the Cen- 
ter were developed at a conference in De- 
cember 1963. The 46 participants from five 
eS: four 


oceanographic 


government organizations, 


institutions, seven inde- 
pendent museums, six universities, and one 
foreign government, all with a strong in- 
terest in taxonomy, came to Washington 
and considered the new operation, with 
special regard to the distribution of speci- 
mens for scientific study. Prior to the es- 
tablishment of SOSC, it was not uncom- 
mon for samples to wait for years. even 
decades. before being examined, and even 
then only taxonomic groups of special 
interest were sorted out and studied sys- 
tematically. Much of this material was 
never utilized, nor was its potential con- 
tribution to knowledge of productivity of 


191 


the oceans fully realized. It was the ob- 
jective of SOSC to help remedy this situ- 
ation for the Indian Ocean and future ex- 
peditions. 

SOSC was rapidly equipped to handle 
and sort these large collections of surface, 
midwater, and benthic marine organisms. 
Technicians were employed in SOSC to 
work under supervisors skilled in the col- 
lecting, handling, preserving, labeling, 
storing, and shipping of valuable speci- 
mens. 

The organization, now located in a 
building of the Navy Yard Annex which 
had been declared surplus by the Navy, 
has gained the respect of marine scien- 
tists. Material sorted by the Center is 
available to all qualified scientists for 
study regardless of their institutional 
affiliations. Eight advisory committees of 
five scientists each advise the SOSC staff 


as to which specialists and institutions 


should receive material. 


Collected specimens are shipped to the 
Sorting Center in crates, drums, and _ bar- 
rels from many national and international 
oceanographic expeditions. The Center 
currently is receiving material from the 
U.S. Antarctic Research Program of the 
National Science Foundation, and sorting 
has been continued on the samples from 
the Indian Ocean Expedition. Collections 
from expeditions to the tropical Atlantic 
have been sorted. Collections have been re- 
ceived also from about 55 other national 
and international sources from various 
parts of the world. 


Primary Functions of SOSC 


SOSC’s scientific interest and aid begin 
at the time of collection. Research ships 
have been provided with record forms to 
ensure that specific categories of data are 
recorded which are essential to the scien- 
tist in his evaluation of the sample. Pre- 
ferred collection and preservation techni- 
ques have been demonstrated by SOSC 
personnel while aboard ship. Shipping con- 
tainers and other supplies have been pro- 


Ue 


vided for shipboard use after tests were 
made at SOSC and in the field to deter- 
mine the most effective and efficient me- 
thods of handling the specimens. 


At SOSC a reference number is given 
to all preserved biological materials and 
sediments received either for sorting or 
for transshipment. This is primarily a 
records check, since the material is not 
actually accessioned in the sense of being 
permanently acquired, as, for example, in 
the U. S. National Museum. Once regis- 
tered, material received only for trans- 
shipment is checked for the adequacy of 
preservation, then repacked and forwarded 
to the designated recipient at SOSC ex- 
pense. Specimen shipments destined for 
SOSC processing are unpacked; the pre- 
servative is examined and replaced if 
necessary; specimens are packaged in suit- 
able containers; and the lots are given 
shelf space for temporary storage. Fre- 
quent checks are made of pH level during 
storage to prevent disintegration or 
damage of specimens. Fishes are separated 
from the other specimens and the field 
preservative, usually formalin, is removed 
and replaced with alcohol. Washing out 
the formalin is a -week-long process, in- 
volving soaking the specimens in water 
which must be changed daily. Inverte- 
brates and fish are stored in various con- 
tainers to be sorted as quickly as possible. 


When the material is removed from 
storage for sorting, the samples are sorted 
into taxa depending upon the specialists’ 
needs and the technicians’ capabilities for 
specialization. The Algal Section generally 
sorts to genus for marine benthic algae, 
dispatches phytoplankton by aliquots, and 
sorts the remaining plants to the highest 
category, i.e., lichens, mosses, and fungi. 
Net-plankton and midwater trawl collec- 
tions are sorted to about 60. categories, 
while benthic invertebrates are separated 
into 90 groups. Fishes are sorted generally 
to species level, but are identified to fami- 
lies. Only preliminary efforts have been 
made in sorting marine sediments. Sorted 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Figure 1. Dried collections of species of algae are displayed before storage for use by specialists. 


specimens are counted, placed in fresh 
preservative along with permanent labels 
detailing collection data, and filed. 


Plankton 


Net-plankton presents a special problem. 
Samples sometimes consist of as much as 
two quarts of material. Even a pint of 
plankton may contain tens of thousands 
of minute organisms. Sorting only to 50 
major groups would take a skilled techni- 
cian at least four weeks of full time work. 
Under a stereomicroscope, technicians use 
extremely fine forceps, wire loops, or pi- 
pettes to remove minute specimens without 
crushing them. To process the maximum 
number of plankton samples, technicians 
work with a small statistically representa- 
tive subsample which can be sorted in one 
day. To obtain this subsample the larger- 
size specimens are removed from the whole 


NOVEMBER, 1968 


sample and their volume measured. The 
remaining plankton sample is volumet- 
rically measured and then subsampled, 
using the Folsom Plankton Splitter—a de- 
vice that divides the plankton sample ver- 
tically so that both the heavier organisms, 
such as foraminifera and pteropods, and 
the lighter organisms, such as medusae 
and siphonophores, are represented. When 
a subsample of perhaps 2000 organisms 
has been sorted into different groups, 
specialists can estimate the numbers of 
these organisms present in the total sam- 
ple and compute oceanic populations. 

The Sorting Center continually develops 
methods to incorporate more efficiency 
and speed into the sorting operations. The 
staff not only works to improve its own 
methods but it cooperates with the staffs 
of U.S. and foreign research laboratories 


193 


to overcome problems with the processing 
of the various marine groups. Before using 
new methods there are _ consultations 
between SOSC and the specialists con- 
cerned with the _ particular groups. 
Selected techniques are used on the valua- 
ble specimens only with the approval of 
the specialists involved. 


Although technicians are trained to 
recognize about 60 groups from the net- 
plankton, any one sample usually contains 
only about 20 to 30 different groups. 
Recognition of specified groups may be 
complicated by the different body forms 
of a species. Male, female, adult, and 
larval forms are often radically different 
in appearance; this factor makes the job 
a challenging one for the sorter, who 
learns to recognize far more than the 
typical animal groups that he may have 
encountered in school. 


Algae 


Macroscopic algae are sorted to the 
generic level, while the plytoplankters and 
other microscopic algae are subsampled 
into 10-cc aliquots. Sorted macro-algae 
generally are placed in glass containers 
with liquid preservative. Regardless of 
size, each container with sorted algae is 
called a “lot” and the samples are sent 
to specialists as lots. After identification, 
these lots are returned to SOSC where the 
specimens are dried and mounted on 
standard herbarium mounting sheets. Each 
labelled herbarium sheet with mounted 
alga or algae is then designated as a 
“specimen” (Figure 1). 

The phytoplankton samples collected 
with a very fine mesh net, initially are 
split into halves. One half is transferred 
to the Plankton Section for zooplankton 
analysis; the other is destined for algal 
specialists. The phytoplankton specialists 
receive about a 10-cc portion of each 
sample. Samples from which aliquots have 
been taken generally are not sorted. Ali- 
quots may be drawn from phytoplankton 
samples repeatedly, as the supply lasts, 


194, 


depending on the demand from special- 
ists. 

The Sorting Center has developed files 
of photographs and drawings to help the 
technicians with sorting. Pictures are re- 
produced for internal use from journals, 
periodicals, keys, and specialists’ sketches. 
More than 260 taxonomists presently are 
involved in studies of the specimens sorted 
by the Center. Located in 27 countries, 
they are interested in a wide variety of 
samples—plankton and benthic organisms, 
geological samples, fishes, and algae. 
Many specialists visit the Sorting Center 
to help the technicians with difficult iden- 
tifications, to provide training in special 
handling procedures, and to see groups 
new to the scientist. 

The SOSC staff use scientists and facil- 
ities of the Museum of Natural History 
for assistance with all aspects of the op- 
eration. 


Handling of Data 


The SOSC exists as a service organi- 
zation and publishes no material of its 
own. Its purpose is to assist specialists 
outside the Sorting Center in any way nec- 
essary to increase their productivity in 
systematics and ecology. To accomplish 
this, not only are specimens sorted, but 
also collections are made, cruise summa- 
ries are prepared, and biological field data 
are reduced to usable station lists. 

Upon request, sorted groups are distrib- 
uted according to the commitments made 
by expedition leaders and principal inves- 
tigators and/or the recommendations of 
the advisory committees to SOSC, which 
are composed of prominent systematists 
around the country and of which the 
chairman is usually a specialist from the 
National Museum. 

Before shipment, all specimens are re- 
checked by an experienced Museum spe- 
cialist for proper identification. The speci- 
mens are invoiced, with copies of all as- 
sociated data supplied for the scientist’s 
reference. Specimen containers are sealed 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


to prevent leakage; fish specimens are 
placed either in jars or carefully wrapped 
in muslin, tagged separately, and sealed in 
polyethylene bags. All shipments are sup- 
ported by SOSC funds. 

Inherent in the type of service provided 
by SOSC is the requirement for accumu- 
lation and dissemination of data. Prior to 
Fiscal Year 1967 most of the record-keep- 
ing tasks were scattered among the section 
supervisors, the technicians, and the regis- 
trar—a situation that was inefficient be- 
cause it delayed the technical staff in ac- 
complishing its primary duty of specimen 
sorting. 

In 1967 the decision was made to con- 
solidate record-keeping on all specimen 
collections. The objectives were to improve 
manpower usage by freeing technicians 
from record-keeping chores and to provide 
more accurate, complete, and_ efficient 
services to scientists. In view of the vast 
and growing volume of data at SOSC, it 
became evident that these objectives could 
be met only by instituting automatic data 
processing (ADP) along with improved 
manual procedures in all possible areas. 

Improvements have included the use of 
a card-filing system and/or statistical mas- 
ter lists to maintain a station-by-station 
report of sorting progress. Sorting sheets 
have been designed to allow rapid enu- 
meration of data, to call attention to or- 
ganisms likely to be encountered in samp- 
les, and to indicate relationships between 
taxa as an aid to association of group 
characteristics. 

Two SCM Typetronic units for auto- 
matic preparation of labels, inventory 
cards, and invoices have been purchased 
and installed at SOSC. These units save 
time in typing information that must be 
duplicated many times over and also consid- 
erably reduce human errors during the 
transcription of data. The SCM also cap- 
tures sampling and inventory data on 
punched paper tape which can then be used 
for rapid transfer of data to the magnetic 
tapes required for a computer storage 


NoveMBER, 1968 


and retrieval system. New label and in- 
ventory card formats have been designed 
and programmed fer use on the Type- 
tronic. Catalogues have been prepared on 
taxonomic names, institutions, and collect- 
ing gear; and code systems have been de- 
veloped for some categories of data. An 
ADP system has been developed to suit SO- 
SC’s specific requirements. Since initia- 
tion of this system in April 1968, sorting 
data have been correlated by machine with 
reduced data sheets of sampling and en- 
vironmental information obtained from col- 
lectors’ field logs. Standard reports have 
been programmed for rapid location of 
data on specific parameters—for example, 
the determination of geographic areas in 
which given taxa have been found. When 
the data are available, another report will 
list all taxa present in each sample pro- 


cessed at SOSC. These reports include in- 


formation on the present location of 
specimens either at SOSC or at other in- 
stitutions for identification and study. 


Through the NSF Office of Antarctic 
Programs, SOSC maintains a centralized 
record of all marine and terrestrial speci- 
mens collected by past and continuing 
U.S. expeditions in the Antarctic Province, 
as provided for under the International 
Antarctic Treaty. Also, a descriptive file is 
maintained of the ocean-bottom photo- 
graphs taken from the NSF-funded An- 
tarctic research ship, USNS ELTANIN. 
These prints and negatives are duplicated 
and sent to scientists studying the topo- 
graphy and bottom communities of the 
ocean floor. For rapid retrieval of photo- 
graphs by selected biological and geologi- 
cal parameters, a descriptive filing system 
of end-punch cards has been developed. 
Through use of this card file, photographs 
may be located by index of special feat- 
ures, such as sandy substrata, recogniza- 
ble animal groups, or conditions occur- 
ring at specific depths or locations. A file 
of collecting permits issued by the Inter- 
national Cooperation and_ Information 
Program, NSF, is maintained at SOSC as a 


195 


preliminary record of material removed 
from Antarctica. 


Curatorial Investigations 


Because SOSC is a new concept in org- 
anization in the field of oceanography, 
the technical and supervisory staff finds 
itself pioneering in many directions. Pro- 
gress has been made especially in con- 
tributions to curatorial research, as in- 
dividual sections have developed tech- 
niques and materials suited to the specific 
problems encountered in dealing with 
each group of organisms. 

Relatively little is being done commer- 
cially to satisfy the special supply and 
equipment needs that arise daily, and the 
staff often provides the stimulus for such 
development by manufacturers and engi- 
neers. Efforts to interest commercial 
suppliers in the development of adequate 
containers and closures has led to the 


manufacture of different-sized jars with 


uniform mouth openings and of polypro- 
pylene closures to fit a variety of glass 
containers commonly used for other pur- 
poses in industry. These improvements 
reduce the stockpiling of many different 
sizes of closures and jars and permit the 
use of relatively inexpensive containers for 
museum collections. 

The search for new techniques has been 
most successful when the individual concen- 
trates upon the simplest items commonly 
in use around him. A most useful source 
of needed materials has been the excess 
property available through the General 
Services Administration. Alcohol, packag- 
ing containers, tools, and optical and pre- 
cision equipment are among the items ob- 
tained on “surplus.” Commercially-avail- 
able materials of an elementary nature 
that have been adapted for specific labor- 
atory purposes include the following: A 
square of black glass under the micro- 
scope stage provides a background against 
which organisms are most easily seen. 
A U.S. Royal adhesive mixture is used to 
seal vials and bottles before shipment, 


196 


thus avoiding the problem of leakage 
common to many biological containers. 
The Plastic Peel-a-Way Blood Sampler 
(Scientific Products) provides a quick 
and reasonably accurate method of ob- 
taining and holding representative aliquots 
phytoplankton. This method also elim- 
inates the problem of contamination of 
the sample and loss of samples due to 
breakage during shipment. Multipurpose 
biological trays have been adapted for 
washing and rinsing marine macroscopic 
algae. Use of different sizes of mesh 
openings prevents loss of minute fila- 
mentous algae carried away in the water 
overflow. During sorting of the smaller 
marine animals, a plastic tray with a 
numbered grid of 12xl12-mm_ compart- 
ments facilitates handling and _ sorting 
specimens. This has been found to be 
less cumbersome than the use of a larger 
maze of dividers. An enlarged version of 
the Folsom Plankton Splitter can handle 
the greater volume of midwater-trawl 
specimens per sample. Small desk-air fans 
direct a confined stream of air across the 
top of the sorting tray, helping to pre- 
vent inhalation of preservative fumes 
without causing a draft on the sorter. 
Miniature egg boxes are used to facilitate 
storage of specimens in five-dram vials. 

Several methods have been tried to 
handle the most fragile specimens: Thistle 
tubes with ultra-fine mesh netting draw 
off fluid from samples without removing 
the microscopic organisms. A scoop-type 
device has been developed to pick up these 
fragile animals without injuring them. 
Fine flexible forceps and Irwin loops 
and broaches have been found to be more 
satisfactory than the stiffer jeweler’s for- 
ceps previously used in separating and 
sorting these organisms. 

Two of the techniques adapted for more 
efficient record-keeping are the banks of 


which hand 


movement in enumeration of animals by 


multiple counters reduce 
taxa and a metal plate one-fiftieth the 


area of the sorting tray, which is used 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Figure 2. Processing laboratory of the Benthic Invertebrates Section, showing various activities in- 
volved in sorting benthic invertebrate organisms. 


to estimate copepods when their numbers 
would cause prohibitive loss of time if an 
organism-by-organism count were made. 
The use of various solutions in process- 
ing marine organisms at the time of col- 
lection and in the laboratory is a continu- 
ing concern at SOSC. Experiments have 
been conducted with formalin in natural 
sea water, artificial salt-water, and fresh- 
water to determine the most satisfactory 
solution for preservation of animals and 
for handling large numbers of specimens. 
For example, it has been found that Ionol 
is useful in preserving color, but causes 
organisms to stick together and makes 
sorting more difficult. Its use has also 
resulted in the destruction of certain plas- 
tic containers in the laboratory. 
Investigation is under way of the use of 
mechanical sorting devices to speed 


NOVEMBER, 1968 


tedious and time-consuming manual sort- 
ing. Based on the mechanical sorter de- 
veloped by Dr. John McGowan of the 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography 
(McGowan and Fraundorf, 1964), a mod- 
ified sorter was designed and built. This 
mechanical sorter would utilize the organ- 
isms’ specific gravity in a given “sorting 
solution.” When fully developed, the me- 
chanical sorter should substantially in- 
crease the volume of material sorted per 
man-hour for certain groups of pelagic 
organisms. 

Working Group 23 on plankton collec- 
tion and preservation was established by 
the Special Committee on Oceanic Research 
of the International Council for Scientific 
Unions and advisory to the Intergovern- 
mental Oceanographic Commission of 


UNESCO, and held its first meeting in 


197 


Washington, under SOSC auspices. Under 
the guidance of WG-23, SOSC has engaged 
in a series of experiments involving repli- 
cated, diversified collection and preserva- 
tion of plankton samples. The results of 
these curatorial experiments will be of 
great value in developing the plans for 
the U.S.—announced International Dec- 
ade of Exploration, now under develop- 
ment. 
Training of Personnel 


Because of the unique services it per- 
forms, SOSC cannot expect to hire persons 
already trained as sorters. At first it was 
believed that only persons with college 
backgrounds in some aspect of biology 
could be utilized as sorters. However, ex- 
perience has shown that this is not neces- 
sary nor even particularly desirable, and 
many persons with limited backgrounds 
have been successfully employed at SOSC. 
The training of responsible unskilled new 
employees as competent technicians has 
been more easily accomplished than had 
been expected. 

Training in general sorting techniques 
and specimen identification is provided 
under the daily supervision of the super- 
visors and of the senior technicans (Fig- 
ure 2). Training tools available in each 
section include reference textbooks, atlases 
compiled with specimen descriptions and 
illustrations, photograph and slide files of 
infrequently-seen specimens, and such de- 
vices as the Nikon Comparator available 
in the Plankton Section which provides a 
TV-screen-size view of specimens for a 
large group. 

Training is based upon recognition of 
gross external morphological features, 
since no dissection of specimens is_per- 
mitted. Formal lectures are supplemented 
by demonstration laboratory sessions, and 
technicians are often provided with illus- 
trative literature to aid in continuing this 
training. 

SOSC also provides training and edu- 
cational services to laymen and _ students 
seeking assistance on matters related to 
biological oceanography. 


198 


Section supervisors at SOSC are in- 
vited to give lectures describing the func- 
tions of SOSC, and in biological oceano- 
graphy. 

Many college and high school students 
under the sponsorship of NSF’s Summer 
Educational Programs are working in the 
Sorting Center, learning to recognize var- 
ious types of marine organisms. During 
the training period, some students under- 
take research projects under the direct 
supervision of SOSC supervisors. Also, 
students have come to work at SOSC on a 
volunteer basis. They are provided the 
same types of training given to technic- 
ians and NSF-sponsored students. 

Susan Fitzwater, one of our NSF-spon- 
sored students, did a project on the growth 
of a unicellular green alga in a nutrient 
solution. This project was a part of the 
Science Talent Search competition spon- 
sored by Westinghouse. Sharon McCarthy, 
from a local junior high school, was pro- 
vided with materials for a project on the 
economic uses of algae. Larry Fallon, a 
volunteer student trainee in the Algal 
Section, undertook a science project en- 
titled “Culturing Chlorella.” 

Gwen Bayley, a local high school stud- 
ent, received assistance with culture media 
for growing green algae. 

Visiting Scientists 

In addition to the training given by the 
SOSC staff, visiting consultants provide 
information in specialized areas: 

Dr. John Wickstead of the Plymouth 
Marine Laboratory (England), was 
brought to the United States for three 
months during the summer of 1963 to es- 
tablish the plankton sorting operation and 
to provide training in the sorting of the 
plankton from the International Indian 
Ocean Expedition. 

Mr. E. C. Jones of the Hawaii Labora- 
tory, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, a 
participant in the Indian Ocean Expedi- 
tion, was brought to Washington for two 
weeks to assist in processing copepods 
from those samples. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Dr. Ruth Patrick of the Philadelphia 
Academy of Sciences spent a week at 
SOSC in developing procedures for the 
algae section. 

Dr. Allan Bé of the Lamont Geological 
Observatory and one of his technicians 
spent a week training SOSC technicians 
in the processing of foraminifera. 

Dr. Saul Saila of the University of 
Rhode Island spent a week at SOSC in de- 
veloping a records system. 

Dr. Shoji Ueyanagi, Tokyo fisheries ex- 
pert, spent two weeks working with tech- 
nicians on the processing of fish larvae. 

Drs. Isabel Canet and Jack Pierce were 
associated with the Center for more than 
a year with adjunct responsibilities for 
shrimps and for sediments. 

Dr. J. L. Hart of the University of Brit- 
ish Columbia, Canada, visited SOSC for a 
month to assist with the recognition of 
the various groups of decapod crustacean 
larvae. During her stay, Dr. Hart also 
developed a key to the larvae for the sort- 
ers’ use. 

Dr. Jan Kohlmeyer gave an illustrated 
lecture on recognition of higher marine 
fungi to be found on macro-algae, in- 
vetebrates, and driftwood. Dr. Kohlymer 
is with the Institute of Fisheries Research 
at the University of North Carolina. 

Dr. Robert P. Higgins of Wake Forest 
College instructed technicians and con- 
sulted with the supervisory staff on tech- 
niques of sorting meiofauna. 

Preliminary training has been given to 
technicians by Drs. Joseph Rosewater and 
Klaus Rutzler, Museum of Natural History, 
in the identification of prosobranch gastro- 
pods, pelecypods, decapods, and sponges. 

Dr. Robert F. Scagel, University of 
British Columbia, provided consultative 
service to the Algal Section of SOSC. 
Methods of handling algal collections re- 
ceived by SOSC, and procedures to follow 
for encouraging better relations with legal 
specialists, were the main topics of the 
discussion. 


NOVEMBER, 1968 


Accomplishments 


The Smithsonian Oceanographic Sort- 
ing Center had been in operation for well 
over five years. As of April 30, 1968, the 
Center had received 34,545 samples from 
51 national and international sources. Of 
these, 15,000 non-vertebrate samples and 
23,000 vertebrate- species units were 
sorted to yield 17,000,000 specimens. Some 
51,000 sorted lots consisting of 7,000,000 
specimens were shipped. An additional 
11,000 lots of unsorted samples were 
shipped. 

Both logistic and personnel support 
were given to scientific expeditions. To 
the end of April 1968, technicians and 
specialists had spent 1,204 man-days in 
the field. One hundred and _ fifty-five 
shipments of collecting gear and curator- 
ial supplies were provided to 36 national 
and foreign oceanographic cruises and 
other scientific collecting and processing 
endeavors. In addition, about 40 shipments 
of supplies and equipment were made to 
support the operations of the Mediterran- 
ean Marine Sorting Center in Tunisia. 

The six SOSC sections were staffed with 
16 Federal and 26 private roll employ- 
ees. Four high school students worked at 
SOSC on an educational summer program 
sponsored by NSF. Others who have 
worked at SOSC during the past five years 
include 17 Federal and 63 private roll 
employees, six NSF-sponsored college stu- 
dents, and 13 consultants. 

At least 255 specialists have received 
SOSC-processed material: 139 received 
benthic and midwater trawl invertebrates: 
64 (50 duplicates) received plankton 
sroups; 80 (6 duplicates) received fishes: 
15 received algae and 3, other plant 
groups; and 10 received geological speci- 
mens. Of these, 196 are U.S. specialists 
and 58 are from 26 foreign countries. 


Mediterranean Marine Sorting Center 


Growing out of SOSC and using Public 
Law 480 funds, the Mediterranean Marine 
Sorting Center (MMSC) began operations 
November 2, 1966 in an office and two 


199 


laboratories of the Institut National 
d’Oceanographie et de Péche, in Salam- 
mbo, Tunisia. Plans had been made in 
1965 to create a facility similar to the 
Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, 
which would provide sorting services in 
the Mediterranean-Red Sea region. Several 
sites were available for the establishment 
of this regional center. Tunisia was chosen 
primarily for its location in the central 
Mediterranean and because of the en- 
thusiasm of the scientists and government 
of Tunisia for cooperation with the Smith- 
sonian Institution in this project. Repre- 
sentatives of the Smithsonian Institution 
met with Tunisian government officials 
in late 1965 and mid-1966 and, with the 
assistance of the Embassy of the United 
States, an agreement to establish the Medi- 
terranean Marine Sorting Center was 
signed in September 1966. The Center is 
situated on the Gulf of Tunis, 12 km north 
of Tunis, at the traditional site of the 
ancient and important seaport of Carth- 
age. 

During the first 18 months of opera- 


tion, collections have been received by the 


Center from Tunisia, Italy, Yugoslavia, 
and Malta. Others are anticipated from 
France, Algeria, and Cyprus. About a mil- 
lion specimens were sorted and the first 
20,000 specimens (chaetognaths, fish eggs 
and larvae, siphonophores) have been sent 
to specialists. Half of a set of 175 well- 
documented samples has been sorted and 
a good collection of local fish families 
was obtained. 


Because the Smithsonian has developed 
the physical facilities, procured the equip- 
ment, and provided the training and su- 
pervision of the technicians, other agencies 
had realized by 1964 that SOSC could pro- 
vide a complete specimen service of value 
in advancing their missions. Funds for 
special sorting projects have been pro- 
vided by NSF for the Indian Ocean and 
Antarctic expeditions, by the Office of 
Naval Research, by the Bureau of Com- 
mercial Fisheries Laboratories in Wash- 
ington, Miami, and Hawaii, and by the Na- 


200 


val Oceanographic Office. The Link Foun- 
dation supported publication of an SOSC 
brochure. 

The Center has established its reputa- 
tion, and at least partial replication has 
occurred in India, Japan, Canada, and 
Singapore. Although many of the aspects 
of SOSC duplicate long-established prac- 
tices of the Bureau of Commercial Fisher- 
ies and other marine research laborator- 
ies, it has focussed the service concept in 
a way that has become an important part 
of the National Oceanography effort. 


ACHIEVEMENT AWARD 
NOMINATIONS REQUESTED 


The Committee on Awards for Scientific 
Achievement has called attention to the 
Academy’s annual scientific achievement 
awards program. Nominations for awards 
will be received at the Washington Acad- 
emy of Sciences office, 9650 Rockville 
Pike (Bethesda), until December 13. 

Each year the Academy gives awards for 
outstanding achievement in each of five 
areas — biological sciences, engineering 
sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, 
and teaching of science (including mathe- 
matics). The 1968 winners of these 
awards will be honored at the annual 
award dinner meeting of the Academy on 
Feburary 20, 1959. Academy fellows and 
members are invited to submit nomina- 
tions for the awards, in accordance with 
the following procedures. 


Eligibility. Candidates for the first 
four awards must have been born in 1929 
or later; there is no age limit on the 
teaching of science award. All candidates 
must reside within a radius of 50 miles 
from the zero milestone behind the White 
House. It is not necessary that a candidate 
be a member of a society affiliated with 
the Washington Academy of Sciences. 


Recommendation. Nomination forms 
can be obtained from the Academy office. 
Use of these forms is not mandatory, but 
the sponsor’s recommendation should in- 
clude the following: (a) General bio- 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


graphy of candidate, including date of 
birth, 


perience with degrees 


residence address, academic ex- 
and dates, and 
post-academic experience with particular 
detailed reference to work for which an 
award is recommended; (b) list of pub- 
lications with reprints, particularly of 
that work for which recognition is sug- 
gested. If reprints are not available, com- 
plete references to publications must be 


included. 


Citation. Particular attention should be 
(80 


typewriter spaces or less) which, in sum- 


given to preparation of a citation 


mary, states the candidate’s specific ac- 
complishments and which would be used 
in connection with presentation of award 
to the successful candidate. 


Re-nomination. Former nominees may be 
re-nominated with or without additional 
evidence, provided sponsors make known 
their desires to the general chairman of 
the Committee. 


Early submission of biographical and 
publications information will facilitate the 
evaluation of nominations. Further infor- 
mation can be obtained from Dr. John 
L. Torgesen, general chairman of the 
Awards Scientific 
Achievement, Inorganic Materials Divi- 
sion, National Bureau of Standards (921- 
2891). 


Committee on for 


NOVEMBER, 1968 


Environmental Development, Inc. 
Enters Research and Consultation 
Field 
Environmental Development, Inc., has 
announced its recent establishment with 
Louis C. McCabe, an Academy fellow, as 
president and chairman of the board. 
Composed of outstanding scientists who are 
prominent in air and water pollution, ma- 
rine biology, oceanography, occupational 
medicine, and meteorology, the corpora- 
tion will offer consultation and research 
services to industry and all levels of 

Government. 

Among those associated as consultants 
with the new organization are Adm. A. L. 
Danis, USN (Ret.), meteorologist and 
professor at the University of Florida, 
with experience in environmental air pol- 
lution and diffusion of air contaminants; 
Dr. A. Joel Kaplovsky, head of the De- 
partment of Environmental Sciences at 
Rutgers University; Dr. Morris Katz, pro- 
fessor at the University of Syracuse, with 
40 years’ experience in air pollution re- 
search and control; and Dr. Willard 
Machle, with experience in occupational 
medicine and toxicological research. 

In addition to Dr. McCabe, senior staff 
members of EDI are Stephen Megregian, 
vice-president, Water Resources Division; 
Dr. Ivor Cornman, vice-president, Marine 
Biology Division; and D. A. Sullivan, 
senior vice-president, Midwest Division. 

Offices of the corporation are at 1000 
Vermont Avenue, N.W., Suite 209, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 20005 (phone 347-4747). 


WW 


201 


Academy Proceedings 


WASHINGTON JUNIOR 
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


A joint meeting of the Junior Academy 
and Senior Academy was held October 19 
in the Reiss Science Building at George- 
town University. This is an annual affair, 
ordinarily devoted to the reporting of re- 
search projects completed by the junior 
members. This year, in view of the ap- 
proaching International Science Fair sched- 
uled for 1970 in Washington, the discus- 
sions were concerned with the nature of 
possible projects for presentation at the 
fair. 

Attendance was about 40 from the 
Juniors and about a dozen from the Senior 
usual, but 


Academy—not as large as 


Gladys was still pouring with rain. 


The morning session was taken up by a 
panel discussion led by Grover Sherlin of 
the Joint Board on Science Education, and 
a talk on project presentation by George 
Baka of the Society of Federal Artists 
and Designers. The discussion before the 
panel, consisting of Jerry Tickell, Karen 
Bayer, John Cybolski, and Elaine Shafrin, 
was vigorous and elicited a number of 
interesting facts about the young scien- 
tists. None of them admitted to using 
their parents’ money for their projects, 
either borrowing the materials from labor- 
atories or friends, or earning the money 
themselves to buy them. When they were 
asked how they had first become inter- 
ested in science, there proved to be almost 
an equal division: a third through school 
insistence on doing a science project; a 
third through a scientific environment in 
the home; and a third through random, 
self-excited interest such as coming on an 
walking 


interesting book in a_ library, 


through a greenhouse and buying an at- 


202 


tractive plant, or chancing to visit the 
laboratory of a friend’s father. 

The afternoon sessions were in four 
groups. Physics, Electronics, and Engi- 
neering was led by Grover Sherlin, with 
George Waldo and Malcolm Henderson 
collaborating; Chemistry was led by 
Elaine Shafrin, with Frank Roegner, 
Walter Benson, and Roy Foresti collabor- 
ating; Louise Marshall had Life Sciences; 
and Harvey Banks had Earth and Astro- 
nomical Sciences. 

The Juniors made up in interest and 
attractiveness what they lacked in num- 
bers: fully half the audience was girls. 


—M. C. Henderson 


JOINT BOARD ON 
SCIENCE EDUCATION 


The National Bureau of Standards at 
Gaithersburg was the scene of a Confer- 
ence on Mathematics Teaching, held Oc- 
tober 12 under Joint Board sponsorship. 
About 160 teachers attended this half- 
day meeting. 

The meeting, with Russell W. Mebs as 
chairman, opened with a “Welcome to. 
NBS” by Morris Newman, chief of the 
NBS Numerical Analysis Section. This 
was followed by three technical discus- 
sions, as follows: “Dissection Problems in 
Two and Three Dimensions” by Michael 
Goldberg, mathematics and 
author of mathematics textbooks; “An Aid 
to the Solution of Verbal Problems in 
Mathematics” by Grover C. Sherlin of the 
NBS Environmental Engineering Section; 
and “Building of Computational Skills” 
by Jacqueline W. Perreault, visiting profes- 
sor in the Projects De- 
partment of the University of Maryland. A 
courtesy luncheon was followed by ad- 


consultant 


Mathematics 


journment. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


ELECTION TO FELLOWSHIP 


One person was elected to fellowship in 
the Academy at the Board of Managers 
meeting on October 17, as follows: 

JEAN K. BOEK, anthropologist and 
visiting professor at the University of 
Maryland, “in recognition of her interest 
in urban problems, particularly as_ re- 
gards public school education.” Sponsors: 


N. D. Stewart, Priscilla Reining, J. C. 


Ewers. 


ELECTIONS TO MEMBERSHIP 


The following persons were elected to 
membership in the Academy by action of 
the Committee on Membership in October, 
1968: 

MARIA L. AMBROSE, teacher of phy- 
sical science, E. B. Wood Junior High 
School, Rockville, Md. 

GEORGE CROSSETTE, chief, Geo- 
graphic Research Division, National Geo- 
graphic Society. 

REGINALD C. JORDAN, chemist, Gil- 
lette Research Institute, Rockville, Md. 

OREST A. MEYKAR, engineer, Naval 
Ship Systems Command, Washington, D. C. 

SIDNEY SCHNEIDER, director, Policy 
and Planning Division, Program Manage- 
ment Office, General Services Administra- 
tion, Washington, D. C. 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES 


June 

The Board of Managers held its 594th 
meenmne jen June’6,, 1968, :at. the FASEB 
Building at Bethesda, with President Hend- 
erson presiding. 

The minutes of the 593rd meeting were 
approved as previously distributed, with 
a minor correction. 

Dr. Henderson announced that the Ex- 
ecutive Committee would consist of the of- 
ficers plus Editor Detwiler and Dr. J. K. 
Taylor. He also announced the appoint- 
ment of chairmen of standing commit- 
tees for the coming year (see September 
Journal, page 124). 


NOvEMBER, 1968 


Dr. Henderson also announced that due 
to her extended absence from the country, 
Dr. Mary L. Robbins had resigned as 
manager-at-large for the term 1966/7 
through 1968/9. The Board named John 
H. Menkart to fill the unexpired term, 
inasmuch as, at the last election, he had 
received the third largest number of votes 
for manager. 

Membership. Chairman Mitchell an- 
nounced the following elections to mem- 
bership in the Academy: J. Martyn Bailey, 
Marian B. DeBerry, and Stephen Hop.- 
kins. 

On Dr. Mitchell’s motion, the Board 
elected the following persons to fellow- 
ship in the Academy: Charles W. Buggs, 
Walter M. Elsasser, Einar P. Flint, Laura 
Giuffrida, Ariel C. Hollinshead, David B. 
Miller, Ralph L. Miller, Moses Passer, 
Robert G. L. Reeves, Donald H. Spalding, 
Frederick Sperling, Howard M. Wiede- 
mann, and Charles F. Withington. 

Emilio Weiss, the new delegate from 
the Society for Experimental Biology and 
Medicine, and Priscilla Reining, the new 
delegate from the Anthropological Society 
of Washington, were elected to fellowship 
in the Academy. 

Grants-in-Aid. Chairman Sherlin  re- 
minded the Board that the Academy re- 
ceives about $450 yearly from AAAS to 
be used for grants for student research. Of 
the funds currently available, about $340 
will be lost if not used before December 
1968. He suggested that if sufficient ap- 
plications for these funds were not re- 
ceived through the usual channels, some 
of the money might be used in support of 
the Youth Opportunity Corps, to provide 
supplies for one or more of the groups 
working in area high schools under super- 
vision of volunteer scientists. A short dis- 
cussion developed the consensus that, at 
the discretion of the Executive Commit- 
tee. up to $500 might be approved for 
such use. 

Encouragement of Science Talent. Chair- 
man Heyden reported that the Junior 
Academy’s program planning for 1968-69 


203 


was well under way. Proposed activities 
would include the customary rail excur- 
sions to museums in New York and Phila- 
delphia. The WJAS treasury had a current 
surplus of about $1,000. It was proposed 
to offer several $100 scholarships each 
year to Washington area high school 
eraduates. 

Father Heyden indicated that his com- 
mittee was concerned about the lack of 
participation of D.C. high school students 
in science fair activities; most of the 
JWAS members come from suburban 
areas. He inquired about expanding the 
committee’s activities into science fair ac- 
tivities; there was no objection from the 
Board. 

Editor. Mr. Detwiler reported that an 
article in the October 1967 Jounal, on the 
role of geology in the development and 
planning of metropolitan Washington, 
had been quoted extensively in a brochure 
recently published by the Washington 
Board of Trade, describing the natural 
features of the Washington area. He also 


commented that Eduard Farber’s historical — 


monograph on oxygen and_ oxidation, 
sponsored by the Academy, had received 
favorable reviews in Science, Endeavor, 
and the Journal of Chemical Education. 


Joint Board. Dr. J. D. Lockard reported 
that the Joint Board had undertaken to 
sponsor the International Science Fair for 
1970, which will be held in Washington at 
the Sheraton Park Hotel. So far, the 
Board had collected about $5,000 of the 
$32,000 or more that would be needed to 
finance the fair. 

Other Business. Dr. Honig reported that 
the Washington Operations Research Coun- 
cil was considering the use of the Acad- 
emy’s office services to assist in its treas- 
urer’s operations. Dr. Rado indicated that 
the Philosophical Society also was consid- 
ering some use of the office services. 
Others reported that IEEE and the Amer- 
ican Society for Microbiology also might 
be interested in some office services. 


Dr. Gray inquired about the status of 


204 


the review of Academy meetings and ac- 
tivities that had been initiated by the im- 
mediate past president, Dr. Specht. Dr. 
Henderson advised that Dr. Stern, chair- 
man of the Policy Planning Committee, 
was out of the country but would pre- 
sumably resume consideration of the mat- 
tern on his return. Among other sugges- 
tions, the committee had been consider- 
ing joint meetings with affiliates of the 
Academy on special meeting nights. Dr. 
Oswald stated that the American Society 
for Microbiology would have its annual 
dinner at the Cosmos Club, and had 
thought to ask the Academy, or some 
other group, to supply a speaker. Dr. 
Gray suggested that an annual symposium 
might be considered in lieu of monthly 
meetings. Mr. Detwiler felt that regular 
monthly meetings should not be aban- 
doned; also, that percentagewise, the at- 
tendence record at Academy meetings was 
about the same as that of some other 
local societies. Dr. Haenni indicated that 
the Chemical Society expected to experi- 
ment with an all-day symposium in May 
1969. Mr. Pike, vice-chairman of the IEEE 
Washington Section, indicated that his 
group had 6,158 members with an aver- 
age meeting attendance of 66. The 20 in- 
dividual chapters of IEEE, with member- 
ships ranging from 55 to 750, had an 
average meeting attendance of about 55.. 
He reported that IEEE had experimented 
with shifting meeting nights, and in so do- 
ing had nearly lost its identity as an or- 
ganization. 

Dr. Lockard reported that the Joint 
Board had lost its financial support for the 
visiting scientists and engineers program. 
Last year, 250 to 300 scientists 
visited local high schools as a part of this 


some 


program; and he suggested that the Acad- 
emy consider supporting it. Support for 
the Collegiate Conference also had been 
lost. In the past, the program cost about 
$700 per conference; but it could be sup- 
ported to some extent at a lesser figure— 


say $200 to $300 per conference. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


September 


The Board of Managers held its 595th 
meeting on September 26, 1968 in the 
National Academy of Sciences building, 
with President Henderson presiding. 


The minutes of the 594th meeting were 
approved as previously circulated, with 
two corrections: (1) Dr. Haenni stated that 
the Chemical Society of Washington would 
hold its first all-day symposium in Decem- 
ber next, instead of in May 1969 as pre- 
viously reported. (2) Dr. Henderson in- 
dicated that the Junior Academy’s all-day 
meeting was currently scheduled for Sat- 
urday, October 19. 

Secretary. Mr. Farrow circulated a pro- 
gram received from the Indiana Academy 
of Science, listing the speakers participating 
in its Speakers Bureau. 

Treasurer. In the absence of Dr. Cook, 
Miss Elizabeth Ostaggi, the Academy’s of- 
fice manager, reported that 96 copies of 
the Academy’s most recent monograph 
had been sold at a return of $496. The 
Junior Academy’s current checking balance 
was $4,056; it was planned to transfer 
$2,000 of this amount to the savings ac- 
count. 

Membership. In the absence of Chair- 
man Apstein, Dr. Henderson presented 
the following new delegates of affiliated 
societies: Lt. Col. Harold A. Steiner of the 
American Meteorological Society ; Mr. Rob- 
ert C. Smith, Jr., of the American Institute 
of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and Dr. 
Oscar M. Bizzell of the American Nuclear 
Society. The Board elected these persons 
to fellowship in the Academy, under the 
Bylaws provisions for election of dele- 
gates. 

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern an- 
nounced that the Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion was currently publishing a unified 
science calendar, similar to the one that 
had been proposed by his committee. 
Delegates may supply meeting informa- 
tion from their to the 
Smithsonian staff in charge of the cal- 


organizations 
endar. » 


NOVEMBER, 1968 


Meetings. Chairman Slawsky reported 
that the regular October meeting would 
be superseded by a joint meeting with the 
Junior Academy on Saturday, October 19. 
The November meeting was scheduled for 
the regular “third Thursday” meeting 
night, November 21, at the Cosmos Club; 
a William Harvey film on blood circula- 
tion would be shown. The annual Acad- 
emy Award dinner has been scheduled for 


February 20, 1969. 


As to locations for the Board of Man- 
agers meetings, opinion was about equally 
divided between the NAS building and 
the FASEB building in Bethesda. 


Encouragement of Science Talent. In 
the absence of Chairman Heyden, Carl” 
Hemenway, president of the Junior Acad- 
emy, was present to answer questions 
about the group. During the school year 
1968-69, five rail excursions to New York 
City are planned. He indicated that par- 
ticipation in these trips of D.C. high 
school students was good, although their 
participation in science fair activities was 
considerably less than that of suburban 
high school students. 

Joint Board. Dr. Henderson reported 
that Edward Hacskaylo had resigned as an 
Academy member on the Joint Board on 
Science Education, and that he was seek- 
ing a suitable replacement. Dr. Slawsky 
indicated that he was handling the grant 
program in Dr. Hacskaylo’s stead. 

Other Business. Dr. Henderson 
cated that several societies were interested 
in the Academy’s offer to provide office 
services. These include the Geological 
Society, the Instrument Society of America, 
and IEEE. 

He also announced that the Applied 
Physics Laboratory was seeking a suitable 
sponsor for an annual publication to be 
issued primarily for the benefit of librar- 
ies. APL produces the scientific data; the 
publication would be financed by funds 
provided through the State Technical Serv- 
ices Act. A suitable non-profit organiza- 
tion is needed to serve as the sponsor. 


indi- 


205 


Science in Washington 


CALENDAR OF EVENTS 

Notices of meetings for this column may 
be sent to Elaine G. Shafrin, Apt. N-702, 
800—4th St., S: W., Washington, D. C., 
20024, by the first Wednesday of the 
month preceding the date of issue of the 
Journal. 


November 26—American Society for 

Microbiology 

Daniel E. Thor, Division of Biologics 
Standards, National Institutes of Health, 
“In vitro Correlates of Delayed Hypersen- 
sitivity in Man.” 

Henry Godfrey, Division of Biologics 
Standards, National Institutes of Health, 
“Inhibition of Migration of Lymphocytes 
by a Carbohydrate Fraction of BCG.” 

Joost Oppenheim, National Institute of 
Dental Research, “Immunological Relev- 
ance of Lymphocyte Transformation.” 

Naval Medical Center, School Hospital 
Administration Building Auditorium, 


Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m. 


November 29—Philosophical Society 


of Washington 


Robert Henkin, National Institutes of 
Health, “Molecular Basis of Taste.” 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170 
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15 p.m. 


December 3—Botanical Society of 
Washington 


H. R. Thomas, director of Crops Re. 
search Division, Agriculture Research 
Service, USDA, subject to be announced. 

Administration Building, National Ar- 
boretum, 8:00 p.m. 


December 3—IEEE 

Engineering Management Group 

Dwin R. Craig, Fairchild-Hiller Corp., 
‘“Product/Project Selection.” 

Blackie’s House of Beef, 1219 22nd St., 
N.W., noon. 


206 


December 4—Washington Society of 

Engineers 

Annual meeting. 

Harry Crull, Naval Observatory, will 
give an illustrated lecture on the work of 
the Observatory. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170 
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


December 5—Society for Experimen- 
tal Biology and Medicine 
Moderator: Donald E. Kayhoe, Trans- 

plantation and Immunology Branch, Na- 

tional Institute of Allergy and Infectious 

Diseases, NIH, “Transplantation Perspec- 

tives.” 

Auditorium, Naval Medical Research 

Institute, Bethesda, Md., 8:00 p.m. 


December 5—Entomological Society 
of Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 


Room 43, Natural History Building, 


_ Smithsonian Institution, 8:00 p.m. 


December 5 — Electrochemical So- 
ciety 
Speaker to be announced. 
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American 
University, 8:00 p.m. 


December 9—American Society for 

Metals 

Joint meeting with AWS. Paul H. Rob- 
bins, executive director, National Society 
of Professional Engineers, “Your Tech- 
nology Is Not Enough.” 

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House, 
1500 S. Joyce St., Arlington, Va., social 
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 8:00 
p-m. 


December 10—American Society of 
Civil Engineers 
Lt. Gen. William F. Cassidy, chief, 
Corps of Engineers, “Decisions Needed 
for a Long-Range Water Resources Pro- 
gram.” 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon. 
Luncheon meeting. For reservations 


phone Floyd E. Curfman, 557-4586. 


December 12—Chemical Society of 

Washington 

Symposium on “Natural Products.” 

9:00 a.m. Nathan F. Cardarelli, Univer- 
sity of Akron, “Marine Biological Ad- 
hesives.” 

10:00 a.m. Nelson J. Leonard, Univer- 
sity of Illinois, “The Chemistry of Cytok- 
inins.” 

11:00 am. John C. Sheehan, Mass- 
achusetts Institute of Technology, ‘“Macro- 
cyclic Peptides.” 

1:30 p.m. Jack Schubert, University of 
Pittsburgh, “Chemistry and Biology of Ir- 
radiated Food Components.” 

2:30 p.m. Byron Riegel, G. D. Searle 
and Company, “The Syntheses of Steroi- 
dal Drugs from Dioscin.” 

3:30 p.m. Bernhard Witkop, National 
Institutes of Health, “Arene Oxides as In- 
termediates in the Metabolism of Aroma- 
tic Substrates.” 

National Bureau of Standards, Gaithers- 
burg, Md. Advance registration requested; 
registration fee of $3.00 for ACS member 
or $5.00 for non-ACS member. Contact 
Irwin Hornstein, Human Nutrition Re- 
search Division, Agriculture Research 


Service, USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705. 


December 12—Chemical Society of 

Washington 

Topical Group Meetings: 

Analytical: Robert S. Braman, profes- 
sor of chemistry, University of South Flor- 
ida, “Emission Type Detectors in Gas 
Chromatography.” 

Physical Chemistry: Robert G. Parr, 
professor of chemistry, Johns Hopkins 
University, “The Problem of Understand- 
ing Vibrations of Diatomic and Polyatomic 
Molecules.” 

Inorganic: Douglas Bodie, professor of 
chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, “Cir- 
cular Dichroism Studies of the Stereo- 
chemistry of Cobalt (III) Complexes of 
Coordination Compounds.” 


NOVEMBER, 1968 


Organic: Harold Shechter, professor of 
chemistry, Ohio State University, “Physi- 
cal-organic Chemistry of the Reactions of 
Hydrazoic Acid and Carboxylic Acid.” 

Polymer Chemistry: Lawrence E. Niel- 
sen, Monsanto Chemical Company, “Rheo- 
logy and Physical Properties of Poly- 
mers.” 

General meeting: 


William Kellogg, director, National 
Center for Atomospheric Research, “The 
Chemistry of the Atmosphere.” 

Topical groups will meet at the Na- 
tional Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, 
Md., at 5:30 p.m. The general meeting 
will be held at the Washingtonian Country 
Club at 8:00 p.m. 


December 13—Philosophical Society 

of Washington 

Annual meeting. Speaker to be an- 
nounced. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170 
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15 p.m. 


December 17—Anthropological So- 
ciety of Washington 
Speaker and location to be announced. 
Contact Conrad Reining, Department of 
Anthropology, Catholic University. 


December 18—American Meteoro- 
logical Society 
Speaker to be announced. 
National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 


Contributions to this column may be 
addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate 
Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture, 
Agricultural Research Service, Federal 
Center Building, Hyattsville, Md. 20782. 


AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 
GEORGE W. IRVING, JR., ARS Ad- 


ministrator, participated in a U.S.-Japan 
Conference on Toxic Microorganisms held 


in Honolulu, October 5-7. 


207 


ASHLEY B. GURNEY, Systematic En- 
tomology Laboratory, spent three weeks 
in Oregon and California in late August 
and early September, engaged mainly in 
field observations of insects. The grass- 
hoppers occupying high elevations of the 
Klamath Region (southwestern Oregon and 
northwestern California) were of special in- 
terest because of the distributional isola- 
tion of some of the flightless species. On 
September 13 he spoke at a meeting of the 
Pacific Coast Entomological Society, held 
in San Francisco. 

WILLIAM L. SULZBACHER received 
the American Meat Science Association’s 
award “for signal service in the field of 
meats” at its annual meeting last summer. 
The award has been given to USDA em.- 
ployees on two previous occasions, in 
1956 and 1958. 

MARTIN JACOBSON, Entomology Re- 


search Division at Beltsville, attended the 


13th International Congress of Entomol-— 


ogy held in Moscow, August 2-9, where 
he presented an invitational paper, “The 
Present Status of Insect Attractants.” 


GILLETTE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 
JOHN H. MENKART, former execu- 


tive vice-president of GRI, has been made 
president of the organization, replacing 
Raymond E. Reed. The appointment, an- 
nounced September 18 by Paul Cuenin, 
senior vice-president of the parent Gillette 
Research Company in Boston, became ef- 
fective October 1. 


NATIONAL BUREAU OF 
STANDARDS 


Four employees of long standing have 
retired from the Bureau, as follows: 


WILLIAM T,. SWEENEY, chief of the 
Dental Research Section, retired on April 
30. He joined the National Bureau of 
Standards as a scientific aid in 1922, and 
was in private industry from 194] to 1949. 

FRANCIS E. WASHER, a consultant in 
the Metrology Division, retired April 5. 
Dr. Washer joined NBS in 1935. 


208 


BRUCE L. WILSON, chief of the Me- 
chanics Division, retired April 29. He 
joined the Bureau staff in 1929, after his 
graduation from Reed College. 

ROBERT D. HUNTOON retired from 
NBS on July 30, after some 27 years of 
service with the Bureau. His most recent 
position was chief of the Office of Pro- 
gram Development and Evaluation. 

Foreign talks have been given in recent 
months by the following staff members: 

R. G. BATES, “Standard Scales for 
Practical Measurements of Ionic Activity,” 
International Symposium on Analytical 
Chemistry, sponsored by the Society for 
Analytical Chemistry and IUPAC, Bir- 
mingham, England, July 21-25. 

J. R. McNESBY, “Vacuum Ultraviolet 
Photolysis of n-Butane,” Academy of the 
Socialist Republic of Romania, Bucharest, 
September 2-5. 

L. A. WOOD, “The Creep of Pure-Gum 
Vulcanizates of Natural Rubber,” Inter- 
national Conference on Natural Rubber 
1968, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Septem- 
ber 2. Also, “The Creep of Pure-Gum Vul- 
canizates of Natural Rubber,” Rubber As- 
sociation of Japan, Tokyo, September 10. 

H. P. R. FREDERIKSE, ‘‘Piezoresistive 
Effects in  Semiconducting Strontium 
Titanate,” Ninth International Conference 
on the Physics of Semiconductors under 
the auspices of the International Union of 
Pure and Applied Physics, Academy of 
Sciences, Mowcow, July 23-29. 

J. MAZUR, “Stochastic Processes and 
Excluded Volume in Polymer Chains,” 
Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, July 
de 

R. J. RUBIN, “Transmission Properties 
of an Istopically Disordered One-Dimen- 
sional Harmonic Crystal,” International 
Conference on _ Statistical Mechanics, 
Kyoto, September 9. 

R. P. MADDEN, “Absolute Detectors 
and the Transfer Standard Problem in 
the VUV,” European Space Research 
Organization, Symposium on Calibrations 
Methods in the UV and X-ray, Munich, 
May 27-31. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


A. J. MELMED, “Single Specimen FEM- 
LEED Studies” and “Field Emission Shad- 
ow Microscopy,” 15th Field Emission 
Symposium, Bonn, September 10. 

E. J. PROSEN, “A Solution Calorimeter 
and Heat of Solution Standards,” All- 
Union Conference on Calorimetry, Tech- 
nological Institute, Leningrad, May 20-25. 


NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF 
HEALTH 


NORMAN B. McCULLOUGH, chief of 
the Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, 
NIAID, retired September 1 after 21 years 
as a PHS commissioned officer. Dr. Mc- 
Cullough becomes professor of microbiol- 
ogy and public health and professor of 
medicine at Michigan State University. 

ICHIJI TASAKI, Laboratory of Neuro- 
biology, received a Superior Service 
Award at the HEW awards ceremony in 
the Clinical Center Auditorium on May 
28. 

HEINZ SPECHT, the Academy’s imme- 
diate past president and formerly special 
assistant’ to the director of the John E. 
Fogarty International Center for Advanced 
Study in the Health Sciences, arrived in 
Paris September 30 for a two-year tour at 
the American Embassy. As head of the 
NIH European Grants Office, he will serve 
as NIH scientific representative in Europe. 
Dr. Specht’s current assignment is com- 
parable to his tour at the NIH Tokyo Of- 
fice in 1963-64. 


NATIONAL SCIENCE 
FOUNDATION 


RAYMOND J. SEEGER gave his lect- 
ure, ““Humanism of Science” at the installa- 
tion of Sigma Xi clubs on September 15 
at Regis College, Massachusetts, and on 
October 23 at Bowdoin College, Bruns- 
wick, Me. He will present another of his 
lectures, “Nature, Art, and Mathematics,” 
at the 1968 National Youth Conference in 
Chicago on November 22. 


NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 
J. H. SCHULMAN, associate director of 


NOVEMBER, 1968 


Research in Materials, attended the rec- 
ent 2nd _ International Conference on 
Luminescence Dosimetry, at Gatlinburg, 
Tenn., at which he served as general vice- 
chairman of the Conference and moder- 
ator of a panel discussion. 


JEROME KARLE, head of the Labora- 
tory for Structure of Matter, has been 
awarded the Navy’s Distinguished Civilian 
Service Award in recognition of his “pio- 
neering advances, both theoretical and ex- 
perimental, and for his leadership in the 
fields of the structure analysis of matter 
by electron, X-ray, and neutron diffrac- 
tion.” Dr. Karle’s work has made it pos- 
sible to study the structure of a large 
variety of materials of interest to the 
Navy. 

WILLIAM A. ZISMAN, head of the 
Laboratory for Chemical Physics, was pre- 
sented the Captain Robert Dexter Conrad 
Award for Scientific Achievement on Sep- 
tember 25 by the Secretary of the Navy. 


SCIENCE AND 
DEVELOPMENT 


August 15 marked the second anniver- 
sary of the National Earthquake Informa- 
tion Center (NEIC), established by the 
Federal Government to provide prompt 
and accurate information on large earth- 
quakes. During its brief history, trained 
seismologists have issued reports on over a 
hundred earthquakes, including their lo- 
cation, magnitude, and significance. The 
reports are usually issued within a few 
hours of an earthquake’s occurrence. 

The center is linked with ESSA seis- 
mological observatories at College and 
Palmer, Alaska; Tucson, Arizona; Hono- 
lulu, Hawaii; Guam, Mariana Islands; 
and Newport, Wash. Reports are received 
also from foreign observatories. Each ob- 
servatory is equipped with alarms which 
are triggered whenever a large earthquake 
occurs anywhere in the world. The seis- 
mologists report their observations to 
NEIC where accurate determinations are 
made, using these data as well as readings 


209 


from a three-station network in the Wash- 
ington, D. C., area. 

NEIC also serves as a focal point for 
numerous additional seismological serv- 
ices. One is the Preliminary Determina- 
tion of Epi-centers Program which _lo- 
cates up to 6000 earthquakes a year, using 
a high-speed computer and thousands of 
recorded observations from global seis- 
mograph stations. This information, in- 
cluding the location, magnitude, and re- 
ported damage of the earthquakes, is pub- 
lished and distributed to  seismologists 
twice weekly. 

The preparation of seismic histories of 
selected areas of the United States is 
another service for engineers, actuaries, 
and scientists. NEIC maintains extensive 
earthquake files, including an IBM card 
file of more than 50,000 instrumentally- 
located earthquakes of the past 70 years, 
that is used for these studies. NEIC is 
operated on a 24-hour basis, seven days a 
week. 


An image 
veloped by the Army for land use may 
also prove a boon in ship navigation, and 
may help as well to reduce the rescue time 
for survivors from a shipwreck. 

The Starlight Scope is an image intensi- 
fication device developed by the Night Vi- 
sion Laboratory, Fort Belvoir, a field 
agency of the Army Electronics Command 
of Fort Monmouth, N.J. It utilizes a spec- 
ial electron tube to intensify the natural 
low level of starlight, moonlight, or sky- 
glow to produce a visible image. It re- 
quires no artificial radiation. 

In two tests conducted by the Army 
Mobility Equipment Research and De- 
velopment Center at Fort Belvoir, results 
have indicated that the “Starlight Scope” 
would be of great value in the nighttime 
navigation of ships. 

The Starlight Scope is a “tool” that of- 
fers possibilities in nighttime sea rescues. 
A flashlight is part of the standard equip- 
ment for lifeboats and, in the event of a 
shipwreck, the light could be flashed sky- 


210 


intensification device de-. 


ward in SOS coded signals. Ships equip- 
ped with the Starlight Scope, even though 
great distances away, would be able to 
pick up the light, and thereby be guided 
directly to the lifeboat without trial-and- 
error search and wasted time, as often 
happens with the use of the hand-cranked 
lifeboat transmitter and the ship’s radio 
direction finder. It also would increase the 
survival chances of individuals in a single 
liferaft or lifejacket, as long as they are 
able to send flashes from their flashlight. 


Aquaculture—farming the sea—can 
make a significant contribution to the 
war on hunger and to the domestic eco- 
nomy, according to a report by Professor 
John E. Bardach of the University of 
Michigan’ and Dr. John H. Ryther of 
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- 
tion. The report was prepared pursuant to 
a contract between AIBS and the National 
Council on Marine Resources and Engi- 
neering Development, Executive Office of 
the President. . | 

The researchers conclude that aquacul- 
ture, particularly of the highly efficient 
and productive herbivorous forms, can 
make a very significant contribution to 
alleviating hunger, and that this may be 
accomplished by (1) application of rec- 
ent scientific and technological advances 
to existing practices; (2) development of 
new techniques involving such fields as 
genetics, nutrition, pathology, ecology, 
and engineering; and (3) opening up new 
geographical areas of aquaculture. 


With the passing of the first year of 
the International Biological Program, 
U.S. scientists are heartened by grants to 
support the integrated research program. 
A two-year grant by NSF was awarded for 
a central management of the Analyses of 
Ecosystems program. An earlier NSF 
erant for a grasslands-study site in the 
Ecosystems analysis was supplemented by 


AEC. Also, funding by the Air Force, 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


other Federal agencies, and a_ private 
foundation has enabled scientists to begin 
work on Eskimo adaptation. 


The grasslands study is the first of 
five biomes to be included in the Eco- 
systems program. Location of the study is 
the 15,000 acre Central Plains Experi- 
mental Range, administered by the Agric- 
ultural Research Service, USDA. Also 
available for study is part of the 110,000- 
acre Pawnee National Grasslands, operated 


by the Forest Service, USDA. 


The study will involve four components 
of the grasslands: the physical factors of 
the environment, the plants, the animals 
which eat the plants, and the organisms 
which break down waste products and in- 
corporate them in to the soil. 


A network of studies will be organized 
throughout the Great Plains in coordina- 
tion with those at the Central Plains Range. 
Similar studies are underway in Canada 
and planned in Mexico, and 20 other coun- 
tries are proposing grassland programs un- 


der IBP. 


The conversion to computerized photo- 
typesetting at the Government Printing 
Office will result in savings because of the 
40 percent reduction in bulk for publica- 
tions formerly produced by computer 
print-out. Some 20 percent of all com- 
position of government publications was 
in the form of computer print-out before 
GPO’s new and unique high-speed photo- 
typesetting machine, the Linotron, went 
into operation. Linotron is the only such 
machine in the world that sets an entire 
page at one time. Now the government’s 
computers can whip out magnetic tapes of 
information—a much speedier operation 
than computer print-out onto paper. From 
the tapes the Linotron can set copy in 
book-quality type at the rate of 1,000 
characters a second while composing an 
entire page at a time. When computer- 
generated copy, with all capital letter and 
wide-line spacing, is used as camera copy 
for offset printing, it wastes paper, press- 


NOVEMBER, 1968 


work, and binding, and results in an in- 
ferior typographic end-product. 


A precision temperature-controlled water 
bath developed at the NBS Radio Stand- 
ards Laboratory provides temperatures 
constant to +0.000025°C. over a 24-hour 
period. Its stability is estimated to be an 
improvement of one to two orders of mag- 
nitude over that provided by previous 
systems. This development allows NBS 
and industry to perform accurate micro- 
wave power calibrations more quickly. 


More than a century after a British sea 
captain measured the deep ocean for the 
first time, a U.S. oceanographic vessel has 
revisited the scene and_ scientifically 
gauged the depth. 


The new sounding was made January 
22, 128 years after Captain Sir James Clark 
Ross, commander of HMS EREBUS, 
proved that the sea was not bottomless, as 
had generally been believed until then. 


Using modern electronic equipment, the 
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Ship 
DISCOVERER resurveyed the site in the 
South Atlantic where Ross in 1840 meas- 
ured a depth of 2425 fathoms (14,550 
feet) using a specially constructed line 
attached to a 76-pound weight. This depth 
is still shown on modern small-scale 
charts of the South Atlantic. 

The DISCOVERER found a depth of 
2312 fathoms (13,872 feet), or 678 feet 
less than that recorded by Ross. The 
ship determined the more than 2!2-mile 
depth with an echo sounder, an electronic 
device which records depth by measuring 
the time it takes for a sound to travel to 
the bottom and return. 

The soundings were made at latitude 
27°26’S., longitude 17° 29’W., about 600 
miles north-northwest of Tristan da Cunha 
and roughly half way between the lower 
halves of South America and Africa on 
the western flank of the submerged Mid- 
Atlantic Ridge. 


211 


Ross’ sounding took one hour. That of 


the DISCOVERER was made in seconds. 


A committee of the National Research 
Council has recommended that the use of 
whole, pooled human plasma “be discour- 
aged and even discontinued,” because of 
strong new evidence that it often trans- 
mits hepatitis. 


The NRC Committee on Plasma and 
Plasma Substitutes based its recommenda- 
tions on the report of a three-year study 
by two Los Angeles researchers in which 
10 percent of the patients receiving the 
plasma became ill with acute hepatitis 
within six months. In all cases, the 
plasma had been subjected to a commonly 
accepted two-part sterilization procedure, 
consisting of storage in the liquid state at 
slightly greater than room temperature 
(86-90°F.) for six months and then treat- 
ment with ultraviolet radiation. 


Plasma is the cell-free, liquid portion of 
uncoagulated blood. Because it does not 
deteriorate in the manner of whole blood, 
it can be separated from outdated whole 
blood and preserved. Pooling, the mix- 
ing together of large quantities of plasma 
from the blood of many individuals, is 
widely practiced both as an economy and 
because it is thought that such mixing 
will neutralize dangerous antibodies. 


The committee estimates that more than 
300,000 units of pooled plasma are admin- 
istered in the United States each year, pri- 
marily in the treatment of severely burned 
patients and as a plasma volume expander 
for the severely injured. 


To help in the fight against air pollu- 
tion, NBS scientists are developing new 
gas analysis methods and improving ex- 
isting ones, as well as preparing new gas 
standard reference materials. The ex- 
panded gas analysis program at the Bu- 
reau has resulted so far in an improved 
method for determining the carbon dioxide 
content of air, a new absolute method to 


A212 


determine the oxygen content in air, and a 
new method to determine low concentra- 
tions of oxygen in inert gases. In addition, 
nine new standard gases, including a “stan- 
dard air,” have been prepared. 


A new isotope separator laboratory at 
the National Bureau of Standards Center 
for Radiation Research (Department of 
Commerce) in Gaithersburg, Md., has 
greatly increased the Bureau’s capability 
for separating and studying isotopes, both 
radioactive and nonradioactive. Equipped 
with an electromagnetic isotope separator, 
the laboratory has already proved highly 
useful to NBS in the preparation of iso- 
topically pure sources, irradiation of 
various materials, in studies of nuclear 
structure, and ion implantation in semi- 
conductors. 

National Bureau of Standards modifi- 
cations to the nullpoint potentiometric 
technique have made this method one of 
the most sensitive tools for chemical 
analysis. The improved method requires 
only a 10 microliter sample and can 
determine as little as 4 & 10°'° g of 
fluoride and 5 & 10-® ¢ of silver with less 
than 1% error. 


A new image converter that permits 
viewing and photographing of normally 
invisible infrared and ultraviolet radia- 
tion has been described by C. S. McCamy 
of the National Bureau of Standards. Ob- 
jects emitting heat, even though they are 
not ordinarily visible by their own radia- 
tion, can be made visible by the image 
converter and can be photographed in 
color. 


Image converters that change infrared 
into visible images have widespread appli- 
cations. They are used, for example, in 
military night-vision devices and in the 
medical diagnosis of certain types of 
cancer. These converters are generally ex- 
pensive and complicated. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, ee 
the Local Affiliated Societies * 


Philosophical Society of Washington Wittiam J, Youpen 
Anthropological Society of Washington _... Pruscrtra Remninc 
Biological Society of Washington Delegate not appointed 
Chemical Society of Washington Epwarp O. HAeNnni 
Entomological Society of Washington W. Doyie Reep 
National Geographic Society ALEXANDER WETMORE 
Geological Society of Washington Georce V. Congr 
Medical Society of the District of Columbia Delegate not appointed 
Columbia Historical Society Delegate not appointed 
Botanical Society of Washington Perer H, Heinze 
Society of American Foresters - Harry A, Fowetts 
Washington Society of Engineers Martin A, MASON 
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Georce ABRAHAM 
American Society of Mechanical Engineers Wittiam G, ALLEN 
Helminthological Society of Washington . Auret O. Foster 
American Society for Microbiology + EvizasetH J. Oswarp 
Society of American Military Engineers ir H. P. Demutu 
American Society of Civil Engineers F THORNDYKE SAVILLE, Jr. 
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine Emiio Weiss 
American Society for Metals . 7 Metvin R. MeYerson 
International Association for Dental Research Water E. Brown 
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . = Rosert C. Smiru, Jr. 
American Meteorological Society . Harovp A. STEINER 
Insecticide Society of Washington H. Ivan RAINWATER 
Acoustical Society of America AtFrep WEISSLER 
American Nuclear Society ..... if; Oscar M. Bizzeu 
Institute of Food Technologists Lowrie M. Beacham 
American Ceramic Society J. J. Diamonp 
Electrochemical Society Kurt H. Stern 
Washington History of Science Club Delegate not appointed 
American Association of Physics Teachers Bernarp B. Watson 
Optical Society of America Arno.tp M, Bass 
American Society of Plant Physiologists WALTER SHROPSHIRE 
Washington Operations Research Council Joun G. Honic 
Instrument Society of America | Atrnep M. PoMMER 


* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective societies. 


Volume 58 NOVEMBER 1968 
CONTENTS 


Marshall W. Nirenberg, Nobelist 
I. E. Wallen et al.: The Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center 
Achievement Award Nominations Requested 
Academy Proceedings 

Washington Junior Academy of Sciences 

Joint Board on Science Education 

Election to Fellowship 

Elections to Membership ) 

Board of Managers Meeting Notes (June) 

Board of Managers Meeting Notes: (September) 


Science in Washington 
Calendar of Events 


Scientists in the News 


Science and Development 


Washington Academy of Sciences 

Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) 
Washington, D. C. 20014 

Return Requested with Form 3579 


2nd Class Postage 
Paid at 
Washington, D.C. 


306. 73 
‘Dz W235 


VOLUME 58 NUMBER Q 


Journal of the 
- WASHINGTON 
ACADEMY OF 
SCIENCES > 


DECEMBER 1968 


JOURNAL oF THE “WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 7 


Hh 7 | Baitor 3 Samvet B. Derwiten, Jn Department of | Agriculture — \ a . 4 
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‘en ‘Disc T . Cook, Department of ye ernie ~Heten i REYNOLDS, Food and Drug A me te 


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. iT ponent ath ae P a 
Frank A, Bu nSTEL N, al Catholic cme” 5 OsePH B. Monnis, Howard Unies ; 
} CHartes A. VHITTEN, raed G eodetic Survey “Jacon Mazur, National Bureau of Standards 

-Marsorie Hooker, Geological ‘Survey Hew EN dD. Park, National Institutes of Health” 3 

i REUBEN | E. eee George Washington Univer. cree, . N 

Rely has 1b .t | ALLEN L. Avexanpen, Naval Research Laboratory 
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stitute fox Earn M, ‘HILDEBRAND, USDA, Beltsville 


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American Scholars and Scientists 
With Czechoslovak Roots— 
Some Key Characteristics 

Miloslav Rechcigl, Jr., and Jiri Nehnevajsa * 


Introduction 

This study provides an essentially de- 
scriptive account of some of the salient 
characteristics of Czechoslovak scholars 
and scientists whose brief biographical 
sketches appear in the Directory of Amer- 
ican Scholars (1) or in the volumes of 
American Men of Science (2). 


Three categories of scholars and scien- 
tists were considered. All those who could 
be classified in any one of these categories 
were defined as “Czechoslovak” scholars 
and scientists: 

(A) Those who were born in Czechoslovakia 
(3). 


(B) Those who resided or were educated in 
Czechoslovakia (4). 


(C Those who are of Czechoslovak descent, al- 
though they need not have resided, or been edu- 
cated, in Czechoslovakia (5). 


The term “scholars” seems somewhat 
less problematic than the term “humanists” 
and we shall employ it to refer to the 
Directory inclusions. The source gener- 
ally covers disciplines often thought of as 
the humanities—literature, languages, his- 
tory, philosophy, law, speech, and dra- 
matic arts. To be sure, many historians 
view themselves, most properly, as social 
scientists. Some social scientists, in turn, 
might prefer the label of “chumanists” when 
describing their orientations to their re- 
spective specializations. To avoid any 


* Dr. Rechcigl is located at the National In- 
stitutes of Health, Bethesda, and Dr. Nehnevajsa 
at the University of Pittsburgh. 

The opinions expressed in this article are those 
of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the 
views of the institutions with which they are 
associated. 


DECEMBER, 1968 


evaluative connotations of this type, 
“scholars” are those persons who are 
identified in the Directory; “natural sci- 
entists” are those who are included in the 
physical and biological sciences volumes 
of the American Men of Science, and “so- 
cial scientists” are those who are found 
in the volume on social and _ behavioral 
sciences in the latter source. 


The stated criteria for inclusion in these 
major reference volumes are: 


(1) Achievement, by reason of experience or 
training, of a stature in scholarly (scientific) 
work equivalent to that associated with the doc- 
orate degree, coupled with presently continued 
activity in such work; or 

(2) Research activity of high quality in science 
as evidenced by publications in reputable scientific 
journals; or, those whose work cannot be pub- 
lished because of governmental or commercial or 
industrial security, research activity of high 
quality in science as evidenced by the judgment 
of the individual’s peers among his immediate co- 
workers (in the case of scientists). 

Achievements as evidenced by publication of 
scholarly works either in book form or in reput- 
able journals; or scholarly research activity of 
high quality as evidenced by the judgment of the 
individual’s peers (in the case of scholars). 

(3) Attainment of a position of substantial re- 
sponsibility requiring scholarly (or scientific) 
training and experience of approximately the 
extent described under the previous criteria. 


Table 1 gives a summary of the listings. 


Thus one in two hundred (as among the 
scholars and the social scientists) or one 
in three hundred (as in the case of the 
natural scientists) fall within the scope 
of this inquiry. Whether this represents 
many, or few, inclusions cannot be ascer- 
tained. Such an evaluation is relative to 
the distributions of scholars and scien- 


213 


tists of other backgrounds, and it is fur- 
ther affected, as seems obvious, by the 
size of various ethnic strains in the United 
States as well as in the native countries, 
or in the nations of parental origins. 


Not all scholars and scientists who 
meet the criteria for inclusion in these 
major reference sources are listed, how- 
ever. By design or by default, quite a few 


Table 1. 
Approximate 
listings A 
Scholars 23,300 83 
Social scientists 22,000 96 
Natural scientists 90,000 250 
Total 135,000 429 


the 1964 edition. The result is summar- 
ized in Table 2. 


Hence, the overall increase in listings 
over a seven-year span amounts to some 60 
percent and there is little doubt that the 
data on natural and social scientists would, 
at least, parallel this. A simple projection 
would show that, apart from all other 
qualifications, the 1966 situation would re- 


Czechoslovak Scholars and Scientists 


Total 
Categories * Czechoslovak 
B G listings 
35 6 124 
11 6 113 
47 11 308 
93 23 545 


*The categories A-C are those previously mentioned as criteria for inclusion in this study. 


may not have submitted their biographies 
to the compilers for a vast variety of rea- 
sons (6). The sources thus underestimate, 
of necessity, the numbers and distributions 
of scholars and scientists although it is 
quite difficult to establish the extent of 
such built-in distortions. 

Furthermore, a good number of other- 
wise eligible scholars and scientists may 
not have been even approached for the 
submission of their background data. This 
is only natural in a context in which no 
central registration files of any kind ex- 
ist, so that editors of reference volumes 
cannot but fail to contact many potential 
biographical subjects for want of infor- 
mation (7). Finally, the sources are dated. 
The Directory’s publication date is 1964. 
and the American Men of Science volumes 
appeared even earlier than that. The in- 
flux into American scholarly and scientific 
life of younger professionals, particularly 
those of Czechoslovak nativity, cannot be 
reflected as accurately as it might be in 
the mid-sixties. 

To test, in part, the magnitude of the 
possible shifts, a comparison was made 
between the listings as they appear in the 
1957 edition of the Directory and those of 


214, 


veal close to 1,000 scholars and scientists 
in these categories (8). 


Educational Background 


It should, of course, not be surprising 
that by far most biographical subjects have 
attained the doctoral degree. After all, this 
is one of the minimal criteria for inclu- 
sion in either the Directory or American 
Men of Science. 


Table 2. 1957 and 1964 Listings of Scholars 


Category 1957 1964 Change, % 
Czechoslovak born 48 83 + 73 
Czechoslovak resi- 

dence and/or 

education 30 35 + 15 
Czescholovak 

descent — 6 +100 
Total 78 124 + 60 


In Table 3 we find that nine in ten 
scholars or scientists have their doctorates. 
Indeed, just about 12 percent can boast 
of more than one doctorate, a pattern least 
prevalent among the natural scientists. In 
each group—scholars, social scientists, and 
natural scientists alike—American and Ca- 
nadian doctorates are more frequent than 
corresponding degrees from either Czecho- 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Table 3. Educational Background by the Highest Degree * 


Highest Social Natural All 
degree Scholars, % scientists, % scientists, % groups, % 
Three doctorates a 0.9 0.6 0.6 
Two doctorates 12.9 15.9 8.4 11.0 
One doctorate 77.4 76.1 80.5 78.9 
Master’s degree 4.0 5.3 3.9 4.2 
Bachelor’s degree 0.8 2 1.8 Za 1.8 
Other diplomas, 

degrees WW — 3.3 2.6 
No degrees 1.6 — 1.0 0.9 
Total (99.9) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 


* Honorary doctorates are not included in this tabulation. 


slovak universities or universities of other 
nations. The difference is particularly pro- 
nounced among the social scientists, of 
whom almost one in two are holders of 
(predominantly) American or (occasion- 
ally) Canadian degrees. Table 4 contains 


oslovak doctorates to the total is quite 
uneven as soon as we consider the type 
of degree involved. Of the 192 doctorates 
awarded in Czechoslovakia to all the 
groups, some 55) percent represent the 
Ph.D. (or direct equivalent, such as the 


Table 4. Doctorates by Countries and by Groups 


Social Natural All 
Scholars, % scientists, % scientists, % Groups, % 
Czechoslovakia 315 36.8 32.0 34.3 
United States or 
Canada 39.8 48.0 41.8 42.8 
Other countries T27, 15:2 26.2 22.9 
Totals (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 


the basic data. A good number of the 
subjects are, furthermore, holders of hon- 
orary doctorates. The honorary degrees 
are not included in the overall summary 
in any manner. 

In any event, the contribution of Czech- 


Doctor of Science degree), whereas of the 
239 doctorates obtained by the subjects 
from American or Canadian schools, just 
about 95 percent have the Ph.D. Many of 
the Czechoslovak degrees are medical (21 
percent) or legal (23 percent). Still an- 


Table 5. Type of Doctorate by Country of Award * 


United States Other 
Czechoslovakia or Canada countries Total 
Ph.D. 106 226 93 425 
M.D. 41 10 18 69 
J.D. (JUDr,LLD) ” 4A 2 15 61 
D.Th. (D.D.) ° 1 1 2 4 
Total (192) (239) (128) (559) 


*The data are given in numbers of doctorates and not in terms of individuals. Holders of 
two or more degrees are thus included in the table separately for each doctorate. 


> Whether or not the JUDr degree is equivalent to the LLD is an open question. In terms 
of the Czechoslovak system, it is the highest degree in law and it is comparable in this sense, 


and possibly in this sense alone. 


°D.Th.: is doctor of theology, comparable also to the D.D., or doctor of divinity degree in 


the West. 


DECEMBER, 1968 


215 


other lock is provided by Table 5, which 
shows that of the Ph.D.’s, 23 percent are 
from Czechoslovakia’s institutions of high- 
er learning, while over 53 percent come 
from Canadian or American universities. 
Among the M.D.’s, the corresponding fig- 
ures are 60 percent and 14 percent respec- 
tively; for the legal doctorates (JUDr or 
the North American equivalents), Czecho- 
slovak degrees account for 72 percent, and 
American-Canadian degrees for about 16 
percent. 

Among the social scientists with Ph.D.’s, 
American-Canadian doctorates are by far 
most prevalent. Of the 82 subjects in this 
subgroup, 72 percent received their doc- 


Table 6. Specialization of Scholars 


Jo 
Literature and languages 47.6 
History 38.7 
Philosophy, religion, law 12.1 
English, speech, dramatic arts 1.6 
Total (124) 


torates on the North American continent, 
and somewhat less than 20 percent in 
Czechoslovakia. The Ph.D.’s among natu- 
ral scientists, 237 in all, were recipients of 
U.S. or Canadian degrees in 50 percent 
of the instances, and holders of Czecho- 
slovak degrees in 24 percent of the cases. 


In the Ph.D. group of scholars, 106 of 
them in all, North American doctorates 
amount to 46 percent, while Czechoslovak 
doctorates characterize 32 percent of those 
listed. The scholars, regardless of degree, 
are thus particularly grounded in the 
Czechoslovak educational background, 
whereas the scientists, both natural and 
social, underwent significantly more for- 
mal educational experiences in the wider 
international setting. 


Professional Specialization 


Table 6 shows that the scholars are par- 
ticularly active in the fields of literature, 
languages, and history. Relatively few 
seem specialized in philosophy, religion, 
law, English, speech, or dramatic arts. Al- 


216 


Table 7. Specializations of Social Scientists 


Jo 
Economics 38.0 
Political science 20.4 
(Comparative government, 
international relations) ( 6.2) 
Psychology 19.5 
Sociology 14.2 
Geography 2.6 
Anthropology 1.8 
General social science 18 
Statistics 0.9 
Jurisprudence 0.9 
Total (113) 


though many scholars have legal training, 
and predominantly of Czechoslovak source, 
exceptionally few have found any way to 
be active, as scholars, in their primary 
field of education. This is, of course, not 
surprising in view of the fact that legal 
degrees are of all degrees the least trans- 
ferrable from country to country. 


In the group of social scientists, econo- 
mists are clearly dominant. If specializa- 
tions in comparative government or inter- 
national relations were included as aspects 
of political science, as seems altogether 
appropriate, political scientists and psy- 
chologists represent the two largest groups 
other than that of the economists. Very 
few subjects identify their specializations 
as anthropology or geography. Just about 
one in seven social scientists work in so- 
ciology. Table 7 gives the summary. 


The summary provided in Table 8 shows 
that physical scientists account for more 
entries in the American Men of Science 
than do either biological scientists or pro- 
fessionals in the various branches of en- 
gineering. 


In the group of 119 biological scientists, 
those with medical training are predomi- 


Table 8. Specializations of Natural Scientists 


% 
Physical scientists 47.4 
Biological scientists 37.8 
Engineering 14.8 
Total (308) 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


nant. Furthermore, it must be realized 
that the source does not consider prac- 
ticing physicians at all, but only those 
who are also, or only, involved in research 
and/or teaching in their respective fields. 
Biochemists form the second largest group, 
while remaining listings of biological sci- 
entists are scattered over a variety of dis- 
ciplines with one scientist each in agri- 
culture, forestry, zoology, and veterinary 
medicine. Table 9 contains the summary. 


Table 9. Specializations of Biological Scientists 


Jo 

Medicine 16.9 
Pathology 9.2 
Physiology 9.2 
Surgery 3.4 
Anatomy Were 
Psychiatry Mag 
Anesthesiology 1.0 
Biochemistry 17.7 
Microbiology 10.1 
Other fields 29.1 

Total (119) 


Table 10 provides a summary of the 
specializations of physical scientists. Chem- 
ists, physicists, and mathematicians are 
most frequent but the chemists, in par- 
ticular, represent a major subgroup. 


' Table 10. Specializations of Physical Scientists 


Jo 
Chemistry 59.6 
Physics 23.3 
Mathematics 9.6 
Other fields * 7.5 
Total (146) 


“Including a few listings in astronomy, geo- 
physics, geology, and meteorology. 


Among the 43 scientists with engineer- 
ing as their key specialization, mechanical 
and chemical engineers are the two larger 
groups. Table 11 gives the summary. 


Patterns of Employment 


As might be expected from Table 12, 
the predominant employment pattern is 
academic. But there are sharp differences 
among the three groups. Very few of the 


DECEMBER, 1968 


Table 11. Specializations in Engineering 


Jo 
Mechanical 34.9 
Chemical 18.6 
Aeronautical 9.3 
Electrical 9.3 
Civil 9.3 
Other specialties 18.6 


scholars listed in the sources are found 
outside of the academic setting; more than 
half of the natural scientists are employed 
either in industry or Government. This 
mirrors the basic distribution of employ- 
ment opportunities to some extent. But in 
all groups, and especially among the schol- 
ars, individuals eligible for inclusion in 
the reference works are harder to identify 
when they are active outside of the uni- 
versities and colleges. The compilers can- 
not avail themselves readily of published 
catalogues and listings, and must rely, to 
a considerable degree, on information pro- 
vided by peers. 


Among the academicians, rank is an ob- 
vious index of particular levels of achieve- 
ment, at least, within the context of a 
particular university or college. The three 
groups are exceptionally similar in the 
extent to which senior academic positions 
—those of professor or associate profes- 
sor—were reported. Just about seven in 
ten of the biographical subjects are found 
in the two highest ranks. This is, of 
course, not unrelated to the criteria for 
inclusion of biographic data in the sources, 
but the similarity of scholars, social scien- 
tists, and natural scientists in this regard 
is quite striking. 


Table 13 contains the relevant data. Its 
interpretation is, in part, influenced by 
the date of publication of the source. On 


Table 12. Employment of Scientists and Scholars 


Academic, Non- Total, 

% academic, % % 

Scholars 93.5 6.5 124 
Social scientists 70.8 29.2 113 
Natural scientists 48.3 By 308 
All groups 63.3 36.7 545 
217 


Table 13. Academic Rank of Scholars and 


Scientists 
Social Natural 
Scholars, Scientists, Scientists, 
(1964) * (1962) * (1961) * 
Jo Jo Jo 
Professor 43.9 41.2 43.6 
Associate 
professor 26.7 26.3 26.8 
Assistant 
professor 23.3 21.3 14,1 
Lecturer 2.6 6.2 Zeit 
Other academic 
ranks 3.5 5.0 12.8 
Total (116) (80) (149) 


"Date of publication of the source book. Per- 
haps one to two years after actual submission 
of information by the subjects of the biographies. 


the whole, the more recent the publication 
the more likely the higher ranks should 
be. Looking at the information from this 
vantage point, it would be fair to assert 
that the natural scientists have “done bet- 
ter” than the social scientists who, in turn, 
have “done better” than the scholars. Or 
better yet, the 1964 published achieve- 
ments of the scholars correspond to the 
1962 pattern among the social scientists 
and the 1961 pattern of the natural scien- 
tists. 


Some of the changes can be observed 
by comparing the 1957 edition of the Di- 
rectory with the 1964 version. Table 14 
summarizes the data. 


The basic composition of the group did 
not change, save for the sharp increase 
in the component of associate professors. 
The 1964 results thus include not only new 


listings, but also the effect of intervening 
promotions and other appropriate shifts in 
the career patterns of the scholars. The 
net increments in the higher rank categories 
cannot, however, be accounted for solely 
by the inclusion of new biographical sub- 
jects. Indeed, most of these are instances 
of upward mobility. If newer data were 
available on the natural and social scien- 
tists, similar changes could certainly be ex- 
pected. 
Age 

At the time of the publication of each 
of the source volumes, the median age of 
scholars is approximately 50, that of the 
natural scientists just about 47, and that 
of social scientists a little below 46. Among 
the social scientists, some 35.6 percent 
were born in 1921 or later, and 17.0 per- 
cent before 1900. Among scholars, 27.1 
percent were born after 1920, and 17.7 
percent before 1900. In the group of nat- 
ural scientists, 29.9 percent are of the 
post-1920 generations, and 26.5 percent of 
the pre-1900 era. 


Table 15 is more detailed in this regard. 
It shows the percentage distributions for 
each group of subjects for each decade. 
Indeed, the basic age distributions are dis- 
proportionately affected by the inclusion 
of scholars and scientists of categories B 
and C, that is, all others except those 
who were actually born in Czechoslovakia. 
The latter group is younger, and the per- 
centage decreases are noticeable mainly in 
the 1900-1920 age groups in which, in 
turn, categories B and C tend to be over- 
represented. 


Table 14. Academic Rank of Scholars: 1957-1964 


%, 1957 
Professor 43.0 
Associate professor 16.9 
Assistant professor 22.0 
Lecturer 1 ey 
Other 6.4 
Total (77) 


Change in Per cent 

number of change, 

%, 1964 listings * 1957-64 
43.9 + 18 + 54.5 
26.7 + 18 Ss ee ets) 
23.3 + 10 + 588 
2.6 — 6 — 66.7 
2.0 — | — 20.0 
(116) + 39 + 50.6 


* Additional scholars listed in 1964 of corresponding rank. 


218 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Residence 


Table 16 indicates the geographic dis- 
tribution of the subjects in terms of the 
United States census regions and other 
countries of residence. Clearly, there are 
no important differences in the pattern of 
(at least, temporary) settlement and lo- 
cation of the various groups of scholars 
and scientists considered in this study. 
Most subjects—more than nine in ten— 
are working in the United States: this is, 
of course, anything but surprising in view 
of the American origin of the source vol- 
umes. There are more biographies, in all 
groups, in the Mid-Atlantic states of New 
York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania than 
anywhere else. East North Central states 
of the United States include the second 
largest percentages of scholars and scien- 
tists. Relatively few listings are recorded 
from the belt of states which includes 
the Mountain region, East South Central 
and West South Central parts of the coun- 
try. 


cent) as there are others of Czechoslovak 
origins (34.7 percent). In any event, Amer- 
icans of foreign ethnic strains are over- 
represented in these three major states 
(32.6 percent of inhabitants of foreign 
stock) although the area accounts for but 
19.1 percent of the total U.S. population. 
Of course, this is accounted for by the 
New York megalopolitan region, and by 
Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in particular. 
In the East North Central states, scholars 
and scientists are fewer (18.8 percent) 
than there are residents of Czechoslovak 
backgrounds (35.6 percent). 


The importance of the Washington, D.C. 
area to professional activities, both schol- 
arly and scientific, is noticeable from the 
relatively high proportion (11.7 percent) 
of biographical subjects in the South At- 
lantic area compared with some 3.9 per- 
cent of Czechoslovak-descent inhabitants of 
the same region. And finally, the schol- 
ars and scientists are more frequently to 
be found in the Pacific states (13.5 per- 


Table 15. Age Distribution of Scholars and Scientists 


Birth years Scholars, % Social 
1871—1880 — 
1881—1890 6.5 
1891—1900 10.6 
1901-1910 22.8 
1911—1920 33.3 
1921—1930 23.6 
1931-1940 3.5 
Total (123) 


The distribution of scholars and scien- 
tists throughout the United States is quite 
different from the pattern of habitation 
of Americans of Czechoslovak descent as 
reported by the Bureau of the Census. In 
the New England tier of states, 3.7 per- 
cent of American residents of Czechoslovak 
descent are to be found. Among the schol- 
ars and scientists, 10.9 percent of the list- 
ings come from these states, reflecting par- 
ticularly the centrality to professional life 
of such centers as Boston and New Haven. 
In the mid-Atlantic states, the subjects are 
proportionately about as many (34.9 per- 


DECEMBER, 1968 


scientists, % 


Natural scientists, % All groups, % 


— 1.0 0.6 
4.5 4.9 5.2 
12.5 15.6 13.8 
17.9 23.1 22.0 
28.6 20.4 27.9 
33.9 28.3 28.4 
IAT 1.6 2.2 
(112) (307) (542) 


cent) than are other residents of Czecho- 
slovak ethnic origins (5.6 percent). 

All in all, the pattern of settlement of 
the scholars and scientists is clearly more 
affected by the employment opportunity 
structures of the nation as a whole than 
by considerations of affinity to centers of 
Czechoslovak life in America. Many of 
the differences would become even more 
pronounced if we were to consider only 
those scholars and scientists who were, 
themselves, born in Czechoslovakia (cate- 


gory A). 


219 


Conclusions 


The results of our inquiry, limited 
though they may be in scope, are inter- 
esting in their own right. They lead to 
establishing some benchmarks concerning 
the main traits of Czechoslovak profes- 
sionals on the North American continent, 
and particularly, in the United States. The 
sources, the Directory of American Scholars 
and American Men of Science, obviously 
underestimate the numbers of scholars and 
scientists eligible for inclusion, but this is a 
more general difficulty associated with bio- 
graphic compilations which must rely on 
voluntary compliance of biographees, and 
on dissemination of information about can- 
didates for inclusion. The point is this: 
many more Czechoslovak scholars and sci- 
entists probably might have been included 
as seems clearly indicated by a compari- 
son of the 1957 and 1964 Directories. Yet 
the basic pattern would also remain the 
same. The group is a fairly young one 
relative to the prevalence of senior aca- 
demic ranks; it is a very well educated 
group; except for the scholars, it is a 
group of professionals who acquired con- 


siderable educational background abroad, 
most frequently in the United States and 
Canada; it is a group which does not 
follow the patterns of previous Czecho- 
slovak settlements, but rather reflects the 
employment opportunity structures of the 
imbedding society. It is clearly more cos- 
mopolitan in its tone than comparable 
groups, although this cannot be known 
with confidence without a good deal of 
further research. 


Despite their difficulties in applying their 
professional expertise directly, Czechoslo- 
vaks with doctorates in law seem to have 
been absorbed into the mainstream of pro- 
fessional and educational life of the con. 
tinent. Thus the pattern of expertise tended 
to be redefined and redirected most often 
among the holders of Czechoslovak law de- 
grees, and usually without the necessity 
for formal educational remolding. 


The physicians with Czechoslovak medi- 
cal doctorates also do not find their de- 
grees directly transferrable. Requirements 
for internships, residences, and appropriate 
professional requirements have had a sig- 


Table 16. Geographic Distribution of Scholars and Scientists 


Scholars Social scientists Natural scientists All groups 
New England * 12.1 8.2 10.1 10.1 
Mid Atlantic ” 30.6 31.9 33.1 32.3 
East North Central ° 16.1 esr 17.9 17.4 
West North Central 4 4.8 3.5 3.6 3.9 
South Atlantic ° 8.1 18.6 9.1 10.8 
East South Central * — 2 1.3 13 
West South Central ® 1.6 Dah 2.3 aan 
Mountain states" 3.2 1.8 1.6 2.0 
Pacific states ' 13.7 10.6 1257 12:5 
Total U.S. 90.3 97.3 91.6 92.5 
Canada 9.7 0.9 1.0 6.6 
Other countries — 1.8 1.0 0.9 


* Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut. 


"New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. 
© Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin. 


‘Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas. 
* Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, District of Columbia. 


* Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi. 
® Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas. 


"Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada. 
' Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, Hawaii. 


220 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


nificant delaying effect on the full assimi- 
lation into the professional fabric of North 
American life. But the evidence indicates 
that the M.D.’s have generally not sought to 
redirect their efforts. The overwhelming 
majority complied with whatever require- 
ments may have been in their way and they 
are to be found active in their own pro- 
fession: the number of M.D’s in the whole 
group is considerable, and thus indicative 
of the significant achievements which the 
physicians have been making despite the 
initial obstacles in their way. 


The transferability of other specializa- 
tions is, on the other hand, quite high. 
Furthermore, the doctoral degrees in phy- 
sical and biological sciences are more 
ubiquitous than any others simply because 
of the more crystallized universality of the 
“hard” sciences as a whole. Among the 
social scientists, American and Canadian 
doctorates are predominant: this, too, is in 
keeping with reality which would suggest 
that in most of the social sciences, some- 
what different, more empirical, training is 
provided on the Continent than elsewhere 
(at least, in the past). In some sense, the 
Czechoslovak Ph.D’s are directly transfer- 
rable into the American-Canadian context, 
but the Continental doctorates are somewhat 

different in character and provide, fre- 
quently, an improved opportunity for up- 
ward mobility. 


The study represents also a convenient 
point of departure for more intensive in- 
quiries into the actual impact of Czecho- 
slovak scholars and scientists abroad and in 
their new homelands. It is, however, at 
best a beginning. Our study identifies the 
extent to which opportunities to make sig- 
nificant contributions in the world system 
exist: it does not, at this time, address itself 
to the problem of availing oneself of these 
opportunities, and the successes or failures 
experienced along such difficult paths. At 
the same time, the biographical subjects in 
the source books are invariably individuals 
who have already gained recognition, sufh- 
cient at least to be included given the 


DECEMBER, 1968 


criteria for selection of persons listed. 
Both the United States and Canada are, in 
a significant sense, “melting pots.” This in 
itself is a trivial observation; but it must be 
recognized that the “melting” process par- 
takes of variably important effects of the 
divergent groups and aggregates of people 
who have been developing a common 
American or common Canadian culture. It 
goes without saying that, apart from any 
problems of scientific investigation, it is 
our purpose to help re-enforce the process 
whereby the best components of the Czecho- 
slovak cultural heritage become integral as- 
pects of the “American way of life” or of 
the “Canadian way of life.” Achievements 
of Czechoslovak scholars and scientists in 
their own fields of specialization are one 
of the most significant avenues of such im- 
pact. 


Footnotes 


(1) Directory of American Scholars, 4th edi- 
tion, R. R. Bowker Co., New York, Vols. I-IV, 
1963-1964. 3rd edition, 1957. 

(2) American Men of Science, 10th edition, 
Jacques Cattell Press. The Physical and Bio- 
logical Sciences, 1960-61; The Social and Be- 
havioral Sciences, 1962. 


(3) Of course, this includes locations in the 
Austrian-Hungarian monarchy prior to 1918. 
Municipalities which became parts of Czechoslo- 
vakia were included. 

(4) A few of those listed may not be of 
Czechoslovak descent. Their residence or educa- 
tion, in Czechoslovakia renders them, to a point, 
carriers of at least some aspects of the Czechoslo- 
vak culture. 

(5) This group grossly underestimates the num- 
bers of persons listed. Only those individuals 
were selected whose names were clearly of Czech 
or Slovak origin, or where other information in- 
dicated that they were of Czechoslovak descent. 
All doubtful cases were excluded from the study. 


(6) For quite some time, a number of Czecho- 
slovaks preferred not to have their names listed 
in any manner. This was particularly so with re- 
gard to some of the post-1948 migrants. 

(7) Biographees are asked to suggest addi- 
tional names of eligible professionals. But they 
have no way of knowing who may have been 
contacted. Relatively new members of faculties 
or research staffs thus are much less likely to 
have an opportunity for inclusion than the already 
more-established professionals. 


221 


(8) This is based on applying the approximate 
factor of listing increment characteristics of the 
scholars between 1957 and 1964. It amounts to a 
rate of about 9 percent per annum. Assuming 
similar growth rates for the scholars between 
1964 and 1966, for the social scientists between 
1962 and 1966, and for the natural scientists be- 
tween 1961 and 1966, a figure in the vicinity of 
1,000 can be arrived at. Even this may be con- 
servative as an estimate of the projected 1966 
listings on the assumption that the sources were 
republished at that time and the identical criteria 
for inclusion were employed. 


T-THOUGHTS 
After You, Alphonse 


If you are out to win friends and influ- 
ence people, Sir Richard Steele has a com- 
ment to offer: 

‘When you fall into a man’s conversa- 
tion, the first thing you should consider is 
whether he has a greater inclination to hear 
you, or that you should hear him.” 


Folly Shielding 


Kind-hearted managers hesitate to point 
out the errors of subordinates even though 
such actions may help them considerably. 


222 


Herbert Spencer thinks such practices to be 
unwise. “The ultimate result of shielding 
men from the effects of folly,” says he, “is 


to fill the world with fools.” 


It’s Policy 
Sticking to the traditional way of things 
just because “‘it’s policy” and can’t be 
changed seems to be the refuge of many a 
conscientious soul. Yet, it reminds me of 
Plutarch’s story of Hiero. 


Hiero was reviled by one of his enemies 
for his bad breath. When he went home, he 
said to his wife, “Why haven’t you told me 
of this?” But the wife, being virtuous and 
innocent, said, “I supposed that all men 
smelt so.” 


Big Wind 
Some executives remind us of what Dis- 
raeli (1804-1881) called Gladstone: “a 
sophistical rhetorician inebriated by the 
exhuberance of his own verbosity.” 
As my Master says, “big wind, long talk, 
no rain.” 


—Ralph G. H. Siu 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Academy Proceedings 


MEMBERSHIP TO VOTE 
ON OFFICERS FOR 1969-70 


The Academy’s Nominating Committee, 
headed by William J. Youden as delegate 
from the Philosophical Society, met on 
October 17 to select the following candi- 
dates for office in 1969-70 (year beginning 
May 1969): 

For president-elect: Alphonse F. Forziati 
of the Federal Water Pollution Control 
Administration. 

For secretary: Mary L. Robbins of 
George Washington University. 

For treasurer: Richard K. Cook of the 
Environmental Science Services Adminis- 
tration. 

For manager-at-large for three-year terms 
beginning May 1969 (two to be elected) : 
Richard P. Farrow (National Canners As- 
sociation) ; Robert B. Fox (Naval Research 
Laboratory) ; John G. Honig (Department 
of the Army) ; and Zaka I. Slawsky (Naval 
Ordnance Laboratory). 

These candidates, together with any in- 
dependent nominations that may have been 
made before December 1, will be voted 
upon by the membership during December, 
by the usual mail ballot. 


The successful candidates will take office 
at the close of the annual meeting in May 
1969. At this time, current President-elect 
George W. Irving, Jr., will automatically 
assume the presidency. 


Previously elected manager-at-large who 
will continue in office during the term be- 
ginning May 1969 are Ernest P. Gray, 
Peter H. Heinze, Allen L. Alexander, and 


Lawrence M. Kushner. 


ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP 


The following persons were elected to 
fellowship in the Academy at the Board of 
Managers meeting on November 21: 


DECEMBER, 1968 


HALVOR T. DARRACOTT, Operations 
Analysis Division, Advanced Material Con- 
cepts Agency, “in recognition of his con- 
tributions to technological forecasting and 
in particular his researches on the meth- 
odolgy of forecasting and of research plan- 
ning for government and industry.” (Spon- 
sors: Z. V. Harvalik, Leo Schubert.) 

ALAN C. PIPKIN, protozoologist and 
deputy director, Department of Parasito- 
logy, Naval Medical Research Institute, “‘in 
recognition of his numerous contributions 
to various aspects of medical parasitology, 
and in particular, his application of tech- 
niques of cell culture and time-lapse photo- 
microcinematography to studies of para- 
site protozoa.” (Sponsors: F. B. Gordon, 


Mary L. Robbins.) 
MILOSLAV RECHCIGL, JR., grants as- 


sociate, Division of Research Grants, Na- 
tional Institutes of Health, “in recognition 
of his contributions to biochemistry, and in 
particular his researches on the rates of 
synthesis and degradation in the regulation 
of enzyme levels in normal and cancerous 
animal tissues.” (Sponsors: Mark W. 


Woods, Dean Burk, Sarah E. Stewart.) 
BERNARDO F. GROSSLING, research 


geophysicist, Geological Survey, “in recog- 
nition of his outstanding contributions to 
the field of geophysics.” (Sponsors: V. E. 
McKelvey, W. Pecora, George V. Cohee.) 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES 
October 

The Board of Managers held its 596th 
meeting on October 17, 1968 at the FASEB 
Building in Bethesda, with President Hen- 
derson presiding. 

The minutes of the 595th meeting were 
approved as previously distributed. 

Secretary. Mr. Farrow reported that NSF 
had requested assistance in the design of a 


223 


questionnaire to be used in a survey of re- 
search and development activities in local 
and state governments. Since the Washing- 
ton Academy has no activities relating to 
state and local government agencies, it was 
the consensus that we would not be able to 
be of material assistance in the survey. 


Treasurer. Dr. Cook reported that, as 
anticipated when the Academy’s office serv- 
ices were expanded, it may be necessary to 
cash some of the capital assets. A detailed 
proposal will be presented to the Board 
when this action becomes necessary. Miss 
Ostaggi, office manager, reported that as 
of September 16, the checking account bal- 
ance in the American Security and Trust 
Company was $3,119.24. On the same 
date the balance of the Washington Junior 
Academy was $4,116.68. 


Membership. On motion of Mr. Farrow, 
in the absence of Chairman Apstein, Dr. 
Jean K. Boek was elected to fellowship. 

Mr. Farrow announced that Maria L. 
Ambrose, George Crossette, Reginald C. 
Jordan, Orest A. Meykar, and Sidney 
Schneider had been elected members of the 
Academy by recent action of the Member- 
ship Committee. 


Awards. In the absence of Chairman 
Torgesen, Mr. Detwiler reported that an 
announcement would be published in the 
Journal, requesting nominations for the 
Academy’s annual awards. The 1969 
awards dinner will be held next February, 
instead of in January as in previous years. 


Bylaws. Mr. Farrow reminded the Board 
that its action at the 592nd meeting, recom- 
mending changes in the requirements for 
emeritus status, required a change in the 
Bylaws. The draft of the Bylaws amend- 
ment should be approved by the Board in 
November, then submitted to the member- 
ship for ratification. Mr. Farrow was in- 
structed to request Chairman Wood to 
prepare a draft Bylaw. 


Editor. Mr. Detwiler reported that the 
September (directory) issue of the Journal 


had been published, and that the October 


issue would soon be in the mails. 


224 


Old Business. Dr. Henderson announced 
that the Applied Physics Laboratory had 
decided to sponsor the journal mentioned 
in the minutes of the 595th meeting; hence 
the Washington Academy need not consider 
serving aS sponsor. 

Dr. Abraham indicated that IEEE was 
interested in sharing the Academy’s office, 
and that it expected to move its journal 
operations to the office. Service required 
would involve some letter writing, prepara- 


tion of minutes, and mailing the minutes to 


about 50 persons each month. IEEE has a 
membership of some 6500 persons. Dr. 
Henderson appointed a special committee 
consisting of the Policy Planning Commit- 
tee, the Treasurer, and appropriate repre- 
sentatives of IEEE to work out the details 
of an agreement. 

Dr. Henderson indicated that the local 
section of the Society of American For- 
esters was interested in some special office 
services, and that the special committee 
just appointed should also consider SAF 
interests in formulating a schedule of 
charges. 


Announcement: Mr. Sherlin announced 
that the DC Council of Engineering and 
Architectural Societies was sponsoring a 
series of programs at the National Bureau 
of Standards, aimed at introducing high 
school students to engineering. Programs 
have been scheduled for November 16 and 
23, and for two Saturdays in December. A 
20-minute film is scheduled for the Novem- 
ber 16 meeting. Awards will be presented 
to the high school students based on the 


results of an examination. 


Nomination of Officers. Immediately fol- 
lowing the meeting of the Board of Man- 
agers, the Nominating Committee met 
under the chairmanship of the Philsoph- 
ical Society delegate, Dr. Youden. The 
Committee selected the following nominees 
for office in the year beginning May 1969: 
Alphonse F. Forziati for president-elect; 
Mary L. Robbins for secretary; Richard 
K. Cook for treasurer; and Richard P. Far- 
row, Robert B. Fox, John G. Honig, and 


Zaka I. Slawsky for managers-at-large. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Science in Washington 


CALENDAR OF EVENTS 

Notices of meetings for this column may 
be sent to Elaine G. Shafrin, Apt. N-702, 
800 4th St., S.W., Washington, D. C. 20024, 
by the first Wednesday of the month pre- 
ceding the date of issue of the Journal. 


December 18 — Washington Opera- 
tions Research Council 

John E. Walsh, Southern Methodist Uni- 
versity, “Validation of Simulation Models 
Illustrated for Traffic Flow.” 

Room 1, Beeghly Chemistry Building, 
American University, 8:00 p.m. Pre-meet- 
ing dinner, Faculty Dining Room, Mary 
Graydon Center, 6:15 p.m.; for dinner 
reservations, contact B. Gordon Smith at 


933-5525. 


January 2—Entomological Society of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
Room 43, Natural History Building, 
Smithsonian [nstitution, 8:00 p.m. 


January 2—Electrochemical Society 
Speaker to be announced. 
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American 
University, 8:00 p.m. 


January 8—Institute of Food Tech- 
nologists 
Speaker to be announced. 
National Canners Association, 1133 20th 
St., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


January 10—Philosophical Society of 

Washington 

George Rado, Naval Research Labora- 
tory, will present retiring president’s ad- 
dress. 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, Cosmos 
Club, 2170 Florida Avenue, N.W., 8:15 


p.m. 


January 13—Institute of Electrical 
and Electronics Engineers 


Instrumentation and Measurement 


DECEMBER, 1968 


Group. 
Subject: Instrumentation for Automated 
Mail Handling. Speaker to be announced. 
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St, N.W., 
8:00 p.m. 


January 13—American Society for 

Metals 

William C. Coons, staff scientist, Lock- 
heed Research Laboratory, “New Tech- 
niques in Metallography.” 

Three Chefs Restaurant, River House, 
1500 S. Joyce St., Arlington, Va. Social 
hour and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 8:00 
p.m. 


January 14—Society of American 

Foresters 

Luncheon meeting. Speaker to be an- 
nounced. 

Occidental Restaurant, 1411 Pennsyl- 
vania Ave., N.W., noon. 


January 14—American Society of 
Civil Engineers 
E. P. Cliff, chief, U.S. Forest Service, 
“The Role of the Engineer in Resource 
Management.” 
YWCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon. 
Luncheon meeting. For reservations 


phone Floyd E. Curfman, 557-4586. 


January 15—American Meteorolog- 
ical Society 
Speaker to be announced. 
National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


January 15—Insecticide Society of 
Washington 
Speaker to be announced. 
Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium, 
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m. 


January 17—Washington Operations 
Research Council 
Dennis Dugan, Notre Dame University. 
Topic to be announced. 


225 


Room 1, Beeghly Chemistry Building, 
American University, 8:00 p.m. Pre-meet- 
ing dinner, Faculty Dining Room, Mary 
Graydon Center, 6:15 p.m.; for dinner 
reservations, contact B. Gordon Smith at 


933-5525. 


January 21—Anthropological Society 
of Washington. 
Speaker and location to be announced. 
Contact Conrad Reining, Department of 
Anthropology, Catholic University. 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 
Contributions to this column may be 

addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate 

Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture, 


Agricultural Research Service, Federal 
Center Building, Hyattsville, Md. 20782. 


AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 


More than 60 American and Japanese 
scientists met at the East-West Center of 


the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, dur- 


ing the period October 7-10 for a joint 
technical conference on toxic microorgan- 
isms. Held under the auspices of the U.S.- 
Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Re- 
sources (UJNR), the conference was or- 
ganized and sponsored by counterpart U.S. 
and Japanese toxic microorganisms panels 
headed by CHESTER R. BENJAMIN 
(USDA, Beltsville) and Komei Miyaki 
(National Institute of Health, Tokyo). The 
program consisted of four days of con- 
current sessions of symposia on botulism 
and mycotoxins. The proceedings are ex- 
pected to be published in the Spring of 
1969. Besides Dr. Benjamin, Washington 
area participants included J. A. Slater 
(USDI), who was chairman of the confer- 
ence, R. F. Brown (FDA), A. D. Campbell 
(FDA), R. B. Casady (USDA), S. R. 
Hoover (USDA), R. W. Howell (USDA), 
GC. W. IRVING, JR. (USDA), D. A. 
Kautter (FDA), C. LAMANNA (USA), J. 
C. Olson, Jr. (FDA), and E. M. Sporn 
(USA). 


226 


After addressing the foregoing confer- 
ence in Honolulu, Dr. Irving continued on 
to Taiwan, the Philippines, and India, 
where he reviewed some of the foreign 
agricultural research programs sponsored 
by USDA. After returning to Washington, 
he served as program chairman of the 
Federal Council for Science and Technol- 
ogy’s Symposium on Education and Fed- 
eral Laboratory-University Relationships, 
held October 29-31 at the Museum of His- 
tory and Technology. He was scheduled to 
address a meeting of the Puerto Rican 
Sugar Technologists Association in San 
Juan on November 23. 


AMERICAN UNIVERSITY 


LEO SCHUBERT, chairman of the 
Chemistry Department, is a member of the 
Board of Trustees of Saint Augustine’s Col- 
lege at Raleigh, N. C., and chairman of the 
Board’s Academic Policies Committee. Dr. 
Schubert is also chairman of an American 
Chemical Society program that expects to 
place at least 500 disadvantaged high school 
students in university chemistry labora- 
tories during the summer of 1969. 


NATIONAL BUREAU OF 
STANDARDS 


WILLIAM A. WILDHACK of the Insti- 
tute for Basic Standards has been recog: 
nized by the Instrument Society of America 
with an honorary membership, the highest 
grade bestowed by ISA. The award was 
presented to Mr. Wildhack at the Annual 
ISA Honors and Awards Luncheon on Oc- 
tober 29 in New York City. 

JOHN B. WACHTMAN was appointed 
chief of the Inorganic Materials Division on 
August 25. Dr. Wachtman had been acting 
chief of the Division, and before that, chief 
of the Physical Properties Section, a post 
to which he was appointed in 1962. 

CHARLES P. SAYLOR, chemist, has 
retired from NBS after 37 years of service. 

H. S. ISBELL, retired December 1 after 
45 years of Government service, 41 of 
which were at NBS. 


Foreign talks have been given as follows: 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


P. J. AUSLOOS—“Photoionization du 
Methane a 584 A,” Centre National de la 
Recherche Scientifique, Equipé de Recher- 
che No. 57, Ecole de Physique et de 
Chimie, Paris, October 18; J. A. -SIM- 
MONS—The Incompatibility Problem for 
a General Linear Anisotropic Solid.” 
Max Planck Institut fur Metallforschung, 
Institiit fur Physik, Stuttgart, October 17; 
R. S. MARVIN—“Rheological Models and 
Measurements,” International Congress 
on Rheology Kyoto, October 7-11; J. 
KRUGER—“Studies on the Breakdown of 
the Passive Film on Iron,” Electrochemical 
Society, Montreal, October 7. 


SCIENCE AND 
DEVELOPMENT 


The value of neutron activation analysis 
as a non-destructive analytical tool has 
been increased markedly by recent work at 
the National Bureau of Standards. A ten- 
fold increase in accuracy and precision has 
been achieved by use of a new sample-irra- 
diation system together with a procedure 
for evaluating and correcting for systematic 
errors. The method has been used to de- 
termine the total elemental analysis of 
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur in 
biological materials such as protein; silicon 
in borosilicate glass and silicon carbide; 
and the metallic components of various 
metallo-organic standard reference mate- 
rials. The possibility of determining halo- 
gens in silver bromide photographic emul- 
sions is being investigated. 

In general, neutron activation analysis 
uses high-energy neutrons to irradiate an 
element in some material, causing that ele- 
ment to change from its normal state to a 
radioactive state. Once radioactive, the ma- 
terial begins to revert to its normal state by 
emitting various radiations (typically, high- 
energy gamma photons). These radiations 
are monitored and the amount of radiation 
emitted is indicative of the amount of the 
element present in the material being 
studied. The process has been used to detect 
art forgeries, to detect metals and pesticide 


DECEMBER, 1968 


residues in wines and biologicals, to match 
human hair samples in criminal cases, and 
in numerous other analytical tests, particu- 
larly where non-destruction of the sample 
1S important. 


