The Termination -κός, as Used by Aristophanes for Comic Effect

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III.— THE TERMINATION - K 6 S , AS USED BY ARIS-
TOPHANES FOR COMIC EFFECT. 1

After the Persian wars Athens abandoned her former isolation
and sought a wider acquaintance with the outside world, having
been roused to vigorous thought and action by her encounter with
the Mede. This contact with foreigners, her intercourse later
with the other members of the Delian Confederacy, and in par-
ticular her widely extended commercial relations enlarged her
intellectual horizon and quickened her intellectual life. The
result was the so-called " New Culture " of the latter half of the
fifth century. Of the influences from without the most potent for
the stimulation of thought was the Ionic and Italic philosophy
that was imported from across the seas. Moreover, Anaxagoras,
Parmenides, and Zeno visited Athens in person, and left the
impress of their doctrines upon the city. Following close upon
these theorists and speculative philosophers came the sophists,
the practical teachers of education, Protagoras, Prodicus, Hip-
pias, Gorgias, and others, who in response to a demand of the
times for a higher mental culture than that given in the schools
professed to furnish practical instruction of a kind that would fit
men for every sphere of life, but especially for public life.
Because of the sovereign power of speech in the law-courts,
senate, and popular assembly, and the supreme value of the gift
of eloquence as a means to success, this training consisted largely
in teaching the art of public speaking. With ultimate triumph
as an inducement, the higher education became a craze, particu-
larly among the young men of means who flocked to the new
teachers : witness the youthful company gathered around the
sophists at the house of Callias in Plato's Protagoras, and the
eagerness of the high-born Hippocrates to meet Protagoras, as

1 There is one monograph on the subject of -k6(, viz. Das Suffix ic<5f («<%,
ok6(, vk6;) im Griechischen. Ein Beitrag zur Wortbildungslehre. Von Dr.
Jos. Budenz. (Gottingen, 1858), but being a study in morphology it has con-
tributed little to the present paper, which is a continuation of the author's
Comic Terminations in Aristophanes and the Comic Fragments. Part I :
Diminutives, Character Names, Patronymics. (Baltimore, Murphy, 1902).

THE TERMINATION -*fc IN ARISTOPHANES. 429

shown by his early morning visit to Socrates whom he aroused
from sleep before daylight and begged for an introduction to the
great sophist.

The " New Culture " brought with it an increasing use of
derivative adjectives in -k6s (usually -i-k6s). In the early litera-
ture such words are rare : Homeric nap6eviKr) occurs also in
Hesiod, two of the Homeric Hymns, Alcman, Pindar, and Bac-
chylides, and besides this the only other words, exclusive of
derivatives from proper names, are opQaviKos (Homer), PapPapmos
(Simonides), /uouo-jkos (Pindar), and iraibiKos (Bacchylides). 1 They
become more numerous in Aeschylus (12 examples). When the
influence of the philosophers and sophists began to be felt in
Athens, just those writers who were most affected by them in
other respects show relatively the largest use of -kos formations.
Compare, for example, Sophocles and Euripides who died the
same year : the one, orthodox in religion, of a calm, tranquil
mind that was apparently undisturbed by the problems of phil-
osophy; the other, not bound by tradition but deeply imbued
with the scepticism and rationalism of the times. Now, while
Sophocles uses only 8 adjectives in -k6s, Euripides has 24.* Take
for further comparison the history of Herodotus with its quaint
stories and " running" style, and the critical work of the philo-
sophic Thucydides which shows in its periods the influence of
the rhetoric of his day. Though separated by only two decades,
Herodotus employs 13 and Thucydides 38 words in -kos. Again,
Isocrates the most illustrious of the disciples of Gorgias has 55
such forms, while Isaeus whose ornamental figures of language
are few uses only 7 forms in -kos, and three of these are in one of
the latest of his speeches, the seventh, which is noteworthy as
having something of the epideictic style and embellishment of
Isocrates. 3 Three others occur in short fragments (fr. XLVI) of
only two or three words found in Pollux, so that there is left but
one word in -kos in the remaining eleven extant orations of
Isaeus, not counting the seventh.

1 The MSS. give also aaaupiKdc Hippon. 68 and aKvjialiiioq Timocr. 1, 6.

3 This count covers the fragments too. Derivatives from proper names are
not included in any of these statistics. The difference in bulk of the two
authors must be kept in mind, but the exact effect of this difference is inde-
terminate. No account is here taken of the number of times the same word
recurs, that is, the sum total of all the occurrences in each author.

3 Cf. Blass, Att. Bereds*. II 499, 513 sq., 555.

430 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY.

Philosophy is the peculiar sphere of these adjectives in -kos
and their adverbs. Plato has 347 of them in the dialogues
accepted by Christ (391 according to Ast's lexicon), and Aris-
totle between six and seven hundred. The extant fragments of
the early philosophers and sophists do not justify us in attribu-
ting the sudden prominence in literature of this class of words to
the example set by some one individual of commanding influ-
ence. 1 It is due rather to the increased intellectual activity of
the age and the consequent need of additional means for the
expression of thought. The speculations of the philosophers
and the growing tendency toward logical analysis demanded a
more extended vocabulary. 2 The suffix -kos was among the
available material which the language already possessed within
itself, and, though before used comparatively little, it had great
possibilities of productiveness, as its popularity in philosophic
discourses and its free use in postclassic times prove. 3 Plato and
Xenophon have in common 27 words in -kos that do not occur in
the extant literature before their time so far as the Thesaurus
shows, and Plato alone uses about 200 more that are not found in
any earlier writer. In Campbell's list of 56 words from the
Sophistes and 78 from the Politicus that are not used again by
Plato, 44 in each group are words in -kos, and of this number 41
in each dialogue 4 are not found in the previous literature.

