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KANSAS
A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events,
Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities,
Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc.
Edited by
FRANK W. BLACKMAR. A. M., Ph. D.
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOLUME I
WITH A SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME DEVOTED
TO SELECTED PERSONAL HISTORY
AND REMINISCENCE
ILLUSTRATED
'^'"^ STANDARD PUBLISHING COMPANY
^, / CHICAGO
Copyright 1912
by
Standard Publishing Company.
131G237
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOISrS
Page
Agricultural College 34
Steam Plow in Action 48
Display of Agricultural Products 53
Beecher's Island 97
Baker University 130
Battleship Kansas 159
Bethany College 177
State School for the Blind 192
John Brown Monument 242
Campbell College 275
Old Capitol at Pawnee 283
State Capitol at Topeka 285
Council Oak at Council Grove 461
State School for the Deaf 496
\Veather Building at Dodge City 524
State Hospital for Epileptics 595
State Home for Feeble Minded 635
Fort Riley 669
Old Guard House at Fort Scott 672
Old Government Building, Fort Scott 673
Geological Section 733
P'awnee Indians — Father and Son 905
Boys' Industrial School 934
Girls' Industrial School 935
INTRODUCTION
Perhaps no other conimoiuvealth admitted into the Union during
the last half of the last century has a greater historical interest than
Kansas. Born in the storm and stress period of national political
controversy, cradled in the tumult of civil war, and reared to full state-
hood in an era unparalleled in the arts of peace, the life of Kansas has
been one of intense activity. Carved out of territory once known as
part of the Great American Desert, by the industry of her people it
has become one of the most productive and wealthy states of the Union
in proportion to "its popidation. From the political unrest of the early
life has sprung a people alive to progressive forms of government.
Alert in educational affairs, from the beginning her schools have been
monuments of the greatness of her people; interested in the justice
and equity of human relationship, lier laws for securing human rights
in political, industrial and social order are among tlie most enlightened
in the land.
To write a history of such a state, to unravel all of its political
entanglements, to carry forward the political and industrial develop-
ment through border war, civil war, Indian depredations, drought and
failure, to tinal achievement of a great commonwealth is a serious task.
To such a task those who have been engaged in the preparation of
this work have devoted their best energy and most faithful service.
It would be almost impossible to make such a history of achievement
covering such a wide range of subjects in consecutive narration and
at the same time make it usable for those for whom it was intended.
F'or this reason the alphabetical order of topics has been chosen. By
this method information on any subject from the administration of a
governor or the development of a constitution to an historical incident
or the founding of a small town may be obtained with facility. And
in the presentation of the material in this form it has been necessary
to omit all political controversies, to avoid all comparison of judgment
and relate the simple facts of how it all came about.
However, all those who wish to have a consecutive history of political
events need only to follow the history of the separate administrations
of the governors from Reeder to Stubbs and they will find a continued
history of the political development of Kansas. And if this be supple-
mented by the perusal of separate articles such as those of the Louisiana
Purchase, the Missouri Compromise, the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, Squatter
Sovereignty, the development of constitutional conventions, finance,
taxation and the important reform measures under their respective titles
IXTRODUCTIOX
he may have a history and philosophy of the building of a state. The
value of this may be enhanced by reading the brief biographies of the
people who have been most in the limelight as leaders in the building
of Kansas. In the preparation of these brief biographies one cannot
help but reflect upon the fact that after all the rank and file of the peo-
ple, each one performing his duty in his proper place, made Kansas.
Those men and women who endured the hardships of pioneer days
(and Kansas has always had her pioneer days in the progress of civili-
zation from the Missouri border to the Colorado line), subdued the
soil, mastered the resources of the country, developed her industries,
built her schools, churches and railroads, made a large part of the real
history of Kansas which cannot be recorded except in a general way.
History seldom portrays the real life of the commonwealth. It is the
sociology of the state after all that represents its true greatness.
Indeed the political history of the state represents a small part of
what Kansas has wrought and hence a small part of its life. The Kan-
sas Cyclopedia assumes to present ever}' factor in the political, social,
and economic development and relate every important event which
has had to do with the building of a great commonwealth. And when
we pause to think of it, what a great history it is, extending back nearly
four hundred years, with its active progress crowded into a little more
than half a century ! And yet it falls naturally into various periods :
It comprises prehistoric Kansas and the occupation of the native
races ; the early expeditions of Coronado and other Spanish explorers ;
the early trappers and traders, followed by the explorations of Pike
and Long; the military organization for the protection of the frontier;
the history of early trading and transportation trails leading to Santa
Fe, Utah, Oregon and California; the period of settlement and the dis-
posal of public land ; the struggle that organized Kansas a free state ;
the organization and development of counties and towns; the mus-
tering of its armies for the preservation of the Union ; the expansion
of government and the making of internal public improvements ; the
exploitation of the geology of Kansas and the development of its ma-
terial resources ; development of agriculture, manufacturing and trans-
portation ; and through it all the development of schools, colleges and
the university, the founding and progress of charitable institutions, the
building of churches and the enactment of special laws to enforce the
moral conduct of society. Add to this the hundreds of instances of
real life told of men and affairs and }-ou ha\c an outline of the real
history of Kansas.
The editor of this history, and his able assistants have sought with
painstaking exactness to ascertain the truth of Kansas history. They
have had at their command the writings of many authorities, the ex-
l^eriences of men and a magnificent body of historical material from the
Kansas Historical Society. If the book is entirely free from error it
is different from any other history ever written of any country. And
while small errors may have crept in even after the most careful scrutin}^
IXTRODUCTIOX
as may be expected in so large a work, still for its purpose the present
history should be in advance of all other histories of the State of Kansas.
If it is not in advance, it is a mistake to have written it. At least it
will present in a concise form a large amount of the historical material
in the libraries of Kansas, hitherto hidden from view to most people
of the state.
It is hoped that its use by students will be large and that it will lead
to extended research and an elaboration of special subjects. For such
the frequent cross references will be found valuable aids.
Acknowledgment is hereby made to the secretary and assistants
of the state historical society for their aid in giving access to the val-
uable collection in their charge, and recognition is made of the following-
list of historical writings, manuscripts, etc. :
Official Publications. — Reports of the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology ;
Congressional Record ; U. S. Senate and House Reports ; Messages and
Documents of the Presidents; Reports of Congressional Investigating
and Special Committees; Departmental Reports; Correspondence and
Reports of the Commissioner of Indian AiTairs ; U. S. Treaties and Con-
ventions ; Rebellion Records ; Reports of U. S. General Land Office ;
Session Laws of Kansas; Legislative Journals; Reports of State Board
of Agriculture, Bank Commissioner, Adjutant-General, Superintendent
of Public Instruction, Railroad Commission, etc. ; Kansas Historical So-
ciety Publications, Governors' Messages, Reports of University Geo-
logical Survey, etc.
Histories of Kansas.— Cutler's, Hazelrigg's, Plolloway's, Prentis'
Spring's, Tuttle's, and W'ilder's Annals of Kansas.
Miscellaneous. — Adair's Travels in North America; Adams' Home-
stead Guide ; American Board of Foreign Missions Reports ; Annual Reg-
ister ; Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ; Baker's Forestry Report ; Ban-
croft's Historical Works; Bandelier's Gilded Man; Blackmar's Life of
Charles Robinson, Spanish Colonization in the Southwest, and Spanish
Institutions in the Southwest; Boughton's Kansas Handbook; Brewer-
ton's The War in Kansas; Britton's War on the Border; Bronson's
Farmers' Unions, etc. ; Canfield's Local Government in Kansas ; Chap-
man's Emigrant's Guide ; Child's Kansas Emigrants ; Chittenden's Amer-
ican Fur Trade ; Connelley's Life of John Brown, Ouantrill and the Bor-
der Wars, Kansas Territorial Governors, Doniphan's Expedition, and
the Provisional Government of Nebraska Territory ; Cooke's Scenes and
Adventures in the Army ; Custer's Wild Life on the Plains ; Davidson's
Silk Culture ; Dodge's Plains of the Great West ; Elliott's Notes in Sixty
Years; Fowler's Report of Glenn's Expedition; Fremont's Reports of
Explorations in the West ; Gallatin's Reports of the Transactions of the
American Ethnological Society ; Gihon's Geary and Kansas ; Giles' Thir-
ty Years in Topeka ; Gladstone's An Englishman in Kansas; deed's
From River to Sea ; Greeley's American Conflict, and An Overland Jour-
ney ; Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies ; Hale's Kanzas and Nebraska ;
Harvey's History of the Shawnee Indians; Hinton's Army of the Bor-
INTRODUCTION
der; Humphrey's The Squatter Sovereign; Inman's Stories of the Old
Santa Fe Trail ; Irving's Adventures of Captain Bonneville, and A Tour
of the Prairies; Jenkins' The Northern Tier; Kansas Biographical Reg-
ister; Kendall's Santa Fe Expedition; Lewis and Clark's Journals;
Long's Expedition, Report of; Lowe's Five Years a Dragoon; Margry's
Works; Meline's Two Thousand Miles on Horseback; Alonette's Dis-
covery and Settlement of the Mississippi Valley ; Murray's Travels in
North America; Parker's Kansas and Nebraska Handbook; Parkman's
Discovery of the Great West; Parrish's Life on the Great Plains;
Phillips' Conquest of Kansas; Pierce's Incidents of Western Travel;
Pike's Expedition, Accounts of; Redpath's The Roving Editor, and Life
of John Brown ; Richardson's Beyond the Mississippi ; Mrs. Robinson's
Kansas, Its Interior and Exterior Life ; Shea's Memoir of French Colo-
nies in America, Translation of Charlevoix, and Expedition of Penalosa
Simpson's Smithsonian Reports ; Smyth's Heart of the New^ Kansas
Speer's Life of James H. Lane; Spring's Prelude to the War of '6i
Steele's Sons of the Border, and Frontier Army Sketches ; Tewksbury's
Kansas Picture Book ; Thwaites' Early Western Travels ; Tomlinson's
Kansas in 1858; Victor's American Conspiracies; Von Hoist's Constitu-
tional History of the United States; Washburn College Bulletins;
Webb's Scrap Books; Wilson's Rise and Fall of the Slave Power; Wil-
son's Eminent Men of Kansas; County Histories, Magazines, News-
paper Files, Gazetteers, City Directories, etc.
Manuscripts. — The Kansas State Historical Society has a vast collec-
tion of manuscripts, consisting of letters, historical sketches, short biog-
raphies, etc. Among those consulted may be mentioned Dunbar's Ac-
count of the Bourgmont Expedition; Executive Minutes and Corre-
spondence; Journals of the Constitutional Conventions; Letters of John
Brown ; Letters and Diary of Isaac McCoy; Gov. A. H. Reeder's Diary;
Unpublished reports of various Commissions, etc.
Fr.\nk W. Bl.ackmar.
KANSAS
Abbott, James B., one of the pioneer settlers of Kansas, was born at
Hampton, Conn., Dec. 3, 1818, and grew to manhood in his native state.
He was a member of the third party of emigrants from New England,
which reached Lawrence on Oct. 10, 1854, and soon become recognized
as one of the stalwart advocates of the free-state cause. Maj. Abbott
took up a claim about half a mile south of Blanton's bridge, on the road
to Hickor}' Point, and his house was a favorite meeting place of the free-
state men in that neighborhood. As the pro-slaveryites grew more and
more agressive, one of the crying necessities of the settlers was arms and
ammunition with which to defend themselves against the predatory
gangs which infested the territory. Maj. Abbott was one of those who
went east to procure arms, and through his efforts there were sent to
Kansas 117 Sharp's rifles and a 12-pounder howitzer. He was one of
the party that rescued Branson from the sheriff of Douglas county ; was
a lieutenant in command of a company at the first "battle" of Franklin ;
commanded the Third regiment of free-state infantry during the siege
of Lawrence in 1856; fought with John Brown at Black Jack, and was
the leader of the expedition that rescued Dr. John Doy. He was a mem-
ber of the first house of representatives elected under the Topeka con-
stitution, and in 1857 was elected senator. LTpon the adoption of the
Wyandotte constitution, he Avas elected a member of the lower house
of the first state legislature, which met in March, 1861. In that year
he was appointed agent for the Shawnee Indians and removed to De
Soto, Johnson county. 'At the time of the Price raid he led a party of
Shawnees against the Confederates. In 1866 he retired from the Indian
agency, and in the fall of that year was elected to the state senate. He
was influential in securing the establishment of the school for feeble
minded youth. Maj. Abbott died at De Soto on March 2, 1879. The
howitzer he brought to Kansas in the territorial days is now in the pos-
session of the Kansas Historical Society, of which he was a director for
twelve years immediately prior to his death.
Abbyville, a village of Reno county, is situated in Westminister
township, 17 miles southwest of Hutchinson, the county seat. The
former name was Nonpariel. It is a station on the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R., has a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural
routes, express, telegraph and telephone facilities, churches of the lead-
ing Protestant denominations, some mercantile and shipping interests,
and in 1910 reported a population of 300.
(1-2)
I» CYCLOPEDIA OF
Abilene,' the judicial seat and largest city of Dickinson county, is.
located on the north bank of the Smoky Hill river, 96 miles from Topeka.
and has an altitude of 1,153 f^et. It was first settled in 1858, was first
the terminus of and later a station on the stage line. The first store was
opened by a man named Jones, usually referred to as "Old Man Jones."
in whose stock of goods whisky was a prominent article. In i860 the
town was surveyed and the following spring it was selected as the
county seat by a popular vote. Early in 1867 the Kansas Pacific rail-
road was completed to Abilene, and the same year the place was selected
by Joseph G. McCoy as the most available point for assembling^ cattle
for shipment, the selection being made because of the abundance of
grass and water in the neighborhood. Concerning the town at this time,
Mr. McCoy says : "Abilene in 1867 was a very small, dead place, con-
sisting of about one dozen log huts, low, small, rude aflfairs, four-fifths-
of which were covered with dirt for roofing; indeed, but one shingle roof
could be seen in the whole city. The business of the burg was conducted
in two small rooms, mere log huts, and of course the inevitable saloon,
also in a log hut, was to be found."
After Mr. McCoy had decided upon Abilene as the best. cattle ship-
ping point, circulars were sent all over Texas and before the close of
the year 1867 some 35,000 cattle had been driven there for shipment on
the new railroad to the eastern markets. This had a tendency to stim-
ulate the growth of the town, but it also brought in many undesirable
characters. Gamblers, confidence men, cow boys, etc., came in and prac-
tically took possession of the place, much to the chagrin and disgust of
the reputable, law-abiding citizens. Shooting affrays were common, and
the turbulent element, being in the majority, continued to run things
with a high hand until the probate court of Dickinson county, on Sept.
6, 1869, granted a petition to incorporate Abilene, and named J. B.
Shane, T. C. Henry, Thomas Sherran, T. F. Hersey and Joseph G.
McCoy as trustees. McCoy was chosen the first mayor and the new
city government took steps to check the prevailing lawlessness. A stone
jail was commenced, but about the time the walls were up a band of
cow boys tore them down. Finally, Thomas Smith, who had come to
Abilene from Kit Carson, Col., was elected town marshal. It is said
that his appearance was against him, but what he lacked in physical
strength was more than made up in courage and diplomacy, and in a
short time he succeeded in disarming all the desperate characters, thus
bringing about a reign of law and order. The Kansas Monthly of Feb..
1879, ten years after Abilene was incorporated, says: "Abilene, from
being a Texas cattle town without law, order or society, is now one of
the most home-like, orderly and agreeable towns."
Since that time the growth and development of Abilene has been
steadily onward and upward, and in 1910 the city had a population of
4,118. Its location at the junction of the Union Pacific, Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railways makes
it an important shipping point, and large quantities of grain, live stock..
KANSAS HISTORY ig
etc., are annually exported. The city has two banks, an international
money order postoffice from which emanate seven rural delivery routes,
unsurpassed express, telegraph and telephone facilities, a modern elec-
tric lighting plant, a fine system of waterworks, a fire department, a
Carnegie library and a well appointed opera house. Mount St. Joseph
Academy is located here, which supplements the excellent public school
system and affords ample educational opportunities. The manufactures
include flour mills, creameries, foundries, an organ factory, planing
mills, cigar, carriage and ice factories, etc. The press is well represented
by two daily and four weekly newspapers, the Implement Dealers' Bul-
letin (monthly), and the Kansas State Sunday School Journal (also
monthly).
Abilene Trail. — In 1867 Joseph G. McCoy, of Illinois, settled at
Abilene to engage in the cattle trade, and he caused to be laid out a
cattle trail to connect with the north end of the Chisholm trail, near
Wichita, to run northward to Abilene, on the Union Pacific railroad,
where the cattle could be marketed in a more expeditious manner. The
road from the mouth of the Little Arkansas to Abilene "was not direct
but circuitous. In order to straighten up this trail and bring the cattle
direct to Abilene, and by shortening the distance, to counteract the ex-
ertions of western would-be competing points for the cattle trade, an
engineer corps was sent out under the charge of Civil Engineer T. F.
Hersey. . . . Mr. Hersey with compass and flag men and detail of
laborers with spades and shovels for throwing up mounds of dirt to
mark the route located by the engineers, started out and ran almost due
south from Abilene until the crossing of the Arkansas was reached, find-
ing good water and abundant grass with suitable camping points the
entire distance. Meeting at the Arkansas river the first drove of cattle
of the season, the party piloted the herd over the new trail, and thus by
use opening it to the many thousand herds of cattle that followed in
months and years afterward."
In 1867 about 35,000 head of cattle were driven from Texas to Abilene
over this trail; in 1868 about 75,000; in 1870 about 300,000; and in 187X
about 700,000, being the largest number ever received from Texas in
any one year. The country about Abilene was fast settling up about
this time, grazing lands were getting scarcer, and these conditions were
such that many of the settlers objected to the pasturing of the great
herds in the vicinity. Hence the year 1872 found Wichita in possession
of the trade that Abilene had for several years enjoyed, the completion
of the Santa Fe railroad to that point giving the needed railroad facil-
ities. From 1867 to 1871 about 10,000 cars of live stock were shipped
out of Abilene, and in 1872 about 80,000 head of cattle were shipped
from Wichita. "The settlement of the valleys of the Arkansas and the
Ninnescah rivers rendered it impractical to reach Wichita shipping yards
after '1873, and the loading of cattle was transferred to points on the
railroad farther west, halting finally at Dodge City, where 1887 saw the
end of the use of the famous Abilene cattle trail."
20 CYCLOl'EDIA OF
Abolitionists. — In 1831 William Lloyd Garrison began the publica-
tion of the "Liberator," the first newspaper in the United States to take
a radical stand for the abolition of slavery. (See Slavery.) Two yealfe
later the National Anti-Slavery Society was organized at Philadelphia.
Pa., and in a short time the members of the organization became divided
to some extent as to the methods to be pursued in the efforts to secure
the emancipation of the slaves. Some clung to the theory of gradual
manumission, with compensation to the slaveholders as a last resort,
while others advocated the immediate and unconditional liberation of
every slave, by force if necessary, and without compensating their
owners. These extremists in 1835 were nicknamed "abolitionists" by
those who favored slavery, and also by the conservative element in the
society. Although this name was first applied in a spirit of derision,
the extremists accepted it as an honor. In a short time a number of
abolitionist orators — speakers of more than ordinary ability — were de-
veloped. Among these may be mentioned W'endell Phillips, Gerrit
Smith and Charles Sumner, who never lost an opportunity of present-
ing their views, and the public was I:ept on the alert, wondering what
they would do next.
The society became divided in 1840 on the question of organizing a
political party on anti-slavery lines. From that time each branch worked
in its own way, and by the time Kansas was organized as a territory the
abolitionists — the radical wing of the original society — had become
strong enough to attract attention from one end of tl"ke country^ to the
other. Among the pro-slavery men there was no distinction between
those who were in favor of the gradual, peaceable emancipation of the
slave and those who were in favor of immediate emancipation at what-
ever cost. All were "abolitionists." The following utterances of pro-
slavery orators and extracts from the pro-slavery press will show how
the advocates of slavery regarded the free-state men as "abolitionists"
indiscriminately:
At a squatter meeting near Leavenworth on June 10, 1854, a reso-
lution was adopted declaring that "We will afford protection to no
abolitionist as a settler in Kansas." A pro-slavery meeting in Lafayette
countjr, Mo., Dec. 15, 1854, denounced the steamboats plying on the
Missouri river for carrying abolitionists to Kansas. As a result of this
agitation, the Star of the West in the spring of 1856 was allowed to
carry about 100 persons from Georgia, Alabama and South Carolina to
Kansas unmolested, but on her next trip, with a number of free-state
passengers, she was held up at Lexington, where the passengers were
disarmed, and upon arriving at Weston was not permitted to land.
Other steamers encountered similar opposition.
In Feb., 1855, Lawrence was denounced because it was "the home
of about 400 abolitionists," and at a Law and Order meeting at Leaven-
worth on the 15th of the following November, John Calhoun said: "You
yield and you will have the most infernal government that ever cursed
a land. I would rather be a painted slave over in Missouri, or a serf to
the Czar of Russia, than have the abolitionists in power."
KANSAS HISTORY 21
On Oct. 5, 1857, occurred the election for members of the legislature,
and on the 23d the Doniphan Constitutionalist, a pro-slavery paper, ac-
counted for the free-state victory by saying that the "sneaking abolition-
ists were guilty of cutting loose the ferry boats at Doniphan and other
places on the day of the election, by order of Jim Lane." To this the
Lawrence Republican retorted: "Bad man, that Jim Lane, to order the
boats cut loose ; great inconvenience to the Missourians and the Demo-
cratic party."
At the beginning of the border troubles the Platte Argus said edito-
rially : "The abolitionists will probabl)^ not be interfered with if they set-
tle north of the 40th parallel of north latitude, but south of that line they
need not set foot."
A pro-slavery convention at Lecompton on Dec. 9, 1857, adopted
resolutions denunciator}' of Govs. Reeder, Geary and Walker for their
efforts "to reduce and prostitute the Democracy to the unholy ends of
the abolitionists." These instances might be multiplied indefinitely, but
enough has been said to show that the pro-slaverites made no distinction
whatever between the radical and conservative wings of the free-state
party. If a man was opposed to slavery, though willing to let it alone
where it already existed, he was just as much of an "abolitionist" as the
extremist who would be satisfied with nothing less than immediate
emancipation of all slaves, without regard to constitutional guarantees
or the simplest principles of equity.
The radical anti-slavery people claimed that the Civil war was an
anti-slavery conflict, and maintained that this view was justified by the
emancipation proclamation of President Lincoln, notwithstanding ]\Ir.
J^incoln's previous utterance that he was not striving to abolish slavery,
but to preserve the Union.
Academy of Language and Literature. — Wilder's Annals of Kansas
says this society was organized on June 16, 1885, with the following-
officers: J. A. Lippincott, president; O. C. Hill, vice-president; W. H.
Carruth, secretary; J. E. \\'illiamson, treasurer; W. L Graham, Lily M.
Storrs and the secretar}% executive committee. The objects of the acad-
emy, as stated in the by-laws, were "to promote the love and study of
literature and to encourage investigation and original production
therein."
On Dec. 31, 1885, another meeting was held, at which time Prof. W. L
Graham of Baker University was elected president ; Prof. William Mc-
Donald of the University of Kansas, vice-president ; Miss Viola Price,
secretary; Prof. J. E. Williamson of the Topeka high school, treasurer;
and the executive committee was composed of Prof. Graham, Miss Price
and Prof. T. W. Phelps. The dues of the society were fixed at $1.00 per
year for each member, and in 1892 the academy numbered 75 members.
After the magazine called the Agora began publication in 1891 it was
made the official organ of the society. The last number of this magazine,
published in March, 1896, contains the announcement that the annual
meeting of the Academy of Language and Literature would be held at
22 CVCbOrEDIA OF
Lawrence in April of that year. No later record of the organization can
be found. Its place in the literature of Kansas is now (1911) practically
filled by the Kansas Authors' Club.
Academy of Science. — In 1867 several Kansas naturalists who were
interested in scientific investigation, decided to form an organization for
scientific research, particularly in its relation to the state and its natural
resources. After considerable deliberation with regard to the formation
of a society, the projectors published a letter in the Kansas Journal of
Education for March, 1868, calling the attention of the people to the
benefits which a Natural History Society would be to the state, as it
would afford the means of associated efifort ; give inspiration to natural-
ists; arouse interest in scientific subjects; put the state in communica-
tion with various scientific bodies throughout the country, and collec-
tions made by the society would be secured to the state. This letter met
with considerable favor and in July a second letter or "call" was sent
out, requesting "all persons in the state interested in natural science to
meet at Topeka on the first Tuesday in September."
As a result of this call a meeting of the naturalists was held in Lincoln
College, Topeka, Sept. i, 1868, and an organization was eflfected under
the name of the "Kansas Natural History Society," with the follow-
ing officers: B. F. Mudge, president; J. S. Whitman, vice-president;
John Parker, secretarjf; Frank Snow, treasurer, and John A. Banfield,
curator. The object of the societ}-, according to the constitution, was
"to increase and diffuse a knowledge of science, particularly in its rela-
tion to the state of Kansas."
The second annual meeting was held in the Presbyterian church at
Topeka, Sept. 7, 1869. when several scientific papers were read; a lec-
ture on the Mound Builders was delivered, and the officers of the pre-
vious year were reelected. On Sept. 5 and 6, 1870, the third annual meet-
ing was held at the University building at Lawrence. Again papers on
scientific subjects were read and the following officers elected: John
Fraser, president ; B. F. Mudge, vice-president ; John D. Parker secre-
tary and librarian; Frank Snow, treasurer; B. F. Mudge and Frank
Snow, curators. At this meeting Mr. Fraser suggested that the scope
of the society be widened to comprehend the entire scientific field within
the state. At the fourth meeting, held in the rooms of the board of edu-
cation, Leavenworth, Oct. 25, 1871, the by-laws were amended to allow
all observers and investigators along scientific lines to become members,
and the name was changed to the Kansas Academy of Science. In 1873
the society was incorporated as a state institution. Section 2 of the act
of incorporation provided that, "The Academy of Science shall be a
coordinate department of the State Department of Agriculture, with their
office in the agriculture room, where they shall place and keep for public
inspection geological, botanical and other specimens, the same to be
imder the direction and control of the said Academy of Science."
In his message to the legislature in 1885, Gov. Martin said, "This is
a useful organization, maintained at no expense to the state except the
KANSAS HISTORY 23
•courtesy of having its reports published as a part of the biennial report
of the State Board of Agriculture."
Since 1895 the academy has received legislative appropriations for
its support. The members of the academy were instrumental in secur-
ing the geographical survey of the state and have taken an interest in
the development of the coal beds and natural gas wells.
A majority of the members of the academy are from the educational
institutions of the state, who take an interest and are leaders in the
important scientific research of the day. At the present time the ofifices
of the academy and the specimens that have been collected are located
in the north wing of the state capitol on the fourth floor. The officers
of the society for 191 1 were as follows: President, J. M. McWharf, of
Ottawa; vice-presidents, A. J. Smith, of Emporia, and J- E. Welin, of
Lindsborg; treasurer, F. ^^^ Bushong, of Lawrence; secretary, J. T.
1,0 ve well, of Topeka.
Achilles, a village of Rawlins county, is situated in Jefferson township,
on Sappa creek and about 15 miles southeast of Atwood, the county
seat. It has a money order postofifice and is connected by stage with
Colby, whence it receives a daily mail. The population was 70 in 1910.
Achilles is the principal trading point in the southwestern part of the
county. What is known as the battle of Achilles was a fight between
a band of 20 hunters and some Indians at a water hole about five miles
south of the village on April 24, 1875. (See Sappa Creek.)
Ackerland, a village of Leavenworth county, is located in the west-
ern portion on the Leavenworth & Topeka R. R. about 15 miles south-
west of Leavenworth. It has a money order postoffice, express office,
etc., and in 1910 had a population of 25.
Ackley, Ernest L., lawyer and regent of the Kansas State LTniver-
sity, was born at North Ridgeville, Ohio, Nov. 30, 1863, a son of Chaun-
cey and Jerusa (McNeal) Ackley. About 1875 the family removed to
Kansas and settled on a farm in Ottawa county, where Ernest attended
the public schools until he was eighteen years of age, when he obtained
a position in a bank at Minneapolis. After working in the bank for
about two years, he entered the state university, and graduated in the
law departrtient with the class of 1890. For a time he was employed
on the Salina Republican with Joseph L. Bristow, now United States
senator, and was also employed by Charles F. Scott on the Lawrence
Journal. In July, 1890. he became associated with A. L. Wilmoth, a
classmate, in the practice of law at Concordia. W. AV. Caldwell entered
the firm in 1897, when Mr. Ackley withdrew, and in Feb., 1901, he formed
a partnership with P. B. Pulsifer, which lasted until his death the fol-
lowing August. About the same time he was appointed by Gov. Stan-
ley one of the regents of the university. Mr. Ackley was an active mem-
ber of the State Historical Society ; a member of the Independent Order
of Odd Fellows and the Modern Woodmen of America, and belonged
to the Phi Gamma Delta college fraternity. In Nov., 1893, he married
Miss Ada B. Fry, at one time a teacher in the Concordia schools. Mr.
Ackley died at Concordia on Aug. 27, 1901.
24 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Acknowledgments. — (See Deeds.)
Acres, a post-village of Clark county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 8 miles west of Ashland, the county seat. It
is a shipping and supply point for the neighborhood in which it is situ-
ated, and in 1910 reported a population of 30.
Actions. — Actions are defined as ordinary proceedings in a court of
justice by which one party prosecutes another for the enforcement or
protection of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the pun-
ishment of a public offense. Actions are of two kinds — civil and crim-
inal. A civil action may be commenced in a court of record by filing
in the office of the clerk of the proper court a petition, and causing a
summons to be issued thereon. The petition must contain the name,
surname and place of residence of plaintiff and defendant; a clear state-
ment of the cause of action and a prayer for judgment in conformity
with the allegations of the petition, and must be signed either by the
plaintiff or his attorne}-. Summons is then issued, addressed to the de-
fendant. A copy of the petition need not accompan}- the summons, but
the defendant or plaintiff shall be entitled to a copy of the petition, or
any other papers filed in the action, upon application to the clerk there-
for, and the costs of such copy shall be taxed among the costs in the
action.
Actions before justices of the peace are commenced by summons, or
by appearance and agreement of the parties without summons. In the
former, the action is deemed commenced upon delivery of the writ to
the constable to be served, and he shall note thereon the time of receiv-
ing the same. In the latter case, the action is deemed commenced at
the time of docketing the case. When a guardian to the suit is necessary,
he must be appointed by the justice, as follows: First — If the infant be
plaintiff, the appointment must be made before the summons is issued,
upon the application of the infant, if he be of the age of fourteen years
or upwards; if under that age, upon the application of some friend. The
written consent of the guardian to be appointed, and to be responsible for
the costs if he fail in the action, must be filed with the justice. Second
— If the infant be defendant, the guardian must be appointed before th'e
trial. It is the right of the infant, if over fourteen years of age, to nomi-
nate his own guardian, who must be present and consent, in writing, to
be appointed, otherwise the justice may appoint any suitable person
who gives such consent.
The distinction between actions at law and suits in equity, and the
forms of all such actions and suits formerly existing, is abolished, and
in their place there is but one form of action, called a civil action. In
such action the party complaining is known as the plaintiff', and the
adverse party as the defendant. Actions shall be triable on the issues
of fact withhi ten days after the issues are made up. Issues of law and
motions may be tried by the court or judge in term-time or vacation,
at such times as the court or judge may fix, after reasonable notice,
which shall not be less than three days. Whenever damages are recov-
KANSAS HISTORY 25
erable, the plaintiff may claim and recover any damages to which he
may be entitled for the cause of action established.
Ada, a village of Ottawa county, is located on the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R., and on Salt creek in Fountain township, lo miles
west of Minneapolis, the county seat. It has banking facilities, all lines
of business activit}^, telegraph and express offices and a money order
postoifice with one rural mail route. It is the shipping point of a pros-
perous farming community. The population in 1910 was 300.
Adams, a village of Kingman county, is located in Canton township,
some i6 miles southeast of the city of Kingman. It is a station on the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., has a money order postoffice, and
is a shipping and trading point for that section of the county, though
the population was reported as only 20 in 1910.
Adams, Franklin George, one of the most earnest and energetic men
of Kansas in the great work of perpetuating Kansas history, was born
at Rodman, Jeft'erson county, N. Y., May 13, 1824, and was reared upon
his father's farm. He attended the common schools and at the age of
nineteen went to Cincinnati, where he received private instruction from
an elder brother. He taught in the public schools of Cincinnati, and in
1852 graduated from the law department of what is now the University
of Cincinnati. He became profoundly interested in the debate on the
Kansas-Nebraska bill, and determined to settle in Kansas. To this end
he joined a party from Kentucky which reached Kansas in March, 1855,
and settled in what is now Riley county, where they founded the Ash-
land colony. Before long Mr. Adams returned to Cincinnati, where he
taught school again, but in April, 1856, he returned to Kansas and set-
tled on a farm near Pilot Knob, Leavenworth county. He was forced
to flee to Lawrence for protection during the border war, and bore arms
in defense of that place against the invasion of the pro-slavery men. He
was a member of the Leavenworth constitutional convention ; was active
in the organization of the free-state party in Atchison county, of which
he was elected the first probate judge in the spring of 1858. In 1861 he
was appointed register of the land office at Lepompton. In September
he moved the office to Topeka and held the position until 1864. He was
also identified at dififerent times with various publications of the state
among them the Squatter Sovereign, Topeka State Record, Kansas Farm-
er, Atchison Free Press and Waterville Telegraph. He was active in the
formation of the State Agricultural Society and drafted the law under
which it was organized. He became secretary of the state fair associa-
tion which held the first state fair at Atchison in 1863. The next year
he gave up his various enterprises in Topeka, returned to Atchison, was
appointed United States agent to the Kickapoos, and removed to Ken-
nekuk, in the northwest corner of Atchison county. He resigned this
agency in 1869, and in the fall of 1870 located at Waterville, Marshall
county, where in 1873, he published "The Homestead Guide," giving the
history and resources of northwest Kansas. In the spring of 1875 he
returned to Topeka, and the following February the directors of the
2() CYCLOPEDIA OF
newly formed State Historical Society elected him secretary. It was
in this position that Mr. Adams did his greatest and best work for
Kansas. He at once started the work of organization and pursued with
steady effort every avenue which he thought capable of adding to the
growth and resourcefulness of the society. During* his residence in
Topeka Mr. Adams was instrumental in establishing the kindergarten
work among the poor. He was long a member of the Kansas State
Grange and took special interest in the education of children on farms.
As editor, author and publisher Mr. Adams was enabled to make his
ideas known and to turn public opinion in the right direction. The great
collection in the rooms of the Historical Society maj^ be said to be the
development and flower of a great life work. Mr. Adams was married
on Sept. 29, 1855, to Harriet E. Clark, of Cincinnati. The whole state
mourned when Mr. Adams passed away on Dec. 2, 1899.
Adams, Henry J., lawyer, was born at Rodman, Jefferson county, N.
Y., Feb. 10, 1816. He was educated in the public schools, spent a short
time at Oberlin College, Ohio, then read law and graduated from the
Cincinnati Law School. He came to Kansas in March, 1855, and during
the summer located at Lawrence. The next winter he was elected a
member of the senate of the free-state legislature, and from that time
took an active part in public affairs. During the session of 1858 the ter-
ritorial legislature made him chairman of the committee to investigate
the Oxford, Kickapoo and other election frauds. He took a prominent
part in the Leavenworth constitutional convention and under that con-
stitution was elected governor, but as Congress failed to admit Kansas
as a state, he was never installed in office. Before the convention in
1858, Mr. Adams received an equal vote with Marcus J. Parrott for dele-
gate in Congress, but Parrott was declared the nominee and was elected.
Under an act passed by the legislature of 1859, Mr. Adams was ap-
pointed a member of a committee with Judge S. A. Kingman and E. S.
Hoogland, to audit the claims against the United States government,
for losses sustained by citizens of Kansas because of plunder and de-
struction of private property during the border war. Next to Gov. Rob-
inson he was the most popular candidate before the Republican conven-
tion which nominated the first governor of the state. Soon after the out-
break of the Civil war he was appointed paymaster of the army and
served in that capacit}- until the close of hostilities. He died at W'ater-
ville, June 2, 1870.
Admire, a town in Ivy township, Lyon county, is a station on the
Missouri Pacific R. R., about 20 miles northeast of Emporia, the county
seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with tw'o rural routes, a
feed mill, telephone connections with the surrounding towns, churches
of several denominations, a good school building, a good retail trade, and
does considerable shipping. The population was 300 according to the
U. S. census of 1910.
Admission to Statehood. — In the formation of the Federal govern-
ment, the thirteen original states assumed dominion over all the un-
KANSAS HISTORY 27
organized territory belonging to the United States, and delegated to
themselves the power of arbiter of the destinies of new states seeking
admission. Every time a bill has been introduced in Congress for the
admission of a new state, it has been the signal for debate, but in no
instance has the discussion been more acrid or more prolonged than in
the case of Kansas. Four constitutional conventions were held in the
territory, and four constitutions were submitted to the people before one
was found that was satisfactory. (See Constitutions.) The Wyandotte
constitution, under which Kansas was finally admitted, was completed
by the convention on July 29, 1859; ratified by the people on Oct. 4 and
on Feb. 14, i860, it was presented to the senate of the United States by
the president of that body.
On Feb. 15, i860, Galusha A. Grow, of Pennsylvania, introduced in
the house a bill for the admission of Kansas, which was referred to the
committee on territories. This bill passed the house on April 11, by a
vote of 134 to 7^, and was sent to the senate, where it was read and re-
ferred on the 13th. During the next two months it came before the sen-
ate several times, but was usually thrust aside by the influence of the
members of the slave states, who did not desire the admission of a state
that would in all probability send to the United States senate two men
opposed to slavery, or at least opposed to its extension into new terri-
tory. On May 30 it was called up by Senator Collamer of Vermont, who
tried to force its passage. A week later (June 5) it was again called up,
but this time further action was postponed on motion of Mr. Hunter of
Virginia, who thought the military appropriation bill of more import-
ance. On the 7th Mr. Wade of Ohio moved "to postpone all prior or-
ders, and take up the bill for the admission of Kansas," but the motion
was defeated by a vote of 32 to 26. This ended the consideration of the
bill at that session.
The second session of the 36th Congress began on Dec. 3, i860, and
on the nth the bill was called up b}' Mr. Collamer, with a view to mak-
ing it the special order at some definite date in the near future. Mr.
Green of Missouri objected, but the motion was carried over his objec-
tion by a vote of 23 to 18. When the bill came up as a special order on
the 24th, Foster of Connecticut, who was presiding, ruled that there
was unfinished business before the senate that must be disposed of before
the consideration of the Kansas question, and again there was a delay.
On the 31st it was postponed to Jan. 14, 1861, by the same filibustering
tactics on the part of the senators from the slave states, and when the
14th arrived it was postponed to the i6th. The friends of the bill
thought that a vote could certainly be reached this time, but they reck-
oned without their host, for on the i6th a motion to go into executive
session prevailed, and the Kansas bill was made the special order for
one o'clock p. m. on the i8th. When that time arrived, Mr. Green had
an amendment, of which he had previously given notice, relating to
boundaries, and the remainder of the day was spent in debating the
amendment, which was defeated bv a vote of 31 to 23. Immediately fol-
28 CYCLOPEDIA OF
lowing the defeat of the amendment there was a disorderly scene in the
senate chamber, caused by a multiplicity of motions to go into execu-
tive session, to adjourn, etc. The amendment had served the purpose of
producing another delay in the final vote on the bill.
The following day the bill was again called up. This time Senator
Fitch of Indiana had an amendment to oiifer, and again there was a long
and tedious debate before the amendment was defeated. Some of the
friends of the measure began to lose hope. This was the short session
of Congress, and if the opponents could keep up their dilatory methods
until March 3 the bill would have to go over to the next session. But
the cloud that hung over Kansas was penetrated by a ray of light in an
imexpected manner.
Five slave states had already seceded from the Union, and on Jan. 21
Senators J. M. Mason and R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia ; A. P. Butler
and R. B. Barnwell, of South Carolina; H. L. Turney. of Tennessee;
Pierre Soule, of Louisiana ; Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi ; David R.
Atchison, of Missouri ; Jackson Morton and D. L. Yulee, of Florida, filed
a protest against the action of the m.embers of Congress from the north-
ern states and withdrew from the senate. \\'ith their withdrawal the
power of the slave oligarchy was broken. Scarcely had they left the
hall, when Mr. Seward of New York moved to call up the Kansas ad-
mission bill, but was informed by the vice-president that no motion was
necessar}-, as the bill was then the special order before the senate. The
remaining senators from the slaveholding states indulged in some per-
functory debate, but they recognized the fact that their influence had
vanished with the departure of their colleagues. The bill was soon
passed by a vote of 36 to 16, and was signed by President Buchanan on
the 29th.
The preamble of the bill recited the facts concerning the formation,
adoption and ratification of the Wyandotte constitution, under which
the state was asking for admission.
Section i provided "That the state of Kansas shall be, and is hereby
declared to be, one of the United States of America, and admitted to
the Union on an equal footing with the original states in all respects
whatever." The section then defined the boundaries (see Boundaries),
and provided "That nothing contained in the said constitution respecting
the boundaries of said state shall be construed to impair the rights of
person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said territory, so
long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treatj^ between the
United States and such Indians, or to include any territory which, by
treaty with such Indian tribes, is not, without the consent of such
Indian tribe, to be included Avithin the territorial limits or jurisdiction
of any other state or territory ; but all such territory shall be excepted
out of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the State of Kansas,
until said tribe shall signify their assent to the president of the United
States to be included within said state," etc.
Section 2 provided that until the next enumeration and apportion-
KANSAS HISTORY 29
ment of Congressmen, Kansas should be entitled to one representative
in the lower branch of the national legislature.
Section 3 offered to the people of Kansas the following propositions:
1st, That sections numbered 16 and 36 in every township of the pub-
lic lands in the state should be granted the state for the use of schools;
and in the event said sections or any part thereof should have been sold
or otherwise disposed of, other lands, equivalent thereto and as con-
tiguous as might be, were to be given to the state instead of the sec-
tions prescribed.
2nd, That ^2 sections of land, to be selected by the governor of the
state, subject to the approval of the commissioner of the general land
ofiSce, were to be set apart and reserved for the use and support of a
state university.
3d, That 10 sections of land, to be selected by the governor, were to
be donated by Congress for the completion of public buildings and the
erection of others at the seat of government.
4th, That all salt springs, not exceeding twelve in number, with 6
sections of land adjoining each, were to be granted to the state, to be
disposed of as the legislature might direct, subject to certain restric-
tions imposed by the act.
5th, That five per cent, of the proceeds of all sales of public lands lying
within the state, which should be sold after Kansas was admitted into
the Union, should be granted to the state for the purpose of construct-
ing public roads and making internal improvements.
6th, That the state should never levy a tax upon the lands or prop-
erty of the United States, lying within the State of Kansas.
Section 4 provided that from and after the admission of the state, all
the laws of the United States, which were not locally inapplicable,
should have the same force and effect in Kansas as in other states of
the Union. This section also declared the state a judicial district of the
United States, established a district court, the same as that in the State
of Minnesota, and made it the duty of the United States district judge
to hold two terms of court annually, beginning on the second Monday in
April and the second Alonday in October.
The act of admission was signed by President Buchanan on Jan. 29,
1861, and on Feb. 9 the state government was inaugurated. On Feb.
22, Washington's birthday, the American flag was hoisted over Inde-
pendence Hall in the city of Philadelphia, bearing for the first time the
star representing Kansas. It was raised by Abraham Lincoln, who was
then on his way to Washington to be inaugurated as president of the
United States. Mr. Lincoln said :
"I am invited and called before you to participate in raising above
Independence Hall the flag of our country with an additional star upon
it. I wish to call your attention to the fact that, under the blessing of
God, each additional star added to that flag has given additional pros-
perity and happiness to our country."
Adobe Walls, Battle of. — In the spring of 1874 a number of Dodge
30 CVCLOPEDIA OF
City buffalo hunters went south to the Pan Handle country and the
"Staked Plains" of Texas to hunt buffaloes, and, invading the hunting-
grounds of the Indians of that locality, it is said they killed 100,000
buffaloes during the ensuing five months. Their camp was made at a
deserted station known as "Adobe Walls," near the ruins of which at
the time were three large adobe and log houses, occupied by traders and
hunters. The Indians, who had been watching this wholesale slaughter
of the animals which constituted their chief food supply were in no peace-
ful frame of mind in consequence, and after holding a council, about
900 Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Comanches and Kiowas on the morning of
June 27 rode out to make an attack, hoping to take the hunters by sur-
prise. At the time of the attack some of the occupants of one of the
buildings at Adobe Walls were up on the roof of the building making
needed repairs, and while thus engaged discovered the Indians. Seeing
they were apprehended, the Indians gave the war whoop and charged
— riding 25 or more abreast — firing their rifles and revolvers as they
came. Two hunters who had come in during the night and were en-
camped about 100 yards awa}' from the buildings were the only ones
failing to reach a place of safety. They were quickly killed and scalped.
The occupants of the buildings numbered 28 men and i woman, a Mrs.
William Olds, of Warsaw. Mo., wife of one of the hunters and the only
white woman in all that section at the time. As soon as the hunters
reached shelter they grasped their rifles and returned the fire of the
Indians with telling effect. The late Ouanah Parker, at that time war
chief of the Comanches and a noted chief in the tribe since, headed the
first charge, but while passing the open door of one of'the houses was
shot through the breast and put out of the fight almost at the start. The
Indians, however, were persistent in their attacks, and again and again
returned to the assault, only to fall before the withering fire of the
hunters within the buildings. Three casualties among the hunters closed
the first days' fight, 2 of these being the men killed in their wagon. Fir-
ing was kept up intermittently during the second day, and under cover
of darkness one of the hunters was sent for assistance to Dodge City,
175 miles distant, which place he reached some days later without mis-
hap. The Indians had lost many men in their charges and after the
second day began to do their fighting at long range. On the third day
William Olds was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun. By the
morning of the fourth day over 100 hunters from the surrounding coun-
try had crowded into Adobe Walls, agumenting the fighting force corre-
spondingly. Two days later, after two days of quiet, one more hunter
was killed, he and a companion having gone out for sand plums. On
July 14, the Indians having decamped, the hunters marched out for
Dodge City, which place they reached on the 27th. Gov. Osborn sent
1,000 stands of arms to Dodge City in response to the request. The
Indians in this fight lost 80 men killed and mortally wounded, besides
about 200 ponies. What supplies the hunters could not take with them
were appropriated by the Indians who burned the premises.
KANSAS HISTURV 3I
Adrian, a little hamlet of Jackson county, is situated on the ridge
between Cross and Soldier creeks, about i6 miles southwest of Holton,
the county seat, and 4 miles from Emmett, which is the nearest rail-
road station. Mail is received by rural delivery from Delia.
Adventists. — This denomination belongs to that class of religious
organizations which accepts the inspiration of the scriptures, take the
Bible as their rule of faith, and hold to the fundamental doctrines of
Christian churches. This, belief arose as a result of the preachings of
William Miller, in 1831. He taught that the world would come to an
end in 1843, and would be followed by the coming of Christ to reign
on earth. Mr. Miller's study of Biblical prophecies had convinced him
that the coming would be between March 21, 1843, ^^^ March 21, 1844.
When these dates passed many preachers joined the movement and sev-
eral thousand followers were gathered from different churches. On
April 2D, 1845, Mr.' Miller called a convention of the faithful at Albany,
N. Y., which convention issued a declaration of belief and adopted the
name Adventists. The declaration was that Christ will come soon, but
at an unknown time, as the prophecy for 1843 3-"^ ^^so that for 1844, had
not been fulfilled. The resurrection of the dead, both the just and the
unjust, and the beginning of the millennium after the resurection of the
saints, was set forth in the belief.
The Adventists baptize by immersion, and are congregational in
polity, except the Seven Day branch and the Church of God, which
have a general conference that is supreme. Since their organization,
the Adventists have divided into seven bodies. The Evangelical Ad-
ventists began to call themselves by that name in 1845. They believe
that all the dead will be raised, the saints first to eternal bliss and the
wicked last to eternal punishment. The Advent Christians formed a
general association in 1861. They believe that the dead are unconscious
and the wicked are punished by annihilation. This body is chiefly lo-
cated in New England. The Seven Day Adventists were formed in
1845, in New Hampshire and adopted the obligation of the seventh day
as the Sabbath. They believe that the dead sleep until the judgment
and the unsaved are destroyed. This body is the strongest and its mem-
bers are spread throughout the United States, being especially strong
in the west. The Church of God was formed after a division among the
Seven Day Adventists in 1864-65, concerning the revelations of Mrs.
E. G. White. A general conference is the head of this organization,
with subordinate state conferences. It is chiefly located in the western
and southwestern states. The Life and Advent Union, organized in
i860, believes that the wicked never wake from their sleep of death.
The Church of God in Jesus Christ believes in the establishment of the
kingdom of God on earth with Christ as king; the annihilation of the
wicked and the restoration of Israel. This sect is established in various
parts of the United States and Canada.
The Adventists were not established to any extent in Kansas until
the great tide of immigration set toward this state in the '80s. for in
32 • CVCLOI'EDIA OF
1893, there were but 30 church organizations in the state with a mem-
bership of 900. As the country became more densely populated the num-
ber of Adventist bodies increased and new organizations were perfected.
In 1906 the Seven Day Adventists had 2,397 communicants ; the Advent
Christian church 247, making a total membership of 2,689.
Aetna, a village of Barber county, is located near the southwestern
corner in Aetna township, about 30 miles from Medicine Lodge, the
county seat. It is connected by stage line with Lake City, which is the
most convenient railroad station. It is a trading center for the neigh-
borhood, has a money order postoffice, and in 1910 reported a popula-
tion of 25.
Agenda, a village of Republic county, is located in the northern ]3art
of Elk Creek township, and is a station on the Chicago. Rock Island &
Pacific R. R., 17 miles southeast of Belleville, the county seat. The first
house in Agenda was erected by Joseph Cox in 1887, soon after the town
was laid out. It has a money order postoffice with one rural delivery
route, express and telegraph offices, several general stores and other
business establishments, a bank, a grain elevator, and in 1910 reported
a population of 200.
Agra, one of the principal towns of Phillips county, is a station on
the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 12 miles east of Phillipsburg,
the county seat. It was first settled in 1888, was incorporated in 1904,
and in 19 10 reported a population of 347. Agra has a bank, a money
order postoffice which supplies mail to the surrounding country by rural
free delivery, grain elevators, a weekly newspaper — the Sentinel — good
schools, churches, a considerable retail trade, and ships large quantities
of grain and live stock.
Agricola, a village of Coffey county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., in Rock Island township, 20 miles northeast
of Burlington, the county seat, and 6 miles from Waverly. It has tele-
graph and express offices and a money order postoffice with one rural
route. The population according to the 1910 census was 100.
Agricultural College. — The official title of this institution is the
"Kansas State Ag-ricultural College." The Congress of the United
States, by an act approved, July 2, 1862, entitled, "An act donating
public lands to the several states and territories which may provide col-
leges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts," granted to the
State of Kansas upon certain conditions, 90,000 acres of public lands
for the endowment, support and maintenance of a college. The leading
object of such colleges was to be, without excluding other scientific and
classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches
of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in order
to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes
in the several pursuits and professions of life ; and when the legislature
of Kansas in 1863 accepted the benefits of said act with its provisions,
the foundation of the Kansas State Agricultural College was laid.
The location of the college may be attributed to the citizens of Man-
KANSAS HISTORY 33
hattan, which city was founded in 1855 by the cooperation of two col-
onies, one from New England and the other from Cincinnati. In the
New England party were several college graduates who were active in
the promotion of education. In 1857 an association was formed to build
a college in or near Manhattan to be under the control of the Methodist
Episcopal church of Kansas and to be called Bluemont Central College.
The charter secured in Feb., 1858, provided for the establishment of a
classical college but contained the following section "The said associa-
tion shall have power to establish, in addition to the literary depart-
ment of arts and sciences, an agricultural department, with separate pro-
fessors, to test soils, experiment in the raising of crops, the cultivation
of trees, etc., upon a farm set apart for the purpose, so as to bring out
to the utmost practical results the agricultural advantages of prairie
lands."
By a special act of Congress, title was secured to 100 acres of land,
about one mile west of Manhattan, on which the institution was located.
The growth of the college was slow and unsteady, because both money
and students were scarce. In 1861 when locations for a state university
were discussed, the trustees of Bluemont Central College offered their
site and building to the state but their offer was refused. In 1S63 when
Kansas accepted the act of Congress giving land for an agricultural
college, said college was. established in Riley county, provided that the
trustees of Bluemont College cede its land to the state in fee simple.
The Agricultural College was organized that same year with a board
of trustees consisting of the governor, secretary of state, superintendent
of public instruction, the president of the college ex oificio, and nine oth-
ers to be appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate. Later
the board of regents was reduced to seven members. Four departments
were named, to-wit : Agriculture ; Mechanic Arts ; Military Science and
Tactics; Literature and Science.
From 1863 to 1873 the development of the college was much as it
would have been, had the trustees of Bluemont College remained in
control. The department of literature and science was fostered while
the departments for which the school was especially founded were prac-
tically ignored. The first faculty consisted of Rev. Joseph Denison,
president and professor of ancient languages and mental and moral
science; J. G. Schnebly, professor of natural science; Rev. N. O. Pres-
ton, professor of mathematics and English literature; Jeremiah E. Piatt,
principal of the preparatory department; Miss Bell Haines, assistant
teacher in preparatory department, and Mrs. Eliza C. Beckwith teacher
of instrumental music. The first catalogue gives the names of 94 stu-
dents in the preparatory department and 15 in the college. Fifteen stu-
dents graduated in the period from 1863 to 1873. In 1867 a large board-
ing hall for students was erected by parties in Manhattan. It was a fail-
ure financially. The college was urged to buy it and did at a cost of
$10,000. In 1868 about 200 varieties of forest and fruit trees were plant-
ed. In 1871 a new farm of 155 acres was purchased for $29,832.71 in
(1-3)
34
CYCLOPEDIA OF
scrip. The city of Manhattan, fearing the agricultural college would
be consolidated with the university at Lawrence, gave $12,000 (the re-
sult of a bond election) toward the purchase.
MAIN BUILDING. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.
An act of legislation in 1873, reorganizing the state institutions, re-
sulted in the appointment of a new board of regents. It elected Rev.
John A. Anderson of Junction City to the place vacated by President
Denison, who resigned the same year. Mr. Anderson changed the pol-
icy of the college immediately. Through him and the board who sup-
ported him, the Kansas State Agricultural College started on the mission
it was intended to fulfill. Mr. Anderson believed in industrial education,
and the reasons for his radical policies were published in 1874 in a "Hand
Book of the Kansas State Agricultural College." Briefly told he thought
prominence should be given to a study in proportion to the actual bene-
fit expected to be derived from it; that, "The farmer and mechanic
should be as completely educated as the lawyer or minister ; but the
information that is essential to one is often comparatively useless to the
other and it is therefore unjust to compel all classes to pursue the same
course of study." That ninety-seven per cent of Kansas people are in
industrial vocations, so greater prominence should be given industrial
studies. That each year's course of study should be, as far as possible,
complete in itself because many students are unable to take a whole col-
lege course. Mr. Anderson's views were unpopular but they met the
approval of the board of regents to such an extent that they discontinued
the department of literature and organized those of mechanic arts and
KANSAS HISTORY 35
agriculture ; the students were moved from the old farm to the new one ;
workshops in iron and wood, a sewing room, printing office, telegraph
office and kitchen laboratory were equipped that industrial training
might be given; and fifty minutes of manual training per day became
compulsory for each student. After Mr. Anderson had been president
three years Latin, French, German were discontinued ; the preparatory
course was abolished, thus shortening the whole course from six to
four years; the grade of work was adjusted aud lowered tc, connect
with that done by the public schools. 1 3'4323^
In 1875 the Mechanics' Hall was erected; in 1876 Horticultural Hall
and the Chemical Laboratory; in 1877 the main part of the present barn
was constructed (it was finished in 1886) ; and in 1879 the main hall,
named in honor of Mr. Anderson, was built.
In 1878 Mr. Anderson resigned, and from Feb. to Dec, 1879, M. L.
Ward was acting president of the college. Shortage of money made it
a difficult year. The legislature of 1877 having voted "that not over
$15,000 of the interest on the endowment fund shall be used to pay in-
structors and teachers in said college until debts of said college be paid
in full, and until said college shall refund to state all moneys advanced
by the state to pay for instructors and running expenses of said college."
The debt had been decreased during President Anderson's administra-
tion but was not cleared until the state legislature passed an act liquidat-
ing it.
George Thompson Fairchild, who succeeded Mr. Anderson, entered
upon his duties as president of the college in Dec, 1879. He had been
an instructor in the Michigan Agricultural College, so came well pre-
pared to improve the college at Manhattan. He believed in a school
that would Combine the culture of a classical education with the useful-
ness of manual training. He rearranged the course of study to combine
theory and practice, added literature, psychology, etc., divided the school
year into three terms, inaugurated a series of lectures, and appointed
committees to take charge of the various branches of school life.
In 1890 the Federal government passed an act for the further endow-
ment of agricultural colleges established under the provisions of an act
of 1862. The act provided, "the sum of $15,000 for the year ending June
30, 1890, and an annual increase of the amount of such appropriation
thereafter for ten years by an additional sum of $1,000 over the preced-
ing year, and the average amount to be paid thereafter to each state and
territory shall be $25,000, to be applied only to instruction in agriculture,
the mechanic arts, the English language, and the various branches of
mathematics, physical, natural and economic science, with special refer-
ence to the industries of life and to the facilities for such instruction."
In 1907 the income of the agricultural college was further increased
by what is known as the Nelson amendment to the agricultural appro-
priation bill. "In accordance with the act of Congress approved July
2, 1862, and the act of Congress approved Aug. 30. 1890. the sum of
$5,000, in addition to the sums named in said act, for the fiscal year end-
36 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ing June 30, 1908, and an annual increase of the amount of such appro-
priation thereafter for four years by an additional sum of $5,000 over the
preceding year, and the annual sum to be paid thereafter to each
state and territory shall be $50,000 to be applied only for the purposes
of the agricultural colleges as defined and limited in the act of Congress
approved Aug. 30, 1890, provided, that said colleges may use a portion
of this money for providing courses for the special preparation of in-
structors for teaching the elements of agriculture and the mechanic arts.
A valuable adjunct to the Agricultural College is the Experiment Sta-
tion. Some experiment work in forest planting was commenced by the
college as early as 1868. In 1874 experiments in the cultivation of tame
grasses were started by Prof. Shelton. These were followed by experi-
ments in subsoiling, feeding, etc., but all work was carried on in a small
way at the expense of the college until Congress passed the Hatch bill
in March, 1887, providing for the organization of a station for experi-
ments along agricultural lines in each state. This station was located
at the Agricultural College by the state legislature and the management
vested^in a council consisting of the president, the professors of agricul-
ture, horticulture and entomology, chemistry, botany, and veterinary
science. The Hatch bill provided for an annual Congressional appro-
priation of $15,000 for experimental work.
In 1906, another appropriation was made for the Experiment Station,
under what is known as the Adams act, which provided "for the more
complete endowment and maintenance of the agricultural experiment
stations," a sum beginning with $5,000, and increasing each year by
$2,000 over the preceding year for five years, after which time the annual
appropriation is to be $15,000, "to be applied to paying the necessary
expenses of conducting original researches or experiments bearing di-
rectly on the agricultural industry of the United States, having due re-
gard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective states and
territories." Under the Adams act only such experiments may be en-
tered upon as have first been approved by the office of experiment sta-
tions of the United States department of agriculture. In 1908, the legis-
lature of Kansas appropriated $15,000 for further support of the Ex-
periment Station.