William W. Rubey, professor of geology 
and geophysics at UCLA, has been named 
director of the Lunar Science Institute in 
Houston, Texas. The National Academy of 
Sciences has accepted interim responsibility 
for operation of the Institute until a con- 
sortium of universities can be formed to 
take over its direction. 


Formation of the Lunar Science Institute 
was announced by President Johnson on 


March 1. 


The chief objective of the Institute is to 
provide a base for academic scientists par- 


_ticipating in the lunar exploration program, 


working in the Lunar Receiving Labora- 
tory, or using other facilities of the Manned 
Spacecraft Center devoted to study of the 
moon. Lunar samples gathered by Amer- 
ican astronauts will be brought first to the 
Lunar Receiving Laboratory. The Institute 
will also serve as a center for the analysis 
and study of lunar data obtained as the 
result of NASA unmanned missions, such 
as Surveyor and Orbiter. 


Three widely used types of artificial 
weathering machines were recently studied 
at the NBS Institute for Applied Tech- 
nology to determine the radiation char- 
acteristics of the devices. Such characteri- 
zation should make possible better simula- 
tion of solar radiation, which is consid- 
ered to be one of the most important 
factors in the deterioration of polymers. 


Degradation of polymers exposed to 
weather is caused primarily by solar radia- 
tion (ultraviolet, visible, infrared), tem- 
perature, water (dew, rain, humidity, 
snow), and other atmospheric constituents 
(such as oxygen, ozone, oxides of sulfur). 


227 


Duplicating these environmental causes materials to natural and to artificial 
of degradation should allow the effects of weathering. A major cause for this lack is 
weathering to be reproduced in the labora- the scarcity of significant data defining 
tory. However, there is a lack of general both the natural and artificial exposure 
correlation of results between exposure of conditions. 


228 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Delegates to the hing, Ae Academy of Scien 
i a Be taeel ‘tiited Societies * 


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_ Geological Society of Washington un rae con, GEORGE V. Conte 
. Medical: ‘Society of the ie of Columbia cei nsa eens thagro baa eanda cas Heabhdop ragitens Delegate not appointed 
" Columbia Historical ‘Society Siggrernanrnetesies sh sheaths vise rare ed Delegate not appointed / - 
Botanical Society of Washington nets, a Cae thn ie | Peren He Here 
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American ‘Nuclear Society Uadeestanptennnens a tein: or to ssh anes TB vareanepariyats nena SCAR M. Buzzeut 
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* Delegates continue in office until new selections are mude by the respective societies, 
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oe we 
Volume 58 DECEMBER 1968 
CONTENTS 
M. Rechcigl, Jr., and J. Nehnevajsa: American Scholars and . 
Scientists with Czechoslovak Roots—Some Key Characteristics ............ eae 
PT Aacatete osciia cs ddecsean OM Aa oe | 
Academy Proceedings | 
Membership to Vote on Officers for 1969-70 2000000. oc es sess 
Eloctionss:to Fellow ebidppe cs. o:i.jedshccecsocstisasisyshensedoleactsp intl ipa a aha sina a 
Board of Managers Meeting Notes (October) 00.000... os 
Science in Washington 
GCabematlar col Evatt o..c5io5. scissile parted bs Adtaws bso lcemh bed a 
Scdenitints im the. New : sisi... s-nc0sessccss ines overt ed tasassbade sh veeeen deco 
Sofencb and Developement «05.5 ssscsiscsceeiee vege soeesnsssenvahredenee age on gto eso eae 


Washington Academy of Sciences 
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) 
Washington, D. C. 20014 

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DZ W/23 


VOLUME 59 NUMBERS 1-3 


avnal of the 
WASHINGTON 


ACADEMY OF 
SCIENCES 


HSONay 


‘ 
of 
Ard 11 Woy 


JANUARY - MARCH 1969 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Editor: Samuet B. Detwiter, Jr., Department of Agriculture 
_ Phones: JA 7-8775 (home) ; DU 8-6548 (office) 


Associate Editors 


Harotp T. Coox, Department of Agriculture Harry A. Fowetts, Department of Agriculture 
RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- Heten L. Reynotps, Food and Drug Adminis- 
ciation tration 


Ricuarp H. Foote, Department of Agriculture ExLaine G. SHarrin, Naval Research Laboratory 


Contributors 


Frank A. BrperstTEIN, Jr., Catholic University JosepH B. Morris, Howard University 
Cuartes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacos Mazur, National Bureau of Standards 


Marjorie Hooker, Geological Survey Heten D. Park, National Institutes of Health 

Reusen E. Woop, George Washington Univer- ary en L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory 
sity - 

Epmunp M. Bunas, Jr, Gillette Research In- !70M4S H. Hannis, Public Health Seruee 
stitute Eart M. Hitpesranp, USDA, Beltsville 


This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical 
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ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1968-69* 
President: Matcoim C, Henperson, Catholic University of America 
President-Elect: Georce W. Irvinc, Jr., Agricultural Research Service 
Secretary: RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Association 
Treasurer: RicHarp K. Cook, Environmental Science Services Administration 


* According to Bylaws revision approved in December 1967, the officers’ terms expire in May 
instead of January. 


“A Pepi igs 


* 
Research as an Investment 


George W. Irving, Jr. 


Administrator, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of 


Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 


Everyone who is involved in the field of 
scientific research is aware, I think, that 
the profession is undergoing a period of 
readjustment. 


That point is made painfully clear in an 
article in this month’s issue of Fortune 
Magazine. The article is entitled “U.S. Sci- 
ence Enters a Not-So-Golden Era.” 


It begins as follows: 


After a quarter century of unparalleled public 
favor and unstinting government patronage, the 
U.S. scientific community suddenly faces an un- 
certain future. . . . Despite the contributions of 
basic scientific research to the Nation’s produc- 
tive capacity and defense capability, from the 
atom bomb to the laser, a few Congressmen have 
gone so far as to disparage it as an unproductive 
activity, a hobby too expensive for an age that 
calls for quick solution to immediate problems. 


Scientists and technologists, in other 
words, aren’t as popular as they once were. 


We are under increasing pressure to 
prove our worth—in terms of dollars and 
cents. How much is a project going to 
cost? What will it accomplish? Who will 
profit? This is what people and legislators 
want to know. 


All of us here—scientists and technolo- 
gists in agricultural research—would think 
that other agricultural research should fare 
well under such a system. The value of the 
nation’s agricultural output has almost 
doubled in the past two decades. Output 
per man-hour has tripled. This increased 
efficiency was brought about by research 
and its effective application. According to 


* An address before a meeting of the Puerto 
Rican Sugar Technologists Association, on No- 
vember 23, 1968 in San Juan, P.R. 


JANuARY-MarcH, 1969 


one estimate, resources saved by agricul- 
tural research during the period 1950-1965 
amounted to thirteen billion dollars, or 
nearly a billion dollars a year. Another es- 
timate indicates that money spent on agri- 
cultural research returns not less than 35 
percent per annum for every dollar invest- 
ed. 

But these are only estimates. We are 
confident that they are valid; but because 
of modern-day research, because of the 
subtle interrelationships among different 
laboratories, among disciplines, among in- 
stitutions public and private, local and na- 
tional, we have never been able to add up 
the net value of research and enter it on a 
balance sheet for all to see. 

As a result, we have critics—within the 
agricultural establishment as well as out- 
side of it—who question the value of 
agricultural research as an investment. 

Yes, they admit, you’ve done well in the 
past. 

Yes, you’ve made food plentiful. 

Yes, you've raised living standards. 

Yes, you’ve bolstered the economy. 


But haven’t you done enough for the 
time being, or possibly too much? Look at 
all the surpluses and their effect on farm 
income. 

Let’s cut back on agricultural research, 
our critics say, and use the money for 
some other, more pressing farm problem. 
At the least, let’s postpone research until 
there’s some indication that we really 
need it again. 

This is a shortsighted view, and anyone 
who is concerned with research, or indeed 
the economy as a whole, should be pre- 


1 


pared to refute it. Some day we may be 
able to predict just what research needs to 
be done and what doesn’t. Some day the 
gap between what man knows and what he 
needs to know may disappear altogether. 
But that day has not yet arrived in agricul- 
ture, and critics of research must be so ad- 
vised. 

We members of the scientific community 
in particular must learn to speak out on 
the importance of research. We have been 
quick to admit our worth to ourselves, but 
we have not done an adequate job of tell- 
ing others about it. We have not sold the 
public on the merits of research as a long- 
term investment. 

How can we do this? 

To begin with, it seems to me, we must 
somehow make clear—clearer than we have 
in the past—that the work going on in our 
laboratories today is part of a continuum, 
a succession of events and discoveries that 
will help us solve future problems. One 
finding begets another, then another. From 
this process comes knowledge, knowledge 
that is durable, knowledge that can be used 
over and over on problem after problem. 
This process has been going on since the 
dawn of civilization. The one notable ex- 
ception occurred during a period that we 
now refer to as the Dark Ages. 

If continuity in the search for knowledge 
is important from an intellectual stand- 
point, it is also important from a manage- 
rial standpoint. To attract the skilled and 
talented employees needed for scientific re- 
search, we must be able to offer stability of 
surroundings, and a chance for profes- 
sional advancement. Similarly, investments 
in costly scientific hardware are practical 
only on a long-term basis. 

Another thing that I think we must 
stress, in our case for agricultural research, 
is that no one knows exactly what the 
problems of the future are going to be. Na- 
ture and circumstances may not permit us 
to choose the pace at which we will con- 
duct research. History tells us that the 
crash program in research often breeds dif- 
ficulties. Many of you will recall, I am 


sure, the situation in the American sugar 
industry following the outbreak of World 
War II: 


Sugar imports from the Philippines and 
other sources were cut off. Shortages and 
rationing followed. American growers were 
called upon to increase domestic produc- 
tion, and to do it with a drastically re- 
duced labor force. The result was almost 
instant mechanization. By war’s end, 90 
percent of all cane and beet crops on the 
mainland were being harvested by ma- 
chine. 


This was a notable achievement. But it 
generated many new problems for the 
sugar industry. The mechanically-harvested 
crops contained far more soil and field 
trash than hand-picked ones. Varieties that 
seemed well suited for machine harvest 
proved wanting in other respects. Problems 
arose in storage, in handling, in process- 
ing. There was nothing wrong with 
mechanization per se, but the research data 
needed to make it an unqualified success 
were simply not yet available. 


By way of contrast, let us look at the 
way mechanization developed in another 
specialized segment of agriculture: The to- 
mato industry. | 


Like all stoop labor, tomato picking is a 
laborious and time-consuming chore. As 
with so many difficult jobs, there just 
didn’t seem to be any other way to do it. 


Scientists in California began working 
on a mechanical tomato harvester about 25 
years ago. It was obvious at the outset, 
however, that no ordinary tomato would 
withstand machine handling. So at the 
same time, they began developing a tomato 
to fit the machine. 

By the early 1960’s, plant breeders had 
the tomato they wanted: A firm, oblong 
fruit that resisted bruising. Engineers 
were also putting the finishing touches on 
their mechanical picker, a contraption that 
picks up tomato vines, strips off the fruits, 
and leaves the debris behind. 

Up to that time, tomato growers had 
shown little interest in the research. But at 


2 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


_ just that juncture, a momentous announce- 
ment emanated from the U.S. Department 
of Labor: Immigrant laborers would no 
longer be allowed to pass freely into the 
United States in search of work. This 
meant, of course, that the number of hands 
available for the vegetable harvest in Cali- 
fornia would be sharply reduced. 

Now the idea of mechanical harvesting 
gained favor rapidly. In a few years, 90 
percent of the processing tomato crop in 
California was being harvested by ma- 
chine. Some work remains to be done to 
improve the quality of machine-harvested 
tomatoes. Nevertheless, growers are al- 
ready crediting research with saving their 
industry. 

If the research had not got underway 
many years earlier, the story almost cer- 
tainly would have been different. Engineers 
might conceivably have been able to devel- 
op a harvester on short notice, but there 
would have been no way to speed up the 
breeding experiments that were necessary 
to produce the new tomato. It was only 
through a sustained effort that researchers 
were able to have a workable solution 
ready when the problem arrived. 

And it is this type of sustained effort 
that is needed to solve agricultural prob- 
lems all over the world. For despite recent 
bumper crops in many regions, the world’s 
food problems have not been solved. Grow- 
ing populations still threaten to nullify the 
production gains that have been made to 
date. Through research, man can hope to 
match population increases with increases 
in food production. Not indefinitely, but 
for a time; for a grace period, so to speak, 
during which he can learn to control his 
own reproduction rate and bring popula- 
tion into line with available food. 

One of the finest scientific success stories 
of this decade, from the standpoint of in- 
creasing world food supplies, has been the 
development of dwarf, or _ short-stem, 
wheat. This plant was bred by scientists of 
the Rockefeller Foundation in an effort to 
raise wheat production in Mexico. Seeds 


JANUARY-MarcuH, 1969 


were first released to Mexican farmers in 
1961. The very first year, wheat yields on 
many Mexican farms more than doubled. 
Since then, Mexico has been transformed 
from an importer to an exporter of wheat. 

In this remarkable development, we have 
further proof of the importance of continu- 
ity in research. For the story of dwarf 
wheat really began back in 1946, when S. 
C. Salmon, a scientist with the Agricultural 
Research Service, U.S. Department of Ag- 
riculture, went to Japan to help with post- 
war reconstruction. 

While there, he noticed that farmers 
were growing a number of remarkably 
stiff, short-stemmed wheat varieties. Unlike 
most wheats, these varieties responded fa- 
vorably to fertilizers, remaining erect to 
maturity and giving excellent yields. 

Dr. Salmon brought several of the varie- 
ties back to the United States with him. 
The seeds themselves did not perform well 
in this country, but the potential was there, 
and they became the basis for extensive 
crossbreeding experiments under the direc- 
tion of O. A. Vogel, a USDA scientist 
stationed in Washington State. One result 
of this research was the now-famous vari- 
ety Gaines, which has broken all winter 
wheat yield records in the Northwest. 

N. E. Borlaug, a Rockefeller Foundation 
research leader in Mexico, learned of Vo- 
gel’s work in 1953. He obtained some of 
Vogel’s crosses and succeeded in making 
crosses of his own, joining the short-stem 
wheat with Mexican and Colombian lines. 


In addition to its astonishing success in 
Mexico, dwarf wheat is now being planted 
in parts of Africa, India, Pakistan, South 
America, and Turkey. Further breeding 
programs are under way in many of these 
countries to make the grain even more pro- 
ductive. If current plans succeed, Pakistan, 
for example, will be self-sufficient in wheat 
production by 1970. Short-stem wheat has 
become a prominent feature of the so- 
called “green revolution”’—the trend to- 
ward increased agricultural productivity in 
underdeveloped countries. 


Over the years, wheat has been one of 
the most vigorously damned of all Ameri- 
can farm commodities. The surpluses that 
the Government has seen fit to carry have 
been the subject of perennial attack. Spend 
money to improve wheat yields? Perish the 
thought! And yet just such an enterprise, 
carried out over a period of years by 
skilled and dedicated scientists, has 
spawned a beneficence that could change 
the world. 


Thus far I have limited my remarks to 
food production, the traditional concern of 
the agricultural scientist. Research achieve- 
ments in this area have been outstanding, 
to be sure; but they don’t tell the half of it. 
They don’t begin to show the pervasive ef- 
fect that agricultural research has had on 
the everyday lives of all citizens. In cities 
as well as in the country, in homes and 
factories as well as on the farm, agricul- 
tural research findings are being put to 
increasingly profitable use. And more often 
than not they are being taken for granted. 


Look at wash-wear cotton, for example. 


This product is the commercial success 
that it is today largely because of research 
performed in a USDA laboratory. Our sci- 
entists learned how to alter the chemical 
makeup of the fabric so that it would be 
comfortable to wear as well as wrinkle- 
resistant. They did the basic research that 
led to permanently pressed wash-wear gar- 
ments. Then they found ways to improve 
the durability and soil resistance of the 
product. USDA scientists hold patents for 
more than a dozen important processes in- 
volved in wash-wear manufacturing. 

Wash-wear has earned the enthusiastic 
endorsement of millions of American con- 
sumers; yet how many of them associate 
the product with agricultural research ? 

Let’s look at anther phase of agricul- 


tural science that affects millions of people: 


Pollution control. 

Environmental pollution is a threat to 
human health and comfort in almost every 
major population center in the country. 
The problem is not likely to be resolved 


without the extensive use of agricultural re- 
search data. 

Water quality, for example, is closely re- 
lated to land use. Bare land erodes rapidly, 
filling streams and reservoirs with mud. 
This is precisely what is happening around 
many fast-growing cities, where thousands 
of acres of land have been scraped bare to 
make way for construction. 

Who is better prepared to deal with this 
problem than the agricultural scientist? 
Principles developed by our watershed ex- 
perts have helped innumerable farmers 
cope with the problems of water conserva- 
tion. These same principles can be used to 
preserve water quality in cities. 

Of at least as much concern as water 
quality, in many areas, is the quality of the 
air that people must breathe. Agricultural 
scientists have concentrated primarily on 
learning how smog affects plants. But their 
findings have advanced the cause of human 
health as well. Plant tissue, they have 
learned, responds to pollution in much the 
same way as animal tissue. Plants, there- 
fore, are useful tools in the search for ways 
to repair pollution damage. Too, they pro- 
vide a warning system by which man can 
judge the level of toxicity in the air. 

Finally, agricultural scientists are check- 
ing soil samples from all over the country, 
to guard against any buildup of chemical 
residue in cropland. We must have farm 
chemicals to produce the food we need, but 
we must also make sure that their use is 
safe beyond question. 

Water, air, soil—all are resources that no 
one can do without. And agricultural sci- 
ence is providing the means to keep them 
free of pollution. 

In the area of business and industry, we 
find still other adaptations of agricultural 
research. In 1941, two USDA scientists— 
Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan— fig- 
ured out a way to put insect spray in a 
pressurized can. Today that invention—the 
aerosol bomb—is put to so many uses that 
it is hard to keep up with them all, and 


4 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


industry representatives estimate that the 
gadget brings in something like two billion 
dollars a year. 

Other bestsellers with origins in USDA 
research include frozen orange juice con- 
centrate and instant mashed potatoes. In 
industry, USDA-developed compounds are 
being used in the manufacture of paper, 
plastics, paints, detergents, and many other 
products. 


One does not normally think of agricul- 
tural research as a means of curing human 
disease. Nevertheless, USDA scientists are 
helping conduct one of the most important 
campaigns in the annals of medical re- 
search: The fight against cancer. Our bo- 
tanists have found that the bark from a 
certain tree—Camptotheca acuminata— 
yields a substance that shows excellent po- 
tential as an anticancer agent. Other USDA 
researchers are studying avian leukosis, a 
malignant disease of chickens; this work 
should furnish information that will be 
useful in related studies on man. 


Space travel has captured the imagina- 
tions of all of us, and one cannot fail to 
marvel at the possibilities for new knowl- 
edge that this technological miracle af- 
fords. Here, too, USDA scientists are in- 
volved. Working cooperatively with the 
National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- 
tration, we have developed a remarkable 
system of collecting data for agriculture, 
known as remote sensing. This system fea- 
tures sensing devices that record images of 
what’s happening on earth on as many as 
18 different electromagnetic wavelengths. 
The images can be converted to punched 
tape and run through a computer, permit- 
ting rapid analysis of huge volumes of 
data. 


Such a sensing system, mounted in an 
orbiting space vehicle, would do much to 
take the guesswork out of agriculture’s re- 
source inventory. The probabilities are ex- 
citing. New farmland could be located, wa- 
ter supplies checked, out-of-the-way places 
surveyed. Forest fires, insect infestations, 
salinity buildup, and other trouble spots 
could be identified. Crop yields could be 


JaNuARY-Marcu, 1969 


predicted, and animal herds counted. In 
time, remote sensing may prove to be one 
of our most important applications of the 
new space technology, and we are already 
putting it to use. 

All of these achievements mean some- 
thing to the man on the street. They are 
the result of efforts to cure specific ills. For 
the most part, they constitute the attain- 
ment of stated goals. We set out to do 
something and we did it. 


There is another form of research pay- 
off: The unexpected one. Many of our 
greatest scientific discoveries came about, 
not because of the need to solve a particu- 
lar problem, but because some inquisitive 
human wanted to known more about na- 
ture’s machinery. One thinks of Galileo, of 
Newton, of Darwin, of Mendel patiently 
tending his pea plants. — 


Hybrid corn was developed by research- 
ers who were really more interested in 
abstract, genetic theories than in yield in- 
creases. Penicillin was discovered by a bac- 
teriologist who was studying staphylococ- 
cus organisms. Think of all that man has 
derived from these two discoveries alone. 
Think how difficult it would have been to 
work out a cost/benefit ratio that would 
have justified the research. 


During the past decades, scientists in 
USDA laboratories have uncovered the se- 
crets of photoperiodism, that fascinating 
process by which light governs the rhythms 
of living organisms. 

They have determined the structure of 
some of the nucleic acids, thus helping 
man move closer to an understanding of 
protein synthesis. This work earned former 
USDA scientist R. W. Holley a share of the 
1968 Nobel prize for medicine and physiol- 
ogy. 

Such projects, though they solve few 
everyday problems, provide the stimulus 
for decades of applied research. 


Let us summarize our case for research 
as an investment: 


e Research has increased food supplies 
throughout the world. 


e It has improved the lot of producer 
and consumer. 


e It has provided tools for a pollution- 
free environment. 


e It has laid a foundation of knowledge 
for discoveries as yet undreamed of. 


Here is a story worth telling. It must be 
told. It must be told in language that the 
layman can understand. Research as we 
know it cannot survive wihout public sup- 
port. People have a right to know what 
they are getting for their dollar, and we, 
within the limits of our ability, must show 
them. We must prove to them that their in- 
vestment in research is sound. 

Beyond. that, and perhaps more 
important, we must do more than we have 
done to make people feel that they are a 
part of research; that they are themselves 
instruments for scientific advancement, 
not merely paying spectators; that the 
course of scientific progress is influenced 
by their needs, their wants, their ambi- 
tions, their beliefs, and not entirely by sci- 
entific whim. 

They must be encouraged to explore the 
effects that science has on society. Scien- 
tific advancement, after all, brings problems 
as well as blessings. In agriculture, we 
point to the farm labor that we have freed 
through production efficiency. But not all 
farmers who leave the land are freed in the 
sense that they go on to better things. So 
too with the victims of progress in other 


fields. People must be made aware of these 
considerations, so that they do not blindly 
accept the gifts of research and ignore the 
responsibilities that it imposes. 

Science, in other words, faces an enor- 
mous educationl task. In agriculture, the 
task is complicated by a dwindling poltical 
base. Still, our research affects everyone. 
We deal with the essentials of life. The ag- 
ricultural research story is sound. All we 
need is spokesmen to carry it to the public. 

So I want to ask your help. Your organi- 
zation, and others like it, can do much to 
focus public attention on the merits of re- 
search. I know that you can be counted on 
to back research affecting your own indus- 
try. But I hope you will not hesitate to 
speak for the many other aspects of agri- 
cultural research as well. Many research 
ideas are cross-pollinating, and a successful 
innovation in one field often stimulates ad- 
vances in another. 

More significant, though, is the fact that 
no one area of research is going to prosper 
if the agricultural research complex as a 


whole is allowed to deteriorate. We must 


have broad support for research in general 
or our specialized efforts will lose their 
vigor. : 

Take the research story to your friends 
in and out of the agricultural community. 
Tell them what they’re getting for their re-. 
search dollar. I think they will agree, as we 
have known for a _ long time, that 
agricultural research is a good investment. 


6 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


The Navy Navigation Satellite 


System and Its Applications 


J. B. Oakes 


Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md. 


Introduction 


The Navy Navigation Satellite System 
represents the implementation of one of the 
earliest suggested uses of near earth satel- 
lites, that of global navigation. The 
original work leading to the present system 
began as a purely scientific investigation 
by Drs. G. C. Weiffenbach and W. H. 
Guier of the Johns Hopkins University 
Applied Physics Laboratory, who were 
able to accurately describe the orbit para- 
meters of several early earth satellites by 
detailed analysis of doppler shift of the re- 
ceived radio frequency signals. Dr. F. T. 
McClure of the Laboratory then advanced 
the inverse concept, that of determining 
one’s position, given an accurate orbit de- 
scription, by a similar detailed analysis of 
the received doppler signal. Support for 
the initial development of such a system 
was made available by the Advanced Re- 
search Projects Agency in 1959, and re- 
sponsibility for further development was 
subsequently transferred to the Navy in 
1960. A successful development phase fol- 
lowed, and the system has been in 
continuous use for the past several years. 

The material which follows will describe 
briefly the various components of the oper- 
ating system, discuss some sources of error 
in such a system, and describe in detail 
some ground receiving systems. 


System Concept 


The concepts involved in the satellite 
navigation system are rather simple, and 
can best be briefly explained by separating 


January-Marcu, 1969 


the problem into two sections. The first 
problem is that of determining the orbit 
parameters of the satellite. This is accom- 
plished by radiating a very stable carrier 
frequency from the satellite. The signal, as 
received on the ground, will be modified in 
accordance with the doppler effect, wherein 
a frequency higher than that transmitted 
will be received if the transmitter is mov- 
ing toward the receiver, and a frequency 
lower than that transmitted is received if 
the transmitter is receding from the receiv- 
er. The amount of doppler frequency shift 
observed is directly proportional to the 
radial component of velocity as seen by the 
observer. It is possible to describe the dop- 
pler curve which should be received at a 
ground station of known position in terms 
of the orbital parameters of the satellite 
(1). The computing routine then consists 
of varying the orbit parameters until the 
best fit is achieved between the actual re- 
ceived doppler curve and the theoretically 
generated curve. Accurate knowledge of 
time is, of course, implicit in this computa- 
tion. A knowledge of the earth’s gravita- 
tional field is also implied, and in fact, as 
we will see later, system accuracy is inti- 
mately related to such knowledge. 

The second part of the problem is 
involved in the use of a satellite whose or- 
bit is known to obtain one’s position. Here 
again, the stable transmitter on board the 
satellite provides the user with doppler 
data during the time the satellite is in view. 
The user assumes a starting Jongitude and 
latitude, and essentially computes a theoret- 
ical doppler curve from the known satellite 


7 


APLAIBU PO 


Figure 1. Navy Navigation Satellite System. 


Y 
iSO MHz 
TRANSMITTER 
FREQUENCY 
STABLE MULTIPLIER 
OSCILLATOR PHASE 17 


MODULATOR 


400 MHz 


TRANSMITTER 


CLOCK 


NY, DIVIDER 


COMMAND 


RECEIVER MEMORY 


COMMAND 
LOGIC AND 


SWITCHING 


NAVIGATION SATELLITE 
BLOCK DIAGRAM 


Figure 2. Navigation Satellite Block Diagram. 


8 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


orbit parameters, which he then compares 
with the actual received doppler data. By a 
method of successive approximation, he 
moves his assumed position until the exper- 
imental and theoretical doppler curves 
coincide. Time, again, is implicit in this 
calculation. Generally, the user equipment 
computer can be an order of magnitude 
less complex than the computer used in the 
orbit parameter computations. This results 
to a great extent from the lesser number of 
variables in the case of the user. 

From this overly simplified discussion, 
the basic system requirements can be 
listed: 


(1) A satellite, carrying a stable trans- 
mitter. 

(2) A ground tracking network. and 

computing facility for accurately 

determining orbit parameters. 

(3) A method of supplying orbit para- 


meters to users. 


A method of supplying accurate 
time to the user. 


(4) 

(5) A navigating set, capable of receiv- 
ing the satellite doppler signal and 
computing its position from this 
datum. 


System Description 


The basic elements which form the Navy 
Navigation Satellite System are indicated 
in Figure 1. All the basic requirements just 
described are embodied in this system. A 
number of satellites in polar orbit at an al- 
titude of approximately 600 nautical miles 
form the system constellation. The number 
of satellites required depends, of course, on 
the coverage, or frequency of passes, de- 
sired. For example, one satellite in each of 
four orbital planes spaced 45° apart pro- 
vides a pass approximately once every two 
hours on the average at the equator, or 
more frequently at higher latitudes. 

Each satellite in the constellation trans- 
mits two coherent stable carrier frequen- 
cies and carries a memory which can be 
loaded from the ground with orbit parame- 
ter information. The memory can also 


January-Marcu, 1969 


store data used to adjust the epoch and 
rate of an on-board clock system. Memory 
information and clock pulses are made 
available to ground users by impressing 
the data as phase modulation on the stable 
carriers. 

The injection stations, computing center, 
and tracking stations shown in Figure 1 all 
function in a service capacity. Measure- 
ments of the received signal frequencies as 
a function of time (i.e., doppler informa- 
tion) and time epoch from all satellites in 
the constellation are made at each of four 
tracking stations located at known posi- 
tions on the earth, and these data are for- 
warded to the computing center. Here, by 
appropriately combining the received data, 
orbit parameters are generated which give 
the best fit between actual and computed 
doppler information. In addition, the orbit 
is extrapolated into the future, and these 
extrapolated parameters, along with a clock 
correction message determined by compar- 
ing satellite time marks to the UT, clock at 
the Naval Observatory, are transmitted to 
the appropriate satellite for storage in its 
memory. In this manner current orbit in- 
formation is made available to all naviga- 
tion receivers within sight of any satellite. 

The user equipment, as indicated in 
Figure 1, consists of a receiver, data pro- 
cessor, and computer. The navigation re- 
ceiver recovers current time and orbit in- 
formation as phase modulation on the 
received carrier frequencies, and uses this, 
along with doppler data accumulated dur- 
ing the satellite pass, to compute the receiv- 
er position. 


The Satellite 


With this rather gross system description 
as a basis, let us now go into the system 
components in somewhat more detail. A 
general block diagram of the satellite itself 
is shown in Figure 2. A redundant, oven- 
controlled, quartz crystal oscillator forms 
the basis of the system which generates two 
stable, coherent carrier frequencies at ap- 
proximately 150 and 400 MHz (the ap- 


proximation arises because the oscillator is 


9 


Figure 3. Navy Navigation Satellite. 


offset a nominal 80 parts per million below 
an even megahertz). Suitable frequency 
multiplication is employed, and an appro- 
priate phase modulator is inserted between 
the oscillator and transmitters. 

The satellite memory employs magnetic 
core storage, and is divided into a fixed 
section and an ephemeral section. The 
fixed section stores eleven parameters 
which describe the precessing Keplerian el- 
lipse that approximates the satellite orbit 
(2). The ephemeral section stores an addi- 
tional set of words which are used to de- 
scribe the predicted deviation of the actual 
satellite orbit from the assumed precessing 
Keplerian, a situation arising because of 
nonuniformities in the gravitational field 
in which the satellite is moving (3). The 
memory is so organized that the eleven 
fixed words, plus eight ephemeral words, 


are read out in exactly two minutes. A tim-. 
ing word, which can be easily recognized 
by the navigation receiver, is, in fact, in- 
serted into each two-minute interval and 
thus provides the time base for the entire 
navigation system. The eight ephemeral 
words transmitted each two minutes are ac- 
tually orbit correction words which apply 
at the present time mark, as well as at 
three earlier time marks and four future 
time marks (i.e., — 6,¢ — 4,¢ — 2,t, ¢ 
+2,¢+ 4, t + 6,¢ + 8). Every two 
minutes, the (¢ — 6) ephemeral word is 
replaced by the (¢ — 4), (¢ — 4) by the 
(t — 2), etc., and a new (¢ + 8) word is 
added. Since provision is made for 480 
words in the ephemeral memory, the oper- 
ating mode just described requires it to be 
refilled at least once every 16 hours. This 
“message injection,” in fact, completely re- 


10 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


MODULATION 


FREQUENCY 


400 MHz 
RECEIVER 


STABLE 
OSCILLATOR 


DIPLEXER 


DOPPLER 


DOPPLER 


RECEIVER MODULATION 


LATITUDE 


DATA 


PROCESSOR CBMERTER 


LONGITUDE 


VACUUM 
DOPPLER 


GENERALIZED RECEIVER 
BLOCK DIAGRAM 


Figure 4. Generalized Receiver Block Diagram. 


moves the information from both sections 
of the memory, inserting new Keplerian 
elements in the main memory and newly 
extrapolated correction words in_ the 
ephemeral memory. Time correction is pro- 
vided to allow for initial clock setting as 
well as a smail but finite oscillator drift 
rate. This is achieved by setting aside one 
bit in each memory word which allows ap- 
propriate deletion of pulses in the satellite 
clock divider. This deletion is accom- 
plished in 10 microsecond steps, and the 
total capability is extensive enough to al- 
low considerable oscillator drift to be cor- 
rected out. 

An artist’s concept of the satellite in its 
orbital configuration is shown in Figure 3. 
The four blades gather solar power for 
charging the satellite batteries. The exten- 
dible boom structure provides single axis 
gravity gradient stabilization (4), thereby 
allowing a shaped antenna pattern for 
efficient radiation of the generated radio 
frequency signals. In its launch configura- 
tion, the satellite weighs approximately 135 
pounds. 


The User Station 


A number of equipments have been de- 
signed to make use of signals from the 


January-Marcu, 1969 


Navy Navigation Satellite System. These 
applications are discussed below. If one 
looks at the various implementations, it 
will be evident that each receiver embodies 
a basic' block diagram, with added embel- 
lishments depending on the use and user. 
This basic block diagram is shown in Fig- 
ure 4. 


The receiving antenna generally takes 
the form of a single structure, optimized 
by design to receive both rf frequencies, 
and provided with a diplexing circuit 
which allows the two rf signals to be 
directed to separate amplifiers. In some 
cases, where the antenna and receiver must 
be physically separated by considerable 
distances, rf preamplifiers are supplied 
with the diplexer to preserve an acceptable 
receiver sensitivity. The 150 and 400 MHz 
receivers are similar in form, but naturally 
differ in circuit detail. Normally, received 
carrier levels vary from about 120 decibels 
below a milliwatt (—120 dBm) at point of 
closest satellite approach to about —140 
dBm at the horizon. In order to supply the 
data processor with adequate signals, each 
receiver channel supplies a maximum gain 
of about 150 dB, with provisions for auto- 
matic control of this gain to compensate 
for satellite range. 


A double conversion superheterodyne 


1] 


system is normally used with a gain of ap- 
proximately 30 dB at the rf frequency and 
60 dB at each intermediate frequency. A 
phase locked design is generally employed 
which allows the receiver to be narrow 
band and still follow the received frequen- 
cy variations caused by the doppler effect. 
Modulation (orbit data and time marks) is 
also easily recovered in such a receiver by 
appropriate use of phase detectors. A phase 
locked tracking bandwidth of 40 Hz is nor- 
mally employed, thereby allowing adequate 
sensitivity throughout the satellite pass. 

Each receiver passes two signals to the 
data processor, in parallel. One signal is 
the modulation output of the carrier, con- 
taining satellite message and timing infor- 
mation, while the second is the doppler 
frequency. More specifically, the modula- 
tion is a series of “1’’s and “0’’s, at a rate 
of approximately 50 bits per second, with 
an easily recognizable word occurring 
every two minutes which the data proces- 
sor will interpret as a time mark. The dop- 
pler frequency is  characteristically a 
variable frequency during the pass, as ex- 
plained earlier. In most receiver implemen- 
tations, a fixed offset frequency is added to 
the doppler frequency for convenience in 
circuitry. 

Since both carrier frequencies are identi- 
cally modulated, one may justifiably ask at 
this point why two carriers are employed. 
One of the greatest sources of error in sat- 
ellite navigation systems employing a dop- 
pler measurement at the frequencies uti- 
lized here is ionospheric refraction. 
Refraction adds to the path traveled by the 
transmitted energy and modifies its veloci- 
ty. With two frequencies transmitted from 
the satellite, the doppler effect is directly 
proportional to the transmitted frequencies, 
but the refraction effect is inversely pro- 
portional. Part of the function of the data 
processor of Figure 4 is to determine the 
refraction effect and correct for it. The in- 
verse proportionality, and the fact that the 
two carriers are coherent and integrally re- 
lated when transmitted, allow this correc- 


tion to be made electronically in the data 
processor by suitable frequency multiplica- 
tion and heterodyning, or subtraction, 
circuits, forming what we shall refer to as 
“vacuum doppler.” A second purpose of 
the data processor is to segment the contin- 
uously incoming doppler signals. It does 
this by detection of the timing signal pres- 
ent in the message. Accumulation of dop- 
pler counts in a simple cycle counter 
commences at the receipt of the first timing 
signal during the satellite pass. Receipt of 
the second time mark causes the accumu- 
lated number to be recorded, the cycle 
counter to be reset to zero, and a second 
accumulation started. Message formatting 
(for example, deciding when one memory 
word ends and another word begins) is ac- 
complished in parallel with this operation, 
and correctly formatted words are sent on 
to the computer for temporary storage un- 
til the satellite pass is complete. 


The user station computer performs 
several functions in its normal operating 
mode. The real time data accumulation 
functions described: above are followed by 
post-pass computations, which 


(1) majority vote satellite message data, 


(2) compute a series of theoretical two- 
minute doppler counts based on ac- 
tual satellite orbit and an assumed ~ 
longitude and latitude, 

(3) compute a final longitude and lati- 

tude by iteration, using as a 

criterion the minimization of errors 

between received and computed 


doppler counts. 


These computations, and the printing of 
final position, normally take less than one 
minute on the small general-purpose com- 
puters available today. The majority voting 
referred to is a common practice used to 
reduce the effect of noise on transmission 
accuracy. A bit-by-bit comparison of re- 
ceived messages which have been transmit- 
ted several times is employed, with the 
majority ruling. 


12 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


System Accuracy 


A brief mental review of the system as 
described above will indicate several poten- 
tial sources of error. The main objective of 
the tracking stations and the computer cen- 
ter is to calculate the orbit parameters of 
the satellite from tracking data and extrap- 
olate this orbit into the future for at least 
16 hours. The crux of the problem here, 
then, is to employ an accurate measuring 
system and to supply to the computer an 
accurate model of the gravitational field in 
which the satellite is moving. Interestingly 
enough, one of the most powerful means of 
measuring the earth’s gravitational field is 
that employing observation of the motion 
of earth satellites. Therefore, satellite geo- 
desy and satellite navigation have prog- 
ressed together, and in fact the doppler 
measurement techniques used in navigation 
equipment today are the same techniques 
which have been applied over the past sev- 
eral years to refine our knowledge of the 
earth’s gravitational potential. Much of the 
recent progress in geodesy has resulted 
from data obtained from a world-wide net- 
work of doppler tracking stations, the so- 
called TRANET System, established early 
in the Navy Navigation Satellite program 
(5). More recently, several Nationa] Aero- 
nautics and Space Administration satellites, 
notably Beacon Explorers B and C and the 
GEOS.-A satellite, have contributed heavily 
to this effort. The literature has reported 
the results of this work in the form of a 
detailed series expansion, in spherical har- 
monics, of the gravitational potential. 

As indicated above, the TRANET Sys- 
tem employs the same doppler measure- 
ment techniques as the user navigation 
equipment. This is also true of the tracking 
stations of Figure 1 which make up part of 
the support system. Therefore, as we de- 
scribe error sources associated with the re- 
ceipt of satellite doppler signals, we will be 
describing errors which apply in both 
tracking stations and in the user naviga- 
tion equipment. 

Ionospheric refraction effects were 
discussed briefly above. The received fre- 


JANUARY-Marcu, 1969 


quency measured after passage through an 
ionized medium can be expressed as an in- 
finite series of terms, the first being the 
non-refracted, or transmitted, frequency, 
and the following being refraction correc- 
tion terms. Since the satellite transmits two 
coherent and related frequencies, one can 
solve simultaneously for the first order re- 
fraction correction coefficient from the two 
equations which thereby result. This first 
order refraction correction is, of course, 
made in both the user equipment and in 
the tracking stations. Experimental data in- 
dicate that this first order correction is 
normally a few tenths of a nautical mile in 
any single satellite pass; the error made by 
discarding higher order terms appears to 
be negligible. 

Increased solar activity, a cyclical phe- 
nomenon, will tend to increase both the 
size of the correction and the size of the er- 
ror in the correction. Ionospheric errors at 
a given site can be reduced somewhat by 
statistical methods, i.e., by determining sta- 
tion position based on a great number of 
passes. 


Tropospheric refraction errors are 
caused by signal refraction in the earth’s 
atmosphere. This refraction term is natu- 
rally most serious at low satellite elevation 
angles. A mathematical model of the tro- 
posphere involving meteorological meas- 
urements at the time of pass is used in the 
tracking stations, which significantiy re- 
duces this error. In addition, both the 
tracking and the user stations normally de- 
lete data taken at elevations below about 
15°, i.e., early and late in the satellite pass. 


The effect of time uncertainties on navi- 
gation error can be estimated rather easily 
for the system. A satellite in a 600 nautical 
mile orbit has a period of about 100 min- 
utes and travels about 25,000 miles in that 
time. This equates to about 4 miles per sec- 
ond, or about 25 feet per millisecond. If 
satellite position uncertainty due to timing 
error is to be made small compared to geo- 
detic uncertainty, we would probably allow 
total time uncertainty of no more than 250 
microseconds. The system is, of course, 


13 


Figure 5. AN/SRN-9 Receiving Equipment. 


theoretically capable of providing time to 
this accuracy through the 10 microsecond 
vernier capability of the satellite memory. 
Some limitations on time recover accuracy 
and timing jitter characteristics of the 
tracking station receivers and user equip- 
ment are implied, however. 

A source of error of importance to some 
users arises in those applications where the 
navigation receiver is located on a moving 
vehicle. In these cases, information con- 
cerning the motion of the receiver during 
the satellite pass is required. Fortunately, 
most moving vehicles already have instru- 
ments which indicate speed and heading, 
and these data can be employed to reduce 
the position error which would otherwise 
occur. The amount of position error aris- 
ing from uncertainties in the vehicle’s 
motion is a function of the pass geometry 
and is also dependent on the direction of 
the uncertainty. As a general estimate, one 
knot of velocity error results in a position 
error of approximately 0.2 nautical mile. It 


is important to note that it is not the veloc- 
ity which is detrimental, but rather the er- 
ror in that velocity. For example, ocean 
currents in the case of a shipboard equip- 
ment, or wind in the case of aircraft 
equipment, can cause such errors because - 
of true velocity uncertainty. 

A final source of error arises from lack 
of knowledge of the absolute frequency of 
the satellite oscillator and of the user-re- 
ceiver local oscillator. Working through 
the mathematics (2) will reveal that the 
difference between these two stable oscilla- 
tor frequencies must be known to a high 
degree of accuracy. In practice, it is nor- 
mal, therefore, to make this frequency 
difference an additional variable in the so- 
lution. This additional variable is of no 
great consequence in the computation of 
orbital parameters, but does require the 
user station to accumulate a minimum of 
three 2-minute sets of data rather than two, 
to account for longitude, latitude, and fre- 
quency difference. 


14 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Figure 6. Prototype Geoceiver. 


Applications 


The AN/SRN-9 navigation equipment is 
in use by surface units of the U.S. Navy, the 
Coast Guard, and several oceanographic ves- 
sels. The photograph of Figure 5 shows the 
major components of this system. The mast 
unit on the left provides for signal recep- 
tion at 150 and 400 MHz with a whip an- 
tenna and a sloping ground plane for 
proper pattern. A cylindrical, sealed con- 
tainer beneath the ground plane houses two 
rf preamplifiers with appropriate filters 
and diplexers, which provide enough gain 
that a cable of up to 200 feet in length can 
be employed. The cabinet on the right 
houses, from top to bottom, the data pro- 
cessor, the receiver unit, and the system 
power supply. The control group, at the 
center, provides the operator with aural 
and visual aids required in signal acquisi- 
tion, which is manual in the SRN-9. 
Operational status is indicated here also by 
meter and appropriate lights, and a self- 
contained printer automatically records 


January-Marcu, 1969 


satellite memory words containing the or- 
bit constants and corrections, plus an accu- 
mulated doppler frequency count at every 
two-minute time mark. Normally, the mast 
unit is mounted at a high point on the 
ship, preferably at a location where other 
larger conducting surfaces do not shadow 
it from satellite signals. The other two 
units are normally housed in the naviga- 
tor’s compartment, and this is facilitated 
by the long cable run allowed. The data ac- 
cumulated during the pass can later be en- 
tered appropriately into a_ properly 
programmed digital computer, along with 
information as to ship’s velocity, and a lo- 
cation computed for a particular two-min- 
ute time mark. For those ships which do 
not have such computing equipment, a spe- 
cial purpose computer, the CP-827, was 
designed along with the SRN-9. The com- 
puter occupies a space slightly larger than 
that required by the SRN-9 receiver cabi- 
net. This computer requires hand entry of 
velocity information, but all other data are 


15 


directly entered as received. An externally 
stored program is employed for reasons of 
economy, and a position fix is normally 
available about four minutes after end-of- 
pass. Several users with sophisticated 
time-sharing computational facilities have 
also employed such equipment to solve the 
navigation program. In such cases, a spe- 
cial storage buffer is normally provided 
with the SRN-9. Although the equipment 
shown in the photograph is in prototype 
form, the large demand has required the 
construction of a number of such sets, and 
these are serving the users admirably. 

The second application of the integrated 
doppler principle is to the Geoceiver. The 
Geoceiver has as its primary purpose the 
acquisition of high quality geodetic survey 
data at fixed sites. The system concepts em- 
ployed follow logically from the SRN-9, 
but precautions have been taken to reduce 
internal sources of navigation noise in the 
receiver to an absolute minimum. Since 
real time results are unimportant in this 
application, use of fitted orbit data, availa- 


ble after the pass, allows reduction of er- 


rors caused by the orbit extrapolation nor- 
mally employed in real time navigation. 
This fact allows us to use satellites other 
than those in the Navy Navigation Satellite 
System constellation, provided their orbits 
can be accurately determined. In particu- 
lar, specific provision is made to track the 


NASA GEOS satellites. 


Figure 6 is a photograph of the proto- 
type Geoceiver. 


References 


(1) W. H. Guier and G. C. Weiffenbach, A 
satellite doppler navigation system, Proc. IRE, 48, 
507-516 (April 1960). 

(2) R. B. Kershner, Present state of navigation 
by doppler measurement from near earth satel- 
lites, APL Technical Digest, Nov.-Dec. 1965, pp. 
2-9. 

(3) R. R. Newton, Geodesy by satellite, Sci- 
ence, 144, 803-808 (1964). 

(4) R. E. Fischell, in Torques and Attitude 
Sensing in Earth Satellites, Edited by S. F. Sing- 
er, Academic Press, New York, pp. 13-30 (1964). 

(5) R. R. Newton, The U.S. Navy doppler 
geodetic system and its observational accuracy, 
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 
of London, A, 262, 50-66 (1967). 


16 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Six Scientists Receive 


Academy’s Annual Awards 


Awards for outstanding scientific 
achievement were conferred upon five re- 
search scientists and one science teacher at 
the Academy’s annual awards dinner meet- 
ing on February 20 at the Cosmos Club. It 
was the Academy’s 515th general meeting. 

The research investigators honored were 
Janet W. Hartley of the Nationa] Institutes 
of Health, in the biological sciences; 
Charles R. Gunn of the NASA Goddard 
Space Flight Center, in the engineering sci- 
ences; Marilyn E. Jacox and Dolphus E. 
Milligan of the National Bureau of Stand- 
ards, in the physical sciences; and Joseph 
Auslander of the University of Maryland, 
in mathematics. 

The science teacher honored was Kelso 
B. Morris of Howard University. 

Award winners were introduced by Rob- 
ert J. Huebner, chief of the Viral Carcino- 
genesis Branch, National Cancer Institute; 
John F. Clark, director of the Goddard 
Space Flight Center; John D. Hoffman, 
director of the Institute for Materials Re- 
search, National Bureau of Standards; 
Avron Douglis of the Mathematics Depart- 
ment, University of Maryland; and 
Vincent J. Browne, dean of the College of 
Liberal Arts, Howard University. 

The Academy’s awards program was ini- 
tiated in 1939 to recognize young scientists 
of the area for “noteworthy discovery, ac- 
complishment, or publication” in the biol- 
ogical, physical, and engineering sciences. 
An award for outstanding teaching was 
added in 1955, and another for mathemat- 
ics in 1959. Except in teaching, where no 
age limit is set, candidates for awards must 
be under 40. Previous award winners are 
listed at the end of this article. 


Biological Sciences 


Janet W. Hartley was cited “for her 


January-Marcu, 1969 


many contributions to animal virology” 
which promise ultimately to have great sig- 
nificance for human virology. Her first ma- 
jor contribution concerned the develop- 
ment of laboratory procedures and a sero- 
logic classification for the then newly- 
discovered adenoviruses. She performed 
the bulk of the work on classifying the 
first 18 adenovirus serotypes. She also suc- 
ceeded in adapting the medically important 
adenoviruses to growth in monkey cell 
cultures, providing the vaccine strains 
which for many years were used in com- 
mercial vaccines. 


As an outgrowth of her thesis work, 
which was a landmark in the development 
of knowledge of animal cytomegaloviruses, 
she developed diagnostic viral isolation 
and serologic procedures for the human cy- 
tomegaloviruses. These procedures are still 
the standard methods used in laboratories 
throughout the world. 


She played a vital role in launching the 
new era of tumor virology by developing 
sensitive virus isolation, hemagglutination, 
and serologic systems for polyoma virus. 
The immense amount of information on 
the natural biology of this virus was made 
possible by her technical developments. 


Another area where her technical mas- 
tery enabled a previously mysterious virus 
group to be tamed involved mouse hepati- 
tis viruses. She developed tissue culture 
plaque and serologic procedures; played a 
key role in delineating the natural history 
of these murine viruses; and made the im- 
portant finding that humans develop anti- 
bodies to viruses of this group. A new 
group of human respiratory viruses had 
been discovered by other workers; on 
seeing electron micrographs of these virus- 
es, she recognized their similarity to mouse 
hepatitis, raised the hypothesis that they 


17 


Award Winners at Annual Academy Meeting 


JANET HARTLEY 


D. E. MILuican 


f. 


C. R. Gunn 


JosEPH 


MARILYN JAacox 


K. B. Morris 


AUSLANDER 


were antigenically related, and collaborated | 


in demonstrating that this was the case. 

The most important single area of Dr. 
Hartley’s contributions is in her work with 
murine leukemia viruses. She developed a 
tissue culture system for virus isolation, ti- 
tration, and neutralization, and has applied 
these systems to the important job of eluci- 
dating the natural biology of these agents. 
She has now isolated more than 160 strains 
of naturally-occurring mouse leukemia vi- 
ruses: only 10 had been isolated prior to 
the development of the Hartley test. She 
also discovered that the sarcomagenic var- 
iant of Moloney leukemia virus induced fo- 
cal cellular changes in tissue culture, that 
this provided a precise quantitative system, 
and that the sarcoma virus is defective, re- 
quiring leukemia virus as a helper. Finally 
she developed an in vitro method for rescu- 
ing the defective sarcoma genome from vi- 
rus-free sarcomas induced in hamsters by 
the murine sarcoma virus (MSV). With 
this test she has literally manufactured 
many different sarcoma viruses having dif- 


ferent host ranges defined by the leukemia 
virus used for the rescue. These in vitro 
isolation, assay, and rescue systems are 
now being adapted and tested by many lab- 
oratories for the study of the leukemia and 
sarcoma of man. 

Dr. Hartley was born in Washington, 
D.C. on March 25, 1928. She received her 
professional education at the University of 
Maryland and at George Washington Uni- 
versity, where she received the Ph.D. de- 
gree in bacteriology in 1957. During her 
years as a graduate student she was a 
Sanders fellow in bacteriology and a re- 
search assistant at GWU; she also worked 
for one year at the American Type Culture 
Collection. In July, 1953 she joined the 
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious 
Diseases, where she has occupied a series 
of positions of increasing responsibility 
and where she is still employed. Dr. Hart- 
ley is a member of Sigma Xi, the Society 
for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 
the American Society for Microbiology, 
and the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science. 


18 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Engineering Sciences 


Charles R. Gunn was cited “for his 
achievements in the technical direction of 
the Delta Rocket Program.” Responsible 
for the technical conduct of this program, 
he is also chairman of the Delta Flight 
Readiness Review Board for each launch. 
Mr. Gunn has the responsibility for mak- 
ing the critical decisions regarding the ade- 
quacy of the design, fabrication proce- 
dures, and test programs for all vehicle 
and support equipment for each mission. 
The import of his decisions is substantial 
inasmuch as each launch vehicle costs ap- 
proximately $4.5 million and carries a pay- 
load which normally costs several times 
that amount. 

The technical adequacy of the launch ve- 
hicle requires in-depth knowledge in 
chemistry since propulsion is involved; me- 
chanical engineering with emphasis on 
structural dynamics; electrical engineering 
since the vehicle is guided by a radio sys- 
tem; and mathematics, especially orbital 
mechanics. Mr. Gunn’s competence in all 
of these areas has been proved repeatedly. 

The degree of success of Mr. Gunn’s out- 
standing efforts as technical director of the 
Delta vehicle is_ reflected by the 
phenomenal success of this vehicle, with 
which 57 satellites were orbited out of 61 
attempts since 1960. This record is even 
more impressive when one considers the 
complicated fact that R&D responsibility 
for the first-stage Thor rests with an agen- 
cy other than NASA, and the incorporation 
of required technical improvements is 
much more difficult. In this area Mr. Gunn 
has proved that he is not only an outstand- 
ing engineer but also an expert coordi- 
nator and diplomat. 

In addition to his contributions in de- 
sign and development programs, Mr. Gunn 
has played a primary role during critical 
situations arising in final launch opera- 
tions. Several examples can be given of his 
quick and expert evaluation in preventing 
launch delays and avoiding difficult situa- 
tions. 

The successful Delta Program, to which 


JANUARY-MarcH, 1969 


Mr. Gunn has contributed so vitally, has 
made possible the following achievements, 
many of which have directly benefited 
most citizens of this country: 


(1) The first demonstration of a geostationary 
satellite (Syncom III). 


(2) The first operational meteorological satel- 
lite system (OT and TOS series) . 


(3) The first operational communications satel- 
lite system (Intelsat series). 

(4) The first lunar orbit without the use of 
mid-course correction (AIMP). 


(5) The first commercial sale of a 
launch vehicle (Telstar). 


(6) The first polar orbit from the Eastern Test 
Range (TIROS I). 

(7) The first foreign cooperative satellite (UK 
ID 

(8) The first foreign sale of a U.S. space 
launch vehicle (HEOS). 


(9) Advance in our knowledge of the interpla- 
netary solar winds (Pioneer). 

(10) The most advanced knowledge of the 
physics of the sun (OSO). 


(11) Acquisition of the new knowledge from 
satellites in the fields of atmospheric physics (At- 
mospheric Explorers), energetic particle physics 


(SERB), and geodesy (GEOS). 

(12) First passive satellite communication sys- 
tem (ECHO I). 

(13) First NASA satellite exclusively devoted 
to the biosciences (BIOS). 

Mr. Gunn was born in Washington, 
D.C. on April 23, 1934. He received the 
B.S. and M.S. degrees in aeronautical en- 
gineering from the University of Michigan 
in 1956 and 1957 and did additional grad- 
uate work in physics at Virginia Polytech- 
nic Institute during 1959 and 1960. During 
summers and at other various times during 
his school years he was employed as an 
aeronautical research engineer by the 
Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Labora- 
tory, the Ballistics Research Laboratory, 
and NASA’s Langley Research Center. Mr. 
Gunn joined the NASA Goddard Space 
Flight Center in 1960, first as an aeronaut- 
ical research engineer, then in electronics 
flight and support, later in launch vehicle 
propulsion, and finally, in February 1968, 
as technical director of the Delta Rocket 
Program. Mr. Gunn is a member of the 


space 


19 


American Rocket Society and the Institute 
of Aeronautical Sciences. 


Physical Sciences 


Marilyn E. Jacox and Dolphus E. Milli- 
gan were cited jointly “for outstanding 
spectroscopic studies of reactive molecules 
in inert solid matrices.” 

They are engaged in studies of the in- 
frared and ultraviolet spectra of small po- 
lyatomic free radicals and other highly 
reactive species trapped in inert, rigid sol- 
ids at cryogenic temperatures. Basic to 
their experiments is the matrix isolation 
technique, which involves the preparation 
of a very dilute solid solution of the spe- 
cies of interest in a material such as argon 
or nitrogen. At the temperatures of these 
experiments (4 to 20°K), these matrix ma- 
terials are rigid, and molecular diffusion is 
effectively inhibited. Under these condi- 
tions, it has been possible to isolate indi- 
vidual molecules of highly reactive species 
in concentration sufficient for their direct 
infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopic ob- 
servation. Studies of their infrared spec- 
tra have yielded much heretofore 
inaccessible information regarding the 
structure and the nature of the chemical 
bonding of these species. In favorable cas- 
es, it has been possible also to calculate the 
temperature dependence of the thermody- 
namic properties from the infrared absorp- 
tion frequencies. The ultraviolet spectro- 
scopic observations have provided consid- 
erable new information on the pattern of 
energy levels for excited electronic states 
of these species. 

In some of the experiments, the molecule 
of interest has been prepared in the gas 
phase by a process such as high tempera- 
ture vaporization or the reaction of a gas 
with a hot metal surface. After being 
mixed with a large excess of argon or ni- 
trogen, the products of such a process have 
been frozen onto the cold sample window 
for spectroscopic observation. An impor- 
tant class of compounds which have been 
studied by this means is the first-series 
transition-metal fluorides and _ chlorides. 


Because of the very strong crystal interac- 
tion forces, the properties of the crystalline 
material and those of individual molecules 
of these species differ greatly. The geome- 
tric structures and vibrational frequencies 
of the gas-phase molecules in these series 
are not known with certainty, and infrared 
spectroscopic data on matrix-isolated sam- 
ples are especially helpful in the determina- 
tion of these properties. In gas-phase stud- 
ies, the infrared absorption is extremely 
broad, because of the extensive excitation 
of molecular rotation and of “hot bands.” 
However, in the matrix the absorptions are 
so sharp that the individual isotopic contri- 
butions have been resolved. Data hereto- 
fore taken in the studies of Milligan and 
Jacox have excluded the possibility that the 
symmetric stretching absorption overlaps 
the prominent asymmetric stretching ab- 
sorption in the gas-phase studies, providing 
further support for a linear structure, for 


which the symmetric stretching absorption 


is infrared-inactive. 


In still other experiments, the spectra of 
various reaction intermediates which are 


themselves unstable, or highly reactive un- 


der more usual laboratory conditions have 
been studied. It has been found that CH;N, 
produced by the photolysis of methyl 
azide, undergoes very rapid rearrangement 
to CH,=NH, a previously unobserved spe- 
cies which has been stabilized in a matrix - 
environment in concentration sufficient for 
complete assignment of its vibrational fun- 
damentals. Subsequent photolysis of this 
species has been found to lead to the stabi- 
lization of HNC, also previously detected. 
The reaction of CH, with CO, has been 
studied, as has been the reaction of NH 
with CO,. In both systems, the infrared 
spectra of the products have provided evi- 
dence for the stabilization of a cyclic 
reaction intermediate. In the reaction of 
NH with CO, the ordinarily unstable spe- 
cies HOCN has been obtained. The reac- 
tion of CH, with actylene has been found 
to lead to the production of the stable spe- 
cies allene, but the analogous reaction of 
NH with acetylene has been found to result 


20 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


in the appearance of the unstable reaction 
intermediate ketenimine, CH,.—C=NH. 


The bulk of the work of Milligan and Ja- 
cox has, however, been concerned with the 
preparation and study of free radicals in 
low-temperature matrices. In a typical ex- 
periment, a free radical precursor trapped 
in the matrix is subjected to ultraviolet or 
vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis, and the spec- 
trum of the resulting molecular fragments 
is studied. Over three dozen different free 
radicals have been prepared and studied by 
these workers. With few exceptions, the 
studies have provided the first information 
on the vibrational frequencies of these free 
radicals ‘in their ground state. Among the 
previously unobserved species for which a 
complete vibrational assignment has been 
possible are CF3, SiF;, HO., CNN, CCO, 
FCO, and CICO. In favorable circum- 
stances, these observations have permitted 
derivation of information regarding the 
structure of the species of interest. For ex- 
ample, CF; and Sik; have been found to be 
pyramidal rather than planar, and it has 
been possible to estimate an approximate 
apex angle. Previously unobserved or unas- 
signed ultraviolet absorptions have been 
studied for CCl., NCN, CNN, FCO, and 
HCO. Evidence has been obtained indicat- 
ing that both the ground singlet state of C, 
and its lowest triplet state, which lies some 
600 cm-! above the ground state, are stabi- 
lized in a matrix enviroment. Recent stud- 
ies, as yet unpublished, have demonstrated 
that the lower state of the hydrocarbon 
flame bands, which for many years have 
defied all attempts at a conclusive assign- 
ment, is indeed the ground state of HCO, 
and the first absorption studies of this 
transition have been conducted. A detailed 
assignment of both the absorption and 
emission spectra of this electronic transi- 
tion has been possible for both HCO and 
DCO. 

Marilyn Jacox was born in Utica, N. Y.., 
on April 26, 1929. She received the B.A. 
degree from Utica College, Syracuse Uni- 
versity, in 1951 and the Ph.D. degree from 
Cornell University in 1956. After postdoc- 


January-Marcu, 1969 


toral work at the University of North Caro- 
lina until 1958, she became a research 
fellow at Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh. In 
1962 she joined the staff of the National 
Bureau of Standards and is presently a 
physical chemist in the Physical Chemistry 
Division. She is a member of the American 
Chemical Society, the American Physical 
Society, and Sigma Xi. 


Dolphus Milligan was born in Brighton, 
Ala., on June 17, 1928. He received the 
B.S. degree from Morehouse College in 
1949, the M.S. degree from Atlanta Uni- 
versity in 1951, and the Ph.D. degree from 
the University of California, Berkeley, in 
1958. He was a research fellow at Mellon 
Institute through 1963 and since that time 
has been a physical chemist in the NBS 
Physical Chemistry Division. He is a mem- 
ber of the American Chemical Society, the 
American Physical Society, and Sigma Xi. 


Mathematics 


Joseph Auslander was cited for “impor- 
tant contributions to topological dynam- 
ics.” This field is an outgrowth of the 
qualitative theory of ordinary differential 
equations. Dr. Auslander’s work has in- 
volved properties of the orbits of systems 
of differential equations, and more gener- 
ally, orbits of groups, operating on topo- 
logical spaces. (A group operating on a 
space is called a transformation group. 
This is the basic object studied in topologi- 
cal dynamics. ) 


One of the most important objects in the 
theory is the minimal set. A minimal set is 
a closed subset of the phase space, invar- 
iant under the group, and minimal with re- 
spect to these properties. It had been hoped 
that any transformation group could be 
obtained by gluing together minimal sets. 
But Dr. Auslander produced examples of 
transformation groups which have no mini- 
mal sets. Dr. Auslander also succeeded in 
classifying minimal sets which are well-be- 
haved in a certain sense (the “regular min- 
imal sets”). His paper “Prolongations and 
Generalized Liapunov Functions” is an ex- 


21 


ample of work closely connected with dif- 
ferential equations. Here he characterized 
different types of stability by the existence 
of different types of Liapunov functions. 

Dr. Auslander’s work has had an impact 
on the work of others in this field. In par- 
ticular, his work on recurrence, endomor- 
phisms of minimal sets, regular minimal 
sets, proximal relations, and mean L-stable 
systems has been used by other re- 
searchers. 

Born in New York City on September 
10, 1930, Dr. Auslander completed his un- 
dergraduate work at Massachusetts Insti- 
tute of Technology, He obtained the Ph.D. 
degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 
1957. He taught for three years at Carne- 
gie Institute of Technology, was a research 
mathematician at RIAS for two years, and 
then joined the faculty at the University of 
Maryland, where he is now professor. 


Teaching of Science 


Kelso B. Morris was cited “for his dedi- 
cated teaching of chemistry over a long pe- 
riod of time.” 

Dr. Morris, a native of Beaumont, Tex., 
received the B.S. degree from Wiley Col- 
lege in 1930, and the M.S. and Ph.D. de- 
grees from Cornell University in 1937 and 
1940, respectively. His entire professional 


career has been devoted to college teach- 
ing. From 1930 to 1946 he was on the 


faculty of Wiley College, rising to the posi- 
tion of professor and head of the Chemis- 
try Department in 1942. In 1946 he joined 
the Chemistry Department of Howard Uni- 
versity, and has headed that department 
since 1965. At various times he has also 
been a visiting professor at the Air Force 
Institute of Technology, North Carolina 
College at Durham, and Atlanta Univer- 
sity. 

Dr. Morris’ research interests have in- 
volved the area of physical-inorganic chem- 
istry to which he has made important 
contributions. However, the present award 
is given in recognition of his services to 
chemical education, which have extended 
over a period of 38 years at five different 
universities, including two periods as head 
of Howard’s Chemistry Department. An 
educational byproduct of his work is the 
publication of four textbooks; one of 
these, “Principles of Chemical Equilibri- 
um,” has appeared in American, British, 
and Japanese editions, while Italian and 
Spanish editions are in process. 


Dr. Morris’ career may be succinctly 


characterized by the phrases “effective ad- 


ministrator, excellent teacher, and warm, 
personable mentor to hundreds of stu- 
dents.” His services to education, coupled 
with his. research, make him one of the sig- 
nificant educators in the Washington 

community. 


Past Winners of Scientific Achievement Awards 


Washington Academy of Sciences 


Biological Sciences 


1939 Herbert Friedman 
1940 No award given 
1941 G. Arthur Cooper 
1942 Robert S. Campbell 
1943 Jason R. Swallen 
1944 Norman H. Topping 
1945 Henry K. Townes 
1946 Waldo R. Wedel 
1947 No award given 
1948 Robert J. Huebner 
1949 Edward G. Hampp 
1950 David H. Dunkle 


1951 Edward W. Baker 
1952 Ernest A. Lachner 
1953 Bernard L. Horecker 
1954 Leon Jacobs 
1955 Clifford Evans 

Betty J. Meggers 

Robert Traub 
1956 Earl Reese Stadtman 
1957 Maurice R. Hilleman 
1958 Ellis T. Bolton 

H. George Mandel 
1959 Dwight W. Taylor 


1960 Louis S. Baron 

1961 Robert W. Krauss 

1962 Marshall W. Nirenberg 

1963 Brian J. McCarthy 

1964 Bruce N. Ames 

1965 Gordon M. Tomkins 

1966 James L. Hilton 

1967 Marie M. Cassidy 
Charles S. Tidball 


22 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


1939 Paul A. Smith 

1940 Harry Diamond 

1941 Theodore R. Gilliland 
1942 Walter Ramberg 
1943 Lloyd V. Berkner 
1944 Galen B. Schubauer 
1945 Kenneth L. Sherman 
1946 Martin A. Mason 
1947 Harry W. Wells 


1939 Wilmot H. Bradley 
1940 Ferdinand G. Brickwedde 
1941 Sterling B. Hendricks 
1942 Milton Harris 

1943 Lawrence A. Wood 
1944 George A. Gamow 
1945 Robert Simha 

1946 G. W. Irving, Jr. 

1947 Robert D. Huntoon 
1948 J. A. Van Allen 
1949 John A. Hipple 

1950 Philip H. Abelson 


1959 Geoffrey S. S. Ludford 
1960 Philip J. Davis 
1961 Lawrence E. Payne 


1955 Helen N. Cooper 
1956 Phoebe H. Knipling 
1957 Dale E. Gerster 
1958 Carol V. McCammon 
1959 Betty Schaaf 

Helen Garstens 


Engineering Sciences 


1948 Maxwell K. Goldstein 
1949 Richard K. Cook 

1950 Samuel Levy 

1951 Max A. Kohler 

1952 William R. Campbell 
1953 Robert L. Henry 
1954 W. S. Pellini 

1955 Arthur E. Bonney 
1956 M. L. Greenough 
1957 Joseph Weber 


Physical Sciences 


1951 Milton S. Schechter 
1952 Harold Lyons 
1953 John R. Pellam 
1954 Samuel N. Foner 
1955 Terrell Leslie Hill 
1956 Elias Burstein 
1957 Ernest Ambler 
Raymond Hayward 
Dale Hoppes 
Ralph P. Hudson 


Mathematics 


1962 Bruce L. Reinhart 
1963 James H. Bramble 
1964 David W. Fox 


Teaching of Science 


1960 Karl F. Herzfeld 
Pauline Diamond 

1961 Ralph D. Myers 
Charles R. Naeser 


1962 Francis J. Heyden, S.J. 


1963 Frank T. Davenport 
George M. Koehl 


1958 San-fu Shen 

1959 Harvey R. Chaplin, Jr. 
1960 Romald E. Bowles 
1961 Rodney E. Grantham 
1962 Lindell E. Steele 
1963 Gordon L. Dugger 
1964 Thorndike Saville, Jr. 
1965 Ronald E. Walker 
1966 Henry H. Plotkin 
1967 Robert D. Cutkosky 


1958 Lewis M. Branscomb 
Meyer Rubin 

1959 Alan C. Kolb 

1960 Richard A. Ferrell 

1961 John D. Hoffman 

1962 Edward A. Mason 

1963 George A. Snow 

1964 James W. Butler 

1965 Albert J. Schindler 
Robert P. Madden 
Keith Codling 

1966 Robert W. Zwanzig 

1967 Charles W. Misner 


1965 Joan R. Rosenblatt 
1966 George H. Weiss 
Marvin Zelen 

1967 Leon Greenberg 


Leo Schubert 
1964 Donald F. Brandewie 
Herman R. Branson 
1965 Irving Lindsey 
Stephen H. Schot 
1966 Martha Walsh 
1967 Raymond A. Galloway 


Teaching of Science Special Awards 


1951 Howard B. Owens 


JANUARY-MarcH, 1969 


1952 Keith C. Johnson 


Ansar ee 


23 


On the Origin of the 
Sexagesimal System 


K. Laki 


National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National 


Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. 


The question of how the sexagesimal sys- 
tem originated is still not settled. We know 
that the Sumerians were the first to apply 
it in their economic records. The Babyloni- 
ans further extended it in their complex ar- 
ithmetical calculations. Some authorities 
believe that metrology led to the invention 
of the sexagesimal system. It is certainly 
true that Sumerians expressed some of 
their measurements as multiples and frac- 
tions of 60, but this is not a strong argu- 
ment because some measurements were 
also multiples of ten. 

M. Cantor, a student of Gauss and a 
writer on the history of mathematics, sug- 
gested that the sexagesimal system may be 
an amalgamation of two earlier systems, 
one based on six and the other based on 
ten (1). 

So far, little attention has been paid to 
this suggestion in spite of the fact that the 
earliest Sumerian records definitely exhibit 
the existence of two number systems side- 
by-side, often on the same clay tablet (2). 
Some measurements are given as multiples 
of ten, others as multiples 60 or 6. 

The Sumerian surface unit, BUR, in- 
creased as 1, 6, 18. The units of GUR, the 
volume measure, increased as 1, 6, 36, 72, 
144 and 288 (= 2.x 127). According to 
Deimel, the names of the numbers 1, 6, 
and 60 are phonetic variants (Ref. 2, p. 
118). All these indicate that counting by 
six must have been practiced in the early 
Sumerian civilization. 

In his recent book, Kramer, one of the 
foremost experts in Sumarian language 
and culture, writes (3a), “The Sumerian 
system of numeration was sexagesimal in 


character, but not strictly so since it makes 
use of the factor 10 as well as 6... .” 

Sumerians were not the original inhabit- 
ants of Mesopotamia but as some 
authorities believe, they came from the 
north, perhaps from beyond the Caucasus 
Mountains (3b). According to Kramer, the 
arrival of the conquering and probably no- 
madic Sumerians “who may have erupted 
from either Transcaucasia or Transcaspia. 

. must have taken place in the last 
quarter of the fourth millenium B.C.” 
(Ref. 3, p. 247). 

In search for an evidence of the number 
system based on six, it seemed reasonable 
to look into archaeological finds at neolith- 
ic sites to the north of Mesopotamia. Tran- 
sylvania appeared to be a suitable starting 
point for such a search because it was one 
of the first areas where neolithic sites in 
Europe were found and because the Tran- — 
sylvanian sites are known to have been un- 
der the influence of similar culture to the 
north, south and east (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). 

As far back as almost one hundred years 
ago, archaeologists in Transylvania carried 
out excavations at Tordos and Nandor- 
valya. The neolithic site at Tordos was 
discovered accidentally (4). The changing 
course of the river Maros cut into a mound 
and brought into light its contents. 
Youngsters frolicking on the frozen river 
noticed the curious little figures and other 
objects that fell out of a portion of the riv- 
er bank. 

Among the collections of Sofie Torma 
(10, 11) who carried out the first system- 
atic excavation at Tordos and Nandor- 
valya, one finds round clay objects with a 


24, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


i: ‘ soe? £ 


ey ES. to 
ne SGA, ea 


Fig. 1. (A) Drawing of a small brown clay 
disc found by Sofie Torma (10, 11) at Tordos. 
(B) A drawing of broken objects found in a stra- 
tum belonging to the Bukk culture (14). 


hole in the middle and which contain six 
imprints close to their circumference (Fig. 
la). According to Sofie Torma, these im- 
prints, because of their distribution, sym- 
bolize man: two imprints represent the 
eyes, two the feet, and two the hands. To 
the neolithic peasants, number six may 
have represented the new moon which ex- 
hibits its horns for six days and changes 
into the half moon on the seventh day. In 
connection with the disc-shaped objects of 
the Tordos sites, we may also consider that 
six could have signified the number of 
times the radius has to be taken to give the 
circumference of a disc. (Even to the Su- 
merians, the numerical value of our 7 was 
ol. 13) 

Whatever the explanation turns out to 
be, the fact is that these clay objects have 
six imprints on them which very likely rep- 
resent the number 6. 

The Tordos finds may be contrasted with 
objects found a few hundred miles to the 
northwest which belong to the so-called 
Bukk culture and exhibit imprints in 


JaNnuary-Marcu, 1969 


groups of five (Fig. lb) (14). The people 
of the Bukk culture may have used a dif- 
ferent technique of counting than the 
people of the Tordos site. It is generally as- 
sumed that counting on fingers led to the 
adoption of the decimal system (15). The 
technique of counting on only one hand by 
placing the thumb against the three joints 
of the four fingers and arriving at 12 as 
the final number fits into a system based 
on six. 


There are further indications that in the 
Tordos and Nandorvalya finds the imprints 
represent numbers. Another disc-shaped 
object found there contains 14 imprints 
(Fig. 2a). These are arranged in such a 
way that two groups contain six and a 
third two weaker imprints. What gives 
great importance to the Tordos and Nan- 
dorvalya findings is a recent discovery by 
Vlassa (9, 16) at Tartaria further along 
the Maros River, of a clay tablet which 
contains unquestionably Sumerian writing 
(Fig. 2b). The Tartaria tablet, in addition 
to the writing, also contains numbers. The 
two full circles and the half circles in the 
upper right hand corner of the tablet when 
read from right to left represent 22 in the 
Sumerian decimal system. In the system 
based on six, this number is 14. Number 
14 must be accepted as the correct reading 
because of the evidence given by the Tor- 
dos and Nandorvalya tablets showing the 
prevalence of numbers based on six. Ap- 
parently, the Tartaria tablet represents a 
more advanced stage in the development of 
the number system. On this tablet, the full 


Table 1. A Typical Quinary System: The Api 
Language of the New Hebrides (15) 


Word Meaning 
1 tai 
2 lua 
3 tolu 
4 vari 
5 luna hand 
6 otai other one 
7 olua other two 
8 otolu other three 
9 ovair other four 
10 lua luna two hands 


25 


Fig. 2. (A) Clay disc showing 14 impressions, 
Sofie Torma collection (Fig. XI, item 24). (B) 
Clay disc from the excavation of N. Vlassa at 
Tartaria showing Sumerian ideograms (16) and 
numbers. 


circle stands for the base (six) of the sys- 
tem. 

Number 14 on the Tordos and Tartaria 
tablets indicates that this number may have 
had a special significance. On the Tartaria 
tablet, immediately below number 14, we 
find the schematized picture of the rising 
sun. This ideogram signified time to the 
Sumerians (2). Number 14 in this context 
very likely represents a fortnight, half of 
the lunar month, as a time unit. 

It is important for the topic I am dis- 
cussing that there is also strong linguistic 


evidence to conclude that the ancient Fin- 
no-Ugric people (representing the bulk of 
the Uralic language group) built up their 
numbers in the number system based on 
six (17, 18). The names of their cardinal 
numbers up to six are identical and the 
larger numbers beyond six are “compos- 
ite’ numbers (18) (Table 2). 

Archaeological and linguistic evidence 
thus leaves little doubt that indeed a num- 
ber system based on six existed in neolithic 
times in Transylvania and in northern 
Ukraine. These two cultures may not have 
been connected; the evidence, however, in- 
dicates that the two cultures had contacts. 

Since the Tordos and Tartaria sites show 
similarities to the Tisza culture (6, 7), it is 
quite likely that these sites with their close 
ties to the Tisza culture were actually un- 
der the influence of a larger culture group 
that extended far into Russia including 
areas along the upper portions of the Dnie- 
per and Don Rivers. 

We know that at about 3500 B.C. the 
Uralic language group occupied a territory 
at the edge of the Russian portion of the 
Eurasian steppe (19, 20). In Herodotos’ 
time (5th century B.C.) also, the Finno- 
Ugric language group occupied a large ter- 
ritory. . Their southernmost extension 
reached down to just north of Chernigov 


Table 2. Number System Based on Six Illustrated 
With the Hungarian Numbers 


Simple 
numbers 
J Egy 
2 Ketto 
3 Harom 
4 Négy 
5 Ot 
6 Hat, Mis 
Composite 
numbers 
| Hét (loan word) 
8 Nyol-C 
9 Kilen-C 
10 Tiz (loan word) 


The consonant -C in the number names 8 and 9 
is a remnant of a base name mis. Th word kilen 
in number 9 is a phonetic variant of harom 
(=3). (For details see Ref. 17.) 


26 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Distribution of Tripolye peasants. ee¢ 


Distribution of the North Pontic and North 


Caucasian Neolithic 


a 


Ta rtarig 
Tordos © °° 


Culture 


\e 


Black Sea 


Fig. 3. The map is a modified version of that given on page 248 in the book “History of Man- 
kind”, Vol. 1 (28). “Tripolye peasants” represents neolithic settlements. The distribution of these 
settlements indicates that there was communication across the passes of the Carpathian Mountains. 

A similar spread of the wheeled vehicle by way of the Ukraine through Romania into Hungary 
across the Carpathian Mountains or along the Danube’s Iron Gate is also indicated in the third 


millenium B.C. (23, 24). 


The Tripolye culture in the Ukraine, which lasted until about 1800 B.C., is attributed to people 
who later became known as Tocharians. In the Tocharian language, was means gold and this 


word, according to Aalto, corresponds to the Finn “vaski” (copper) and Hungarian 


(=iron). 


and Voronezh in the Ukraine (21). The 
Hungarian plain with its extension along 
the rivers into Transylvania is generally 
considered to be an appendix of the Eura- 
sian steppe. The steppe peoples always in- 
cluded the Hungarian plains in their 
westward movements (21) (Fig. 3). M. 
Roska (7), a student of the neolithic cul- 
tures in Transylvania, is of the opinion 
that the Tisza culture is actually colored 
by a Finno-Ugric influence. 


Because of the close similarity of the 
Tordos and Tartaria sites to the Vinca cul- 
ture located at the Danube in Yugoslavia 


January-Marcu, 1969 


“6 ” 


vas 


(16), many authorities consider these sites 
to be a northward extension of the Vinca 
culture known to have existed about 4000 
B.C. Since the Tartaria tablet came from a 
stratum that puts the age of these finds sev- 
eral hundred years earlier than 3200 B.C. 
(earlier than the earliest Sumerian tab- 
lets), the probability must be considered 
that this Transylvanian culture not only 
preceded the Sumerian but was a precursor 
to it. Nevertheless, we should not conclude 
that Sumerian writing spread from Tran- 
sylvania since, as we have seen, this neo- 
lithic site probably was part of a culture 
which extended well into central Russia. 


27 


There is no difficulty in visualizing a 
movement of people from this region 
across the Caucasus and ending up in the 
valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. 
The Cimmerians fleeing. from the Scythians 
made that road in the 8th century B.C. The 
Scythians pursuing them also ended up in 
the immediate neighborhood of Assyria 
(21,22). 

At about the time the Sumerians ap- 
peared in Mesopotamia (last quarter of the 
Ath millenium B.C.), the northern edge of 
the steppe in European Russia was in mo- 
tion. This is the time of the first migration 
of the people of the Indo-European lan- 
guage group towards the east. This is the 
time when the Samoyed separated (19) 
from the Uralic language group while the 
rest of this group, the ancient Finno-Ugri- 
ans, yielding to the pressure from the west, 
moved closer to the Ural Mountains. This 
movement of people could have affected 
other neolithic groups which, unlike the 
Samoyeds going to the north, may have 
moved south, crossed the Caucasus Moun- 
tains, and reappeared in Mesopotamia. 

An actual migration of people who 
based their numbers on six through the 
Caucasus into Mesopotamia, and the subse- 
quent amalgamation of their numbers with 
a local system based on ten, appears to be 
a likely explanation for the generation of 
the sexagesimal system by the Sumerians. 

Gardner writes in a recent article in Sci- 
entific American (27), “Primitive number 
systems with bases 6 through 9 are ex- 
tremely rare.” Nevertheless, in spite of 
being a rare occurence, the invention of 
the number system based on six in neo- 
lithic times in eastern Europe left its mark 
on our present day culture. 


References 
(1) Moritz Cantor, Vorlesungen tber Ge- 
schichte der Mathematik, Vol. I, Third Ed., 


Leipzig (1907), p. 37. 

(2) P. Anton Deimel, Sumerische Grammatik, 
2. Aufl. Verlag des Papstl. Bibelinstituts, Roma 
(1939), p. 60. 

(3a) Samuel Noah Kramer, The Sumerians, 
The University of Chicago Press, Third Impres- 
sion (1967), p. 91. 


(3b) Samuel Noah Kramer: From the tablets 
of Sumer, The Falcon’s Wing Press, Indian Hills, 
Colorado (1956). 

(4) Téglas Gabor, A’Tordosi Ostelep, Archeo- 
logiai Ertesit6, 2, 19(1882) (In Hungarian). 

(5) Reinecke Pal, Emlékek és Leletek. A tor- 
dosi dstelep agyagmiiveirél, Archeologiai Ertesité, 
Budapest, 1898 (In Hungarian). 

(6) Roska Marton, Adatok Erdély déskori 
kereskedelmi, miivelédési és népvandorldsi utjai- 
hoz. Archeologiai Ertesité, 47, 149(1934) (In 
Hungarian). 

(7) Roska Marton, ibid., 49, 72 (1936), Buda- 
pest (In Hungarian). 

(8) Roska Marton, Erdély Oskora, Budapest, 
1936, p. 83 (In Hungarian). 

(9) N. Vlassa, Chronology of the Neolithic in 
Transylvania in the light of the Tartaria Settle- 
ment’s Stratigraphy, Dacia, 7, 485-494 (1963). 


(10) Torma Zs6fia, Hunyamegyei neolith 
kokorszakbeli telepek és annak fiiggeléke. A nan- 
dori barlang  csoportozat. Erdélyi Muzeum 


kiadvanyai, Volumes V, VI, VII (1879) and VI, 
VII (1880) (In Hungarian). 

(11) Torma Zséfia, a X. és XI. tabla abraiban 
bemutatott tordosi ujabb nevezetesebb egyes lele- 
tek ismertetése. Erdélyi Muzeum, Vol. 7 (1880), 
Régészeti Fiizetek, sor. II. 2. szim, (p. 6 and p. 
12), Budapest (1958) (In Hungarian). 

(12) Mathematical Cuneiform Texts, O. Neu- 
gebauer and A. Sachs (Eds.). American Oriental 
Society, New Haven, Conn. (1945), p. 9. 

(13) B. L. Van der Waerden, Science Awaken- 
ing, p. Noordhoff Ltd., Groningen, Holland 
(1954), p. 75. 

(14) J. Korek and P. Patay, A bukki kultura 
elterjedése Magyarorsz4gon Régészeti Fiizetek, II, 
Budapest (1958), p. 6, 12. ; 

(15) Tobias Dantzig, Number, the Language 
of Science, Fourth Ed., The Macmillan Co., New 
York (1954). 

(16) M. S. F. Hood, The Tartaria Tablets, Sci- 
entific American, 218, 30 (1968). 

(17) K. Laki, The Number System Based on 
Six in the Proto-Finno-Ugric Language, J. Wash- 
ington Acad. Sciences, 50, 1 (1960). 

(18) Orban Gabor, A Finnugor Nyelvek Szam- 
nevei, Budapest (1932) (In Hungarian). 

(19) Péter Hajdu, The Samoyed Peoples and 
Languages, Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 14, In- 
diana University, Bloomington; Mouton & Co., 
The Hague, The Netherlands (1963). 

(20) Barczi Géza, A Magyar Nyelv Eletrajza, 
Gondolatkiadé, Budapest (1963). 

(21) Rene Grousset, L’empire des Steppes, 
Fourth Ed., Payot, Paris (1960). 

(22) Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians, 
Frederick A. Praeger, New York (1957). 

(23) Clay models of Bronze Age wagons and 
wheels in the Middle Danube Basin. I. Rona in 


28 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hun- 
garicae Tomus XII, Akadémiai Kiadé, Budapest 
(1960), pp. 82-111. | 

(24) Stuart Piggott, The beginnings of 
wheeled transport, Scientific American, 219, 82 
(1968). 

(25) O. Menghin, Weltgeschichte der Steinzeit, 
Wien (1931). 


(26) P. Aalto, Ein alter Name des Kupfers, 
Ural-Altaische Jahrbiicher, 31, 33 (1959). 

(27) Martin Gardner, Counting systems and 
the relationship between numbers and the real 
world, Scientific American, 219, 218 (1968). 

(28) Jacquetta Hawkes and Leonard Woolley, 
History of Mankind, Vol. 1, Harper and Row, 
N.Y. and Evanston (1963). 


Action to Avert the 
Population-Food Crisis 


Archibald T. McPherson 


4005 Cleveland Street, Kensington, Maryland 


The impending collision between popula- 
tion and food supply has been termed “‘the 
biggest, most fundamental, and most near- 
ly insoluble problem that has ever con- 
fronted the human race” (1). It transcends 
all other problems of our day in urgency 
and in potential effect on the future of the 
world. 

That the present increase in population 
must be checked, almost all are agreed. At 
best, however, this will require time—cer- 
tainly until 1985 and perhaps until the 
year 2000. Thus, the immediate problem is 
to increase the food supply so that the pop- 
ulation explosion can be brought under 
control in an orderly manner and not 
through mass starvation or through a 
breakdown of the social order that might 
even precede widespread starvation. 

For the years immediately ahead, some 
foresee only famine spreading to one after 
the other of the developing countries. Oth- 
ers voice cautious optimism that global 
famine can be averted if a sufficiently mas- 
sive effort is exerted without delay. Still 
others see a green revolution in agriculture 
in the making that will, at least, maintain 
the admittedly inadequate standards of nu- 
trition in the developing countries in the 
coming critical years. 


JANUARY-MarcuH, 1969 


In this paper we shall examine some of 
these seemingly disparate points of view as 
presented in three recent books, and, from 
what these authors and others say, we shall 
set down some factors that may determine 
whether or not catastrophe can be avoided. 
The deficits in the world food supply are 
large and varied. We shall mention some 
of the most critical needs in the developing 
countries and means of meeting them. In 
conclusion we shall address ourselves to 
constructive actions that scientists may 
take in doing their part to meet the emer- 
gency. 

Statistics regarding the world popula- 
tion-food problem have been so widely 
publicized that there is need here only to 
present a few figures emphasizing the wide 
and growing gap between the industrially 
developed and the developing countries. 
Table 1 summarizes the differences be- 
tween the “have” and the “have not” 
countries in population, population growth, 
food supply, income, literacy, and propor- 
tion of children below the age of self- 
support. Data for five countries—the 
United States, Japan, Brazil, India, and 
Nigeria—are given in Table 2. In these 
countries the per capita annual income 


ranges from $2898 to $63, and the illitera- 


29 


Table 1. The Gap Between the ‘Have’ and the ‘Have-not’ 
Regions of the World 


Industrially Developed 
Regions 


Item 


Temperate zone 
North America, 


Location 


Oceania. Also U.S.S.R., Japan, 


Underdeveloped and 
Developing Regions 
Largely in tropics 
Most of Africa, Asia, 
and Latin America 


Europe, and 


South Africa, and Argentina 


Population, millions: 


Mid-1968 1,081 2,400 

1980, estimated 1,215 3,200 

Gain, 1968-1980, percent 12% 33 
Annual income, per capita, 

dollars 1,332 125 
Food supply, calories per person 

per day 3,000 2,200 
Population illiterate, 15 years of 

age and over, percent 4 38 
Population under 15 years of age, 

percent 28 41 

Table 2. Facts About Five Countries 
United 
Item States Japan Brazil India Nigeria 

Population, 1968, millions 201 101 88 523 62 

Rate of growth, percent per year 1.1 | 3.2 2.5 IAS 

Years to double 63 63 22 28 28 
Birth rate per 1000 population 18.5 13.7 41-43 41 45-53 
Death rate per 1000 population 9.5 6.8 10-12 18 25-32 
Infant mortality per 1000 live births, 

first year 22.9 18.5 — 140 — 
Annual income, per capita, dollars 2893. - 696 217 86 63 
Food supply, calories per person per day 3140 2350 2950 2110 2180 
Population illiterate, 15 years and over, 0-3 0-2 30-35 70-75 80-88 


percent 


cy from near zero to 80 to 88 percent. 

A convenient summary of information 
regarding the population of the world by 
countries, regions, and continents is given 
in the World Population Data Sheet of the 
Population Reference Bureau (2). Detailed 
information regarding the world food sup- 
ply is to be found in publications of the 
Food and Agriculture Organization of the 
United Nations, particularly in the annual 
report on the State of Food and Agricul- 
ture, and in the Production Yearbook (3). 


I. Three Views of the Future 


Three recent books have been selected to 
illustrate the divergence in forecasts as to 


30 JOURNAL OF 


the course of events in the next one or two 
decades. These books are by well qualified, 
widely recognized authors who have made 
first-hand observations in the developing 
countries and have drawn on the very 
extensive statistical and other information 
now available regarding trends in popula- 
tion and food supply. The principal differ- 
ences, we shall see, lie in differences in es- 
timates as to what people can and will do 
to meet the coming emergency. 
The three books are: 
William and Paul Paddock, “Famine 1975. 
America’s Decision: Who Will Survive?”, Lit- 
tle, Brown & Co., Boston, 1967. 
Orville L. Freeman, Secretary of Agriculture, 


“World Without Hunger.” Frederick A. Prae- 
ger, New York, 1968. 


THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Max F. Millikan and David Hapgood, “No 
Easy Harvest.” Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 
1967. 

As may be inferred from the titles, the 
Paddock brothers and Secretary Freeman 
are at the extremes of pessimism and opti- 
mism, respectively, with Millikan and Hap- 
good in an intermediate position. All three 
regard the next one or two decades as criti- 
cal. 

1. Catastrophe Is Inevitable. “Famine 
1975” was written on the basis of the Pad- 
dock brothers’ long experience abroad, one 
in the Foreign Service of the State Depart- 
ment, and the other in agricultural 
research, teaching, and administration. 
Their view of the world situation is stated 
in the title of the first chapter—“The Pop- 
ulation-Food Collision Is Inevitable; It Is 
Foredoomed.” This graphic analogy is pre- 
sented: 

“A locomotive is roaring full throttle down the 
track. Just around the bend an impenetrable 
mudslide has oozed across the tracks. There it 
lies, inert, static, deadly. Nothing can stop the lo- 
comotive in time. Collision is inevitable. Miles up 
the track the locomotive could have been warned 
and stopped. Years ago the mudsoaked hill could 


have been shored up to forestall the landslide. 
Now it is too late. 


“The locomotive roaring straight at us is the 
population explosion. The unmoveable landslide 
across the tracks is the stagnant production of 
food in the undeveloped nations, the nations 
where the population increases are greatest. 

“The collision is inevitable. The famines are in- 
evitable.” 


The Paddocks’ book proceeds to show 
that the time will be too short for the un- 
derdeveloped nations to bring up their 
productivity, and that the United States 
and other Western nations cannot continue 
to make up the food deficit because the 
numbers of people to be fed will soon be 
too great. 

The proposal is made that, in time of 
widespread famine, the United States insti- 
tute “triage” in allocating its food aid to 
the developing nations. Triage is the prac- 
tice followed by hospitals on the battlefield 
when the number of wounded exceeds the 
capacity to treat them. The casualties are 
divided into three groups: those that could 


January-Marcu, 1969 


not be saved; those that would survive 
without treatment; and those that could be 
saved by treatment. The third group would 
receive the limited attention that could be 
given. 

In applying triage to countries under 
global famine conditions, the maximum 
amount of food that the United States 
could export would go to selected countries 
that could be saved. Certain other coun- 
tries would be able to get through the time 
of famine by their own efforts, though with 
difficulty. A third group of countries would 
have to be cut off because, with all that 
could be done, it would be impossible to 
save them. 

In the concluding chapter the authors 
call on the United States to accept respon- 
sibility and leadership, and take the diffi- 
cult but necessary action. The title of the 
chapter is “The Time of Famines Can Be 
the Catalyst for a Period of American 
Greatness.” The book ends with a section 
headed, “Now It Is America’s Turn to 
Shape History.” 


2. The Problem Can Be Solved. “World 
Without Hunger” by Freeman is described 
on the jacket as “an eloquent, practical 
guide to solving man’s ancient problem of 
how to achieve a world without hunger.” 
The concluding paragraph of the preface 
states further: 

“This book seeks to explore what you and I 
can do as individuals and what our nation and 
other nations must do as governments to free 
mankind from the threat of famine. It is written 
out of my conviction that, if all peoples work to- 
gether, nightmares of starvation can be forgotten 
and we can realize the age-old sweet dream of a 
world without hunger.” 

In the book Freeman deals with some of 
the major complex and interrelated prob- 
lems involved in augmenting the world 
food supply. Attention is directed to the 
number and variety of resources that must 
be drawn upon in solving the problems. 
Success stories used for illustrations con- 
tribute to the optimistic outlook, but the 
author admits that the achievements of the 
past 20 years of American aid have been 
inadequate in the face of total need. He 


31 


says (p. 175) “We have expected to ac- 
complish too much in too short a period 
with too little effort.”” He states further,— 

“We have made other mistakes. The keys to 
‘sound development—family planning, agriculture, 
and education—were neglected until recently. We 
underestimated the obstacles and overestimated 
the transferability of technology. We promised 
more than we could deliver, sometimes starting a 
chain reaction of disillusionment and distrust, 
which has increased the difficulty of develop- 
ment.” 

In conclusion, Freeman urges United 
States leadership directed toward four spe- 
cific goals: (1) the establishment of long 
range nutrition targets and particularly the 
redirection of food aid toward eliminating 
malnutrition in children; (2) a ten-year 
commitment of 1.5 percent of the United 
States national income to development, 
with emphasis on food production; (3) 
the creation of a private-public corpora- 
tion, perhaps patterned after Comsat, to 
deal with agricultural problems; and (4) 
the speedy mobilization of a wide range of 
technical manpower. 

As to the future, Freeman states: “The 
road ahead is long and hard. The sands of 
time are running fast. We have no more 
than fifteen to twenty years to bring man 
and his food supply into balance.” He 
makes no prediction as to whether the pro- 
gram that is proposed can and will be 
implemented fully and quickly enough to 
achieve the balance before time runs out. 

3. A Gigantic Effort Will Be Required. 
“No Easy Harvest” by Millikan and Hap- 
good is in large part a product of the de- 
liberations and conclusions of a six-week 
conference by 44 experts at Massachusetts 
Institute of Technology’s Center for Inter- 
national Studies in the summer of 1964. 
The 44 persons are described as “scholars 
and practitioners, eminent in economics, 
natural sciences, the behavioral sciences, 
and the political sciences.” 

An important contribution made by the 
book is its emphasis on the need for an in- 
terdisciplinary approach to the problems of 
agriculture as a source of food. Millikan 
and Hapgood state in the introduction, 
“.. . the burden of our message is pre- 


cisely that the agricultural problem is not 
divisible. . . . The book is a whole, not 
the sum of its parts.” 

Emphasis is placed on the importance of 
recognizing differences in local conditions. 
Specific attention is given to four different 
food-deficit regions: the Rice Regions; the 
Rain-Forest Tropics; the Monsoon Regions 
and the Sub-Tropics; and the High Allti- 
tude Regions. 

Far from purporting to have developed a 
guide for solving the problem of hunger, 
Millikan and Hapgood evaluate their book 
in the following terms: 

“We offer no panacea here. Those looking for a 
blueprint will be disappointed. We did not find a 
magic key to unlock the problems of agriculture, 
nor do we present a program likely, in ten years 
or a century, to assure the world’s supply of 


food.” 

“Finally, ours is not a cheerful report. Com- 
pared to the urgency of the need, what we offer 
here may seem meagre indeed. . . . To get the 
people of the world a decent supply of food—that 
most basic of man’s requirements—will require a 
gigantic effort. It will cost a lot of money, but 
money is probably the easiest need to fill. The 
goal will not be met unless many millions of peo- 
ple—technicians, officials, and, above all, farmers 
—are willing to initiate a radical and often pain- 
ful process of social change.” 


‘Il. There Is Hope, if— 


The foregoing authors and others who 
have written or spoken on the population- | 
food problem are in agreement that the 
present rate of population growth must be 
checked as quickly as possible so as to 
bring the population into balance with the 
food supply. Most of them would probably 
agree, also, that widespread famine could 
be averted by a sufficiently early and suffi- 
ciently massive effort. They would disa- 
gree, however, as to the probability that 
such an effort will be made. As one author 
put it, “The question is not, ‘Can we?,’ but 
‘Will we?’” Thus, the future increase in 
food supply will depend in large measure 
on the magnitude of human effort. This 
will involve a number of different factors, 
some of which will be discussed in the fol- 
lowing paragraphs. In addition, one signif- 
icant factor in determining food supply, 


32 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


the weather, will be beyond human control 
except insofar as irrigation can be extend- 
ed to mitigate the effect of drought. 


1. If Weather Is Favorable. Projections 
as to crop yields are necessarily based on a 
number of assumptions. The first is usually 
“normal weather,” meaning adequate rain- 
fall, and the absence of destructive floods, 
winds, hail, and unseasonable cold or heat. 
In “World Food Budget 1970” (4) the 
assumption of normal weather is qualified 
as “probably more favorable than a statist- 
ical average.” Abundant rains in India 
have been a significant factor in the in- 
crease in grain production in the past two 
years. This increase has given hope of 
self-sufficiency in food production in the 
near future, but failure of the monsoons 
could again lead to misery and dispair, as 
in 1964 and 1965. The food supply in 
Mainland China, the Middle East, and 
North Africa is dependent to a very con- 
siderable extent on rainfall so that any 
time table of famine could be set ahead or 
delayed by the weather. 


2. If Existing Foods Are Used Most 
Efficiently. The diet in the developing 
countries is often inadequate for growth, 
yet the grains, pulses, and oilseeds con- 
sumed in these countries contain signifi- 
cant percentages of protein. The vegetable 
proteins, however, can be only partially 
utilized in human nutrition because they 
do not contain essential amino acids in the 
proportion required by the body. They can 
be employed for growth or maintenance 
only to the extent that the most limiting 
amino acid is present—which may be only 
90 percent or less. This deficiency can be 
corrected by adding the requisite amount 
of the limiting amino acid or acids, which 
are now produced synthetically at costs 
which would render their large-scale use 
entirely feasible. At present the amino acid 
supplementation of wheat and wheat prod- 
ucts is being practiced on a limited scale 
in India and a few other developing coun- 
tries.. Whether such supplementation will 
be expanded and extended to other staple 
grains is yet to be determined. 


JaNnuary-Marcu, 1969 


It is a fortunate circumstance that the 
amino acid deficiencies in vegetable pro- 
teins are such that the proteins of cereal 
grains and oilseeds are, to a considerable 
extent, mutually complementary. Thus, nei- 
ther corn nor cottonseed flour, taken alone, 
is adequate to support the growth of chil- 
dren, but a mixture of the two is the basis 
of Incaparina, a prepared food that is 
being used successfully to combat child- 
hood malnutrition in Latin America. A 
number of other general purpose and mul- 
tipurpose foods have been devised in dif- 
ferent developing countries by blending lo- 
cally available grains, pulses, and oilseeds 
in proportions such as to give an optimum 
amino acid pattern for human nutrition. 
Vitamins and minerals needed in the diet 
are routinely added to these prepared 
foods. The success of these foods has been 
abundantly demonstrated, but their produc- 
tion is still relatively small in comparison 
to the supply of food for children in devel- 
oping countries. 

3. If Non-agricultural Sources of Food 
Are Fully Exploited. Several sources of 
food other than conventional agriculture 
can contribute significantly to the world 
food supply and offer the advantages of 
rapidly expanded and controlled produc- 
tion, together with freedom from the effects 
of weather, diseases, and insect pests. One 
such source is protein concentrate made 
from fish that are not now used for human 
food. The potential production is large, but 
at best it will be considerably less than 
the supply of protein from agricultural 
sources. 

Another potential source of food which 
has been widely publicized is the produc- 
tion of microorganisms from petroleum 
and other substrates. Primary attention is 
being given to yeast and other organisms 
as a source of protein, though fat can be 
produced in a similar manner by the cul- 
ture of different organisms. All of the 
major petroleum companies are engaged in 
this development and the world capacity 
for microbial protein may reach a million 


tons a year by 1970 (5). The product is 


33 


now intended for animal feed, though its 
ultimate use for human food is undoubted- 
ly the objective of the present intensive re- 
search and development. 


The culture of tissues, both plant and an- 
imal, has long been practiced in the 
research laboratory. Animal tissues of dif- 
ferent kinds have been grown in nutrient 
media of relatively simple composition, but 
the techniques are quite elaborate, requir- 
ing strict asepsis and precise control of all 
conditions. In recent years, however, engi- 
neering processes have been developed 
with automated controls, that could render 
it possible to manufacture animal protein 
for use as food without the intervention of 
the animal. 


Another source of food of large potential 
significance is production by direct chemi- 
cal synthesis. It is surprising that this has 
received so little attention from the chemi- 
cal industry in view of the fact that every 
important non-food agricultural product 
except tobacco has one or more commer- 
cially successful synthetic counterparts. At 
present the principal synthetic products in 
this area are vitamins, flavors and condi- 
ments, and amino acids. Large quantities 
of the vitamins and amino acids are em- 
ployed in animal feeding in competition 
with an abundance of feed from agricultur- 
al sources. 


4. If There Is General Economic 
Development. Increased agricultural prod- 
uctivity and improved nutrition can be 
achieved only if there is corresponding 
economic growth and rising per capita in- 
come. Agriculture, by the primitive 
methods now employed in large areas of 
the developing countries, can produce only 
a little more food than that required by the 
farmer and his draft animals. More pro- 
ductive agriculture will require large in- 
puts of equipment, improved seeds, pesti- 
cides, and fertilizer, all of which must be 
supplied by the rest of the economy. Fur- 
thermore, the increases in food production 
brought about by these inputs can be sus- 
tained only if the income of the non-agri- 
cultural segment of the population is raised 


sufficiently to buy the additional food. To 
achieve the requisite over-all economic de- 
velopment in a very few years will require 
massive support from the United States 
and other affluent nations in the form of 
capital and technical assistance. 

5. If the “Green Revolution” Continues. 
Recent signal developments in agriculture 
have been quite aptly termed the “Green 
Revolution.” Three advances that have re- 
ceived wide attention are Mexican wheat, 
high-lysine corn, and “miracle” rice. The 
wheat and the rice give promise of much 
higher yields while the high-lysine corn 
should greatly improve the nutrition of 
both man and animal by providing protein 
that possesses an amino acid pattern which 
will permit it to be much more fully uti- 
lized than the protein of conventional 
varieties. 

The successful application of these ad- 
vances in the different developing countries 
will involve many problems, not the least 
of which will be a large expansion in the 
production and use of fertilizer. The mira- 


cle rice, for example, yields little if any 


more than conventional varieties under the 
same conditions. The sensational increases 
in yield are obtained only with the liberal 
use of fertilizer, and the production of the 
necessary fertilizer will require time, tech- 
nical assistance, and capital. 

There is danger that success stories 
regarding these new advances will generate 
an unwarranted optimism regarding the fu- 
ture. Agricultural production of food can 
be markedly increased but it cannot long 
keep pace with an exponential growth of 
population. The best that can be hoped for 
from the Green Revolution and _ other 
means of increasing the food supply of the 
developing countries is that they will buy 
more time in which to bring the population 
explosion under control. 


Ill. Critical Food Needs 


In the present shortage of food in devel- 
oping countries it is important to know 


just where the major deficiencies lie so as 


to direct the limited supplies and research 
efforts to meeting the most acute needs. It 


34, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


is also important to make long range plans 
so as to achieve the maximum nutritional 
benefit. The new science of nutrition can 
provide valuable guidance both in the allo- 
cation of food supplies and in the planning 
of new production. It is strange that food 
—the oldest concern of man—has only so 
lately become the subject of extensive sci- 
entific investigation. Food for children has 
been a concern of parents from the begin- 
ning of the human race, but only within 
the present decade has there been clear rec- 
ognition and documentation of the relation 
of protein in the diet of the young child to 
its mental development and the mental as 
well as the physical characteristics of the 
adult into which the child develops. 

In addition to this special need for ade- 
quate protein for child development we 
shall discuss briefly the related need for vi- 
tamins and minerals, and the general need 
for food to supply additional calories in 
the diet of the developing countries. 

1. Protein for the Growth of Children. 
The most important single action that can 
be taken to aid the developing countries is 
to provide protein, adequate in quality and 
quantity, to support the growth of children 
between the time of weaning and the age 
of four or five. Proper nutrition in this pe- 
riod leads to alert, intelligent, and respon- 
sive adults; lack of it, to dull, apathetic 
adults, little interested in bettering their 
lot. A recent book on this subject bears the 
title, ““Pre-School Child Malnutrition. Pri- 
mary Deterrent to Human Progress” (6). 
Some of the distressing findings reported 
in this book are: 


“Pre-school malnutrition is basically respon- 
sible for the early deaths of millions of children. 

“Of those it does not kill, preschool malnutri- 
tion permanently impairs physical growth and 
probably causes irreversible mental and emotional 
damage; 

“Preschool malnutrition is a serious deterrent 
to progress in developing countries; it weakens 
the productive capacities of adults surviving from 
the irreparable damages incurred in early child- 
hood. 

“In developing areas, as many as 70 percent of 
the children suffer from malnutrition. The 
maimed survivors become adults lacking in the 
vigor and enterprise for productive advancement.” 


January-Marcu, 1969 


In the affluent Western countries the pro- 
tein needs of children are met, for the most 
part, by milk, meat, and eggs. These, how- 
ever, are scarce in developing countries 
and are probably the least available to 
those that need them most. However, as 
mentioned in an earlier paragraph, present 
knowledge of the amino acid content of 
foods renders it possible to make mixtures 
of locally available cereals, pulses, and oil- 
seed meals that are nutritionally adequate 
for child growth. 

Inasmuch as prepared foods designed to 
meet the protein needs of young children 
are now available in most developing coun- 
tries, the major problem is one of securing 
acceptance and providing for distribution 
to those segments of the population that 
cannot afford even the small additional 
cost. General acceptance will involve the 
slow and difficult process of educating 
largely illiterate populations who have 
deeply ingrained prejudices and supersti- 
tions regarding food and nutrition. 

2. Vitamins and Minerals. The addition 
of vitamins and minerals to the diet in the 
developing countries could make a very 
significant contribution to the health and 
well-being not only of the children but also 
of the population as a whole. Unlike the 
situation with regard to many other needs, 
the materials required to fill this need 
could be supplied in a relatively short time 
at low cost. Vitamins are now made syn- 
thetically by large scale production meth- 
ods; hence production could be readily 
stepped up to any desired extent by the 
replication of present manufacturing units. 
The cost of supplying all the vitamins in 
the Recommended Dietary Allowances of 
the Food and Nutrition Board (7) would 
be only about 17 cents per person per year 
on the basis of the values of vitamins pro- 
duced in the United States, as reported by 
the U.S. Tariff Commission (8). The mate- 
rials cost of minerals such as calcium, 
magnesium, and iron would be nominal, 
and even the cost of iodine would be quite 
small because of the minute quantities re- 
quired per person. 


35 


Of the vitamin deficiencies, the most 
tragic is the deficiency in Vitamin A which 
causes 80,000 children to become blind 
each year and leads to seriously impaired 
vision in a much greater number (9). The 
manufacturing cost of sufficient Vitamin A 
to supply a child for a year is only about 6 
cents. 


Goiter is readily prevented by traces of 
iodine in the diet, yet there are regions in 
which goiter is so prevalent that it is some- 
times taken as a mark of feminine beauty 
and children’s dolls are made with promi- 
nent goiters. 


Anemia resulting from a deficiency of 
iron and copper in the diet is widely preva- 
lent in the developing countries and may 
be responsible for the lack of vitality that 
is often ascribed to the tropical climate. 
Anemia and vitamin deficiencies taken to- 
gether with a diet low in calories are un- 
doubtedly responsible for the low produc- 
tivity of labor that is so frustrating to 


those undertaking new programs in the de- 


veloping countries. 


The major problem with vitamin and 
mineral dietary supplements is that of get- 
ting them to the people that need them. In 
the United States certain of the essential 
micronutrients are incorporated in bread, 
other cereal products, margarine, milk, and 
fruit juices, thus insuring that some of the 
vitamins and minerals otherwise lacking in 
the diet will reach a considerable segment 
of the population. In the developing coun- 
tries, however, much of the food does not 
go through central process and distributing 
channels, hence other means of distribution 
must be found. Brooke (13) has suggested 
admixing vitamins and minerals with salt 
so as to reach an entire population. He has 
also suggested, for voluntary use, a “pot 
pill” containing the daily supply of vitam- 
ins and minerals for a family. This would 
be added to the rice, vegetables, or curry 
being prepared for the main meal of the 
day. So far as is known, neither of these or 
any other distribution plan is in use or un- 
der serious consideration at the present 
time. 


3. Calories for Doing Work. As stated 
in a previous paragraph, the productivity 
of labor depends in part on the number of 
calories provided by the food of the work- 
ers. This has been demonstrated by 
correlations between the output of labor in 
different countries and the amount of ener- 
gy provided by the diet in those countries. 
In industrially developed countries each 
person consumes, on the average, about 
3000 calories per day, whereas in the unde- 
veloped countries the amount is only about 
2000 calories. It is true that in the latter 
countries the stature and body weight are 
less, but more than offsetting this differ- 
ence is the fact that in the undeveloped 
countries a large part of the energy for 
doing work must come from human mus- 
cular power, rather than from motors as in 


the West. 


This gap in calories could be filled by 
synthetic fats or by other synthetic, high- 
energy foods that have been developed for 
space nutrition (10). Synthetic fats were 
used in Germany during World War II but 
were given up when the cheaper natural 
fats became available (11). Synthetic fatty 
acids are currently produced in considera- 
ble quantities for industrial use. The 
manufacture of fats for human food would 
involve no major technical problem, and 
the output could be stepped up rapidly. Ac- 
ceptance would present no problems be- 
cause the synthetic products would be quite 
similar to. natural products in both compo- 
sition and properties. Furthermore, fats are 
in demand in developing countries where 
cereal grains make up a very large part of 
the diet. Thus far, no comprehensive engi- 
neering study seems to have been made of 
processes and costs in connection with high 
energy foods. 


IV. What Can the Individual 
Scientist and Engineer Do? 


The population-food problem is so mas- 
sive that the individual may think that only 
national and international effort can make 
any significant contribution to its solution. 
True, the United States, many other na- 


36 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


tions, and the United Nations, as well as 
many nongovernmental organizations are 
all engaged in pertinent activities. But the 
sum total of effort is still far too small and 
the scope is still too narrowly restricted. 


The concerned individual who studies 
the world situation can find ways to build 
support for the programs of government, 
industry, universities, and foundations that 
are contributing effectively to the solution 
of world problems. Further, he can provide 
original ideas and take the lead in initiat- 
ing programs in his own field of specializa- 
tion, and, as opportunity develops, he can 
participate in these and other programs. 


1. Be Informed. One can make an effec- 
tive contribution to the solution of the 
population-food problem only after gaining 
an understanding of the many complex fac- 
tors involved. Nearly every one can read 
and study the very extensive and rapidly 
growing volume of literature on the subject 
and attend some of the numerous symposia 
and conferences that are being held. First- 
hand knowledge can be gained by travel in 
the developing countries with arrangements 
to meet government officials, agricultural 
agents, doctors and nurses, teachers, Peace 
Corps workers, and missionaries. The in- 
formed person will discount quick, easy so- 
lutions of problems and will recognize the 
signal advances that are being made in ag- 
riculture in perspective as means of buying 
a little more time in which to bring 
population and food into balance. 


2. Support Governmental and Other 
Programs. If the massive effort that the 
population-food problem will require for 
its solution is to be exerted, the United 
States must accept a position of leadership 
and must provide much more technical as- 
sistance and funds than at present. Scien- 
tists and engineers, through their better un- 
derstanding of many aspects of the 
problem, can be of great assistance in 
keeping the public more fully and correctly 
informed. They can also aid by presenting 
the needs clearly and in perspective to leg- 
islators and other key officials who have 
the responsibility for government partici- 


JANUARY-MarcH, 1969 


pation. They can, in addition, be helpful in 
encouraging participation by industry, uni- 
versities, foundations, and scientific and 
engineering societies. 