1 Parmenides, Zeno, Anaxagoras, and Diogenes of Apollonia, all of whom
came to Athens, have none of these words in their fragments. Protagoras,
Prodicus, and Gorgias have one or two each, and Democritus, Philolaus, and
Archytas from six to nine each. The Hippocratean tract on the art of medicine,
entitled nepl tex v, K, which Gomperz ascribes to Protagoras, has nothing more
than the word IrfrpiKi). The only passage in which there is a suggestion of the
heaping up of -k6q forms is Philolaus fr. 11 (Diels), one sentence of which is
yvDfiina yap a <pvuig a t£> apidfiu nal qyefiovma nal didaGKaJana to) airopovfiivo
jravrdf nal ayvoovp.(vu navrl.

2 A long list of derivative and compound words which may be assumed to
have come into use shortly before Plato's time from the fact that they occur in
Plato and no earlier writer, is given in Jowett and Campbell's Republic of
Plato II 263-279, where Campbell remarks, " This effervescence of language
is naturally correlated to the stir and eager alacrity of thought which the
sophists set in motion and to which Socrates himself contributed. "

3 Budenz, on p. 7, estimates the total number of -k<5c forms in Greek to be
about 2000. This number apparently includes derivatives from proper names
also.

4 Many of them are used to designate various rixvat, since an effort is made
to arrive at definitions of the sophist and statesman by the process of division
and subdivision.

THE TERMINATION -*k IN ARISTOPHANES. 431

Though the entire literature is not preserved for comparison,
these facts nevertheless show that the language was very materi-
ally enriched in this respect by the incoming of philosophic
thought, and that the sudden and extensive use of the termina-
tion -K09 is directly traceable to the Greek philosophers and
sophists as a class.

Croiset characterizes Xenophon as "a perfect specimen of the

koKos KayaBSs of sound, well-balanced mind, judicious, not

over enthusiastic, obedient to reason, thoughtful of good order
and harmony, and as highly educated as was possible for a well-
bred Athenian in the time of the sophists and Socrates ". 1 It is
interesting to note the effect that the " New Culture " produced
on this typical Athenian of the early part of the fourth century,
as regards his use of words in -«os. He employs an unusually
large number of them, about 136; he has one-half of this
number, i. e. 68, in the Memorabilia, his most important work
dealing with matters of philosophy, 36 in the Oeconomicus, and
40 in the Cyropaedia," both of the latter numbers including, of
course, some words already counted. Sauppe's Lexilogus shows
that 48 words in -k6s, or 35 per cent, of the author's complete list
of such words, occur only once in Xenophon, and that 9 of these
are found seldom, if ever, in other authors — figures which indicate
that he sometimes went out of his way to use them. And not
only has he many, and often unusual, words in -k6s in his works,
especially in those that relate to Socrates, but he occasionally
crowds several into one passage, as, for example, Mem. I, 1,7:

kcu tovs fieWovras oikovs re Ka\ jrdXfis Ka\S>s olKtjaeiv pamKTJs e<pr) npoa-
ocL<roai' t(Ktovikov p.ev yap rj )((i\k€vtik6v rj yeatpyiKov [rj avBpatnav apxiKovj
i) tb>v Totoi/Tffly tpytop O-eraaTiKov i) XoyiariKov fj otKovopiKov r) aTparr/yiKov
ycviaBai, iravra ra Toiavra paBtjpara kcu dv8pa>wov yvi>fiji alpfra (Vop.i£fi>
aval.

and Mem. Ill, 1, 6 :

AXXa ftrp/f t<j)i} 6 2(0KpaTr]s t tovto ye 7To\\o(Tt6v fiepos €<tti (TTpaTrjytas'
Kat yap TTapatTKtvaaTiKov rS>v €is tov TroXcfiov top tTTparryyov civat xph Ka ^
nopiartKov rav eniTrjfieiav rois (rrpartoyrais Kat jui^ai/iKOP Kai ipyaortKov Ka\

1 Abr. Hist, of Gr. Lit., p. 313, Eng. trans. Cf. Id., Xenophon, son charac-
tere et son talent, p. 8 et suiv., 251.

2 In der Cyropadie ftihrt er mit Vorliebe geistreiche Gesprache ein,

u. s. w. Blass, Att. Bereds 2 . II 476.

432 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY.

€7rifie\rj kol KaprtpiKov Kal ay)(lvovv Kal (pt\6<ppovd re Kal u>pov t Kal &7r\ovv
re Kal fVtj3ot/Xoy, Kal (pvXaKTiKov re Kal icKeirTrjv, Kal irpoeTiKov Kal apiraya,
Kal (f)i\68a)pov Kal n\fOvtKTr)V t Ka\ a<r(f>a\tj Ka) iwiOeriKov, Kal ak\a jroXXa
Kal (pv<rei Kal ('nUTTr/pr; 8«i roe el <TTpaTr(yr\<jovTa e^€iv.

See also I, 2, 5; IV, 3, 1; Oec. XII, 19; Hipparch. IV, 12;
V, 2, 5, 12-15; an d Isocr. II, 24; IX, 46 (paromoiosis).