The work of the station is published in bulletin form, of which there
are three classes : The first are purely scientific, the second are sim-
plified to meet the intelligence of the average reader and include all
other bulletins in which a "brief, condensed and popular presentation
is made of data which call for immediate application and cannot await
publication in the regular bulletin series." In addition to these the sta-
tion publishes a series of circulars of useful information not necessarily
new or original. The station has issued 167 bulletins, 183 press bulle-
tins and 8 circulars.
While the main division of the station is at Manhattan it has branches
at Fort Hayes, Garden City, Ogallah and Dodge Cit}'. The land at
Fort Hays is of the high rolling prairie variety and was originally part
KANSAS HISTORY 37
of the Fort Ha)'s military reservation, which from disuse was turned
over to the department of interior in 1889 for disposal. In 1895 the
Kansas legislature asked Congress to donate the whole reservation of
7,200 acres to the State of Kansas for agricultural education and re-
search, for the training of teachers, and for a public park, but it was not
until 1900 that Kansas secured the land. The work of this station is con-
fined to the problems of the western part of the state. This land is
suitable for experimental and demonstration work in dry farming, irri-
gation and crops, forest and orchard tests. This station is supported
by state funds, and sales of farm products.
The station at Garden City is located upon unirrigated upland which
the Agricultural College leased from the county commissioners of Fin-
ney county for 99 years. "It is an experimental and demonstration"
farm operated in conjunction with the United States department of agri-
culture for purpose of determining the methods of culture, crop varieties
and crop rotation best suited for the southwestern portion of the state,
under dry land farming conditions.
The stations at Ogallah and Dodge City are forestry stations, and
are operated under the direct management of state forester and general
supervision of the director of the Experiment Station. The engineering
expepiment station was established by the board of regents, "for the
purpose of carrying on continued series of tests of engineering and
manufacturing value to the State of Kansas, and to conduct these tests
on a scale sufficiently large that the results will be of direct commercial
value." Among the experiments made are those of cement and con-
crete, Kansas coals, lubricants and bearings, endurance tests of paints,
power required for driving machine tools, etc. President Fairchild
remained at the head of the Agricultural College from 1879 to 1897.
The growth of the institution under his direction was steady and sub-
stantial. He was succeeded by Mr. Thomas E. Will. It is said great
prominence was given economic, financial and social problems during
the presidency of Mr. Will. In 1897 four year courses were established
in domestic science, agriculture, mechanical engineering and general
science. Mr. Will resigned in 1899, and Prof. E. R. Nichols was chosen
to fill his place first as acting president, later as president.
The rapid increase in attendance made new buildings necessary. In
1900 the agricultural hall and dairy barn were erected ; in 1902, the
physical science hall, in 1906 the granary, and in 1904 the dairy hall,
college extension. Until 1905 the extension work of the college was in
the form of farmer's institutes held throughout the state, this work be-
ing in charge of a committee chosen from the faculty. The small means
available made the institutes irregular and the attendance was small.
In 1905 the board of regents employed a superintendent to organize the
department of farmers' institutes, and in igo6 the department was for-
mally organized. To the appropriation of $4,000 made by the legislature
of 1905 the college added $800. The interest of the state in the agricul-
tural extension and the results derived therefrom resulted in an appro-
38 CYCLOPEDIA OF
priation of $11,500 by the legislature of 1907 to which the college added
$1,000. In 1909 the legislature appropriated $52,500 for the department,
the policies and plans of which are established by a committee consist-
ing of the president of the college, the director of the experiment station
and the superintendent of the division. The department includes the
following forms of agricultural extension : Farmers' institutes ; publica-
tions for institute members ; agricultural railway trains ; schoolhouse
campaigns ; boys' corn growing contests ; girls' cooking and sewing con-
tests; rural education; demonstration farming; highway construction;
movable schools; special campaigns; publications for teachers; corre-
spondence courses (18 courses ofifered) ; home economic clubs.
President Nichols resigned in 1909 and Henry Jackson Waters was
chosen by the board of regents to succeed him. The Agricultural Col-
lege now owns 748 acres of land including the campus of i6o acres. The
buildings which are built of white limestone number twenty-one. The
corps of instructors numbers 165, and the number of students enrolled
in 1910 was 1,535 males, 770 females, a total of 2,305.
Agricultural Society, State. — The first effort to organize a state — or
more properly speaking a territorial — agricultural society, was made on
July 16, 1857, when a mass meeting was held at Topeka to consider the
subject. After discussion pro and con a committee was appointed to
draw up a constitution for such a society. Among the members of this
committee were Dr. Charles Robinson, W. F. M. Arny, C. C. Hutchin-
son, Dr. A. Hunting and W. Y. Roberts. An organization was effected
under a constitution presented by the committee, but for various reasons
the society was never able to accomplish much in the wa)' of promoting
the agricultural interests of Kansas. In the first place the projectors of
the movement were mostly ardent free-state men, while the territorial
authorities were of the opposite political faith, so that it was impossible
to secure the passage of laws favorable to the work of the society.
Added to this, the unsettled conditions in the territory, due largely to
the political agitation for the adoption of a state constitution and the
admission of Kansas into the Union, kept the public mind so occupied
that it was a difficult matter to arouse sufficient interest in agriculture
to place the society on a solid footing. After a short existence it ceased
its efforts altogether. The books collected by the society were afterward
given to the state library by Judge L. D. Bailey.
The territorial legislature of i860 provided for the organization of
county agricultural societies in the counties of Coffey, Doniphan, Doug-
las, Franklin, Linn and Wabaunsee, and for the "Southern Kansas Agri-
cultural Society," but no provisions were ever made by the authorities
during the territorial era for a society that would cover the entire terri-
tory in its operations.
By the act of May 10, 1861, the first state legislature authorized ten
or more persons to form an agricultural or a horticultural society in any
county, town, city or village, and file articles of association with the
secretary of the state society and with the county clerk in the county
KANSAS HISTORY 39
where the society was located. As a matter of fact, at the time this law
was passed there was no state agricultural society, but on Feb. 5, 1862,
a meeting was held in the hall of the house of representatives at Topeka
for the purpose of organizing one. W. R. Wagstaff, F. G. Adams, Gol-
den Silvers, J. Medill and R. A. Van Winkle were appointed as a com-
mittee to draft a constitution, and upon the adoption of their report the
following oiHcers were elected: President, Lyman Scott; secretary,
Franklin G. Adams ; treasurer, Isaac Garrison ; executive committee, E.
B. Whitman, R. A. Van Winkle, Welcome Wells, F. P. Baker, W. A.
Shannon, J. W. Sponable, C. B. Lines, Thomas Arnold, Martin Ander-
son and J. C. Marshall.
The constitution adopted at the formation of the society provided for
the payment by each member of annual dues of one dollar, or for ten
dollars one could become a life member. It also provided for the organ-
ization of county societies as auxilaries to the state society.
On Jan. 13, 1863, L. D. Baile}^ succeeded Lyman Scott as president.
Mr. Bailey served as president until Jan. 16, 1867, when he was suc-
ceeded by Robert G. Elliott, who in turn was succeeded by I. S. Kal-
loch on Sept. 30, 1870, the latter continuing to hold the office until the
society went out of existence. Mr. Adams served as secretary until
Jan. 12, 1865, when John S. Brown was elected as his successor. On
Sept. 30, 1870, H. J. Strickler was elected secretary and served until
Sept. 15, 1871, when Alfred Gray was elected to the office, being the
last secretary of the society.
At a meeting of the executive committee on Feb. 20, 1863, the presi-
dent and secretary were given full power to make all the necessar}^ ar-
rangements for a state fair, and the first state fair was held at Leaven-
worth the following fall— Oct. 6 to 9 inclusive. (See State Fairs.) The
legislature of that year made an appropriation of $1,000 for the benefit
of the society. Another work of the society in 1863 was the distribution
of 500 bushels of cotton seed among the farmers of the state who were
desirous of trying the experiment of raising cotton.
On March 12, 1872, the State Agricultural Society held its last meet-
ing and adjourned sine die, the State Board of Agriculture (q. v.), which
had already been authorized by an act of the legislature, taking its place.
Agricultural Wheel.— During the winter of 1881-82, the unsatisfac-
tory condition of the market for farm products, and the oppressiveness
of the Arkansas mortgage laws through what was known as the "ana-
conda mortgage," led to a wide discussion among the farmers of that
state as to the advisability of organizing for cooperation and mutual pro-
tection. On Wednesday evening, Feb. 15, 1882, seven farmers met at
McBee's school house, 8 miles southwest of the town of Des Arc, in
Prairie county, to consider the question of forming some kind of a farm-
ers' society. A committee, consisting of W. T. McBee, W. W. Tedford
and J. W. McBee, was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws and
report at same place on the evening of the 22nd. At the adjourned meet-
ing the Wattensas Farmers' club was organized, the objects of which
40 CYCLOPEDIA OF
were stated in the constitution as being "The improvement of its mem-
bers in the theory and practice of agriculture and the dissemination of
knowledge relative to rural and farming afifairs."
It seems that the name was not altogether satisfactory to some of
those interested, for at the meeting on March i the question of select-
ing a new one, with a broader significance, came up for consideration.
Some one suggested the name of "Wheel," because "no machine can be
run without a drive wheel, and agriculture is the great wheel or power
that controls the entire machinery of the world's industries." The so-
ciety was therefore reorganized under the new name, with the follow-
ing objects :
"i — To unite fraternally all acceptable white males who are engaged
in the occupation of farming, also mechanics who are actually engaged
in farming.
"2 — To give all possible moral and material aid in its power to its
members by holding instructive lectures, by encouraging each other in
business, and by assisting each other in obtaining employment.
"3 — The improvement of its members in the theory and practice of
agriculture and the dissemination of knowledge relative to rural and
farming affairs.
"4 — To ameliorate the condition of the farmers of this country in
every possible manner."
By the following spring the organization numbered some 500 mem-
bers, and on April 9, 1883, representatives of the local wheels in Ar-
kansas met at the residence of W. T. McBee, one of the seven founders,
and launched the state wheel, with E. B. McPherson as grand president.
Deputies were appointed to carry the order into new territory by the
establishment of local wheels, and the organization spread rapidly to
other states. On July 28, 1886, delegates from the local wheels in Ar-
kansas,, Kentucky and Tennessee met at Litchfield, Ark., and organized
the national wheel with Isaac McCracken of Ozone, Ark., as president,
and A. E. Gardner of Dresden, Tenn., as secretary and treasurer. The
State Wheel Enterprise, published by Louis B. Audigier, at Searcy,
Ark., was made the organ of the national organization. This gave a
new impetus to the order, which on March i, 1887," just five years after
it was founded, boasted a membership of 500,000, the greater portion
of which was in the states of Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missis-
sippi and Missouri, though the order had extended into the Indian Ter-
ritory and Wisconsin.
Upon the organization of the national wheel a platform was adopted,
in which the following demands were made: The preservation of the
public domain of the United States for actual settlers ; legislation to pre-
vent aliens from owning land in this country; the coinage of enough
gold and silver into money to assure a speedy extinguishment of the
national debt ; the abolition of national banks and the issue of enough
legal tender notes to do the business of the country on a cash basis;
legislation by Congress to prevent dealing in futures in agricultural pro-
KANSAS HISTORY 4I
ductions; a graduated income tax; a strict enforcement of the laws pro-
hibiting the importation of foreign labor under the contract system ;
ownership by the people of all means of transportation and communica-
tion; the election of all officers of the national government by a direct
vote of the people ; the repeal of all laws that bear unequally on capital
and labor; the amendment of the tariff laws so that all import duties
on articles that enter into American manufactures should be removed,
and that duties be levied on articles of luxury, but not high enough to
prevent their importation; the education of the masses by a well regu-
lated system of free schools ; no renewal of patents at the expiration of
the period for which they were originally granted.
A resolution was also adopted by the national wheel pledging the
members to support no man for Congress "of any political party, who
will not pledge himself in writing to use all his influence for the forma-
tion of these demands into laws."
At a meeting of the national wheel at Meridian, Miss., in Dec, 1888,
it was recommended that the organization unite with the Farmers' Al-
liance. A joint meeting of delegates belonging to the two organizations
was held at Birmingham, Ala., May 15, 1889. and the two orders were
consolidated on Sept. 24, following.
Agriculture. — In a general sense agriculture in Kansas was com-
menced in 1825, when the government by a treaty made with the
Kansas Indians agreed to supply them with cattle, hogs and agricul-
tural implements, but literally history of agriculture begins with the
Quiviran Indians who were tilling the soil more than two centuries
earlier, when Don Juan de Onate (q. v.) tarried with them on his jour-
ney from New Mexico.
John B. Dunbar, in an article on "The White Man's Foot in Kan-
sas," speaks of the pleasant effect the country of the Ouivirans had
upon Onate. As contrasted with the arid regions of New Mexico
and northern Mexico it seemed to him a veritable land of promise,
"The frequent streams, the wide prairies, pleasantly diversified with
gently rolling hills and admirably adapted to cultivation, the rich soil,
spontaneously afforded a variegated growth of grass, flowering plants,
arid native fruits, nuts, Indian potatoes, etc., that added much to the
attractiveness of the entire region." The Quivirans, "in cultivating
the soil, worshipped the planet, Venus, known as Hopirikuts, the
Great Star, recognized by them as the patron of agriculture, as did
in later days their descendants, the Pawnees. Sometimes, after plant-
ing their corn patches to secure a good crop, they offered the captive
girl as a sacrifice to Hopirikuts. As time passed many of the tribe
came to look upon this usage with disfavor, and finally, in 1819, by the
interference of Pitalesharu, a young brave of well known character as
a man of recognized prowess as war chief, the usage was finally dis-
continued."
It is not said that the Kansas Indians received their suggestion of
husbandry from the remote Quivirans but they were the next farmers
42 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in Kansas. Dr. Thomas Say, the chief zoologist of the Long Ex-
pedition, in writing of his visit to the Kansas village in 1819, said:
"They commonly placed before us a sort of soup, composed of maize
of the present season, of that description, which after having under-
gone a certain preparation, is appropriately named sweet-corn, boiled
in water, and enriched with a few slices of bison meat, grease and some
beans, and, to suit it to our palates, it was generally seasoned with rock
salt, which is procured near the Arkansas river. . . . Another very
acceptable dish was called lyed corn. . . . They also make much use
of maize roasted on the cob, of boiled pumpkins, of muskmelons and
watermelons, but the latter are generally pulled from the vine before
they are completely ripe." Dr. Say further states that the young females
before marriage cultivated the fields. The agency of the Kansas In-
dians was established at the mouth of the Grasshopper creek in 1827.
Daniel Morgan Boone, the farmer appointed by the government, com-
menced farming at this point in 1827 or 1828. Rev. Isaac AIcCo}-, in
1835, reported that the government had 20 acres fenced and 10 acres
plowed at "Fool Chief's" village, 3 miles west of the present North
Topeka. In the spring of 1835 the government selected 300 acres in
what is now Shawnee county, and about the same number south of
the Kansas River, in the valley of Mission creek and carried on farm-
ing on quite an extensive scale. The emigrant tribes from the east
who came into Kansas from 1825-1832 were sufficiently civilized to have
a knowledge of farming and good farms were cultivated by members
of the various tribes and by the white missionaries who settled among
them.
The first cultivation of the soil by white men on a scale large enough
to be called farming was at Fort Leavenworth in 1829 or 1830; at the
mouth of Grasshopper creek by Daniel Morgan Boone ; and at the Shaw-
nee mission farm in Johnson county by Rev. Thomas Johnson as early
as 1830. Farms were quite common on the Indian reservations, and
at the various missions, when Congress passed the bill creating Kansas
Territory. The remarkable fertility of the soil of Kansas and its
adaptability to agricultural purposes had been experimentally proven
and were well known before the territorial bill was passed. Hence,
the tide of immigration from 1854 to 1856 was due as much to the
natural resources of the land as to the political preferment. The un-
settled condition of territorial affairs from 1858 to i860 was not aus-
picious for the pursuance of industrial arts. The settlers planted crops
but raised barely enough for their own consumption. The L'nited
States census for i860 in its report on Kansas shows 405,468 acres in
improved farms and 372,932 acres in unimproved farms, with the cash
value of both as $12,258,239. There were then farming implements
valued at $727,694: 20,344 horses; 1,496 mules; 28,550 milch cows;
2,155 oxen; 43,354 other cattle; 17,569 sheep; 138,244 swine, and the
value of this live stock was $3,332,450. There were 194,173 bushels of
wheat; 3,833 bushels of rye; 6,150,727 bushels of Indian corn; 88,-
KANSAS HISTORY
43
325 bushels of oats ; 20,349 pounds of tobacco ; 24,400 pounds of cotton ;
24,746 pounds of wool ; 9,827 bushels of peas and beans ; 296,335 bushels
of Irish potatoes; 9,965 bushels of sweet potatoes; 4,716 bushels of
barley; 41,575 bushels of buckwheat; orchard products valuing $656;
market garden products worth $31,641 ; 1,093,497 pounds of butter; 29,-
045 pounds of cheese; 56,232 tons of hay; 103 bushels of clover seed;
3,043 bushels of grass seed; 197 pounds of hops; 1,135 pounds of flax;
II bushels of flax seed; 40 pounds of silk cocoons; 3,742 pounds of maple
sugar; 2 gallons of maple molasses; 87,656 gallons of sorghum molasses;
1,181 pounds of beeswax, and 16,944 pounds of honey.
The small beginning toward agricultural development received a
serious setback by what is known as the drought of i860, which really
beg'an in Sept., 1859. and lasted until the fall of the next year. (See
Droughts.) The struggle with poverty was accompanied by a struggle
for statehood, and in 1861 Kansas, a poor, destitute, forlorn young thing,
clothed in grain sacks and hope, was admitted to the Union. An
optimism born of determination is indicated in the laws of the legisla-
ture of 1862, by which a Kansas State Agricultural society was or-
ganized, "for the purpose of promoting the improvement of agriculture
and its kindred arts," and by which county and town agricultural and
horicultural societies could be formed. The small development of the
state had not extended over much territory, as in 1861 the map of
Kansas was blank beyond the tier of counties embracing Saline, Marion
and Butler. During the Civil war very little growth was made in any
way, and while agriculture received more attention than many things,
few surplus crops were raised. However, in 1863, the legislature ap-
propriated $1,000 to the State Agricultural Society, thus keeping in
mind the main business of the state in spite of war and strife. At the
close of the war, from 1865 until 1870, a second invasion of emigrants
entered Kansas, especially the southeastern portion. This invasion con-
sisted of the sturdy young men who were discharged from the army,
and, out of employment, turned to the fields of Kansas to make a home
and support their families. These families were all poor, but kindly
in their relations with one another. They exchanged work when outside
assistance was needed, because there was no money for wages. Mr.
Carey in an article on the Osage ceded lands gives a vivid glimpse of
these settlers and their methods and shows a slight social line of de-
marcation between those owning American horses, and those owning
mustangs and Indian ponies, and between these and the owners of oxen.
The implements emplo3'ed were of an ordinary sort and all the com-
munities of the state used the methods of farming prevalent in the dis-
tricts from which they migrated, and confined their efforts to the com-
mon crops. During the period from 1865 to 1870 farming commenced
to be a vocation in Kansas. Much time and serious thought were given
to it. In 1869 the legislature passed an act for the distribution of wheat
on the western frontier. (See Harvey's Administration.)
The agricultural development of the state during the decade from
44 CYCLOPEDIA OF
i860 to 1870 is shown by the following statistics compiled by the ninth
United States census. It shows 1,971,003 acres of improved land, 635,-
419 acres of woodland and 3,050,457 acres of unimproved land. The
valuation of farms was $90,327,040; of farming implements and ma-
chiner}-, $4,053,312; the total value of all farm productions, including
betterments and additions to stock $27,630,651. There were 117,786
horses; 11,786 mules and asses; 12,344 milch cows; 20,774 working
oxen ; 229,753 other cattle ; 109,088 sheep ; 206,587 swine. There were
produced on the farms 1,314,522 bushels of spring wheat; 1,076,676
bushels of winter wheat ; 17,025,525 bushels of corn ; 85,207 bushels of
rye ; 4,097,925 bushels of oats ; 98,405 of barley ; 27,826 of buckwheat ;
33,241 pounds of tobacco ; 7 bales of cotton ; 335,005 pounds of wool ;
13,109 bushels of peas and beans; 2,342,988 bushels of Irish potatoes;
49,533 bushels of sweet potatoes; 5,022,758 pounds of butter; 226,607
pounds of cheese ; 490,289 tons of hay ; 334 bushels of clover seed ; 8,-
023 bushels of grass seed; 396 pounds of hops; 35 tons of hemp; 1,040
pounds of flax; 1,553 bushels of flaxseed; 938 pounds of maple sugar;
449,409 gallons of sorghum molasses; 212 gallons of maple molasses;
2,208 pounds of beeswax; 110,827 pounds of hone}'.
In the early '70s the population grew more rapidly than the crops, thus
keeping the country poor ; the legislature of 1872 found it necessary
to appropriate $3,000 for the relief of settlers in the western part of the
state. In March of the same year the Kansas State Agricultural So-
ciety went out of existence and the Kansas State Board of agriculture
was organized. (See Agriculture, State Board of.)
The state made every effort to develop her fertile acres, but success
came slowly, as new catastrophes were constantly happening to retard
progress and to depress hope. In July and August, 1874, Kansas re-
ceived a devastating visitation from the grasshopper or locust. A great
swarm of these insects passed over the state devouring nearly every
green thing. Thej^ came so suddenl}' the people were panic stricken.
In the western counties, where immigration during the previous two
years had been very heav}', and the chief dependence of the settlers
was corn, potatoes and garden vegetables, the calamity fell with terri-
ble force. Starvation or emigration seemed inevitable unless aid should
be furnished. The state board of agriculture set about collecting cor-
rect data relating to the effects of the prevailing drouth, and devasta-
tion of crops by locusts and cinch bugs, and Gov. Osborn issued a
proclamation convening legislature on the 15th day of September. (See
Osborn's Administration.)
The grasshopper raid retarded immigration and discouraged the
people of the state but did not destroy hope and faith, for in 1876 all
forces rallied to redeem the reputation of Kansas. The State Board
of Centennial Managers in a communication to the legislature said,
"Kansas needs all the advantages of a successful display. Remote from
the money centers, the crash of the 'panic' came, sweeping away our
values, checking our immigration, and leaving us our land and our
KANSAS HISTORY 45
debts. The devastation of the locust was an accidental and passing
shadow. Our wealth of soil and climate has been reasserted in abundant
harvests, but the depression still rests like a blight on the price of real
estate. Immigration has halted and investments have measurably-
ceased." The legislature of 1876 evidently felt the same way about the
state because it appropriated $25,000 for the Kansas building and dis-
play in Philadelphia. (See Expositions.)
The statistics for 1880, as given by the State Board of agricultural,
show 8,868,884.79 acres of land in cultivation, divided as follows : win-
ter wheat, 2,215,937 acres, with a product of 23,507,223 bushels, valued
at $19,566,034.67; spring wheat, 228,497 acres, 1,772,661 bushels, $1,-
414,633.90; rye, 54,748 acres, 676,507 bushels, $270,602.80; corn, 3,554,-
396 acres, 101,421,718 bushels, $24,926,079.07; barley, 17,121 acres, 287,-
057 bushels, $143,528.50; oats, 477,827 acres, 11,483,796 bushels, $2,918,-
689.17; buckwheat, 2,671.41 acres, 43,455 bushels, $39,110; Irish potatoes,
66,233 acres, 4,919,227 bushels, $3,279,501.85; sweet potatoes, 4,021
acres, 391,196.55 bushels, $391,196.55; sorghum, 32,945.09 acres, 3,787,-
535 gallons, $1,704,390.98; castor beans, 50,437.61 acres, 558,974.28
bushels, $558,974.28; cotton, 838.34 acres, 142,517.80 pounds, $12,826.67;
hemp, 597.22 acres, 635,872 pounds, $38,152.32; tobacco, 607.21 acres,
449,335.40 pounds, $44,933.54; broom corn, 25,507.64 acres, 17,279-,
664.50 pounds, $604,788.27; rice corn, 27,138.40 acres, 493,915 bushels,
$125,353.12; pearl millet, 8,031.40 acres, 26,784 tons, $115,527; millet and
hungarian, 268,485 acres, 602,300.31 tons, $2,542,565.95; timothy
meadow, 49,201.46 acres, 79,634.16 tons, $447,411.20; clover meadow,
16,637.61 acres, 26,796.16 tons, $151,764.05; clover, blue' grass and
prairie pasture, 959,456.91 acres ; prairie meadow, 679,744 acres, 798,707
tons, $2,570,290.85.
The counties having the most acres cultivated were Sedgwick, Mc-
Pherson, Dickinson, Miami, Marshall and Sumner, all of which had
more than 210,000, while Ford, Barbour and Hodgeman of the or-
ganized counties had the least number of acres in cultivation.
A strong feature in the dissemination of agricultural knowledge is
the county agricultural society. In the general statutes of 1868, 1872
and 1873 provision is made for the incorporation of these county clubs
for the encouragement of agriculture. The important relation exist-
ing between them and the State Board of Agriculture is shown in sec-
tion 2 of chapter 9 of the session laws of 1873, which declares "that
every county or district agricultural society, composed of one or more
counties, whether now organized or hereafter to be organized under
the laws of the state of Kansas, shall be entitled to send the president
of such society, or other delegate therefrom, duly authorized in writing,
to the annual meeting of the State Board of Agriculture, to be held on
the' second Wednesday of January of each year, and who shall for the
time being be ex-officio member of the state Board of Agriculture; pro-
vided, that the secretary of each district or county society, or such other
person as may be designated by the society, shall make a monthly re-
,\G CYCLOrEDIA OF
port to the State Board of Agriculture, on the last Wednesda)- of each
month, of the condition of crops in his district or county, make a list
of such noxious insects as are destroying crops, and state the extent
of their depradations, report the condition of stock, give a description
of the symptoms of any disease prevailing among the same, with means
of prevention and remedies employed so far as ascertained, and such
other as will be of interest to the farmers of the state," etc. Chapter
37, session laws of 1879. provides that the monthly reports required to
be made to and by the board of agriculture, by virtue of existing pro-
visions of law, shall hereafter be made quarterly instead of monthly,
except when the public interests shall require special reports. Fifty-
eight county societies were organized as early as 1874.
The decade from 1880 to 1890 is replete with new suggestions, new
methods and new ideals for agricultural development. The hope of
earlier years developed into confidence and in 1884 the report of the
state board of agriculture says: "During the biennial period just past,
nearly 2,000,000 additional acres have been put in cultivation. The
principal field crops, corn, wheat, oats and grass, have received each
a proportionate amount of this increase in acreage, the most notable
additon being to the winter wheat area, which increased from 1,465,-
745 acres in 1882 to 2,151,868 acres in 1884 . . . The area of grass,
made up of the tame grasses and prairie meadow under fence, increased
in two years nearly 1,000,000 acres. The westward march of the tame
grasses may be said to have commenced within the period covered by
this volume. Fields of timothy, clover, orchard-grass, blue grass and
many other kinds, are now to be found in the central counties, and even
beyond, while such fields were rarely met two years ago . . . The
results of farming operations in Kansas for the past two years, . . .
have definitely settled any doubt as to the entire fitness of the eastern
half of the state to the successful prosecution of agriculture in all its
branches. The debatable ground of ten years ago is now producing
crops that have placed Kansas among the three great agricultural states
of the Union, and the soil that ten years ago was believed to the satis-
faction of many to be unfit for diversified farming, is now producing
average yields that largely exceed the yields of any other portion of
the country."
During the years 1883-84, in complying with the law, the state board
of agriculture issued each year a pamphlet intended to supply informa-
tion concerning the resources and capabilities of the state, to those seek-
ing homes in the west. "This report was restricted by law to 60 pages,
and the edition each year to 65,000 couies, divided into 20,000 English
copies, 20,000 German, 15,000 Swedish, and 10,000 Danish."
The encouraging outlook for the realization of hope in all fields of
industry was circumscribed by a drought in 1887. The five prosperous
years preceding it were unduly stimulated by heavy immigration and
outside capital, the prevalence of fictitious values in all branches of
business caused the crop failures of that year to fall more heavily upon
KANSAS HISTORY 47
the people than they otherwise would have done. The drought, which
extended throughout most of the Avestern states, fell with much force
on Kansas and she experienced one of the most disastrous crop years
in her history. In 1888 much of the loss was retrieved, a rapid restora-
tion of confidence was occasioned in a large measure by the develop-
ment of two new and very important industries — sugar and salt — and
by an abundant harvest.
During the years 1888-89 the state board of agriculture turned some
of its attention from immigration to the instruction of farmers in the
means and methods best adapted to successful agriculture. With this
in view the agricultural meetings were conducted along the lines of
a farmers' institute, and were considered very profitable. A most im-
portant step in the scientific development of husbandry was made in
1887, when the passage of the "Hatch bill" by Congress provided for
the organization in each state of a station for experiment in lines pro-
motive to agriculture. This experiment station, located by the legisla-
ture, was made a department of the State Agricultural College at Man-
hattan. The work of the section is done in eight departments: the
farm department deals with experiments in farm crops, such as the
testing of seeds, the introduction of new crops, rotation and adapta-
tion of crops to soil ; the botanical department includes work along the
lines of plant breeding and forage crops; the chemical department is
engaged in analysis of soil, feeds, waters, ores, clays and miscellaneous
things, the dairy and animal husbandry department conducts experi-
ments in cheese making, economical production of milk, butter making,
relative advantages of cattle foods, etc; the entomological department
experiments relate to orchard pests, crop pests, etc. ; the horticultural
department makes experiments in fruit raising, shrubs and vines as
ornamentals, vegetables suitable for canning factories, etc. ; the vet-
erinary department experiments in all kinds of diseases of cattle, swine
and stock. The general department controls the management of the
station, the distribution of bulletins, press notices, etc. The experiment
station puts itself in touch with the agricultural districts through bul-
letins, farmers' institutes, crop contests, press reports and display trains.
Its influence has been shown in every community, as is evidenced by
the diversity of crops, and the crop yield. In 1890 the crops raised were
winter wheat, spring wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, Irish
and sweet potatoes, castor beans, cotton, flax, hemp, tobacco, broom
corn, millet and bungareau, sorghum, milo maize, Jerusalem corn and
prairie hay, the total number of acres cultivated being 15,929,654, the
crop valuation $121,127,645, and the population 1,427,096.
Up to 1890 agriculture was practically confined to the eastern and
central parts of the state, the western portion being considered almost
unfit for crops. In 1891 and 1892 a special effort was made to place be-
fore the public the capabilities of Kansas soil for the production of
wheat, and several farmers from every county in the state who had
grown unusually bountiful crops were asked to report to the State
48 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Board of Agriculture the yield and methods of culture. These reports
were a new and surprising revelation and showed that western Kan-
sas, through to the Colorado line, was bound to be adapted to success-
ful wheat growing, many yields being reported at from 30 to 40 bushels
an acre without irrigation. Another crop that sprung into prominence
at this time was alfalfa. In the spring of 1891 farmers in all parts of
the state who had been successful growing alfalfa without irrigation
were asked to report upon their manner of preparing the soil and seed-
ing it, the acreage the)- had in alfalfa, its value for ha}-, pasture and
seed. These reports indicated that it was the most profitable crop that
could be grown in Western Kansas, and had revolutionized farming in
that section.
STEAM PLOW IN ACTION.
The conditions in western Kansas, especially in the Arkansas river
valley, were improved by the magical influence of irrigation. The
valley proper is from four to twelve miles wide, and the whole district
is flat enough for easy irrigation. The soil is sand}- alluvium, containing
the highest elements of fertility, needing only moisture to change it
from barren prairie to productive fields. In the early days of immigra-
tion large numbers of people settled in the Arkansas river valley, towns
were laid out, companies incorporated and large plans made for the fu-
ture of this subhumid region. The ordinary methods of farming were
not adapted to the climatic conditions and failure followed, until irriga-
tion from the Arkansas river was tried. The experiments were success-
ful until Colorado adopted similar methods for its arid portions and
used so much water from the river that by 1892 the ditches in Kansas
were ill supplied. The U. S. government made investigations in west-
ern Kansas that led to the discovery of an underflow of the Arkansas
that amounted to practically a subterranean river. In 1905 it installed
at Deerfield, in Finney county, an irrigation plant that pumped water
from wells drilled to this underground stream. Through all the
KANSAS HISTORY 49
Arkansas valley the well irrigation method is successfully used. A
crop like alfalfa that grows abundantly without apparent irrigation or
rainfall has long roots reaching to the underflow, or gains moisture
from the subsoil.
The investigation of drought resisting crops, resulted in the cultiva-
tion of the soy-bean in 1889 with most gratifying results. They were
found to stand drought as well as kafir corn and sorghum, not to be
touched by chinch bugs, and to enrich the soil in which the}^ were grown,
The soy-bean was brought from Japan, where it is extensively culti-
vated for human food, taking the place of beef on account of its rich-
ness in protein. Because of its peculiar flavor but few Americans like
it. The soy-bean is valuable as stock food and for soil inoculation.
Other important crops developed since 1890 are the sugar beet, and
cow peas. It is not great variation in crops that Kansas has strived for
but intelligent production of those adapted to Kansas soil and climate.
During the years from 1890 to 1908 thorough attention was given to
every detail of farm life, it being the ambition of the state to have every
agriculturist farm in the best approved and most scientific manner. In
former years the farmer devoted his time to a few main crops and let
the minor points take care of themselves, pests and disease were con-
sidered bad luck rather than results of carelessness or ignorance. The
farmer of today has a broader view of his vocation and investigates
not only the soil, its needs and bacteria, crop rotation, planting, and
seed but also has a knowledge of silos and ensilage, the breeds of ducks,
chickens, turkeys and geese, the most economical and effective stock
food, the best rations for milch cows, how to exterminate the Hessian
fly, prairie dogs, gophers, chinch bugs or clover hay worms ; and he
knows about weeds, their names, fruits, seeds, propagation and dis-
tribution, all the simple diseases of stock, their symptoms, causes, and
cures, and furthermore is interested in agriculture, horticulture, and
forestry. Kansas leads all other states in the output of wheat, but corn
is her most important soil product. The statistics of the principal
Kansas crops for 1908 were as follows: winter wheat, 6,831,811 acres,
76,408,560 bushels, valuation $63,597,490.19; spring wheat, 107,540 acres,
400,362 bushels, $287,655.55; corn, 7,057,535 acres, 150,640,516 bushels,
$82,642,461.72; oats, 831,150 acres, 16,707,979 bushels, $7,118,847.22; rye,
34,799 acres, 361,476 bushels, $240,058.21 ; barley, 247,971 acres, $2,657,-
122; emmer fspeltz), 50,469 acres, 934,941 bushels, $437,606.67; buck-
wheat, 316 acres, 3,945 bushels, $3,587.30; Irish potatoes, 81,646 acres,
5,937,825 bushels, $4,431,684.17; sweet potatoes, 4,818 acres, 471,760
bushels, $413,686.13; castor beans, 65 acres, 585 bushels, $585; flax, 58,-
084 acres, 383,941 pounds, $360,010.46; tobacco, 32 acres, 4,800 pounds,
$480; millet and Hungarian, 225,267 acres, 416,413 tons, $1,841,231.50;
sugar beets, 14,513 acres, 53,178 tons, $265,890. The total acreage of
sorghum planted for syrup or sugar was 12,175, producing 927,269
gallons, with a value of $426,958.90; the number of acres of sorghum
planted for forage or grain, 402,719, valued at $2,851,481; milo maize,
(1-4)
CYCLOPEDIA OF
55-255 acres, 106,268 tons, $515,269; Kafir corn, 630,096 acres, $1,794,-
032 tons, $6,856,845.50; Jerusalem corn, 3,231 acres, 8,251 tons, $35,-
402.50; tame grasses, timothy, 413,148 acres; clover, 182,789 acres;
bluegrass, 232,172 acres; alfalfa, 878,283 acres; orchard grass, 2,956.
acres ; other tame grasses, 77,550 acres ; of tame hay in 1907 there were
1,429,119 tons cut, with a value of $9,534,290; in 1908, 13,744,690 acres
of prairie hay was fenced; in 1907, 1,145,643 tons of prairie hay was
cut and its value was $5,495,083.50: the live stock products in 1908
were valued at $87,678,468: and the horitcultural products of $995,829,.
making a total cash valuation for 1908 of $2'/y,yTi;^,giiT,.
The large acreage of crops and their excellent quality is due, not
only to the efforts of the farmer but also to the excellent properties in
the soil and the salubrious climate. The soil of the upland prairies
is usually a deep, rich clay loam of a dark color; the bottom lands near
the streams are a black, sandy loam ; and the lands between the up-
lands and the bottom land show a rich and deep black loam, contain-
ing very little sand. All soils are free from stones, and except a few
stiff clay spots on the upland prairie are easily cultivated. The climate
of Kansas is remarkably pleasant, having a large percentage of clear
bright days.
The final transition of the poor Kansas homesteader into a rich
Kansas farmer has been the theme of much newspaper witticism. The
first families who came lived in habitations of the crudest sort. While
a few possessed cabins of native lumber, many occupied dugouts or
houses built of squares of sod taken from the prairie. The dugout con-
sisted of a hole dug in the side of a canon or anj' sort of depression on
the prairie that would serve as a wind break. This hole was roofed
across, about on the level with the prairie with boards, and these were
covered with sod. The sod house was more pretentious and comforta-
ble. It had walls two feet in thickness, a shingled roof, doors and
windows set in, and sometimes was plastered, altogether making a
neat and commodious dwelling place. The land laws of the United
States are such that an)^ citizen of this country, can, under certain con-
ditions, file his homestead or preemption papers at a nominal cost on
a quarter section (160 acres) of and agricultural land belonging to the
government. If he makes an actual residence upon it for five years
he secures the homestead for the price of filing fees; if he proves up,
that is, gets title from the government before the five years are passed,
he is required to pay $1.25 per acre for it. While the land is given to
the settler for developing it, the process usually requires several years,
and some money. ■ Fences, out buildings, implements and stock are ac-
cumulated slowly, especially when one is poor, as nearly every settler
is. The situation in Kansas was similar to that of other new States,
money was needed to forward the interest of the state and of the in-
dividual, hence in early years the loan agents representing eastern cap-
ital did a thriving business. Especially was this true between the years
1884 and 1888, a period during which 24 counties were organized in
western Kansas, where some 250,000 new citizens had made homes.
KANSAS HISTORY . 5 1
Insufficient acres were cultivated to supply the demand for food and
have a surplus for capital. The whole of Kansas was in a state of specu-
lalive fermentation, stimulated by an abundance of eastern money seek-
ing investment in farm loans and city property. It was so easy to
borrow money on a homestead, that it is said three-fourths of the farms
were mortgaged. The boom days came to a close in 1887, with a crop
failure previously mentioned, and Kansas, not yet self-supporting, was
left with an accumulation of farm mortgages that depressed her for
many years. But the farm mortgages have nearly all been redeemed,
and as the prairies have been turned to gardens and the sand hills have
been covered with verdure, so have the dugout and sod house given
way to residences of the most complete type. Where years ago the
farmer and his wife were glad to have water anywhere in the neigh-
borhood today they have it pumped by windmill or power into all
parts of the house. The chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks no longer
frequent the door yards, for the farmer of today has a lawn ornamented
with shrubs and trees as perfect as that of his city brother, and the
fowls have their own houses, and runways especially adapted to their
needs.' The horses, cattle, sheep and other stock are no longer de-
pendent upon the blue sky for shelter, for the most modern stables are
constructed for their protection. The farmer and his son do not have
to arise at break of day to get in the crop, because with good teams,
plows, reapers, mowing machines, and other up to date appliances, the
farm work does not take so much time as formerly. Nor does the
farmer's wife wait until Saturda}^ to ride to town behind the weary
plow horses, because her automobile is always at the door. The early
settler has lived to realize his vision. Kansas as an agricultural state
is all he hoped and more.
Agriculture, State Board of. — On Feb. 19, 1872, Gov. Harvey ap-
proved "an act for the encouragement of agriculture," section i of which
provided that "The present officers and executive committee of the
Kansas State Agricultural Society shall be and are hereby constituted
the State Board of Agriculture, who shall continue to hold office during
the terms for which they have been respectively elected, to-wit: The
president, vice-president, secretary, and one-half or five of the executive
committee, until the second Wednesday of Jan., 1873, and five of the
executive committee until the second Wednesday of Jan., 1874; Pro-
vided, said society alter or amend their constitution in such manner as
not to conflict with the provisions of this act. The governor and secre-
tary of state shall be ex officio members of the State Board of Agricul-
ture."
The act also provided that every county or district agricultural so-
ciety, then in existence or afterward organized under the laws of the
state, that had held a fair in the current year, should be entitled to send
a delegate, with proper credentials, to the annual meetings of the state
board, and such delegates should be members ex officio for the time
being. It was further provided that beginning with 1873, and there-
52 . CVCLOIEDIA OF
after, the annual meetings should be held on the second \\'ednesday in
January; that the board should make annual reports to the legislature,
including both the agricultural and horticultural societies ; that 3,500 of
this report should be printed each year, and an appropriation of $3,500
was made to carry on the work of the society for the year 1872.
The first board was composed as follows: President, H. J. Strickler;
vice-president, George W. Veale; secretar)', Alfred Gray; treasurer,
Thomas Murphy ; executive committee, Martin Anderson, E. S. Nic-
colls, George L. Young, James Rogers, William Martindale, Malcolm
Conn, Joseph K. Hudson, S. T. Kelsey, James I. Larimer and John N.
Insley. Gov. James M. Harvey and Sec. of State W. H. Smallwood were
ex officio members.
The first meeting of the board was held on iMarch 12, 1872, when the
constitution of the old agricultural society was amended to conform to
the provisions of the act establishing the new board. At the close of
the year the first annual report was compiled and presented to the legis-
lature. Although this report contained much information regarding the
agricultural interests of the state, the legislature evidently thought it
ought to contatin more, for by the act of March 13, 1873, '^ was provided
that "It shall be the duty of the State Board of Agriculture to publish,
as a part of their annual transactions, a detailed statement, by counties,
of the various industries of the state, and other statistics, which shall
be collected from the returns of the county clerks, and from such other
reliable sources as the said board may deem best; also to collect, ar-
range and publish from time to time, in such manner as the said board
may deem to be for the best interest of the state, such statistical and
other information as those seeking homes in the west may require ; and
they shall deliver a synopsis of it to such immigrant aid societies, rail-
road companies, real estate agencies, and others interested, as may apply
for the same; also to arrange, in suitable packages and cases, and plac^.
the same in the agricultural rooms for public inspection, samples of
agricultural products, geological and other specimens, provided for in
this act."
By the same act the Academy of Science was made a coordinate de-
partment of the State Board of Agriculture, and assessors were directed
to collect samples of agricultural and other products and turn the same
over to the county clerk, who would forward them to the agricultural
rooms in the capitol at Topeka.
At the annual mfeeting on Jan. 14, 1874, Prof. James H. Carruth, of
Lawrence, was elected botanist ; Prof. W. K. Kedzie, of Manhattan,
chemist: Prof. Edward A. Popenoe. of Topeka, entomologist: Prof. B.
F. Mudge, of Manhattan, geologist; Prof. Frank H. Snow, of Lawrence,
meteorologist: J. H. Carruth. B. F. Mudge and Frank IT. Snow, a signal
service committee.
During the year 1874 the secretary prepared and published a series
of monthly statements, by counties, showing the condition of crops,
etc. The board also began in this year the collection and arrangement
53
of specimens of coal, building stone, fossils, gypsum, timber, etc., and
made preparations for securing a collection of Kansas birds, noxious in-
sects, and anything else that would be of interest to the agricultural in-
dustry in the state. Early in the year it was decided to hold a state fair
at Leavenworth in September, but owing to the ravages of drought,
grasshoppers and chinch-bugs as the season advanced, petitions from
all parts of the state came to the board urging that the fair be abandoned,
Tm^'^y':''-
DISPLAY (IF KANSAS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
as it was believed to be impossible to show products that would be up
to the standard of a more favorable year. The board, however, declined
to listen to these complaints, and on Aug. i8 issued an address to the
people of the state, advising them to bring the best they had for exhibi-
tion, and predicting that, if they would do so, the fair would be a suc-
cess. Concerning the fair, the annual report said : "The result was all
that could be desired as an exhibition. The products of the soil were
never so well represented, either as to breadth of country or quality of
product. Representatives of Eastern journals were present, and able
to correct the prevalent idea that all of Kansas was dried out and eaten
up." (See State Fairs.)
Plans for the annual report for 1874 were made at the beginning of
the year. It was decided to include in this report a synopsis of the
54 CVCLOI'EDIA OF
board's proceedings, the substance of the monthly statements, an out-
line of the agricultural history of the state, a review of the work of the
agricultural college, a statistical and industrial exhibit, a diagram show-
ing the rainfall in various sections of the state, an outline map of Kan-
sas, and a sectional map of each county, showing townships, villages,
etc. At that time the outstanding indebtedness of the board, for the
years 1871-72-73, was $6,585.42. To pay this indebtedness and publish
the annual report along the comprehensive lines contemplated, it was
resolved to ask the legislature for an appropriation. By the act of March
4, 1874, the sum of $16,735.42 was appropriated to liquidate the indebted-
ness, pay the current expenses of the board, and publish the report.
This was the first considerable appropriation ever made for the benefit
of the board, and the precedent thus established has been followed by
subsequent legislatures, which course has kept the Kansas State Board
of Agriculture fully abreast of similar organizations in the most pro-
gressive states of the Union.
The annual report for 1875 was the best issued up to that time. In
fact, it embodied so much useful and valuable information regarding
the agriculture, mechanical and educational institutions of the state that
the legislature, by the act of Mirch 4, 1876, appropriated $8,625, or so
much thereof as might be necessary, for the publication and distribution
of a second edition.
Since 1877, when the constitutional amendment making the legisla-
tive sessions biennial Avent into effect, the reports of the board have
been made biennially instead of annualh', and efforts have always been
made to keep the character of the report up to the high standard estab-
lished in 1875. The first biennial report embraced the years 1877-78.
For a number of years the annual appropriation for the board has been
in 'the neighborhood of $10,000, and special appropriations for certain
specified work have been made from time to time. By the act of March
5, igoi, the secretary was ordered to print and distribute 7,500 copes of
the report for 1899-1900, in addition to the 15,000 previoush" printed,
and appropriated $10,550 to defray the expenses of the extra edition.
The act also provided for the publication of 20,000 copies of the report
thereafter. The legislature of 1903 made a special appropriation of $300
to gather data to make tests of sugar beets.
Following is a list of the presidents of the board, with the years in
which they served : H. J. Strickler, 1872 ; E. S. Niccolls, 1873 ; George
T. Anthony. 1874 to 1876. inclusive; John Kelly, 1877-78; R. W. Jen-
kins, 1879 to 1884, inclusive; Joshua Wheeler, 1885-86; William Sims,
1887-88; A. W. Smith, 1889 to 1892, inclusive; Thomas M. Potter, 1893
to 1896, inclusive; George W. Glick, 1897-98; T. A. Hubbard, 1899-1900;
Edwin Taylor, 1901-02; J. H. Churchill, 1903-04; J. W. Robison. 1905-06;
A. L. Sponsler, 1907-08; Charles E. Sutton, 1909-10; I. L. Diesem,
1911-.
Alfred Gray served as secretary from the organization of the board
to 1879, when J. K. Hudson was elected to succeed him. Hudson re-
KANSAS HISTORY 55
:signed before the expiration of his term, and on Oct. i, 1881, F. D. Co-
burn was elected to fill the vacancy. William Sims was then secretary
from 1882 to 1887. He was followed by Martin Mohler, who served un-
til 1894, since which time the office has been held by Foster D. Coburn.
Air,- a small hamlet of Lyon county, is located on Elm creek in
Waterloo township, about 20 miles northeast of Emporia, the county
seat, and 5 miles from Admire, which is the most convenient railroad
station, and from which it receives mail by rural free delivery.
Akron, a village of Cowley county, is situated in Fairview township.
S miles north of Winfield, the county seat. It is a station on the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., has some local trade, and in 1910 reported
3. population of 52.
Alabama Colony. — In 1856, in several Southern states, movements
were made to encourage and promote emigration to Kansas, hoping
thereby to advance the cause of slavery in Kansas. A Kansas executive
committee was formed in Alabama, and considerable money raised for
the purpose of giving free transportation to all southerners who would
go for the purpose of settling. In Aug., 1856, Capt. Henry D. Clayton
left Eufaula, Ala., with 29 emigrants for Kansas, being joined by others
at different places along the route, until 90 persons were added by the
time the colony reached Atlanta, Ga. The colonists were taken to Nash-
ville by rail, and from there by steamboat down the Cumberland river,
up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, reaching Kansas City on Sept.
2. Among the colonists were four families who came with the view of
joining the "Georgia Colony" which had recently been driven out of
Kansas into Missouri. On account of the disturbed conditions in the
territory the emigrants, soon after landing, organized a military com-
pany, with Mr. Clayton as captain; J. H. Danforth, first lieutenant; \V.
W. Mosely, second lieutenant; J. C. Gorman, C. W. Snow,S. G. Reid
and B. B. Simons, as first to fourth sergeants respectively; W. H. Bald-
win, W. S. Reynolds, W. L. Stewart and W. R. Kaen, as first to fourth
corporals; and P. M. Blue, W. T. G. Cobb, James Coxwell, A. Haygood,
J. L. Hailey, R. P. Hamilton, J. J. Kitchen, A. P. McLeod, J. W. Guinn,
Charles O'Hara, W. A. Pinkston, T. H. Rich, T. F. Rogers, T. Semple,
D. R. Thomas and M. Westmoreland, as privates.
This company was in active service in the territory for a short time,
but at the solicitation of Gov. Geary disbanded. Peace being estab-
lished in the territory the next step was to locate the settlers, which was
done in Shawnee county, about 4 miles south of Tecumseh. upon the
California road from Westport, and about 14 miles from Lecompton.
then the capital of the territory.
The executive committee which raised the money to send the settlers
to the territory estimated the cost to be about $50 a head, but by taking
deck passage on the steamboats it was found that the cost per capita
did not exceed $30. The money saved on this item was distributed to
the colonists most in need of help, while $500 was paid over to the Mis-
souri executive committee, A. G. Boone, secretary, to be used '.'not only
56 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in purchasing munitions of war" to advance slavery in Kansas, but also
in furnishing provisions to the distressed (southern) settlers, many of
whom were recently driven from their homes along the border. Several
of the colonists returned to the South without setting foot on Kansas
soil.
After seeing the colony settled, Mr. Clayton returned to Alabama,
and issued a report of sixteen pages in which he gave detailed statements
of the doings and expenses incident to the settlement. According to the
report something over $7,000 was raised for the purpose, of which $3,-
739.83 was expended.
Alamota, a money order postoffice of Lane county, is located in the
township of the same name, and is a station on the division of the At-
chison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that runs from Great Bend to Scott,
9 miles east of Dighton, the county seat. It is a shipping and trading
point of some importatnce and in 1910 reported a population of 40.
Alanthus, a post-village in Larrabee township, Gove county, is on
the Smok}' Hill river about 18 miles southeast of Gove, the county seat,
and 12 miles north of Utica, which is the most convenient railroad
station.
Albia, a small hamlet of Washington county, is situated near the Ne-
braska line, 10 miles north of Morrowville, from which place mail is
delivered by the rural free delivery system. Endicott, Neb., is the near-
est railroad station.
Albert, a prosperous little town of Barton county, is near the west-
ern boundary, and is a station on the Great Bend and Scott division of
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 15 miles from Great Bend. Al-
bert has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route,
large grain elevators, several good mercantile houses, and in 1910 re-
ported a population of 250.
Alburtis, a small settlement in Morris county, is about 2 miles from
the Wabaunsee county line and 7 miles from Council Grove, the county
seat, from which place the inhabitants received mail by rural free de-
livery.
Alcona, a post-village of Rooks county, is located in the township of
the same name, a little north of the Solomon river and some 15 miles
west of Stockton, the county seat. The population of the entire town-
ship in 1910 was 320. Alcona is therefore a small place, but it is a trad-
ing center and rallying point for the people in that part of the county.
Alden, one of the thriving towns of Rice county, is located in Valley
township, on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R.,
about 10 miles southwest of Lyons, the county seat. It has telegraph
and express ofifices, a monej^ order postoffice with one rural delivery
route, a bank, telephone connection with the surrounding towns, a good
graded public school, and is a trading and shipping point of considerable
importance. The population in 1910 was 275.
Aleppo, a small hamlet of Sedgwick county, is situated about 15
miles west of Wichita, the county seat, and 5 miles northwest of God'
KANSAS HISTORY 57
dard, from which place the inhabitants receive mail by rural free de-
livery. Goddard is the most convenient railroad station.
Alexander, a prosperous little town of Rush county, is situated in
Belle Prairie township, on Walnut creek and the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R., about 15 miles southwest of La Crosse, the county
seat. It has a bank, two creameries, several g-ood mercantile establish-
ments, a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, churches
of several denominations, and reported a population of 150 in 1910.
Alexis, Grand Duke. — Many people may not know that Kansas was
once honored by a visit from royalty. In Nov., 1871, Alexander II, at
that time czar of Russia, sent his third son. Grand Duke Alexis, as a
special embassador to President Grant and the people of the United
States with congratulations on the outcome of the Civil war. With
a desire to see something of the country, the grand duke spent a por-
tion of Jan., 1872, with some army officers and plainsmen in roughing it
through Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado. The duke's desire was to
engage in a buffalo hunt. Accordingly he was met by Gen. Custer and
conducted to a camp on Red Willow creek, where it was supposed
buffalo could be found. Learning that a large herd of buffalo had been
seen in the vicinity of Kit Carson, 130 miles east of Denver, the party
took a train at Fort Wallace, Kan., and went there. The troop horses
used by the hunting party were unused to the bison and almost
stampeded when they came within sight of the herd, causing several
ludicrous and some slightly serious accidents. The grand duke has been
described as "modest, good-humored and companionable," and his good
humor never showed to better advantage than in that "buffalo hunt.
After a ball at Denver, given in his honor, the royal party left on a
special train for the east. A short stop was made at Topeka, where
the grand duke was officially received by Gov. Harvey and the legisla-
ture, which was then in session, after which there was an informal re-
ception.
Alfalfa. — This leguminous plant was cultivated in ancient times by
the Egyptians, Medes, Persians, Greeks and Romans. It is called
lucerne in all countries of Europe, except Spain, where it is known by
its Arabic name — alfalfa. Early in the history of the western continent
the Spaniards carried alfalfa to South Arnerica, where it escaped from
cultivation and is said to be found today growing wild over large areas.
Alfalfa was carried from Chile to California about the year 1853 and
from there it has spread eastward to the Mississippi river — and be-
yond. It was also introduced into America by the Germans, who
planted it in New York as early as 1820. Alfalfa was grown in Kansas
earlier than 1891, but not until then does the Kansas State Board of
Agriculture give a report of its acreage in its statistics on tame grasses.
The table for 1891 shows three counties, Miami, Atchison, and John-
son as growing no alfalfa whatever. It shows the counties of Stanton,
Ness, Neosho, Morton, Linn, Allen, Anderson, Bourbon, Cherokee,
Crawford, Doniphan, Franklin, Haskell, Jefferson and Leavenworth as
50 CYCLOPEDIA OF
growing lo acres or less per county, the counties of Chase, Cloud, Gray,
Kearney, Lyon, Saline, Sedgwick and Wabaunsee as growing more
than i,ooo acres per county and Finney county as growing 5,717 acres;
the total acreage for the whole state being 34,384.
Alfalfa is an upright, branching, smooth perennial plant, growing
from one to three feet high. It is often called "Alfalfa clover," because
of its resemblance to clover. It has a pea blossom and a leaf of three
leaflets ; is adapted to a wide range of soils and climate, and is consid-
ered by good authorities to be the best forage plant ever discovered. It
is now grown in every county in Kansas and 90 per cent of the
arable land is suitable for its production. There are only two condi-
tions under which it will not grow. When rock is found within four
or five feet of the surface and the soil is dry down to the rock, or where
the soil is not drained and is wet a considerable part of the year. The
young alfalfa plant is one of the weakest grown and is especially
feeble in securing from the soil the nitrogen it needs to develop it.
Mature alfalfa plants obtain their nitrogen from the air while their
deep growing roots gather potash and phosphoric acid from the sub-
soil. Alfalfa from one seeding can be expected to live from three to
fifteen or more years. Its value as a stock food and as an article of
commerce has made it one of the foremost of Kansas crops. The ex-
periment station at Manhattan has investigated its properties and
tested its worth, and the recommendation given it has done to increase
its growth in Kansas. The statistics of 1908 show alfalfa production
in six counties as being less than 100 acres per count}', thirty-three coun-
ties have areas from 10,000 to 35,000 acres each, and Jewell county had
60,018 acres in alfalfa, the acreage of the whole state reaching 878,283.
The growing appreciation of alfa^a as a stock and dairy food, the
slight expense and little waste in handling it, have led to the manu-
facture of several food preparations. In some cases these are made by
simply grinding the alfalfa into meal, and at other times they are a
mixture of the meal with molasses or other ingredients. The manifold
uses of alfalfa give it a prominent place in modern agriculture and large
areas in western Kansas are giving a return of from $15 to $35 per
acre from their alfalfa fields where but a few years ago the land was
deemed worthless.
Alfred, a hamlet in the southwestern part of Douglas county, is 10
miles west of Ouayle, the nearest railroad station, and about 4 miles
West of Lone Star, from which it has rural free deliver}'.
Aliceville, a village in Avon township, Coffey county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R., about 12 miles in a southeasterly direction
from Burlington, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order post-
oiifice, express office, a good retail trade, and is a shipping point of some
importance. The population in 1910 was 150.
Alida, a little village of Geary county, is in Smoky Hill township,
and is a station on the Union Pacific R. R., 8 miles west of Junction
City, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, a telegraph
KANSAS HISTORY 59
office, and is a trading and shipping point for that section of the county.
The population in 1910 was 48.
Aliens. — Under the Wyandotte constitution, as originally adopted
and ratified by the people, aliens had the same rights and privileges in
the ownership and enjoyment of real estate in Kansas as did the citizens
of the state. Some years later there grew up a sentiment in opposition
to aliens owning lands within the state, and in 1888 this sentiment found
expression in an amendment to the constitution providing that the
rights of aliens with regard to ownership of real property in Kansas
might be regulated by law. The legislature, however, took no action
on the subject until the act of March 6, 1891, the principal provision of
which was as follows :
"Non resident aliens, firms of aliens, or corporations incorporated
under the laws of any foreign country, shall not be capable of acquiring
title to or taking or holding any lands or real estate in this state by
descent, device, purchase or otherwise, except that the heirs of aliens
who have heretofore acquired lands in this state under the laws thereof,
and the heirs of aliens who may acquire lands under the provisions of
this act, may take such lands by device or descent, and hold the same
for the space of three years, and no longer, if such alien at the time
of so acquiring such lands is of the age of twenty-one years ; and if
not twenty-one years of age, then for the term of five years from the
time of so acquiring such lands ; and if,' at the end of the time herein
limited, such lands so acquired by such alien heirs have not been sold
to bona fide purchasers for value, or such alien heirs have not become
actual residents of this state, the same shall revert and escheat to the
State of Kansas," etc.
Coal, lead and zinc lands were exempted from the provisions of the
act, and there were some other provisions to secure the application of
the law without working unnecessary hardships upon any one. The
law was subsequently held to be constitutional by the supreme court of
the state.
Allegan, a little hamlet of Rice county, is located on Cow creek,
about 10 miles northwest of Lyons, the county seat, from which place
mail is supplied by rural free delivery. Chase is the nearest railroad
station.
Allen, one of the principal towns of Lyon county, is a station on the
Missouri Pacific R. R., about 18 miles north of Emporia, the county
seat, and 19 miles west of Osage City. Allen was incorporated in 1939
and in iqto reported a population of 286. It has telegraph and express
service, a money order postofifice with two rural routes, a bank, several
good mercantile houses, a graded public school, churches of various
denominations, and does considerable shipping of live stock and farm
products.