The Sierra Club has taken action 
through publication of a book, “The Popu- 
lation Bomb” (12). This book not only 
emphasizes the importance of contact with 
officials, but it also includes in an appendix 
copies of letters that have been written by 
members of the Club to members of Con- 
gress, dignitaries of churches, and officials 
of television networks. 


3. Seek an Opportunity for Personal 
Participation. Some jobs both in the Unit- 
ed States and abroad are seeking people. 
In the many ramifications of the world 
population-food problem there are a great 
many more jobs yet to be discovered, par- 
ticularly in new and unconventional ap- 
proaches to long-standing problems. There 
is scarcely a discipline, a specialty, or an 
interdisciplinary area in which there is not 
a substantial contribution to be made by a 
person of vision. As to time, there are chal- 
lenging opportunities for a lifetime career, 
or for a sabbatical year in a developing 
country, or even for productive activity in 
the retirement years of a septuagenarian 
who is still fit. 


In every major emergency the most sig- 
nificant and original contributions are 
made by those who find their own roles, 
rather than waiting to be recruited. 


References 


(1) Ewell, Raymond. Population outlook in de- 
veloping countries, Jn Agricultural Research 
Institute, The Role of Agriculture in Meeting 
World Food Needs, p. 3. National Academy of 
Sciences—National Research Council, Washing- 
ton, D.C. Oct. 10-11, 1966. 

(2) Information Service, Population Reference 
Bureau, 1755 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washing- 
ton, D.C. 

(3) Food and Agriculture Organization, United 
Nations, Rome, Italy. Available in the United 
States from the National Agency for International 
Publications, 317 East 34th St., New York 10016. 

(4) Foreign Agricultural Economic Report No. 
19. U.S. Dept. Agriculture. Oct. 1964. 

(5) Humphrey, Arthur E. Production of pro- 


37 


tein from petroleum. Western Hemisphere 
Nutrition Congress II. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
Aug. 26-29, 1968. 

(6) Publication 1282. National Academy of 
Sciences—National Research Council. Washing- 
ton, D.C. 1966. ; 

(7) Publication 1146. National Academy of 
Sciences—National Research Council. Washing- 
ton, D.C. 1964. 

(8) Synthetic Organic Chemicals. United 
States Production and Sales. 1966. Tariff Commis- 
sion Publication 248. Superintendent of 
Documents, Government Printing Office, Washing- 
ton, D.C. 1968. 

(9) Schaefer, Arnold E. Epidemiological stud- 
ies of Vitamin A deficiency. Western Hemisphere 
Nutrition Congress IJ. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 


Aug. 26-29, 1968. 

(10) Miller, Sanford A. High energy nonfat 
nutrient sources. In Conference on Nutrition in 
Space and Related Waste Problems, pp. 343-351. 
Tampa, Florida. April 27-30, 1964. Publication 
SP-70. National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- 
tration. Washington, D.C. 1964. 

(11) Sonntag, N. O. V. Synthetic fatty acids. 
In E. Scott Pattison, Fatty Acids and Their In- 
dustrial Applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New 
York. 1968. 

(12) Ehrlich, Paul R. Ballantine Books, Inc. 
New York. 1968. 

(13) Brooke, Clinton L. Fortification of food 
products with Vitamin A. Western Hemisphere 
Nutrition Congress IJ. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 
Aug. 26-29, 1968. 


Chemical Opposites and 


Their Ambiguities 


Eduard Farber 


4530 Brandywine St., N.W., Washington, D. C. 


Progress through Reversions 


In life and in science, the separation of 
opposites can mean an important step in 
the right direction, a feat of quick intui- 
tion or the result of long investigation. 
Yet after the opposites have been sharply 
distinguished and defined, they may be rec- 
ognized as variously related to each other. 


When their relationship is only that of 
complete opposition involving contradic- 
tion, there is the possibility of complete 
reversion. The Copernican reversion from 
the geocentric to the heliocentric system is 
a great historical fact, and it can serve as 
the model or example for important events 
in the history of chemistry (1). Other 
historical examples show us the opposites 
combined and new unity created out of 
contradictions. Robert Grosseteste, or 
Greathead (1175-1253), defined light, 
which for him was the first form of corpo- 


rality, as being a spiritual body or a bodily 
spirit (“corpus spiritualis, sive mavis di- 
cere spiritus corporalis’). Paracelsus 
(1493-1541), whose great concern was the 
relationship between human body and spir- 
it, proclaimed triumphantly: “The life of 
man is nothing else than an astralic bal- 
sam, a balsamic ingression, a heavenly and 
invincible fire.” Poetic visions perceive the 
contradiction between opposites reconciled 
in a primary unity, which for Grosseteste 
is light, for Paracelsus life. 

The wider the significance of the oppo- 
sites, the greater the need to combine them 
in their unity. This rule seems to follow 
from the nature of opposites. When they 
are limited and specific, they cannot be so 
combined, and complete reversion is pre- 
ferred, or rather specifically justified. 
Joseph Black performed such a reversion 
when he demonstrated that instead of the 
addition of an invisible, fiery principle, it 


38 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


is the loss of a recognizable kind of air 
that turns mild magnesia into the caustic 
burnt magnesia, or chalk into quicklime. 

Lavoisier reversed the thoughts about 
the presence of a metallizing agent, which 
on disappearing also removed the metallic 
character, and demonstrated the absence of 
a demetallizing substance which, when add- 
ed, converted the metal into its “calx.” 


The Source of the Ambiguity 


Black and Lavoisier were confronted 
with the specific opposites of positive and 
negative action, in combination with the 
general contradiction between presence and 
absence. Such a combination leads to an 
ambiguity that can be presented in algebra- 
ic symbols. Let the (+) sign stand for 
presence and for positive action, the (— ) 
sign for absence and for negative action. 
As in the theory of probability, conjunc- 
ture is to be indicated by multiplication. 
The formulas (+) (+) = (—) (—) 
and -(-- ) (—) = (~) (+) then show 
that presence combined with positive ac- 
tion is equal to absence combined with 
negative action, and that the presence of 
the negative is equal to the absence of the 
positive. The acceptance (+) of something 
false (—) produces error (—), and so 
does the rejection (—) of something true 
ca 

The simple scheme represents the basis 
for ambiguities in our theorizing or inter- 
preting, which require and lead to new ex- 
periments for a decision. Without using the 
symbolic signs above, the situation can be 
described as involving two pairs of either— 
or opposites at the same time, and the ex- 
pression “equal to” can be replaced by 
“looks like.” Even with this alternate de- 
scription, the scheme remains separated 
from reality by a wide gap; we can bridge 
the gap by the following discussion, before 
we fill it with accounts of specific experi- 
ences. 

For the discussion, we first introduce the 
observer with the alternates he perceives: 


(1) The expected happens: This can mean 


JANUARY-Marcu, 1969 


that an actor is present or that a preventer is ab- 
sent. 


(2) The expected does not happen: The actor 
is absent or the preventer is present. 


(3) The unexpected happens: An unknown ac- 
tor is present or a known actor is absent. 


(4) The unexpected does not happen: We 
would notice this only if the “unexpected” were 
actually something at least imagined, which 
makes this alternative identical with (2) above. 

In these formulations, the terms “actor” 
and “preventer” are wide or indefinite 
enough to mean a substantial amount of 
reagent or the small catalytic quantity of a 
promoter or an inhibitor. The ambiguities 
are thereby multiplied, as shown in our 
first specific example. 


The Indophenine Reaction 


In his 1882 course of lectures at the Uni- 
versity of Zurich, Victor Meyer came to 
the subject of benzene and was prepared to 
demonstrate the indophenine reaction. This 
reaction was quite “modern.” Adolf Bae- 
yer had found it in 1879: When a little 
isatin in sulfuric acid is mixed with a sam- 
ple of benzene, a beautiful blue color ap- 
pears. The product looked like indigo. Bae- 
yer coined the name indophenine, with the 
chemist’s usual disregard for philological 
sensitivities, by adding the first syllable of 
indigo to a derivative from the Greek work 
pheinein for “shining” that had previously 
been introduced into chemistry by Auguste 
Laurent (1808-1853) and survives in the 
familiar “phenol.” In Meyer’s lecture, right 
before the expectant audience, the experi- 
ment failed. The assistant, Traugott Sand- 
meyer, explained that he had verified the 
test just before the lecture with a normal 
sample of benzene from coaltar; for the ac- 
tual demonstration, however, he had 
carefully prepared an especially pure ben- 
zene from benzoic acid. Meyer immediately 
promised “to look into this.” He saw the 
following alternatives: 

(1) A catalytic impurity is present in the nor- 
mal benzene from coaltar distillates. 

(2) An anticatalytic impurity is present in the 
“chemical” benzene. 

(3) An unknown substance is present in the 


39 


coaltar benzene. If so, it would be different from 
impurities in the other sample. 

These deliberations led to the discovery 
that the “normal” benzene contained thio- 
phen (2). Meyer formed this name by 
combining the Greek for sulfur with the 
“phen” from pheinein. 

How fortunate that toluene, which really 
gives the indophenine reaction, was absent 
from the “chemical” benzene! 

Here, an ambiguity according to the sec- 
ond alternative of the general scheme start- 
ed from the attempt to carry out a 
chemical reaction. In the following exam- 
ple, the start was the measurement of a 
physical property, and the further develop- 
ment followed along the third alternative 
of the scheme. 


The Discovery of Argon 
Since 1892, Lord Rayleigh’s aim had 


been to measure the specific gravity of ni-- 


trogen with precision. Nitrogen prepared 
by removing the oxygen (and the carbon 
dioxide) from air gave values between 
2.3100 and 2.3103, whereas nitrogen ob- 
tained by decomposing nitric oxide, ni- 
trous oxide, or ammonium nitrate gave 
2.2987 to 2.3001. Many tests confirmed 
that the difference in the second decimal 
place was beyond the experimental error. 
Lord Rayleigh thought that the nitrogen 
prepared from the air was the pure element 
and the “chemical” nitrogen contained a 
gas of lower specific gravity. He discussed 
the findings with William Ramsay, who 
strongly advocated the assumption that the 
chemical nitrogen was pure and the atmos- 
pheric nitrogen was contaminated by the 
presence of a heavier gas. 

The ambiguities can be formulated as 
follows: 

(1) Heavy nitrogen: Weight-reducer (—) ab- 
sent (—) = weight-increaser (+) present (1) 

(2) Light nitrogen: Weight-reducer (—) pres- 
ent (+) = weight-increaser (+) absent (—). 

The assumptions were formally equal 
but chemically very different. Ramsay’s 
intuition, which was fortified by his knowl- 
edge of what Henry Cavendish had found 


in 1784, proved correct (3). 


Positive and Negative Pressure 


An activator is a small quantity of a 
substance that actuates the transformation 
of much greater quantities of other sub- 
stances. When the definition is formulated 
in this way, the kinship to the primitive 
concepts of ferment and _ philosopher’s 
stone is permitted to shine through. An in- 
hibitor is the negative correspondent to an 
activator. What this relationship between 
positive and negative means can be gener- 
ally described in the words of Immanuel 
Kant: “. . . Negative magnitudes are not 
negations of magnitudes . . . rather they 
are, in themselves, truly positive and sig- 
nify only something that is opposed to the 
other. Thus, negative attraction is not rest, 
but rather true repulsion” (4). 

In a system that is either activated or in- 
hibited, the main bulk of the substances is 
presumed to be passive or, at least, dor- 
mant, and we remember that Berzelius 
used this last expression for describing the 
“catalytic force”. as an awakener. Sub- 
stances do not all need to be awakened; 
they can be “directly” engaged in activi- 
ties. Even without activators and inhibi- 
tors, however, the logical equivalence be- 
tween positive and negative can turn into 
practical ambivalence and become a source 
of problems. In the history of science, 
they are at the bottom of discussions on 
preformation as opposed to new creation 
(5). Another topic of this discussion is the 
relationship between positive and negative 
pressure. 

One of its forms occurs in the letter 
written by Evangelista Torricelli on June 
11, 1644 concerning the problem of the 
vacuum and what was later called the ba- 
rometer: “ ... It may be supposed that the 
force that prevents quicksilver from fall- 
ing, in spite of its nature, has its cause in 
the interior of the vessel, whether it comes 
from the vacuum or is caused by some ex- 
tremely rarefied matter. But I claim that 
the force is external and that it comes from 
the outside.” The controversy about the ex- 


40 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


istence of a vacuum, in which René Des- 
cartes and Blaise Pascal were opponents, is 
illuminated by a passage in Pierre 
Guiffard’s book of 1647: “ ... There (in 
Pascal’s experiments) is observed that 
brave nothingness against which so many 
excellent philosophers have fought for such 
a long time, that fearful void . . . that fine 
nothing. . .”. While these “excellent philos- 
ophers” debated the reality of nothingness, 
Pascal declared “. . . that Nature has no 
repugnance to a vacuum; .. . that all the 
effects that have been attributed to this 
horror proceed from the gravity and pres- 
sure of the air..” (6). 


In 1644, Torricelli rejected a force in- 
side the tube, in which quicksilver was 
kept from falling, and claimed that an ex- 
ternal force was responsible. Formally re- 
lated to this position is what Michael Fara- 
day wrote in 1834 about “evolved 
substances” as being expelled from the de- 
composing mass, in contrast to assuming 
that they were drawn out by an attraction, 
from the outside (7). An outside force pre- 
vents mercury from following its nature 
and falling out of the tube. An inside force 
causes the evolution of substances from a 
decomposing mass. 


According to the view of Walther 
Nernst, it is also an inside “tension” that 
causes a substance to dissolve, and a par- 
ticular form of this tension is responsible 
for the electrolytic dissolution of a metal 
(8). In analogy to Faraday’s language, dis- 
solving substances expand into the solu- 
tion; they are not drawn into it by the sol- 
vent. 


The words of Henri LeChatelier express 
in greater generality the difference that is 
here involved. The natural phenomena are 
of two classes, not with regard to their na- 
ture, but according to their directions; 
they are either spontaneous or provoked. 
“By its evolution in one sense the system A 
provokes the evolution of a system 6 in the 
other sense; thereby, A loses its property 
of developing spontaneously, and this is ac- 
quired by 5.” This property is the same as 
the motive power of Carnot, the available 


JANUARY-Marcu, 1969 


energy of Maxwell, the free energy of 
Helmholtz (9). 

Continuing in the direction of Le- 
Chatelier’s thoughts, Johannes Brénsted 
(1879-1947) sought the causal relation- 
ships in thermodynamics, in preference to 
the purely mathematical developments 
(10). The heat absorbed by a system is 
only the measure of the work in expansion, 
not its cause. The cause is to be found in 
the potential. When a gas expands sponta- 
neously, the increase in volume is on the 
side where initially the pressure was high- 
er; thus, a volume moves from low 
pressure to high pressure. The intensity 
factor that belongs together and is conju- 
gate with volume is, therefore, negative 
pressure. Similarly, surface tension is a 
negative potential; under its influence the 
surface increases at the side of the initially 
higher tension. In these cases, “higher” 
means greater in negative value (]1). 


Positive and Negative Food 
Factors 


The early history of the antineuritic vi- 
tamin demonstrates the difficulty in distin- 
guishing between the presence of a nega- 
tive factor (poison) and the absence of a 
positive or beneficial factor. 

In 1886, the Pekelharing-Winkler Com- 
mission studied beri beri (polyneuritis) in 
the Dutch East Indies. Christiaan Eijkman 
(1858-1930), as assistant to the Commis- 
sion, had the good fortune to be there 
when the disease also broke out among 
chickens fed with polished rice. It was the 
time when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch 
had dramatically turned the general atten- 
tion to the importance of microorganisms. 
The first thoughts had, therefore, been di- 
rected to a microbial cause. “Polymorphic 
bacteria” were actually found in the blood 
of the victims. The accidental new experi- 
ence, however, made it seem plausible to 
connect the cause of beri beri with some- 
thing in the cortex of native rice. In what 
manner could this something be responsi- 
ble? Eijkman assumed it functioned by 
“neutralizing” a nutritional error. Such er- 


4] 


ror had been established in food contain- 
ing a relative excess of carbohydrate, an 
experience summarized by Adalbert Czerny 
(1863-1941) who designated it as “Mehl- 
nahrschaden,” i.e., damage through food 
consisting too exclusively of flour (12). By 
its symptoms it resembled pellagra. 


Gerrit Grijns (1865-1944) described the 
argument as follows: “One may assume the 
presence of a nerve-degenerating poison, 
which is able to originate in the intestinal 
canal, and of an antidote, which neutralizes 
the poison or, at any rate, its action. The 
absence of this antidote would then open 
the door for the development of polyneuri- 
tis and in that case, the development of the 
disease would depend on the occurrence or 
non-occurrence of the poison.” Grijns was 
much more in favor of a different argu- 
ment: “There is also much to be said for 
the other explanation that we have to do 
with a partial starvation” (13). 


Frederick Gowland Hopkins 
1947) described the events in these words: 
“Eijkman’s own earlier teaching as based 


on his experimental results was that the 


function of the substance in the cortex was 
to neutralize a nutritional error due to ex- 
cess of carbohydrate in a diet of rice. A 
substance which functions in the neutrali- 
zation of an error is not the same thing as 
a substance universally necessary, and it 
was to the existence of substances of the 
latter type that my own thoughts had 
turned. Eijkman did not at first visualise 
beri beri as a deficiency disease; but the 
view that the cortical substance in the rice 
supplied a need rather than neutralized a 
poison was soon after put forward by 
Grijns and ultimately accepted by Profes- 
sor Kijkman” (14). 

Hopkins here contributed the new con- 
cept of “a substance universally neces- 
sary.” He thus concluded that the specific 
deficiency that Grijns had suspected was 
only an example, and that its cause was the 
absence of a positive food factor of univer- 
sal importance. The quantity in which this 
substance acted was very small; this in- 
sight came as a great surprise to the nutri- 


(1861- 


tionists, although as biochemists they 
should have been prepared for it by the de- 
velopment of catalysis. The new experience 
and explanation did not prove that the idea 
of a massive “nutritional error” was 
wrong; its role was stated again when 
Cicely D. Williams published his investiga- 
tion of the syndrome for which he used the 
African (Gold Coast) dialect word kwa- 
shiorkor (15). 

The antineuritic substance, which 
Hopkins extracted from rice hulls in 1906, 
soon became an example for the “univer- 
sally necessary” vitamins. What happened 
when they were absent was then seen as the 
result of deficiencies, but it was not entire- 
ly unreasonable to explain a dificiency syn- 
drome as being caused by the presence of a 
poison. New questions arose concerning 
the ways in which the effects were pro- 
duced by the vitamins or by the “poisons.” 


Promoters of Plant Growth and 
Their Inhibitors 


In 1926, E. Kurasawa reported that an 
extract from the fungus Gibberella fujku- 
rat promoted the growth of certain plants. 
He did not arouse much interst. The effect 
was different a few years later when it was 
discovered that an extract from the coleop- 
tyl of Avena plants (oats) contained 
indoleacetic acid (IAA) which increases 
the rate of elongation when used in very 
small quantities at high dilution. As usual 
in such events, other substances were tried. 
For a time it seemed that certain diphenols 
were also growth promoters, or auxins as 
the class of these special activators was 
called. These diphenols, especially caffeic 
acid (3,4-hydroxycinnamic acid) did not 
long remain in that class. They do not di- 
rectly promote growth, but only prevent 
the destruction of IAA by an oxidizing en- 
zyme. New experiments led to the conclu- 
sion “that IAA _ oxidation is usually 
activated by monophenols and inhibited by 
diphenols” (16). 

A positive action of a promoter was here 
simulated by the prevention of an inhibi- 


tor, according to the formalism (+) = 


42 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


(—) (—). But this formalism only equates 
the results without identifying the compo- 
nents that generated these results. In exper- 
iments about biological regulations, 
equation must be sharply distinguished 
from identification. This is exemplified by 
the following studies on the effect of pre- 
vious incubation with “cofactors” on the 
oxidase of IAA, carried out on peas: “Pre- 
vious work has shown that a diffusible in- 
hibitor of IAA oxidase is produced in the 
terminal buds of etiolated peas previously 
exposed to morphogenically active red 
light. Preincubation of homogenates of 
such tissue with manganese ion progres- 
sively increases [AA-destroying capacity, 
while preincubation with 2,4-dichlorophe- 
nol decreases this activity. Manganese ap- 
peared to activate the enzyme complex by 
causing a disappearance of inhibitor. The 
natural inhibitor has been isolated in crys- 
talline form and partially characterized as 
a flavonol complex” (17). 

Parachlorophenoxy-iso-butyric acid 
(PCIB) is an anti-auxin. The inhibition 
exerted on the growth of Avena leaf sec- 
tions by 100 ppm PCIB was reversed to 55 
percent by the addition of 100 ppm IAA. 
The effect of gibberellic acid on the elonga- 
tion of the leaf proved to be much more 
sensitive to the anti-auxin (18). 

Under the artificial conditions of our ex- 
periments, we encounter the problem of 
having to differentiate between the pres- 
ence of a suppressor for an inhibitor and 
the absence of a promoter for an activator; 
under natural conditions, inhibitor and ac- 
tivator are often found together. The case 
of gibberellin (19) is only one among 
many examples for this kind of regulation 
in organisms. 

The premature application of the rule of 
Ockham’s razor can produce short-circuits 
in explanations that appear simple and di- 
rect yet are chemically wrong. Often, the 
cause is recognizable as an injudicious 
combination of positive and negative fac- 
tors. Thus the phototropism of plants is not 
a direct and positive response to light. K. 
Kogl has shown that it occurs because aux- 
in is decomposed by light into lumiauxon. 


JANUARY-MarcuH, 1969 


A plant inclines towards the light through 
the stretching action of the part in the 
shade, where the auxin content is not di- 
minished relative to that in the light (20). 


Differentiations in the Inhibition 
of Inhibitors and in the Promotion 
of Promoters 


Presence, absence, inhibitor, and pro- 
moter can be used like four universal ele- 
ments in their various combinations to 
explain biological reactions. Nevertheless, 
the right choice of elementary combination 
is sometimes very difficult to establish and 
to differentiate from other choices. The fol- 
lowing few examples are selected from the 
lecture by Jacques Monod, given when he 
received the Nobel Prize on December 11, 
1965 (21). His work was mainly con- 
cerned with mutants of Escherichia coli. 

Henri J. Vogel and B. D. Davis experi- 
mented with a mutant requiring the addi- 
tion of arginine or of N-acetylornithine. 
The enzyme acetylornithinase is formed by 
the bacteria when they are grown in the 
presence of the substrate acetylornithine, 
but not when, instead, arginine is present. 
The direct conclusion was that the sub- 
strate induced the synthesis of its enzyme. 
Monod pointed out that the facts “could 
just as well be explained as resulting from 
an inhibitory effect of arginine as from the 
inductive effect of acetylornithine.” Once 
the alternative was formulated, it led to 
new experimental arrangements, and they 
proved it correct. 

In their own research, Francois Jacob 
and Jacques Monod tested the synthesis of 
tryptophan by E. coli. “The formation of 
the sequence of events responsible for the 
synthesis of trytophan by wild E. coli can 
be repressed by tryptophan. Non-repressi- 
ble mutants have been isolated, where the 
repressive effect of tryptophan is abolished 
for the enzymes of the sequence all at 
once. Therefore, these mutants have a ‘reg- 
ulation’ gene distinct from those genes that 
determine the capacity to synthesize each 
individual enzyme. The repressible allele 
R+, of the regulatory gene is dominant 


43 


over the non-repressible allele RT, . Its 
role seems to be to provoke the synthesis, 
in the presence of tryptophan, of a repres- 
sor that inhibits the synthesis of each en- 
zyme belonging to the sequence” (22). 
Thus, the addition of tryptophan prevents 
its own synthesis by the bacteria in those 
mutants, in which tryptophan activates the 
synthesis of an inhibitor against the en- 
zymes the organism would need for the 
synthesis of tryptophan. 


This experience led Monod to the gen- 
eral conclusion: “Why not suppose . . that 
induction could be effected by an antire- 
pressor rather than by repression by an 
anti-inducer?” In the progress of this re- 
search, things became so complex that it 
was necessary to introduce an “operator” 
system in the organism for explanation. 

One last example may show that “sim- 
ple” explanations are to be mistrusted in 
biological reactions. This example refers to 
the stomata of plant leaves. “In the light, 
high concentrations of CO, cause stomata 
to close, and low concentrations cause them 
to open.” The simple explanation would be, 
that the effect is due to the removal of CO, 
by photosynthesis. More intimate study, 
however, justified the hypothesis that the 
cause should be sought in “essential prod- 
ucts of photosynthesis rather than in the 
depletion of CO, near the guard. cells.” 
When the concentration of the CQ, is very 
high, less of this essential product is pro- 
duced and, therefore, the stomata close 
(23). The presence of the opening reac- 
tion had been thought to follow directly 
from the absence of CO.; now it seemed 
more reasonable to suppose that the stoma- 
ta close when a substance responsible for 
the opening is absent, or rather, is not 
present in sufficient amount or concentra- 
tion. 

All these examples point toward the need 
for introducing quantities as factors to the 
basic four “universal” components. 


Sources and Solutions of Chemical 
Ambiguities 


Ambiguities are painful and so plentiful 
that they cannot be avoided; they invite 
diligent work, which converts them from 
problem to progress. 

This occurs on many fronts. A recent 
Supreme Court decision in a patent matter 
starts with the statement: “. . . One may 
patent only that which is ‘useful’” and 
continues: “As is often the case, however, 
a simple, everyday word can be pregnant 
with ambiguity when applied to the facts 
of life’ (24). The same is true for many 
another “simple word” used for character- 
izing patentable invention or its opposite, 
such as novel, equivalent, or obvious. 
Clear-cut strength is here combined with 
the insidious weakness of ambiguity (25). 

The source of such ambiguity is our ef- 
fort to conquer reality by dividing it, and 
to do it in the simplest manner by postulat- 
ing only two polar opposites. We feel that 
this is a creative effort, and it provides 
much satisfaction and profit. In specifying 
what these opposites are, we follow at first 
along the lines of old thoughts. Activator 
and inhibitor, promoter and preventer are 
not quite as “everyday” words as useful 
and useless or new and obvious, but they 
contain much that has become familiar 
from the old concept of the chemical prin- 
ciples. For them, as for their descendants, 
the solution of the ambiguity was reached 
through the experimental test for presence 
or absence, the isolation of the “principle” 
as a reproducible substance, and the speci- 
fication of the effect that characterizes the 
agent. We started by constructing the op- 
posites as representing our own strong 
feelings, “in analogy to the notion we have 
of the soul,” to use an expression of Leib- 
niz; then we investigate the relationships 
they have to each other in their systems of 
substances and organisms. Instead of abso- 
lute opposition, we there find cooperation, 
and the either-or that seemed so attractive 
when we discovered it yields to a delicate 
balance that is much more intriguing for 
thought and experiment. 


44, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


(1) E. Farber, Copernicanische Umkehrungen 
in der Geschichte der Chemie. Osiris 5, 479-98 
(1938). 

(2) V. Meyer, Ber. dtsch, chem. Ges. 16, 1465 
(1883) . 

(3) Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay. Ar- 
gon, a new constituent of the atmosphere. Proc. 
Roy. Soc. 57, 265-87 (1895). 

(4) Immanuel Kant. Versuch, den Begriff der 
negativen Grdéssen in die Weltweischeit einzufiihr- 
en. Konigsberg, 1763; in the edition by Karl Vor- 
lander, Philosophische Bibliothek, Vol. 46a 
(Leipzig, 1921), p. 75. 

(5) Eduard Farber. Variants of preformation 
theories in the history of chemistry. Isis 54, 443- 
60 (1963). 

(6) Rene Dugas. Mechanics in the 17th centu- 
ry. Neuchatel, editions du Griffon, 1958, pp. 206, 
Zit, and 222. 

(7) Michael Faraday. XX: Experimental re- 
searches in electricity. Eighth Series. Phil. Trans. 
124, 425-70 (1834). 

(8) Walther Nernst. Theoretische Chemie, 
Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1893, pp. 131, 383, 
568. 

(9) Henri LeChatelier. J. de Physique 23, 289, 
352 (1894). 

(10) Prosper Colment. L’énergetique de Henri 
le Chatelier et celle de J. N. Brgnsted. Acta 
Chemica Scandinavica 3, 1220-37 (1949). 

(11) J. N. Brgnsted. The fundamental princi- 
ples of energetics. Phil. Mag. (7) 29, 449-70 
(1940). 

(12) A. Czerny and A. Keller. Des Kimdes Er- 
nahrung, Ernahrungsstoérungen und Ern&ahrungs- 
therapie. Leipzig, Deuticke, 1906. 

(13) G. Grijns. Researches on _ vitamins 
1900-1911 and his thesis on the physiology of the 
nervus opticus. Translated and re-edited by a 
Committee of Honour on Occasion of his 70th 
Birthday, Gorinchem, J. Noordyn en Zoon, 1935, 
pp. 35-7. 


JANUARY-MarcH, 1969 


(14) F. G. Hopkins. The earlier history of vi- 
tamin research. Nobel Prize Lecture (Medicine 
and Physiology), 1929, p. 61. 

(15) Cicely D. Williams. Lancet 229, vol. 2, 
1151-2 (1935). See also J. C. Waterlow, J. Cravi- 
oto, and Joan M. Stephen. Protein malnutrition 
in man. Jn Adv. in Protein Chemistry 15, 131-238, 
New York, Academic Press, 1960. 

(16) K. V. Thimann, M. Tomaszewski, W. 
L. Porter, Masaki Furuya, Arthur W. Galston, 
and Brice B. Stowe. Isolation from peas of cofac- 
tors and inhibitors of indole-3-acetic acid oxidase. 
Nature 193, 456-7 (1962). 

(17) Masaki Furuya and Arthur W. Galston. 
Effect of in vitro preincubation with cofactors on 
the activity of indoleacetic acid oxidase in peas, 
Physiologia Plantarum 14, 750-66 (1961). 

(18) Robert Cleland. The role of endogenous 
auxin in the elongation of Avena leaf sections. 
Ibid. 17, 126-35 (1964). 

(19) Mary R. Corcoran, Charles A. West, and 
Bernhard O. Phinney. Natural inhibitors of gib- 
berellin-induced growth. In Gibberellins, Adv. in 
Chem. Series No. 28, 1961. pp. 152-8. 

(20) K. Kogl. Chemische, physikalische, und 
pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen iiber Lu- 
miauxon. Naturwiss. 30, 392 (1942). 

(21) Jacques Monod. From enzymatic adapta- 
tion to allosteric transition. Science 154, 475-83 
(1966) . 

(22) Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod. 
Génes de structure et génes de régulation dans la 
biosynthése des protéines. Compt. rend. 249, 
1282-4 (1959). 

(23) Paul E. Waggoner and Israel Zelitch. 
Transpiration and the stomata of leaves. Science 
150, 1413-20, esp. 1414 (1965). 

(24) Official Gazette of the United States Pat- 
ent Office 833 (Dec. 27, 1966), p. 1349. 

(25) Eduard Farber. Patentability and the am- 
biguities of its principles. The Chemist (New 
York) 44 (6), 191-6 (1967). 


45 


Objective Diagnosis of Human Death 


Joseph W. Still, M.D. 


11401 East Valley Blvud., El Monte, Calif. 


The successful transplanting of human 
hearts has raised profound ethical and 
medical-legal questions. Probably the key 
questions are: When does human death oc- 
cur? How can it be diagnosed objectively ? 

Death has until recently been assumed to 
be an instantaneous event. The idea in its 
simplest form was expressed in the biblical 
notion that the “breath of life” entered the 
inert body of Adam to make him alive. 
Death has been assumed to be due to the 
exit of the “breath of life.” 

Until recently medicine has in effect ac- 


cepted these ideas. Its only refinement is: 


that knowledge of the importance of the 
circulatory system has led physicians to 
add the cessation of heart action to the ces- 
sation of breathing as criteria for deter- 
mining the instant of death. 

In an attempt to shed light on the 
foregoing questions, I shall first show that 
human beings in fact enjoy three separate 
kinds of life and so undergo three separate 


deaths. 


Anatomical and Physicochemical 
Distinctions Between the Three 
Levels of Life and Death 


Several years ago I had ‘occasion to 
point out a mechanism whereby organis- 
mal aging and aging death could occur 
without having any vital cells of the orga- 
nism die. In doing this a sharp distinction 
was made between reversible organismal 
(or physiological) death and irreversible 
death due to chemical disorganization of 
the cells of the vegetative brain. Surpris- 
ingly, at that time I could find no scientific 
definitions of death anywhere. 

Subsequently it has become apparent to 
me that a third level of irreversible death 


—death of the cerebral cortex or psychic 
death—also can be sharply distinguished 
from vegetative death. Naturally, the three 
levels of death must each be the result of 
terminating the three related levels of life. 
But since it is easier to distinguish these 
levels of life by defining their absence— 
that is, identifying the three levels of death 
—we shall do this first by means of a sim- 


ple chart (Table 1). 


Organismal death is characterized by the 
fact that—due to electric shock, drowning, 
anesthesia, or certain other conditions—the 
heart and lungs stop functioning, and the 
individual loses consciousness; and unless 
promptly resuscitated he will in a matter of 
minutes be irreversibly and permanenily 
dead. But if resuscitated within five min- 
utes such an individual can be fully 
revived without suffering any permanent 
physical damage. In that case death has 
been completely reversible. Obviously none 
of the brain cells were damaged by the 
brief period of anoxia. As is well estab- 
lished, such organismal death is due to a 
disruption of the nervous communications 
between the cells of the vegetative brain 
and the heart, and between the cells of the 
vegetative brain and those of the dia- 
phragm and other muscles involved in 
breathing. In other words, it is inter ceilu- 
lar—a physiological and not a cellular 
event. Consequently no intra cellular dam- 
age is involved. Therefore such people re- 
cover completely without permanent phys- 
ical damage of any kind. 

Psychic death. If resuscitation is delayed 
longer than 5 minutes, so that anoxia lasts 
from 5 to 8 minutes, it then is possible in 
some cases to restore the individual to a 
limited form of organismal life—a form in 


46 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Table 1. The Time Intervals Separating the Different Levels of Death * 


Organismal Death : 


Psychic Death 


Vegetative Death 


8 minutes of brain anoxia 


* It needs to be acknowledged that the figures of 5 and 8 minutes are not quite as absolute as they 
are used here. These are average figures based on clinical experiences which are not always accurately 
timed. Young people and people who are chilled withstand longer periods of anoxia of their brains 
than older people or people whose body temperature is normal. 


which the individual remains in a state of 
permanent coma. What has happened, in 
such cases, of course, is that the cells of 
the cerebral cortex have been destroyed by 
the prolonged anoxia, thus ending all pos- 
sibility of psychic life for that individual. 
Obviously, since organismal life has been 
restored to all parts of the body except the 
cortex, it is clear that the cells of the vege- 
tative brain had not been seriously dam- 
aged by the few minutes of anoxia. 

Vegetative death. If anoxia persists 
beyond 8 minutes, then the cells of the veg- 
etative brain also die. Naturally when that 
occurs, not even the purely vegetative form 
of organismal life is possible. 


This brief recapitulation makes it appar- 
ent that there are three clearly and objec- 
tively distinguishable forms of death— 
organismal death due to physiological 
disorganization, and two other forms of 
death that are due to chemical disorgan- 
ization of brain cells. But the two latter 
types of cellular disorganization involve 
entirely different parts of the brain and oc- 
cur at different points in time. To prove 
that these are different kinds of death and 
not mere stages of a single death process, 
it is only necessary to point out that people 
who recover from organismal death often 
live on for years before their final irrever- 
sible death occurs. Also, in cases of pro- 
longed coma, vegetative death is delayed 
for months or even years after psychic 
death has occurred. These facts make it ev- 
ident that although these three forms, or 


January-Marcu, 1969 


levels, of death usually occur in rapid se- 
quence, they nevertheless are clearly distin- 
guishable entities which can be objectively 
distinguished from each other. 

It should be said at this point that in 
many cases the cells of the heart, kidneys, 
and liver survive for some time after all 
three forms of death have occurred. If this 
were not the case it would be impossible to 
salvage organs from cadavers. 

Let us now turn our attention to the 
three corresponding levels of life. The first 
question that naturally arises is this: Do 
the different levels of life begin at different 
times in embryological and foetal develop- 
ment? 

It is not necessary to delve very deeply 
into embryology to become convinced that 
the three levels of life do in fact begin at 
different times. 

As every student of embryology knows, 
an unfertilized ege has only half the total 
chromosomes normally found in the cells 
of the species. Fertilization restores the to- 
tal number of chromosomes normal for the 
species. After fertilization occurs the cell 
begins to grow and soon multiplies to form 
2...4...8... 16, etc., cells. Eventually, 
in an adult human being the total number 
of cells finally reaches an estimated total of 
from 30 to 50 trillion cells. 

There is good evidence that until the 
16-cell stage is reached, each of the earlier 
cells has the full potentialities of the origi- 
nal fertilized egg. This is based on the fact 
that quintuplets are supposedly the result 


47 


of the cells at the eight-cell stage becoming 
separated to form 5, 6, 7, or 8 embryos. 
But a uterus apparently is only large 
enough to accommodate no more than five, 
so the others almost always die. 


Since undifferentiated cells are an indi- 
cation that no form of specialization or 
cellular cooperation has yet begun, it there- 
fore follows that organismal life has not 
yet begun. By definition, organismal life 
implies intercellular cooperation. Though 
the matter can undoubtedly stand more in- 
vestigation, it appears that cellular differ- 
entiation and specialization begins with the 
16-cell stage in the development of the 
blastula. Certainly it does not occur earlier 
than the 16-cell stage, but by the time the 
blastula is ready to be transformed into the 
gastrula form, differentiation and intercel- 
lular cooperation have gone a long way 
and primitive intercellular endocrine con- 


trols and cell cooperation are present. 


Clearly, a primitive form of organismal life 
has certainly begun by that time. But at 
the gastrula stage there still is no activity 
that suggests functions of the kind we ordi- 
narily associate with psychic or vegetative 
life. Heart and vessels, lungs and nervous 
system have not yet reached a stage where 
they exhibit the kinds of activity which we 
normally associate with those organs. 


The best evidence we have regarding the 
time when vegetative (and possibly psy- 
chic) life begins is the fact that EEG and 
ECG waves have been obtained from 43- to 
45-day embryos but not from younger 
ones. At the 43-45 day stage the heart be- 
gins to beat rhythmically and the brain be- 
gins to produce EEG waves. We may 
conclude, therefore, that vegetative life be- 
gins at or about age 43 to 45 days. But 
what about psychic life? 


Defining the exact time when psychic 
life begins seems more difficult. In fact, the 
exact anatomical boundaries which sepa- 
rate the vegetative from the cortical parts 
of the brain are not entirely clear. Defining 
the beginning of psychic life requires us to 
answer the still more difficult questions: 
When does the cortex begin to store bits 


of information? When does it begin to 
function—to transform sensations into 
perceptions? When does it begin to create 
thoughts? There is considerable evidence 
that the storage of recallable experiences 
begins before birth. And the ability to 
think and reason is displayed in quite 
young babies. On the other hand, self-con- 
sciousness, which appears to be the begin- 
ning of true human consciousness, does not 
occur until a child is several years old. 


Discussion 


This brief outline of the evidence for 
three different kinds of life and death 
seems to demonstrate both their reality 
and the importance of recognizing these 
levels in order to answer the questions pro- 
posed at the beginning. 

At this point it is necessary to draw 
attention to the world “human” in the title. 
It is clear that all forms of multicellular 
animals possess both organismal and vege- 
tative life. And many sub-human species 
also exhibit animal forms of psychic life. 

But no animal‘has ever created a sym- 
phony, or invented a language, or devel- 
oped a scientific. theory. Clearly, the 
psychic life of man enables him to perform 
feats of imagination and creativity that are 
in a different category from any activity 
that the most intelligent animals can per- 
form. These feats of imagination and crea- 
tivity are the product of cortical (psychic) 
activity of the human brain. In ways which 
are not yet well understood, man is able to 
rearrange his stored memories to create 
new ideas. If we accept, therefore, the idea 
that the part of a man which truly distin- 
guishes him from animals is his cerebral 
cortex, then clearly human death must be 
related to the death of the cortex—psychic 
death. 

Since psychic death can occur before the 
other kinds of death occur, and also before 
death occurs in the cells of various organs 
such as those of kidneys, livers, or hearts, 
it can be said that human death and psych- 
ic death are identical. 

Though the technique can no doubt 


48 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


stand further refinement, it seems clear 
that the encephalogram is the tool which 
will enable us to decide when irreversible 
psychic death has occurred—even when 
vegetative and organismal life continue. 


T-THOUGHTS 


Chinese Baseball 


Now that the World Series is in the air, 
I am reminded of some sporting advice on 
acquiring managerial finesse in Washing- 
ton. To quote my old Master: 

“So you're going to Washington, eh?” 

“Yes, Sir,” I replied. 

“Well, son,” he warned, “‘you’d better be 
good at Chinese baseball—that’s for sure!” 

After I inquired about the nature of the 
game, he explained: 

“Chinese baseball is played almost exact- 
ly like American baseball—same number of 
players, same balls, same bats, same 
scoring, and so on. The batter stands in the 
batter’s box as usual, and the pitcher winds 
up as usual. However, there is one impor- 
tant difference. After the ball leaves the 
pitcher’s hand, and as long as it is in the 


air, anyone can move any of the bases any- 
where!” 


Direction of Basic Research 


The following is the comment of one No- 
bel laureate (Mme. Joliot-Curie) about 
another: 

“You cannot direct research. Research 
must direct you. If my mother had been di- 
rected in her researches she would have 
found small things. She never would have 
discovered radium.” 


Surface Phenomenon 


There seems to be a tendency to solve 
management difficulties by interposing an- 
other echelon. 

Perhaps “Judge” Kindelberger of North 
American Aviation preached a cogent les- 
son when he appeared before the Senate 
Preparedness Committee a couple of years 


January-Marcu, 1969 


ago. He said that the state of one of our 
larger Government agencies reminded him 
“of a skein of yarn with which the cat had 
been playing for years—it is badly snarled 
and loose ends stick out all over. .. . It 
cannot be disentangled by wrapping more 
yarn on the outside. It is a vast, intricate 
thing and I do not think you can wind an- 
other committee or another czar or another 
group on the outside of a tangle and 
straighten out the tangle.” 


Research Philosophy 


Here’s a bit of philosophy taken off the 
wall of Dr. C. S. Draper at Fort Eustis: 

“Research is a gamble. It cannot be con- 
ducted according to the rules of efficiency 
engineering. Research must be lavish of 
ideas, money, and time. The best advice is, 
Don’t quit easily. Don’t trust anyone’s 
judgment but your own; especially, don’t 
take advice from any commercial person or 
financial expert. 

“And finally, if you really don’t know 
what to do, match for it. The best man to 
decide what research work shall be done is 
the man who is doing the research. The 
next best man is the head of the depart- 
ment. After that you leave the field of best 
persons and meet increasingly worse 
groups. The first of these is the research 
director, who probably is wrong more than 
half the time. Then comes a committee 
which is wrong most of the time. Finally 
there is the committee of company vice 
presidents which is wrong all of the time.” 


Able, Willing, and Necessary 


In a previous T-Thought I forgot to clar- 
ify the definition of a committee. So here it 
is: 

Committee: The unable who have been 
asked by the unwilling to do the unneces- 
sary. 


—Ralph G. H. Siu 


Ww 


49 


Geological Society of Washington: 
Proceedings for 1968 


Meetings were held in the John Wesley 
Powell Auditorium, with President Ralph 
L. Miller presiding, except as otherwise 
noted. 


901st Meeting 


The 901st meeting was held on January 
10. A memorial to Waldemar Schaller was 
presented by Joseph Fahey. 


Program 


Francis Kohout: “Cyclic Flow of Saltwa- 
ter in a Coastal Aquifer-Filmed Experi- 
ment Using Time-lapse Photography on a 
Hydraulic Model.” Discussed by Miller 
and Guild. 

Isadore Adler: “Lunar Geochemistry— 
Analytical Problems and _ Solutions.” 
Discussed by Sato, Duke, Robertson, and 
Toulmin. 

Dallas Peck: “Formation of Columnar 
Joints in Kilauea Lava Lakes, Hawaii.” 


Discussed by Bell, Roedder, and Sato. 


902nd Meeting 


The 902nd meeting was held on January 
24. 

Informal Communications: Priestley 
Toulmin reviewed various features of the 
Society’s Group Hospitalization Insurance 
Program, then carried the audience aloft 
on a remarkable flight through a geochemi- 
cal aviary. E-An Zen reported on the possi- 
ble existence of Pennsylvanian rocks in the 


Bronx, New York. 


Program 


M. A. Lanphere, W. P. Irwin, and P. E. 
Hotz: “Geochronologic Studies in the Kla- 
math Mountains of California.” Discussed 


by Thayer. 


Harold Thomas: “Hydrology of Central 
Tunisia.” Discussed by Miller, Guild, and 
Nace. 

Nicholas Short: “The Anatomy of a Me- 
teorite Impact Crater: West Hawk Lake, 
Manitoba, Canada.” Discussed by Papike, 
Toulmin, Cargill, Kiilsgaard, and Chao. 


Special Meeting 


A special meeting, sponsored jointly by 
GSW and the Geology Department of 
George Washington University, was held in 
the GSA Auditorium on January 29, at 
10:00 a.m. and featured AAPG Distin- 
guished Lecturer Professor Donn S. Gors- 
line. Title of Professor Gorsline’s paper: 
“Sedimentary Processes and Their Role in 
the Formation of Future Source and Reser- 
voir Rocks.” 


903rd Meeting 


The 903rd meeting was held on Febru- 
ary 14. The President announced the 
deaths of Sidney Paige and David Gallagh- 


er. 


Program 


A “Symposium on the Structure of the 
Continental Margin of Eastern United 
States” featured Charles L. Drake, Isidore 
Zeitz, John C. Reed, Jr., and Martin F. 
Kane as panelists. An open discussion fol- 
lowed between panelists and Kaye, E-An 
Zen, Woodward, Fuller, Cox, and Demp- 


sey. 


904th Meeting 


The 904th meeting was held on Febru- 
ary 28. A memorial to A. Nelsen Sayre was 
presented by Lee McGuiness. 

Wilmot H. Bradley: “Remarks on the 
Occasion of GSW’s 75th Anniversary.” 


50 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Commented upon by Lee McGuiness. 

George H. Chase: “Aquifer Geometry 
and Geologic Structure at the National Re- 
actor Training Station, Idaho.” Discussed 
by Nace. 

Lincoln R. Page: “Plutonic Rocks of 
New England.” Discussed by Lanphere, 
Hadley, Cox, Toulmin, and Herz. 


905th Meeting 


The 905th meeting was held on March 
13. 


Program 


Patrick T. Taylor: “Interpretation of 
the Heat-flow Pattern of the Sumatra 
Trench.” Discussed by Gilbert. 

John Van N. Dorr II: “With Hammer 
and Camera Through African Manganese.” 
Discussed by Guild, Thayer, Roedder, 
Fleischer, and Cohee. 

Thomas P. Thayer: “Igneous Sediments 
from the Mantle.” Discussed by Herz, Rob- 
ertson, Roedder, Shaw, Brown, and Peck. 


906th Meeting 


The 906th meeting was held on March 
Zi. 


Program 


Gerhard W. Leo: “Geology and Geo- 
chronology of Western Liberia.” Discussed 
by Thayer, Anderson, Reeves, Kosanski, 
Guild, and Herz. 

Douglas W. Rankin: “Magmatic Activity 
and Orogeny in the Southern Blue Ridge.” 
Discussed by Zen, Herz, Cohee, Drake, 
Hart, and Guild. 

Philip W. Guild: “Metallotects of North 
America.” Discussed by Miller, McKelvey, 
Cox, Fleischer, Thayer, Weeks, Johnston, 
Reeves, and Roedder. 


907th Meeting 


The 907th meeting was held on April 10. 
The President announced that because of 
the citywide curfew the discussion periods 
would be eliminated. 


January-Marcu, 1969 


Program 


Robert L. Kovach: “Some Magnetic and 
Electrical Experiments on the San Andreas 
Fault.” 

R. R. Doell and G. B. Dalrymple: “Pa- 
leomagnetic Studies of the Valles Caldera 
and Their Contribution to Ocean Floor 
Spreading.” 


908th Meeting 


The 908th meeting was held on April 24, 
with Vice-President Charles S. Denny pres- 
iding. 

Informal Communications: John Huddle 
reported on the biologic species of Cono- 
donts; discussed by Whitmore and Peggy 
Appleman. Bruce Martin gave a brief com- 
mentary on the movie 2001. 


Program 


Cornelia:‘C. Cameron: “Relation of Com- 
merical Quality of Peat to Bedrock and 
Geologic Structure.” Discussed by Toul- 
min, Roedder, Sato, and Martin. 

Charles Milton: “New Carbonate 
Minerals from East Africa.” Discussed by 
Roedder, Hanshaw, Zen, Toulmin, Robert- 
son, Weeks, Jones, Sato and Barton. 

R. S. Fiske and W. T. Kinoshita: “De- 
formation Studies on Kilauea Volcano 
Prior to the Eruption of November 1967.” 
Discussed by Davis, Cox, Stewart, Barton, 
Toulmin, Roedder, Zen, and Robertson. 


909th Meeting 
The 909th meeting was held on May 8. 


Informal Communications: James Clark 
reported that the Department of Geology at 
Duke University was compiling a directory 
of geologic research underway in the 
Southeastern States. Blair Jones described 
what happens to trachyte when digested by 
hot alkaline waters. Johannesh Schroeder 
reported on variations in chemical compo- 
sition of echinoid skeletal parts. 


ol 


Program 


Lucien B. Platt: “Ordovician Gravity 
Sliding in Pennsylvania.” Discussed by 
Zen, Miller, and Clark. 

Raymond C. Douglas: “Morphologic 
Studies of Fusilinids from the Lower 
Permian of West Pakistan.’ Discussed by 
Kinney and Roedder. 

P. R. Vogt and E. D. Scheider: “Discon- 
tinuities in the History of Sea Floor 
Spreading.” Discussed by Robertson, 
Bisque, and Benson. 


910th Meeting 


The 910th meeting was held on May 22. 
Council-approved changes and additions to 
the Society’s Bylaws were passed by accla- 
mation. 


Program 


Jules D. Friedman: “Infrared Surveys of 
the Neovolcanic Median Zone of Iceland.” 
Discussed by Toulmin and Roedder. 

Harry E. LaGrande: “Classification of 
Hydrogeologic Settings—a Type.” Dis- 
cussed by Warren. 

Larry H. Heflin: “Undermining Wash- 
ington—Engineering Geology for the Tran- 
sit System.” Discussed by Reed, Withing- 
ton, and Toulmin. 


911th Meeting 


The 911th meeting was held on October 
9. 

Informal Communication: Ellis Yochel- 
sen presented a pictorial review of the be- 
ginning and tragic conclusion of the XXIII 
International Geologic Congress held in 
trouble-torn Prague, Czechoslovakia. 


Program 


Thomas G. Gibson: “Some Tectonic As- 
pects of the Coastal Plain and Shelf.” Dis- 
cussed by Miller. 

Camilla A. Scott: “Geologic Maps and 
the Three-color Printing Process.” Dis- 
cussed by Neuman. 


Norman Herz: “Anorthosites, Continen- 
tal Drift, and the Origin of the Earth-Moon 
System.” Discussed by Jackson, Bengtz, 


Hart, Lindsley, Shaw, Roedder, Lanphere, 
Stewart, and Klepper. 


912th Meeting 


The 912th meeting was held on Octeber 
23. A memorial to Carl H. Dane was pre- 
sented by George Cohee. 


Program 


Irving Breger, J. S. Chandler, and Peter 
Zubovic: “Infrared Study of Structural 
H.O in Heulandite and Clinoptilolite.” Dis- 
cussed by Zen, Appleman, Roedder, Dorr, 
and Sato. 

Peter F. Bermel: “Antarctic Mapping— 
Dog Teams to Satellites.” Discussed by 
Miller and Guild. 

Richard S. Fiske: “The 1967-68 Erup- 
tion of Kilauea Volcano—First Color Mo- 
tion Pictures.” Discussed by Roedder, 
Warren, Davis, and Cox. 


913th Meeting 


The 913th meeting was held on Novem- 
ber 13, with Vice-President Charles S. 
Denny presiding. The Vice President an- 


nounced the death of John P. Creel. 


Program 


Julian Feiss: “Utilization of Geothermal 
Power in Japan.” Discussed by Thayer, 
Hunt, Weeks, Kirkemo, and Peterson. 

Frank E. Senftle: “Use of Californium 
for Mineral Exploration by in situ Neutron 
Activation.” Discussed by Toulmin, Shel- 
don, Feiss, Cox, Warren, Miller, and Kin- 
ney. 

Gilbert Corwin: “Sea Floor Spreading: 
Review, Critique, and a Suggestion.” Dis- 
cussed by Robertson, Thayer, and Zen. 


Special Meeting 


A special meeting, sponsored jointly by 


GSW and the Geology Department of 


52 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


George Washington University, was held in 
the GSA Auditorium on November 21, at 
10:00 am., and featured AAPG Distin- 
guished Lecturer Professor John Prucha. 
Title of Professor Prucha’s paper: “Sedi- 
mentary Rock. Deformation Related to 
Structure in the Basement.” 


914th Meeting 


The 914th meeting was held on Decem- 
ber 11. 


Program 


Presidential address by Ralph L. Miller: 
“The Cumberland Overthrust Block, 1968.” 


76th Annual Meeting 


The 76th annual meeting was held 
immediately following the 914th regular 
meeting. The reports of the secretaries, 
treasurer, Auditing Committee, Finance 
Committee, and Public Service Committee 
were read and approved. The award for 
the best paper of the year went to Richard 
S. Fiske for his paper, “The 1967-68 Erup- 
tion of Kilauea Volcano—First Color Mo- 


JANUARY-MarcuH, 1969 


tion Pictures.” Douglas W. Rankin was 
awarded second prize. The Great Dane 
Award for the “best informal communica- 
tion’”’ was presented to William L. Newman 
in recognition of his minute taking. The 
Sleeping Bear Award was presented to 
President Ralph Miller. Officers for the 


Year 1969 were then elected as follows: 


Feresident x5 otis te» Montis R. Klepper 
First Vice-President Frank C. Whitmore, 
d hug 

Second Vice-President Francis R. Boyd, Jr. 
Secretary (two-year term) William D. 
Carter 

eAasuiner Mea. s os see «eo Wilna B. Wright 


Council (two-year term) Wendell Coch- 
rane 

Douglas W. Rankin 

James B. Rucker 


The Society named Ralph L. Miller as 
delegate to the Washington Academy of 
Sciences for the year 1969. Carryover 
officers are Secretary William L. Newman 
and Councilors William C. Prinz, Thomas 


W. Stern, and Jack W. Pierce. 


—William L. Newman, Secretary 


o3 


Academy Proceedings 


Annual Report of Treasurer for 1968 


Washington Academy of Sciences 


Statement of Income and Expenses 


Income 

Dues? dmeéembersitanad fellows) oaks SSeS Mace cies ws wie s ws chelates ea oe $ 9,682.19 
Journal 

Sins CriptiOmS: verse hla Aes eked s cue oo 2 terete Wel conte ere eee ee ee en eee $1,774.55 

Salle: Of “REP RLWES: 5.5 wasce sc sece o.'as cose ane cated lehiw otis oh «Sea MRR eI aenae ERE Oe te 479.64 2,254.19 
MTAVESUIMETAL MINCONIG coor oiese cies, coos Sine ee, URS eee os ee olla: ete Gu aoeaTare SR STONSIC EPS LATOR: aie ee 8,279.98 
@rants-in-aid’ (reimbursements’trom™ WAAS) (2... 80.0.5. ececes ese ehe ee eos eee 510.00 
Salecof: Monograph Noms: (Parber): >. a. deen tt... « SSS bok a Se eee 995.79 
Niseellame ous yey oh Fo 27s he bs eee ends See Re SW Ge le © accion roraain ye Sear 39.08 

Motal IMCOME \. s:s.sie%s lo sei © og Ss ek ea wale owe Ie eR ae Pe ae es, Se ee eee $21,361.19 

Expenses 

Journal (printing) mailines reprints, fete.) Haas. oaccas-s - - seebia seem. 6s «ten eee $ 6,407.66 
Headquarters office 

Rent «(April through December) —.. .d.c..c sts 4 eens sok Se chee ayonl sis Bee $2,045.73 

ROTI eCPM PA EF Be ioe ACG RAN sR Ee RN Raat. llc RR tions, AIR Wend bi a 4,455.40 

Supplies, materials, and services ............. ad ten ode atas Rke thks 2,087.79 

RIGA, taxes tileak tea 37. Ses Soe hl ESP See or eel etal Seen eek, aoe oe 196.08 

Personneli benents 4. sciegthiekicige «6 oo a Kavos Bouillet) Sesh ee eee 99.72 

Movesto new headquarters \)5 o.c0c.c% «teas ogee niet meio «sicko een ene : 384.52 9,760.24 
Meetings 

IAT TANG OMEMES) 5.5 se acoud gio is ete ti Soopendiage vata ewe A Soa Pa eed Mey ae 2,951.52 

PLOPTAM: Vb See ta ee. intakes Ame eye ae eT yaa cclleccli as Suave ee teh he ae nae re 0.00 2,951.52 
Grants-in-aid (reimbursable by AAAS).-. 05.40.25. < 0000s cers socmence seers ene eee 310.00 
Ammm@al \AWaATds> o's abcde mas eds Ses ay eet vata aie geek a 1G eb See ae ie reas, Se eg ew 32.32 
Encouragement of Science Talent Committee ............ ccc cece eee e eect eee eeeees 426.73 
Gifts and? contributions: 29 s.<...ch6q 5 s oece.ols eine adic san Seis oto A ce et ee eee 350.40 
Miscellaneous Ps Pee ot i es tate oi hee e-caule pe eaete tpn OST phate see Ee Cee 66.93 

Potal, Expenses ~ jas 0 b¢d-are ois est opete ssthere weve s OR RRIE Ta 1G solange Se eeeeolaie ile eeeeeaae $20,305.80 


Capital Assets and Cash 
The capital assets are in mutual funds whose total market value on December 31, 1968 was 
$95,337.85. Of this total $1,339.45 is in shares received as capital gains during 1968. The total 
market value on December 31, 1967 was $93,972.80. 
The checking account balance on December 31, 1968 was $7,596.35. 


Washington Junior Academy of Sciences 


Checking Account Savings Account 
Balance, 12/31) Gi ae eee $3,279.93 Balance 12/30/67 «22... sense cee aoe $156.99 
Receipts, \ :o.dcnt neo Re Nee 3,963.11 Balance 12/31/6087 2.» st oss eee $2,164.97 
Rotalis nates coe eee $7,243.04 
Disbursements. #aaeesne comets 5,394.72 
Balance’ 12/31/68 ‘20.2. eee $1,888.32 


—Richard K. Cook, Treasurer 


54. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Annual Report of 


A detailed record of the affairs of the 
Academy is published under “Academy 
Proceedings” in the regular issues of the 
Journal. The September directory issue 
lists the Academy’s officers and the chair- 
men of standing and special committees. 
Also listed are the officers of the Wash- 
ington Junior Academy of Sciences and 
the officers of affiliated societies. 

Membership. During the calendar year 
1968 the Academy elected 37 fellows, 7 of 
whom were transfers from member to fel- 
low. Fourteen new members were elected. 

On December 31, 1968, the total mem- 
bership of the Academy numbered 1,260. 
Of these, 821 were resident fellows, 144 
were nonresident fellows, 115 were resident 
members, 19 were nonresident members, 
and 161 were emeriti. 

The following deaths were reported to 
the Academy in 1968: 

Samuel N. Alexander 

Charles Armstrong 

Hugo Bauer 

Henry Bearce 

John M. Boutwell 

L. D. Christenson 

Doris M. Cochran 

Carle H. Dane 

G. Gamow 

Robert R. Henley 

Thomas R. Henry 

Harry J. Keegan 

Walter D. Lambert 

Jacob M. Lutz 

F. Matossi 

Meetings. At the annual awards dinner 
held on January 25, 1968, the 508th meet- 
ing of the Academy, Henry van Zile Hyde 
spoke on “The Doctor in the World,” and 
six area scientists received Academy 
awards. 

The 509th meeting on February 15 was 
a joint meeting with the Instrument Socie- 
ty of America, at which Vincent Marchesi 
presented an address, “The Electron Micro- 
scope as.a Tool for the Extension of 
Knowledge.” 


JANUARY-MarcuH, 1969 


Secretary for 1968 


On March 21, at the 510th meeting, the 
Academy heard an address, “Instrumenta- 
tion for Oceanography,” by Anthony 
Goodhart. At the 511th meeting on April 
18, Fred Hurley presented a report on 
“High Speed Ground Transportation Re- 
search.” 

In accordance with Bylaws changes ap- 
proved in the mail balloting of December 
1967, the annual meeting of the Academy 
was held on May 17 and featured an ad- 
dress by the retiring president, Heinz 
Specht, on “International Cooperation in 
Research.” 

The 513th meeting was held on Satur- 
day, October 19, as a joint meeting with 
the Washington Junior Academy of Sci- 
ences. The speaker was David Johnson, 
chairman of the Science Fair Committee of 
the Joint Board on Science Education. 

On November 21, at the 514th meeting, 
members of ‘the Academy saw a William 
Harvey film on the circulation of the blood 
which reconstructed many of the dissec- 
tions and observations which William Har- 
vey used to demonstrate blood circulation. 

No meetings were held in December 
1968 or January 1969. 

Junior Academy. Under the direction of 
Father F. J. Heyden and his colleagues on 
the Committee on Encouragement of Sci- 
ence Talent, the Washington Junior Acade- 
my of Sciences continues to be one of the 
most active in the country. Each year the 
Junior Academy sponsors a number of 
trips to museums in the New York and 
Philadelphia areas, in which hundreds of 
Washington area high school students par- 
ticipate. The annual Christmas convention 
draws an excellent attendence from stu- 
dents in Washington and suburban high 
school systems. This year the Junior Acad- 
emy offered a $100 scholarship for the best 
high school research paper. 

Office Operations. On April 15 the Acad- 
emy acquired new office space on the 
grounds of the Federation of American 
Societies for Experimental Biology. These 


39 


new quarters, and the employment of a full 
time staff assistant, will enable the Acade- 
my to offer certain office services at cost to 
interested affiliated organizations. 

Grants-In-Aid. Two grants of $50 and 
$110 were made to high school students to 
provide equipment and supplies for indi- 
vidual research projects. 

Journal. The Journal of the Washington 
Academy of Sciences was published as 
Volume 58 in nine issues totaling 228 
pages. The directory issue, appearing in 
September, provided classifications of 
Academy members by place of employment 
and affiliation with scientific organizations, 
in addition to an alphabetical listing. 


ELECTION RESULTS 
ANNOUNCED 


Returns from the annual end-of-year 
mail balloting for officers and Bylaws revi- 
sions were tallied on February 12 by a 
Committee of Tellers consisting of Harry 
A. Fowells, Joseph R. Spies, and Samuel B. 
Detwiler, Jr. 

Alphonse F. Forziati of the Federal Wa- 
ter Pollution Control Administration was 
named president-elect; Mary L. Robbins of 
George Washington University was elected 
secretary, replacing Richard P. Farrow; 
and Richard K. Cook of ESSA was re- 
elected treasurer. The candidates were 
unopposed. 

In a contest for two manager-at-large po- 
sitions, Richard P. Farrow and Robert B. 
Fox defeated John C. Honig and Zaka I. 
Slawsky. They will serve three-year terms 
beginning in May 1969. 

The new officers will be installed at the 
close of the May meeting, together with 
George W. Irving, Jr., the current presi- 
dent-elect, who will automatically assume 
the presidency. 

In concurrent balloting, the membership 
approved affiliation by the Washington 
Section of the American Institute of Min- 
ing, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engi- 
neers, which thus becomes the Academy’s 
36th active affiliate. 


Also approved was a change in Article 
II, Section 10 of the Bylaws, whereby the 
first sentence now reads: “Members or fel- 
lows in good standing who are no longer 
engaged in regular gainful employment 
may be placed in emeritus status.” This 
change eliminates the previous age require- 
ment applying to emeritus membership 
status. 

In the current election, 461 ballots were 
returned, as compared with 421 ballots a 
year previously. 


ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP 


The following persons were elected to 
fellowship in the Academy at the Board of 
Managers meeting on February 13: 

RONALD E. DEHL, chemist, National 
Bureau of Standards, “in recognition of 
his important contributions to polymer 
physics and particularly to his studies on 
application of nuclear magnetic resonance 
to organic fibers.” (Sponsors: Jacob Ma- 
zur, A. B. Bestul. ) 

RONALD K. EBY, acting chief, Poly- 
mers Division, National Bureau of Stand- 
ards, “in recognition of his contributions 
to the physics of polymers, particularly his 
research dealing with acoustics and the na- 
ture of polymer crystals.” (Sponsors: L. A. 
Wood, A. B. Bestul.) 

JOSEPH H. FLYNN, chemist, National 
Bureau of Standards, “in recognition of 
his contributions to chemical kinetics, espe- 
cially its non-isothermal aspects; and more 
particularly his incisive applications of 
thermogravimetric analysis to investiga- 
tions of the thermal degradation of 
polymers and of other chemical problems.” 
(Sponsors: A. B. Bestul, L. A. Wood.) 

EMANUEL HOROWITZ, assistant to 
the director, Institute for Materials Re- 
search, National Bureau of Standards, “in 
recognition of his contributions to polymer 
chemistry, and in particular his researches 
on coordination compounds.” (Sponsors: 
T. W. Lashof, S. B. Newman, John Man- 
del. ) 

FRANK L. McCRACKIN, polymer phy- 


sicist, National Bureau of Standards, “in 


56 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


recognition of his accomplishments as a 
high polymer physicist, in particular for 
his contributions to the theory and applica- 
tion of ellipsometry, and for his theoretical 
studies of the conformations of polymer 
molecules.” 

ROBERT R. STROMBERG, chief, Poly- 
mer Interfaces Section, National Bureau of 
Standards, “in recognition of his contribu- 
tions to polymer chemistry, and in 
particular his researches on the absorption 
of polymer molecules onto surfaces.” 
(Sponsors: J. C. Smith, A. B. Bestul.) 

PETER H. VERDIER, physical chemist, 
National Bureau of Standards, “in recogni- 
tion of his contributions to chemical phys- 
ics, and in particular his researches in 
molecular structure and dynamics.” (Spon- 
sors: L. A. Wood, A. B. Bestul.) 

HERMAN L. WAGNER, chemist, Na- 
tional Bureau of Standards, “in recogni- 
tion of his contributions to the fields of 
polymer physics and chemistry and in 
particular his research on high temperature 
creep of fibers and plastics, dilute solution 
properties of polymers, and developmental 
work on glass-filled polyacetals.” (Spon- 
sors: J. M. Cassel, Jacob Mazur.) 


REPORT OF COMMITTEE 
ON SCIENCE FAIRS 


(At the November Board meeting, an ad 
hoc committee was appointed to consider 
the question of Academy support of science 
fairs, particularly the International Science 
Fair to be held in Washington in 1970. 
The following report was submitted at the 
December Board meeting.) 

Members of the special committee for 
recommendations on science fairs consisted 
of Grover C. Sherlin, Peter H. Heinze, 
Morris C. Leikind, and Francis J. Heyden, 
S. J. (chairman). At a meeting at George- 
town University on December 16, the com- 
mittee reviewed statements submitted by 
Howard L. Weisbrod, Richard Grossman, 
Howard B. Owens, and Mrs. Phoebe H. 
Knipling. (Their statements are attached to 
the committee report, but not reproduced 


here. ) 


JANUARY-Marcu,. 1969 


The committee also considered the fol- 
lowing material submitted by Mr. Sherlin: 
(1) a statement, “Objectives of Science 
Projects,” from the 1968-69 blue book of 
the Joint Board on Science Education; (2) 
the international science fair rules of the 
International Science Youth Program; and 
(3) a copy of the National Science Teach- 
ers Association’s position on “Critical Is- 
sues Confronting the Science Teaching 
Profession.” 

The committee agreed on the following 
points: 

(1) There must be guidelines for sci- 
ence fairs which should be followed care- 
fully; among these there should be empha- 
sis on the student’s effort without undue 
reliance on the assistance of parents, teach- 
ers, or professional scientists. Guidance 
should take the form of advice concerning 
the value of the project, references for 
background reading, sources of experimen- 
tal materials, and perhaps a place in which 
to work. Dr. Leikind suggested that there 
is room in science fair exhibits for a cate- 
gory on the history of science. 

(2) In_~ dealing with professional 
sciences, the student may have the advan- 
tage of a laboratory or an observatory in 
which to acquire observational material, 
but he should do this with his own efforts 
and not ask for data that has been ob- 
tained by someone else, unless he intends 
to develop his project as a further study of 
that data. 

(3) The science fair has the decided ad- 
vantage of “getting the student started” 
and the committee feels that in most in- 
stances this start brings the student up to 
the level where the program on summer ex- 
perience in laboratories, papers for the 
Westinghouse Science Talent Search, the 
Junior Science and Humanities Symposia, 
and other competitive meetings from which 
students can obtain scholarships or awards, 
are logical consequences. While not all stu- 
dents who submit projects to science fairs 
turn out to be scientists, all of the commit- 
tee members can name several successful 
scientists of today who started with simple 


o7 


exhibits in science fairs. Some of these 
people will admit that they had their scien- 
tific interest aroused in the process. 

(4) A further approbation, tacit though 
it may seem, is the number of scientists 
who give up their time, year after year, to 
serve as judges of area science fairs, not 
only in the Washington area but in all 
parts of the country. These men have been 
doing this for ten or perhaps twenty years. 
Assuredly they would not continue to serve 
in this task if they felt that the science fair 
is a waste of time and not a worthwhile 
contribution to the future scientific man- 
power of the country. 

(5) In the matter of international 
science fairs, it is felt that students who 
have been chosen to exhibit their projects 
are never ones who are inarticulate con- 
cerning the work they have done and that 
the chance to meet students from other 


countries at their age is not offered prema- 


turely. 

(6) The committee recommends that the 
Academy’s Board of Managers approve the 
work of the science fairs despite past criti- 
cisms, and, if possible, find some way to 
help finance the 1970 International Science 
Fair that will take place in Washington. It 
further recommends that the Washington 
Academy ask its members, at the time of 
this International Fair, to attend a special 
session or reception at which they could 
show a personal interest in the young stu- 
dent scientists, especially those from for- 
eign countries. 

Francis J. HEYDEN, S. J. 
Committee Chairman 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES 


November 


The Board of Managers held its 597th 
meeting on November 21, 1968 at the 
Cosmos Club, with President Henderson 
presiding. 

The minutes of the 596th meeting were 
approved as previously distributed. 

Announcements. Dr. Henderson reported 


that he had written to Marshall W. Niren- 
berg of NIH, on behalf of the Academy, to 
congratulate him on his recent receipt of 
the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medi- 
cine (see November Journal, page 189). 

Secretary. Mr. Farrow reported that he 
had notified the membership of the slate of 
nominees for Academy offices, as selected 
by the Nominating Committee on October 
ide 

Treasurer. In the absence of Dr. Cook, 
Miss Ostaggi reported current checking 
account balances of $4,886.15 for the 
Academy and $2,037.12 for the Junior 
Academy. On November 5, the Junior 
Academy purchased a guaranteed security 
certificate for $2000. 

Membership. Halvor T. Darracour, Alan 
C. Pipkin, Miloslav Rechcigl, Jr., and Ber- 
nardo F. Grossling were elected to fellow- 
ship in the Academy. 

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern re- 
ported that the Committee was still actively 
considering long-range plans for the Aca- 
demy. He distributed a questionnaire to 
Board members present, requesting com- 
ments and suggestions on the Academy’s 
regular activities. 

Awards. Chairman Torgesen reported on 
progress in selecting the Academy’s annual 
award winners for 1968. Announcements 
had appeared in the Journal and The Capi- 
tal Chemist, and had been sent to 85 local 
organizations and the Academy member- 
ship. The Awards Committee panel chair- 
men are Frederick E. Hahn (biological sci- 
ences); Sidney T. Smith (engineering 
sciences) ; Edward J. Prosen (physical sci- 
ences); Leon Greenberg (mathematics) ; 
and John K. Taylor (teaching of science). 

Grants-in-Aid. Chairman Sherlin an- 
nounced that Milton Tamm had been 
awarded $150 for a project investigated 
and approved during the past summer. At 
the present meeting, the Board approved a 
$50 grant to a student at West Springfield 
High School for a project in biochemistry. 

Encouragement of Science Talent. Chair- 
man Heyden announced that the 1968 Jun- 
ior Science and Humanities Symposium 


58 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


would be held November 29 and 30. The 
Junior Academy expected to make a $100 
award for the best student research paper 
presented at the meeting, and needed the 
help of qualified judges in reviewing the 
many papers to be presented. 

Bylaws. Chairman Wood submitted a 
proposed revision of language of Article 
II, Section 10 of the Bylaws, whereby the 
first sentence would read: “Members or 
fellows in good standing who are retired 
and no longer engaged in regular gainful 
employment may be placed in emeritus sta- 
tus.” This change, eliminating the previous 
age requirement applying to emeritus 
membership status, was approved by the 
Board subject to ratification by the mem- 
bership in the December mail ballot. 

Joint Board. Dr. Henderson read a letter 
from the Joint Board on Science Educa- 
tion, requesting a donation of $5,000 to 
support the 1970 International Science 
Fair in Washington; the total budget of 
this enterprise was estimated at $60,000. In 
the ensuing discussion it was mentioned 
that for some years past, individual mem- 
bers of the Board had had mixed feelings 
about the value of science fairs. The con- 
sensus at the present meeting was that 
some active support should be given to the 
fair; and an ad hoc committee, consisting 
of Messrs. Heyden, Sherlin, Heinze, and 
Leikind, was appointed to consider and 
recommend a suitable level of support. 


December 


The Board of Managers held its 598th 
meeting on December 19, 1968 at the FA- 
SEB Building in Bethesda, with President 
Henderson presiding. 

The minutes of the 597th meeting were 
approved as previously distributed. 

Announcements. Dr. Henderson an- 
nounced that the Philosophical Society 
expected to share the Academy’s office fa- 
cilities, and expected to pay $1500 per year 
in return for services rendered. The Acade- 
my expects to develop a memorandum of 
understanding with the Philosophical So- 
ciety to cover the arrangements. 


JANUARY-MarcH, 1969 


Secretary. Mr. Farrow reported that 
ballots for the annual election of officers 
and amendment of Bylaws would be sent to 
the membership within a few days. 

Treasurer. Dr. Cook reported a current 
checking account balance of $7,107.15 for 
the Academy and $1,762.82 for the Junior 
Academy. He indicated that a financial 
statement would be available at the Febru- 
ary Board meeting for use in consideration 
of the annual budget. The fiscal year of the 
Academy coincides with the calendar year. 

Science Fairs. Father Heyden presented 
the report of an ad hoc committee appoint- 
ed at the November 21 Board meeting to 
consider the question of Academy support 
of science fairs. The report recommended 
that the Academy approve the work of sci- 
ence fairs despite past criticisms and, if 
possible, help to finance the 1970 Interna- 
tional Science Fair to be held in Washing- 
ton. (See also the text of the report else- 
where in this issue.) After discussion of 
the report, the Board voted to contribute 
$2500 in support of the Fair. 

Edward A. Wolff, chairman of the Joint 
Board on Science Education, expressed his 
thanks for the donation. He said that if the 
International Science Fair were to be suc- 
cessful, the Joint Board would need much 
help from individual members of the Acad- 
emy. 

Journal. Dr. Henderson reported that 
Mr. Detwiler had expressed a wish to retire 
from the editorship of the Journal. There 
followed a discussion of suitable replace- 
ments, as well as of the contents and 
frequency of issue of future Journals. 

New Business. The Board requested Dr. 
Henderson to send to Mrs. Elizabeth Hum- 
phrey, the former office secretary, a formal 
expression of appreciation for her years of 
service to the Academy. 


January 


The Board of Managers held its 599th 
meeting on January 16, 1969 at the Cos- 
mos Club, with President Henderson pre- 
siding. 


59 


The minutes of the 598th meeting were 
approved with minor corrections. 

Announcements. Dr. Henderson read a 
letter that he had sent to the officers and 
delegates of affiliated societies, asking them 
to assess their active members at least a 
dollar each in support of the 1970 Interna- 
tional Science Fair. 

Treasurer. Dr. Cook presented the treas- 
urer’s report for calendar year 1968 (see 
elsewhere in this issue). He asked that 
committee chairmen submit their estimated 
expenditures for 1969, to be used in pre- 
paring the 1969 budget for presentation at 
the February Board meeting. 

Membership. The Board elected E. A. 
DiMarzio and Mary H. Aldridge to fellow- 
ship in the Academy. Dr. Aldridge is the 
incoming delegate from the Chemical So- 
ciety of Washington. 

Achievement Awards. The Board ap- 
proved Chairman Torgesen’s recommenda- 
tion that the following persons should 
receive the Academy’s achievement awards 
for 1968: Charles R. Gunn in engineering 
sciences; Marilyn E. Jacox and Dolphus 
EK. Milligan jointly in the physical sci- 
ences; Joseph Auslander in mathematics; 
and Kelso B. Morris in teaching of science. 
Selection of an award winner in the 
biological sciences was deferred, since the 
committee panel concerned had not com- 
pleted its considerations. 

It was planned to honor the award 
winners at an Academy dinner meeting 
on February 20. 

Journal. The Board continued discus- 
sions begun at the December meeting, con- 
cerning the impending resignation of Mr. 
Detwiler as editor, the selection of a new 
editor, and the content of future issues of 
the Journal. 


February 


The Board of Managers held its 600th 
meeting on February 13, 1969 at the Cos- 
mos Club, with President Henderson pre- 
siding. 

The minutes of the 599th meeting were 
approved with a minor correction. 


Policy Planning. On recommendation of 
Chairman Stern, the Board approved the 
appointment of an ad hoc committee to de- 
velop and distribute a questionnaire de- 
signed to determine the interests of the 
membership in the Academy’s activities, 
particularly the kind of general meetings to 
be held and meeting places. 

Dr. Stern also recommended that sete 
ed afhliated societies be invited to develop 
programs for Academy meetings, each 
meeting to be concerned with a particular 
discipline but aimed at interesting Acade- 
my members in general. In a subsequent 
discussion of meetings, it was pointed out 
that low attendance at meetings was com- 
mon to many local scientific societies. 

Membership. The following persons were 
elected to fellowship in the Academy: 
Ronald E. Dehl, Ronald K. Eby, Joseph H. 
Flynn, Emanuel Horowitz, Frank L. Mc- 
Crackin, Robert R. Stromberg, Peter H. 
Verdier, and Herman L. Wagner. 

Meetings. Dr. Henderson called attention 
to the Academy’s award dinner meeting on 
February 20. Chairman deVore of the Pub- 
lic Information Committee reported that he 
had sent a press release to local papers. 

Journal. Dr. Henderson read Mr. Detwil- 
er’s formal letter of resignation as editor of 
the Journal, effective after publication of a 
consolidated January-February-March is- 
sue. Mr. Detwiler reported that copy edit- 
ing for this issue was nearly complete. Dr. 
Henderson introduced Dr. Richard H. 
Foote of USDA, the editor-designate. 

Joint Board. Mr. Sherlin reported that 
the Joint Board was considering an amend- 
ment to its bylaws to provide for three 
additional members each from the Acade- 
my and the D. C. Council of Engineering 
and Architectural Societies. 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES INDEX 


Condensed minutes of the Academy’s 
Board of Managers meetings from No. 570 
(April 1965) to the present have been pub- 
lished in the Journal for 1965 and subse- 


quent years, as shown below. A previous 


60 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


index, beginning with meeting No. 524 
(December 1959) appears in the Journal 


for April 1965, page 99. 

Meeting Journal 
No. Date | Issue Page 
Leo Schubert, President 
570 2/18/65 Apr 65 98 
571 3/18/65 Nov 65 204 
572 5/20/65 Nov 65 206 
573 6/24/65 Dec 65 226 
574 10/21/65 Dec 65 227 
575 12/16/65 Feb 66 38 
John K. Taylor, President 
576 2/17/66 May 66 112 
577 3/17/66 May 66 13 
578 4/21/66 Oct 66 182 
579 5/19/66 Oct 66 183 
580 10/20/66 Jan 67 15 
581 11/17/66 Jan 67 17 
582 12/15/66 Mar 67 79 


January-Marcu, 1969 


Heinz Specht, President 


2/16/67 
3/16/67 
4/20/67 
5/18/67 
10/19/67 
11/16/67 
12/21/67 
1/18/68 
2/15/68 
3/21/68 
4/18/68 


Malcolm 
6/ 6/68 
9/26/68 

10/17/68 

11/21/68 

12/19/68 
1/16/69 
2/13/69 


Apr 67 
May 67 
Nov 67 
Nov 67 
Dec 67 
Jan 68 
Feb 68 
Mar 68 
Apr 68 
May 68 
Oct 68 


C. Henderson, President 


Nov 68 
Nov 68 
Dec 68 
Mar 69 
Mar 69 
Mar 69 
Mar 69 


61 


Science in Washington 


CALENDAR OF EVENTS 


Notices of meetings for this column may 
be sent to Elaine G. Shafrin, Apt. N-702, 
800 4th St., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20024, 
by the first Wednesday of the month pre- 
ceding the date of issue of the Journal. 


March 11—Society of American For- 
esters 

All-day meeting. 

Presidential Arms, 1320 G St., N.W., be- 
ginning 9:00 a.m. 
March 13—Consortium of Universi- 
ties of the Washington Metropolitan 
Area and the Smithsonian Institution 

Seminar in environmental biology. John 
E. Cantlon, Department of Botany and 
Plant Pathology, Michigan State Universi- 
ty, “A Species Population in a Temperate 
Ecosystem.” 

Auditorium, Museum of History and 
Technology, Constitution Avenue between 


12th and 14th Streets, N.W., 7:30 p.m. 


March 13—Chemical Society of 
Washington 

Hillebrand award dinner. 

Knights of Columbus Activities Hall, Ar- 
lington, Va. For reservations contact Mrs. 
Lee Goodall at the CSW office, 737-3337 
Ext. 402, by Tuesday noon, March 11. 


March 18—Sigma Delta Epsilon 
(Graduate women’s scientific sorority). 
Mattie R. Fox, Food and Drug Adminis- 

tration, “Effect of Zinc on Malnourished 

Iranian Boys.” 

Francisco’s Restaurant, 4711 Montgom- 
ery Lane, Bethesda, Md. Social hour, 
6:15 p.m.; dinner, 7 p.m. Send reservation 
to Elizabeth K. Weisburger, 5309 Mc- 
Kinley St., Bethesda, Md., 20014 before 6 
p-m. March 14. (Home phone 530-4042, 
office phone 496-5688. ) 


March 18—Anthropotogical Society 
of Washington 
Speaker and location to be announced. 


Contact Conrad Reining, Department of 
Anthropology, Catholic University. 


March 19—American Meteorological 
Society 

Program to be announced. 

National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


March 19—Insecticide Society of 
Washington 

Program to be announced. 

Symons Hall, Agricultural Auditorium, 
University of Maryland, 8:00 p.m. 


March 20—Consortium of Universi- 
ties 

Seminar in environmental biology. Law- 
rence B. Slobodkin, State University of 
New York at Stony Brook, “Evolutionary 
Significance of Abundance.” 

Auditorium, Museum of History and 
Technology, Constitution Avenue between 


12th and 14th Sts., N.W., 7:30 p.m. 


March 21—Philosophical Society of 
Washington | 

Alan Kolb, Naval Research Laboratory, 
“Shock Waves in Plasma.” 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170 
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15 p.m. 


March 21—Helminthological Society 
of Washington 
Program and speakers to be announced. 
Howard University, 8:00 p.m. 


March 27—Society for Experimental 
Biology and Medicine 

Topic: “Antimalarial Drugs.” Modera- 
tor: David Jacobus, Walter Reed Army In- 
stitute of Research. 

Auditorium, Naval Medical Research In- 
stitute, Bethesda, 8:00 p.m. 


March 27—Consortium of Universi- 
ties 

Seminar in environmental biology. Rob- 
ert L. Rausch, Arctic Health Research Cen- 
ter, PHS, College, Alaska, “Distributional 


62 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


History and Ecology of Some Parasites 
and Their Hosts in the Arctic.” 

Auditorium, Museum of History and 
Technology, 7:30 p.m. 


April 1—Botanical Society of Wash- 
ington 
Speaker to be announced. 
Administration Building, National Ar- 
boretum, 8:00 p.m. 


April 3—Entomological Society of 
Washington 
Program to be announced. 


Rm. 43, Natural History Bldg., Smith- 


sonian Institution, 8:00 p.m. 


April 3—Electrochemical Society 
Speaker to be announced. 
Beeghly Chemistry Building, American 
University, 8:00 p.m. 


April 8—American Society of Civil 
Engineers 

W. E. Naumann, M. M. Sundt Construc- 
tion Co., Tucson, Ariz., “The Risks of 
Doing Business.” 

YMCA, 17th and K Sts., N.W., noon. 
Luncheon meeting. For reservations phone 


Floyd R. Curfman, 557-4586. 
April 10—Chemical Society of Wash- 


ington 
(Joint meeting with Washington Junior 
Academy of Sciences.) 


Topical Group Meetings 


Chemical Education: Howard Fawcett, 
National Academy of Sciences, “Dangerous 
Chemicals.” 

Medicinal and Biochemical: John W. 
Daly, National Institute of Arthritis and 
Metabolic Diseases, NIH, “Microsomal Hy- 
droxylation of Aromatic Substrates.” 

Organic: Howard E. Simmons, Central 
Research Department, E. I. du Pont de 
Nemours and Company, Wilmington, “The 
Chemistry of Macrobicyclic Amines.” 

Polymers: Maurice Morton, University 
of Akron, “Structure and Properties of 
Thermoplastic Elastomers.” 


JANUARY-MarcH, 1969 


General Meeting 


Hubert Alyea, Chemistry Department, 
Princeton University, “Lucky Accidents, 
Great Discoveries, and the Prepared 
Mind.” 

American University. Topical group 


meetings at 5:00 p.m., general meeting at 
8:30. 


April 10—Consortium of Universities 
Seminar in environmental biology. Wil- 
liam S. Osburn, Jr., Division of Biology 
and Medicine, AEC, “Patterns and Proc- 
esses of Some High Mountain Ecosystems.” 
Auditorium, Museum of History and 
Technology, 7:30 p.m. 


April 14—American Society for Met- 
als 
Ladies’ night meeting. Forrest Myers, 
New York artist, “Art and Materials.” 
Three Chefs Restaurant, River House, 
1500 3S. Joyce St., Arlington. Social hour 
and dinner, 6:00 p.m.; meeting, 8 p.m. 


April 14—IEEE, Power Group 
Raymond J. Seeger, NSF, “Nature, Art, 
and Mathematics.” 
PEPCO Auditorium, 929 E St., N.W., 
8:00 p.m. 


April 15—Anthropological Society of 
Washington 

Speaker and location to be announced. 
Contact Conrad Reining, Department of 
Anthropology, Catholic University. 


April 16—Washington Operations 
Research Council 

Rufus Isaacs, Johns Hopkins Univeristy, 
“Differential Games.” 

Rm. 1 Chemistry Bldg., American Uni- 
versity, 8:00 p.m. Pre-meeting dinner in 
faculty dining room, Mary Graydon Cen- 
ter, 6:15 p.m. For reservations contact B. 


Gordon Smith at 933-5525. 


April 16—American Meteorological 
Society 

Program to be announced. 

National Academy of Sciences, 2101 
Constitution Ave., N.W., 8:00 p.m. 


63 


April 16—Insecticide 
Washington 
Program to be announced. 
Agricultural Auditorium, University of 
Maryland, 8:00 p.m. 


Society of 


April 17—Consortium of Universities 
Seminar in environmental biology. Davis 
M. Gates, Washington University at St. 
Louis, “Life and Energy.” 
Museum of History and Technology, 
7:30 p.m. 


April 18—Philosophical Society of 
Washington 

R. Smoluchowski, Princeton University, 
“Solid State Ventures into Planetary Phys- 
ics.” 

John Wesley Powell Auditorium, 2170 
Florida Ave., N.W., 8:15 p.m. 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 


Contributions to this column may be ad- 
dressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate Edi- 
tor, c/o Department of Agriculture, Agri- 
cultural Research Service, Federal Center 


Building, Hyattsville, Md. 20782. 


AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 


JUSTUS C. WARD, who retired from 
USDA in 1966, is now a consultant to the 
War on Hunger program in AID. 


A. M. POMMER has left USDA to be- 
come an operations research analyst in 
the Scientific and Technical Information 
Office, Harry Diamond Laboratories. Also, 
Dr. Pommer has been reappointed to the 
Public Health Service Committee of the 
National Association for Retarded Chil- 
dren. 

IRWIN HORNSTEIN has been elected 
vice-chairman of the Division of Agricul- 
tural and Food Chemistry, American 
Chemical Society. 

W. B. ENNIS, JR., chief of the Crops 
Protection Research Branch, Crops Re- 
search Division, ARS, gave an invited pa- 
per at the Northeastern Weed Control 
Conference in New York City on January 


8. His topic was, “Weed Science— 
Strengths and Weaknesses.” 

A. LLOYD RYALL, chief of the Horti- 
cultural Crops Research Branch, Market 
Quality Research Division, ARS, retired on 
December 27 after 40 years’ service in the 
Department of Agriculture. 

MARIE L. FARR has been appoined to 
the Nomenclatural Committee of the My- 
cological Society of America. 

H. IVAN RAINWATER, Plant Quaran- 
tine Division, ARS, presented an invited 
paper, “Participation of Entomologists in 
Public Hearings Involving Plant Quaran- 
tine Changes,” at the annual meeting of 
the Entomological Society of America, 
held in Dallas, December 2-5. Also, he 
was cospeaker on the topic, “New Ap- 
proaches to Prevent Foreign Plant Pest In- 
troductions.” He has been elected secretary 
of the Regulatory Entomology Subsection 
of ESA. 

F. S. SANTAMOUR, JR., has delivered 
the following recent talks: “Shade-Tree Re- 
search at the U.S. National Arboretum” at 
the 4th Pennsylvania Shade Tree Sympos- 
ium, University Park, Pa., on January 21; 
“Development of Disease-Resistant Trees” 
at the Tidewater Virginia Nurserymen’s 
Short Course, held in Portsmouth, Va., on 
January 31; and “Trees for the Urban En- 
vironment: Problems and Prospects” be- 
fore the National Arborists Association 
meeting at Fort Lauderdale Beach, Fla., on 
February 10. 

EARL M. HILDEBRAND has _ been 
reappointed archivist of the Washington 
Branch of the American Society for Micro- 
biology for 1969. 

R. E. HARDENBURG, research horticul- 
turist with the Market Quality Research 
Division, ARS, attended the First National 
Controlled Atmosphere Research Confer- 
ence at Michigan State University, January 
26-28. He was chairman of the sessions on 
commodity requirements and recommenda- 
tions. 


64. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 
MILTON HARRIS, chairman of the 


Board, served as American delegate at the 
meeting of the OECD Working Panel on 
Chemical Information of the Scientific and 
Technical Information Policy Group, held 
in Paris October 17-18. He also presented 
a paper, “Polymers in Industry,” at an In- 
ternational Conference on Materials held 
at Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 
October 28-29. 

Dr. Harris has been elected a director of 
Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Co., Mor- 


ris Plains, N.J. 


FOOD AND DRUG 
ADMINISTRATION 


WILLIAM H. SUMMERSON, director 
of the Bureau of Science, retired on Janu- 
ary 25 after more than 21 years of Govern- 
ment service. Dr. Summerson, formerly 
chief scientist at the Army’s Edgewood Ar- 
senal, came to FDA in August 1964 and 
has directed FDA’s scientific research pro- 
grams since that time. 


HOWARD UNIVERSITY 
NORMAN H. C. GRIFFITHS, professor 


of prosthodontics, has been appointed a 
consultant to the World Health Organiza- 
tion, and a professor of prosthodontics at 
Bangalore University, India, for a six- 
month period beginning in February. Dr. 
Griffiths expected to report to WHO head- 
quarters in Geneva before proceeding to 
his post in India. 


NATIONAL BUREAU OF 
STANDARDS 


Recent gold medal winners have includ- 
ed LOUIS COSTRELL, chief of the 
Radiation Physics Instrumentation Section, 
for proposing and implementing a system 
for standardization of electronic nuclear 
instrument modules, with universal poten- 
tial; HENRY J. KOSTKOWSKI, chief of 
the Radiation Thermometry Section, for 
outstanding contributions to metrology in 
the field of optical radiation and high tem- 


JANUARY-MARCH, 1969 


perature thermometry; LAWRENCE M. 
KUSHNER, director of the Institute for 
Applied Technology, for outstanding re- 
search and research management; KURT 
E. SHULER, former senior research fellow 
now with the University of California at 
San Diego, for outstanding contributions 
to an understanding of physical rate proc- 
esses in the field of chemical physics; and 
for group accomplishment in the Reactor 
Facility Group, CARL O. MUEHLHAUSE, 
Harry H. Landon, Jr., and Robert S. Cart- 
er, for unique and significant contributions 
to NBS nuclear radiation research capabili- 
ties and facilities. 

Recent silver medal winners have in- 
cluded JOHN R. CUTHILL of the Alloy 
Physics Section, for valuable contributions 
to the understanding of alloys through des- 
ign and construction of a soft X-ray spec- 
trometer; JAMES R. DEVOE, chief of the 
Radiochemical Analysis Section, for highly 
original contributions to radiochemical 
analysis and effective scientific leadership; 
WILLIAM W. WALTON, chief of the Sci- 
entific and Professional Liaison Section, 
Building Research Division, for exception- 
ally high caliber leadership and the direc- 
tion of research programs in the field of 
organic building materials; HANS J. 
OSER, chief of the Systems Dynamics Sec- 
tion, for notable contributions to science 
and technology through advanced mathe- 
matical techniques and effective adminis- 
tration; and JAMES F. SCHOOLEY, 
acting chief of the Cryogenic Physics Sec- 
tion, for distinguished research in cryogen- 
ic physics. A joint award was presented to 
WILLIAM R. SHIELDS and Thomas J. 
Murphy, of the Analytical Mass Spectrome- 
try Section for high-accuracy measure- 
ments of atomic weights that have gained 
international acceptance. 

W. WAYNE MEINKE, chief of the 
Office of Standard Reference Materials and 
of the Analytical Chemistry Division, has 
received the first George von Hevesy 
Award, presented by the Journal of Ra- 
dioanalytical Chemistry for his contribu- 
tions to this field. 


65 


IRL C. SCHOONOVER retired on Janu- 
ary 3 after more than 36 years at the Bu- 
reau. Dr. Schoonover had been deputy 
director of NBS since 1964. LAWRENCE 
M. KUSHNER has been named to succeed 
him. HOWARD E. SORROWS, now depu- 
ty director of the Institute for Materials 
Research, will become acting director of 
the Institute of Applied Technology, re- 
placing Dr. Kushner. 

LADISLAUS L. MARTIN, chief of In- 
ternational Relations and coordinator of 
Special International Programs, has been 
named a fellow of the Institute of Electri- 
cal and Electronics Engineers; also, the 
Electron Probe Analysis Society of Ameri- 
can has elected him to honorary member- 
ship. 

The 1968 Edward Bennett Rosa Award 
was presented to W. WAYNE MEINKE in 
ceremonies on December 20. The award is 
presented annually for outstanding achieve- 
ment in the development of standards of 
practice. With the award, Dr. Meinke re- 


ceived a $1,500 honorarium and a bronze 


plaque. 

WILLIAM W. WALTON will retire on 
February 28 after 41 years of Government 
service. 


NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF 
HEALTH 


KENNETH S. COLE, senior research 
biophysicist in the Laboratory of Biophys- 
ics, National Institute of Neurological Dis- 
eases and Blindness, is author of the 
recently published book “Membranes, Ions, 
and Impulses.” 

NIH has established an annual lecture- 
ship award in honor of G. BURROUGHS 
MIDER, who was director of laboratories 
and clinics for 8 years. He became special 
assistant to the director of the National 
Laboratory of Medicine last spring. The 
first NIH scientist to be awarded the lec- 
tureship was GORDON M. TOMKINS, 
chief of the NIAMD Laboratory of Molec- 
ular Biology. 


ROBERT W. BERLINER, deputy di- 
rector for science, has received the 1969 
Modern Medicine Award for Distinguished 
Achievement, given in recognition of his 
fundamental studies of renal physiology, 
especially electrolyte transport and _ the 
mechanism of urine concentration and di- 
lution. 

KENNETH M. ENDICOTT, director of 
the National Cancer Institute, has been ad- 
vanced to the two-star grade in his rank of 
Assistant Surgeon General in the commis- 
sioned corps of the Public Health Service. 

BERNARD B. BRODIE, chief of the 
Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, 
National Heart Institute, was awarded the 
1968 National Medal of Science at White 
House ceremonies on January 17. He was 
honored “for pioneering qualitative con- 
cepts that have revolutionized the develop- 
ment, study, and effective use of therapeu- 
tic agents in the treatment of human 
disease.” 


NATIONAL SCHEENCE FOUNDATION 
RAYMOND J. SEEGER gave his lec- 


ture, “Shockwave Interactions Covering 
Reflection and Refraction,” at the Univer- 
sity of Tennessee Space Institute in Tulla- 
homa, on December 9. On December 12 he 
lectured at the Institute for Aerospace 
Studies at the Univeristy of Toronto, on 
“Humanistic Aspects of Energy,” and on 
February 5 he spoke on “The Humanism 
of Science” at the Wesley Theological Sem- 
inary, in Washington. 


NAVAL RESEARCH 
LABORATORY 


VICTOR J. LINNENBOM, superintend- 
ent of the Ocean Science Division, attended 
a UNESCO-sponsored Symposium on the 
Caribbean at Curacao, Netherlands An- 
tilles, where he presented an invited paper, 
“Distribution of Low-Molecular-Weight 
Hydrocarbons in the Cariaco Trench.” 


66 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT 


The National Agricultural Library ex- 
pects soon to begin moving into its new 
building at Beltsville, Md. In preparation 
for the move and for possible changes in 
bibliographic services, the Library recently 
awarded contracts for study of relocation, 
consolidation, or disposition of collections 
now in four locations in the metropolitan 
area; a study of methods of relating the 
Library’s automated program to other bib- 
liographic data banks; and a study of the 
use of the Bibliography of Agriculture in 
relation to other announcement, indexing, 
and abstracting services. 


Microwave spectroscopy was first 
achieved experimentally in very crude 
form in 1933; however, it really came of 
age in World War II in radar laboratories, 
where it was found that many substances 
can emit or absorb microwaves of particu- 
lar frequencies, similar to the emission and 
absorption of light in optical spectroscopy. 

To assist microwave spectroscopists, the 
National Bureau of Standards recently 
published an important compliation of ref- 
erence data as Volume V of NBS 
Monograph 70, Microwave Spectral Tables. 
Listed in this volume are the measured fre- 
quencies of all microwave spectral lines 
that could be found through an extensive 
search of scientific literature up to about 
1961. When data after 1961 were conven- 
iently available, they also were included. 
Microwave spectral lines are listed for 
some 300 different molecules. The listing 
represents precise, well-documented physi- 
cal data. 

This publication is the last contribution 
to a five-volume NBS monograph which 
presents a comprehensive compilation of 
microwave spectra, including measured fre- 
quencies, assigned molecular species, as- 
signed quantum numbers, and molecular 
constants determined from these data. 


The National Bureau of Standards is 
now prepared to offer information services 
on published engineering standards and 
specifications. 


JANUARY-MarcH, 1969 


The Information Section of the Bureau’s 
Office of Engineering Standards Services 
has, over the past several years, collected 
16,000 engineering and related standards 
and specifications published by more than 
390 U.S. trade, professional, and technical 
societies. These standards have been catal- 
oged and indexed and are maintained in a 
technical library. Additionally, a Key- 
Word-in-Context (KWIC) index of all of 
the standards in the collection has been 
compiled by the Information Section. The 
Section will function both as a technical li- 
brary and as a referral activity in provid- 
ing answers to questions on engineering 
standards and standards activities, and in 
directing inquirers to the appropriate 
standards-issuing organizations for copies 
of published standards. 


The last of the high-energy particle ac- 
celerators planned for the new NBS Center 
for Radiation Research has now been in- 
stalled and is in operation at the Bureau’s 
Gaithersburg (Md.) campus. This device, a 
180 million-electron-volt electron synchro- 
tron, was recently moved from the Bu- 
reau’s old grounds on Van Ness Street 
to the new 565-acre laboratory complex. 

The synchrotron is operated for users by 
the Center for Radiation Research. Initial 
experimental work with the synchrotron 
will be primarily under the Center’s direc- 
tion. The Far Ultraviolet Physics Section 
of the Atomic Physics Division will be us- 
ing the synchrotron as a unique source of 
far ultraviolet radiation in analyzing gas- 
absorption spectra and in studying the 
optical and photoelectric properties of sol- 


ids. 


LETTER FROM THE EDITOR 


Because of the flu epidemic last Decem- 
ber, the 1969 Journal is off to a late start. 
The present consolidated issue is intended 
to get it back on schedule. 

Quite apart from this contretemps, we 
have long felt that Journal editors should 
move along now and then, to make room 
for new talent with fresh enthusiasms and 


67 


fresh ideas. The recent emergence of a 
willing and able replacement editor has 
provided the opportunity for such a 
change. Hence this, the 80th issue with 
which we have been connected, will be our 
last. 
The change in turn affords a convenient 
opportunity for reassessment of Journal 
policies. The current guidelines were estab- 
lished by the 1959 Board of Managers and 
ratified by referendum of the membership. 
(See “The Journal for 1960” in the Jan- 
uary 1960 issue, page 1.) In essence, they 
provided that the previous archival type 
of periodical would be discontinued, and 
that instead the Journal would publish 
(to quote the masthead) “historical artic- 
les, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific 
articles; notices of meetings and abstract 
proceedings of meetings of the Academy 
and its affiliated societies; and regional 
news items, including personal news, of 
interest to the entire membership.” It was 
further provided that publication costs 
should be kept to a minimum. 

Admittedly the guidelines were experi- 
mental. Have they worked? Is the present 
Journal what the members want to read? 
Is the directory issue useful? Are nine 
monthly issues better than four quarterly 
issues? Do we need any Journal at all? 
Would a newsletter better serve our inter- 
ests? 

Now is a good time to consider these 
questions. 

The next issue will be in charge of the 
editor-designate, Richard H. Foote of the 
Agricultural Research Service. Dr. Foote 
will find the job no sinecure, yet full of 
rewarding associations and a sense of con- 
structive accomplishment. We wish him 
success. 

SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR. 


A NOTE OF THANKS 


The saying goes that a person can ac- 
complish a lot of good in this life if he 


doesn’t care who gets the credit for it. 
Numerous Academy members have contrib- 
uted a great deal to the Journal over the 
past nine years, without bothering about 
credit for their labors. We take this oppor- 
tunity to acknowledge, with warmest 
thanks, the efforts of the following persons: 

The “contributors,” too numerous to 
mention by name, who provided news of 
Academy members in one institution or 
another. 

Helen L. Reynolds, Richard P. Farrow, 
and Roger G. Bates, for editorial assist- 
ance. Miss Reynolds, and Dr. Bates before 
her, handled much of the copy editing. Mr. 
Farrow was largely responsible for the an- 
nual directory of members. 

Harold T. Cook, Harry A. Fowells, Mary 
L. Robbins, Russell B. Stevens, John K. 
Taylor, and Elaine G. Shafrin, for contrib- 
uting the calendar of events, “Scientists 
in the News,” “Science and Development,” 
and sundry other departmental features. 

A number of persons, of whom George 
V. Cohee, J. Murray Mitchell, Jr., and 
William K. Wilson come particularly to 
mind, who served as cheerful, enterprising 
entrepreneurs in obtaining feature articles 
for the publication. — 

Ralph G. H. Siu, for permitting our use 
of those gems of wisdom known as “T- 
Thoughts.” 

Two of our predecessors should be in- 
cluded in this listing of contributors. Ileen 
EK. Stewart, the managing editor in 1960, 
designed the “new Journal,” developed the 
business procedures, and almost single- 
handedly performed the editing in that first 
year. And Frank L. Campbell, Academy 
president in 1959, conceived the new pub- 
lication and provided the impetus to make 
it a reality; he subsequently continued 
with the Journal as columnist without com- 
peer and a source of sound guidance in 


time of need.—S.B.D. 


68 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing 
the Local Affiliated Societies * 


TSMR SIOCIELY 100 W GRIIHP LOT 9.0. .0crcenccasesceccessnssospsoussntebbsisasvedeseorsosassvancdsdvaccecesecezs Gerorce T. Rapo 
Seemrmpliocical Society Of WaSbingtOm .....02......0)..csccccssssoesensovesceresocsaneesesensstvorsscasdeosnes PriscitLaA REINING 
Biological Society of Washington .............. FARE Nap an pee eA AE Delegate not appointed 
INTHE SIE NY ASNINIO TON 0-00). cchecacessecabssessssnasescuacsescosesesvacuscersvecccseserbescnevsseceses Mary H. ALpRIDCE 
SE TL OCIGEN OL OW ASHITICLON .........:-o-censesasensepesssssccaatdoucsosssuadacisessacovuasesbeasorsocaeeas W. Doyie REED 
NM AC ATIONG SIOCLELY, fou ci5:5secneuo0cccs onecsvcosdacosasesanposciovassvansavavesbdsacsensacccsosensensose ALEXANDER WETMORE 
IE IMELENY GTO WW ASDATESTON «5.05.5 cacu0dcbruscneserncascsnentecceencecsnsccssousceuccetensensecevesdsesedacae Raupu L. Miter 
feemical cociety of the District of Columbia ......0.........0.:cccsccscsssececsssstacseosasorses Delegate not appointed 
MEER EUR RCAUICRELY, 5.05 cccrnscsnckcnessicinbuelvatecosseasesarstcssonscasn/ponsedevseucarseesssessens Delegate not appointed 
NM BEEN TIGT WV ASIAN LON (os 52-scccdscascartosscnccscuecdssvacnteescsasnaseseesucensaasoredsecdedeciesaocdebiice Peter H. HEINZE 
RMR MANERA PAEE ROE CSLCES 55. 52s5c-529sd--osasst.dovavesdnosscevssvosaveceoseevesoenovisidarsvavursesedaderere Harry A. Fowe.ts 
MIEN CIEE SOE) PUR PUCETS ...-.s.ce.-.snsncesesscecseecsacosncavasnenesessesesseecseeeserecovacssncteseacee Martin A. Mason 
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .............cccccccssssssssssscssescssscscsceecseseees GEORGE ABRAHAM 
mmerean ooctely Of Mechanical Engineers. .......,....:cc..s00.ssscoscscsseccecssseconssesecessacncscses Wituiam G. ALLEN 
PUMICE AL SUCICLY OL WASIINETON ...........2:.0.0.cceesacocooecocsssenconsnssasscsesenceccasansensecees AuREL QO. FostTER 
MME ESOCLELY TT) WITCTODIONO ZY \....c.se..00.00eecascnvsceseornsnesonaoooseseosenunpecsenseveceoeneocenss ELIizABETH J. OSWALD 
Peeeteat Peadeciean WMailitary PPineers: .......:...c:s.cssc.cscscecsssscceseseeneencsscessececesossncagsnzsesestence H. P. DemutH 
Pee omerety. OF Giyal FNSinGers  e...2.0.:6..:.ccescssovsassessonsessesssecsassessenecssesuns THORNDYKE SAVILLE, Jr. 
Seciety tor Experimental Biology and Medicine ...........2.......cccccccsccoccscsscssessecocesssscsssencnsease Emitio WEIss 
NIM EECRETE NOE, SVUCECUS 23 55.20 cap cas cnc suceasscncetsacvancesensacacsoscaasersacsantoccsscsdseroncaserveas MeEtvin R. MEYERSON 
International Association for Dental Research ..0..........ccccssssssescsessssssescassecsnesecscceeees Water E. Brown 
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astromautics ...........cccccccsescesesesseeessesceees Rosert C. Situ, Jr. 
PUMMMEEEGRIN TVRELEOLOIOPICAl SOCIELY  o....ccc.nccesnceecenssseodncsnsocanseccseasecsecsesssnssesssesesvcesvenneseosnees Haroip A. STEINER 
MMPI SUCIEUY. OF « W ASMITLPION | c....iscsecsocisccscchsscsovcecdsievacescosecvosocsnsssdensictesenssesvacecee H. Ivan RAINWATER 
MME EPIC TET OE CAMIICEUCE io )cehssaccorevesceisoceconcvovessdsavsesovecescssonssscnsesvosscusveceseorinsoxessonsens ALFRED WEISSLER 
Nan BED AGNI) 6c Soo sacs co vaste osarecacaasvonsscayosanisUhavcadestslvessucsenestacascovbansuesevancnessht Oscar M. Bizzety 
MRE MINE OG PE CHIAIOMSES | So .ic sa tavasocassasevs vovesanecevesssssadesnceasacasncocvacoecvanacbace Lowrie M. Beacuam, Jr. 
a I RTT NCMTE EE aac elt cn GL angus ban edanmuvabinseutnsvdasnustenescenbebecaceersves J. J. Diamonpb 
ESPEN CERN nL oc asd il Ue) ausesaSuynvsnenoavatus ounided aahicbosievicansshudicosacesssivesévehevadnavs Kurt H. Stern 
MEEMNPRTIN TATE AOE SCVCTICG MCLUDD: fis oscisccecsassstancesvensaatsvsonesvecssecansevassevncdacvosscosesadeansecers Morris LEIKIND 
memprean Association Of Phrysies Teachers ....:...0i065...cccocssscsescsccscsaseossesascsscessensonsnces BERNARD B. WATSON 
Reg RAE EEN FAVE i PAMAMEP ICED (i, hoc uss cvecunkevssnujansisveveonevdensssshuassiasvasossavnedpunencvstedeseashexosnstasuszincns ARNOLD M. Bass 
ECAR SOCIEHY) OF Plant PiysiGlogists:: .5..i:-ciyescesccsesccseacovescsssaevecesraccecuscsenaserencseos WALTER SHROPSHIRE 
PRT OPERATIONS: FRCSPATCH COUNCIL, o.5.4.1..0:.-c.cccssesesesecsnvocsnncnseasanconsnseaqastentanasonseonste Joun G. Honic 
NE RE MUNA IES OSES PAMINC TMDL, hgh 20a oe acad deta vacnaes a4 thvobenakyihdvadvesvndvivnavonsusnangeasshanecuesuc’ ALFRED M. PoMMER 
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers ........ Delegate not appointed 


* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective societies. 


Volume 59 JANUARY-MARCH 1969 Nos. 1-3 


CONTENTS 

G. W. Irving, Jr.: Research as an Investment ..............sssccsssssessesccesssseeressesessese 1 
J. B. Oakes: The Navy Navigation Satellite System and Its Applications .......... 7 
Six. Scientists Receive Academy’s Annual Awards .............:sscssssscssssscsesesscsencseeseces | 
K. Laki: On the Origin of the Sexagesimal System ................:cssssscscssesececcseceeneecens 24 
A. T. McPherson: Action to Avert the Population-Food Crisis ...............c.sssseseee 29 
Eduard Farber: Chemical Opposites and Their Ambiguities ................:.sssssseeseeees 38 
J. W. Still: Objective Diagnosis of Human Death ...............cesscsssceecsesesceeeeeeneenens 46 
Ts Thoughits > eecuccs-clsnastedeas cnasur-oapouayadeabhibeusdenssnadnabonyuabty osu dey ventas dias pee xe aan aaa 49° 
Geological Society of Washington: Proceedings for 1968 .............scssccsceseeeees sues 
Academy Proceedings | 

Annual Report of Treasurer for 1968 .......c.cccssssssssssesseesesseeneens eet ee onsaengoeeeaiane o4 

Annual Report of Secretary for 1968 ............eesesecceseceseenees ater eee conte Sys) 

Election Results Announced ............ CRE as eet 3 abate Sas pas nage Suen gsesedene 56 

Elections ito Fellowsliipy 5.2.5. ies icot ee hiner ee ceaes or nen wilsucn esas eaeee en 56 

Report of Committee on Science Fairs, .......:....-0c0:escscosceceecesnet ensencedunensssaet orem o7 

Board of Managers Meeting Notes (November, eo J anuary, 

February) __........ senwabiauadaestlicustnalsns ndlemnia yay ofeUidlegeban apt aac abel cept sate wana hee leet aaa 58 

Board of Managers Meeting Notes Index .................:ccsssscsescessssesscseeeseseeesseeconesnees 60 
Science in Washington 

Calendar ‘of Events: j:...0cfsvsccsccéscetuebee-coha tnssoiecnytncdeteon to acteinseostaeuttyateaeas take aaa 62 

Scientists in the News .............ccsssceesees ee MO eta A | ooo nadoanoaganshie aa O4 

Science and Development ................::cse00e lesicasinevessWacsnechecdensiatc praghegsest tt aman 67 
Letter from the- Editor s...0.0.0.2. skits cllsevodesavacncas cl ok 67 

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Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage 
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) Paid at 
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Return Requested with Form 3579 


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VOLUME 59 NUMBERS 4-5 


Journal of the 


WASHINGTON 
ACADEMY OF 
SCIENCES 


JUL 24 1969 
LIBRARIES 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Editor: Ricwarp H. Foote, Department of Agriculture 
Telephones: 461-8677 (home) ; 474-6500, ext. 453 (office) 
Editorial Assistant: ELiIzABETH OstAcci, Washington Academy of Sciences 


Associate Editors 


Harotp T. Cook, Department of Agriculture Harry A. FoweE tts, Department of Agriculture 
SAMUEL B. DetwiLer, JR., Department of Agri- HELEN L. Reynoutps, Food and Drug Adminis- 
culture tration 


RicuHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- ELAINE G. SHAFRIN, Naval Research Laboratory 
ciation 


Contributors 


FRANK A, BIBERSTEIN, JR., Catholic University JosepH B. Morris, Howard University 
CuarLes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacop Mazur, National Bureau of Standards 
Marjorie Hooker, Geological Survey Heten D. Park, National Institutes of Health 


bes Ee Woes Goer ees ALLEN L, ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory 
Epmunp M. Buras, Jr., Gillette Research In- THoMAs H. Harris, Public Health Service 
stitute EarL M. Hitpesranp, USDA, Beltsville 


This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical 
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ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1969-70 


President: Grorce W. Irvinc, Jr., Department of Agriculture 

President-Elect: ALPHONSE F. ForziAt1, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration 
Secretary: Mary L. Rossins, George Washington University 

Treasurer: RicHarp K. Cook, Environmental Science Services Administration 


Editorial © 


Some scientists, like many other people these days, are perplexed. 
Their local societies, of which our Washington Academy of Sciences is 
one, seem to be at a crossroad. The way we have been traveling has been 
a good road in its time, but we are not sure that continuing to travel 
straight ahead is the way we should be going. Some of the things that 
once satisfied the needs of members no longer seem to. At least increas- 
ingly larger numbers of members regularly find something more re- 
warding than attending monthly meetings or engaging in Academy 
activities. 