This influence of the philosophers and sophists in fostering a
wide use of forms in -k6s, which is so strikingly shown in Xeno-
phon's writings, manifested itself much earlier among the rich
Athenian youths of the last quarter of the fifth century who
followed and imitated the new teachers. Like words in -ist in
English, the -k6s formations had a learned sound, and, moreover,
gave the young men an opportunity to display their newly
acquired culture. Hence these forms came to be very much in
vogue in fashionable society, and were then affected by a wider
circle of people. Aristophanes ridiculed the practice by crowd-
ing eight remarkable adjectives in -k6s into four consecutive
verses in the Knights (1378-81) :

AHMOS. Ta papaKia ravrl Xtya, rdv t<» pvpco,
a ToiaSt aTapvKXerai KaOrjpeva'
aocpos y 6 0aLag, 8f|i£s r ovk airidavev.
awtpriKos yap earl Kal ntpavriKos
Kal yvcupoTVWiKhs Kal a-atpfjs Kal KpovartKos
KaTa\)j7rrtieos t apHrra tov BopvfiijTiKov.
AAAANT0I1QAHS. ovkovv KaraSaKTvXtKot aii toO XaXijTiicov ',

These sentences were written nearly half a century earlier than
the passages from the Memorabilia quoted above, at a time when
Sophocles was writing his greatest plays, Herodotus had probably
just passed away, and Plato was only three years old, and conse-
quently the effect of piling up so many forms in -k6s at this early
date was much more telling. Previously in the Banqueters,
which contained a criticism of the new kind of education fur-
nished by the sophists and hence was similar in this respect
to the Clouds, Aristophanes (fr. 198) had held up to ridicule
other newly coined words used by a follower of the new teachers,
and had assigned each of the innovations to its proper source,

viz. tropAXi; to LysistratUS, KaraiiKtyrjaa. to the orators, anoPiofrai

(conj.) to Alcibiades, and Ka\o K aya8eii> to Thrasymachus or one of
his sort. Note further that Strepsiades in conversation with the

THE TERMINATION -«k IN ARISTOPHANES. 433

Clouds longs to be efyijo-tejrijs (447), that the abi<og \6yos says that
he will shoot the SiWos Ao'yos dead with ptjpariotKnv Katvots (943, cf.
Plat. Theaet. 180 a), and that Cratinus (fr. 226) jokes about the

apyvpoKomo-Tripas \6yav in his Trophonius.

Another factor enters into Aristophanes' caricature (Eq. 1378-
81) of the philosophers and sophists and their imitators for their
excessive use of the termination -koV. It is that he applies most
of these adjectives to persons, whereas they are restricted almost
entirely to inanimate objects in the previous literature that has
survived, and used but rarely, if at all, of persons, before the
incoming of the new teachers. 1 The Homeric use of napdeviKr)
and 6p<paviKog differs in meaning from the later usage (cf. Monro,
Horn. Gram., p. no), and cannot be counted. Aeschylus,
Sophocles, and Herodotus have no example," while Euripides
and Thucydides, who through the influence of the philosophers
and sophists employed a comparatively large number of -k6s
words, show the same influence in that they have some instances
of this personal use. Barring nwai napdeviicai Electr. 174, a
Homeric reminiscence, and geviKovs iKrrjpas Cycl. 370 (cf. £eviKa>v
366) where the text has been variously emended, the only
examples in Euripides occur in the case of the word povaiKos, viz.

p,ovcriKa>Tfpoi Xeycty Hipp. 989 and top /JLOvaiKaTaTov 'Ap<piova fr. 224.

Thucydides has two examples in speeches, noXepiKoi I, 84, 3, and

6eS>v tS>v £vp.paxiKa>v III, 58, I, and two Other words, TrarptKOS £eVor

VIII, 6, 3, and vovtikoI I, 18, 2; 93, 3 ; VII, 21, 3. Over against
these exceptions, the two authors combined furnish more than
300 examples of the non-personal use of -k6s derivatives from
appellatives. Thucydides, however, wrote his history after the
appearance of the Knights (424 b. c), and the Antiope to which
Nauck assigns Eur. fr. 224 came out probably ten or fifteen
years later than this date (cf. schol. Ar. Ran. 53), and so there
remains but one case, the Hippolytus passage of 428 B. e., which
antedates the Knights. In striking contrast to this paucity of
examples of the personal use in the previous literature stands the
fact that in those passages in which there is the most conscious
use of -feds- forms in imitation of the new teachers, that is to say,
those passages above quoted and referred to where these words

1 Passages in which adjectives in -k6( modify such collective nouns as yevoc,
led>(;, arparevfia, k. r. \. are not regarded as examples of the personal use.

2 Derivatives from proper names, which are discussed later in a separate
chapter, are not here included.

434 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY.

are crowded together in a small compass, viz. Xen. Mem. I, i, 7 ;
2, 5; III, 1, 6; IV, 3, 1 ; Oec. XII, 19; etc., it is the personal
use that is found almost without exception, as if this too were a
part of the innovation of the philosophers and sophists. And this
is a part of Aristophanes' caricature in Eq. 1378-81. Besides, the
Knights, Clouds, and Wasps, comedies which more than any of
the others attack the sophists and the new fashions of the day,
together have 19 instances of the personal use of -kos words out
of the 28 in the eleven plays, and the ratio of the number of
instances of this personal use in any play to the total number of
occurrences of -kos forms in that play is higher for these three
comedies than for the others. 1 About one-half of the comic
words in -<6s that are mentioned in this paper are applied to
persons.