Allen County, one of the 33 counties established by the first territorial
legislature, was named in honor of William Allen, United States sena-
tor from Ohio. It is located in the southeastern part of the state, in
6o CYCLOPEDIA OF
the second tier of counties west of Missouri and about 50 miles north
of the state line. In extent it is 21 miles from north to south and 24
miles from east to west, containing 504 square miles. It is bounded
on the north by Anderson, east by Bourbon, south by Neosho and west
by Woodson county. The county was organized at the time of its
creation, Charles Passmore being appointed probate judge; B. W. Cow-
den and Barnett Owen county commissioners, and William Godfrey
sheriff. These officers were to hold their offices until the general elec-
tion in 1857, ^i^d were empowered to appoint the county clerk and treas-
urer to complete the county organization.
The first white inhabitants located in the county during the early
part of the year 1855. Duncan & Scott's History of Allen County (p.
9), says: "There is some dispute as to who made the first permanent
settlement, but the weight of the testimony seems to award that hon-
orable distinction to D. H. Parsons, who, with a companion, B. W.
Cowden, arrived on the Neosho river near the mouth of Elm creek in
March, 1855."
During the spring and summer settlement progressed rapidly. The
greater number of settlers located along the Neosho river, among them
being W. C. Keith, Henry Bennett, Elias Copelin, James Barber, Bar-
nett Owen, A. W. G. Brown, Thomas Day and Giles Starr. Along the
banks of Morton creek the early settlers were Hiram Smith, Michael
Kisner, Augustus Todd, A. C. 'Smith, Dr. Stockton, George Hall, An-
derson Wray, Jesse Morris and Thomas Norris. Although many of the
early settlers were pro-slavery men, but few slaves were brought into
the county. The free-state men showed such open antagonism toward
slaveholders, that the slaves were soon given their freedom or taken
from the county by their masters. A party of pro-slavery men from
Fort Scott founded a town company and laid out a town in Allen
county, south of the mouth of Elm creek and on the east bank of the
Neosho river, about a mile and a half southwest of the present site of
lola. The company was incorporated by the bogus legislature as the
Cofachique Town Association, with Daniel Woodson, Charles Pass-
more, James S. Barbee, William Baker, Samuel A. Williams and Joseph
C. Anderson as incorporators. The first postoffice was established at
Cofachique in the spring of 1855 with Aaron Case as postmaster, but
no regular mail service was opened until July i, 1857, the mail up to
that time being brought in from Fort Scott by private carrier paid by
the citizens.
In Feb., 1856, M. W. Post and Joseph Ludley, who were engaged
in the survey of the standard parallels, finished with the fifth parallel
through Allen county and concluded to locate near Cofachique. The
next summer Mr. Ludley brought a sawmill from Westport, Mo., and
set up in the timber near the town. This mill was run by horse power
and was the first «ianufacturing concern of any kind in the county.
In the second territorial legislature, elected in Oct., 1856, Allen
county was represented in the council by Blake Little and in the house
by B. Brantley and W. W. Spratt.
KANSAS HISTORY 6 1
In 1858 the town of lola was started and the greater part of the
town of Cofachique was moved to lola, while the old site of Cofachique
became farm land. Several reasons may be given for the failure of the
town. Being on hilly ground it was difficult of access and the water
supph' was limited ; it had been built by pro-slavery men and during
the political troubles a feeling of enmity had grown up against the town,
hence it was not long before it was depopulated. Humboldt, in the
southwest part of the county and Geneva in the northwest part were
founded by free-state men and both became flourishing communities.
Up to this time settlement had been exclusively confined to the timbered
valleys of the larger streams, but the new settlers began opening farms
upon the prairies and the population became generally distributed over
the county, especially the western half.
A census of Ivansas was taken in April, 18.57, '" preparation tor an ap-
portionment of delegates to the Lecompton constitutional convention.
By this census Bourbon, Dorn, McGee and Allen counties had a popula-
tion of 2,622, of whom 645 were legal voters. This gave the district
which these counties comprised four delegates in the convention, and
at the election held in June, 1857, H. T. Wilson, Blake Little, Miles
Greenwood and G. P. H. Hamilton were elected.
In the legislative apportionment of July, 1857, eighteen counties, in-
cluding Allen were allowed two members in the council and nineteen
counties, including Allen, were allowed three representatives. The
election was called for Oct. 5, 1857, and under the assurance of the
governor that it should be free and fair, the free-state men determined
to muster their strength for the first time at the ballot box. At the
election Samuel J. Stewart was elected a representative for the district
and was the first citizen from Allen county to occupy a seat in the ter-
ritorial legislature.
Immigration continued during the year 1858. The Carlyle colony
from Indiana selected 320 acres of land in the northwest part of the
county, north of Deer creek, for a town site, but found many difficulties
in the way of making a prosperous town and abandoned the project.
Later the site was cut up into farms. In the course of time a post-
office was established, a store followed and Carlyle became a thriving
village in the center of a splendid farming district. About the time
that the Carl3ie colony arrived another town was projected, called
Florence, located north of Deer creek and east of Carlyle. It was ex-
pected that in time a railroad would be built, but it was not and the
town was a failure.
I'pon the organization of the count}' in 1855, Cofachique was des-
ignated as the county seat, and as it was centrally located no strife was
stirred up until Humbfildt was located in 1S59 hv the free-state men v/lio
went before the state legislature early in 1858 and secured an act lo-
cating the county seat there. The first meeting of the county board at
Humboldt, of which there is a record, was on Feb. 8, 1859. but lit-
tle business was transacted, and they adjourned to meet at Cofachique.
62 CYCLOPEDIA OF
where, on Feb. 14. the board organized the new township of Geneva and
appointed judges of election to ratify or reject the Leavenworth con-
stitution. Apparently little interest was taken in the election, as only
138 votes were cast, 134 for and 4 against the constitution.
In the summer of 1858 the second mail route was established from
Lawrence to Humboldt, via Garnett and Hyatt in Anderson county,
Carlyle and Cofachique in Allen county. The service began July i,
and a few days before that time a trail was marked from Hyatt to
Carlyle. Zach Squires was the first mail carrier and for some time his
weekly trips were made on mule back. Later the service was made
tri-weekly, the mule gave way to a two-horse wagon, later to a two-
horse stage, and finally to an overland coach, which was kept on the
route until the railroad was built in 1871.
During the year 1859 political matters engaged the attention of the
people. On June 7, an election was held for delegates to the Wyandotte
constitutional convention (q. v.). When this constitution was sub-
mitted to the people on- Oct. 4, the vote in Allen county stood 244 for
and 159 against, and on the homestead clause, which was submitted
separately, 201 for and 152 against. The territorial legislature of 1859
adopted a new plan of county organization, providing for three com-
missioners and a probate judge with restricted powers. On March 26,
i860, a special election was held for the new officers. J. G. Richard was
elected probate judge ; George Zimmerman, N. T. Winans and D. B.
Stewart county commissioners.
The last year of the territorial pei^od was the hardest in the history
of the county. It was the year of the great drought. (See Droughts.)
During the winter of 1859-60, there was little snow and the hot winds
of the following summer swept over the dry, parched earth, burning all
vegetation except in occasional valleys and ravines where a partial crop
was raised. The population of the county was about 3,000, and with
such a scanty crop, the prospect of starvation seemed imminent. Most
of the people had come into the county within two years and had not
fairly opened their farms. Many of the settlers, with starvation and
hardship before them, returned to the east. ■
Great dissatisfaction developed over the location of the county seat
at Humboldt, and on March 26, i860, an election was held to decide on
a location, Humboldt and lola being the principal contestants. The re-
sult of the election was 562 votes for Humboldt and 331 for lola, with
78 votes scattered, but the people in the vicinity of lola and the northern
part of the county were not satisfied. The strife was kept up for some
years until another election was ordered for May 10, 1865, when Ida
received the largest number of votes. When the county seat was located
at lola, the town company donated 100 lots to the county to aid in the
construction of public buildings. In 1866 bonds were voted for funds
and within a short time a building was secured for county offices and
court purposes. In 1877 the present court-house was purchased.
As soon as the news of the outbreak of the Civil war reached Allen
countv, nearlv all the able bodied men hastened to enlist in the armv.
KANSAS HISTORY 63.
The lola battalion was formed in 1861 ; three companies, commanded
by Capts. Colman, Flesher, and Killen served in the Ninth Kansas, and
two companies; commanded by Capts. W. C. Jones and N. B. Blans-
ton, served in the Tenth Kansas volunteer infantry. As the county was
located so near the border of the state there was danger of invasion from
Missouri guerrillas and hostile Indians from the Indian Territor}-. \\'hile
the Allen county soldiers were with Gen. Lane, a raid was made on the
unprotected settlers of Humboldt, Sept. 8, 1861, by a band of Missouri
guerrillas, Cherokee and Osage half-breed Indians. On Oct. 14, 1861, the
town was captured and set on fire by Confederate cavalry. The Con-
federate officers claimed that this was done in retaliation for the burning
of Osceola by Gen. Lane. The land office had just been opened before
this and J. C. Burnett, the register, managed to have his sister save $25,-
000 in land warrants, that were in the office at the time. After the
burning of Humboldt a military post was established there, but no ac-
tions took place until the Price raid in 1864. The militia of the county
was organized into a battalion, known as the Allen county battalion,
and was composed of six companies, tliree from lola and the northern
part of the county, two from Humboldt and one from the extreme south-
ern part of the county. This organization comprised all the able bodied
men in the county between the ages of 16 and 60 years.
The first railroads in Allen county were built in 1870, the Missouri,.
Kansas & Texas being completed across the southwestern part of the
county in the spring, and the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston in
the fall of the same year. Bonds were voted by the county to aid in the
construction of the railroads. In 1880, bonds having been voted by dif-
ferent townships along the line, the Fort Scott & Wichita railroad was
built across the county east and west, through Tola. There are now
96 miles of main line railroads in the county : The Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe running almost directly north and south in the western part
of the county, and a branch southwest from Colony, Anderson county,
across the extreme northwest corner. The Missouri, Kansas & Texas
crosses the eastern part, almost directly north and south, with a branch
north from Moran and another running west with its terminus at lola.
Another line of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas enters the county near
the center on the west and crosses the southwest corner, while the Mis-
souri Pacific crosses from east to west somewhat north of the center,
through lola.
The first church in the county was that of the LInited Brethren,
begun in 1859 and completed the following year. For some years this
church was used as a union church by all denominations and also as a
school house. The Humboldt Herald was the first paper established.
It was started Nov. 16, 1864, by Maj. Joseph Bond and two years later
the Humboldt Union was established with Orin Thurston as editor.
In Nov., 1871, a tax was voted for the establishment of a county poor
farm. Settlement of the county was somewhat retarded for some years
by the contention between the settlers on the one hand and the Kansas
City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas railroad company over, the title to-
64 CYCLOPEDIA 01"
certain lands. The case was finally settled by Judge David Brewer of
the United States circuit court on Sept. 3, 1885, in favor of the settlers.
His decision threw open to settlement some 27,000 acres and immediate-
ly there was an influx of immigrants.
The general surface of the county is level, the soil is fertile and highly
productive. The valleys average a mile and a half in width and the
timber belts about a mile. The principal varieties of trees native to the
county are black walnut, hickory, cottonwood, oak. hackberry and elm.
The main water course is the Neosho river, which flows through the
western part of the county from north to south. Its tributaries are
Indian, Martin's, Deer, Elm, and other small creeks. The Little Osage
flows through the northeast and the Marmaton river through the south-
eastern part of the county.
The chief agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, Kafir corn and
potatoes, and the county is one of the leaders in the production of flax
and broom corn. Live stock raising is an important industry, and many
fine orchards afford good profits to their owners.
Natural gas is the most important mineral resource. There are sev-
eral large wells, but the field is particularly well developed near Tola
in the west and La Harpe in the north central part, and valuable oil
wells exist near Humboldt. There are vast quantities of raw material
for Portland cement, which is manufactured and sent to all parts of
the United States. An almost inexhaustable supph' of shale has been
found for making high grade brick and tile, which are manufactured and
shipped out of the state. A good quality of limestone is also found. The
county is divided into the following townships : Carlyle, Cottage Grove,
Deer Creek, Elm, Elsmore, Geneva, Humboldt, Tola, Logan, Marmaton,
Osage and Salem.
According to the U. S. census for 1910 the population of the county
was 27,640, a gain of 8,133 during the preceding decade. The report of
the State Board of Agriculture for the same year gives the total value
of farm products as $1,362,654.60, corn leading with 1,123,290 bushels,
valued at $550,412.10.
Allendale, a little hamlet of Allen county, is situated about 5 or 6
miles northeast of lola, the county seat, from which place it receives
mail by rural delivery. It is about equally distant from Carlyle on the
Santa Fe and La Harpe on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads,
which places are the nearest railway stations.
Allis, Samuel, Jr., an early missionary to the Indians west of the
Missouri river, was born at Conway, Franklin county, Mass., Sept. 28,
1805. He learned the trade of harness maker and worked at various
places in his early manhood, finalh^ reaching Ithaca, N. Y., where he
united with the Presbyterian church, though his parents were Congre-
gationalists. In the spring of 1834 he left Ithaca in company with Rev.
John Dunbar (q. v.) as a missionary to the Nez Perces. LTpon arriving
at St. Louis he found that the company of traders with which he had
intended to journey to the Indian country had already left that city.
KANSAS HISTORY 65
Not caring to undertake the trip alone, he spent some time at Fort
Leavenworth, and then accompanied Mr. Dunbar to the agency of the
Omahas, Otoes and Pawnees at Bellevue, Neb. Soon after arriving there
Mr. Dunbar went as a missionary to the Grand Pawnees and Mr. Allis
to the Pawnee Loups, with whom he remained until 1846. Among his
other labors was the establishment of the Pawnee school at Council
Point on the Platte river. For several years he was the interpreter for
the United States in the negotiation of treaties and in this capacity aided
in the acquisition of the Indian lands in Nebraska and Kansas. In 1851
he went to St. Mary's, Iowa, where he lived on a farm for two years.
He then returned to Nebraska and there passed the remainder of his life.
As a member of the Nebraska Historical Society he made valuable con-
tributions to the Indian history of that state and Kansas.
Allison, a village of Decatur county, is located in the township of the
same name, on the north fork of the Solomon river, about 25 miles
southeast of Oberlin, the county seat, and 8 miles from Dresden, which
is the nearest railroad station. It has a money order postofifice, some
local trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 25.
Alma, the judicial seat and principal city of Wabaunsee county, is
located a little northwest of the center of the county on Mill creek and
the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., and is the terminus of a di-
vision of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. which connects with
the main line at Burlingame. The first house in Alma Avas built in the
fall of 1867 and the following December the town was made the county
seat. In 1868 a hotel and school house were erected, and after the ad-
vent of the railroads the growth was more rapid. Mill creek furnishes
water power for operating a flour mill and some other concerns. Being
located in the heart of a rich agricultural and stock raising region. Alma
is a shipping point of considerable importance. It has a bank with a
paid up capital of $50,000, an international money order postoffice with
four rural delivery routes emanating from it, excellent express, tele-
graph and telephone facilities, an electric lighting plant, two weekly
newspapers — the Enterprise and the Signal — and a monthly publication
called the Emblem, devoted to the interests of a fraternal organization.
The city has a modern high school building, erected at a cost of $16,000,
and both the Lutherans and Catholics have parochial schools. The mer-
cantile establishments of Alma rank favorably with those in other cities
of its size. Good building and cement stone are found in the vicinity.
The altitude of Alma is 1,055 ^^^t. In 1910 the population was i,oro.
Almena, an incorporated town of Norton county, is located on Prairie
Dog creek in the northeastern portion, at the junction of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railroads,
12 miles east of Norton, the county seat. It has "a bank, a weekly news-
paper, an opera house, good hotels, large grain elevators, an interna-
tional money order postoffice with three rural routes, and in 1910 had a
population of 702. Being located in the midst of a fine agricultural
countrv, Almena ships large quantities of grain and live stock, and its
66 CYCLOPEDIA OF
retail stores suppl}- a considerable section of the northeastern part of
the county. A fine quality of building stone is found in the immediate
vicinity.
Altamont, one of the incorporated towns of Labette county, is lo-
cated in Mt. Pleasant township, on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R.,
ID miles northwest of Oswego, the county seat and very near the geo-
graphical center of the county. It has banking facilities, a weekly news-
paper, express and telegraph offices, and an international money order
postoffice with three rural routes. The town was laid out the year the
railroad was built (1879), by a company of which L N. Hamilton was
president. The first house was built by Scott Noble, in the fall of that
year. A hotel was built the following summer and a general store
opened by Jones, Burns & Wright. A number of business enterprises
were launched in the next two years. The first church was erected in
1880. A postoffice called Elston was established in this vicinity in 1870.
When Altamont was founded the name was changed. The town was
incorporated in 1884 and the following officers chosen : Mayor, H. C.
Blanchard ; police judge, L. W. Grain; councilmen, R. B. Gregg, W. M.
McGoid, D. Reid, G. S. Newlon, and A. J. Garst ; city clerk, W."f. Ham-
man.
Alta Vista, one of the larger towns of Wabaunsee county, is situ-
ated in Garfield township, on Mill creek and the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific R. R., 15 miles southwest of Alma, the county seat. It was
settled in 1887, was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1905,
and in 1910 reported a poptilation of 499. Alta Vista is one of the busy
towns of Kansas. It has two banks, a weekly newspaper, a number of
high class mercantile houses, a good public school S3'stem, express and
telegraph offices, telephone connection, does considerable shipping, and
its money order postoffice is the starting point of three rural delivery
routes which supply mail to the surrounding country.
Alton, an incorporated town of Osborne county, is located on the Solo-
mon river in Sumner township, and is a station on the Missouri Pacific
R. R. 13 miles west of Osborne, the county seat. The population in 1910
was 414. Alton has a bank, a public library, a fire department, an opera
house, a weekly newspaper, express, telegraph and telephone service,
and is the principal shipping point and trading center for the north-
western part of the county.
Altoona (formerly Geddesburg), one of the larger incorporated cities
of Wilson county, is located on the Missouri Pacific R. R., and on the
Verdigris river, 11 miles east of Fredonia, the county seat. It has two
banks, a weekly newspaper, telegraph and express offices, and an in-
ternational money order postoffice with three rural routes. The popula-
tion in 1910 was 1,462. The town was founded in 1869 by a town com-
pany, of which Dr. T. F. C. Todd was president. No town elections
were held until the town company ceased to do business. The first
business enterprise was a grocery store opened in 1869 by George
Shultz and John Hooper. The postoffice was established in April, 1870,
KANSAS HISTORY 67
and J- N. D. Brown appointed postmaster. The Altoona Union, tlie
second paper published in the county, was founded in March, 1870, by
Bowser & Brown. A school house was built the next year at a cost of
$3,000. A steam saw mill and a flour mill were set up in 1871 on the
Verdigris.
The growth of Altoona dates from the entrance of the railroad in
1885-6. At that time it was a town of some 300 inhabitants, and a
dozen business houses. The development of the oil and gas fields in
the vicinity in the '90s added greatly to the importance of the city.
Amador, a village of Clifford township, Butler county-, is located on
a branch of the Whitewater river, about 16 miles northwest of Eldorado,
the county seat. Mail is received by the people of Amador from Burns,
Marion county, by rural free delivery.
America City, a hamlet of Nemaha count}-, is located in Red Vermil-
lion township on the Red Vermillion river, 23 miles south of Seneca,
the county seat, and 6 miles from Havensville. from which place H re-
ceives daily mail. An act incorporating this little town was approved
by the territorial legislature on Feb. 14, 1867. The corporate limits in-
cluded 380 acres of land. A store was opened in 1861 and a Methodist
church built. In 1910 it reported a population of 30.
American Settlement Company. — This company, which was organized
in Sept., 1854, had its headquarters at No. 226 Broadway, N. Y. The
officers were : Theodore Dwight, president ; J. E. Snodgrass, vice-
president ; G. M. Tracey, secretary; D. C. Van Norman, treasurer;
George Walter, general superintendent. The preamble to the constitu-
tion of the company set forth that "The subscribers hereto, being de-
sirous to form a company for the purpose of settling a tract of land in
the Territory of Kansas, in order to assist in making it a free state,
and to found thereon a city, with a municipal government, and the
civil, literary, social, moral and religious privileges of the free states,
for the equal benefit of the members, have associated and formed, and
do hereby associate and form themselves into a joint stock company,
under the name of 'American Settlement Company.' and have adopted
the following articles for the government of said company," etc.
Article I provided for a capital stock, to be divided into shares equal
to the number of lots in the proposed city, the price of which was at
first fixed at $5 a share, subject to an advance when so ordered by the
board of directors, and no one was to be allowed to purchase more than
six shares.
Article II vested the management in a board of directors, a ma-
jority of whom should be residents of New York City. This board was
to be self-perpetuating, being given power to fill vacancies, etc.
Article III provided that members of the company and colonists
should be persons of good moral character, the aim being to establish
a community with a high ideal of citizenship.
Articles IV to XI defined the duties of the officers and dwelt prin-
cipally with the routine matters pertaining to such associations.
#
68 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Article XII provided that the money received from the sale of shares
should be used to secure a tract of land two miles square, on or near
the Santa Fe trail, and to defray the expenses of surveying and laying
out a municipality to be known as "Council City."
Article XIV stipulated that one lot out of every fifty should be given
for school purposes, and the management should have the power to
donate other lots for the establishment of institutions "appropriate to
an orderly, virtuous, temperate and refined American community."
Immediatel)' after the organization was perfected a committee of
seven men — citizens of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio — visited
Kansas to select a site for "Council City," and after exploring the terri-
tory for several weeks decided upon a tract between Dragoon and
Switzler creeks, in what is now Osage county, a short distance south
of the present city of Burlingame. About the same time a circular was
issued by the company, stating that the object was "to found in Kansas
a large and flourishing city, one that would claim the attention and
patronage of all interested in the growth and prosperity of that ter-
ritory."
Council City was laid out with streets 75 feet wide and avenues 150
in width. The lots were 75 by 150 feet, and there were several tracts
ranging from 10 to 50 acres each reserved for parks. A small party
of settlers arrived late in Oct., 1854, and a few of the more energetic
set to work to make Council City a reality, but the majority were dis-
appointed by the prospect. Other settlers came in the spring of 1855,
but the metropolis never met the expectations of its projectors, and
after a precarious existence of a few months it disappeared from the
map.
Americus, an incorporated city of the third class in Lyon county, is
a station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R., 9 miles northwest of
Emporia, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper, churches
of various denominations, good public schools, etc. Its location in the
rich valley of the Neosho river gives it a good local trade and makes
it an important shipping point. The population in 1910 was 451. Two
delivery routes emanates from its money order postoffice and supply
mail to the surrounding rural districts, and the town is provided with
express and telegraph -offices and has telephone connection with Em-
poria and other cities.
Ames, a village of Shirley township, Cloud county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. 12 miles east of Concordia, the county seat.
It has a money order postofiice with one rural delivery route, express
and telegraph service, some good mercantile houses, and in 1910 re-
ported a population of 120.
Amiot, a village of Reeder township, Anderson county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R., 16 miles northwest of Garnett, the county
seat, and not far from the Coffey county line. The population in 1910
was 40. Amiot has a money order postoffice, and is a trading and ship-
ping point for that section of the county.
KANSAS HISTORY 69
Amy, a money order postoffice of Lane county, is located in Blaine
township, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 7 miles west of
Dighton, the county seat, with which it is connected by telephone.
Ananias Club. — According to an early letter head of the club, the
St. Ananias club of Topeka was instituted July 4, 1876. It was organized
in the year 1874, by a number of the "good fellows" of the capital city
for social purposes, and was incorporated in 1886. The club had four
tenets : Honesty, sobriety, chastity and veracity. The motto of the club
was "Unadulterated truth." St. Ananias was the patron saint. xAt the
time of organization it had 29 members. Following are the original
members and the official titles which they bore : Samuel A. Kingman,
perpetual president; Sam Radges, secretary, phenomenal prevaricator;
Floyd P. Baker, distinguished dissimulator; C. N. Beal, efficacious
equivicator; A. Bergen, libelous linguist; J. C. Caldwell, eminent ex-
pander; George W. Crane, egregious exaggerator; Hiram P. Dillon,
felicitous fabricator ; Charles M. Foulkes, fearful fictionist ; Norris L.
Gage, quaint quibbler; N. S. Goss, oleaginous falsifier; Cyrus K. Holli-
day, illustrious illusionist; J. B. Johnson, truth torturer; Henry Keeler,
laconic liar; John T. Morton, nimble narrator; D. A. Moulton, financial
^fabricator; Thomas A. Osborn, pungent punster; H. A. Pierce, diabolical
dissembler; George R. Peck, sapient sophist; T. P. Rodgers, immacu-
late inventor; Bj'ron Roberts, vivid variationist ; H. K. Rowley, me-
phistophelian munchausenist ; Dr. Silas E. Sheldon, esculapian equivi-
cator; Henry Strong, racy romancer; William C. Webb, august ampli-
fier; Daniel W. Wilder, hypothetical hyperbolisy; Archibald L. Wil-
liams, paraphrastic paralogist.
From the time of its organization until its dissolution the club had a
membership of 82, which included many distinguished Kansans, of
whom in the year 191 1 not more than twelve or fifteen were living. It
has been said that during the existence of the club its doors were never
closed and that at almost any hour of the day or evening a whist game
could be found in progress.
The club had but one president and one secretary, and after the
death of President Kingman, on Sept. 9, 1904, the organization closed
its doors, the records and portraits being turned over to the Kansas
State Historical Society. Among the effects was an excellent, life-like
portrait in oil, of St. Ananias, with halo over the head, a lyre clasped in
his hands, his lips open as if about to sing, and the whole partially sur-
rounded with a border of cherry sprigs showing the ruddy fruit, and
each spray garnished with a small hatchet.
Andale, an incorporated town of Sedgwick county, is a station on the
Missouri Pacific R. R., in Sherman township, 19 miles northwest of
Wichita. Andale has a bank, a money order postoffice with one free
delivery route which supplies mail to the inhabitants of that section of
the county, a Catholic church and school, some good mercantile estab-
lishments, express and telegraph facilities, and does considerable ship-
ping of grain and other farm products. The population in 1910 was 237.
JO CYCLOPEDIA OF
Anderson, a little hamlet of Smith county, is located near the head
of White Rock creek, about 9 miles northeast of Smith Center, the
county seat, from which place mail is received by rural free delivery.
Anderson County was named for Joseph C. Anderson, a member of
the first territorial legislature, which erected and organized the county
in 1855. It is located in the southeastern part of the state in the second
tier of counties west of Missouri, about 50 miles south of the Kansas
river and 70 miles north of the southern boundary of the state. It is
24 miles square and has an area of 576 square miles. On the north it
is bounded by Franklin county, on the east of Linn, on the south by
Allen and on the west by Coffey.
When the first white settlers came to what is now Anderson county
in the spring of 1854 they found some of the fields which the Indians had
cultivated. They were Valentine Gerth and Francis Meyer, who came
from Missouri and settled on the Pottawatomie near the present site of
Greeley. These men were without families but planted and cultivated
the old Indian fields the first summer. Henry Harmon came with his
family and settled near the junction of the branches of the Pottawatomie.
During the summer and fall more settlers came, among whom were
Henderson Rice. W. D. West, Thomas Totton, Anderson Cassel, J. S.
Waitman and Dr. Rufus Gilpatrick. In the winter of 1854-55 quite a
number of Germans came to the county and settled along the south
branch of the Pottawatomie above Greeley, where they built several
cabins and selected valuable timber claims. In the spring of 1855 they
returned to St. Louis and on account of the territorial troubles never
came back. Their claims were soon taken up by other settlers.
When Gov. Reeder, on Nov. 8, 1854, issued a proclamation ordering an
election for the 29th, the region now embraced in Anderson county was
made a part of the Fifth district. The election was ordered to be held
at the house of Henry Sherman near the place called Dutch Henry's
crossing on the Pottawatomie. At the election for members of the
first territorial legislature, A. M. Coflfc}' and David Lykins were elected
-to the council and Allen Wilkerson and H. W. Yonger representatives.
Of the resident voters, about 50 in number and practically all free-state
men, only a few voted, but the Missourians came over and cast about
200 pro-slavery votes. At the election for a delegate to Congress in
Oct., 1855, George Wilson was the only person voting in the district.
Samuel Mack, one of the judges, refused to vote regarding the election
as a farce, most of the voters being residents of Missouri who came
over on horseback and in wagons, well supplied with whiskey and guns.
(See Reeder's Administration.) Because of the outrages committed
upon the free-state settlers, a military organization, made up of Frank-
lin and Anderson county men and called the Pottawatomie Rifles, was
formed in the fall of 1855. Among the members were Dr. Rufus Gil-
patrick, M. Kilbourn, W. Ayers, H. H. Williams, August Bondi, Samuel
Mack, James Townsley and Jacob Benjamin from Anderson county.
The legislature having defined the bounds of the county, then pro-
KANSAS HISTORY 7I
vided for its organization and the election of county officers. In joint
session the legislature elected George Wilson probate judge and com-
missioned him on Aug. 27, 1855, for a term of two years. He was the
first commissioned officer and immediately after qualifying set out for
the county. On Sept. 10, he arrived at Henry Sherman's house, where
he remained until the 15th, when he went to the house of Francis Meyer
near the present site of the town of Greeley. Judge Wilson had desig-
nated Meyer's house as the temporary s.eat of justice and notified Wil-
liam R. True and John C. Clark, who had been appointed county com-
missioners and A. V. Cummings, who had been appointed sheriff, to
meet him there on the 15th to complete the county organization. But
all three refused to accept the appointment, although Judge Wilson at-
tempted several times to make them qualify. Cummings was a resident
of Bourbon countj^. Wilson at last appealed to the governor for assist-
ance to organize the countA' and Acting Gov. Shannon commissioned
Francis Meyer and F. P. Brown commissioners and Henderson Rice
sheriff, but Brown and Rice would not accept the commissions. The
probate judge and Francis Meyer organized the county on Jan. 7, 1856.
Five days later the second session of the probate judge and commis-
sioners' court was held at Meyer's house and David 'McCammon was
appointed sheriff. He gave bond and qualified on Jan. 18, on which date
the court held its third session and J. S. Waitman was appointed com-
missioner. This was the first time that a full board of commissioners
had existed. At this time C. H. Price was appointed justice of the
peace for the county and commissioned by Judge A¥ilson. Price quali-
fied on March 5, 1856, and the same day was appointed treasurer of the
county. On Feb. 4, 1856, Thomas Totton was appointed clerk of the
county, and on March 9 a petition for the location of a road from Henry
Sherman's house to Cofachique, the county seat of Allen county, was
considered. David McCammon, James Townsley and Samuel Mack
were appointed commissioners to open the road, which was to be 70
feet wide. This was the first road in the county.
On Feb. 18, 1856, a petition was presented to the commissioners,
signed by A. McConnell and fifteen others, requesting a permanent loca-
tion of the county seat, and David McCammon, James Townsley and
Thomas Totton were appointed to select the site, provided it should be
located within three miles of the geographical center of the county.
The commissioners selected a place and called it Shannon, where the
county business was transacted until April 5, 1859. The first term of
the district court was held on the fourth Monday in April, 1856: Sterling
Cato, one of the territorial judges presiding. It convened at the house
of Francis Meyer and was in session an entire week but the records of
the proceedings have disappeared.
At the election of delegates to the Topeka constitutional convention,
49 votes were polled at the Pottawatomie precinct, by free-state voters
and at the election for the adoption or rejection 14 persons from Ander-
son county voted.
72 CVCLOrEDIA OF
During the summer and fall of 1856 Anderson, county was overrun by
bands of lawless pro-slavery men, known as "Border Ruffians." The
officers of Anderson county had been chosen because of their loyalty
to the slave power, and when the difficulties culminated in 1856 they
took an active part with the pro-slavery men. The free-state men re-
fused to countenance such conduct on the part of the officers and late in
the spring Francis Meyer, John S. Waitman, David McCammon and
George Wilson having been concerned in several pro-slaver)^ atrocities,
were forced to flee from the county. There was continued trouble along
Pottawatomie creek until the government ordered United States troops
to the neighborhood. They camped for several weeks a short distance
from the present site of Greeley, but were commanded by pro-slavery
officers and really afiforded little protection to the free-state settlers.
The Pottawatomie Rifles drilled at the farm of W. L. Frankenburger and
participated in many of the expeditions of 1856-7. During the fall of
1856 pro-slavery invasions became so frequent that it was unsafe for the
settlers to remain at home over night with their families, and for
several months they would collect at Frankenburger's claim on the
Pottawatomie, the women and children taking shelter in the cabin, while
the men remained on guard. Anderson county men, commanded by Dr.
Rufus Gilpatrick, took part in the battle of Osawatomie under John
Brown. When Gov. Woodson declared the territory in a state of insur-
rection and rebellion and called out the militia, several settlers left An-
derson county never to return.
About this time a party of some 200 hundred Missourians camped on
Middle creek, at Battle Mound, waiting for reinforcements preparatory
to a general movement against the free-state settlements along the Pot-
tawatomie, and man}'- outrages were committed in Anderson, Linn and
Franklin counties. Among these was the capture of George Partridge,
Aug. 27, 1856, and on the same day the burning of the houses of Kil-
bourne and Cochrane near Greeley. Dr. Gilpatrick, while making calls,
discovered the pro-slavery camp and at once gave warning. The Pot-
tawatomie Rifles, under command of Dr. Gilpatrick, made an attack early
in the morning of Aug. 28, which was a complete surprise, the pro-
slavery men retreating in great confusion to Missouri. Another de-
tachment of pro-slavery men robbed Zach Schutte and attempted other
atrocities, but upon hearing of the capture of the camp also hastily fled
into Missouri.
The survey of the public lands in Anderson county began in the fall
of 1855 and closed in the spring of 1856. Some of the first settlers who
came to the county were of the class who made a living speculating in
government land claims. They selected the finest timber and valley
lands along the streams, and after actually settling, would stake out
other claims under ficticious names, and then oflfer to sell the ficticious
claims to new arrivals. The buyer of such claims would often go back
East after his family and upon his return find his cabin occupied, the
claim having been sold a second time by the speculator. These claims
KANSAS HISTORY 7J
caused much trouble in the United States land office, and in Nov.,
1858, a free-state squatters' court was organized in Anderson, Linn and
Bourbon counties for the adjustment of land claims. Dr. Rufus Gil-
patrick was elected judge. The decisions of the court were generally
satisfactory to the settlers, and enforced by Maj. Abbott and a minister
named Stewart, known as the fighting preacher. Several town sites
were laid out, but with two exceptions the towns failed to become im-
portant. Garnett and Greeley were both surveyed in 1856 and became
flourishing communities. In Dec, 1856, a party of 80 men was formed in
Lawrence for the purpose of settling in Anderson county. A town site
was selected in the northern part of what is now Washington township,
and the town named Hyatt. The founders proposed making it the
count)- seat. A sawmill was built in the spring of 1857. In the fall a
grist mill was added, and B. F. Allen opened a store. A postoffice and
school were established but the county seat dream was not realized.
Soon after the county seat was permanently located at Garnett Hyatt
was abandoned.
The first mail route in Anderson count}- was established on Jan. 11,
1858, to run from Leavenworth to Humboldt in Allen county via Hyatt.
The route was marked and service began in March. There was a road
from Carlyle and one from Fairview to Hyatt. Zach Squires was the
first mail carrier and expressman. At first the post was weekly but soon
changed to a tri-weekly service. In the spring of 1859, the route was
changed to run through Garnett, where a postoffice was established.
In the fall of 1859 the county board received petitions for the opening of
five roads, and the old maps show that they all centered at Hyatt and
none at Garnett or Shannon.
On Nov. 30, 1857, the county commissioners entered into a contract
for the construction of a court-house and jail at Shannon. Dr. Preston
Bowen was to build it for $1,000, but at the election held Jan. 26, 1858,
it was shown that a majority of the people were opposed to the erec-
tion of the buildings. The commissioners therefore resigned. On Feb.
12, 1858, the county organization was changed by an act of the legisla-
ture from a board of commissioners to a board of supervisors, and on
June 14, the new board contracted with Dr. Bowen for a court-house and
. jail at Shannon at his own expense, to be completed within a year. The
jail was completed and work begun on the court-house, when, in the
spring of 1859, the seat of justice for the county was located at Garnett
by an act of the legislature and the first meeting of the board of super-
visors at Garnett was held on April 5, of that year.
In March, 1859, an election was held on the proposition of a state con-
stitutional convention and of the 185 votes cast in Anderson county
only 7 were against holding the convention. On the first Tuesday in
June, 1859, an election was held for a delegate to the convention. Dr.
James G. Blount and W. F. M. Arny were the candidates from the An-
derson county district. Blount was elected and sat in the Wyandotte
convention.
74 CVCLOrEDIA OF
Education was one of the first considerations of the early settlers.
The first school district laid out was near Scipio in Putnam township,
and the first superintendent of public instruction was John R. Slentz,
who was appointed by the gfovernor near the close of 1858.
The outbreak of the Civil war caused great excitement in Anderson
county. At the call for \-olunteers an entire company enlisted in one
day, and Anderson county was represented in nearly every Kansas regi-
ment, about three-fourths of the able-bodied men entering the Union
army. In 1861 the population of the county was little over 1,000.
A considerable number of the early settlers of Anderson county were
Catholics, and the St. Boniface Catholic church in Putnam township
was the first church building erected. It was built in 1858, and in 1871,
while under the charge of Father Albert Heinemann, the parish erected
a college building about 6 miles north of Garnett and called it Mount
Carmel. The first Protestant church was built by the United Brethren
in Garnett in 1859. The first county building erected in Garnett was
the jail, which was built in 1864. Four years later the court-house was
erected on Oak street. In 1891 the legislature passed an act providing
for the erection of a court-house on the county square, the cost not to
exceed $40,000.
A county fair was held in Anderson county as early as 1863, but the
county fair association was not organized until Nov. 15, 1873. It was
capitalized for $5,000. The first newspaper in the county was the Gar-
nett Pathfinder, established by I. E. Olney in Jan., 1865. It was the
only puV.)lication until 1868, when W. H. Johnson started the Garnett
Courant.
The general surface of Anderson county is undulating, divided into
bottom land, timber and rolling upland. The creek bottoms average
about 2 miles in width, and belts of timber along the streams average
three-fourths ot a mile. The main water course of the county is the
Pottawatomie river, which rises in the central part of the county and
flows northeastward, its north and south branches uniting near the north-
east corner of the county. The Little Osage river, Indian and Deer
creeks flow through the southern portion. Lime and sandstone are
plentiful, while red ocher is found in Reeder township. Coal has been
found in several places and there are natural gas wells near Greeley.
The trees native to this section are walnut, cottonwood, oak, hickory,
hackberry, elm, sycamore, and hard and soft maples. Corn, wheat, oats
and Kafir corn are the leading agricultural products. Live stock raising
is a productive industry, and there are more than 100,000 bearing fruit
trees in the county. There are 130.25 miles of main track railroad within
the limits of the county. The Missouri Pacific has three lines — one
crossing the county diagonally from the northwest to southeast pass-
ing through Garnett ; a second enters the county in the northeast and
crosses the west border near the center, and the third line crosses the
southern part almost directly east and west. The Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe runs north and south near the center, and a branch diverging
KANSAS HISrORY 75
from Colony in the southwest, crosses the southwest corner. The Mis-
souri, Kansas & Texas crosses the southeast corner.
The county is divided into the following townships : Indian creek,
Jackson, Lincoln, Lone Elm, Monroe, Ozark, Putnam, Reeder, Rich,
Union, Walker, Washington, Welda and Westphalia. Garnett, the
county seat, is the largest town and railroad center. Other important
towns and villages are Colony, Greeley, Harris, Kincaid, Lone Elm,
Selma and Welda.
The \J. S. census of 1910 reported the population of Anderson county
at 13,829. The total value of farm products for that year was, according
to the report of the state board of agriculture, $1,437,654.37. Corn led
with 1,355,223 bushels, valued at $691,163.73. Next to this was the hay
crop, valued at $394,779, and oats stood third in the list with 362,907
bushels, valued at $134,275.59. The wheat crop amounted to 38,187
bushels, valued at $35,339.05. Flax and Kafir corn were also important
crops.
Anderson, John Alexander, clergyman and member of Congress, was
born in Washington county. Pa., June 26, 1834. He was educated at
Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, graduating in 1853. Benjamin Har-
rison, afterwards president of the United States was his roommate while
in college. He began work as pastor of a church at Stockton, Cal., in
1857, and preached the first L'nion sermon on the Pacific coast. He
soon began to take an interest in all matters of general welfare, and as
a result the state legislature of California elected him trustee of the
state insane asylum in i860. Two years later he was appointed chap-
lain of the Third California infantry. In this capacity he accompanied
Gen. Connor's expedition to Salt Lake City. Mr. Anderson's desire to
be always investigating something led to his appointment to the United
States Sanitary Commission as California correspondent and agent. His
first duty was to act as relief agent of the Twelfth army corps. He
was next transferred to the central office at New York. In 1864, when
Gen. Grant began moving toward Richmond, Mr. Anderson was made
superintendent of transportation and had charge of six steamboats. At
the close of the campaign he served as assistant superintendent of the
canvas and supply department at Philadelphia and edited a paper called
the Sanitary Commission Bulletin. When the war closed he was trans-
ferred to the history bureau of the commission at Washington, remain-
ing there one year collecting data and writing a portion of the history of
the commission. In 1866 he was appointed statistician of the Citizens'
Association of Pennsylvania, an organization for the purpose of mitigat-
ing the sufifering resulting from pauperism, vagrancy and crime in the
large cities. In Feb., 1868, Mr. Anderson accepted a call from the
Presbyterian church of Junction City, Kan., and during the years spent
in this town he developed power as an orator and took an active part in
politics. He was on the school board most of the time he was in Junc-
tion City. In 1870, the morning after his mother was buried out on the
open prairie, where all the dead had been laid, he remarked to some of
70 CYCLOPEDIA OF
his friends, "This town must have a cemetery," and as a result of his
efforts beautiful Highland stands as a monument' to his memory. In
1870-71, there was much interest throughout the country in narrow
gauge railroads, it being argued that there was economy in them. An-
derson concluded that the idea was not practicable and determined to
oppose the issue of the bonds asked for in Clay county. His ideas pre-
vailed, and the track was relaid standard gauge. In the summer of 1872
Benjamin Harrison secured him a call from a church in Indianapolis, but
his wife and family persuaded him to remain in Kansas. In the fall of
1873, Mr. Anderson was elected president of the Kansas State Agricul-
tural Colleg&, at Manhattan. A radical change of policy resulted in the
institution and it is to Mr. Anderson and the men associated with
him, that the state is indebted for the policy which has placed the col-
lege near the head of the Hst of such institutions in the United States.
Mr. Anderson remained president of the college until 1878, when he was
elected to Congress and served as representative from the First and
Fifth districts until 1891. In March of that year he was appointed con-
sul general to Cairo, Egypt, and sailed for his new post on April 6, but
his constitution was already impaired and he was unable to stand the
change of climate. The following spring he determined to return, but
died on his way home at Liverpool, England, May 18, 1892. His last
message was from Malta, "It is all in God's hands and He will direct."
He Avas laid at rest on the hill top he had fthosen years before, near
the town where he said the happiest daj's of his life had been passed,
and where seven of his family are also interred. The funeral ceremonies
were conducted by the faculty and students of the Agricultural College,
the Grand Army of the Republic and the Masonic Fraternity.
Anderson, William, usually referred to as "Bill" Anderson, was one of
the most daring, brutal and bloodthirsty of those guerrilla captains who
harassed Kansas during the early years of the Civil war. He was born
in Missouri, but during his boyhood, and in fact up to the breaking out
of the war in 1861, he lived with his father on the old Santa Fe trail at
the crossing of Bluff creek. Shortly after the war began. Bill Anderson
and his brother James, Lee Griffin and the Rice boys, all living in the
same neighborhood, announced their intention of taking sides with the
South. Earlj' in June, 1862, Lee Griffin stole a horse and started for
Missouri, but he was overtaken and brought before a justice of the peace
named Baker at Agnes City, at the crossing of Rock creek in the north-
western part of Lyon county, where he was bound over for trial in a
higher court. This so incensed Bill Anderson's father that he loaded his
shot gun and started for Baker's residence to avenge the insult. But
Baker, who had been warned, was on the look-out and fired first, killing
Anderson. The tragic death of his father may have made Bill Anderson
worse than he would otherwise have been, for he immediately com-
menced leading raids into Kansas, along the old Santa Fe trail, g^ing
as far into the state as Council Grove. His three sisters — Josephine,
Mary and Jennie — returned to Missouri, where they were afterward
arrested by order of Gen. Ewing. and by the fall of the building in
which the}' Avere imprisoned one was killed. This added gall and
wormwood to Anderson's already' embittered disposition, and from that
time until his death he was more brutal than before. It is said that his
gang did more killing at Lawrence than any other portion of Ouan-
trill's command, and after the massacre at Baxter Springs he wanted
to attack the fort, but Quantrill would not consent. Anderson was
killed while on one of his raids, Oct. 27, 1864, and after his death the
scalps of two women were found on the headstall of his bridle.
Andover, a village of Butler county (formerly known as Minne-
haha), is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., in Bruno
township, about 17 miles southwest of Eldorado, the county seat, and
not far from the Sedgwick county line. It had a population of 130 in
1910, its money order postofifice has one rural free delivery route which
supplies mail to the surrounding country, and it is a trading and ship-
ping point for the people in that portion of the county.
Angelas, a village of Solomon township, Sheridan county, is situated
on the Saline river, about 20 miles southwest of Hoxie, the county seat.
It is a rural postofifice, with a population of 30, and is a trading center
for that part of the county. Campus and Grinnell, on the LTnion Pacific,
are the nearest railroad stations.
Angola, a village of Labette county, is located in Canada township,
on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 23 miles southwest of Oswego, the county
seat. It has telegraph and express offices and a money order post-
office. The town was laid out in 1886, C. H. Kimball and Lee Clark
being the promoters. The population in 1910 was 100.
Annelly, a money order postofifice of Richland township, Harvey
county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 9 miles southeast of
Newton, the county seat. It has a grain elevator, a hotel, a general
store, and does some shipping. The population was reported as 25 in
1910.
Anness, a money order postqfifice of Sedgwick county, is in Erie
township, some 30 miles southwest of Wichita and not far from the
Sumner county line. It is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe R. R., that runs from Wichita to Englewood, has a grain elevator,
an express office, and through its retail stores supplies the people of
that section with staple articles. The population was reported as 70
in 1910.
Annual Register. — A volume, known as the Kansas Annual Register,
was issued late in Dec, 1864, by the State Agricultural Society-, with
Andrew Stark as editor. The publication was issued from the Leaven-
worth Bulletin oflfice and is a volume of 265 pages of good historical
matter, most of which is devoted to Kansas. The idea of the Register
is said to have originated with Judge L. D. Bailey, and it was his in-
tention to issue a volume annually. Besides a history of religious so-
cieties in the state, and of counties, the volume contains lithographic
pictures of Thomas Carney, Thomas Ewing, jr., James H. Lane, A. C
TcS CYCLOTEDIA OF
\'\'ilder, George W. Deitzler and James G. Blunt. But one number was
issued.
Anson, one of the active, thriving Httle towns of Sumner county, is
in Sumner township, about lo miles northwest of Wellington, the coun-
ty seat. It is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 6 miles east of
Conway Springs, has a bank, important mercantile and shipping in-
terests, a money order postofifice, express and telegraph accommoda-
tions, good schools, etc., and in 1910 reported a population of 125.
Antelope, a small village of Marion county, is located in Clear Creek
township, and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R.,
7 miles northeast of Marion, the county seat. It has a money order
postofifice, express and telegraph offices, and although the population
was only 53 in 1910 it has a good retail trade and does some shipping.
Anthony, the capital and largest city of Harper county, is situated
a little south-east of the geographical center of the county in the Bluff
creek valley, which is a fine agricultural district. When Harper county
was legally organized in 1878 George T. Anthony, then governor of
Kansas, was given power to locate the county seat, and the town was
named in honor of the governor. The early settlers of Anthony were
intelligent, industrious people, and for a time the growth of the place
went forward with unabated vigor. Bonds were voted for railroad
companies and for municipal improvements and Anthony joined in the
rivalry with other towns during the boom days. The rush to Oklahoma
on April 22, 1889, it is said, took away about one-half the population,
and another hegira occurred some years later. Notwithstandmg this the
growth of the city was only temporarily impeded, and in 1910 reported
a population of 2.669, ^^ increase of 490 during the preceding decade,
in spite of the emigration of 1903.
Underneath the city is a vein of fine salt, 400 feet in thickness, which
has been developed, and a salt plant now turns out some 50.000 barrels
annually. In addition to this great industr}', the city has an ice plant,
a glove factory, a well equipped waterworks system owned by the
municipality, natural gas for fuel and light, an electric lighting plant,
a fire department, large grain elevators, flour mills, two newspapers, a
Carnegie library, and a good public school system. Ample banking
facilities are provided, and the city, being located at the junction of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the
Kansas Cit}-, Mexico & Orient, the Kansas Southwestern and the Mis-
souri Pacific railroads, its transportation facilities are unsurpassed.
Hence it is a prominent shipping and distributing point, its exports be-
ing grain, live stock, salt, and the products of its manufacturing estab-
lishments. The Anthony Commercial club was organized on Jan. i,
1909, and under its auspices a building and loan association has been
organized to aid the people in becoming home owners. The Anthony
postoffice is authorized to issue international money orders and four
rural delivery routes supply the farmers in the vicinity with mail daily.
All the leading express companies have offices, and the telegraph and
KANSAS HISTORY 79
telephone service is better than that often found in cities of similar
size. That the people of Anthonj' are progressive in their ideas is
evidenced by the fact that the commission form of government was
adopted in Feb., 1909.
Anthony, Daniel R., journalist and soldier, was born at South Adams,
Mass., Aug. 22, 1824, a son of Daniel and Lucy Anthony, and a brother
of Susan B. Anthony, the famous advocate of female suffrage. In his
boyhood he attended school at Battenville, N. Y., and later spent six
months at the Union Village Academy. Upon leaving school he be-
came a clerk in his father's cotton mill and flour mill until he was about
23 years old, when he went to Rochester, N. Y. After teaching school
for two seasons he engaged in the insurance business, and in 1854 he
was a member of the first colony sent out to Kansas by the New Eng-
land Emigrant Aid Society. In June, 1857, he located at Leavenworth,
which city was his home for the remainder of his life. When the Sev-
enth Kansas cavalry was organized in 1861, Mr. Anthony was com-
missioned lieutenant-colonel and served until he resigned on Sept. 3,
1862, his resignation being due to a controversy between him and Gen.
R. B. Mitchell, ^^'hile in camp at Etheridge, Tenn., in June, 1862, Lieut. -
Col. Anthony was temporarily in command of the brigade, during a
short absence of Gen. Mitchell, and issued an order prohibiting slave-
owners from coming inside the Union lines for the purpose of recover-
ing fugitive slaves. The order further specified that "Any officer or
soldier of this command who shall arrest and deliver to his master a
fugitive slave shall be summarily and severely punished according to
the laws relative to such crimes." When Gen. Mitchell returned and
assumed command of the brigade, he asked Lieut. -Col. Anthony to
countermand the order. Anthony replied that as he was no longer in
command he had no right to issue or revoke orders. Mitchell then
placed him in command long enough to rescind the obnoxious order,
when Anthon}', being in command, denied the right of Gen. Mitchell
to dictate what he should do, and again refused to countermand the
order. He was arrested and relieved of the command, but the matter
came before the LTnited States senate and Anthon}' was reinstated by
Gen. Halleck. Then he resigned. He was elected mayor of Leaven-
worth in 1863 and undertook to clear the city of Southern sympathizers.
Several houses sheltering them were burned, when Gen. Ewing placed
the cit}' under martial law. Ewing's scouts seized some horses, Anthony
interfered and was again arrested, but was released the next day and
civil law was restored. In the spring of 1866 Mr. Anthony was re-
moved from the office of postmaster in Leavenworth because he re-
fused to support the reconstruction policy of Andrew Johnson. He
was president of the Republican state convention of 1868, and the same
year was one of the Kansas presidential electors. In 1872 he was
again elected mayor of the city ; was appointed postmaster of Leaven-
worth by President Grant on April 3, 1874, and reappointed by Presi-
dent Hayes on March 22, 1878. He served several terms in the city
So CYCLOPEDIA OF
■council, and was nominated for mayor a number of times but was de-
feated. Mr. Anthonj' was a life member of the Kansas State Historical
Society, of which he was president in 1885-86. In Jan., 1861, he estab-
lished the Leavenworth Conservative, but the following year sold it
to A. C. and D. W. Wilder. In March, 1864, he purchased the Bul-
letin, the Times came into his possession in 1871, and this paper he con-
tinued to conduct until his death. As a journalist Mr. Anthony was
aggressive, and his outspoken editorials frequently involved him in
trouble. To him physical fear was a stranger, and when R. C. Satter-
lee of the Leavenworth Herald published something derogatory to Mr.
Anthony in 1864 a shooting affair occurred which resulted in the death
of Satterlee. On May 10, 1875, W. W. Embry, a former employee,
fired three shots at Mr. Anthony on the stairway of the opera house.
One of the shots took effect in the right breast, just below the collar
bone, severed an artery and Mr. Anthony's recovery from this wound
is regarded as one of the remarkable cases of modern surgery. Mr.
Anthony married Miss Annie E. Osborn of Edgarton, Mass., Jan. 21,
1864, and died at Leavenworth on Nov. 12, 1904. A short time before
his death he suggested the following as his epitaph: "He helped to
make Kansas a free state. He fought to save the Union. He published
the Daily Times for nearly forty years in the interest of Leavenworth.
He was no hypocrite."
Anthony, Daniel R., Jr., journalist and member of Congress from
the First Kansas district, was born in the city of Leavenworth, Kan.,
Aug. 22, 1870, a son of Daniel R. and Annie (Osborn) Anthon}'. He
was educated in the public schools of his native city, graduated in the
class of 1887 at the Michigan Military Academy at Orchard Lake, Mich.,
and in 1891 he received the degree of LL. D. from the university of
Michigan at Ann Arbor. The greater part of Mr. Anthony's career
has been taken up in newspaper work, and since the death of his father,
in Nov., 1904, he has been at the head of the Leavenworth Times, which
his father conducted for nearly forty years. From 1898 to 1902 he was
postmaster of Leavenworth, and in 1903 was elected mayor of the city
for a term of two years. On March 29, 1907, he was elected without
opposition to fill the unexpired term of Charles Curtis in the national
house of representatives, Mr. Curtis having resigned his seat to enter
the United States senate. At the election in Nov., 1908, he was re-
elected for a full term of two years, defeating F. M. Pearl by a plurality
of 7,950, and in 1910 he was again elected, defeating J. B. Chapman
b_v a plurality of 14,376. Mr. Anthony was the originator of the project
to build a military road from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Riley, and on
Dec. 16, 1909, he introduced a bill in Congress for that purpose. His
plan was to utilize the labor of the convicts in the Federal prisons at
Fort Leavenworth, and several farmers along the line of the proposed
road have signified their willingness to furnish the stone for its con-
struction. In addition to his editorial and Congressional duties, Mr.
Anthony is a director of the Leavenworth National bank. He was
KANSAS HISTORY 8l
united in marriage on June 21, 1897, with Miss Elizabeth Havens of
Leavenworth.
Anthony, George Tobey, seventh governor of the State of Kansas,
was born on a farm near Mayfield, Fulton county, N. Y., June 9, 1824,
and was the youngest of five children born to Benjamin and Anna An-
thony. The parents were active members of the society of Friends, or
Quakers, and were unwavering advocates of the abolition of chattel
slavery. The father died in 1829, leaving the family in somewhat
straightened circumstances. When George was about nine years old
the family removed to Greenfield, N. Y., where he attended school dur-
ing the winter months and worked for the neighboring farmers in
summer. At the age of sixteen years he entered the shop of his uncle
at Union Springs, N. Y., and served an apprenticeship as a tinner and
coppersmith. Here he worked from fourteen to sixteen hours each
day, which doubtless inculcated those industrious habits that charac-
terized his course through life. On Dec. 14, 1852, he married Miss
Rosa A. Lyon, of Medina, N. Y., and there engaged in business as a
tinner and dealer in hardware, stoves, etc. Later he added agricultural
implements to his stock, and still later he removed to New York city,
where he engaged in business as a commission merchant until the com-
mencement of the Civil war. Gov. Morgan selected him as one of a
committee to raise and organize troops under the call of July 2, 1862,
in the 28th district, composed of the counties of Niagara, Orleans and
Genesee, his associates being ex-Gov. Church and Noah Davis. Mr.
Anthony organized the Seventeenth independent battery of light artil-
lery in four days, and was commissioned captain of the organization
when it was niustered into the United States service on Aug. 26, 1862.
In command of this battery he served between Washington and Rich-
mond until the close of the war ; was attached to the Eighteenth corps
while in the trenches in front of Petersbuurg; and was with the Twenty-
fourth corps in the Appomattox campaign, which ended in the sur-
render of Gen. Robert E. Lee. Capt. Anthony was mustered out at
Richmond, Va., June 12, 1865, and in November of the same year he
became a resident of Leavenworth, Kan., where for nearly three years
he was editor of the Daily Bulletin and Daily Commercial. He then
published the Kansas Farmer for six years. After coming to Kansas,
Mr. Anthony held a number of positions of trust and responsibility.
In 1867 he was one of the commissioners in charge of the soldiers'
orphans : in December of that year was appointed assistant assessor of
I'nited States internal revenue; was commissioned collector of internal
revenue on July 11, 1868; was president of the Kansas state board of
agriculture for three years, and president of the board of Centennial
managers in 1876. In the last named year he was nominated by the
Republican state convention for the office of governor. During the
campaign some of his political enemies charged that he had been guilty
of cowardice while serving with his battery in the Army of the Potomac,
and insisted on his removal from the ticket. The charge was investi-
(1-6)
82 CYCLnPEDIA OF
gated by the state central committee, which refused to remove Mr.
Anthony, and the committee's decision was ratified by the people at
the election in November, when Mr. Anthony was elected by a plurality
of nearly 23,000 votes. Two 3'ears later, in the Republican state con-
vention, he was defeated for a renomination on the seventeenth ballot.
In 1881 he was made superintendent of the ]\Iexican Central railway,
a position he held for about two years. In 1884 he was elected to
represent Leavenworth county in the state legislature ; was a member
of the state railroad commission from 1889 to 1893 < was the Republican
nominee for Congressman at large in 1892, but was defeated by William
A. Harris ; was a delegate to the Trans-Mississippi Congress at New
Orleans in 1892; was appointed superintendent of insurance by Gov.
Morrill in 1895, and held this office until his death, which occurred at
Topeka on Aug. 5, 1896. As an orator Gov. Anthony was logical and
forcible, rarely failing to impress his hearers by his intense earnestness.
He was often criticized — such is always the case with men of positive
natures — but no word Avas ever whispered against his honor or in-
tegrity. The Kansas Historical Society Collections (vol. VI., p. 204)
says; "George T. Anthony's greatest usefulness to his adopted state
was his work while editor of the Kansas Farmer and as president of
the board of Centennial managers. The pioneer farmers of Kansas were
negligent in the management of farm affairs. Corn was about the only
crop produced, and at the end of the season the plow was left in the
furrow and the mowing-machine was left in the fence corner, while
the live stock were left to shift for themselves. The Kansas Farmer
taught diversified farming, economy in management, improvement in
live stock, and higher regard for home and social life. The Centennial
exhibit made a grand advertisement for Kansas."
Anthony's Administration. — The first biennial session of the Kansas
state legislature convened on Jan. 9, 1877, and organized with Lieut.