So we wonder about it. Have scientists outgrown the need for local 
societies—groups sharing mutual disciplinary and geographic interests? 
Must the scientist today belong to so many local and national societies 
to satisfy the increasing breadth of his interest that he has neither time 
nor inclination to participate as actively as when he belonged to fewer 
societies? Does a scientist now accept society membership merely be- 
cause it is the thing to do, or does he belong because he still hopes to 
find there something that will contribute to his professional growth and 
provide him the opportunity to contribute to others through it? Have 
science societies failed to change as rapidly as the times have? Or are 
societies still straining to continue to provide something no longer 
needed and neglecting to provide what is? Does an academy such as 
the Washington Academy of Sciences, in contrast to a society, offer a 
“one-stop” solution to some of these problems and do we know how to 
make it do so? 

If we don’t know the answers to these questions we should try to find 
them, and it seems to me that those who do not now participate in 
WAS’s activities might be the best, if not the only source of answers. 
The answers should give us clues as to how to change our course, a little 
or a lot, so that our programs and activities will better serve all our 
members. This could mean a full program for people in 1969-70—ask- 
ing questions like these, considering answers, and examining everything 
the Academy does—to determine what new and different activities will 
better tomorrow’s Washington Academy of Sciences. 


Georce W. Irvine, Jr., President 
Washington Academy of Sciences 


VoL. 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 69 


The Californium Hypothesis 


Thomas E. Margrave, Jr. 


Georgetown College Observatory, Washington, D.C. 


Introduction 


It was first suggested in 1956 that the 
spontaneous fission of californium-254 
(Cf?°+) with a half-life of 55 days might be 
responsible for the exponential decay of the 
light curves of Type I supernovae with a 
half-life of around 55 days (1). A super- 
nova is a star whose brightness suddenly 
flares up by a factor of 10° or so and then 
fades much more slowly. As Abell points 
out (2), supernovae occur at the rate of 
about one every few hundred years in a 


typical galaxy. Their maximum brightness. 


may for a brief period exceed that of the 
parent galaxy. An excellent review article 
on supernovae is that by Zwicky (3). 

The introduction of the spontaneous 
fission of Cf*** as a possible cause of the 
decay of a supernova’s brightness after its 
flare-up rested upon the earlier proposal 
made in 1950 that the decay of Be’ by K- 
capture with a half-life of 53-54 days could 
provide sufficient energy to explain the ex- 
ponential portion of the Type I supernovae 
light curves (4). 

Subsequently, an alternate explanation 
was advanced (5) in 1959 which held that 
the exponential decline of Type I super- 
novae light curves is due to the decay of 
45-day Fe*® rather than 56-61 day Cf?**. 

Then in 1960 doubt was cast on the Fe*” 
hypothesis, while at the same time it be- 
came apparent that other heavy isotopes 
besides Cf?°* may be of importance in the 
Type I supernovae problem (6). 

At the present time it is readily admitted 
that the californium hypothesis is inad- 
equate, since it explains neither the variety 
of Type I supernovae light curves nor how 
the energy of the radioactive decay is 
transformed into the exponential decline in 
the visible light output. Recent studies of 


Type I supernovae light curves clearly show 
that the assumption of a unique half-life 
for the exponential portion of these curves 
is a gross oversimplification. 


II. Type I Supernovae 


A study of the light curves of super- 
novae has been used as the basis for their 
classification into two basic types, Type I 
and Type II (7). The Type I supernovae 
have light curves which consistently ex- 
hibit the following behavior (8): 

(1) The time of rise to maximum light is 
very short, being of the order of 10 days for 
an increase in brightness of 3 to 4 magnitudes. 

(2) After maximum light, a preliminary de- 
cline of 2 to 3 magnitudes in about 30 days 
takes place. 

(3) Starting at about 80 to 120 days after 
maximum light, the light curves show a linear 
decline on a magnitude scale, which implies an 
exponential decay in intensity units. This decline 
has been followed as long as 640 days after 
maximum. 

The differences between spectra of Type 
I and Type II supernovae also permit dif- 
ferentiation between the two types. Even 
though it has been suggested that as many 
as five types of supernovae may exist (9), 
the chief concern of this paper is that there 
does exist one type, namely Type I, whose 
light curve behaves consistently as de- 
scribed above. 

The basic characteristics of a Type I 
supernova are summarized in the following 
table (10, 11): 


Characteristic Type I Supernova 


Absolute magnitude 
at maximum, cor- 
rected for redden- 
ing cas 18) to ae 
=> 10°° ergs 
ca. 0.1 M (M = solar mass) 


Total energy release 
Mass ejected 


70 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Object _ Observations 
NGC 1003 Photographic 
NGC 1003 Photographic 
NGC 4636 Photographic 
NGC 5668 Photographic 
NGC 4214 Photographic - 
SN 64 Photoelectric 
Notes 


a. Baade’s original data. 
b. Corrected data. 


Slope of curve Half-life Note 
(magnitude/day) (days) 
0.0103 TZ b 
0.0086 87.5 a 
0.0158 47.7 a 
0.0175 43.1 c 
0.0175 43.1 c 
0.018 41.9 c 


c. Derived from analysis of Palomar supernova search data. 


Since the californium hypothesis rests so 
strongly on the datum of a half-life of 
about 55 days for the exponential portion 
of the Type I supernovae light curves, it 
is necessary to review the various investi- 
gations into this observational problem 
which have been made during the past 
thirty-odd years. 

The classical work on this problem was 
carried out by Walter Baade in the 1930's 
and early 1940’s (12, 13). His results in- 
dicated that from about 100 days after 
maximum light, Type I supernovae light 
curves decay both in the visual and the 
blue spectral regions with a rate of de- 
cline of 0.0137 mag. + 0.0012 mag. per 
day, which corresponds to a half-life of 
Do + 5 days. 

More recently, Mihalas has suggested 
that Baade may have systematically over- 
estimated the brightnesses of the faintest 
stars of the comparison sequence which 
was used to assign magnitudes to the super- 
novae (14). Thus the value for the rate of 
decline of the Type I supernova light curve 
determined by Baade may be too small. 
Correction for this systematic error gives 
a slope of 0.0147 mag. per day, which cor- 
responds to a half-life of 51 days, still 
within the dispersion given by Baade. 
However, Mihalas stresses the fact that 
the exact value of the decay rate depends 
upon which interval of the observed light 
curve is included in the analysis. He also 
makes the following very important point: 
“The assumption of a unique decay time 


Vou, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


in the tail of (Type I) supernova light 
curves appears to be an oversimplification. 
A sizeable dispersion in the observed decay 
times exists and any theory that invokes a 
particular gradient must be accepted with 
caution.” The following excerpt from Table 
II of Mihalas’ paper illustrates this point 
by giving data for various Type I super- 
novae (15) [see table top of page]. 

A similar theme has been stressed by 
Minkowski (16). He = states: “The ex- 
ponential or near-exponential decay (of 
Type I supernova light curves) has possi- 
bly been overemphasized. The light curves 
are photographic, but the bolometric cor- 
rection and the decay of the total light 
are not known.” On the other hand, he also 
feels that “minor deviations of the photo- 
graphic light curve from a strictly ex- 
ponential decay, and small individual dif- 
ferences of the photographic decay con- 
stant, do not necessarily show that the 
decay of the total light is not exponential 
and unique.” 

More fuel is added to the fire by the 
findings of Bertaud (17). He pointed out 
that the available data on Type I super- 
novae light curves are scarce, since prior to 
1962 only 31 light curves of both types 
of supernovae had been published. Of 
these, only nine cover in detail a relatively 
long interval of time. Bertaud used these 
nine curves, plus 18 other curves for which 
there were fewer observations, in making 
his statistical study. The remaining four 
curves were more fragmentary. Of the 27 


71 


curves which could be profitably studied, 
only 11 were for Type 1 supernovae. He 
found that these curves consisted of an 
initial decrease with a well-defined dura- 
tion of approximately 38 days and a mean 
daily rate of decline of 0.076 mag. Then 
the rate changed abruptly, and the weaken- 
ing became much slower, remaining regu- 
lar as long as the observations continued. 
The rate of decline during this second 
stage was found to vary from 0.011 mag. 
to 0.022 mag. per day, according to the 
supernova studied. Bertaud expressed the 
feeling that such behavior could hardly 
be explained in terms of the disintegration 
of a single radioactive element. 

In a discussion of the Type I supernovae 
discovered in the Palomar supernova 
search program, Zwicky commented that 
“the light curves are more varied than was 
originally thought” (18). He went on to 
say, “Their ‘straight-line’ sections are 
hardly straight lines, especially when 
plotted in different color ranges, and their 
rates of decline may vary by a factor of 
almost two.” Finally he stated, “There is 
no basis in fact for associating these de- 
clines with the decay of any radioactive 
isotopes.” 

It is on this note, then, that we turn to a 
discussion of the history of the californium 
hypothesis itself. 


If. The Californium Hypothesis 


In their monumental work on nucleosyn- 
thesis in stars, Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, 
and Hoyle (19) proposed a process of 
neutron capture on a very rapid time scale, 
called the r-process, in order to explain 
the abundances of a large number of 
isotopes in the range of atomic weights 
70 < A < 209, and among the heavier 
transbismuth elements as well. 

Since it is essential to the r-process that 
an enormous neutron flux be available on 
a time scale of the order of 10-100 sec- 
onds, it is clear that the r-process will take 
place only under catastrophic conditions 
as far as the stellar structure is concerned. 

They (Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and 


Hoyle) believed that such conditions occur 


in the advanced evolutionary phases of 
stars with masses of the order of 1.2-1.3 M. 
When the nuclear fuels in such stars be- 
come degenerate, a situation develops 
where the temperature rise of the central 
portions of the star is not accompanied by 
a pressure rise which would halt the 
gravitational contraction of the core. Con- 
sequently, the thermostatic action which 
is present in a nondegenerate gas is absent, 
and the core temperature tends to rise 
precipitously. According to Hoyle and 
Fowler (20), an explosion can take place 
in such a star during its advanced evolu- 
tion, giving rise to a Type I supernova. 

The fact that the spectra of these super- 
novae reveal the scarcity or even absence 
of hydrogen in the expanding envelope 
(21) is looked upon as evidence that, 
prior to the explosion, these stars were in 
an advanced stage of evolution. Hoyle and 
Fowler (22) argue that “a high degree of 
nuclear evolution in the central regions of 
a star of small mass implies a considerable 
nuclear evolution throughout the whole 
star (except perhaps in layers near the 
surface) .” They add, “This would require 
the initial supply of hydrogen to have been 
effectively consumed throughout the whole 
star, during the evolution that preceded the 
supernova stage.” They conclude that “only 
very little hydrogen would be expected in 
Type I supernovae.” 

The actual site within a Type I super- 
nova where the r-process occurs has been 
suggested (23) to be the core, where the 
temperature is of the order of 10° °K and 
the density after the explosion is about 
10°-10° grams per cubic centimeter. The 
actual details of the neutron production re- 
quired for the r-process need not be dis- 
cussed here. | 

Roughly speaking, the picture presented 
was that some of the helium in the core 
undergoes the reaction 3a—C’*. The re- 
sultant C’? adds more alpha particles very 
quickly until the atomic weight reaches 
60-70. These nuclei then act as the seed 
nuclei for the r-process. The large flux of 
neutrons assumed to be present permits 


(2, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


these seed nuclei to add neutrons at a rate 
which is much more rapid than the beta- 
decay rate. Hence, neutron-rich isotopes 
in the range A > 70 are synthesized. Ac- 
cording to Hoyle and Fowler, the r-process 
will be terminated by neutron-induced fis- 
sion when the atomic weights of the syn- 
thesized isotopes reach the range 270 < A 
< 275 (24). There are certain waiting 
points along the r-process chain due to 
drops in the neutron binding energies. A 
series of beta decays occur and single 
neutron-capture events follow until the 
neutron binding energy again exceeds ca. 
1.6 Mev, at which time rapid neutron addi- 
tion commences again (25). Once condi- 
tions in the supernova become less violent, 
the source of neutrons is effectively turned 
off, and the abundances produced by the 
r-process are more or less “frozen in.” 


Proof that the r-process can occur under 
the proper circumstances was provided by 
the hydrogen bomb test at Bikini Atoll in 
1952. Analysis of the debris from this ex- 
plosion revealed the presence of Cf?*4 
through its spontaneous decay by the fis- 
sion process (26). The Cf?*+ and other 
nuclei were produced by the instantaneous 
irradiation of U?** by an intense neutron 
source. The successive addition of neutrons 
to U8S built U* and other neutron-rich 
uranium isotopes. After the explosion, the 

°°4 rapidly decayed to Cf?5+, which is 
stable against beta decay (27). 


Of course in the case of a supernova, the 
r-process would start building isotopes out 
of much lighter elements, namely in the 
range 60 < A < 70. However, it can build 
all the way up to isotopes having atomic 
weights in the range 270-275. It is possi- 
ble, as shown by Hoyle and Fowler (28), 
that as many as four of the heavy isotopes 
built in the r-process probably have spon- 
taneous fission half-lives in the range of 
30 to 100 days. The one isotope which 
definitely has a half-life in this range is 
Cf*°*, whose spontaneous fission half-life 
has been found by different investigators 
to be 55 days, 61 days, and 56.2 days 
(29). The other three heavy isotopes be- 


Vo, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


lieved to have half-lives in the range 30- 
100 days are Cf***, Fm?%°, and isotope 
264 of element 102. 


Prior to the prediction that other heavy 
isotopes have spontaneous fission half-lives 
of 30-100 days, the fact that Cf?°* has a 
half-life around 55-61 days, along with the 
knowledge that it could be produced in the 
r-process, which is thought to occur in 
Type I supernovae, led Burbidge, Hoyle, 
Burbidge, Christy, and Fowler to suggest 
that the spontaneous fission of Cf?°+ was 
responsible for the form of the decay por- 
tion of the light curves of Type I super- 
novae (30). However, they did not explain 
how the exponential decline in visible light 
is reproduced without modification from 
the exponential decline of the energy input 
of a radioactive nucleus. Additional proof 
was offered in that the energy of ca. 10*’ 
ergs under the exponential portion of the 
light curve could be produced by about 
1.2 X 10%° grams of Cf?°! synthesized in 
the supernova explosion, since 220 Mev are 
released in each spontaneous fission decay 
of Cf?**. The assumption of one Type I 
supernova every 500 years over the entire 
lifetime of our galaxy, ca. 5 X 10° years, 
was shown to yield about 600 M of Cf***, 
which, when distributed among its fission 
products, gave relative abundances of these 
isotopes in good agreement with the ob- 
served values (31). However, it is now felt 
that the galaxy is perhaps as old as 20 X 
10° years (32), while it is also recognized 
that the assumption of a uniform super- 
nova occurrence rate of one every 500 
years over the entire lifetime of the galaxy 
is not correct. (The rate of occurrence was 
later quoted as one every 400 years (33) 
and even one every 300 years (34).) Thus 
the abundance picture would be considera- 
bly altered as far as Cf°?** and its fission 
products are concerned. In addition, later 
estimates (35) place the total energy 
emitted under the exponential part of the 
light curve of Type I supernovae in the 
range of 10'S ergs, which would require a 
larger mass of Cf?°! to be synthesized by 
the r-process. 


73 


It should be mentioned that much lighter 
isotopes, such as Be’ and Sr®°, with half- 
lives of 53-54 days and 55 days respec- 
tively, have been proposed to explain the 
exponential portion of the light curve of 
Type I supernovae. These two particular 
proposals were discussed and rejected by 
Burbidge, Hoyle, Burbidge, Christy, and 
Fowler. The main objection to them was 
that the energy yield of the decay processes 
involved was so low as to require 
abundances which were several orders of 
magnitude larger than the observed values. 


Another hypothesis was advanced by 
Anders (36), who suggested that the decay 
of Fe®® with a half-life of 45 days was 
responsible for the observed exponential- 
decay section of the light curves of Type I 
supernovae. This hypothesis was rejected 
by Hoyle and Fowler on the grounds that 
ca. 0.1 M of Fe’® was needed to supply 


the 10** ergs of energy under the ex- | 


ponential portion of the light curve (37). 
Since the total mass of the gaseous rem- 
nants of a Type I supernova are of the 
order of ca. 0.1 M, the amount of Fe*® 
required was much too large. 


A later statement of the californium 
hypothesis by Hoyle and Fowler (38) took 
a broader view by considering a total of 
four heavy neutron-rich isotopes as being 
of importance in the Type I supernova 
light-curve problem, namely, Cf?°*, Cf?>°, 
Fm*®°, and isotope 264 of element 102. 
They demonstrated that 6 X 10°* M of 
these four isotopes is required to produce 
the total energy of 10** ergs emitted under 
the exponential portion of the light curve. 
Then, assuming that all four isotopes are 
of equal activity, they found that 1.5 X 
10°* M of Cf?** is required per supernova. 
It was shown by Burbidge, Burbidge, 
Fowler, and Hoyle that about 1 percent of 
the total mass of the r-process nuclei pro- 
duced in a Type I supernova is due to 
Cf?**, whence it follows that the total mass 
of the r-process nuclei is ca. 1.5 & 10°? M. 
This figure is consistent with the calcula- 
tions carried out by Hoyle and Fowler on 
the total energy budget of the supernova 


explosion, taking into account the correc- 


tion published later (39). 


The idea behind the inclusion of several 
heavy isotopes with different half-lives was 
that if the maximum atomic weight pro- 
duced in the r-process varied from one 
supernova to another, depending on the 
precise nature of the explosion in each 
case, then a corresponding variation in the 
exact form of the Type I supernova light 
curve could result, leading to a difference 
in the half-life of the exponential portion 
from one curve to another. 


However it must be emphasized that it 
has not yet been demonstrated how the 
energy input from the decay of radioactive 
isotopes of appropriate half-lives is trans- 
formed into light energy which undergoes 
a similar exponential decay. In fact 
Christy, one of the original proponents 
of the californium hypothesis, later felt 
(40) that it was “unlikely that the hypoth- 
esis which relates the light curve directly 
to nuclear decay can be correct.” On a 
more optimistic note he added, “It is, how- 
ever, still possible that the radioactivity 
plays some role in some part of the light 
curve of one or the other type of super- 
novae, but probably the part is a minor 
one or becomes prominent only after a 
long time.” 


In answer to this criticism, G. R. Bur- 
bidge stated (41), “As far as the cali- 
fornium hypothesis is concerned, I think 
we have all realized that it is difficult to 
reproduce the light curves.” However he 
is more optimistic than Christy, in that he 
feels that it is still possible to “relate the 
light curves and element production . . . to 
the Type I supernova.” 


Zwicky, however, took a dim view of the 
matter when he stated, “Both in view of 
the observational characteristics of the 
spectra of supernovae of Type I and the 
disturbing influence on the light curves..., 
any analysis of the light curves, no matter 
how exact they be, in terms of unstable 
nuclei would seem to be a futile under- 


taking” (42). 


74, JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


More recent theoretical work by Hoyle, 
Fowler, Burbidge, and Burbidge (43) has 
sought to avoid the difficulty, mentioned 
earlier, of the overproduction of the nuclei 
associated with Cf in the cyclical portion 
of the r-process by taking such small 
masses and long evolution times for Type 
I supernovae that none of them could have 
completed their evolution prior to the for- 
mation of the solar system, whose chemi- 
cal composition establishes the limits on 
the abundances of the elements in ques- 
tion. Their alternate hypothesis (44) in- 
volving the damping of relativistic oscilla- 
tions in a massive star will not be devel- 
oped here. 

Clayton and Craddock have shown that 
if the californium hypothesis is correct, 
then there should be a characteristic 
gamma-ray line spectrum emitted from the 
remnants of Type I supernovae explosions 
(45). As they point out, such observa- 
tions will require good angular and energy 
resolution in order to discriminate against 
the sky background. 

The idea that the r-process occurs in the 
core of a star slightly more massive than 
the sun during a supernova outburst has 
also been amended. Later work (46, 47) 
places the site of the r-process in very 
massive stars (mass ca. 10° M), although 
according to Clayton and Craddock (48) 
the part of the r-process responsible for 
the transbismuth nuclei could occur in 
Type I supernovae. Colgate and White 
have more recently argued for the parent 
stars of Type I supernovae to be in the 
mass range 1.16-2 M (49). 

Thus at the present time it appears that 
there is considerable doubt whether or not 
the californium hypothesis is correct. 


An independent laboratory experiment 
which has some bearing on this subject is 
the determination of the emission spectrum 
of californium (50). In this experiment, 


copper electrodes were coated with 0.4 


pgrams of Cf, and a spark was passed be- 
tween the electrodes. A grating spectro- 
graph was used to observe the spectrum, 
and fourteen lines between 3700 A and 


VoL. 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


4400 A were attributed to Cf. Comparison 
of these lines with the spectra of the super- 
novae IC 4182 and NGC 1003 proved 
fruitless, possibly because of the large dif- 
ferences in the source conditions. Tentative 
identifications in the spectrum of a Type 
I supernova have been made only of two 
narrow emission lines of [O I] at 6300 A 
and 6364 A, which appeared about 180 
days after maximum light (51).* But no 
definite proof for the presence of Cf?5*, or 
any other heavy isotopes of appropriate 
half-lives, is available. 


It is possible, though, that the technique 
of Bashkin and Meinel (52) could be 
used to explore the emission spectrum of 
Cf under conditions more representative of 
a supernova envelope. 


IV. Conclusion 


On the basis of available information, 
one is led to conclude that the californium 
hypothesis is far from being proved. Re- 
cent comments by Zwicky, Minkowski, 
Bertaud, and Mihalas on the light curves 
of Type I supernovae make it quite clear 
that the earlier oversimplified picture of a 
unique 50-day half-life is outdated. 


Further, the lack of any detailed theory 
to link the decay of the light output of a 
Type I supernova with the decay of a ra- 
dioactive isotope makes the acceptance of 
the californium hypothesis difficult. 


Admittedly, the nature of the Type I 
supernovae light curves requires some 
definite physical explanation, but the ob- 
session with the nominal 55-day half-life 
of the average light curve has been more 
of a hindrance than a help. Nevertheless, 
the californium hypothesis has stimulated 
a great deal of thought on the nature of 
supernovae, and hence it cannot be said 
to have been entirely without value. 


* An explanation of the absorption spectra of 
Type I supernovae in terms of the strongest lines 
of singly-ionized silicon, iron, magnesium, cal- 
cium, and sulfur has recently been advanced by 
the Russian astrophysicist Yu. P. Pskovskii 
(1968, Astronomicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 45, No. 5, 
pp. 945-952). 


~] 
wn 


References 


(1) G. R. Burbidge, F. Hoyle, E. M. Bur- 
bidge, R. F. Christy, and W. A. Fowler. Physical 
Review 103, 1145 (1956) (hereinafter referred 
to as BHBCF). Also see W. Baade, G. R. Bur- 
bidge, F. Hoyle, E. M. Burbidge, R. F. Christy, 
and W. A. Fowler, Publications of the Astronomi- 
cal Society of the Pacific 68, 296 (1956). 

(2) G. Abell. Exploration of the Universe, 
p. 444. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 
1964.) 

(3) F. Zwicky. “Supernovae,” Chapter 7 of 
Stellar Structure, Stars and Stellar Systems, Vol. 
8. Eds. L. H. Aller and D. B. McLaughlin (Chi- 
cago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.) 

(4) L. B. Borst. Physical Review 78, 807 
(1950). 

(5) E. Anders. Astrophysical Journal 129, 327 
(1959). 

(6) F. Hoyle and W. A. Fowler. Astrophysical 
Journal 132, 565 (1960) (hereinafter referred to 
as HF). 

(7) W. Baade and R. Minkowski. Astrophysi- 
cal Journal 88, 411 (1938). 


(8) D. Mihalas. Publications of the Astro- 


nomical Society of the Pacific 75, 256 (1963). 

(9) F. Zwicky. Problems of Extragalactic Re- 
search, p. 347. Ed. G. C. McVittie. (New York: 
The Macmillan Company, 1962.) 


(10) A. McMahon. Astrophysics and Space. 


Science, p. 72. (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice- 
Hall, Inc., 1965.) 

(11) R. Minkowski. Annual Review of Astron- 
omy and Astrophysics 2, 247 (1964). 

(12) W. Baade. Astrophysical Journal 88, 285 
(1938). 

(13) W. Baade. Ibid. 97, 119 (1943). 

(14) Mihalas. Ref. (8), p. 261. 

(15) Ibid. p. 262. 

(16) Minkowski. Ref. (11), p. 248. 

(17) C. Bertaud. Annales d’Astrophysique 27, 
548 (1964). 

(18) Zwicky. Ref. (9), p. 356. 

(19) E. M. Burbidge, G. R. Burbidge, W. A. 
Fowler, and F. Hoyle. Reviews of Modern 
Physics 29, 547 (1957) (hereinafter referred to 
as BBFH). 

(20) HF. Ref. (6), p. 570. 

(21) McMahon. Ref. (10), p. 75. 

(22) HF. Ref. (6), p. 572. (Permission to 
quote granted by the publisher, the University 
of Chicago Press.) 

(23) Ibid., p. 589. 

(24) Ibid., p. 585. 


(25) A. G. W. Cameron. Stellar Evolution, 
Nuclear Astrophysics, and Nucleogenesis, p. 136. 
CRL-41, 2nd ed. (Atomic Energy of Canada, 
Ltd., 1965.) 

(26) P. R. Fields, M. H. Studier, H. Diamond, 
J. F. Mech, M. G. Inghram, G. L. Pyle, C. M. 
Stevens, S. Fried, W. M. Manning, A. Ghiorso, 
S. G. Thompson, G. H. Higgins, and G. T. Sea- 
borg. Physical Review 102, 180 (1956). 

(27) BBFH. Ref. (19), p. 598. 

(28) HF. Ref. (6), p. 584, Fig. 5. 

(29) BBFH. Ref. (19), p. 498. 

(30) BHBCF. Ref. (1), p. 1145. 

(31) Ibid., p. 1146. 

(32) R. L. Sears and R. R. Brownlee. “Stellar 
Evolution and Age Determinations,” p. 623. 
Chapter 11 of Stellar Structure. Eds. L. H. 
Aller and D. B. McLaughlin (Chicago: Uni- 
versity of Chicago Press, 1965.) 

(33) HF. Ref. (6), p. 571. See also Minkow- 
ski, Proceedings of the National Academy of 
Sciences 46, 15 (1960). 

(34) F. Hoyle, W. A. Fowler, G. R. Burbidge, 
and E. M. Burbidge. Astrophysical Journal 139, 
909 (1964) (hereinafter referred to as HFBB). 

(35) HF. Ref. (6), p. 585. 

(36) Anders. Ref. (5), p. 327. 

(37) HF. Ref. (6), p. 586. 

(38) Ibid., p. 585. 

(39) Hoyle and Fowler. Astrophysical Journal 
134, 1028 (1961). 

(40) R. F. Christy. 1962, Interstellar Matter in 
Galaxies, p. 286. Ed. L. Woltjer (New York: 
W. A. Benjamin, Inc., 1962.) 

(41) G. R. Burbidge. [bid., p. 289. 

(42) Zwicky. Ref. (3), p..422. 

(43). HFBB. Ref. (34), p. 923. 

(44) Ibid., p. 925. 

(45) D. D. Clayton and W. L. Craddock. 
Astrophysical Journal 142, 189 (1965). 

(46) F. Hoyle and W. A. Fowler. Nature 197, 
533 (1963). 

(47) P. A. Seeger, W. A. Fowler, and D. D. 
Clayton. Astrophysical Journal Supplement 11, 
190 (1965). 

(48) Clayton and Craddock. Ref. (45), p. 190. 

(49) S. A. Colgate and R. H. White. Astro- 
physical Journal 143, 626 (1966). 

(50) J. G. Conway, E. K. Hulet, and R. J. 
Morrow. Journal of the Optical Society of Amer- 
ica 52, 222 (1962). 

(51) Minkowski. 
156 (1939). 

(52) S. Bashkin and A. B. Meinel. Astro- 
physical Journal 139, 413 (1964). 


Astrophysical Journal 89, 


ee 


76 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Occurrence and Significance of 
Pesticide Residues in Water! 


H. Page Nicholson 


Southeast Water Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 
U.S. Department of the Interior, Athens, Georgia 


Man throughout the civilized world is 
rapidly coming to realize that environ- 
mental contamination, with its harmful 
ecological implications, is a matter to be 
taken seriously. I bring to your attention 
one facet of environmental contamination; 
namely, water pollution by pesticides. It 
is but another example of the adage that a 
good thing in the wrong place can be 
undesirable. 


The Problem 


Water pollution by pesticides became a 
problem in the 1940’s concurrently with 
rapid advances in pest control made possi- 
ble by the development of new synthetic 
toxicants. Many of these synthetics are 
remarkably lethal to aquatic forms of life. 
Farmers were startled at the sudden loss 
of fish in their ponds and streams follow- 
ing rains sufficient to cause runoff from 
treated cropland (Young and Nicholson, 
1951). Aerial applications of DDT to con- 
trol forest insects were quickly followed 
by losses of valuable sports fish and the 
aquatic insects upon which they fed (Hoff- 
man and Drooz, 1953; George, 1959). 

Today we still experience periodic losses, 
but we know considerably more than 
formerly about their causes and _preven- 
tion. We know that sublethal quantities of 
pesticides, primarily chlorinated hydro- 
carbon insecticides, occur widely and fre- 
quently in our streams, lakes,~and even 


1Presented at the Entomological Society of 
America; Southeastern Branch Meeting, Biloxi, 
Mississippi, January 27-30, 1969. 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, ApriL-May, 1969 


in the sea. This occurrence is indirectly 
evident through the recovery of residues 
from the tissues of fish (Nicholson, 1967; 
Anon., 1963), and directly evident by 
chemical analysis of water. In an effort to 
determine the extent of pesticide pollution 
throughout the United States, Weaver et al. 
(1965) examined water samples in Sep- 


tember 1964 from 56 rivers and 3 of the 


Great Lakes. Chlorinated hydrocarbon in- 
insecticides were found in 44 rivers and 
in Lake Michigan at Milwaukee at con- 
centrations ranging from 0.002 to more 
than 0.118 g/liter. Dieldrin was found in 
39 rivers and Lake Michigan; DDT, or 
its metabolite DDE, was found in 25 
rivers; and endrin was found in 22 rivers 
and Lake Michigan. 

The two principal sources of water con- 
tamination by pesticides today are runoff 
from the land and discharges of industrial 
wastes. Other causes are (a) activities in- 
tended to control aquatic life (plants, fish, 
or insects), (b) carelessness and accidents. 


Runoff from the Land 


Consider first insecticide runoff from 
the land. In 1959 my laboratory undertook 
to follow the course of water pollution by 
insecticides in a single large agricultural 
watershed over a period of nearly seven 
years (Nicholson et al., 1966). We selected 
a 400-square-mile cotton-growing area in 
northern Alabama in which cotton acreage 
varied annually from 13,000 to 16,000 
acres. From 8 to 84% of this acreage was 
treated with insecticides each summer de- 
pending upon the degree of boll weevil and 


77 


bollworm infestation. The quantity of tech- 
nical grade insecticides used each year 
varied from 12,000 to 140,000 pounds. 
Toxaphene, DDT, and BHC accounted for 
84-99% of all usage. 


Water sampling was done nearly con- 
tinuously at a municipal water treatment 
plant situated at the downstream end of 
the river basin. Thus, water samples rep- 
resented drainage from the entire study 
area. We learned the following: 


(a) Insecticides did run off the land. 
They entered the river from the 
watershed in general, rather than 
from a few favorably located cot- 


ton fields. 
Toxaphene, DDT and BHC were 


recovered in water samples in con- 
centrations generally less than 1 
pg/l. Highest mean recoveries were 
usually made during the summer, 
the season of application. 


(b) 


(c) Nearly all water samples contained 
insecticides year around during 


years of heaviest application. To-— 


ward the end of two years of 
minimal application (12,000 and 
14,000 Ibs., respectively), the fre- 
quency of negative water samples 
increased, indicating an improve- 
ment in river water quality with 
diminished insecticide usage. 


Toxaphene and BHC, first and 
third in poundage applied, were the 
most frequently found in water. 
DDT, which constituted 26-35% of 


the pesticides used, was recovered 


only during the fifth and sixth years. 


of observation. 


(e) DDT exhibited a marked affinity 
for sediment, and suspended sedi- 
ment was the primary vehicle for its 
transport, thus accounting for its 
tendency to appear less frequently 
in water. Toxaphene and BHC, in 
contrast, were found much _ less 
frequently in association with sedi- 
ment and were transported pri- 
marily in solution in the water. 


A study by Bailey and Hannum (1967) 
reported from California sheds further 
light on runoff as a means of pesticide 
transport. Approximately 20% of all pesti- 
cides used in the United States annually is 
applied in California. The areas studied in- 
cluded the agriculturally important Im- 
perial, San Joaquin, and Sacramento Val- 
leys, where irrigation is required for 
successful farming. 


Major findings were: 


(a) DDT, DDD, toxaphene, heptachlor 
epoxide, lindane, dieldrin, and BHC 
were found both in surface water 
and in tile drainage water in con- 
centrations generally less than 1 
g/l. 
All aforementioned insecticides, ex- 
cept BHC, were found in sediment 
and ranged from 1 to 1200 pg/1. 
(c) Thiophosphate insecticides, which 
degrade more readily, were de- 
tected primarily in agricultural 
drainage, irrigation wastewater, and 
surface water directly associated 
with insecticide applications. 


(b) 


Pesticide concentrations were high- 
est in agriculturally developed areas 
and decrease in surface water in 
‘proportion to inflow dilution and 
uptake by sediment and aquatic 
organisms. 


Manufacturing Wastes 


Manufacturing wastes also may contain 
quantities of pesticides sufficient to have 
a decided impact on water quality. The 


types of industries involved include_pro- 


ducers of basic pesticides, cooperage firms 
that reclaim used pesticide drums, and 
textile plants that mothproof woolen 
yarns and fabrics with dieldrin. These 
plants usually have liquid wastes requir- 
ing disposal—wastes which frequently con- 
tain residues of unrecovered pesticides. 
Virtually all of these industrial plants 
provide some sort of waste treatment, but 
it is not always as effective as it should 
be. Dilution in the receiving stream can- 


78 JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


not be depended upon to eliminate the im- 
pact of the waste load. Sublethal residues 
of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides can 
undergo a buildup in biotic components 
of the receiving water body, and ordinarily 
sublethal quantities of organophosphate 
pesticides may, through extended exposure, 
progressively inhibit the acetylcholines- 
terase enzyme to a degree that can kill 
aquatic life. Direct and _ catastrophic 
damage also has occurred when in-plant 
trouble resulted in an unanticipated slug 
discharge of wastes containing concentra- 
tions of a pesticide sufficient to be acutely 
toxic. An example of such a situation and 
its successful management follows. 


A plant in Alabama which manufactures 
parathion and methyl parathion experi- 
enced a breakdown in its waste treatment 
facility in May 1961 (Anon., 1961). Proc- 
ess wastes were discharged to the sewer- 
age system of an adjacent city and ap- 
proximately 60% of the combined sewage 
and industrial waste was diverted, un- 
treated, to a small stream during the break- 
down. Fish, turtles, and snakes died along 
28 miles of the stream, the average dis- 
charge of which at the time was 211 mil- 
lion gallons a day at a velocity of three- 
fourths mile per hour. The creek entered 
the Coosa River the average discharge of 
which was then about 28 times greater 
than that of the creek. Yet even with that 
dilution, parathion residues were recovered 
90 miles down the Coosa and some lesser 
fish kills occurred in it. After a second 
fish kill in 1966, the company constructed 
a basin for temporary containment of its 
wastes, should another emergency arise. 
This simple device, along with the usually 
adequate waste treatment normally pro- 
vided, should effectively prevent recurrence 
of the problems previously experienced. 


Accidents and Carelessness 


Perhaps the third most significant cause 
of pesticide pollution lies in accidents and 
accident’s _handmaiden, carelessness. In- 
tensive educational campaigns sponsored 
by agricultural, conservation, water-pollu- 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, ApriIL-May, 1969 


tion-control, and public health agencies 
and by the agricultural chemicals manufac- 
turing industry have reduced the frequency 
of such occurrences. Most farmers have 
learned that it is inadvisable to dump un- 
used spray residue where it might run into 
a waterway, and that they should not wash 
out spray equipment in a creek. Aerial 
applicators now pay heed to the protec- 
tion of ponds and rivers. Nevertheless, 
some instances of water pollution by pesti- 
cides still occur as a result of thoughtless- 
ness and accidents. An instance in which 
human health was at stake will serve as 
an example (Anon., 1964). 

In 1964 a rancher instructed his hired 
hand to dispose of approximately fifty 4-lb. 
bags of over-age 15% parathion dust. Un- 
known to the rancher, this was done by 
dumping the bags off a highway bridge 
into the Peace River one mile upstream 
from the municipal water intake of Arca- 
dia, Florida, a town of about 6,000 people. 
The act was discovered when some boys 
fishing near the bridge hooked a bag and 
had the foresight to report it. 

The town fortunately had an auxiliary 
well for emergency use and immediately 
reverted to it. The citizens were instructed 
not to use the water, and flushing of the 
mains was begun. Subsequent analysis of 
water samples showed that the parathion 
concentration in the distribution system 
after flushing was generally less than 1 
pg/l. However, a series of samples taken 
from a tap at the local bus station con- 
tained amounts up to 380 pg/I. 


Investigation revealed that the bags of 
parathion had been dumped in the river 
about 10 days before their discovery. The 
bags were polyethylene lined and resisted 
rapid disintegration. Many were recovered 
unbroken and those that did disintegrate 
apparently did so intermittently over a 
period of several weeks. This may have 
been the reason that residue levels suffici- 
ently high to be a threat to human health 
or the fish in the river did not occur. All 
but 8-12 bags were eventually found. 
Parathion residue occurred in river water 


79 


for about two weeks after discovery at 
concentrations generally less than 1 pg/I. 


Control of Aquatic Life 


The chemical control of aquatic weeds, 
rough fish, and aquatic insect pests is gen- 
erally managed by professionals so that 
undesirable consequences are minimized. 
A need currently exists for herbicides ap- 
proved for broader use in water. A joint 
committee of the Departments of the In- 
terior and Agriculture are seeking a solu- 
tion to this need. A similar, but remotely 
related, source of pesticide residues is 
poaching for fish. We still have instances 
where insecticides, frequently toxaphene or 
DDT, are illegally released in water to 


catch fish. 


Ground Water Pollution 


No broad discussion of this subject 
would be complete without considering 
ground water. The potential for pesticide 
contamination of ground water is very 


much less than for surface water. How-: 


ever, it can occur. 


A case is on record in Florida where 
the municipal water supply wells of a city 
of 25,000 contained low levels of parathion 
(usually less than 1 pg/l) over a several 
month period in 1962-63. The city’s 
water supply consisted of both surface 
water, which reached the municipal water 
treatment plant via a canal from a citrus 
fruit producing area, and of five wells 
which were located in the vicinity of the 
treatment plant. The water from both 
sources contained parathion. The wells 
were rather shallow—drilled to a depth 
of about 100 feet and screened both at 
the bottom and at about the 30- to 50-foot 
levels. It is speculated that heavy pumping 
from the wells drew down surface water 
from the canal. 


A more serious instance occurred in the 
South Platte River Basin near Denver, 
Colorado in the mid-1950’s, caused by 
seepage of 2,4-D and related compounds 
from an industrial waste lagoon (Cottam, 


1960). Water from wells in a 6.5-square- 
mile area when used for irrigation was 
sufhciently contaminated to cause crop 
damage. 


Eye (1968) concluded after a study of 
the physical-chemical behavior of dieldrin 
in the soil that residues of this insecticide 
cannot be transported in _ significant 
amounts through soils into subsurface 
water by infiltration, and therefore they 
pose no threat to the quality of ground 
water. We have examined many well water 
samples from the Southeastern States and 
only in a few instances have we detected 
any evidence of chlorinated hydrocarbon 
insecticides. In those few cases, | recall 
only two in which direct contamination 
did not seem to be a possible cause. On 
the other hand, Bailey and Hannum 
(1967) in California reported recovering a 
broad range of chlorinated hydrocarbon 
insecticides. In those few cases I recall un- 
derground tile drains from irrigated crop- 
land. They did not speculate on how in- 
secticides entered the drains. A possible 
route might be through cracks or other 
direct passages from the surface. 


In several of our mid-western States, 
where water of high quality is in limited 
supply, consideration is being given to 
using runoff water collected seasonally in 
playa lakes as a source from which to 
recharge ground water aquifers. The Rob- 
ert S. Kerr Water Research Center of the 
Federal Water Pollution Control Admin- 
istration at Ada, Oklahoma, is engaged in 
studies to determine the quality of re- 
charged water, including the persistence 
and distribution of pesticides that may be 
contained in such water, after being 
pumped into the ground for storage. 


Significance 


We have seen that water contamination 
by pesticides occurs widely and commonly 
at concentrations generally less than 1 
ug/l. Higher concentrations occur inter- 
mittently. But of what significance. are 
such occurrences? 


80 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Aquatic Life 

Quite clearly the unintentional killing of 
fish and other aquatic life by overwhelm- 
ingly lethal concentrations of pesticides is 
harmful and undesirable. Occurrences of 
this type are generally local, readily ap- 
parent, and sporadic, with partial or total 
repopulation quickly occurring. 

Widespread, long-term, low-level con- 
tamination of the environment is much 
more difficult to evaluate and is a matter 
of growing public concern. It is caused 
primarily by a few compounds, members 
of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide 
sroup—the so-called “hard” insecticides— 
that persist so long in nature and therefore 
escape our control after they are applied. 
Other pesticides, by and large, either de- 
srade with reasonable rapidity or are so 
restricted in usage as to be of less con- 
cern except in special cases. One is tempted 
to speculate as to whether we would have 
had the public outcry over pesticides that 
we have experienced during the past 10 
to 15 years had it not been for these few 
“hard” insecticides. I am inclined to think 
that it would have been much less ex- 
tensive. 

The single sublethal manifestation with 
chlorinated hydrocarbons that is most ob- 
vious, and the significance of which is 
least understood, is that of biological ac- 
cumulation. Biological accumulation may 
occur through direct absorption from the 
water or by absorption and _ passage 
through the food chain. The implications 
for damage are great, but well defined 
examples of proved harm are few, perhaps 
because biological accumulation is not as 
generally damaging as feared, but also 
perhaps because the ecological relation- 
ships involved are so extremely complex 
that they are difficult to unravel. 

Light has been cast on this phenomenon 
by numerous researchers. Cope (1965), 
investigating the distribution of DDT 
through various compartments of a simpli- 
fied ecosystem, reported that two weeks 
after the application of **C—DDT at a con- 
centration of 20 yvg/l to aquarium water, 


VoL. 59, Nos. 4-5, ApriL-May, 1969 


the water contained 0.42 g/l, soil con- 
tained 6 pg/kg, and vegetation contained 
15,600 pwg/kg. Two weeks after fish were 
placed into the aquaria, they contained 
1,000 pg/kg of DDT. Woodwell et al. 
(1967) investigated biological concentra- 
tion of DDT among various trophic levels 
of a Long Island salt marsh and reported 
values increasing from 0.04 mg/kg in 
plankton to 75 mg/kg in ring-billed gulls. 
Highest concentrations occurred in scaveng- 
ing and carnivorous fish and birds, al- 
though the birds had 10-100 times more 
than the fish. Gakstatter and Weiss (1967) 
exposed bluegills and goldfish in aquaria 
to 'C—DDT, dieldrin, and lindane to study 
uptake, retention, and release by the fish. 
They showed that the lindane was entirely 
released within two days and that more 
than 90% of the initial dieldrin was elimi- 
nated within two weeks. However, more 
than 50% of the DDT was still retained 
after 32 days. More significant, they 
showed that DDT and dieldrin were 
readily transferred from contaminated to 
uncontaminated fish held in clean water. 
Apparently, some of the persistent insecti- 
cides are capable not only of undergoing 
biological magnification but also of cycling 
between water and the organisms living 
I, i 

The accumulation of pesticides in the 
bodies of fish has been cited as the proba- 
ble cause of the secondary poisoning of a 
variety of fish-eating birds. The most nota- 
ble example is that described by Hunt and 
Bischoff (1960) in which western grebes 
overwintering on Clear Lake, California 
died, presumably from eating fish contain- 
ing high DDD residues. Keith (1966) re- 
ported an unusually high mortality of fish- 
eating birds between 1960 and 1962 at the 
Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge in 
California, which he attributed, circum- 
stantially, to ingestion of toxaphene ac- 
cumulated in fish. A study of this refuge 
in 1965-66 (Godsil and Johnson, 1968), 
when endrin was the principal insecticide 
used on the nearby irrigated farmland, 
indicated a marked increase of endrin in 


sl 


all trophic levels during the crop-growing 
season (May-Sept.) with a subsequent de- 
cline to near or below detectable limits in 
the off season. Fish accumulated maxima 
of 97 pwe/kg in 1965 and 107 pg/kg in 
1966. Endrin was not established as a 
permanent residue, and no wildlife losses 
were recorded. It is apparent that the so- 
called “hard” insecticides are not equally 
accumulative or persistent in food chain 
compartments. 

Butler (1966 a, b, c) has done exten- 
sive work on the effects of low levels of 
chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides on or- 
ganisms of the marine environment. He 
showed that DDT in the water at levels 
as low as | pg/l caused a 20% reduction 
in oyster growth, and that oysters are 
efficient concentrators of DDT in their 
tissues. He believes that pesticides may be 
the cause of ill-defined but significant 
mortality, loss of production, and perhaps 
changes in the direction of natural selec- 
tion in estuarine fauna. Cope (1965) con- 
cluded that exposure to sublethal amounts 
of DDT increases fish mortality by reduc- 
ing resistance to other stresses. 


Burdick and his co-workers (1964) 
in New York demonstrated that lethal 
amounts of DDT can be transmitted from 
female lake trout to their offspring through 
the egg. Lethality bore no relation to the 
concentration of DDT in the female. Fry 
died when the final contents of the yolk 
sacs were absorbed. These deaths occurred 
when the eggs contained DDT equivalent 
to 2.9 mg/kg or more of fry. This situa- 
tion came to light when complete loss of 
lake trout fry occurred in 1955 and 1956 
at a Lake George fish hatchery. It is a 


most subtle adverse effect that would be - 


detected only under hatchery or laboratory 
conditions. 


The influence upon the survival of 
aquatic organisms of transovarially con- 
veyed pesticide residues is a _ subject 
worthy of further research. The period of 
dependence upon food stored in the egg 
sac may be for numerous fish species the 
most vulnerable period in their life his- 


tories as far as pesticides are concerned. 
If this is true, the chances are very slight 
that population losses would be directly 
observed in nature short of virtual elimina- 
tion of a major species. 


Much has been written about the effects 
of long-term exposure of aquatic organisms 
to pesticides at sublethal levels, but we still 
have a remarkably small amount of com- 
pellingly positive information indicating 
danger from organic chlorinated insecti- 
cides. DDT has received by far the most 
attention, possibly because its residues are 
so universally distributed. We need more 
research on other persistent insecticides. 
Although we do not have agreement within 
the scientific community concerning the 
danger of persistent residues in living or- 
ganisms and in the environment, perhaps 
all can agree that it would be better if we 
did not have these uncontrolled residues. 


Other Water Uses 


In April 1968 the National Technical 
Advisory Committee on Water Quality 
Criteria of the Federal Water Pollution 
Control Administration submitted its first 
report to the Secretary of the Interior 
(Anon., 1968). This volume constitutes 
the most comprehensive document to date 
on water quality requirements for various 
uses. It contains recommendations for per- 
missible limits for some pesticides. 


The Subcommittee on Public Water 
Supplies based its recommendations on 
pesticides upon recommendations — sub- 
mitted by the Public Health Service Ad- 
visory Committee on Use of the Public 
Health Service Drinking Water Standards. 
The values were derived for that com- 
mittee by an expert group of toxicologists 
and were established at those levels which, 
if ingested over extensive periods, could 
not cause harmful or adverse physiological 
changes in man. In the case of aldrin, 
heptachlor, chlordane, and parathion the 
values were set even lower than those 
physiologically safe, to avoid levels that 
could be tasted or smelled. Table 1 con- 
tains these recommendations. 


82 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Table 1. Surface Water Criteria for Pesticides 
in Public Water supplies (mg/1).1 


Permissible Desirable 
criteria criteria 
Aldrin 0.017 Absent 
Chlordane 0.003 fe 
DDT 0.042 ney 
Dieldrin 0.017 % 
Endrin 0.001 v8 
Heptachlor 0.018 rh 
Heptachlor epoxide 0.018 eS 
Lindane 0.056 sf 
Methoxychlor 0.035 $4 
Organic phosphates 
plus carbamates 0.12 . 
Toxaphene 0.005 s 
2,4-D plus 2,4,5-T, 
plus 2,4,5-TP 0.1 * 


1 Adapted from Water Quality Criteria, Report 
of the National Technical Advisory Committee to 
the Secretary of the Interior, April 1968. Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

2As parathion in cholinesterase inhibition. It 
may be necessary to resort to even lower con- 
centrations for some compounds or mixtures. 


The subcommittees concerned with 
criteria for aquatic and wildlife (both 
freshwater and marine) and for agricul- 
ture each considered pesticides. The 
criteria, or formulae for determining 
criteria values, are generally too complex 
to justify discussion here, and the reader 
is referred to the original source. 


An alternative suggestion for a water- 
quality criterion for fish, based on a group 
effect of about 100 organophosphorus and 
carbamate compounds, was derived at the 
Southeast Water Laboratory (Nicholson, 
1967). This practical suggestion was based 
upon the ability of these compounds to 
inhibit acetyl-cholinesterase activity in the 
brains of fish. The degree of inhibition is 
a function of the compound, its concentra- 
tion in water, and the duration of ex- 
posure. Death results from inhibition rang- 
ing from 40 to 70%. As little as 10% 
inhibition can be measured and statistically 
confirmed in a group of ten fish of the 
same species and of similar size. Therefore, 
it was suggested that 10% acetylcholines- 
terase inhibition in fish brain would serve 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


as a good criterion of water quality in- 
volving chemicals capable of causing this 
inhibition. Unfortunately, no group effect 
for organochlorine insecticides has yet 
been developed upon which a similar 
criterion can be established. 


Pesticide Pollution Control 


The Southeast Water Laboratory has 
national responsibility within the Federal 
Water Pollution Control Administration 
for research leading to the control of pesti- 
cide pollution. Control is generally easiest 
at point sources; i.e., at industrial sources 
where waste effluent is discharged to a 
stream at a single outfall. We are cur- 
rently beginning an inventory of waste- 
treatment practices at pesticide manufac- 
turing and pesticide using industrial plants 
to establish a mutually beneficial relation- 
ship with some of these industries. Control 
may be accomplished by a variety of waste- 
treatment processes and by in-plant process 
changes. Effective control may be as simple 
as the provision of facilities for biochemi- 
cal oxidation of effluents with auxiliary 
provision of a basin for containing ex- 
traordinary peak loads of wastes for more 
leisurely disposal. Our Laboratory is 
equipped with a variety of advanced 
analytical instruments, including a 100- 
megacycle high-resolution nuclear mag- 
netic resonance spectrometer and a com- 
puterized mass spectrometer, with which 
we are able to determine the chemical 
nature of industrial waste effluents and 
assist in optimizing the design of advanced 
waste treatment systems. 

The control of pesticide pollution as- 
sociated with rural runoff is much more 
difficult to accomplish because its entrance 
into watercourses is not localized. There- 
fore, control must be accomplished by 
other means and ultimately rests in the 
hands of the users. Land-management 
practices designed to retard water runoff 
and soil erosion certainly are helpful meas- 
ures. The retention of an untreated buffer 
strip adjacent to mountain streams was 
shown to prevent the runoff of DDT ap- 


83 


plied for forest insect control (Grzenda 
et al., 1964). 

We are conducting research with pure 
clay mineral model soils to develop basic 
concepts relative to the retention of rep- 
resentative pesticides on the land or their 
failure to be retained. Recently our sci- 
entists, cooperating with associates at 
Purdue University, demonstrated _ that 
s-triazine herbicides may be irreversibly 
adsorbed onto montmorillonite clay, and 
in so doing, undergo a chemical change 
to an innocuous compound (Russell eé al., 
1968). Basic concepts developed are later 
confirmed with natural soils. The results 
frequently are directly applicable to rural 
runoff control recommendations. 


Pesticide runoff from the land is directly 
related to runoff losses of both water and 
surface soil; the latter serve to transport 
pesticides from farm or forest to water- 
courses. Controlling this process are cli- 
matic, edaphic, hydrologic, physiographic, 
and cultural factors. If we knew more 
about the interplay of soil type, slope of 
the land, rainfall, and other climatic fac- 
tors, cropping practices, and the behavior 
of the pesticides in use, we should be able 
to recommend measures to reduce the im- 
portance of rural runoff as a source of 
water pollution by pesticides. These rec- 
ommendations might simply concern which 
pesticides to use or not to use in a given 
combination of circumstances. It might 
develop into water-pollution-control rec- 
ommendations for geographic zones. 


A comparable development has already 
been made in agriculture. I refer to the 
universal soil-loss equation that is appli- 
cable to guiding conservation farm plan- 
ning throughout the United States (Wisch- 
meier ef al., 1958; Wischmeier, 1969; 
Wischmeier and Smith, 1960, 1965). The 
factors upon which this equation is based 
are rainfall, soil-erodibility, slope length 
and gradient, cropping management, and 
erosion control practices. The possibility 
of extending the universal soil-loss equa- 
tion and applying it to the prediction and 
control of pesticide pollution associated 


with rural runoff seems good and is being 
explored. 


In the meantime, socio-economic devel- 
opments are occurring outside the field of 
water pollution control that tend toward 
reduction of the water pollutional impact of 
the persistent organochlorine insecticides. 
The development of resistance to insecti- 
cides among cotton, corn, and sugarcane 
pests, to name a few, has forced total or 
partial abandonment of the formerly pre- 
ferred “hard” insecticides in favor of more 
effective and, incidentally, less persistent 
types. Food and Drug Administration-con- 
trolled tolerance levels have required other 
changes. There is a growing public inter- 
est in environmental contamination control 
that may bring forth legislation outlawing 
the use of the “hard” insecticides as 
“hard” detergents were outlawed a few 
years ago. I should not like to see this 
happen, but would prefer to see sub- 
stitutes used whenever it is feasible to do 
so, retaining the troublesome insecticides 


for use where they are absolutely neces- 


sary and where their usage will not result 
in further environmental contamination. 


It is the responsibility of entomologists 
and leaders in the field of pesticide usage 
to take note, to look beyond the im- 
mediate problem of controlling insects, 


‘and to assume greater responsibility for 


preventing undesirable side effects result- 
ing from the use of pesticides. 


References Cited 


Anonymous. 1961. A report on fish kills occurring 
on Choccolocco Creek and the Coosa River 
during May 1961. Rep. of Ala. Water Improve- 
ment Commission, Montgomery, Ala. 

Anonymous. 1963. Use of pesticides. President’s 
Science Advisory Committee Report. Gov't. 
Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 

Anonymous. 1964. Report of Peace River para- 
thion incident, Dec. 23, 1964. Fla. State Board 
of Health, Bur. San. Eng., Jacksonville, Fla. 

Anonymous. 1968. Water Quality Criteria, Re- 
port of the National Technical Advisory Com- 
mittee to the Secretary of the Interior. Gov't. 


Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 


84. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY. OF SCIENCES 


Bailey, T. E., and J. R. Hannum. 1967. Distribu- 
tion of pesticides in California. J. San. Eng. 
Div., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. 93(SA5): 
27-43. 

Bice GC. Ey EJ, Harms, H. J. Dean, J..M. 
Walker, J. Skea, and D. Colby. 1964. The 
accumulation of DDT in lake trout and the 
effect on reproduction. Trans. Amer. Fisheries 
Bec. 93(2) 2 127-136. : 

Butler, P. A. 1966a. Fixation of DDT in estu- 
aries. Trans. 3lst N. Amer. Wildlife and Natural 
Resources Conf. Publ. by Wildlife Management 
Institute, Washington, D. C. 

. 1966b. The problem of pesticides in 
estuaries. Amer. Fishéries Soc., Special Pub. 3, 
pp. 110-115. 

. 1966c. Pesticides in the marine environ- 
ment. J. Appl. Ecol. 3 (Suppl.), pp. 253-259. 

Cope, O. B. 1965. Research in Pesticides. Aca- 
demic Press, N. Y., p. 115. 

Cottam, C. 1960. Pesticides and water pollution. 
Proc. Nat. Conf. on Water Pollution, Dep. 
HEW, Washington, D. C., pp. 222-235. 

Eye, J. D. 1968. Aqueous transport of dieldrin 
residues in soils. J. Water Poll. Cont. Fed., 
Res. Suppl. 40(8) : R316-R332. 

Gakstatter, J. H., and C. M. Weiss. 1967. The 
elimination of DDT-C14, dieldrin-C1*, and 
lindane—-C14 from fish following a single sub- 
lethal exposure in aquaria. Trans. Amer. Fish- 
eries Soc. 96(3) : 301-307. 

George, J. L. 1959. Effects on fish and wildlife 
of chemical treatments of large areas. J. For- 
estry 57(4) : 250-254. 

Godsil, P. J., and W. C. Johnson. 1968. Pesticide 
monitoring of the aquatic biota at the Tule 
Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Pesticide Moni- 
toring J. 1(4): 21-26. 

Grzenda, A. R., H. P. Nicholson, J. I. Teasley, 
and J. H. Patric. 1964. DDT residues in 
mountain stream water as influenced by treat- 
ment practices. J. Econ. Entomol. 57(5): 615- 
618. 

Hoffman, C. H., and A. T. Drooz. 1953. Effects 
of a C47 airplane application of DDT on 
fish-food organisms in two Pennsylvania water- 


sheds. Amer. Midland Natur. 50(1): 172-188. 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


Hunt, E. G., and A. I. Bischoff. 1960. Inimical 
effects on wildlife of periodic DDD application 
to Clear Lake. Calif. Game and Fish 46(1): 
91-106. 

Keith, J. O. 1966. Insecticide contaminations in 
wetland habitats and their effects on fish-eating 
birds. J. Appl. Ecology 3 (Suppl.): 71-85. 

Nicholson, H. P. 1967. Pesticide pollution con- 
trol. Science 158(3803) : 871-876. 

Nicholson, H. P., A. R. Grzenda, and J. I. Teas- 
ley. 1966. Water pollution by insecticides: A 
six and one-half year study of a watershed. 
Proc. Symp. on Agr. Waste Waters. Water 
Resources Center, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Rep. 
10, pp. 132-141. 

Russell, Jo De Graz 9. | Wiate,) GC. WV. 
Bailey, W. R. Payne, Jr., J. D. Pope, Jr., and 
J. I. Teasley. 1968. Mode of chemical degrada- 
tion of s-triazines by montmorillonite. Science 
160: 1340-1342. 

Weaver, L., C. G. Gunnerson, A. W. Breiden- 
bach, and J. J. Lichtenberg. 1965. Chlorinated 
hydrocarbon pesticides in major U. S. river 
basins. Pub. Health Reps. 80(6) : 481-493. 

Wischmeier, W. H. A rainfall erosion index for 
a universal soil-loss equation. 1959. Soil Sci. 
Soc. Amer. Proc. 23(3) : 246-249. 

Wischmeier, W. H., and D. D. Smith. 1960. A 
universal ‘soil-loss equation to guide conserva- 
tion soil planning. 7th Intern. Congress of 
Soil Sci., Madison, Wis., pp. 418-425. 

Wischmeier, W. H., and D. D. Smith. 1965. Pre- 
dicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland 
east of the Rocky Mountains: Guide for selec- 
tion of practices for soil and water conserva- 
tion. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handbook 282. 

Wischmeier, W. H., D. D. Smith, and R. E. 
Uhland. 1958. Evaluation of factors in the soil- 
loss equation. Agric. Eng. 39(8); 458-462. 

Woodwell, G. M., C. F. Wurster, Jr., and P. A. 
Isaacson. 1967. DDT residues in an East Coast 
estuary: A case of biological concentration of 
a persistent insecticide. Science 156(3776): 
821-824. 

Young, L. A., and H. P. Nicholson. 1951. Stream 
pollution resulting from the use of organic 
insecticides. Progr. Fish-Culturist 13: 193-198. 


85 


Motivation and Selection 


of Research Goals! 
Kenneth D. Johnson 


Chemical Engineer, Manufacturing Chemists’ Association 


In the course of my search for an 
executive now active in research direction 
for tonight’s panel participation and of 
my discussions with some that, unfortun- 
ately, were not able to accept my invita- 
tion, | was able to gather some of their 
thoughts on the motivations for industrial 
research in a capitalistic society. One of 
them, when I introduced the topic of the 
profit motive, replied in a facetious mood, 
“Sure, what else? When you've said that 
you've said it all!” 

Such a generalization is, of couse, both 
superficial and basic in its implications. 


Men are motivated by many goals, and | 


industry, in spite of its impersonal facade 
of corporate structures and management 
committees, is composed of individuals— 
people who have personal goals and drives 
that influence the conduct of their business 
affairs no less surely than they do their 
private lives. 

It is certainly true that the more people 
who are involved in an administrative de- 
cision, the greater the pressure becomes 
to reduce the immediate goals to a com- 
mon denominator. In our capitalistic so- 
ciety, this most nearly universal unit of 
value is the monitary one—the dollar. 
Profit, then, becomes the goal of business, 
not because businessmen love money, but 
because money is the most broadly ap- 
plicable medium of exchange through 
which a host of more immediate and per- 
sonal goals may be secured. 


1Text of a talk given as part ofa symposium 
on R & D management before a joint meeting of 
the Maryland and Washington chapters of the 
American Institute of Chemists on November 16, 
1967 at Laurel, Maryland. 


36 


But I do not believe that this panel is 
an appropriate podium from which to de- 
fend the American capitalistic system. 
Rather, I will attempt to show how this 
profit motive has led to a diversity of 
research goals and business strategies that 
have resulted in a chemical industry with 
a record of growth and contributions to 
our rising standard of living that is un- 
excelled. 

What are some of these personal goals 


‘that, as primary drives, may modify or 


even override the pressures for maximiza- 
tion of profit? One of the most basic, and 
the most directly transferable from the in- 
dividual to the corporate personality, is 
pride, the desire to be thought well of by 
others, the need to be able to sense a 
feeling of achievement, a job well done. 

A reason that this striving for excellence 
is an acceptable goal for a _ business 
executive is that it can be justified to his: 
board and stockholders in terms of dollar 
values in both tangible and intangible as- 
sets. The ability to satisfy personal striv- 
ings for recognized excellence as well as 
corporate directives for profit with a single 
accomplishment is undoubtedly a signi- 
ficant factor in the selection of the re- 
search goals of many businesses, even 
though this may never be identified as 
such in the executive’s report to his board 
of directors. 

Recognition for technical excellence 
brings its reward not only in the market 
place where the prestige of a famous de- 
signer or engineer or the reputation of its 
maker can often ensure acceptance of a 
new and relatively untried product, but in 
less direct but no less real ways. Employee 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


recruitment, particularly of technical and 
scientific personnel, is very closely keyed 
to the prospects of (1) an association with 
an organization or key individuals of that 
organization that have achieved wide pub- 
lic recognition for their achievements, 
and (2) projects or activities of sufficient 
public interest or national importance that 
the new employee may either enjoy the 
reflected glory of past achievement or 
anticipate general recognition of meritori- 
ous achievement at these new tasks. This 
factor may not only play a significant role 
in competition for, and retention of, 
superior employees on other than a mone- 
tary basis (thus lowering payrolls and em- 
ployee recruitment and training costs) but 
will motivate the employee to greater pro- 
ductivity and company identification. The 
aura of public approbation extends be- 
yond the areas of market acceptance and 
employee loyalty into the supposedly hard- 
nosed and impersonal world of finance. 
The remarkable early performance of the 
Comsat stock when issued a few years ago, 
in spite of the technical problems the or- 
ganization faced, the certainty that regula- 
tory agencies would predictably ban 
“excessive” return on capital, and a gen- 
eral recognition of the long wait that 
would antecede any return to the investor 
from earnings, was almost totally due to 
the cachet imparted by the new “tech- 
nology of space” aspects of Comsat’s ac- 
tivities. 

Another avenue to a favorable public 
image is through altruistic actions. Al- 
though altruistism or the desire for the 
appearance of altruism may motivate dona- 
tions to civic enterprises or the establish- 
ment of educational grants and research 
foundations, it seldom is the prime factor 
in the selection of research goals or the 
establishment of research priorities at the 
corporate level. 


Erhlich’s search for his “magic bullet” 
may indeed have been sustained by his 
burning drive to conquer syphilis, as his 
cinematic biographers would have us be- 
lieve, and not by more personally oriented 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


goals. But as retired Goodyear chairman 
Eddie Thomas is quoted, “Business states- 
manship is O.K., but the greatest sin is 
still failure to make a good return on in- 
vestment.”’ (1) 

It isn’t that man, in the aggregate as a 
board of directors, is any less _public- 
minded than a single individual—it is 
merely that whereas the individual can 
skimp and starve and still function, the 
corporate body must prosper or perish. 
The finest of civic spirit and_ altruistic 
fervor is useless in a bankrupt corporate 
shell. Only a sound and profitable com- 
pany can assume and discharge the re- 
sponsibilities of corporate citizenship in 
the community. 

This brings us back again to our start- 
ing point—the profit motive—and we now 
turn to those factors that are considered by 
management in making the decisions on 
research that will maximize return on 
capital within the company’s strategy for 
growth. — 

I will bypass the initial step, the identi- 
fication of projects as candidates for re- 
search. Anything from serendipity to frank 
emulation of the competition may be in- 
volved. How do we choose, then, among 
the many proposed projects that compete 
for a share of the company’s research 
program? 

Technical feasibility (the prospects of 
technical success of the research or devel- 
opment program) and market analysis (the 
probability of salability at profitable 
prices) are a “chicken-and-the-ege” pair. 
Management can not justify a full-scale 
research and development program with- 
out some substantial assurance that the 
products or services that may result from 
the project will sell. The market analysis 
team can not make a good prediction of 
sales potential without knowing in some 
detail the virtues or weaknesses of the 
future product and the price at which it 
must be sold as a function of sales volume. 

In practice, research and development 
and market analysis go on simultaneously. 
A qualified “feel,” based on long sales ex- 


87 


perience, may justify a laboratory program 
to demonstrate technological feasibility. At 
the other extreme, the subjective opinion 
by the R & D director that his team can 
develop a product of specific properties 
may itself lead management to conduct a 
large scale consumer preference survey to 
determine whether the potential sales of 
this new product justify its development. 


More typically, a limited demonstration 
of technological feasibility is used to 
justify a preliminary market analysis. 
Favorable predictions of sales then sup- 
port a more extensive investigation of de- 
velopment problems, the generation of a 
more detailed research budget, and the 
setting of a time table for development. 
Armed with this information on the de- 
velopment costs to be recovered and the 
time when the product could be ready, and 
making estimates of the total market that 
will then exist, marketing costs, and prob- 
able market penetration, the market 
analysis team can then forecast the sales 
that can be anticipated under any as- 
sumed marketing strategy and _ pricing 
structure. 


I have no intent to enter into the eco- 
nomic or social thickets of debate on mar- 
keting and pricing strategy and dare men- 
tion them in passing only because I can 
plead ignorance in the case that I offend 
any of your pet theories. Suffice it to say, 
as the successively more detailed analyses 
develop, management is presented with 
data that can be plotted as a cash flow 
graph, with “most probable,” “most opti- 
mistic,’ and “most pessimistic” curves 
showing the accrual of the total project 
costs, including capital charges against 
accrued, unrecovered costs. If the “most 
probable” degree of development and sales 
success will lead to an acceptable return 
on investment, and if the “most pessi- 
mistic” curve never dips below the point at 
which the project could be abandoned 
without risking the financial stability of the 
company, the project is eligible for con- 
sideration for continuing support. If at the 
time of any updating of such cash flow 


graphs, it appears that these criteria are 
not met, the project will be dropped. 

A single entrepreneur can “shoot the 
works” or “go for broke”, and gamble 
his last dollar on a wildcat oil well, fully 
recognizing the potentials for either bank- 
ruptcy or wealth. A publicly held corpora- 
tion ought not to subject its stockholders 
to this kind of risk, and the ones that do 
are sooner or later eliminated from the 
business scene. 


Assuming that several of the proposed 
projects have demonstrated their eligibility 
in this manner, how do we select the few 
that we have capital, staffs, and facilities 
to support? Sometimes the choice is simple 
and obvious. If one project offers equal 
prospects of and equal rewards for suc- 
cess, but lower risks as reflected in less 
maximum net cash outflows or earlier re- 
coupment of development expenses, we 
have no problem. Similarly, if the “opti- 
mistic” and “pessimistic” curves for two 
projects are comparable but the “most 
probable” curve for project A surpasses 
that of project B,. we certainly select the 
former. Seldom, however, is our choice 
this easy. Risks, rewards, development 
times—all major factors—will vary, and 
judgments must be made, whether by the 
“old man,” the basis of his subjective 
“feel” nurtured by a lifetime of experience 
in the industry, or by an executive com- 
mittee of vice presidents backed up by an 
IBM 360 system and a library of linear 
programming software. 

Running a business is a lot like playing 
bridge. There are lots of ways to bring in 
a contract successfully. We can crossruff 
the hand out, establish long suits, try a 
dummy reversal, or strip and endplay our 
opponents. Not all hands are suitable for 
every strategy, and for hands that may be 
played successfully in two or three dif- 
ferent ways, success is attained only if a 
proper strategy is selected and consistently 
pursued throughout the play. If there are 
two possibilities to win that last, contract- 
fulfilling trick, we must select a sequence 
and timing such that loss in the first effort 


33 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


still leaves us an opportunity to test the 
second. ! 

In business, as in bridge, our techniques 
must be suited to the material with which 
we have to work. Our goals must be com- 
mensurate with our assets. Cashing in on 
the hula hoop fad of a decade and a half 
ago required the nimble footwork of the 
small, individually managed plastic ex- 
truder. The development of the extrudable 
plastic industry and the production facili- 
ties that made these plastics cheap required 
the financial strength and_ technological 
competence of a Union Carbide. Our 
American private enterprise system has led 
to the growth and prosperity of both kinds 
of organizations. 

In my discussion this evening, I have 
not touched upon “planned research,” the 
long-term programming of development 
efforts toward the attainment of social 
rather than economic goals. The efficiency 
with which our society has met the ma- 
terial demands of its citizens speaks well 
for the effectiveness of the profit motive in 
stimulating our many entrepreneurs and 
corporations, large and small, to anticipate 
future desires. The diversity of products 
that have resulted from the ways in 
which different assets, different business 
strategies, and different goals have been 
‘interpeted have greatly exceeded the pub- 
lic demand. The inefficiencies in develop- 
ment programs, uncontrolled by some 
super-planning overlord, have been more 
than compensated for by the hard and 
impersonal verdict of the market place that 
swiftly corrects earlier errors. 

There are, however, proper socially de- 
fined and politically determined goals that 
may not have present economic justifica- 


Vou, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


tion. These, I feel, are a proper area for 
government sponsorship, with present costs 
borne by, and future benefits accruing to, 
the society at large. As I think back over 
the years, the failure of the United States 
to develop a synthetic rubber industry be- 
fore Pearl Harbor seems to be a rare ex- 
ample of a significant unfilled gap between 
the attainments of industry, made on the 
basis of economic justification, and the 
meeting of social and political goals under 
government aegis. Today there is an over- 
lap of government-sponsored research into 
areas where the economic criteria of the 
business world rather than the politically 
motivated decision of our office holders 
should perhaps govern. 

But that is another topic that I most 
willingly cede to some other speaker at 
some other time. If my remarks tonight 


have seemed to stray pretty far from 


chemistry into economics, it is only be- 
cause the economic factors are the common 
denominator that allows us to compare 
the merits of quite diverse research 
projects. To make a quantitative compari- 
son between any two things, we must find 
a unit in which both items can be ex- 
pressed. There are those who disdain the 
dollar as that measuring unit. It may not 
be perfect, and we ought not to abandon 
our search for an improved one, but until 
that better measure comes along, research 
goals and business decisions will be based 
upon return on capital. Business states- 
manship is not a substitute for profits—its 
very existence depends upon them. 


References 


(1) Forbes, November 18, 1967. 


89 


The Bocior in the World’ 


Henry van Zile Hyde, M.D. 


Director, Division of International Medical Education 


My subject is a large one. Tonight, 
when we are in such national distress, it 
might be heartening to glimpse something 
suggestive of progress in peace. It is worth- 
while to look now and then at some of the 
areas of activity that do not command the 
front pages—they are often more funda- 
mental in the development of mankind and 
his peaceful relationships than much that 
is highlighted by the press. International 
health is such an area. 

U.S. scientists are not strangers to in- 
ternational life, having played a leading 
role in creating WHO, ICSU, UNESCO 
and in organizing the triumphant Geophys- 
ical Year, which stands as one of the 
great events in man’s history. The medical 
and health professions, internationally 
oriented since Galen, have been active, as 
well, in these times. 

The physician, in my view, has a unique 
position in world society—one that gives 
him peculiar opportunities to affect the 
course of events. He has, everywhere, a 
shared ideal stemming from Hippocrates, 
an ideal of service and truth and concern 
for others, not only for self. He has at 
his command a technology applicable to 
all and desired by all. A vaccine has no 
politics. He has a vast constituency. A con- 
tinuing mystique attaching to the physician 
brings to him some of the power of magic 
as well as medicine. He is the hakim, the 
medicine man, the bone setter—the man 
the community looks to in times of dis- 
tress. He has a world following and his 
word is too little questioned. 

As Osler pointed out, there is a soli- 
darity in medicine that is a special source 


1 An address before a meeting of the Washing- 
ton Academy of Sciences, January 25, 1968. 


of power. “The profession,” he said, “in 
truth is a sort of guild or brotherhood, 
any member of which can take up his call- 
ing in any part of the world and find 
brethren whose language and methods and 
ways are identical with his own.” Having 
been a peripatetic physician for over two 
decades, I can attest to the spirit of 
camaraderie and common concern that 
prevails throughout the medical profession. 

Thus, the physician can draw on com- 
mon ideals and technology, fellowship, and 
a wide built-in following in contributing to 
international progress and amity. He can, 
indeed, contribute to humanistic progress 
in the advancement of knowledge through 
research; to the progress of the economy 
through more abundant health of the peo- 
ples; and to the building of bridges of 
understanding and hope between peoples. 
This gives the physician a heavy charge. 

Underlying this movement is a profound 
change in man’s attitude toward his fellow 
man. This is manifest in the human rights 
movement and many other aspects of the 
work of the UN. It can be seen dramati- 
cally in attitudes toward illness and death. 
On August 18, 1796, Harman Blenner- 
hassett, writing from New Utrecht, Long 
Island, to a friend in England, told the 
following tale: 


“Sometime last summer, a Yankee, at a little 
town in the State of Massachusetts, learning 
the times were mortally sickly at Port au 
Prince, conceived a scheme of sending there 
a cargo of coffins. These commodities were 
made up in nests of sizes, from the largest 
to those for infants; and, that no room 
should be lost, the inner coffins of the nest 
were packed with cakes of gingerbread. I 
have only to add, that the speculation turned 
out a capital hit,—our Yankee having ac- 
tually returned full freighted with the best 
West Indies produce, in return for his 
timber.” 


90 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


On March 17, 1953—157 years later—a 
dispatch originating in Port au Prince ap- 
peared in the New York Times under the 
headline: 


“U. N. AND U. S. HELP HAITI 
FIGHT YAWS 


Antibiotic Injections Rapidly Wiping Out 
Disease Once Infecting 1,000,000” 


This dispatch tells the dramatic story 
of an international cooperative effort to 
eradicate a disease that was holding back 
the growth and development of a neigh- 
boring nation. It tells of cooperation which 
involves a number of agencies and govern- 
ments—cooperation carried on under the 
inspired and inspiring leadership of the 
World Health Organization. 

Between Blennerhassett’s letter of 1796 
and the New York Times story of 1953 
lies not only the discovery of the causes 
of infectious disease and their methods of 
control but an awakening to the fact that 
prosperity for all lies in health rather than 
in disease—in life, rather than in death. 

Today the world reaches out with a help- 
ing hand, not with coffins. International 
machinery has been built to give tangible 
expression to this new approach. A World 
Health Organization has been created, and 
the U.S. has contributed to international 
health in amounts previously inconceivable 
but still grossly inadequate to the need. 

Before World War II, three international 
health organizations were in existence: the 
International Office of Public Health in 
Paris, founded in 1907; our own Pan- 
American Sanitary Bureau here in Wash- 
ington, which was founded in 1902; and 
the Health Section of the League of Na- 
tions. The United States contributed to 
them in the total amount of $26,000 a 
year! A default during World War II 
required special legislation for $30,000 to 
pay our accumulated indebtedness to the 
office in Paris. As for the League of Na- 
tions, which pioneered much of interna- 
tional health, the U.S. was not a member, 
although the Rockefeller Foundation with 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


great foresight provided generous support 
to its health work. 

At the time of my first visit to the Pan- 
American Sanitary Bureau, its files blocked 
the upstairs hall of the Pan-American 
Union building, I trust you are all familiar 
with its magnificent new home on 23rd 
Street adjacent to the Department of State, 
now one of the most striking buildings in 
this monumental city. It was designed, in- 
cidentally, by a Uruguayan architect. One 
of six such WHO buildings, it serves as 
a symbol for us in Washington of growth 
and commitment in international health 
under medical leadership. 

Under the stimulation of the WHO and 
with assistance from many sources—WHO, 
PAHO, UNICEF, the U.S. and other aid 
programs—the developing nations have 
built a rudimentary health structure reach- 
ing from the presidential cabinet level into 
distant hovels. It is often a new, shaky, 
poorly supported and inadequate structure, 
but one that exists as a framework for 
great accomplishment. 

Neither brick and mortar nor dollars 
themselves are proper measures of accom- 
plishment in health. This progress must be 
measured in terms quantifiable only in 
superficial human aspects, no true assess- 
ment of their inner values being possible. 
However, we can get some feel of the ex- 
tent of the accomplishment and promise in 
international health by looking at certain 
dramatic programs. 

In 1950 yaws was still the predominant 
problem in Haiti. Those who have never 
seen a case of that disease—and probably 
few of you have—can accept my assurance 
that it is a particularly gruesome, painful, 
and debilitating disease. Prior to the fifties, 
more than 80% of the population of Haiti 
suffered from it, although it was totally 
curable by means of a single injection of 
penicillin. In 1950, with assistance from 
WHO, the Pan-American Health Organiza- 
tion, and the U.S. aid agency, yaws was 
essentially eradicated from Haiti, recent 
surveys revealing 0.03% infection in con- 
trast to 80%. (“Papa Doc” worked in this 


9] 


program. He is a sterling example of how 
even a physician can be undermined by 
power. ) 

The story of malaria is perhaps even 
more striking. Like the geophysical year, 
it was and is a worldwide, carefully orga- 
nized joint effort of all men and nations to 
solve a discrete problem. At the time of 
my first visit to India in early 1950, 
100,000,000 cases of malaria and 1,000,000 
deaths from it were occurring annually. 
Now, the number is 100,000 cases with 
1000 deaths per year. Throughout the 
world 1,300,000,000 people who once lived 
in malarious areas are protected against 
that disease. 

AID is presently assisting a program in 
West and Central Africa designed to finish 
the job, started by Jenner, of vaccinating 
100,000,000 persons against smallpox—es- 
sentially the total population in that area. 
Concurrently measles vaccine is_ being 
given to all children. The Surgeon General 
of the Public Health Service himself gave 
the 25th million vaccination in this pro- 
gram within the past few days. 

These are tremendous accomplishments, 
but other great problems still await the 
physician—throughout the world he is re- 
assessing his social role, trying to deter- 
mine how to discharge it most effectively. 
It has been my privilege to sit with medi- 
cal educators and other health officials in 
essentially every part of the world in recent 
months and years. 

One finds physicians, particularly those 
responsible for education, struggling uni- 
versally with two interacting forces that 
are well known to us here. One is the 
growth of knowledge, bringing with it in- 
creases in complexity and costs and infinite 
demands on curricular time. Another is 
the skyrocketing demand for service. The 
peoples of developing countries have 
learned through modern communications 
that there is a better and more abundant 
life; that it isn’t necessary for infants and 
mothers to die in childbirth or from other 
avoidable hazards of early years. The re- 
sulting demands for service have been 


given greater currency and force through 
nationalism, with political leaders promis- 
ing great new things. 


I would like to identify some elements of 
the world machinery being built to deal 
with these great problems, I will not speak 
further of the World Health Organization, 
the Pan-American Health Organization, or 
other multilateral agencies which are doing 
remarkable things in health, but will speak 
for a few minutes specifically about medi- 
cal educators and the way they are ap- 
proaching world problems through non- 
governmental professional cooperative 
action. 


In a new worldwide movement, medical 
educators are organizing themselves into 
associations modeled, if you will, on our 
own Association of American Medical Col- 
leges. This Association, together with the 
AMA, has been giving leadership in the 


advancement of medical education in the 


U.S., which in the minds of many now 
ranks first in the world at large. 


Today a national association of medical 
schools exists in every country in the 
Americas having more than one school. Six 


of these associations have a full-time execu- 


tive staff. In Central America, where each 
country has but one school, regional 
associations are tied together by a Pan- 
American Federation of Associations of © 
Medical Schools headquartered in Bogota 
and supported by contributions from mem- 
ber schools and grants from some seven 
foundations. It is a strong and growing 
organization which is developing faculty 
training centers in existing schools, im- 
proving library facilities, conducting op- 
erational and educational research, and 
giving the lead to family planning activi- 
ties in Latin America. 


Looking across the Atlantic, we find that 
the schools of Central Africa, meeting now 
for seven years, have formed an Associa- 
tion of Medical Schools in Africa which is 
conducting programs of exchange at the 
faculty and examiner level, focusing atten- 
tion on the special needs of Africa, and 


92 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


attempting to develop an African person- 
ality in medicine. 

The Association for the Study of Medi- 
cal Education in England has done much 
to combat British educational traditional- 
ism and has recently commenced the pub- 
lication of an excellent British Journal of 
Medical Education. In Germany a Society 
for the Study of Medical Education, 
financed by the Volkswagenwerke Founda- 
tion (which sent 15 German educators and 
medical leaders to Denver to attend the 
AAMC annual meeting in 1967) now has 
a staff of some ten people. It is conducting 
basic educational studies which are docu- 
menting the weaknesses of the rigid Ger- 
manic system of medical education—a sys- 
tem in which the Geheimrat rides high and 
the Ordinarius becomes wealthy, while the 
student grinds away to take his chances on 
oral exams. One of the programs of the 
Society is the introduction of objective 
testing within the German system. 


The French Ministry of Education sent 
six educators to the AAMC Annual Meet- 
ing in San Francisco two years ago. On 
their return home they established with 
600 members a Society for Information 
and Research in Medical Education 
(SIREM) which now meets monthly in 
Paris under the chairmanship of the dean 
at Lyons. It also is introducing objective 
testing, which has taken hold rapidly. The 
AAMC, SIREM, the German Society, and 
others are working together to test, through 
a single examination, the strengths and 
weaknesses in the various national systems 
—preliminary studies suggest there may be 
few differences. Other countries in Europe 
have less structured organizations, but all 
hold recurrent meetings of deans to ex- 
amine common problems, while Scandi- 
navia has organized Europe’s first regional 
international association. 

The Indian Association for the Advance- 
ment of Medical Education has been meet- 
ing every year for eight years with finan- 
cial help from USAID. This organization 
publishes the Indian Journal of Medical 
Education, which is widely distributed in 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


Asia. Through this Association, medical 
educators have been able to study and 
openly discuss their problems as physicians 
and educators without regard to Govern- 
ment employment and hierarchy. 

Six weeks ago I had the privilege of at- 
tending a meeting in Baghdad of medical 
educators who are launching an Associa- 
tion of Medical Schools in the Middle East 
that includes an area from Morocco to 
Turkey and Iran and the Sudan. It is ex- 
pected that this association will be formally 
established in Khartoum in December 1969. 


There has been and continues to be pro- 
ductive interaction between initiatives of 
professional and official health agencies in- 
creasingly concerned with the shortage of 
health manpower. WHO and PAHO have 
underwritten much of the organizational 
activity necessary to bring the professional 
associations into being and have provided 
support to cooperative projects. As ex- 
amples, note the joint publication by 
PAFAMS' and PAHO of Educacion y 
Salud, a journal in Spanish, and the devel- 
opment of a faculty exchange program in 
Africa by WHO at the request of the 


African Association. 


It is hoped that this movement at the 
professional level will expand and win 
growing support from all sources—their 
own membership, multilateral organiza- 
tions, bilateral aid organizations, and pri- 
vate foundations. The movement is impor- 
tant because it gives voice and effect to 
those who are dealing with the problems of 
delivering medical and health services un- 
der the most trying circumstances. It is 
from this source that an increasingly in- 
sistent demand emerges for support of 
community health services, preventive 
medicine, public health and_paraprofes- 
sional education having less emphasis on 
open heart surgery and cellular biology. 

In the developing country the physician 
is a member of the intellectual elite and 
often has great political power. The medi- 
cal school associations are providing him 
with some of the concepts and information 
he requires for effective political action in 


93 


health. Medical educators, through their 
associations, are searching for new ways to 
handle the great problems with which they 
are faced—new concepts, new teaching 
methods, new categories of personnel, and 
new organizational patterns. 

The Association of Medical Schools in 
Africa is discussing the founding of an 
African College of Physicians to provide 
African physicians, in the African setting, 
the same honors attached to similar col- 
leges and societies in advanced countries, 
not an easy task in the face of long- 
established titles of distinction. Efforts are 
being made to conceptualize a health team 
for Africa in which the role of the doctor 
is fractionated to allow less highly trained 
personnel to carry out defined functions so 
the doctor’s time can be used for doctor- 
ing. Walsh McDermott has taken the stand 
that the doctor should never go beyond the 
most distal hospital, with service beyond 
that point being provided by people trained 
at a less exalted level. 

Who trains the members of the team be- 
low the rank of the doctor? Medical educa- 
tors and medical schools and their univer- 
sities are proud to train doctors, research 
workers, and other leaders, any one of 
whom may win a Nobel prize, but they 
find it difficult to train people on a lower 
plane of competence and skill. Questions of 
prestige and tradition are involved. There 
is conflict between the hallowed scholastic 
tradition of schools such as Oxford and 
Cambridge and the more pragmatic ap- 
proach of the land grant college. It is difh- 
cult for a university steeped in British 
scholastic tradition to become earthy, as 


Sir Eric Ashby has pointed out in his 
Godkin lectures at Harvard. 

New methods of teaching are looked to 
as a possible educational panacea. There is 
a widespread belief that we have some se- 
cret magic in television, teaching machines, 
and new fangled devices that can solve the 
educational dilemma if we could only make 
them available. This, of course, is not true. 
Any such devices are of limited help, but 
they can appear from a distance to be 
much more than they are. | 

In conclusion, I remind you that medi- 
cine can contribute considerably to the de- 
velopment of developing countries through 
its impact on poverty, ignorance, disease, 
and hunger. In attempting to perform its 
role effectively, medicine will encounter 
difficulties, uncover new assets, and be con- 
fronted with grave deficiencies. The diff- 
culties range from barriers caused by 


deeply rooted cultural patterns and reli- 


gious convictions to problems of cost, ad- 
ministrative ineptitudes, sparsity of roads, 
and absence of telephones. Conflicts of atti- 


‘tude, uncertainties of goals, and change 


itself add to the complexity of attaining 
steady progress in the development of 
sound and secure structures based on com- 
petence and concern for man. 

We cannot go it alone; we should harken 
to the voice of Henry Pritchett in the intro- | 
duction to Abraham Flexner’s report on 
medical education in Europe in January, 
1912: “Today in medicine, as in all other 
larger human interests, the world is, in re- 
ality, one, and it is a backward and narrow 
national view which fails to take to heart 
both the successes and failures of other 
nations.” 


94, JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


A Simple, Inclusive, and Versatile 


Card Filing System! 


W. A. Brindley and R. G. Jones’ 


Zoology Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321 


Punch-card filing systems have proved 
useful to entomologists and are widely used 
(Foote, 1967). The system described here 
is used in our laboratory as an index to 
our reprint and literature reference files. 
References or reprints may be retrieved by 
author, date of publication, location of the 
author, and content of the article from a 
random collection of cards. The system is 


equally useful to all entomologists and bi- — 


ologists regardless of their specialty. Lit- 
erature references, data, lecture or seminar 
notes, procedural notes, or any other type 
of information may be filed. 

One deceptive aspect of the system is its 
apparent complexity. The system appears 
to be complex only because it is inclusive. 
The rules are actually few and simple. The 
alphabetical index (Table 2) is no more 
difficult or inconvenient to use than a dic- 
tionary and may be further simplified by 
preparation of an abbreviated form for the 
words most frequently coded (Table 1). 

The card we use is a 5 x 8-inch card 
printed by the Todd Division, Burroughs 
Corporation, University and Thomas 
Streets, Rochester, New York. We purchase 
our cards from the Iowa State University 
Bookstore, Memorial Union, Ames, Iowa 
90010. 

Coding by Author.—Authors are coded 
in the “alphabetical index” in the upper 


1 Journal paper number 745 of the Utah Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station. Supported in part 
by Project 696. 

2 Assistant Professor and Graduate Assistant, 
respectively. Mr. Jones’ current address: Depart- 
ment of Entomology, University of Idaho, Mos- 
cow, Idaho. 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


right hand corner of the card (Fig. 1). 
The first three letters of the senior author’s 
name are coded in the first, second, and 
third triangular areas, respectively. Junior 
authors are not coded. The intersection of 
the punched channels (Fig. 1) determines 
the letter pair coded and the use of punches 
to the first or second row of holes deter- 
mines whether the upper or lower letter is 
coded. If the senior author’s name includes 
two common letters as “s” in Sisson or “‘l” 
in Leland, the letters marked with the sub- 
script “2” are coded (Fig. 1). In the sec- 
ond triangular field a box contains the 
letters I, C, H, L, and R. R is considered 
to be a lower level letter coded by punches 
to the second row of holes. The others, 
which may be taken singly or in units, are 
upper level letters coded by punches to the 
first row of holes. 

Coding by Date of Publication—Dates 
of publication are coded in the upper half 
of the right-hand margin of the card. The 
holes coded 18 and 20 (Fig. 1) are for the 
19th and 21st centuries respectively. The 
20th century is not coded but is assumed. 
The last two digits of the year of publica- 
tion are coded in the triangular fields by 
intersection of punched channels as in the 


Table 1. Examples of codes from Table 2 for 
sample characterizing words. 


Characterizing Word Code from Table 2 


Ovariole 21-7-18 

Oviduct 21-12-18 
Oxidase 21-12-39 
Panoistic 22-24-39 
Polytrophic 24-30-10 
Plecopters 23-21-34 


Foote, R. H. 1967. Entomology looks at its mission. 
Information storage and retrieval for entomology. 


Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 13: 99-104. 


SUMMARY OF AREAS OF THE CARD 


Q 


B 


SO, 


A: First three letters of senior author’s name (FOO) 


: Century of the date (20th) 


B 
C: Tens and hundreds of the date (67) 
1p} 


: Words characterizing the article (information, storage, 


computer, tiling) 


E: Available for expansion 


X2QONI 133410 


a ££ ct ie of 6u az Zt 9t St 7 " . Iz Ou ol Bt ra ot St vi 


Fig. 1. 


author coding. Tens are coded in the “T” 
section. Units are coded in the “U” section. 

Coding by Characterizing Words.— 
Words characterizing the information on 
the card are coded by punching the num- 
bers from 1 to 39 in the “direct index” of 
the card (Fig. 1). Numbers from 1 to 39 
which are not italicized are obtained by 
a slot punched to the outer row of holes at 
the position numbered with the number to 
be coded. Numbers from 1 to 39 which are 
italicized are coded by a slot punched to 
the inner row of holes at the numbered 
position. 

The words characterizing the informa- 
tion to be filed are selected by the coding 
person. The code for the word is obtained 
from Table 2. Table 2 letter intervals cor- 
respond to about 1 page interval in a 
standard dictionary and the number codes 
were selected from a computer list of all 
possible combinations of the numbers from 
1 to 78 taken three times. 

Table 2 could form the basis for any fil- 
ing system in which the numbers 1 to 39 
may be coded. 


96 


A reference card for Foote (1967) showing how the card would be coded and punched. 


Coding by Geographical Location of Au- 
thor —Coding references by the location of 
the author makes it possible to quickly se- 
lect those references from a single labora- 
tory without having to select a variety of 
senior authors or characterizing words. 
The city location is coded and other loca- 
tion designations are ignored. Table 2 is . 
used to find the code for the city and that 
is coded as a characterizing word. 

Provision for Expansion.—The “numeri- 
cal and classified indices” in the upper left 
margin of the card have not been assigned 
a use. They are available for coding of 
any type. Some may wish to devise a code 
for specific journals or for indexing pur- 
poses for articles or reviews. The numbers 
1 2, 4, and 7 are coded directly in the 
numerical index, whereas 0, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 
9 are coded by selecting the appropriate 
combinations of 1, 2, 4, and 7. Coding 
the classified index would be done as with 
the “numerical index” except that the num- 
bers 1, 2, 4, and 7 should be punched to 
the inner row of holes. This will provide 
rapid selection of these “single figure” 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


digits from those’ used in combinations to 
code 0, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9. 


Manipulating the Cards——The cards 
should be filled with all the information 
desired and needed for coding. We usually 
use 5 to 7 words in the “direct index” to 
characterize the reference. The slots are cut 
with a special punch sold by the manufac- 
turer of the cards or with scissors. Cards 
are retrieved by passing a No. 2 knitting 
needle through the appropriate holes and 


lifting the cards by the needle. Cards coded 
for that hole will fall from the pack. From 
these cards, further needlings and selections 
are made until the desired cards are ob- 
tained. By this technique, packs of several 
hundred cards can be quickly and readily 
sorted. 


REFERENCE CITED 
Foote, Richard H. 1967. Entomology looks at 
its mission: Information storage and retrieval 


for entomology. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 13: 
99-104. 


Table 2. Alphabetical sequence for coding word and locations characterizing the reference to be filed. 


1 2 3 a—aba 1 33 38 amr—amz 
1 215 abb—abd 1 34 18 ana—anap 
1 317 abe—abl 1 35 JJ anaq—anc 
1 3 28 abm—abo 1 36 31 and—andz 
1 411 abp—abr 1 37 38 ane—ange 
1 5 12 abs—abt 1 39 21 angf—ango 
1 6 9 abu—aca 1 39 38 angp—ani 
1 616 acb—acce 1 211 anj—ann 
1 711 = accf—acco 1 2 23 ano—ans 
1 7 28 accp—acd 1 3 35 anta—ante 
1 810 ace—ach 1 5 38 antf—anth 
1 8 21] aci—acn 1 7 12. anti—antik 
1 913 aco—acr 1 9 12  antil—antiq 
11011 acs—act 1 9 37 antir—anz 
110 31 acu—ada 1 10 32. aoa—aph 
11112 adb—ade 1 11 29 api—apor 
1 12 20 adf—adj 1 16 21 apos— 

1 12 33 adk—adn appan 
113 14 ado—adu 1 17 23 appao— 
113 27 adv—ady appk 

1 14 38 adz—aeq 1 19 33 appl—appq 
115 23 aer—aes 1 22 38 appr—aps 
116 21 aet—aft 1 25 29 apt—aqz 
117 20 afg—aga 1 28 29 ara—arb 
11819 agb—agh 1 31 38 arc—arche 
118 39 agi—agq 1 32 33 archf—ard 
119 30 agr—ahz 1 36 37 are—arg 

1 20 21 aia—aiq 2 4 5 arh—ark 
2b 2G air alte 2 429 arl—arm 
1 22 24 ais—alba 2. 5Svdiy \arn—arr 

1 22 25 alb—albz 2 5 16 ars—arth 
1 23 30 alc—ale 2 6 7 arti-asa 
123 5 alf—ali 2 611 asb—asd 
1 24 29 alj—alle 2 6 37 ase—aso 

1 24 27 alli—allo 2 7 8 asp—asr 

1 25 31 allp—alo 2 712 assa—assi 
1 27 39 alp—als 13 25 38 assj—assu 
127 8 alt—alz 2 715 assv—astt 
1 27 38 ama—amaz 2 7 32 = astu—asz 
1 30 31 amb—amd 2 813 ata—ath 

1 30 38 ame—ami 2 8 31 ati—atom 
1 32 39 amj—amo 2 816 aton—atte 
1 32 31 amp—amq 2 910 attf—attz 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


2 922 atu—auf 2 118 bej—bella 
2 919 aug—aur 2 311  bellb—hbels 
21011 aus—autg 2 412  belt—bend 
210 35 auth—autod 2 5 22 bene—benn 
21213 autoe— 2 8 9 beno—berf 
autos 2 821 berg—bers 
212 6 autot— 2 10 12 bert—bess 
aver] 21219 best—betq 
2 12 30 averm—awa 2 12 21 betr—bez 
2 13° 28% awb—axk 2 16 34 bf—hbib 
213 14 axl—azz 219 26 bic—bif 
215 18 baa—bab 2 20 31 ~big—hbilk 
2 15 20 bac—backf 2 21 37 bill—hbiln 
215 30 backg— 2 23 28 bilo—biof 
bacs 2 27 34 biog—hbirc 
216 21 bact—bacz 2 31 32. bird—bisq 
217 23 bad—bag 3 425 bisr—bits 
217 24 bah—bak 2 4 37 bitt—blacj 
2 18 31 _ bal—bale 3 422 blacka— 
2 18 36 bali—ball blackg 
2 30 31 balm—banc 3 512 blackh— 
2°20 4 band—banh blacz 
2 20 16 bani—banp 3 5 38 blad—blasp 
221 7 banq—baq 3 615 blasq—blau 
2 21) 3b bar—barb 3 619 blav—blem 
2 22 38 barc—hbarj 3 6 22 blen—blinj 
2 22 11 bark—barq 3 616 blink— 
223 4 barr—bars bloch 
2 25 13 bart—base 3. 715 bloci— 
2 25 25  basi—hasr blooe 
2 26 36 bass—bas 3 7 32 bloof—blos 
228 4 bat—bats 3 8 29 blot—blt 
2 29 32 batt—bau 3 8 2 blua—blue 
2 29 35 ~bav—hbd 3 9 22 bluf—boara 
2 29 32. ~be—beal 3 921 boarb—bob 
2 31 33) beam— 3 10 16 boc—bog 
beard 3 10 20 boh—bois 
2 31 38 beare—beat 3 12 15 bolt—bonc 
232 4 beau—bec 3 12 27 bond—bonu 
2 32 28 bed—bedz 3 12 24 bonv—bool 
2 33 19 bee—bees 3 13 34 boom—boq 
2 112 beet—begh 3 13 31 bor—borz 
2 115 begi—bei 3 15 12 bos—both 


97 


Ww wwwww w 


is) 


Www w ww Ww WwW WwW Ww WwW Ww 


WwWwWwwWwwwwwwDwww www iw 


LALA ALLA DL PP w 


aS 


boti—boul 
boum—bov 
bow—bowz 


box—bq 
braa—brag 
brah—bram 


bran—brau 
bray— 
bream 
brean— 
breec 
breed—brib 
bric—brif 
brig—brip 
brig—brn 
bro—broj 
brok—brooc 
brood—brs 
brt—bru 
brv—bucj 
buck—bucz 
bud—buf 
bug—bulg 
bulh— 
bullm 
bulln—bunc 
bund—buq 
bura—burk 
burl—burr 
burs—bush 
busi—butd 
bute—butt 
butu—bz 
ca—cabe 
cabf—cact 
cacu—cad 
cae—caj 
cak—calec 
cald—cali 
calj—ealn 
calo—cama 
camb— 
camo 
camp—cam 
can—canb 
canc—cani 
canj—cano 


canp—canu 
canv—caph 
capi—capp 
capq—caq 
car—carbm 
carbn— 
carbo 
carbp— 
card 
care—carn 
caro—cars 
cart—carv 


ALAA D.AL ADD 


PLALALALA SRD 
www wo w Ww Ww 


iy 
(SC) 


aA. Poe 


Table 2. (Continued) 


carw—casq 
casr—cass 
cast—Casz 
cat—catam 
catan—catd 


cate—cath 
cati—caur 
caus—cave 
cavi—cela 
celb—celi 
celj—cem 


cena—cente 
centi—centz 
cenu—ceri 
cerj—cest 
cesu—chah 
chai—chalk 
chall—cham 
chan— 
chans 
chant— 
chaq 
char— 
charj 
chark— 
chart 
charu— 
chatz 
chau—cheb 
checa— 
cheer 
chees— 
chern 
chero—chev 
chew—chid 
chie—chil 
chim—chio 
chip—chiu 
chiv—choi 
choj—chog 
chor—chq 
chra—chrol 
chrom— 
chromz 
chron— 
chuf 
chug—cib 
cic—cind 
cine—circt 
clircu— 
circum 
circum— 
citk 
citl—ciz 
cja—claq 
clar—classh 
classi—claz 
clb—cleat 
cleau—cleu 


AMM MNINANINNNNNNNN PS SS 


aon 


a) 


BY 


6 


6 


6 


Go ND Bo 


27 30 


28 35 


2922 


29 31 


31 34 


31 39 


32.27 


a2 a9 


20 22 


20 19 


21 23 


clev—clim 
clin—clob 
cloc—clor 
clos—closz 
clot—cloz 
clp—cnz 
coa—coar 
coas—cobz 
coca—coci 
cocj—cock 
cocl—coef 
coeg—cof 
cog—coil 
coim—cold 
cole—colld 
colle—colli 
collj— 
colog 
color—colp 


colq—coma 
comb— 
come 
com{— 
comma 
commb— 
commir 
commis— 
commod 
commoe— 
commt 
commu— 
commz 
comn— 
compas 


. compat— 


complet 
compleu— 
compot 
compou— 
comg 
comr— 
concen 
conceo— 
concir 
concis— 
concz 
cond— 
condt 
condu— 
confed 
confee— 
confir 
confis— 
confz 
cong— 
congra 
congrb— 
conjt 


NAD OD 


2ihvot 


16 26 
18 28 


20 25 


222 


6 2573! 


conju— 
conne 
con{i— 
consec 
consed— 
consir 
consis— 
consp 
consq— 
constra 
constrib— 
consz 
cont— 
contem 
conten— 
conting 
continh— 
contq 
contr— 
contrap 
contrag— 
contrz 
contrs— 
conven 
conveo— 
convl 
convy— 
rexexere) 
coop— 
coppeq 
copper—coq 
cor—cordob 
cordoc— 
corm 
corn—cornu 
cornv— 
corpr 
corps— 
corre 
corrf—coru 
corv—coss 
cost—cottn 
cotto— 
couns 
count— 
counterm 
countern— 
counto 
countp— 
countz 
counu— 
couoz 
coup—cours 
court— 
coven 
coveo— 
cowk 
cowl—craa 
crab—crac 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


crad—cram 


~] 


Table 2. (Continued) 


demom— 


ec) 
Ni 
NO 
on 


draw—dreal 


9 20 24 eq—equipa 
cran—crash denb 8 23 30 dream—drh 9 20 21 equipd— 
crasi— 7 denc—dens 8 25 31 dri—drip erad 

cream t dent—depa 8 26 27 driq—droo 9 21 27 ~erae—erl 
crean— 7 depb—depo 8 27 37 drop——drug 9 21 12 erm—erw 
creel 7 depp—dera 8 28 35 druh—dryc 9 22 31 erx—escar 
if creem— ai derb—derz 8 29 35 dryd—duch 9 24 36 escas—espe 
crep 7 des—desig 8 29 39 duci—dui 925 5 espf—estel 
q creq—cric v desih—dess 8 30 38 duj—dum 9 25 37 estem—estr 
7 crid—crisr i dest—deten 8 30 1] dun—duo 9 26 36 ests—ethi 
7 criss—crof 7 deteo—deus 9 30 32 dup—duss 9 26 37 ethj—ety 
71012 crog—cror 7 13 24 deut—devik 8 31 21 dust—dv 9 27 33 etz—eups 
7 10 24 cros—crosso 7 13 33 devil—devz 8 33 9 dw—dyk 9 27 18 eupt—eus 
710 JI crossp— 7 15 32  dew—diab 8 33 21 dyl—dz 9 28 31 eut—eva 
crowe 7 17 30 diac—diak 8 35 6 e—earm 9 29 30 evb—evh 
71021 crowf—crud agile 23 dial—dian 8 36 29 earn—eash 9 30 15. evi—ew 
710 26 crue—cruz 22 AE Ghee =alev 8 39 5  easi—easz 9 32 33 ex—exca 
tle. erv—csa 7 26 29 dib—dics 8 I 3 eat—ecc 9 33 5 excb—excid 
711 5 cesb—cuc 7 27 29 dict—dieb 8 127 ecd—ecn 9 33 29 +excie— 
712.24.  cud—cui 1 al, 39) ‘diec—ditz 8 2 26 eco—ecz excres 
falselo. cuy;—cul 7 33 38 dig—dik 8 417 eda—edi 9 35, 2) excret— 
71325 cum—cupf 8 917 dil—dim 8 5 17 edj—eez exeg 
71417 cupg—curf 8 9 29 din—dion 8 7 12 ef—effl 9 36 32 exeh—exha 
7 14 29° curg—curr 8 9 5  dioo—dipl 8 911 effm—egr 9 38 11 exhb—exora 
714 2 curs—cuso 8 9 26 dipm—dirj 8 10 30 egs—ek 9 39 10 exorb—expa 
7 14 38 cusp—cuta 8 9 29 dirk—disap 8 11 26 el—elc 9 1 8 expb—expf 
715 11 cutb—cx 8 10 12 disaq— 8 15 20 eld—electo 9 1 32 expg— 
716 9 cya—cyc discl 8 16 21 electp— expor 
71735 cyd—cypq 8 10 21 discm— electrol 9 319 expos—exq 
feo2s Cy pr— cz disco 8 17 35  electrom— 9 510 exr—exterm 
felGogo.. da—dae 8 10 36 discp— elef 9 613 extern— 
71815 daf—dak disep 8 20 23 eleg—elf extram 
719 31 dal—damn Sey Liz diseq— 8 22 24 elg—ellir 9 811 extran— 
719 16 damo— disim 8 23 36 ellis—elz exur 
danh 8 10 21 disin—disn 8 24 25 em—embi 9 10 12 exus—ez 
7 20 33 dani—dark 8 11 12 diso—displ 8 27 29 embj— 9 11 20 f—facc 
7 20 30 darl—date 8 11 26 dispm— embru 9 12 17 facd—fae 
7 21 36 datfi—daw dissec 8.28 30 embrv— 9 13 27 faf—fairb 
7 23 32 dax—deac 8 11 11 dissed— emir 9 15 38 fairc—falc 
7 24 11 dead—deal dissz 8 30 35 emis—empi 9 18 36 fald—fall 
7 25 33 deam—deba 8 12 33 dist—disto 8 31 39 empj—enal 9 20 21 falm—fam 
7 25 30 debb— 8 12 29 distp—dithe 910 3 enam—enc 9 23 30 fan—faq 
decap 8 12 38 dithf— 9 if 23) end— 9 27 36 far—farre 
7 27 32 ~decaq— dividd endoph 10 11 14 farrf—fash 
decid 8 13 11 divide—diz 911 8 endopi— 10 11 13 fasi—fath 
7 28 30 decie— 8 1417 dj—dock enerf 10 11 23 fati—fau 
declin 8 14 26 dogl—dof 91217 energ—engi 101131 fav—feas 
7 28 12 declio— 8 15 16 dog—doi 9 13 21 engj—enj 10 12 28 feat—fec 
decre 8 15 18 doj—dol 9 13 33 enk—enr 10 13 34 fed—feek 
7 29 11 decrf—dee 8 15 30 dom—domz 9 14 17. ens—enterp 10 14 18 feel—feln 
7 30 11 def—defe 8 15 27 don—doo 914 2 enterq— 10 14 15 felo—fenm 
7 31 12 = deff—defr 8 16 1 dop—dor entren 10 15 16 fenn—fers 
733 5 defs—deif 8 17 25 dos—doua 9 14 38 entreo— 10 16 26 fert—fets 
7 34 12 deig—delia 817 1 doub—douc enzo 10 16 11 _ fett—fibq 
7 35 29 delib—deliu 8 18 25 doud—dowl 915 11 enzp—enz 10 18 37. fibr—fief 
io ao. deliv-— 8 20 30 dowm— 9 16 36 eo—eph 10 18 34 fieg—fif 
dema draa 9 18 23 epi—epid 10 19 23 fig—fild 
7 37 18 demb— 8 20 27 drab—drag 9 18 20 epie—episo 10 20 1 file—fils 
~ demol 8 21 33. drah—drav 9 19 22 episp—epz 10 20 24 filt—find 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 99 


100 


fine—finir 
finis—firea 
fireb—firr 
firs—fishg 
fishh—fiu 
fiv—flaf 
flag—flak 
flal—flar 
flas—flatt 
flatu—fleer 
flees—flie 
flif—fliv 
fliw—flop 
flog—flou 
flov—flul 
flum—fluv 
fluw—flyi 
flyj—foin 
foio—folk 
foll—food 
fooe—footh 
footi—fora 
forb—forea 
foreb— 
forem 
foren—forez 
forf—forl 
form— 
formu 
formv— 
fortr 
forts—foug 
fouh—fourf 
fourg—fox 
foy—fram 
ipa 
frank] 
frankm— 
fred 
free—freem 
freen— 
french] 
frenchm— 
fres 
fret—tfrig 
frih—friz 
frj—frontl 
frontm— 
frug 
fruh—fueh 
frei—fulll 
fullm—fune 
fund—furc 
furd—fuse 
fusd—fz 
g—gae 
gaf—galan 
galao—galla 


Table 2. (Continued) 


gallb— 
gallop 
gallog— 
gamb 
gamc—gane 
ganf—garc 
gard—gars 
gart—gastri 
gastrj— 
ganf 
gang—ed 
ge—gel 
gem—gend 
gene—genh 
geni—gent 
genu—geop 
geoq—gere 
ger{—gers 
gert—get 
geu—gibe 
gibf—gilli 
gillj—gira 
girb—glab 
glac—glar 
glas—glib 
elic—gloq 
glor— 
glucop 
glucogq— 
enas 
gnat—gnz 
go—goc 
god—gole 
gold—gole 
golf—gooc 
good—goop 
gooq—gorl 
gorm—gous 
gout—egrac 
grad—grah 
grali—gram 
gran—grand 
grane— 
grape 
erap{—gras 
grat—grav 
graw—greas 
great— 
greau 
greav— 
greeng 
greenh— 
grem 
gren—egrig 
erih—grin 
egrio—grog 
groh— 
groum 


12 24 6 


PAs Pas) 7483 


12 26 36 
aerate WG 
12 28 30 
T2933 
2290 
12 31 4 
12 31 28 
12732793 
12) 33) -6 
12) 33°30 
12 34 7 
12 34 Il 
12 36 8 
IZsSt 3 


IZS Cac 


12397 1 


13 21 6 
13 22 29 


groun— 
grouo 
eroup— 
grug 
gruh—guara 
guarb—gue 
egruf—guip 
guiqg—gum 
gun—gus 
gut—gym 
gyn—gz 
h—hab 
hac—haf 
hag—haip 
haiq—hale 
half—hali 
halj—halu 
halv— 
hamm 
hamn— 
handb 
handc— 
handw 
handx— 
hanz 
hao—hardb 
hardc—harl 
harm—harg 
harr—hasr 
hass—hats ‘ 
hatt—havn 
havo—haym 
hayn—hd 
he—heade 
headf— 
hears 
heart—heas 
heat— 
heaven 
heaveo— 
heck 
hecl—heeh 
heei—hej 
hek—heli 
helj—heln 
helo—hemia 
hemib— 
hemo 
hemp—hen 
heo—herc 
herd—herl 
herm—hero 
herp—hes 
het— 
heterod 
heteroe— 
hew 
hex—hib 
hic—hif 


— 
uw 

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co 


— 
uw 
La LN) 


14 20 2] 


14 21 12 


hig—highl 
highm—hils 
hilt—hin 
hio—histi 
histj—hiv 
hiw—hoc 
hod—hok 
hol—holi 
holj—holu 
holy—homd 
home—homi 
homj—homr 
homs—honk 
honl—hoog 
hooh—hoov 
hoow— 
horm 
horn—horr 
hors—horz 
hos—hotb 
hotc—hour 
hous—hov 
how—huc 
hud—hul 
hum—humi 
humj—hung 
hunh—huro 
hurp—huz 
hvy—hydn 
hydo— 
hydra 
hydrb— 
hydrog 
hydroh— 
hydz 
hye— 
hyperb 
hyperc— 
hyph 
hypi—hypoc 
hy pod— 
hypoz 
hypp—hz 
i—icd 
ice—ick 
icl—idd 
ide—idl 
idm—ign 
igo—illa 
illb—illu 
illv—imid 
imie—immi 
immj— 
impan 
impao— 
impen 
impeo— 
impes 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