We pass now to the Clouds, the play which attacks the sophists
in the person of Socrates whom Aristophanes took as the repre-
sentative of the class. When at the suggestion of the chorus
(476) Socrates proceeds to give Strepsiades his first lessons and
asks him whether he has a good memory (9 fivrniovmbs €»;), the
comic poet makes Socrates employ a form in -kos in conformity
with his character as a sophist; 2 but the rustic in reply uses
jivj)fi.av (484). In 414 the chorus too had encouraged him to
be ixvi)iia>v. Strepsiades is soon admitted to the thinking-shop.
After some efforts to teach him meters, rhythms, and genders,
Socrates bids him lie down, wrap himself up, and discover some
device for cheating, vovs aTroo-reptiTiKos (728), the -kos form being
appropriate to the sophist. But when in reply Strepsiades longs
to find such a device, he calls it yvQuw an-oo-rtpijrpif ' a robber
notion', not daring as yet in his uneducated condition to use the
-kos form that his master had employed, but going to the extreme
of personifying yuafirj by the use of the feminine suffix of agency
in order to avoid the -kos form that belongs to the learned.
Later, however, when he has thought out a means of cheating, he
calls it in delight yv&wv anooTipr)riKJ]v (747) : the budding sophist
ventures to employ a -kos form. But in a short time he proves
to be a hopeless case and is dismissed by Socrates. He has,
nevertheless, learned to swear 'by Mist' (814) and 'by Air'

x The Birds too has a high ratio, but may be neglected because of the
smallness of the number (2) of instances in it of the personal use.
2 See also Cratin. 154 together with Bergk Comm. 182.

THE TERMINATION -*fc IN ARISTOPHANES. 435

(667), he knows that Vortex reigns in place of Zeus, and he has
imbibed the Protagorean doctrine of gender. Hence, when his
son swears by Olympian Zeus (817), he reproves him for his
folly and tells him that his notions are antiquated {<ppovth dpxaiiKd),
thus using dpxauicos in place of the usual dpxaios, 1 whereas later on
(1469) in a similar expression (dpxaios c') and under similar
circumstances his son Phidippides uses dpxaios, not apxatUos, for
though he had been in training he had not followed the sophists
willingly, and does not use a single -k6s form in the whole play.
Yielding reluctantly to his father's demand, Phidippides goes to
the thinking-shop in his stead and witnesses the contest between
the SUaios \6yos and the SSikos \6yos ; and now on his return, after
having been fully instructed by the latter, he is greeted by his
glad father with the words 2 (1172-73) :

vvv fiev y I8tw ct rrpaiTov i£apvt)TiKos
KavriKoyiKos,

words well adapted to start him out on his new sophistic life. It
is again the would-be sophist Strepsiades, proud of his knowl-
edge of gender, who uses tiij^xSj 3 (1258) in place of cvr)8a>s
when the money-lender Pasias calls the kneading-trough KapSonos
instead of Kap86irrj, the form of the word which the feminine
gender seems to Strepsiades to warrant.

The Kowos of Amipsias was produced at the same time
(423 B. C.) as the Clouds, winning the second prize over it. The
chorus is composed of (ppovno-Tai, and Socrates is introduced in
his Tpi'0a>» either as an actor or as one of the chorus. As he enters,
his fellow-^povrioT-ai' salute him and call him Kaprepticos * (fr. 9)
instead of Kaprtpds. Note also Kop^tvpmiK&s in Ar. Eq. 18, a fling
at the subtleties of Euripides.

Cooks were kitchen-philosophers, grandiloquent and pompous;
hence vrjo-iariKa gevvdpta Menand. 462, 8uirvrjTiKos Anaxip. 1, 36,

*Cf. 915, 984, 1357, Vesp. 1336, PI. 323, Eupol. 139. See also apxauicSs in
Antiph. 44.

2 With i%apvriTut6(, a ewaf sip., compare igapvog Nub. 1230, PI. 241. avri-
/loy«of is common in Plato.

3 Cf. evrfoiKog in the saucy dialogue of Eccl. 520 sq. Eti^\?)?f occurs in fr, 671.
evir&m6Q is found in Plat. Rep. 343 C ; 529 B ; Charm. 175 D; Hipp. Mai.
301 D.

i KaprspiK6( occurs also in Xen. Mem. I, 2, 1 (applied to Socrates), III, 1, 6
(where adjj. in -«<Sf are crowded together; see above pp. 431, 432), Hippocr.
izepl evax- 3 (similar crowding), Isocr. VIII 109.

436 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY.

KpirtKos, xyavaiiKos, irpoOKavoTiKos Posidip. I, 'O/iijptKoy StratO I, 30

(1. Dobr.).

Aristophanes, to whom the innovations of his time seem to
forbode danger for the state, employs the -k6s forms, among
other means, to poke fun at the advocates of the new order of
things. Just as it is the sophists in the Clouds, so it is fashion-
able society in the Wasps, that he ridicules in this way. The
scene of 143 lines (1 122-1264) in which Bdelycleon prepares his
father for the dinner-party contains about one-third of all the
words in -k6s in the play, and the Wasps has a larger number of
these words than any other play of Aristophanes, both absolutely
and in comparison with the number of lines in the play. The
400 lines following the parabasis, which deal with the conversion
of the old dicast into a man of fashion, contain just twice as many
forms in -kos as the 1000 lines preceding it, which satirize the
mania of the Athenians, especially the older citizens, for attend-
ing the law-courts.