Gov. iMelville J. Salter as president of the senate, and Peter P. Elder as
speaker of the house. Gov. Anthony requested a joint session of the
two branches of the assembly, that he might read his message in person.
This was something of an innovation, and Representative Mohler, of
Saline county, with thirteen others entered a protest against such a pro-
ceeding, giving as their reasons therefor, ist — because it was not au-
thorized by the constitution; 2nd — such a joint session was not really
the legislature of Kansas ; and 3d — it was a departure from established
precedent. The protest was made a matter of record, but a majority of
the members voted to hold the joint session in accordance with the gov-
ernor's request, and on the nth Gov. Anthony read his message to the
two houses.
Flis message showed that the new executive was fully conversant with
public matters, and was replete with valuable suggestions. "The re-
ports of the state officers," said he. "show the financial condition and
credit of the state to be of the most flattering character. Seven per
cent, currency bonds of the state are held at a premium of seven per
KANSAS HISTORY 83
cent, on their par value by the most prudent investors. In fact, it is
difficult to find holders willing to part with them, when sought as an
investment by the state, at the highest quoted price."
He then carefully reviewed the condition of the state's public insti-
tutions ; called attention to the ambiguity of the law inflicting the death
penalty; devoted some attention to the Price Raid claims, and recom-
mended a "house of correction" for youthful ofi^enders. On this sub-
ject he said: "Humanity and the public good unite in demanding a place
of confinement, other than the penitentiary, for youthful offenders. So
revolting is it to the judgment and conscience of men to consign erring
A'outh, for its first proven crime, to the society and ineffaceable disgrace
of a penitentiary, that judges and jurors cannot be found to convict
when they can evade it."
As an economical means of providing a place of confinement of this
nature for juvenile transgressors, he recommended a separate building
and yard on the grounds of the penitentiary, but under the same man-
agement.
About the time that Gov. Anthony came into office, complaint was
made in several of the western states that the railroads were not giving
the people fair treatment in many respects. His utterances on this
question evinced the fact that he had given it close attention. Said he :
"There is, whether just or not, a widespread feeling of dissatisfaction
with the railroad corporations of the state, on account of alleged unful-
filled obligations on their part. It is claimed that these corporations
received valuable franchise privileges, most of them sharing in the di-
vision of a half-million acres of state internal improvement lands, and
receiving large contributions of local aid upon their lines in count}-,
township and cit)- bonds; that these valuable rights and franchises were
bestowed on condition, and in consideration, on the part of the state
and people, that companies so chartered and aided should build upon the
lines and operate their roads, in good faith, between the terminal points
named in their respective charters. . . . Some of these companies, it
is asserted, have not built upon the lines, nor caused their roads to con-
nect and be operated between and to the points stipulated, ... In
order to settle all controverted points now in dispute as to the char-
tered obligations of these companies, I urge the passage of a law which
shall clearly and fully embody a demand upon these companies for a
recognition of the obligation held by you to be due from them to the
state, with adequate provision for its enforcement by the state author-
ities."
For some reason the legislature did not see fit to act upon this recom-
mendation of the governor, but instead passed several acts authoriz-
ing counties, cities and townships to issue bonds to aid in the construc-
tion of additional lines of railroad. (See Railroads.)
By an act of Congress, approved July 3, 1876, the secretary of war
authorized the issue to certain western states of 1,000 stands of arms
each, Kansas being one of such states, but the governors of these states
84
CYCLOPEDIA OF
were required to execute bond for the proper care of the arms, etc. In
Kansas there was at that time no law empowering the governor to give
such bond, but the secretary of war turned over to the state the arms,
upon a bond given by Gov. Osborn and his promise to secure the rati-
fication of his action by the legislature. In his message, Gov. Anthony
reminded the assembly that the arms were in possession of the state,
and that it was due Gov. Osborn that prompt action be taken approv-
ing his course, adding: "Without such action I shall feel it my duty
to cause the return of the arms and the cancellation of the bond."
By the act of March 7, 1877, Gov. Osborn's action was legalized and
his bond thus rendered a valid obligation upon the state. Two days
before the passage of this act the legislature authorized the governor
to "procure the erection of a state armory," and appropriated $2,000 for
that purpose. The armory was built on the state-house grounds, south-
east of the capitol, but has long since been removed.
During the session George W. Martin was for a third time elected
public printer, and from Jan. 23 to 31 there were daily ballots for the
election of a United States senator. Preston B. Plumb was elected on
the sixteenth ballot, receiving 83 votes to 63 for David P. Lowe ; 8 for
John Martin; i for Thomas P. Fenlon, and 2 for ex-Gov. Wilson Shan-
non.
The legislature adjourned on March 7. The principal acts passed
during the session were those creating the office of commissioner of
fisheries; reorganizing the state normal school; authorizing the holding
of normal institutes in various sections of the state; changing the of-
ficial names of the blind and deaf and dumb asylums ; making the fiscal
year begin on July i instead of Dec. i ; and directing the governor to
appoint a state agent to prosecute the claims of Kansas against the
United States. Ex-Gov. Crawford was appointed to this position short-
ly after the adjournment.
Lieut. -Gov. M. J. Salter resigned his office to accept a position in
the land office at Independence. This left a vacancy to be filled at the
election on Nov. 6, 1877, when a chief justice of the supreme court was
also to be elected. Three tickets were offered to the voters of the state
for their consideration. The Republican nominees were Albert H. Hor-
ton for chief justice and Lyman U. Humphrey for lieutenant-governor;
the Democratic candidates were respectively William R. Wagstaflf and
Thomas W. Waterson; and the Greenbackers presented S. A. Riggs
and D. B. Hadley. The Democratic and Republican nominations were
made by the state central committees of those parties. This course
failed to meet the approval of some of the voters, and on Oct. 6 the
Republicans of Bourbon county held a meeting at Fort Scott and de-
nounced the state committee "for assuming authority to make nomina-
tions." The protest, however, had but little effect upon the ultimate
result, as at the election Horton received 63,850 votes; Wagstaff, 25,378;
and Riggs, 9,880, the vote for lieutenant-governor being practically the
same. Mr. Humphrey took the oath of office as lieutenant-governor on
Dec. I.
On Dec. 8, 1877, Gov. Anthony made a demand for the surrender of
one George I. Hopkins, a fugitive from justice who had sought refuge
in the State of Ohio, but Robert F. Hurlbutt, then governor of Ohio,
refused to honor the requisition. A correspondence followed and the
requisition was again refused by R. M. Bishop, who succeeded Hurl-
butt as governor. On Oct. 23, 1878, Gov. Bishop made a requisition for
one Peter C. Becker, an embezzler of Butler county, Ohio, who had fled
to Kansas, when Gov. Anthony refused, giving the same reasons as
those presented by the Ohio authorities in the Hopkins case. This had
the desired effect, as on Nov. 21, 1878, Gov. Bishop wrote, explaining
the situation, and adding: "I very much regret the circumstance has
occurred, as my desire is to remain on the most amicable relations not
only with your state, but all the other states The warrant for Hop-
kins' arrest will be issued whenever again demanded." Gov. Anthony
deserved great credit for the skill and courage with which he handled
this matter in upholding the dignity and enforcing the laws of the state.
The winter of 1877-78 was noted for the temperance movement which
swept over the state and culminated in the organization of the State
Temperance Society at Topeka on March 9, 1878, with Rev. John A.
Anderson as president. On April 4 E. B. Rej'nolds made the announce-
ment that 100,000 Murphy pledges had been signed by Kansans.
A great strike of the employees of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
railroad commenced on April 4, 1878, and the next day C. F. Morse, gen-
eral superintendent of the railroad, wrote to Gov. Anthony as follows :
■'There is a large mob about our depot, threatening violence. I have
called on the sheriff, and he is trying to raise a posse, but we may need
help from the state. Will you protect this company and its property?"
"I have to assure you," wrote Gov. Anthony the same day in reply,
"of my full sympathy, and that the power of the state shall be brought
to bear to suppress any effort to drive peaceable laborers from their
work upon your road or elsewhere." (See Labor Troubles.)
Three state tickets were nominated in the political campaign of 1878.
The first party to hold a convention was the Greenback party, delegates
of which met at Emporia on July 3 and nominated the following candi-
dates: For governor, D. P. Mitchell; lieutenant-governot, Alfred Tay-
lor; secretary of state, T. P. Leach; auditor, A. B. Cornell; treasurer,
A. G. Wolcott ; attorne3'-general, Frank Doster ; superintendent of public
instruction, L T. Foot; chief justice, H. V. Vrooman. Frank Doster
was later made the candidate for Congress in the third district, the vote
of the Greenback party generally going to J. F. Cox, the Democratic
candidate for attorney-general. The candidates for Congress in the
first and second districts were Elbridge Gale and P. P. Elder, respec-
tively. No nomination was made for Congressman at large, the support
of the party being thrown to Samuel J. Crawford, the Democratic candi-
date.
On Aug. 28 the Republican state convention met at Topeka and nomi-
nated John P. St. John for governor; Lyman LT. Humphrey, for lieuten-
ant-governor; James Smith, for secretary of state; P. L Bonebrake,
86 CYCLOPEDIA OF
for auditor; John Francis, for treasurer; Willard Davis, for attorney-
general ; Allen B. Lemon, for superintendent of public instruction ; Al-
bert H. Horton, for chief justice; and James R. Hallowell, for Congress-
man at large. The Republican candidates for Congress in the districts
were John A. Anderson in the first, Dudley C. Haskell in the second,
and Thomas Ryan in the third.
The Democratic state convention was held at Leavenworth on Sept.
4. John R. Goodin headed the ticket as the candidate for governor;
George Ummethum was nominated for lieutenant-governor ; L. W. Bar-
ton, for secretary of state; Osbun Shannon, for auditor; C. C. Black,
for treasurer; J. F. Cox, for attorney-general; O. F. McKim, for super-
intendent of public instruction ; R. M. Ruggles, for chief justice ; and
Samuel J. Crawford, for Congressman at large. J. R. McClure was the
Democratic nominee for Congress in the first district; Charles W. Rlair,
in the second, and Joseph B. Fugate in the third.
There were no especially exciting features of the campaign, though
a fairly heavy vote was polled at the election on Nov. 5, when St. John
received 74.020 votes for governor ; Goodin, 37,208 ; and Mitchell, 27,057.
The Republican candidate for Congress in each of the three districts
was elected by a substantial majority, and Mr. Hallowell carried the
state as the candidate for Congressman at large. It developed, how-
ever, that the state was not authorized to elect a Congressman at large,
and Hallowell was not permitted to take his seat.
In Sept., 1878, the Indians on the western frontier began making hos-
tile demonstrations. When Gov. Anthony received the information
that some of the Cheyennes had left their reservation and were moving
against the settlements in western Kansas, he placed himself in tele-
graphic communication with the Federal authorities. Ten days later
the Indians were reported to be in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, and, ^
the general government refused to act. the governor sent Adjt.-Gen.
Noble with arms and amnu]nition to the menaced districts, with in-
structions to arm and organize the people for their own defense. ( See
Indian Wars.)
If Gov. Anthony had introduced an innovation at the commencement
of his administration, in requesting a joint session to hear his mes-
sage, he introduced no less an innovation at its close,, in submitting a
retiring message, partly a review of his official acts and partly sugges-
tions for the future. This message bears the date of Jan. 13, 1879, and
in a prefatory note to the incoming governor. Gov. Anthony says:
"Sir : Impelled by a sense of dut3% I have prepared, and herewith hand
yoti. a communication to the legislature. This innovation will. I trust,
meet with sufficient approval on your part to justify you in its trans-
mittal to the separate branches of that body, which favor I respectfully
ask at your hands."
In the message itself, he thus gives his reasons for its preparation:
"Believing it better to establish a good precedent than to follow a bad
one, and holding duty to the public paramount to custom and usage,
KANSAS HISTORY 87
1 have concluded to depart from the practice of predecessors, by ad-
dressing you. I am impelled to this departure by a belief that there
are transactions, both complete and incomplete, connected with my ad-
ministration, which should be brought to your attention in more full-
ness of detail and particularity of statement than could be expected or
required of the governor elect; and I trust you will, by law, make it
his duty to perform a work I have assumed to do at the peril of un-
friendly criticism."
The governor then gives a 'detailed account of the appointment of
ex-Gov. Samuel J. Crawford as state agent, with a list of the bonds
issued at various times for military purposes, amounting to $470,726.15,
for which the state had not been reimbursed by the Federal govern-
ment. He also discussed the Santa Fe strike; school lands and school
funds ; the correspondence with the governors of Ohio ; the Indian raid
of 1878, and included a list of pardons granted to convicts during his
term of office. Gov. St. John, in his own message, made no reference
to Gov. Anthony's farewell communication, though it appears to have
been submitted to the legislature, as official copies of it were printed
by the state printer. The day following its submission to Gov. St.
John, the administration of Gov. Anthony came to a close.
Anti Horse Thief Association. — Shortly after the commencement of
the Civil war, lawless men in the border states — that is the states lying
between the loyal and seceded states — banded themselves together for
the purpose of plundering honest citizens. Missouri especially was sub-
ject to the depredations of these gangs, and in time the conditions be-
came so bad that the law-abiding people found it necessary to take some
action for defense. The first organization of this character was pro-
posed at a meeting held at Luray, Mo., in Sept., 1863. At a second
meeting, held at Millport, Mo., about a month later, a constitution and
by-laws were adopted, and as horses seemed to be the principal objects
of theft, the society took the name of the "Anti Horse Thief Associa-
tion." The effectiveness of such an organization quickly became ap-
parent, the order spread to other states, and in time covered a large
expanse of territory. After the war was over, when the conditions that
called the association into existence no longer existed, its scope was
widened to include all kinds of thefts and a national organization was
incorporated under the laws of Kansas. This national order is com-
posed of officers and delegates from the state associations and meets
annually on the first Wednesday in October. Next in importance is the
state division, which is made up of representatives of the local organiza-
tions, and meets annually to elect officers and delegates to the national
order. The sub-orders or local associations are composed of individual
members and usually meet monthly. Any reputable citizen over the
age of 21 years is eligible for membership, widows of members receive
all the protection to which their husbands were entitled while living,
and other women may become "protective members" by pavment of the
regular fees and dues.
88 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Wall and McCarty, in their history of the association, say: "The
A. H. T. A. uses only strictly honorable, legal methods. It opposes
lawlessness in any and all forms, yet does its work so systematically and
efficiently that few criminals are able to escape when it takes the trail.
. . . The centralization of 'Many in One' has many advantages not
possessed by even an independent association, for while it might en-
compass a neighborhood, the A. T. H. A. covers many states. . . . The
value of an article stolen is rarely taken into consideration. The order
decrees that the laws of the land must be obeyed, though it costs many
times the value of the property to capture the thief. An individual
could not spend $50 to $100 to recover a $25 horse and capture the thief.
The A. T. H. A. would, because of the effect it would have in the
future. . . . Thieves have learned these facts and do less stealing from
our members, hence the preventative protection."
This was written in 1906. At that time the national organization
numbered over 30,000 members, arranged in divisions as follows : Ohio
Division, which embraced the State of Ohio; Illinois Division, which
included the states of Illinois, Indiana and Michigan and all territory
east of the Mississippi and south of the Ohio river not otherwise dis-
tricted ; Missouri Division, including the states of Missouri, Iowa, Ar-
kansas and Louisiana; Kansas Division, which consisted of the states
of Kansas and Nebraska, and all territory to the north, west and south
of those states not included in other districts ; Oklahoma Division, in-
cluding the State of Oklahoma ; Indian Territory Division, which em-
braced the Indian Territory and Texas.
The Anti Horse Thief Association is in no sense a vigilance com-
mittee, and the organization has never found it necessary to adopt the
mysterious methods of "Regulators," "White Caps" or kindred organi-
zations. Its deeds are done in the broad open light of the day. When
a theft or robbery is committed in any portion of the vast territory cov-
ered by the association and the direction taken by the offender is ascer-
tained, local associations are notified to be on the lookout for the fugi-
tive, and his capture is almost a certainty. Although the original name
is retained, bankers, merchants and manufacturers are to be found
among the members, courts recognize its value, criminals fear it, and
press and pulpit have endorsed and praised its work in the apprehension
of criminals.
Antiquities. — (See Archaeology.)
Antonino, a post-village of Ellis county, is situated in the Smoky
Hill valley about 8 miles soirthwest of Hays, the county seat. It is a
small hamlet and receives mail tri-weekly. Hays is the most conve-
nient railroad station.
Antrim, a small hamlet of Stafford county, is within a short dis-
tance of the Pratt county line, about 8 miles south of St. John, the
county seat and most convenient railroad station, from which mail is
received by rural free delivery.
Aplington Art Gallery. — The movement for a traveling art study
KANSAS HISTORY »9
collection may be said to have had its beginning in the year 1895, but
nothing definite was accomplished till 1901, when Mrs. W. A. Johnston
was president of the Kansas Federation of Women's Clubs, and the
executive board accepted a small set of photogravures — the gift of Mrs.
Kate A. Aplington of Council Grove — to be used as the nucleus of a
state art stud}^ collection. A report of the board says: "Later it was
thought best to let some district try the experiment of caring for the
traveling collection, and as the Fourth district offered to frame the
pictures and keep them in circulation in the schools of the district, the
collection was placed in their hands."
At the first board meeting of the Kansas Federation of Women's clubs
in 1903, a motion was made to publish a "Book of Quotations," the
profits from the sales to be devoted to the purchase of large size carbon
photographs for use by the clubs and schools of the state for public art
exhibits. The proceeds from the sale of the book netted over $360, which
was used for the purchase of 50 pictures of the Italian, and about 60
of the Dutch and Flemish schools. A small German collection was
added later. In 1905 a very full fine French collection was added. The
following year a new English collection was added, and during the first
three years the gallery was in existence the State Federation held 91
exhibits.
From the first it was intended at some future time to offer this col-
lection to the state, and accordingly, in Feb., 1907, the executive board
of the Federation met in Topeka and took formal action regarding this.
A bill was passed by the legislature of 1907, authorizing the acceptance
of the collection by the state.
Aplington, Kate Adele, for whom the above collection is named, was
born in Sugar Grove, Lee Co., 111., March t, 1859, a daughter of Henry
H. and Elizabeth Melinda (Deming) Smith, both natives of New York.
Her father was an educator and from 1854 to 1879 was engaged con-
tinuously in school work, being city superintendent of schools in Sa-
vannah, Mt. Carroll, Galena, Macomb, Alton, Polo and Ottawa, 111.,
and for 12 years was county superintendent of Whiteside county. 111.
As a girl Mrs. Aplington was quite a student, and was of great help
to her father in his laboratory work. She was graduated in 1876, and
immediately took some post-graduate work, to fit herself for a univer-
sity course, but failing eyesight prevented. She taught two terms in
the Ottawa (III.) high school, and while there helped establish a read-
ing room and library. On June 19, 1879, she was married to John Ap-
lington, a graduate of the Union College of Law of Chicago, and in
1880 they moved to Council Grove, Kan., where they have since resided.
In 1901 Mrs. Aplington was appointed a member of the Charities Con-
ference committee and with other members visited the Girls' Industrial
School at Beloit, making recommendations that domestic science be
installed in the school. In 1902 she was made chairman of the manual
training committee of the Kansas State Social Science Federation, and
wrote hundreds of letters to educators in the larger towns, from whom
90 CYCLOPEDIA OF
she received voluminous reports and recommendations from which the
present state law was passed in 1903. In that year she was elected
vice president of the Kansas Federation of Women's Clubs, at its meet-
ing in Wichita, and was the author of the proposition to publish a
"Book of Quotations," the profits from the sales to be devoted to the
purchase of a collection of carbon reproductions of "famous paintings.
These copies were purchased and for three years were exhibited in va-
rious parts of the state, Mrs. Aplington having the superintendency of
the same. In 1907, the collection was offered and accepted by the state,
and was given the name of "Aplington Art Galler}'." Mrs. Aplington
is still connected with the traveling art galleries and at the present
time (July. 1911) is preparing notes, etc., for an American collection of
paintings which will be placed in the hands of the traveling libraries
commission to be used in connection with the other exhibits.
Appanoose, a hamlet of Douglas county, is situated in the extreme
southwestern corner, 8 miles southeast of Overbrook, the nearest rail-
road station, from which it has rural free delivery. In 1910 it had a
population of less than 20.
Aral, a little hamlet of Butler county, is about 20 miles southwest
of Eldorado, the county seat, and 3 miles from Rose Hill, from which
place mail is received by rural free delivery.
Arapahoe County. — One of the first acts of the territorial legislature
of 1855 created .Arapahoe county — so named for the plains tribe of In-
dians— and defined the boundaries as follows : "Beginning at the north-
east corner of New Mexico, running thence north to the south line of
Nebraska and north line of Kansas : thence along said line to the east
line of Utah territory ; thence along said line between Utah and Kansas
territories, to where said line strikes New Mexico ; thence along the
line between said New Mexico and the territory of Kansas to the place
of Iseginning."
All the territory embraced within these boundaries is now in the
state of Colorado. By the act of creation Allen P. Tibbitts was ap-
pointed judge of the probate court of the county, the plan for holding
court being left to his discretion, and Allen P. Tibbitts. Levi Mitchell
and Jonathan .A.twood were appointed commissioners to locate the coun-
ty seat, which was to be known as Mountain City. One representa-
tive in the state legislature was apportioned to the county, which was
attached to Marshall county for all business purposes.
In 1873 a second county of Arapahoe was created in the southwest-
ern part of the state out of unorganized territor}^ Its boundaries were
defined as follows : "Commencing at the intersection of the east line
of range 31, west, with the north line of township 27, south; thence
south along the range line to where it intersects the sixth standard
parallel ; thence west along the sixth standard parallel to the intersec-
tion with the east line of range 35, west; thence north along the range
line to where it intersects the north line of township 27, south ; thence
east to the place of beginning." In 1883 Arapahoe county disappeared.
KANSAS HISTORY 91
its territory being included in Finney and in 1887 Haskell coitnty was
created from that part of Finney which had been established as Arapa-
hoe in 1873.
Arbitration, Boards of. — Although Kansas has never been a great
manufacturing state, the need of some systematic plan for the settle-
ment of disputes between capital and labor was felt at an early day,
for as early as 1886, an act was passed "to establish boards of arbitra-
tion." By this act, when a petition signed by five or more workmen,
or by two separate firms, individuals or corporations within the county
who are emplo3'ers, is presented, the district court of a county, or a
judge thereof in vacation, shall have the power to issue a license for the
establishment of a tribunal for voluntary arbitration and settlement of
disputes between employer and employee in "manufacturing, mechanical,
mining and other industries."
A tribunal consists of four persons appointed by the judge; two
workmen and two employers, all of whom must be residents of the
county in which the dispute takes place. At the time the license is
issued for the establishment of the board, the judge also appoints an
umpire, who is to decide impartially all questions that are submitted
during his term of office. When the board fails to agree after three
meetings, any question in dispute is referred to the umpire and his de-
cision in the matter is final. A board of arbitration may take jurisdic-
tion of any dispute between employees and employer in any of the
industries, who submit their dispute to the tribunal in writing. When
disputes occur in a county wdiere there is no tribunal, they may be re-
ferred to a tribunal already existing in an adjoining county. After
the appointment of a board of arbitration in a county, it organizes by
electing one member chairman and one secretary. The sessions of
these tribunals are held at the county seat, to consider the petitions
that have been presented. Its members are paid out of the county
treasury at the rate of $2.00 a day for each day of actual service. All
matters in dispute are submitted to the chairman of the board, who
has power to administer oaths to all witnesses called upon to testify by
either side. The board also has power to investigate all books, docu-
ments and accounts pertaining to matters in hearing before it. The
board makes its own rules for government while in session, fixes its
own sessions and adjournments, but the chairman can call an extra
session at any time. \\'hen the board cannot settle any matter in dis-
pute it submits the matter to the umpire in writing, and he is required
to award a decision within seven days. When the award is for a spe-
cific sum of money, a copy of the decision is filed in the district court
of the county, after which the court may enter judgment. Since the
act was passed providing for these boards of arbitration many labor
disputes have been successfully settled with no litigation ; usually to
the* entire satisfaction of both parties of the dispute.
Arbor Day. — This day owes its origin to J. Sterling Morton, of Ne-
braska, late United States commissioner of agriculture, who in 1872
:VCLOPEDIA OF
succeeded in inducing his state (then almost treeless) to set apart a
day for the purpose of planting trees. Over a million were planted
that year. In 1874 the same state planted over 12,000,000 trees. Gov.
Robert W. Furnas, the governor at that time issuing a proclamation
setting apart a day in April for the purpose. Nebraska, in 1885, en-
acted a law, designating April 22, the birthday of Mr. Morton, as Arbor
day and making it a legal holiday. In Kansas the first recognition of
the day was in 1875, when Thomas J. Anderson, then mayor of Topeka,
issued the following proclamation :
ARBOR DAY. .
PROCLAMATION BY THE MAYOR.
"At the sugggestion of many citizens who desire to see the capitol
grounds made an ornament to the city, I hereby appoint Friday, April
23, 1875, as "Arbor Day," and request all citizens on that date to set
out trees in the capitol grounds. On that day, it is hoped that each
citizen interested, will repair to the grounds, between the hours of 2
p. m. and 5 p. m., and set out one tree. The secretary of state will point
out the proper locations for the trees.
"Thos. J. Anderson. I\Iayor."
The citizens of Topeka responded to the call and some 800 trees
were planted. The next year the mayor of Topeka set apart April 18
as arbor day, on which occasion the residents of the capital city again
gathered on the capitol grounds to replace such trees as had died dur-
ing the previous twelve months, and to make such additions as they
saw fit.
From this time on the cities, towns and villages of the state began
observing the day in a more or less public manner, with the ultimate
result, that many sections are now veritable forests, where a few short
years ago they were treeless plains.
On April 4, 1883, Gov. George W. Glick issued a proclamation, set-
ting apart April 25 to be observed as arbor day. This probably was
the earliest official recognition given the day by the chief executive
of Kansas, which custom has since been followed by succeeding gov-
ernors.
Arbor day is now observed in nearly every state and territory in the
Union, and in man}' places in Canada and in parts of Europe. The da_\'
is made a feature in the Kansas schools each year, when appropriate
exercises are given in connection with the planting of trees and shrubs.
Arcadia, an incorporated town of Crawford county, is a station on
the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., about 15 miles northeast of
Girard, the county seat, and near the Missouri state line. It has a bank,
a good graded public school, a fire department, a weekly newspaper,
KANSAS HISTORY 93
planing mills, brick and tile factories, a hotel, churches of several of
the leading denominations, and in 1910 reported a population of 694.
Communication with other places is maintained by telegraph and tele-
phone in addition to the facilities offered by the postoffice, which issues
international money orders and supplies the surrounding rural districts
with mail through the medium of four free delivery routes.
Archaeology. — Webster defines archaeology as "The study of an-
tiquities; the study of art, architecture, customs and beliefs of ancient
peoples as shown in their monuments, implements, inscriptions, etc."
The term is sometimes used in its narrow sense for the study of
the material remains of the historic peoples of antiquity, especially the
Greeks, Romans, Babylonians and Egyptians, and sometimes for the
general scientific study of prehistoric man, when it is known as pre-
historic archaeology or paleethnology. Holloway's History of Kansas
(p. 87) says: "Kansas cannot boast of a remote antiquity. Her soil
never becomes the scene of stirring events until of late years. Her
level and far-reaching prairies aflforded but little temptation to the early
adventurer. No ideal gold mines or opulent Indian city were ever lo-
cated within her boundaries."
While this is true in a general sense — so far as human antiquities
are concerned — there is abundant evidence to show that Kansas has a
remote antiquity along other lines. In prehistoric times southwestern
Kansas was the bed of a great inland sea, where dwelt the ichthyo-
saurus and other gigantic animals, and in Barber county there are
beds of petrified shells resembling the shells of the modern 03'ster. The
antiquities of Kansas are therefore confined chiefly to the fossil remains
of prehistoric animals, of which fine specimens are to be found in the
collections of the University of Kansas and Yale University. Some
years ago S. S. Hand found a fossil fish in Hamilton county, which he
sent to Chancellor Snow of the state university, who wrote in reply:
"My view about your fine fish is, that it lived and died when what is
now Hamilton county, more than 3,000 feet above the present level,
was under the salt water ocean. Remains of fishes, sharks and great
sea monsters are found abundantly in the rocks of western Kansas,
especially along the banks of the Smoky Hill river and its branches.
In fact, the ocean covered the entire western portion of the United
States. The Rocky mountains were not upheaved when your fish lived
and died." (See Geology.)
Of the early inhabitants of Kansas, little definite information can be
gleaned from the relics these departed races have left behind. Stone
mauls, hammers, arrow heads and a few iron implements constitute
the greater part of these relics, and the information they impart tells
but little of the people who made and used them, or of the period when
those people lived. Brower, in his Quivira and Harahey (q. v.) gives
an account of his discovery of the sites of a number of ancient villages,
and early in 1880 the Scientific American published an article comment-
ing on the report of Judge E. P. West of recent archaeological explora-
94 CYCLOPEDIA OF
tions in Kansas. Says the American : "Judge West presents a large
amount of evidence to show that at a remote period that region was
peopled by a race with which the mound builders must be accounted
modern. . . . Prior to the (glacial) drift epoch the river channels
were deeper than now, and the river valleys were lower. Subsequently
the valleys were filled b}' a lacustrine deposit of considerable depth.
In or beneath this last deposit the reamins of an extinct race occur."
The remains mentioned in Judge West's report were found along
the line of the Union Pacific railroad in Douglas, Pottawatomie, Rile}%
Dickinson, Marion, Ellsworth and Lincoln counties, and all with the
exception of one on the second bottom or terrace. In digging wells
and making other excavations stone implements, potter}-, bones and
bone implements were found from 20 to 30 feet below the surface.
Judge \\ est is inclined to fix the time when this race occupied the re-
gion as after the glacial epoch and prior to deposition of the loess. In
requesting the newspapers of Kansas to urge the importance of sav-
ing such relics and remains when found, he says : "Here we have a
buried race enwrapped in a profound and startling mystery — a race
whose appearance and exit in the world's drama precede stupendous
changes marking our continent, and which perhaps required hundreds
of thousands of years in their accomplishment. The prize is no less
than determining when this mj'sterious people lived, how thev lived,
when they passed out of existence, and why thev became extinct."
(See Lansing Skeleton.)
George J. Remsburg. who has devoted considerable time to the study
of the archaeological remains of the Missouri valley, investigated the
ruins of a number of Indian villages, etc., and in the Kansas Magazine
for June, 1893, published the results of his researches. After mention-
ing the location and describing several old Indian villages, he says:
"One of the richest archaeological finds ever made in Atchison county
was at Oak Mills, a small village in the river bottom. Two men were
employed in repairing the fence around John Davitz's lot, when they
observed several flint implements projecting from a ridge of clay. In-
vestigation revealed the fact that it was an aboriginal burial ground.
The remains of several Indians were exhumed, the bones of which
crumbled instantly on being exposed. Not even a small fragment of
bone could be preserved, except the teeth, which are worn down very
short and smooth, indicating that the deceased were of an advanced
age, or that they had subsisted on a diet of dry corn or coarse food.
The skulls were completely decayed, but the imprint of one of them
indicated that it was unusually large Near the shoulders and
breast of each of the skeletons was a pile of flint implements. The
large implements were made from common blue chert, while the drills
and arrow points are of finer materials and of various colors. . . .
Everything about these discoveries goes to show that they are the re-
mains of Indians who occupied this region centuries ago. All external
evidence of a burying ground had been obliterated, and had it not been
for the heavy rains the discovery would probabl\- not have been made."
KANSAS HISTORY 95
Trees of considerable size liad been felled upon the site of this old
aboriginal cemetery 30 years before the discovery mentioned by Mr.
Remsburg, a fact which goes to bear out his statement that the skele-
tons were those of natives who had lived centuries ago.
Another important archaeological investigation was made by Prof.
J. A. Udden of Bethany College in the early '80s, when he examined
the mounds south of the Smoky Hill river and found bones of animals,
stone implements, sandstone or "hand grindstones," the entire collec-
tion numbering some 500 interesting relics. Prof. Udden made a par-
tial report to the Academy of Science in 1886, and subsequently a more
complete report was published in the Kansas Historical Collections.
The finding of a piece of chain mail (See Coronado) he says "makes
it certain that the village was occupied by Indians at least as late as
after the discovery of America by Europeans."
Perhaps the most interesting archaeological relic ever found in Kan-
sas is the ruins of a pueblo known as El Ouartelejo. Dunbar says that
about 1702 "the occupants of the pueblo of Picuries, in northern New
Mexico, forsook their village and, resorting to the northeastern plain,
established the post later known as El Quartelejo, distant northeast
350 miles from Santa Fe, in the present Scott county, Kan. The ex-
planation of this sudden movement was probably the result of some
fanciful or mysterious impulse, from which they were in due time
readily dissuaded by the governor of the province, Don Francisco
Cuerbo y Valdes, and soon after resumed their forsaken home."
Bancroft, in his history of Arizona and New Mexico (p. 228), says:
"Capt. Uribarri marched this year (1706) out into the Cibola plains;
and at Jicarilla, 37 leagues northeast of Taos, was kindly received by
the Apaches, who conducted him to Cuartelejo, of which he took pos-
session, naming the province San Luis and the Indian rancheria Santo
Domingo."
The ruins of the old pueblo are in the northern part of the country
and were first noticed about 1884. The dimensions are 32 by 50 feet,
and the remains of the foundation walls indicate that it was divided
into seven rooms, varying in size from 10 b}' 14 feet to i6 by 18 feet.
Prof. S. W. Williston visited these ruins in 1898 and the following-
January gave a description of them before the Kansas Flistorical So-
ciety, his paper on that occasion appearing in the vol. VI of the Kansas
Historical Collections. Handel T. Martin, of the paleontological depart-
ment of the University of Kansas, who examined the pueblo in con-
nection with Prof. \\'illiston, has published the results of his investiga-
tions in an illustrated article in the Kansas University Science Bul-
letin for Oct., 1909. After remarking that much of the stone has been
taken away by the people living in the vicinity, Mr. Handel asks the
rather pertinent question : "\\'ould it not be well for the state to pre-
serve at this late day our only known pueblo from further destruc-
tion?"
Argentine, the second largest town of W^anclntte C(iunt\-, is located
in the extreme southeastern portion on the south bank of the Kansas
96 CYCLOPEDIA OF
river and on the Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe railroad, about 4 miles
west of Kansas City, Mo. Late in the '70s the railroad located their
transfer depot, side tracks, round house, coal chutes and sheds near
the present town site, and within a short time a considerable settlement
had sprung up. The land was surveyed and platted in 1880 and orig-
inally consisted of 60 acres of land owned by James M. Coburn. The
Kansas Town companj' obtained a charter on April 9, 1881, and imme-
diately organized with a capital of $100,000. The incorporators were
William B. Strong, George O. Manchester, Joab Mulvane, J. R. Mul-
vane and E. Wilder and the same body of men were the directors for
the first year. Joab Mulvane was elected president and manager of the
company; and E. Wilder, secretary and treasurer. This new company
purchased 415 acres of land adjoining the first town site, and after giv-
ing the Kansas City, Topeka & Western railroad what it desired for
railroad purposes, the remaining 360 acres was laid out as Mulvane's
addition to Argentine and placed upon the market. In 1882 Argentine
was incorporated as a city of the third class, having acquired by that
time the required number of inhabitants for a city government. The
first Tuesday in August an election was held for city officials, at which
time G. W. Gully was elected mayor; John Steffins, W. C. Blue, Patrick
O'Brien, A. Borgstede and George Simmons, councilmen ; J. H. llalder-
man, city clerk; A. J. Dolley, police judge; and Charles Duvall, marshal.
In the winter of 1881 a public school was opened and the citizens saw
the necessity for a public school building. On Aug. 28, 1882, an election
was held to vote on the question of issuing bonds to the amount of
$7,000 for such a purpose, and the proposition was carried by a large
majority. Work was at once started on the first school building. A
postoffice was established in 1881 and has been enlarged several times
in proportion to the growth of the city. The Congregational church
was the pioneer religious organization, as services were held in the sum-
mer of 1881 and the following year a church building was erected.
One of the first commercial enterprises in the town was the Kansas
City Refining and Smelting company which located there in 1880. This
was for many years the largest plant in the country. The capital stock
of the original company was $200,000 and over 250 men were employed
from the start. It was built for the purpose of refining gold and silver
bullion, shipped from the other smelters, but the company also carries
on lead smelting and the manufacture of various commercial products
from the other metals that are recovered in the refining process, chief
of which are blue and white vitriol. Copper is made from the vitriol
and in 1896 more than a million and a half pounds of this metal were
. put on the market from the Argentine plant. At the present time the
company has a paid up stock of more than $3,000,000 and is the leading
manufactory of the town'.
Many other commercial enterprises have located in Argentine be-
cause of the excellent transportation facilities. It has extensive railroad
repair shops, large factories for the manufacture of iron products, and
KANSAS HISTORY 97
many retail stores. Today Argentine is a well paved city with excel-
lent water and lighting- systems, street railwa3% good public school sys-
tem, man}- churches, good hotels and is an extensive banking town.
The population in 1910 was 6,500.
Argonia, one of the incorporated towns of Sumner count}-, is in
Dixon township, on the Chikaskia river and at the junction of the At-
chison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Missouri Pacific railways, 20 miles
west of Wellington, the county seat. It has an international money
order postoffice, from which .emanate four rural routes, express and
telegraph offices, telephone connection, grain elevators, a good school
system, and is the principal shipping and supply point for the western
part of the county. Several religious demoninations, including the
Baptists, Methodists, Friends and Presbyterians, are represented by neat
houses of worship. The population in 1910 was 466.
Arickaree, Battle of. — This action terminated the Indian wars on the
plains. It was the most tragic of the many battles fought with the In-
dians in Kansas and Xebr'aska and took its name from 'the place where
the battle which was fought— on a small island in the middle of the
Arickaree, a branch of the Republican river. This island is now in-
cluded in the state of Colorado, near the west line of what is now Chey-
enne county, Kan.
In the summer of 1868 a troop of renegade Indians, composed of men
from several tribes, made a raid on the settlers of the Saline and Solo-
mon valleys, killed a number of people, drove off numerous horses and
captured two white women, one of whom lived on White Rock creek,
Jewell county, the other on the Solomon river in Ottawa county. IMost
of the settlers from the district fled to the towns for safety. The In-
dians were well armed and mounted and moved rapidly toward the north.
Many of the settlers along the Saline and Solomon were old soldiers
and quickly formed an armed band to pursue the Indians but could not
(1-7)
98 CYCLOPEDIA Ot
overtake them. Gen. Sheridan, who was in command of the depart-
ment, heard that there was a band of Indians camped on the western
frontier and decided to pursue them. Col. George A. Forsyth was or-
dered to form a volunteer company at Fort Marker (q. v.), in what is
now Ellsworth county. Lieut. Frederick Beecher, of the regular army,
was detailed to select the troop and choose 50 picked men, experienced
frontiersmen, ex-soldiers and scouts, all known for their metal and dar-
ing. Most of the men furnished their own horses and were well equipped
for the service. They made a forced march to Fort Hays, then up the
Smoky Hill river to Fort Wallace, a distance of 200 miles. There they
were supplied with ammunition, rations, pack mules and a few horses.
On Sept. 10, the troop, consisting of 49 men, left Fort Wallace, Col. For-
syth in command, Lieut. Beecher second in command, and Dr. Moore,
of Fort Wallace, citizen surgeon. They expected to meet a band of
from 250 to 300 Indian warriors, the number reported by the scouts.
Hearing of an Indian raid on a wagon train near Sheridan, the troop
hastened in that direction. There they struck the Indian trail and fol-
lowed it north until they reached the Republican river then westward
to the Arickaree, where a camp was formed on its north bank opposite
a sandy island. While they could see no Indians the troop was con-
vinced they were in the vicinity. The island was investigated and
chosen as a safe place of retreat should the}' be surrounded by the
enemy, sentinels were posted, the stock guarded and most of the men
went to sleep worn out by the forced march. The Indians had been
notified by their scouts of the conditions at the camp and attacked just
at dawn on the morning of the 17th. By stealth, they had crept down
the ravine and managed to stampede most of the mules and also some
of the horses. Singing their battle-songs — Cheyenne, Arapahoe and
Sioux — the Indians came on. The men of the troop knew that advance
meant death and retreat was impossible, the advantage of the island as
a place of refuge was now of value and Col. Forsyth gave the order,
"Reach the island." This sudden movement disconcerted and surprised
the Indians. Col. Forsyth divided the command, part going to the east
end of the island under Jack Stilwell, the other to the west end. The
Indians advanced in disorder across the creek bed toward the island
and were met by volley after volley from the whites, who had managed
to dig shallow pits in the sand which offered small cover. Some of the
Indians then tried to advance through the tall grass, but were picked
off. During the first hour many of the horses and mules were killed,
firing on both sides was kept up until 10 o'clock, when several chiefs
had been killed and the celebrated chief, Roman Nose, took command.
He claimed to have a charmed life and led another fierce attack toward
the east end of the island, which the Indians did not know was de-
fended as the fighting had been all at the other end. Roman Nose was
shot and with his fall the attack practically ceased until 2 o'clock p. m.,
when the Indians received reinforcements under Dull Knife of the Sioux
tribe. Orders were not to fire until the Indians were in close range;
KANSAS HISTORY 99
Dull Knife was killed and when the Indians returned and recovered his
body, the battle was ended. The river bed was strewn with the dead
warriors and ponies of the Indians ; the wounded whites received but lit-
tle aid as Dr. Moore had been hit in the head early in the engagement.
Col. Forsyth and Lieut. Beecher were both wounded, many of the men
were dead, and all suffered for lack of water. At midnight two scouts
were started on their perilous journey to Fort Wallace for aid, and
reached the fort at sundown on Sept. 20. A command left at midnight
for the Arickaree. As help was so long in coming to the besieged men,
who were suffering, two more men volunteered to try to get through
the Indian lines. The}' met the relief part_y under Col. Parker, and
guided it to the island. It was later learned that the Indians lost be-
tween 700 and 800 warriors during the battle, which broke their power
in the west.
Arispie, a hamlet of Pottawatomie county, is located 9 miles east o[
Westmoreland, the county seat, and 7 miles southwest of Onaga, from
which place it receives daily mail.
Arkalon, an international money order postoffice of Seward county,
is situated in Fargo township at the point where the Chicago, Rock Is-
land & Pacific R. R. crosses the Cimarron river, 13 miles northeast of
Liberal, the county seat. Although the population is small, Arkalon is
an important shipping point, especially for grain and live stock.
Arkansas City, the largest city of Cowley county and one of the
most important commercial centers of southeastern Kansas, is beauti-
fully located on the elevation between the Arkansas and Walnut rivers,
about 4 miles north of the state line and 12 miles south of Winfield, the
county seat. The city was laid out in 1870, about the time Cowley
county was organized, and the postoffice was established ' in April of
that year with G. H. Norton as postmaster. Mr. Norton built the first
house — a pioneer log structure — and was one of the first merchants.
The place was first called Adelphi, later Walnut City, still later Cress-
well and finally the name of Arkansas City was adopted. On June 10,
1872, Judge W. P. Campbell of the 13th district issued the order for the
incorporation of the town, and at the first election for municipal officers
on July 2, A. D. Keith was chosen mayor. For a few years the growth
was comparatively slow, but in Dec, 1879, the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe railroad company completed a line to Arkansas City, after
which the growth was more rapid and of a more substantial character.
Following this road came the Kansas Southwestern, the Missouri Pa-
cific, the Midland Valley and the St. Louis and San Francisco lines, pro-
viding transportation facilities as good as are to be found in any .city
of its size anywhere.
With the advent of the railroads, manufacturing became an important
industry. Water power is provided by a canal 5 miles long connecting
the Walnut and Arkansas rivers. Among the manufactured products
are cement, flour and feed, brooms, paint and alfalfa meal. The city
also has a meat packing establishment, planing mills, ice factory, cream-
eries, five banks, an opera house which cost about $100,000, an electric
Hghting plant, a fine waterworks system which was first installed in
1881 and has been, enlarged to keep pace with the growth of the city, a
fire department, a street railway, a good sewer system, and two beauti-
ful public parks. The first school was taught in 1871 by T. A. Wilson
in a house that cost about $400. The present public school system com-
prises four modern ward school buildings and a high school building
which cost about $40,000. A number of fine church edifices add to the
beauty of the city, the jobbing trade covers a large territory, and the
press is well represented by two daily and three weekly newspapers.
The Arkansas City Commercial club is composed of energetic citizens,
always alert to the interests of the city, and that its efforts in this direc-
tion have been successful may be seen in the fact that the population
increased from 6,140 in 1900 to 7,508 in 1910.
Arkansas River. — Undoubtedly the earliest account of this river is
to be found in the narratives of the Coronado expedition, 1540-1541, in
which the stream was given the name "St. Peter's and St. Paul's river."
Marquette names it on his map of 1673. The Mexicans named it "Rio
Napete," but the stream acquired the name "Akansa" from the early
French voyagers on account of a tribe of the Dacotah or Osage stock
which lived near its mouth. The stream has its source in the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado, in latitude 39 degrees 20 minutes north, longi-
tude 106 degrees 15 minutes west. It flows in a southerly and easterly
direction, passing through the royal gorge to the city of Pueblo, from
which place it takes an eastward course, traversing what was once a
portion of the "Great American Desert," and entering Kansas in Hamil-
ton county, just south of the town of Coolidge, thence flowing in a gen-
eral easterly direction through the counties of Hamilton, Kearny, p-in-
ney, Gray and Ford, at which point the stream makes an abrupt turn to
the northeast, passing through the counties of Edwards, Pawnee and
Barton, the "great bend" of the river being in the last named. From
here the river turns to the southeast, passing through the counties of
Rice. Reno. Harvey, Sedgwick, Sumner and Cowley, leaving the state
at a point almost due south of the village of Davidson. It then flows
across Oklahoma and Arkansas, emptying into the Mississippi river at
Napoleon. Ark.
The Arkansas is accounted the most important of the western tribu-
taries of the combined Mississippi and Missouri rivers, is about 2,000
miles in length, of which 310 are in the state of Kansas. The stream is
rarely navigable to a point above- Fort Smith, though in times of flood
the channel is open to boats of light draft to a point much higher up.
In 1854 a writer in the New York Tribune, in describing the territories
of Kansas and Nebraska, gave Fort Mann (near Dodge City) as the
"head of navigation" on the stream. (See Early River Commerce.)
Across the plains of Colorado and Kansas the channel of this river
is very shallow, in some places the banks being less than five feet above
low water, and the channel at least three-quarters of a mile in width.
KANSAS HISTORY lOI
'l"he Stream in Colorado is almost entirely diverted to the irrigation
of lands alongside, and the sandy wastes thus watered have been made
veritable garden spots. This wholesale diversion of the water by that
state was the cause of much complaint on the part of property owners
and others along the river in Kansas who suffered considerable loss and
inconvenience from the river going dry. To determine what rights the
state had in the matter, the Kansas state senate of 1901 passed a con-
current resolution relating to the diversion of the waters of the Arkansas
river, in the state of Colorado, as follows :
"Whereas, It is a matter of common notoriety that the waters of the
Arkansas river for some time past have been and are now being diverted
from their natural channel by the state of Colorado and its citizens, to
the great damage of the state of Kansas and its inhabitants ; and
Whereas, It is threatened not only to continue but also to increase
said diversion ; therefore, be it
Resolved by the senate, the house of representatives concurring
therein. That the attorney general be requested to institute such legal
proceedings, and to rende.r such assistance in other proceedings brought
for the same purpose, as may be necessary to protect the rights and
interests of the state of Kansas and the citizens and property owners
thereof."
The house concurred, and in May, 1901. the state of Kansas by its
attorney-general, filed a bill in ecjuity in the C S. supreme court,
which necessitated the taking of many thousands of pages of testi-
mony of residents living along the valley of the Arkansas. The case
was finally decided in favor of Colorado.
Arlington, an incorporated town of Reno county, is situated in the
township of the same name, 17 miles southwest of Hutchinson, at the
point where the Chicago. Rock Island & Pacific R. R. crosses the Nin-
nescah river. It has a bank, grain elevators, a weekly newspaper, a
good public school system, a cornet band, a money order postoffice with
two rural free delivery routes, express and telegraph offices, and is the
shipping and supply point for a large area of the rich agricultural coun-
try surrounding the tOAvn. The population increased from 312 in iqoo
to 450 in 1910.
Arma, an incorporated town of Crawford county, is a station on the
Missouri Pacific R. R., 9 miles east of Girard, the county seat, and
about 3 miles west of the state line. It is a typical Kansas town, has
express and telegraph offices, a flour mill, a lumber yard, several gen-
eral stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 327.
Armour, a sub-station of the Kansas City postoffice (see Kansas
City), is located on the Union Pacific and Chicago. Rock Island & Pa-
cific railroads, about 4 miles west of Kansas City, Mo.
Armourdale, (See Kansas City.l
Armstrong, (See Kansas City.)
Army of Law and Order. — From the name of this organization, one
would naturally suppose that it was formed for the purpose of promot-
ing peace, prosperity and good government among the people of Kansas.
I02 CYCLOPEDIA OF
But such was not the case. It was an armed force, the strength of
which has been variously estimated at from 500 to 1,100 men, organ-
ized by David R. Atchison and one of the Stringfellows, whose policy
was banishment or extermination of all free-state men in the territory.
The "army" was divided into two regiments, with Atchison as com-
mander-in-chief. The headquarters of the organization were at Little
Santa Fe on the Missouri border, some 15 miles south of Westport.
Among the outrages committed by this force was that of robbing the
Quaker mission, because the Quakers were "nigger stealers."' The cat-
tle and horses belonging to the mission were driven off, articles of value
were appropriated, and for a time the mission was broken up. In the
latter part of Aug., 1856, the "army" was preparing for an attack upon
the city of Lawrence, when the timely arrival of Gov. Geary put a stop
to the proceedings. The Army of Law and Order was a part of the
militia disbanded by Gov. Geary, and it was never reorganized. (See
Woodson's and Gear3^'s Administrations.)
Army Service School. — As early as 1870 Gen. John Pope, then com-
manding the Department of the Missouri, urged the establishment of a
school for teaching military tactics, etc., and recommended that it be
located at Fort Leavenworth. He repeated his suggestions several times
before Gen. W. T. Sherman, commanding the army of the United
States, laid the foundation of the infantry and cavalry school in his Gen-
eral Orders No. 42, dated May 7, 1881. This order directed that steps
be taken for the establishment of a school of application for the infan-
try and cavalry, similar to that for the artillery at Fortress Monroe, Va.
The school Avas to be made up of three field officers of cavalry and in-
fantry; not less than four companies of infantry and four troops of cav-
alry ; one batter}^ of light artillery, and the officers detailed for instruc-
tion from each regiment of cavalry or infantry, not exceeding the rank
of lieutenant, who had not previously received professional instruction.
Col. Elwell S. Otis, of the Twentieth United States infantry, was as-
signed to the command of the post and charged with the work of or-
ganizing the school, under a code of regulations similar to that in use
at Fortress Monroe. General Orders No. 8, series of 1882, announced
the organization of the school, issued certain regulations for its govern-
ment, prescribed a course of instruction covering organization of troops,
tactics, discipline and theoretical instruction.
The Spanish-American war caused a suspension of the school for four
years, during which time there was a large increase in the army. Elihu
Root, secretary of war, in his report for 1901, said: "In the reorganiza-
tion of the enlarged army about 1,000 new officers have been added from
the volunteer force, so that more than one-third of all the officers in the
army have been without any opportunity whatever for systematic study
of the science of war." He spoke highly of the work accomplished by
the school before the war, and recommended its renewal.
As a result of his recommendations, General Orders No. 155, of the
war department for 1901, directed that "The infantry and cavalry school
KANSAS HISTORY IO3
at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., shall be enlarged and developed into a gen-
eral service and staff college, and shall be a school of instruction for all
arms of the service, to which shall be sent officers who have been recom-
mended for proficiency attained in the officers' schools conducted in
the various posts."
The reorganized school opened on Sept. i, 1902, with Gen. J. Frank-
lin Bell as commandant, and Col. A. L. Wagner, who had been con-
nected with the old school, as assistant. By General Orders No. 115,
series of 1904, three separate schools were established : ist. The infan-
■ try and cavalry school ; 2nd, The signal school ; 3d, The staff college.
Other changes followed, and by General Orders No. 211, of 1907, the m-
fantry and cavalry school was designated "The Army School of the
Line," and the method of selecting student officers was changed so that
none could be admitted of a lower grade than captain, with not less
than five years' service.
Circular No. 13, issued by the war department in 1908, set forth the
function of the service schools to be the promotion of the best interests
of the service, and while it might be desirable to afford equal opportu-
nity to all officers, it was impossible to do so and adhere to the purpose
for which such schools were established, viz. : to promote the best in-
terests of the service by affording the most promising officers the op-
portunity for instruction in the highest duties of the soldiers' profession.
The course of study in the infantry and cavalry school embraces
military art, engineering, law and languages ; that of the signal school
includes field signaling, signal engineering, topography and languages ;
that of the staff college includes military art, engineering, law, lan-
guages and the care of troops.
The commandants of the school at Fort Leavenworth since its or-
ganization have been Cols. Elwell S. Otis, Thomas H. Ruger, A. D.
McCook, E. F. Townsend, H. S. Hawkins, Charles W. Miner, J- Frank-
lin Bell, Charles B. Hall, and Brig.-Gen. Frederick Funston, the last
named having assumed the duties of the position on Aug. 14, 1908. Al-
though the service school at Fort Leavenworth is a national institution,
maintained by the general government, it is located on Kansas soil, and
is an institution in which the progressive citizens of the state feel a
deep interest, and of which they are justly proud.
Arnold, a money order postoffice of Ness county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R., in Ohio township, about 15 miles north-
west of Ness City, the county seat. It has an express office and is a
shipping and supply point for that part of the county in which it is
located. In 1910 it had a population of 75.
Arrington, a village of Atchison county, is situated in the southwest
corner on the Leavenworth, Kansas & Western railroad, about 25 miles
southwest of Atchison. It is the supply and shipping point for a con-
siderable territory, has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph
facilities, several general stores, a school, and in 1910 had a population
of 210.
I04 CVCLOI'EDIA OF
Art Association, State. — \\'hen the Topeka public libran- building
was completed in April, 1883, rooms were fitted up in it for the use
of an art galler}- and school. On Nov. i, 1883, a letter was sent out by
a committee consisting of George W. Click, A. H. Horton, A. S. John-
son, John IMartin, G. F. Parmelee. J. R. [Nlulvane. J. F. Scott, Frank
Drummond, Robert Price and Edward Wilder, suggesting Nov. 8, when
the Social Science club was to meet, as a suitable occasion to organize
an art association. The letter also contained the announcement that a
donation of $i,033 had been given by "one interested in art and progress,"'
to further the work.
The proposition met with favor, and on Nov. 9, 1883, the Art As-
sociation was incorporated with "jz charter members. The articles of
association declared the objects to be: i. The formation of a permanent
art collection at the capital, to be open to all visitors; 2. To hold an
annual competitive exhibition for Kansas artists. 3. The establishment
of an art school. Edward Wilder was elected president, and G. F.
Parmelee, secretary. The association was governed h\ a hnard of 24
directors. The first art loan exhibition opened in the rooms in the
library on March 16, 1885, when a large number of oil paintings, water
colors, engravings, drawings in black and white, ceramics, embroider}-,
curios, etc., were thrown open to the public.
On Sept. 13, 1886, the first session of the art school was opened,
under the direction of George E, Hopkins, formerly in charge of the
Cincinnati School of Design. At his suggestion the association im-
ported a number of casts of famous art statues, historic figures, etc. For
a time the school was conducted with comparative success. Then in-
terest began to wane, some of the members of the association died or
moved away, others neglected to pay their annual membership fees,
and the association finally lapsed into a state of inactivity altogether.
The collection, or at least the most of it, is still on exhibition in the
librar}- building at Topeka.
Artesian Wells. — The flowing or artesian well takes it name from
Arlois, France, where wells of this character have long been known.
Hilgard says : "Artesian wells are most readily obtained where the
geological formations possess a moderate inclination or dip, and are
composed of strata of materials impervious to water (rock or clay),
alternating with such as — like sand or gravel — allow it to pass more
or less freely. The rain water falling where such strata approach to
or reach the surface will in great part accumulate in the pervious strata,
rendering them "water bearing.' Thus are formed sheets of water be-
tween two inclined, impervious walls of rock or clay, above as well
as below, and e.xerting great pressure at their lower portions. ^ Where
water so circumstanced finds or forces for itself natural outlets, we shall
have springs ; when tapped artifically by means of a bore-hole, we have
an artesian well, from whose mouth the water may overflow if its
surface level be below that of pressure,"
Prior to the settlement of Kansas by white people, and in fact for
a quarter of a century or more after the state was admitted into the
L'nion. the western half was regarded as practically a desert. In i8qi
E. S. Nettleton made an investigation of the artesian and underflow
conditions in Nebraska, the Dakotas, Colorado and Kansas. In his re-
port he gives special mention of the overflow at Hartland and Dodge
City, and quoted the following letter from R. I. Smith, of Winona,
Logan county: "I have a 6-inch bored well in my door yard, 135
feet deep, with 8 feet of water. Over a year ago I noticed that at times
a strong current of air came out of the openings around the pump-
stock, and by observation find it to be an excellent barometer, as it
blows from 6 to 20 hours preceding a storm. I have placed a brass
whistle in the space, which at times can be heard a quarter of a mile.
The harder and longer it blows the more intense the coming storm will
be. A peculiarit}- of it is the fact that, after the storm it takes back the
wind."
Robert Hay, chief geologist in the office of irrigation inquiry of the
United States department of agriculture, made a report the same year
on the overflow conditions in the Smoky Hill and Republican valleys,
but he developed nothing of importance.
In 1892 J. W. Gregory, special agent of the artesian and overflow in-
vestigation on the Great Plains, described in his report the underflow
in Kearny, Trego, Pratt, Seward, Morton, Logan, Scott, Wichita, Grant,
Thomas, Decatur, Meade, Gray. Rooks and Russell counties in Kansas.
Describing a well in the northern part of Meade county, he says : "The
first water was found in white quartz gravel at 75 feet and rose 4 feet.
At 113 feet a flow of water was found in white quartz gravel, which
came up freely through the pipe, carrying quantities of the gravel. The
water rose to a height of over 81 feet, or within 32 feet of the top of
the ground, where it remains."
Mr. Gregory reported a number of wells in which the water rose
well toward the surface. One of these was sunk b}- J. J. Rosson on
the top of a mound in the valley of the north fork of the Cimarron
river in Grant county, x^fter digging 60 feet without obtaining water,
a hole was bored in the bottom of the well 20 feet deeper, when the
water quickly rose in the well to within 20 feet of the surface.
The reports of these investigations, conducted by direction of the na-
tional'government, have done much to strengthen the belief that under
a large part of western Kansas there is a body of water that can be
made to flow to the surface, and numerous experiments have been made
in boring wells in tlie hope of striking this underflow. In some in-
stances these experiments have been successful. In the Crooked creek
\-alle>-, in Meade county, there are about 100 flowing wells, though the
flow is not sufficiently strong to render them of much utility in irriga-
tion. There is a similar artesian area about "Wagonbecl Springs,"
Stevens county. The wells in these districts range from 40 to 140 feet
deep. At the time Mr. Gregory made his report there were 2 flowing
wells in Morton county and 5 in Hamilton, demonstrating that western
I06 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Kansas, or at least that portion of it, is situated over a subterranean
body of water possessing all the qualifications mentioned by Hilgard
for producing artesian wells.
With the knowledge that flowing wells could be obtained in west-
ern Kansas came a request for state aid in developing, the field, and on
Jan. 30, 1908, Gov. Hoch approved an act passed by the special session
of the legislature, authorizing the county commissioners of Stevens,
Morton, Grant and Stanton counties to appropriate from the general
revenue funds of said counties not exceeding $5,000 in each county for
the purpose of prospecting for and developing artesian wells. How-
ever, no money was to be so appropriated and expended until 160 acres
of land had been donated to the county, and upon this 160 acres one
or more wells might be sunk, such wells to be under the control of the
county commissioners. No reports of wells sunk under the provisions
of this act are obtainable.