14 22 31 
14 23 36 
14 24 30 
14 24 I 
14 25 35 
14 27 32 
14.27 3 
14 28 30 
14 28 39 
14 30 2 
14 31 3 
14 32 36 


14 33 


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4 
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14 5 10 
6 
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14 32 34 
15 16 36 
lo 17 23 
1s. 
15 18.23 
15 19 24 
15 19 36 
15 20: 26 


15 20 11 


impet— 
impon 
impoo— 
impreg 
impreh— 
improo 
improp— 
1mz 
in—ina 
inb—ince 
incf—inci 
incj— 
incomm 
incomn— 
incont 
inconu— 
incub 
incuc— 
indeh 
indei— 
index 
indf—indie 
indif—indiu 
indiv—indr 
inds—indv 
indw—inev 
inew—infa 
infb—infin 
infio—infl 
infm—infz 
ing—inha 
inhb—inj 
ink—innoc 
innod—inp 
ing—insc 
insd—inse 
ins{—insi 
insj—insta 
instb—insuf 
insug— 
integ 
inteh— 
intens 
intent— 
interc 
interd— 
_ Iinterk 
inter]— 
interm 
intern— 
interp 
interq— 
intez 
int{—intri 
intrj—intz 
inu—inver 
inves— 
invok 
invol—iod 


16 27 37 
16 28 32 
16 29 31 


Table 2. (Continued) 


loe—ira 
irb—ironh 
ironi—irref 
irreg—irrs 
irrt—isl 
ism—isol 
isom—isop 
isoq—isz 
it—its 
itt—iz 
j—jack 
jacl—jal 
jam—jaq 
jar—jau 
jav—jek 
jel—jer 
jes—jez 
jfi—jin 
jlo—jog 
joh—jok 
jol—jour 
jous—jude 
judf—jui 
juj—jum 
jun—jur 
jus—Jz 
k—kal 
kam—kar 
kas—ked 
kee—kem 
ken—ker 
kes—kg 
kh—kid 
kie—kim 
kin—kingf 
kingg— 
kirm 
kirn—kle 
klf—knif 
knig—knot 
knou—knz 
ko—kor 
kos—kuk 
kul—kz 
1—labi 
labj—lach 
laci—lacz 
lad—lagg 
lagh—lama 
lamb— 
lamm 
lamn— 
lande 
landf—lane 
lanf—lant 
lanu—lap 
laq—lar 
las—latc 


latd—lath 


16 


30 31 
aL 32 


a 9 


lati—laud 
laue—lava 
lavb—lax 
lay—laz 
lb—lead 
leae—lear 
leas—lec 
led—lef 
leg—legi 
legj—lend 
lene—leon 
leoo—less 
lest—letu 
letv—levee 
levef—levu 
levv—libel 
libem— 
librar 
libras—lid 
lie—liez 
lif—lifz 
lig—lightl 
lightm— 
like 
likf—lime 
limf—lind 
line—liner 
lines—lino 
linp—liqui 
liquj—liteq 
liter—liti 
litj—liva 
livb—livid 
livie—lk 
ll—loba 
lobb—loca 
locb—locz 
lod—logg 
logh—lom 
lon—long]l 
longm— 
loon 
looo—lordl 
lordm—los 
lot—loui 
louj—love 
lovfi—lowe 
lowf—luce 
lucf—lug 
luh—luna 
lunb—luri 
lurj—luxe 
luxf—lynm 
lynn—lIz 
m—mace 
macd— 
macq 
macr— 
madm 


iz. 6 


17.9 


7%, i 


12 


27 


18 


Bi. 1227 


i 2 


17 14 


17 14 


17 20 


39 


24 


36 


20 


1d. 21, 33 


lf, 2a 
17 25 
17 28 
17 32 
17 33 
18 20 
18 20 
18 21 
18 22 
18 22 
18 23 
18 23 
18 24 
18 25 
18 26 
18 27 
18 28 
18 29 
18 30 
18 30 
18 32 
18 33 
18 34 


18 35 


24 


31 


31 


33 


39 


37 
30 

3 
36 
31 
39 
36 
35 
34 
34 
31 
37 

1 
37 


3 


madn— 
magia 
magib— 
magneti 
magnetj— 
mahl 
mahm— 
maim 
main— 
maka 
makb— 
malab 
malac— 
mald 
male—mall 
malm— 
mamme 
mamm{— 
mana 
manb— 
mand 
mane— 
manh 
mani— 
maniz 
manj— 
mans 
mant— 
manx 
many— 
mara 
marb— 
mare 
mar{— 
marim 
marin— 
marked 
markee— 
margq 
marr—mars 
mart—marz 
mas—masq 
masr— 
masta 
masth— 
masti 
mastj— 
matc 
matd—matq 
matr—matti 
mattj—maw 
max—mayp 
mayq— 
mealh 
meali— 
meas 
meat— 
medh 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


101 


18 26 9 


18 38 39 
18 39 21 


1S ee 
18 1 19 
18 1 31 
18 3 6 


IG «47 


102 


medi— 
medin 
medio—mee 
me{— 
melang 
melanh— 
meloi 
meloj— 
memo 
memp— 
menol 
menom— 
mercan 
mercao— 
merd 
mere—merq 
merr— 
mesom 
meson—mes 
met— 
metam 
metan— 
meten 
meteo— 
methu 
methv— 
mets 
mett— 
michd 
miche— 
microm 
micron— 
middk 
middl]— 
midl 
midm—milb 
milc—milke 
milk{f— 
millik 
millil—mim 
min—mind 
mine— 
minin 
minio— 
minn 
mino—minz 
mio—mioe 
miof—misg 
mish— 
missh 
missi—mistr 
mists—miw 
mix—moch 
moci— 
moderni 
modernj— 
moi 
moj—mollu 


19 34 36 
1930857 
19 36 I 
19 36 8 
PAT) 
19 39 10 
1D Irs 
LOE 20 
19 43 
19 5 10 


19 6 13 
Uo See 
19 8 10 


19 8 12 
LZ) 9. NO 


19 10 Il 
Seti, iil 


US) The As) 
19 18 31 
1) Zl A 


19522729 
19 24 34 
WD) 27; ail 
19 352 34 
12 28 39 
20 21 31 
20 21 4 
20 2016 
20 22 32 
20 2275 
20 33 35 
20 24 31 
20 24 16 
20 25 26 
20 25 11 
20 27 31 
20 27 16 
20: 28" 2 


Z0) 290 a 


Table 2. (Continued) 


molly- 
monan 
monao— 
mongq 
mongr— 
monob 
monoc— 
monol 
monom— 
monotr 
monots— 
monter 
montes— 
moonb 
moonc— 
moral 
moraj— 
mored 
moree— 
moro 
morp—mort 
moru—mote 
mot{— 
motorc 
motord— 
mounte 
mount{— 
movd 
move—muci 
mucj— 
mugv 
mugw— 
multig 
multih— 
murc 
murd— 
musc 
musd—muss 
must—mutt 
mutu—myq 
myr—mz 
n—nal 
naj—napi 
napj—nar 
nas—natio 
natip—nat 
nau—naz 
nb—necj 
neck—needi 
needj—nego 
negp—neoc 
neod—nep 
neq—nes 
net—neurop 
neuroq— 
newb 
newc— 
newsl 


20 30 1 


20 30 13 
20732 
20 33 4 
20 33 34 
20 34 38 
20 35 4 
20 36 37 
20 37 5 
20 38 1 


20° FS 9 


AA) di. il 


20) Zane 


ZO 2Rs2, 


NO 
— 
ie) 
(oe) 
i 
™MO Mm ®ONAD OO ™ 


newsm— 
nibd 
nibe—nick 
nicl—nighti 
nightj—nim 
nin—nis 
nit—nn 
no—noc 
nod—nol 
nom—nonb 
nonc— 
nonpo 
nonpp— 
norh 
nori— 
northa 
northb— 
northwa 
northwb— 
noss 
nost—noth 
noti—nova 
novb—nuch 
nuci—nul 
num—nun 
nuo—nuz 
nvy—nz 
o—obd 
obe—obj 
obk—obsc ‘ 
obsd—obsz . 
obt—occ 
ocd—octa 
octb—ode 
odf—oez 
of—ofth 
offi—oge 
ogf—oki 
okj—oldm 
oldn—olio 
olip—omi 
omj—ond 
one—onu 
onv—opa 
opb—opeq 
oper—opi 
opj—ops 
opt—oral 
oram—orch 
orci—ord 
ore—org 
orh—ori 
orj—orp 
orq—ort 
oru—osp 
osq—ost 
osu—oug 
ouh—outd 
out—outp 


outq—ouz 
ov—overb 
overc— 
overl 
overm— 
overs 
overt—owi 
owj—oxyg 
oxyh—oz 
p—paci 
pacj— 
paddo 
paddp—pail 
paim— 
palate 
palati—palg 
palh—pall 
palm—pals 
palt— 
panch 
panci— 
pang 
panh— 
panth 
panti—pape 
papf{—parab 
parac— 
parak 
paral— 
paran 
parao—parb 
parc—parh 
pari—parl 
parm—parr 
pars—parth 
parti—partl 
partm— 
pasq 
pasr—passe 
passf—passz 
past—pasz 
pat—pate 
patf{—patric 
patrid— 
paul 
paum—pax 
pay—peach 
peaci—peb 
pec—pedal 
pedam— 
peel 
peem—pek 
pel—pem 
pen—pene 
penf—penn 
peno— 
penul 
penum— 
peq 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


22 18 38 
7a A AS) 
22 26 38 
22 ot 37 
22 53 36 
23 24 30 
23/24 3 


2a'25 31 
23 26 33 


24 28 38 


per—perc 
perd—perf 
perg—perin 
perio—peris 
perit—pero 
perp—perse 
persf{— 
perso 
persp—perz 
pes—peth 
peti—pett 
petu—pham 
phan—phaz 


phm—phosg 
phosh— 
phosz 
phot— 
photop 
photog—pht 
phu— 
physiog 
physioh— 
pice 
picf—pick 
picl—pieced 
plecee— 
pigg 
pigh—pilk 
pill—pim 
pin—pinf 
ping—pintl 
pintm— 
pipp 
pipq—pis 
pit—pits 
pitt— 
placem 
placen— 
planb 
planc— 
plano 
planp— 
plasti 
plastj—plau 


‘plav—plead 


pleae—plen 
pleo—plos 
plot—plumo 
plump—plu 
plv—pob 
poc—poe 
pof—pointe 
pointf{— 
polarf 
polarg— 
polis 


24 29 37 


24 29 
24 39 


24 31 


24 32 
24 33 
24 33 
24 34 


24 35 
24 36 
24 36 


24 38 
24 39 
24 I 


10 
10 


38 


il 
34 
7 
38 


4 


37 
10 


I 
10 
i 


Senn Ov 


Table 2. (Continued) 


polit—pols 
polt—polym 
polyn— 
pomd 
pome— 
ponth 
ponti—poo 
pop—porc 
pord—porta 
portb— 
ports 
portt—posi 
posj—postd 
poste— 
postp 
postq—pote 
potf—pounc 
pound— 
powd 
powe—prac 
prad—prax 
pray—prece 
precf{— 
prede 
pred{— 
prefa 
prefb— 
preli 
prelj— 
prepar 
prepas— 
presc 
presd— 
presi 
presj— 
presz 
pret—preve 
prevf—prier 
pries— 
prime 
primf— 
princ 
prind—prit 
priu—proa 
prob— 
procep 
proceq— 
proc 
prod—proft 
profg—prog 
proh—prol 
prom— 
prone 
pronf— 
propa 
propb— 
propor 
propos— 
prose 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, ApriL-May, 1969 


29 34 


29 30 


25 36 


25 38 
Zour 


Zar 


ZONaS 


26 13 
26 14 


36 


2 


8 


Il 
p 


pros{— 
proteg 
proteh— 
protom 
proton— 
prove 
provfi—prud 
prue— 
pseudom 
pseudon— 
psychol 
psychom— 
pt 
pu—pud 
pue—pulj 
pulk—puls 
pult—punc 
pund—puq 
pur—purl 
purm—push 
pusi—putt 
putu—pyra 
pyrb—pyrot 
pyrou—pz 
q—quadric 
quadrid— 
quak 
qual— 
quarn 
quaro— 
quartern 
quartero— 
quec 
qued—ques 
quet—quill 
quilm— 
quin 
quio—quiv 
quiw—qz 
r—racd 
race—racke 
rackf— 
radiob 
radioc—rae 
raf—railq 
railr—rak 
ral—ram 
ran—rank 
ranl—raref 
rareg—rath 
rati—ratz 
rau—raz 
rb—reac 
read—reag 
reah—reas 
reat— 
recan 
recao—rece 
recf—recl 


recm— 
recons 
recont— 
recri 
recrj—recz 
red—redf 
redg—redt 
redu—reed 
reee—refe 
reffi—refo 
refp—refz 
reg—regim 
regin—regt 
regu—reim 
rein—relas 
relat—relaz 
relb—trelie 
relif—rema 
remb— 
remn 
remo—renc 
rend—rens 
rent—repa 
repb—repla 
replb— 
repreh 
reprei— 
reproo 
reprop—req 
rer—resg 
resh—resi 
resj—reso 
resp—ress 
rest—restz 
resu—rete 
retf—retra 
retrb—retro 
retrp—trevel 
revem— 
rever 
reves—revol 
revom— 
rheos 
rheot—trhi 
rhj—rhz 
ri—rich 
rici—rie 
rif—rigg 
righ—rigo 
rigp—ringe 
ringf—ripp 
ripq—rit 
riu—robb 
robc—robs 
robt—roc 
rod—rolf 
rolg—romd 
rome—roos 
root—rosa 


103 


rosb—ross 
rost—rotar 
rotas— 
rouge 
rougfi— 
roum 
roun—rouz 
rovV—Ir 
rs—rubl 
rubm—rufe 
ruff—ruma 
rumb— 
rumz 
run—runi 
runj—rur 
rus—russ 
rust—1rz 
s—sab 
sac—sack 
sacl—sad 
sae—saf 
sag—sail 
saim—sala 
salb—sall 
salm—salt 
salu—-sama 
samb—sana 
sanb—sandh 
sandi—sani 
sank—sao 
sap—sara 
sarb-sarz 
sas—sati 
satj—-sau 
savV—Savz 
saw—saz 
sb—scale 
sacl{—scant 
scanu—scarl 
scarj—scep 
sceq—schi 
schj—schoo 
schop—scor 
scos—scoz 
scp—scra 
scrb—scrim 
scrin—scru 
scerv—scute 
scutf—seah 
seali—seaq 
sear—seaz 
seb—seco 
secp—secti 
sectj—sedi 
sedj—see 
sef—seiz 
sej—self 
sele—semh 
semi—sem]j 


Table 2. (Continued) 


semk—seni 
senj—sens 
sent—senu 
senv—sept 
sepu—serb 
serc—serl 
serj—serve 
servi—sesz 
set—seto 
setp—seven 
seveo—sexr 
sexs—shade 
shadf—shaj 
shak-sham 
shan—share 
sharf—shaz 
shb—shed 
shee—shelk 
shell—shes 
shet—shinf 
shing—shir 
shis—shoe 
shof—shore 
shorf—shov 
show—shre 
shrf—shuc 
shud—shz 
si—sick 
sicl—side 
sidf—sigi 
sigj—sik 
sil—silj 
silk—silv 
silw—simo 
simp—sind 
sine—sing 
sinh—sio 
sip—siste 
sistf—sixs 
sixt—skel 
skem—skill 
skim—skir 
skis—slab 
slac—slat 
slau—sled 
slee—slic 
slid—slio 
slip—sloo 
slop—slow 
slox—slz 
sm—smas 
smat—smite 
smitf—smoo 
smop—snao 
snap—snee 
snef—snov 
snow—snz 
so—soch 
soci—soco 


35 
35 


20 25 
22 28 
27 30 
24 4 
34 16 
39 36 
30 19 


39. 
bod 


socp—sofs 
soft—sola 
solb—solic 
solid—solu 
solv—somm 
somn—soc 
sop—sorl 
sorj—soum 
soun—sous 
sout—south 
souti—spac 
spad—spanj 
spank— 
sparz 
spas—speaq 
spear—specs 
spect—speec 
speed— 
spern 
spero— 
spher 
sphes—spij 
spik—spinm 
spinn— 
spiris 
spirit—spit 
spiu—splin 
splio—spom 
spon—spora 
sporb—spot 
spou—sprh . 
spri—sprit 
spriu—spuz 
spv—squar 
squas— 
squee 
squef—stabi 
stabj—staf 
stag—stak 
stal—staml 
stamm— 
‘stand 
stane—stare 
starf—starz 
stas—statin 
statlo—staz 
stb—steam 
stean—steep 
steeq—stenn 
steno—stere] 
stereo— 
stern 
stero—stib 
stic—stif 
stig—stim 
stin—stiq 
stir—stocj 
stock—stoj 


35 10 
39 10 
39 Il 
35 16 
35 8 


37 10-13 
31 di,2! 


stok—ston 
stoo—stoqg 
stor—stov 
stow—strai 
straj—strat 
strau—strem 
stren—stric 
strid—strik 
stril—striq 
strir—stro 
strp—stuc 
stud—stum 
stun—stylh 
styli—suba 
subb—subja 
subjb— 
subme 
subm{f— 
subsh 
subsi—subte 
subtf—succi 
succj—sude 
sudf—suf 
sug—su] 
suk—sull 
sulm—summ 
sumn—sung 
sunh—super 
supes— 
suppn 
suppo—surd 
sure—surm 
surn—suru 
surv—suso 
susp—swag 
swah—swas 
swat—swed ~ 
swee—swell 
swelm— 
swing 
swinh—swor 
swos—sylu 
sylv—sympg 
symph— 
sync 
synd—syno 
synp—sz 
t—tab 
tac—tae 
taf—tail 
taim—talk 
tall—tamb 
tamc—tangh 
tangi—tao 
tap—tara 
tarb—tars 
tart—tas 
tat—taw 
tax—teac 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Table 2. (Continued) 


37 12 18 tead—teb 39 26 36 toxj—track 3 16 24 unwj—upb 7 11 22 wate—water 
37 13 16 tec—tee 39 31 34 tracl—trade 3 17 26 upc—upse 7 12 19 wates—wax 
37 14 15 tef—teleo tee? 5) tradi—traium 3 20 26 upsf—urani 7 14 16 way—weak 
37 16 17 telep—telk I 2:17 train—tranr 13 16 20 uranj—urid 7 15 16 weal—weath 
37 17 19 tell—tempe Jerson brans—— 3 21 32 urie—usab 7 16 17 weati—wedf 
37 19 26 tempf—tena transl 3 22 27 usac—usz 7 21 25 wedg—weif 
37 21 25 tenb—tenm Lindh, stransm— 3 25 30 ut—uz 7 24 25 weig—welk 
37 22 32 tenn—tent transp 3 26 29 v—vaci 7 31 32 well—wels 
37 31 32 tenu—terl 1 4 6 transq— 3 27 29 vacj—vai 8 910 welt—wg 
39 39 1 term—terrd trape 3 31 39 vaj—vali 8 11 13 wh—whea 
38 111° terre—tess I 5 8 trapf—trav 4 7 8 valj—valz 8 11 25 wheb—when 
38 210 test—tete 1 611 traw—treb 4 813 vam—vanis 8 12 22 wheo—whif 
38 2 22 tetf—teu I 715 trec—trenc 4 919 vanit—varia 81419 whig— 
38 310 tev—thana 1 914 trend—trial 41014 varib—vasct whippe 
38 4 11 thanb— 1 10 21 triam—tricg 412 19 vascu—vau 8 16 20 whippf— 
thean ILI aries —trid 4 14 16 vav—veh whis 
30° 513... theao—- 112 14 = trie—trilk 415 16 vei—vena 8 19 29 whit—whiz 
theob I 13 24 trill—trin 4 21 25 venb—venis 8 21 28 whj—whori 
38 5 25 theoc— 1 16 24 trio—tripo 4 22 32 venit—venur 8 23 31 whorj—widt 
therd 119 21 tripp—trit 4 24 25 venus—verf 8 25 26 widu—wilk 
38 616 there— I 20 26 triu—trok 4 31 32 verg—verm 8 28 38 will—wimo 
thermol 13 19 29 trol—troph 4 34 38 vern—vers 8 31 35 wimp— 
38 7 8 thermom— I 21 32 tropi—trou ~ 2 6 7 vert—vespe windf 
thez I 23 35 trov—true 3 619 vespf—vets 9 10 14 windg— 
38 8 12 thf—thine I 27 29 .truf—truss 9 711 vett—vib windz 
38 9 18 thinf—thio 1 36 38 trust—tryo 9 11 13 vic—vicn 9 11 22. wine—winm 
38 10 13 thip—thom 2 311 tryp—tube 39 12 22 vico—viev 9 12 19 winn—wirel 
38 11 21 thon—thoug 2 412 tubf—tule 5 13 20 view—villa 9 14 16 wirem—wis 
38 12 18 thouh— 2 5 14 tulf tune o 14 19 villb—vini 9 15 16 wit—with 
three 2 617 tunf—turbo 5 15.19 vinj—vird 9 17 18 witi—wole 
38 14 15 thref—thron 2 7 9 turbp— 5 16 20 vire—virs 9 18 21 wolf—wont 
38 17 18 throo—thrz turna 5 19 29 virt—visib 9 21 24 wonu—wood 
38 18 21 ths—thuz 2 814 turnb—turz 9 21 28  visic—vital 9 22 31 wooe—word 
38 21 24 thv—ticke 21015 tus—twat 9 22 23 vitam— 9 32 36 wore—work 
38 22 31 tickf—tieb 2 11 23 twau—twind vivan 10 11 23 ~worl—worr 
23 27 = tiec—tilk 2 12 20 twine—two 3 24 28 vivao—voca 10 12 20 wors—wran 
38 J 13 till—tim 213 18 twp—typg 9 25 26 vocb—volc 10 13 18 wrao—wrig 
38 1 25 tin—tint 215 17 typh—tz 3 31 35 vold—volul 10 14 17 wrih—wrot 
38 2 12 tinu—tis 2 136 18 au—uh 6 711 volum—vors 1015 17 wrou—xanth 
38 3 12 tit—tiz 217 20 ui—ultg 6 8 16 vort—vt 10 17 20 xanti—xz 
39 5 15 tj—tob 2 21 26 ultr—umb 6 910 vu—vz 10 19 27. y—yanj 
39 710 toc—tog 2 24 26 umc—unc 6 11 13 w—waf 1 21 26 yank—yd 
39 815 toh—toll 2 31 33° und—under 6 12 22 wag—wair 10 29 38 ye—yello 
39 10 16 tolm—tond 3 4 6 undes—unfa 6 14 19 wais—wald 10 31 33 yellp—yoce 
39 11 12 tone—tonn 3 5 8 unfb—unh 6 16 20 wale—walld I11 12 14 yod—yot 
39 12 21 tono—toot 3 5 20 uni—unio 6 19 29 walle—walz 11 12 26 you—yz 
39 13 19 toou—topp 3 611 unip—unit 6 21 28 wam—wan 113 24 z—za 
39 15 18 topq—torpe 3 715 uniu—unl 6 22 35 wao—ward 11 15 23 zb—zet 
39 16 19 torpf—torz 3 8 20 unm—ung 6 25 26 ware—warp Il 17 26 zeu—zoa 
39 20 21 tos—touc 3 914 unr—unsh 6 30 31 warq—wasg 11 21 32 zob—zoom 
39 21 27 ‘.toud—tout 3 11 17 unsi—unte 7 812 wash—waso Il 22 27 zoon—zz 
39 23 30 touu—toxi 3 12 14 untf—unwi 7 919 wasp—watd 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 105 


Ethan Allen Hitchcock and Alchemy 


Sister St. John Nepomucene, S.N.D.’ 


Research Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Trinity College, Washington, D.C. 


Ethan Allen Hitchcock, born in Ver- 
gennes, Vermont on May 18, 1798, was the 
grandson of Colonel Ethan Allen, the most 
famous of the Green Mountain Boys, who 
took Ticonderoga in “the name of the great 
Jehovah and the Continental Congress.” 
His father was Samuel Hitchcock, a law- 


yer whose appointment as judge in the 


District Court in 1793 was signed by 
George Washington. 


Shortly after his father’s death, Ethan 
was appointed to West Point, graduating 
in 1817. From 1824 to 1827 he was an 
instructor there and commandant of a 
Cadet Corps in 1829. His excellent moral 
character, his ability, and his sturdy sense 
of responsibility were already well recog- 
nized, and twice the American Coloniza- 
tion Society offered him the governorship 
of Liberia, which he declined, From 1833 
to 1836 he was on frontier duty at Fort 
Crawford, Wisconsin, followed by Indian 
duty in the Northwest until 1840. The next 
two years were spent in Florida where 
he successfully terminated the struggle 
‘with the Seminole Indians. Later, Hitch- 
cock was engaged in the Mexican War 
with General Taylor in the North and Gen- 
eral Scott in the South, being the Inspector 
General and right-hand man of the latter 
from Vera Cruz to the Capital. 


On February 10, 1862, Hitchcock was 


1Grateful acknowledgment is made to the 
staff of the Manuscript Room and to the librar- 
ians of the Jefferson Room of the Library of 
Congress. To Prof. C. Carroll Hollis, English 
Department, University of North Carolina, who 
suggested the topic of this paper while he was 
Cultural Specialist of the Manuscript Division of 
the Library of Congress, special gratitude is due. 


106 


assigned to special duty at Washington, 
D. C. as Major-General of U.S. Volunteers 
under the direction of the Secretary of 
War. From November 15, 1862 until Octo- 
ber 1, 1867, when he was among the last 
mustered out, General Hitchcock was Com- 
missioner for the Exchange of Prisoners. 

Hitchcock in 1868 married Martha 
Rhind, whose nephew by marriage is the 
W. C. Croffut who edited a biography of 
Hitchcock. The material in both the Hitch- 
cock and Croffut Collections in the Library 
of Congress (1) and the 90-odd volume 
diary in the Gilcrease Collection in Tulsa, 
which is probably unequaled for length 
and continuity and describes in minute 
detail all our wars from 1815, attests to 
the probability that a military expert who 
is also a writer should be able to produce 
an important and fascinating book (2). 

Hitchcock’s publications (3) began in 
1846 while he was still in the Army, from 
which he resigned only in 1855. Beginning . 
with The Doctrines of Spinoza and ‘Swed- 
enborg Identified, there followed in 1855 
a pamphlet whose title page reads “Re- 
marks Upon the Alchymists and the sup- 
posed object of their Pursuit showing that 
the Philosopher’s Stone is a mere symbol, 
signifying something which could not be 
expressed openly, without incurring the 
danger of an Auto da Fé, by an officer of 
the United States Army, Carlisle, Pennsyl- 
vania.” An article published in the West- 
minster and Foreign Quarterly Review of 
October 1, 1856, described the oft-cited 
Figuier, author of L’Alchimie et les Alchi- 
mistes, as a parasite on Herman Kopp’s 
invaluable Geschichte der Chemie. Two 
quotations from this article are important 
here: 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


“The Alchemists were not only uncon- 
scious of the great work they were sev- 
erally employed in forwarding but also 
misguided and confused by fancies which 
to us seem puerile, by reasonings which 
would scarcely deceive any thinking mind 
in our day and, as a consequence, pre- 
senting the painful spectacle of dupes and 
dupers, fools and charlatans, either mys- 
tifying themselves or mystifying others. 
An experimental element was mingled with 
a mystical element; a coarse unscientific 
materialism with a vague and ambitious 
spiritualism. When Alchemy was de- 
nounced as damnable, the credulous met 
the denouncement by claiming for their 
chimeras a religious inspiration and a re- 
ligious aim. Not only were prayers and 
religious invocations indispensable prelim- 
inaries to the great work of the Alchem- 
ists in later days—not only was their lan- 
guage strangely coloured with religious 
allusions—but it was their assimilation of 
the transmutation of metals with the doc- 
trine of the death and resurrection of 
men, which Luther advanced as the reason 
for his praises of Alchemy.” (4) 


“The Arabian philosopher untroubled by 
mystical abstractions was troubled only 
with the positive difficulties. The unity 
and simplicity of the Mussulman faith, or 
more properly speaking, the national indif- 
ference to mystical conceptions, kept these 
men to the work of the laboratory; but 
the Christians could not confine themselves 
to mere experimental labour; religious 
inspiration was deemed necessary as a pre- 
liminary at least; and in a little while the 
religious element became almost the dom- 
inant element. It is this and this alone 
which gave a sort of pretext for the views 
put forward by the United States officer 
in the pamphlet named at the head of 
this article.” (5) 


This article was written by George 
Henry Lewes (6), whose Life and Works 
of Goethe (7) had been published in 1855. 
Although it is now held that Goethe was 
not an alchemist, he had a good knowl- 
edge of the subject first through a doctor 
who produced a great improvement in the 
still not understood illness from which 
Goethe suffered in his youth, and even 
more through the influence of his good 
friend the Pietist, Fraiilein von Kletten- 
berg. 

In answer to the Westminster article, 


Hitchcock published in 1857 Remarks 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


upon Alchemy and the Alchemists, in 1858 
Swedenborg, a Hermetic Philosopher, in 
1860 Christ the Spirit, in 1865 Remarks 
on the Sonnets of Shakespeare and Spen- 
ser’s Colin Clouts come Home againe and 
The Red Book of Appin, A Story of the 
Middle Ages With Other Hermetic Stories 
and Allegorical Tales. A New Edition, En- 
larged by A Chapter of the Palmerin of 
England With Interpretations, And Re- 
marks Upon The Arabian Nights’ Enter- 
tainments, and in 1866 Notes on the Vita 
Nuova. 

Before even considering the works them- 
selves, one is struck with wonder that an 
Army officer would have the interest, the 
background, and the time for such a sur- 
prising list of works. The background 
Hitchcock had acquired by reading from 
his early youth—the interest surely came 
from his lawyer-father’s influence upon his 
sons to be scholars. Like Ethan, his brother 
Samuel read widely in metaphysical and 
philosophical works, and using the Uni- 
versity of Vermont’s copy of Spinoza’s 
works “thought he would secure a copy of 
the Ethics by taking it himself.”. Hitch- 
cock says Samuel translated the Ethics 
into English from the Latin edition by 
Paulus in 1843 at a time (February, 1854) 
when perhaps no other English translation 
existed. Three complete and two unfinished 
copies are in the Hitchcock collection. 

The interest is explained in a discourag- 
ingly good essay by I. Bernard Cohen (8), 
who quotes the D. A. B.: “He had plunged 
into the study of philosophy in an effort 
to answer various doubts that troubled him 
on the subject of religion.” Years of read- 
ing and collecting books had given him the 
knowledge. In 1851, when Hitchcock went 
to California to assume command of the 
Pacific Division, his library of some 2,500 
volumes “cost him $200 for carriage, 
Whereas it had only cost him $400 to 
transport himself to California.” Some of 
these books went to the founding of the 
Mercantile Library in San Francisco. The 
reading included Spinoza, Plato, the neo- 
Platonists, Swedenborg, Rossetti’s Anti- 
Papal Spirit and an elaborate course in 


107 


Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Drayton, Sid- 
ney, Chaucer, Shakespeare, and others (9). 
The purchase of the books was possible 
because of the man’s almost total absence 
of bad habits—he neither drank nor gam- 
bled but preferred a quiet life of reading, 
writing, and discussion with a few friends. 
A frugal though not a selfish or mean man, 
he had helped educate a bereaved nephew 
who later became Secretary of the Interior, 
and he had been most patient and generous 
to a relative whose promise was better than 
his payment. 

Hitchcock was on terms of close friend- 
ship with the famous Peabody girls (his 
correspondence with Mrs. Nathaniel Haw- 
thorne has been collected by Croffut) and 
even wrote to Mrs. Mann, widow of 
Horace, to ask her opinion and that of 
her friends as to the retaliatory treatment 
of Southern prisoners. In a letter to Miss 
Peabody the first purchase on alchemy 
was described. About 1853, Hitchcock had 
received in California his brother’s volume 
of Hermetic Philosophy, which he kept 
because of its great beauty, ignoring its 
nonsense. In 1857 in New York he bought 
at a second-hand store (Bangs, in which 
his collection was later to be put on sale) 
a work on alchemy. 


“In reading the preface I was struck 
with the fact that the writer made many 
references to Wisdom, with insinuations 
that whoever might be so happy as to find 
the Philosopher’s Stone, would be in the 
condition of the Wise man who is de- 
scribed as holding riches in one hand and 
peace in the other. . . . I went in pur- 
suit of other books of the same class, 
and was fortunate enough to find several, 
most of them. over a century old, and all 
of them written with a soberness beyond 
ordinary seriousness, indicating a: Spirit, 
which, as it seemed to me, could clear 
in my mind that the Alchemists were not 
in pursuit of gold although I saw that 
their writings might have given rise to a 
class of men whose experiments in Al- 
chemy (mistaken) might have led to mod- 
ern chemistry. I saw well enough that the 
genuine Alchemists carried on this work 
without hands, working indeed with an 
immaterial fire. There was something like 
‘peace’ in the very idea.” (10) 


108 


Then he describes the pamphlet, the 
Westminster article and the publication of 
Alchemy and the Alchemists: 


“In writing that work I had no idea of 
the point to which I was tending, except 
that I was sure that the Alchemists were 
a religious class of writers. 

“T had no sooner put the manuscript out 
of my hands than I fell upon the idea 
that Swedenborg was a Hermetic philos- 
opher. .. . In preparing that work (1858) 
I saw but very vaguely, that the key to 
Alchemy might be the key to the books 
held in most sacred reverence by the 
Christian world. . . . the question had 
distinctly risen in my mind—if the parable 
of the Prodigal Son contains a beautiful 
teaching confessed by itself without a his- 
torical basis, why may not this be true of 
the entire gospels themselves? 

“The writings of Philo came to have a 
special value, and I was not long in com- 
ing to the conclusion that De Quincy in 
his Essay on the Essenes had reversed the 
fact . . .. the truth required us to look 
upon the Christians as having taken birth 
among the Essenes. 


“When I saw the beautiful symbolism 
of the story of the two disciples going 
to Emmaus, as explained in the 13th Sec- 
tion of the First Part of Christ the Spirit 
I had but little else to do but to study 
the gospels in the Spirit of Truth, to see 
that Spirit in the gospels, and not only 
in the gospels, but in the Law and the 
Prophets. I then felt that Christ was not 
only not ‘manifested’ to me in so far as 
I fell short of the conditions required in 
the sacred volume, but of all those who 
would see in themselves (and hence in the 


Sacred books) the Holy One of Israel.” 


No respectable publisher: or printer 
would allow his name to go on Christ the 
Spirit, Part II, while published later was 
“the application of my theory in the in- 
terpretation of the gospel according to St. 
John.” (11) Much of the work is based on 
St. Paul, and while as a believer, I must 
disagree with ‘the interpretation, as a 
scholar I should simply say there is not 
enough evidence for it. As a New Eng- 
lander I delight in the closing greetings to 
the Peabody sisters, thanking them for ‘his 
“recent visit to what I must consider the 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


most classical spot, in America—Concord, 
Mass.” . 

Hitchcock was not the first to develop a 
new theory about alchemy. In 1850, Mary 
Anne South, later Mrs. Atwood, published 
A Suggestive Inquiry into the Hermetic 
Mystery. (12) A few years after its 
publication when less than one hundred 
copies had been distributed, the rest were 
called in and burned on the front lawn of 
the South home. Mrs. Atwood’s comment 
on Hitchcock’s theory written in her copy 
of the 1857 Remarks (13) is that it is “a 
moral theory of interpretation, leading to 
a religious conclusion; true and forcible, 
but without discernment of the Hermetic 
method or process of Divine assimilation.” 
The contrast lies not only in the authors’ 
approach but in their belief—Mrs. Atwood 
actually believed in it and desired to revive 
it, while Hitchcock denied any such belief 
or intention. (14) 

In the preface to the Remarks Hitchcock 
says: 

“T therefore say, after much study and 
deliberation, that the works of the genuine 
Alchemists, are all essentially religious, 
and that the best external assistance for 
their interpretation may be found in a 


study of the Holy Scriptures, and chiefly 

in the New Testament.” (15) 

In the book itself Mrs. Atwood states: 

“My proposition is, that the subject of 

Alchemy was Man; while the object was 

the perfection of Man, which was sup- 

posed to centre in a certain unity with 

the Divine nature.” (16) 

“In the symbolic writing used, Man may 

be Antimony, or Lead, or Zinc—if less 

strong Arsenic etc. but these metals are 

referred to by the names of the planets. 

The mercury—our mercury—refers to the 

philosopher’s mercury, not the common 

element and, according to both Figuier and 

Hitchcock, is really a perfectly pure con- 

science.” (17) 

Jung’s interest in alchemy is well and 
increasingly known. Since his Psychology 
and Alchemy alone exceeds 500 pages, it 
will have to suffice here to follow 
Pagel. (18) Jung has two lines of thought 
—first Paracelsus, whom Jung sees as an 
“exponent of typical alchemical ideas,” as 
Jung understood them, in which there is 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


“a marked similarity between mysticism as 
generally understood, and as attained in 
Taoism and modern psychology aiding the 
troubling contents of the unconscious.” 
Second, Jung studies the relationship of 
alchemical symbolism to both Christianity 
and Gnosticism, discovering that belief in 
the Philosopher’s Stone or “Lapis” was 
held long before Khunrath and Jacob 
Boehme, even in the early 14th century. 
Man witnessed really what was in his own 
soul. Arthur Edward Waite says: 


“The end in 
Hermetists. ... 


view is identical with 
It is the conscious and 
hypostatic union of the intellectual soul 
with Deity, and its participation in the 
life of God. . . . In Hermetic operations 
above all, it must ever be remembered 

that God is within us.” (19) 

In September, 1965, Smithson’s 200th 
birthday was formally celebrated in Wash- 
ington, hence the following letter, one 
of many received in acknowledgment of 
copies of the 1857 Remarks, seems appro- 
priate: 

Smithsonian Institution 
November 24th, 1957 

Dear Sir: 

. work on the Alchemists . . . 

I have read the volume with much in- 
terest and although I can scarcely adopt 
all your views as to the import of the 
writings of the Alchemists yet I think 
you have clearly shown that their aim was 
far higher than that of advancing the 
material welfare of man. They were un- 
doubtedly transcendental philosophers who 
while they added much of value to our 
knowledge of the art of chemistry sought 
to investigate the profound mysteries of 
nature and to discover the relation of man 
to the moral as well as the physical 
universe. 

. .. I may mention that you will find 
in, [ think, Duma’s work on the Philos- 
ophy of chemistry one example of the 
interpretation of one of the processes of 
the alchemists which if you have not seen 
it, may be of interest. Our library is just 
now in the process of rearrangements and 
I am therefore unable to put my hand 
on the book or speak more definitely in 
regard to the matter. 

I remain very truly 

With much respect 

Your obt. servt. 

Joseph Henry 


109 


With this judgment of Hitchcock’s 
works, I would agree sincerely. That Jung 
carried the idea a step further and 
explained what may well have been un- 
realized by the alchemists themselves, I 
would also agree. But I firmly believe 
both men were carried away, almost ob- 
sessed by their idea, although as yet I 
admittedly know much less of Jung than 
of Hitchcock, Early in the work on this 
paper, through a misreading of a Latin 
quotation I translated “Heaven reserved 
for chemists.” I hope at least to have 
proved there is no such reservation. In 
reading Hitchcock, one can often forget 
alchemy and meditate profoundly on God 
and Heaven. 


References 


(1) In the Manuscript Room at the Library 
of Congress there are approximately 3,000 items, 
occupying six linear feet of shelf space, forming 
the Ethan Allen Hitchcock Collection. The Croffut 
Collection, also there, includes 31 containers 
holding 7,500 items and occupying 11 linear feet 
of shelf space. 

(2) Introduction to 50 years in Camp and 
Field, Diary of Major-General Ethan Allen 
Hitchcock. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and 
London, 1909. 

(3) Library of Congress, Description of Ethan 
Allen Hitchcock Collection, Manuscript Room. 


and its Symbolism (New York: 1917), p. 


(4) Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Re- 
view, Oct. 1, 1856, p. 287. 

(5) Ibid., p. 291. 

(6) Gordon S. Haight, The George Eliot Let- 
ters. In Vol. 7, p. 532 are listed the papers both 
George Eliot and George Henry Lewes con- 
tributed to the Westminster Review. George Eliot 
had been associate editor since 1851; Lewes had 
written for it since 1841. 

(7) George H. Lewes, Life and Works of 
Goethe, 1855, Vol. 1, pp. 91,95. 

(8) I. Bernard Cohen, “Ethan Allen Hitch- 
cock,” in Proc. Am. Antiquarian Society, 61 (29- 
136) ps ome 

(9) George Washington Cullum, Biographical 
Register of the officers and Graduates of the 
U.S. Military Academy, West Point, 1891, Vol. I, 
pp. 172-173. 

(10) Letter to Miss Peabody, in Hitchcock 
Collection, L. C., dated August 19, 1862. 

(11) Letter to Miss Peabody dated August 
19, 1862. 

(12) Mary Anne Atwood, A Suggestive Inquiry 
into the Hermetic Mystery, 1850. 

(13) A New Edition: Belfast, 1918. Introduc- 
tion, p. (58). 

(14) Herbert Silberer, Problems of Mysticism 
150. 
This reference to the work of Count Michael 
Maier and N. Landur need not be discussed 
here. 

(15) Preface to Remarks, 1857 ed., p. 10. 

(16) Remarks, p. 22. 

(17) Ibid., p. 44. 

(18) Walter Pagel, “Jung’s Views on AIl- 
chemy,” Isis, 38 (1948) :44-48. 

(19) A. E. Waite, Lives of Alchemystical Phi- 
losophers, 1888, Section 15, in appendix. 


Irving Receives AIC Award 


George W. Irving, Jr., administrator of 
USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and 
incoming president of the Washington 
Academy of Sciences, is the recipient of 
the 1969 honor award of the Washington 
Chapter, American Institute of Chemists. 

The award was presented at a dinner 
meeting of the society held May 23 at the 
Cosmos Club and was made in recognition 
of Dr. Irving’s “dedicated services and dis- 
tinguished leadership among the scientific 
and professional societies, and his out- 


110 


standing contributions to agricultural and 
food chemistry both as a research investi- 
gator and as an administrator of research.” 

Master of ceremonies for the occasion 
was Frank J. Kreysa, associate director of 
the Science Information Exchange, Smith- 
sonian Institution, who is chairman of the 
Awards Committee of the local AIC chap- 
ter. Dr. Irving was introduced by C. Har- 
old Fisher, director of USDA’s Southern 
Utilization Research and Development Di- 
vision in New Orleans; for many years a 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


professional colleague of Dr. Irving, Dr. 
Fisher was national president of AIC in 
1962-3. The award was presented by Emer- 
son Venable, consulting chemist and engi- 
neer in Pittsburgh, the incoming national 
president of AIC for 1969-70. Dr. Irving 
responded with an address entitled, “Chem- 
istry and Other Good Things.” 

Born November 20, 1910, in Caribou, 
Me., Dr. Irving early moved to Washington 
and was graduated from Western High 
School in 1927. He began his professional 
career in the same year at the National 
Bureau of Standards; in 1928 he trans- 
ferred to the Department of Agriculture to 
work with the distinguished microbiologist, 
Charles Thom. Also in 1927, he entered the 
evening school of George Washington Uni- 
versity, receiving the B.S. degree in 1933 
and the M.A. degree in 1935. 

In the fall of 1935 Dr. Irving began the 
full-time pursuit of a doctorate in the GWU 
Biochemistry Department under Vincent 
duVigneaud. He completed his thesis re- 
search, still under duVigneaud, at Cornell 
University Medical College and was 
awarded the doctorate in 1938 by GWU. 

Dr. Irving’s postdoctoral career began 
in 1939 at the Rockefeller Institute for 
Medical Research under Max Bergmann, 
and subsequently embraced a variety of 
positions of ascending responsibility in the 
Department of Agriculture. In 1942 he 
organized a team of scientists and devel- 
oped a research program in New Orleans 
on the chemistry of cottonseed and peanut 
proteins; in 1944 he organized and di- 
rected a Biologically Active Chemical Com- 
pounds Division at Beltsville, working on 
antibiotics and plant growth regulators; 
and from 1947 to 1954 he served as assist- 
ant chief of the Bureau of Agricultural 
and Industrial Chemistry, helping to direct 
a nationwide research program aimed at 
developing new uses for farm crops. 

Since 1954, when the Agricultural Re- 
search Service was organized, Dr. Irving 
has served successively as deputy admin- 
istrator, associate administrator, and ad- 
ministrator of ARS. In these positions, his 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


GeorceE W. Irvine, Jr. 


broad perspectives and organizational abil- 
ity have reflected the same talents that 
underlay his research career. 

The American Institute of Chemists was 
founded in 1923 with the objective of en- 
hancing the professional status of chemists 
and chemical engineers. Previous winners 
of the honor award of the Washington 
Chapter are as follows: 


1952 Gordon M. Kline 

1953 Arno C. Fieldner 

1954. Eduard Farber 

1956 Benjamin D. Van Evera 
1957 Milton Harris 

1958 William T. Read, Sr. 
1959 Thomas R. Henry 
1960 Archibald T. McPherson 
1962 Charles R. Naeser 
1963 Samuel B. Detwiler, Jr. 
1964 Alfred E. Brown 

1965 Clem O. Miller 

1966 Leo Schubert 

1967 Bradford R. Stanerson 
1968 John K. Taylor 


Lit 


Academy Proceedings 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETING NOTES 
March 


The Board of Managers held its 601st 
meeting on March 27, 1969 at the Cosmos 
Club, with President-Elect Irving presiding. 

The minutes of the 600th meeting were 
approved as previously distributed. 

Announcements. President-Elect Irving 
announced that he was presiding in place 
of President Henderson, who had been hos- 
pitalized to undergo tests and diagnosis 
for a persistent fever of unknown origin. 
Dr. Irving asked if it might not be appro- 
priate to send some expression of sym- 
pathy and best wishes, and on a motion by 
Dr. Rainwater, seconded by Dr. Leikind, 
the Secretary was instructed to send such 


an expression on behalf of the Board of © 


Managers. 
It was announced by Dr. Leikind that 
the Nobel certificate awarded to WAS 


Fellow Marshall Nirenberg was to be on 


display for two weeks at the National 
Library of Medicine. 

Dr. Haenni introduced Dr. Mary H. 
Aldridge, the 1969 delegate of the Chem- 
ical Society of Washington. 

Membership. Irving A. Breger, Curtis 
G. Chezem, Richard B. Theus, Grover C. 
Sherlin, and Peter E. Hexner were elected 
to fellowship in the Academy. 

Journal. Editor Detwiler announced that 
with the January-February-March issue of 
the Journal his tenure as editor had come 
to an end. Dr. Irving praised Mr. Det- 
wiler’s long period of unselfish service to 
the Academy and indicated that on an- 
other occasion the Board of Managers 
should consider a suitable form of expres- 
sion of their appreciation. Many of the 
Board members expressed their agreement. 

The Secretary announced that, a letter 
from Walter J. Johnson, Inc. indicated 
total sales of back issues of the Journal 
in 1968 amounted to $508.85. The Acad- 
emy receives 50% of this total. 


112 


Joint Board. Mr. Sherlin announced that 
the Board had been expanded from 18 to 
22 members and that the Academy’s new 
delegates had been appointed. The Charles 
County Fair exhibited 300 projects and 
the Montgomery County Fair 200. Dr. Irv- 
ing read a letter from the 1970 Interna- 
tional Science Fair Committee requesting 
payment of the $2500 pledge made by the 
Academy. Treasurer Cook indicated that 
he would determine what portion of the 
pledge could be paid from the treasury 
without liquidation of funds, forward a 
check in the appropriate amount, and pro- 
vide the Committee a formal statement that 
the remainder would be made available at 
a later date. 

New Business. Secretary Farrow an- 
nounced receipt of a letter to Dr. Hender- 
son from the Geological Society of Wash- 
ington requesting office services to assist 
with their printing and mailing of program 
announcements and addressograph services 
for announcements and dues billing. Treas- 
urer Cook offered to set up a cost schedule 
and inform the Geological Society of the 
reimbursement the Academy would need 
to receive for these services. 


April 


The Board of Managers held its 602nd 
meeting on April 17, 1969 at the Cosmos 
Club, with President-Elect Irving presid- 
ing. 

The minutes of the 60lst meeting were 
approved as previously distributed. 

Announcements. President-Elect Irving 
announced that Dr. Henderson still suf- 
fered from his undiagnosed illness but was 
now recuperating at home. He is still quite 
weak but his prognosis is good. 

Morris Leikind voluntered to represent 
the Academy President on the occasion of 
the annual Science Talent Search Award 
Banquet to be held April 22 in the Faculty 
Lounge of the new South Building, George- 
town University. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Treasurer. A payment has been made 
toward the Academy pledge of $2500 to 
the International Science Fair Committee 
for the 1970 Fair. The Executive Commit- 
tee is working out details of charges to be 
proposed to the Geological Society of 
Washington for mailing and billing serv- 
ices to be rendered in the Academy office 
in Bethesda. 

Membership. Louis J. Stief and Richard 
A. Durst were elected to fellowship in the 
Academy. 

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern re- 
minded Dr. Irving that some discussion 
was held during the February Board meet- 
ing regarding the possibility of formulat- 
ing a questionnaire to develop information 
leading to a re-evaluation of future Acad- 
emy meetings. Dr. Irving appointed Dr. 
Stern, and the Chairmen of the Program 
and Meeting Arrangements Committees, to 
an ad hoc committee to write the question- 
naire at an early date so it could be sent 
to Academy members before summer. It 
was suggested that the questionnaire might 
be a valuable way to assess the future of 
the Journal as well. Consequently, Dr. Irv- 
ing also appointed Dr. Foote to the com- 
mittee. The committee will meet in the very 
near future. 

Journal. Considerable discussion of the 
Directory issue was generated by the Edi- 
tor’s report on his plans for the remaining 
numbers of Vol. 59. Opinions for and 
against the annual issue of the Directory 
seemed to be rather equally divided, but 
the consensus indicated that membership 
records of the Academy now in a computer 
in Mr. Farrow’s office be maintained. 


ELECTIONS TO 
FELLOWSHIP 


The following persons were elected to 
fellowship in the Academy at the Board 
of Managers meeting on March 27: 

IRVING A. BREGER, Chemist, Geo- 
logical Survey, “in recognition of numer- 
ous and important contributions to the 
geochemistry of organic substances.” 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, Aprit-May, 1969 


(Sponsors: John K. Taylor, Malcolm C. 
Henderson. ) 

CURTIS GORDON CHEZEM, Chief, 
Systems Study Branch, Office of Safeguards 
and Materials Management, U.S. Atomic 
Energy Commission, “in recognition of 
his contribution to reactor physics, and in 
particular his fundamental researches at 
the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory on 
the asymptotic behavior of a neuron flux 
in metallic uranium exponential columns.” 
(Sponsors: Glen W. Wensch, Merrill J. 
Whitman. ) 

PETER E. HEXNER, Commanding Off- 
cer, Harry Diamond Laboratories, ‘‘in rec- 
ognition of his contributions to  ultra- 
centrifuge techniques.” (Sponsors: Maurice 
Apstein, P. E. Landis.) 

RICHARD B. THEUS, Head, Physics 
II Section, Cyclotron Branch, Naval Re- 
search Laboratory, “in recognition of his 
contributions to nuclear physics, and in 
particular his contributions to the design 
and construction of sector focussing cyclo- 
trons and to the understanding of the 
nuclear break-up following the deuteron- 
deuteron reaction.” (Sponsors: John McEI- 
hinney, A. W. Sainz, Eligius Wolichi.) 

GROVER C. SHERLIN, General Engi- 
neer, Research Division, Institute of Ap- 
plied Technology, National Bureau of 
Standards, “in recognition of his contribu- 
tions to fluid mechanics, and his activities 
in connection with science education as 
evidenced by his having been charter 
President of the Prince Georges Science 
Fair Association, with which he has been 
associated as founding member since 1955. 
He is a member of the Joint Board on 
Science Education.” (Sponsors: Malcolm 
B. Henderson, George W. Irving, Jr.) 


The following persons were elected to 
fellowship in the Academy at the Board 
of Managers meeting on April 17: 

LOUIS J. STIEF, National Academy of 
Science Senior Postdoctoral Research As- 
sociate, “in recognition of his contribu- 
tions in the field of photochemistry, and 
in particular his research on the vacuum 
ultraviolet photochemistry of molecules of 


113 


potential importance in comets.” (Spon- 


sors: Robert J. Fallon, James R. McNesby. ) 


RICHARD A. DURST, Research Chem- 


66 


ist, National Bureau of Standards, “in 


Zi 


recognition of his contributions to analyti- 
cal chemistry, and in particular his re- 
search in electrochemical analysis.” (Spon- 
sors: John K. Taylor, Bourdon F. Scrib- 


ner. ) 


Science in Washington 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 


Contributions to this column may be 


addressed to Harold T. Cook, Associate 


Editor, c/o Department of Agriculture, 


Agricultural Research Service, Federal 
Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland 
20782. 


AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 
WILLIAM L. SULZBACHER presided 


on March 27 at a session on Microbio- 
logical Standards which he had organized 
for the Meat Industry Research Conference 
sponsored by the American Meat Science 
Association. The session lasted for a full 
afternoon and included presentations by 
four speakers and audience discussion with 
a panel of experts. 


R. I. SAILER presented a paper en- 
titled “A Taxonomist’s View of Environ- 
mental Research and Habitat Manage- 
ment” at the First Annual Tall Timbers 
Conference on Ecological Control of Ani- 
mals Through Habitat Management, Febru- 
ary 27-28. The conference was sponsored 
by the Tall Timbers Research Station, 
Tallahassee, Florida. 


114 


A. M. POMMER transferred to Harry 
Diamond Laboratories, Army Material 
Command, Washington, D.C., from the 
Agricultural Research Service. He pre- 
sented a talk on “Some Aspects of Electro- 
chemical Transducers” to the Washington 
Section, Instrument Society, at Bethesda, 
Maryland on February 10. Dr. Pommer 
received an award from National Head- 
quarters (Leadership Service) of the In- 
strument Society of America. 


MARTIN G. WEISS, Agricultural Re- 
search Service, and ELBERT L. LITTLE, 
JR., Forest Service, were the United States 
representatives at the meeting of the Inter- 
national Commission for the Nomenclature 
of Cultivated Plants at Cambridge, Eng- 
land, on February 17-21. 


NATIONAL BUREAU OF 
STANDARDS 


W. A. WILDHACK retired on February 
28, 1969 with 34 years of continuous 
service at NBS. In 1961 he was appointed 
Associate Director for Measurement Serv- 
ices and continued in this capacity in the 
Institute for Basic Standards when the 
Institutes were established in 1964. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF 
HEALTH : 


KENNETH S. COLE, senior research 
biophysicist in the Laboratory of Bio- 
physics, National Institute of Neurological 
Diseases and Blindness, has published a 
book, Membranes, Ions, and Impulses. 


G. BURROUGHS MIDER, formerly Di- 
rector of Laboratories and Clinics and now 
Special Assistant to the Director, National 
Library of Medicine, has been honored by 
the establishment of an annual Lectureship 
Award. The Lectureship is part of the NIH 


Lecture Series. 


GORDON M. TOMKINS, Chief of the 
NIAMD Laboratory of Molecular Biol- 
ogy, was invited to present the first 
G. Burroughs Mider lecture in December. 
Dr. Tomkins discussed “Control of Gene 
Activity in Higher Organisms.” 


BERNARD B. BRODIE, Chief of the 
Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, 
National Heart Institute, was the recipient 
of a 1968 National Medal of Science at 


White House ceremonies in January. 


ROBERT P. AKERS, who has been 
Operations and Procedures Officer for 
Extramural Research and Training for the 
past two years, will henceforth serve as 
Policy and Procedures Officer. 


ROBERT W. BERLINER, Deputy Direc- 
tor for Science, has received the 1969 
Modern Medicine Award for Distinguished 


Achievement. 


KENNETH M. ENDICOTT, Director, 
National Cancer Institute, has been ad- 
vanced to two-star grade in his rank of 
Assistant Surgeon General in the Com- 
missioned Corps of the Public Health 
Service. 


KOLOMAN LAKI, Chief of the Labo- 
ratory of Biophysical Chemistry, NIAMD, 
has edited the book Fibrinogen, a review 
written by 15 contributors. 

EARL R. STADTMAN, Chief of the 
Laboratory of Biochemistry, National 


VoL, 59, Nos. 4-5, ApriL-May, 1969 


Heart Institute, was given the 41st Hille- 
brand Award of the Washington Chemical 
Society in recognition of his research in 
the field of enzyme chemistry. 


NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 
MARTIN E. GLICKSMAN, Metallurey 


Division, was one of ten recipients of the 
Arthur S. Flemming Award on 13 Febru- 
ary. After presentation of awards, the 
recipients met at the White House with 
President Richard M. Nixon, who chatted 
with them about their work and places of 
employment. Dr. Glicksman, the youngest 
of this year’s recipients, was cited for 
“his extraordinary talent in adapting pro- 
cedures of both related and unrelated dis- 
ciplines in solving important scientific 
problems and in particular, for discover- 
ing a method to observe melting and freez- 
ing within opaque metallic materials by 
electron microscopy, thus opening an en- 
tirely new: field of metallurgical investi- 
gation.” 


E. L. BRANCATO, Head of the Solid 
State Applications Branch, presented an 
invited paper before the TC-63 Committee 
of the International Electrotechnical Com- 
mission (IEC), which met in Milan, Italy 
March 3-11. 


WILLIAM S. PELLINI, Superintendent 
of the Metallurgy Division, has received 
the William Hunt Eisenman Medal for 
1969, presented Feb. 28 on the occasion 
of the Fiftieth Anniversary year of the 
American Society for Metals, Philadelphia 
Chapter. He received the honor “in rec- 
ognition of his dedicated service to the 
American Society for Metals and_ his 
dynamic leadership in the advancement 
of metals technology through research and 
development.” 


VICTOR J. LINNENBOM, Superintend- 
ent of the Ocean Sciences Division, has 
been named chairman of the Gordon Re- 
search Conference on Chemical Ocean- 
ography to be held in Meriden, N. H., 
July 14-18. 


115 


A. L. ALEXANDER attended the Third 
Inter-Naval Corrosion Conference, hosted 
by the British Admiralty, at Imperial Col- 
lege, London, and delivered an invited 
paper “The Corrosion of Metals in Aque- 
ous Environments Over Extended Periods.” 


J. H. SCHULMAN, Associate Director 
of Research for Materials, delivered a talk 
on “Materials Research” to the Washing- 
ton-Baltimore Section of the American 
Ceramic Society on March 11. 


FROM THE EDITOR 


Anyone who steps into the shoes of his 
elders quite naturally experiences the 
doubts generated by the space he suddenly 
perceives to exist between his feet and their 
surrounding encasements, His only solace 
is likely to be the hope that his feet may 
grow to fill the void before they are beset 
by too many corns. It was with some mis- 
giving, then, that I decided to assume the 
responsibility of editorship at the invita- 


tion of President Henderson. Your former — 


editor has given me much courage, not 
only in his “Letter From The Editor” 
(Journal, Vol. 59, pp. 67-8), but in his 
completely selfless expenditure of time be- 
hind the scenes with me to assure that the 
transfer of the Journal would be effected 
without undue incident. Together with a 
modicum of self-assurance derived from 
my previous experience in a variety of 
editorial positions, Mr. Detwiler’s kind 
send-off helps a great deal to assure me 
that the feet my grow after all. 

The future of your Journal remains to 
be completely determined. Taking over as 
I do one-fourth of the way through a 
volume, I am reluctant to subject you or 
the world of the librarian to any marked 
change in format or philosophy of content 
until we are able to turn to a fresh Page 1. 
Nevertheless, with a change of editor 
inevitably there comes a change in his all- 
important supporting staff—for this reason 
you are sure to detect some new flavors 
here and there as you explore the remain- 
ing numbers of Volume 59. 


116 


In his ‘“‘Letter” (/bid.) Mr. Detwiler has 
chosen to issue a challenge that I urge 
all of you to accept forthwith. The guide- 
lines he quotes from “The Journal for 
1960” (Vol. 50, p. 1) he states to have 
been experimental, In this connection you 
have already received a questionnaire (See 


Board of Managers Meeting Notes—April, 


this issue) which in part asked you to 
comment on the Journal’s future. I rec- 
ommend your earnest consideration of the 
questions raised by Mr. Detwiler and the 
questionnaire and entreat you to respond, 
if you have not already done so. Your 
replies will figure heavily in decisions soon 
to be made concerning the role to be 
played by the Journal among the many 
publications of science. ; 

Your new President has promised to 
participate in plotting the Journal's 
future, and heart-warming offers of assist- 
ance have already been offered by, and 
gratefully accepted from, many of you. 
With added counsel from well chosen 
authorities in the publishing area, and 
hopefully with your help, we plan to con- 
tinue your Journal as an_ outstanding 
member of its academy of Academy pub- 
lications. Clearly it has the potential to 
become a superior and much-sought-after 
outlet for the multitude of gifted scientist- 
authors on the Washington scene. 

I hereby pledge my undivided effort to 
the end that these objectives may be 
achieved and maintained. 

RicHarD H. Foote, Sc.D. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing 
- the Local Affiliated Societies * 


Cad SUCIELY «08 > WY ASUATIV EON oni 05.0 ccd. cass s ta seadesbunpsssecnsestsnmesntosesdersvacdonnacntenne WituiAm J. YOUDEN 
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Biological Society ALES eA: SORES), BAW Upecalieas 2 4 ale Pe a Ae aR oP Ree Delegate not appointed 
Chemical Society of Washington .................... SS eR a ee AA Aen OM 1 RUE LAUT 3 EpwArp QO. HAENNI 
IMM SOCIETY) Of; WASH GtOn o...5. ici licpliarlalecccdecpealessuivestdaasaccdecesesedstovnoseaeapens W. Dove REED 
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ERNIE SEE 2 ON, WY SIMUL LONL 00. 3.4.5 0 snnca ek Fon soa che cevengeestenccstetedsenmsaesedl Ugnedtaeeddvanpee oes Georce V. COHEE 
Memecal society of the District of Columbia ..........2.0......0.0cc.cceces cece crete cseereereeees Delegate not appointed 
NUMER AT TGA SO CIEE Y 0026.5 oos coc go -kghs sdedvcatdcecns<seseevsy ols dacstsssvodsapnedte sboifsserosasonesee Delegate not appointed 
MEME EIVONCIIVE OU) NV AASINIMIS LOT 2), 5.0 soccns 0 dcccsc classes sscsscsdsvsisvcedovsssoce 2) le aiber astvvuevsissee veges Peter H. HEINZE 
MMR EEE TCH MOTESECTS. 1.002) 2ciedb ss dees vacances |elincssvoupedscduvsuennnuen sedsvsersernosesvsesenseden Harry A. Fowe.ts 
META SOGICEN (OTF TZINECES 1.) 6.5/6): fedk cs. cases se sescesvecseescedee) ovuceacenana caedstoesbesedesectendesens Martin A. MAson 
Instiiute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. ...........0.000...0..ccccccccecesesdeeeeetpenenes GrEorRcE ABRAHAM 
pmereane society of Mechanical. Engineers o..0....c.00.. ccc soccccieectatescessssesencesesveteeeesees Witutiam G. ALLEN 
Helminthological Society of Washington ..................... dh a CEA de Nee CO Dane iy oa AuREL QO. FOSTER 
meet society for Microbiology ......0..0..0) ccc coiscecscescsecsisessessccessedearssecteeseves. ELIZABETH J. OSWALD 
society of American Military Engineers ...........0..........000c0.00ccc ee Cree eee H. P. DemutTH 
American UEP E OU LG LBS 20775) 9 a THORNDYKE SAVILLE, JR. 
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine ..... : At 9 eH ane) TR SeOm sey eee Sar are Oe De EmILtio WEIss 
SCRA a URES TOIT VEC RELIG 50... lyoscue eau ies skesssvnsselstec-ot Juss coiPeleelowosnpastscbecetidbevvecesvovs MEtvin R. MEYERSON 
International Association for Dental Research ........0.0.0000000000000..... RA ey ta de nuh WALTER E. Brown 
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ..0.0.00000000.000.cc0cccccccssetcsseteseseteeees Henry H. Hovianp 
MATIN ETCOEON ME LCAl SOCIETY | os.) cic.0.ce.scosses sé. cheehul loc secsesnseeonvdedvansesssapevalbcuegeoateesvasaseds Haroip A. STEINER 
ifsecticide RUBE Fa Ht UY ES RTER ONES! RTP yes ey 2b Ss aeteacs bess saci cae Mogan adnoteheds tanaoudia okcne H. Ivan RAINWATER 
Acoustical Society of America ....... BMA bre Ta R ha Ee ean ee LE NEEM Cgc, Pee tater ALFRED WEISSLER 
American Nuclear PRUNE Tene mL ra LAE Py dish Sit giaeh eactbacl hav elsbebpoee Delegate not appointed 
NIE OMT COMMU IST 0. elise. cose. caSecnccoabaveserssatcesscacdaecbvleesosnsetscsbsess LowriE M. BEAcHAM 
Rap EMME ORME MRIS SE ey ET Sa ay wk veh oul, Wider Tokens hrddocwts dudes deus ysensnensnedcecboaabes J. J. Diamonp 
SEN Maar E Ie a ME | pay a ts 8a Vedra? accbisdsetueddledanss lplesubase Kurt H. STERN 
Washington RAMONE OD SSCHCRIOE, y CLUDE 2-6. ccs dace gateasesysy cnet vous ecathacduacha Liked aquilds qacotess Delegate not appointed 
pumietican Association of Physics, Teachers .........,...-.0.sccccscsceseenseeeeddeeseteceeesennns BERNARD B. WATSON 
MERINO HE Mae AIVOR TG F020, 0 cays ts sk eeta) pivshaadevans aldo cA Acgdsaza bapsdvron <sinobletdengppbvesentsdeonenepinnee ARNOLD M. Bass 
mamemedn Society Of Plant Piysiologists ,..05...0.:....0.0:c hi escuacsescsssaesseneaseeeceteeseses WALTER SHROPSHIRE 
Pmstgieton. Operations) Research Council) (0.2: 2......:6.chcccee-secsccceesvegccesseoteaesesishoaesenneseceesones Joun G. Honic 
MRR CPR N URI CNN ED HRNE EPC DAUR) 2h (Week os och lak k ash ne dase iby ncomeabubntaterdecnscacsaasetaeetess AtFrreD M. PoMMER 


* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective societies. 


Volume 59 APRIL-MAY 1969 Nos. 4-5 


CONTENTS 

Beditowtal 30003005... 225A EO dG Oe 69 
Tuomas E. Marcrave, Jr.: The Californium Hypothesis ..........00..00..00..0....08. 70 
H. Pace NicuHotson: Occurrence and Significance of Pesticide Residues in 

Water os ee Note eet OT are a 77 
KENNETH D, JoHNson: Motivation and Selection of Research Goals ................ 86 
Henry vAN Zite Hype: The Doctor in the World 20.00.00. 90 
W. A. BrinpLEy and R. G. Jones: A Simple, Inclusive and Versatile Card 

Filing : System: 23.0), eee I eee a 95 
SISTER ST. JoHN NEpomucENE: Ethan Allen Hitchcock and Alchemy ........ 106 
Irving Receives AIC Award 0.000000 110 
Academy Proceedings 

Board of Managers Meeting Notes ....0.....000.00000000... 112 

Elections: to. ‘Fellowship’: \..5.) ic, eee eee Hints 113 
Science in Washington 

scientists’ “in the: News) i002), Oi ee inion 114 
From the. Editor: 403.0 22 oh Se ANCHE. EEN Monnet ete te 116 
Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage 
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) Paid at 
Washington, D.C. 20014 Washington, D.C. 


Return Requested with Form 3579 


ed neil 
LIBRARY ACOUTSTTIONS 3-WAS 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560 


ek, 7s 


P2.W23 


VOLUME 59 NUMBER 6 


Journal of the 


WASHINGTON 
ACADEMY OF 
SCIENCES 


Directory Issue 


SATHSONT 
> Mp ‘ 
NOV 14 4 1969 ) 
LIBRARIES 


SEPTEMBER 1969 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Editor: RicHArp H. Foote, Department of Agriculture 
Telephones: 461-8677 (home) ; 474-6500, ext. 453 (office) 
Editorial Assistant: ELIzABETH OstAcci1, Washington Academy of Sciences 


Associate Editors 


Harotp T. Cook, Department of Agriculture Harry A. FoweE tts, Department of Agriculture 
SAMUEL B. Detwi er, Jr., Department of Agri- Hrten L. REyNoxtps, Food and Drug Adminis- 
culture tration 


RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- ELAINE G. SHAFRIN, Naval Research Laboratory 
ciation 


Contributors 


FRANK A. BIBERSTEIN, JR., Catholic University Josery B. Morris, Howard University 
CuHar_Les A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacop Mazur, National Bureau of Standards 
MarsoriE Hooker, Geological Survey HELEN D. Park, National Institutes of Health 


oe EM ona Gea aimee pe ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory 
sity 
Epmunp M. Boras, Jr., Gillette Research In- THomAs H. Harris, Public Health Service 
stitute Eart M. Hitpesranp, USDA, Beltsville 


This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical 
articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed- 
ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including 
personal news, of interest to the entire membership. The Journal appears four times a year, in 
eri June, September, and December. It is included in the dues of all active members and 
ellows. 


Subscription rate to non-members: $7.50 per year (U.S.) or $1.00 per copy; $14.00 
for two years; $19.50 for three years; foreign postage extra. Subscription orders should be sent 
to the Washington Academy of Sciences, 9650 Rockville Pike, Washington, D. C. 20014. Remit- 
tances should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Sciences.” 


Back issues, volumes, and sets of the Journal (Volumes 1-52, 1911-1962) can be purchased 
direct from Walter J. Johnson, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y. This firm also handles 
the sale of the Proceedings of the Netdenie (Volumes 1-13, 1898-1910) and the Index (to bifeie 
1-13 of the Proceedings and Volumes 1-40 of the Journal). 


Most recent issues of the Journal (1963 to present) may still be obtained directly from 
the Academy office. 


Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 60 days after date 
of mailing plus time normally required for postal delivery and claim. No claims will be allowed 
because of failure to notify the Academy of a change of address. 

Changes of address should be sent promptly to the Academy office. Such notification 
should show both old and new addresses and zip number. 

Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C. 

Postmasters: Send Form 3579 to Washington Academy of Sciences, 9650 Rockville Pike, 
Washington, D. C. 20014. 


The Academy office phone number is 530-1402. 


ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1969-70 


President: Georce W. Irvinc, Jr., Department of Agriculture 

President-Elect: ALPHONSE F. Forziati1, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration 
Secretary: MAry L. Rossins, George Washington University 

Treasurer: RicHArD K. Cook, Environmental Science Services Administration 


The Impact of Information Science 
on Biology; A Possible Society Role 


Irvin C. Mohler 


Biological Sciences Communication Project, 
Department of Medical and Public Affairs 
George Washington University Medical Center 


Lacking the central unified structure of 
sciences like physics and chemistry, the 
disciplines of biology have gone about 
with many voices in attempts to cope with 
the problems of communication. With each 
attempt it becomes more apparent that 
any solution is dependent upon the in- 
terest and enthusiasm devoted to the 
problems by the more than 50 separate 
biological societies. 


In an effort to determine, among mem- 
bers of the various societies, the feasibil- 
ity and possibilities of society coopera- 
tion, the Entomological Society of America 
and the Biological Sciences Communica- 
tion Project of the George Washington 
University Medical Center cosponsored a 
day-long roundtable on the Role of the 
Societies in the Communication of Infor- 
mation in Biology. This roundtable was 
held at the 1968 meetings of the American 
Institute of Biological Sciences and was 
attended by the designated representatives 
of 20 of the 48 adherent societies of that 
Institute. 


The morning session was devoted to 
informal discussions of society problems 
with the communication of information. 
The topic was introduced with a presenta- 
tion by Dr. Peter Woodford of Rockefeller 
University on society activities such as 
annual meetings, symposia and journal 
publications and how these activities can 
be coordinated better to improve com- 
munication (Woodford, 1969). In the 
afternoon, the representatives from those 
societies with some existing information 


Vou. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


program were invited to discuss their 
programs. If the discussions of the AIBS 
roundtable were summarized in a few 
words, the consensus of the participants 
was that each society acknowledge its rec- 
ognition of the problem by the appoint- 
ment of a standing committee to examine 
areas of society activity concerning com- 
munication and then, and this is a crucial 
point, the societies coordinate activities 
at a top level to avoid a continuation of 
the splintering and duplication of effort 
that has so characterized the field of 
biology (Gordon, 1969). Prior to this 
meeting, only 4 AIBS societies had a 
standing committee concerned with infor- 
mation and communication. It is encourag- 
ing to note that since the roundtable, 3 
more societies have appointed such com- 
mittees. A sequel to this roundtable, 
sponsored by COBSI (Council on Biolog- 
ical Sciences Information) and organized 
by the Biological Sciences Communication 
Project, was held at the 1969 AIBS meet- 
ings in Burlington, Vermont and consisted 
of 2 parts, (1) Organization of biological 
information: what is the need? what is 
the best approach? and (2) Society and 
Institute reports. 

At its 1969 meetings, the American 
Society for Microbiology, through its ad 
hoc Committee on Information, sponsored 
a roundtable on the Impact of Information 
Science on Microbiology. The author pre- 
sented the present paper, modified for the 
occasion, to the roundtable to ask what 
microbiologists were doing with the tools 
provided by information science to help 


ik | 


solve their problems and to suggest a 
possible role that a society might take. 
Such a role might be to duplicate the 
activity of a sister society, the Entomolog- 
ical Society of America. 


In 1964, the Entomological Society es- 
tablished a Special Committee for the 
Retrieval of Scientific Information to eval- 
uate the information problems of the dis- 
cipline. The committee found, after 2 years 
of study, that scores of entomologists 
were using some form of mechanized in- 
formation storage and retrieval system. 
However, no coordinated effort was evident 
that would make one system compatible 
with another or even available to others. 
The Committee concluded that, “The need 
for an information center capable of 
coding, storing, retrieving, and disseminat- 
ing all entomological data is acute and 
increasing year by year” (Foote, personal 
communication) . 


In December 1967, the Committee pro- 
posed a feasibility study for a system- 
designed entomological data center. This 
study is being supported by a National 
Science Foundation grant to the Society 
with a subcontract from the Society to the 
Biological Sciences Communication Project 
(BSCP). The BSCP provides office space 
and personnel other than the director of 
the project, as well as the benefit of its 
experience in information activity. The 
completed study will present a detailed in- 
vestigation of information systems avail- 
able to entomologists, of sources of in- 
formation being utilized by members of 
the profession, as well as the feasibility of 
a society directed or sponsored informa- 
tion activity. 

Like ancient Gaul, this study is divided 
into three parts: (1) A user study, (2) a 
study of extant systems, and (3) an evalu- 
ation of the coverage provided to entomol- 
ogy by abstracting and citation journals. 
You immediately recognize that answers 
to the questions presented by these three 
areas are basic to the development of any 
information activity. A specialty must be 
delineated, the literature coverage of the 


118 JOURNAL OF 


disciplines must be determined, and the 
needs of the profession must be developed. 


The user study develops the needs of 
the profession by identifying the kinds of 
information used by the scientist so the 
kind of information to be stored in a 
data center can be determined. In other 
words, what journals are considered by 
the entomologist to be primary or core 
journals, i.e., journals that he reads or 
scans habitually and which contain 75—. 
100% papers on entomology, what journals 
are considered to be secondary in im- 
portance, t.e., journals carrying occasional 
articles of interest to his specialty. Are 
other sources of information used such as 
directories, symposia, annual meetings and 
personal communications? To what extent 
does the scientist consult existing informa- 
tion services like BioSciences Information 
Service or Science Information Exchange? 
It is essential also in a user study to 
determine how best to present the in- 
formation to the user. Is he satisfied with 
titles only? Does he prefer abstracts? 
Should foreign literature be translated? 
How much time can elapse from receipt 
of the request to receipt of the answer? 
Would the user be willing to pay for the 
service or how should it be financed? In 
the entomology study, a carefully designed 
questionnaire was prepared to elicit an- 
swers to these questions and mailed to each 
member of the society. To date more than 
2,400 questionnaires have been returned 
(a 44% response), and some of the pre- 
liminary trends are interesting to note. The 
majority of entomologists state that they 
spend an average of 5% of their time 
searching the literature. The primary pub- 
lications of the Society receive the highest 
use of any publication and among the 
secondary abstracting and indexing pub- 
lications, the Annual Review of Entomol- 
ogy receives the heaviest use followed 
closely by Biological Abstracts. For depth 
of coverage, the majority of those respond- 
ing prefer abstracts to citations and in- 
dicate a preference for the complete text 
or hard copy over microfiche or microfilm. 


THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


To the question, “Would you use an En- 
tomology Information Center were one 
established?”, 85% of the entomologists 
said “yes,” and 56% of them thought the 
Society should sponsor the center if there 
was to be one. 

An information activity that duplicated 
step by step the activities of an existing 
center would be indefensible. Therefore, a 
study of the extant systems must be made 
to determine such aspects as how the in- 
formation is packaged or presented to a 
user, what literature sources are covered, 
how the literature collected is prepared for 
storage, how one requests an answer to a 
specific question, and so on. This aspect 
of the entomology program is in progress 
and involves a study of such large in- 
formation centers as the Military Ento- 
mological Information Service, BioSciences 
Information Service, Chemical Abstracts 
and others. 

Finally, it is important to evaluate the 
coverage provided to the discipline by the 
abstracting and citation journals. Such 
evaluation can be performed in various 
ways. The procedure chosen in the ento- 
mology study involves compiling data 
from the bibliographic records of a statis- 
tically sound sample of papers published in 
primary journals for a 3-year period. The 
data collected includes the field of ento- 
mology concerned, the journal source, 
date, number of pages, authors, title, 
volume, number, the abstracting and cita- 
tion journal which includes references to 
this serial and the lagtime between issues 
of a paper and its citation in the secondary 
journal. By comparison of this data for 
the 3 years the scope and growth of cover- 
age can be determined and the future rate 
of growth can be predicted. 

There will be 2 interesting and valuable 
by-products of this study. One, a Biolog- 
ical Sciences Information Directory, will 
list and describe briefly the mission, scope, 
objectives, information services, user qual- 
ifications and directions for use of as 
many general and specialized information 
activities (both government and_ non- 
government) as possible. Although the 


Vout. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


directory will emphasize the nature and 
extent of entomological data stored by 
these services, it will be useful to all biolo- 
gists and, present plans call for a series of 
articles on the information centers to be 
published in BioScience. 

A second by-product will be a BSCP 
Communique analyzing in depth the serial 
literature considered to be primary or core 
literature for the field of entomology. This 
study will present a complete title list of 
all journals publishing 50% or more of 
their scientific content in the field of 
entomology. They will be analyzed giving 
the country of origin, language of pub- 
lication, frequency of issue, type of spon- 
sorship, content characteristics, abstract 
coverage and subject content. 

Part of the effort of one biological 
society to grasp the horns of the informa- 
tion dilemma has been described briefly. 
The data concerning the entomology liter- 
ature and the needs of the entomologist 


is data that must someday be gathered for 


all the biological disciplines if they are to 
cope adequately with the problem. Never 
for one moment would anyone advocate 
that each develop a computer-based infor- 
mation center. But who is better qualified 
to evaluate the needs of the scientist and 
the sources of information available to 
him than the society itself? What source 
is more knowledgeable to present informa- 
tion in greater depth than is available 
from the broadly-based information serv- 
ices than the society itself? If, as the past 
chairman of COBSI, Dr. Robert Gordon 
(personal communication), stated, “If we 
are ever to join together to produce a 
workable system embracing the existing 
generalized information services, with 
modification and supplementation where 
needed, the societies must lead and co- 
operate.” 


References 


Gordon, Robert E. 1969. Toward an information 
system for biology-community activity. Bio- 
Science 19(7): 628-9. 

Woodford, F. Peter. 1969. Improving the com- 


munication of scientific information. Bio- 


Science 19(7) : 625-7. 


119 


Academy Proceedings 


WASHINGTON JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Tentative Calendar for 1969-70 


August 9 Westinghouse Picnic 
16 Rain Date for Westinghouse Picnic 
September Pall Science Club Conference 
October 18 New York Trip 
25 Joint Meeting with Senior Academy 
International Biological Program 


November 1 Summer Science Job Opportunities Meeting 
8 New York Trip 
15 New York Trip 
eed New York Trip 
29 Junior Science and Humanities Symposium 
December 6 New York Trip 
30 Christmas Convention 
January 17 Speaker 
February 7 Field Trip 
March Westinghouse Science Talent Search Fair 
Area Science Fairs 
April Joint Meeting with Chemical Society 
May 2 Nominating Committee Interviews for 
1970-71 Governing Council Candidates 
23 Election Meeting 


Washington Junior Academy of Sciences Officers, 1969-70 


President Christine Donart 
Vice President Dennis Sprecher 
Secretary Tish Lazowska 
Treasurer John Gussman 


Membership Councilors 


Arlington-Alexandria David Thompson 


Fairfax Richard Lober 
District of Columbia Robert Sikora 
Montgomery Judy Gallant 
Prince Georges Murray Brilliant 
Independent Dom Bosco 


Ken Gallant 
Gary Tickel 
Stella Miller 


Alumni Advisors 


WAS Liaison 


Committee Chairmen 


Convention John Grace 
Fellows David Monahan 
Membership Elizabeth Miller 
Program Robert Brooks 
Publications Lorraine Uhlaner 


Karen Bayer 
Pamela Conrad 
John Krout 
John Cybulski 


Science Fair 
Special Projects 
Trips 


120 


Washington-Lee High School 
Yorktown High School 

Walt Whitman High School 
Montgomery-Blair High School 


Washington-Lee High School 

J. E. B. Stuart High School 
Ballou High School 
Montgomery-Blair High School 
Crossland High School 

Our Lady of Good Counsel H.S. 


J. E. B. Stuart High School 
Oakton High School 
Woodrow Wilson High School 
Walt Whitman High School 
Langley High School 
Washington-Lee High School 
Walt Whitman High School 
Washington-Lee High School 
Potomac High School 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Activities 


The Westinghouse Barbecue is an an- 
nual event held in August by WJAS in 
order to honor the Washington area top 
40 and Honors Group winners of the 
Westinghouse Science Talent Search. 


The Science Club Conference brings 
together representatives from school sci- 
ence clubs. The students meet in groups 
to discuss topics of mutual interest. Pro- 
gram, finance, organization, and member- 
ship are of greatest interest. A final sum- 
mary meeting closes the conference. 


Two joint meetings are held annually. 
In the Fall one is held with the Senior 
Academy and in the Spring with the Chem- 
ical Society of Washington. 


In November of each year the WJAS is, 
with Harry Diamond Laboratories, George- 
town University and the U. S. Army, a 
co-sponsor of the Junior Science and 
Humanities Symposium. This is a two day 
conference consisting of invited speakers, 
laboratory demonstrations, student  re- 
search reports, field trips and seminars. 
Each public, private and parochial school 
in the Greater Washington Area selects 
five science oriented students to attend. 


The Summer Science Job Opportunities 
Meeting provides a means by which mem- 
bers can learn of opportunities for science 
oriented summer employment. Many local 
organizations are represented by speakers 
who discuss the various opportunities of 
each program. This is a very popular pro- 
gram which frequently draws a large 
crowd. 


This year WJAS is running, in coopera- 
tion with Penn Central, five trips to New 
York for area junior and senior high stu- 
dents. This is an annual money-raising 
project, originated and directed by Dr. 
Howard Owens. 


The annual Christmas Convention con- 
sists of an all-day program in_ which 
students present research papers in the 
morning and an address by an invited 
adult speaker is given in the afternoon. 


VOL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


Various field trips are taken in the 
spring. In the past years students have 
visited such places as Goddard Space 
Flight Center, Naval Ship Research and 
Development Center, and C.E.I.R. 

Much of the responsibility for area 
science fairs is assumed by the WJAS. 
These fairs provide the main source of 
new members. Invitations to membership 
are extended on a point system basis to 
many who place in these fairs. 


Joint Meeting, 
Washington Academy of Sciences 
and Washington Junior 
Academy of Sciences 


Gaston Hall, Georgetown University 
October 25, 1969 


10:00-10:15 Informal Meeting 
10:15-10:20 Introduction 
Dr. Francis J. Heyden, S.J. 
10:20-10:30 Greetings: 
Dr. George W. Irving, Jr., Presi- 
dent, WAS 
_ Miss Christine Donart, President, 
WJAS 
10:30-11:15 Invited Speaker: 
Dr. T. C. Byerly, Vice Chairman, 
International Biological Program 
Topic: “Man and his Environ- 
ment” 
11:15-12:15 Panel Discussion: 
Dr. Margaret Pittman, National 
Institutes of Health 
Dr. Zaka I. Slawsky, Naval Ord- 
nance Laboratory 
Dr. John K. Taylor, National 
Bureau of Standards 
Moderator: Dr. T. C. Byerly 
Topic: “Contribution of the Vari- 
ous Disciplines to a Study of 
Man and his Environment.” 
1215 Lunch 


Each year the Senior and Junior Aca- 
demies of Science hold a joint meeting. 
This year the date is October 25 and the 
place is Gaston Hall, Georgetown Uni- 
versity (see Calendar, above). 


To make the meeting more meaningful. 
a topic which crosses the various dis- 
ciplines is chosen. This year we will 


121 


discuss the topic, “Man and his Environ- 
ment.” Since this is the topic of the 46- 
nation International Biological Program, 
we are having Vice Chairman of the 
United States delegation, Dr. Theodore C. 
Byerly, as a speaker. A panel discussion 
by Academy members will close the meet- 


ing. 


NEW SUBSCRIPTION RATES 
Effective with Volume 60 (1970), sub- 


scription rates for the Journal will be 
changed to conform with the following 
schedule: 
Annual subscription: 

U.S: andt@anada®. 2eav ee $8.00 

Foreign 

Simeglevcopy price (5 a. 2.90 
Subscriptions will be available on a cal- 
endar year basis only, and the special 2- 
and 3-year rates will no longer be avail- 
able after December, 1969. Those sub- 
scribers who now receive the Journal 
under these special rates will continue to 
do so until their multiple-year subscrip- 
tions expire. 


SCIENCE EDUCATION NEWS 


Sctence Education News, published 
quarterly by the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science, brings to 
its readers a summary of news about edu- 
cation activities in all of the sciences, and 
is obtainable without charge upon applica- 
tion to the Director of Education, AAAS. 
The June 1969 issue is devoted to science 
education activities of the academies of 


science afhliated with the AAAS. 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 
R. E. Gibson Retires 


The Medal for Distinguished Public 
Service, highest award made by the De- 
partment of Defense to a civilian, was 
presented July 9 to Dr. R. E. Gibson, who 


a week ago retired after 22 years as di- 


122 


R. E. Grsson 


rector of the Applied Physics Laboratory 
of The Johns Hopkins University. Robert 
A. Frosch, Assistant Secretary of the 
Navy for Research and Development, pre- 
sented the gold medal during ceremonies 
at the Applied Physics Laboratory in 
Howard County, Maryland. The ceremonies 
were attended by high-ranking naval of- 
ficers and members of the scientific com- 
munity. 


A citation accompanying the medal 
praised Dr. Gibson for helping to intro- 
duce “revolutionary advancements in mis- 
sile technology for fleet defense” and said 
he “‘played a key role in strengthening the 
United States and its Allies against the 
patterns of military aggression which have 
emerged over the last two decades.” He 
was cited for “distinguished public service 
and exceptionally outstanding contribu- 
tions to the Department of Defense in 
areas of fleet air defense, evaluation of 
fleet ballistic missile systems, military and 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


scientific satellites and supporting research 
and exploratory development.” Dr. Gib- 
son’s contributions have been of vital im- 
portance to the military strength of Amer- 
ica, the Department of Defense noted. 


“In pursuing these defense-oriented 
activities, Dr. Gibson has brought credit 
to military technology through his applica- 
tion of military research and development 
to the human needs of medicine,” the 
citation says. 

In recent years the Laboratory has 
drawn upon its wide technological back- 
ground to seek improvements in biomedi- 
cal engineering, urban transportation and 
to confront other modern civilian prob- 
lems. An automatic motor once used to 
actuate the wing of a missile now operates 
an experimental artificial hand. 


Dr. Gibson already holds the Navy’s 
Distinguished Public Service Award for 
directing development of the Terrier, the 
first antiaircraft missile for defense of the 
fleet. He was awarded the Presidential 
Certificate of Merit after World War II 
for his role in the development of solid 
propellant rockets. 


In 1966, Queen Elizabeth II named Dr. 
Gibson an Honorary Commander of the 
Most Excellent Order of the British Empire 
—C.B.E. This high honor was made in 
recognition of his “outstanding contribu- 
tions to Anglo-American friendship and 
understanding.” Dr. Gibson also holds the 
Hillebrand Prize of the Chemical Society 
of Washington and the Captain Robert 
Dexter Conrad Award for achievements 
in research and development for the Navy. 


Dr. Gibson, whose leadership spans 
years of rapidly expanding technology and 
scientific achievement, joined APL in 1946 
and became its director two years later. 
During the quarter century he has headed 
the Laboratory it has grown into one of 
the nation’s leading scientific institutions. 


Born in England, Dr. Gibson is a grad- 
uate of the University of Edinburgh where 
he received his Ph.D. in physical chemis- 
try. He came to the United States in 1924 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


on a Carnegie research fellowship and 
later served as an adjunct professor of 
chemistry at the George Washington Uni- 
versity. During World War II he served 
as the first director of research of the 
Allegany Ballistics Laboratory, Cumber- 
land, Maryland. There he established a 
major solid rocket development organiza- 
tion. This Laboratory subsequently pro- 
duced the first large-scale solid propellant 
rockets used for launching missiles. 


Dr. Gibson and his wife live in Chevy 
Chase, Maryland. 


U. S. Army Mobility Equipment 
R&D Center Award 


William T. Wyatt Jr., 26, a physicist; 
Glynn E. Burchette, 40, an engineer, and 
William R. Clarke, 51, a Division chief, 
were named winners of the Commanding 
Officer’s Awards for Scientific Achieve- 
ment, Technological Achievement, and 
Leadership, respectively, at the 12th an- 
nual awards ceremonies at the U.S. Army 
Mobility Equipment Research and _ De- 
velopment Center, Fort Belvoir, 23 May. 
Selected over 13 other nominees for the 
Center’s highest awards, each received a 
plaque-mounted medal at an outdoor cere- 
mony attended by hundreds of their co- 
workers and visiting dignitaries. All 16 
nominees . . . four for the Scientific 
award, seven for Technology, and five for 
Leadership . . . received commendation 
certificates and a cash award. 


Wyatt was selected for the Scientific 
award for his contributions in advancing 
a better understanding of the Electro- 
magnetic Pulse (EMP) effects resulting 
from nuclear explosions; Burchette the 
Technology award for his advancing the 
state-of-the-art on turbo-alternators, and 
Clarke the Leadership award for his excel- 
lent supervision of the Pictorial Support 
Division. 

It was the second major award won by 
Wyatt in three years. He won the annual 
scientific achievement award by the Belvoir 


123 


Branch of the Scientific Research Society 
of America (RESA) in 1966 for his work 
in the closely related field of the air chem- 
istry associated with nuclear detonations. 
In 1967, he was nominated for the Com- 
manding Officer’s award which was won 
by Dr. Maxine Savitz for her work in the 
development of fuel cells. 

Now employed by the Electromagnetic 
Effects Laboratory, Wyatt conducted re- 
search on EMP effects, which is a part of 
the complex nuclear weapons effects en- 
vironment to which military systems would 
be exposed in the event of nuclear conflict. 
As a result of his work, a new insight into 
the EMP generation mechanism has pro- 
vided more exact and flexible methods of 
representing the gamma and x-ray outputs 
of modern nuclear weapons in the calcula- 
tion of the EMP which these agents 
produce. Also, the use of improved num- 
erical integration schemes have reduced 
the speed of machine computations by a 
factor of 50 or more over the best previous 
techniques used by other agencies. 

A 1964 graduate of the University of 
Virginia with a B.S. Degree in Physics, 
Wyatt worked during the summer months, 
while an undergraduate, at the Center and 
at the Nuclear Power Field Office (now 
the U.S. Army Engineer Reactors Group) 
at Fort Belvoir. He entered Civil Service 
in 1965 and worked at the David Taylor 
Model Basin until January, 1966, when he 
transferred to the R&D Center. He has 
completed 13 semester hours of credit 
towards a Master’s Degree in Physics at 
the University of Maryland. Wyatt resides 
with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. William T. 
Wyatt, at 126 Woodside Dr., Woodbridge. 

Burchette, a senior mechanical project 
engineer in the Turbo-Alternator Division 


124 


of the Electrotechnology Laboratory, is re- 
sponsible for major portions of advanced 
gas turbine engine development and new 
advanced concept turbo-alternator power 
source development programs. He _ pro- 
vided the technical guidance that was in- 
strumental in the successful completion of 
component design and test and in the final- 
izing design of the complete 10 KW turbo- 
alternator system. 


He received a B.S. Degree in Mechani- 
cal Engineering from North Carolina State 
in June, 1951, and has been employed 
since then at the Center except for active 
military duty in 1953-55. He resides with 
his wife, Emily, and children, Michelle 
Maria and Glynn Edward Jr., at 5415 
Charlottesville Rd., Springfield. 


Clarke, winner of the Leadership award, 
is one of the “old-timers” at the center in 
point of service, having been employed 
since June, 1941, except for service in the 
Marine Corps during World War II (1942- 
45). As chief of the Pictorial Support 
Division, he guided his personnel in pro- 
viding varied and complex photographic 
and visual aid support not only for the 
Center but also tenant agencies. Through 
judicious use of personnel, timely coordi- 
nation with users, and an intense recruit- 
ing and training effort, he successfully ac- 
complished a highly important support 
program for the engineers, scientists, and 
staff elements. He was a nominee for the 
same award in 1962 when the winner was 


Dr. Robert S. Wiseman. 

A graduate of McKinley High School, 
Washington, D.C., Clarke resides with his 
wife, June, and daughters, Katherine and 
Christine, at 8333 Bound Brook Lane, 


Alexandria. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Eduard Farber 
1892-1969 


Born in Brody, Austria, Eduard Farber graduated as Primus Om- 
nium from the Oberrealschule in 1911 and earned his Dr. Phil. from 
the University of Leipzig in 1916. It was characteristic of his pas- 
sion for scholarship that he published six papers during the year in 
which his doctorate was granted, all of which were on different sub- 
jects. His bent toward the search for meaning was also almost im- 
mediately apparent in his early papers on the philosophical impli- 
cations of work in chemistry as well as his papers on the history 
of chemistry. 


His career as Chief Chemist and Director of Chemical Research, 
Deutsche Bergin A.-G. and Holzhydrolyze A.-G., Mannheim-Rheinau 
and Heidelberg was abruptly ended in 1938 because of political con- 
ditions in Germany. He emigrated to the United States where, after 
a succession of positions, he became Chief Chemist for Timber En- 
gineering Co., Washington, D.C. (1943-1957). Subsequent to his re- 
tirement he was active as a consultant, including part-time consultant- 
ship at the Smithsonian Institution. He also served as Research Pro- 
fessor and Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at The American Univer- 


sity (1962-1969). 


During his career he wrote about 90 papers on many different 
subjects of chemical interest. Included in these titles are several books, 
among which are “The Evolution of Chemistry, History and its Ideas, 
Methods and Materials” (1952), “Great Chemists” (1961), and 
“Oxygen and Oxidation—Theories and Techniques in the 19th Century 
and the First Part of the 20th” (1967). Dr. Farber was editor of 
“Great Chemists” (Interscience) and author of “Nobel Prize Winners 
in Chemistry” (Abelard-Schumann). 


He served the field of chemistry in many ways, including con- 
siderable output in book reviews and abstracts. He also served as 
Archivist for the Washington Academy of Sciences since 1964. His 
service to the scientific community was recognized by the Honor 
Award, Washington Chapter, American Institute of Chemists (1964). 
He was honored for his many contributions to the history of chem- 
istry with the Dexter Award of the American Chemical Society. 1964. 


Dr. Farber epitomized the best attributes of old-world scholarship. 
He was a learned and gentle man always eager to give. His unaf- 
fected humility and his warm friendship and family life endeared 
him to all. His productive scholarship enriched science. His family, 
friends, colleagues, and students will miss him. 

—LrEo SCHUBERT 
The American University 


Vou. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 125 


Washington Academy of Sciences 


1969 DIRECTORY 


Forward 


The present, 44th issue of the Academy’s 
directory is again this year issued as the 
September number of the Journal. 

Following a pattern established in 1962, 
we have attempted to produce an up-to- 
date listing of the membership, as of July 
1, at minimum cost to the Academy. Mem- 
bers are classified by three listings—alpha- 
betically, by place of employment, and by 
membership in local societies affiliated 
with the Academy. For most members in 
the Washington area, this information will 
provide the basic clues on their fields of 
professional interest, and how to get in 
touch with them. Complete addresses, if 


needed, can be provided by the Academy © 


office at 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) , 


With a few exceptions, we have not in- 
dicated places of employment for non-resi- 
dent members, since this would lead to a 
very complex coding system. Nor, gener- 
ally, have we classified emeritus members 
by place of employment, since most of 
them presumably have retired from gain- 
ful employment. 


Assignment of codes for place of em- 
ployment and membership in affiliated so- 
cieties is based upon results of a postcard 
questionnaire sent to the Academy mem- 
bership. Where the questionnaire was not 
answered, the coding was made on the 
basis of other available information. Cor- 
rections should be called to the attention 
of the Academy office. 


Academy Organization for 1969-70 


Washington, D.C. 20014 (phone 530- 
1402). 

Officers 
President GrorcE W. Irvine, Jr. 


President-Elect 


Secretary Mary L. Rossins 

Treasurer RicuaArp K. Coox 
Managers-at-Large 

1967-70 ErRNeEsT P. Gray 

1967-70 Peter H. HEINZE 

1968-71 ALLEN L. ALEXANDER 

1968-71 LAWRENCE M. KUSHNER 

1969-72 RicHArD P. Farrow 

1969-72 RosertT B. Fox 


ALFONSE F. ForZIATI 


Agricultural Research Service 
Federal Water Pollution 
Control Administration 
George Washington University 
Environmental Science Services 
Administration 


* 


Gillette Research Institute 
Applied Physics Laboratory 
Agricultural Research Service 
Naval Research Laboratory 
National Canners Association 
Naval Research Laboratory 


* Managers serve three-year terms, from May to May. 


126 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Executive 
Membership 
Policy Planning 
Ways and Means 
Meetings 
Awards for Scientific 
Achievement 
Granis-in-Aid for 
Research 
Encouragement of 
Science Talent 
Public Information 
Science Education ** 


Bylaws and Standing 
Rules 
Meetings Arrangements 


Tellers 


Editor 


Associate Editors 


Standing Committees* 


GeorceE W. Irvine, Jr., Chairman 
Maurice APSTEIN, Chairman 
Kurt H. Stern, Chairman 

JoHN H. Menxart, Chairman 
ZAKA I. SLAwsKy, Chairman 
Joun L. TorcEsen, Chairman 


GROVER C. SHERLIN, Chairman 
FrANcIS HEYDEN, S.J., Chairman 


CHARLES DEVORE, Chairman 
ELIzABETH J. OSwALp, Chairman 


Special Committees 


LAWRENCE A. Woop, Chairman 


CHARLES RADER, Chairman 
Harry A. Fowe.ts, Chairman 


The Journal 


RicHArD H. Foote 
Haro.tp T. Cook 
SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR. 
RicHArD P. FARRow 
HELEN L. REYNOLDS 
ELAINE G. SHAFRIN 
Harry A. FoweELus 


Delegate to AAAS 


ALPHONSE F. FORZIATI 


Agricultural Research Service 
Harry Diamond Laboratory 
Naval Research Laboratory 
Gillette Research Institute 
Naval Ordnance Laboratory 
National Bureau of Standards 


National Bureau of Standards 
Georgetown University 


Office of Naval Research 


Food and Drug Administration 


National Bureau of Standards 


Gillette Research Institute 
Agricultural Research Service 


Agricultural Research Service 
Agricultural Research Service 
Agricultural Research Service 
National Canners Association 
Food & Drug Administration 
Naval Research Laboratory 
Agricultural Research Service 


Federal Water Pollution Control 
Administration 


Delegates of Affiliated Societies 


See inside rear cover and “Officers of Affiliated Societies,’ following. 


Office Secretary 


Academy Office 


ELIZABETH OSTAGGI 


9650 Rockville Pike 
(Bethesda), Washington, 
D. C. 20014. Phone 
530-1402. 


Washington Junior Academy of Sciences 


President 
Vice-President 
Secretary 
Treasurer 


CHRISTINE DONART 
DENNIS SPRECHER 
Tish LAzOWSKA 
JOHN GUSSMAN 


Washington-Lee High School 
Yorktown High School 

Walt Whitman High School 
Montgomery-Blair High School 


* Officers and committee chairmen serve from close of annual meeting in May 1969 through May 


1970 meeting. 


** This committee also constitutes the Academy’s membership on the Joint Board on Science 
Education, which is cosponsored by the Academy and the D. C. Council of Engineering and Archi- 


tectural Societies. 


VOL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


127 


Officers of Afhliated Soeerien: 
Subject Key 


Acoustics: 2Z Entomology: 2F 
Aeronautics: 2W Food technology: 3C 
Anthropology: 2C Forestry: 2L 
Astronautics: 2W Geography: 2G 
Biology: 2D, 2T Geology: 2H 
Botany: 2K Helminthology: 2P 
Ceramics: 3D History: 2J, 3F 
Chemistry: 2E, 3E Insecticides: 2Y 
Dental research: 2V Instruments: 3K 
Electrochemistry: 3E Medicine: 21, 2T 
Engineering: Metallurgy: 2U, 3L 
civil: 2S Meteorology: 2X 
electrical and electronic: 2N Microbiology: 2Q 
general: 2M Nuclear science: 3B 
mechanical: 20 Operations research: 3J 
military: 2R Optics: 3H 
mining: 3L Physics: 2B, 3G 
petroleum: 3L Plant physiology: 31 
Term 
ends 
2B Philosophical Society of Washington 
President: George T. Rado, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 
20390 (767-3603) 12/68 
President-elect: John A. O’Keefe, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center (474-9000) 12/68 
Secretary: Harold Glaser, NASA Headquarters (962-0157) 12/69 
Delegate: George T. Rado, McLean, Va. 12/69 
2C Anthropological Society of Washington 
President: Conrad C. Reining, American Anthropological Ass’n. (337-3611) 5/70 
Vice-president: Gordon D. Gibson, Smithsonian Institution (381-5961) 5/70 
Secretary: Mary Elizabeth King, Howard University (797-1862) 5/70 
Delegate: Jean K. Boek, Bethesda, Md. 5/70 
2D __— Biological Society of Washington ; 
President: Joseph Rosewater, Dept. of Mollusks, Smithsonian Institution, 
Washington, D.C. 20560 (628-1810, X5151) 6/69 
Secretary: Richard C. Banks, Smithsonian Institution 6/69 
2E Chemical Society of Washington 
President: Robert B. Fox, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 
20390 (574-1730) 12/69 
President-elect: Edward O. Haenni, Food & Drug Adm. (963-6152) 12/69 
Secretary: Mary H. Aldridge, American University (244-6800, X265) 12/69 
Delegate: Mary H. Aldridge 12/69 
2F Entomological Society of Washington 
President: Helen Sollers-Riedel, Agriculture Research Service (388-8348) 12/69 
President-elect: Karl V. Krombein, Smithsonian Institution (381-5292) 12/69 
Secretary: John A. Davidson, University of Maryland (454-3841) 12/69 
Delegate: W. Doyle Reed (retired) (EM 2-6577) Indef. 
2G National Geographic Society 
President: Melvin M. Payne, National Geographic Society (296-7500) 
Secretary: Robert E. Doyle, NGS 
Delegate: Alexander Wetmore, Smithsonian Institution 


*Some Societies are shown with last year’s officers. They had not reported new slates by the 
time this issue went to press.—ED. 


128 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


2H Geological Society of Washington 


741 


2J 


2K 


2L 


2M 


2N 


20 


7) 


President: Montis R. Klepper, Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 
(343-2126) 

Vice-president: Frank C. Whitmore, Jr., Geological Survey (343-2333) 

Secretary: William D. Carter, Geological Survey (343-2563) 

Delegate: Ralph L. Miller, Geological Survey (343-3437) 


Medical Society of the District of Columbia 


President: William S. McCune, 2520 L Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 
(333-0123) 

President-elect: Frank S. Bacon, 2141 K Street, N.W. (223-3940 

Secretary: Thomas Sadler, 2007 I Street, N.W. (223-2230) 


Columbia Historical Society 


Vice-president: Homer Rosenberger 
Exec. Director: Robert J. McCarthy, 1307 New Hampshire Ave., N.W. (234-5068) 
Secretary: Winifred M. Pomeroy, 4550 Connecticut Ave., N.W. 


Botanical Society of Washington 


President: H. Rex Thomas, Plant Industry Station, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, 
Md. 20705 (474-6500, X-367) 

Vice-president: H. D. Hammond, Howard University 

Secretary: Ruby Little, Agricultural Research Center (474-4800, X-685) 

Delegate: P. H. Heinze, Plant Industry Station, USDA (474-6500, X-404) 

Society of American Foresters, Washington Section 

Chairman: Richard K. Ely, 4710 Bristow Drive, Annandale, Va. 22003 
(256-2351) 

Vice-Chairman: Malcolm E. Hardy, 6924 Fern Lane, Annandale, Va. (256-8229) 

Secretary: Gene S. Bergoffen, 1678 Wainwright Dr., Reston, Va. 22070 
(471-5789) 

Delegate: Harry A. Fowells, 10217 Green Forest Dr., Silver Spring, Md. 


20903 (434-8124) 


Washington Society of Engineers 


President: Robert A. Weiss, 1116 18th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 
(657-3737) 

Vice-president: William J. Ellenberger, 6419 Barnaby St., N.W. 20015 (EM 3-9033) 

Secretary: Gerald S. McKenna, 9520 Bulls Run Parkway, Bethesda, Md. 

Delegate: Clement L. Garner, Washington, D.C. 


Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Washington Section 


Chairman: Walter N. Pike, Federal Aviation Agency (962-5703) 

Vice-chairman: Charles De Vore, Office of Naval Research (OX 6-4048) 

Secretary: Harry Fine, Federal Communications Commission (632-7040) 

Delegate: George Abraham, U. S. Naval Research Lab. (767-2653) 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Washington Section 

Chairman: Charles P. Howard, Mechanical Engineering Dept. Catholic Univ. 
of America, Washington, D.C. 20017 (529-6000, X-251) 

Vice-chairman: Robert A. Cahn, Agency for International Development (383-7383) 

Secretary: Patrick F..Cunniff, University of Maryland (454-2411) 

Delegate: William G. Allen, 8306 Custer Rd., Bethesda, Md. (652-7457) 


Helminthological Society of Washington 


President: Alan C. Pipkin, Naval Medical Research Inst. (295-0084) 
Vice-president: A. James Haley, Univ. of Md. 

Secretary: Edna Buhrer, Agricultural Research Center 

Delegate: Aurel O. Foster, Parasitological Lab. USDA, Beltsville, Md. 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


12/69 
12/69 
12/69 
12/69 


12/68 
12/68 
12/68 


12/68 
12/68 
12/68 


12/68 
12/68 
12/68 

1/69 


7/70 
7/70 


7/70 


7/70 


12/69 
12/69 
12/69 
12/70 


7/70 
7/70 
7/70 
7/70 


7/69 
7/69 
7/69 
7/69 


12/69 
12/69 
12/69 
12/69 


129 


20 


2R 


Ds) 


2a 


2U 


2V 


2W 


2X 


2S 


130 


American Society for Microbiology, Washington Branch 


President: Ruth G. Wittler, Dept. of Bacteriology, Walter Reed Army Inst. 
of Research, Washington, D.C. 20012 (576-3058) 

Vice-president: William A. Clark, American Type Culture Collection (949-5610) 

Secretary: Hope E. Hopps, National Institutes of Health (496-6968) 

Delegate: Elizabeth J. Oswald, Food & Drug Administration (963-6123) 

Society of American Military Engineers, Washington Post 

President: Capt. James Moreau, Coast Guard, 9412 Wadsworth Drive, 

Bethesda, Md. 20034 (469-8328) 

Vice-president: Capt. M. J. Tonkel, ESSA 

Secretary: Cdr. Howard Pagel, Coast Guard 

Delegate: Cdr. Hal P. Demuth, ESSA (768-6014) 

American Society of Civil Engineers, National Capital Section 

President: Donald A. Giampaoli, 1957 E St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006 
(EX 3-2040) 

Vice-president: Albert A. Grant, 2208 Quinton Rd., Silver Spring, Md. (223-5800, 
X202) 

Secretary: Frank Schneller, 1957 E St., N.W. (EX 3-2040) 

Delegate: Thorndike Saville, Jr., 5601 Albia Rd., Westwood, Md. 20016 
(HO 2-8000) 

Society for Experimental Biology & Medicine, D. C. Section 

President: Abraham Dury, 5510 Cornish Road, Bethesda, Md. (652-8779) 

Vice-president: Gertrude Maengwyn-Davies, Georgetown University Medical 
School 

Secretary: Earl Usdin, National Institute of Mental Health (496-0271) 

Delegate: Carleton Treadwell, George Washington University 

American Society for Metals, Washington Chapter 

Chairman: Joseph R. Lane, National Academy of Sciences (961-1449) 

Vice-chairman: Eugene A. Lange, Naval Research Laboratory (767-2947) 

Secretary: Harvey P. Utech, National Bureau of Standards (921-2985) 

Delegate: Melvin R. Meyerson, National Bureau of Standards (921-2082) 

International Association for Dental Research, Washington Section 

President: Walter E. Brown, National Bureau of Standards (921-3336) 

Vice-president: Col. H. I. Copeland, Jr., Andrews Air Force Base (981-4470) 

Secretary: Maj. E. F. Huget, Walter Reed Army Medical Center (576-3092) 

Delegate: N. W. Rupp, National Bureau of Standards (921-3336) 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Capital Section 

Chairman: Robert C. Smith, Jr., Atlantic Research Corp., Shirley Highway 
at Edsall, Alexandria, Va. 22314 (354-3400, X425) 

Vice-chairman: Henry H. Hovland, 11252 Knightsbridge Ct., Potomac, Md. 
(762-7068) 

Secretary: James D. Redding, Univac (338-8500, X317) 

Delegate: Robert C. Smith, Jr., Atlantic Research Corp. (354-3400, Ext. 425) 

American Meteorological Society, D. C. Chapter 

Chairman: Clifford J. Murino, Program Coordinator for NCAR, National 
Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550 (343-4812) 

Vice-chairman: James K. Angell, Air Resources Lab., ESSA (495-2284) 

Secretary: Mary Ann Ruzecki, Nat. Environmental Satellite Center, ESSA 
(440-7541) 

Delegate: Harold A. Steiner, Air Force (OX 7-4648) 

Insecticide Society of Washington 

President: Morton Beroza, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Md. (474-4800, Ext. 219) 

Vice-president: Maynard J. Ramsay, USDA, ARS, Hyattsville, Md. (338-8416) 

Secretary: Robert E. Menzer, Univ. of Maryland (454-3841) 

Delegate: H. Ivan Rainwater, USDA, ARS, Hyattsville, Md. (388-8441) 


12/68 
12/68 
12/68 
12/68 


6/69 
6/69 
6/69 
Indef. 


6/69 


6/69 
6/69 


6/69 


6/70 


6/70 
6/70 
6/71 


5/70 
5/70 
2/70 
5/70 


6/70 
6/70 
6/79 


5/69 


2/69 
5/69 
5/70 


5/69 
5/69 


5/69 
5/69 


7/70 
7/70 
7/70 
7/70 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


21, 


3B 


310 


3D 


3E 


aF 


ven 


3H 


31 


Acoustical Society of America 


Chairman: Samuel A. Elder, U.S. Naval Academy (301/268-7711) 

Vice-chairman: Alan O. Sykes, Office of Naval Research (696-6673) 

Secretary: Gerald J. Franz, Naval Ship R&D Center, Washington, D.C. 
(995-3126) 

Delegate: Alfred Weissler, Food & Drug Adm. (962-8028) 

American Nuclear Society, Washington Section 

Chairman: Oscar M. Bizzell, Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C. 
20545 (301-973-3471) 

Vice-chairman: Justin L. Bloom, Atomic Energy Commission (973-7340) 

Secretary: Leslie S. Ayers, Arms Control & Disarmament Agency 

Delegate: Oscar M. Bizzell, Gaithersburg, Md. 

Institute of Food Technologists, Washington Section 

Chairman: Mr. V. H. Blomquist, Food & Drug Adm. (DU 8-6996) 

Vice-chairman: George K. Parman, 2803 N Street, N.W. (632-1827) 

Secretary: Cleve B. Denny, 1133 20th Street, N.W. (338-2030) 

Delegate: George K Parman, 2803 N Street, N.W. 


American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Washington Section 

Chairman: Joseph L. Pentecost, Washington Research Ctr., Clarksville, Md. 
(301-531-5711) 

Chairman-elect: Paul W. Corbett, Glidden-Dirkee Div., Baltimore, Md. 
(301-355-8400, X-363) 


Secretary: Samuel J. Schneider, National Bureau of Standards (921-2893) 

Delegate: J. J. Diamond, National Bureau of Standard (921-2893) 

Electrochemical Society, National Capital Section 

Chairman: R. T. Foley, Chemistry Dept., American University, Washington. 
D.C. 20016 (244-6800, X266) 

Vice-chairman: F. X. McCawley (UN 4-3100, X2) 

Secretary: S. D. James, Naval Ordnance Laboratory (495-7742) 

Delegate: Kurt H. Stern, Naval Research Laboratory (767-3549) 

Washington History of Science Club 

Chairman: Richard G. Hewlett, Atomic Energy Commission, Germantown, 
Md. (973-5431) 

Vice-chairman: Deborah Warner, Smithsonian Institution (381-5330) 

Secretary: Dean C. Allard (OX 3-3170) 

Delegate: Morris Leikind, Washington, D.C. 