The scene in the Wasps in which Bdelycleon, the type of the
fashionable young Athenian of the day, gets his old-fashioned
father ready for the banquet, is the counterpart of the situation
in the Clouds wherein Strepsiades forces his son to attend the
school of the sophist, and one is not surprised therefore to find
that in this scene of preparation Bdelycleon uses all of the words
in -kos that occur, with one inconsiderable exception. This
exception is veaviKw-rarov in 1205, where the poet purposely makes
Philocleon repeat Bdelycleon's word vtaviKi>Tarov (1204), because
he is to employ it in a different sense (' youngest ') from that in
which his son first used it (' most daring ')• On the other hand,
just a few lines before this, a striking contrast is made between
Bdelycleon's avSpiKararov and Philocleon's avSpewraTov in two
successive lines (1199, 1200), the one word taking up and repeat-
ing the thought of the other. Turning to the other words in -kos
in this scene, one notes first the comic adverb rpi$a>viKa>s (1132)
from Tpifiav ' skilled ' (cf. 1429, Nub. 869, 870), with a further
reference to rpipmv ' an old cloak '. Later on, Bdelycleon urges
his father to be ^vpjtotikos xal |wov<nao-TiKos (1209) at the dinner-
party, the very kind of new-fangled talk that his father is likely
to hear in the fashionable company into which he is going. He
instructs him further (1212) to throw himself down carelessly on
the dinner-couch in an easy posture as an athlete would (yvpva-

THE TERMINATION -k6q IN ARISTOPHANES. 437

oTDcSr), and to tell some witticism of Aesop or a joke from
Sybaris (1260) :

AlaaniKov yc'Xoioy r) 2vj3apiTin6i>.

With the last passage compare Philocleon's Ataanov n ycXoiov in
566, the expressions ol a2ow«<m \6yoi in Aristot. Rhet. II 20, 2,
and Aleraneioi pv6ot in Hermog. Progymn. init., Theon Progymn.
3, and in the scholium on Av. 471, and especially a fragment
of Aristophanes' Banqueters (fr. 216) in which a father while
reprimanding his son for adopting the innovations of the
sophists is careful to avoid all -kos words, and so uses Svfapi-
ri&as €ia>xias (cf. Theocr. V 146; Dio Cass. LVII, 18, 5) and
even goes so far as to say Admiral [k«X«k«] instead of AaKavncai
KiXiKts (cf. Phryn. 341 Lob.).

On his return from the banquet Xanthias (or Sosias) is so
much affected by contact with these Athenians of rank and
fashion and by his master's conversion to the new views of the
times that he employs some of the stylish -kos forms, vfavucac
(1307, cf. 1362), the ridiculous vov$v<ttikb>s (1294), used later by
the younger Cratinus (fr. 7) with reference to the philosophers
and sophists, and the long superlative napoiviK&raros (1300) in
place of the corresponding form of napoivios. 1 The chorus too
has been affected, and in the same way : the second parabasis
(1265-91) which, as Zielinski, Muller-Striibing and others think,
should exchange places with the canticum 1450-1473, contains
two other remarkable superlatives of -kos formations, x«p ot «X»<-
K&raros 1 276 and OvpoirocptKWTaTos * 1280, that are applied to the
sons of Automenes and especially to the dissolute and bestial
Ariphrades.

(pavdpiov abiKov raJ KapnTiKov Ar. fr. 644 " was probably written in
derision of some fashionable, foppish advocate of the new order
of things". Comic Termin., p. 26.

As the opposition of the new and old culture, of the new and
old fashions, is not primarily the subject of any of the other plays,
the remaining instances of the comic use of forms in -k6s are
more scattered and the circumstances that call them forth more
varied. When the new ways are brought in contact with the

1 Cf. Ttapolvios Ach. 981 ; Anacreont. 2, 8 ; Athen. 629 E ; Luc. Salt. 34,
Laps. 2; Plut. Dem. 4 ; Schol. Ar. Vesp. 20, 1239, 1240; and trdpotvoc Pratin.
1,8; Lys. IV 8 ; Antiphan. 146.

'Cf. 6vp.6ao$os Nub. 877 ; Schol. Vesp. 1280.

438 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY.

old, when one who is up-to-date, progressive, or on the road to
fortune, or at least to better things, confronts another who clings
to the past, when innovations are made, clever tricks performed,
or smartish things done, — it is chiefly under these circumstances
that -k6s forms are employed to reflect the new spirit of the
times. They are used either by the character himself who
represents the new fads and fashions, or by others with direct
reference to him.

In the latter part of the Acharnians where a contrast is made
between the joys of peace and the miseries of war in the parallel
and antithetic commands of Dicaeopolis the inventor of a new
kind of peace (cf. 972) and Lamachus the advocate of war (620)
as of old, Dicaeopolis who models his injunctions on the form of
expression used by Lamachus answers the old soldier's words

\eipepia ra npayiiara (1141) With (rvfmoriKa ra npaypaTa (1142, cf.

paviKa irpdypara Vesp. 1496). Previously (1080) he had ridiculed
Lamachus with a long, pompous -k6s form iro\epo\apaxaiKov coined
for the purpose. Still earlier (1015-6) the chorus in calling
attention to the happiness and good fortune that Dicaeopolis
enjoyed in his newly made peace had employed two adverbs
fiayeipiica>s and the comically formed BdnvrjTtK&s to describe his
skillful and dainty preparations for the feast. In the same way
the chorus in the Peace used elSatpovucas l (856, cf. nparrttv «£8ai-
povas PI. 802) in speaking of the success of another innovator
Trygaeus, who had drawn up Peace out of the pit and brought
down Plenty from heaven to be his bride, and the chorus in the
Ecclesiazousae designated Blepyrus as a dSmpoviKov avSpamov
(1134) in view of the good things in store for him.