Recent developments tend to show that the early experiments in
artesian wells in Kansas were only comparatively successful or alto-
gether failures because the drillers did not go deep enough. Most of
the wells have gone no further than the first pervious stratum. Some-
where there is a source of pressure sufficiently strong to furnish an
abundant supply of water if the stratum connected with it can be
reached. In 1910 Ernest C. Wilson, formerly editor of the Richfield
Monitor, in Morton county, developed an 8-inch well, over 500 feet
in depth, which flows 2,000 gallons per minute and supplies enough
water to irrigate a half section of land. If the same conditions hold
good throughout the western part of the state, it is only a question of
a few years until that section will be well supplied with moisture, the
treeless plains will be sheltered by timber, and the "Great American
Desert" will be a thing of the past.
Arvoni, a little hamlet of Osage count}', is in the township of same
name, on the Marais des Cygnes river and about 12 miles southwest
of Lyndon, the county seat. The people of Arvonia receive their mail
by rural free delivery from Reading, which is the most convenient rail-
road station.
Ashcroft, a hamlet of Jefferson county, is near the northern boundary
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., about 4 miles from Valley
Falls, and 12 miles from Oskaloosa, the county seat. It is supplied
with mail by rural route from Nortonville.
Asherville, one of the thriving little towns of Mitchell county, is lo-
cated on the Solomon river and on the Union Pacific R. R. in Asherville
township, 10 miles southeast of Beloit. It has a money order post-
office with one rural route, telegraph and express offices. The popula-
tion in 1910 was 125. Asherville was the first postoffice in the county
and also had the first store, established in 1867, by Hon. John Rees.
Ashland, the county seat of Clark county and one of the growing
towns of southwest Kansas, is located a little southeast of the geo-
graphical center of the county, on Beaver creek and the line of the
KANSAS HISTORY IO7
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that runs from A¥ichita to Engle-
wood. Ashland's population almost doubled during the decade from
1900 to 1910. In the former )'ear it was 493 and in the latter 910. The
volume of business and shipping increased in even greater proportions
than the population. The city has two banks, grain elevators, a weekly
newspaper — the Clark County Clipper — several general stores, hard-
ware, drug and jewelry stores, confectioneries, etc., a good public school
system, and the Catholics, Methodists, Christians and Presbyterians all
have neat church edifices. The Ashland postoffice is authorized to is-
sue international money orders, express, telegraph and telephone fa-
cilities are ample, and taken altogether, Ashland can be described as
a wide-awake, progressive little city.
Ashland Colony. — Within a few months after the passage of the
Kansas-Nebraska bill steps were taken at Newport, Ky., to organize a
colon)' for the purpose of founding a settlement in Kansas. Several
local meetings were held, but nothing definite was accomplished until
about the close of the year 1854. Early in 1855 some 60 persons, most
of them from Covington, Ky., and Cincinnati, Ohio, embarked on the
steamboat Express for the new territory. The boat arrived at Kansas
City, Mo., in March, 1855. A site had been previously selected on the
south side of the Kansas river, near the mouth of McDowell's creek.
The original intention was to make the entire trip by water, the colo-
nists believing the Kansas river to be navigable, but upon arriving
at Kansas City they found that their boat would be unable to proceed
farther. Emigrant wagons and teams were procured for the remainder
of the journey, and on April 22 they reached their destination. Many
of these colonists were admirers of Henry Clay and the town they
laid out was named Ashland, after the great commoner's residence in
Kentucky. The name was also given to the township subsequently or-
ganized, including the settlement founded by this colony.
The officers of the Ashland colony were : Franklin G. Adams, presi-
dent; Rev. N. B. White, vice-president; Henry J. Adams, treasurer.
Among the members were Matthew Weightman, W. H. Mackey, Sr.,
and wife, John E. Ross, C. L. Sanford, C. N. Barclay. \\'ilham Sltme
and J. S. Williams. A few of the colonists became discouraged and
returned to their old homes in Ohio and Kentucky, but the majority
of them were prepared to encounter the hardships of pioneer life on
the frontier and went bravely forward with the erection of log cabins,
etc. Late in December a postoffice was established at Ashland with
William Mackey as postmaster, and in March, 1857, the town was made
the county seat of Davis (now Geary) county. Several terms of the
territorial court were held there by Judge Elmore before the seat of
justice was removed to Junction City in Nov., i860. With the removal
of the county seat Ashland began to wane. Some of the leading mem-
bers of the colony found better opportunities for the exercise of their
talents and energies elsewhere, and in time the town of Ashland be-
came only a memory. In 1873 the legislature transferred Ashland
township to Riley county.
IC8 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Ashley, William H., fur trader and Congressman, was born in Pow-
hatan county, Va., about 1778. In 1808 he went to Upper Louisiana
(now Missouri) and was there made a brigadier-general of militia. In
1822 he organized the Rockj- Mountain Fur company and went to the
Rocky mountains, where he formed friendly relations with the Indians.
with whom he traded for many years and accumulated a comfortable
fortune. In some of his excursions from the States to his trading
posts he crossed Kansas, though his route was generally up the Platte
valley. In 1820 he was elected lieutenant-governor of Illinois, and later
removed to Missouri. From 183 1 to 1837 he represented a Missouri
district in Congress. He died at Hoonville, AIo., March 26, 1838.
Ashton, a village of Walton township, Sumner county, is a station
on the Kansas Southwestern R. R., about 16 miles southeast of Welling-
ton, the county seat. It has a money order postofifice with one rural
free delivery route, express and telegraph offices, several general stores,
and in 1910 reported a population of 125.
Ash Valley, a rural hamlet of Pawnee count}-, is in the township of
the same name, in Ash creek valley, about 12 miles northwest of
Larned, the county seat, with which it is connected by stage, and from
which it receives mail.
Assaria, one of the active incorporated towns of Saline county, is
located in Smoky View township, on the Union Pacific R. R., 12 miles
south of Saline, the county seat. It has a number of business estab-
lishments, a bank, telegraph and express offices and an international
money order postoffice, with one rural route. The population in 1910
was 246. The town was laid out in 1879 by a town company, of which
Highland Fairchild was president.
Atchison, the seat of justice of Atchison county, located in the east-
ern part on the Missouri river, was founded in 1854 and named in
honor of David R. Atchison, United States senator from Missouri, who,
when Kansas was opened for settlement, interested some of his friends
in the scheme of forming a city in the new territory. Plowever, it
seems that all were not agreed upon the location he had selected, and
on July 20, 1854, Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, Ira Norris. Leonidas Oldham,
James B. Martin and Neal Owens left Platte City, Mo., to decide
definitely upon a site. They crossed the Missouri river near Fort
Leavenworth and continued to travel up stream along the western bank
until .they reached the place where Atchison now stands, where they
found a site that was the natural outlet of a remarkablv rich agricultural
region just open to settlement. They also found that two men named
George M. Million and Samuel Dickson had staked claims near the
river. Million's claim lay south of what is now known as Atchison
street and consisted of a quarter section. Dickson had built a small
cabin on his claim, and this cabin was the first structure erected on
the site' of the present city. Million had a ferry, on which he crossed
to the Missouri side to his home, but on the day the prospectors ar-
rived he was on the Kansas side. From a map in his possession, the
KANSAS HISTORY IO9
prospectors found that the}- were at tlie location decided upon before
leaving Missouri.
As all the men in the party, except Dr. Stringfellow, had already
taken claims in the valley of Walnut creek, he was the only member
of the party who could select a claim. He therefore took a tract north
of Million's. The proposition of forming a town company for the fu-
ture city was laid before the first settlers. Dickson was willing, but
Million did not care to cut up his claim. He offered to sell his claim
for $1,000 — an exorbitant price for the land — but the men from Platte
City had determined to found a city on that particular spot, and the
purchase was made. A town company was formed and a week later a
meeting was held under a tree on the bank of the river, about a half
block south of where Atchison street now runs. There were eighteen
persons present when the town company was formally organized by
electing Peter T. Abell, president; James Burns, treasurer; Dr. J. H.
Stringfellow, secretary.
The site was divided into loo shares by the company, of which each
member retained five shares, the remainder being reserved for common
benefit of all. By Sept. 20, 1854, Henry Kuhn had surveyed the 480
acres and made a plat, and the next day was fixed for the sale of lots,
an event of great importance as it had become understood that Senator
Atchison would make a speech upon the political question of the day,
hence the sale would be of political as well as business significance. At
this meeting on the 21st, two public institutions of vital interest to a
new communit}' were planned for — a hotel and a newspaper. Each
share of stock in the town company was assessed $25, the proceeds to
be used to build the National hotel, which was completed in the spring
of 1855 "J" the corner of Second and Atchison streets, and $400 was do-
nated to Dr. J. H. Stringfellow and R. S. Kellej- to erect a printing
office. In Feb., 1855, the Squatter Sovereign was issued. (See News-
papers.)
For years there had been considerable trade up and down the Mis-
souri river, which had naturally centered at Leavenworth, but in June,
1855, several overland freighters were induced to select Atchison as
their outfitting point. The most important firms were Livingston, Kin-
kead & Co. and Hooper & Williams. The outfitting business done in
Atchison was one of the greatest factors in establishing her commercial
career. Some of tlie first merchants to open stores in the new town
were Ceorge Cliallis, Burns Bros., Stephen Johnston and Samuel Dick«
son.
On Aug. 30, 1855, Atchison was incorporated. The corporation was
granted the privilege of holding land "not to exceed 640 acres" and the
stock of the company was to be regarded as personal property. The
to,\vn company had required every settler to build a house at least 16
feet square upon his lot, but when the survey was made it was discov-
ered that some of these buildings were upon school lands. The title to
the school lands remained in question for some time, but in 1857 all
no CYCLOPEDIA OF
lands embraced within the corporate limits of the town were acquired
b}' the town company from the general government, and in turn con-
veyed the lots to the individual purchasers, the titles being finally con-
firmed by the court.
Dr. Stringfellow had North Atchison surveyed and platted in the fall
of 1857. This started a fever of additions. In Feb., 1858, West Atchi-
son was laid out by John Roberts, and in May Samuel Dickson had his
property surveyed as South Atchison. Still another addition was made
by John Challis.
On Feb. 12, 1858, the legislature issued a charter to the city of At-
chison, which was approved by the people on March 2 at a special elec-
tion. The first city officers were elected at a second special election on
March 13, 1858, and were as follows: Mayor, Samuel C. Pomeroy; treas-
urer, E. B. Grimes; register, John F. Stein; marshal, Milton R. Benton;
attorney, A. E. Mayhew ; engineer, W. O. Gould; assessor, H. L. Davis;
physician, J. W. Hereford ; board of appraisers, Messrs. Peterfish, Ros-
well and Gajiord ; councilmen, William P. Chiles, O. F. Short, Luther
C. Challis, Cornelius A. Logan, S. T. Walter, James A. Headley and
Charles Holbert.
At the outbreak of the Civil war there were three militia companies
organized in Atchison, whose members enlisted in the Kansas regiments.
They were known as Companies A, C and "At All Hazards." Early
in Sept., 1861, a home guard was organized in the town to protect it in
case of invasion from Missouri, and on the 15th of the month another
company was raised, which was subsequently mustered into a state regi-
ment. In 1863 the city of Atchison raised $4,000 to assist the soldiers
from the county and after the sack of Lawrence a like sum was sub-
scribed to assist the stricken people of that cit}'. Citizens of the town
also joined the vigilance committees that so materially aided the civil
authorities in suppressing raiding and the lawless bands of thieves that
infested the border counties.
Atchison was one of the first cities in Kansas to be connected by
telegraph with the east. In 1859 ^he St. Louis & Missouri Valley Tele-
graph company extended its line from Leavenworth to Atchison. In
1911, the following railroads all ran into the city: Burlington & Mis-
souri River, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, Chicago, Rock Island & Pa-
cific, Hannibal & St. Joseph, Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs,
and the Missouri Pacific.
• The first postoffice in Atchison was established April 10, 1S55, with
Robert S. Kelley as postmaster. It was opened in a small building in
the block later occupied by the Otis house. In July, 1883, the free-de-
livery system was inaugurated and today Atchison has one of the best
equipped, modern postal services in the state. The first schools in the
town were private. One of the first was opened in 1857 by Lizzie B^y.
The first school district Avas established in Oct., 1858, and a month later
the Atchison free high school was opened at the corner of Atchison and
Commercial streets. Since that time progress in the establishment and
KANSAS HISTORY III
maintenance of schools in the city has been uniform and today Atchi-
son has a well regulated system of public schools. Besides the public
schools there are a number of private educational institutions.
The first religious services in Atchison were held by James Shaw, a
Methodist minister, who visited the city in May, 1857, and delivered the
first sermon at S. C. Pomeroy's office. (See history of churches under
denominational name.)
Soon after the war, when industrial life became normal, manufac-
tories began to spring up in Atchison. Elevators and mills were erected
in the late '60s and early '70s ; a flax mill was built ; the Atchison Foun-
dry and Machine Works, one of the most important commercial enter-
pries, was started; also many wood working". factories, and carriage and
wagon works. Since that time her progress as an industrial center has
been steady. Civic improvements have been of paramotmt interest to
the citizens of Atchison, and today there are many miles of paved
streets, an excellent waterworks system, sewer, telephone, electric light-
ing and electric railway systems. Natural gas, piped from the southern
part of the state, is utilized for lighting, heating and manufacturing pur-
poses. The city has gained a reputation for its fine fiour mills, car-re-
pair shops, foundries, wooden ware, and furniture factories. It is also a
large jobbing center for groceries, hardware and drugs. In igii At-
chison had a population of 16,429, making it the fifth city in the state.
Atchison County, one of the northeastern counties of the state, was
created by the first territorial legislature in 1855, with the following
■boundaries, "Beginning at the southeast corner of the county of Doni-
phan; thence west twenty-five (25) miles; thence south sixteen (16)
miles; thence east to the Mississippi (Missouri) river; thence up said
river to the place of beginning." The county was named in honor of
David R. Atchison, United States senator from Missouri, and the town
■)i Atchison was made the county seat. In 1868, the boundaries of the
county were redefined as follows : "Commencing at the southeast corner
of Doniphan county; thence with the southern boundary of Doniphan
count}^ to the township line between townships 4 and 5 south ; thence
west with the said township line between townships 4 and 5 south, to
the range line between ranges 16 and 17 east ; thence south with said
range line, to the southwest corner of section 19, of township 7 south,
of range 17 east; thence east with the section lines to the intersection
with the west boundary line of the State of Missouri ; thence north with
said boundary line of the State of ]\Iissouri, to the place of beginning,"
Atchison county is in the second tier of counties south of the Nebraska
state line and has an area of 423 square miles. It is bounded on the
north by Brown and Doniphan counties, on the east by Doniphan coun-
ty and the Missouri river, which divides it from the State of Missouri,
on the south by Leavenworth and Jefferson counties and on the west
by Jackson county. It is divided into the following townships : Benton,
Center, Grasshopper, Kapioma, Lancaster, Mount Pleasant, Shannon
and Walnut. The surface of the county is gently undulating prairie,
except along the Missouri river where it breaks into prominent bluffs.
I I 2 CYCLOl'EDIA OF
The average width of the valleys is from a quarter of a mile to a mile
and a half and these constitute about- one-eighth of the area. Timber
is found along all the streams, the principal varieties being black wal-
nut, burr-oak, black and white oak, hickory, red and white elm and
honey-locust. Besides the Missouri river, which forms the eastern
boundary, there is the Delaware river, which flows across the southwest
corner. Stranger creek in "the center of the county, and Independence
creek which forms a part of the northeastern boundary. A mineral
spring, said to have medicinal properties, is at Arrington in the south-
west. Limestone and sandstone are plentiful ; a rich vein of coal, aver-
aging 3 feet or more in thickness, has been found just outside the cor-
porate limits of Atchison ; and there an abundance of clay for making
vitrified brick.
The territory- now embraced within the limits of the county originally
formed a part of the Kickapoo reserve, established by the treaty of 1833,
with the exception of the southwest corner which was a part of the Dela-
ware reserve and outlet, established by the treaty of 1831. These lands
were ceded, under certain conditions, to the general government in 1854
and opened to settlement.
The first white men to visit the county now embraced within the
boundaries of Atchison county were French traders, who passed up the
Missouri river during the first quarter of the eighteenth century.
French trade was well established upon the Missouri river by 1764 and
the eastern part of Atchison county known to the traders. Lewis and
Clark passed along the eastern boundary on their expedition in 1804
and spent some time in exploring the banks of the Missouri river. In
1818 the first military post established by the United States government
in what is now Kansas was built on the Isle au Vache (q. v.), or Cow
island. It was known as Cantonment Martin.
In 1833, the Methodist Episcopal church established a mission among
the Kickapoos, located in what is now the northwestern corner of the
county near Kennekuk. The first white man to locate permanently and
erect a home is supposed to have been a Frenchman named Pensoneau,
who married a Kickapoo Indian and settled on the banks of Stranger
creek in 1839.
As soon as it was definitel}' known that Kansas Territory would be
opened to settlement, the pro-slaver}^ party in Missouri began to lay
plans by which the county would be settled by men of their political
faith. Some of the first settlers were a party from latan. Mo., who took
claims in the vicinity of Oak Mills in June. 1854, but the actual settlers
and the real founders of the county and city of Atchison did not enter
the territory until the next month. (See Atchison.) Some of the set-
lers of Atchison county in 1854 were James T. Darnall, Thomas Dun-
can, Robert Kelly, B. F. Wilson, Henry Cline and Archibald Elliott.
The county was surveyed into townships in 1855, and into sections in
fall of that 3'ear. One of the earliest, and practically the only free-state
settlement in Atchison county, was started in Center township in Oct.,
KANSAS HISTORY II3
1854, by Caleb May. The town of Pardee was laid out in the spring
of 1857 and named in honor of Pardee Butler, a minister of the Chris-
tian church and one of the ardent free-state advocates. Monrovia was
laid out in 1856 and Lancaster in 1857.
About five miles west of Atchison the old military road ran north
and south across the county and there the citizens of Atchison sold
land to the Mormon emigrant agents. For years quite a setilement of
them was to be found there, although they rarely remained long. The
roads west through the county became deeply worn into ruts by the
thousands who passed over them. The overland stage route to Cali-
fornia ran west through Atchison county into Franklin county; the But-
terfield overland dispatch to Denver started from Atchison, as did also
the parallel roads to the gold fields. Thousands passed along these well
known highways, but there were few settlers in Atchison county from
any state except Missouri. In fact they so predominated that the peo-
ple who advocated free-state principles did not dare let it be known.
The first open trouble between a free-state man and the pro-slavery
men in Atchison county occurred in 1855, vvhen J. W. B. Kelley, a free-
soiler in politics, made ofifensive remarks about slavery, and particularly
about a female slave who was supposed to have committed suicide.
Her owner in consequence inflicted bodily chastisement upon Kelley.
A large number of the citizens of the town adopted resolutions order-
ing Kelley, under penalty of further punishment, to leave the town.
They also ordered all emissaries of the abolition societies to leave or
their reward would be "the hemp." It was resolved to "purge" the
county of all free-state people. All persons who refused to sign the
resolutions were to be regarded and treated as abolitionists. (See But-
ler, Pardee.)
The bold attitude of the free-state settlers of Lawrence increased
the fire of political feeling among the pro-slavery men of Atchison and
added to their martial ardor. In the Wakarusa War (q. v.) an Atchison
company took a promient part in the siege. Other companies were in
the battle of Hickory Point.
The pro-slavery leaders of Atchison, who dominated the politics
of the county, had so terrorized the other settlers that up to the sum-
mer of 1857 the free-state men in the county had formed no organiza-
tion. Meetings had been held outside of Atchison, however, and dur-
ing the summer a society was formed at Monrovia with F. G. Adams
as chairman. About the same time the Atchison Town company dis-
posed of a large part of its property interests to the New England Aid
company, and the Squatter Sovereign, the first newspaper in the coun-
ty, originally a strong pro-slavery organ, was turned over to S. C.
Pomeroy, who, with F. G. Adams and Robert McBratney, turned it
into the Champion, a free-state sheet.
As the town company had made such a compromise in politics for
the sake of business, Mr. Adams thought that the free-state men could
go still further, and advertised that Gen. James H. Lane would speak
(1-8)
114 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in Atchison on Oct. 19. A number of reliable free-state men came up
from Leavenworth to see fair play, as the opposition had declared that
Lane should not speak. Mr. Adams was assaulted in the morning and
feeling ran so high with both parties parading the streets armed, that
it was decided to postpone the meeting. Lane was turned back before
entering the city and thus further trouble was avoided.
Atchison county was the first county in Kansas to secure railroad
connections. The St. Joseph & Atchison road was completed to Atchi-
son in Feb., i860. This was most important for the county and city,
as it removed from Leavenworth much of the trade that had formerly
gone there, and secured the shipment of all the government freight to
the western military posts. It also removed the starting point of the
overland mail to Atchison from St. Joseph. At the present time the
county's shipping facilities are provided by two lines of the Missouri
Pacific, one entering on the western border, the other on the northern,
converging at Atkinson : a branch line of the Chicago, Burlington &
Ouincy. which enters the county in the northeast and terminates at
Atchison ; a line of the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe, has its terminus
at Atchison, with a branch from Hawthorn to Kansas Cit)-. The Chi-
cago, Rock Island & Pacific, Hannibal & St. Joseph and Kansas City,
St. Joseph & Council Blufifs railroads cross the Missouri river from
Missouri to Atchison and connect that city with the east and the
Leavenworth, Kansas & Western railroad crosses the southeast corner.
The county commissioners of Atchison county were elected by the
territorial legislature, and Gov. Woodson signed their commissions on
Aug. 31, 1855. They met and organized on Sept. 17 at the house of
O. B. Dickerson in Atchison, the members present being William J.
Young, James M. Givens and James A. Headley, probate judge. Wil-
liam McVay had been appointed sheriff previous to this meeting, at
which time the following officers were appointed by the board : Ira
Morris, clerk and recorder ; Samuel Walters, assessor ; Samuel Dick-
son, treasurer. The county was divided into three townships : Grass-
hopper, Mount Pleasant and Shannon. The next day Eli C. Mason
was appointed sheriff in place of McVay, who resigned, and Dudley
McVay was chosen coroner. Voting precincts were established for
each township in preparation for the election of a delegate to Congress,
which was set for the first Monday of October. The town company
of Atchison had offered to donate "Block 10" for the location of the
county court-house. The offer was accepted and in October the com-
missioners ordered that this block be made the site of a brick building
at least 40 feet square. Fifty lots were sold on May i, 1856, the. pro-
ceeds to be used to help in the expense of the building. There was
some question as to the permanent location of the county seat, and
this was not settled until the election held on the first Monday in
Oct., 1858, when Atchison received the majority of votes. Work was
then pushed rapidly along and the court-house was completed in 1859.
The county jail, adjoining it, was completed about the same time. As
KANSAS HISTORY II5
the offices in the old court-house grew too crowded with the increasing
business, a fine new court-house was erected in the winter of 1896-97.
No bonds were issued, the funds to pay for it being secured by three
annual direct tax levies. In 1869 the county purchased a poor farm
4 miles south of the city of Atchison, and erected an $8,000 building.
This farm has been self-supporting.
When the call came for volunteers at the outbreak of the Civil war,
no men were more patriotic than those of Atchison county, which was
represented in the First, Seventh, Eighth, Tenth, Thirteenth and
First (colored) Kansas regiments; the First Nebraska and the Thir-
teenth Missouri; and also in the Ninth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Kan-
sas regiments. Being on the border, Atchison county was liable to
raids from the Confederate army and guerrilla bands from across the
border, which necessitated the raising of companies of home guards.
During the year 1863 the depredations of lawless bands became so
annoying that vigilance committees were formed, the members taking
an oath to support the Union and to assist in suppressing rebellion.
They became an efl:"ective auxiliary to the civil authorities in punish-
ing violators of the law.
Atchison, situated in the eastern part of the county on the Missouri
river, is the seat of justice as well as the largest and most important
town in the county. It is a shipping and jobbing point for a large and
rich agricultural territory.
According to the U. S. census for 1910 the population of Atchison
county was 28,107. The value of farm products that year, including
live stock, was $2,723,570. The five principal crops, in the order of
their value, were: corn, $1,112,386; oats, $236,552; hay, $216,282; wheat,
$170,850, and the value of live stock slaughtered or sold for slaughter
was $600,709.
Atchison, David R., jurist and United States senator, was born in
Fayette county, Ky., Aug. 11, 1807. His father was an industrious
farmer of influence in the neighborhood. At an early age David was put
in a grammar school, but left it to enter Trans3dvania University, where
he graduated. In 1828 he began to study law at the Lexington Law
School, where he remained two years. He then went to Clay county,
at that time the extreme border of Missouri. He quickly adapted him-
self to the life and society of the frontier; took part in politics, and soon
became a prominent figure in the life of the country. In 1834 he was
elected to the state house of representatives of Missouri and in 1838
was reelected. During this session he was chosen major-general of the
state militia to operate against the Indians, but never saw any active
service. In 1840 he was defeated as a candidate for the state legisla-
ture, and in 1841, was elected to the bench of the Platte judicial circuit.
Two years later he was chosen by Gov. Reynolds to fill the vacancy in
the United States senate, occasioned by the death of Dr. Lewis Ljmn ;
was elected in 1844 to the position by the state legislature, and reelected
in 1849. At the time of the death of William R. King, the vice-president
Il6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
elect, Mr. Atchison, being president of the senate, became ex-officio vice-
president of the United States. When the question of the organization
of the Nebraska Territory came before the senate, Mr. Atchison opposed
it, but at the next session favored it, and though the vahdity of the
Missouri Compromise had not then been questioned, he proposed, re-
gardless of restrictions, to introduce slavery into the territory. In the
summer of 1853, he announced himself in favor of the repeal of the Mis-
souri Compromise and the following winter was a warm supporter of
the Kansas-Nebraska bill. He aspired to the presidency and for some
time his name appeared in the border papers as a candidate. He ran
for the United States senate in 1855 but was defeated. The following
year he spent the most of his time in Kansas leading the Platte County
Rifle company, but after the defeat of slavery in Kansas he retired to his
farm. At the beginning of the Civil war he entered the Confederate
service, but soon retired because of dissatisfaction with the manage-
ment. After the war he lived in retirement until his death, Jan. 26, 1886.
Atchison Institute, a private school at Atchison, was founded in
1870 with Mrs. H. E. Monroe as the first principal. Cutler's History of
Kansas says it was established as a cooperative enterprise of the instruc-
tors. The Kansas Monthly for June, 1879, says : "The Institute is lo-
cated on Kansas avenue between Third and Fourth streets. The build-
ings are of stone, one 25 by 50 feet, and the other 20 by 30 feet, both
three stories high. It has five well appointed recitation rooms and six-
teen rooms for the accommodation of boarders from abroad. During
the past six months 200 students have been enrolled, with an average
attendance in the various departments of 144."
The property of the school was at that time valued at $25,000. Since
then many important additions have been made and the Institute is
still one of the well known private educational institutions of the state.
Athol, a thriving little town of Smith county, is a station on the Chi-
cago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., in Lane township, 8 miles west of
Smith Center, the county seat. It has a bank, a grain elevator, a money
order postoffice with two rural routes, sortie good general stores and
is a shipping point of considerable importance. The population in 1910
was 350.
Atlanta, an incorporated town of Cowley county, is situated in
Omnia township on the line of the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R.,
about 20 miles northeast of Winfieid, the county seat. It has a bank, a
money order postoffice with three rural delivery routes, telegraph and
express offices, telephone connection with the surrounding region, some
well appointed retail stores, and is the shipping and supply point for
a large agricultural district in the northern part of the county. The
population in 1910 was 330.
Attachments. — The plaintifif in a civil action for the recovery of money
or in a suit for alimony may. at or after the commencement thereof,
have an attachment against the property of the defendant: ist — When
the defendant or one of several defendants is a foreign corporation, or
KANSAS HISTORY 117-
a non-resident of this state; but no order of attachment shall be issued
for any claim other than a debt or demand arising upon contract, judg-
ment or decree, unless the cause of action arose wholly within the
limits of this state, which fact must be established on the trial. 2nd —
When the defendant or one of several defendants has absconded with
intention to defraud his creditors. 3d — When the defendant has k-ft
the county of his residence to avoid process. 4th — When he conceals
himself for that purpose. 5th — When he is about to remove his prop-
erty or a part thereof out of the jurisdiction of the court to defraud
creditors. 6th — When he is about to convert his property or a part
thereof into money for that purpose. 7th — When he has property or
rights in action which he conceals. 8th — In case he has assigned, re-
moved or disposed of, or is about to dispose of, his property or a part
thereof to defraud creditors. 9th — In case he fraudulently contracted
the debt or incurred the liability or obligation for which the suit is
about to be or has been brought. loth — Where the damages for which
the action is brought are for injuries ■ arising from the commission of
some felony or misdemeanor or the seduction of any female, nth —
When the debtor has failed to pay the price or value of any article or
thing delivered, which by contract he was bound to pay upon delivery.
The order of attachment shall not be issued by the clerk until an
undertaking on the part of the plaintiff has been executed by one
or more sufficient sureties, approved by the clerk and filed in his office,
in a sum not exceeding double the amount of the plaintiff's claim,
to the effect that the plaintiff shall pay to the defendant all damages
which he may sustain by reason of the attachment, if the order be
wrongfully detained : but no undertaking shall be required where the
party or parties defendant are all non-residents of the state or a foreign
corporation.
An order of attachment shall be issued by the clerk of the court in
which the action is brought in any case mentioned when there is filed
in his office an affidavit of the plaintiff, his agent or attorney, show-
ing: 1st — The value of the plaintiff's claim. 2nd — That it is just.
3d — The amount which the affiant believes the plaintiff ought to re-
cover. 4th — The existence of some one Of the grounds enumerated.
If the defendant or other person on his behalf, at any time before
judgment, cause an undertaking to be executed to the plaintiff" by
one or more sureties resident in the county, to be approved by the court,
in double the amount of the plaintift''s claim as stated in his affidavit,
to the effect that the defendant shall perform the judgment of the court,
the attachment in such action shall be discharged and restitution made
of any property taken under it or the proceeds thereof. Such under-
taking shall also discharge the liability of a garnishee in such action
for any property of the defendant in his hands.
Attica, one of the principal incorporated towns of Harper county,
is in Ruella township, and is the eastern terminus of a division of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that runs west to Medicine Lodge.
I 1 8 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Being situated in the midst of a fine agricultural district, about 12
miles northwest of Anthony, Attica is an important commercial center
and shipping point. It has a bank, a grain elevator, a weekly news-
paper (the Independent), an international mone}' order postofifice from
which emanate two rural delivery routes, telegraph, telephone and ex-
press accommodations, good schools, and churches of several of the
leading denominations. Attica is one of the few towns that more than
doubled its population in the decade between 1900 and 1910. In the
former year the population was 311 and in the latter it was 737, a
growth that speaks well for the location of the town and the enterpris-
ing spirit of its inhabitants.
Atwater, a rural post-hamlet of Meade county, is located on a little
tributary of Crooked creek, about 13 miles south of Meade, the county
seat and most convenient railroad station.
Atwood, the county seat of Rawlins county, is an incorporated city
of the third class, with a population of 680 in 1910, a gain of 194 during
the preceding ten years. It was laid out in April, 1879, by T. A. An-
drews and J. M. Matheny in section 4, town 3, range 33, but this prov-
ing to be school land, the town was moved the following spring to its
present site on Beaver creek in Atwood township, near the center of
the county. After a contest (see Rawlins County) Atwood was made
the permanent county seat in July, 1881. It has two banks, three week-
ly newspapers, several good mercantile establishments, graded public
schools and a high school, telegraph and express offices, an international
money order postoffice with two free rural delivery routes, telephone
connection with the surrounding towns, a hotel, and some small manu-
facturing enterprises. Atwood is located on the division of the Chicago,
Burlington & Ouincy R. R. that runs from Orleans, Neb., to St. Francis,
Kan., and is an important shipping point. The leading religious denom-
inations are the Baptists, Christians, Catholics, Congregationalists,
Dunkards and Methodists, all of whom have neat houses of worship. A
daily stage line runs from Atwood to Colby, the county seat of Thomas
county, about 30 miles to the south.
Aubrey, Francois X., a noted scout and guide, was a French Ca-
nadian of whose early life and antecedents little is known. During the
days of the Santa Fe trade he was a familiar figure along the old trail,
and was the first man to take a loaded train from the Missouri river
to Santa Fe in the winter season. In 1849 o'' 1850 he discovered a new
route to Santa Fe by crossing the Arkansas river at the mouth of the
Big Sandy, not far from Big Timbers, and following the divide be-
tween the Raton and Cimarron rivers. This route had an advantage
over the old ones, as the longest distance betAveen watering places was
but 30 miles, while on the old trail via the Cimarron river the distance
in some cases was 60 miles. For a wager of $5,000, Aubrey on one occa-
sion rode from Santa Fe to Westport, Mo., a distance of 775 miles, in
5 days and 13 hours. He secured relays of horses from passing trains
and won the wager, but was almost exhausted when he reached West-
KANSAS HISTORY 1 19
port and slept for twenty hours. Gen. Sherman mentions this ride in
his Memoirs, and compliments. the bravery and endurance of the scout.
Aubrey met his death at Santa Fe in 1856 at the hands of Maj. R. C.
Weightman, who afterward won distinction as an artillery officer in the
Confederate army. Weightman and Aubrey met in a saloon and were
in the act of taking a drink together, when the latter accused Weightman
of publishing a lie on him, Weightman having formerly conducted a
newspaper. Without replying to the charge, Weightman dashed his
glass of liquor in the face of Aubrey, who immediately attempted to
draw his revolver, but before he could do so his antagonist stabbed him
to the heart.
Aubrey's name is sometimes given as "Felix X. Aubrey," and some
writers spelled the last name "Aubry." In 1853 a steamboat built for
the Missouri river trade was named the "Felix X. Aubrey" after this
daring and adventurous character.
Auburn, a money order postoffice of Shawnee county, is in the town-
ship of the same name, about 15 miles southwest of Topeka and 8 miles
west of Wakarusa, which is the nearest railroad station. It is a trading
center for that section of the county, has Baptist, Methodist and Presby-
terian churches, telephone connection with Topeka and other adjacent
points, and in 1910 reported a population of 72. Two rural free de-
livery routes start from the Auburn office and supply daily mail to the
farmers of the vicinity.
Augusta, an incorporated city of Butler county, is located at the
confluence of the Walnut and Whitewater rivers, 13 miles south of
Eldorado, the county seat. The first attempt to establish a town here
was in 1857, when a party of explorers from Lawrence laid out a town
and named it Augusta. The following year a party from Topeka jumped
the claim of the former founders and laid out the town of "Fontanella,"
and another account states that the town of "Orizonia" was also laid
out at the junction of the rivers in 1858. The lands then belonged to
the Indians, who raided the town and drove off the settlers in the spring
of 1859. For several years the site then lay vacant, but near the close
of the Civil war Hagan & Morrill opened a trading post there. After
the treaty with the Osages in 1868 Shamleffer & James bought the old
claim for $40 and established a trading house, and it is said that the
town was named Augusta for Mrs. James. A school house was built in
1870 and the same year a postoffice was established with C. N. James as
postmaster. In 1871 Augusta was incorporated as a town, with W. A.
Shannon as chairman of the first board of trustees. On May 8, 1880,
the first train on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. reached Augusta,
and the next year the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe completed its line
to the town, which from that time experienced a steady and substantial
growth. The Missouri Pacific has since entered the city, so that the
Augusta of the present day has railroad lines radiating in five different
directions. This makes it an available shipping and distributing point,
and being situated in a fine agricultural region, large quantities of grain,
120 CYCLOPEDIA OF
live stock, etc., are annually exported. Extensive stone quarries in the
vicinity also furnish a great deal of material for shipment. The city has
two banks, one daily and two weekly newspapers, some fine mercantile
houses, a good public school system, telegraph, telephone and express
facilities, an international money order postoffice with four rural free
delivery routes emanating from it, and in 1910 had a population of
1,235-
Aulne, a monej' order postoffice of Marion county, is in Wilson town-
ship, and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 6
miles south of Marion, the county seat. It has a good local trade, does
considerable shipping, and in 1910 reported a population of 150.
Aurora, an incorporated town of Cloud county, is located in the town-
sh'p of the same name, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that
runs from Strong City to Superior, Neb., 12 miles southeast of Con-
cordia, the county seat. It has a bank, a Catholic church, some good
stores, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, telephone con-
nection, telegraph and express offices, good schools, and in 1910 reported
a population of 269.
Austin, a station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R., in Neosho
county, is located in Canville township, 11 miles northwest of Erie, the
county seat, and 4 miles from Chanute from whence it receives mail
daily by rural delivery.
Australian Ballot. — (See Election Laws.)
Avery, a rural hamlet of Reno county, is situated on Peace creek, about
20 miles northwest of Hutchinson, the county seat. The inhabitants
receive mail by rural free delivery from Sterling, Rice county, which is
the nearest railroad station.
Avoca, a hamlet of Jackson county, is located near the west line of the
county, II miles southwest of Holton, the county seat. It receives its
mail from Soldier.
Axtell, an incorporated town of Marshall county, is located in Murray
township, 25 miles east of Marysville, the county seat, at the junction
of the Missouri Pacific and the St. Joseph & Grand Island railroads. It
has banking facilities, a weekly newspaper, a money order postoffice with
three rural routes, telegraph and express offices, and had 748 inhabitants
in 1910. The community was settled in the '60s and the town was laid
out in 1872 by the St. Joseph Town company. The postoffice was estab-
lished the same year. The first store was kept by a man known as
"Shoestring" Dickinson.
Bachelder, a town in Geary county. (See Milford.)
Bacon, a small hamlet of Lincoln count)', is located in the Spillman
creek valley, about 20 miles northwest of Lincoln, the county seat. The
people there receive mail by rural free delivery from Cedron. Sylvan
Grove on the L'nion Pacific is the nearest railroad station.
KANSAS HISTORY 121
Badger, a village of Cherokee county, is a station on the St. Louis &
San Francisco R. R. in the eastern part of the county, with a population
of 50 in 1910, and receives mail bv rural free deliverv from Smithfield,
Mo.
Bailey, Edgar H. S., chemist, was born at Middlefield, Conn., Sept.
17, 1848. In 1873 he received the degree of Ph. B. from Yale Univer-
sit3% and for the year following was an instructor in chemistry in that
institution. He then became an instructor in the Lehigh University at
South Bethlehem, Pa., where he remained until 1883, visiting Strass-
burg, however, in 1881 as a student along special lines. Prof. Bailey
was appointed chemist to the Kansas State Board of Agriculture in 1885.
In 1895 he visited Leipzig, and in 1899 became chemist to the Kansas
State Board of Health. The next }'ear he was made director of the chem-
ical laboratory in the University of Kansas, which position he still occu-
pies. Prof. Bailey assisted in and contributed to the reports of the Kan-
sas geological survey ; in connection with H. P. Cady is the author of a
laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis; was councilor of the society
of Sigma Xi in 1908; is a member of various scientific societies, and
honorary member of the American Institute of Homeopathy, and a con-
tributor to scientific and chemical journals. On July 13, 1876, he married
Miss Aravesta Trumbauer, of Bethlehem. Pa.
Bailey, Willis J., governor of the State of Kansas from 1903 to 1905,
was born in Carroll county, 111., Oct. 12, 1854. He was educated in the
common schools, the Mount Carroll high school, and graduated at the
University of Illinois as a member of the class of 1879. In 1904 his Alma
Mater conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. In 1879, soon after
completing his college course, he accompanied his father to Nemaha
county, Kan., where they engaged in farming and stock raising, and
founded the town of Baileyville. Upon reaching his majority, Gov.
Bailey cast his lot with the Republican party, and since that time he has
been an active and consistent advocate of the principles espoused by that
organization. In 1888 he was elected to represent his county in the state
legislature; was reelected in 1890; was president of the Republican
State League in 1893 • was the Republican candidate for Congress in the
First district in 1896, and in June, 1898, was nominated by the state
convention at Hutchinson as the candidate for Congressman at large,
defeating Richard W. Blue. After serving in the Fifty-sixth Congress
he retired to his farm, but in 1902 was nominated b)- his party for
governor. At the election in November he defeated W. H. Craddock,
the Democratic candidate by a substantial majority, and began his term
as governor in Jan., 1903. At the close of his term as governor he re-
moved to Atchison, and since 1907 has been vice-president and manager
of the Exchange National bank of that city. Shortly after his retire-
ment from the office of governor he was prominently mentioned as a
candidate for L'nited States senator, and in 1908 a large number of Re-
publicans of the state urged his nomination for governor. Mr. Bailey
has ahvavs been interested in behalf of the farmers of the countrv, and
122 CYCLOPEDIA OF
from 1895 to 1899 he was a member of the Kansas State Board of Agri-
culture.
Bailey's Administration. — In accordance with the provisions of the
state constitution, Gov. Bailey was inaugurated on the second Monday
in Jan., 1903, which was the 12th day of the month. The next day the
legislature met in regular session, with Lieut. -Gov. David J. Hanna as
president of the senate and J. T. Pringle as speaker of the house. As
soon as the two branches of the general assembly were organized the
governor submitted his message, which did not differ materially from
the messages of his predecessors. In his introduction he congratulated
the people of the state on their progress and present condition b}^ say-
ing:
"The business and commercial interests of Kansas have never been
upon a stronger or more substantial basis than now. No state in the
Union has absorbed more of the general prosperity that has come to the
whole country during the past six years than has Kansas. New life,
new hope and new energy have come to our people as the result of these
conditions, and the increase in value of nearly all real and personal
property has largely enhanced the wealth and commercial importance
of the state. . . . The ofificial statistics indicate that, in the decade
just closed, the increase in value of farm products has been nearly 24
per cent., and of live stock more than 53 per cent., or, for all combined,
31.6 per cent."
Then, referring to the bank commissioners' report, he gave the num-
ber of state banks as 477, a gain of 89 in the last two years. The capital
of these banks amounted to $7,751,000, a gain of $1,138,000; their sur-
plus of $1,769,701 showed a gain of $419,491 ; the deposits amounted to
$40,135,176, a gain of $8,508,841 ; and their loans had increased during
the two years from $21,812,835 to $32,885,046.
Notwithstanding the general prosperity of the state, he counseled
economj^ in the matter of appropriations. "I call your attention," said
he, "to the lavish waste of the public money in the printing of useless
and unnecessary public documents. The law, in many instances, pro-
vides for the publishing of reports and documents far beyond any de-
mand or necessity, and, as a result, the store rooms of the capitol build-
ing are rapidly filling up with this matter that is worse than useless. I
am sure a careful inspection of this accumulated material will convince
any legislator of the necessity of reform along this line."
On the subject of Congressional apportionment he said: "Kansas has
eight members in the national Congress and the state is divided into
seven Congressional districts, necessitating the election of one member
at large. I recommend the redistricting of the state and the formation
of eight Congressional districts, as contemplated by law. The Congress-
man at large, while he has the same rights upon the floor and in the
committee room as the member who has a district, is practically denied
other prerogatives of a member. Each Congressional district is entitled
•to certain recognition, certain patronage. Kansas practically loses one-
KANSAS HISTORY I23
eighth of what she is entitled to under the present apportionment. The
fact that a district has 60,000 or 70,000 more population that it is en-
titled to does not entitle the people of the district to any more recogni-
tion than they would have if they had the number contemplated by law.
I earnestly hope that this legislature will reapportion the state and fol-
low the example set by other states."
The governor then reviewed the condition of the state institutions and
the work of the railroad and tax commissioners. He recommended the
passage of a law authorizing the appointment of a state architect ; an ap-
propriation to maintain the office of state accountant as contemplated by
the law of 1895 '< 'he establishment of a state fish hatchery "with the view
of propagating such fish as are adapted to the streams of Kansas," and
called attention to the fact -that other states, where conditions were no
more favorable than in Kansas, had made fish hatcheries profitable un-
dertakings. He also recommended a revision of the insurance laws,
because in the enactment of new laws on this subject there had been a
lack of positive corrections and repealing acts, hence, "as a result, the
insurance department is in possession of a compilation of laws in which
there are contraditions and inconsistencies."
He announced the completion of the capitol building, so that "no
further expenditure is now needed, save for its proper maintenance ;"
expressed the hope that the State of Kansas would "cooperate with the
national government in all efforts toward improvement, and liberally aid
all movements tending to the developing of the National Guard ;" and
called attention to the report of the commissioner of labor, especially
the recommendation that a law be enacted prohibiting the employment
of children under the age of fourteen years in shops and factories. In
his conclusion he again called attention to the necessity of using judg-
ment and discrimination in the expenditure of the public funds, as fol-
lows :
"The natural pride every citizen has in his state suggests at once that
the institutions of the state should be maintained upon a plane com-
mensurate with the dignity and growth of the state. This is commend-
able: but there is another interest that should be sacred to every one
charged with responsibility, and that is the dut}^ we owe to the burden-
bearers, the people who pay the taxes. The people will justify a gener-
ous support of all the great interests of our state, but they will condemn
any profligate waste of the public money."
Most of the governor's recommendations were observed b}' the legis-
lature, though three bills in which he was especially interested failed
to become laws. They were the acts redistricting the state for repre-
sentatives in Congress, establishing state depositories, and the child
labor law. The principal acts passed at this session were those estab-
lishing the indeterminate sentence system ; increasing the salary of the
superintendent of public instruction ; providing for tuition fees at the
state educational institutions ; continuing the bounty on sugar beets ;
placing suburban electric railways imder the control of the board of
1 2 J. CYCLOPEDIA OF
railroad commissioners ; appropriating $100,000 for the Louisiana Pur-
chase exposition; curtailing the number of state reports to be issued by
the state printer; reestablishing the office of state accountant; reorgan-
izing the National Guard to conform to the provisions of the act of Con-
gress known as the "Dick bill ;" requiring the State of Oklahoma ti) re-
lieve Kansas of caring for her prisoners after two years ; making the
state free emplo3-ment bureau a permanent institution, and providing for
the establishment of a state fish hatchery.
Two constitutional amendments were submitted to the people, to be
voted upon at the general election of 1904. One related to the veto power
of the governor, as defined by section 14, article 2, and the other made
the state printer an elective office.
On Jan. 20 the legislature adopted a resolution requesting the sena-
tors and representatives from Kansas in the national Congress "to use
their best endeavors and influence toward securing for our state the
honor of having named for her one of the new first-class battle ships
either already provided for or to be provided for in the near future."
(See Battle-ship Kansas.)
A joint session of the two houses was held on Jan. 28 for the election
of a United States senator. Chester I. Long was elected over William
A. Harris by a vote of 123 to 35. Mr. Long was present and made a short
address, after which he was presented with his certificate of election for
the term beginning on March 4, 1903.
Heavy floods in the spring of 1903 did great damage in various parts
of the state, the greatest losses being at Topeka, Lawrence and Kansas
City. To relieve the flood situation in the Kaw valley Gov. Bailey issued
a proclamation on June 17, calling the legislature to meet in special ses-
sion on the 24th. In his message at the opening of the special session,
Gov. Bailey said:
"The floods which have recently swept over a portion of our fair state
have created conditions unusual and extraordinary^. The valley of
the Kaw and its tributaries. Avhich but a short time ago gave promise of
rich harvests, have been devastated by the angry waters, villages and
cities have been inundated, homes have been obliterated, and the prop-
erty loss to the citizens of our state is so vast that at this time its amount
is but a conjecture. Bridges that spanned our rivers that are absolutely
necessary for the every-day transaction of business have, in many cases,
been swept away and others made impassable, making necessary the ex-
penditure of large amounts of money before the avenues of commerce
can again be opened. Especially is this true of Wyandotte county, where
the immense business between Kansas City, Kan., and Kansas City, Mo.,
is suspended until the river can again be bridged. While the conditions
are the most acute in Wyandotte county, A^et the same situation obtains
in several of the other counties. In some of the counties, those charged
with the responsibility of repairing the great losses find themselves
helpless under the law to meet these unusual and extraordinary condi-
tions, and it is for the purpose of giving such enabling legislation as is
KANSAS HISTORY I25
necessary to meet these exigencies, caused by the recent floods, that I
have exercised the power vested in me b}' the constitution of our state
to convene the legislature in extra session."
Immediately after the reading of the governor's message a concurrent
resolution was adopted, to the effect that the introduction of bills should
cease at lo o'clock a. m. on the 25th; that all messages between the
house and senate should be discontinued at noon of the same day, and
that the final adjournment should be made at 3 o'clock p. m. The time
was found to be too short, however, for the consideration of the various
measures proposed, and the final adjournment was not taken until 2
o'clock p. m. on the 26th. Even then the legislature broke all previous
records for the amount of business transacted. In the senate 30 bills
were introduced, and in the house 59. Of these 89 bills 55 became laws.
The most important acts were those authorizing counties to issue bonds
to repair the damages done by the flood ; permitting county commis-
sioners to issue warrants for similar purposes ; repealing the act of
March 2, 1903, limiting the bonded indebtedness of cities of the first
class having a population of 50,000 or more, and allowing cities to issue
bonds and warrants to replace bridges, etc.
Attempts to make direct appropriations for the relief of the flood suf-
ferers were defeated, but Gov. Bailey called for contributions and in
this way raised a fund of some $33,000, over half of which, or $17,500,
went to Wyandotte county, where there were 5,000 needy families.
Douglas county reported 225 destitute families and received nearly
$4,000 ; Leavenworth county received a little over $2,000 for the relief
of 115 families, and the balance of the fund was distributed in the coun-
ties along the Kansas river from Marshall to Wyandotte.
The second year of Gov. Bailey's administration witnessed the be-
ginning of an incident that for a time agitated the state from center to
circumference. On Jan. 23, 1904, Joseph R. Burton, United States sena-
tor from Kansas, was indicted by a Federal grand jury at St. Louis, Mo.,
on the charge of having accepted $2,500 from the Rialto Grain and Se-
curities company (a "get-rich-quick" concern), of that city, to use his
influence with the postoffice department to prevent the issuance of a
fraud order against the company, denying it the use of the mails. Bur-
ton was tried before Judge Adams of the LTnited States district court at
St. Louis in March, found guilty and sentenced to pay a fine of $2,500
and serve six months in the jail at fronton. Mo. Burton's defense was
that he was acting within his rights, and that the money received from
the company was nothing more than he was entitled to as attorncA'^s
fees. He appealed the case to the LTnited States supreme court, which in
Jan., 1905, reversed the decision of the district court, on the grounds
that the money was paid to Burton in Washington, and remanded the
case for a new trial. The second trial was before Judge Van Devanter
of the United States circuit court at St. Louis in Nov., 1905, and re-
sulted in the same sentence as that imposed by Judge Adams' court.
A second appeal to the supreme court followed, and this time the de-
126 CYCLOPEDIA OF
cision of the lower court was sustained. On June 4, 1906, Mr. Burton
resigned his seat in the Senate.
In the spring of 1904 the cities of Wichita, Hutchinson, Emporia,
Coffeyville, Winfield, Ottawa, and all the towns in the Kansas river val-
le}', again suffered losses by floods, though the damages were not as
heavy as those of the previous year.
On June 4, 1900, a charter was granted to the Kansas Exposition As-
sociation of Topeka, with a capital stock of $50,000, which was organ-
ized for the purpose of holding a semi-centennial celebration of the
organization of Kansas as a territory in 1904. The records do not show
what became of the association, but a three days' celebration was held,
beginning on Monday, May 30, 1904, which was also Memorial day. On
the first day of the celebration there was a great civic and military
parade, in which Gov. Bailey and his staff participated, and an address
by William H. Taft, secretary of war in President Roosevelt's cabinet.
The second day was "Pioneer Day," and was devoted to the relation of
experiences by old residents who had lived in Kansas in "the days that
tried men's souls." Wednesday was "Women's day," the principal feat-
ure of which was a beautiful flower parade.
Sept. 30, 1904, was "Kansas Day" at the Louisiana Purchase exposi-
tion at St. Louis. On the 12th Gov. Bailey issued a proclamation an-
nouncing that "The management has set apart the week beginning on
Sept. 26 as 'Kansas Week' at the World's Fair, and Sept. 30 has been
designated as 'Kansas Day,' and it is the most earnest desire of the chief
executive and the Kansas commission that as many loyal citizens of our
state as possible arrange to attend the fair at that time, and by their
presence and influence honor the day and the occasion."
It was estimated that 15,000 Kansans were in attendance on the 30th
and nearly every one wore a sunflower, which had but a short time be-
fore been declared the state flower by the legislature. Gov. Bailey de-
livered an address, descriptive of the resources and progress of Kansas,
and the Kansas building was thronged from morning till night with in-
terested sight-seers. (See Louisiana Purchase Exposition.)
The political campaign of 1904 was opened by the Republican part}',
which held a state convention at Wichita on March 9. Edward Hoch
was nominated for governor by acclamation ; all the state officers elected
in 1902 were renominated ; E. W. Cunningham, W. R. Smith and Clark
A. Smith were nominated for associate justices of the supreme court;
George W. Wheatley, J. W. Robison and A. D. Walker for railroad com-
missioners, and Charles F. Scott for Congressman at large. The plat-
form paid a tribute to the late Marcus A. Hanna, United States senator
from Ohio and chairman of the Republican national committee ; de-
clared in favor of a primary election law : urged the reapportionment
of the state into eight Congressional districts ; favored a public deposi-
tory system for the state funds, the "good roads movement," and civil
service reform in the state institutions. Delegates to the national con-
vention were also selected.
KANSAS HISTORY ' 12/
A Democratic state convention met at Wichita on April 7, selected
delegates to the national convention, adopted resolutions reaffirming the
national platforms of 1896 and 1900, expressed an appreciation of W. J.
Bryan, the presidential candidate in those two campaigns, and indorsed
the work of William R. Hearst "in the interests of his party," and com-
mended his example "to good Democrats everywhere." No nomina-
tions for state officers were made at this convention.
On April 12 a Populist convention assembled at Topeka, and after
a stormy session named 89 delegates to the national convention. Wil-
liam H. Hearst was recommended to the Democratic party as the choice
of the Populists for president, but the fusionists controlled the conven-
tion and prevented any nominations from being made.
The Prohibition state convention was held at Emporia on May 11.
James Kerr was nominated for governor ; S. F. Gould, for lieutenant-
governor ; T. D. Talmage, for secretary of state ; C. A. Smith, for audi-
tor; C. A. Fogle, for treasurer; J. M. Martin, for attorney-general; J. J.
Harnley, for superintendent of public instruction; M. V. B. Bennett, for
associate justice (only one nominated) ; L. B. Dubbs, J. N. Woods and
A. C. Kennedy, for railroad commissioners; Jesse Evans, for superin-
tendent of insurance ; and Duncan McFarland, for Congressman at
large.
The Populist convention in April adjourned to Aug. 3, when a joint
convention of Democrats and the Populists who favored fusion met at
Topeka and nominated a state ticket, which was as follows : Governor,
David M. Dale ; lieutenant-governor, M. A. Householder ; secretar}' of
state, John H. Curran ; auditor, W. H. McDonald ; treasurer, Thomas M.
Dolan : attorney-general, W. W. Wells ; superintendent of public instruc-
tion, Martin R. Howard; associate justice, John T. Little; superin-
tendent of insurance, John Stowell ; railroad commissioners, F. H. Chase
and William M. Ferguson ; Congressman at large, Frank Brad)-. Of
these candidates. Dale, Curran, Dolan, Howard and Ferguson were
Democrats, the others Populists. Some time after the convention M.
B. Nicholson and S. H. Allen were added to the ticket as candidates for
the office of associate justice, but the third place for railroad commis-
sioner was never filled. The platform adopted indorsed Parker and
Davis as the candidates of the Democratic party for president and vice-
president and the platform adopted by the national convention held at
St. Louis on July 8; favored state legislation protecting labor as well as
capital ; the redistricting of the state so as to provide for eight Con-
gressional districts ; home rule in counties and cities ; revision of the tax
laws ; and pledged the candidates nominated to secure the passage of a
law that would make it impossible for the state treasurer to use the pub-
lic funds for speculation.
The Socialists again presented a ticket, to-wit : Governor, (jran\-ille
Lowther; lieutenant-governor, A. Roessler ; secretary of state, A. S.
McAllister; auditor, George D. Brewer; treasurer, J. E. Taylor; attor-
ney-general, F. L. McDermott ; superintendent of public instruction, C.
128 _ CYCLOPEDIA OF
W. Baker; superintendent of insurance, W. J. McMillan; associate jus-
tices, G. C. Clemens, S. A. Smith and R. A. Ross; railroad commis-
sioners, W. D. Street, J- D. Haskell and Frank Baldwin; Congressman
at large, Christopher Bishir.
At the election on Nov. 8 the Republican presidential electors carried
the state by a plurality of 126,781, and the entire Republican state ticket
was elected, the vote for governor being as follows: Hoch, 186,731;
Dale, 116,991; Kerr, 6,584;- Lowther, 12,101. The two constitutional
amendments were ratified by substantial majorities.
Toward the close of Gov. Bailey's administration the governor filed
bills with the auditor for groceries, to be paid out of the $2,000 appro-
priated for the maintenance of the governor's residence. The state
treasurer declined to pay the bills, claiming that such paj^ment out of
the maintenance fund was equivalent to an increase in compensation,
which was prohibited by the constitution. Gov. Bailey, in order to have
the question properly settled, instituted mandamus proceedings in the
supreme court of the state to compel the treasurer to pay the bills. The
case was still pending when the governor retired from office. Subse-
quently the court sustained the. treasurer. That there was no evidence
of wrong intent on the part of Gov. Bailey, he sent the attorney-general
a draft for $1,200, without the formality of a suit, to replace the money
he had expended for groceries. In the letter accompanying the draft
the governor said :
"I am prompted to pay this amount into the state treasury on account
of the position taken by yourself and certain newspapers that the state
has a just claim against me under the decision of the supreme court. I
have lived in Kansas twenty-six years, which period covers my active
business life, and no just claim against me has ever been presented and
stamped 'not paid for want of funds.' . . . There is alwaj'S a very
wide difference of opinion among my friends as to whether I should
pay this pretended claim; but I feel that in paying this money into the
state treasury I can wrong no one but myself, and that I can better
afford to suffer this wrong that I can to rest under the imputation that
I have misappropriated one dollar of the funds entrusted to my care as
governor of Kansas."
Baileyville, a village of Nemaha county, is located on the St. Joseph &
Grand Island and the Missouri Pacific railroads, 6 miles west of Seneca,
the county seat. It has banking facilities, express and telegraph offices
and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in
1910 was 250. The town was founded b)' N. Bailey in 1880. A postoffice
with G. M. Rasp as postmaster was established. A large hay press and
sheds were erected by S. H. Rice & Co. of St. Joseph, who also started a
store for the benefit of their employees and others who settled in the
neighborhood.
Baker, a village of Brown county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific
R. R. 8 miles south of Hiawatha, the county seat. It has a money order
postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, telephone
KANSAS HISTORY I29
connection, does some shipping, and in 1910 reported a population of
112.
Baker, James, scout and frontiersman, usually referred to as "Jim"
Baker, was a native of Illinois. At the age of 18 years he was on the
Great Plains as an employee of the American Fur company, and it is
said that he was never again east of the Missouri river. Next to Kit
Carson, he was Gen. Fremont's most trusted scout and guide. As a
trapper he was exceedingly skillful, and in one season took over $9,000
worth of furs. After that he retired to the mountains, where he passed
the remainder of his life. He married a Snake Indian woman and lived
much of his time with that tribe, though in his earlier years he made his
headquarters at Bent's fort on the Arkansas river. Gen. Marcy, who
knew Baker well, says he was "a generous, noble-hearted specimen of
the trapper type, who would peril his life for a friend at any time, or
divide his last morsel of food."