American Association of Physics Teachers, Chesapeake Section 

President: William Achor, Dept. of Physics, Western Maryland College, 
Westminster, Md. (301-848-7000) 

Vice-president: Graham D. Gutsche, Naval Academy (301-268-7711) 

Secretary: John Miller, III, University of Delaware (302-738-2660) 

Delegate: Bernard B. Watson, Research Analysis Corp. (893-5900) 

Optical Society of America, National Capital Section 

President: David L. Ederer, National Bureau of Standards (921-2031) 

Vice-president: C. V. Muffaletto, Muffaletto Optical Co., Baltimore, Md. 
(301-254-3244) 

Secretary: Elsie F. DuPre’, Naval Research Laboratory (767-2276) 

Delegate: David L. Ederer 

American Society of Plant Physiologists, Washington Section 

President: Lawrence Bogorad, Harvard University 

President-elect: Joseph E. Varner, Michigan State Univ. 

Secretary: Harold W. Siegelman, Brookhaven National Lab., N.Y. 

Delegate: William H. Klein, 7920 Maryknoll Ave., Bethesda, Md. 20034 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


3J Washington Operations Research Council 
President: 


Eugene P. Visco, GEOMET, Inc., 326 E. Montgomery Ave., 


Rockville, Md. (762-5820) 6/70 
President-elect: Murray Kamrass, Institute for Defense Analysis (558-1729) 6/70 
Secretary: Harry Weintrob, Leasco Systems & Research (657-8175) 6/70 
Delegate: John G. Honig, Weapons Systems Analysis Directorate 

(OX 7-1107) 6/70 

3K Instrument Society of America, Washington Section 

President: - Gerald G. Vurek, 5623 Huntington Parkway, Bethesda, Md. 20014 

(657-1931) 6/69 
President-elect: Leopold Perlaky (577-5355) 6/69 
Secretary: Edward Popolak (WH 2-9189) 6/70 
Delegate: Alfred M. Pommer (933-2268) 6/69 


3L American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers 


President: 
Vice-president: 
Secretary: 
Delegate: 


Robert N. Morris, Southern Railway Systems (NA 8-4460) 
Ralph C. Kirby, Bureau of Mines (343-4792) 

Harold W. Lynde, Jr., Dept. of Commerce (967-2566) 
Bernardo F. Grossling, Geological Survey (343-2907) 


Explanation of Listings 


The alphabetical listing purports to in-| 


clude all fellows and members on the Acad- 
emy rolls as of July 1, 1969, whether resi- 
dent or nonresident (i.e., living more than 
50 miles from the White House), and 
whether active (dues-paying) or emeritus 
(retired). 


Employment.—The first column of code 
symbols after the name is a semi-mnemonic 
cross-reference to place of employment, as 
shown in the first classified listing. In the 
employment code, | refers to Government 
agencies (and 1A to Agriculture, 1C to 
Commerce, etc.; and 1CNBS refers to the 
National Bureau of Standards in the De- 
partment of Commerce); 2 refers to edu- 
cational institutions, both higher (2H) and 
secondary (2S) (2HUMD is the University 
of Maryland); 3A refers to associations 
and 31 to private institutions; 4 refers to 
consultants, physicians, and other self-em- 
ployed persons; 5 refers to business con- 
cerns (SHALA is the Hazleton Laborato- 
ries, for example) ; 6 refers to foreign and 
international groups (embassies, UN orga- 
nizations, etc.) ; 7 refers to retired persons; 
8 and 9 refer to persons whose places 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


132 


of employment, if any, are not known or 
not coded. 


Places of employment are given pri- 
marily for resident active fellows and 
members, with few exceptions. 


A ffiliation.—The second column of code 
symbols refers to the person’s membership 
in one or more of the societies affiliated 
with the Academy, as given in the following 
list, which includes also the year of the 
societies’ affiliation with the Academy: 


2B Philosophical Society of Washington (1898) 
2C Anthropological Society of Washington 
(1898) 
2D Biological Society of Washington (1898) 
2E Chemical Society of Washington (1898) 
2F Entomological Society of Washington 
(1898) 
2G National Geographic Society (1898) 
2H Geological Society of Washington (1898) 
2I Medical Society of the District of Columbia 
(1898) 
2J Columbia Historical Society (1899) 
2K Botanical Society of Washington (1902) 
2L Society of American Foresters, Washington 
Section (1904) 
2M Washington Society of Engineers (1907) 


2N Institute of Electrical and Electronics En- 
gineers, Washington Section (1912) + 

20 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 
Washington Section (1923) 

2P Helminthological Society 
(1923) 

2Q American Society for Microbiology, Wash- 
ington Branch (1923) 

2R Society of American Military Engineers, 
Washington Post (1927) 

2S American Society of Civil Engineers, Na- 
tional Capital Section (1942) 

2T Society for Experimental Biology and Medi- 
cine, D.C. Section (1952) 

2U American Society for Metals, Washington 
Chapter (1953) 

2V_ International Association for Dental Re- 

search, Washington Section (1953) 

American Institute of Aeronautics and As- 

tronautics, National Capital Section (1953) ” 

2X American Meteorological Society, D. C. 
Chapter (1954) 

2Y Insecticide Society of Washington (1959) 

2Z Acoustical Society of America, Washington 
D.C. Chapter (1959) 

3B American Nuclear Society, Washington Sec- 
tion (1960) 

3C Institute of Food Technologists, Washing- 
ton Section (1961) 

3D American Ceramic Society, Baltimore-Wash- 
ington Section (1962) 

3E, Electrochemical Society, 
more Section (1963) 

3F Washington History of Science Club (1965) 


of Washington 


2W 


Washington-Balti- 


*In 1963 the American Institute of Electrical 
Engineers (affiliated 1912) was merged with the 
Institute of Radio Engineers (affiliated 1933) to 
become the Institute of Electrical and Electronics 
Engineers. IEEE has been assigned the same 


VOL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


3G American Association of Physics Teachers, 
Chesapeake Section (1965) 

3H Optical Society of America, National Capi- 
tal Section (1966) 

3I American Society of Plant Physiologists, 
Washington Section (1966) 

3J Washington Operations Research Council 
(1966) 

3K Instrument Society of America, Washington 
Section (1967) 

3L American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical 
and Petroleum Engineers (1968) 


Academy Status.—The third column of 
symbols refers to membership status in 
the Academy. AF refers to a fellow of the 
Academy, and AM to an Academy member. 
RA refers to a resident active fellow or 
member; NA refers to a nonresident active 
fellow or member (living more than 50 
miles from the White House) ; and RE and 
NE refer respectively to resident and non- 
resident emeritus fellows. 


Also in this column, for the first time, 
life fellows and members (see Bylaws, Ar- 
ticle II Section 9 and Article III Section 2) 
have been ‘designated by appropriate codes 


(AFRL, AFNL, AMRL). Currently there 


are seven life fellows and one life member. 


seniority as the elder of the two merged societies. 
? In 1963 the Institute of the Aerospace Sciences 
(affiliated 1953) absorbed the American Rocket 
Society and assumed the new name, American 
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 


133 


Y ie 
nisteadlennd peat Ee sagsee 
‘a Pane BAPE fue te 7 ieee 


{- = a4: 
co ie = 7 bie 


yOrat: anes 


Alphabetical List of Members 


ABBOT+s CHARLES G 7TRETO 2B82X3H 
ABELSONs PHILIP H 3IGEL 2B2E2H2G 
ABRAHAMe GEORGE 1DNRL 2B2G2M2N3G 
ACHTER» MEYER R 1ONRL 2U3L 
ADAMS+ CAROLINE L 2HGWU 2K 
ADAMSe ELLIOT Q 7TRETD 

AFFRONTI+ LEWIS 2HGWU 2Q2T 
AHEARNs ARTHUR J 1CNBS 2B 
AKERS+s ROBERT P 1HNIH 2G 
ALDRICHs JOHN W 11FWS 2D 
ALDRIDGE» MARY H 2HAMU) 2B2E 
ALEXANDER» AARON D 1DAwR 2Q 
ALEXANDERs»s ALLEN L 1DNRL 2E 


ALEXANDER» BENJAMIN H LHNIH 2E 
ALGERMISSENe SYLVESTER 1CESS 2G 


ALLANe FRANK D 2HGWU 2G 
ALLENe HARRY C JR BNRNC 2B2E2G 
ALLENe WILLIAM G 1CMAA 20 
ALLISONe FRANKLIN E 7TRETD 2E2G 
ALTER+ HARVEY 3IGRI 2E 
AMIRIKIANs ARSHAM 1DNFE 2R2S 
ANDERSON» ELIZABETH 1HNIH 
ANDERSON+s MYRON S TRETD 2E 
ANDERSONs WENDELL L 1DNRL 2E 
ANDREWS*+ JOHN S 1ARFR 2P 
APPEL+ WILLIAM D TRETD 2E2G 
APSTEINe MAURICE 1DAHD 2B2G2N 
ARMSTRONGs GEORGE T 1CNBS 2B2E2G 
ARSEMs COLLINS 1DAHD 2B2G2N 
ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS 2B2G2M 
ASTIN» ALLEN v 7TRETD 2B2N2W3K 
AUSLANDER+s JOSEPH 2HUMD 
AXILRODe BENJAMIN M 4x 2B 
AXLER»s MARJORIE F 8NRNC 2B 
AYENSUs EDWARD S 1XSMI 2K 
BABERS» FRANK H 1DAX 2G 
BAILEYs+ J MARTIN 2HGWU  2Q2T 
BAILEYs WILLIAM J 2HUMD 2E 
BAKER» ARTHUR A 11GES 2H 
BAKERs LOUIS C w 2HGEVU 2E 
BALDES»* EDWARD J 1DAXx 

BARBEAUs MARIUS 8NRNC 
BARBROWs LOUIS E 1CNBS 2B2N3H 
BARGER. GERALD L 1CESS 2x 
BARNHARTe+ CLYDE S 1DAx 2F2G2y 
BARRETTs+ MARGARET D 7TRETD 2G 
BARSS* HOWARD P TRETD 202G2K 
BARTONE+ JOHN C 2HHOU = 2T 
BASSe« ARNOLD M 1CNBS 2B3H 
BATEMANese ALAN M 4CONS 2H3L 
BATES*« PHAON H TRETD 

BATES+ ROGER G 1CNBS 2E3E 
BEACHe LOUIS A 1DNRL 2B2G 
BEACHs PRISCILLA A 2H 

BEACHAMs LOWRIE M 1HFDA 2E3C 
BEACHEMs CEDRIC D 1DNRL 2U 
BECKER+ EDWIN D IHNIH 2E2G 
BECKETT+ CHARLES w 1CNBS 2B2E 
BECKMANNe ROBERT B 2HUMD 2E2G 
BEDINI». SILVIO A 1XSMI 3F 
BEIJ» K HILDING 7RETD 2B 
BEKKEDAHL + NORMAN TRETD 2B2E2G 
BELKIN+ MORRIS 1HNIH 2G 
BELSHEIMs ROBERT O 1DNRL 2B2M20 
BENDER+ MAURICE 1HAPC 2E2G3C 
BENEDICT+s WILLIAM S 2HUMD- 3H 
BENESCHe WILLIAM 2HUMD 2B83H 
BENJAMIN» CHESTER R 1ARFR 2G2K 
BENNETT+« JOHN A TRETD , 2U 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AF NE 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMNA 
AFRA 


AFNA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AF NL 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


BENNETTs LAWRENCE H 
BENNETT+ MARTIN T 
BENNETT+e ROBERT R 
BENNETT+s WILLARD H 


BERCHs 


JUL TAN 


BERLINER+e ROBERT W 
BERNTONs HARRY S 


BEROZA, 
BESTUL « 


MORTON S 
ALDEN B 


BIBERSTEINs FRANK A JR 
BICKLEYs+ WILLIAM E 


BIRCKNER»s VICTOR 


BIRD. 
BIRKS» 


HR 
LAVERNE §S 


BISHOPPe FRED C 
BIZZELLs OSCAR M 


BLAKE « 
BLANC» 


DORIS H 
MILTON L 


BLANDFORDs JOSEPHINE 


BLANK» 
BLOCKe 
BLOOM. 
BLUMs 
BLUNT ¢ 
BOEK » 
BOGLE » 


BOLTONs 


CHARLES A 
STANLEY 
MORTIMER C 
WILLIAM 
ROBERT F 
JEAN K 
ROBERT w 


EEEWS) 7 


BONDELIDse ROLLON O 
BORTHWICKs HARRY A 


BOWER» 


BOWLES» 
BOwWMANes 
BOWMAN » 


VINCENT E 
ROMALD E 
PAUL w 
THOMAS E 


BOZEMANs F MARILYN 
BRAATENe NORMAN F 
BRANCATO+s EL 
BRANDEWIEs DONALD F 
BRANDTNER+s FRIEDRICH J 
BRANSONe HERMAN 


BRAUER« 
BRAZEE. 


GERHARD M 
RUTLAGE J 


BRECKENRIDGE F C 


BRECKENRIDGE + 


BREEDLOVEs C H JR 


BREGER» 


BREITs 


IRVING A 
GREGORY 


BRENNER+ ABNER 


BREWER» 


CARL R 


BRICKWEDDEs F G 


BRIER» 


BRODIE+s 


GLENN W 
BERNARD B 


BROMBACHERs WwW G 


BROOKS» 


BROWNe 
BROWN» 
BROWNe 
BROWNs 
BROWNs 
BRUCKe 
BRYAN» 
BUGGS-« 
BUNN « 
BURAS« 


RICHARD C 
B OF 

EDGAR 
JOSHUA R C 
RUSSELL G 
THOMAS M 
STEPHEN D 
MILTON M 
CHARLES w 


RALPH w 


EDMUND M JR 


BURGERSse JM 
BURINGTON+s RICHARD S 


BURK + 
BURKE + 


BURKEY « 


DEAN 


FREDERIC G 
LLOYD A 


BURNETT+ HARRY C 


BUTLER» 
BYERLY -¢ 


FRANCIS E 
PERRY 


ROBERT G 


1CNBS 
4CONS 
1IGES 
2H 

31GRI 
1HNIH 
4PHYS 
1ARFR 
1CNBS 
2ZHCUA 
2HUMD 
TRETD 
8NRNC 
1DNRL 
7TRETD 
1XAEC 
1xXSMI 
8BNRNC 
1CNBS 
1D-AS 
1CNBS 
1ONRL 
4CONS 
1CNBS 
8BNRNC 
8NRNC 
3ICIW 
1ONRL 
TRETD 
1CNBS 
SBOEN 
1HNIH 
1XSMI 
1DAwR 
1CESS 
1 DNRL 
2SARC 
5TRwS 
2HHOU 
1CNBS 
1CESS 
TRETD 
8NRNC 
2HMIC 
8NRNC 
8NRNC 
1CNBS 
1HNIH 
TRETD 
1CESS 
1HNIH 
TRETD 
1HPHS 
1ONRL 
TRETD 
2HUMD 
2HUMD 
2HGwU 
1HNIH 
1AFOR 
2HHOU 
BAESA 
31GRI 
2HUMD 
1DONAS 
1HNIH 
4PHYS 
TRETO 
1CNBS 
1ONOL 
4CONS 


2uU 

foa\ 
2G2H 
26 

Ze 
2B2T 
ay 
ZEZE2T AY. 
2B2G 
2B2mM2s 
Cray, 


2F2G 
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2E2G2H 
2E 
2B2E2G3E 
2E2G2U3E 


ZG 
2B2G 


2D2K31 
SE 
26202W3K 


y-AD) 
2Q2T 
2B2M2R 
2G 


2G2H 
2B3G 
2E2v 


2B3H 


mE 


2E2G3E 
2Q 

26 
2G62x 
“=1i 
2B3K 
2N 
2U3E3L 
202K 
2G 
262K 
2i 
2E2G 
eu 
2G62Q2T 
or 

2E 

2B 
2B2G 
2E31 
2i 

2Q 
2G62U 
2620 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFNL 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNLU 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFNA 


135 


BYERLYs THEODORE C 1ACSR 2T AFRA CURRANe HAROLD R 7RETOD 2Q AFRE 


CURRIERe LOUIS w 7RETD 2H AFNE 
CURTIS+*« ROGER w 1xXGSA 2G2N AFRA 
CALDWELL+ FRANK R 7TRETD 2B2G AFRE CURTISS*+ LEON F 7RETD 2B AF NE 
CALDWELL+« JOSEPH M 1DACE 25S AFRE CUTHILLe JOHN R 1CNBS 2G2U3L AFRA 
CALLEN+ EARL R 2HAMU 2B AFRA CUTKOSKY+ ROBERT D 1CN8S 2G2N AFRA 
CAMERONs JOSEPH M 1CNBS 2B AFRA CUTTITTA»s FRANK 1IGES 2E2G2H AFRA 
CAMPANELLA»s S JOSEPH SMELP AFRA 
CAMPBELL «+ FRANK L 7TRETD 2F2yY AFRA 
CANDELAe GEORGE A 1CNBS AFRA DALYs JOSEPH F 1CBuUC AFRA 
CANNONs E Ww 1CNBS 283 AFRA DARRACOTTse HALVOR T 1DAx 2N AFRA 
CARDER.s DEAN S 7RETD AFNE DARWENTe BASIL DE B 2HCUA 2B2E AFRA 
CAREY» FRANCIS E 5ASPR AFRA DAVENPORTs+ JAMES C 8NRNC AMNA 
CARHARTe HOMER w 1DNRL 2E2G AFRA DAVISe CHARLES M JR 2HAMU 2Z AMRA 
CARLSTONe RICHARD C BNRNC 2G62U3E AFNA DAVIS» MARION M 7RETD 2E2G AFRL 
CARMICHAEL » LEONARD BINGS 2B2G2U2T3F AFRA DAVISe R F 2HUMD 2G2T AFRA 
CARROLL» THOMAS J 2HGWU 2B2N2Z3G3H AFRA DAVIS» RAYMOND 7RETD 2B2E AFRE 
CARROLL» WILLIAM R LHNIH 2E AFRA DAVIS» STEPHEN S 2HHOU 2620 AMRA 
CARRON»s MAXWELL K 1IGES 2€2H AFRA DAVISSON+s JAMES W 1DNRL 2B AFRA 
CARTER+ HUGH 1HPHS AFRA DAWSONs ROY C 6FAOR 2Q AFRA 
CASHe EDITH K 7TRETD 2K AFRE DAWSON» VICTOR C D 1DNOL 2G6202U2w AFRA 
CASSEL «+ JAMES M 1CNBS 2E AFRA DE BERRY.« MARIAN B 2SDCcP AMRA 
CASSIDYe MARIE M OCLUN AFRA DE CARLO. MICHAEL 3INAS 2G AMRA 
CATHEYs+ HENRY M 1ARFR 3! AFRA DE FERIETe J KAMPE 8NRNC AFNA 
CAULe* HAROLD J 1CNBS 2E2U2vV AFRA DE LAUNAYe JULES R 1DNRL AFRA 
CHALKLEYs* HAROLD Ww 7RETD e2T AFRE DE PACKHse DAVID C 1DNRL 28 AFRA 
CHAPINe EDWARD J 1DNRL 2U3L AFRA DE PUEs LELAND A 1DNRL 2G AFRA 
CHAPLINe HARVEY R JR 1DNSR 2w AFRA DE VOE*. JAMES R 1CNBS 2E2G AFRA 
CHAPLINE»® WR 7TRETD 2G2K2L AFRE DE VOREs CHARLES 1DNOR 2M2N3B AFRA 
CHAPMANs GEORGE B 2HGEU AFRA DE VORE+ HOWARD 1DNOL AMRA 
CHEEKe CONRAD H 1DNRL 2E AFRA DE WITs ROLAND 1CN8S 2B2G3L AFRA 
CHEZEMs CURTIS G 8NRNC AFNA DEBORDe GEORGE G 7RETD 262Q AFNE 
CLAIRE. CHARLES N 7RETD 2B2M AFRA DEHL +» RONALD E 8NRNC AFRA 
CLARK» FRANCIS E 1ARFR AFNA DEITZe VICTOR R 1DNRL 2E AFRA 
CLARKe GEORGE E JR 5ARCO AFRA DEMUTH» HAL P 5TELE 2R AFRA 
CLARKs+ JOAN R 1I1GES 2H AFRA DERMENs HAIG 7TRETD 2k AFRE 
CLARK+ KENNETH G 7TRETD 2E2G AFRE DESLATTES+» RICHARD D 1CNBS AFRA 
CLAUSENe CURTIS P 7TRETD 2F AFNE DETWILER» SAMUEL B JR 1ARNI 2E AFRA 
CLEMENTe J REID UR 1DNRL E AFRA DI MARZIOe E A 8NRNC AFRA 
CLEVENe G W 1XTRA 2B82G AFRA DIAMOND. JACOB J 1CNBS 2B2E3D AFRA 
CODLINGs KEITH 8BNRNC AFNA DIAMOND. PAULINE 2SMOC AFRA 
COHEE + GEORGE v 1IGES 2G2H AFRA DICKSON+ GEORGE 1CNBS 2G2V AFRA 
COHNe ERNST M 1XNAS 2E3E AMRA DIEHL» WALTER S 4CONS 2W AFRA 
COHNs« ROBERT 1DNHS 2B AFRA DIEHL>+ WILLIAM w TRETD 202K AFRE 
COLE+ KENNETH S 1HNIH 2B AFRA DIGGES* THOMAS G 7RETD 2uU AFRE 
COLLINS» HENRY B 1XSMI 2C AF NE DINGER»* DONALD B‘ 1DAER 2N AFRA 
COLWELLse RR 2HGEU 2620 AFRA DOCTOR» NORMAN J 1DAHD 2N AFRA 
COMPTONe W DALE 8BNRNC AFNA DOETSCHe RAYMOND N 2HUMD 2Q AFRA 
CONGERe PAUL S 7RETD AFRE DOFTe« FLOYD S TRETD 2E2G2T AFRE 
COOK» HAROLD T 1ARMR 2B2K3C AFRA DOSS» MILDRED A i 2HUMD 2P AFRA 
COOKs RICHARD K 1CESS 2B82Z AFRA DOUGLASe CHARLES A 1CNBS 2B2G3H AFRA 
COOKs ROBERT C 5PORB 2K AFRA DOUGLASe« THOMAS B 1CNBS 2E AFRA 
COOKEe C WYTHE 7RETD 2H AFNE DRAEGERs R HAROLD 4PHYS AF NE 
COOL IDGE+ HAROLD J 3INAS 2G AFRA DRECHSLERe CHARLES 7RETD 2G62K AFRA 
COOLIDGEe WILLIAM D 7TRETD AFNA DRUMMETER+s LOUIS F JR 1D0NRL 3H AFRA 
COONS+ GEORGE H 7RETD 2K AFRE DU PONTs JOHN E& 8NRNC AMNA 
COOPER+ G ARTHUR 1XSMI 2H AFRA DUERKSENe JACOB A 7RETD 2B682G AFRE 
COOPER» STEWART R 7RETD AFRE DUNCAN. HELEN M 1IGES 2H AFRA 
CORNFIELDe JEROME 8BNRNC AFENA DUNNINGe KENNETH L 1DNRL 2B AFRA 
CORRELL» DAVID L 1XSMI 2E31 AFRA DUPONTse JEAN R 8NRNC 2T AFNA 
CORY*+ ERNEST N 7RETD 2Fe2y AFRE DURST» RICHARD A 1CNBS 2E AFRA 
COSTRELL» LOUIS 1CN3S 2B2N AFRA DURY« ABRAHAM YHNIH 2T AFRA 
COTTAMe CLARENCE 8NRNC 2D2G AFNA DUTILLYs« ARTHEME 7RETD 2K AFNE 
COULSON+ E JACK LARNI 2E2T AFRA 
COX+ EDWIN L 1ARFR 2G AFRA 
COYLE* THOMAS D 1CNBS 2E2G AFRA EASTERe DONALD 1XNAS 2E2G2N AMRA 
CRAFT+ CHARLES C 1ARMR AFNA ECKERTs+ w J 7RETD AFNA 
CRAFTONe PAUL A 2HGWU AFRA ECKHARDT+ E A 7TRETD 26 AFNE 
CRAGOEs CARL S 7RETD 2B2G AFRE EDDY+ BERNICE E 1HNIH 2G62Q2T AFRA 
CRANE» LANGDON T JR 1XNSF 2B2G AFRA EDDY+« NATHAN B 4CONS 2E2G2T AFRA 
CRAVENe JOHN P 1DNSP 2B2Z AFRA EDMUNDS». LAFE R 1XNSF 2F AFRA 
CREITZ»s E CARROLL 1CN3S 2E AFRA EDMUNDSe WADE M 31JBS 2G62M2N3B AMRA 
CRESSMANs GEORGE P 1CESS 2x AFRA EGLIe« PAUL H 8NRNC AFNA 
CRETSOS» JAMES M 5LITT 2E AMRA EGOLF+ DONALD R 1ARFR 2K AFRA 
CROSSETTE+ GEORGE 3INGS 2G2J2L2R AMRA EISENHART+ CHURCHILL 1CNBS 283F AFRA 
CRY+ GEORGE w 1CESS 2x AMNA ELBOURNe ROBERT D 1CNBS 2B2N AFRA 
CULBERT»+ DOROTHY K B3ANST 2G AMRA ELLINGERe GEORGE A 7TRETD 26 AFRE 
CULL INAN» FRANK P 7TRETD 2G62K31 AFRE ELLIOTT» CHARLOTTE 7RETD AF NE 


136 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


ELLIOTTe FRANCIS E SGEEL 


ELLIS» NED R 7TRETD 
ELLISONs ALFRED H 3I1GRI 
ELSASSERe WALTER M 2HUMD 
EMERSONe WALTER B 7TRETD 
ENDICOTT» KENNETH M 1HNIH 
ENNISe WILLIAM B JR 1ARFR 
ESTERMANNe IMMANUEL 8BNRNC 
ETZELe® HOWARD w 1XNSF 
EVANSe W DUANE BNRNC 
EWERSe JOHN C 1XSMI 
FAHEYs« JOSEPH J 1IGES 
FARRe MARIE L 1ARFR 
FARRe MARION M 2HUMD 
FARREe GEORGE L 2HGEU 
FARROWe RICHARD P 3ANCA 
FAULKNERe JOSEPH A 1DNOL 
FAUST+ GEORGE T 1IGES 
FAUSTe WILLIAM R 1DNRL 
FEARNe JAMES E 1CNBS 
FELSENFELDe OSCAR 8BNRNC 
FERGUSONe ROBERT E 1CNBS 
FERRELL» RICHARD A 2HUMD 
FIELDe WILLIAM OD 1XSMI 
FINLEY» HAROLD E 2HHOU 
FISKe BERT 1DNRL 
FIVAZs ALFRED E TRETD 
FLANNERYe REGINA 2HCUA 
FLATTs WILLIAM P 1ARFR 
FLETCHERs DONALD G 1CNBS 
FLETCHERe HEWITT G JR 1HNIH 
FLINTe EINAR P 11BMI 
FLORINe ROLAND E 1CNBS 
FLYNNe DANIEL R 1CNBS 
FLYNNe JOSEPH H 1CNBS 
FOCKLER»s HERBERT H 1HNLM 
FONER» SAMUEL N 3I1APL 
FOOTE+ PAUL D 7RETD 
FOOTEs RICHARD H 1ARFR 
FORD»>s DECLAN P iTIRS 
FORDe T FOSTER 1ONRL 
FORZIATI« ALPHONSE F 1IwPec 
FORZIATI« FLORENCE H 1ARNI 
FOSTERe AUREL O 1ARFR 
FOURNIER. ROBERT O 11GES 
FOURT+ LYMAN 3IGRI 
FOWELLSe HARRY A 1ARAO 
FOWLERe E EUGENE 1XAEC 
FOXs DAVID w 3IAPL 
FOX*s MR SPIVEY 1HFDA 
FOXe ROBERT B 1 DNRL 
FRAMEs ELIZABETH G THNIH 
FRANKe KARL 1HNIH 
FRANKe WILLIAM M 1DNOL 
FRANKLINe PHILIP J 1XGSA 
FRANZe GERALD J 1DNSR 
FRAPSe RICHARD M 1ARFR 
FREDERIKSE+s H PR 1CN3S 
FREEMAN» ANDREW F 1ARNI 
FREEMANs DAVID H 1CNBS 
FREEMANe MONROE E 1XSMI 
FRENKIEL* FRANCOIS N 1D0NSR 
FRIEDMANe LEO 1HFDA 
FRIESS» SEYMOUR L 1DNMR 
FULLMERe IRVIN H 7TRETD 
FULTON» ROBERT A 4CONS 
FURUKAWA», GEORGE T 1CNBS 
FUSILLO« MATTHEW H 1XVET 
GABRIELSONe IRA N 3SIwMI 
GAFAFER+ WILLIAM M TRETD 
GALLERe SIDNEY 1XSMI 
GALLOWAY+ RAYMOND A 2HUMD 
GALTSOFFe PAUL S 7TRETD 
GALVINe CYRIL J JR 1DACE 


2e!ST 
2E 
2B2G 
2G63H 
2T 
2G 
2B 
26 


2c 


2E2G2H 
2k 

2P 

3F 
2E2G3C 
2G 
2H3D 
2B2G 
Ze 

2G 

2e 
263G 
2 

2D 

2G 
2GeL_ 


2e 

2E2G 
2E2U303L 
2E2G 


2eE 

2G 

2B 
2B3H3L 
2F2G 
2G2H 
2E 
2B2E2V3E 
2eé 

2p 
2G2H 
2E 
2L3!1 
38 


2E262T 
2E2G 
2E 


2E2N 


2622 
2B2eT 


ee 

2cE 

2E2T 
2Bewex 
2E2G2T3C 
2ce 
2B2G6G20 
2E2G2Y 
2B2E2G 
262Q 


2G 


2G 
2G62K31 
20 
2H2S3F 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


JAMES @ JR 


CLEMENT L 
GARSTENS»s 


GHAFFARI+ ABOLGHASSEM 


GINNINGS»e 


GIUFFRIDA+s 


GLICKSMAN + 


om 


GOLDBERG» 
GOLUMBI1Ce 


CHARLES L 
FRANCIS B 


ERNEST P 


GREENBERG=s 
GREENOUGH » 
GREENSPAN» 
GRISAMORE ¢ 
GROSSLING»s 


»NELSON T 
BERNARDO F 
DONALD G 


GUILDNERe 
CHARLES R 


HACSKAYLOe 
EDWARD O 


KENNETH A 


E RAYMOND 
R CLIFFORD 
STANLEY A 


HERBERT L 
WOLF GANG 
HALSTEADe 
HAMBLETONe 


HAMILTONe 


HAMILTON» 
HAMMERSCHMIDTe 


CADET H JR 
HANSBOROUGH « 


HARDENBURG »« 


HARRINGTON+ MARSHALL C 


4PHYS 
TRETO 
SHALA 
1CESS 
2HUMD 
1CNBS 
4CONS 
BNRNC 
1CNBS 
TRETD 
1XNAS 
TRETD 
TRETD 
3IAPL 
5JOGI 
1CNBS 
1ONRL 
7TRETD 
1HFDA 
1HFDA 
2HUMD 
1DNRL 
7TRETD 
TRETO 
1ARMR 
1XUST 
1DNRL 
7TRETD 
1DNMS 
1DAX 
8BNRNC 
8BNRNC 
7TRETD 
1ARFR 
4CONS 
3IAPL 
2HGEU 
2HUMD 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
3INAS 
11GES 
3INAS 
1DAHD 
1CNBS 
1XNAS 
1ARFR 


1D-AS 
1AFOR 
1HFDA 
1CNBS 
1DAwR 
1ARAO 
8NRNC 
8NRNC 
7TRETD 
1ARFR 
1DNRL 
7TRETD 
1CNBS 
8NRNC 
TRETO 
1CNBS 
1XFPC 
3IWAC 
1D0-S 

8NRNC 
1HNIH 
BNRNC 
2HHOU 
2HGWU 
8BNRNC 
1CBUC 
1ARMR 
7TRETD 
10FOS 


2G6212x 
2B2G63H 


2B2G2M2R25 


2G 

2eE 

ae 

2D 
2G6G2u 
2B2G3D 
2B 


2B2G3H 
2B2E2w 


2E26G2M202U 


2E2G 
3D3E 
2B2G 


2E2G 
2B2G 
262U3L 


2B 
ZESe 
2eE 

2U 
2B2E2G 
2Q2T 
2E2T 
2a 


2D2F2G 


2H 
26 


2B2Z 
2B2G2N 
2H3L 


2N 
2B2G 
2w 
2D2F2G 


2G2KeL_3! 


Ze 
2E2G63H 


2F2y 
202G 


2c 
2E2Y 


2B2G2N3G 
2E2F2eG2y 


2E3D 
2G2T 
2D02F2G 


2E26G2N3E 


2H3L 


26 
2k 
2Qev 
2G 


202G 
2V 

3J 

2G 
2G2H3L 


2B2N2W3G3H 


AMRA 
AFRE 
AMRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRL 
AF NE 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AF NE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AMRA 
AMRA 
AMNA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 


137 


HARRIS» MILTON 
HARRIS»* THOMAS H 


HARRISONe WILLIAM N 
HARTLEYe JANET WwW 
HARTMANNe GREGORY K 
HARVALIKs Z V 
HASELTINEs NATE 
HASKINS* CARYL P 
HASS*« GEORGE H 
HAUPTMANe HERBERT 
HAWTHORNE +s EDWARD wW 
HAZLETONe LLOYD w 
HEINRICHe KURT F 
HEINZEe PETER H 
HELLERe ISIDORE 
HEMENWAYe CARL 
HENDERSONe E P 
HENDERSONe+ MALCOLM 
HENDERSONe MALCOLM 


HENNEBERRYe THOMAS J 


HERMACHe FRANCIS L 
HERMAN.» ROBERT C 
HERSCHMANe HARRY K 
HERSEYs+ MAYO D 
HERZFELDe KARL F 
HERZFELD+ REGINA F 
HESS« WALTER C 
HETRICKse FRANK 
HEwITTs« CLIFFORD A 
HEXNERe PETER E 
HEYDENe FRANCIS J 
HIATTs« CASPAR w 
HICKLEYe THOMAS J 
HICKOXe GEORGE H 
HICKSe GRADY T 
HICKSe VICTOR 
HILDEBRANDe EARL M 
HILL + FREEMAN K 
HILSENRATHe JOSEPH 
HILTONe JAMES L 
HINMANe WILBUR S JR 
HOBBSe ROBERT B 
HOCHMUTHe M S 
HOERINGe THOMAS C 
HOFFMANe JOHN D 


HOFFMANN» CLARENCE H 


HOGE+« HAROLD J 
HOLLIESe NORMAN R S 


HOLL INGSHEADs ROBERT S 
ARIEL C 


HOLL INSHEAD + 
HOLMGRENe HARRY D 


HOLSHOUSERs WILLIAM L 


HONTGs JOHN G 
HOOKERe MARJORIE 
HOOVER» JOHN I 
HOOVER. THOMAS B 
HOPKINSe« STEPHEN 
HOPP + HENRY 
HORNIG~s DONALD F 
HORNSTEINs IRWIN 
HOROWITZ: E 
HORTONe BILLY M 
HOUGHs FLOYD W 
HOWE s+ PAUL E 
HUBBARDe DONALD 
HUBERT+ LESTER F 
HUDSON+s COLIN M 
HUGHse RUDOLPH 
HUMPHREYS» CURTIS J 
HUNDLEYs JAMES M 
HUNT + Ww HAWARD 
HUNTERs GEORGE w II! 
HUNTER+s RICHARD S 
HUNTERs WILLIAM R 
HUNTOON+ ROBERT D 
HUTCHINSe LEE M 
HUTTON» GEORGE L 


138 


(one) 


8NRNC 
1HFDA 


4CONS 
1HNIH 
1DNOL 
1DAER 
SwAPO 
3BICIW 
1DAER 
1 ONRL 
2HHOU 
SHALA 
8NRNC 
1ARMR 
2HCUA 
8BNRNC 
1XSMI 
TRETD 
7TRETD 
1ARFR 
1CNBS 
8NRNC 
1CBDS 
8NRNC 
2@HCUA 
2HCUA 
9CLUN 
2HUMD 
1HNIH 
1 DAHD 
2HGEU 
8BNRNC 
TRETO 
8NRNC 
1DNRL 
4CONS 
1ARFR 
3B1APL 
1CNBS 
1ARFR 
4CONS 
1xGPO 
1DAX 

31GEL 
1CNBS 
1ARFR 
1DAx 

3IGRI 
7TRETD 
2HGwU 
2HUMD 
1XTRA 
1DACS 
1IGES 
1 ONRL 
1CNBS 
2sDcP 
1Sx 

8NRNC 
1ARNI 
1CNBS 
1 DAHD 
7TRETD 
4CONS 
7RETD 
1cCESS 
1DAwC 
2HGWU 
1DNOL 
BNRNC 
1 AMRP 
7TRETD 
SHUAS 
1ONRL 
7TRETD 
8BNRNC 
1 DNFE 


2e AFRA 

AFRA 
2B2G63D AFRA 
202T AFRA 
2B2Z AFRA 
2E2G63G AFRA 
2x AFRA 
2E2F2G2R AFRA 
3H AFRA 
2B2G AFRA 
212T AFRA 
2T AFRA 

AFRA 
2E2G2K3C3I1 AFRA 

AFRA 

AFRA 
2H AFRA 
282G62Z383F AFNA 
36 AFNA 
2F2y AFRA 
2N3K AFRA 
28 AFNA 
2U AFRA 
2B AFNA 
28 AFRA 
2c AFRA 
2E2G2T2y ss AFRE 
2a AMRA 
2E26 AMRA 

AFRA 
2B2G3G3H AFRA 

AFNA 
2N AFRA 
26 AFNA 
26 AMRA 

AFNA 
2G62K2Q3C3I AMRA 
2B2G2w AFRA 
2B AFRA 
31 AFRA 

AFRA 
2B2E2G AFRA 

AMRA 
2E2G2H AFRA 
2B2F2L2Y AFRA 
2F2L2y AFRA 
2B AFNA 
262w AFRA 

AFRE 
2Q2T AFRA 
2B AFRA 
262u AFRA 
2B2E3U AFRA 
2H3L AFRA 
2B2G AFRA 
2e AFRA 

AFRA 
2u AFRA 

AFNA 
2E3C AFRA 
2E26 AFRA 
2B2G2N AFRA 
26 AFNA 
2D2E2G212T AFRA 
2E2G3H AFRA 
2x AFRA 

AFNA 
2Q2T AFRA 
28 AFNA 

AFNA 
26 AMRA 
2G2P AFNE 
263C3H AFRA 
2B2G3H AFRA 

AFRA 
2kK2L AFNA 
2F26 AFRA 


IMAIe« ISAO 

INSLEYe HERBERT 
IRVINGe GEORGE W JR 
IRWINe GEORGE R 
ISBELL+« HORACE S 


JACKSONe HARTLEY H T 


JACKSONe JULTUS L 
JACOBs KENNETH D 
JACOBS+s WALTER W 
JACOBSe WOODROW C 
JACOBSONe MARTIN 
JACOXe MARILYN E 
JAMES» | H 

JAMESs MAURICE T 
JANI e« LORRAINE L 
JAYs GEORGE E JR 
JENe CHIH K 
JENKINSe ANNA E 
JENKINSe WILLIAM D 
JESSUPs+ RALPH S 
JOHANNESENe ROLF B 
JOHNSONe DANIEL P 
JOHNSONs KEITH C 
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T 
JOHNSTONe FRANCIS € 
JONESe HENRY A 
JORDANs GARY B 
JORDANe REGINALD C 
JOYCE+ J WALLACE 
JUDD+ DEANE 8B 
JUDDe NEIL M 
JUDSONe LEWIS Vv 
JUHN»s MARY 


KAGARISE*+ RONALD E 
KAISERe HANS E 
KALMUS* HENRY P 
KARLEe ISABELLA 
KARLE+ JEROME 
KARRe PHILIP R 
KARRERe ANNIE M H 
KARRERe SEBASTIAN 
KAUFMANe H PAUL 
KEGELES+ GERSON‘ 
KELLERe RICHARD A 
KENNARDe RALPH B 
KENNEDYe E R 
KESSLER. KARL G 
KEULEGANe GARBIS H 
KINGs PETER 
KINNEYe JAY P 
KLEBANOFFe PHILIP S 
KLEINe WILLIAM H 
KLINGSBERGe CYRUS 
KLUTE»+ CHARLES H 
KNAPP e+ DAVID G 
KNIPLINGe EDWARD F 
KNIPLINGe PHOEBE H 
KNOBLOCKe EDWARD C 
KNOPF » ELEANORA B 
KNOWLTON» KATHRYN 
KNOXe ARTHUR S 
KOHLERe HANS w 
KOHLERe MAX A 
KOLB. ALAN C 
KOPPANYIe THEODORE 
KOSTKOWSKIe HENRY J 
KOTTERe F RALPH 
KRASNYe JOHN F 
KRAUSS« ROBERT w 
KREITLOWe KERMIT Ww 
KRUGERe JEROME 
KULLBACKe SOLOMON 
KULLERUDe GUNNAR 
KURTZ+ FLOYD E 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON 


BNRNG AFNA 
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ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


KURZWEGe HERMAN H 
KUSHNER» LAWRENCE M 


LADOe ROBERT 

LAKI« KOLOMAN 
LAKINe HUBERT w 
LAMANNAe CARL 

LAMBe FRANK W 
LAMBERTe EDMUND B 
LAMBERTON+ BERENICE 
LANDERe JAMES F 
LANDISe PAUL E 
LANOSBERGe HELMUT E 
LANGe WALTER B 
LANGFORDe GEORGE S 
LAPHAMs EVAN G 
LARRIMERe WALTER H 
LASHOF se THEODORE WwW 
LASTERe HOWARD J 
LATTAe RANDALL 

LE CLERGe ERWIN L 
LFE+ RICHARD H 
LEIKINDe MORRIS C 
LEINER.e ALAN L 
LEJINSe PETER P 
LENTZ*s PAUL L 
LFOPOLDs+ LUNA B 
LEVERTONe RUTH M 
LEVINe ERNEST M 
LEVYe SAMUEL 

LEYe HERBERT L JR 
LIe HUI-LIN 

LIDDEL»+ URNER 
LIEBERMANe MORRIS 
LILLYe JOHN C 
LINDQUISTe ARTHUR w 
LINDSEYs IRVING 
LINGe LEE 
LINNENBOMe VICTOR J 
LIPPINCOTTs ELLIS R 
LISTe ROBERT J 
LITOVITZe. THEODORE A 
LITTLEs ELBERT L JR 
LLOYDe DANIEL B 
LOCKARDe J DAVID 
LOCKHARTs+ LUTHER B JR 
LOGANe HUGH L 

LONGe AUSTIN 
LORINGe BLAKE M 
LUDFORDe GEOFFREY S S 
LUSTIGe ERNEST 
LYMANe JOHN 

LYNCHe THOMAS Joe MRS 
LYNNe W GARDNER 


MA, TE-HSIU 

MAC DONALDse TORRENCE H 
MACHTAe LESTER 
MADDENe ROBERT P 
MADORSKYe SAMUEL L 
MAENGWYN-DAVIESe« G D 
MAGINs GEORGE B JR 
MAHANe ARCHIE I 
MATENTHALe MILLARD 
MALONEYe+ CLIFFORD J 
MANDEL + H GEORGE 
MANDEL es JOHN 
MANNINGe JOHN R 
MARCUSe MARVIN 
MARCUSe SIDNEY O JR 
MARGOSHESe MARVIN 
MARSHALL + LOUISE H 
MARSHALL» WADE H 
MARTINe BRUCE D 
MARTINs GEORGE Ww 
MARTINe JOHN H 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


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MART INe 
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MARZKE ¢ 


MONROE H 
ROBERT H 
r 

ROBERT S 
ARTHUR A 
OSCAR T 


MASONe EDWARD A 
MASONe HENRY L 


MASON» 
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MARTIN A 


JOSEPH T 
AL=X P 
MARION B 


MAUSS+» BESSE D 


MAXWELL .e 


LOUIS R 


MAYe« DONALD C JR 


MAY « 


IRVING 


MAYERse CORNELL H 


MAYORs 
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JOHN R 
JACOB 


MC ALLISTER» ARCHIE J 
MC BRIDEe GORDON Ww 

MC CABEs LOUIS C 

MC CAMYe CALVIN S 

MC CLAINes EDWARD F JR 
MC CLELLANe WILBUR D 
MC CLUREs FRANK J 

MC CLUREe FRANK T 

MC CULLOUGHs JAMES M 
MC CULLOUGHs NORMAN B 
MC ELHINNEYe JOHN 

MC GRATHe JAMES R 

MC INTOSHe ALLEN 

MC KEEs SAMUEL A 

MC KELVEYe VINCENT E 
MC KENZIE*« LAWSON M 
MC KIBBENe EUGENE G 
MC KINNEYe HAROLD H 
MC KNIGHT+ EDWIN T 

MC KOWNe BARRETT L 

MC MILLENe J HOWARD 
MC MURDIEs \HOWARD F 
MC NESBYe JAMES R 

MC PHEEs+ HUGH C 

MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD 
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MEARSe FLORENCE M 
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TZ+ HAROLD 


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JOHN H 
CARROLL F 


MERZe ALBERT R 
MEYERHOFFe HOWARD A 
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MEYROWITZe ROGERT 


MICHAEL! 
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WENDELL V 


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MILTONe 


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MISNER» 


MITCHELL « 
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CHARLES Ww 

J MURRAY JR 
JOHN W 

DON 


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139 


MIZELL» 
MOHLERe 
MOLLARI+ MARIO 
MOLLERse RAYMOND w 
MONCHICKe LOUIS 
MOORE+ GEORGE A 
MOOREe HARVEY C 
MORANe FREDERICK A 
MORRISe J A 

MORRISe JOSEPH B 
MORRISe KELSO B 
MORRISS* DONALD J 
MORTONe JOHN D 
MOSHMANe JACK 
MOSTOF Ie F K 
MUEHLHAUSE e CARL O 
MUELLERe HERBERT J 
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MURPHY» LEONARD M 
MYERSe ALFRED T 
MYERSe RALPH D 
MYERSe WILLIAM H 


LOUIS R 
FRED L 


NAESERe 
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NELSONe RH 
NEPOMUCENE se SR ST JOHN 
NEUVENDORFFERe J A 
NEUSCHELe« SHERMAN K 
NEWMANs MORRIS 

NEWMANe SANFORD B 
NEWTON» CLARENCE J 
NICKERSONe DOROTHY 
NIKIFOROFFe C C 
NIRENBERGe MARSHALL w 
NOFFSINGERs TERRELL L 
NOLLAs JOSE A B 
NORRIS» KARL H 

NOYESe« HOWARD £& 
NUTTONSONe M Y 


CHARLES R 


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OKABEse HIDEO 
OLIPHANT+ MALCOLM w 
OLIVERe VINCENT J 
OLSENe HAROLD w 
ORDWAYe FRED D JR 
ORLINe HYMAN 

OSERe HANS J 

OSGOODe WILLIAM R 
OSMUNe JAMES wW 
OSWALD. ELIZABETH J 
OVERTONe WILLIAM C JR 
OWENSe HOWARD B 
OWENS» JAMES P 


JOHN A 
ELIZABETH M 

JOHN A 
HUGH T 
ELLSWORTH S 


PACKe DONALD H 
PAFFENBARGER» 

PAGE « 
PAGE « 


GEORGE C 
BENJAMIN L 
CHESTER H 
PAGE+ ROBERT M 
PALIKe EDWARD D 
PALLOTTAe ARTHUR J 
PARKe HELEN D 
PARK» J HOWARD 
PARKERe KENNETH W 
PARKERe ROBERT L 
PARLETTs ROBERT C 
PARRs LELAND w 
PASSAGLIA+ ELIO 


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PASSER» MOSES 
PATTERSONs GLENN W 
PATTERSON+e MARGARET E& 
PATTERSONe WILBUR I 
PAUL» FRED 

PAYNE* LAWRENCE E& 
PEACOCKe ELIZABETH D 
PECORAs WILLIAM T 
PEISERs H STEFFEN 
PELCZARe MICHAEL J JR 
PELL+ WILLIAM H 
PELLINI+® WILLIAM S 
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POMMER» ALFRED M 
POOS+ FRED w 

POPEs MERRITT N 
POPENOE+s WILSON 
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PRESLEYe JOHN T 

PRO» MAYNARD J 
PROSENe EDWARD J 
PUTNINSe PAUL H 


QUIMBY+ FREEMAN H 


RABINOWe 
RADERe CHARLES A 
RADOe« GEORGE T 
RAINWATERe H IVAN 
RALLe DAVID P 
RAMBERGe WALTER 
RANDOLPH. WILLIAM D 
RANDSe ROBERT D 
RAPPLEYEe HOWARD S 
RAUSCHe ROBERT 
RAVITSKYe CHARLES - 
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RECHCIGLe« MILOSLAV JR 
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REEDe WILLIAM D 
REEVEe E WILKINS 
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REIDe MARY E 
REINHARTe BRUCE L 
REINHARTs FRANK wW 
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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


RIOCHse DAVID M 

RITTe PAUL E 

RITTSe ROY E JR 
RIVELLOe ROBERT M 
RIVLINe RONALD S 
ROBBINS» MARY L 
ROBERTSe ELLIOTT B 
ROBERTS+s RICHARD B 
ROBERTS« RICHARD C 
ROBERTSONs A F 
ROBERTSON» RANDAL M. 
ROBINSONe GEORGE S JR 
ROBINSONe HENRY E 
ROCKs GEORGE D 
RODENHISER» HERMAN A 
RODNEYe WILLIAM S 
RODRIGUEZs RAUL 
ROGERSe« LORE A 
ROLLER» PAUL S 
ROMANOFFe MELVIN 
ROMNEYe CARL F 

ROSE e« JOHN C 
ROSENBLATT+ DAVID 
ROSENBLATT+ JOAN R 
ROSENSTOCKe HENRY M 
ROSENTHAL» SANFORD M 
ROSSe SHERMAN 
ROSSINIe« FREDERICK D 
ROTHe FRANK L 

ROTHe ROBERT S 
ROTKINe ISRAEL 
RUBEYe WILLIAM w 
RUBINe MEYER 

RUBINe MORTON J 
RUBINe ROBERT J 
RUBINe VERA C 

RUFF e ARTHUR W JR 
RUSSELL e« LOUISE M 
RUSSELLe RICHARD w 
RYALL»® A LLOYD 
RYERSONe KNOWLES A 


SAENZe ALBERT w 
SAILER» REECE I 
SALISBURYs HARRISON B 
SAN ANTONIO+e JAMES P 
SANDERSONe JOHN A 
SANDOZe GEORGE 
SANTAMOUR+s FRANK S JR 
SASMORe ROBERT M 
SAULMONs ERNEST E 
SAVILLE« THORNDIKE JR 
SAYLORe CHARLES P 
SCHAFFERe ROBERT 
SCHAMPs HOMER w JR 
SCHECHTER» MILTON S 
SCHEERe MILTON D 
SCHERTENLEIBe CHARLES 
SCHINDLER» ALBERT I 
SCHNEIDER» SIDNEY 
SCHMID+>e HELLMUT H 
SCHMITTs® WALDO L 
SCHOENse LOUIS J 
SCHOENEMANs ROBERT L 
SCHOOLEYe ALLEN H 
SCHOOLEYe JAMES F 
SCHOONOVERs IRL C 
SCHOTs+ STEVEN H 
SCHRECKER»+ ANTHONY w 
SCHUBAUER+ GALEN B 
SCHUBERT+ LEO 
SCHULMANe JAMES H 
SCHULTZs EUGENE S 
SCHWARTZe ANTHONY M 
SCHWARTZe BENJAMIN 

_ SCHWERDTFEGER. WM J 

_ SCOFIELDe FRANCIS 


1DAWR 
8NRNC 
8NRNC 


2HUMD | 


8NRNC 
1HNIH 
TRETD 
3ICIN 
2HUMD 
1CNBS 
1XNSF 
1DNOL 
1CNBS 
7RETD 
TRETD 
1XNSF 
1DAER 
7TRETD 
SLIPR 
1CNBS 
1 DF X 

2HGEU 
4CONS 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
1HNIA 
3AAPS 
8NRNC 
TRETD 
1CNBS 
1DAHD 
8NRNC 
11GES 
1CESS 
1CNBS 
310TM 
1CNBS 
1ARFR 
8NRNC 
1ARMR 
7TRETD 


1DNRL 
1ARFR 
10FX 

1ARFR 
3AOSA 
1DNRL 
1ARFR 
3AAPS 
1 ARRP 
1DACE 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
2HUMD 
1ARFR 
1CNBS 
6MOCO 
1DNRL 
1XGSA 
1CESS 
7RETD 
1CNBS 
1TIRS 
1DNRL 
1CNBS 
3INAS 
2HAMU 
1HNIH 
7RETD 
2HAMU 
1DNRL 
7TRETD 
31GRI 
7RETD 
1CNBS 
3ANPV 


2D0e!I 


202w 


2Q2T 
2Be2G 


26 


2B2GeL 
2G2R 
2G 


2K 
263H 
2R 

2Q 
2B2E2G 


2H 
212T 
2B 
2B 


2B 
2G 


2B2N39 
2H 

2H 

2x 

2B 

2B 
2B2G 
202F2G 


262K3C 
2G 


2FeG2y 
2G2H 


2B3H 
2G62U3L 
2t 

3J 


262S 
2B2E3H 
2e 

2B 
2F2y 
2B2eE 
26 

2B 


2G2R 
2D 


2G62N3G 
2G 
2B2e 


2E2G 
2Bew 
2B2E3F 
2B3E3H 
2G 

2E 


2N 
2E3H 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRE 
AFNA 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AMNA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRA 
AMRA 


SCOTT+ ARNOLD H 
SCOTTs DAVID B 
SCOVILLEe 4ERBERT JR 
SCRIBNERe BOURDON F 
SEABORGese GLENN T 
SEEBOTHe CONRAD M 
SEEGERe RAYMOND J 
SEITZe FREDERICK 
SERVICEse JERRY H 
SETZLERe FRANK M 
SHAFRINe ELAINE G 
SHALOWITZe AARON L 
SHANAHANe ARTHUR JU 
SHANNONe JAMES A 
SHAPIROs GUSTAVE 
SHAPIRO» MAURICE M 
SHAPLEYe A H 

SHAWse JOSEPH C 

SHEL TONe EMMA 
SHEPARD+ HAROLD H 
SHERESHEFSKYs J LEON 
SHERLINe GROVER C 
SHIELDSe WILLIAM R 
SHIMKINe DEMITRI B 
SHMUKLER» LEON 
SHROPSHIREe WALTER A 
SIEGLERe EDOUARD H 
SILBERSCHMIDT+ KARL M 
SILVERMANe SHIRLEIGH 
SIMHAe ROBERT 
SIMMONSe JOHN A 
SIMMONSe LANSING G 
SITTERL Ye BANCROFT w 
SITTERLYs CHARLOTTE M 
SLACKe LEWIS 

SLADEK+s JAROMIL V 
SLAWSKYe MILTON M 
SLAWSKYe ZAKA I 
SLOCUMs GLENN G 
SMITHe BLANCHARD D 
SMITHe EDGAR R 
SMITHe FALCONER 
SMITHe FLOYD F 
SMITHe FRANCIS A 
SMITHse HENRY L JR 
SMITHe JACK C 

SMITHe NATHAN R 
SMITHe PAUL A 

SMITHe PAUL L 

SMITHe ROBERT C JR 
SMITHe SIDNEY T 
SMITHe WILLIE w 
SNAYe« HANS G 

SNOKE+ HUBERT R 
SOKOLOVe FRANK L 
SOLLNERs KARL 
SOMMERe HELMUT 

SONNe MARTIN 

SOOKNEe ARNOLD M 
SORROWSe HOWARD E€ 
SPALDINGe DONALD H 
SPECHT se HEINZ 
SPENCERe LEWIS v 
SPENCERe ROSCOE R 
SPERLINGe FREDERICK 
SPICERe H CECIL 
SPIES* JOSEPH R 
SPOONERse CHARLES S JR 
ST GEORGE« RAYMOND A 
STADTMANe c R 

STAIRe RALPH 
STAKMANe E C 

STAUSSe* HENRY E 
STEARNe JOSEPH L 
STEEELEs EENDEEE E 
STEEREse RUSSELL L 
STEGUNe IRENE A 
STEIDLEe WALTER E 


7RETO 
8BNRNC 
1SACD 
1CNB8S 
1xXAEC 
2SPGC 
1XNSF 
8NRNC 
TRETO 
7RETD 
1DNRL 
7RETD 
1ARFR 
LHNIH 
1CNBS 
1DNRL 
1CESS 
8NRNC 
1HNIH 
4CONS 
2HHOU 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
8BNRNC 
8NRNC 
1xXSMI 
7TRETD 
BNRNC 
1CNBS 
8BNRNC 
1CNBS 
SGEON 
2HGEU 
1CNBS 
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1HFDA 
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1 DNOL 
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7RETD 
2HAMU 
1ARFR 
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8NRNC 
1CNBS 
7RETD 
5RACO 
1DNRL 
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1ONRL 
1HNIH 
1 DNOL 
7RETD 
ONCOC 
LHNIH 
1 DAHD 
BNRNC 
8NRNC 
1CNBS 
1ARFR 
1HNIH 
1CNBS 
TRETO 
2HHOU 
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1ARNI 
SRAYC 
4CONS 
LHNIH 
7RETD 
8NRNC 
1XNAS 
2HNVC 
1DNRL 
1ARFR 
1CNBS 
1Hx 


2B2G2N 
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AFNE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AF NE 
AF NE 
AMRA 
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AFRA 
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AFRA 
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AMNA 
AFRA 
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AF NE 
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AF NE 
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AFNA 
AFRA 
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AFNA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


141 


STEINe ANTHONY C JR 
STEINERe HAROLD A 
STEINERe ROBERT F 
STEINHARDT+ JACINTO 
STEPHANs ROBERT M 
STEPHENSs ROBERT E 
STERNe KURT H 

STERNe WILLIAM L 
STEVENS* HENRY 
STEVENSe ROLLIN E 
STEVENSe RUSSELL B 
STEVENSONe FREDERICK J 
STEVENSONe JOHN A 
STEWARTe ILEEN E 
STEWARTe« SARAH E 
STEWARTs T DALE 
STIEBELINGe HAZEL K 
STIEFe LOUIS J 
STIEHLERe ROBERT D 
STIFELs+ PETER B 
STiLLe JOSEPH w 
STILLERe BERTRAM 
STIMSONe HAROLD F 
STIRLINGe MATHEW W 
STRAUBe HARALD w 
STRAUSSe SIMON WwW 
STREEVERe RALPH L JR 
STRINGFIELDe VICTOR T 
STROMBERGe ROBERT R 
STUARTe NEIL W 
SULZBACHERs WILLIAM L 
SUTCLIFFE*e WALTER D 
SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 
SWICKe CLARENCE H 
SWINDELLSe JAMES F 
SWINGLEe CHARLES F 
SYSKIe RYSZARD 


TALBERTe PRESTON T 
TALBOTTe F LEO 
TASAKIe ICHIJI 
TATE+ DOUGLAS R 
TAUSSKYe OLGA 
TAYLOR. ALBERT L 
TAYLORe JOHN K 
TAYLORe LAURISTON S 
TAYLOR. MARIE C 
TAYLOR+e MODDIE D 
TEAL * GORDON K 
TEELE*s RAY P 
TEPPERe MORRIS 
TEWELESe SIONEY 
THABARAJe G J 
THALERe WILLIAM J 
THAYERse THOMAS P 
THEUSe RICHARD B 
THOMe HERBERT C S 
THOMASe JAMES L 
THOMASe PAUL D 
THOMPSONe JACK C 
THURMANe ERNESTINE B 
TIDBALL «+ CHARLES S 
TILDENe EVELYN B 
TILLYERe E D 
TIPSONe R STUART 
TITUSe HARRY W 
TODD» FRANK E 

TODD+« MARGARET R 
TOLL» JOHN S 
TORGESENe JOHN L 
TORRESONe OSCAR wW 
TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III 
TOUSEYs+ RICHARD 
TRAUBse ROBERT 
TRAVISe CLARENCE W 
TREADWELL + CARLETON R 
TROMBAs FRANCIS G 


142 


2HNVC 
1DFX 

1DNMR 
2HGEU 
1HNIH 
TRETD 
1DNRL 
2HUMD 
TRETD 
8BNRNC 
3INAS 
4CONS 
7TRETD 
LHNIH 
1HNiA 
1XSMI 
TRETD 
1XNAS 
1CNBS 
2HUMD 
4PHYS 
1ONRL 
TRETD 
TRETD 
1CESS 
1 DFX 

1DAEC 
11GES 
8NRNC 
1ARFR 
1ARNI 
TRETD 
8BNRNC 
TRETD 
7TRETO 
8BNRNC 
2HUMD 


2HHOU 
2HCUA 
THNIA 
1CNBS 
8BNRNC 
1ARFR 
1CNBS 
3INAS 
2HHOU 
2HHOU 
8BNRNC 
4CONS 
1XNAS 
1CESS 
8NRNC 
2HGEU 
11GES 
1ONRL 
1CESS 
4CONS 
1DNOC 
8BNRNC 
8NRNC 
2HGWU 
TRETD 
8BNRNC 
1CNBS 
TRETD 
TRETD 
1I1GES 
8BNRNC 
1CNBS 
TRETD 
11GES 
1ONRL 
2HUMD 
1XDCG 
2HGwU 
1ARFR 


2N 
2G2W2x 
2e 

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262T2V 
2B3H 
2E3E3F 
2k 
2E262T 


2k 


2GeK 


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2e€ 
2B2E2G620 
2G2H 


2B2G 
2B82G 
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2k 
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2B2G2M2R 
2E2VU2V 
2B2G2M 
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2B 


2p 
2E2G3E3G 


2K31 
2e 


2B2G3H 
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2H 


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2eé 
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2G2H 


2E2G 
2G 
2G2H 
2B3H 
202Fe2P 
2F 
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2p 


AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRA 
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AFRE 
AFRA 
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AFRA 
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AMRA 
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AMNA 
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AF NE 
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AFRA 
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AFNA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


TRUEBLOOD » 
TRYONs MAX 


TULANEs VICTOR J 
TUNELL e GEORGE 
TURNERe JAMES H 


EMILY E 


UHLANERe JE 
UHLERs FRANCIS M 


VACHERe HERBERT C 

VAN DERSAL + WILLIAM R 
VAN EVERAs BENJAMIN D 
VAN EVERAs R Ww 

VAN TUYLe ANOREW H 
VANDERSLICEe J T 
VANGELI+« MARIO G 
VEITCHe FLETCHER P JR 
VERDIERe PETER H 
VERNICKe SANFORD H 
VESTINEs E H 

VIGUE*e« KENNETH J 
VINALe GEORGE w 
VINTI* JOHN P 
VOLWILER»s ERNEST H 
VON BRANOs THEODOR C 
VON HIPPEL» ARTHUR 


WACHTMANe JOHN 
WAGMANe DONALD 
WAGNER» HERMAN 
WALKER» EGBERT 
WALKER» RAYMOND F 
WALKER» RONALD E 
WALLENe IRVIN E 
WALSHe MARTHA L 
WALTERs DEAN I 
WALTHERe CARL H 
WALTONe WILLIAM w SR 
WARD» HENRY P 

WARDe JUSTUS C 

WARDs THOMAS G 
WARGAy MARY E | 
WARINGe JOHN A 
WASIKs STANLEY P 
WATERMANe PETER 
WATSON» BERNARD B 
WATSTEINs DAVID 
WATTS» CHESTER B 
WEAVER». DE FORREST & 
WEAVER.» ELMER R 
WEBER+ EUGENE w 
WEBER+ ROBERT S 
WEIDAs FRANK M 
WEIDLEINe EDWARD R 
WEIHE» WERNER K 
WEIL* GEORGE L 
WEINBERGe HAROLD P 
WEINTRAUBs ROBERT L 
WEIRe CHARLES E 
WEISS+ EMILIO 

WEISS» FRANCIS y 
WEISSe FRANCIS J 
WEISSe FREEMAN A 
WEISSe GEORGE H 
WEISS+ RICHARD A 
WEISSBERG+ SAMUEL G 
WEISSLERe ALFRED 
WELLMAN» FREDERICK L 
WENSCHe GLEN w 

WEST»+ WALTER S 

WEST+ WILLIAM L 
WETMORE+ ALEXANDER 
WEXLER» ARNOLD 

WEYLe F JOACHIM 
WHEELER+ WILLIS H 


mirogo 


1HNIH 
1CNBS 
BNRNC 
8NRNC 
THNIH 


1DABS 
11Fws 


TRETO 
1ASCS 
2HGwU 
SCLUN 
1DNOL 
2HUMD 
8NRNC 
2HUMD 
1CNBS 
2HGEU 
8NRNC 
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1CNBS 
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4CONS 
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202G2I 
283K 
2B 
262K 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRA 


AFRA 
AFRA 


AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
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AMRA 
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AMRA 
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AMRA 
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AMRA 
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AMRA 
AFRE 
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AFRA 
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AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRA 
AMNA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


WHERRYs EDGAR T 
WHITE*« CHARLES E 
WHITE* HOWARD J JR 
WHITE*« ORLAND E 
WHITE*« ROBERT M 
WHITMANe MERRILL J 
WHITTAKER+e COLIN WwW 
WHITTEN» CHARLES A 
WICHERSe EDWARD 
WIEDEMANN» HOWARD M 
WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 


WILLIAMSe DONALD H 


WILSONe BRUCE L 
WILSONe RAYMOND E 
WILSONe WILLIAM K 
WINSTONe JAY S 
WINTe CECIL T 
WISE*+ GILBERT H 


WITHINGTONe CHARLES F 


WITKOPe BERNHARD 
WOLCOTT+« NORMAN M 
WOLFF s EDWARD A 
WOLFLE+s DAEL 
WOLFRAM» LESZEK J 
WOLICKIe« ELIGIUS A 
WOMACKs MADELYN 
WOOD+ LAWRENCE A 
WOODe MARSHALL K 
WwOODe REUBEN E 


TRETO 
TRETD 
1CNBS 
TRETD 


1CESS 


1XAEC 
TRETD 
1CESS 
TRETD 
1SxX 
1CNBS 
3SADIS 
4CONS 
8NRNC 
1CNBS 
1CESS 
8NRNC 
1ARFR 
11GES 
1HNIH 
1CNBS 
SGEON 
3AAAS 
31GRI 
1ONRL 
1ARNI 
1CNBS 
3ANPL 
2HGwU 


2e 
2e 


2x 
3B 
2E 
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2ce 
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2E 
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2G 
2H 
2eE 


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2ce 


2EeT 
2B2E 
3J 

2E3E 


Vou. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


AF NE 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AF NE 
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AFRA 
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AMRA 
AFRA 
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AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


WOODS+ MARK W 
WORKMANe WILLIAM G 
WRENCHse CONSTANCE P 
WRENCHse JOHN W JR 
WULF e+e OLIVER R 
WYMANe LEROY L 


YAOs AUGUSTINE Y M 
YAPLEEs« BENJAMIN S 
YEOMANSe ALFRED H 
YOCUMs L EDWIN 

YODER+ HATTEN S JR 
YOUDENe WILLIAM J 
YOUNGe CLINTON J T 
YOUNGe DAVID A JR 
YOUNGe ROBERT T JR 
YUILLe JOSEPH S 


ZELENe MARVIN 
ZELENYs LAWRENCE 
ZENe E-AN 

ZIES* EMANUEL G 
ZIKEEVe NINA 
ZISMANe WILLIAM A 
ZOCHs RICHMOND T 
ZWANZIGe ROBERT W 
ZWEMER» RAYMUND L 


1HNIH 
4CONS 
1HNIH 
10NSR 
TRETD 
4CONS 


1CESS 
1 DNRL 
7TRETD 
7TRETD 
3ICIW 
7TRETOD 
SOUEN 
8NRNC 
1 DAHD 
7TRETD 


8NRNC 
7RETD 
11GES 
7RETD 
1CESS 
1ONRL 
7TRETD 
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BAFAS 


2KeT 
2621 
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2F 

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2G 
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2H 
2E2G2H 
2x 
2e 


2B2G 


AFRA 
AFRE 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRA 


AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AF NE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AMNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 


143 


Classification by Place of Employment 


1 GOVERNMENT COOK+ HAROLD T 2B2K3C AFRA 
CRAFTe CHARLES C AFNA 
1A AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT GOLUMBIC+ CALVIN 2E3C AFRA 
HARDENBURGe ROBERT E 26 AFRA 
1ACMS CONSUMER & MARKETING SERVICE HEINZEs PETER H 2E26G2K3C31 AFRA 
LIEBERMANs MORRIS 2E2G31 AFRA 
1ACSR COOP STATE RESEARCH SERVICE NORRIS+ KARL H 3c AFRA 
STEEL a, HMSCORE EC ae nese RYALL» A LLOYD 2G62K3C AFRE 
1AFOR FOREST SERVICE 1ARNI NUTRe CONSUMER & INDUSTRIAL USE 
BRYANs MILTON M et AMRA COULSONe E JACK 2E2T AFRA 
HACSKAYLO»s EDWARD 262K2L31 AFRA DETWILER SAMUEL, 5 JR ece AFRA 
LITTLE» ELBERT L JR 2K2L AFRA ea Pena eols Se ABA 
PARKER» KENNETH W 2D2K2L AFRA FREEMANe ANDREW F 2e AMRA 
HORNSTEINe IRWIN 2E3C AFRA 
1AM AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE KURTZs FLOYD E 2e AFRA 
LEVERTONe RUTH M 26 AFRA 
1AMRP MARKETING REGULATORY PROGRAMS PATTERSONe WILBUR I 2E2G2T3C AFRA 
MO Wy aes ae ane POMMERs ALFRED M 2E2G2H3K AFRA 
REYNOLDS+ HOWARD 2Q3C AFRA 
1AR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE SPIES* JOSEPH R 2be2T AFRA 
SULZBACHERe WILLIAM L 2€2Q3C AFRA 
1ARAO OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATOR+ ARS WOMACKs MADELYN 2beT AFRA 
FOWELLS« HARRY A 2L31 AFRA 
HAINES+ KENNETH A 2F2Y AFRA 1ARRP ARS REGULATORY PROGRAMS 
RAINWATERs H IVAN 2F2G62Y AFRA 
IRVINGs GEORGE w UR 2E3 AF 
VALINE) c RIA SAULMON»s ERNEST E AMRA 
Fecal ayer aeeey eae WHEELERe WILLIS H 262K AMRA 
ANDREWS* JOHN S 2p AFRA 
SERUemNs GSESRES Z BER ReeA 1ASCS SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 
CATHEY*s HENRY M 31 AFRA 
CLARK» FRANCIS E AFNA LAX AGRICULTURE MISC 
COxe EDWIN L 26 AFRA 
EGOLEs DONALD. R 2K AFRA 1C COMMERCE DEPARTMENT 
ENNIS» WILLIAM B UR 2G AFRA ; 
Soe pines te Be a=Eh 1C-S OFFICE OF SECRETARY 
FLATTs WILLIAM P AFRA 
Pore a eenAED “14 ons ASEA 1CBDS BUSINESS & DEFENSE SERVICES ADM 
FOSTER» AUREL O 2p AFRA HERSCHMANes HARRY K 2u AFRA 
FRAPS» RICHARD M 2B2T AFR 
GRASSL+ CARL O Ae 1CBUC BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
GURNEY« ASHLEY B 2D2F 2G AFRA Dil GO NSC aria le AERA 
Wig SHIMLES fh ae noon HANSEN» MORRIS H 39 AFRA 
HENNEBERRY*s THOMAS J 2F2Y AFRA 
HILTON» JAMES L 31 AFRA 
HOFFMANNs CLARENCE H 2F2L2yY AFRA 1CESS ENVIRONMENTAL SCI SERV ADM 
KNIPLINGe EDWARD F 2F AFRA BARGERe GERALD L 2x AFRA 
KREITLOWe KERMIT W 262K AFRA BRAATENe NORMAN F 2B2M2R AFRA 
LENTZ» PAUL L 262K AFRA BRAZEE*+ RUTLAGE J AMRA 
MC CLELLAN+ WILBUR D 262K AFRA BRIER» GLENN W 2G62x AFRA 
MILLER» PAUL R 2k AFRA COOKe RICHARD K 2B2eZ AFRA 
MITCHELL» JOHN W 2631 AFRA CBSE LINO SISONEIS |= = mae’ 
PRESLEYe JOHN T AFRA CRYe« GEORGE W 2x AMNA 
RUSSELL« LOUISE M 2D2F 2G AFRA GARNERe CLEMENT L 2B2G2M2R2S-~ AFRE 
SA ERe REECE I 2F2G2Y AFRA HUBERTse LESTER F 2x AFRA 
SAN ANTONIO+ JAMES P AMRA IAOSS IN IOISINEN TS a ees 
SANTAMOURs FRANK S JR Ze AFRA KLEIN» WILLIAM H 2x AFRA 
SCHECHTER» MILTON S 2F2y AFRA KNAPPs DAVID G AFRA 
SHANAHANs ARTHUR J 20 AFRA KOHLERs MAX A 2S2x AFRA 
SMITH» FLOYD F 2F2y AFRA LANDER+ JAMES F 26 AFRA 
SPALDING» DONALD H 262K AFRA LISts, ROBERT d ex ales - 
STUART» NEIL w 2k AFRA MACHTAe LESTER 2x AFRA 
TAYLOR» ALBERT L 2p AFNA MEADE» BUFORD K 2R are 
TROMBAs FRANCIS G 2p AFRA MICKEYs WENDELL v 2B2z AFRA 
MURPHY» LEONARD M 2B AFRA 
1ARMR MARKETING RESEARCH NAMIAS* JEROME 2x AFRA 
144, JoURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


NOFFSINGERe TERRELL L 
OLIVERe VINCENT J 
ORLINe HYMAN 

OSMUNe JAMES W 


PACKe 
PUTNI 


RICE>s 


DONALD H 
NSe PAUL H 


DONALD A 


RINEHART+ JOHN S 
RUBINe MORTON J 


SCHM I 


D+ HELLMUT H 


SHAPLEYe A H 
STRAUGe HARALD w.- 
TEWELES+ SIONEY 


THOM e 


HERBERT C S 


WHITE+« ROBERT M 
WHITTENe CHARLES A 
WINSTONe JAY S 


YAOs 


AUGUSTINE Y M 


ZIKEEVe NINA 


1CMAA 


1CNBS 


2x 
2x 


2G2W2x 
2x 
2G62x 
2R 
2G62U 
2x 
2G2R 


3H 
2Wex 
2G2xK 
2x 
2B2G 
2G62Xx 
2x 
2x 


MARITIME ADMINISTRATION 
ALLEN+ WILLIAM G 


NATIONAL BUREAU OF 


AHEARNes ARTHUR J 
ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T 
BARBROWe LOUIS E 


BASS« 


ARNOLD M 


BATESe ROGER G 
BECKETTe CHARLES wW 


BENNE 


TT« LAWRENCE H 


BESTUL+ ALDEN 8 
BLANDFORD+s JOSEPHINE 
BLOCKe STANLEY 
BLUNTe ROBERT F 
BOWERe VINCENT E 
BRAUERs GERHARD M 
BRENNER+ ABNER 
BURNETT« HARRY C 
CAMERONs JOSEPH M 
CANDELA+ GEORGE A 
CANNONe E W 
CASSEL + JAMES M 


CAUL « 


HAROLD J 


COSTRELLe LOUIS 


COYLE 


« THOMAS D 


CREITZ+s E CARROLL 


CUTHI 


LL» JOHN R 


CUTKOSKY+ ROBERT D 
DE VOE. JAMES R 


DE wil 


Te ROLAND 


DESLATTESe RICHARD D 
DIAMONDs JACOB J 
DICKSON+e GEORGE 


DOUGL 
DOUGL 
DURST 


ASe« CHARLES A 
ASe THOMAS B 
¢ RICHARD A 


EISENHARTe CHURCHILL 
ELBOURNe ROBERT D 
FEARNe JAMES E 
FERGUSONe ROBERT E 
FLETCHERs DONALD G 


FLORI 


Ne ROLAND E& 


FLYNNe DANIEL R 
FLYNNe JOSEPH H 
FREDERIKSEs HP R 
FREEMANs DAVID H 
FURUKAWAe GEORGE T 


GARVI 
GEILe 


GINNI 


Ne DAVID 
GLENN W 


NGSe DEFOE C 


GREENOUGHe M L 
GREENSPANs MARTIN 
GUILDNERe LESLIE A 


HAGUE 


« JOHN L 


HALLERe WOLFGANG 


HAMERe WALTER J 
HERMACHe FRANCIS L 


20 


STANDARDS 
2B 

2B2E2G 
2B2N3H 
2B3H 

2E3E 

2B2E 

2u 


2B2G 


2& 


3 
2E2v 
2E2G63E 
2G62U 


2B 


2B3J5 
2e 
2E2U2V 
2B2N 
2E2G 
2eE 
2G2U3L 
2G2N 
2E2G 
2B2G63L 


2B2E3D 
2G62V 
2B2G3H 
2eE 

2E 
2B3F 
2B2N 
2c 

2E 

2e 
2E2G 


2E 


2E 
2B2E2G 
2E 
2G62U 


2E2G 


2B2zZ 
2B2G 
2E2G63H 
2E30 


2E26G2N3E 
2N3K 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AMNA 


AFRA 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


HILSENRATHs JOSEPH 
HOFFMANs JOHN D 
HOOVER+ THOMAS B 
HOROWITZe E 

JACOXs MARILYN E 
JENKINSe WILLIAM D 
JOHANNESENs ROLF B 
JOHNSON+ DANIEL P 
JUDD+s DEANE B 
KELLER» RICHARD A 
KESSLERe KARL G 
KLEBANOFFe PHILIP S 
KOSTKOWSKI»s HENRY J 
KOTTERe F RALPH 
KRUGERs JEROME 
KUSHNER+ LAWRENCE M 
LASHOF + THEODORE W 
LEVINs ERNEST M 
MADDENe ROBERT P 
MANDEL « JOHN 
MANNINGe JOHN R 
MARTONs L 

MARVINes ROBERT S 
MARYOTT+s ARTHUR A 
MASONs HENRY L 
MAZUR+s JACOB 


MC ALLISTER» ARCHIE J 


MC CAMYs CALVIN S 
MC NESBYe JAMES R 
MEARSe THOMAS w 
MEBSe RUSSELL W 
MEINKEs W WAYNE 
MELMEDe ALLAN J 
MENIS* OSCAR 
MEYERSONe MELVIN R 
MICHAELIS+e ROBERT E 
MILLIGANe DOLPHUS E 
MILLIKENe LEWIS T 
MOORE+ GEORGE A 
MUEHLHAUSE + CARL O 
NEWMANe MORRIS 
NEWMANes SANFORD B 
NEWTONe CLARENCE J 
OKABE+ HIDEO 

OSERe HANS J 


PAFFENBARGERe GEORGE C 


PAGE+« CHESTER H 
PARKERe ROBERT L 
PASSAGLIAs ELIO 
PEISERe H STEFFEN 
PITTSe JOSEPH w 
PROSENe EDWARD J 
RHODESe« IDA 
RICHMOND. JOSEPH C 
RICHMOND+ JOSEPH C 
ROBERTSONs A F 
ROBINSONe HENRY E 
ROMANOFFe MELVIN 
ROSENBLATT+ JOAN R 
ROSENSTOCKe HENRY M 
ROTHe ROBERT S 
RUBINe ROBERT J 
RUFF e ARTHUR W JR 
SAYLORe CHARLES P 
SCHAFFERe ROBERT 
SCHEERe MILTON D 
SCHOENe LOVIS J 
SCHOOLEYe JAMES F 
SCHWERDTFEGER». wM J 
SCRIBNERe BOURDON F 
SHAPIRO+« GUSTAVE 
SHERLINe GROVER C 
SHIELDSe WILLIAM R 
SILVERMANe SHIRLEIGH 
SIMMONSe JOHN A 


SITTERLY*+ CHARLOTTE M 


SMITHe JACK C 
SORROWS+ HOWARD E 


2B 
2B2Fe2l2yY 
Ze. 

2E2G 

2eE 

2u 

2E2G 

2B 

2B3H 


2B2G3H 
2Bew 
2B3H 

2N 

2E3E 

<{e 

2B2G 
2E3D 

3H 

2B 
2G62U3L 
2B2N3F 3G 
2B2E2G 
2E2G 
2B26G203K 
2G 


3H 


2B2E 
2B2E2G 


2G2M2U 
2ce 


2U3L 
2uU 


2B2E2G2H 
2G2U3E3L 
2B38 


2E 
2G 
2vV 
2B2G2N 


2uU 
2B2E3D0 
2G2U3D0 
ae 


2B2G2M2w3D 
3H 


2G 


2B 


2B 
2B2G 
2B2E3H 
2E 
2B2e 


2G 


2N 
2E3H 


2N 
2B2G2N3G 
2626 
2B2G63H 


2G2N 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMRL 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


145 


SPENCERe LEWIS v 
STEGUNe IRENE A 
STIEHLER+e ROBERT D 
TATE* DOUGLAS R 
TAYLORese JOHN K 
TIPSONe R STUART 
TORGESEN+ JOHN L 
TRYONs MAX 
VERDIERe PETER 
WACHTMANe JOHN 
WAGMANe DONALD 
WAGNERe HERMAN 
WASIKe STANLEY 
WETIRe CHARLES E 
WEISSBERGe SAMUEL G 
WEXLERe ARNOLD 
WHITE« HOWARD J JR 
WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 
WILSONe WILLIAM K 
WOLCOTT+ NORMAN M 
wWOODe LAWRENCE A 


JR 


Urogotrt 


1CWEB WEATHER BUREAUe 


1D DEFENSE DEPARTMENT 


2B2E2G20 
2B 
2E263E3G 
2e 

2E2G 
2E2G 


2B2G63D 
2E 
2e 
2E 


2B2E 
2B3K 
2E 


2B2G2W3G3K 


2E 


2B2E 


SEE 1CESS 


1D-AS ATOMIC SUPPORT AGENCY 


BLANKe CHARLES A 
HAAS» PETER H 


2E2G2H 


1D-IC ARMED FORCES INOUST COLLEGE 


WARINGe JOHN A 


1D-RP ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJ AGENCY 


RAVITSKYs+ CHARLES 


1D-S OFFICE OF SECRETARY 


HAMMERSCHMIDT + WM W 


1D-X DEFENSE MISC 


1DA DEPARTMENT OF ARMY 


3F 


2B 


1DABS ARMY BEHAVIORAL SCI RES LAB 


UHLANERe J E 


1DACE COASTAL ENGINEERING RES CTR 


CALDWELL + JOSEPH M 
GALVINe CYRIL J JR 


SAVILLE» THORNDIKE JR 


2s 
2H2S3F 
2G62S 


1DACS OFFICE OF CHIEF OF STAFF 


HONIGe JOHN G 


2B2E 35 


1DAEC ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND 


STREEVERe RALPH L JR 


1DAER ENGINEER RES & DEV LABS 


DINGER»s DONALD B 
HARVALIKe Z V 
HASS+ GEORGE H 
RODRIGUEZ+ RAUL 


2N 
2E263G 
3H 
2R 


1DAHD HARRY DIAMOND LABORATORIES 


APSTEIN» MAURICE 
ARSEMe COLLINS 
DOCTOR» NORMAN J 
GUARINOs P A 
HEXNER» PETER E 
HORTON» BILLY M 
KALMUS* HENRY P 
KLUTE»s CHARLES H 
KOHLER» HANS w 
LANDIS» PAUL E 
ROTKIN»s ISRAEL 
SOMMER» HELMUT 
YOUNG+ ROBERT T JR 


2B2G2N 
2B2G2N 
2N 
2N 


2B2G2N 
2B2N 
2B2E 
2G2N 
2G 
2B2N3J 
2B2N 
2G 


1DAIP ARMED FORCES INST PATHOLOGY 


146 


AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
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MOSTOF Ie F K 38 
1DARO ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE 

LAMANNA.s CARL 2Q2T 

WEISS+* RICHARD A 2G2N 


1DAWC WEAPONS COMMAND 
HUDSONe COLIN M 


1DAWR WALTER REED MEDICAL CENTER 


ALEXANDERe AARON D 2Q 
BOZEMANe F MARILYN 2Q2T 
HAHNe FRED E 

KNOBLOCKe EDWARD C 2E2T 
RIOCHs DAVID M 2D2!1 


1DAX ARMY MISC 


BABERSe FRANK H 2G 
BALDES+ EDWARD J 


BARNHARTe CLYDE S 2F2G2yY 
DARRACOTT+ HALVOR T 2N 
GORDONs NATHAN 2E2T 
HOCHMUTHe M S 

HOGE« HAROLD J 2B 
KEULEGANe GARBIS H 2B2G 
WALKER» RAYMOND F 2G 


iDF DEPARTMENT OF AIR FORCE 


1D0FOS OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 
HARRINGTON» MARSHALL C 2B2N2W3G3H 
SLAWSKYs MILTON M 262M2w3G 


1DFX AIR FORCE MISC 
ROMNEYe CARL F 2H 
SALI SBURY+ HARRISON B 2G2H 
STEINERse HAROLD A 2G2wex 
STRAUSS+« SIMON wW 2e€ 


1DN DEPARTMENT OF NAVY 

1DNAS NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND 
BURINGTONse RICHARD S 2B2G 
MUELLERse HERBERT J 


1DNCE NAVAL CIVIL ENGRG LAB 
REINHART. FRED M 2u 


1DNFE NAVAL FACILITIES ENG COMMAND 


AMIRIKIANe ARSHAM 2R2s 

HUTTONe GEORGE L 2F2G 

WEBER» ROBERT S 26G2M2N2R 
1DNHS NAVAL HOSPITAL 

COHNe ROBERT 28 


1DNMA NAVAL MATERIEL COMMAND 
REAMe DONALD F 


1DNMR NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH INST 


FRIESSe SEYMOUR L 2c€ 
MILLARe DAVID B 2T 
PIPKINe ALAN C SR 2G62P2T 
STEINERe ROBERT. F 2c€ 


WEISSe EMILIO 2G62Q2T 
1DNMS BUR MEDICINE & SURGERY 
GORDONe FRANCIS B 2Q2T 


1DNOC NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE 
THOMASs PAUL D 


1DNOD) NATL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER 
MARCUSe+e SIDNEY O JR 2x 


1DNOL NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY 
BUTLERe FRANCIS E 2620 
DAWSONe VICTOR C D 2G202vV2W 


AFRA 


AFRA 
AFRA 


AFNA 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 


AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
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AMRA 
AFNA 
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AMRA 


AMRA 
AFRA 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


DE VORE+ HOWARD AMRA STILLFR»s BERTRAM 2B2G AFRA 


FAULKNER» JOSEPH A 26 AFRA THEUS+ RICHARD B AFRA 
FRANKs WILLIAM M f AFRA TOUSEYs RICHARD 2B3H AFRA 
HARTMANN+s GREGORY K 2B2Z AFRA WALTER» DEAN I 2E26 AFRA 
HUMPHREYS* CURTIS J 2B AFNA WATERMAN+ PETER 26 AFRA 
MAXWELL*« LOUIS R 2B AFRA WOLICKIs ELIGIUS A AFRA 
ROBINSONs GEORGE S JR 2G2R AMRA YAPLFE+ BENJAMIN S 2N AFRA 
SLAWSKYs ZAKA I 2B AFRA ZISMANe WILLIAM A 2E AFRA 
SNAY» HANS G 2G62Z AFRA 
VAN TUYLs* ANDREW H 2B2G2w AFRA 1DNSP SPECIAL PROJECTS OFFICE 
CRAVEN» JOHN P 2B2z AFRA 
1DNOR OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 
DE VORE» CHARLES 2M2N3B AFRA 1DNSR NAVAL SHIP R G D CENTER 
KINGe PETER 2E2G AFRA CHAPLINe HARVEY R JR 2w AFRA 
; FRANZ+ GERALD J 262Z AMRA 
1DNOS NAVAL ORDNANCE SYSTEMS COMMAND FRENKIEL*« FRANCOIS N 2B2w2x AFRA 
MAYs DONALD C UR AFRA WRENCHs JOHN WwW JR 26 AFRA 
IDNRL NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 1DNWS NAVAL WEATHER SERVICE 
ABRAHAMs GEORGE 2B2G2M2N3G AFRA MARTIN» ROBERT H 2x AMRA 
ACHTER+ MEYER R 2U3L AFRA 
ALEXANDER.» ALLEN L 2E AFRA 1DNX NAVY MISC 
ANDERSONe WENDELL L 2E AFRA MC CULLOUGHs JAMES M AMRA 
BEACHs LOUIS A 2B2G AFRA MEYKARs OREST A 2N20 AMRA 
BEACHEMs CEDRIC D 2u AFRA NEUENDORFFERe J A 263 AFRA 
BELSHEIMse ROBERT O 2B2mM20 AFRA 
BIRKSe LAVERNE S AFRA 1H DEPT OF HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE 
BLOOMe MORTIMER C 2B2E2G3E AFRA 
BONDELID+ ROLLON O AFRA 1HAPC AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ADM 
BRANCATOe EL 2G AFRA BENDERs MAURICE 2E2G63C AFRA 
BROWNe BF 2U3E3L AFRA 
CARHARTs HOMER w 2E2G AFRA 1HFDA FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION 
CHAPINs EDWARD J 2U3L AFRA BEACHAMs LOWRIE M 2E3C AFRA 
CHEEK» CONRAD H 2E AFRA FOXe M R SPIVEY 2E2G2T AFRA 
CLEMENTe J REID UR AFRA FRIEDMANs LEO 2E2G2T3C AFNA 
DAVISSON» JAMES w 2B AFRA GIUFFRIDAs LAURA AFRA 
DE PACKHse DAVID C 2B AFRA HAENNI+ EDWARD O 2E AFRA 
DE PUEs LELAND A 26 AFRA HARRISe* THOMAS H AFRA 
DEITZ* VICTOR R 2e AFRA L=Y* HERBERT L JR 26212Q AFRA 
DRUMMETER» LOUIS F JR 3H AFRA LUSTIG+ ERNEST 2E— AFRA 
FAUST+ WILLIAM R 2B2G AFRA MILLER+e CLEM O 2E2G AFRA 
FISKe BERT 26 AFRA OSWALDe ELIZABETH JU 2Q AFRA 
FORDe T FOSTER 2E AFRA REYNOLDS+« HELEN L 2E2G AMRA 
FOXe ROBERT B 2E2G AFRA SLADEK+ JAROMIL Vv 2€ AFRA 
GINTHER» ROBERT J 3D3E AFRA WEISSLERe ALFRED 2B2E2Z AFRA 
GLICKSMANe MARTIN E 2G62U3L AFRA 
GOODE*« ROBERT J 2u AFRA 1HNIH NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH 
HALL» WAYNE C 2B2G2N3G AFRA AKERS*+ ROBERT P 26 AFRA 
HAUPTMANe HERBERT 2B2G AFRA ALEXANDER+ BENJAMIN H 2eE AFRA 
ce cenay. + 26 Anan ANDERSON+ ELIZABETH AMRA 
HOOVERs JOHN I 2B2G AFRA BECKERe EDWIN D 2E2G6 AFRA 
HUNTER» WILLIAM R 2B2G63H AFRA BELKIN» MORRIS 2G AFRA 
KAGARISE*s RONALD E 2E AFRA BERLINER» ROBERT W 2B2T AFRA 
KARLF+ ISABELLA 2€2G AFRA BOs As aCe AFRA 
KARLE« JEROME 2B2E AFRA BREWERe CARL R 2Q AFRA 
KOL8Se ALAN C 2B2G AFRA BRODIE+« BERNARD B 2T AFRA 
LINNENBOMe VICTOR JU 2E AFRA BRUCKe STEPHEN D 2E2G AFRA 
LOCKHART.» LUTHER B JR 2E AFRA BURK+ DEAN 2E31 AFRA 
MAYERs CORNELL H 2B2G2N AFRA CARROLL + WILLIAM R 2e AFRA 
MC ELHINNEY» JOHN 282638 AFRA COLE+ KENNETH S 28 AFRA 
MC GRATHs JAMES R 22 AMRA DURY+ ABRAHAM eT AFRA 
MILLERe ROMAN R 2E2G63D AFRA EDDYe BERNICE £ 2G62Q2T AFRA 
PALIKe EDWARD D AFRA ENDICOTTs KENNETH M 2T AFRA 
PELLINI» WILLIAM S 2u AFRA FLETCHERe HEWITT G JR 2E2G AFRA 
RADO+« GEORGE T 2B AFRA FRAMEs ELIZABETH G 2eE AFRA 
SAENZ» ALBERT w AFRA FRANKs KARL AFRA 
SANDOZ+ GEORGE 2G62U3L AFRA HAMPP+ EDWARD G 2aev AFRA 
SCHINDLER* ALBERT I 2B AFRA HARTLEYs JANET Ww 2QeT AFRA 
SCHOOLEYs+ ALLEN H 2G2N3G AFRA HEWITTe CLIFFORD A 2E2G AMRA 
SCHULMANe JAMES H 2B3E3H AFRA JAYs GEORGE E JR 2G62T AFRA 
SHAFRINe ELAINE G 2€ AMRA LAKI + KOLOMAN 2E2T AFRA 
SHAPIRO« MAURICE M 2B AFRA MALONEYe CLIFFORD J 2B AFRA 
MARSHALL + WADE H 2B AFRA 
ae ade = Seon er MC CULLOUGHs NORMAN B- 2G21 AFNA 
STEELE» LENDELL E 2U3B AFRA MIDER+ G BURROUGHS 2G AFRA 
STERN» KURT H 2E3E3F AFRA Pe eae —— BORA 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 147 


NIRENBERG « 


O HERNe 


ELIZABETH M 


PARKs HELEN D 
PITTMANe MARGARET 
RALL» DAVID P 
ROBBINS» MARY L 
ROSENTHAL» SANFORD M 
SCHRECKER» ANTHONY W 
SHANNON+ JAMES A 
SHELTONe EMMA 


SMITHe 


WILLIE w 


SOLLNERe KARL 


SPECHT e 


HE INZ 


STADTMANe E R 
STEPHANe ROBERT M 
STEWARTe ILEEN E 


STEWARTe« SARAH E 


TASAKI1 « 


ICHIJI 


TRUEBLOODs EMILY E 


TURNER « 


JAMES H 


VON BRANDe THEODOR C 


WEISSe 
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woODSe 
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GEORGE H 
BERNHARD 
MARK W 
CONSTANCE P 


MARSHALL W 


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FOCKLERe HERBERT H 


2G 


1HPHS PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 


BROOKS» 
CARTER«s 
RAUSCHe 


RICHARD C 
HUGH 
ROBERT 


RECHCIGLe MILOSLAV JR 


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MISC 


STEIOLEs WALTER E 


11 INTERIOR DEPARTMENT 


11BMI BUREAU OF MINES 


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148 


TZ» ROBERT 
RALPH L 
HUGH D 
ALFRED T 
Le SHERMAN K 
HAROLD w 
JAMES P 
WILLIAM T 
GEORGE 
ROBERT G 
* LAURA E 
MEYER 


20 


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STRINGFIELDe VICTOR T 2G2H 


THAYERe THOMAS P 2H 
TODD« MARGARET R 2G2H 
TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III 2G2H 
WEAVERe DE FORREST E 2eE 
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WITHINGTONe CHARLES F 2H 
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1IWPC FED WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADM 


FORZIATI+« ALPHONSE F 2B2Ee2v3E 


1S STATE DEPARTMENT 


1SACD ARMS CONTROL & DISARM AGENCY 


SCOVILLEe HERBERT JR 


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HOPP+ HENRY 2u 
JOYCE+ J WALLACE 2G 
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SCHOENEMANe ROBERT L 


1X OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 


1XAEC ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION 


BIZZELLe OSCAR M 2E2G63B 
FOWLERe E EUGENE 3B 
MAGINe GEORGE B JR 2E2H3B 
POLACHEKe HARRY 2B 
REITEMEIERe ROBERT F 

SEABORGe GLENN T 

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WHITMANe MERRILL J 38 


‘ 


1XDCG DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA GOVT 
TRAVIS« CLARENCE WwW 2F 


1xXFPC FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION 
HAMILTONe C E MIKE 2H3L 


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HOBBSe ROBERT B 2B2E2G 

1XGSA GENERAL SERVICES ADMIN 
CURTISe ROGER w 2G2N 
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SCHNEIDERe SIDNEY 


1XLIC LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
QUIMBYs« FREEMAN H 
WEISSe FRANCIS J 


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1XMDG MARYLAND GOVERNMENT 
MARTINe BRUCE D 2H 


MORANe FREDERICK A 2S2x 


1XNAS NAT AERONAUTICS & SPACE AGENCY 


COHNe ERNST M 2E3E 


EASTER» DONALD 2E2G2AN 
GHAFFARI+« ABOLGHASSEM 2B 


GUNNe CHARLES R ew 
KURZWEGe HERMAN H 2B2w 
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2B2D2E2Ge2k 


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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


PLOTKINe HENRY H 2B AFRA HELLERs ISIDORE 


REYNOLDS+ ORR E / AFRA HERZFELD»s KARL F 2B 
STAUSSe HENRY E 2u AFRA HERZFELDs REGINA F 2c 
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LYNNs W GARDNER 2B 
1XNOD NAT OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER MOLLER» RAYMOND w 
MYERS»* WILLIAM H AMRA O BRIEN» JOHN A 2K 
TALBOTTs F LEO 2B2G63G 
1XNSF NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 
CRANE» \tLANGDON T JR 2B2G AFRA 2HFCC FEDERAL CITY COLLEGE 
EDMUNDSe LAFE R © 2F AFRA LLOYDs DANIEL B 26 
ETZEL*« HOWARD w 26 AFRA 
MC MILLEN» J HOWARD 2B AFRA - 2HGEU GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY 
PELL >» WILLIAM H 2620 AFRA BAKER» LOUIS C w 2E 
ROBERTSONes RANDAL M 2B2G2L AFRA CHAPMANe GEORGE B 
RODNEYe WILLIAM S 2B3H AFRA COLWELL» RR 2620 
SEEGER+ RAYMOND J 2B3F 3G AFRA FARRE+ GEORGE L 3F 
GRAY* IRVING 
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KOPPANYI + THEODORE 2T 

1XSMI SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LADO» ROBERT 
AYENSUs EDWARD S 2K AFRA LAMBERTONs BERENICE 
BEDINI+ SILVIO A 3F AFRA MAENGWYN=DAVIESe G D 2B2E2G2T 
BLAKEe DORIS H 2F AFRE ROSE» JOHN C 212T 
BOWMAN+ THOMAS E 20 AFRA SITTERLY* BANCROFT w 2B83G3H 
COLLINSe HENRY B 2c AFNE STEINHARDT*s JACINTO 2E 
COOPERe G ARTHUR 2H AFRA THALERe WILLIAM J 2E3H 
CORRELL« DAVID L 2E31 AFRA VERNICKs SANFORD H 
EWERSe* JOHN C 2c AFRA 
FIELDe WILLIAM D 2F AFRA 2HGWU GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 
FREEMANe MONROE E 2E2T AFRA ADAMSe CAROLINE L 2K 
GALLERe SIDNEY 26 AFRA AFFRONTI.+ LEWIS 202T 
HENDERSONe E P 2H AFRA ALLANe FRANK D 2G 
MAs TE-HSIU 2D AFRA BAILEYse J MARTIN 2Q2T 
MUESEBECKe CARL F Ww 2D2F AFRE BROWNe THOMAS M 21 
REHDERe HARALD A 2D2G AFRA CARROLL» THOMAS J 2B2N2Z3G3H 
REININGs PRISCILLA 2c AFRA CRAFTONe PAUL A 
SHROPSHIRE +s WALTER A 262K31 AFRA HANSEN» IRA B 2026 
STEWARTe T DALE 2C26 AFRA HOLLINSHEADs ARIEL C 2Q2T 
WALLENe IRVIN E 2G AFRA HUGH »' RUDOLPH 2Q2T 
WETMORE» ALEXANDER 2D2G2! AFRA KAISERe HANS E 2G 

KULLBACKe SOLOMON 2N 

1XTRA DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION MANDEL e H GEORGE 2E2T 
CLEVENe G W 2B2G AFRA MILTONe CHARLES 2H 
HOLSHOUSER» WILLIAM L 2G62U AFRA NAESERes CHARLES R 2E2H 

PARLETTs ROBERT C 2a 
1XUST TARIFF COMMISSION PERROS»« THEODORE P 2B2E3F 
GONET»+ FRANK 2E AFRA TIDBALLe+ CHARLES S 21 
TREADWELL*® CARLETON R 2E2T 
1XVET VETERANS ADMINISTRATION VAN EVERA+ BENJAMIN D 2E2G6 
FUSILLO» MATTHEW H 262Q AMRA WALTHER» CARL H 2625S 
WEINTRAUBe ROBERT L 2E2K2a3!1 

2 EDUCATION WOODe REUBEN E 2E3E 

2H HIGHER EDUCATION 2HHOU HOWARD UNIVERSITY 
BEACHs PRISCILLA A AMNA BARTONE+s JOHN C 2T 
BENNETTe WILLARD H 2B AFNA BRANSONe HERMAN 2B3G 

BUGGS»+ CHARLES w 262Q2T 

2HAMU AMERICAN UNIVERSITY DAVIS* STEPHEN S 2620 
ALDRIDGE» MARY H 2B2E AFRA FINLEY+ HAROLD E A) 
CALLENe EARL R 2B AFRA HANSBOROUGHe LOUIS A 
DAVISe CHARLES M JR 2z AMRA HAWTHORNE + EDWARD W 21eaT 
ISBELL + HORACE §S 2 AFRA JACKSONe JULIUS L 2B 
JACOBS» WALTER wW AFRA MEARSe FLORENCE M 
MOOREs HARVEY C 2c AFRA MENDLOWITZ*+ HAROLD 
RICEs« FREDERICK A H 2E2G2T AFRA MORRIS* JOSEPH B 2e€ 
SCHOTe STEVEN H AFRA MORRISe* KELSO B ee 
SCHUBERT+ LEO 2B2E3F AFRA SHER STEr Sr wae aon 2: 
SMITHs FALCONER 2B2T AFRA SPERLINGs FREDERICK eT 

TALBERTs PRESTON T 2 
TAYLORe MARIE C 2K31 
2HCIT CAPITOL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TAVLOR«? MOBDIE“D 2E 
MASONe MARTIN A 2M202S AFRA WEST RU LLOTARIL 5735p 
2HCUA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA 2HMJC MONTGOMERY JUNIOR COLLEGE 
BIBERSTEINe FRANK A JR 2B2M2S AFRA BREEDLOVEs C H JR 2e€ 
DARWENTs BASIL DE B 2B2E AFRA 
FLANNERYe REGINA AFRA 2HNVC N VIRGINIA COMMUNITY COL 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


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AMRA 


149 


STEARNe JOSEPH L 
STEINe ANTHONY C JR 2N 


2HUMD UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
AUSLANDER+e JOSEPH 


BAILEYs WILLIAM J 2€ 
BECKMANNe ROBERT B 2E2G 
BENEDICT» WILLIAM S 3H 
BENESCH+ WILLIAM 283H 
BICKLEYs WILLIAM E 2F2yY 
BROWNs JOSHUA R C 26 
BROWN+ RUSSELL G 262K 
BURGERS* JM 2B 
DAVISe RF 262T 
DOETSCH» RAYMOND N 2Q 
DOSS+ MILDRED A 2p 
ELSASSER» WALTER M 2B2G 
FARR» MARION M 2P 
FERRELL+ RICHARD A 263G 
GALLOWAY» RAYMOND A 2G62K31 
GARSTENSe« HELEN L 26 
GLASSER» ROBERT G 2B2G 
GREENBERG+ LEON 

HETRICKe FRANK 2a 
HOLMGRENe HARRY D 28 
KRAUSS» ROBERT w 2K 
LANDSBERGs HELMUT & 2x 
LANGFORDe GEORGE S 2F2y 
LASTER» HOWARD J 2B3G 
LEJINSe PETER P 2K 
LIPPINCOTTs ELLIS R 2B83H 
LOCKARD. J DAVID 31 
MARTINs MONROE H 

MC INTOSHe ALLEN 2G2P 
MISNER« CHARLES w 

MYERS» RALPH D 2B 
PATTERSONs GLENN W 2E3! 
PELCZAR+ MICHAEL J JR 2Q 
REEVE+ E WILKINS 2E 
REINHART. BRUCE L 

RIVELLOs ROBERT M 202w 
ROBERTS» RICHARD C 2G 
SCHAMPs» HOMER wW JR 2B 
STERNe WILLTAM L 2K 
STIFEL+ PETER B 2G2H 
SYSKI+« RYSZARD 

TRAUBs ROBERT 2D2F 2P 
VANDERSLICEs J T 2B2E 
VEITCHs FLETCHER P JR 2E 
ZWANZIG+ ROBERT w 2B2G 


2S SECONDARY EDUCATION 


2SARC ARLINGTON COUNTY SCHOOLS 
BRANDEWIEs DONALD F 
KNIPLINGs PHOEBE H 


2SDCP D C PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
DE BERRY+s MARIAN B 


HOPKINS+ STEPHEN 
2SFAC FAIRFAX COUNTY SCHOOLS 
2SMOC MONTGOMERY CO BD EDUCATION 
DIAMONDs PAULINE 
JANI « LORRAINE L 
JOHNSONe KEITH C 


2SPGC PR GEORGES CO BD EDUCATION 


MC KOWNe BARRETT L 2G 
OWENS»+ HOWARD B 2D02F 2G 
SEEBOTHe CONRAD M 2G 


2SSTA ST ALBANS SCHOOL 
LEEe« RICHARD H 3G 


3 ASSOCIATIONS & INSTITUTIONS 


3A ASSOCIATIONS 


150 


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BAAAS AMER ASSN FOR ADV OF SCIENCE 
MAYORe JOHN R 2G 
WOLFLE*e DAEL 


3AACS AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 
PASSERe MOSES 2e 


3AAPS AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSN 
ROSSe SHERMAN 
SASMOR+ ROBERT M 3J 


3ADIS DAIRY INDUSTRIES SUPPLY ASSN 
WILLIAMS+ DONALD H 3c 


3AESA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC OF AMERICA 


BUNNe RALPH W er 
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NELSONse RH 2F2G 


3AFAS FED AMER SOC EXPTL BIOL 
ZWEMERe RAYMUND L 


3ANCA NAT CANNERS ASSOCIATION 
FARROWe RICHARD P 2E2G63C 


BANPL NATIONAL PLANNING ASSN 
wOODe MARSHALL K 3J 


3ANPV NAT PAINT VAR & LACQUER ASSN 
SCOFIELDs+ FRANCIS 2E3H 


3ANST NAT SCI TEACHERS ASSN 
CULBERT+ DOROTHY K 2G 


3AOSA OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 
SANDERSONe JOHN A 283H 
WARGAe MARY E 2B2E2G3H 
3H HOSPITALS 


3HDCG D C GENERAL HOSPITAL 
PERKINSe LOUIS R 


3! INSTITUTIONS 


3I1APL APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY e JHU 


FONER» SAMUEL N 2B 
FOX» DAVID w 

GIBSONe RALPH E 2B2E2w 
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MASSEYe JOSEPH T 282M 
MC CLUREe FRANK T 2B2E 
MONCHICKe LOUIS 2B2E 
WALKER» RONALD E 2G2w 


3IATC AMER TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION 


31CIW CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASH 
BOLTONe ELLIS T 


HASKINSe CARYL P 2E2F2G2R 
ROBERTSe RICHARD B 
YODERe HATTEN S JR 2E2H 


3ICIw SEE ALSO 31DT & 3IGEL 


3IDTM OEPT TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISMe 
RUBINe VERA C 28 


3I1GEL GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY. CIwW 
ABELSONe PHILIP H 2B2E2H2Q 
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BURAS« EDMUND M JR 2. AFRA TEELE+ RAY P 2B2G3H AFRA 


ELLISONe ALFRED H 2E AFRA THOMAS. JAMES L AFRA 
FOURTe LYMAN 2E AFRA VOLWILERe ERNEST H 2G AFNA 
HOLLIESe NORMAN R S 2E2w AFRA WEBER» EUGENE w 2G62M2R2S AFRA 
KRASNYe JOHN F AFRA WETHE+ WERNER K 2G3H AFRA 
MENKARTe JOHN H 2E AFRA WEIL»* GEORGE L 3B AFRA 
RADERe CHARLES A 2E AFRA WILSONe BRUCE L 2B2G AFRA 
SCHWARTZe ANTHONY M 2€ AFRA WORKMANs WILLIAM G 2621 AFRE 
WOLFRAMse LESZEK J PE AFRA WYMANe LEROY L 262U3L AFRA 
3I11CE AMER INST OF CROP ECOLOGY 4PHYS PHYSICIANS 
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BURKE« FREDERIC G 21 AFRA 
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EDMUNDS» WADE M 2G62M2N3B AMRA 4X MISCELLANEOUS SELF-EMPLOYED 
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3INAS NAT ACADEMY SCIENCES - NRC 
COOLIDGE+ HAROLD J 26 AFRA 5 BUSINESS CONCERNS 
DE CARLO+s MICHAEL 26 AMRA 
GRISAMOREs+ NELSON T 2B2G2N AFRA 5AARC ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORP 
GROVESe DONALD G AFRA SMITHe ROBERT C JR 2Eew AFRA 
KLINGSBERGe CYRUS 3D AFRA 
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SCHOONOVERe IRL C 2B2E AFRA 
STEVENSe RUSSELL B 2k AFRA SARC OT AUER BACHE CORE 
TAYLORs LAURISTON S AFRA GEAR RE ORCe eS APRA 
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3IWMI WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE 
GABRIELSONe IRA N 26 AFRA 5ENDE ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT INC 
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4 SELF-EMPLOYED 
5GEEL GENERAL ELECTRIC CO 


4CONS CONSULTANTS ELLIOTTe FRANCIS E AFRA 
ASLAKSONs CARL I 2B2G2M AFRA 
BATEMANs ALAN M 2H3L AFNE SGEON GEONAUTICS+ INC 
BENNETTe MARTIN T 2E AFRA SIMMONSe LANSING G 2s AFRA 
BLUMe WILLIAM 2E26G2U3E AFRE WOLFF e EDWARD A 2G2N2W2X AFRA 
BYERLYs PERRY AFNA 
HEM) WALTER Ss ath AFRA SHALA HAZELTON LABORATORIES 
EDDY+ NATHAN B 2E2G2T AFRA GARGUS*+ JAMES L AMRA 
FULTONe ROBERT A 2E2G62Y AFNE HAZLETON» LLOYD Ww an AFRA 
GARY» ROBERT 2E AFRA 
GRATONe LOUIS C 2H AFNE SHUAS HUNTER ASSOCIATES LAB 
HARRISON» WILLIAM N 2B2G63D AFRA HUNTERs RICHARD S 263C3H AFRA 
HICKSe VICTOR AFNA 
CMAN NEES UAlS rR feat SITTC INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE G TELEG 
HOWE» PAUL E 2D2E2G212T AFRA WUGUES SEMIS UIal eNEs gil 
INSLEY» HERBERT 2B2G2H3D3H AFRA 
LE CLERG. ERWIN L ae AFRA GILLMANe JOSEPH L UR 2E2G2M202U AFRA 
LOGANe HUGH L 2u AFRA 
LE@RNéo SLLee Bea ASR S5SKEAS KETTELLE ASSOCIATES INC 
MC MURDIE*s HOWARD F 3D AFRA SECEE oMeear a é a Eo. 
MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD 28262G63C AFRL 
NOLLA»s JOSE A B 2G AFN 
BACE MRGHEDS = an Rae 5LIPR LIQUIDS PROCESS CO 
Suidtneieee MAGELLAN Bees, Nee ROLLER» PAUL S 2B2E2G AFRA 
REICHELDERFER» F W 2B2G2wex AFRA 
REINHARTs FRANK W 2E26 AFRA SLITT LITTON INDUSTRIES 
ROSENBLATTe DAVID 2B AFRA CRETSOS+ JAMES M 2e AMRA 
SHEPARD» HAROLD H 2F2Y AFRA 
SLOCUM. GLENN G 2Q3C AFRE SMELP MELPAR INC 
ST GEORGE» RAYMOND A 2D2F 2L2yY AFRA CAMPANELLA+® S JOSEPH AFRA 
STEVENSONe FREDERICK J AFRA HAS RINT AS ih IO) ex area 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 ri 


ORDWAYs FRED D JR 2E3D AFRA COOKE+ C WYTHE 2H AFNE 


COOLIDGEs WILLIAM D AFNA 
SMIAS MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES ere Not, CECRGES 2s RE 
WARD» THOMAS G 202T AFRA COOPER: STEWART R AFRE 
CORY*« ERNEST N 2F2Y AFRE 

SOUEN OUTLOOK ENGINEERING CORP CRAGOE*s CARL S 2B2G AFRE 
YOUNGe CLINTON J T 3H AMRA CULLINANs FRANK P 262K31 AFRE 
CURRAN+ HAROLD R 20 AFRE 

5PORB POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU CURRIER» LOUIS w 2H AFNE 
COOK+ ROBERT C 2k AFRA CURTISS*s LEON F 2B AFNE 
DAVIS» MARION M 2E2G AFRL 

SRACO RAND CORPORATION DAVISe« RAYMOND 2B2eE AFRE 
SMITH» PAUL A 2G2H2S2W AFA DEBORD's  CEORGENG eeeG nant 
DERMEN+ HAIG 2K AFRE 

SRAYC RAYTHEON CORPORATION eWeleg Scala 2D2k AFRE 
SPOONER» CHARLES S JR 2G AFRA De Cee meso a Ais 
DOFT+ FLOYD S 2E2G2T AFRE 

5REAN RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORP DRECHSLERe CHARLES 262K AFRA 
WATSONe BERNARD B 2G63G AFRA DUERKSENe JACOB A 2B2G AFRE 
DUTILLY*s ARTHEME 2K AFNE 