The Sausage-seller in the Knights is an upstart and one of the
latest products of the times. Hence the chorus tells him to strike
the Paphlagonian avbpiKas 2 (451) and avSpiKarara (453), and then
the Knights salute their newly found chieftain with & yiwiKaiarov
Kpeas (457) which, like & bc^iararov Kpias (421), also addressed to
the Sausage-seller, is a humorous combination of words decidedly
unsuited to each other. Besides, yewiKos takes the place of the
usual word yewaws, and the sophistic suffix -kos makes still more
striking the contrast with the grossly material word uptas. Again

1 Metrical convenience may be urged as an explanation of the use of
ivdaifiavmaf instead of evSaiftSvus.

s "avdpinde is a less serious word than avdpelog". Neil on Eq. 81.

THE TERMINATION -«Sf IN ARISTOPHANES. 439

in 611, upon his return from the Senate after his triumph, he is
greeted by the chorus with the words :

fa <pi\rnr avbpwv Kai veaviKaraTf.

The slave Demosthenes uses paytipiKos 216, 376, fypaywytKos 217,
and dvSptK&s 379 with reference to him. When, on the other
hand, Demosthenes makes the brilliant suggestion that he grease
his neck with lard in order that he may slip out of the clutches
of Cleon's calumnies, he in turn recognizes the cleverness of the
trick and declares that it is worthy of a wrestling-master, ei koi
7raiSorpi(3nc£f 492, just as Euelpides in Av. 362 :

& <ro<ftwTaT , fl y dvrjvpes avro Kai <rTpaTt)yiic£>s,

commends the wisdom and inventiveness of Peithetaerus for
improvising armor out of kitchen-utensils, and just as Peithe-
taerus later (151 1) shows his delight at Prometheus' ingenious
and subtle device of hiding himself from Zeus under a parasol,
by the words :

tv y knevorjaas avro Kai npoprjBiKws .

Adopting the form of expression, eS xa\ followed by another
adverb, that is familiar in the conversational language of Plato, 1
Aristophanes in these three passages substitutes for the second
adverb, which elsewhere is a word in common use, a long one
with the sophistic termination -k&s, thereby giving a pretentious
and quasi-scientific close to a familiar formula.

In the Lysistrata and Ecclesiazousae women are the innovators.
They are ridiculed as BmniKai Lys. 1037, ro <tkvtotoihk6v jrXijflor

Eccl. 43 2 ( c f- PI- 787)> irpay/xa vovfivtrriicop 44*> an d iirniKirrarov

Xpw a Lys. 677, neuter noun and suffix -kAs both expressing
something of contempt. It is fitting too that Lysistrata, the
arch-innovator, should use avdaoW; 11 16, a Snag elptfpAvov in the
extant literature, instead of the usual word av6dbr)s.

Chremylus has turned his back on the past (cf. PI. 323) and is
on the road to fortune (783, 802 sq.), now that Plutus has sight
and comes to dwell with him. Hence the crowd of old men who

1 ei kuI italas Rep. 503 D, Legg. 876 C, Lach. 188 A, Conv. 184 A, Hipp.
Mai. 304 AC; ei nal yewaios Theaet. 146 C, 151 E, Gorg. 521 A; ev nai av-
Spsios Charm. 160 E, Theaet. 157 D, Legg. 648 C, 855 A. Cf. ev Kai imora-
uevo>( in the epic poets ; eii ical-iac Eur. Hec. 990 ; ei navdpek>c Plat. Com. 109,
Ar. Th. 656 ; ei KavSpiicae Eq. 379, Vesp. 153, 450.

440 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY.

immediately swarm about him and make a show of their friend-
ship as soon as his good fortune becomes known, he calls S^W
irpetrPvriKos (787, cf. irptofrvTav o^Xot Vesp. 540). The Youth has
likewise been made wealthy through the recovery of Plutus'
sight (968, 1004), and in consequence spurns his former love;
when he sees the multitude of wrinkles in the face of his lipomas-
<p(Ki)t (cf. 1082-3), he exclaims (1050) :

& Hovron6<Tet8ov (tat 6to\ wpeafivriKol.

In a few instances there is a deliberate change from the usual
termination of a word to the fashionable -k6s for the comic effect,
when no special reason for the employment of such a sophistic
form appears in the context and surrounding circumstances.

&spiK&s for i>patos, translated " beautisome " by Professor Gilder-
sleeve, occurs first in Crates 40 :

iravv yap eartv iapiKarara
ra TtrBi &onep prjKov rj pipaUvXa,

then in the merry phallic song Ach. 263 sq., 1 where the scholiast
reports that Aristophanes had previously used &>pncov p.upaKmv nal
Kopt) in the Banqueters (fr. 235), and finally in PL 963, used of the
wrinkled old woman who is dressed in girlish costume like a
coquette and affects to be young.