Baker, Lucien, lawyer and United States senator, was born in Fulton
county, Ohio, in 1845, of English and Dutch ancestry. His parents
were old-time Methodists and his father, who was a lawyer by profes-
sion, insisted that his three sons study law, which they did. When
Lucien was a child his parents moved to Lenawee county, Mich., where
he was reared. At the age of 18 years he entered Adrian College,
Adrian, Mich., but did not complete the course, leaving when a junior.
Later that college conferred upon him the degree of LL. B. After leav-
ing college be became a student in the law office of Andrew Howell, of
Adrian, and in Sept., 1868, was admitted to the bar. During the winter
of 1868-69 he attended the law department of the LTniversity of Mich-
igan and upon finishing his legal training there located at Leavenworth,
Kan., and began the practice of his profession in partnership with Lewis
Burns. In 1872 he was elected city attorney at Leavenworth and dur-
ing the time he held that office he gained a reputation as a lawyer of
signal ability. Two years later he resigned and for two years devoted
his entire time to his profession. In 1892 he entered politics as a candi-
date for state senator from the Leavenworth district and though he was
a Republican and the district Democratic he was elected by a large ma-
jority. He took a prominent part in the legislative fight of 1893. In
Jan., 1895, he was elected to the United States senate for a term of six
years. Upon retiring from the senate in 1901 Mr. Baker practiced law
in Leavenworth with his son, under the firm name of Baker & Baker.
He was in an enfeebled condition for some time as the result of a bullet
wound received in 1881, in the famous Thurston-Anthony feud. When
Thurston shot at D. R. Anthony the bullet went wild and struck Baker.
He died on June 22, 1907, at Leavenworth. In 1874 Mr. Baker married
Mary Higginbotham of Leavenworth and they had two children : Burt,
his father's partner, and Mary, who married Capt. Lowndes, a surgeon
of the United States navy.
Baker University. — In the fall of 1856, the Kansas and Nebraska an-
nual conference of the Methodist Episcopal church held its first session
(1-9)
130 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in a tent at Lawrence. The interest of the Methodists in education is
manifest in the report of the committee on education, a paragraph of
which reads : "Your committee are of the opinion that the Kansas and
Nebraska conference should avail itself through its members, of the
earliest opportunities to secure favorable sites for seminaries of learning
or universities under our own immediate management and control, and
to take such preliminary measures as may be necessary to secure titles
to the same and to secure the passage of such legislative acts as may
be necessary to constitute boards of trustees, who may hold such prop-
erty, real estate, personal or mixed, for the use and benefits of such semi-
naries or universities; and to secure grants of land and other property
to aid in building and endowing such institutions of learning within our
bounds."
In March, 1857, an educational convention of the Alethodist Episcopal
church was held at Palmyra, 15 miles south of Lawrence on the Santa
Fe trail. At this meeting a school was located at Palmyra, and the
name Baker University was chosen in honor of Bishop Osman C. Baker,
who presided over the first session of the Kansas and Nebraska annual
conference. At this time the Kansas Educational As.sociation of the
Methodist Episcopal church was organized, and on Feb. 3, 1858, obtained
LIBR.ARY. B-\KKR
a charter from the territorial legislature with the privilege of locating
an educational institution at or near the town of Palmyra, since called
Baldwin. On Feb. 12, 1858, the in.stitution was chartered under the
name planned (Baker University). A stone building for the university
was commenced at once and was ready for occupancy the following
autumn. This building is now known as the old castle: it passed out
KANSAS HISTORY I3I
of the hands of the university but has been repurcliased and will be
preserved as a memorial of early days.
School opened in Nov., 1858, with Prof. R. Cunning-ham as principal,
until the arrival of the first president, Rev. Werter R. Davis, in 1859.
The first meeting of the board of trustees was held at Omaha in April,
1859, the conference having met there. The Methodist church by its
representatives passed the following resolution : "Resolved that this
conference pledge its best efforts to build up and sustain Baker Uni-
versity as the one great university in Kansas."
The drought of i860 and the Civil war retarded the progress of. but
did not annihilate the school. The first catalogue was published for the
year 1862-63. In 1863-64 the increase in enrollment created a demand
for a new building, and an agent went east to collect funds. The result
of his efforts was the beginning of a cut stone building, 60 by 80 feet and
four stories high, which was not finished until 1870.
In 1866 the first class of three members was graduated. During the
period from 1858 to 1870, the college had the following presidents : Rev.
Werter R. Davis, 1858-62; Rev. George W. Paddock (nominal); Rev.
Leonard L. Hartman (acting), 1862-64; Rev. Leonard L. Hartman,
1864-65; Rev. John W. Locke, 1865 to March, 1866; John W. H[orner,
March, 1866, to Aug., 1867; Elial J. Rice, Aug., 1867, to Dec, 1868; Rev.
Werter R. Davis, Dec, 1868, to March, 1869; Rev. John A. Simpson,
March, 1869, to Dec, 1869; Rev. Werter R. Davis, Dec, 1869, to March,
1870; Rev. Patterson McNutt, March, 1870, to June, 1871. The growth
of the institution during these years had been fitful and precarious, but
continuous. A library of 2,000 volumes, a scientific collection, and
enough apparatus to conduct the school had been accumulated.
In 1873 the Kansas conference appointed educational commissioners
to investigate the financial and legal status of the university. Reports
of its involved conditions agitated the question of its removal. The
report of the commissioners helped to restore confidence, and the con-
ference pledged itself anew to support the school and pay all indebted-
ness, regardless of legal flaws in the claims. In the next few years con-
ference endowment funds were started, and subscriptions solicited but
the poverty of the state made the debts decrease slowly. Frequent
changes were made in the president's office. Rev. Robert L. Hartford
served from 1871-1873 ; Rev. S. S. Weatherby (acting), 1873-1874; Rev.
Joseph Dennison, 1874-1879: Rev. William H. Sweet, 1879-1886; Rev.
Hillary A. Gobin, 1886-1890:
The decade from 1880 to 1890 witnessed a change for the better in the
struggle for prosperous growth. The catalogue of 1880-81 stated that
in the literary department alone the average attendance throughout the
year had been more than double that of any year for the past twelve
years. In 1885, Centenary Hall, a stone and brick building 62 by 82 feet
and two stories above the basement, was completed. In 1890 William A.
Ouayle became president of Baker. With the beginning of the school
year 1889 proper and continuous work on endowment was commenced.
132 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Up to that time little had been done toward creating a permanent fund,
but from that year to 191 1 the university has systematically solicited and
received gifts until it has an endowment fund of $400,000. Mr. Ouayle
resigned in 1894 and was succeeded by Lemuel H. Murlin.
With the betterment of financial conditions the size and quality of the
curriculum increased. Almost at the beginning two courses of study
were given — classical and scientific. These have developed into eight
schools, including the summer school which is held each year during the
months of June and July.
The government of the institution is vested in a board of trustees,
elected by the Kansas and South Ivansas conferences of the Methodist
Episcopal church. The university issues three publications. The Baker
University Bulletin, "The Baker Orange," and The Baker University
News-Letter.
Baker University stands seventh in rank among the fifty or more
Methodist colleges of America. The campus contains about 20 acres in
the heart of Baldwin. The buildings number six and the corps of in-
structors 40. The university has seven departments, the college of lib-
eral arts has 378 students; the normal school 35; the academy 152; the
school of art 13; the school of oratory 99; the -school of business 55;
making a total of 732.
Baker, William, lawyer and member of Congress, was born in Wash-
ington county. Pa., April 29, 1831. His youth was spent on a farm and
he received the schooling common to the country boy of that period.
He wished- a more liberal education, however, to secure which he entered
Waynesburg College, where he graduated in 1856. For some years he
followed teaching as a profession, at the same time reading law, and was
admitted to the bar. Mr. Baker decided to go west and located at
Lincoln, Kan., where he took an active part in politics. In iSod he was
nominated and elected to Congress by the People's party and reelected
to fill the same office in 1892 and again in 1894. After retiring from
Congress he devoted his time to farming and stock raising.
Bala, a hamlet near the west line of Riley county, is located on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. in Bala township, 29 miles north-
west of Manhattan, the county seat. It is supplied with telegraph and
express offices and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The
population in 1910 was 100. It received its name from a town in North
Wales. A. D. Phelps, the first settler in the neighborhood, came in
1862.
Baldwin, one of the oldest settlements and the second largest city in
Douglas county, is situated in the southeastern portion on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. about 15 miles from Lawrence. The first set-
tlement near the present town site, was made in 1854, by Robert and
Richard Pierson. In June, 1854. a town site consisting of 320 acres, was
platted by the Palmyra Town company, which was composed of the
following men : James Blood, president : Robert Pierson, the Baricklaw
brothers, J. P.. Abbott, Capt. Saunders, .\masa Soule, L. F. and D. F.
KANSAS HISTORV 133
Green, Dr. A. T. Still and D. Fry. They named the town Palmvra, and
the first building was soon erected and used for a dwelling. W. West-
fall built a second cabin and opened a store. The town company erected
a building known as the old barracks, which was also used as a store. A
hotel was also built by the company and used for that purpose and a
store under the name of the Santa Fe House. Dr. Simmons and Dr.
Pierson were the first physicians, as they opened offices in Palmyra in
1855, ^t which time the town had several stores, a good hotel for that
period, a number of houses and seemed on the highway to prosperity.
The postoffice was established in 1856, with N. Blood as postmaster.
Religious services were held by the Methodist church in 1855, ^"^ late
in the year an organization was perfected.
In 1858, the town company purchased a section of land adjoining Pal-
myra on the north and donated it to the Kansas Educational Association
of the Methodist Episcopal church on the condition that they locate an
institution of learning known as Baker University on the site. The sec-
tion of land was surveyed into lots and sold, the proceeds being used to
erect the college building. (See Baker University.) As the work on
the university building progressed and the institution became an as-
sured thing, houses were erected in its vicinity, and the new town site
was named Baldwin, in honor of John Baldwin, of Berea, Ohio. Busi-
ness houses were erected and one by one the business enterprises of
Palmyra moved to Baldwin. John Baldwin erected a saw and grist mill,
an important concern in those days, and inaugurated other commercial
enterprises, which proved the death blows to the old town, which has
become one of the "deserted villages" of Kansas. The Baldwin of today
is a city of beautiful homes, churches, excellent retail stores of all kinds,
a fine public school, water and lighting systems, money order postoffice,
telegraph, express and telephone facilities, and is regarded as one of the
educational centers of the state. In 1910 it had a population of 1,265.
Ball, a rural postoffice of Gove county, is about 10 miles east of Gove,
the county seat, and 3 miles north of Hackberry. Quinter on the Union
Pacific is the most convenient railroad station.
Ballard's Falls, a little hamlet of Washington county, is on the Little
Blue river, about 12 miles east of ^Vashington. the county seat, and 5
miles north of Barnes, from which place mail is received by rural free
delivery.
Bancroft, a village of Nemaha county, is located in Wetmore town-
ship on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 19 miles southeast of Seneca, the
county seat. It has banking facilities, express and telegraph offices and
a postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 125.
Bank Commissioner. — Prior to 1891 no attempt had been made in
Kansas for state regulation of the business of banking, and as a result a
number of institutions that were organized as real estate and loan com-
panies, as well as individuals and firms, whose principal business was
entirely foreign to legitimate banking, were engaged in receiving de-
posits. Many of these concerns had not only their entire capital, but
134 CYCLOPEDIA OF
also much of the deposits invested in unprolitable and unsalable real
estate. Under these conditions the necessity for a uniform banking law
became imperative and in 1891 the legislature passed a law, "providing
for the organization and regulation of banks." A bank commissioner
was also provided for by the act, section 21 of which reads as follows:
"The governor shall appoint, by and with the advise and consent of the
senate, a bank commissioner for the State of Kansas, whose term of
office shall be four years." A deputy bank commissioner was also pro-
vided for, but any ofificer, employee, owner, stockholder or person inter-
ested in a bank, was made ineligible for the office of bank commissioner
or deput3^ The commissioner and the deputy are required to furnish
bonds for the sums of $20,000 and $10,000 respectively. Every bank
doing business in the state, except national banks, must be visited bj' the
commissioner or his deput}- at least once a year, or oftener if necessar}^,
for an investigation into the financial standing of the institution.
By the provisions of the law, the commissioner and his deputy are
empowered to investigate all persons connected with banks when mak-
ing an investigation, and report the same in writing. A graduated fee
was to be charged for these examinations ranging from $5 for banks of
$5,000 capital stock to $20 for banks of $50,000 capital stock and over.
It was also provided that the bank commissioner could call on all banks,
except national banks, at any time for a report of their condition, and
four such reports were to be made each year. When a bank became in-
solvent, it was the djity of the bank commissioner to take charge of it
until a receiver was appointed. By the law creating the office of com-
missioner he was required in each even numbered year, to report to the
governor the "names of owners or principal officer, the paid-up capital
of each, the number of banks in the state, the name and location of each
and the number and date of examinations and reports of and by each."
As fixed by this act, the bank commissioner received a salary of $2,500
and his deputy a salary of $1,200 and all traveling expenses incurred in
the performance of their duties.
Charles F. Johnson was the first bank commissioner. He was suc-
ceeded by John W. Breidenthal, who made a special report upon the
banks of Kansas on Dec. 19, 1893, which showed the condition of all
national, state and private banks doing business in the state.
A second banking law was passed in 1897 by which banks were re-
quired to secure a charter of incorporation from the state and when a
banking institution had complied with all the requirements of the law,
a certificate is issued by the bank commissioner authorizing the bank
to transact business. Each bank in the state, by this law, is required to
make four reports annually to the commissioner, or oftener if he calls
for them, and the commissioner is given power to enforce the banking
law. By this law two deputies, a clerk and stenographer were provided
to assist in the work done by the commissioner, since which time the
force has been increased according to the amount of work to be done.
At an early date the bank commissioner advocated a state bank guaran-
KANSAS HISTORY 135
tee law and it is due to the efforts of the commissioner that this excel-
lent law was placed upon the statute books of Kansas. (See Banking.)
Bankers' Association. — The Kansas Bankers' Association was organ-
ized on Feb. 22, 1887, at Topeka, with 60 members. The purpose of the
organization is set forth in the preamble of the constitution a summary
of which is as follows : To promote the general interest of the common-
wealth of Kansas ; the usefulness of the banks and the financial institu-
tions of the state : the cultivation of acquaintanceship among the bank-
ers ; and through the medium of periodical conventions to bring about
the full and free discussion of questions pertaining to the financial and
commercial interests of the country; to consider matters of legislation
of interest to both state and national banks and to preserve and dis-
seminate information of interest to its members and to the general pub-
lic. Following out the lines thus laid down in the constitution, the as-
sociation has held annual conventions in various cities of Kansas. From
the original membership of 60 it has grown to be an organization having
a membership on May i, 1911, of between 900 and 1,000.
The proceedings of the association have been published each year,
and their contents constitute a valuable contribution to the financial
literature of the country, as the papers presented at the conventions
have been prepared by the ablest financiers of the state. Another feat-
ure which has made the association of great value to the state has been
its zeal in safeguarding legislation. As students of financial questions,
the counsels of the bankers of Kansas, through the association, have been
of great value in framing legislation and assisting in the deliberations of
the legislature upon the same. As a result, much that is valuable in the
bod}' of commercial laws of Kansas, has either originated with the asso-
ciation or is due to the support given it by the bankers. The third feat-
ure, and one fully as important as the others, is that which has for its
object the apprehension and conviction of criminals. By a system of
rewards, and other means, professional criminals have been overtaken
in their career of crime, sentenced and imprisoned. Tlirough warning
notices by circular, telephone or telegraph, banks are advised of the
operations of crooks and swindlers; descriptions are given of the per-
son or criminal, if known, and of his methods of operating. A vast
amount of correspondence is carried on by the association in search of
the whereabouts of criminals in order to prevent bank robberies.
The association has established within itself an insurance depart-
ment, which has a twofold object: First, tn supply the banks of the
state high class burglary insurance, fidelity and depository bonds ; sec-
ond, the association acting as agent for responsible insurance companies
should itself earn the commissions usually paid to state agencies and
thus create a fund out of such commission earnings to be used for the
association. The association now has an aggregate value of about $10,-
000,000 of business which it has placed for the banks of Kansas and on
which commissions are earned sufficient to discharge about one-half of
■ the entire expense of operating the association, including the rewards
and expenses incident to the apprehension and conviction of criminals.
136 CYCLOPEDIA OF
The permanent offices of the association are maintained at Topeka. In
Feb., 191 1, the association began the publication of a periodical known
as The Kansas Banker, which has for its object the exploiting of distinct
association enterprises and keeping all bankers in touch with its in-
terests.
The membership consists of both state and national banks, about an
equal number of state and national bankers having presided over the
twenty-four annual conventions which the association has held since its
organization, these having been chosen alternately from the northern
and southern portions of the state.
In government the association is democratic, all authority being vested
in the entire membership seated in convention. This body has created
an executive council which meets regularly at stated times and convenes
in special session when occasion requires, administering the aiifairs of
the association between conventions. This council consists of the presi-
dent, vice-president, all ex-presidents of the association and the chair-
men of the groups. This retaining of the ex-presidents as permanent
members of the council preserves for the association the wisdom and ex-
perience of its most able men.
Banking. — The modern system of banking had its origin in Venice
about the close of the 12th century, though it was not until 400 years
later that the "Banco di Rialto" was authorized by the acts of the Vene-
tian senate in 1584 and 1587. Toward the close of the 17th century the
Bank of England -was founded and from that time the custom of using
banks as places of deposit for money and valuables, or for the purpose
of facilitating exchanges, spread rapidly over the civilized countries of
the globe. On May 26, 1781, the Continental Congress passed an act
authorizing the Bank of North America. By the provisions of this act
Robert Morris was given the power to establish a bank with a capital
of $400,000, but before it was placed in good working order the inde-
pendence of the United States became a reality and conditions were so
changed that the bank was never made a permanent institution.
In the formation of the Federal government, it was Alexander Ham-
ilton's idea that there should be a national bank of issue, and in har-
mony with this idea the first Bank of the United States was incorporated
in 1791 with an authorized capital of $10,000,000. Its charter expired
in 181 1, and the financial condition of the country in consequence of
the war of 1812 led to the chartering .of the second United States bank
in April, 1816, with a capital of $35,000,000. It soon found rivals in the
state banks, and for the next 40 years the banking system of this coun-
try was a motley patchwork of 'national, state and private institutions.
Each state has its own banking laws — some lax and some stringent ;
counterfeiting was easy, and bank failures were common occurrences.
In 1838 what is known as the "free banking system" was inaugurated
in New York. It allowed any association of persons to issue notes on
state bonds, or other public securities. This system spread to other
states and continued in operation until the Civil war. It was during
KANSAS HISTORY 137
the free banking period that the "Wild Cat" banks sprang up like mush-
rooms all over the country.
Early in the Civil war, in order to create a market for bonds issued
by the United States government, Salmon P. Chase, President Lincoln's
secretary of the treasury, devised the plan of giving special privileges
to banks organized under a Federal charter. This led to the act of Con-
gress, approved Feb. 25, 1863, authorizing national banks, which act was
the beginning of the present national banking system. However, the
state banks stiU held their own, and the national banks did not make
much headway until after the passage of the act providing for a ten per
cent, tax on state bank notes in circulation after July i, 1866, which
practically put an end to state banks of issue.
The first bank in Kansas was a private concern started by C. B. Baile}'
at the corner of Second and Delaware streets in the city of Leavenworth
in 1856. It did not live long and was succeeded by Isett, Brewster &
-Co., who came from Des Moines. This firm was in turn succeeded by
Scott, Kerr & Co. in 1859. These were all private banks, operating
without a charter from the territorial authorities, or without sanction
of law.
No banking laws were passed b}^ the first territorial legislature, but
by the act of Feb. 19, 1857, the Kansas Valley bank was incorporated
with a capital stock of $800,000. William H. Russell, A. J. Isaacs, Wil-
liam F. Dyer, James M. Lyle and F. J. Marshall were designated to
open books for stock subscriptions within six months and keep open for
30 days unless the full amount of stock should sooner be subscribed. If
within the 30 days 500 shares of $100 each were taken, the stockholders
were authorized to organize the bank, which was to be governed by a
president and seven directors, elected for one year. But the bank was
not to issue paper money until at least 50 per cent, of the stock sub-
scribed should be paid in, in specie, and bills or notes issued should
never exceed 200 per cent, above the amount of capital stock actually
paid in — that is, for every $3 in paper the bank should hold $1 in gold or
silver. Five branches were to be established — at Atchison, Doniphan.
Lecompton, Fort Scott and Shawnee in Johnson county. Five commis-
sioners were to be appointed annuall}' by the legislature to examine into
the conditions of the bank and the several branches, as well as any other
banks that might be established in the territor3^ If at any time the
bank should fail to redeem its notes, any judge in the territory, upon
proper complaint, might issue an injunction to restrain the bank from
transacting any further business.
Under date of July 14, 1857, J. C. Walker wrote to Gov. Walker, in-
closing a "transcript of the record of the Kansas Valley Bank branch
at Atchison," showing that 50 per cent, of the capital stock assigned to
that branch had been paid in, and that the bank was ready to issue paper
money whenever the governor was satisfied that the projectors of the
bank had complied with the provisions of the law. The governor ap-
pointed L. S. Boling to make the examination, and upon his report Gov.
138 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Uenver issued a proclamation on Feb. 18, 1858, authorizing the Atchi-
son branch to begin business in accordance with the terms of its charter.
When the act of incorporation of the Kansas Valley Bank was repealed
on Feb. 3, 1858, the Atchison branch, with S. C. Pomeroy as president,
was exempted from the provisions of the act of repeal. In Jan., 1861,
the name of the institution was changed to the "Bank of the State of
Kansas," William H. Russell, president, and it continued under that
name until 1866, when it retired from business, being succeeded by
Hetherington's Exchange Bank (now the Exchange National), which
was organized in 1859. It became a national bank on Aug. i, 1882.
Three banks were incorporated by the act of Feb. 11, 1858, viz: the
Lawrence Bank, the Bank of Leavenworth, and the Bank of Wyandott.
The incorporators of the Lawrence bank were Robert Morrow, S. W.
Eldridge. S. B. Prentiss, James Blood and H. Shanklin. Those of the
Bank of Leavenworth were Henry J. Adams, John Kerr, Samuel Harsh,
Henry Foote and I. W. Morris. The Wyandott bank incorporators were
^^'illiam Y. Roberts, J. M. Winchell, Thomas B. Eldridge, J. S. Emery
and James D. Chestnut. The authorized capital of each bank was $100,-
000, which was to be divided into shares of $100 each, and the affairs of
each bank were to be managed by a board of eight directors. Section
12 of the act provided that, "Whenever the directors of either bank shall
deposit with the comptroller an amount of the state bonds of any inter-
est paying state in the Union, or of the United States, equal in value to
$25,000, at the current rates of the New York Stock Exchange, and shall
satisfy said officer that they have on hand $2,500 in specie, for the pur-
pose of redeeming notes of the bank, then the comptroller shall counter-
sign $25,000 of said circulating notes and return them to the president
for use; and it shall then be lawful for said bank to use said notes as
currency," etc.
On Feb. 7, 1859, the legislature passed an act authorizing the estab-
lishment of savings banks, and under its provisions James Blood, B. W.
Woodward, S. B. Prentiss, C. W. Babcock, George Ford, C. H. Brans-
comb, George \\'. Deitzler and others organized the Lawrence Savings
Bank.
But before any of the banks organized under the territorial laws —
except, possibh'-, the one at Atchison — could place themselves upon a
firm financial footing, Kansas was admitted into the Union as a state,
and while this fact did not alter the legal standing of the banking insti-
tutions authorized during the territorial regime, it did alter materially
the conditions under which other banks could be established. The
Wyandotte constitution contained a provision that no bank should be
established except under a general banking law, and that no banking
law should be in force until after it had been submitted to a vote of the
electors of the state at some general election and approved by a major-
it}- of the votes cast at such election. The first state legislature, which
met in March, 1861, passed a general banking law providing that,
"Whenever any person or association of persons, formed for the pur-
KANSAS HISTORY 139
pose of banking- under the provisions of this act, shall duly assign or
transfer, in trust, to the auditor of this state, any portion of the public
stock issued, or to be issued, by the United States, or the stocks of the
State of Kansas, said stocks to be valued at a rate to be estimated and
governed by the average rate at which such stocks are sold in the city
of New York, at the time when such stocks may be left on deposit with
the auditor of state, such person or association of persons shall be en-
titled to receive from the auditor an amount of circulating notes of dif-
ferent denominations, registered and countersigned, equal to and hot
exceeding the amount of public stocks assigned and transferred as
aforesaid," etc.
The law further provided tliat before receiving such notes the stock-
holders should give to the auditor a "good and sufficient bond, to be
approved by him, to the amount of one-fourth of. the notes that said
bank shall receive," and they were also required to file with the auditor
a certificate, duly attested by the president and cashier of the proposed
bank, that ten per cent, of the capital stock of the bank has been paid
in specie and on deposit, to remain in the vaults of the bank as an addi-
tional security to indemnifj- the holders of the bank's notes against loss
in case of the depreciation of the securities deposited with the auditor
to secure the circulation of the bank.
No bank could be organized with a capital stock less than $25,000,
which might be increased, and every bank was required to publish an-
nual statements showing its condition. In the event a bank should fail
to redeem its notes on demand, they might protested, and if not paid in
twenty da)'s the auditor of state was authorized to give notice that thej'
Avould be paid out of the trust funds. Note holders were given the power
to recover damages from the bank. This law was submitted to the peo-
ple of the state at the election on Nov. 5, 1861, and was ratified by a
vote of 4.655 to 2,807. Before it could be fairly tested Congress passed
the national banking law, and the banks of Kansas were confined to in-
stitutions of discount and deposit.
Boyle, in his "Financial History of Kansas," divides the banking his-
tory of the state into three periods. The first, which he styles the "un-
regulated," was from 1861 to 1891 ; the second, or period of "loose super-
vision," was from 1891 to 1897, '^"d since the latter date there has been
a period of "state supervision." It was in the first period that the ques-
tion of the state's right to authorize banks of discount and deposit was
carried to the supreme court. At the July term in 1878, Judge Brewer,
afterward associate justice of the United States supreme. court, handed
down an opinion in the case of Pape vs the Capital Bank of Topeka
(20th Kan. p. 440), in which he held that the constitutional provision
applies onl)^ to banks of issue, and does not prohibit the legislature from
creating banks of discount and deposit. Said he: "All banks, that is. all
banks within the scope of the article, are required to keep offices and
officers for the issue and redemption of their circulation. But a bank
of deposit purely has no circulation. It is not a bank, therefore, within
I40 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the scope of the article." All the other justices of the supreme court
concurred in this opinion.
Notwithstanding the fact that Boyle classifies the banks during the
first 30 years of statehood as "unregulated," some very stringent laws
relating to banking were passed in that time. The act of March 12, 1879,
made it "unlawful for any president, director, manager, cashier or other
officer of any banking institution, to assent to the reception of deposits
or the creation of debts by such banking institution, after he shall have
had knowledge of the fact that it is insolvent or in failing circum-
stances."
The act also made it the duty of every officer, director, agent or man-
ager of any banking institution to examine into the affairs of the same
and, if possible, know its condition. Another act of the same date pro-
vided that any officer of a bank receiving deposits or assenting to the
creation of debts, when such bank should be in an insolvent condition,
should be deemed guilty of larceny and "punished in the same manner
and to the same extent as is provided by law for stealing the same
amount of money deposited, or other valuable thing, if loss occur by
reason of such deposit."
Although laws of this character were enacted at various times, it
seems there was no general banking law in force. Gov. Humphrev, in
his message to the legislature of 1889, said : "We have no law regulat-
ing the important subject of banks and banking. Banks of discount and
deposit are referred to, as banks of issue are forbidden by the consti-
tution, except by a vote of the people. Even the general corporation
law does not include banking as one of the many purposes for which cor-
porations may be formed, and the only provision on the subject is arti-
cle 16, chapter 23, General Statutes, being an act of six sections for the
organization and incorporation of savings associations. The right to
incorporate banks under this act for the purpose of carrying on a gen-
eral banking business has been questioned, and even the constitutional-
ity of the act assailed in case of Pape vs. Capitol Bank, 20 K. 440.
"Notwithstanding this, hundreds of banks over the state have been
thus organized and incorporated, not as savings banks, in fact, but to
carry on a general business. ... In justice to those who desire to form
banking corporations, there should be some adequate provision of law
for that purpose ; and in justice to them, as well as to the business public,
there should be an act regulating the subject of banks and banking gen-
erally, with some power of examination, inspection and supervision,
which might be lodged with a bank commissioner, or with the present
superintendent of insurance."
Nothing- was done at that session, but in 1891 the legislature passed
a general banking law which may be said to mark the renaissance of
Kansas banking. One of the principal provisions of this act was the
creation of the office of bank commissioner (q. v.). Six years later the
law of 1891 was supplanted by one much more elaborate and compre-
hensive. It was an act of 65 sections, the principal provisions of which
KANSAS HISTORY I4I
were as follows : Five or more persons were given power to form a
corporation to conduct a banking business ; no two banks in the state
should be permitted to operate under the same name; the building
owned b}' the bank as aplace of business should not equal in value more
than one-third of the capital stock; banks organized prior to the pas-
sage of the act should conform to its provisions ; stockholders were to
be liable for a sum equal to the par value of their holdings ; receiving
deposits when a bank was in an insolvent condition rendered the officers
subject to a fine of not exceeding $5,000 or imprisonment in the peni-
tentiary from one to five years, or both ; no bank was to be permitted
to do business without authority, and the bank commissioner was to
take charge of insolvent banks.
This act was amended by the acts of 1901 and 1903. The former
placed trust companies under the banking laws of the state, especially
the provisions relating to the impairment of capital and insolvency, and
the latter provided that no bank should be estatblished with a capital
of less than $10,000. The act of 1903 also provided that every officer of
an incorporated bank should hold at least $500 in stock of the institu-
tion, which stock should not be sold or transferred while holding such
office.
Doubtless the most radical and far-reaching law on the subject of
banking ever passed by the Kansas legislature was the act of March 6,
1909, "providing for the security of depositors in the incorporated banks
of the state, creating the bank depositors' guaranty fund of the State
of Kansas, and providing regulations therefor, and penalties for the vio-
lation thereof."
The principal features of the law were: i — Any incorporated state
bank with a paid-up surplus equal to one-tenth of its capital might par-
ticipate in the benefits of the guaranty fund, and the bank commissioner
was authorized to issue a certificate to that effect. 2 — Before such cer-
tificate should be issued the bank was required to deposit with the state
treasurer, for each $100,000 of deposits, or fraction thereof, $500 in bonds
of the United States, the State of Kansas, or some minor political di-
vision of the state, and in addition pay a sum equal to one-twentieth of
one per cent, of the average deposits, etc. 3 — When any bank should
be found to be insolvent the bank commissioner to take charge, issue to
the depositors a certificate bearing interest at the rate of six per cent,
per annum, and if the bank's assets should prove insufficient to pay the
depositors, then the certificates should be redeemed from the guaranty
fund. 6 — National banks by reorganizing might become guaranty
banks. 7 — Any bank guaranteed under the provisions of the act, that
should receive deposits continuously for six months in excess of ten
times its capital and surplus, should be deemed guilty of violating the
law and forfeit it guaranty rights and privileges.
Soon after the passage of the law opposition on the part of the na-
tional banks of the state developed, because it was feared that the guar-
anty of deposits in the state banks would give those institutions an
142 CYCLOPEDIA OF
undue advantage. Gov. Stubbs, Bank Commissioner Dolley, and Attor-
ney-General Jackson went to Washington to confer with the United
States attorney-general, and some national banks went also to present
their side of the case. Attorney-General Wickersham upheld the law,
and when it became apparent that it was the intention of the opponents
of the law to bring an action in the Federal court, the state forestalled
the movement early in Aug., 1909, b}' instituting proceedings to enjoin
certain persons and bankers from interfering in anj^ way with the en-
forcement of the law. At the same time the attorney-general asked the
supreme court for a writ of mandamus to make it necessary for the
bank commissioner and the state treasurer to carry out the provisions
of the law. The question, however, was linally carried to the supreme
court of the United States, which upheld the law, and the state banks
of Kansas were thus placed upon a basis of security surpassed by no
state in the Union.
As a rule, the banks of Kansas have been conducted along conserva-
tive lines, and failures have been neither numerous nor of serious con-
sequence. The state officials have not been remiss in the discharge of
their duties, and even before the passage of the guaranty law did all in
their power to safeguard the interests of the depositors. Since the pas-
sage of that law confidence in the state banks has been strengthened, but
the officials have not diminished their eflforts to place the banking insti-
tutions upon a still higher financial level. An instance of this is seen in
the decision of Attorney-General Jackson in June, 1910, in the case of
the Citizens & Farmers' State bank of Arkansas City. This bank was
closed in Nov., 1908, by the bank commissioner, on account of an in-
debtedness of $75,000 owed to it by the Wells Produce company of that
city. The produce company failed soon after, and the receiver of the
bank discovered that instead of $75,000, its indebtedness to the bank
was about $100,000. When the question of the liability of the directors
to the depositors was submitted to the attorney-general he held that
the officers and directors of the bank were liable to the depositors for
their losses, aggregating some ,$400,000. Said Mr. Jackson :
"It is a general rule of law that ignorance of any fact in the bank's
affairs, which it is the duty of the directors to know, can never be set
up by them in defense of any of their official acts. The directors can-
not escape liability by pleading ignorance of the facts which they agreed
with the bank, by accepting their officers, to ascertain. They must be
held to know all facts which ordinary diligence in the examination of
the affairs of the banks would have disclosed."
Concerning this decision of Mr. Jackson the Topeka Caiiital of June
25, 1910, said: "This rule, laid down b}' the attornej'-general, no doubt
will make a whole lot of bank directors wake up. Heretofore the posi-
tion of bank director has been generally looked upon as an honorary
one, but bank directors will now realize that the position has consider-
able responsibility and liability attached to it."
Some idea of the growth of the banking business in Kansas may be
KANSAS HISTORY 143
gained b}- a comparison of the bank commissioners' comparative state-
ments for Sept. I, 1900, and Aug. 15, 1910. On the former date there
were 388 state banks reporting, with loans and discounts amounting to
$21,812,835.56; capital Stock, $6,613,000; surplus and undivided profits,
$1,839,663.14; deposits, $26,899,875.45. On Aug. 15, 1910, there were
860 banks reporting loans and discounts of $80,757,016.35 ; capital stock,
$16,779,300; surplus and undivided profits, $7,041,291.29; deposits, ^$77,-
733,500.33-
According to the Bankers' Directory of Jan. i, 191 1, there were in
the state at that time 200 national banks with an aggregate capital stock
of $11,109,000; a surplus of $6,221,050, and deposits of $76,571,300.
Banner, a rural money order postoffice of Trego county, is located
about 15 miles southwest of \\'akeeney, the county seat, and 10 miles
south of Collyer, which is the nearest railroad station. It is connected
with the surrounding towns by telephone and is a trading point for that
section of the county.
Bannock, a little village of Edwards county, is situated on Rattlesnake
creek in Lincoln township, about 25 miles southeast of Kinsley, the coun-
tv seat, and 12 miles south of Belpre, the most convenient railroad sta-
tion. Bannock was formerly a postoffice, but after the introduction of
the rural free delivery system the office was discontinued and the people
now receive their mail through the office at Haviland, Kiowa county.
The population in 191 o was reported as 30.
Bantam, a rural postoffice of Ellis county with a semi-weekly mail,
is located about 12 miles northwest of Hays, the county seat, which is
the most convenient railroad station.
Baptist Church. — Tlie name Baptists was given to members of con-
gregations who had withdrawn from the dominant churches of England
and restored what they believed to be apostolic precept- and example of
immersion. This name was first applied in England about 1644, and
she people forming the organizations maintained that immersion upon
confession of faith was necessary for valid baptism, rejecting infant bap-
tism as incompatible with regenerate membership. Other religious
bodies had practiced immersion without such teaching.
From the first there were two branches of the English Baptists ; those
who followed the teaching of Calvin and those who adopted the the-
ology of Arminius. The Arminian, or General Baptists, formed first
under the leadership of John Smith, who established the first General
Baptist church in London in 161 1. The Calvinistic or Particular Bap-
tists originated from a congregation of Separatists established in Lon-
don about 1616. One of the first principles of the Baptist organizations
was that the church as a spiritual body should be entirely separated
from the state and that spiritual liberty be extended to all — Catholic,
Jew and Protestant.
The first Baptist church in America was established at Providence,
R. I., by Roger Williams. He was a minister of the Church of England,
but soon after leaving the University of Cambridge adopted separatist
144 CYCLOPEDIA OF
principles. He sailed for America in 1630 hoping to find entire religious
liberty in the new world. Landing at Boston, Mass., he was invited to
preach in the established church, but refused as it was unseparated.
After some time he finally located with the separatists of Plymouth col-
ony. Because of his teachings, Williams became a disturbing element,
and he was condemned to banishment and deportation to England in
1635. He managed to escape and made his way through the wilderness
in midwinter to the Narragansett Indians of whom he bought land, upon
which he founded the colony of Providence on the principle of entire
civil and religious liberty. He advocated the most complete separation
of church and state at a time when such ideas were almost inconceivable.
In 1639, a small band of only twelve believers originated baptism and
the first Baptist church. About 1640, a Baptist church was formed at
Newport, and in 1655 a church of this belief was established at Boston
and maintained in spite of opposition. A colony of Welsh Baptists came
to America in 1665, and after some difficulty located at Rehoboth, Mass.,
in 1667. By 1750 there were eight Baptist churches in New England.
The Baptists began to locate in the Jerse3's and Pennsylvania after
16S2, and as there was tolerance of religion a large number of Quakers
and Baptists emigrated from England to these localities. In 1686 sev-
eral Baptist families from Wales located on the Pemepek river, where
and a year later a company organized a church. The same year a church
was organized at Middletown, N. J., and by 1770, twelve such churches
existed. Services were held in Philadelphia under the auspices of the
Pemepek church from 1687, but the first church was not organized until
1698. The Philadelphia association was organized in 1707, and the
New York colony churches sought admission to it as did the churches
of Virginia and the Carolinas. Gradually the church became firmly
established in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
New York, North and South Carolina and Connecticut, and a few con-
gregations were organized in Virginia. During the Revolutionary war
the progress of the church was not materially checked and it is esti-
mated that in 1792 there were 1,200 organizations with a membership
of 100,000.
The great westward migration after the Revolution was an opportu-
nity quickly improved by the Baptists. Missionary preachers were sent
into the new western country and Baptist societies formed in the fringe
of civilization. In 1845 differences arose over the question of slavery
and the churches of the slave states formed the South Baptist conven-
tion, while the northern churches organized the American Baptist
Union. At different times branches have separated from the two orig-
inal Baptist organizations, or new congregations have been formed until
today the church includes the following bodies : Northern Baptist Con-,
vention, Southern Bapti.st Convention, National Baptist Convention
(Colored), General Six Principle Baptists. Seven-day Baptists, Free
Baptists, General Baptists, Separate Baptists, United Baptists, Duck
River and Kindred Associations of Baptists (Baptist Church of Christ).
KANSAS HISTORY 145
Primitive Baptists, Colored Primitive Baptists in America, Two-Seed-
in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists, Freewill Baptists (Bullockites),
and United American Freewill Baptists (Colored).
The Baptist church was one of the first religious organizations to
begin work in Kansas, for as early as 1831, Baptist missionaries were
sent among the Indians. In July of that year Dr. Johnston Lykins came
to the Indian Territory, "and at his own expense bought a small tiact
of land contiguous to the Shawnees," who were at that time located on
the Neosho river. The next year, 1832, he was authorized by the Baptist
board to erect mission buildings, and 1833, Lewis Cass, secretary of war,
authorized him to visit various tribes west of the Mississippi river and
report upon favorable sites for missionary establishments. In 1835 ^^
was ordained, and given special charge of the Shawnees and Delawares.
In June, 1837, the Ottawa Baptist mission was established about five
miles northeast from the present site of the town of Ottawa, Franklin
county, by Jotham Meeker and his wife, who had been missionaries to
the Shawnees. In 1842, a large mission house was erected and a school
established for the Indian children. The first missionary to the Potta-
watomie Indians, in the territory now included in the State of Kansas,
was the Baptist missionary, Robert Simerwell. In 1837, as soon as this
tribe located at their new reservation on the Osage river, Mr. Simerwell
and his wife located among them and when the Pottawatomies removed
to their reservation on the Kansas river, the Baptist mission was estab-
lished in what is now Mission township, Shawnee county. This became
one of the largest and most prosperous missions in the territory. In
1840 another Baptist mission was established among the Miamis on
Wea creek by David L3'kins. Nearly all of the missions were maintained
until the territory was thrown open to white settlement and the Indians
\vere transferred to the Indian Territory.
When the Territory of Kansas was organized and thrown open to
white settlers in 1854, most of the first immigrants were men who had
belonged to churches in the east, and one of the first things they did
upon establishing their homes was to organize churches where there
were people enough to form congregations. Being among the first as
missionaries, the Baptists were among the first to form permanent or-
ganizations. Less than a year after the first settlers located in the
town of Lawrence, the Baptist church was organized there by William
W. Hall. The services were held in private residences and halls until
1870, when a church building was erected. The Baptists were among
the pioneer religious organizations to become established in Nemaha
county and probably the first sermon preached in the county was by
Elder Thomas Newton, who came from Illinois in 1854. He ministered
at Central City and later at Seneca. The first church society was or-
ganized at Central City on Aug. i, 1857, and the first pastor was T. R.
Newton. A small church was soon erected, which was used as a school
house during the week. The first religious services held by the Baptists
in Doniphan was in 1855. -'^ church was erected within a short time
fl-io)
146 CYCLOPEDIA OF
and Mr. Anderson became the first minister. As early as 1856, John
Williams, a Baptist preacher, held outdoor services at Trading Post,
Linn county, where a church was organized at an early date. In Shaw-
nee county a church was organized at Topeka on March i, 1857. R. M.
Fish of lirburn preached until C. C. Hutchinson came as a permanent
pastor on June 18, 1859. The first Baptist church in Osage county was
organized on Aug. 6, 1857. During the first year the church was served
occasionall}' by R. C. Br3'ant and J. B. Taylor, but no church building
was erected until 1869. In Atchison a Baptist church was organized on
Aug. I, 1858, and the first minister called was a Mr. Anderson. A Bap-
tist organization was formed at Manhattan, Riley county, on Aug. 14,
1858, and it was incorporated on Nov. 13, i860, with M. L. Wisner as
the first pastor. In the fall of 1858, the Tabernacle Baptist church was
organized at Leavenworth by a Mr. Kermot. The First Baptist church
was organized in i860, and in 1864 the two were merged to form the
Baptist church for which a building was erected in the early '60s. In
Oct., 1839, a Baptist congregation of seven members, one of the pioneer
religious organizations in L3'on county, was organized at Emporia by
R. C. Bryant. The Baptists were the first to effect a church organiza-
tion in Clay county at the Huntress' cabin, and the Clay Center church
was organized -in Aug., 1868, with twelve members. The first Baptist
church in Miami county was started there on Feb. 25, i860, by Elder A.
H. Dean, with twenty members and became the leading church of Paola,
a building being erected five years later. H. S. Tibbits organized the
Baptist congregation at Hiawatha on Aug. 18, i860, with fifteen mem-
bers, and it soon began to be one of the leading religious organizations
of the locality. The work of the Baptist church was started in Franklin
county by the Indian mission in 1837 but the first church was organized
in 1864 at Ottawa. This church adopted the New Hampshire Confes-
sion of faith and held meetings in a building until a church was erected
the following year. Religious services were held at Fort Scott, Bour-
bon county, while it was a military post, but the Baptists did not effect
an organization there until Feb. 18, 1866. In 1868 a church was organ-
ized at Salina by J. R. Downer with fifteen members and a church erected
within a short time. An organization was perfected in Neosho county
in 1869 with seven members by Elder A. C. Bateman, who was cho-en
pastor. Services were held at the Erie school house until a church was
erected in 1871. Cherokee county was not opened to white settlement
until 1870, when a Baptist church was organized at Columbus with
twelve members on March 20, by Elder A. C. Bateman and the first pas-
tor was a Mr. Maver. According to the census of 1875, there were 286
church organizations in the state, with 36 church edifices and a mem-
bership of 12.197. By 1878 the organizations had increased to 334 with
69 churches and 16,083 members, and by 1890 there were 358 organiza-
tions, 263 churches and 32,689 members. In 1906, the Baptist church
ranked third in Kansas in number of members of all denominations both
Protestant and Catholic, having 46,299 members.
KANSAS HISTORY I47
Bar Association, State. — On Jan. 9, 1883, a number of the leading
law3'ers of Kansas met in Topeka for the purpose of organizing a
state bar association. After the appointment of committees to formulate
a plan for the permanent organization, an adjournment was taken until
10 a. m. the next day, when the association was formed with 46 char-
ter members and the following officers: Albert H. Horton, president;
N. T. Stephens, vice-president; \\\ H. Rossington, secretary; D. M.
Valentine, treasurer. The objects and aims of the association, as given
in the constitution, are "the elevation of the standard of professional
learning and integrity, so as to inspire the greatest degree of respect
for the efforts and influence of the bar in the administration of justice,
and also to cultivate fraternal relations among its members."
To be eligible for membership one must have been admitted to prac-
tice in the Kansas supreme court, and also have been engaged in regu-
lar practice for one year next preceding his application for member-
ship. In the beginning the constitution provided that the annual meet-
ing should be held on the second Tuesday in January at the capitol,
and that the executive council or committee might call special meet-
ings at any time, giving the members thirty days' notice of such meet-
ings. Subsequently the constitution was amended so that the annual
meeting is held in Januar}', upon such date as mav be decided upon
by the previous meeting or by the executive council. For a time two
meetings a year were held.
The by-laws provide that all addresses delivered and papers read
before the association s'hall be deposited with the secretary ; that the
president's annual address, the reports of committees and proceedings
of the annual meeting shall be printed, but no other address shall be
printed except by order of the executive council. The papers read
before the association at the annual meetings have covered a wide
range of subjects relating to the history, ethics and philosophy of law.
Among these subjects may be mentioned: The Evolution of Law;
I'niformity of State Laws; Politics and the Judiciary; Municipal Gov-
ernment ; Combinations in Restraint of Trade ; The Lawyer and His
Relation to Society ; Legal Education ; Dramatic Art in the Jury Trial.
At the annual meeting on Jan. 11-12, 191 1, at Topeka, the retiring
president. C. A. Smart, of Ottawa, took for the subject of his annual
address "The Establishment of Ju.stice." The principal address at that
meeting was delivered b}- Burr W. Jones, of Madison, Wis., whose sub-
ject was "The Mai-Administration of Justice." Papers were read by
A. O. .A.ndrew, of Gardner; A. E. Crane, of Holton ; C. E. Branine, of
Hutchinson ; J. T. Botts, of Coldwater ; A. M. Harvey, of Topeka, and
W. A. McKeever, professor of philosophy in the Kansas State Agri-
cultural College. Eighteen new members were admitted and the as-
sociation joined in the enjoyment of the customary annual banquet.
The presidents of the association, from the time of organization to
191 1, were as follows: A. H. Horton, 1883 to 1896; S. O. Thacher,
1887; W. A. Johnston, 1888; John Guthrie, 1889; Robert Crozier, 1890;
I4o CYCLOPEDIA OF
D. M. Valentine, 1891 ; T. F. Garver, 1892; James Humphrey, 1893;
J. D. Milliken, 1894; H. L. Alden, 1895; David Martin, 1896; William
Thompson, 1897; S. H. Allen, 1898; C. C. Coleman, 1899; Samuel
Kimble, 1900; Silas Porter, 1901 ; B. F. Milton, 1902; J. G. Slonecker,
1903; W. R. Smith, 1904; Charles W. Smith, 1905; L. H. Perkins, 1906;
W. P. Dillard, 1907; J. B. Larimer, 1908; J. W. Green, 1909; C. A.
Smart, 1910.
At the annual meeting in 191 1 the following officers were elected:
President, W. E. Hutchinson, Garden Cit}^ ; vice-president, J. D. Mc-
Farland, Topeka ; secretary, D. A. Valentine, Topeka; treasurer, J. G.
Slonecker, Topeka; executive council, R. A. Burch, B. W. Scandrett, J.
J. Jones, J. D. Houston and H. A. Russell ; delegates to the American
Bar Association, A. W. Dana, Topeka; J. W. Orr, Atchison, and Samuel
Kimble, Manhattan.
Barber County, one of the southern tier, is bounded on the north by
Pratt county, east b}' Kingman and Harper counties, south by the
State of Oklahoma and west by Kiowa county. It was organized in
1873, from territory that was originally embraced in Washington coun-
ty. The county was named for Thomas W. Barber, who was killed
near Lawrence on Dec. 6, 1855. It was intended when the county was
organized that it should bear the name "Barber," but in some man-
ner the spelling was changed to "Barbour" and stood that way until
1883, when the legislature passed an act changing the name to "Bar-
ber," its present form, according to original intention. Its area is 1,134
square miles and, according to the Kansas Agricultural reports of 1908.
at then ranked 73d in population.
In the winter of 1871-2 the first white settler, a man named Griffin,
located a ranch on a branch of the Medicine Lodge river, about a mile
from the present site of Sun City, in the northwest part of the county.
The following spring E. H. Mosley, and two men named Lockwood
and Leonard, located on the Medicine Lodge river in the southeastern
part of the county near the present town of Kiowa. Mosley brought
with him goods for Indian trade and spent his time hunting buffalo
and buying hides for the eastern market, while the other men broke
some of the prairie and engaged in farming. This displeased the In-
dians, who opposed white settlement in this section, and they raided
the homes of the pioneer farmers. In the fight that ensued Mosley
was killed, but the other two men saved themselves by remaining be-
hind a stockade. The Indians left after killing most of the stock. In
Oct., 1872, Eli Smith joined this settlement, and a store was opened
there by a man named Hegwer in the spring of 1873. Derick Upde-
graff settled on land near the present site of Medicine Lodge in Dec,
1872, and Salmon P. Tuttle drove a herd of cattle near this claim about
the same time. During the year claims were taken up in the vicinity
by William Walters, W. E. Hutchinson, Jake Ryan, A. L. Duncan,
David Hubbard and John Beebe, while Samuel Larsh and a man
named Wyncoop took up claims on Cedar creek 3 miles from the Up-
KANSAS HISTORY I49
degraff ranch. Lake Cit}-, on the upper Medicine Lodge, was settled
by Reuben Lake about the same time. During the spring and summer
of 1873 ^ number of people came and the northern part of the county
became settled. Ralph Duncan was the first white child born in the
county, in the spring of 1873, and the first wedding took place in July,
1874, when Charles Tabor married a Miss Moore.
The first record of the county commissioners is dated July 7, 1873.
The board consisted of S. H. Ulmer, L. H. Bowlus and J. C. Kilpatrick.
On Sept. I the board made a contract with C. C. Bemis for a court-
house to cost $25,000, and the clerk was directed to issue warrants for
that amount, but the building was never erected. On Sept. 2. 1873,
W. E. Hutchinson was appointed immigration agent, and warrants to
the amount of $1,000 were drawn in his favor. On Oct. 6 G. W. Crane
received the appointment as advertising agent and was given $5,000 or
as much of that amount as was needed to advertise the advantages of
the county. The first regular election of county officers took place
in Nov., 1873. The vote of the Medicine Lodge district was thrown
out for some reason, and the officers chosen by the remainder of the
county were : M. D. Hauk, clerk ; Jacob Horn, treasurer ; D. E. Shel-
don, probate judge: Reuben Lake, sheriff; S. B. Douglas, superintend-
ent of public instruction; C. H. Douglas, clerk of the district court; M.
S. Cobb, register of deeds, and M. W. Sutton, county attorney. The
county was divided on Nov. 7, 1873, into three districts for the election
of commissioners, and on Feb. 11, 1874, a special election was held to
determine the question of issuing bonds to the amount of $40,000 for
the erection of a court-house. The result of the election was a ma-
jority of 41 votes against the issue, but under a law of March 7, 1874,
the county commissioners issued the bonds.
^ Indian depredations continued through the spring of 1874 and Cut-
ler's History of Kansas (p. 1,521) says: "It was in the summer of 1874
that the so-called Indian raid occurred — when a band of Indians, led
by a number of white men, it is alleged, came into this county and
murdered several citizens up the Medicine river." For protection the
citizens built stockades, one of which was erected near the center of
the present city of Medicine Lodge. It was made of cedar posts set
upright in the ground. Another stockade was built 12 miles up the river
at Sun City, and for further protection a company of militia was formed
to fight the Indians.
Barber county had but one contest for the location of the county
seat — that of Feb. 27, 1876 — which can hardly be called a contest, as
Medicine Lodge received more votes than all the competing towns.
The first school district of the county, which included Medicine Lodge,
was organized in the spring of 1873, and the school building erected
that year was used until 1882. Early religious services in the county
were held by traveling Methodist preachers, but no regular organiza-
tion was affected until 1878. The first newspaper was the Barber
County Mail, which was started on May 20, 1879, by M. J. Cochran.
150 CYCLOPEDIA OF
It was sold the next year to J. W. McNeal and E. W. Ilifif, who at
once changed the name and started the Cresset. The first larjj,e body
of cattle held in the county was a herd of Texas cattle brought by
Solomon Tuttle in the fall of 1872, which wintered along the Medicine
river. The first graded cattle were brought into the county in the spring
of 1873 by William Carl, who held them on the river about 12 miles
above Medicine Lodge.
The early railroad history of the county consists of one experiment.
On Aug. 27, 1873, ^ special election was held to decide the question
of subscribing $100,000 to the stock of the Nebraska & Southwestern
railroad, and issuing bonds in a like amount in payment therefor. The
measure was carried, the bonds were issued, and though the railroad
was never built they became a valid lien against the county. At the
present time the county has over 90 miles of main track road within
its bounds. A line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe crosses the
extreme northeast corner ; another branch of the same system enters
the county on the east and crosses to Medicine Lodge, thence north-
west into Pratt county ; still another line of the same system crosses
the southeast corner and runs into Oklahoma, with a branch north from
Kiowa to Medicine Lodge.
The eastern part of the county is undulating and in some places,
nearly level, while the western portion is hilly, breaking into blufTs
along the streams. In the east the river bottoms vary from one and
a half to two miles in width, but in the western part are narrower and
deeper. The timber belts are usually about a half mile wide along
the water courses, the native trees being walnut, elm, cottonwood,
hackberry, ash, mulberry, cedar and willow. The county is a good
agricultural country and stock raising is an important industry. Win-
ter wheat, corn and Kafir corn are the staple products, while there
are more than 50,000 bearing fruit trees on the farms of the county.
Barber county is exceptionally well watered. All the streams have a
general southeast course. Medicine Lodge river, the largest stream,
flows diagonally across the county from northwest to southeast. Lit-
tle and Big Mule, Big Sandy and Salt Fork creeks in the south, and
Elm creek in the north are also important streams. Springs are abun-
dant throughout the county, while good well water is reached at from
10 to 12 feet on the lowlands. Soft red sandstone is abundant along
the streams and an excellent quality of brick clay is found in several
localities, the best being near Medicine Lodge. Gypsum is found in the
central part of the county and shipped to different points.
The county is divided into the following townships : Aetna, Cedar,
Deerhead, Eagle. Elm Mills, Elwood, Hazelton, Kiowa, Lake City, Mc-
Adoo, Aledicine Lodge, Mingona, Moore, Nippawala, Sharon, Sun City,
Turkey Creek and Valley. According to the L^. S. census of 1910 the
population of the county was 9,916, a gain of 3,322 over 1900, and the
Kansas agricultural report for the same year gives the value of farm
products as $1,564,471, wheat leading, with a value of $675,094: corn
second, with a value of $441,720.
KANSAS HISTORY I5I
Barber, Thomas W., one of the free-state martyrs in Kansas, was
a native of Pennsylvania and a son of Thomas and Mary (Oliver)
Barber. In the early '30s he located at Richmond, Ind., where he was
engaged for some time in operating a woolen mill. Soon after the
passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, he removed to Kansas and set-
tled on a claim some 7 miles southwest of Lawrence. Being a sober,
honest and industrious citizen, he made friends among his neighbors.
Early in Dec, 1855, when the pro-slavery forces were threatening Law-
rence, Mr. Barber decided to go to the assistance of the town. He
had no family except a wife, who seems to have had a premonition of
impending danger and begged him to remain at home, but he laughed
at her fears and set out on horseback for Lawrence. On the morning
of Dec. 6, in company with his brother Robert and Thomas M. Pierson,
he started for his home, unarmed, promising to return as soon as he
had arranged matters at home so as to permit his absence. When about
4 miles from Lawrence, on the California road, they saw a part)' of
14 horsemen approaching, two of whom rode on in advance of the
others for the purpose of holding a parley with Barber and his com-
panions. These two men were George W. Clark, agent of the Pot-
tawatomie Indians, and a merchant of Weston, Mo., by the name of
Burns. They tried to induce the Barbers and Pierson to join them,
and meeting with a positive refusal, one of them drew his revolver and
fired twice, mortally wounding Thomas W. Barber. He concealed the
fact that he was shot until they had ridden about a hundred yards,
when he informed his brother, who at first thought such a thing im-
possible, but a few minutes later the wounded man was seen to reel
in his saddle. His associates eased him to the ground, where a little
later he breathed his last. The poet, Whittier, wrote a poem on "The
Burial of Barber," beginning:
"You in suflfering, they in crime
Wait the just reward of time.
Wait the vengeance that is due ;
Not in vain a heart shall break.
Not a tear for freedom's sake
Falls unheeded: God is true."
Barclay, a village of Osage county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. ir miles southwest of Lyndon, the county
seat. It is supplied with express and telegraph offices and a money
order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 100.
Barnard, one of the principal towns of Lincoln county, is the terminus
of a division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. which con-
nects with one of the main lines of that system at Manchester. It is
located in Scott township, near the northern boundary of the county,
about 12 miles from Lincoln, the county seat. Barnard was first set-
tled in 1888; was incorporated in 1904, and in 1910 reported a popula-
CYCLOPEDIA OF
tion of 425. It has two banks, a weekly newspaper — the Bee — some
good retail mercantile houses, churches of the leading Protestant de-
nominations, telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice
with one rural delivery route, and being located in the rich Salt creek
valley is an important shipping point for agricultural products. It is
connected by telephone with the surrounding country and with the
county seat.
Barnes, an incorporated town of Washington county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. 13 miles southeast of Washington, the county
seat. It has a money order postoffice with three rural routes, express
and telegraph offices, telephone connection, a bank, a weekly newspaper
— the Barnes Chief — Methodist, Lutheran and Christian churches, good
schools, and in 1910 reported a population of 454. It is the principal
trading and shipping point for Barnes township, in which it is situated.
Barnesville, a hamlet of Bourbon county, is situated on the Little
Osage river, about 13 miles north of Fort Scott, the county seat. It
has rural free delivery from Fulton and in 1910 had a population of
52. Fulton is the nearest railroad station.
Barr, Elizabeth N., one of the younger school of Kansas authors, was
born in a dugout — a fact of which she is rather proud — in Lincoln
county, Kan., in 1884. When she was two years of age her parents re-
moved to Huron county, Mich., where she attended the common schools
and in 1902 graduated in the Badaxe high school. Then after a sojourn
in Florida she went to Kansas City, Mo., where she was for a time
employed on the advertising force of the Kansas City Journal. In
1905 she went to Topeka with a total capital of $11 and entered Wash-
burn College, determined to work her way through that institution.
With an energy rarely equaled in her sex she succeeded, and in 1908
graduated in the liberal arts course. Her first published work was a
collection of poems written while she was a student in college and
entitled "Washburn Ballads." Miss Barr is also the author of several
short count}' histories of various counties in Kansas, and she was for
some time the editor and publisher of the Club Member and Current
Topics, a paper devoted to the cause of woman suffrage.