SSURE SURVEYS & RESEARCH CORP EERE ee AENA 
RICEe STUART A AFRA ECKHARDTs« E A 2B AFNE 
ELLINGERs GEORGE A 26 AFRE 

STELE TELEDYNE INC ELLIOTTs CHARLOTTE AFNE 
DEMUTH» HAL P 2R AFRA ELLIS»* NED R 2E2T AFRE 
EMERSONe WALTER B 2G63H AFRE 

STRWS TRW SYSTEMS GROUP FIVAZs ALFRED E 2GeL AFRE 
BRANDTNER» FRIEDRICH J 2G2H AMRA FOOTEs PAUL D 2B3H3L Bait 
FULLMER+ IRVIN H 282620 AFRA 

SVAEN VALUE ENGINEERING CO GAFAFERs»s WILLIAM M AFNE 
WEINBERG» HAROLD P 2U31 AFRA CAP Sano AL: S 20 ARNE 
GARDNERs IRVINE C 282G63H AFRE 

SWAPO WASHINGTON POST GELLER» ROMAN F 2B2G63D AFRE 
HASELTINE + NATE 2x AFRA GIBSON» JOHN E AFNE 
GIBSON+ KASSON S 2B2G3H AFRE 

GODFREYs THEODORE B AFRE 

6FAOR FOOD & AGRICULTURE ORG» UN CRLOIIENSO Inline 25 AFRA 
DAWSON NOW. G 20 AERA GORDONe CHARLES L 2B2E2G AFRA 
LINGs LEE AFNA GRAF» JOHN E 2D2F 2G AFRA 
HALL» R CLIFFORD 2u AFRE 

MIZELLe LOUIS R AFNA HAMBLETONs+« EDSON J 2D2F2G AFRA 

| HARDER: E C 2G2H3L AFNA 

6MOCO MONOCAN CONSULATE HENDERSONe MALCOLM C 2B2G2Z3B3F AFNA 
SCHERTENLEIBs CHARLES 2G AMRA HENDERSON» “MALCOLM C ze AFNA 
HICKLEYe THOMAS J 2N AFRA 

7FRETD RETIRED HOLL INGSHEADe ROBERT S AFRE 
ABBOT+ CHARLES G 2B2X3H AFRE eee ee Oe Be ANNA 
ADAMSe ELLIOT @ AFNE HUBBARD. DONALD 2E2G3H AFRA 
ALL USONs FRANKLIN E 2E2G AFRE HUNTERs GEORGE w III 2G2P AFNE 
ANDERSON+ MYRON 5 a AERA _ HUNTOONs ROBERT D AFRA 
APPELe WILLIAM D 2E26G AFNE JACKSONe HARTLEY H T 2D AFRE 
BARSS«* HOWARD P 2D2G2K AFNE JESSUP. RALPH S 2B2G AFRA 
BEKKEDAHL » NORMAN 2B2E2G AFNE JUDSON+ LEWIS Vv 2B2G AFNE 
BENNETT+ JOHN A 2u AFRA SUTIN (Nan ALN 
BIRCKNERe VICTOR AFRE KARRER» ANNIE M H AFRE 
SiiceQee. PSE eC ABE Ree KARRER» SEBASTIAN 2B2E2G3G3H AFRA 
BRECKENRIDGEe F C 2B3H AFRA KENNARDe RALPH B 2B2G63G3H AFRE 
BRICKWEDDEe. F G 2B AFNL KINNEYe JAY P 2u AFNE 
BROMBACHER»s W G 2B3K AFRE NN On EAS INOINI 8 AFNE 
CAMPBELL: FRANK L 2F2Y AFRA LANGe WALTER B 2G2H AFRE 
CARDER+s DEAN S AFNE LAPHAMe EVAN G 2B AFNE 
CASHs EDITH K 2k AFRE LINDQUISTe ARTHUR WwW 2G AFNA 
CHALKLEYs HAROLD w 2T AFRE LINDSEY+ IRVING AFRE 
CHAPLINEs WR 262K2L AFRE MADORSKYe SAMUEL L 2e AFRE 
CLAIRE» CHARLES N 2B2Mm AFRA MARTIN» JOHN H 2G AFNE 
CLARKs KENNETH G 2E2G6 AFRE MATLACKs MARION 8B 2E2G AFRE 
CLAUSEN+ CURTIS P 2F AFNE MAUSSe BESSE D AFRA 
CONGERe PAUL S AFRE MC CLAINe EDWARD F JR 2N AFRA 


152 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


MC CLUREs® FRANK J 
MC KEE»+ SAMUEL A 

MC KIBBENe EUGENE G 
MC KINNEY» HAROLD H 
MC PHEE»s HUGH C 
MERRIAMs CARROLL F 
MERZ» ALBERT R 
MEYERHOFF +s HOWARD A 
MIDDLETON» HOWARD E 
MILLER» CARL F 
MILLER» J CHARLES 
MOHLER» FRED L 
MOLLARI»« MARIO 
MORRISS* DONALD J 


NEPOMUCENE + SR ST JOHN 


NICKERSONs DOROTHY 
NIKIFOROFFe C C 

O NEILLe« HUGH T 
OBOURNs ELLSWORTH S 
OSGOODs+ wILLIAM R 
PAGEs BENJAMIN L 
PARK+ J HOWARD 
PARRe LELAND w 
POLINGs AUSTIN C 
POoOSe FRED Ww 

POPE+ MERRITT N 
POPENOEs WILSON 
RANDSe« ROBERT D 
RAPPLEYEs+ HOWARD S 
READINGe OLIVER S 
REEDs WILLIAM D 
REIDe MARY E 
RICKER» PERCY L 
RIODDLE*« OSCAR 
ROBERTS» ELLIOTT B 
ROCK» GEORGE D 
RODENHISERs+ HERMAN A 
ROGERSe« LORE A 
ROTHe FRANK L 
RYERSONe KNOWLES A 
SCHMITTe« WALDO L 
SCHUBAUER+ GALEN B 
SCHULTZe« EUGENE S 
SCHWARTZs BENJAMIN 
SCOTT+ ARNOLD H 
SERVICEs+ JERRY H 
SETZLERe FRANK M 
SHALOWITZ+ AARON L 
SIEGLER» EDOUARD H 
SMITHs EDGAR R 
SMITHe FRANCIS A 
SMITHe NATHAN R 
SNOKEs HUBERT R 
SPENCERe ROSCOE R 
SPICER» H CECIL 
STAIRe RALPH 
STEPHENSs ROBERT E 
STEVENSe HENRY 
STEVENSONe JOHN A 
STIEBELINGe HAZEL K 
STIMSONs+ HAROLD F 
STIRLINGe MATHEW w 


SUTCLIFFE» WALTER D 
SWICK» CLARENCE H 
SWINDELLS+ JAMES F 
TILDEN» EVELYN B 
TITUS» HARRY Ww 
TODD+ FRANK E 
TORRESONs OSCAR w 
VACHERs HERBERT C 
VINAL* GEORGE w 
WALKER» EGBERT H 
WALSH» MARTHA L 
WALTON» WILLIAM W SR 
WARD» HENRY P 
WATTS» CHESTER B 
WEAVER. ELMER R 
WEIDAs FRANK M 


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VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


WEIDLEINe EDWARD R 
WEITSSs FREEMAN A 
WHERRY+« EDGAR T 
WHITE* CHARLES £E 
WHITE*+ ORLAND E& 
WHITTAKER» COLIN W 
WICHERS» EDWARD 
WULF e OLIVER R 
YEOMANS» ALFRED H 
YOCUMs L EDWIN 
YOUDENs WILLIAM J 
YUILL»® JOSEPH S 
ZELENY +s LAWRENCE 
ZIESs EMANUEL G 
ZOCHe RICHMOND T 


ALLEN+ HARRY C JR 
AXLER+ MARJORIE F 
BARBEAUse MARIUS 
BIRD» HR 

BLANCe MILTON L 
BOEKs+ JEAN K 
BOGLE+ ROBERT w 


BRECKENRIDGE*s ROBERT G 


BREGER» IRVING A 
BREIT» GREGORY 
CARLSTON+s RICHARD C 
CHEZEMs CURTIS G 
CODLING+ KEITH 
COMPTON+ W DALE 
CORNFIELD+ JEROME 
COTTAM. CLARENCE 
DAVENPORT» JAMES C 
DE FERIETs J KAMPE 
DEHL+ RONALD E& 

DI MARZIO» E A 

DU PONTs+ JOHN E 
DUPONT» JEAN R 
EGLI» PAUL H 
ESTERMANNe IMMANUEL 
EVANS+ W DUANE 
FELSENFELD+ OSCAR 


GATESe GE 
GORDONe RUTH E 
GOULD+ IRA A 
HAKALAs REINO WwW 
HALL e« E RAYMOND 
HALSTEADe BRUCE Ww 
HAMMONDs+ H DAVID 
HANDs® CADET H JR 
HANSENe LOUIS S 
HARRIS* MILTON 
HEINRICHs KURT F 
HEMENWAYs CARL 
HERMANs ROBERT C 
HERSEYs MAYO D 
HIATT*+ CASPAR w 
HICKOX« GEORGE H 
HORNIGe DONALD F 
HUNDLEYs+ JAMES M 
HUTCHINSe LEE M 
IMAT« ISAO 
IRWINe GEORGE R 
JAMESs LH 
JAMESe MAURICE T 
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T 
JONES+ HENRY A 
JORDANe GARY B 
JORDAN+ REGINALD C 
KARRe PHILIP R 
KEGELESe GERSON 
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153 


LUDFORD:e GEOFFREY S S 


LYMAN» 


LYNCHe 


JOHN 
THOMAS Jes MRS 


MARCUS+ MARVIN 
MARGOSHES* MARVIN 
MART INe»e GEORGE w 
MARZKE+s OSCAR T 


MASONe 
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EDWARD A 
DEe« GORDON WwW 


MC KENZIE* LAWSON M 
MITTLEMANe DON 


NOYESe 


HOWARD E 


OEHSERe PAUL H 
OLIPHANT+s MALCOLM w 
OVERTONs WILLIAM C JR 
PATTERSONe MARGARET £& 


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RIVLINe RONALD S 
ROSSINI« FREDERICK D 


RUBEY « 


WILLIAM w 


RUSSELL e« RICHARD Ww 


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HENRY L JR 
MARTIN 


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STEVENSe ROLLIN E 
STROMBERGe ROBERT R 
SWEENEYs WILLIAM T 
SWINGLE*« CHARLES F 
TAUSSKY« OLGA 


TEAL « 


GORDON K 


THABARAJse G J 


THOMPSONe JACK C 
THURMAN» ERNESTINE. B 
TILLYERe E D 


TOLL « 


JOHN S 


TULANEse VICTOR J 
TUNELL » GEORGE 
VANGELI« MARIO G 
VESTINEs E H 


VINTI ¢ 
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JOHN P 
PPEL« ARTHUR 


WELLMANese FREDERICK L 
WILSONe RAYMOND E 


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DAVID A JR 
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PEACOCKs ELIZABETH D 
SOKOLOVs FRANK L 


154 


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NOT CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION 


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1 GOVERNMENT 


1A AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT 


1ACMS 


1ACSR 
BYERLYs THEODORE C 


1AFOR FOREST SERVICE 
BRYANe MILTON M 
HACSKAYLO+ EDWARD 
LITTLE+ ELBERT L JR 
PARKER» KENNETH w 


CONSUMER & MARKETING SERVICE 


COOP STATE RESEARCH SERVICE 


2T 


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1AM AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE 


1AMRP MARKETING REGULATORY PROGRAMS 


HUNT + W HAWARD 


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1AR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE 


1 ARAO 
FOWELLSe HARRY A 


HAINESe« KENNETH A 
IRVINGs GEORGE W JR 


1ARFR FARM RESEARCH 
ANDREWSe JOHN S 
BENJAMIN» CHESTER R 
BEROZAe MORTON S 
CATHEYs HENRY M 
CLARK» FRANCIS & 
COxe EDWIN L 
EGOLF»* DONALD R 
ENNIS* WILLIAM B JR 
FARRe MARIE L 
FLATTs WILLIAM P 
FOOTEs RICHARD H 
FOSTER» AUREL O 
FRAPS+ RICHARD M 
GRASSLe« CARL O 
GURNEYs ASHLEY B 
HALL *« STANLEY A 
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HILTONe JAMES L 
HOFFMANNe CLARENCE H 
JACOBSON» MARTIN 
KNIPLINGs EDWARD F 
KREITLOWe KERMIT W 
LENTZ» PAUL L 
MC CLELLANs WILBUR D 
MILLERe PAUL R 
MITCHELL« JOHN W 
PRESLEYs JOHN T 
RUSSELL» LOUISE M 
SAILERe REECE I 
SAN ANTONIO+* JAMES P 


SANTAMOURe FRANK S JR 


SCHECHTER+s MILTON S 
SHANAHANe ARTHUR J 
SMITHe FLOYD F 
SPALDINGe DONALD H 
STEEREse RUSSELL L 
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WISE*« GILBERT H 


1ARMR 


MARKETING RESEARCH 


OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATORs ARS 


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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


COOK» HAROLD T 2B2K3C 
CRAFT+ CHARLES C 
GOLUMBICe CALVIN 2E3C 
HARDENBURGs ROBERT E 2G 

HEINZEs PETER H 2E262K3C31 
LIEBERMANs MORRIS 2E2G31 
NORRISe KARL H 3C 

RYALL« A LLOYD 2G62K3C 


1ARNI NUTR*e CONSUMER & 
COULSONe E JACK 
DETWILER*e SAMUEL B JR 
FORZIATI+ FLORENCE H 
FREEMAN+s ANDREW F 
HORNSTEINe IRWIN 
KURTZse FLOYD E 
LEVERTONe RUTH M 
PATTERSONe WILBUR I 
POMMERe ALFRED M 
REYNOLDSe HOWARD 
SPIES» JOSEPH R 
SULZBACHERs WILLIAM L 
WOMACKe MADELYN 


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RAINWATER» H IVAN 
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WHEELERe WILLIS H 


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1ASCS SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 


VAN DERSALe WILLIAM R 


1AX AGRICULTURE MISC 


1€¢ COMMERCE DEPARTMENT 


2G 


1C-S OFFICE OF SECRETARY 


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1CBDS BUSINESS & DEFENSE SERVICES ADM 


HERSCHMANe HARRY K 


2U 


1CBUC BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 


DALYe JOSEPH F 
HANSENe MORRIS H 


1¢CGS COAST & GEOD SURVEYs SEE 1CESS 


1CESS ENVIRONMENTAL SCI 
ALGERMISSEN+ SYLVESTER 
BARGERe GERALD L 
BRAATENe+ NORMAN F 
BRAZEEs« RUTLAGE J 
BRIERe GLENN WwW 
COOKe RICHARD K 
CRESSMANe GEORGE P 
CRY+ GEORGE w 
GARNERe CLEMENT L 
HUBERT+ LESTER F 
JACOBS+ WOODROW C 
KLEINe WILLIAM H 
KNAPPe DAVID G 
KOHLERe MAX A 
LANDERe JAMES F 
LIST+ ROBERT J 
MAC DONALDe TORRENCE H 
MACHTAs LESTER 
MEADE*+ BUFORD K 
MICKEY» WENDELL v 
MITCHELL*® J MURRAY JR 
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VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


OSMUNs JAMES Ww 
PACK+ DONALD H 
PUTNINS»s PAUL H 
RICE* DONALD A 


RINEHARTs+ JOHN S 
RUBIN*e* MORTON J 


SCHMID, 


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156 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


1DARO 


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VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


1DNOR 


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FRANKse WILLIAM M 


HART MANN « 
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2KeT 
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1HNLM NAT LIBRARY OF MEDICIEN 


FOCKLERe HERBERT H 


2G 


1HPHS PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 


BROOKSe RICHARD C 
CARTERe HUGH 


RAUSCHe ROBERT 
RECHCIGLe MILOSLAV JR 


1HX HEW MISC 
STEIOLFe WALTER E 


11 INTERIOR DEPARTMENT 


11IBMI BUREAU OF MINES 
FLINTse EINAR P 


2N 


202P 
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2E2U3D3L 


1IFWS FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE 


ALDRICH» JOHN W 
UHLER+ FRANCIS M 


11GES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
BAKERe ARTHUR A 
BENNETTs+ ROBERT R 
CARRONe MAXWELL K 
CLARKe JOAN R 
COHEEe GEORGE V 
CUTTITTAe FRANK 
DUNCANe HELEN M 
FAHEYe JOSEPH J 
FAUSTe GEORGE T 
FOURNIERe ROBERT O 
GROSSLINGe BERNARDO F 
HOOKERe MARJORIE 
KNOXe ARTHUR S 
LAKINe HUBERT w 
LEOPOLDe LUNA B 
MAYe IRVING 
MC KELVEYe VINCENT E 
MC KNIGHTs EOWIN T 
MEYROWITZ*s ROBERT 
MILLERe RALPH L 
MISERe HUGH D 
MYERSe ALFRED T 
NEUSCHELe SHERMAN K 
OLSENe HAROLD w 
OWENSe JAMES P 
PECORAe WILLIAM T 
PHAIR+e GEORGE 
REEVESe ROBERT G 
REICHENe LAURA E 
RUBINe MEYER 


2D 


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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


STRINGFIELOs VICTOR T 2G2H AFRA 


THAYER» THOMAS P lah AFRA 
TODD+ MARGARET R 2G2H AFRA 
TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III 2G2H AFRA 
WEAVER+ DE FORREST E Ze AMRA 
WESTe« WALTER S 2H3L AMNA 
WITHINGTON»s® CHARLES F 2H AFRA 
ZEN» E-AN 2H AFRA 


1INPS NATL PARK SERVICE 


1IwPC FED WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADM 
FORZIATIe« ALPHONSE F 2B2E2V3E AFRA 


1S STATE DEPARTMENT 


1SACD ARMS CONTROL & DISARM AGENCY 
SCOVILLE+ HERBERT JR AFRA 


1SX STATE MISC 


HOPPs+ HENRY 2u AFRA 
JOYCEs+ J WALLACE 2G AFRA 
RAMBERG» WALTER 2B20 AFNA 
WARDe JUSTUS C AFRA 
WIEDEMANNs HOWARD M 2B2G AFRA 


1T TREASURY DEPARTMENT 


ITIRS INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE 


FORDe DECLAN P 2G2H AMNA 
MATHERSe ALEX P 2E AFRA 
PROe MAYNARD J 2E38 AFRA 
SCHOENEMANe ROBERT L AFRA 


1X OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 


1XAEC ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION 


BIZZELL+ OSCAR M 2E2G3B AFRA 
FOWLERe E EUGENE 3B AMRA 
MAGINe GEORGE B JR 2E2H3B AFRA 
POLACHEKe HARRY 2B AFRA 
REITEMEIERse ROBERT F AFRA 
SEABORGe GLENN T AFRA 
WENSCHe GLEN W 2G62U3B AFRA 
WHITMANs MERRILL J 3B AFRA 


1XDCG DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA GOVT 
TRAVISe CLARENCE W 2F AMRA 


1XFPC FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION 
HAMILTONe C E MIKE 2H3L AMRA 


1XGPO GOV PRINTING OFFICE 


HOBBSe ROBERT B 2B2E2G AFRA 
1XGSA GENERAL SERVICES ADMIN 

CURTISe ROGER w 2G2N AFRA 

FRANKLINe PHILIP J 2E2N AFRA 

SCHNEIDER» SIONEY AMRA 


1XLIC LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 


QUIMBY« FREEMAN H AFRA 
WEISSe FRANCIS J 2B2D2E2Ge2K AFRA 
WEISS« FRANCIS J 2Q3B83C31 AFRA 


1XMDG MARYLAND GOVERNMENT 


MARTINe BRUCE D 2H AFNA 
MORANe FREDERICK A 2S2x AMRA 
1XNAS NAT AERONAUTICS & SPACE AGENCY 
COHNe ERNST M 2E3E AMRA 
EASTERe DONALD 2E2G2N AMRA 
GHAFFARI+« ABOLGHASSEM 28 AFRL 
GUNNe CHARLES R 2w AFRA 
KURZWEGe HERMAN H 2Bew AFRA 
LIDDEL + URNER 2B2New AFRA 
O KEEFEe« JOHN A 2B AFRA 
PAUL» FRED 3H AFRA 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


PLOTKINe HENRY H 2B 
REYNOLDS» ORR E 

STAUSS+ HENRY E& 78, 
SHIEFe EOWIS yg 2eE 
TEPPERs MORRIS 2wex 


1XNOD NAT OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER 
MYERSs WILLIAM H 


1XNSF NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 


CRANE*« LANGDON T JR 2B2G 
EDMUNDS+ LAFE R 2F 
ETZEL*« HOWARD w 2G 

MC MILLENe J HOWARD 2B 
PELL «+ WILLIAM H 2620 
ROBERTSON+s RANDAL M 2B2GeL 
RODNEYe WILLIAM S 283H 
SEEGER+ RAYMOND J 2B3F 3G 


1XOST OFFICE OF SCI & TECHNOLOGY 


1XSMI SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 


AYENSUs EDWARD S 2k 
BEDINIe+ SILVIO A Sr 
BLAKEs DORIS H (Aa 
BOWMANes THOMAS £& 2D 
COLLINSe HENRY B ae 
COOPER»s G ARTHUR 2H 
CORRELL« DAVID L CES 
EWERSe« JOHN C 2c 
FIELDe WILLIAM D “AZ 
FREEMANe MONROE E€ 2E2T 
GALLERe SIDNEY 2G 
HENDERSONs E P 2H 

MAe TE-HSIU 20 
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REININGs PRISCILLA 2c 
SHROPSHIRE e WALTER A 262K31 
STEWART» T DALE 2C2G 
WALLENe IRVIN E 2G 
WETMOREs+ ALEXANDER 202621 


1XTRA DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION 


CLEVENe G W 2B2G 
HOLSHOUSERse WILLIAM L 2G62U 


1XUST TARIFF COMMISSION 
GONET*s+ FRANK 2eE 


1XVET VETERANS ADMINISTRATION 
FUSILLO+ MATTHEW H 2G62Q 


2 EDUCATION 


2H HIGHER EDUCATION 
BEACHs PRISCILLA A 


BENNETTe WILLARD H 2B 


2HAMU) AMERICAN UNIVERSITY 


ALDRIDGEs MARY H 2B2E 
CALLENe EARL R 2B 
DAVISe CHARLES M JR 2z 
ISBELL+ HORACE S 2eE 
JACOBSs WALTER WwW 

MOOREs HARVEY C 2c 
RICEs« FREDERICK AH 2E2G2T 
SCHOTe STEVEN H 

SCHUBERTs+ LEO 2B2E3F 
SMITHe FALCONER 2B2T 


2HCIT CAPITOL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 


MASONe MARTIN A 2M202S 


2HCUA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA 
BIBERSTEIN»s FRANK A JR 2B82M2S 
DARWENT+ BASIL DE B 2B2eE 
FLANNERYs REGINA 


AFRA 
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159 


HELLERe ISIDORE AFRA STEARNe JOSEPH L AFRA 


HERZFELDe KARL F 2B AFRA STEINe ANTHONY C JR 2N AMRA 
HERZFELDs REGINA F 2c AFRA 
KENNEDYs E R 2620 AFRA 2HUMD UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 
LITOVITZe THEODORE A 2B AFRA AUSLANDER+e JOSEPH AFRA 
LYNNe W GARDNER 2B AFRA BAILEYe WILLIAM J 2e AFRA 
MOLLERe« RAYMOND w AFRA BECKMANNe ROBERT B 2E26 AFRA 
O BRIENe JOHN A 2K AFRA BENEDICTs WILLIAM S 3H AFRA 
TALBOTT» F LEO 2B263G AFRA BENESCHse WILLIAM 2B3H AFRA 
BICKLEYs WILLIAM E 2F2y AFRA 
2HFCC FEDERAL CITY COLLEGE BROWNs JOSHUA R C 2G AFRA 
LLOYDs DANIEL B 26 AFRA BROWNe RUSSELL G 262K AFRA 
BURGERS» JM 2B AFRA 
2HGEU GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY DAVIS» RF 262T AFRA 
BAKERe LOUIS C w 2E AFRA DOETSCHs RAYMOND N 2a AFRA 
CHAPMANe GEORGE B AFRA DOSSe MILDRED A 2p AFRA 
COLWELL» RR 2G62Q AFRA ELSASSER+» WALTER M 2B2G AFRA 
FARRE+ GEORGE L 3F AFRA FARR» MARION M 2p AFRA 
GRAYs IRVING AFRA FERRELtL+ RICHARD A 2G63G AFRA 
HEYDENe FRANCIS J 2B2G3G3H AFRA GALLOWAY* RAYMOND A 2G62K31 AFRA 
KOPPANYIe THEODORE 2T AFRA GARSTENSe HELEN L 26 AFRA 
LADOe ROBERT AFRA GLASSERe ROBERT G 2B2G AFRA 
LAMBERTON» BERENICE AMRA GREENBERG» LEON AFRA 
MAENGWYN-DAVIESe G D 2B2E2G62T AFRA HETRICKs FRANK 2a AMRA 
ROSE» JOHN C 212T AFRA HOLMGRENe HARRY D 2B AFRA 
SITTERLY* BANCROFT w 2B3G3H AFRA KRAUSSe ROBERT w 2K AFRA 
STEINHARDTe JACINTO 2E AFRA LANDSBERG» HELMUT E 2x AFRA 
THALERs WILLIAM J 2E3H AFRA LANGFORD+s GEORGE S 2F2Y AFRA 
VERNICKe SANFORD H AMRA LASTERe HOWARD J 2B3G AFRA 
LEJINSe PETER P 2k AFRA 
2HGWU GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LIPPINCOTT» ELLIS R 2B3H AFRA 
ADAMSe CAROLINE L 2K AMRA LOCKARDe J DAVID 31 AMRA 
AFFRONTI+ LEWIS 2Q2T AMRA MARTIN» MONROE H AFRA 
ALLANe FRANK D 26 AMRA MC INTOSHe ALLEN 2G2P AFRA 
BAILEYe J MARTIN 2Q2T AMRA MISNERe CHARLES w AFRA 
BROWNs THOMAS M 21 AFRA MYERSe RALPH D 2B AFRA 
CARROLL» THOMAS J 2B2N2Z3G3H AFRA PATTERSONe GLENN Ww 2E31 AFRA 
CRAFTONe PAUL A AFRA PELCZAR» MICHAEL J UR 2Q AFRA 
HANSENes IRA B 2D2G AFRA REEVEs E WILKINS 2E AFRA 
HOLLINSHEADe ARIEL C 2Q2T AFRA REINHARTs BRUCE L AFRA 
HUGHe RUDOLPH 2Q2T AFRA RIVELLO»s ROBERT M 202w AFRA 
KAISERe HANS E 26 AMRA ROBERTSe RICHARD C 26 AFRA 
KULLBACKe SOLOMON 2N AFRA SCHAMPs HOMER W JR 2B AFRA 
MANDEL « H GEORGE 2E2T AFRA STERNe WILLIAM L 2K AFRA 
MILTON» CHARLES 2H AMRA STIFEL+ PETER B 2G2H AMRA 
NAESERe CHARLES R 2E2H AFRA SYSKI« RYSZARD AFRA 
PARLETTe ROBERT C 2a AFRA TRAUBs ROBERT 2D2F 2P AFRA 
PERROSe THEODORE P 2B2E3F AFRA VANDERSLICEe J T 2B2E AFRA 
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TREADWELL» CARLETON R 2E2T AFRA ZWANZIGe ROBERT w 2B26G AFRA 
VAN EVERAe BENJAMIN D 2E2G6 AFRA 
WALTHERs CARL H 2625 AFRA 2S SECONDARY EDUCATION 
WEINTRAUB»s ROBERT L 2E2k2Q31 AFRA 
WOOD+ REUBEN £E 2E3E AFRA 2SARC ARLINGTON COUNTY SCHOOLS 
BRANDEWIE*s DONALD F AFRA 
2HHOU HOWARD UNIVERSITY KNIPLINGe PHOEBE H AFRA 
BARTONE»s JOHN C 2T AMRA 
BRANSON+ HERMAN 2B3G AFRA 2spDcP O C PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
BUGGSe CHARLES w 262Q2T AFRA DE BERRYe MARIAN B AMRA 
DAVIS» STEPHEN S 2620 AMRA HOPKINSs« STEPHEN AFRA 
FINLEYs HAROLD E 2D AFRA 
HANSBOROUGHs LOUIS A AMRA 2SFAC FAIRFAX COUNTY SCHOOLS 
HAWTHORNE» EDWARD Ww 212T AFRA 
JACKSONs JULIUS L 2B AFRA 2SMOC MONTGOMERY CO BD EDUCATION 
MEARSe FLORENCE M AFRA DIAMONDs PAULINE AFRA 
MENDLOWITZ*+ HAROLD AFRA JANI « LORRAINE L AMRA 
MORRIS*« JOSEPH B 2E AFRA JOHNSONe KEITH C AFRA 
MORRIS» KELSO B 2E AFRA 
SHERESHEFSKYe J LEON 2e AFRE 2SPGC PR GEORGES CO BD EDUCATION 
SPERLINGe FREDERICK eT AFRA MC KOWNe BARRETT L 2G AMRA 
TALBERT: PRESTON T 2E AFRA OWENSe HOWARD B 2D2F2G6 AFRA 
TAYLOR» MARIE C 2K31 AMRA SEEBOTHs CONRAD M 26 AMRA 
TAYLOR» MODDIE D 2€ AFRA 
WESTe WILLIAM L 2T3B AMRA 2SSTA ST ALBANS SCHOOL 
LEEe RICHARD H 3G AFRA 
2HMJC MONTGOMERY JUNIOR COLLEGE 
BREEDLOVE» C H JR 2eE AMRA 3 ASSOCIATIONS & INSTITUTIONS 


2HNVC N VIRGINIA COMMUNITY COL 3A ASSOCIATIONS 


160 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


3AAAS AMER ASSN FOR ADV OF SCIENCE 
MAYORe JOHN R 2G , AFRA 


WOLFLE+s DAEL AFRA 


3BAACS AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 
PASSERe MOSES 2eE AFRA 


3BAAPS AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSN 
ROSS» SHERMAN AFRA 
SASMORe ROBERT M 3J AFRA 


BADIS DAIRY INDUSTRIES SUPPLY ASSN 
WILLIAMSe DONALD H 3C AMRA 


BAESA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC OF AMERICA 


BUNNe RALPH Ww er AFRA 
LATTA» RANDALL 2F2G AFRE 
NELSONe R H 2F2G AFRE 


BAFAS FED AMER SOC EXPTL BIOL 
ZWEMERe RAYMUND L AFRE 


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FARROWe RICHARD P 2E2G63C AFRA 


3ANPL NATIONAL PLANNING ASSN 
WOODe MARSHALL K 3J4 AFRA 


3ANPV NAT PAINT VAR G LACQUER ASSN 
SCOFIELDe FRANCIS 2E3H AMRA 


3ANST NAT SCI TEACHERS ASSN 
CULBERT* DOROTHY K 2G AMRA 


3AOSA OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 
SANDERSONs JOHN A 2B3H AFRA 
WARGAs MARY E 2B2E2G3H AFRA 
3H HOSPITALS 


3HDCG D C GENERAL HOSPITAL 
PERKINSe LOUIS R AMRA 


31 INSTITUTIONS 


3IAPL APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY « JHU 


FONERe SAMUEL N 2B AFRA 
FOXe DAVID w AFRA 
GIBSONe RALPH E 2B2E2w AFRA 
GRAYs* ERNEST P 2B AFRA 
HILL « FREEMAN K 2B2Gew AFRA 
JENe CHIH K AFRA 
MAHANe ARCHIE I 2B AFRA 
MASSEYe JOSEPH T 2B2M AFRA 
MC CLURE» FRANK T 2B2E AFRA 
MONCHICKe LOUIS 2B2E AFRA 
WALKERse RONALD E 2Gew AFRA 


3IATC AMER TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION 


SICIW CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASH 


BOLTONe ELLIS T AFRA 
HASKINSe CARYL P 2E2F2G2R AFRA 
ROBERTSe RICHARD B AFRA 
YODERe HATTEN S JR 2E2H AFRA 


3ICIw SEE ALSO 3I1DTM & 3I1GEL 


3IO0TM DEPT TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISMe CIw 
RUBINe VERA C 2B AFRA 


3I1GEL GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORYe CIW 
ABELSON+ PHILIP H 2B2E2H2Q AFRA 
HOERINGe THOMAS C 2E2G2H AFRA 


3IGRI GILLETTE RESEARCH INST 


ALTERe HARVEY 2E AFRA 
BERCHe JULIAN 2ce AFRA 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


BURAS+ EDMUND M JR 
ELLISONs ALFRED H 
FOURTe« LYMAN 
HOLLIES» NORMAN R S 
KRASNY« JOHN F 
MENKART« JOHN H 
RADERe CHARLES A 
SCHWARTZs ANTHONY M 
WOLFRAMs LESZEK J 


Tad 
2E 
2e 
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2E 
2E 
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7) Si 


311CE AMER INST OF CROP ECOLOGY 


NUTTONSON+s M Y 


2K 


3I11DA INST FOR DEFENSE ANALYSIS 


LEIKINDs MORRIS C 


SF 


31JBS JOINT BD ON SCIENCE EDUCATION 


EDMUNDSe WADE M 


2G62M2N3B 


3BINAS NAT ACADEMY SCIENCES = NRC 


COOLIOGE*« HAROLD J 
DE CARLO». MICHAEL 
GRISAMORE+ NELSON T 


GROVES+« DONALD G 
KLINGSBERGe CYRUS 


MARSHALL «+ LOUISE H 
SCHOONOVERs IRL C 
STEVENSe RUSSELL 8B 
TAYLORe LAURISTON S 


WEYL « F JOACHIM 


2G 
2G 
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3D 


2B2E 
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2B 


3INGS NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 


CARMICHAEL + LEONARD 
CROSSETTEs GEORGE 


2B2G2I2T3F 
2G62J2L2R 


31SCP STRUCT CLAY PROD RES FOUND 


WATSTEINe DAVID 


31WAC WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL 


HAMILTONs MICHAEL 


4 


3IWMI WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 


GABRIELSONe IRA N 


4 SELF-EMPLOYED 


4CONS CONSULTANTS 
ASLAKSONs CARL I 
BATEMANe ALAN M 
BENNETT«s« MARTIN T 
BLUM» WILLIAM 
BYERLYe PERRY 
DIEHL« WALTER S 
EDDY*+ NATHAN B 
FULTONe ROBERT A 
GARYe ROBERT 
GRATONe LOUIS C 
HARRISONe WILLIAM N 
HICKSe VICTOR 
HINMAN>» WILBUR S JR 
HOWE + PAUL E 
INSLEYe HERBERT 
LARRIMERe WALTER H 
LE CLERGe ERWIN L 
LOGANe HUGH L 
LORINGs BLAKE M 


MC MURDIE*® HOWARD F 


MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD 


NOLLA»s JOSE A B 
PAGE+ ROBERT M 
PHILLIPSe MARCELLA L 
REICHELDERFERe F W 
REINHARTs FRANK w 
ROSENBLATTe DAVID 
SHEPARDe HAROLD H 
SLOCUMese GLENN G 

ST GEORGEe« RAYMOND A 


STEVENSONe FREDERICK J 


INSTITUTE 
2G 


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161 


TEELE*s+ RAY P 2B2G3H AFRA ORDWAYe FRED D JR 2E3D AFRA 
THOMASe JAMES L AFRA 


VOLWILERe ERNEST H 2G AFNA 5MIAS MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES 
WEBERe EUGENE w 2G2M2R2S AFRA WARDe THOMAS G 2Q2T AFRA 
WEIHEse WERNER K 2G3H AFRA 
WEIL e« GEORGE L 3B AFRA SOVUEN OUTLOOK ENGINEERING CORP 
WILSONe BRUCE L 2B2G AFRA YOUNGe CLINTON J T 3H AMRA 
WORKMANe WILLIAM G 2621 AFRE 
WYMANe LEROY L 262U3L AFRA 5PORB POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU 
COOK e ROBERT C 2K AFRA 
4PHYS PHYSICIANS : 
BERNTONe HARRY S 21 AFRA SRACO RAND CORPORATION 
BURKE+ FREDERIC G 2! AFRA SMITHe PAUL A 26G2H2S2w AFRA 
DRAEGER»+ R HAROLD AFNE 
GANTe JAMES @Q JR 2G6G212x AMRA 5RAYC RAYTHEON CORPORATION 
STILLe JOSEPH w AFNA SPOONERe CHARLES S JR 2G AFRA 
4X MISCELLANEOUS SELF-EMPLOYED SREAN RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORP 
AXILRODe BENJAMIN M 2B AFRA WATSONe BERNARD B 2G63G AFRA 
5 BUSINESS CONCERNS 5 SURE SURVEYS & RESEARCH CORP 
RICE* STUART A AFRA 
5 AARC ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORP 
SMITHse ROBERT C JR 2E2w AFRA STELE TELEDYNE INC 
DEMUTHe HAL P 2R AFRA 


S5APSY APPLIED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY 
STRWS TRW SYSTEMS GROUP 


SARCO AUVERBACH CORP BRANDTNER» FRIEDRICH J 2G2H AMRA 
CLARK» GEORGE E JR AFRA 
SVAEN VALUE ENGINEERING CO 
SASPR ASSOCIATED PRESS WEINBERGe HAROLD P 2uU31 AFRA 
CAREYe FRANCIS E& AFRA 
SWAPO WASHINGTON POST 
5BIRE BIONETICS RESEARCH LABS HASELTINEs NATE 2x AFRA 
PALLOTTAe ARTHUR J 2E2T AMRA 


6 FOREIGN & INTERNATIONAL 
SBOEN BOWLES ENGINEERING CO 


BOWLESe* ROMALD E 26202w3Kk AFRA 6FAOR FOOD & AGRICULTURE ORGe UN 
DAWSONe ROY C 2a AFRA 
S5CODC CONTROL DATA CORP LINGe LEE AFNA 
RABINOWe JACOB 2N AFRA 
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SENDE ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT INC MIZELL« LOUIS R AFNA 
MC CABEse LOUIS C 2E2G2R AFRA 
6MOCO MONOCAN CONSULATE 
5GEEL GENERAL ELECTRIC CO SCHERTENLEIBe CHARLES 26 AMRA 
ELLIOTTe FRANCIS E AFRA 
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SIMMONSe LANSING G 2s AFRA ADAMSe« ELLIOT Q@ AFNE 
WOLFF e EDWARD A 2G2N2wex AFRA ALLISONe FRANKLIN E 2E2G6 AFRE 
ANDERSONe MYRON S 2 AFRA 
5HALA HAZELTON LABORATORIES APPELe WILLIAM D 2E2G AF NE 
GARGUS+. JAMES L AMRA ASTINe ALLEN Vv 2B2N2W3K AFRA 
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HUNTER» RICHARD S 2G63C3H AFRA BEIJ+ K HILDING a) AFNL 
BEKKEDAHL « NORMAN 2B2E2G AFNE 
SITTC INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE & TELEG BENNETTe JOHN A 2u AFRA 
VIGUE*s KENNETH J 2N3G AMRA BIRCKNERe VICTOR AFRE 
BISHOPP. FRED C 2F2G6 AFNE | 
5JOGI JOSEPH GILLMAN ASSOCIATES BORTHWICKe HARRY A 2D2K31 AFRE 
GILLMANe JOSEPH L JR 2E2G2M202U AFRA BRECKENRIDGEe F C 2B3H AFRA 
BRICKWEDDEe F G 28 AFNL 
5KEAS KETTELLE ASSOCIATES INC BROMBACHERe w G 2B3K AFRE 
RANDOLPH. WILLIAM D AMRA BROWN+ EDGAR 202k AFRE 
MOSHMAN»s JACK 3u AMRA BURKEYe LLOYD A 2a AFRE 
CALDWELL» FRANK R 2B2G AFRE 
SLIPR LIQUIDS PROCESS CO CAMPBELLe FRANK L 2F2y AFRA 
ROLLER» PAUL S 2B2E2G AFRA CARDERe DEAN S AFNE 
CASHs EDITH K 2k AFRE 
5LITT LITTON INDUSTRIES CHALKLEYs HAROLD w 2T AFRE 
CRETSOSe JAMES M 2E AMRA CHAPLINEe WR 262K2L AFRE 
CLAIRE» CHARLES N 2B2M AFRA 
5MELP MELPAR INC CLARK+s KENNETH G 2526 AFRE 
CAMPANELLAe S JOSEPH AFRA CLAUSENe CURTIS P 2F AFNE 
MORTONs JOHN D 2x AFRA CONGERe PAUL S AFRE 


162 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


COOKEs C WYTHE 
COOLIDGE+ WILLIAM D 
COONSe« GEORGE H 
COOPER. STEWART R 
CORY+ ERNEST N 
CRAGOEs CARL S 
CULL INANe FRANK P 
CURRANese HAROLD R 
CURRIERe \LOUIS w 
CURTISSe LEON F 
DAVISe MARION M 
DAVISe RAYMOND 
DEBORD+ GEORGE G 
DERMEN+s HAIG 
DIEHL + WILLIAM w 
DIGGESe THOMAS G 
DOFT+ FLOYD S 
DRECHSLERs CHARLES 
DUERKSENe JACOB A 
DUTILLY+ ARTHEME 
ECKERTe Ww J 
ECKHARDTe E A 
ELLINGERs GEORGE A 
ELLIOTTse CHARLOTTE 
ELLIS* NED R 
EMERSONs WALTER B 
FIVAZ+ ALFRED E 
FOOTEs« PAUL D 
FULLMERe IRVIN H 
GAFAFERe WILLIAM M 
GALTSOFFs PAUL S 
GARDNERe IRVINE C 
GELLERe ROMAN F 
GIBSONe JOHN E 
GIBSONe+ KASSON S 
GISH» OLIVER H 
GODFREYs THEODORE 8B 
GOLDBERGe MICHAEL 
GORDONe CHARLES L 
GRAF e« JOHN E 

HALLe R CLIFFORD 
HALLERe HERBERT L 
HAMBLETONs EDSON J 
HARDER» E C 


HENDERSON+s MALCOLM C 
HENDERSON+s MALCOLM C 


HICKLEY+ THOMAS J 


HOLL INGSHEAD+s ROBERT S 


HOUGHse FLOYD W 
HUBBARDe« DONALD 
HUNTERe GEORGE w III 
HUNTOON+ ROBERT D 


JACKSONs HARTLEY H T 


JACOBs KENNETH D 
JENKINSe ANNA E 
JESSUP» RALPH S 
JOHNSTONe FRANCIS E 
JUDDe NEIL M 
JUDSONe LEWIS v 
JUHNe MARY 

KARRERe ANNIE M H 
KARRERe SEBASTIAN 
KAUFMANe H PAUL 
KENNARDe RALPH B 
KINNEYe JAY P 
KNOPF e ELEANORA B 
KNOWLTONe KATHRYN 
KULLERUDe GUNNAR 
LAMBERT+s EDMUND B 
LANGe WALTER B 
LAPHAMs EVAN G 
LINDQUIST+* ARTHUR WwW 
LINDSEYs+ IRVING 
MADORSKYs* SAMUEL L 
MARTINe JOHN H 
MATLACKs MARION B 
MAUSS~* BESSE D 


MC CLAINe EDWARD F JR 


2H AF NE 

AFNA 
2k AFRE 

AFRE 
2F2y AFRE 
2B2G AFRE 
262K31 AFRE 
2Q AFRE 
2H AFNE 
2B AFNE 
2E2G AFRL 
2B2E AFRE 
262Q AFNE 
2K AFRE 
202K AFRE 
2uU AFRE 
2E2G2T AFRE 
262K AFRA 
2B2G AFRE 
2K AF NE 

AFNA 
2B AFNE 
2G AFRE 

AF NE 
2E2T AFRE 
2G63H AFRE 
262L AFRE 
2B3H3L AFRA 
2B26G20 AFRA 

AFNE 
2D AFNE 
2B2G3H AFRE 
2B2G63D AFRE 

AFNE 
2B2G63H AFRE 
2B2G AFNE 

AFRE 
2B AFRA 
2B2E2G AFRA 
2D2F2G AFRA 
2u AFRE 
2E2F 2Ge2yY AFRA 
2D2F2G AFRA 
2G2H3L AFNA 
2B2G62Z3B83F AFNA 
3G AFNA 
2N AFRA 

AFRE 
2G AFNA 
2E2G3H AFRA 
2G2P ~AFNE 

AFRA 
2D AFRE 
2eE AFRA 
2D2G62K3F AMNE 
2B2G AFRA 
2B AFRE 
2G62C AFRE 
2B2G AFNE 

AFRA 

AFRE 
2B2E2G3G3H AFRA 
2M AFNA 
2B2G3G3H AFRE 
Ze AFNE 

AF NE 
2E2T AFRA 
2G AFRA 
262K AFRE 
2G62H AFRE 
2B AFNE 
2G AFNA 

AFRE 
2E AFRE 
2G AFNE 
2E2G AFRE 

AFRA 
2Nn AFRA 

1969 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 


MC CLUREs FRANK J 
MC KEE*+ SAMUEL A 

MC KIBBENs EUGENE G 
MC KINNEYe« HAROLD H 
MC PHEEs HUGH C 
MERRIAMs CARROLL F 
MERZ* ALBERT R 
MEYERHOFFe HOWARD A 
MIDDLETONe+e HOWARD E 
MILLER» CARL F 
MILLERe J CHARLES 
MOHLERe FRED L 


MOLLARI» MARIO 
MORRISS* DONALD J 


NEPOMUCENE+ SR ST JOHN 


NICKERSON+ DOROTHY 
NIKIFOROFFs C C 

O NEILt+ HUGH T 
OBOURN+ ELLSWORTH § 
OSGOOD» WILLIAM R 
PAGE» BENJAMIN L 
PARK» J HOWARD 
PARR» LELAND w 
POLINGs AUSTIN C 
POOS+ FRED w 

POPE+ MERRITT N 
POPENCE+ WILSON 
RANDS+ ROBERT D 
RAPPLEYE+ HOWARD S 
READINGe OLIVER S 
REED+ WILLIAM D 
REID» MARY E 
RICKERs PERCY L 
RIDDLE» OSCAR 
ROBERTS» ELLIOTT B 
ROCK» GEORGE D 
RODENHISER+ HERMAN A 
ROGERS» LORE A 
ROTHs FRANK L 
RYERSON+ KNOWLES A 
SCHMITT+ WALDO L 
SCHUBAUER» GALEN B 
SCHULTZs EUGENE S 
SCHWARTZ+ BENJAMIN 
SCOTTs« ARNOLD H 
SERVICEs JERRY H 
SETZLER+ FRANK M 
SHALOWITZ»+ AARON L 
SIEGLER» EDOUARD H 
SMITHs EDGAR R 
SMITHe FRANCIS A 
SMITHe NATHAN R 
SNOKE + HUBERT R 
SPENCERe ROSCOE R 
SPICER» H CECIL 
STAIR» RALPH 
STEPHENS+ ROBERT E 
STEVENSe HENRY 
STEVENSON+ JOHN A 
STIEBELINGse HAZEL K 
STIMSON+ HAROLD F 
STIRLING» MATHEW W 
SUTCLIFFE* WALTER D 
SWICKe CLARENCE H 
SWINDELLS* JAMES F 
TILDEN» EVELYN B 
TITUSe HARRY W 
TODD+ FRANK E 
TORRESONe OSCAR w 
VACHER+ HERBERT C 
VINAL+ GEORGE w 
WALKER+ EGBERT H 
WALSHe MARTHA L 
WALTONe WILLIAM W SR 
WARD+ HENRY P 
WATTSe CHESTER B 
WEAVER+ ELMER R 
WEIDAs FRANK M 


2G62T2V 


2M 
262K2G31 
2G 


2eE 
2G62H 


2C2G 
2H3L 
2B2G3H 
2D02F 2p 


2F2G62Y 
2K 
2DeuL 
262K 


2B2G2M2R2S 


2B 
2F2G2Y 
2KeT 


2B2G 


2K 
2a 
2G 
2G 
2D 
2Bew 
2G 


2B2G2N 
2G 
2B2C2G 
2R 
2F2G2yY 
2E 
2G 
2G62K2Q 


2T 

2H 

2G 
2B3H 
2E262T 
262K 
2E 
2B2G 
2C2G 
2B2G2Me2R 
2B2G2M 
2B2G 
2G 

2G 


2G 


2B2G 
2K 
2e 
ra 
2E2G 
2B2G 
2E2G 
2B 


AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFNA 
AFRE 
AFNA 
AFNE 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AMRE 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFNA 
AFRE 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRF 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRE 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRE 


163 


WEIDLEINe EDWARD R 
WEISSe FREEMAN A 
WHERRY»s EDGAR T 
WHITE*s CHARLES E 
WHITE*« ORLAND E 
WHITTAKERs COLIN w 
WICHERS» EDWARD 
WULF» OLIVER R 
YEOMANS» ALFRED H 
YOCUMs L EDWIN 
YOUDEN» WILLIAM J 
YUILL*« JOSEPH S 
ZELENYe LAWRENCE 
ZIES* EMANUEL G 
ZOCHs RICHMOND T 


2Q 


2E 


2e 
2e 


2K 
2B2E2G 
2F2G62yY 
2G 
2E2G2H 


8BNRNC NONRESIDENTs EMPLOYER NOT 


ALLENe HARRY C JR 
AXLERe MARJORIE F 
BARBEAUs MARIUS 
BIRD» HR 

BLANCe MILTON L 
BOEKs»s JEAN K 
BOGLEs ROBERT w 


BRECKENRIDGEs ROBERT G 


BREGERe IRVING A 
BREIT+ GREGORY 
CARL STONs RICHARD C 
CHEZEMe CURTIS G 
CODLINGe KEITH 
COMPTONe W DALE 
CORNFIELDe JEROME 
COTTAMe CLARENCE 
DAVENPORTe« JAMES C 
DE FERIETs J KAMPE 
DEHL « RONALD E 

DI MARZIO«e E A 

OU PONTe JOHN E 
DUPONT+ JEAN R 
EGLI»« PAUL H 
ESTERMANNe IMMANUEL 
EVANSe W OUANE 
FELSENFELO+ OSCAR 
GATES+« GE 

GORDON» RUTH E 
GOULDe IRA A 
HAKALAe REINO w 
HALL « E RAYMOND 
HALSTEADe BRUCE w 
HAMMONDe H DAVID 
HANDe CADET H UR 
HANSENe LOUIS S 
HARRISe MILTON 
HEINRICHe KURT F 
HEMENWAYs CARL 
HERMANe ROBERT C 
HERSEYse MAYO D 
HIATTs« CASPAR w 
HICKOXe*« GEORGE H 
HORNIGs DONALD F 
HUNDLEYe JAMES M 
HUTCHINSe LEE M 
IMAI*« ISAO 

IRWIN» GEORGE R 
JAMES~+ LH 

JAMESe MAURICE T 
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T 
JONES*« HENRY A 
JORDAN>» GARY B 
JORDANe REGINALD C 
KARR» PHILIP R 
KEGELES» GERSON 
LAMB+ FRANK W 


LEINER» ALAN L 
LEVYs SAMUEL 


164 


2B2E2G 
2B 


2c 
2B2G 


2G62U3E 


2D2G 


2T 
2B 
2G 


2D 
2Q 


2D2G 
2G62T 
2k 
2G 
2vV 
2eE 


2B 
2B 


2G 


2Keu 


2B2G 


2F 
2F2G 


2N 


2G 


AFNE 
AFNE 
AFNE 
AFRE 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFNE 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRE 
AFRA 


CODED 
AFRA 
AMNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNL 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AMNA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AMNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AMNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFRA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNL 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AMNA 
AMRA 
AFNA 
AFNA 
AFNA 


AFNA 
AFNA 


LIe HUI-LIN 


LILLYe JOHN C 2N2Z3H 
LONGs AUSTIN 

LUDFORDe GEOFFREY S S 

LYMANe JOHN 

LYNCHse THOMAS Jee MRS 
MARCUSe MARVIN 2G 
MARGOSHES+ MARVIN 2eE 
MARTINe« GEORGE WwW 

MARZKEs OSCAR T 2U3L 
MASONe EDWARD A 

MC BRIDE« GORDON Ww 

MC KENZIE*+ LAWSON M 2B 
MITTLEMANe DON 2B 
NOYES+ HOWARD E 2Q2T 
OEHSERe PAUL H 


OLIPHANT+ MALCOLM w 


OVERTONs WILLIAM C JR 2B2G 


PATTERSONe MARGARET €E 


PAYNE «+ LAWRENCE E 
PIGMANe wW WARD 


PIKLe 


JOSEF 


PIOREs E R 2B 
POTTSe BL 


REED e 
RITTe 


JOHN C 
PAUL E 


RITTSe ROY E JR 


RIVLIN» RONALD S 

ROSSINI» FREDERICK D 28 
RUBEYs WILLIAM w 2H 
RUSSELL+ RICHARD W 

SCOTT» DAVID B 2v 
SEITZ» FREDERICK 3L 
SHAWs JOSEPH C 2T 


SHIMKINe DEMITRI B 
SHMUKLERe LEON 
SILBERSCHMIOT+ KARL M 
SIMHAs ROBERT 

SLACKe LEWIS 


SMITHse BLANCHARD D 2G2N 
SMITHe HENRY L JR 2c 
SONNe MARTIN 

SOOKNE« ARNOLD M 2E 


STAKMAN» E C 
STEVENSe ROLLIN E 
STROMBERG+ ROBERT R 


SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 2E2uev 

SWINGLE*« CHARLES F 

TAUSSKYe OLGA 

TEAL + GORDON K 

THABARAJse G J 

THOMPSONe JACK C 2x 

THURMANe ERNESTINE 8B 2F2G 

TILLYERe E D 

TOLL e+ JOHN S 

TULANEe VICTOR J 

TUNELL e+ GEORGE 2H 

VANGELIe MARIO G 2G 

VESTINEe E H 

VINTI« JOHN P 2B2G 

VON HIPPELe ARTHUR 2G 

WELLMANe FREDERICK L 

WILSONe RAYMOND E 2B2G 

WINTe CECIL T 

YOUNGe DAVID A JR 2F 

ZELENe MARVIN 2G 
Q9CLUN CLASSIFICATION UNKNOWN 

CASSIDY+ MARIE M 

HESSe WALTER C 2E2G2T2V 

VAN EVERA»s R W 3G3L 
ONCOC NOT CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION 


PEACOCKs ELIZABETH D 
SOKOLOV+s+ FRANK L 


2B2D2I3F 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


2B 


Classification by Membership in Affiliated Societies 


2B PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON FRENKIEL*« FRANCOIS N 1DNSR AFRA 
ABBOT» CHARLES G TRETD AFRE FULLMER+s IRVIN H 7RETD AFRA 
ABELSONe PHILIP H 3I1GEL AFRA : FURUKAWA» GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA 
ABRAHAMe GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA GARDNER: IRVINE C 7RETD AFRE 
AHEARN» ARTHUR J 1CNBS AFRA GARNER» CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE 
ALDRIDGE» MARY H 2HAMU AFRA GELLER» ROMAN F 7RETD AFRE 
ALLENe HARRY C JR 8NRNC AFRA GHAFFARI« ABOLGHASSEM 1XNAS AFRL 
APSTEINe MAURICE 1DAHD AFRA GIBSONe KASSON S 7RETD AFRE 
ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T 1CNBS AFRA GIBSONe RALPH E 3IAPL AFRA 
ARSEMe COLLINS 1DAHD AMRA GISH» OLIVER H 7JRETO AFNE 
ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS AFRA GLASSER» ROBERT G 2HUMD AFRA 
ASTINe ALLEN V 7TRETD AFRA GOLDBERGe MICHAEL 7RETD AFRA 
AXILROD:s BENJAMIN M ax AFRA GORDONes CHARLES L 7RETD AFRA 
AXLER»s MARJORIE F BNRNC AMNA GRAYs ERNEST P 31APL AFRA 
BARBROWe LOUIS E 1CNBS AFRA GREENSPAN+s MARTIN 1CNBS AFRA 
BASSe ARNOLD M 1CNBS AFRA GRISAMORE+ NELSON T 3INAS AFRA 
BEACHe LOUIS A 1ONRL AFRA GUILDNERe LESLIE A 1CNBS AFRA 
BECKETTs CHARLES W 1CNBS AFRA HALL» WAYNE C 1DNRL AFRA 
BEIJ» K HILDING 7RETD AFNL HAMMERSCHMIDTe WM W 1D-S AMRA 
BEKKEDAHL « NORMAN JRETD AFNE HARRINGTONe MARSHALL C 1DFOS AFRA 
BELSHEIMe ROBERT O 1DNRL AFRA HARRISONe WILLIAM N 4CONS AFRA 
BENESCHe WILLIAM 2HUMD AFRA HARTMANNe GREGORY K 1DNOL AFRA 
BENNETT» WILLARD H 2H AFNA HAUPTMAN+ HERBERT 1DNRL AFRA 
BERLINER» ROBERT Ww LHNIH AFRA HENDERSONs+s MALCOLM C 7RETD AFNA 
BESTULs ALDEN B 1CNBS AFRA HERMAN+ ROBERT C 8NRNC AFNA 
BIBERSTEINe FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA HERSEYs MAYO D BNRNC AFNA 
BLOOMs MORTIMER C 1DNRL AFRA HERZFELDe KARL F 2HCUA AFRA 
BOGLE+ ROBERT w BNRNC AFNA HEYDENe FRANCIS J 2HGEU AFRA 
BRAATEN» NORMAN F 1CESS AFRA HILLe« FREEMAN K 31APL AFRA 
BRANSON» HERMAN 2HHOU AFRA HILSENRATHe JOSEPH 1CNBS AFRA 
BRECKENRIDGE» F C 7RETD AFRA HOBBSe ROBERT B 1XGPO AFRA 
BRICKWEDDEe F G 7RETD AFNL HOFFMANe JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA 
BROMBACHERe Ww G TRETD AFRE HOGE* HAROLD J 1 DAX AFNA 
BURGERS» JM 2HUMD AFRA HOLMGRENe HARRY D 2HUMD AFRA 
BURINGTONs RICHARD 5S 1DNAS AFRA HONIG+ JOHN G 1DACS AFRA 
CALDWELL» FRANK R TRETD AFRE HOOVER»: JOHN I 1DNRL AFRA 
CALLEN» EARL R 2HAMU AFRA HORTONe BILLY M 1DAHD AFRA 
CAMERON» JOSEPH M 1CNBS AFRA HUMPHREYSe CURTIS J 1DNOL AFNA 
CANNONe E Ww 1CNBS AFRA HUNTERe WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA 
CARMICHAEL « LEONARD 3INGS AFRA INSLEYs HERBERT 4CONS AFRA 
CARROLL» THOMAS J 2HGWU AFRA IRWINe GEORGE R 8NRNC AFNA 
CLAIRE» CHARLES N 7RETD AFRA JACKSONe JULIUS L 2HHOU AFRA 
CLEVENs G wW 1XTRA AFRA JESSUPe RALPH S 7RETD AFRA 
COHNe ROBERT 1DNHS AFRA JOHNSONes DANIEL P 1CNBS AFRA 
COLE + KENNETH S JHNIH AFRA JOHNSTONe FRANCIS E 7TRETD AFRE 
COOK» HAROLD T 1ARMR AFRA JUDDe DEANE B 1CNBS AFRA 
COOKs RICHARD K 1CESS AFRA JUDSONs LEWIS v 7RETD AFNE 
COSTRELLe LOUIS 1CNBS AFRA KALMUSe HENRY P 1DAHD AFRA 
CRAGOE.s CARL S 7RETD AFRE KARLE*+ JEROME 1ONRL AFRA 
CRANE» LANGDON T JR 1XNSF  AFRA KARRER* SEBASTIAN 7RETO AFRA 
CRAVEN. JOHN P 1DNSP AFRA KENNARDe RALPH B TRETO AFRE 
CURTISSe LEON F 7RETD AFNE KESSLERe KARL G 1CNBS AFRA 
DARWENTe BASIL DE B 2HCUA AFRA KEULEGANe GARBIS H 1DAXx AFNA 
DAVIS* RAYMOND 7RETD AFRE KLEBANOFFe PHILIP S 1CNBS AFRA 
DAVISSON»s JAMES w 1DNRL AFRA KLUTE*® CHARLES H 1DAHD AFRA 
DE PACKHs DAVID C 1DNRL AFRA KOLB+ ALAN C 1DNRL AFRA 
DE WITe ROLAND 1CNBS AFRA KOSTKOWSKIe HENRY J 1CNBS AFRA 
DIAMOND» JACOB J 1CNBS AFRA KURZWEGe HERMAN H 1XNAS AFRA 
DOUGLAS+* CHARLES A 1CNBS AFRA LANDER+ JAMES F 1CESS AFRA 
DUERKSENe JACOB A 7RETD AFRE LAPHAMe EVAN G 7RETD AFNE 
DUNNINGe KENNETH L 1DNRL AFRA LASHOFe THEODORE W 1CNBS AFRA 
ECKHARDTe E A 7JRETD AFNE LASTER» HOWARD J 2HUMD AFRA 
EISENHART+ CHURCHILL 1CNBS AFRA LIDDEL + URNER 1XNAS AFRA 
ELBOURN+ ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA LIPPINCOTTe ELLIS R 2HUMD AFRA 
ELSASSERs WALTER M 2HUMD AFRA LITOVITZe THEODORE A 2HCUA AFRA 
ESTERMANNe IMMANUEL 8NRNC AFNA LYNNe W GARDNER 2HCUA AFRA 
FAUSTe WILLIAM R 1DNRL AFRA MAENGWYN=DAVIESe G D 2HGEU AFRA 
FONER« SAMUEL N 3IAPL AFRA MAHAN+ ARCHIE I 3IAPL AFRA 
FOOTE+ PAUL D 7FRETD AFRA MALONEYe CLIFFORD J 1HNIH AFRA 
FORZIATIe« ALPHONSE F LIWwePC AFRA MANDEL + JOHN 1CNBS AFRA 
FRAPSs RICHARD M LARFR AFRA MARSHALL + WADE H 1HNIH AFRA 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 165 


2B-2E 


MARTONe L 

MARVINe ROBERT 
MASONs® HENRY L 
MASSEYs« JOSEPH 
MAXWELL» LOUIS 
MAYER+e CORNELL 


MC CLUREe FRANK T 

MC ELHINNEYe JOHN 

MC KENZIE« LAWSON M 
MC MILLENe J HOWARD 
MC NESBYe JAMES R 

MC PHERSONs» ARCHIBALD 


MEARS»« THOMAS w 


MICKEY» WENDELL V 
MILLIKENe LEWIS T 


MITTLEMANe DON 
MOHLERse FRED L 
MONCHICKe LOUIS 


MUEHLHAUSE « CARL O 
MURPHY» LEONARD M 


MYERS» RALPH D 
O KEEFEe« JOHN A 


OBOURNe ELLSWORTH S 


OEHSERe PAUL H 


OVERTONs WILLIAM C JR 


T 
R 
H 


PAGEs BENJAMIN L 


PAGEs CHESTER H 


PEISERe H STEFFEN 
PERROSes THEODORE P 
PHILLIPSe MARCELLA L 


PIOREs E R 

PLOTKINe HENRY 
POLACHEKe HARRY 
RADO+« GEORGE T 
RAMBERG» WALTER 


RAPPLEYEe« HOWARD S 
READINGe OLIVER S 

F WwW 
RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 
ROBERTSe ELLIOTT B 
ROBERTSONe RANDAL M 
RODNEYe« WILLIAM S 


REICHELNERFER. 


ROLLERe PAUL S 


ROSENBLATTe DAVID 
ROSENBLATT+ JOAN R 
ROSSINI« FREDERICK D 


ROTKINe ISRAEL 
RUBIN» ROBERT J 
RUBINe VERA C 


RUFF e ARTHUR W JR 
SANDERSONe JOHN A 
SAYLOR» CHARLES P 
SCHAMPs+ HOMER W JR 


SCHEERe MILTON 


SCHINDLER» ALBERT I 
SCHOONOVERe IRL C 
SCHUBAUERe+ GALEN 8B 


SCHUBERTs LEO 


SCHULMANe JAMES H 


SCOTT» ARNOLD H 


SEEGERe RAYMOND J 


H 


D 


SETZL=ERe FRANK M 


SHAPIROs MAURICE M 
SHERLINe GROVER C 
SILVERMANe SHIRLEIGH 
SITTERLYs BANCROFT w 
SITTERLYs CHARLOTTE M 


SLAWSKYs ZAKA I 
SMITHse FALCONER 
SMITHs PAUL L 
SMITHse SIONEY T 
SOMMER» HELMUT 
SPECHT+ HEINZ 


STEPHENS» ROBERT E 
STIEHLERe ROBERT D 


STILLERe BERTRAM 


STIMSON+ HAROLD F 
SUTCLIFFE» WALTER D 


166 


1CNBS 
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SWICKse CLARENCE H 


SWINDELLSe JAMES F 


TALBOTTe F LEO 
TATE* DOUGLAS R 
TEELEs RAY P 

TOUSEYe RICHARD 


VAN TUYLe+« ANDREW H 


VANDERSLICEse J T 
VINALe GEORGE w 
VINTI» JOHN P 


WACHTMANe JOHN B JR 


WARGA»s MARY E 
WATTSe CHESTER B 
WEIDAs FRANK M 
WEISSe FRANCIS J 


WEISSBERG» SAMUEL G 


WEISSLERe ALFRED 
WEXLFRe ARNOLD 
WEYL» F JOACHIM 


WHITTENe CHARLES A 
WIEDEMANNe HOWARD M 
WILDHACKs WILLIAM A 


WILSON» BRUCE L 

WILSONe RAYMOND E 
WwOOD+ LAWRENCE A 
YOUDENe WILLIAM J 
ZWANZIG»s ROBERT wW 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASH 


BOEKse JEAN K 
COLLINSe HENRY B 
EWERSe JOHN C 


HERZFELDe REGINA F 


JUDD>+ NEIL M 
MILLERe CARL F 
MOOREe HARVEY C 


REININGe PRISCILLA 


SETZLERe FRANK M 
SMITHe HENRY L JR 
STEWARTe T DALE 


STIRLINGe MATHEW W 
2D BIQLOGICAL SOCIETY OF 


ALORICHe JOHN W 
BARSSe HOWARD P 


BORTHWICKe HARRY A 


BOWMANs THOMAS E 
BROWNe EDGAR 
COTTAM, CLARENCE 
DIEHL*+ WILLIAM w 
FINLEYs HAROLD E 
GALTSOFFe PAUL S 
GATESe GE 

GRAF» JOHN E 
GURNEY+ ASHLEY 8 
HALL» E RAYMOND 


HAMBLETONe EDSON J 


HANSENe IRA B 
HOWEe« PAUL E 


JACKSONe HARTLEY H T 


JENKINSe ANNA E 
MAe TE-HSIU 
MOLLARI+s+ MARIO 


MUESEBECKe CARL F W 


OEHSERe PAUL H 
OWENSe HOWARD B 
PARKERe KENNETH w 
POPENOEs WILSON 
RAUSCHe ROBERT 
REHDERe. HARALD A 
RIOCHe DAVID M 
RUSSELL» LOUISE M™ 
SCHMITTe WALDO L 


ST GEORGE*+ RAYMOND A 


TRAUBe ROBERT 
WEISSe FRANCIS J 


WETMOREe ALEXANDER 


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CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 
3IGEL AFRA 


ABELSONe PHILIP H 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


ALDRIDGE. MARY H 
ALEXANDERe ALLEN L 


ALEXANDERe BENJAMIN H 


ALLENs HARRY C JR 


ALLISONe FRANKLIN E 


ALTERe HARVEY 
ANDERSON» MYRON S 


ANDERSONe WENDELL L 


APPELe WILLIAM D 


ARMSTRONGe GEORGE T 


BAILEYs WILLIAM J 
BAKERs LOUIS C Ww 
BATESe ROGER G 
BEACHAMe LOWRIE M 
BECKER». EDWIN D 
BECKETT» CHARLES wW 
BECKMANNe ROBERT B 
BEKKEDAHL .« NORMAN 
BENDERe MAURICE 
BENNETT» MARTIN T 
BERCHe JULIAN 
BEROZA« MORTON S 
BIZZELLe« OSCAR M 
BLANKe CHARLES A 
BLOCKe STANLEY 
BLOOMse MORTIMER C 
BLUMe WILLIAM 
BRAUERe GERHARD M 
BREEDLOVEs C H JR 
BRENNERe ABNER 
BRUCKe STEPHEN D 
BURAS+ EDMUND M JR 
BURK+ DEAN 


CARHARTs HOMER wW 
CARROLL+ WILLIAM R 
CARRONe MAXWELL K 
CASSEL. JAMES M 
CAUL + HAROLD vu 
CHEEK» CONRAD H 
CLARK» KENNETH G 
COHN* ERNST M 
CORRELL» DAVID L 
COULSONe E JACK 
COYLE» THOMAS D 
CREITZs & CARROLL 
CRETSOSe JAMES M 
CUTTITTAs FRANK 


DARWENTe BASIL DE B 


DAVIS* MARION M 
DAVISe RAYMOND 
DE VOEs JAMES R 
DEITZe VICTOR R 


DETWILERe SAMUEL B JR 


DIAMONDe JACOB U 
DOFTe FLOYD S 
DOUGLASe THOMAS B 
DURSTe RICHARD A 
EASTER: DONALD 
EDDY» NATHAN B 
ELLISe NED R 
ELLISON» ALFRED H 
FAHEY*s JOSEPH J 
FARROWs RICHARD P 
FEARNe JAMES E 
FERGUSONe ROBERT E 
FLETCHERe DONALD G 


FLETCHERe HEWITT G JR 


FLINTe EINAR P 
FLORINe ROLAND E 
FLYNNe JOSEPH H 
FORD» T FOSTER 


FORZIATIe ALPHONSE F 
FORZIATIe FLORENCE H 


FOURTe LYMAN 

FOXe M R SPIVEY 
FOX» ROBERT B 
FRAMEs ELIZABETH G 


Vo... 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


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FRANKLINe PHILIP J 
FREEMAN+s ANDREW F 
FREEMAN+s DAVID H 
FREEMANs MONROE E€ 
FRIEDMANe LFO 
FRIESSe SEYMOUR L 
FULTONe ROBERT A 
FURUKAWAse GEORGE T 
GARVINe® DAVID 
GARY+ ROBERT 
GIBSON» RALPH £E 


GILLMANe® JOSEPH L JR 


GINNINGSe DEFOE C 


GLASGOWs AUGUSTUS R JR 


GOLUMBICse CALVIN 
GONETs FRANK 
GORDON» CHARLES L 
GORDON» NATHAN 
HAENNI+« EDWARD O 
HAGUE + JOHN L 
HALL « STANLEY A 
HALLERe HERBERT L 
HALLERe WOLFGANG 
HAMER»s WALTER J 
HARRISe« MILTON 
HARVALIKe Z V 
HASKINSe CARYL P 
HEINZE*+« PETER H 
HESSe WALTER C 
HEWITT» CLIFFORD A 
HOBBS» ROBERT B 
HOERINGse THOMAS C 
HOLLIES+* NORMAN R S 
HONIG» JOHN G 
HOOVER» THOMAS B 
HORNSTEINe IRWIN 
iHOROWITZs E 

HOWE « PAUL E 
HUBBARDe DONALD 
IRVINGe GEORGE W JR 
ISBELL e« HORACE §S 
JACOBse KENNETH D 
JACOBSONe MARTIN 
JACOXs MARILYN E 
JOHANNESENe ROLF B 
KAGARISEe RONALD E 
KARLEe ISABELLA 
KARLE« JEROME 
KARRER+ SEBASTIAN 
KINGe PETER 

KLUTE*® CHARLES H 
KNOBLOCK+ EDWARD C 
KNOWLTONe KATHRYN 
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KURTZe FLOYD E 
LAKI« KOLOMAN 
LEVINe ERNEST M 
LIEBERMANe MORRIS 
LINNENBOMe VICTOR J 


LOCKHART+s LUTHER 8B JR 


LUSTIGe ERNEST 
MADORSKY+ SAMUEL L 


MAENGWYN-DAVIESe G D 


MAGINe GEORGE B JR 
MATENTHAL + MILLARD 
MANDEL + H GEORGE 
MARGOSHES* MARVIN 
MARVINe ROBERT S 
MARYOTTe ARTHUR A 
MATHERSe ALEX P 
MATLACKs MARION B 
MAYs IRVING 

MC CABE+ LOUIS C 
MC CLUREse FRANK T 
MC NESBYe JAMES R 


MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD 


MEARSe THOMAS wW 
MEINKEe W WAYNE 


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— 2E-2G 


MENKARTs+ JOHN H 31GRI AFRA WEAVER. DE FORREST & 11GES AMRA 
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MEYROWITZ+e ROBERT 1IGES AFRA WEINTRAUBs ROBERT L 2HGWU AFRA 
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168 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


ARMSTRONG « 


ARSEMe COLLINS 
ASLAKSON+ CARL I 


BABERSe 


FRANK H 


BARNHART.+ CLYDE S 


BARRETT. 


MARGARET D 


BARSS»+ HOWARD P 
BEACHe LOUIS A 


BECKERe 


EDWIN D 


BECKMANNe ROBERT B 
BEKKEDAHL + NORMAN 


BELKIN» 
BENDER e« 


MORRIS 
MAURICE 


BENJAMINe CHESTER R 


BENNETT e 
BESTUL e 
BISHOPP « 
BIZZELLe 


ROBERT R 
ALDEN B 
FRED C 
OSCAR M 


BLANKs CHARLES A 
BLOOMse MORTIMER C 


BLUMe wI 


LLIAM 


BOGLE*+ ROBERT w 


BOWLESe 


ROMALD E 


BRANCATOse E L 


BRANDTNER» 


BRENNER» 


ABNER 


BRIERe GLENN Ww 


GEORGE T 


FRIEDRICH J 


BROWNe JOSHUA R C 
BROWNe RUSSELL G 
BRUCKe STEPHEN D 
BUGGSe CHARLES w 
BURINGTONe RICHARD S 


BURNETT 
BUTLER» 


HARRY C 
FRANCIS E 


CALDWELLe FRANK R 


CARHART 


HOMER w 


CARLSTONe RICHARD C 
CARMICHAEL » LEONARD 
CHAPLINEs WR 
CLARKe KENNETH G 


CLEVENe 


G W 


COHEEe GEORGE v 


COLWELL e 


RR 


COOLIODGE+ HAROLD J 


COTTAM. 


CLARENCE 


COXe EDWIN L 


COYLEe T 
CRAGOE « 


HOMAS D 
CARL S 


CRANE« LANGDON T JR 
CROSSETTEs GEORGE 


CULBERT » 


DOROTHY K 


CULLINANe FRANK P 


CURTISe 

CUTHILL 
CUTKOSKY 
CUTTITTA 


ROGER w 
JOHN R 

« ROBERT D 
eo FRANK 


DAVISe MARION M 
DAVISe RF 
DAVISe STEPHEN S 


DAWSONs 


VICTOR C D 


DE CARLOe MICHAEL 


DE PUE. 
DE VOE > 
OE WITe 
DEBORD « 
DICKSONs 


LELAND A 
JAMES R 
ROLAND 
GEORGE G 
GEORGE 


DOFT+ FLOYD S 


DOUGLASe 


CHARLES A 


DRECHSLER» CHARLES 
DUERKSENe JACOB A 


EASTERe 


DONALD 


EDDYs BERNICE E 
EDDYe NATHAN B 


EDMUNDS e 


WADE M 


ELLINGER» GEORGE A 
ELSASSER»e WALTER M 


EMERSONe 


WALTER B 


ENNISs WILLIAM B JR 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


1CNBS 
1DAHD 


4CONS 
1DAx 

1DAXx 

7TRETD 
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1ONRL 
1HNIH 
2HUMD 
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1HNIH 
1HAPC 
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1CNBS 
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10-AS 
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8BNRNC 
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1CNBS 
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11GES 
2HGEU 
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1ARFR 
1CNBS 
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1 XNSF 
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1XGSA 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
11GES 
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2HUMD 
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1DNOL 
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1CNBS 
1CNBS 
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1CNBS 
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1CNBS 
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7TRETD 
1XNAS 
1HNIH 
4CONS 
31JBS 
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2HUMD 
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‘AFRA 


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ETZEL»s® HOWARD w 
FAHEYe« JOSEPH J 
FARROWs RICHARD P 
FAULKNERs JOSEPH A 
FAUSTe WILLIAM R 
FELSENFELDe OSCAR 
FERRELL» RICHARD A 
FISKe BERT 

FIVAZs ALFRED E 


FLETCHERe HEWITT G UR 


FLORINe ROLAND E 
FOCKLERse HERBERT H 
FOOTEs+ RICHARD H 
FORD» DECLAN P 
FOURNIERs+ ROBERT O 
FOXse M R SPIVEY 
FOXe ROBERT B 
FRANZ* GERALD J 
FRIEDMANe LEO 
FULLMERe IRVIN H 
FULTON» ROBERT A 
FURUKAWAs GEORGE T 
FUSILLOe« MATTHEW H 
GABRIELSONe IRA N 
GALLERe SIONEY 
GALLOWAY+ RAYMOND A 
GANT*s+ JAMES @ JR 
GARDNERe IRVINE C 
GARNERe CLEMENT L 
GARSTENSe HELEN L 
GEILe GLENN Ww 
GELLERe ROMAN F 
GIBSONe+ KASSON §S 
GILLMANe JOSEPH L JR 
GINNINGSe DEFOE C 
GISHe OLIVER H 


GLASGOWe AUGUSTUS R JR 


GLASSERe ROBERT G 
GLICKSMANe MARTIN E 
GORDONe CHARLES L 
GRAF e JOHN E 
GRISAMORE»+ NELSON T 
GUILDNERe LESLIE A 
GURNEYe ASHLEY B 
HACSKAYLO» EDWARD 
HAGUE ese JOHN L 

HALL « E RAYMOND 
HALL e« WAYNE C 
HALLER» HERBERT L 
HALSTEADe BRUCE w 
HAMBLETONe EDSON J 
HAMERe WALTER J 
HANDe CADET H JR 
HANSENe IRA B 
HARDENBURG» ROBERT E 
HARDERe E C 
HARRISONe WILLIAM N 
HARVALIKe Z V 
HASKINSe CARYL P 
HAUPTMANe HERBERT 
HEINZEe PETER H 
HENDERSON* MALCOLM C 
HESSe WALTER C 
HEWITTse CLIFFORD A 
HEYDENe FRANCIS J 
HICKOXe GEORGE H 
HICKSe GRADY T 
HILDEBRANDe EARL M 
HILL « FREEMAN K 
HOBBSe ROBERT B 
HOERINGe THOMAS C 


HOLSHOUSERe WILLIAM L 


HOOVERe JOHN I 
HOROWITZe E 
HORTON» BILLY M 
HOUGHe FLOYD W 
HOWE e PAUL E 
HUBBARDe DONALD 


1 XNSF 
1I1GES 
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1 DNOL 
1 DNRL 
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2HUMD 
1ONRL 
7TRETD 
1HNIH 
1CNBS 
1HNL™M 
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1TIRS 
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1HFDA 
1DNRL 
1DNSR 
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1CNBS 
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2HUMD 
1CNBS 
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1CNBS 
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2G 


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169 


2G 


HUNT ese W HAWARD 
HUNTER*s GEORGE w III 
HUNTERs RICHARD S 
HUNTERe WILLIAM R 
HUTTON» GEORGE L 
INSLEYe HERBERT 
IRWINe GEORGE R 
JAY+ GEORGE E JR 
JENKINSe ANNA E 
JESSUP. RALPH S 
JOHANNESENe ROLF B 
JOHNSONe PHYLLIS T 
JOYCEse J WALLACE 
JUDDs NEIL M 
JUDSONe LEWIS Vv 
KAISERe HANS E 
KARLEe ISABELLA 
KARRERe SEBASTIAN 
KENNARDe RALPH B 
KENNEDYs E R 
KESSLERe KARL G 
KEULEGANe GARBIS H 
KINGe PETER 

KNOXe« ARTHUR S 
KOHLERe HANS w 
KOLB+ ALAN C 
KREITLOWe KERMIT w 
KULLERUDe GUNNAR 
LAMBe FRANK w 
LAMBERT» EOMUND 8 
LANDISe PAUL E 
LANGe WALTER B 
LARRIMERe WALTER H 
LASHOF « THEODORE w 
LATTA» RANDALL 
LENTZs PAUL L 
LEVERTONe RUTH M 
LEYs HERBERT L JR 
LIEBERMANs MORRIS 
LINDQUIST*e ARTHUR W 
LLOYDe DANIEL B 
LORINGe BLAKE M 
MAENGWYN=DAVIES»s G D 
MANNINGe JOHN R 
MARCUSe MARVIN 
MARTINe JOHN H 
MARVINe ROBERT S 
MARYOTT+ ARTHUR A 
MASON» HENRY L 
MATLACKse MARION B 
MAYs IRVING 

MAYER» CORNELL H 
MAYORe JOHN R 
MAZUR» JACOB 

MC CABEe LOUIS C 
MC CLELLAN»s WILBUR D 
MC CLUREe FRANK J 


MC CULLOUGHe NORMAN B 


MC ELHINNEYe JOHN 
MC INTOSHe ALLEN 

MC KINNEYs* HAROLD H 
MC KOWNe BARRETT L 
MC PHEEe HUGH C 


MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD 


MEARSe THOMAS w 
MEBSe RUSSELL wW 
MEYERHOFF se HOWARD A 
MIDERe G BURROUGHS 
MILLER» CARL F 
MILLERe CLEM O 
MILLER» ROMAN R 
MILLIKENs LEWIS T 
MISERe HUGH D 


MITCHELL» J MURRAY JR 


MITCHELL» JOHN w 
MOHLERe FRED L 
MOORE« GEORGE A 
MORRIS» JA 


170 


1 AMRP 
7RETD 
SHUAS 
1DNRL 
1 DNFE 
4CONS 
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LHNIH 
7RETD 
7RETD 
1CNBS 
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18x 

7RETD 
7RETD 
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7TRETD 
7RETD 
2HCUA 
1CNBS 
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1DNOR 
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7RETD 
8NRNC 
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1 DAHD 
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4CONS 
1CNBS 
3AESA 
1ARFR 
1ARNI 
1HFDA 
1 ARMR 
7TRETD 
2HFCC 
4CONS 
2HGEU 
1CNBS 
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7RETD 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
1CNBS 
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11GES 
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1CNBS 
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AMRA 
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AMRA 


MYERSe ALFRED T 
NELSONe RH 
NEUVENDORFFERe J A 
NICKERSONe DOROTHY 
NIKIFOROFFs C C 
NOLLAs JOSE A B 
OBOURNe ELLSWORTH S 
OSERe HANS J 

OSMUNe JAMES W 
OVERTONe WILLIAM C JR 
OWENS+ HOWARD B 
OWENSe JAMES P 

PAGEs BENJAMIN L 
PAGE ese CHESTER H 
PATTERSONe WILBUR I 
PELLe® WILLIAM H 
PIPKINe ALAN C SR 
PITTS+ JOSEPH w 
POMMER»s ALFRED M 
POOSe FRED W 
PUTNINSe PAUL H 
RAINWATER» H IVAN 
RALL+® DAVID P 

RANDS* ROBERT D 
RAPPLEYEs+ HOWARD S 
REEDs WILLIAM D 
REHDERe HARALD A 
REICHELDERFERe F W 
REINHART«e FRANK w 
REYNOLDSe HELEN L 
RICEs FREDERICK AH 
RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 
RINEHARTe JOHN S 
ROBERTSe ELLIOTT B 
ROBERTS*« RICHARD C 
ROBERTSONe RANDAL M 
ROBINSONe GEORGE S JR 
ROBINSONe HENRY & 
ROLLERe PAUL S 

ROTHs FRANK L 

RUFF e ARTHUR W JR 
RUSSELL e LOUISE M 
RYALLe« A LLOYD 
RYERSON*s KNOWLES A 
SAILERe REECE I 

SALI SBURYe HARRISON B 
SANDOZ+ GEORGE 
SAVILLE+ THORNDIKE JR 
SCHERTENLEIBs CHARLES 
SCHMIDe HELLMUT H 
SCHOOLEYs» ALLEN H 
SCHOOLEY+ JAMES F 
SCHRECKERe ANTHONY wW 
SCHULTZe EUGENE S 
SCOTTe ARNOLD H 
SEEBOTHe CONRAD M 
SERVICEe JERRY H 
SETZLERe FRANK M 
SHERLINe GROVER C 
SHROPSHIREe WALTER A 
SITEGLER»e EDOUARD H 
SILVERMANe SHIRLEIGH 
SITTERLYe CHARLOTTE M 
SLAWSKYe MILTON M 
SMITHe BLANCHARD D 
SMITHe FRANCIS A 
SMITHe NATHAN R 
SMITHe PAUL A 

SNAYe HANS G 
SORROWSe HOWARD E 
SPALDINGse DONALD H 
SPECHT es HEINZ 
SPOONERe CHARLES S JR 
STAIR+*e RALPH 

STEEREe RUSSELL L 
STEINERe HAROLD A 
STEPHANe ROBERT M 
STEVENSe HENRY 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY 


11GES 
3AESA 
1 DNX 

TRETD 
TRETD 
4CONS 
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1¢NBS 
1CESS 
8BNRNC 
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1DNOL 
1CNBS 
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IHNIH 
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OF SCIENCES 


STEVENSONs JOHN A 
STEWARTe T DALE 
STIEHLER» ROBERT D 
STIFELe PETER B 
STILLERe BERTRAM 
STIMSONe HAROLD F 
STIRLING+e MATHEW Ww 


STRINGFIELDe VICTOR T 


SUTCLIFFE*+ WALTER D 
SWICKe CLARENCE H 
SWINDELLSe JAMES F 
TALBOTT+ F LEO 
TAYLOR» JOHN K 
TEELEs RAY P 

THOMe HERBERT C S 
THURMANe ERNESTINE B 
TILDENe EVELYN B 
TITUSe HARRY wW 
TODD+ MARGARET R 
TORGESEN» JOHN L 
TORRESONe OSCAR w 


TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III 


TRYONe MAX 


VAN DERSALe WILLIAM R 
VAN EVERA»s BENJAMIN D 


VAN TUYL« ANOREW H 
VANGELIe« MARIO G 
VINALe® GEORGE w 
VINTI« JOHN P 
VOLWILER»s ERNEST H 
VON HIPPEL» ARTHUR 
WACHTMANe JOHN B JR 
WALKERe RAYMOND F 
WALKERe RONALD E 
WALLENe IRVIN E 
WALTERe DEAN I 
WALTHER» CARL H 
WARD» HENRY P 
WARGA» MARY E 
WATERMANe PETER 
WATSONe BERNARD B 
WATTSe CHESTER B 
WEAVERe ELMER R 
WEBERe EUGENE w 
WEBERe ROBERT S 
WETHEse WERNER K 
WEISSe EMILIO 
WETSSe*e FRANCIS J 
WEITSSe RICHARD A 
WENSCHe GLEN w 
WETMORE» ALEXANDER 
WHEELERe WILLIS H 
WHITTENe CHARLES A 
WIEDEMANNs HOWARD M 
WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 
WILSONe BRUCE L 
WILSONe RAYMOND £& 
WINSTONe JAY S 
WISE*« GILBERT H 
WOLFFe EDWARD A 
WORKMANe WILLIAM G 
WRENCHe CONSTANCE P 
WRENCHe JOHN W JR 
WYMANe LEROY L 
YOUDEN>s WILLIAM J 
YOUNGe ROBERT T JR 
YUILL« JOSEPH S 
ZELEN» MARVIN 
ZELENY» LAWRENCE 
ZIESe EMANUEL G 
ZWANZIGe ROBERT w 


2H GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF 


ABELSONe PHILIP H 
BAKERe ARTHUR A 
BATEMAN+s ALAN M 
BENNETTe ROBERT R 
BLANKe CHARLES A 


VoL. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 


7RETD AFRE 
1XSMI AFRA 
1CNBS AFRA 
2HUMD AMRA 
1DNRL AFRA 
7RETD AFRE 
7RETD AFRA 
1IGES AFRA 
7RETD AFRE 
7RETD AFRA 
7RETD AFRA 
2HCUA AFRA 
1CNBS AFRA 
4CONS AFRA 
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8NRNC AFNA 
7RETD AFNE 
7RETD AFNA 
1I1GES AFRA 
1CNBS AFRA 
7RETD AFRE 
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1CNBS AFRA 
1ASCS AFRA 
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7RETD AFNE 
8NRNC AFNA 
4CONS AFNA 
8NRNC AFNA 
1CNBS AFRA 
1DAX  AFNA 
3IAPL AFRA 
1XSMI AFRA 
1DNRL AFRA 
2HGWU AFRA 
7RETD AFRE 
BAOSA AFRA 
1DNRL AFRA 
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7RETD AFRA 
7RETD AFRE 
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1DNFE AMRA 
4CONS AFRA 
1DNMR AFRA 
1XLIC AFRA 
1DARO AFRA 
1XAEC AFRA 
1XSMI AFRA 
1ARRP AMRA 
1CESS AFRA 
1Sx AFRA 
1CNBS AFRA 
4CONS AFRA 
BNRNC AFNA 
1CESS AFRA 
1ARFR AMRA 
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4CONS AFRE 
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4CONS AFRA 
7RETD AFRA 
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7RETD AFRA 
7RETD AFRE 
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WASHINGTON 
3IGEL AFRA 
1IGES AFRA 
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BRANDTNER*s FRIEDRICH J 


CARRONs MAXWELL K 
CLARKs JOAN R 
COHEEs GEORGE y 
COOKEs C WYTHE 
COOPERe G ARTHUR 
CURRIERs LOUIS w 
CUTTITTAs FRANK 
DUNCANe HELEN M 
FAHEYe JOSEPH J 
FAUSTs GEORGE T 
FORD+ DECLAN P 
FOURNIERse ROBERT O 
GALVINe CYRIL J JR 
GRATONe LOUIS C 
GROSSLINGs BERNARDO F 
HAMILTONe C E MIKE 
HARDER» E C 
HENDERSONs E P 
HOERINGe THOMAS C 
HOOKERe MARJORIE 
INSLEY« HERBERT 
KNOXs ARTHUR S 
LANGe WALTER B 
LEOPOLDs LUNA 8B 
MAGINe GEORGE B JR 
MARTIN»s BRUCE D 
MAYs IRVING 

MC KELVEYse VINCENT E 
MC KNIGHT:se EOWIN T 
MEYERHOFFe HOWARD A 
MILLERe J CHARLES 
MILLERe RALPH L 
MILLIKENe LEWIS T 
MILTONe CHARLES 
MISERe HUGH D 
NAESER» CHARLES R 
NEUSCHEL se SHERMAN K 
NIKIFOROFFe C C 
OLSENe HAROLD w 
OWENSe JAMES P 
PECORAes WILLIAM T 
PHAIRe GEORGE 
POMMER.e ALFRED M 
ROMNEYe CARL F 
RUBEYe WILLIAM w 
RUBIN» MEYER 


SALI SBURY*+ HARRISON 8B 


SMITHs PAUL A 
SPT CER’s tH CECTE 
STIFELe PETER B 


STRINGFIELDe VICTOR T 


THAYERe THOMAS P 
TODD+ MARGARET R 


TOULMINe PRIESTLEY III 


TUNELL + GEORGE 
WEST*+ WALTER S 


WITHINGTONe CHARLES F 


YODERe HATTEN S JR 
ZENe E-AN 
ZIES* EMANUEL G 


2G-2J 


S5TRwWS 
1IGES 
1IGES 
11GES 
7TRETD 
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11GES 
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11GES 
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21 MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE DIST 


BERNTON® HARRY S 
BROWNe THOMAS M 
BURKE» FREDERIC G 
GANTe JAMES Q JR 
HAWTHORNE *«® EDWARD w 


HOWE « PAUL E 
LEYe HERBERT L JR 


MC CULLOUGHe NORMAN 8B 


RIOCHe DAVID M 
ROSE e« JOHN C 
TIDBALL« CHARLES S 
WETMORE+ ALEXANDER 
WORKMANe WILLIAM G 


4PHYS 
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4PHYS 
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2J COLUMBIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 


CARMICHAEL + LEONARD 


3INGS 


AMRA 
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AFRA 
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OF COL 
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AFRA 


17] 


2J-2N 


AMRA LARRIMER+s WALTER H 4CONS AFRE 
Ie: Se AFRA Oipiees Supa Je 1AFOR AFRA 
MORRISS* DONALD J 7JRETD AFNE 
PARKERe KENNETH Ww LAFOR AFRA 
2K BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON BABE NOGEAUTISON 7RERGEAAENE 
ADAM Se BCAROCINE EG WO a RIORA ROBERTSON*+ RANDAL M 1XNSF  AFRA 
AYENSUs EDWARD S UXSM Ty ABRA SANTAMOUR® FRANK S JR 1ARFR AFRA 
BARSS+ HOWARD P -~ TRETD APNE ST GEORGE+ RAYMOND A 4CONS AFRA 
BENJAMINe CHESTER R LARFR AFRA 
BORTHWICKe HARRY A TRETD AFRE 2M WASHINGTON SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS 
BROWN» EDGAR TRETD AFRE ABRAHAMs GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA 
BROWNe RUSSELL G 2@HUMD AFRA ASLAKSONe CARL I 4CONS AFRA 
CASH+s EDITH K TRETD AFRE BELSHEIM, ROBERT O 1DNRL AFRA 
CHAPLINEs WR TRETD AFRE BIBERSTEIN» FRANK A JR 2HCUA AFRA 
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MC CLELLANe WILBUR D LARFR AFRA 
me Kiwiers’wAnbeS n° TAT Ara zanna = ae 
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RANODS« ROBERT DB TRETD AFNE DE VORE+ CHARLES 1DNOR AFRA 
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SMITHs NATHAN R TRETD AFNE ELBOURNe ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA 
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ey ura sett nas GRISAMORE» NELSON T 3INAS AFRA 
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WHEELERs WILLIS H LARRP AMRA Nt: MUSHMGENRW IE scEaee kee 
WOODS+ MARK W 1HNIH AFRA KOHLER* HANS w 1DAHD AFRA 
YOCUMs L EDWIN TRETD AFNE KOTTERs F RALPH 1CNBS AFRA 
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BRYAN» MILTON M 1AFOR AMRA LILLY* JOHN C 8BNRNC AFNA 
CHAPLINEs W R TRETD AFRE MARTONe L 1CNBS AFRA 
CROSSETTE+ GEORGE 3INGS AMRA MAYER» CORNELL H 1ONRL AFRA 
FIVAZs ALFRED E 7RETD AFRE MC CLAINe EDWARD F JR 7RETD AFRA 
FOWELLS* HARRY A 1ARAO AFRA MEYKARs OREST A 1DNX AMRA 
HACSKAYLO» EDWARD 1AFOR AFRA PAGE. CHESTER H 1CNBS AFRA 
HALL« R CLIFFORD 7RETD AFRE PAGEs ROBERT M 4CONS AFNA 
HOFFMAN» JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA PARKs J HOWARD 7TRETD AFNA 
HOFFMANN» CLARENCE H 1ARFR AFRA PHILLIPS+ MARCELLA L 4CONS AFRA 
HOPP.» HENRY 1Sx AFRA RABINOWse JACOB SCODC AFRA 
HUTCHINS» LEE M BNRNC AFNA ROTKINe ISRAEL 1DAHD AFRA 
KINNEYs JAY P 7RETO AFNE SCHOOLEY» ALLEN H 1DNRL AFRA 


172 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


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SCHWERDTFEGERe WM J 1CNBS AFRA MC KINNEYs HAROLD H TRETD AFRE 
SCOTTs ARNOLD H TRETD AFNE MORRISs»s J A IHNIH AMRA 
SHAPIRO+s GUSTAVE 1CNBS AFRA NOYESs HOWARD € BNRNC AFNA 
SHERLINe GROVER C 1CNBS AMRL O HERNes ELIZABETH M 1HNIH AMRA 
SMITHs BLANCHARD D 8BNRNC AFRA OSWALDs ELIZABETH J 1HFDA AFRA 
SMITHe PAUL L 1DNRL AFRA PARLETT+ ROBERT C 2HGWU AFRA 
SMITHe SIDNEY T 1DNRL AFRA PARR»s LELAND w TRETD AFRE 
SOMMER« HELMUT 1DAHD AFRA PELCZAR+e MICHAEL J UR 2HUMD AFRA 
SORROWSs HOWARD E 1CNBS AFRA PITTMANs MARGARET 1HNIH AFRA 
STEINe ANTHONY C JR 2HNVC AMRA Z REYNOLDS» HOWARD 1ARNI AFRA 
VIGUEs KENNETH J SITTC AMRA ROBBINS» MARY L 1HNIH AFNA 
WEBER» ROBERT S 1DNFE AMRA ROGERS« LORE A TRETD AFNE 
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ALLENe WILLIAM G 1CMAA AFRA WEINTRAUBs ROBERT L 2HGWU AFRA 
BELSHEIMs ROBERT O IDNRL AFRA WEISSe EMILIO 1DNMR- AFRA 
BOWLESe ROMALD E& SBOEN AFRA WEISS+*« FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA 
BUTLER» FRANCIS E 1DNOL AMRA WEISS» FREEMAN A 7RETD AFNE 
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MEYKARe OREST A 1DNX AMRA GARN=Re CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE 
OSGOODs WILLIAM R T7RETD AFRA HASKINSe CARYL P 3SICIW AFRA 
PELLe WILLIAM H 1XNSF AFRA MC CABE+s LOUIS C SENDE AFRA 
RAMBERGse WALTER 1Sx AFNA MEADE+ BUFORD K 1CESS AFRA 
RIVELLO»e ROBERT M 2HUMD AFRA RAPPLEYEs+ HOWARD S TRETD AFRA 
STIEHLERe ROBERT D 1CNBS AFRA RICE» DONALD A 1CESS AFRA 
ROBINSON+»s GEORGE S JR 1DNOL AMRA 
2P HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASH RODRIGUEZs RAUL 1DAER AFRA 
ANDREWS« JOHN S 1ARFR AFRA SCHMIDe HELLMUT H 1CESS AFRA 
DOSSs MILDRED A 2HUMD AFRA SHALOWITZ+s AARON L TRETD AFRE 
FARRe MARION M 2HUMD AFRA SUTCLIFFE« WALTER D TRETD AFRE 
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HUNTERe GEORGE w III T7RETD AFNE WEBER» ROBERT S 1ONFE AMRA 
MC INTOSHe ALLEN 2HUMD AFRA 
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RAUSCHe ROBERT 1HPHS AFNA CALOWELL + JOSEPH M 1DACE AFRE 
TAYLORe ALBERT L 1ARFR AFNA GALVINe CYRIL J JR 1DACE AFRA 
TRAUBe ROBERT 2HUMD AFRA GARNER» CLEMENT L 1CESS AFRE 
TROMBAs FRANCIS G 1ARFR AFRA KOHLER» MAX A 1CESS AFRA 
TURNER» JAMES H 1HNIH AFRA LEOPOLD» LUNA B 1IGES AFNA 
VON BRAND» THEODOR C 1HNIH AFRA MASONes MARTIN A 2HCIT AFRA 
MORANe FREDERICK A 1XMDG AMRA 
2Q AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY RAPPLEYEs HOWARD S TRETD AFRA 
ABELSONs PHILIP H 3IGEL AFRA SAVILLE« THORNDIKE JR 1DACE AFRA 
AFFRONTI + LEWIS 2HGWU AMRA SIMMONSe LANSING G S5GEON AFRA 
ALEXANDERe AARON D 1DAWR AFRA SMITHe PAUL A SRACO AFRA 
BAILEYs J MARTIN 2HGWU AMRA WALTHERe CARL H 2HGwWU AFRA 
BOZEMANs F MARILYN 1DAWR AFRA WEBERe EUGENE w 4CONS AFRA 
BREWERe CARL R 1HNIH AFRA 
BUGGSe CHARLES w 2HHOU AFRA 2T SOC EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY & MEDICINE 
BURKEYs LLOYD A TRETD AFRE AFFRONTI+ LEWIS 2HGWU AMRA 
COLWELL«® RR 2HGEU AFRA BAILEYs J MARTIN 2HGWU AMRA 
CURRAN» HAROLD R TRETD AFRE BARTONE+ JOHN C 2HHOU AMRA 
DAWSONs ROY C 6FAOR AFRA BERLINER+ ROBERT WwW 1LHNIH AFRA 
DEBORD» GEORGE G TRETD AFNE BEROZAe MORTON S 1ARFR AFRA 
DOETSCHe RAYMOND N 2HUMD AFRA BOZEMANe F MARILYN 1DAWR AFRA 
EDDY+ BERNICE E€& 1HNIH AFRA BRODIEs« BERNARD B 1HNIH AFRA 
FUSILLO« MATTHEW H 1XVET AMRA BUGGSe« CHARLES w 2HHOU AFRA 
GORDON. FRANCIS B 1DNMS AFRA BYERLY+ THEODORE C 1ACSR AFRA 
GORDONe RUTH E BNRNC AFNA CARMICHAEL + LEONARD 3INGS AFRA 
HAMPPe+ EDWARD G 1HNIH AFRA CHALKLEY+ HAROLD W TRETD AFRE 
HARTLEYs* JANET w 1HNIH AFRA COULSON+ E JACK 1ARNI AFRA 
HETRICKs FRANK 2HUMD AMRA DAVISe RF 2HUMD- AFRA 
HILDEBRANDe EARL M 1ARFR AMRA DOFT*+ FLOYD S TRETO AFRE 
HOLLINSHEADe ARIEL C 2HGwU AFRA DUPONTe JEAN R 8NRNC AFNA 
HUGH» RUDOLPH 2HGWU AFRA DURY+ ABRAHAM LHNIH AFRA 
KENNEDYs E R 2HCUA AFRA EDDY+ BERNICE €& 1HNIH AFRA 
LAMANNAs CARL 1DARO AFRA EDDY«e NATHAN B 4CONS AFRA 
LEY+ HERBERT L JR 1HFDA AFRA ELL TS+ NEO R TRETO AFRE 


Vou. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 173 


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ENDICOTT»s® KENNETH M LHNIH AFRA LOGANe HUGH L 4CONS AFRA 
FOXe M R SPIVEY 1HFDA AFRA LORINGs BLAKE M 4CONS AFRA 
FRAPS» RICHARD M 1ARFR AFRA MANNINGe JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA 
FREEMAN» MONROE & 1XSMI AFRA MARZKEe« OSCAR T 8NRNC AFNA 
FRIEDMANe LEO 1HFDA AFNA MEBSe* RUSSELL WwW 1CNBS AFRA 
GORDON» FRANCIS B 1ONMS AFRA MEYERSONe MELVIN R 1CNBS AFRA 
GORDON+ NATHAN ; 1DAX AFRA MICHAELISe ROBERT £& 1CNBS AFRA 
HALSTEADs BRUCE w 8NRNC AFNA MOORE*s GEORGE A 1CNBS AFRA 
HARTLEY» JANET w 1HNIH AFRA PASSAGLIAe ELIO 1CNBS AFRA 
HAWTHORNE « EDWARD WwW 2HHOU AFRA PELLINI»+ WILLIAM S 1DNRL AFRA 
HAZLETONe LLOYD w SHALA AFRA PITTSe JOSEPH w 1CNBS AFRA 
HESSe WALTER C Q9CLUN AFRE REINHARTs FRED M 1D0NCE AFNA 
HOLLINSHEADe ARIEL C 2HGWU AFRA RINEHARTs« JOHN S 1CESS AFNA 
HOWEe PAUL E 4CONS AFRA SANDOZ+ GEORGE 1DNRL AFRA 
HUGHs RUDOLPH 2HGwU AFRA STAUSSe HENRY E& 1XNAS AFRA 
JAYs GEORGE E JR 1HNIH AFRA STEELE» LENDELL E 1DNRL AFRA 
KNOBLOCKe EDWARD C 1DAWR AFRA SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 8NRNC AFNA © 
KNOWLTONe KATHRYN 7RETD AFRA WEINBERGe HAROLD P 5VAEN AFRA 
KOPPANYIe« THEODORE 2HGEU AFRA WENSCHs GLEN W 1XAEC AFRA 
LAKI« KOLOMAN JHNIH AFRA WYMANe LEROY L 4CONS AFRA 
LAMANNAs CARL 1DARO AFRA ; 
MAENGWYN—DAVIESe G D 2HGEU AFRA 2V INTERNAT ASSN FOR DENTAL RESEARCH 
MANDEL « H GEORGE 2HGWU AFRA BRAUER» GERHARD M 1CNBS AFRA 
MC CLUREs FRANK J 7RETD AFRA CAUL«e HAROLD J 1CNBS AFRA 
MILLARe DAVID B 1DNMR AFRA DICKSONe GEORGE 1CNBS AFRA 
NOYESe« HOWARD & BNRNC AFNA FORZIATI« ALPHONSE F lIwPC AFRA 
PALLOTTAs ARTHUR J SBIRE AMRA HAMPP.s EDWARD G 1HNIH AFRA 
PARRe LELAND w 7RETD AFRE HANSENe LOUIS S 8BNRNC AFNA 
PATTERSONs WILBUR I 1ARNI AFRA HESSe WALTER C S9CLUN AFRE 
PIPKINe ALAN C SR 1DNMR AFRA MC CLUREe FRANK J 7TRETD AFRA 
PITTMANe MARGARET IHNIH AFRA PAFFENBARGERe GEORGE C 1CNBS AFRA 
RALL« DAVID P 1HNIH AFRA SCOTTe DAVID B 8BNRNC AFNA 
RECHCIGL»+ MILOSLAV JR 1HPHS AFRA STEPHANe ROBERT M 1HNIH AFRA 
REIDe MARY E 7TRETD AFRE SWEENEYe WILLIAM T 8NRNC AFNA 
RICEs FREDERICK A H 2HAMU AFRA 
ROBBINSe MARY L 1THNIH AFNA 2w AMER INST AERONAUTICSeASTRONAUTICS 
ROSE« JOHN C 2HGEU AFRA ASTINe ALLEN V 7RETD AFRA 
SHAWe JOSEPH C 8NRNC AFNA BOWLES+ ROMALD E& SBOEN AFRA 
SMITHe FALCONER 2HAMU AFRA CHAPLINe HARVEY R JR 1DNSR AFRA 
SMITHs WILLIE w 1HNIH AFRA DAWSON» vICTOR C D 1DNOL AFRA 
SPECHT se HEINZ 1HNIH AFRA DIEHLe WALTER S &4CONS AFRA 
SPENCER+« ROSCOE R 7RETD AFNE FRENKIELe® FRANCOIS N 1DNSR AFRA 
SPERLINGe FREDERICK 2@HHOU AFRA GIBSONe RALPH E 3IAPL AFRA 
SPIESe JOSEPH R 1ARNI AFRA GUNNe CHARLES R 1XNAS AFRA 
STEPHANs ROBERT M 1HNIH AFRA HARRINGTONe MARSHALL C 1DFOS AFRA 
STEVENS» HENRY 7RETD AFRA HILL « FREEMAN K 3BIAPL AFRA 
STEWART» SARAH E 1HNIH AFRA HOLLIESe NORMAN R S 3IGRI AFRA 
TREADWELL*«® CARLETON R 2HGWU AFRA KLEBANOFFe PHILIP S 1CNBS AFRA 
TRUEBLOODe EMILY E& 1HNIH AFRA : KURZWEGe HERMAN H 1XNAS AFRA 
VON BRANDe THEODOR Cc IHNIH AFRA LIDDEL s+ URNER 1XNAS AFRA 
WARD» THOMAS G SMIAS AFRA OSMUNe JAMES W 1CESS AFRA 
WEITSSe EMILIO 1DNMR AFRA REICHELDERFERe F WwW &4CONS AFRA 
WESTe WILLIAM L 2HHOU AMRA RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA 
WOMACK, MADELYN 1ARNI AFRA RIVELLO» ROBERT M 2HUMD AFRA 
wOODSe MARK w 1HNIH AFRA SCHUBAUERe GALEN B 7TRETD AFRA 
SLAWSKY«e MILTON M 10FOS AFRA 
2U AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS SMITHe PAUL A SRACO AFRA 
ACHTERe MEYER R 1DNRL AFRA : SMITHe ROBERT C JR SAARC AFRA 
BEACHEMs CEDRIC D 1DNRL AFRA STEINER» HAROLD A 1DFX AFRA 
BENNETT+ JOHN A 7TRETD AFRA TEPPER» MORRIS 1XNAS AFRA 
BENNETTs LAWRENCE H 1CNBS AFRA TEWELESe SIDNEY 1CESS AFRA 
BLUMe WILLIAM 4CONS AFRE VAN TUYLe ANOREW H 1DNOL AFRA 
BROWNe B F 1DNRL AFRA WALKER» RONALD E 31APL AFRA 
BURNETT+ HARRY C 1CNBS AFRA WILDHACKe WILLIAM A 1CNBS AFRA 
CARLSTONs»e RICHARD C 8NRNC AFNA WOLFF e EDWARD A SGEON AFRA 
CAUL+» HAROLD J 1CNBS AFRA 
CHAPIN» EDWARD J 1DNRL AFRA 2X AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 
CUTHILL + JOHN R 1CNBS AFRA ABBOTe+ CHARLES G 7TRETD AFRE 
DAWSON» VICTOR C D 1DNOL AFRA BARGER» GERALD L 1CESS AFRA 
DIGGES» THOMAS G 7TRETD AFRE BRIERe GLENN W 1CESS AFRA 
FLINTs EINAR P 1IBMI AFRA CRESSMANe GEORGE P 1CESS AFRA 
GEIL» GLENN W 1CNBS AFRA CRYe« GEORGE Ww 1CESS AMNA 
GILLMAN» JOSEPH L JR SJOGI AFRA FRENKIELe FRANCOIS N 10NSR AFRA 
GLICKSMANe MARTIN & 1DNRL AFRA GANT+ JAMES Q@ JR 4PHYS AMRA 
GOODEe ROBERT J 1DNRL AFRA HASELTINEe NATE SwAPO AFRA 
HERSCHMANs HARRY K 1CBOS AFRA HUBERT+ LESTER F 1CESS AFRA 
HOLSHOUSER»s WILLIAM L 1XTRA AFRA JACOBSe WOODROW C 1CESS AFRA 
JENKINSe WILLIAM D 1CNBS AMRA KLEINe WILLIAM H 1CESS AFRA 


174 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


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KOHLER» MAX A 1CESS AFRA MAGIN»e GEORGE B JR 1XAEC AFRA 
LANDSBERGe HELMUT E 2HUMD AFRA MC ELHINNEYs JOHN 1ONRL AFRA 
LISTe ROBERT J 1CESS AFRA MOSTOFI« F K 1DAIP AFRA 
MAC DONALDe TORRENCE H 1CESS AMRA MUEHLHAUSE»s CARL O 1CNBS AFRA 
MACHTAs LESTER 1CESS AFRA PROs MAYNARD J 1TIRS AFRA 
MARCUS+s SIDNEY O JR 1DNOD AMRA STEELEs LENDELL E 1 ONRL AFRA 
MARTIN» ROBERT H 1DNwS AMRA WEIL « GEORGE L 4CONS AFRA 
MITCHELLe J MURRAY JR 1CESS AFRA WEITSS* FRANCIS J 1XLIC AFRA 
MORANs FREDERICK A 1XMDG AMRA WENSCHe GLEN wW 1XAEC AFRA 
MORTON» JOHN D SMELP AFRA ; WESTs WILLIAM L 2HHOU AMRA 
NAMI AS« JEROME 1CESS AFRA WHITMANe MERRILL J 1XAEC AFRA 
NOFFSINGERe TERRELL L 1CESS AFRA 
OLIVER» VINCENT J 1CESS AFRA 3E INSTITUTE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS 
OSMUNse JAMES WwW 1CESS AFRA BEACHAMs LOWRIE M 1HFDA AFRA 
PACKse DONALD H 1CESS AFRA BENDERse MAURICE 1HAPC AFRA 
PUTNINSe PAUL H 1CESS AFRA COOK» HAROLD T 1ARMR AFRA 
REICHELDERFERe. F WwW 4CONS AFRA FARROWe RICHARD P 3ANCA AFRA 
RUBINe MORTON J 1CESS AFRA FRIEDMANes LEO 1HFDA AFNA 
STEINERe HAROLD A 1DFX AFRA GOLUMBICe CALVIN 1ARMR AFRA 
TEPPER+ MORRIS 1XNAS AFRA HEINZE*« PETER H 1ARMR AFRA 
TEWELESe SIDNEY 1CESS AFRA HILDEBRANDe EARL M 1ARFR AMRA 
THOMe HERBERT C S 1CESS AFRA HORNSTEINe IRWIN 1ARNI AFRA 
THOMPSONe JACK C 8NRNC AFNA HUNTER» RICHARD §S SHVUAS AFRA 
WHITE« ROBERT M 1CESS AFRA IRVINGe GEORGE W JR 1ARAO AFRA 
WINSTONe JAY S 1CESS AFRA MC PHERSONe ARCHIBALD 4CONS AFRL 
WOLFFe EDWARD A 5GEON AFRA NORR1IS+ KARL H 1ARMR AFRA 
YAO*« AUGUSTINE Y M 1CESS AMRA PATTERSONs WILBUR I 1ARNI AFRA 
ZIKEEVe NINA 1CESS AMNA REYNOLDS» HOWARD 1ARNI AFRA 
RYALLe A LLOYD 1ARMR AFRE 
ZyY INSECTICIDE SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON SLOCUMe GLENN G 4CONS AFRE 
BARNHARTs+ CLYDE S 1DAX AFNA SULZBACHERese WILLIAM L 1ARNI AFRA 
BEROZA~« MORTON S 1ARFR AFRA WETSSe FRANCIS J 1XL1C AFRA 
BICKLEYs WILLIAM E 2HUMD AFRA WILLTAMS+« DONALD H 3ADIS AMRA 
CAMPBELLe FRANK L TRETD AFRA 
CORYe ERNEST N TRETD AFRE 3D AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 
FULTONe ROBERT A 4CONS AFNE DIAMONDe JACOB J 1CNBS AFRA 
HAINES» KENNETH A 1ARAO AFRA FAUST« GEORGE T 1IGES AFRA 
HALL e« STANLEY A 1ARFR AFRA FLINTe EINAR P 1IBMI AFRA 
HALLERe HERBERT L TRETD AFRA GELLERe ROMAN F TRETD AFRE 
HENNEBERRYe THOMAS J 1ARFR AFRA GINTHERe ROBERT J 1ONRL AFRA 
HOFFMAN» JOHN D 1CNBS AFRA HALLERe WOLFGANG 1CNBS AFRA 
HOFFMANNe CLARENCE H 1ARFR AFRA HARRISONe WILLIAM N 4CONS AFRA 
JACOBSONe MARTIN 1ARFR AFRA INSLEYe HERBERT 4CONS AFRA 
LANGFORD:s GEORGE S 2HUMD AFRA KLINGSBERGe CYRUS 3INAS AFRA 
LARRIMER.+ WALTER H 4CONS AFRE LEVINe ERNEST M 1CNBS AFRA 
POOSs« FRED w TRETOD AFRA MC MURDIE*« HOWARD F 4CONS AFRA 
RAINWATERe H IVAN 1ARRP AFRA MILLERe ROMAN R 1DNRL AFRA 
REEDe WILLIAM D TRETD AFRA ORDWAYe FRED D JR SMELP AFRA 
SATLERe REECE I! 1ARFR AFRA PEISERe H STEFFEN 1CNBS AFRA 
SCHECHTER» MILTON S 1ARFR AFRA PITTSe JOSEPH W 1CNBS AFRA 
SHEPARDe HAROLD H 4CONS AFRA RICHMONDe JOSEPH C 1CNBS AFRA 
SIEGLERe EDOUARD H 7TRETD AFRE WACHTMANe JOHN B JR 1CNBS AFRA 
SMITHe FLOYD F 1ARFR AFRA 
ST GEORGE» RAYMOND A 4CONS AFRA 3E ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 
YUILLe« JOSEPH S TRETO AFRA BATES+ ROGER G 1CNBS AFRA 
BLOOMe MORTIMER C 1O0NRL AFRA 
2Z ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BLUMe WILLIAM 4CONS AFRE 
CARROLL « THOMAS J 2HGWU AFRA BOWERe VINCENT E& 1CNBS AFRA 
COOKe RICHARD K 1CESS AFRA BRENNERe ABNER 1CNBS AFRA 
CRAVENs JOHN P 1DNSP AFRA BROWNe B F 1ONRL AFRA 
DAVISe CHARLES M JR 2HAMU AMRA CARLSTONe RICHARD C 8NRNC AFNA 
FRANZ+s GERALD J 1DNSR AMRA COHNs ERNST M 1XNAS AMRA 
GREENSPANe MARTIN 1CNBS AFRA FORZIATI« ALPHONSE F 1IWwPCc AFRA 
HARTMANNe GREGORY K 1O0NOL AFRA GINTHERe ROBERT J 1ONRL AFRA 
HENDERSONe MALCOLM C TRETD AFNA HAMERe WALTER J 1CNBS AFRA 
LILLYs« JOHN C BNRNC AFNA KRUGERe JEROME 1CNBS AFRA 
MC GRATHe JAMES R 1ONRL AMRA MOOREe GEORGE A 1CNBS AFRA 
MICKEYe WENDELL V 1CESS AFRA SCHULMANe JAMES H 1ONRL AFRA 
PHILLIPSe MARCELLA L 4CONS AFRA SOLLNERe KARL 1HNIH AFRA 
SNAYe HANS G 1DNOL AFRA STERNe KURT H 1ONRL AFRA 
WEISSLERe ALFRED 1HFDA AFRA TAYLORe JOHN K 1CNBS AFRA 
WOOD+ REUBEN E 2HGwU AFRA 
| 3B AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY 
BIZZELL« OSCAR M 1XAEC AFRA 35 WASHINGTON HISTORY OF SCIENCE CLUB 
DE VORE*s CHARLES 1DNOR AFRA BEDINIe SILVIO A 1XSMI AFRA 
EDMUNDSe WADE M 314JBS AMRA CARMICHAEL e LEONARD BINGS AFRA 
FOWLERe EF EUGENE 1XAEC AMRA EISENHART+ CHURCHILL 1CNBS AFRA 
HENDERSON» MALCOLM C 7RETD AFNA FARRE+ GEORGE L 2HGEU = AFRA 


Vou. 59, No. 6, SEPTEMBER, 1969 175 


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GALVIN» 


CYRIL J JR 


HENDERSONe MALCOLM C 


JENKINS» 
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31 WASH SOC OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS 


BORTHWICKs HARRY A 
BURK» DEAN 

CATHEYe HENRY M 
CORRELL» DAVID L 
CULLINANe FRANK P 
FOWELLSe HARRY A 
GALLOWAYs RAYMOND A 
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LIEBERMANe MORRIS 
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MC KINNEY* HAROLD H 
MITCHELL es JOHN w 
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CANNONes £— W 
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Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing 
the Local Affiliated Societies * 


Philosophical Society of Washington ©0000... BS Nc oP Aco eS ee ie eo Georce T. Rapo 
Iara SOULE EN Cd WV ASHANIO TON, hi ocj.0-5 usc. ov suv. + vince socsosesiedoicaeessiiasossatsvccesteasecccoesevsve> JEAN K. Boek 

Biological Society of TEC STV cr oS WD Sat R A Ae. Fue, 07 5 nee RE Delegate not appointed 
RUMIIMESISEIECLY Of WAGEIRIOTOM 50). .cooo ihc eheve desc acovsdevcdeceeescsnvscbenseuccuecueces avecsdedececsoe Mary H. ALprIpcE 
Entomological Society of Washington Ei eset a> i lies See oe RRR a Ad. oe W. Doyte REED 
RINE TCUBDERTE IQ OUCLY coe ub cevestva ces, cd oa es l5cd wisp vwnevcendgsndetcscvontlegseavonsnoscncasctvnese ALEXANDER WETMORE 
EES yg ROA EES OF OSC) nl Ravpu L. MILLER 
meee Society of the District of Columbia .0...0.00..0000.20c0..clo ec icecemenadheesce nce Delegate not appointed 
ESTEE Sc) 2 1 ne ea Delegate not appointed 
Botanical Society of Washington .2.000....000.00ccc00-. SER ete eS h LURA Peter H. Heinze 
SNIPE PICT NOANN OEE SECTS 652 86s nck bes sncs odes casnscestaeesevcss.gsnjcnSoacacntess cece sssleivengactecenny scene Harry A. Fowe.ts 
Washington Society of Engineers .............. 1M AEA ad led Mr DORE KTR © EASE CLEMENT L. GARNER 
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mean society of Mechanical Bngimeers ........-.....00.-s.-c0c0ccecesceceeeseceeseeseeecateeeeseeesds WitiiAM G. ALLEN 
Helminthological Society of Washington ................... Ue Pty i 3-08 ec Ai Sean eB AurREL QO. Foster 
MemmmermmmnOciety for MICrObIOlOSy o.oo... cc ccea. sou licsecculendestecscscesleccsecceseesacseersusvers ELIZABETH J. OSWALD 
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erm mercrety OF (Cavil EMSineers ooo eel ici res tbeente essere teenseeconeeee THORNDYKE SAVILLE, JR. 
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American Meteorological Society Harotp A. STEINER 


RNIN O1) EW) SUV LOIN oo cee as cuc cudiecnsscbeedneetedesnteassulsvisoursctlosiasnegeeanysndee H. IvAN RAINWATER 
Acoustical mee UMTS? We es te ee SS al se a oe Oe ea have ALFRED WEISSLER 
IU PIRTMNNE RR CLD ys. oe Ske ak ce sanselbn conse ds civoncnscneenene cape cadtcvuvecavecesssunte Oscar M. BizzeLy 
em ee eM TT COLI IO IST S 52... cscdsoueneek nlekspc ssn sacsncagesnueiashecntetdovasmnnudlvwedasts Greorce K. PARMAN 


American Ceramic Society J. J. Diamonp 


TET AAR INSURE pc oo ie Pe Pathe ve ssc, vin desta vac suvds <avinsech covassatlgncwcesnsclchedacsbecunss Kurt H. STERN 
mee rin EDN Eine ot SePeTCE Olen by oy 6o5 ccc th pecan sos scncnscunsansisecvsncs svnvsdeovseseapeesstarducongusnece Morris LEIKIND 
pumerican. wssoriation of Physics Teachers ...c..0.c.....00.ci16c.ccccceelscnecseeqstenceasecdeeeesevecnes BERNARD B. WATSON 
a ke POT TELE eae sc eo ncstenentnneciveacstavrvanaesvees Rare Se Davip L. EDERER 
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SESS Eo ca CSc as Wt aa a Se ALFRED M. POMMER 


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and Petroleum Engineers ........ <n ae WOR a SEES ee Oa ne Re ne ie Ae BERNARDO F. GROSSLING 


* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective societies. 