/SaSiorifcrfr Ran. 128 ' walkist ' for jSadurnp. Cf. Poll. Ill 92;
Bekk. An. 55, 20.

iroTtKos Alcae. Com. 9. No context to show the tone of the
passage. Cf. irrfnp and irons .

elptjviKos in Ran. 715 has a different meaning from elprjvaios in
Eq. 805. The former denotes character, ' a man of peace ', ' a
peace man ', the latter a state or condition, ' at peace '. There is
therefore no comic purpose here. It is this characterizing force
of formations in -k6s that makes them so well adapted for use as
adverbs.

dvdpiicd: is found in the early plays only (Ach. to Pax) ; 18 * out
of the 21 occurrences of Mptios are in the later plays (Av. to PL).
avSpiKot is used as an adverb in three-fourths of its occurrences,
viz. Eq. 81, 82, 379, 451, 453, 599, Vesp. 153, 450, Pac. 478, 498,
515, 1307 ; where av&peias occurs (Pac. 732, Th. 656, Ran. 372),

x Cf. apaloc in Ach. 1148, Ran. 291, 514.

•The rest are Nub. 1052 (person), Vesp. 1200 (cf. supra p. 436), and Pac.
732 (adv.).

THE TERMINATION -hoc IN ARISTOPHANES. 441

the anapaestic verse excludes avSpixas. AvSpiicos, on the other
hand, suits iambic and trochaic rhythms, and to these it is con-
fined with one exception, Ach. 696.

avSpiKos occurs twice (1077, 1090) in the epirrhema of the para-
basis of the Wasps which precedes the scene of preparation for
the banquet referred to above, and serves to prepare us for the
fashionable use of the -kos termination in this scene (cf. especially
avbpiKararov 1 199 over against avhpewrarov 1200), but an additional
reason for its use here was the opportunity it afforded to play on
the double meaning, ' manlike ' (applied to the wasps) and
'manly', 'brave'. Compare the play on dvdprjvia ('A&jrar) 1080
and Qvphv (Bipov) 1082. Elsewhere Mptios is the word that
Aristophanes always employs in the case of persons (about a
dozen examples).

A certain amount of incongruity results from attaching the
suffix -Kot, which belonged originally to the high sphere of
scientific thought and philosophic inquiry, to words that stand
on a much lower level, that is, words that denote the common
things of daily life, colloquial words, and comic coinages. Such
forms were put together by Aristophanes in consequence of the
free and no doubt indiscriminate use of the suffix that was made
by the fashionables of the time and men of the Phaeax type who
affected words with this termination because of their learned
sound. To ridicule the practice, Aristophanes both multiplied
-<6s forms and added the suffix to words that were not suited to
receive it. Although it is true that when -kos forms once began
to pour into the language the suffix was added to a variety of
words without much restraint or discrimination, yet the incon-
gruity of some of the comic poet's formations remains and is
felt in proportion as one keeps in mind the high sphere to which
the suffix properly belongs.

vov&v(ttik6s Vesp. 1294, Eccl. 441, Cratin. jun. 7. pia 'cram ',
' stuff', ' plug ', ' bung ', and its compounds are found chiefly in
the comic poets and Lucian, and belong to a low sphere.
vovBv<ttik6s = ' crammed full of sense '. In Eccl. 441 Praxagora is
quoted as saying that woman is a irp5y/ia xou/Wrnco'x.

pa8i<TTtic6s Ran. 128. paSlfa 'trudge' is "almost confined to
comedy and prose " (Liddell and Scott).

apumjTiKos Eupol. I30 (dpiarav), dfirrvijrtKo'r Ar. Ach. IOl6,
Anaxip. I, 36 (8«jri/«>>), peXkofciiTviKos Eccl. 1153, fiayeipiKos Ach.

1015, Eq. 216, 376, Pac. 1017, fr. 138, Xapvyymos Pherecr. 32
30

442 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY.

(Xdpuy£ for fpdpvyg ' gullet'), and TpifiaviKas Ar. Vesp. 1 1 32 (in so
far as it refers to rpi|W ' an old cloak '), all deal with domestic
matters.

dptoiraXiKas Ran. 1386 (iptoit a\i)s), KtnrqXucur PI. 1063 (i«i7njXor),
Sripiovpyiicas Pac. 429 (fiij/uovpydr), dv8pam>8i<TTiKas Eupol. 396 (avbpa-

itoburri)s), uKvroroptKos Ar. Eccl. 432 (aictiroTd/ior). As those engaged
in trade were not highly esteemed, the words to which the -kos
termination is here added do not stand on a high level.

Such comic coinages as 7ro\epo\apaxatK6c and Kop-ifrfvpiniKas are
ill-adapted to have the serious suffix -*dr.

Adjectives in -kos Derived from Proper Names.

These in the main denote things rather than persons. There
are a dozen exceptions in the extant literature before Aristoph-
anes. This number does not include the Persian word ApoinKoi
(Hdt. I 125) nor the Italic 'orfpiKoi (I 94; IV 49), nor the
neuter dv8pdico8a 'ttuaipiKa (Thuc. VII, 13, 2), since no other
adjective with a neuter form was available ; nor does it embrace
a long list of adjj. in -icdr modifying such collective nouns as
y«W, IBvos, A«(ir, irrpartvp.a, or used in the neuter with the article in
the sense of a collective. The exceptions follow : Z«€ XitXaayiKt
Horn. II. XVI 233 — " no approach here to the later meaning of the
suffix " (Monro) ; av&Krav TpaiK&v [Eur.] Rhes. 738 — a Homeric
reminiscence; noipdvoun iiv0ikoU Eur. Ion. 1219, pAvrtaiv Uv6ik61s
Andr. 1103 — the epithet u(,6ios belongs to Apollo, cf. Aesch. Ag.