Barrett, a hamlet of Marshall county, is located on the Missouri
Pacific R. R. and on the Vermillion river in Vermillion township, 20
miles southeast of Marysville, the county seat, and 3 miles from Frank-
fort. It has a money order postoffice, and a population in 1910 of 75.
Barrett is one of the oldest settled points in Marshall county. The
first white resident outside of the French traders was G. H. Hollenberg,
afterward the founder of Hollenberg, Washington county, who located
in this vicinit)' in 1854 and opened a store for the accommodation of
the emigrants to California. In 1855 a colony of 60 people from Cadiz,
Ohio, selected a tract in the Vermillion valley for a settlement. Among
those who came was A. G. Barrett, who in 1868 laid oflf the town of
Barrett and gave the railroad company 40 acres of land in considera-
tion of their building a depot and side track. The postoffice had been
established since 1857.
KANSAS HISTORY 153
Barry, an inland hamlet in the extreme northeast corner of Green-
wood count)-, is located 5 miles from Dunaway, the nearest railroad
Station, and 30 miles from Eureka, the county seat. It obtains its mail
by rural delivery from Gridley, Coffey county.
Bartlett, an incorporated town of Labette county, is located on the
Missouri Pacific R. R., in Ilackberry township, 14 miles southwest of
Oswego. It has banking facilities, telegraph and express offices, and
a money order postofifiice with one rural route. The population in 1910
was 249. The town was named for its promoter, Robert A. Bartlett.
Jerome Callahan was the pioneer merchant, and B. F. Cox built the first
dwelling.
Barton County, nearly in the geographical center of the state, is
bounded on the north by Russell county, east by Ellsworth and Rice,
south by Stafford and Pawnee, and west by Pawnee and Rush coun-
ties. It is exactly 30 miles square and contains 900 square miles. The
county was created by an act of 1867, and was named in honor of
Clara Barton, the founder of the American Red Cross association. The
southern half of Barton county lies in territory that was erected as
^'Vashington county by the act of 1855. while the northern portion in-
cludes part of the unorganized territory attached to the counties hing
east of it. It is supposed that the first white men who saw this part
of Kansas were the Spaniards under Coronado (q. v.). The first Ameri-
can to visit Barton county was Lieut. Zebulon Pike, who led an ex-
ploring expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1806. On Oct. 13 of that
year, Pike reached the most northerly bend of the Arkansas river, about
6 miles east of the present site of Great Bend, where he encamped for
several days. (See Pike's Expedition.) The McKnight party, with a
train of pack mules, followed the trail along the Arkansas in 1812, and
in 1820 Maj. Long's expedition passed along practically the same course.
This early route later became the historic "Santa Fe Trail."
As far as can be learned, the earliest settler in Barton county was
a man named Peacock, who located his ranch on AValnut creek about
3 miles east of the big bend of the Arkansas. His residence was an
adobe hut, and in the fall of the year i860, he and five other men were
killed by Kiowa Indians, who drove off the stock and committed other
depredations.
In 1868 the Indians created considerable trouble by attacking ranch-
men and wagon trains, running off" cattle, and in some cases killing
settlers and travelers. In October they attacked a provision train near
Ellinwood, and in his report of the affair Gen. Hazen stated that
"about 100 Indians attacked the fort at daylight, and were driven off;
then they attacked a provision train ; killed one of the teamsters, and
secured the mules from four wagons; then attacked a ranch 8 miles
below and drove off the stock."
The first cemetery in the county was the old grave yeard laid out
about 300 yards northeast of Fort Zarah fq. v.), in which the graves
made at the time of the occupation of the fort by troops may still be
134 I CYCLOPEDIA OF
seen. In some cases they were marked by stones, but are nearly all
overgrown with buffalo grass.
The United States census of 1870 found two people who declared
themselves residents of Barton county. They were John Reinecke and
Henry Schultz, natives of Hanover, Germany, who came from Illinois
in March, and after searching for land near the present site of Ellin-
wood got the Ellsworth surveyor to accompany them to Walnut creek,
where they selected a location, and had it surveyed. The settlement
they established was about 6 miles northwest of the present city of
Great Bend. Others who came to the county in 1870 were W. C. Gib-
son, Gideon F. Mecklem, William Jous, Antone Wilke, George Berry
and Mike Stanton, who settled along the Walnut in what are now
Buft'alo and Walnut townships. Most of the pioneer homes were rude
dugouts and sod houses. The first log house was built late in the year
1870 by Mr. Mecklem, and was provided with loopholes and small
windows as a means of defense against the Indians. The principal
occupation of the early settlers was killing buffalo. They used the flesh
and tongues for food, in some cases selling the meat at the nearest
settlements, while the hides were tanned and sent to the markets in
the east. A few tried farming, but were unsuccessful, as the buffalo
tramped out the crops and wallowed in the soft plowed ground. The
first settlements in Great Bend township were made by E. J. Dodge,
who made a homestead entry on Jan. 23, 1871, and D. N. Heizer, who
entered land in May of the same year. Some of the other settlers of
that year were John Cook, W. H. Odell, Thomas Morris, George Moses
and Wallace Dodge.
For about five years after its creation Barton county was attached
to Ellsworth for judicial and revenue purposes, but in 1871, it had the
required number of voters and population to entitle it to a separate
organization. Accordingly, a petition was presented to the governor
asking that the county be organized, and on May 16, 1872, Gov. Har-
vey issued a proclamation for the organization of the county and de-
clared Great Bend the temporary county seat. The officers appomted
by him at that time were Thomas Morris, John H. Hubbard and George
M. Berry commissioners, and William H. Odell, clerk. The board
held its first meeting at Great Bend on May 23, 1872. At this meet-
ing the commisisoners divided Barton county into three civil town-
ships, Lakin, Great Bend and Buffalo, and declared each township to
be a commissioner district. An election for township officers, and to
decide upon the location of the county seat, was ordered for July i.
The election was held and resulted in the selection of M. H. Halsey,
John Cook and L. H. Lusk, commissioners; William H. Odell. clerk;
Thomas L. Morris, register of deeds; J. B. Howard, clerk of the dis-
trict court; E. L. Morphy, treasurer; D. N. Heizer, probate judge; J.
B. Howard, county attorney; A. C. Moses, superintendent of public
schools ; John Favrow, surveyor ; George W. Moses, sheriff, and D. B.
Baker, coroner. Upon the question of a permanent location of the
county seat. Great Bend received 144 votes, Ellinwood 22 and Zarah 2^2>-
KANSAS HISTORY I55
Soon after Barton county was organized some difficulty arose be-
tween the authorities of Ellsworth and Barton counties with regard
to the payment of taxes. Some of the settlers had already been placed
on the tax rolls by the assessor of Ellsworth county before Barton
was organized, and had paid their taxes to the Ellsworth county treas-
urer. For a time the Ellsworth county officers refused to pay over to
Barton county the taxes thus collected, but matters were finally amica-
bly adjusted.
The settlement of Barton county was both rapid and steady. A num-
ber of Germans located around Ellinwood, where a store was opened
in 1874 by F. A. Steckel, who also started a grist mill. The following
year the first brewery in the county, and the first in this part of the
state, was erected at Ellinwood. About this time a number of Rus-
sians entered land about 7 miles west of Great Bend. One of the points
of great interest in the county is Pawnee Rock (q. v.) in the southwest
corner. In early days of travel along the Santa Fe it was a noted land
mark.
The first school in the county was a private one established in 1872
by James R. Bickerdyke. In December of that year bonds were voted
for the first school house. A number of the early settlers were Catho-
lics, who erected the first church building in the county in Lakin town-
ship in the fall of 1877. The second church was built by the Methodists
the following winter. Prior to this time services were held by travel-
ing preachers. The first postoffice was established at Zarah in 1871,
with Titus J. Buckbee as postmaster. The first record of marriage is
that of Jonathan F. Tilton and Addie Eastey in Nov., 1872. Judge W.
R. Brown presided at the first term of court in April, 1873. George A.
Housher, whose birth occurred on Oct. 2, 1871, was the first white
child born in the county.
On Oct. 8, 1872, a special election was held to vote on the question
of issuing $25,000 of county bonds for the erection of a court-house
and jail. The proposition was carried, and on March 26, 1873, the bids
were opened. The contract was awarded and the building, located in
the county square at Great Bend, was completed and accepted that
year. G. L. Brinkman was elected to the state legislature on Nov. 5,
1872, and was the first person to represent Barton county in the general
assembly of the state. In 1874 the limits of Barton county were en-
larged by the addition of a part of Stafford county. This territory was
held until 1879, when the matter, after being fought through the courts,
was decided against Barton county, for the reason that Stafiford, by the
act of division, was reduced to an area less than that required by the
state constitution. The original bounds of Barton were therefore re-
stored.
The county is divided into the following townships : Albion, Beaver,
Buffalo, Cheyenne, Clarence, Cleveland, Comanche, Eureka, Fairview,
Grant, Great Bend, Homestead, Independent, Lakin, Liberty, Logan,
Pawnee Rock, South Bend, LTnion, Walnut and Wheatland.
[56 tVCI.tH EDIA (.>F
The southern part of the county is level, the northern portion higher
and somewhat broken. The valleys of the Arkansas river and Walnut
creek are from 2 to 7 miles in width, with a sandy loam soil, which
is very fertile and productive. Narrow belts of timber, principally Cot-
tonwood, elm, ash, box-elder, hackberry, willow and walnut, are found
along the streams, and many artificial groves have been set out. Bar-
ton county is one of the "banner" wheat counties of Kansas, but corn,
Kafir corn and oats are extensi\el}' raised. Limestone of a good qual-
ity is found in the northern portion, and sandstone in the southern
half of the county. Clay is found in the north, and a vein from 15 to
18 feet thick lies about 3 or 4 miles north of Great Bend. A rich bed
of rock salt has been discovered about 3 miles northeast of Great Bend
and has been drilled 100 feet.
The Arkansas river is the principal stream. Its course through the
county is in the form of a crescent, or great bend, from which the
town of Great Bend takes its name. There are several tributary streams,
Walnut and Little Walnut creeks being the most important. The main
line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad follows the course of
the Arkansas river, passing through Ellinwood and Great Bend, while a
branch of the same system runs east from Ellinwood into Rice county.
A second branch runs northwest from Great Bend into Rush county.
The main line of the Missouri Pacific railroad traverses the county al-
most directly east and west through the center and has a branch south
from Hoisington to Great Bend. There are about 95 miles of main
track road within the limits of the county, furnishing ample shipping
facilities to the central and southern parts.
The U. S. census for 1910 reported the population of Barton county
as being 17,876, which showed a gain of 4,092 during the preceding de-
cade. According to the report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture
for the same year, the value of all farm products was $4,203,193. The
principal crop was wheat, the value of which was $2,897,283, and the
corn crop was valued at $739,400. During the year 1910 live stock of the
value of $244,159 was sold.
Basehor, a village of Leavenworth county, is a station on the Mis-
souri Pacific R. R. about 10 miles south of Leavenworth city, and 2
miles from the Wyandotte county line. It has a bank, a money order
postofifice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, telephone
connections, and is a trading and shipping point for that section of the
countj^ The population in 1910 was 225.
Basil, one of the minor villages of Kingman county, is a station on
the Hutchinson & Blackwell division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe R. R. 12 miles south of Kingman, the county seat, with which it is
connected by telephone. It is a trading and shipping point for that
portion of the county and in 1910 had a population of 72.
Bassett, a small village of Allen county, is situated about 2 miles
south of lola. the county seat, with which place it is connected by elec-
tric railway. In 1910 it reported a population of 40.
KANSAS HISTORY 157
Bassettville, a little village of Decatur county, is located on Sappa
creek in the township of the same name, about 15 miles southwest of
Oberlin, the county seat, from which place the people receive mail by
rural free delivery.
Bateham, a little hamlet of Republican township. Clay county, is
near the southern boundary, about 13 miles almost due south of Clay
Center, the county seat. Wakefield is the nearest railroad station, from
which the inhabitants of Bateham receive mail by rural free delivery.
Battle Flags. — The regimental and battle flags carried by Kansas
troops in the various wars in which they have participated were turned
over to the adjutant-general of the state when the regiments returned
home. In 1866 the legislature made an appropriation of $150 for the
painting of inscriptions on these flags, and many of them bear the
names of the more important battles and skirmishes in which the com-
mands were engaged. Many of these Civil war emblems were worn
to ribbons, and to preserve them a resolution was adopted by the legis-
lature of 1867, making an appropriation of $150 for a suitable case in
which they were to be placed. The case was built, the flags crowded
in, and for nearly forty years reposed in those cramped quarters. In
1905 public sentiment was aroused and the following act passed the
legislature :
"Whereas, The battle-flags of the state of Kansas, some sixty in
number, have been for forty years without proper care, subject to
moth and dust, and inaccessible to the public; therefore, be in enacted
by the legislature of the State of Kansas:
"Section i. That the sum of $1,000, or so much thereof as may be
necessary, is hereby appropriated, to be expended upon proper vouchers
by the executive council, in providing steel cases, with plate glass fronts
and backs, as near air tight as practicable, in which to preserve and
expose to the public the various regimental and other battle-flags car-
ried by Kansas troops ; and that the same be added to the museum of
the State Historical Society.
"Section 2. The adjutant-general is hereby required to furnish a
designation for each flag, giving number of regiment, names of battles,
and location of service, and that each flag be so labeled.
"Section 3. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after
its publication in the statute book."
With the above appropriation a handsome steel case was provided
in which the flags have since been on exhibition.
During the Civil war a number of Kansas regiments were presented
with flags by patriotic women in the localities in which the regiments
were raised, notably Company I, First Kansas, which received a flag
from the ladies of the Leavenworth Turner's Society; the Second
Kansas, which received a flag from the ladies of Junction City, and Com-
pany M, Ninth Kansas, which was also presented with a stand of
colors. At the beginning of the Spanish-American war (q. v.) the
Woman's Relief Corps of Topeka, presented a stand of colors to each
158 CYCLOPEDIA OF
of the three Kansas regiments. The state also furnished blue silk ban-
ners to these organizations. On the return of the Twentieth Kansas
Col. Wilder S. Metcalf, in returning the flags to the state, said: "My
regiment and myself are gratified for this enthusiastic welcome. . . .
The stand of colors which I have here was furnished us on this spot
eighteen months ago. We carried them to the Philippine Islands and
took good care of them. They were placed on the firing line on Feb.
4, and remained there until we were ordered home. While the regi-
ment was in the trenches they were stuck in the ground right with us.
They have been torn by bullets and brambles, but what is left of them
we desire to return to the state."
On behalf of the state Gov. W. E. Stanley said : "As the representa-
tive of the state it aflFords me pleasure to receive these flags from the
hands of the Twentieth Kansas. One is the old star spangled banner,
the symbol of the nation's greatness. For more than a century it has
inspired in the people the loftiest sentiments and across land and sea,
from Bunker Hill to Caloocan, it has been the glorious emblem of
liberty. The other, a torn and tattered battle flag, its scars and tatters,
voiceless lips which tell of the devotion and valor of the Kansas sol-
diers. A generation ago, the young men of other years came home as
you are coming home, from struggle and victory, and they brought
their battle flags and placed them in the archives of the state. They
are now covered with the dust of a life's span, which in the light of
the devotion of the men who carried them in battle has the gleam of
gold. Today we will place the battle flag of the men who are putting
life's harness on with the battle flags of the men who are putting life's
harness off, and will keep them as the state's treasures, that in the
years to come they will teach lessons of the highest patriotism. The
whole state welcomes your return to civil life, the people will follow
you with prayers and devotion."
Battleship Kansas. — Toward the close of the nineteenth century, when
an agitation in favor of a larger and more powerful navy was started,
the navy department adopted the custom of naming the new battle-
ships after the states. One of the early vessels to be thus named was
the ill-fated Maine, which was blown up in the harbor of Havana, the
incident being one of the principal causes of the declaration of wnr
against Spain in the spring of 1898.
The Fiftjr-seventh Congress made appropriations for the construc-
tion of several new battleships, and on Jan. 20, 1903, the Kansas legis-
lature passed a resolution requesting the members of Congress from
the state to use their influence to have one of the new ships named
the "Kansas." An order to that effect was issued, and work on the
vessel was commenced at Camden, N. J., the following November. The
keel was laid early in 1904, and on Aug. 12, 1905, Gov. Hoch, accom-
panied by his staff and a number of prominent Kansans, visited Cam-
den to be present at the ceremony of launching. On such occasions
it is usually the custom to break a bottle of champagne or other wine
KANSAS HISTORY 1 59
against the prow of the vessel as it starts from the ways, but as Kan-
sas was known to be a prohibition state, it was decided to dispense
with the wine and use water instead. The day was warm and sultry
and the governor's staff, in full uniform, suffered from the heat during
several vexatious delays, but at 12:40 p. m. the great marine monster
began slowly to move down the incline to her watery home. Miss
Anna Hoch, the governor's daughter, who acted as sponsor, stood upon
a platform with a bottle of water from the John Brown spring in Linn
county, Kan., and at the signal she smashed the bottle against the ship's
prow, repeating the customary formula, "I christen thee Kansas" ; but
her voice was lost in the cheering that greeted the great ship as it
glided down the ways.
BATTLESHIP KANSAS.
The Kansas is 450 feet long at the load water line, the greatest
breadth is 76 feet 10 inches, and the mean draught is 24 feet 6 inches.
Her displacement is 16,000 tons, and her engines have a total horse
power of 19,545, giving her a speed of 18 knots an hour. The coal
bunkers have a capacit)'- of 2,200 tons, though 900 tons constitute the
normal supply. Altogether she carries 3,992 tons of armor, the sides
being protected by plates 9 inches in thickness, the turrets by 12-inch
armor, and the barbette by lo-inch. Her main battery consists of 24
guns, four of which are of 12-inch caliber ; eight are 8-inch, and twelve
are 7-inch, all breech-loading rifles. The secondary battery includes
twenty 3-inch rapid fire guns; twelve 3-pounder semi-automatic; two
i-pounder automatic : two 3-inch field guns, and two 30-caliber au-
tomatic. When manned by a full complement her force would con-
sist of 41 officers and 815 men. The total cost of the Kansas was $7,-
565,620, being exceeded in this respect at the time of her completion
only by the Connecticut, which cost $7,911,175.
Two gifts were made by the State of Kansas to the battleship l)ear-
ing her name. The Daughters of the American Revolution gave a fine
l60 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Stand of colors, and the legislature of 1905 appropriated $5,000 for the
purchase of a silver service, of special design. Competitive bids and
designs were submitted, the contract being finally awarded to Edward
Vail of Wichita, Kan. The silver service consisted of 35 pieces, bear-
ing appropriate designs of Kansas scenes and sunflowers. It was pre-
sented to the ship at the League Island navy yard, Philadelphia, Pa.,
June 17, 1907, by Gov. Hoch, whose speech of presentation was re-
sponded to by Capt. Charles E. Vreeland, commander of the vessel,
who claimed the State of Kansas as his home. After the presentation
the huge silver punch bowl was filled with lemonade for the refresh-
ment of the assembled guests.
The Kansas went into commission on June 18, 1907, under com-
mand of Capt. Vreeland, and was one of the four first class battleships
that went on the Pacific cruise the following December. Capt. Vree-
land was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral, and the Kansas was
placed under the command of Capt. Charles J. Badger. On Dec. i,
1910, the ship was in the second division of the Atlantic fleet, composed
of the Kansas, the Louisiana, the New Hampshire and the South Caro-
lina.
Bavaria, a village of Saline county, is located on the main line of the
Union Pacific R. R. 9 miles west of Salina, the county seat. It has
express and telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice with one
rural route. The population in 1910 was no. The place was originally
settled in 1865 by Ernst Hohneck, who later deserted it. In 1877 E. F.
Drake laid off the town of Bavaria.
Baxter Springs, an incorporated city of Cherokee county, is located
a short distance west of Spring river, at the junction of two divisions
of the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., 11 miles southeast of Colum-
bus, the county seat, and not far from the southern boundary of the
state. The first settler was a man named Baxter, who located there
about the year 1858, when the land was known as the "Government
Strip." During the war of 1861-65, Baxter Springs was on the direct
route from Fort Scott to Fort Smith, and lying, as it does, close to the
Missouri line, it was also subject to an attack from some of the guerrilla
bands that infested the region. A military post was established there
in May, 1863, and garrisoned by the First Kansas colored infantry and
a battery commanded by Lieut. Knowles. In June the garrison was
withdrawn and the post remained unoccupied until Aug. 17, when Col.
Blair ordered Capt. John Crites' company of the Third Wisconsin
cavalry to reoccupy it. A little later Crites was reinforced by a detach-
ment of the Second Kansas colored infantry under command of Lieut.
R. E. Cook, and early in October further reinforcements were added
under Lieut. James B. Pond of the Third Wisconsin cavalry, who took
with him a 12-pound howitzer. On Oct. 4 Gen. Blunt left Fort Scott
for Fort Smith, with an escort of 100 men of the Third Wisconsin and
Fourteenth Kansas cavalry, the band and a wagon train, and about
noon of the 6th reached a point near Pond's camp at Baxter Springs.
KANSAS HISTORY IDI
Here he saw a body of mounted men advance from the timber on
Spring river and as they wore Federal uniforms he thought they were
Pond's men out on drill or to give him a reception. Capt. Tough,
Blnnt's chief of scouts, rode forward, but soon returned with the in-
■formation that the men were rebels, and that a fight was then going on
at Pond's camp.
As a matter of fact, the men seen by Blunt were some of Quantrill's
guerrillas, commanded by Ouantrill in person. Seeing that they were
recognized, the guerrillas advanced on the escort, fired a volley, and
then charged. The Union troops were outnumbered more than five to
one and fled at the first fire. Blunt succeeded in rallying 15 of his
men, and with this meager force held the enemy at bay, until noticing
a gap in the line he made a dash through it and escaped. His adjutant-
general, Maj. Curtis, attempted to cut his way through another gap,
but was killed. Britton, in his "Civil War on the Border," says : "In
many instances where the soldiers were closely pursued, they were told
that if they would surrender they would be treated as prisoners of
war; but in every case the moment they surrendered and were dis-
armed, they were shot down, sometimes even with their (iwn arms in
the hands of the bandits."
A short time before this unhappy afifair, which is known as the Bax-
ter Springs massacre, Pond's camp had been attacked by the guerrillas
while 60 of his picked men were absent on a foraging expedition. Lieut.
Pond managed to work the howitzer by himself, and the fact that the
camp was supplied with artillery doubtless deterred Ouantrill from
charging and capturing the entire force then in the garrison.
In 1865, after the war was over, two men named Armstrong and
Davis built a house on the site of Baxter Springs, and the next yeat
a town was laid out on 80 acres by Capt. M. Mann and J. J. Barnes.
Soon after this A. F. Powell opened a store, and when Baxter Springs
became the outlet for the Texas cattle trade, the town took on all the
appearances of prosperity. But the cattle trade brought to the place
a number of notorious characters, and Baxter Springs quickly won the
distinction of being a "wide open" town. The late Eugene F. Ware,
in one of the Kansas Historical Collections, says "it was the toughest
town on earth." In Nov., 1867, it was made the county seat of Chero-
kee county, but the following summer, while the Cherokee Neutral
Lands were in dispute, James F. Joy, who had purchased the lands, and
Congressman Grinnell of Iowa visited Baxter Springs, and the citizens
at a meeting adopted resolutions declaring they were satisfied with
the plan proposed by Joy in dealing with the settlers on the lands.
This oflfended many citizens of the county, and at an election the fol-
lowing February (1869) a majority of the people voted to remove the
seat of justice to Columbus. In the meantime Baxter Springs had
voted bonds for something like $200,000 to aid railroad companies, etc.,
and this led a number of the citizens to leave the place. Added to this,
the outlet of the cattle trade was removed farther west and the boom
(I-ii)
1 62 CYCLOPEDIA OF
was over. For several years Baxter Springs made but little progress,
but in Sept., 1873, rich lead deposits were discovered in the vicinity
and again the town began to grow, this time in a permanent and sub-
stantial manner.
The Baxter Springs of the present day has an electric lighting plant,
waterworks, two banks, two weekly newspapers, an international money
order postoffice from which five rural routes emanate, flour mills, hotels,
planing mills, a telephone exchange, telegraph and express offices, a
large retail trade, and in 1910 had a population of 1,598.
In 1885 Congress appropriated $5,000 for a national cemetery about
a mile west of the town, where the victims of the massacre of 1863 are
buried.
Bayard, one of the minor villages of Allen county, is a station on
the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. in the northeast part of the coun-
ty, some 15 miles from Tola, the county seat. It has a money order
postoffice with one rural route, an express office, some mercantile in-
terests, and is a shipping point for the surrounding agricultural dis-
trict. The population in 1910 was reported as 50.
Ba3meville, a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. in Ohio township,
Sedgwick county, is 12 miles southwest of Wichita. It has a money
order postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, some
retail trade, arid is a shipping point of some importance.
Bazaar, a village of Chase county, is the southern terminus of a
branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that runs to Strong
City. It is 10 miles south of Cottonwood Falls, the county seat, has
a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, some retail
stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 75.
Bazine, a village of Ness county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R. 11 miles east of Ness City, the county seat. It has
a money order postoffice with one rural route, an express office, tele-
phone connection, and is a trading and shipping point for the neigh-
borhood. The population in 1910 was 125.
Eagle, a village in the southwestern part of Miami county, is on
the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. about 15 miles southwest of Paola,
the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and ex-
press offices and a good local retail trade. In 1910 the population,
according to the U. S. census, was 180.
Beale's Expedition. — Edward F. Beale was born at Washington, D.
C, Feb. 4, 1822. At an early age he entered the United States navy
and saw his first active service with Commodore Stockton on the Pa-
cific coast during the Mexican war. At the close of the war he re-
signed his commission in the navy and was made superintendent of
Indian affairs in California and New Mexico. In 1853 he led an ex-
pedition to explore the central route to the Pacific coast. Leaving
Westport, Mo., in May of that year, with 12 riflemen, he went first
to Council Grove. From there he passed up the Arkansas river to the
mouth of the Huerfano, aj^out 20 miles east of the present city of
KANSAS HISTORY 163
Pueblo, Col., thence to the San Luis valley, and from there to the
coast. A full report of the expedition was written by Gwynn H. ?Ieap,
one of the party, and published in 1854.
Beardsley, a money order post-village of Rawlins county, with a
population of 50 in 1910, is a station on the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy R. R. 10 miles west of Atwood, the county seat. It is a supply
point for the neighborhood and does some shipping of grain and live
stock.
Beattie, a village of Marshall county, is located in Guittard town-
ship, 15 miles east of Marysville, the county seat, on a branch of the
Vermillion river and on the St. Joseph & Grand Island R. R. It has
banking facilities, a newspaper, telegraph and express offices, churches
and schools, and a money order postoffice with two rural mail routes.
The population in 1910 was 500. The neighborhood about Beattie was
settled prior to 1865 by Hugh Hamilton, H. G. Smith, Eli Goldsberry,
E. Cain, J. Trotten, G. Thorne, James Fitzgerald and P. Jones. The
town was laid out in 1870 by the North Kansas Land and Town com-
pany of St. Joseph, Mo., on land owned by James Fitzgerald and John
Watkins. The original town site consisted of 160 acres, and the town
was named Beattie in honor of Flon. A. Beattie, then mayor of St.
Joseph, Mo. The postoffice was established in 1871, and the first store
was built by L. Brunswick in 1872.
Beaumont, a village of Butler county, is situated in Glencoe town-
ship, about 20 miles southeast of Eldorado, the county seat. It is a
station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., has a money order
postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone connection, and is
a shipping and supply point for a rich agricultural district in the east-
ern part, of Butler and the southwest corner of Greenwood counties.
The population in 1910 was 200.
Beaver, a hamlet of Sheridan county, is located in the southeastern
part of the valley of the Saline river, and receives mail by rural de-
livery from Ouinter, which is the nearest railroad station.
Beaver Creek. — There are four streams in Kansas that bear this
name. The first flows in a southeasterly direction through Clark coun-
ty and empties into the Arkansas river : the second rises in the north-
ern part of Barton county and flows north to the Smoky Hill river ;
the third flows south across the western part of Smith county and
empties into the Solomon river near the town of Gaylord ; and the
fourth and largest is composed of two forks, one of which rises in
Sherman and the other in Cheyenne county. They unite near the town
of Atwood, Rawlins county, from which point the main stream follows
a northeasterly course and empties into the Republican river at Or-
leans, Neb. This last named Beaver creek was so named by James
R. Mead's exploring party in 1859 on account of the large number of
beaver dams along its course.
During the Indian troubles in the summer of 1867, the Eighteenth
Kansas left Fort Hays on Aug. 20 for the headwaters of the Solomon
164 CYCLOPEDIA OF
and Republican rivers. On the evening of the 21st Capt. Jenness of
Company C was sent out with a detachment to ascertain the cause of
a light seen at some distance across the prairie. He found the remains
of an old Indian camp fire, but in attempting to return to the main
body he became confused in the darkness, and finally decided to
bivouac on the open prairie. Early the next morning he reached the
river, about 8 miles below the camp. According to a published ac-
count by Capt. Jenness, the command was then some 85 miles north
west of Fort Hays. Upon reaching the river he pushed on toward
the main body, but after going about 3 miles his detachment was at-
tacked by a large body of Indians. Forming a hollow square, he man-
aged to hold the savages at bay. His men were armed with Spencer
repeating carbines and each man carried 200 rounds of ammunition, so
they were well equipped in this respect for a heroic defense. After a
short skirmish Capt. Jenness again began to move up the river toward
the camp, but after going half a mile saw more Indians. He then
returned to the river and threw up a breastwork of driftwood and
loose stones, behind which his little band fought valiantly for three
hours. All the horses except 4 were either killed or wounded ; 2 of the
men were mortally and 12 seriously wounded, and the detachment with-
drew to a ravine, where thev found water and remained under cover
of the willows and banks of the ravine until dark. The Indians then
drew* ofif and Jenness and his men, under the guidance of a scout, fol-
lowed a bufifalo path for 5 or 6 miles until they came to the river. The
Indians renewed the attack the next morning, but the main command
came to Jenness' rescue. This affair is known as the battle of Beaver
creek.
In Jenness' narrative the exact location of the action is not given.
Some years after the event, James A. Hadley, a corporal of Company
A, published an account of the engagment in the Farm and Home
Sentinel of Indianapolis, Ind. The locahties mentioned by Corporal
Hadley were given by A. J. Pliley, the famous scout, who locates the
scene on Prairie Dog creek in the northwestern part of Phillips county.
Beaverview, a post-village of Rawlins county, is located on Beaver
creek, about 18 miles southwest of Atwood, the county seat, and .12
miles southeast of McDonald, which is the nearest railroad station.
Beckwourth, James, hunter, trapper and scout, was a mulatto of great
physical strength who came west with Gen. Ashley in 1825 and won
considerable reputation as a trader and Indian fighter, finally becoming
chief of the Crow tribe. Parkman says he was "bloody and treacherous,
without honor or honest3^" but the Bent brothers and Kit Carson, who
knew him better than Parkman, say he was one of the most honest
of Indian traders. In the days of the argonauts he lived in California,
where 'he wrote his autobiography, which was published about 1855.
During the Mexican war he carried messages for Gen. Kearney, riding
alone through the hostile Indian country from Bent's fort on the Arkan-
sas to Fort Leavenworth. For awhile he was associated with the cele-
KANSAS HISTORY 1 65
brated Jim Bridger in piloting trains across the plains. He trapped
and traded along the Arkansas river, and in no small degree contributed
toward bringing the present State of Kansas under the dominion of
the white race.
Beebe, George M., the last secretary and acting governor of Kansas
Territory, was born at New Vernon, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1836. He received
an academic education, and in 1857 graduated at the Albany Law
School. In the spring of 1859 he came to Kansas, located in Doniphan
county, and in November of that year he was elected a member of the
council in the territorial legislature. He was therefore a member of
the legislature which met at Lecompton on Jan. 2, i860, and which
passed the bill abolishing slavery in Kansas. On May i, i860, he was
appointed territorial secretary, to succeed Hugh S. Walsh, and en-
tered upon his duties on July i. When Gov. Medary resigned on Dec.
17, i860, Mr. Beebe became acting governor and continued to act in
that capacity until the state government was inaugrated on Feb. 9,
1861, when he was succeeded by Gov. Robinson. In 1863 Mr. Beebe
removed to Nevada, where he was appointed collector of internal
revenue, but declined. He then went back to New York and became
the editor of the Republican Watchman, published at Monticello. In
1874 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, and was reelected in
1876. The Kansas State Historical Society has made several efforts
to get into correspondence with Mr. Beebe, but for some reason he has
persistently declined to answer the letters.
Beebe's Administration. — The story of Gov. Beebe's administration
is soon told. When Gov. Medary went to Ohio on Sept. 11, i860, Mr.
Beebe became acting governor and served as such until Nov. 25, when
the governor returned. The records do not show that much of a strat-
ling or unusual nature occurred during this period. For some time there
had been trouble between the free-state and pro-slavery settlers in
Linn and Bourbon counties, and about the middle of November, fear-
ing another outbreak of hostilities, Mr. Beebe ordered Adjt.-Gen. Strick-
ler, on the 19th, "to take immediate steps to ascertain what force of
infantry, if any, either of the militia of the territory or of volunteer
companies, can be put into service, if necessary, within one week from
the date hereof."
On the same day he wrote to Gen. Harney, at St. Louis, asking that
the 200 infantry at Fort Leavenworth be placed subject to the order
of the governor of the territory. After the return of Gov. Medary,
Mr. Beebe wrote to President Buchanan, under date of Nov. 26, giving
an account of the recent disturbance in Bourbon county. "These men,"
said he, "under the lead of a notorious offender, one James Montgom-
ery, assisted by a desperate character named Jennison, . . .
threatened to break up a special term of the United States district
court called to meet at Fort Scott on the 19th inst. for the trial of cer-
tain of their number, charged with ofifenses against the L^nited States.
and kill Presiding Justice Williams, the marshal and his deputies, and
all interposing resistance, and destroy the town of Fort Scott."
1 66
CYCLOPEDIA OF
Upon learning of these threats, Mr. Beebe, accompanied by Adjt.-
Gen. Strickler, had visited Fort Scott and found that Judge Williams
had abandoned the idea of trying to hold the special term of court.
In his letter to the president Beebe states that he met Montgomery
and Jennison, who finally agreed to disband their men, but a few days
later they were at their old tricks. He suggested that the governor
issue a proclamation declaring martial law in that part of the territory,
and that a force of at least 300 dragoons should be sent there to main-
tain order.
When Gov. Medary resigned on Dec. 17, i860, Mr. Beebe again be-
came acting governor. On the 21st he wrote to the president: "The
legislative assembly of this territory convenes on the 7th prox. If it
is the purpose of your excellency to appoint a successor to Gov. Medary,
I would respectfully request that you cause me to be so advised, as
in such event I do not desire to occupy any time in preparing, in an
executive capacity, for the coming legislature."
The Wyandotte constitution, in defining the boundaries of the pro-
posed State of Kansas, had cut off all that portion of the territory
lying west of the 102nd meridian of longitude. The country west of
that meridian was known as the "Pike's Peak region," and Mr. Beebe
requested the president that, in the event of the admission of Kansas
and the establishment of a new territory farther west, to appoint him
to the same position in that territory he then held in Kansas.
The legislature met at Lecompton on Jan. 7, 1861. W. W. Upde-
grafif was for a third time chosen president of the council, and John
W. Scott was elected speaker of the house. On the 8th both houses
voted to adjourn to Lawrence, where they met on the next day. As
no successor to Gov. Medary had been appointed, it devolved upon Mr.
Eeebe to submit a message to the assembly, which he did on the loth.
His message is interesting, in that it presents some figures relating
to the property values and financial condition of the territory. He re-
ported the territorial indebtedness as being $96,143.58, while the re-
sources from taxes due and unpaid amounted to about $104,000, though
he expressed the opinion that nqt more than $30,000 of this could be
collected "without some special and direct action taken for the ex-
press purpose." The value of the taxable property of the territory he
estimated at $28,000,000.
Mr. Beebe pointed out, in a rather laconic manner, the folly of in-
corporating so many town companies. He stated that in 38 counties
there were 135,328 town lots, or more than two for each inhabitant,
and significantly asks: "May not a reasonable apprehension be en-
tertained, unless something be soon done to stop this mania for town
speculation, that there will, ere long, be no lands left for farms in the
territory ?"
Mr. Beebe recommended a revision of the election laws, especially
the registry provisions; the repeal of the law abolishing slavery in
the territory ; some thorough system of organizing counties and town-
KANSAS HISTORY 167
ships; and the repeal of the law regulating the sale of intoxicating
liquors, or the enactment of a law of that character that would be in-
telligible.
After dwelling at length upon the discord between the North and
South on the question of slavery, he closed his message by saying:
"But if nothing can be done — if this worst must come — having been
made the wand with which the magicians of Evil have aroused the
elements, it may not be expected Kansas can stand an idle watcher of
the storm. Intimately identified as her interests are with the per-
petuity, progress and prosperity of that Union of States into which
she has hoped soon to enter and take her equal place — while she could
not witness a dissolution with feelings other than of deepest anguish
— if God, in His wrath, shall tolerate the worst portent of this tempest
of passion, now so fiercely raging, Kansas ought, and I trust will —
declining identification with either branch of a contending family,
tendering to each alike the olive ofifering — establish, under a constitu-
tion of her own creation, a government to be separate and independent
among the nations."
This was the last session of the territorial legislature. Few impor-
tant laws were passed, the most noteworthy being the acts fixing the
number of employees of each house of the legislature and their salaries,
and declaring illegal the bonds issued in payment of claims for losses
sustained during the border war. The acts of this legislature were
afterward declared valid by the state courts. (See Robinson's Admin-
istration.) On Feb. 2, 1861, the assembly adjourned, and just a week
later the state government was inaugurated.
Beecher Rifle Church. — On May 31, 1857, the settlers in and about
the village of Wabaunsee, the most of whom were members of the New
Haven colony, held a meeting for the ultimate purpose of forming a
church organization. At this meeting resolutions were adopted recog-
nizing the expediency of organizing a Congregational church. Com-
mittees were appointed to attend to the preliminary matters and to
obtain the names of those willing to unite in organizing a church, such
organization to take place on the last Sunday in June. On June 21
it was resolved to set apart Saturday, June 27, as "a day of fasting
and prayer," and that seven persons, then present, having letters from
other churches, should constitute the nucleus of the proposed church.
On the day appointed the brethren and sisters gathered in a ravine
on the east side of the Wabaunsee townsite, where they were undis-
turbed by the noise and clatter of the village, and devoted all this day
and the forenoon of the following one to the organization of a church
which, as stipulated beforehand, was to be Congregational in form,
as unsectarian as possible, and was to be known as "The First Church
of Christ in Wabaunsee." A council of neighboring churches had been
called to recognize the new church, but the Manhattan church was
the only one to respond. It was therefore deemed expedient to organ-
ize a council, which was done, and Rev. S. Y. Lum, who preached the
l68 CYCLOPEDIA OF
first sermon in Kansas, in 1854, delivered the one on this occasion, and
Rev. C. E. Blood, of Manhattan, gave the fellowship of the churches,
and the Wabaunsee church was launched.
As long as Beecher lived he took an active interest in the Wabaunsee
colony, and it was the custom of the colonists at each annual meeting of
the church to read his letter which accompanied the rifles, "Let these
arms hang above your doors as the old Revolutionary muskets do in
many New England homes. May your children in another generation
look upon them with pride and say 'Our fathers' courage saved this fair
land from slaver}^ and blood.' Every mornings' breeze shall catch the
blessings of our prayers and roll them westward to your prairie homes.
May your sons be large-hearted as the heavens above your heads ; may
your daughters fill the land as the flowers do the prairies, only sweeter
and fairer than they. You will not need to use arms when it is known
that you have them. It is the essence of slavery to be arrogant before
the weak and cowardly before the strong."
Rev. Harvey Jones was the first pastor of this church organization
and served for nearly three years, holding the early meetings in a tent.
A temporary church was shortly after erected and plans discussed for
a suitable stone building of sufficient capacity for the needs of the com-
munity. After your years of eiTort the present building was dedicated
on May 24, 1862, the General Association of Kansas Congregational
churches meeting with the church at this time, and taking a recess to
dedicate the new church. During the early days of the church it re-
ceived support from various church societies, but in less than ten years
from its organization it became self-supporting. In i860 it reported the
largest membership of any church in Kansas, having one more than the
Lawrence and eleven more than the Topeka churches. On June 29, 1897,
the fortieth anniversary of the church was fittingly observed, and on
June 27 and 28, 1907, the fiftieth anniversary was made the occasion of
a great celebration, during which an elaborate program was carried out.
Hundreds of visitors were in attendance and the semi-centennial of this
famous pioneer church was made a memorable one.
Beecher Rifle Company. — Early in the fall of 1855, two residents of
New Flaven, Conn., a Mr. Russell and a Mr. English, commenced enlist-
ing a party of northern men to go to Kansas to settle and help make it
a free state. Winter set in before the company could be organized and
the project was abandoned until the following spring. On Feb. 7, 1856,
Charles B. Lines, of New Haven, announced at a public meeting that
he was making preparations for carrying out the proposed plan. The
next day men began enlisting and in less than a week 85 names were
subscribed, which was increased to 90 by March 7. Mr. Lines was
made president of the colony for the first year. A few days before start-
ing for Kansas a meeting of the colonists and other New Haven citizens
was held in the North church, where Rev. Henry Ward Beecher de-
livered a stirring address. At the conclusion of this address Mr. Lines,
as president of the new colony gave a short talk, explaining the origin.
KANSAS HISTORY 169
aim and purpose of the company, and reminding the audience that no
provision had yet been made for furnishing the colonists with weapons,
and explaining why there was a necessity for calling upon the public
to arm them. Prof. Benjamin Silliman, president of Yale College, was
the first one to respond to the appeal, heading a subscription list for one
Sharp's rifle. Similar subscriptions then came fast. Rev. Mr. Button,
pastor of the church in which the meeting was being held, then made
a statement that Deacon Harvey Hale of his church was a member of
the proposed colony, and as his pastor he desired to present him a Bible
and a Sharp's rifle. Beecher then made another ringing talk, pledging
25 rifles from his congregation if a like number was raised in New
Haven. The meeting closed with 27 rifles assured to the colony. On
the evening of March 31 a farewell meeting to the colonists was held, in
which a letter from Mr. Beecher to Mr. Lines was read, in which Beecher
presented a number of Bibles in the name of one of his parishioners and
25 Sharp's rifles in behalf of several others. At the close of the meet-
ing the members of the colony were escorted to the boat by the Elm
City Guards and the Croton Engine Co. No. I.
A cooperative organization was formed while on the way west, and
on their arrival at St. Louis such garden and other tools as were needed
were secured and brought with them on the steamboat Clara to Kansas
City, where John J. Walter, E. Dwight Street, T. C. P. Hyde, Amos A.
Cottrell and Walter Webb were chosen to push on ahead in search for
a suitable location. The remainder of the colonists, having seciu'ed
wagons and ox teams, pushed on, reaching Lawrence the second day,
where they remained for two or three days, being rejoined while here
by those who had been seeking a location. The site of Wabaunsee being
reported favorably to the colonists, the selection was ratified and on
April 28, 1856, the colony reached its destination. Of the original num-
ber who started from New Haven, twenty never reached Kansas at all,
and a number of others who did come, from some reason or other, left
shortly after coming. Forty-one of the original number stuck it out
and formed the nucleus of the rifle company that was soon formed under
the name of the "Prairie Guards." William Mitchell was chosen captain
of the company, which embraced the members of the colony, who were
supplied with Sharp's rifles, and some of the surrounding settlers, the
organization numbering about 60 men. This rifle company saw active
service in Kansas shortly after coming to the territory, volunteering to
assist in the defense of Lawrence from an attack of border rufiians from
Missouri. A few of the original colonists are living in 191 1, but the
good they accomplished will live after them.
Beecher's Island. — (See Arickaree, Battle of.)
Beeler, one of the minor villages of Ness county, is located in Eden
township and is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 17
miles west of Ness City, the county seat. It has a money order post-
office, an express office, telephone connection, Protestant churches, a
school, and is a trading and shipping point for the western part of the
county. The population in 1910 was 75.
170 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Bellaire, a thriving little town of Smith county, is located in Blaine
township and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R.
6 miles east of Smith Center, the county seat. It has a bank, a money
order postoffice with t\vo rural routes, telephone connection, telegraph
and express offices, Methodist Episcopal and Methodist Protestant
churches, a good retail trade, and in 1910 reported a poulation of 200.
Bellefont, a village of Wheatland township, Ford county, is a station
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 22 miles east of Dodge City,
the county seat. The population was 40 in 1910. It has a money order
postoffice with one rural delivery route, and is a shipping and supply
point for that section of the county.
Belle Plaine, an incorporated city of the third class in Sumner county,
is located on the Ninnescah river at the junction of the Missouri Pacihc
and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads, 12 miles northeast of
Wellington, the county seat. The population in igio was 849, a gain
of 298 during the preceding ten years. Belle Plaine has two banks, a
weekly newspaper (the News), good public schools, flour and planing
mills, churches of the leading Protestant denominations, an opera house,
telegraph and express offices, a telephone exchange, and is an important
shipping point and trading center. From its international money order
postoffice three rural delivery routes supply mail to the surrounding
country.
Belleville, the county seat of Republic county, is located a little east
of the center of the county and is an important railroad center and
shipping point, having three lines of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
system and one line of the Union Pacific system. The population in
1910 was 2,224. All business activities and professions are represented
in the business directory. There are banks, flour mills, grain elevators,
creameries, mercantile houses and newspapers. It has good graded and
high schools, all denominations of churches, telegraph and express
offices, and an international money order postoffice from which eminate
five rural routes. The* county buildings include a $25,000 court-house
and an $11,000 jail.
Belleville is beautifully situated on a gently rolling upland in the
midst of a rich and prosperous farming country. The main articles of
export are grain, live-stock and creamery products. The town was -es-
tablished on Sept. 25, 1869, with the following charter members of the
company, James E. VanNatta, A. B. Tutton, W. A. Means,, J. H. Print.
T. C. Reily, W. H. H. Reily, W. A. Dugger, John McFarlane, John Har-
ris, G. H. Jackson and N. T. A^anNatta. A "town house" was built by
the company on the northwest quarter of section 2, town 3 south, range
3 west, in which a general store was kept. The upper floor was used
as a public hall. The place was named Belleville after Arabelle Tutton,
the wife of A. B. Tutton. It was incorporated as a city of the third
class in 1878, and the first election, held on Jan. 26 of that year, resulted
as follows: Mayor, W. H. Woodward; police judge, William Haskett ;
councilmen, Chauncy Perry, Edwin Knowles, Daniel Miller, Ed. E.
KANSAS HISTORY I7I
Chapman and F. N. Munger. The officers appointed were, city marshal,
Willis C. Allen; city attorney, A. E. Taylor; city clerk, Charles H.
Smith; city treasurer, Columbus Taylor; street commissioner, W. C.
Alien.
Ey ^^73 Belleville had become quite an important business center.
The main stage thoroughfare from Hanover, Mo., connecting v^rith St.
Joseph, Mo., and Denver, Col., and with the Central branch from Water-
ville, passed through Belleville, and stages ran daily. A number of sub-
stantial business structures had been built and the improvements in-
cluded city waterworks. As early as 1888 the enterprising citizens of the
town convinced the state authorities that Belleville was of sufficient
size to be a city of the second class and it was made such. For many
years this little city was a gateway to the homestead country, to the
settlement of which it owes much of its present growth and prosperity.
Belmont, a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. in Kingman county,
is located 12 miles southeast of Kingman, the county seat. It has a
money order postoffice, an express office, a public school, some retail
trade and in 1910 reported a population of 150.
Beloit, the county seat and largest town of Mitchell county, is located
northeast of the center of the county, on the Solomon river and at the
junction of the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads. It has an
altitude of 1,381 feet and is 162 miles from Topeka. It has an electric
light plant, water works, public library, an opera house, two daily and
three weekly newspapers, 3 banks, and all lines of business activity. The
state industrial school for girls is located here. Beloit is supplied with
telegraph and express offices and an international money order post-
office with 8 rural routes. The population in 1910 was 3,082.
The first settlement here was made by A. A. Bell in 1868, with the
idea of improving the water power. It was first called Willow Springs.
The next year T. F. Hersey purchased the mill site from Mr. Bell, put
up a saw mill in 1870 and a grist mill the next season. A school build-
ing was erected in 1871 and Rev. O. N. Fletcher, the preacher of Ash-
ville, took charge of the school which was the first in the county. In
1870 Beloit was made the county seat and has remained so ever since.
The plat of the site was made in 1872. The promoters were T. F. Her-
sey, A. A. Bell, George Campbell, Alexander Campbell, C. H. Morrill,
Edward Valentine, W. C. Ingram and Daniel Kepler. In July of that
year it was incorporated as a city of the third class and in 1879 Gov.
St. John proclaimed it a city of the second class. At the first city elec-
tion the following officers were chosen: T. F. Hersey, mayor; W. C. In-
gram, M. R. Mudge, H. H. Lyon, Joseph Baughman and J. R. Vaughn,
councilmen. The town was growing very rapidly at this time. As each
building went up and became ready for occupan}' a dance was held in
it first, then a religious meeting, after which it was turned over to the
owner for his use. The postoffice was established in 1870 with A. A.
Bell as postmaster. The first newspaper was the Mirror, established
in 1871 by A. B. Cornell. The first bank was opened in 1873 by F. H.
Hart.
172 CVCLOI EDI A OF
Belpre, an incorporated city of the third class in Edwards county, is
situated in the township of the same name, and is a station on the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 17 miles east of Kinsley, the county seat.
It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Bulletin), a good retail trade, a
money order postofifice that is authorized to issue international orders,
telegraph and express offices, telephone connection with the adjacent
towns and cities, and does considerable shipping. Belpre was incor-
porated in 1906 and in 1910 the population was 485.
Belvidere, a village of Glick township, Kiowa county, is located at
the junction of two divisions of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe rail-
way system, about 18 miles southeast of Greensburg, the county seat.
It has a money order postofifice, telegraph and express offices, telephone
connection with the surrounding country, and in 1910 had a population
of 30. Its railroad facilities make it an important shipping point.
Belvoir, one of the old settlements of Kansas, is located in Douglas
county about 13 miles southwest of Lawrence, in the valley of the
Wakarusa river. The town site was laid out on the old Santa Fe trail
(q. V.) in 1855, ^"d the following year the Catholic church was estab-
lished. Several houses were built and a tavern was erected for the
accommodation of travelers going west. On account of the proximity
of Belvoir to Twin Mound, no postofifice was established until 1868. The
village has rural free delivery from Richland, the nearest railroad town,
and in 1910 had a population of 30.
Belvue, a'village of Pottawatomie county, is located in Belvue town-
ship on the main line of the Union Pacific R. R., 25 miles southeast of
Westmoreland, the county seat. It has banking facilities and all the
main lines of business activity, a money order postofifice with two rural
rotites, telegraph and express ofifices, and the population in 1910 was
200. The town was laid out in 1871 by A. J. Baker and Malcolm
Gregory:
Beman, a little hamlet on one of the tributaries of the Neosho river
in the northeast corner of Morris county, is about 13 miles from Council
Grove, from which place the inhabitants receive mail by rural free de-
livery. Alta Vista is the most convenient railroad station.
Bendena, one of the villages of Doniphan county, is located in Wolf
River township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 7 miles
south of Troy, the county seat. It has a bank, express and telegraph
ofifices, and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The popula-
tion in 1910 was 150. This town was established in 1886 and for a time
called Albers in honor of John Albers, a pioneer of the neighborhood.
When the postofifice was established the name was changed to Bendena.
In 1861 Miss Strode taught one of the early schools of the county on the
site of the town. The only furniture in the room was rude benches
fastened to the wall.
Bender Family. — About the close of the year 1870 a family of Hol-
landers, or Germans, consisting of four persons — father, mother, son,
and daughter — moved into Osage township, Labette cotmty. The father
was William Bender, and the son and daughter were John and Kate.
KANSAS HISTORY 173
They erected a small frame house, which was divided into two parts
by studding, on which hung an old wagon-sheet for a partition. In the
front part they had a few articles for sale, such as tobacco, crackers, sar-
dines, candies, powder and shot, and just outside the door was a plain
sign, "Groceries." In the front room were also two beds. The family
pretended to furnish lunch and entertainment for travelers. Little was
known of them generall}', and they repelled rather than invited com-
munication with their neighbors. Kate traveled over the country some-
what, giving spiritualistic lectures and like entertainments, but created
very little stir or comment. The two young people occasionally went
to church and singing school, and the men frequently attended public
meetings in the township. The place was on the road, as then traveled,
from Osage Mission to Independence.
During 1871 and 1872, several parties traveled the road, making in-
quiries for persons who were missing, and who had last been heard of
at Fort Scott or Independence. A public meeting was held at Harmony
Grove schoolhouse to discuss the herd law, about March 10, 1873, when
the matter of so many people being missing and the fact that suspicion
rested upon the people of Osage township were discussed. It was de-
cided that a vigorous search should be made under the sanction of a
search-warrant. Both of the male Benders were present, but when oth-
ers expressed a willingness to have their premises searched the father
and son remained silent. About ten days before this meeting Dr. Wil-
liam York had left his home in Onion creek, Alontgomery count}-, in
search of a man and child by the name of Loucher, who had left Inde-
pendence for Iowa during the previous winter and had never thereafter
been heard of by their friends. Dr. York reached Fort Scott and started
to return about March 8, but never reached home. In the early part of
April, Col. A. M. York, with some 50 citizens from Montgomery county,
started from Independence to make a thorough search for his brother.
They went as far as Fort Scott, but could get no clue to the missing
man. On their return thej' visited the Bender place and tried to induce
Kate, who professed to be a clairvoyant, to make an effort to help dis-
cover the doctor. But Kate was able to elude their efforts without
throwing any suspicion on herself. That night the Bender family left
the place and went to Thayer, where they purchased tickets to Hum-
boldt and took the north-bound train at 5 o'clock on the following morn-
ing. A day or two thereafter their team was found hitched a short dis-
tance from Thayer, apparently nearly starved.
It was about May i that a man passing the Bender place noticed the
stock wandering around as though wanting care. On going to the stable
he found the team gone, and a calf dead in a pen, evidently having
starved to death. He then went to the house, but found no one there.
He notified the township trustee, who, with other parties, went to the
premises and broke into the house, where they found nearly everything
in usual order, little if anything aside from clothing and bed-clothing
having been taken. A sickening stench almost drove them from the
CYCLOPEDIA OF
house. A trap-door in the back room was raised, and it was discovered
that in a hole beneath was clotted blood which produced the stench. The
liouse was removed from where it stood, but nothing further was found
under it. In a garden near by a depression was noticed, and upon dig-
ging therein the body of Dr. York was found buried, head downward,
his feet being scarcely covered. His skull was crushed and his throat
was cut from ear to ear. On further search seven more bodies were
found, all of whom, except one, were afterward identified by their friends.
They were Mr. Loucher and his little daughter, seven or eight years ola,
buried in one hole; William Boyle, and three men named McCratty,
Brown, and McKenzie. The other body was never identified, and it is
altogether probable that other parties were murdered and their bodies
never found.
It seems that in the back room of the house, almost up against the
partition studding, a hole just large enough to let a man through had
been cut in the floor, the door to which raised with a leather strap.
Under this an excavation had been made in the ground, leaving a hole
some 6 or 7 feet in diameter and about the same in depth. It is sup-
posed that when a victim was killed in the daytime he was thrown into
this hole until night, when he would be taken out and buried. From
the victims the Benders seem to have procured, so far as could be ascer-
tained, about $4,600 in money, two teams of horses and wagons, a pony
and a saddle. The Benders made good their escape and were never ap-
prehended, although detectives thought they were able to trace their
wanderings through Texas and New Mexico. Parties supposed to be
the Benders were apprehended in many parts of the country and several
were brought to Labette county for identification, but they proved to
have little if any resemblance to the persons sought. Two women, sup-
posed to be Mrs. Bender and Kate, were arrested in Michigan in 1S90,
and brought to Labette county on requisition, but on habeas corpus pro-
ceedings they were released, the court being satisfied that they were not
the Benders, and these horrible crimes remain unavenged.
Benedict, an incorporated town of Wilson county, is located on the
Verdigris river in Guilford township, 8 miles northeast of Fredonia, the
county seat, and at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and
the Missouri Pacific railroads. It has a bank, telegraph and express of-
fices, and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population
in 1910 was 215. The town was surveyed about the time the Missouri Pa-
. cific and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads were built through
this county. Substantial iron bridges were built over the Verdigris at
this point in 1887, and a $4,000 school house was erected. The Wilson
county old settlers society was organized at Benedict in 1897. The town
was piped for gas in 1898.
Bennington, one of the incorporated towns of Ottawa county, is lo-
cated on the Union Pacific R. R. and on the Solomon river, in Benning-
ton township, 9 miles southeast of Minneapolis, the county seat. It has
two banks, an opera house, two grain elevators, flour mill and a weekly
KANSAS HISTORY • 175
newspaper, as well as all the main lines of business. There are tele-
graph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with two rural
routes. The population in 1910 was 386. The community was settled
in 1870 and a store opened in 1873 by George Parker. When the rail-
road was built in 1878 the town was laid out. The promoters were Dan-
iel Struble and C. Nelson. An iron bridge was built over the Solomon
at a cost of $4,500; Markley Bros, put up a flour and saw mill run b}'
water power at a cost of $20,000, and in 1880 a $2,000 school house was
built.
Benson, Alfred W., lawyer and United States senator, was born in
Chautauqua county, N. Y., July 15, 1843, ^ son of Peleg and Hannah
(Washburn) Benson. He received an academic education at James-
town and Randolph in his native state, and in 1862 enlisted as a private
in the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth New York regiment ; was severely
wounded at the battle of Chancellorsville, and at the close of the war
was mustered out with the rank of major. In 1866 he was admitted to
the bar at Buffalo, N. Y., and in 1869 removed to Kansas, locating at
Ottawa. On May 10, 1870, he married Miss Unettie L. Townsend of
Manchester, Vt. Mr. Benson served for four years as a member of the
Kansas state senate; was district judge from 1885 to 1897, and on June
II, 1906, was appointed United States senator to fill the vacancy caused
by the resignation of Joseph R. Burton. On Aug. i, 1907, Gov. Hoch
appointed Mr. Benson one of the associate justices of the Kansas su-
preme court to complete the unexpired term of Adrian L. Greene, de-
ceased, and upon retiring from the supreme bench he resumed the prac-
tice of law.
Bentley, a town of Sedgwick count}^ is located near the Arkansas
river in Eagle township, and is a station on the St. Louis & San Fran-
cisco R. R., about 20 miles northwest of Wichita. It has a bank, a
weekly newspaper (the News), a money order postoffice, telegraph and
express service, telephone connection, and is the principal trading and
shipping point for that section of the county. The population in 1910
was 200.
Benton, a town of Benton township, Butler county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. 14 miles southwest of Eldorado, the county
seat, and not far from the Sedgwick county line. It was settled in 1884.
incorporated in 1908, and in 1910 had ,a population of 240. Benton has
a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural delivery routes,. express
and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a number of well appointed
mercantile establishments, Methodist, Christian and Presbyterian
churches, good public schools, and is a shipping point of considerable
importance.
Bent's Fort. — (See Fort Lyon.)
Berlin, a hamlet of Bourbon county, is located 15 miles northwest of
Fort Scott, the county seat. It has rural free delivery from Uniontown
and in 1910 had a population of 15. Devon, on the Missouri Pacific, is
the nearest railroad station.
176 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Bern, a village of Nemaha county, is located in Washington township
on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 14 miles northeast of
Seneca. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Gazette), express and
telegraph offices and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The
population in 1910 was 375.
Bernal, a money order postoffice of Reno county, is situated in Lin-
coln township, and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 7 miles
south of Hutchinson. The railroad name is Elmer Station. Bernal has
telephone connection with the adjacent towns, is a trading point for the
people of that part of the county, and in 1910 reported a population of 40.