Volume 59 SEPTEMBER 1969 


CONTENTS 


Irvin C. MouHLER: The Impact of Information 


No. 6 — 


Science on Biology: A Possible Society Role ..........0.00..0.0cccccceees 117 
ACADEMY PROCEEDINGS 
Washington Junior Academy of Sciences 
Tentative Calendar for 1969-1970 .......0..0005..0.0Joh = 120 
Officers, 1969-70) co. ee ee 120 
Activities © ..60520 220 Mig catia SL Reins Res cc ee 121 
Joint Meeting, WAS and WJAS |.....000000000oL 38... 121 
New. Subscription. Rates ..0.0.....0.0..cc:cciiceect icin eect nes 122 
Science Education News «020.000.000.000. Dae ieee 122 
Scientists in the News 
R. E. Gibson Retires oo. 2...05.00.00..ceccgscc hence oceans 122 
U.S. Army Mobility Equipment R&D Center Award ..................0.0.... 123 
Eduard Farber—Obituary .......... styiplavalchadtasesassssicint cokes ieee 125 
1969 Directory 
Foreward (o.20...0000..000cooc 2 Sass hws ean a age 126 
Academy Organization for 1969-70) ......00..00c.6c...:0-4.0:-s 126 
Officers of Affiliated Societies ..):....0.......ccc.c:cc:eecreecederrsees 128 
Explanation of Listings ....:....000:000.4c¢5ecsnin i a 132 
Membership: Listings! >.0).203, ee) ch ee eee Lanett rr 134 


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VOLUME 59 NUMBERS 7-9 


Journal of the 


WASHINGTON 
ACADEMY OF 
SCIENCES 


ane ~ 
EEN 


haves | \ 
\ tEB 18 1970 
\ 


CiBRARIED 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Editor: RicHArp H. Foote, Department of Agriculture 
Telephones: 461-8677 (home) ; 474-6500, ext. 453 (office) 
Editorial Assistant: ELIzABETH OsTAcciI, Washington Academy of Sciences 


Associate Editors 


Harotp T. Cook, Department of Agriculture Harry A. FowE ts, Department of Agriculture 
SAMUEL B. DETWILER, JR., Department of Agri- Heten L. ReEyNoxtps, Food and Drug Adminis- 
culture tration 


RicHarp P. Farrow, National Canners Asso- ELAINE G. SHAFRIN, Naval Research Laboratory 
ciation 


Contributors 


FRANK A, BIBERSTEIN, Jr., Catholic University JosePH B. Morris, Howard University 
CuHartes A. WHITTEN, Coast & Geodetic Survey Jacop Mazur, National Bureau of Standards 
MarsoriE Hooker, Geological Survey HELEN D. Park, National Institutes of Health 


et Ee ee eee ALLEN L. ALEXANDER, Naval Research Laboratory 
Epmunp M. Buras, Jr., Gillette Research In- THomAs H. Harris, Public Health Service 
stitute Eart M. Hitpesranp, USDA, Beltsville 


This Journal, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sciences, publishes historical 
articles, critical reviews, and scholarly scientific articles; notices of meetings and abstract proceed- 
ings of meetings of the Academy and its affiliated societies; and regional news items, including 
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1-13 of the Proceedings and Volumes 1-40 of the Journal). 


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ACADEMY OFFICERS FOR 1969-70 


President: Georce W. Irvinc, Jr., Department of Agriculture 

President-Elect: ALPHONSE F. Forziati1, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration 
Secretary: Mary L. Rossins, George Washington University 

Treasurer: RicHArp K. Cook, Environmental Science Services Administration 


Pe ee ee ee 


Editorial 


Readers of this issue will discover that John Angle’s article begin- 
ning on p. 192 represents a return to the once-abandoned Journal 
policy of publishing detailed results of original current research. Al- 
though some Academy members may view this departure from recent 
tradition with dismay, all will recognise in it a response to the results 
of the summer questionnaire (see pp. 204, 206, this issue). Additional 
such manuscripts will be solicited for future issues to serve in a small 
way the burgeoning community of scientists who are discovering that 
satisfactory publication outlets are continually more difficult to identify 
and. utilize. 


At the same time, the Journal will continue to feature articles that 
comment on the inter-relationships within science and between science 
and society. The resulting balance of subject matter, in addition to the 
usual reporting of Academy affairs, should not only reflect the interests 
of Academy members—it should cause the Journal to reach new read- 

ers, to exert influence in areas where it has yet to be seen and used, and 
therefore to take its rightful place in the world of scientific publication. 


But to succeed in these things the Journal requires not only your 
vote of confidence—it needs your material contributions in the form of 
publishable manuscripts. Now that you have wished your Journal to 
prosper, consider seriously providing the nourishment it needs! 


EDITOR 


Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 179 


‘The Chart that Made Navigation History 


Aaron L. Shalowitz, J.D., LL.M.° 
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (Retd.), Washington, D.C. 


The year 1969 marks the 400th anniver- 
sary of the first publication of the famous 
“Mercator World Chart of 1569.” It has 
been stated that this nautical chart stands 
alone in map history, isolated from Merca- 
tor’s many other works, as a violent depar- 
ture and pronounced improvement over 
methods existing before that time. It is 
therefore fitting that cognizance be taken 
at this time of the man and the chart that 
made navigation history. 

Preliminarily, it should be noted that an 
important distinction exists between the 
nautical chart and maps in general. While 
the latter may serve as reference media, 
the nautical chart in its special and accu- 
rate delineation is an instrument to be 
worked with and upon so that a ship’s 
course may be laid down with accuracy 
and ease, and positions readily deter- 
mined. 


From Ptolemy to Mercator 


Although the modern chart is of com- 
paratively recent origin, the period from 
Ptolemy to Mercator, covering the first 16 
centuries of the present era, saw three 
great developments in cartography that 
have profoundly influenced contemporary 
chart making. Claudius Ptolemy—mathe- 
matician, astronomer, and geographer— 
who lived in the early part of the second 
century, stands without doubt in the front 
rank of early geographic thought. His 
Geographia represented the sum of all geo- 


1 Doctor Shalowitz is author of. the 2-volume 
legal-technical treatise Shore and Sea Boundaries. 


180 


graphic learning and served as a ground- 
work for future cartographers. Ptolemy 
gave details for the construction of 26 
maps and a general world map and is 
credited with being the originator of the 
conic projection—at least his map of the 
world was constructed on a modification 
of this projection with meridians and par- 
allels both curved. 

The advent of the compass around the 
13th century paved the way for a new type 
of chart which flourished toward the close 
of the middle ages and forms a notable ex- 
ception to the prevailing darkness of the 
period. The Italian and Catalan chart mak- 
ers of the 14th century neglected the con- 
cept of latitude and longitude and used the 
points of the compass as their “grid sys- 
tem.” Their charts were called Portolanos 
or “handy plans.” No projection was in- 
cluded, but in its place were networks of 
straight lines, each network radiating from 
a common center like the spokes of a 


wheel and corresponding to the points of 


the compass. These lines enabled the navi- 
gator to set his course at and to any point 
by aid of the magnetic needle. The Porto- 
lanos achieved only an approach to mathe- 
matical accuracy, but they were enough to 
give the seamen of that period the 
confidence they needed to sail the open 
sea. It remained, however, for Mercator— 
150 years later—to solve the problem of 
cartography for the navigator. 

The influence of the Portolanos on chart 
making was felt for several centuries after 
their introduction, and Juan de la Cosa in 
1500 still covered his chart with the spi- 
der-web lines (Fig. 1). (1) 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Mereator’s World Chart of 1569 


The third great influence on the modern 
nautical chart was the contribution of Ger- 
hard Kramer—better known by his Latin 
surname Mercator, meaning merchant. 
Mercator combined the scientific theories 
of Ptolemy with the practical advantages 
of the Portolanos and devised the well 
known projection which bears his name. 
This was an entirely new projection de- 
signed to simplify and improve marine 
navigation. In his World Chart of 1569 
(Fig. 2), the latitude and longitude lines 
are straight, parallel lines intersecting each 
other at right angles. The meridians of 
longitude are spaced equally throughout 
the chart based on their distance apart at 
the equator. Since meridians on the earth 
converge toward the poles, this caused a 
spreading of the meridians everywhere ex- 
cept at the equator. To compensate for 
this, Mercator conceived the idea of also 
spreading the parallels in exactly the same 
proportion as he spread the meridians. 

What Mercator sought to accomplish by 
this arrangement of meridians and paral- 
lels was to provide the navigator with a 
chart on which a straight line—the sim- 
plest of all lines—joining any two points 
would determine the constant course he 
must steer in sailing between those points. 
Such a line is called a rhumb line or lox- 
odromic curve. On the earth it cuts all the 
meridians at the same angle and is a con- 
tinually curving line, always approaching 
the poles but theoretically never reaching 
them. A ship sailing “a rhumb” is there- 
fore on one course continuously. The 
uniqueness of the Mercator projection lies 
in the fact that on it and it alone the 
rhumb line is a straight line. This is the 
essential property which Mercator sought 
to preserve, and he subordinated all other 
properties to this one. 

Mercator’s original chart of 1569 con- 
tains numerous Latin inscriptions of both 
historical and technical interest. They give 
a résumé of the geographic knowledge of 
the time, show how the chart should be 
used, and give the reasons which led Mer- 


VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


cator to develop his system of map projec- 
tion. The chart was found in Breslau in 
1889. It measures 82.7 by 51.2 inches. 


One of the inscriptions is the following: 


“If you wish to sail from one port to another 
here is a chart and a straight line on it, 
and if you follow carefully this line you 
will certainly arrive at your port of destina- 
tion. But the length of the line may not be 
correct yet it points in the right direction. 
Consequently if you adhere to the line you 
may get to your destination sooner or you 
may not get there as soon as you expect, 
but you will certainly get there.” 


The International Hydrographic Bureau 
at Monaco has issued a full-scale reproduc- 
tion of this chart in 18 sheets, including 
a pamphlet giving the Latin text and Eng- 
lish translations of the legends. (2) 


The Problem of Map Projection 


If it were possible to flatten a globe into 
a plane surface without tearing or stretch- 
ing, the problem of map projection would 
never have arisen. But we know this to be 
impossible from the simple attempt to flat- 
ten a hollow rubber ball. The problem of 
the map maker has therefore been to de- 
vise some means by which a portion or all 
of the curved surface of the earth can be 
represented on a plane with the least 
amount of distortion. The process by 
which this is accomplished is termed “map 
projection.” More specifically, it is a meth- 
od of transferring to a flat map the imagi- 
nary meridians and parallels by which the 
earth is divided. They can be drawn in an 
arbitrary manner, but to avoid confusion 
and to be of scientific value they must fol- 
low an orderly correspondence. The num- 
ber of ways in which this orderly arrange- 
ment can be determined is almost without 
limit and depends upon the conditions im- 
posed. 

In strictness, the term “projection” is 
geometrical in concept and ought to be 
confined to representations obtained di- 
rectly according to the laws of perspective, 
but geographers have borrowed it from 
geometers and have applied it to any 


181 


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. 1—Chart of North Atlantic Ocean by 
and in bright colors. 


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JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


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183 


VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


method of representation of the surface of 
the earth upon a plane, whether it be by 
geometric construction, as in perspective 
projections, or by development, as in the 
Mercator projection. For nautical charts 
the latter type of projection is used exclu- 
sively. Of these, there is a large variety, 
each projection fulfilling a condition that 
exists on the sphere which it is desirable 
to preserve, whether it be equivalence of 
area, right shape, true distances, or correct 
bearings. Hence, any projection is at best 
a compromise and the choice of projection 
usually depends upon the purpose which 
the map or chart is to serve. 


The Mercator Projection 


The Mercator projection belongs to that 
class of map projections known as the 
“conformal” type, in which the property 
of correct shape is preserved for geograph- 
ical features, rather than correct size. Any 
small area is shown with practically its 
true shape, but large areas are distorted 
by the change in scale from point to point. 
The exact condition for conformality is 
that the scale at any point is the same in 
all directions. In contrast, there is the 
“equal-area” type of projection in which 
correct size is preserved at the expense of 
correct shape. For mapping extensive por- 
tions of the world, it is mathematically im- 
possible to preserve both properties in the 
same projection. Mercator’s arrangement 
of the meridians and parallels enabled him 
to preserve on his 1569 world chart the 
one property which he considered indis- 
pensable for the navigator—the straight 
rhumb line. 

Historically, it is known that Mercator 
derived his results by approximate formu- 
la, but it was of sufficient precision to ex- 
ercise a powerful influence on the progress 
of navigation. Thirty years later, Edward 
Wright developed a more accurate method 
of computation, and tables for the con- 
struction of the projection were made 
known in a publication entitled “Certaine 
Errors in Navigation.” Accurate values of 
meridional parts—the distances in nautical 


184 


miles any given latitude is distant from 
the equator on a Mercator projection—did 
not, however, become available until the 
calculus was invented more than a century 
later and better values determined for the 
figure of the earth. 

Tables for the construction of a Merca- 
tor projection for any part of the globe 
from the equator to 80° north and south 
latitude have been computed for the 
Clarke Spheroid of 1866 which has a po- 
lar compression or flattening of 1/294.98. 
The meridional parts are given to five dec- 
imal places which should serve for the 
most exacting work without the need for 
interpolation. (3) 

There is one aspect of the Mercator 
projection that needs clarification. Al- 
though frequently referred to as a cylin- 
drical or cylindrical-type projection with 
the cylinder tangent at the equator, it is 
best to consider it as derived by mathe- 
matical analysis, the spacing of the paral- 
lels bearing an exact relationship to the 
spreading of the meridians along corre- 
sponding parallels. Mercator himself re- 
ferred to his representation simply as “a 
new proportion and a new arrangement of 
the meridians with reference to the paral- 
lels.”” In this mathematical transformation, 
Mercator did not employ a tangent cylin- 
der, nor is it ever employed in deriving 
the projection. Statements to this effect 
may therefore be dismissed as erroneous 
and misleading. 


Advantages 

It was heretofore noted that the para- 
mount aim of Mercator was to produce 
a chart on -which the rhumb line is a 
straight line. As a corollary to this, all fea- 
tures along that line will be passed exactly 
as charted. This is of considerable value in 
coastwise navigation, for the rhumb line 
representing a constant course to be made 
good will indicate at once the distance at 
which dangers will be passed abeam. In 
addition, the projection commends itself to 
chart makers and chart users because of 
the existence of a general table applicable 
to any part of the globe; its ease of con- 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


struction; and its rectangularity. The mar- 
iner’s aversion to curved lines has always 
been known. Mercator realized this and in 
one of the legends on his 1569 chart he 
expressed himself as follows: “Indeed, the 
forms of the meridians, as used till now 
by geographers, on account of their curva- 
ture and their convergence to each other, 
are not utilizable for navigation.” 

The projection possesses simplicity in 
that meridians are vertical, always con- 
stant throughout the chart and pointing 
the same way and parallel with the east 
and west borders of the chart—just where 
one would expect them to be. Plotting and 
scaling of positions by latitude and longi- 
tude can be achieved readily by use of the 
border divisions of the chart, and a course 
can be laid off from any meridian or com- 
pass rose and carried by parallel ruler to 
any part of the chart. 


Disadvantages 

There are some disadvantages in the use 
of the Mercator projection, notably that it 
exaggerates areas appreciably—seriously 
when large differences of latitude are in- 
volved—and that the scale is constantly 
changing with latitude, so that a graphic 
scale cannot be used on the smaller-scale 
charts. For measuring distances recourse 
must be had to the border scale for the 
latitude in which the distance lies. The 
scale in the polar latitudes approaches in- 
finity which makes the projection unsuita- 
ble for use above 80°. Mercator was aware 
of this and on his 1569 chart he shows the 
area around the North Pole as an inset on 
a projection centered at the pole (Fig. 2). 

Perhaps the most serious limitation 
from the standpoint of the navigator is 
that a great circle (orthodromic curve) — 
the shortest distance between two points 
on the surface of the earth—would be 
projected as a curved line on a Mercator 
chart. This means that radio bearings and 
lines of sight on distant shore objects, 
which follow the paths of great circles, 
cannot be plotted as straight lines. To fa- 
cilitate the plotting it is the practice to ap- 
ply a correction to the radio bearing to 


Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcToBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


convert it into a mercatorial bearing 
which can then be plotted as a straight 
line. These corrections are available to the 
mariner from precomputed tables which 
appear in all the Coast Pilots of the Coast 
and Geodetic Survey. 

All these disadvantages are, however, 
minimal for the navigator when compared 
to the overriding advantage of the straight 
rhumb line. 


Mercator’s Critics 


Mercator has been criticised, and even 
maligned, by some latter-day map makers 
and geographers for having produced a 
“monstrosity” because of the areal distor- 
tions his projection contains in the higher 
latitudes. The classic example usually giv- 
en is that Greenland shows larger than 
South America, whereas in reality South 
America is nine times as large as Green- 
land. This type of criticism stems from a 
failure to recognize what Mercator was 
trying to achieve. He was not devising a 
map for use in a schoolroom where the 
study of relative size of geographic fea- 
tures is important. He had already drawn 
a map of the world in 1538 on an equal- 
area projection. What he was seeking was 
a chart for the improvement of navigation 
and he considered the straight rhumb line 
to provide that objective. To achieve this, 
it was necessary to introduce the distor- 
tion that exists in the higher latitudes to 
the north and south of the equator. To 
consider this distortion a weakness of the 
projection is to overlook completely the 
purpose for which it was devised. 

It is axiomatic that the ideal method of 
studying the earth and its component rela- 
tionships is by means of a globe. But for 
two-dimensional mapping the problem is 
not so simple. The Mercator projection 
plays a definite role in giving a continuous 
conformal mapping of the world. The re- 
strictions of relative size may be more or 
less disturbing, but so are the tripartite or 
quadripartite arrangements, with discon- 
tinuities in oceans and continents, seen in 


185 


other projections when extended to world 
proportions. 

The writer is indebted to the late 
Charles Deetz, his colleague in the United 
States Coast and Geodetic Survey for over 
30 years and one of the foremost authori- 
ties on map projections, for the following 
rhyme which aptly expresses his thoughts 
on the critics of Mercator: 


“Let none dare to attribute the shame 
Of misuse of projections to Mercator’s name; 
But smother quite, and let infamy light 
Upon those who do misuse, 
Publish or recite.” (4) 


An Appraisal 


Gerhard Mercator—mathematician, ge- 
ographer, and cartographer—was born in 
Flanders in 1512 and was a graduate of 
the University of Louvain. He devoted his 
life to the betterment of maps and was the 
chief of his generation in putting in order 
the accumulating stores of geographic 
knowledge. His invention of the projection 
which bears his name marked him as one 
of the world’s foremost map makers. His 
“World Chart of 1569” was the greatest 
achievement in cartographic history. As an 
original creation it made Mercator fa- 


mous, transmitting his name for all time. 
In 16th century contemporary judgment 
he was styled as “In cosmography by far 
the first.” Nautical cartography, in gener- 
al, and marine navigation, in particular, 
have been enriched by his impact on them. 
The highest tribute that can be paid him 
is to state that the projection which he de- 
vised 400 years ago is today universally 
used for marine charts and will very likely 


be so used as long as ships “sail the 
rhumb.” 


References Cited 


(1) Juan de la‘Cosa accompanied Columbus 
on his first voyage to the New World as master 
of his flagship and as cartographer on his second 
voyage. The Cosa chart is of great interest 
historically, being the earliest chart now extant 
that shows the American coast. 

(2) International Hydrographic Bureau, (1932). 
Text and Translation of the Legends of the Orig- 
inal Chart of the World by Gerhard Mercator, 
Issued in 1569. 

(3) The International Hydrographic Bureau 
has published tables of meridional parts based 
on the International Ellipsoid of Reference with 
a flattening of 1/297 as adopted in 1924 by the 
International Geodetic and Geophysical Union. 
Special Publication No. 21 (Monaco: 1928). 

(4) Charles H. Deetz and Oscar S. Adams, 
Elements of Map Projection 104, Special Publica- 
tion No. 68, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 
(Fifth Edition, Revised, 1944). 


CF aicrbait Aneto elisa 


186 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Current Problems and the Future of 
Industry in Insecticide Use 


and Development 


A. O. Jensen 


American Cyanamid Co., Orinda, California * 


The problems of industry as related to 
insect and mite control chemicals have 
never been greater and the future of in- 
dustry less certain than at this moment. 

This generalization may seem a bit dis- 
mal when the statistics show that pesticide 
use is on the increase in every section of 
our nation. Why then should I feel con- 
cerned if usage continues to increase? 

I shall say at this point that problems, 
opinions, suggestions, and any prognosti- 
cations as presented in this discussion are 
the distillation of talks with many promi- 
nent industry representatives. I take full 
responsibility for the controversial sub- 
jects. This paper represents not the opin- 
ions of top management, but rather those 
of field managers who daily face the prob- 
lems of field development and use of pesti- 
cides. It is a complex phenomenon, but the 
potentially adverse results are as inevitable 
as the proverbial sands of time unless we 
do something in the near future to over- 
come our industrial problems. 

Let’s first review some of the major 
problem areas as I see them: 

1. Cost of developing and registering a 
compound. It is estimated this figure could 
be 1.5-2.5 million dollars per compound. 
The cost picture has been belabored too 
much in the past few years, but it still 
seems to be greatly misunderstood by 
many who do not want to understand or 
feel that ranting against the ogre of big 
business will reduce the price. I submit for 
your consideration this question: Where 


1From a talk given at the Dallas meeting of 
the Entomological Society of America on Dec. 2, 
1968. 


Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


else in a consumer-oriented industry has a 
price stayed almost the same as 15 years 
ago? Did your car price stay at $1,500 as 
it was in 1953? Parathion is selling today 
for about 50 cents less per pound than in 
1953! Let me assure you, our labor and 
production costs have steadily gone up in 
this period. We have a large investment at 
our research center in Princeton and more 
than 500 people work every day in this 
complex. The risk potential is great and 
the number of new compounds coming out 
of all industrial research projects is very 
nebulous. Of all the compounds that are 
screened and tested, only a fraction ever 
reach the fruition of registration. This is 
true in all of our industry, whether it be 
insecticides or other pesticides. The com- 
petition for research and development dol- 
lars in a corporation is acute, and the Ag- 
ricultural Division has to fight for survival 
with such exotic things as consumer 
products, about which a much quicker re- 
turn for dollars invested can generally be 
predicted. 

2. Cost of adding a new crop or use to 
existing labels. A few years ago I kept an 
accurate cost accounting of time involved 
in obtaining one set of residue samples 
at one location in California. The costs 
sobered my thinking on residue work. The 
use was for Cygon on peppers to control 
aphids. To establish and collect samples, 
65 hours of time were involved and 2,000 
miles were driven. I gave the time the 
very conservative figure of $10 per hour, 
which adds up to $650. There was an air- 
shipment cost of $128 for the residue sam- 
ple and approximately $750 cost to run 


187 


the 30 residue samples in our present labo- 
ratory. These figures add up to more than 
$1,500. Keep in mind that these figures 
apply to our work in about nine other lo- 
cations as well, which would total approxi- 
mately $15,000 for one single registration 
on one insect. With good luck we’ll get by 
with this number of tests, but we may 
have to expand this testing over a longer 
period and many new locations. This is re- 
search for what I would consider a minor 
crop. Of course, we have to do as much 
research on a minor crop in most in- 
stances as we do on a major one such as 
cotton. This poses a real problem. Where 
do you spend your time, effort, and money 
to obtain registrations for promising com- 
pounds? 

Naturally, much time will be spent on 
the major crops, often leaving smaller or 
secondary crops without proper materials 
for crop protection. In many areas this 
problem has become acute in the past few 
years because the general feeling has been 
that, with our limited manpower, time, 
and profit potential we must expend 
our efforts in large crop potentials. | 
think we haven’t adequately coped with 
smaller crops and their insecticide regis- 
tration problems, even though some meth- 
ods are now underway to provide regis- 
trations for them. 


3. The apparent reduction in economic 
entomology research by most State and 
Federal groups. I want to stress that this 
section refers to applied chemical testing 
on various pests and crops. The National 
Science Foundation grants and other simi- 
lar ones have given great impetus to basic 
research at the expense of applied re- 
search. There is also a great deal of em- 
phasis placed on support for basic re- 
search papers that will qualify entomolo- 
gists for their advancement in the academic 
system. 

The young entomologist who wants to 
get ahead cannot be blamed for wanting to 
do his research in a laboratory under con- 
trolled conditions on problems that will 
give him definitive papers leading to ad- 


188 


vanced degrees or promotions within his 
department. But this attribute does seri- 
ously detract from his usefulness to ap- 
plied entomology. 


4. The shortage of trained entomologists 
for industrial research and development 
work. Of course this shortage is found in 
the public area too, consequently another 
reason for less applied work lies simply in 
the fact that there are not enough people 
to attack the problem. 

We have also seen in areas of the West 
a trend away from experimental stations. 
This trend has had a great impact on the 
degree of applied work for the simple rea- 
son that the entomologist of ten years ago 
who was assigned to an experiment station 
worked primarily on the problems of his 
pest or crop. He was not diverted by 
teaching and academic duties of routine 
nature. As his school or station became a 
teaching institution as well as a research 
station, he found himself having to assume 
these additional duties that were not al- 
ways productive on a day-to-day basis and 
that obviously took time from what he had 
previously been doing. 


3. Shortage of technically trained sales 
personnel. There is a real need to upgrade 
the caliber of man that contacts and makes 
recommendations to the ultimate pesticide 
user. This man needs a solid background 
in agriculture, preferably with a degree in 
entomology or related sciences. The short- 
age of these good men is very apparent in 
the market place of manpower, namely the 
college and university. Also, many men go 
on to advanced degrees, feeling this will 
greatly improve their job bargaining pow- 
er. This can help them at times, but we do 
see many good sales-oriented people miss- 
ing their true calling in agricultural sales. 
No longer is agricultural sales a pitch- 
man’s game; the salesman must have the 
technical know-how or he soon becomes an 
albatross around the neck of his company. 


6. A general lag in State and Federal 


recommendations for the use of pesticides 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


in relation to their availability to the con- 
sumer farmer. This lag in most instances 
is related to the shortage of or decreased 
emphasis on applied chemical testing. Now 
I am fully aware this statement does not 
apply to every State or situation, but in- 
dustry feels the pinch in this phase more 
each year and in more areas. This detracts 
from the university or extension prestige 
and puts almost too much burden on in- 
dustry’s responsibility for realistic pest 
control. 


7. The steady growth of distribution 
and regulatory restrictions at all levels of 
government from county to Federal. We in 
the West have seen this growth coming on 
strongly for many years, as California has 
had an active county regulatory force for 
many years. This regulation in most cases 
is good; it weeds out or controls problem- 
making industrial companies or individu- 
als—and we have had a few! Most legiti- 
mate problems can be overcome, but it 
takes time, money, ard more effort than 
ever to cut through the red tape. This area 
definitely needs streamlining and modern- 
izing. 


8. The apparent short life of most pesti- 
cides. Not too much short-term help can 
be given this problem. We need to find the 
best uses for our many pesticides and try 
to build into them as much long-life use- 
fulness as we possibly can. 

There are, of course, many reasons for 
the short life aspect, most prominent of 
which is insect resistance. I doubt very 
mich if this is the most controversial of 
our problems because we realize that basic 
research is the only answer to lengthen the 
life of pesticides through judicious inte- 
grated control. The modern farm practices 
are doing much to outmode certain chemi- 
cals quickly, and at this point this fact 
needs to be kept in mind for future recom- 
mendations as well. 


9. A communication gap. We in indus- 
try desperately need better communica- 
tions and intelligence from the State and 


Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


Federal research groups, not only to help 
us develop logical and sound use patterns 
for our pesticides, but to inspire us into 
new and potentially productive research 
areas for compounds that could change the 
entire pattern of pest control. The research 
entomologists must communicate to and 
inspire industrial research in entirely new 
avenues of endeavor. 


10. Industry has a_ responsibility of 
making pest control work but very little 
voice in the official recommendations of 
university, State, or Federal entomologists. 
This is one area I shall develop later in 
my discussion because I feel it is of tre- 
mendous importance and has great poten- 
tial. 


These are only ten of our many prob- 
lems and not everyone would agree they 
are the most important. But where are we 
headed and what is industry’s future? I 
may in one breath sound pessimistic, but 
never let it be said that I’m not optimistic 
that these problems cannot be overcome. It 
may take some new tactics to accomplish 
this, but it can, must, and will be done! 

A few of the remedies as I see them can 
be best summed up in the following 
points: 


1. We need the support of all ento- 
mology departments to help train and guide 
promising young men into industrial re- 
search, development, and technical service 
work. Industry has the facilities and prob- 
lems to challenge the most gregarious of 
young men. The teaching institutions can 
help immensely by permitting us to talk to 
undergraduate or graduate students to tell 
the story of our respective companies. It 
might even be considered part of a course 
or curriculum during one of the decision- 
making years of the student’s university 
life. It does not have to take on the cold- 
blooded aspect of pure recruiting. 


2. There is a need to streamline the in- 
secticide registration process and develop 
clear-cut positive guidelines as to the need- 
ed data for registration. There must be ac- 


189 


tion on pending registrations at specific 
time intervals. The cost of carrying a pro- 
gram through another year with very little 
definitive information on what is lacking 
or inadequate in a pending registration is 
a tremendous source of financial loss to 
industry. Industry will continue to be as 
productive as in the past but only as long 
as the incentive is available. 


3. The States should set forth positive 
applied research programs each year or 
span of years, so that industry can look to 
them as guidelines of emphasis. 


4. University extension departments 
should direct their communication efforts 
toward the groups that will be most influ- 
ential to the ultimate chemical user. A 
group of studies in the Midwest and Cali- 
fornia has shown that no longer do the 
university extension people and county 
agents have the prime influence on farmer 
decisions; rather, the influence lies with 
the industry salesman. Doesn’t this fact in- 
dicate a need for extension to gear its ef- 
forts more toward convincing these men 
that the stories and data of good research 
can be properly utilized in influencing the 
grower decisions? Doesn’t this indicate a 
need for extension to extend efforts toward 
convincing these men that the story and 
data of good research can be properly uti- 
lized to influence the growers? 


D5. We must narrow the gap between 
time of registration of pesticides and the 
time the pesticides are recommended by 
State or Federal extension personnel. The 
time lag is often as high as 5 years. 


6. Let’s streamline the local regulatory 
process and try for more conformation to 
the national laws. Our nation is really 
very small, relatively speaking, and there 
are adequate Federal laws now to handle 
most situations. 


7. Build a stronger and more useful ag- 
ricultural chemical association that can 
help relate our problems and advantages 
to the concerned public. We are now too 
weak in this area and tend to talk to our- 
selves too much. 


190 


8. Industry and extension need to have 
a common meeting ground for the devel- 
opment of sound workable recommenda- 
tions. The State extension groups could 
take a strong lead in this area by develop- 
ing an agricultural pest control steering 
committee utilizing some industry person- 
nel. They should meet at least twice a year 
with the university extension people to se- 
riously work on the official recommenda- 
tions. Industry does not need a vote, but it 
should be listened to and _ considered 
because it is directly charged by the 
grower to provide adequate pest control. 
Not always are the official recommenda- 
tions practical for the day-to-day field con- 
trol program. This sounding board will also 
serve other purposes such as a better un- 
derstanding between the two groups and 
an avenue to communicate urgent prob- 
lems to industrial research for considera- 
tion. 


9. The grower, through individual and 
organizational efforts, should insist upon a 
fair support for research at the university, 
state, and Fedéral level. The professional 
entomologists have great difficulty in influ- 
encing their legislatures to provide them 
adequate funds for the nebulous task of 
insect control. We have seen time and time 
again in many areas of the country that 
legislatures have cut budgets to the bare 
minimum, claiming that the primary duty 
is to teach students, not to conduct re- 
search that would profit industry. We all 
know this is short-sighted of our legisla- 
tive system, but it is a reality of life, and 
the only people who can seriously influ- 
ence this area are the large grower-con- 
sumer groups in this nation. This is an- 
other area of professional communication— 
the necessity to develop hard-hitting facts 
that will support the obvious need for good 
applied research is inescapable. 


In closing I mention an excerpt from a 
recent speech by Dr. Warren Shaw, 
USDA, that I feel states rather explicitly 
the need for pesticides and realisitic ap- 
proaches to the production of food: 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


“The use of pesticides is gen- 
erally the most effective and in 
many instances the only available 
method to control weeds, insects, 
nematodes, and diseases. In some 
instances, pest-resistant crop vari- 


eties are the only means of con- 


trol. However, pesticides and 
non-chemical methods of control 
are usually most effective when 
combined in an integrated sys- 
tems approach with other good 
crop production practices. 

The use of pesticides has-ac- 
counted for 10 to 15 per cent of 
the increase in farm output since 
1940. They also are responsible 
for $2—2.5 billion of the annual 
savings in production resources. 
We should also consider the con- 
sequences of the complete with- 
drawal of pesticides now used in 
agricultural production. Sound 


unreasonable? Yes. But there are 
some who advocate just such ac- 
tion. Total output of crops and 
livestock combined would be re- 
duced by about 30 per cent. 
Farm exports would be eliminat- 
ed and the price of farm prod- 
ucts would increase 50 to 75 per 
cent.” 


These are grave and thought-provoking 
words. Let’s hope we can always reason 
together to avert such a calamity. Gentle- 
men, I submit these few items for your 
consideration, but with all the problems 
and the future well-being of this science 
and our industry, I consider the area of 
communication most important and poten- 
tially fruitful. There are no problems or 
circumstances that cannot be overcome if 
we reveal and communicate our thoughts 
and ideas for appropriate review and ac- 
tion. 


7 ah hh 7) altel, 2 


VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcToBER-DECEMBER, 1969 191 


The Reproductive Cycle of the Northern Ravine 


Salamander, Plethodon richmondi richmondi, 


in the Valley and Ridge Province of Pennsylvania 


and Maryland 


John P. Angle 


Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 


ABSTRACT 


The reproductive cycle, growth rate and age at 
maturity of Plethodon richmondi is here com- 
pared with sympatric P. cinereus and P. glutino- 
sus. Evidence indicates that the cycle differs little 
from the postulated for P. cinereus and northern 
P. glutinosus. All 3 species have biennial cycles, 
females requiring nearly 2 years to form a new 
egg complement following egg deposition. All 
deposit eggs in early summer, probably in late 
May or early June. As evidenced by spermathecal 
sperm, mating in P. cinereus takes place both in 
the spring and fall, but courtship in P. richmondi 
may occur primarily in the spring months. In 
P. cinereus and P. richmondi, spermatozoa are 
found only in females having ova of a size 
capable of being deposited in the spring. 
Ovarian follicles in spent female P. richmondi 
may increase in size most rapidly in winter and 
early spring. Low ovarian egg counts and the 
presence of resorbing follicles in many females 
suggest that, as in P. glutinosus, population 


The ravine salamander, Plethodon rich- 
mondi Netting and Mittleman, has been 
recognized as a distinct species since 1938, 


but its reproductive biology is little 
known. In_ southwestern Ohio, Wood 
(1945) and Duellman (1954) conclude 


that oviposition in P. richmondi occurs be- 
tween late April and mid-May. Wallace 
and Barbour (1957) found eggs of P. r. 
richmondi near terminal development in 
Kentucky and describe the newly hatched 


192 


density may effect reproductive success in some 
Pennsylvania populations. 

Sperm are present in the testes of mature 
males from September to late April, while the 
lumen of the vasa remains packed with sperma- 
tozoa from late September until late May. Cloacal 
spermatozoa are found from January to May, 
and although the vasa are sperm-packed in the 
fall, cloacal sperm are absent. 

Hatching in all 3 species probably takes place 
in September, although like P. glutinosus, the 
smallest young of P. richmondi are not found 
on the surface until the following spring. Al- 
though some juveniles reach maturity at the end 
of their second summer and males appear to be 
reproductively active at this time, females most 
likely do not enter the breeding population until 
3 years of age. 

The relationship of snout-vent length to weight 
in P. richmondi indicates a change in body form 
with age. 


young. Green (1938) and Brooks (1948) 
report on the eggs and ecology of P. r. 
nettingi in the Cheat Mountains of West 
Virginia. Short notes on ovarian egg com- 
plements have been published by Bishop 
(1943), Wilson and Friddle (1950), and 
Seibert and Brandon (1960). No studies 
on the reproductive cycle in males have 
been made, and no comparative studies of 
P. richmondi with closely related sympa- 
tric species have been published. The pres- 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


t—5mm——4 


Ea een 


VET cit 


Wate 
eigey 


Wiehe es rat 


ie: a re SLT 


eo 
y 


Fig. 1, A-I.—Seasonal changes in the testes and vasa deferentia. 


Te 
Seq urShv 


ANTERIOR : 


Enlarged, lighter areas in the 


testes are indicative of spermatogenesis or the presence of sperm; darker areas are indicative of 
evacuation of testicular sperm. 


ent investigation was undertaken primarily 
to compare the reproductive cycle of P. 
richmondi with the studies of sympatric P. 
cinereus and northern P. glutinosus as 
done by Sayler (1966) and Highton 
(1962), respectively. 

This paper is concerned only with Pleth- 
odon r. richmondi from the Valley and 
Ridge Physiographic Provinces of Penn- 
sylvania and Maryland. In this area, few 
P. richmond are active on the surface in 
late spring and summer and they are 
usually . unavailable from December 
through late March. For this reason, it 


VoL. 59, 


Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


was not possible to observe all stages of 
the reproductive cycle. 


Methods and Materials 
Of the 619 Plethodon richmondi exam- 


ined, all but 11 were collected within a 
25- sale radius of Hancock, Md. in Bed- 
ford and Fulton counties, Pa. and Wash- 
ington Co., Md. The remaining individuals 
were taken near Coburn, Centre Co., Pa. 
One hundred and eighty-eight salaman- 
ders taken during 1963 and 1964 were 
weighed and measured in the laboratory 


193 


@ mature males 
55 x immature males 


@ 
e 
e ® e 
® se e e oa 
oo ae ee 
2 ee esesee e @ 
E e Ps eccco 8=—«eveeee pte = ee 
= 45 e <e eneee geaeeee x e ¥ 
& 2eene eesexx Xx eco e oe 
a ® eseesox sex x e 
a © eseexx eex ® e x A 
= ox 8 
w 4 e x 
iL x on x 
> @ x® 
S xx x 
7) x xx 
3s “x x 
x xx 
x OX 
x x 
x x 
30 x x 
x 
x 
fe JAN FEB MAR) APR) MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 


Fig. 2.—Distribution of snout-vent lengths of immature and mature males by mouth. Circles indi- 
cate mature males, crosses indicate immature males. 


before preservation. They were kept on 
wet paper toweling for several hr and were 
then weighed on a triple-beam balance to 
the nearest 0.1 g, anesthetized in chloro- 
tone, and measured from the anterior an- 
gle to the vent to the tip of the snout 
(snout-vent length) with a millimeter rule. 
These data were used to determine the 
weight-length relationship according to the 
allometric equation of Simpson et al. 
(1960: 397). All salamanders were fixed 
in 10% formalin, transferred to water, 
and permanently preserved in 65% ethan- 
ol. 

In Plethodon, the testes consist of lob- 
ules arranged about a central longitudinal 
duct. Spermatogenesis, which occurs with- 
in the lobules, and transferral of sperm 
from them to the vasa, proceeds from the 
posterior to the anterior regions of the 
testes, producing visible regional changes 
in size. To determine the progress of this 
spermatogenetic wave, small pieces of the 
posterior, mid, and anterior section of a 
testes and a vas deferens were crushed and 
examined for spermatozoa. Smears of the 
cloacal fluid were also examined for sper- 
matozoa. 

The number and condition of ovarian 
follicles were noted and the diameter of 


194, 


follicles was estimated with a mm rule un- 
der a dissecting microscope. The presence 
of spermathecal sperm was ascertained by 
examining a crushed portion of the sper- 
matheca with a microscope. 

Harding’s (1949) method for analysis 
of polymodal frequency distributions was 
used to estimate the limits of juvenile age 
groups. In this method, normally distribut- 
ed data plotted on probability paper pro- 
duce a linear distribution of plotted 
points. A polymodal distribution produces 
a sigmoidal curve or curves. 


Reproductive Cycle in Males 


‘The seasonal changes in the appearance 
of the testes and vasa deferentia of Pletho- 
don richmondi are shown in Fig. 1, A-I. 
From September to November the testes of 
mature males are enlarged and have visi- 
ble sperm-filled testicular lobules. There is 
a progressive decrease in the diameter of 
the posterior portions of the testes as sper- 
matozoa are transferred to the vasa defer- 
entia, so that only the anterior portions of 
the testes remain enlarged by the following 
January. Complete evacuation of testicular 
sperm occurs in some males by March and 
is complete in all males by late April, at 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


A\30MARCH-GRAVID 48mm. 
Se % ee : 


-5mm~ 
ANTERIOR 


Fig. 3, A-F.—Appearance of the ovary and oviduct of mature. immature, and experimental P. rich- 
mondi. The date of collection, condition, and snout-vent length are shown where appropriate. 


which time the testes appear uniformly 
small and dark. Regeneration of the pos- 
terior lobules, indicated by a slight in- 
crease in size, begins in May in some 
males, although it is probable that matura- 
tion of spermatozoa in this region takes 
place in late July or August. 

Spermatozoa are present in the vasa of 
mature males every month and convoluted 
sperm-packed vasa are found from late 
September to May. A decrease in the di- 
ameter of the vasa is noted in April and 
May, as spermatozoa are extruded in the 
formation of spermatophores. Fifty % of 
the mature males taken in May have sper- 
matozoa only in the posterior part of the 
vasa. The vasa deferentia at this time are 
small in diameter and darkly pigmented. 

No intact spermatophores were found in 
males, but smears of the cloacal fluid fre- 
quently contained spermatozoa. Males with 
cloacal spermatozoa were collected in Jan- 
uary (2 of 3) and from March through 
late May (22 of 74). None of the 28 
males examined from September to No- 


Vout. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcToBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


vember had cloacal spermatozoa, but the 
enlarged condition of the vasa during this 
period suggests that spermatophores could 
be produced in the fall months. Sayler 
(1966: 191) thought that in P. cinereus, 
spermatophores could be produced from 
September to May as sperm were abun- 
dant in the vasa during that period. High- 
ton (1956: 78), however, implies that in 
P. glutinosus in Florida, sperm-packed 
vasa were found 6 months before sper- 
matophores were actually produced. 
Because sperm were not found in the 
cloaca of fall-collected males and were 
found in the spermatheca of only 2 fe- 
males, mating in P. richmondi probably 
takes place mainly in the spring. Some 
courtship may also occur in the fall, the 
extent of which may depend on age of the 
individual or on such environmental fac- 
tors as temperature and rainfall. Bishop 
(1941: 203) suggests that fall rains and 
warm temperatures may stimulate the pro- 
duction of spermatophores in cinereus. 


195 


SNOUT— VENT LENGTH(mm.) 


50 


Mature females 
60 
owith ovarian eggs <2: 


x Immature(small ova-smal| anne 
35) 


x 


25 


APR 


JAN FEB MAR MAY 


@with ovarian eggs Sauer ue eye Oras: 


8 


e ie) 
fe) 
€0 
ce) ce) e 
O e @0000 
6® ee 
ce) eee0 
CO x 
(e) xx ee 
XK ox Ox 
ce) 
x 
xO OOOXxX 
x x 
Xx 
x 
x 
x xx 
x 
xx 
x 
x 
x 
xx 
xX 
x 
>< 


tet nity | AR eeos | AS 
JUNE JULY NOV BEC 


AUG SEPT “OG 


Fig. 4.—Distribution of snout-vent lengths of female P. richmondi. 


Maturity in males is based on the pres- 
ence of sperm in the testes or vasa. Pig- 
mentation of the vasa and testes is usually 
associated with the presence of 
spermatozoa. However, a male collected in 
April lacked pigmentation on either testis 
but had enlarged testicular lobules and 
sperm in the anterior portion of both. Sev- 
eral males which had only 1 pigmented 
testis containing sperm had the other testis 
pigment-free or nearly so, usually lacking 
sperm. 

The distribution of snout-vent lengths of 
all males collected is shown in Fig. 2. Ma- 
ture males vary in snout-vent length from 
38-53 mm with a mean length of 45.6 
mm. Sexable immature males vary from 


27-44, mm with a mean of 36.8 mm. 


Reproductive Cycle in Females 


The overall appearance of the ovary and 
oviduct of mature and immature females 
is shown in Fig. 3, A-F. Mature females 
collected in the spring of the year (Janu- 
ary to May) can be placed in 2 classes: 
1) those with yellow, yolk-filled ovarian 


196 


eges 2.0-4.0 mm in diameter and large, 
convoluted oviducts, 2) females of the 
same size or larger with whitish follicles 
1.0—2.0 mm in diameter and smaller, near- 
ly straight oviducts. Mature females usual- 
ly have the supporting mesotubarium of 
the oviducts pigmented along the posterior 
border. Immature females possess clear or 
whitish follicles 1.0 mm or less in diame- 
ter and small oviducts nearly indistin- 
guishable from the kidneys to which they 
closely adhere. The supporting mesotubar- 
ium is unpigmented. 

Highton (1962) and Sayler (1966) pos- 
tulate a biennial cycle in northeastern P. 
glutinosus and P. cinereus respectively, 
basing their conclusions on the presence of 
mature females without large ovarian eggs 
in the spring of the year. Both found that 
post-ovulatory females require over a year 
to accumulate yolk for a new egg comple- 
ment, and therefore do not reproduce 
every year. A similar cycle probably exists 
in northern P. richmondi, where the larg- 
est follicles are found in females from Janu- 
ary to May, when many mature females 
(60.4%, n = 126) have smaller follicles 
(Fig. 4). 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


SNOUT—VENT LENGTH (mm.) 


x 
45 mK x 
x nox x x 
x xx x x 
WOOO HOOK 
xX XOOK — &XKOOOOXK 
40 x ROOK XOX xe 
x xx xn xx 
3 ~~~ Xx 
wom = = XOOOOK*K x 
x ROOK 
35 OOOO x x 
OOK OOK 
bree XOOOOKK 
xx xx xx Me 
x xm 
30 x xx 
xx 
x 


x 
x x 
x x x 
x 
Xx xx x 
x x 
x 
poreed 
x 
xx x *x 
“x 
xx 
xx 
ye 
ye x 
x xx 
xx 
x 
x< 
xx x 
x 


Fig. 5.—Distribution of snout-vent lengths of immature P. richmondi. 


Sayler followed the growth of ovarian 
follicles, which range from 0.1—0.7 mm in 
post-ovulatory cinereus collected between 
August and December. By spring, these 
follicles are considerably smaller in size 
than those of gravid females. Following a 
gradual increase in size throughout the 
summer and fall, these follicles attain a 
maximum diameter of about 2.5 mm by 
October. By their second spring, these ova 
measured between 2.0 and 3.0 mm, when 
presumably, they are deposited. 

In P. richmondi, the separation in the 
size of ovarian follicles between gravid 
and nongravid mature females is not as 
clear as in P. cinereus. Follicles range con- 
tinuously from less than 0.5 mm to 4.0 
mm in diameter. Also, there is little indi- 
cation of growth of follicles less than 2.0 
mm in nongravid females during the sum- 
mer, as follicles found in the fall do not 
exceed 2.5 mm in diameter. P. richmondi 
may be more efficient in accumulating 
yolk over the winter than in the summer. 
Duellman (1954: 43) and Netting (1939: 
43) note enlargement of the tails in 
spring-collected richmond, indicating stor- 
age of fat. Since fall-collected specimens 
had unenlarged tails, Duellman suggests 


VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


that in Ohio the salamanders may feed 
more actively in the winter months. 
Although no direct information is avail- 
able, the following explanation of the 
ovarian egg cycle in P. richmondi is sug- 
gested by the monthly condition of pre- 
served females: spent females possess folli- 
cles 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter in September 
when they would be expected to complete 
brooding. These follicles increase in size 


‘during the winter and spring (December 


to March), accumulating sufficient yolk to 
measure 2.0 mm in diameter by April and 
May. At this time, the largest of these fol- 
licles overlap in size the smallest follicles 
of gravid females. Following a period of 
reduced growth during the summer and 
early fall, the ovarian eggs measure 2.5 
mm by November, and during their sec- 
ond winter, increase to a size capable of 
being deposited by early summer. Judging 
from ova in April and May females, the 
eges in P. richmondi are between 3.0 and 
4.0 mm when deposited. These measure- 
ments are similar to those given by Bishop 
(1941: 206) for newly deposited eggs of 
P. cinereus. 

Wood (1945: 207) places the time of 


oviposition for P. richmondi in Ohio as 


197 


315) 


Combined April-May 
collection 


45 


35 


25 


SNOUT—VENT LENGTH (mm.) 


15 


01 0.1 5S) 5 


10 20 3040506070 80 90 95 99 


99.9 99.99 


Cumulative percentage 


Fig. 6.—Polymodal frequency analysis of snout-vent lengths of the combined April and May collec- 
tions. Data are plotted on probability graph paper according to the method of Harding (1949). 
Arrows indicate probable points of inflection. 


between 21 April and 14 May. Although 
the latter date is not unlikely, Wood’s in- 
terpretation is based on 10 females lacking 
large ovarian eggs which Wood believes 
are spent following recent egg laying. 
Since the total length of these specimens 
range from 63 to 98 mm, most are proba- 
bly immature. Of 40 spring-collected fe- 
males of less than 90 mm in total length 
which I examined, only 20% are mature. 
The other females of the group collected 
by Wood are most likely alternate-year 
breeders and therefore, would not have en- 
larged ova. Wood further considers a fe- 
male collected on 14 May with 5 larger 
ova (2.5 mm in diameter) to have partial- 
ly completed oviposition. However, this is 
well within the normal range of comple- 
ment size found by Brooks (1948) in P.r. 
nettingi, and may not necessarily represent 
any reduction due to incompleted egg lay- 
ing. 

A single richmondi egg maintained in 
the laboratory at approximately 18°C 


198 


hatched 61 days after being deposited 
(Highton, personal communication). Liter- 
ature records, summarized by Bishop 
(1941) and Sayler (1966) indicate that 
the incubation period of northern P. ciner- 
eus in the field is 6-8 weeks, probably 
nearer the latter period. Highton’s single 
observation supports the assumption that 
the incubation period in P. richmondi is 
similar to that of P. cinereus. Therefore, 
the brood of 2 newly hatched young and 2 
eggs reported by Wallace and Barbour 
(1957) in Kentucky on 23 August was 
probably deposited in June. Duellman 
(1954: 43) recorded an unattended clutch 
of embryonated eggs assumed to be those 
of richmondi in Ohio on 14 July. He sug- 
gested that these advanced embryos, in 
some of which the eyes and limbs could be 
distinguished, were deposited in May, 
which concurs with the earliest date on 
which Brooks (1948: 243) found eggs of 
P. r. nettingi in West Virginia (28 May). 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


WEIGHT IN GRAMS 


*. pare 33 : 
° Sos SB 
ofr i 
~s. * 
3 


45 20 25 30 


35 40 45 50 Sw 


SNOUT—VENT LENGTH (mm.) 


Fig. 7.—Relationship of snout-vent length and weight in 188 specimens, weighed and measured be- 
fore preservation. 


Ovarian egg complements in dissected 
females and reported clutch sizes vary 
widely in richmondi. In Ohio, Wood 
found 5-11 ova in spring-collected fe- 
males; Seibert and Brandon (1960: 299) 
reported 8 and 9 enlarged ovarian eggs re- 
spectively in 2 March-collected specimens. 
Bishop (1943: 274) examined a female 
from West Virginia with 7 enlarged ova; 
Duellman’s clutch contained 12 ova. The 
small number of hatchings reported by 
Wallace and Barbour may not have repre- 
sented the original number of the clutch. 
Brooks (1948: 243), however, found that 
the number of ova in P. r. nettingi ranged 
from 4-17 in 29 clutches he examined. 

Spring-collected females I examined av- 
eraged 4.7 (3-8, n = 39) enlarging ova 
per female. This rather small number may 
be related to population density, as in cer- 
tain localities in Pennsylvania, P. rich- 
mondi is abundant and easily obtained dur- 
ing the short period of surface activity in 
the spring. Anderson (1960: 237) suggests 
that high density inhibits reproductive ac- 
tivity and lowers brood size in 2 species of 
plethodontid salamanders in California. 
Highton (1962a: 601) also suggests that 
higher population densities may have par- 


VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


tially influenced the smaller clutch size in 
P. glutinosus in Pennsylvania females. 
Anderson found yellow yolk-like deposits 
in the ovaries and evidence of resorption 
of follicles. Apparent resorption of ovarian 
follicles was also noted in richmondi. 
Some females examined had shrunken fol- 
licles in which the yolk appeared to have 
pulled away from the membrane. The 
membrane could be seen clearly although 
the follicle had collapsed, and granular or- 
ange-yellow or brownish material was fre- 
quently present within. Solid, well-filled 
follicles are sometimes present within such 
ovaries, as are the usual complement of 
smaller, white follicles. Females containing 
ovaries in this condition were collected 
nearly every month. 

Post-ovulatory P. r. richmondi, induced 
to deposit eggs in the laboratory by hor- 
mone injection, and recently spent P. r. 
nettingi (collected while brooding in the 
field) were compared with fall-collected fe- 
males from Pennsylvania. Spent P. r. net- 
tingi females had large oviducts and white 
ovarian follicles to 1.5 mm in diameter 
although some induced-spent females re- 
tained several large yolk-filled ova. Ten 
females collected in late September from 


199 


Table 1—Snout-vent length (mm) of juvenile Plethodon richmondi 


Date collected Number 
March 30—April 12 9 
April 30-May 7 21 
May 21-June 14 8 
July 8-July 14 2 
August 2—August 3 9 
aAugust 25-Sept. 1 8 
aSept. 18-Oct. 12 16 


Mean = standard 


Range error 
16-20.5 17.7+0.45 
16-20 17925 32 
18-25 20.5+ 82 
25 25 

24-26 24.2+ 33 
24-30 Bsa sk 
25-32 28.5+ .60 


2 Indicates possible overlap with the previous year age class. 


Bedford Co., Pa. had somewhat enlarged 
oviducts and relatively small (1.5—2.0 
mm) follicles but were not clearly post- 
ovulatory. Highton (1956: 85; cf. Fig. 7) 
found that in Florida P. glutinosus, the 
enlarged oviducts of post-ovulatory fe- 
males returned to their original size within 
2-3 months following oviposition so that 
they could no longer be distinguished 
from unspent females. 

Spermatozoa are stored in the sperma- 
theca of female plethodontid salamanders 
from the time of courtship until at least 
oviposition (Noble, 1931). Sayler (1966: 
192) observed that sperm are not found in 
female P. cinereus with ova less than 1.3 
mm in diameter. Sayler also determined 
by histological examination that sperm are 
not retained by females which had deposit- 
ed their full egg complement, although a 
few sperm are found in females which 
have deposited only a portion of their 
complement. In spring-collected P. rich- 
mondi, sperm are present only in the sper- 
matheca of females containing ovarian 
eggs at least 2.0 mm in diameter. Fifty-one 
per cent (n = 41) of the gravid females 
collected during the spring (January to 
May) possess spermathecal sperm. In the 
remaining females which have large ovari- 
an eggs (3.0 mm and larger), spermathecal 
sperm are not found, although the dense 
pigmentation and fibrous nature of the 
spermatheca made examination difficult. 
Only 2 of 12 mature females collected in 
the fall months possessed spermathecal 
sperm; both contained follicles not exceed- 
ing 1.5 mm in diameter. Whether these fe- 


200 


males retained sperm from a previous mat- 
ing is not known, but since only gravid 
females contain sperm in the spring and 
neither female appeared to be partially 
spent, they probably had only recently 
mated. 

Mature females vary from 39-60 mm 
with a mean length of 47.1 mm. Immature 
females large enough to be sexed vary 
from 27-47 mm with a mean of 37.8 mm. 


Growth and Maturation 


The distribution of snout-vent lengths of 
all immature specimens is shown in Fig. 5. 
Although a late summer hatching is indi- 
cated in Pennsylvania and Maryland, 
the. smallest individuals (ranging from 
16.0-20.5 mm) are collected in March 
and April, when they are at least 6 months 
old. Growth of this group during the 
spring and summer is indicated by the in- 
creasing average size in the monthly sam- 
ples (Table 1). Because of overlap in size 
with larger individuals of the previous 
year’s age class, growth of the young after 
September is not clearly indicated. 

The 4 newly hatched young of P. rich- 
mondi found by Wallace and Barbour 
(1957) in August measure 14-15 mm in 
snout-vent length. An October-collected re- 
cent hatching described by Netting and 
Mittleman (1938: 43) is between 15 and 
16 mm in snout-vent length (23.0 mm to- 
tal length). Data obtained by Duellman 
(1954: 44) in Ohio are similar to meas- 
urements of juveniles throughout their 
first year of growth in Pennsylvania and 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Table 2.——Summary of known life history of P. richmondi, P. glutinosus (from Highton, 1962) and 


P. cinereus (from Sayler. 1966). 


P. glutinosus 


P. cinereus P. richmondi 


Probably spring 
and fall 
Alternate years 
Late spring 


Mating 


Females breed 
Oviposition 


Probably late 
summer 

April of year 
following hatching 
Probably fall of 


Hatching 


lst appearance 
of young 
Young mature 


3rd year ? 
Spermatogenesis begins April 
Sperm first transferred September 


to vasa 


Maryland. A series of 30 spring-collected 
juveniles which he examined average 17.8 
mm in length (16.5-20.5 mm), and he 
further records the lengths of juveniles 
collected in September as between 28.5 
and 32.5 mm. 

The immatures (excluding the young of 
the year) in the large April and May sam- 
ples appear to belong to 2 overlapping age 
groups with modes at about 35 mm and 
41 mm. All individuals collected in these 
months were plotted on probability paper 
according to Harding’s (1949) method 
(Fig. 6). A change in the direction of a 
line fitted to the plotted data (an inflection 
point) suggests the presence of 2 or more 
normal distributions, each of which alone 
would produce a straight line. An inflec- 
tion point, indicating overlap of the 
young-of-the-year class with animals at 
least 1 year older, occurs at about 25 mm. 
A less well-marked inflection point, indi- 
cating the broad overlap of immatures 
with matures, occurs at about 36 mm. The 
lack of an inflection point within the 
group of immatures ranging from 28-46 
mm indicates that only 1 age group is 
present. Separate analysis of immature 
males and females indicate there is no sex- 
ual dimorphism in growth rate of juve- 
niles. Most juveniles therefore, probably 
mature at the end of their second sum- 
mer or third fall. 


Vout. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


October—April Mainly spring, 
perhaps less in fall 
Alternate years 


Probably late 
May-June 


Alternate years 


Probably June 


August Probably late 
August-September 
September March of year 


following hatching 
Males—fall of 2nd 
year; females—not 
until third spring 
May 

September 


Fall of 2nd year 


March 
August 


Sayler (1966: 190; cf. Fig. 7A) finds 
that immature P. cinereus reach maturity 
in the fall of their second year, at which 
time females apparently are capable of 
mating. Highton (1962: 604) indicates 
that Plethodon glutinosus from central 
Pennsylvania does not mature until at 
least 3 years of age and cannot breed until 
the fourth or fifth year of age. Thus the 
age of maturity of P. richmondi is similar 
to its close relative, P. cinereus, and both 
differ from the larger sympatric P. gluti- 
nosus. 

Determination of maturity in females is 
difficult, as the difference between matur- 
ing and small, adult non-breeding females 
is not always great. In the late fall, the 
small oviducts and ovarian follicles of 
post-ovulatory females resembles the en- 
larging oviducts and ovaries of maturing 
females. Males enter the breeding popula- 
tion slightly before and at a smaller size 
than do females. Mature males are found 
in April at 38 mm in snout-vent length, 
and all but 1 male was mature at 44 mm. 
As even the smallest of these males have 
sperm-packed vasa, it is assumed that they 
are capable of producing spermatophores. 
The smallest mature female (39 mm) was 
found in May, but a majority of females 
were not mature until they reached a 
length of 43 mm. Most females of this size 
probably do not enter the breeding popu- 


201 


lation until at least their third spring at 
over 2 years of age, and some females 
may not mate until their fourth fall at 3 
years of age. 

Length and weight data (Fig. 7) ob- 
tained from those salamanders weighed 
and measured before preservation were 
plotted on double logarithmic paper. These 
data when plotted produced a straight line, 
indicating that the relationship of weight 
and length could be expressed by the allo- 
metric formula (Simpson et. al, 1960: 
397) W = aL*, where W is the weight in 
grams, L the snout-vent length in millime- 
ters, and a and n constants. For the 1838 
specimens weighed, the relationship be- 
tween weight and length is best expressed 
by the equation: 

Weight = 6.26 x 10° (length) 76° 
The weight during growth should increase 
directly proportionally to the cube of the 
length (n should equal 3.0), providing the 
form and specific gravity remain constant. 
Duellman (1954: 43) found that in adult 
richmondi in Ohio, the tail makes up 
slightly over 50% of the total length, 
while in juveniles it constitutes only about 
38% of the total length. He also reported 
differences in the growth rate of the limbs 
and head. 

Table 2 summarizes the known repro- 
ductive and life history data for the 3 spe- 
cies of eastern Plethodon. The high degree 
of uncertainty which exists in many areas 
emphasizes the difficulty in interpreting 
data based on gonadal conditions of pre- 
served samples, rather than on direct ob- 
servation in the field. Egg clutches are 
practically unknown for all 3 species in the 
area studied. 


Acknowledgments 


I am greatly indebted to Dr. Richard 
Highton for providing the majority of 
specimens examined, for the use of equip- 
ment, and for giving me much encourage- 
ment, without which the present study 
would not have been completed. This work 


was in part supported by N.S.F. grants 
GB-523 and GB-3235. It was submitted in 


202 


partial fulfillment of the requirements for 
the degree of Master of Science in the 
Graduate School of the University of 
Maryland, College Park. 


References Cited 


Anderson, P. K. 1960. Ecology and evolution in 
island populations of salamanders in the San 
Francisco Bay region. Ecol. Monogr. 30: 359-85. 

Bishop, S. C. 1941. The salamanders of New 
York. N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 324: 1-365. 

——_________—.. 1943. Handbook of salamanders. 
Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, New York. 
xiv + 555 p. 

Brooks, M. 1948. Notes on the Cheat Mountain 
salamander. Copeia (4): 239-44. 

Duellman, W. E. 1954. The salamander Pletho- 
don richmondi in southwestern Ohio. Copeia 
(1) : 40-45. 

Green, N. B. 1938. A new salamander, Plethodon 
nettingi, from West Virginia. Ann. Carnegie 
Mus. 27: 295-99. 

Harding, J. P. 1949. The use of probability 
paper for the graphical analysis of polymodal 
frequency distributions. J. Mar. Biol. Asst. U. 
K,. 28: 141-53. 

Highton, R. 1956. The life history of the slimy 
salamander, Plethodon glutinosus, in Florida. 
Copeia (2): 75-93. 

——_—_———.. 1962. Geographic variation in 
the life history of the slimy salamander. Copeia 
(3) : 597-613. 

Netting, M. G. 1939. The ravine salamander, 
Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 
in Pennsylvania. Prec. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci. 
13: 50-51. 

Netting, M. G., and Mittleman, M. B. 1938. 
Description of Plethodon richmondi, a new 
salamander from West Virginia and Ohio. Ann. 
Carnegie Mus. 27: 287-93. 

Noble, G. K. 1931. The biology of the Amphibia. 
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. xiii + 577 p. 
Sayler, A. 1966. The reproductive ecology of 
the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus, 

in Maryland. Copeia (2): 183-93. 

Seibert, C. H., and Brandon, R. A. 1960. 
Salamanders of southwestern Ohio. Ohio J. 
Sci. 60: 291-303. 

Simpson, G. G., A. Roe, and R. C. Lewontin. 
1960. Quantitative Zoology. Harcourt, Brace 
and Co. New York, N.Y. 

Wallace, J. T., and Barbour, R. W. 1957. 
Observations on the eggs and young of Pletho- 
don richmondi. Copeia (1): 48. 

Wilson, L. W., and Friddle, S. B. 1950. The 
herpetology of Hardy County, West Virginia. 
Amer. Midland Natur. 43: 167-68. 

Wood, J. T. 1945. Ovarian eggs in Plethodon 
richmondi. Herpetologica 2: 206-10. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


Academy Proceedings 


REPORT OF THE AD HOC 
QUESTIONNAIRE COMMITTEE 


At the April, 1969 Board of Managers 
meeting, Dr. Irving appointed an ad hoc 
committee to formulate, distribute, and an- 
alyze the replies to a questionnaire which 
might guide the future formulation of pol- 
icy and programming for the Academy. 
Consequently, during the summer the com- 
mittee, with the help of Miss Ostaggi, dis- 
tributed a list of questions to the member- 
ship. 


The responses were as follows: 


A. Meetings 
1. WAS meetings attended: 


OQ meetings ....°).. 175 
Tmectinsyey....t0 2 47 

2 meetings 1). .).. 30 

> meetings .i..-. 10 

More than 3 meetings ....... 20 

2. Other scientific meetings: 

ae rae ese he ZZ 

COMO isa a aps sis 5a, 00s 76 

SS Sacre ear 33 

CSU eee 25 

More than 20... ... 2.00. 32 


3. Should the Academy have regu- 
larly scheduled meetings? : 


Peay head Raa ARIE ise wah 239 
INGMAEE eta teaeliroras xin yates = 19 
4. How many annual meetings? : 
ae cr ire ear 10 
ee aes 8k SD IETS 11 
Se CMRP MRL De Ls oy 8 
Ani ites, seabed... sad Sivon 58 
DS Err ote oe eT ea 21 
One Seem eR Man Eo mbeas 45 
Monthly yeni levssistsrsines ce s's 78 


VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


Comments: Most of our members don’t 
go to meetings but they would like a 
choice, in case they decide to go. 


3. Meeting location: 

The responses were very scattered. 
Fifty eight preferred the Cosmos Club, but 
33 mentioned that convenient parking was 
a first consideration, 20 people wanted a 
central D. C. location since they depended 
on public transportation, but an equal 
number preferred a location near the Belt- 
way, particularly in Montgomery County. 


6. Meeting time: 

A clear preference (138) was evi- 
dent for evening meetings, with a strong 
second choice (40) for dinner meetings. 

No strong response on day of the 
week; a small preference (37) for Thurs- 
day. 


7. Meeting topics and format: 

The interdisciplinary approach was 
strongly favored (198:4). The “recent ad- 
vances” type meeting was endorsed 
(162:29), but many members cautioned 
that this should be done experimentally 
and be carefully prepared. 

There was little response regarding 
the type of meeting desired, but many 
members emphasized that the main thing 
was to have interesting meetings, the for- 
mat to be appropriate for topic. 


B. General 


The current operation of the Acade- 
my was endorsed (166:33), but there was 
a persistent note of dissatisfaction ex- 
pressed in written comments. The chief of 
these is that the WAS is somewhat irrele- 
vant and unresponsive to the needs of the 


203 


Washington scientific community. One 
writer suggested that we look at NAS and 
AAAS activities and see where we might 
fit in. Another suggested that we serve as 
a focal point and spokesman for the state 
academies vis-a-vis the NAS. There were 
suggestions that we model ourselves on the 
New York Academy of Sciences, perhaps 
with more than just an office for head- 
quarters (no suggestions about financing 


this). 


C. Journal 
1. Continuance: 
| DRO gate ee Ae Peet co DAG en tae Ee 253 
raat ha Neeson Suite cae Rica care: 36 
2. General Content: 
a. Mixture of articles 
AMG. MEWS sence cary octet 214 
b. Newsletter only ......... 34 
c. Articles and news 
issued separately ........ 28 
3. Feature Articles: 
a. Same as during past 
SVC AS Pot see ree ies ei epien = 114 
b. Results of original 
WESCATCIY Aarts Pea ea thele’ Moose s 26 


c. Mixture of (a) and (b) ..104 


Comment: A bit surprising was the 130 
votes for inclusion of original research re- 
ports vs. 114 against. A majority of com- 
ment found in response to Question 11 fa- 
vored review-type articles of interest to the 
entire membership, with emphasis on 
developments in the greater Washington 
area. 


4. Original research articles: 
141 members voted for a “scien- 
tific note” (papers 1-2 pp. long) section, 
o7 disapproved, the remainder abstaining. 


5. Discipline mixture: 
An overwhelming (238 to 21) 
voted for a mixture of disciplines per 
issue. 


6. Academy News section: 
The news items are ordered below 
according to the number of affirmative 
votes cast: 


204, 


Election of new members 


and. fellows: 2... ..s0qe one 159 
‘Calendar of events ............ 141 
Scientists in the news ......... 134 
Science and development ...... 127 
T-+thoughts:: :..<. 4.32 117 
Board of Managers 
meeting’ notes ...... sae 110 
Awards banquet report ........ 107 
Book! reviews... 1.23002 gape 101 
Junior Academy news ......... 91 
Budgetary material ........... 85 
Joint Board news ............. 74, 
Proceedings of affiliated 
Societies :. ...\.« sce eee 60 
No reply ....°.'. :. (4: ol 
All the above: ..... 4, eee 47 
None of the above ....... negligible 
7. Frequency of Issue: 
Quarterly’... pee 156 
Nine issues: ’. . 72222. oe 80 
Other .......... 224. 20 
8. Change of Format: 
No. reply .. .....:02 eee 234 


Comment: Readers appear to be content 
to leave these matters to the Editor and 
Executive Committee. 


9-10. Directory: 


Valuable... .,...... 7a 230 
No use... .... . = Sone 51 
Same form continued .... 94 
Different form: 7.2. eee 19 
Issue less often .......... 43 
Discontinue altogether .... 21 


Kurt H. Stern, who acted as chairman 
of the questionnaire committee, submitted 
to the Academy a number of recommenda- 
tions, based on replies to the question- 
naire, from the Policy Planning Commit- 
tee, of which he is also chairman. Richard 
H. Foote, editor of the Journal, likewise 
submitted future plans for the Academy’s 
publication based on the questionnaire. 
See minutes of the September meeting of 
the Board of Managers in this issue for 
further accounts of these reports. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


POLICY PLANNING COMMITTEE 
ISSUES REPORT. . 


Kurt H. Stern, Chairman of the Policy 
Planning Committee, offered the following 
report for the consideration of the Board 
of Managers at their September meeting, 
The report is based on the returns of the 
summer questionnaire, reported elsewhere 
in this issue: 

It seems to be still true that, regardless 
of what other activities we may engage in, 
we are primarily “visible” through our 
meetings. Since most of our members wish 
the monthly meetings to continue it is up 
to us to arrange meetings which the mem- 
bers will wish to attend. 

On the basis of the questionnaire results 
and our own discussions we recommend the 
following guide lines for the Meetings Com- 
mittee: 

1. The meetings should present inter- 
disciplinary meetings of general interest. 


2. The format may be varied, but it is 
essential to have only high-quality speakers. 


3. The committee should spare no effort 
to have its schedule prepared at the begin- 
ning of the year and to have this schedule 
printed, perhaps as a “pull-out,” in the 
first issue of the Journal. This will proba- 
bly involve effort by all the committee 
members. 


4. A “recent advances” type meeting 
should be tried as soon as possible. To be 
prepared for WAS by one of the affiliate 
societies. The Chemical Society is a likely 
candidate for this. It should be clear that 
this is not a joint meeting, but that they 
are planning it for us (they may need an 
ad hoc committee for this), the topic to be 
of general scientific interest. Our experi- 
ence with this will determine further activ- 
ities along these lines. 


5. An annual all-day symposium should 
be instituted. 


6. The meeting notice should provide 
biological information on the speaker and 
a brief description of the importance of 
the topic, rather than a dry abstract. It 
should interest people. 


Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


7. The use of speakers who will give im- 
portant and interesting talks at the annual 
AAAS meeting should be explored. This 


list is available during the summer. 


EDITOR’S REPORT ON 
FUTURE OF THE JOURNAL 


At the September meeting of the Board 
of Managers, the editor offered an exten- 
sive set of recommendations concerning 
the future of the Journal, All of the sug- 
gestions, as set forth below, were accepted 
(questionnaire votes included for conven- 
ience) : 


1. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly, 156; 
nine issues, 80; other, 20. 
Recommendation: That the Journal 
be made a quarterly with issue dates 
of approximately March 15, June 15, 
September 15, and December 15. 


2. Directory: Valuable, 230; not used, 
ol; samé format continued, 94; dif- 
ferent format desired, 19; issue less 
often, 43; discontinue altogether, 12. 


Recommendations: 
A. That the directory be issued an- 
nually. 


B. That the directory and associated 
information now appearing as the 
September issue be incorporated 
in the third quarterly issue to 
avoid the expense and confusion 
otherwise resulting from a fifth 
“issue” for the year. 

C. That, at least for the present, no 
change be made in format, but 
that the editor seek reasonable 
means to include additional mean- 
ingful content (such as the address 
of each member). 


3. Change of Format: No reply, 234. 
Recommendations: That the editor 
use his best judgment in working with 
the printer to develop any suitable 
changes in format or style that will: 
A. Make our publication conform to 

current scientific journal practice, 


205 


B. 


C 


4. General Content: 


especially as it relates to secondary 
abstracting and indexing services. 
Utilize space most efficiently in the 
face of rising publication costs. 
Continue the Journal as an estheti- 
cally and scientifically desirable 
publication that truly mirrors the 
reputation and status enjoyed by 
the Academy. 


Mixture of articles 


and news, 214; newsletter only, 34; 
articles and news issued separately, 28; 
mixture of disciplines in each issue, 
238; one discipline per issue, 21; arti- 
cles same as during past 5 years, 114; 
results of original research only, 26; 
mixture of research and “review” arti- 
cles, 104; scientific note section ap- 


proved, 141; not approved, 57. 


Recommendations: 


A. That each issue of the Journal con- 


B. 


C. 


206 


tain the best possible mix of physi- 
cal and biological subject matter 
within the limitations imposed by 
available manuscripts. 


That articles reporting the results 
of original research be invited and 
published in each issue. Further, 
that the editor 

1. Establish a referee system. 

2. Establish and publish a set of 
reasonable style _require- 
ments. 

3. Be the final judge of the ap- 
propriateness of such papers 
for the Journal with respect 
to subject matter, length, ac- 
curacy, style, etc. 


That “review” articles be invited 
and published in each issue. Fur- 
ther, that such articles report activi- 
ties and situations of the broadest 
possible interest to the scientific 
community in Washington and else- 
where. 


That a section of each issue be de- 
voted to Academy affairs. Further, 
that these items cover the following 
subject matter whenever feasible 


In summary 


(numbers in parenthesis indicate 
affirmative votes) : 


1. Election of new members and 
fellows (159) 

2. Scientists in the news (134) 

3. Board of Managers meeting 
notes (110) 

4. Awards banquet report (107) 

9. Junior Academy news (91) 

6. Budgetary material (85) 

7. Joint Board news (74) 

8. Proceedings of affiliated So- 
cieties (60) 

9. Special events and _ reports 
(not included in question- 
naire) 

Comments: The recommenda- 

tions presented above do not in- 

clude a calendar of events (141) 

to which a quarterly issue does 

not lend itself from a standpoint 
of timeliness. Neither do they in- 
clude a section on science and 

development (127), which I 

feel is more than adequately 

covered in the daily and weekly 
press, and in commentaries by 

Science, The New Scientist, 

Science and Development, Bio- 

Science, etc. T-Thoughts (117) 

will depend upon continued con- 

tributions by its author. 

(and in addition), the 


Journal of the Washington Academy of 
Sciences, beginning with Vol 60, No. 1, 
could be described as follows: 


1. 


Four issues per year, with an annual 
index and title page in the December 
issue, the total number of pages per 
volume depending upon annual bud- 


get. 

An- annual directory of Academy 
membership as part of the September 
issue. 


Each issue comprising three separate 
sections: (a) feature articles of gen- 
eral interest; (b) reports of original 
research; and (c) news of Academy 
activities. An equitable distribution 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


of pages to each section is to be 
made. 

4. Each issue containing best possible 

mix of subject matter for the widest 
appeal to readers. 

5. Each issue containing a one-page 

staff or guest editorial. 

6. Format conforming with current rec- 

ommendations for scientific journals: 

a. USAS Z39.1-1967  (Periodi- 
cals: Format and Arrange- 
ment), for ease of entry into 
secondary literature sources. 

b. Style requirements published 
as part of each issue. 

c. Abstract (and possibly index- 
ing terms) to accompany every 
paper. 

I further propose to continually search 
for means to publish more pages annually 
for the same amount of money, including 
the investigation of cold-type composition 
as a possible means of reducing costs. In 
no event would any change in this direc- 
tion be at the expense of quality. 


BOARD OF MANAGERS 
MEETINGS 


September 


The Board of Managers held its 603rd 
meeting on September 18, 1969 at the 
FASEB facility in Bethesda, with President 
Irving presiding. 

The minutes of the 602nd meeting were 
approved as previously distributed. 

President Irving introduced new repre- 
sentatives of affliated societies. He an- 
nounced that a new list of officers of affili- 
ated societies is now available from the 
Academy office. 

Treasurer. An interim treasurer’s report 
was delivered by Mr. Farrow in behalf of 
Dr Cook, who could not be present. The 
Board ratified the liquidation of sufficient 
securities to liquidate a current indebted- 
ness of $3,000 and to cover running ex- 
penses of the Academy until the end of 
1969. A motion was passed that the con- 


Vout. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcroBeR-DECEMBER, 1969 


tributions of the Academy be limited to 
the $500 already paid the Joint Board in 
support of the International Science Fair. 
It was announced that the tax-exempt status 
of the Academy had been confirmed by 
the Internal Revenue Service. 

Dr. Irving appointed a Ways and Means 
committee to recommend ways in which 
the Academy could achieve a workable 
operating balance. It is to report at the 
October meeting of the Board of Managers. 

Executive Committee. Dr. Irving re- 
ported that the Executive Committee had 
considered in detail reports of the treasurer 
and editor during its meeting on September 
ve 

Membership. Martin G. Broadhurst, Earl 
Usdin, and Ruth G. Wittler were elected 
to fellowship in the Academy. 

Policy Planning. Chairman Stern sub- 
mitted recommendations (see elsewhere, 
this issue) which were adopted for con- 
sideration by the Board. 

Grants-in-Aid. $457 is yet to be awarded 
for the year. Suggestions are to be sought 
for allocating this money to deserving ap- 
plicants. 

Journal. Editor Foote presented a set of 
recommendations for the future of the 
Journal, based on results of the question- 
naire distributed during the summer. All 
his recommendations were accepted by the 
Board (see elsewhere, this issue, for de- 
tails). 

New business. President Irving read a 
letter from NSF requesting advice from 
the Academy as to what projects might be 
undertaken on NSF program money. He 
appointed a Special Projects Committee, 
with C. Rader as chairman, to consider 
what reply the Academy might make. The 
Special Projects Committee was also 
charged with considering how the Academy 
might participate in the planning for a 
suggested retirement community for retired 
scientists. 


October 


The Board of Managers held its 604th 
meeting on October 16, 1969 in the Confer- 


207 


ence Room of the FASEB building in 

Bethesda, with President Irving presiding. 

The minutes of the 603rd meeting were 

approved as previously distributed. 

President Irving announced that Ivan 
Rainwater and Benjamin H. Alexander are 
the new members representing the Academy 
on the Joint Board of Science Education; 
and that Bernard Witkop had resigned from 
the Academy. 

Treasurer. Three hundred thirty nine 
shares of Academy investments have been 
liquidated for about $4,500 to meet cur- 
rent obligations and repay an outstanding 
loan. 

Bills for 1970 dues have been sent to 
the membership. Dr. Cook stated that 
payment of these dues will help balance 
the budget but that funds will still be in- 
sufficient to meet Academy expenses. 

Ways and Means. This committee, com- 
prising J. Menkart (chairman), R. Miller, 
W. Youden, and R. Cook, recommended 
the following actions to the Board of 
Managers: 

1. An increase in the dues, which have 
been unchanged since 1963, during 
which period the cost of living has 
risen 25%. A rise in the Fellow’s dues 
from $10 to $14, and in those of 
Members from $7.50 to $10, would 
yield about $4,000 per year. A change 
in dues needs ratification by the mem- 
bership, and this cannot be implemented 
in time for the 1970 billing in No- 
vember. A delay in the billing would 
further deteriorate the present unsat- 
isfactory cash position.) It is therefore 
proposed that the billing be allowed to 
proceed normally, that the Board im- 
mediately take steps, by postal ballot, 
to secure membership authorization of 
a dues increase; and a second notice 
for the additional dues be issued when 
this is accomplished. 

2. The Board should consider an imposi- 
tion of dues on the affiliated societies, 
which have a strong voice in the run- 
ning of the Academy, without any fi- 


208 


nancial responsibility. The dues could 
well be based on their numerical 
strength (possibly, $0.10 per member, 
with a maximum of $75—100). About 
$1,000/year might be realized by this 
means. It was also suggested that, as a 
service to the affiliated societies, the 
Academy should consider restarting the 
issue of a directory listing the affiliates’ 
membership. 


3. An aggressive membership recruiting 
campaign, possibly using the society 
delegates as a means of reaching likely 
candidates. 


4. Continued search for technical societies 
that might be willing to share the serv- 
ices, and the cost, of the office. 


A lively discussion of the recommenda- 
tions ensued. Most of the Board members 
participated by offering their views. It was 
eventually moved, seconded, and adopted 
that the membership be asked to ratify the 
following amendment to Section I of the 
Article III (dues) of the Bylaws: 

“The annual dues of each class of mem- 
bers and fellows shall be fixed by the 
Board of Managers. No dues shall be paid 
by emeritus members and fellows, life 
members and fellows, or patrons.” 

In reference to Item 2 of the Ways and 
Means Committee report, it was moved 
and seconded by Dr. Cook that the Board 
impose dues on the affiliated societies at a 
rate of ten cents per member, with a maxi- 
mum of $100 for each affiliate. Mr. Rain- 
water repeated his earlier statement that 
some affiliates might withdraw. Dr. Oswald, 
followed by other delegates, expressed the 
feeling that the delegates should be allowed 
to discuss the matter with their societies. 
Dr. Menkart called attention to the wording 
of the report, that the Board should con- 
sider imposition of dues. Immediate action 
was not requested by the committee, and 
the motion was tabled. 

Dr. Cook spoke to Item 3 of the Ways 
and Means Committee report, and moved 
the reestablishment of a committee whose 
function would be to engage in an aggres- 
sive campaign to identify potential mem- 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


bers and to enlarge the membership. The 
motion passed unanimously, and President 
Irving agreed to appoint such a committee. 


Meetings. Dr. Irving reported for Chair- 
man Slawsky the following subjects for this 
year’s Academy meeting: 

1. Leonardo da Vinci (by Raymond 
Stites ) 
The Origin of Life 
Weather satellites 
The Year 2000 
(Subject unannounced) The Secre- 
tary of the Interior 


Grants-in-Aid. Chairman Sherlin  re- 
quested approval of his plan to request. the 
American Association for the Advancement 
of Science to consider the $300 contributed 
by the Academy to Dr. Leo Schubert’s Sum- 
mer High School Program as a grant-in-aid, 
payable from the AAAS fund, now that the 
names of the students have been received. 
(Secretary’s note: Original discussion is 
reported in minutes of 587th and 588th 
meetings, October 19 and November 16, 
1967). The Board approved unanimously 
the request to AAAS to consider the $300 
a grant reimbursable from AAAS funds 
allocated to the Academy for this purpose. 


Ol gee 


Special Projects. After the last meeting 
of the Board, the committee was requested 
to study the question raised in a letter from 
Dr. Frank Herzman, of the State and local 
Intergovernmental Science Policy Planning 
Program of the National Science Founda- 
tion, in which the Academy was asked its 
views on desirable activities which the NSF 
might sponsor. Chairman Rader reported 
that the committee suggests the following 
ways in which the Academy might advise 
the D. C. Government: 

1. As impartial referee in cases involv- 
ing science, such as the Three Sisters 
Bridge controversy. 

2. Providing a technical reference serv- 
ice. 

3. Determining how the D. C. Govern- 
ment might ask for assistance. The Com- 
mittee plans to meet with Dr. Herzman to 
discuss how to establish contact with the 
D. C. Government. 


Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


Nominating. Chairman Rado reported 
that the committee will meet immediately 
after the Board meeting, to select nominees 
for next year’s officers. 


New Business. Dr Gray stated that 
a monograph entitled “Ancient Astronom- 
ical Observations and the Accelerations of 
the Earth and Moon” was to have been 
published by the Naval Observatory, but 
that the Observatory was unable to do so. 
He proposed that the Academy publish it 
as an Academy monograph. Dr. Irving re- 
quested Dr. Gray to show the Monograph 
to the Academy Editor for review and 
recommendation. 


ELECTIONS TO FELLOWSHIP 


The following persons were elected to 
fellowship in the Academy at the Board of 
Managers meeting on September 18, 1969: 


MARTIN G. BROADHURST, Chief, 
Polymer Dielectrics Section, National Bu- 
reau of Standards, “in recognition of his 
contributions to the field of dielectrics, and 
in particular to his research on the physi- 
cal and dielectric properties of paraffin-type 
molecules.” (Sponsors: A. A. Margott, L. 


A. Wood, R. K. Eby.) 
EARL USDIN,  Psychopharmacology 


Research Branch, National Institute of 
Mental Health, “in recognition of his sig- 
nificant contributions to chemical biology, 
and in particular his researches on enzym- 
ic mechanisms in relation to drug ac- 
tions.” (Sponsors: A. Avery, M. Womack, 
F. Sperling. ) 


RUTH G. WITTLER, Chief, Mycoplas- 
ma Research Section, Walter Reed Army 
Institute of Research, “in recognition of 
her contributions to the field of microbiol- 
ogy, specifically for her work in the highly 
specialized field of mycoplasma research 
in which she has become pre-eminent, both 
nationally and internationally.” (Spon- 


sors: E. J. Oswald, A. Weissler. ) 


209 


SCIENTISTS IN THE NEWS 


Contributions are earnestly solicited. 
They may be addressed to the Editor, 
whose address is given on the inside of the 
front cover. 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
EARL M. HILDEBRAND, Crops Re- 


search Division, retired on October 31 af- 
ter 18 years of service with the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture and approximately 20 
years outside the Department. After 
obtaining advanced degrees in plant path- 
ology at the University of Wisconsin, Dr. 
Hildebrand served on the staffs at Cornell 
University for 12 years and Texas A & M 
for 3 years. He was a private agricultural 
consultant in Texas for 4 years before 
joining the Department as a plant patholo- 
gist in the sweetpotato group at Belts- 
ville. In 1968 he transferred from the Po- 
tato Investigations to the Bean and Pea 
Investigations. Dr. Hildebrand has an im- 
pressive list of over 200 publications on 
sweetpotatoes and other subjects arising 
from his earlier work. He is probably best 
known for his research contributions to 
the better understanding of the russet 
crack disease of sweetpotatoes. 


RICHARD H. FOOTE, Assistant Chief 
of the Insect Identification and Parasite 
Introduction Research Branch of the Ento- 
mology Research Division, has been 
named chairman of a committee to study 
the communication of technical informa- 
tion to and by Agricultural Research Serv- 
ice scientists. The group was appointed by 
ARS Deputy Administrator T. W. Edmins- 
ter in response to recommendations 


recently issued by NAS-NAE SATCOM. 


PAUL R. MILLER, Crops Research Di- 
vision, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland gave a 
seminar “Plant Disease Epidemiology and 
Forecasting” at Macdonald College, McGill 
University in Montreal on April 17. The 
following day he participated in a Sym- 
posium “Bio-Climatic Factors and Crop 
Pests,” at the Annual Meeting of the 


210 


Quebec Society for the Protection of 
Plants at St. Hyanthe. 


R. L. STEERE participated in a sympos- 
ium “Current Methods in Detection of Vi- 
ruses in Seeds and Seed Stocks and their 
Cure” in New Delhi, India, March 24 and 
25. On the way home, he visited the Inter- 
national Rice Research Institute. 


C. H. HOFFMANN, Associate Director, 
Entomology Research Division, was guest 
speaker at the 15th Annual Meeting of the 
Southeastern Pesticide Formulators Asso- 
ciation at Pinehurst, N. C., on October 13, 
1969. He spoke on “Recent Trends in Re- 
search on Insect Control.” 

Dr. Hoffmann, is Chairman of the FAO 
Committee of Experts on Pesticides in Ag- 
riculture. He met with the Committee in 
Rome, Italy, on April 16-18, 1969. The 
Committee was pleased with progress of 
the three Working Parties concerned with 
resistance of pests to pesticides, the devel- 
opment of a Model Law and specifications 
for pesticides, and the study of pesticide 
residues leading to the establishment of ac- 
ceptable daily intakes for the consideration 
of member countries. Incidental to this 
meeting he visited the Division’s Biologi- 
cal Control of Weeds Investigations labo- 
ratory in Rome, and the Foreign Parasite 
and Predator Investigations laboratory at 
Gif-sur-Yvette, France. 


AMERICAN-STANDARD, INC., MEL- 
PAR DIVISION 


JOHN D. MORTON, Manager of Meteor- 
ological Research, attended the Third In- 
ternational Symposium of Aerobiology, 
15-19 September, at the University of 
Sussex, England. He chaired: a seminar on 
techniques in aerobiology. 

RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORPORA- 
TION 


BERNARD B. WATSON was a member 
of the U. S. Delegation to the Fifth Inter- 
national Conference on Operations Re- 


search held in Venice, Italy, June 23-27. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


HOWARD UNIVERSITY 
MODDIE D. TAYLOR; Professor of 


Chemistry, was named Chairman of the 
Department for a three-year term begin- 
ning July 1969. Recently, he participated 
in the Visiting Scholars Program at the 
Piedmont University Center, Winston-Sal- 
em, North Carolina. Lecture titles used by 
Dr. Taylor were “Science, the Fourth Di- 
mension of Culture,” “The Unique Nature 
of Science,” and “The Application of Sym- 
metry in the Understanding of Science.” 
During the current semester, Dr. Taylor 
gave lectures also at Lenoir Rhyne Col- 
lege, Salem College, Elon College, and 
Winston-Salem State University. 


JOSEPH B. MORRIS, Associate Profes- 
sor of Chemistry, was a Consultant during 
May and June at the College Chemistry 
Institute, University of Udaipur, India. 
This program is directed by the University 
Grants Commission of the Government of 
India through the US-AID-NSF Office of 


International Science Activities. 


KELSO B. MORRIS, Professor of 
Chemistry, has just learned that the Italian 
edition of his monograph, “Principles of 
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM,” has been 
published by Progesso Tecnico Editoriale 
in Milan under an Agreement with Rein- 
hold Publishing Corporation. 


NATIONAL BUREAU OF STAND- 
ARDS 


MARVIN MARGOSHES has recently 
left the National Bureau of Standards to 
join Block Engineering, Inc., Cambridge, 
Massachusetts. He had been with the Spec- 
trochemical Analysis Section at NBS since 
1957 in basic research on emission spec- 
tro-analytical techniques. Dr. Margoshes 
has assumed the position of project direc- 
tor at the Dunn Analytical Instruments Di- 
vision in Kensington, Maryland, where he 
will be responsible for the development of 
new Digi-Lab® instruments for chemical 
analysis and other scientific applications. 


A native of New York City, Dr. Margosh- 


VoL. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


es was awarded the degree of Bachelor of 
Science in Chemistry, cum laude, by the 
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in 1951, 
and a PhD in Physical Chemistry by Iowa 
State University in 1953. From 1954. until 
he joined the National Bureau of Stand- 
ards, he was a Research Fellow and Re- 
search Associate at the Biophysics Re- 
search Laboratory of the Peter Bent 
Brigham Hospital and the Harvard Medi- 
cal School. Dr. Margoshes is co-editor of 
the international journal Spectrochimica 
Acta, Part B: Atomic Spectra. He is the 
author or co-author of more than 40 scien- 
tific publications on infrared spectroscopy, 
flame photometry, atomic emission and ab- 
sorption spectroscopy, protein chemistry, 
and the use of computers in analytical 
chemistry. He is a member of the Ameri- 
can Chemical Society, the Society for Ap- 
plied Spectroscopy, the Society of the Sig- 
ma Xi, and the Washington Academy of 
Sciences. 


NATIONAL 
HEALTH 


MILOSLAV RECHCIGL, JR., formerly 
of the National Institutes of Health, has 
been appointed Special Assistant for Nu- 
trition and Health in the Regional Medical 
Programs Service, Health Services and 
Mental Health Administration. Dr. Rech- 
cig] has recently been elected a Fellow of 
the American Institute of Chemists and a 
Fellow of the International College of Ap- 
plied Nutrition, and was honored by mem- 
bership in the Cosmos Club. He is a co-au- 
thor of a recently published book 
Microbodies and _ Related  Particles— 
Morphology, Bio-chemistry, and Physiolo- 
gy (New York, Academic Press, 1969). 


BERNARD B. BRODIE, Chief, Labora- 
tory of Pharmacology, NHI, recently 
presented two lectures at the University of 
Montreal. He also participated in several 
seminars and experimental sessions. His 
visit was sponsored by the Claude Bernard 
Professorships, established in honor of the 


INSTITUTES OF 


211 


late French professor and member of the 
Academy of Science. An inscribed gold 
medal was presented to Dr. Brodie. 

Dr. Brodie was also presented the 
Schmiedeberg-Plakette by the German 
Pharmacological Society for his outstand- 
ing contributions in biochemical pharma- 
cology. He was cited for his “incompara- 
ble work to raise the standards in 
biochemical pharmacology and his great 
achievements in science.” 


THEODORE VON BRAND, Head, Sec- 
tion of Physiology and Biochemistry, Lab- 
oratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, was 
given a Superior Service Honor Award 
“for meritorious research on the chemical 
composition and metabolism of parasites.” 
Robert Q. Marston, NIH Director, pre- 


sented the award. 


CARL BREWER, Chief, General Serv- 
ices Support Branch of the Division of Re- 
search Resources, was a participant at a 
three-day Antioch College conference spon- 
sored by the Sloan Foundation, to explore 
new methods for teaching science. 


EARL REECE STADTMAN, Chief, 
Laboratory of Biochemistry, NHI, and 
BERNHARD WITKOP, Chief, Laboratory 
of Chemistry, NIAMD, were elected to the 
National Academy of Sciences in recogni- 
tion of their achievements in original re- 
search. Dr. Witkop has contributed to the 
understanding of the structure and mode 
of action of a number of labile metabolites 
of pharmacological and physiological in- 
terest, including natural venoms more po- 
tent than those now used medically. Dr. 
Stadtman is noted for his continuing eluci- 
dation of specific enzymatic control mech- 
anisms that regulate a myriad of cellular 
biochemical processes in health and dis- 
ease. 

Dr. Stadtman was recently elected to a 
Fellowship in the American Academy of 
Arts and Sciences. The Academy, founded 
in Boston in 1770 by John Adams, acts as 
a center for studies on current social and 
intellectual issues. 


212 


NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY 


LOUIS F. DRUMMETER, JR., Head of 
the Applied Optics Branch, is a recent re- 
cipient of the Navy’s Meritorious Civilian 
Service Award for his significant contribu- 
tions to the field of atmospheric optics and 
the physics of the atmosphere. Between 
August 1967 and August 1968, Dr. Brum- 
meter studied at the University of Reading 
in England on sabbatical. In March of this 
year, he delivered a paper entitled, “Some 
Past and Present Optical Activity at 
NRL,” to the Institute for Optical Sci- 
ences, University of Arizona, Tucson. Dr. 
Drummeter is a fellow of the Optical So- 
ciety of America. 

In July of this year the Optical Sciences 
Division was established under the Associ- 
ate Director of Research for Materials. 
The new Division was created in order to 
improve the concentration and coordina- 
tion of effort in a field which has increas- 
ingly important implications in research, 
technology, and naval systems. Dr. Drum- 
meter was designated Acting Superintend- 
ent of the new Division for the period 1 
July through 30 September. 


ALBERT W. SAENZ received a 1969 
Scientific Research Society of America 
(RESA) award from the Naval Research 
Laboratory’s branch of that organization. 
Head of the Theory Branch in the Nuclear 
Physics Division, he received the Pure Sci- 
ence Award for his pioneering theoretical 
analysis of spin waves in crystals and for 
his prediction and analysis of experimental 
results on the scattering of polarized neu- 
trons by such spin wave excitation in mag- 
netic crystals. Dr. Saenz, a native of Co- 
lombia, South America, has been at the 
Naval Research Laboratory since 1950. He 
received a BS degree in 1944 and a PhD 
degree in 1949 from the University of 
Michigan. He also served as a Research 
Fellow at the Graduate Institute of Ap- 
plied Mathematics at Indiana University in 
1951 and 1952. 


JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 


_ ANNOUNCEMENT 


The Eastern Regional Conference of the 
National Science Teachers Association will 
be held at the Shelburne Hotel in Atlantic 
City May 7, 8, and 9, 1970. 

“Society and Survival, A Challenge for 
Science,” the theme of the Conference, 
should provide many exciting and thought- 


provoking programs. The conveners of the- 


Conference are bending every effort to at- 


tract attendees and, more important, to 
provide programs of the highest quality. 
Fred Blumenfeld, General Chairman, has 
invited the participation of anyone who 
would be willing to present a program ap- 
plicable to the theme. All offers of assist- 
ance should be addressed to the program 
chairman, Mr. Morris Lerner, 30 Under- 


cliff Road, Millburn, N.J. 07401. 


Ae 


Vou. 59, Nos. 7-9, OcTOBER-DECEMBER, 1969 


213 


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Delegates to the Washington Academy of Sciences, Representing 
the Local Affiliated Societies * 


SEE Pe OCTETS OL W ASHINELON: |. i.00.0.c.cseseodevolvesancvcdeceslo¥0is, wvdcccescdoeuusadsecchesensacdacsence GeorcE T. Rapo 
pumaorra Society Of Washi tore i 26s sic sees olecsecescsenposcactovctedacssso¥oerarcuedsrnnsvvtsneatess JEAN K. Boek 
Biological Society of Washington ..................... OER e tasty CAA, viet OEM inet Watieie MOPED hee Delegate not appointed 
MMIC TELY. OE WN ASIITL COR 8s oso cc covisccksccstest gass nossa sinsunidebiun sspanlevseseasle(suded suvesqeenteee Mary H. ALpripce 
MERE OCICEY OL WaASHINP EON oe...) ics. cceksevesssesscvehesssnceteaceneseadusesseosguvescatsenensunrdeeeess W. DoyLe REED 
PI PT USEEC SOO CTCUY 660i loc onic sesseveusesespsesnseyssusuvticonedssosuarmucuvensessnunabsaerncvennen ALEXANDER WETMORE 
MEM IOMOMMOEICLY OF WASHING LON. .i.....5.lccccccesseccsiesesnvesessaeossouhsvdvbsucsinoesceevadhdeapsaactseasuectcees Rartpyo L. MILLER 
eee eomety of the District of Columbia ......0..0..cccccccccccecsetsceeecteerseeestees Delegate not appointed 
MURMUR PrSEI CAE SOCIETY o.oo oo es ccecetacs ances tastdescntedvsasaancabnsfeanegsatssberresesdencats Delegate not appointed 
Botanical Society of Washington ..............0....0.00. Se ARMS MT Peer ee nn ge Peter H. Heinze 
MEME TNT STICAT DP OECSUCTS oe. coke sies ss tilan ecdnv soca: codesunssungatuocuncevakaonsuonseasvinvscecetaesasunaen Harry A. Fowe tts 
MEM SOMICEY (OL FUT IMCETS ooo.) secs ccdecscscivncessvsneigdecosscssasutsucspentsctayneccoscdsganiceneaee CLEMENT L. GARNER 
iientate ot Electrical and Electronics Engineers .............0...0.0..c0cccscssseeeccteeeesseeleceeseee GeorGE ABRAHAM 
uuettcur seciety of Mechanical Fmgineers. .................0...0:.s0cceccecseceeeccscsseencesesacdeeecneneee Witiiam G. ALLEN 
Helminthological Society of Washington ......00.00.00.0000.. ER Og aa le an a AUREL QO. Foster 
Peemmremmeaciety for: WMiCrObiOlOSY 00.06.06 ke ccclo cose soecesceeJosscstsvecsnoesssveetsarcoaeesenenesas ELIZABETH J. OSWALD 
emerpermnmernican Military Engineers .........6..0.ccccccceccosssccccecsosjereaees LY, MUMUCRE IRR 1, wate REP ea H. P. DEMUTH 
Prmerermeciety OF Civil EMP IMECTS 25.0000... fclécccccs stsssesssusoy serduoverysveneesocseqeasensseuvs Cyrit J. GALVIN, JR. 
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine ......................cccececcseeneeseeeeeetenteeeenes CARLTON TREADWELL 
Rm 1 LT NVC LAS co, oie ossk) cavvesd vsmsava cdlcssesos costes so epmesaeeaueeoecodsderneesnas MELvINn R. MEYERSON 
femonaivAscociation for Dental Research oo... coc cccccs ce ccccsceesenetenetuceeeseesteencenteseseuseuts N. W. Rupr 
Amenean institute of Aeronautics and Astromautics .......0..0.c.0.0...0ccccccce teers Rosert C. Smirtu, Jr. 
PM eee METCOROLOPIC al SOCLE ooo cec cnc ce ecch ee csenncosnecscevaeekabectoniapeet pn eeesnenestuesaseneavaesna Harotp A. STEINER 
MNT AO OIELY OL WASHIMOCON 1... ...c2.o)e5cedecbenpssie sn dutesessnvunsstowsevsnadesdtccearhesssacnubenenmeeee H. IvAN RAINWATER 
PGUMsiben OClety Of AMETICA ...0.6:5..06..cclsecvsseteecesecsecevscdevessseeee i ee sath eae ge ALFRED WEISSLER 
Sem PT eT ECE oy acti cote ec dn Seibada sn dos pus dame dolor Gein vont vasa ieesdouaagen uneres Oscar M. BizzeLu 
Aa Nem RMD TCG AV COWMONOPESES 0... <5 .5berasc-ev.dehsconcs fu yeeahountesadimearientavnnrtvaderssone eeevdbuleren cams GrorceE K. PARMAN 
Sara ee Nem ATMA LPNS EM ha, 0 ses pu ks, Pa Santa adv ccdw sic yeas nub lus ctwnnsdheteat esdosadontenhnsasuyennsowaresvisduras J. J. DiamMonp 
NRTA TTR ean, Re No go tc tees Nl cages ieutd aoe sabe als aloe dae jautvehocantiecdny schW edo punt Kurt H. STERN 
eerie primed retary ot, SCPeMCE CNT, oc iiscclocosdenisesousce’-ccecdasoceevscsesvcepbnscseubtanevstvensdvaensedapaee Morris LEIKIND 
Pmemedh ssoeiation Of PE MYSICS, TEACheTrs,.....6..0)..cc.c ccc sesserscveevenceeasascuenessnnnces ee BERNARD B. WATSON 
Mae TR) OME TVET 1S oh yl i) 6) aba viv dvcus edatssason sills jalapsdtsaprecaseasticdeoss sekewndes cone casiede Davin L. EDERER 
PREC UN SOCICLY OL) Ce LANT PMVSIOIOZISES .i....cc.cck cs snsee eens seeenesosscasnesrnvanctebnersenerseenssnaaee WALTER SHROPSHIRE 
Reema teiries iol, Memes) EREGEALCH » COUNCIL: «5....+.,...-c0ndseeeseotsestsnseessssecrssesnarsoucnnccunasenetentgreennt Joun G. Honic 
Maree ANE Pes UME IROL NTR EUN Geb oy. 5) sip ais so vaca ccc nets duce aradeecorsvanotcedghervensnustetnsauetatsdanensyes ALFRED M. POMMER 
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical 

Bag a ee CAE TIM oy PO REESE oto os tans cue tiudaasnccnts von ticornbigenestdcssesse cn vesevarsemessreqneens BERNARDO F. GROSSLING 


* Delegates continue in office until new selections are made by the respective societies. 


Volume 59 OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1969 Nos. 7-9 


CONTENTS 
BD ET GRETA 9 ie 50 sec tk Ee ea ree cs ces ee ce 179 
FEATURE ARTICLES 
Aaron L. SHALowiItTz: The Chart that Made Navigation History .................... 180 
A. O. JENSEN: Current Problems and the Future of 
Industry in Insecticide Use and Development ......................0....::ccceeeeetteee 187 


RESEARCH REPORT 


Joun P. ANGLE: The Reproductive Cycle of the Northern 
Ravine Salamander, Plethodon richmondi richmondi, in the 


Valley and Ridge Province of Pennsylvania and Maryland .......................... 192 
ACADEMY PROCEEDINGS 
Report of the ad hoc Questionnaire Committee |................0...0.0000cceseeeeeteeees 203 
Policy Planning Committee Issues. Report ...................0:0..:.-+:--5 ee 205 
Editor's Report on Future of the Journal ................0..04:44:0-4 or 205 
Board, of Managers Meetings ....:3......5.20.cc.06.cecc-c0eieesseee css oe rine rr 207 
Elections, to Fellowship. ....02....0..00.j:6jj...-c0eccescesce sss esteneds one onto esate 209 
SCISntists ir thes Mews?) .s60 25. ee eet ee “feces 210 
Washington Academy of Sciences 2nd Class Postage 
Rm. 29, 9650 Rockville Pike (Bethesda) Paid at 
Washington, D.C. 20014 Washington, D.C. 


Return Requested with Form 3579 


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3 9088 0130 


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