509, Cho. IO30; Ai&v<rriKaU yvvaigtv 1 Aesch. Suppl. 279, toi/8'

'A^atKOK Xarpiv Eur.Tro.707 — cf. Dittenberger, Hermes XLII 31 sq.,
161 sq. ; 'An-iKar depanalvas Hdt. Ill 134 — 'Attik^ is the correct form
of the feminine of 'Abator, cf. Eustath. on Horn. II., p. 84, 12,
and Hermes XLII 10 sq. ; r&v SKKav 'eXXi)«k£k rvpawuv Hdt. Ill 125,

T»K aTparqyav tS>v JlepatK&v IX 102 — cf. Hermes XLII 20 ; 'EXXi)i>tKOt

tfeoi Hdt. IV 108 — ' Greek-like ' rather than ' Greek ', i. e. ' having
the attributes and qualities of the Greek gods ' without being
distinctly and wholly Greek ; a 'An-unfe Solon 2 (Bergk) — used in
place of 'AdijKmos for the sake of the sneer ; and 'Attu«» Alcae. 32
expresses perhaps the same contempt, but the text is uncertain.

1 Cf. A-ifivooa; yvvaiKo; Pind. P. IX 182.

J Cf. 8eol oi 'SXKi)viM Hdt. V 49 and 92 fin., Zeuf ''Ellr/viog Hdt. IX 7, Ar. Eq.
1253, Traryp 'EXXdviof Pind. N. V 10, and 'A^tjva ''SAXrpiia Aristot. Mirab
Ausc. 108.

THE TERMINATION -«<*: IN ARISTOPHANES. 443

The exceptional character of these examples is still further
emphasized by the fact that there are nearly 600 instances in the
tragic poets, Herodotus, and Thucydides in which derivatives in
-(tor from proper names are not applied to persons.

In contrast to these 12 cases of the personal use in the whole
literature before Aristophanes stand 19 examples in his eleven
extant plays alone. This is because the characterizing force of
the suffix was well-suited to the liveliness of the language of
daily life, and consequently the sermo familiaris made a large
use of such words just as it did of character names. 1 Character
names in -a£, gen. -okoi, e. g. "Pd8a| (='Pd&os, Bekk. Anecd.
856, 33), n-XouTa^, da\diia£, k. t. X., and short names in -1*0* 2
approach them closely in the form of the ending. Though -*6s
is not found as a diminutive suffix in Greek, it does have this
force frequently in Sanskrit, Persian, and some other Indo-
European languages. 3 Greek proper names with this suffix
signified men who had the characteristics of a people or a com-
munity, and when substituted in familiar speech for the usual
name of a people were not far removed from character names,
being used chiefly for the purpose of ridicule. The scholiast on
Ar. Pac. 215 says that the effect of using a<zkc»»>«ko« for Adapts is
viroKopurpos, and in a previous note on ' 'ArriKcmieoi he implies that
the contempt (cf. fvv$pi£ovrcs) arises from cheapening (evTeX/foyTts)
them by applying to them this modified form of their name.
The change was made, of course, for fun (cf. nal&i), and 'Att«ko>-
vikoI was then comically formed to resemble AaKaviKol. The half-
starved Spartans captured on Sphacteria are likewise called
AaxaviKoi in Nub. 186, and so also the Spartans mentioned in Lys.
628 who can be trusted no more than a gaping wolf. There is a
spirit of pleasantry in the use of the word in Lys. 1226 and Eccl.
356. In a tone of superiority, mingled with a little of the natural
antipathy of Athenian for Spartan, the triumphant Lysistrata
orders the " Laconics " (11 15) to be brought forward, and if she
hesitates to use this form in direct address (cf. 11 22, 11 37), such
deference and respect is not manifested toward the Acharnians
(324) and the Megarian (830) by the similarly triumphant
Dicaeopolis who has successfully negotiated a private treaty of
peace. In pleading with the Acharnians for a hearing he

1 Cf. Comic Termin., p. 32 sq. s Cf. Fick, Personennamen, S. XLII.

3 Cf. Schwabe, De Demin. Graec. et Lat., p. 44 sq.

444 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY.

descends within the space of three verses from the epic grandeur
of the patronymic 'AxapvyiSai to the familiarity of the colloquial
'AxapviKoi (324). The latter title the Acharnians quote in a tone
of resentment in 329. Amphitheus had used it in 180 — ' some
Acharnian fellows '. Compare ' that Acharnian chap Tele-
machus' in Timocles 7, cf. 16. 'What! a Megarite!' cries
Dicaeopolis (750), when the starved Megarian first comes to his
market, and later, after rescuing him from the Informer, he says,
' Cheer up, old boy ' (830).

'Arruccfc is used in a familiar, colloquial way in the following
passages : Pherecr. 145 (with contempt, cf. o Karaparos), Ar. Vesp.
1076 (with self-laudation), Strattis 28, and Machon 1. In Diphil.
17 and Menand. 462, up-to-date cooks who boast of their dis-
crimination in the kinds of food they offer to guests from various
localities call Athenians 'attikoI, the Arcadian 'ApKaSiKos (cf.
'ApKds}, and the Ionian 'leovuedr (cf. 'laves, and *imv Dionys. Hal.
Rhet. XI 5, Theocr. XVI 57).

Charles W. Peppler.

Emory College, Oxford, 6a.