Berryton, a little village of Shawnee county, is a station on the Mis-
souri Pacific R. R., 9 miles southeast of the city of Topeka. It has a
money order postoffice with one rural delivery route, and is a trading
center for the neighborhood in which it is located. The population in
1910 was 75.
Berwick, a little station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R.
in Nemaha county, is located 18 miles northeast of Seneca, the county
seat, and 3 miles from Sabetha. It has telegraph and express offices
and a money order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 31.
Bethany College, located at Lindsborg, Kan., was founded in 1881,
and is carried on under the auspices of the 'Swedish Lutheran church.
The purpose of the founders was to establish a school, "imparting higher
education founded on the principles of Evangelical Christianity." Rev.
Carl A. Swensson, who had been elected pastor of the Bethany Lutheran
church of Lindsborg in 1878, was active in organizing the school or
academy and became its first president.
The first building of the school contained recitation rooms and a
dormitory for men, while a separate dormitory was provided for the
female students. School opened on Oct. 15, 1881, with J. A. ITdden as
teacher, and about 30 students enrolled. The following year the Smoky
Valley district of the Kansas conference of the Augustana synod took
charge of the institution; a board of directors was appointed, and soon
afterward the college was incorporated under a state charter.
In 1883 a large dormitory was erected for male students and two
years later a main building was erected to furnish class rooms, a chapel
museum, library and science departments. The institution passed into
the hands of the Kansas conference in the spring of 1885, and the name
was changed to Bethany College and Normal Institute. From that time
its progress was both rapid and satisfactory. The school began to out-
grow its quarters, new buildings were needed, and with this end in view
the name was changed to Bethany College in Dec. 1886. The charter
also was changed so that the college was invested with power to convey
academic degrees.
The conservatory of music was begun in 1882, and the school of busi-
ness in 1884. In the fall of 1886 the model school was added, and in
1900 the school of fine arts, but this was later combined with the school
of music, and today the college has the following departments: Pre-
KANSAS HISTORY
parator}', normal, commercial, collegiate, a model school, art depart-
ment and a conservatory that has gained a wide reputation throughout
the state.
LIBRARY AND MAIN BUILDING, BETHANY COLLEG
Bethany has a fine main building equipped with ever}^ convenience
for recitation rooms and laboratories, a women's dormitory accommodat-
ing 92 students, a dormitory for men, an art hall, the Swedish pavilion
of the Louisiana Purchase exposition, which was donated, an auditorium
with a seating capacity of 3,000 and a $5,000 pipe organ, a gymnasium
and the Carnegie library. The student body consists mostly of the
Lutheran youth of the state and the college has an annual enrollment of
several hundred. In 1910, Ernst F. Pihlbrand was president of the col-
lege and C. F. Carlbert, vice-president.
One of the first steps taken by the school after its organization was
the formation of a chorus and orchestra to sing the Messiah, the pro-
ceeds to go toward the support of the school. Since that time the
oratorio has been sung twenty-five times at Lindsborg under the direc-
tion of the musical department, and during' Holy Week people come
from many parts of the state to hear this chorus as there is no other
like it in the country.
Bethel, a post hamlet in the central portion of Wyandotte county, is
situated on the Missouri Pacific R. R., about 10 miles west of Kansas
City, the county seat. It has a money order postofiice, which is the cen-
(I-12)
178 CYCLOPEDIA Ol'
ter of two rural free delivery routes, telegraph and express facilities, and
in 1910 had a population of 25.
Bethel College. — As early as 1882 a Mennonite seminary was estab-
lished at Halstead, Harvey county. When the Kansas conference of
the Mennonite church met in 1887 the city of Newton came forward with
an offer of financial aid if the conference would undertake to establish
a college at that place. The result was the organization by the confer-
ence of the Bethel College corporation, which was to have full charge
of the establishment and control of the institution. Bethel College was
opened to students on Sept. 20, 1893. The biennial report of the state
superintendent of public instruction for 1893-94 gave the value of the
property belonging to the college as $114,100, of which $45,000 was
represented by buildings, and $68,000 as a permanent endowment. Since
then the institution has kept pace with other schools of its character.
Six departments are presented to students, viz : Collegiate, Academic,
Music, Fine Arts, Elocution and Commercial. Probably no school in
the state offers better opportunities for the study of the German
language.
Beulah, a village of Sheridan township, Crawford county, is a station
on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 5 miles south of Girard, the
county seat. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph ser-
vice, a good local trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 100.
Beverly, an incorporated town of Lincoln county, is situated in Colo-
rado township and is a station on the Salina & Plainville division of
the Union Pacific R. R. 11 miles east of Lincoln, the county seat. Bev-
erly was settled in 1886, incorporated in 1904, and in 1910 reported a
population of 335. It has two banks, two creameries, a number of well
stocked general stores, a good public school, a money order postoffice
with one rural route, telegraph and express service, telephone connec-
tion with the surrounding towns, and does considerable shipping.
Bickerdyke, Mary Ann, familiarly known as "Mother Bickerdyke,"
army nurse and philanthropist, was born near Mt. Vernon, Ohio, July
19, 1817. Her father, Hiram Bell, was a descendant of the Pilgrims, and
her mother of one of the first families of New York. Her childhood was
spent upon a farm, where pure air and plenty of out door exercise de-
veloped her into a woman strong in both mind and body. She entered
Oberlin College, but was compelled by illness to leave just before grad-
uating. Her first experience as a nurse was in the Cincinnati hospital
during the cholera epidemic of 1837, and liking the work she continued
in it for several years. On April i"], 1847, she became the wife of Robert
Bickerdyke, in 1856 they removed to Galesburg, 111., where her husband
died about two years later, leaving her with two sons (James R. and
Hiram) to support. Again she took to nursing, and it seems that she
also practiced medicine, for the Galesburg directory for 1861 gives her
occupation as physician.
When the Civil war broke out she was one of the leaders among the
Galesburg women in providing necessities for the soldiers at the front.
KANSAS HISTORY I79
Later, when a physician in the Twenty-second Illinois infantry wrote
home of the illness and lack of suitable care among the soldiers, Mother
Bickerdyke's friends offered to care for her children if she would volun-
teer to go to the front as a nurse. With $500 worth of hospital supplies
she reported for duty at the regimental hospital at Cairo, 111. After the
actions at Belmont, Fort Donelson and Shiloh she was in the field hos-
pitals; followed the army in the Corinth and Atlanta campaigns; fre-
quently went over battle fields at night, with lantern and simple rem-
edies, searching for any wounded that might have been overlooked. Gen.
McCook said she was "worth more to the Union army than many of us
generals," and she was a great favorite with Gens. Sherman and Logan.
In March, 1866, she was relieved from duty and returned to her home
in Galesburg.
Her work in behalf of the soldiers was not ended, however. Thou-
sands of men discharged from the army thronged the cities in search of
employment. Mother Bickerdyke visited Kansas, where she found the
conditions favorable for many of these men to obtain homes. She next
appealed to wealthy friends for aid in carrying out her project. Jona-
than Burr, a wealthy banker, gave her $10,000, and C. B. Hammond, the
president of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad, promised free
transportation for soldiers and their familes for two years. Gen. Sher-
man, then in command at Fort Riley, allowed her the free use of govern-
ment teams to transport the veterans and their goods to their home-
steads, and between 1866 and 1868 over 300 families were settled in
Kansas through her efiforts. She also decided to make this state her
home and settled at Salina, where she opened a hotel, popularly known
as the Bickerdyke House.
After the Indian raids of 1868 she was active in behalf of the settlers,
and it was due to her efiforts that the war department issued rations for
500 people for ten months. She was also influential in securing the ap-
propriations from the state for the purchase of seed grain for the settlers
who had suffered from drought. In 1874, after spending four j^ears in
New York, she returned to Kansas to make her home with her sons on
a ranch near Great Bend. That year and the next she made several
visits to Illinois to solicit aid for the grasshopper sufferers. Her inces-
sant labors undermined her health, and she spent two years in California.
After her health was restored she secured employment in the United
States mint at San Francisco.
Mother Bickerdyke was instrumental in securing" pensions for more
than 300 army nurses, her own being the mere pittance of $25 a month,
and it was not granted until years after the close of the war. She wr.s
deeply interested in the work of the Woman's Relief Corps; belonged
to the Order of the Eastern Star; and was an honorary member of the
Society of the Army of the Tennesee, Mother Bickerdyke died at
Bunker Hill, Ellsworth county, Nov. 8, 1901, but was buried at Gales-
burg, 111., beside her husband.
Big Blue River, one of the principal water-courses of northeastern
l80 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Kansas, is composed of two branches. The north fork rises in Hamilton
county, Neb., and the south fork in Adams county of the same state.
They unite near the town of Crete, whence the main stream follows a
southerly course, flowing through the western part of Marshall county,
Kan., forming the boundary between the counties of Riley and Pottawa-
tomie, and emptying its waters into the Republican river at Manhattan.
There is also a Big Blue river in Missouri, where a battle occurred on
Oct. 22, 1864, in which a number of Kansas troops were engaged. The
engagement was an incident of the Price raid. On the 21st Gen. Curtis,
commanding the Union troops, was forced back from the Little Blue
through Independence and took a position on the west side of the Big
Blue, where he threw up fortifications and felled the trees in front of
his works to form an abatis. The next morning he disposed his troops
so that the right wing was composed of the First brigade (Col. Jenni-
son), the second brigade (Col. Moonlight), the Fourth brigade (Col.
Ford), and a brigade of Kansas militia commanded by Gen. M. S. Grant.
With the right wing was McLain's Colorado battery. The left wing
consisted of the Third brigade fCol. Blair), and was made up of the
Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Tenth Kansas militia cavalry. Capt. Eve's
Bourbon county battalion, a detachment of the Fourteenth Kansas cav-
alry, Knowles' section of the Second Kansas battery and Dodge's Ninth
Wisconsin battery.
Early on the morning of the 22nd Gen. Blunt sent Col. Ford with six
companies of the Second Colorado cavalry to skirmish with the enemy
on the Independence road and feel his position. Ford engaged the
enemy and forced the Confederates under Gen. Shelby to withdraw
to Byram's ford 5 or 6 miles farther south. Col. Jennison was
sent to hold the ford and later was reinforced, but Shelby forced Jenni-
son's position and then flanked the Union line. Blunt and Deitzler began
falling back to Kansas City, which gave Shelby the opportunity to sever
the line, cutting off the Kansas militia under Gen. Grant, which was
engaged in guarding the fords near Hickman's mills. Even with this
it looked for a time as if the Confederates were defeated, but Shelby re-
ceived reinforcements and charged the Federal line. In this charge and
the pursuit which followed, the Kansas militia under Col. George W.
Veale were the chief sufferers, losing 36 killed, 43 wounded and 100
captured. Grant managed to extricate himself from his perilous posi-
tion and fell back to Olathe; Col. Moonlight withdrew to the Shawnee
mission, and that night the remainder of the Union army lay between
Westport and Kansas City.
Bigelow, a village of Marshall county, is located on the Missouri
Pacific R. R., 20 miles southeast of Marysville and 6 miles east of Irving.
It has banking facilities, express and telegraph offices and a postoffice
with one rural route. It was laid out in 1881, the immediate occasion
for making it a shipping point being the limestone quarries recently
opened in the vicinity. The population in 1910 was 200.
Big Springs, one of the oldest settlements in Douglas county, is lo-
KANSAS HISTORY l8l
cated in the northwestern part of the county 4 miles southwest of Le-
compton, from Avhich it has rural free delivery. The settlement was
named from the springs in the immediate vicinity. A number of men
took up claims near the present village in the fall of 1854 and the fol-
lowing year a postoffice was established with John Chamberlain as post-
master. In July, 1855, religious services were held by a United Brethren
minister and within a short time an organization of that denomination
was perfected. ■ A store was opened during the summer and several
dwellings were erected. On Sept. 5, 1855, a meeting of great political
significance took place at this little village — the Big Springs conven-
tion (q. v.). Not having a railroad the village hasnever grown and now
consists of three churches, several dwellings, a blacksmith and wagon
shop. In 1910 it had a population of 40.
Big Springs Convention. — The political condition of the people of Kan-
sas was freely discussed during the summer of 1855, and several mass
meetings were held to consider calling a convention to form a state gov-
ernment. At -the time the political elements of Kansas were varied,
each working to serve its own interests and the thoughtful leaders of the
free-state party saw that something must be done to harmonize them.
A movement for armed resistance, which has secretly been gathering
force, was revealed at the Lawrence 4th of July celebration in 1855.
The situation was one of peril, not only to the political parties in con-
troversy, but also to the communities of the territory. Among many
of the anti-slavery party a spirit of dissent was growing against an- or-
ganized movement proposing armed resistance to the territorial govern-
ment, and this sentiment led to the Big Springs convention.
The cause of complaint at this time was the character of the terri-
torial organization, and justification of resistance to it was based upon
the illegality of the legislature. To avert the revolt of those members
of the free-state party who were alienated by the demonstrations of
July 4 and the action of the convention held July 11, the leaders of this
disafifected branch of the party were asked to assemble for consultation
at the office of the Free State in Lawrence on July 17. Among these
men were W. Y. Roberts and his brother, Judge Roberts of Big Springs ;
Judge Wakefield and J. D. Barnes of the California road; William Jessee
of Bloomington, one of the ousted members of the legislature ; Judge
Smith and other prominent free-state men. As the office was too
small to accomodate the party, it was proposed to adjourn to the river
bank at the foot of New Hampshire street, where a set of timbers had
been erected for a warehouse under the shade of a tree. People they
met on the way were asked to the conference, so that by the addition of
John and Joseph Speer, editors of the Tribune, S. N. Wood, E. D. Ladd
and G. W. Dietzler there were 20 men, one of the most prominent being
Col. James H. Lane, who had just returned from the session of the
bogus legislature. The spirit of revolt attested in nearly every com-
munity against the political action enunciated at Lawrence was con-
sidered, and after due deliberation the assemblage concluded that the
l82 CYCLOPEDIA OF
only way to relieve the hazardous situation was by a convention in
which every community should be fairly represented and free from all
local influences. Big Springs was chosen for the location as its situa-
tion was ideal. Judge Roberts, who was one of the proprietors, offered
the hospitality of the town, which consisted of a rude hotel and several
cabins. This village was located about 4 miles from Lecompton and 2
miles south of the Kansas river on the Santa Fe road, in the northwest
corner of Douglas county. Sept. 5 was chosen for the date of the con-
vention and five delegates were apportioned to each of the 26 representa-
tive districts. Calls were printed and distributed in every precinct in
the territory.
The movement met with opposition from five of the first councilors —
Deitzler, Ladd, S. N. Wood and the Speer brothers — who feared that
such action would tend to divide rather than to unite the free-state fac-
tions, and thus lead to defeat. In accordance with the resolutions passed
at Lawrence on July 11, a convention with representatives from nearly
everv district in the territory assembled at Lawrence on Aug. 14. Its
members also were opposed to the idea of the Big Springs convention,
but when the statement of the situation upon which it was based had
been explained, the call exhibited and the assurance given that while the
cooperation of the assemblage was sought, the Big Springs convention
would be held regardless of its assent, the free-state convention issued a
call duplicating the first, but dated Aug. 14. This has led to the con-
clusion by many historians that the only call issued was by this assem-
blage.
After the conflicting elements had in a measure been harmonized the
next step was the election of delegates. The activity of the radical wing
of the free-state men somewhat complicated the situation, but by the
assistance of Lane a well balanced ticket was chosen for the Lawrence
district, consisting of 15 of the best men representing the various free-
state elements, each of which had a fair representation. Eight of these
men were from the town and seven from the country. The convention,
which organized the free-state party, assembled at Big Springs at the
appointed time — Sept. 5, 1855. On the evening of the 4th men from
everv direction began to gather. They came on horseback, in covered
wagons or other conveyances, many with tents and camp outfit, but
these were unnecessary as the inhabitants pressed upon the delegates the
hospitality of their cabins. Roberts had redeemed his promise for a
shaded platform witW ample seats, and abundant provisions, including
free meal tickets, had been made for the entertainment of the delegates.
It is estimated that there were over 100 delegates present, representing
every district and settlement in the territory.
The convention was called to order at 11 o'clock and temporarily or-
ganized by calling W. Y. Roberts to the chair and appointing D. Dodge,
secretary. A committee on credentials was appointed with instructions
to report immediately. A second committee was appointed to report
permanent officers and reported the following list: President, G. W.
KANSAS HISTORY 183
Smith ; vice-presidents, John Fee, J. A. Wakefield, James Salsburg, Dr.
A. Hunting; secretaries, R. G. Elliott, D. Dodge and A. G. Adams. The
committee on credentials reported lOO delegates. The usual committees
were then appointed, each consisting of 13 members, representing the
several council districts. The most important committees were those on
platform, state organization and resolutions, with Lane, Elliott and
Emery, respectively as their chairmen. The duties of these cummittees
were as follows: To report upon a platform for the consideration of
the convention; to take into consideration the propriety of a state or-
ganization; to consider the duty of the people as regards the pro-
ceedings of the late legislature; to devise action on the coming con-
gressional election ; miscellaneous business.
Col. James H. Lane, chairman of the committee on platform, presented
the report which was adopted. The substance of it was as follows:
To proffer an organization into which men of all political parties might
enter without sacrifice of their political creeds ; opposition and resistance
to all non-resident voters at the polls ; that all interests required Kansas
to be a free state : that all energies of the party were to be used to ex-
clude the institution of slavery and secure for Kansas the constitution
of a free state ; that stringent laws be passed, excluding all negroes, bond
or free, from the territory, but that such measures would not be regarded
as a test of party orthodoxy ; that the charge of abolition imputed to the
free-state partv was without truthful foundation ; attempts to encroach
upon the constitutional rights of people of any state would be discounte-
nanced; that there would be no interference with their slaves, conceding
to the citizens of other states the right to regulate their own institu-
tions ; "and to hold and recover their slaves, without any molestation or
obstruction from the people of Kansas."
This report called forth much warm discussion as many were in favor
of a more radical platform and were particularly opposed to the clauses
alluding to slavery and abolitionists, but the majority of the members
argued that such a conservative platform would be more likely to com-
mend itself to Congress and the inhabitants of Kansas than a radical
one and thus enable them to accomplish the main object, exclusion of
slaves from the territory. The committee on the late legislature made
a report in which the Missouri-Kansas legislature was repudiated as a
"foreign body, representing only the lawless invaders who elected
them ;" that the "hypocritical mockery of a repubhcan form of govern-
ment into which this infamous despotism has been converted," be dis-
avowed and disowned ; that the constitutional bill of rights had been
violated by the expulsion of members entitled to seats in the legislature,
bv the refusal to allow the people to select their own officers, by leaving
to the people no elections but those prescribed b}' Congress, and there-
fore beyond their power to abrogate, and by compelling the people "to
take an oath to support a law of the United States, invidiously pointed
out, by stifling the freedom of speech and the press, thus usurping the
power forbidden to Congress, libeled the Declaration of Independence ;
184 CYCLOPEDIA OF
and brought disgrace upon our Republican institutions at home and
abroad ;'' that no allegiance was due the spurious legislature and that its
laws were invalid, and that resistance to the laws would be made by
every peaceful means.
A resolution was offered impeaching the supreme court. Col. Lane ob-
jected to this and moved that it be stricken out, but his motion was not
sustained. Another resolution recommended the organization and dis-
cipline of volunteer companies throughout the territory. The committee
on state organization reported that its members deemed the movement
was "untimel)' and inexpedient," and caused the first reall}^ discordant
note in the convention. Stirring speeches were made upon the adoption
or rejection of the report, but the men in favor of the formation of a
state government argued and pleaded until their point was gained. The
report was rejected and in its place a resolution offered by Mr. Hutchin-
son was adopted : "That this convention, in view of its repudiation of
the acts of the so-called Kansas legislative assembly, respond most
heartily to the call made by the people's convention of the 15th ult., for
a delegate convention of the people of Kansas Territor}', to be held at
Topeka on the 19th inst., to consider the propriety of the formation of
a state constitution, and such other matters as may legitimately come
before it."
By the report of the committee on Congressional delegate, the time
for holding the election was changed from the date set b)' the legisla-
ture to Oct. 9, and it was resolved that the rules and regulations pre-
scribed for the March election should govern the election except the re-
turns, which, by the "people's proclamation" subsequently issued, were
to be made to the "Executive Committee of Kansas Territory," for Gov.
Shannon would not of course appoint judges of returns for such an elec-
tion. The date of the election was changed to the second Tuesday in
October (the 9th) in order to avoid recognizing the right of the late
legislature to call an election, and to avoid the oath to support the slave
code.
In the report of the committee on miscellaneous business, ex-Gov.
Reeder was defended from the charges made against him as the cause
of his removal. But probably the most important act of the conven-
tion was the nomination for a delegate to Congress. The nomination
of the free-state delegate was made in a short, forcible speech by Martin
F. Conway, who proposed the name of Andrew H. Reeder and there was
no opposing candidate. This action meant the vindication of Reeder
and showed the intention to fight the powers that had usurped the ter-
ritorial government and removed him from office. He was nominated
by acclamation.
A committee of three, 'consisting of S. C. Pomeroy, Col. J. H. Lane
and G. W. Brown, were appointed to wait upon Gov. Shannon and pre-
sent him with a copy of the proceedings of the convention. The Big
Springs convention gave hope and courage to the free-state people
throughout the territory. John Speer, who had been opposed to it
KANSAS HISTORY 185
from the first said, "The Big Springs convention became noted through-
out the Union. It was the first consolidated mass of the freemen of
Kansas in resistance to the oppressions attempted by the usurping legis-
lature, and was as intelligent, earnest and heroic a body of men as ever
assembled to resist the tyranny of George III. The people canje from
all portions of the territory. No hamlet or agricultural community was
unrepresented. Men started before daylight from dangerous pro-slav-
er)' places, like Kickapoo, Delaware, Lecompton and elsewhere, to avoid
assassination."
As soon as news of the work of the convention had spread, free-state
meetings were held at nearly every town and settlement where people
could assemble, resolutions indorsing the Big Springs platform were
passed, and delegates chosen for the Topeka constitutional convention.
Big Timbers. — Some distance above old Fort Atkinson on the Arkan-
sas river, and about 27 miles from Bent's fort, was a locality known as
"Big Timbers." Indians at various times have here met with the repre-
sentatives of the United States, for the purpose of negotiating treaties.
The localit_y has always been a favorite winter camping place for the
Indians, as an abundance of bufifalo, antelope, deer and elk feed, wood
and water were always at hand for their use. It was the intention of
the United States to establish here a military post and postoffice, but
this was never done, owing to an unwillingness to disturb the Indians.
Lieut. Abert mentions reaching Big Timbers on Jan. 21, 1847. In Nov.,
1849, Thomas Fitzpatrick, the celebrated Indian agent, passed by the
place en route to Fort Laramie, stopping long enough to hold some
conversations with portions of various tribes of Indians found camping
here, regarding a proposed treaty. On his return the following year he
found there a party of Indian traders and a portion of nearl}' all the
Indian tribes of that country assembled for the purpose of meeting him
again in order to ascertain at what time and place the representatives
of their Great Father wished to meet them in council, and for what
purpose. He remained there nearly a month. The assembly was com-
posed of Sioux, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Kiowas and Apaclies, all of
which tribes at that time were very formidable and among the most
warlike on the continent. Big Timbers had been the location of some
trading house as Fitzgerald makes mention of the ruins of one.
Billings County was originally created as Norton, but on March 6,
1873, an act of the state legislature changed the name .to Billings in
honor of N. H. Billings, of Norton Center, representative from the looth
district. The change was in the nature of a jest and at the next session
of the legislature on Feb. 25, 1874, the name was changed back to
Norton. (See Norton County.)
Biological Survey. — Biology, "The Science of Life," treats of organic
bodies and includes botany, zoolog}', physiology, embryology, etc. A
biological survey of a state, therefore, is an inquiry into the character
of the animal and plant life within its Ijorders. In Kansas no official
survey of this nature has ever been made, but early in the '80s Prof. F.
l86 CYCLOPEDIA OF
W. Cragin undertook a biological survey under the direction of the
trustees of Washburn College, with which he was at that time con-
nected. His first report to the trustees was made on Aug. i8, 1884, and
related to fishes, lichens, algas, mosses, etc. On Jan. 15, 1885, he made
a second report, continuing the subjects formerly treated, with some
notes on mammals, particularly the panther or cougar, ferret, mink,
Mexican badger, buflfalo, several species of bats, field mice, etc., giving
some account of their characteristics, habits and haunts. This second
report also dealt with fresh water bivalves and mollusca, land shells,
mosses and fungi.
B}^ this time Prof. Cragin's work had attracted considerable attention
in scientific circles, but unfortunately the means were not available for
giving his reports a wide circulation. A third report on March 20, 1885,
gave many interesting facts concerning Kansas mammals, fresh water
bivalves, reptiles and batrachians, with a second series of notes on Kan-
sas fishes and "The faunal relations of Kansas." On Oct. 18, 1885, Prof.
Cragin filed with the trustees a fourth report in which was continued
the discussion of mosses and fresh water mollusca, with extensive notes
concerning Kansas spiders. Prof. Cragin continued his work in this di-
rection until he severed his connection with Washburn College, and the
results of his labors, published in the college bulletins, contain a great
deal of useful and valuable information regarding the fauna and flora
of Kansas. A later biological survey is now being conducted by the
faculty of the state university.
Bird City, a village of Cheyenne county, is located in the township
of the same name and is a station on the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy
R. R. 16 miles east of St. Francis, the county seat. It has a bank, a
money order postofifice with two rural delivery routes, telegraph and
express offices, Adventist and Methodist Episcopal churches, telephone
connection with the adjacent towns, a good local trade, and is a ship-
ping point of some importance. The population was 190 in 1910.
Birds of Kansas. — Probably the first attempt to make a scientific
classification of Kansas birds was in 1871, when the Kansas Educational
Journal published a catalogue prepared by Prof. Francis H. Snow of the
University of Kansas, which catalogue was "based upon the personal
observations of the author during a residence of six years in Kansas."
Prof. Snow's list contained the names of 239 birds, including 20 mem-
bers of the vulture species, 9 varieties of owls, 25 varieties of geese,
ducks and swans, 34 kinds of finches and sparrows, 4 kinds of crows, 11
varieties of flj'catchers, 12 of blackbirds, 22 of snipes, 17 of warblers,
and 8 of woodpeckers. Other species mentioned in his catalogue were
the cranes, herons, plovers, swallows, thrushes, shrikes, grouse and
mocking birds. He expressed the opinion that the Carolina parrot was
once numerous in the woods of eastern Kansas, and stated that it was
still to be found in sparsely settled districts. Prof. Snow observed that
during their migrations the pelican and cormorant were sometimes
found in Kansas, as were the gulls and terns, the loon, the horned grebe
KANSAS HISTORY 187
and the Carolina grebe, the last named sometimes making its nest and
hatching its young in the state. A large number of specimens were
gathered by Prof. Snow and mounted for the university museum.
In "1872 Prof. J. A. Allen of the museum of comparative zoology at
Cambridge, Mass., published a report of an "Ornithological Reconnois-
sance" made in May, 1871, by himself and Prof. S. F. Baird of the Smith-
sonian Institution, in the vicinity of Leavenworth and Topeka. This
report added to the list of Prof. Snow some 40 additional species of birds,
including the kite, merlin, whippoorwill, night-hawk, several wrens, the
long-spur, the black-headed grosbeak, etc.
A short time before his death in 1891 Nathaniel S. Goss (q. v.) pub-
lished a "History of the Birds of Kansas," a volume of nearly 700 pages
in which 529 birds were illustrated. The large collection of birds which
Mr. Goss spent several years in gathering together and mounting is
now in the state capitol at Topeka. Vernon Kellogg has also written
a work on the "Birds of Kansas."
Birkville, a little hamlet of Norton county, is situated in the eastern
part, 10 miles southeast of Norton, the county seat, from which place
the inhabitants receive mail by rural free delivery. Calvert on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. is the nearest railroad station.
Birley, a hamlet of Chase county, with a population of 32 in 1910,
is located about 10 miles southwest of Cottonwood Falls, from which
place mail is received by the inhabitants by rural free delivery. Bazaar
is the nearest railroad station.
Birmingham, a hamlet of Jackson county, is located on the Missouri
Pacific R. R. 4 miles southeast of Holton, the county seat. It has a
general store, a money order postoffice, telegraph and express ofifices,
and a population in 1910 of 50.
Bismarck Grove, one of the most beautiful natural parks in Kansas,
is situated on the north side of the Kansas river at Lawrence, and for
many years it was a favorite place for holding gatherings of all kinds.
Among the historic meetings that have been held there were the Quarter
Centennial celebration of the organization of Kansas Territory in 1879
and the Old Settlers' meeting in Sept., 1884. When the Western Na-
tional Fair Association was organized and incorporated in 1879, Bis-
marck Grove was selected as the place for holding the annual fair, and
for several years the exhibits of the association were given in the grove,
which had been fitted up for a fair ground. In later years the park has
fallen into disuse to some extent, though much of its natural beauty still
remains.
Bison, a village of Lone Star township. Rush county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R, R. 6 miles east of La Crosse, the cnantA- seat.
It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Bison Bee), telegraph and ex-
press offices, a telephone company, some good general stores, and its
money order postofifice has two rural delivery routes which supply the
adjacent agricultural districts with daily mail. The population in 1910
was 375.
158 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Black Jack, Battle of. — Late in May, 1856, Capt. H. C. Pate, in com-
mand of a company of Shannon's Sharp-shooters, started for Osawa-
tomie for the purpose of capturing John Brown. Near that place he
found two of Brown's sons — John and Jason, the former a member of
the legislature — working on their farms, arrested them and put them
in irons, but the elder Brown was in hiding. A few other free-state
men were arrested and some cabins burned. Soon after this Capt. Wood
arrived with a company of dragoons and the prisoners were turned over
to him, and on May 31 both companies moved together toward the Santa
Fe road, Wood going on to Lecompton with his prisoners. On the
march the two Browns were treated with great severity, and this, with
the stories of murder told on his father, caused John's mind to give way,
and at times he was violently insane.
Pate's company continued to the Santa Fe road near Hickory Point,
and made camp on the head of a small branch called Black Jack, 5 miles
southeast of Palmyra, at the head of a ravine on the edge of the prairie
a little north of the Santa Fe road. Phillips in his Conquest of Kansas
says, "The bottom of the ravine at Black Jack, besides the growing tim-
ber, had some deep water-drains or ruts, round which was a thicket;
there were several bogs on the spot where the camp was." That night
Pate's company occupied the town of Palmyra and took several pris-
oners. In the morning they plundered the place, and in the afternoon
six of his men attempted the same thing at Prairie City. Being Sun-
day, most of the people were at church, but as they attended services
armed the men rushed out when a watchman gave the alarm and two
of the men were captured.
As soon as he heard of the capture of his sons John Brown determined
to rescue them and watched for the enemy's camp with the design of
attacking it and releasing the prisoners. He hunted through the woods
of the Marias des Cygnes and Ottawa creeks. On Saturday night, Capt.
Shore, a free-state man who commanded the Prairie City company, had
been out assisting Brown in reconnoitering for the enemy. On Sunday
night Shore and his men accompanied by Capt. Brown continued the
search for the camp, but were unsuccessful. The}' had returned to
Prairie City when two scouts brought the news of Pate's camp on the
Black Jack, some 5 miles away. Brown had been accompanied from
Oswatomie by about 12 men, including three of his sons. Immediately
upon learning of the whereabouts of Pate, Brown and Shore, with about
20 men, moved toward the Black Jack. On arriving within a mile of
the camp, they dismounted, left the horses in charge of two men and
despatched two messengers for help — one to Palmyra and another to
Capt. Abbott's company some 8 miles distant on the Wakarusa. The
remainder of the party divided, each captain commanding his own men
and marched toward the enemy. There were about 50 men under Pate's
command. They had formed a kind of breastwork by placing four
wagons in a line several rods out on the prairie from the edge of the
ravine, and had pitched a tent behind the wagons. This was the con-
KANSAS HISTORY 189
dition of the camp at about 6 o'clock, when the alarm was given that
the free-state men were coming. Pate drew up his men behind the
temporary breastworks. His position was a strong one, as it afforded
shelter for his men, and except by coming up the ravine from the direc-
tion of Hickory Point, had to be approached over an open prairie. When
they ascertained the enemy's position. Brown directed Shore to go the
left and get into the ravine below them, while Brown was to go into
the upper part of the ravine, the bottom of which was covered with
long grass. Owing to a bend in the ravine, this division of the forces
would bring the enemy in range of both forces and under a cross-fire.
Shore, however, approached the enemy over the open prairie and poured
a volley on the pro-slavery men from the front, while Brown, who had
placed his men in the tall grass within the outer banks of the ravine,
opened fire upon their left flank. After the firing had lasted about five
minutes Pate retreated from the wagon to the ravine, where he found
shelter. This left Shore exposed to the fire of the concealed enemy and
he was forced to retreat up the slope until out of range. Shore and a
few of his men joined Brown in the ravine, where they continued firing
from the long grass. The firing had little effect as the free-state party
had only four guns of long range and there were only three or four
Sharpe's rifles in both companies.
The prisoners held by Pate had been stationed in the tent with a
guard and when the firing began they lay flat on the ground so that
the bullets whistled over their heads. After the battle had waged some
time one of the enemy rushed into the tent with the intention of shoot-
ing them but Dr. Graham, at whom he aimed, sprang up, received only
a slight flesh wound and rushed off to the men on the hill. The firing
lasted for about three hours, during which time 2 free-state and 3 pro-
slavery men were wounded. The latter knew that Shore and Brown
would soon receive reinforcements and one by one they gradually
slipped down the ravine until out of range, secured horses and rode
away. Pate's ammunition running low, he finally sent a young man and
a prisoner to Brown's camp under a flag of truce, but as Brown would
not talk with anyone but the commander of the force, Pate came out.
After some parleying, in which Pate claimed he was acting as an officer
under the United States marshal. Brown declared he would consider
nothing but unconditional surrender. As most of Pate's men had de-
serted him, he yielded and thus 21 men, besides the prisoners, provisions,
horses, mules and other camp equipage, as well as a quantity of the
plunder taken from Palmyra, were turned over to Brown. Soon after
the surrender, the free-state forces were augmented by Capt. Abbott
and about 50 men from the Wakarusa and later in the day by others.
The wounded were taken to Prairie City and cared for and Capt. Brown
moved with his prisoners to the thick woods of Middle Ottawa creek
back of Prairie City where he intrenched himself.
Black Jack Point. — (See Lone Jack.)
Black Kettle. — The Indian name of this Cheyenne chief was "Mo-ke-
190 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ta-ve-to," and for many years he was one of the powerful factors to be
reckoned with in determining the tribal policy, in the negotiation of
treaties, etc. His step-daughter became the wife of George Bent, one of
the noted family of trappers and fur traders. Black Kettle was engaged
in several predatory expeditions against the white settlers on the frontier,
and was connected with the Indian uprising in 1868. This proved to be
his last raid. With about 40 ragged, dirty and unkempt braves, he came
into the post at Fort Hays claiming that his band was composed of "good
Indians," but sorely in need of food. After the usual pow wow he
was given a supply of provisions, and immediate!}^ he and his followers
began running off stock, burning dwellings, killing and capturing the
settlers in Russell and Lincoln counties. When pursuit and retribution
became imminent he moved rapidly westward with his plunder, finally
taking refuge in his village on the Washita river. This village was
attacked by the United States soldiers commanded b}- Gen. George A.
Custer on Nov. 29, 1868. Like a whirlwind Custer and his troopers rode
through the village, firing right and left, and Black Kettle and most of
his warriors were killed before they had time to arm themselves for
defense.
Black Laws. — What are known as the "Black Laws" in Kansas his-
tory were passed by the first territorial legislature in 1855. Holloway
(p. 403) says the author of these laws were Joseph C. Anderson, after-
ward the prosecuting attorne}- that conducted the cases against the
free-state men belonging to Maj. Harvey's command who were captured
near Hickory Point in Sept., 1856. The objects of these laws were to
encourage the introduction of slavery into the Territory of Kansas, and
to provide severe penalties for the persons who interfered with slave
property. Every one inciting an insurrection or rebellion of slaves in
the territory, furnishing arms to slaves or committing "any overt
act in furtherance of such rebellion or insurrection," or advising by
speech, written or printed matter slaves to rebel, or who would bring
into the territory for circulation any book, pamphlet or circular for the
purpose of inciting insurrection should suffer the death penalty. Per-
sons enticing slaves away from their masters, or who aided in any way
in persuading slaves to leave their owners were subject to imprisonment
for ten years. Advising a slave to escape or harboring a runaway
slave subjected the offender to imprisonment for five years, and there
were some lighter penalties for minor offenses, but the above include
the principal features of the so-called "Black Laws." Persons opposed
to slavery were disqualified from acting as jurors in the trial of those
charged with the violation of the laws.
Black Vermillion River, a stream of northeastern Kansas, also called
the Black river, consists of two forks. The north fork rises in Marshall
county, near the northeast corner, and flows south ; the south fork
rises in the southern part of Nemaha county and flows northwest, the
two forming a junction near the little village of Vliets. From this
point the main stream follows a southwesterly course until it empties
into the Bio- Blue river near the southern boundarv of Marshall countv.
KANSAS HISTORY IQI
Black Wolf, a village of Ellsworth county, is located on the Smoky
Hill river in the township of the same name, and is a station on the
Union Pacific R. R. 7 miles west of Ellsworth, the county seat. It
has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone
connections, a grain elevator, a good local trade, and in 1910 reported
a population of 100.
Blackmar, Frank Wilson, educator, author and lecturer, was born at
Springfield, Erie county. Pa., Nov. 3, 1S54, a son of John S. and Rebecca
(Mershon) Blackmar, the former of Scotch and the latter of Huguenot
ancestry. He was educated in the public schools, the state normal school
at Edinboro, and in 1881 received the degree of A. B. from the University
of the Pacific at San Jose, Cal. He was then professor of mathematics
in that institution until 1886, when he became a graduate student in
Johns Hopkins University, where he was an instructor in history in
1887-88, and a fellow in history and politics in 1888-89. In the last
named year he received the degree of Ph. D. and left Johns Hopkins
to become professor of histor}' and sociology in the University of
Kansas. After occup_ying that chair for ten years, he was made pro-
fessor of sociology and economics in the same institution, which position
he still holds. When the graduate school of the University of Kansas
was organized in 1896 Prof. Blackmar was elected dean, and is still
occupying that office. He is the author of a number of works bearing
upon the subjects in which he has so long been an instructor, the prin-
cipal ones being as follows : "Spanish Colonization of the Southwest,"
1890; "Spanish Institutions in the Southwest," 1891 ; "The Story of
Human Progress," 1896; "History of Higher Education in Kansas,"
1900; ""Life of Charles Robinson," 1900; "Elements of Sociology; Eco-
nomics for Colleges ; Economics for High Schools," 1907. Besides
these he has contributed to reviews and written a number of pamphlets
on historical, sociological and economic topics. In 1885, at San Jose,
Cal., Prof. Blackmar married Miss Mary S. Bowman, who died on March
4, 1892, and on July 25, 1900, he married Miss Kate Nicholson of
Lawrence, Kan.
Blaine, a village of Pottawatomie county, is located in Clear Creek
township at the junction of the Leavenworth, Kansas & Western branch
of the Union Pacific R. R. and a branch of the Kansas Southern & Gulf,
the latter connecting it with Westmoreland, the county seat, 9 miles
south. All the main lines of business are represented, including banking
facilities. There is an international money order postoffice with three
rural routes. The town was laid out in 1879 and was at that time called
Butler with Blaine as the name of the postoffice.
Blair, a post-hamlet of Doniphan county, is located in Washington
township, on the St. Joseph & Grand Island railroad, 4 miles from
Wathena and about 7 east of Troy, the county seat. The population in
1910 was 50.
Blakeman, a village of Logan township, Rawlins county, is the first
station west of Atwood on the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy R. R.
192 CYCLOPEDIA OF
It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, and is
a shipping- and supply point for the neighborhood. The population
was 100 in 1910.
Bland, a small hamlet of Reno county, is located about 12 miles east
of Hutchinson, the county seat, in the Kisiwa creek valley, and some
4 miles west of Burrton, which is the most convenient railroad station,
and from which place the inhabitants of Bland receive mail by rural
free delivery.
Blind, State School for. — The state school for the blind, or blind
asylum, as it is frequently called, had its origin in an act approved by
Gov. Carney on Feb. 27, 1864. By this act Henry McBride of John-
son county. Fielding Johnson and Byron Judd of Wyandotte county,
were appointed commissioners to select a location for the institution
at some point in Wj^andotte county. They were also authorized to
accept as a donation a tract of land of not less than 10 acres for a site.
The city of Wyandotte (now Kansas City, Kan.) agreed to donate 9.6
acres in what was then known as Oakland park. Although this was
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slightly less than the amount of land specified in the act, the site was
approved, and in 1866 a small appropriation was made by the legis-
lature to pay the expenses of the commissioners. In 1867 the legislature
appropriated $10,000 for the erection of buildings by a commission to
be appointed by the governor. The first buildings were completed on
Oct. I, 1867, and on the 7th the school opened with nine pupils in at-
tendance.
KANSAS HISTORY I93
The first trustees were F. B. Baker, Frederick Speck and William
Larimer. They made a report on Dec. lo, 1867, showing the cost of
the buildings, etc., and the legislature of 1868 appropriated a little over
$11,600 for additional buildings and maintenance. The first annual
report of the board bears the date of Nov. 30, 1868, when the first fiscal
year of the institution was closed.
As in all schools for the education of the blind, the fundamental idea
has been to make the pupils self-supporting and, as far as their infirmity
will permit, useful citizens. In the selection of teachers the only con-
sideration with the board of control is fitness for the position. Conse-
quently the staff of instructors is composed of persons whose capabilities
are equal to those found in the best blind schools in the country. The
pupils are given the best of care and medical attention, and since the
school was opened about 700 pupils have been enrolled. The regular
school course is divided into eight grades and a four-years' high school
course, the whole corresponding to the course of study in the public
schools of the state. Text-books in raised type, so they may be read by
touch, are furnished by the United States government, and there is a
well selected library to which new books are added annually. On the
backs of these books the titles are printed in what is known as "New
York point," so that the pupils may be able to find any book without
assistance.
In addition to the regular literary course, the boys are taught piano
tuning, broom making, hammock weaving, etc., and the girls are taught
hand and machine sewing, crocheting, basket work, darning and patch-
ing— all occupations which fit them to become self-sustaining to a large
degree. Music is also taught, and all the pupils belong to either the
junior or senior chorus. One of the interesting features of the school
is the "fire drill," and it is surprising to see how quickly these sightless
children can vacate a building, without confusion, when the gong is
sounded.
. In 1910 the property of the school was- valued at $156,000 and there
were then 94 pupils in attendance. The superintendents of the school
since its organization have been as follows: W. H. Sawyer, 1867-69;
W. W. Updegraff, 1869-71; John D. Parker, 1871-74; George H. Miller,
1874-89; Allen Buckner, 1889-91; Lapier Williams, 1891-93; W. G.
Todd, 1893-95; George H. Miller, 1895-97; W. H. Toothaker, 1897-99;
Lapier Williams, 1899-1906; W. B. Hall, 1906 .
Blizzards. — The Enc3'clopedia Americana defines a blizzard as a pe-
culiarly fierce and cold wind, accompanied by a very fine, blinding snow
which suffocates as well as freezes men and animals exposed to it. The
origin of the word is dubious. It came into general use in American
newspapers during the bitterly cold winter of 1880-81, although some
papers claim its use as early as the '70s. Such a storm comes up and
takes the traveler without premonition. The sky becomes darkened
and the snow is driven by a terrible wind which comes with a deafening
roar.
a-13)
194 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Before the days of fences or well beaten roads the blizzard often
swept across the prairies of the great west. Travelers starting from
home, with a clear sky overhead, were occasionally overtaken by these
storms. In a sparsely settled country, with no fenced farms or other
means of finding one's way, all landmarks were soon obliterated by a
storm of this kind, and it is a wonder that more people were not lost.
Cattle with no means of protection were frequently found frozen stand-
ing in their tracks in the great drifts, and would be left standing as the
snow melted in the spring.
Another writer has said : "A blizzard is defined as a fierce storm of
bitter, frosty wind, with fine, blistering snow." No definition, however,
save that of actual experience can portray its terrible reality. Fre-
quently the temperature will drop from 74° above zero to 20° below
zero in 24 hours, and during this time the wind will blow a gale, ap-
parently from the four points of the compass. The air will be so filled
with the fine, blistering snow and sand that one cannot see ten feet
in advance. Turn either way and it is always in front. The air is full
of subdued noises, like the wail of lost spirits ; so all-absorbing in its
intensity is this wailing, moaning, continuous noise, that one's voice
cannot be heard two yards away. The early pioneers were of necessity
nomadic, and were in no way prepared for these sudden changes and
hundreds have lost their lives in blizzards when the temperature was not
zero, it being a physical impossibility to breathe, the air being so full
of fine, blistering snow and sand.
While there was more or less loss of life during the early settlement
of Kansas from these causes, the blizzard of Dec, 1885, and Jan., 1886,
was probably the most destructive to life and property of any storm that
ever swept over the state. This storm was general from the mountains
to the Missouri river. It started in the latter part of Dec, 1885, and an
unbroken blanket of snow extended from Williams, N. Mex., to Kansas
City. Railroad traffic on the plains was practically suspended. The
weather moderating, railroad traffic was resumed, when another storm,
more serious than the first, again tied up traffic, this time completely.
Temperature during the month of January ranged from 12° below zero
at Atchison to 25° below at Junction City, and 18° below at Dodge City.
A 44-mile wind a part of the time helped make things lively at the last
named place. All over the southwestern part of the state the precipita-
tion was chiefly sleet, which left the ground covered with ice. A big cut
on the Union Pacific near Salina was completely covered with snow,
and it required the combined efforts of all section men on the road be-
tween Lawrence and Brookville for nearly 16 hours with picks and
shovels to open it for traffic. This cut was about 20 feet deep and a
quarter of a mile long, and eleven locomotives were employed in "buck-
ing" the snow, but they all became stalled and had to be dug out. Many
points on the railroads were a week without mail from the outside
world, and cattle losses from some sections were reported from three
to twenty-five per cent.
KANSAS HISTORY I95
At Dodge City seven trains were snow-bound at one time — one being
an excursion train bound for California. Dodge City people exerted
themselves in entertaining the sojourners, who went away with the
opinion that Dodge City was a much misrepresented town. Many cat-
tle perished along the Arkansas river near this place, some while stand-
ing against the snow fences and others while trying to cross the river.
Losses of life during this blizzard were reported from Clark, Ellis,
Ellsworth, Finney, Ford and Wallace counties, together with a few
casualities from the southwestern part of the state. This loss of life
is accounted for to some extent by the fact that thousands of claim
holders settled in western Kansas in 1885, with few exceptions having
barely enough to commence the work of developing a homestead. Their
houses as a rule were mere shells and proved inadequate for the rigorous
winter. The plains country now is changed. Farms and good farm
houses, fences and well-traveled roads are everywhere, and casualties
from similar causes as obtained in 1885-86 have been rare during the
past twenty-five years.
Block, a hamlet of Miami county, is located about 8 miles southeast
of Paola, the county seat, from which place the people receive mail by
rural free delivery. Paola is the most convenient railroad station.
Bloomington, a village of Osborne county, is a station on the division
of the Missouri Pacific R. R. that runs from Downs to Stockton, 5 miles
west of Osborne, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with
one rural route, telephone connections, a hotel, some general stores,
telegraph and express offices, and does some shipping. The population
in 1910 was 88.
Bloomington Guards. — An old map of Kansas shows the town of
Bloomington about 7 or 8 miles up the Wakarusa river from Lawrence.
Among the early settlers in that neighborhood was Samuel Walker,
who, with others, arrived in April, 1855. In his "annals" Mr. Walker
tells how, about six weeks after the settlers had made a beginning, he
was working on his cabin one day, when some 150 border ruffians under
the leadership of Samuel J. Jones, afterward sheriff of Douglas county,
rode into the settlement and gave Walker two weeks to leave the ter-
ritory. Mr. Walker then tells the story of the Bloomington Guards,
as follows :
"As soon as the Missourians were out of sight, I dropped my ax and
started around the settlement to let my friends know what was up. I
traveled all night afoot, and the next day 86 men met at my cabin. We
organized ourselves into a military company, calling it the 'Bloomington
Guards,' and choosing for it the following officers : Captain, Mr. Read ;
first lieutenant, Mr. Vermilya; second lieutenant, Dr. Miller; and myself
first sergeant. This was the first company organized in Kansas."
For a time Judge Wakefield acted as drill master. As the company
was without arms, a levy was made and Capt. Read went to Massa-
chusetts for a supply of Sharp's rifles. He never returned to Kansas,
but in Dec, 1855, he sent to Walker 80 Sharp's rifles, the arms arriving
196 CYCLOPEDIA OF
just in time for the company to march to Lawrence when that place
was threatened by an invasion of the pro-slavery forces. (See Border
War.)
Blowing Wells. — (See Artesian Wells.)
Blue Hill, an inland postoffice of Mitchell county, is located on Salt
creek in Hayes township, 16 miles southwest of Beloit, the county
seat, and about 12 miles south of Glen Elder, the nearest shipping point.
The population in 1910 was 15.
Blue Lodges. — Soon after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill,
a secret organization was formed in the South to assist in promoting
the interests of the slave power. The society was known by different
names, such as the "Friends Society," the "Social Band," the "Sons of
the South," etc., but by whatever name it might be known the object
was always the same. Each member took a solemn obligation, after
which he was given the signs, grips and passwords of the order. Severe
penalties were provided for any violation of the oath, or for divulging
the secrets of the organization, and it is known that, in a few instances
these penalties were executed upon offending members. Holcombe's
History of Vernon Count}^ Missouri, says : "The order was a branch
of or auxiliary to the famous Knights of the Golden Circle, the common
object being the same — the extension of slavery. The order of the
Golden Circle was composed of slaveowners, and was designed to effect
the acquisition of Cuba, Northern Mexico and Central America, and the
establishment of slavery in the territories. The 'Social Band' was made
up of pro-slavery men, with and without slaves, and was meant to be
a valuable active force in the extension of slavery into Kansas and Ne-
braska primarily."
Phillips' Conquest of Kansas (p. 45) says: "The Blue Lodge em-
braced great numbers of the citizens of Missouri, and was extended into
other slave states and into the territory (Kansas). Its plan of operating
was to organize and send men to vote at the elections in the territory,
to collect money to pay their expenses, and, if necessary, to protect
them in voting. It also proposed to induce pro-slavery men to emi-
grate into the territory, to aid and sustain them while there, and to
elect none to ofHce but those friendly to their views."
George Park, editor of the Parkville Luminary, whose newspaper
office was destroyed by a mob, presumably composed of members of the
Blue Lodge, in a letter to the St. Louis Democrat in May, 1855, said:
"Stringfellow and Atchison have organized a secret association, the
members of which are sworn to turn out and fight when called upon to
do so, and which is to be governed by the following rules : All belong-
ing to it are to share in the damages accruing to any member when pre-
scribed, even at the price of disunion. All are to act secretly to destroy
the business and character of Northern men ; and all dissenting from
their doctrines are to be expelled from the territory."
From these extracts the aims and objects of the society may be
learned, as well as the methods to be employed in attaining them.
KANSAS HISTORY 197
Among the leaders were David R. Atchison, the two Stringfellows, and
Alexander McDonald, afterward a Republican United States senator
from Arkansas during the reconstruction period. All the leaders of the
organization were desperate men, willing to accept any hazard, and
it was under the auspices of this society that a number of the forays into
Kansas were planned and executed. But the free-state sentiment was
too strong for even an oath-bound society to combat, and the Blue
Lodge succumbed to the inevitable.
Blue Mound, an incorporated city of Linn county, is situated in the
southwest corner at the junction of two branches of the Missouri Pa-
cific R. R. 13 miles southwest of Mound City, the county seat. A post-
office was opened a half mile north of the present town in 1854, with
John Quincy Adams as postmaster. It was moved several times, but
was finally located in the village of Blue Mound on June i, 1882. The
elevation known as Blue Mound was named by a Mr. Adams, who was
the first settler, because from a distance it looks blue, and thus the town
name followed.
The Blue Mound Town company was organized in April, 1882, and
the townsite was surveyed the same month. In May the first building
was moved to the town from about 3 miles southeast, and was used
by Alley Bros, as a store. The second was moved to Blue Mound from
Wall Street, by Innes Bros, and used as a hotel, until the new one vvas
finished for them in June. Religious services were held during the sum-
mer by a minister of the United Brethren church named Hinton. and
school was opened in October. The growth of the town was phenome-
nally rapid, for within six months there was a population of 200, with
three general stores, a harware store, furniture store, blacksmith shop,
drug store, harness shop and lumber yard. With the building of the
second railroad into the town it became a railroad center, and when
the coal beds of southeastern Kansas were opened it came into promi-
nence as a shipping point for coal and the manufactured mineral prod-
ucts of that section. Blue Mound is the banking and supply point for
a rich and extensive agricultural district. It has telegraph and express
offices and is one of the leading cities of the eastern counties. In 1910
the population was 596.
Blue Rapids, one of the principal towns of Marshall county, is located
12 miles south of Marysville, the county seat, a short distance below the
junction of the Big and Little Blue rivers. It is second in size among
the towns of the county and is an important manufacturing point on
account of the excellent water power obtainable. It has a glove and
mitten factory, cigar factory, electric plaster mills, banks, hotels and
city waterworks. The Union Pacific R. R. running north and south
and the Missouri Pacific east and west form good shipping facilities.
According to the census of 1910 Blue Rapids had 1,756 inhabitants.
The first attempt to establish a town on the site of Blue Rapids was
in 1857, when a town was laid out by James Waller, who lived on Elm
creek, Henry Poor and M. L. Duncan. Walter died. Poor shot and
198 CYCLOPEDIA OF
killed an officer of the army, then encamped at Marysville and was
obliged to leave the countr}^ The town was abandoned by Duncan
and no other attempt was made to utilize the water power until 1870
when a colony from Genesee county, N. Y., came in. A location com-
mittee "consisting of Rev. C. F. Mussey, H. J. Bovee and J. B. Brown
came in advance and located the site for the- proposed town. About
fifty families followed, among them were, S. H. Parmalee, T. Holbrook.
R. Robertson, M. T. Coe, D. Fairbanks, S. Smith, J. T. Smith, H. S.
Hurlbert, J. B. Waynant, C. J. Brown, G. R. Brown, T. F. Hall, J. B.
Brown, C. E. Olmstead, J. L. Freeland, J. V. Coon, R. S. Craft, John
McPherson, J. E. Ball, Y. Douglas, H. A. Parmalee, J. Yurann, V. R.
North, H. Woodward, E. L. Stone, J. S. Fisher, C. F. Roedel and C. F.
Mussey.
They bought from R. S. Craft and others a town site of 287 acres,
embracing the water power privileges, for $15,000, and secured 8,000
acres of farming lands. . Among the improvements made the next year
was a dam of stone, at the point where the rapids begins, and a wrought
iron bridge. The first business enterprises were, two general stores
opened by H. A. Parmalee and Yates Douglas and a drug store by A.
W. Stevens. W. H. Goodwin was the first lawyer and Dr. R. A. Wells
the first physician. The manufacture of brick was begun in 1872 by
Mr. Seip.
Blue Rapids was incorporated as a city of the third class on March
20, 1872. The first election was held in the town house, which was
called "Colonial Hall," in April. C. E. Olmstead was the first mayor.
Blue Rapids is one of the beautj^ spots of the state. It is laid out on
a gentle slope running down to the river, which is a beautiful sheet of
water. The current of the river strikes an abrupt rock about 40 feet
high on the right bank and turning to the left ripples over a solid rock
bottom, forming the rapids. It is in the midst of a rich farming district.
Blue, Richard Whiting, jurist and a member of Congress, was born
in Wood county, Va., Sept. 8, 1841, and was raised on a mountain farm
near the present city of Grafton. During the summer he worked on
the farm and in the winter attended such private schools as the locality
afforded, for Virginia had no free common schools in that period. In
1859 he entered Monongalia Academy at Morgantown, Va., then under
the supervision of Rev. J. R. Moore. He remained at this institution
several years, first as pupil and later as teacher. Subsequently he en-
tered Washington College, Pa., and remained there until he enlisted in
the Third West Virginia infantry, at the opening of the Civil war. Mr.
Blue was wounded in the battle of Rocky Gap, in southwestern Vir-
ginia, and promoted to second lieutenant, for gallantry in action. Within
a short time he was commissioned captain. In one of the engagements
he was captured and held as a prisoner of war at Libby prison and also
at Danville, Va. The regiment was mounted and after the Salem raid
was changed, by order of the secretary of war, to the Sixth West Vir-
gina cavalry. Its final service was in a campaign on the plains against
KANSAS HISTORY 199
the Indians at the close of the war. The regiment was mustered out at
Fort Leavenworth, so that Mr. Blue was in Kansas during the early
'60s. After his discharge from the army he returned to Virginia, taught
school, read law and was admitted to the bar of that state in 1870. In
1871 he came to Kansas to locate permanently, and settled in Linn
county, but in 1898 he removed to Labette county, and finally located
in Cherokee county. Mr. Blue took rank among the prominent law-
yers of Kansas; was twice chosen probate judge of his county; twice
elected county attorney, and twice chosen state senator. In 1894 he
was elected Congressman-at-large from Kansas ; was renominated by
acclamation in 1896, but was defeated by the wave of Populism that
swept over the country that year. After leaving Congress Mr. Blue
resumed his law practice, in which he was actively engaged until his
death on Jan. 27, 1907, at Bartles, Kan.
Bluemont College. — (See Agricultural College.)
Bluff City, an incorporated city of the third class in Harper county,
is located on Bluff creek and is a station on the Kansas Southwestern
R. R. 14 miles southeast of Anthony, the county seat. Bluff City has a
bank, a weekly newspaper (the News), a money order postoffice with
one rural route, express and telegraph offices, a telephone exchange,
good public schools, churches of some of the principal denominations,
some well stocked general stores, and is the principal shipping point
between Anthony and Caldwell. The population was 307 in 1910.
Blunt, James G., soldier, was born in Hancock county. Me., July 21,
1826, and passed his life until the fourteenth year upon his father's
farm. His restless disposition then led him to run away from home,
and for four years he followed the vocation of sailor upon the high seas,
visiting ports in many parts of the world. In 1845 he gave up the sea
to take up the study of medicine and on Feb. 20, 1849, he was graduated
at the Sterling Medical College at Columbus, Ohio. The following
January he located at New Madison, Ohio, where he practiced his pro-
fession until late in 1856, when he removed to Kansas and settled in
Anderson county. He quickly became an ardent free-state man and
when the Civil war broke out in 1861 he enlisted as a private in the
Third Kansas regiment, subsequently being promoted to lieutenant-
colonel. He served under Gen. Lane at the battle of Dry Wood and
then commanded a force that penetrated far into the Indian country
and broke up the band of the notorious Mathews, killing the leader. In
April, 1862, he was commissioned a brigadier-general and placed in com-
mand of the Department of Kansas. At once he began active opera-
tions in Missouri and Arkansas, distinguishing himself for bravery and
military skill in the battles of Cane Hill, Prairie Grove, Boston Moun-
tains, Fort Van Buren, Honey Springs and Newtonia. After the war
he settled in Leavenworth and engaged in business, spending a large
part of his time in Washington, D. C. About 1878 symptoms of soften-
ing of the brain appeared and he was taken to an insane asylum in
Washington, where he died on Aug. 3, 1881. Gen. Blunt was not a bril-
200 • CYCLOPEDIA OF
liant man, but he won and retained the confidence of the men under
his command and rendered Kansas important service as a soldier. His
death was sincerely mourned by his surviving comrades.
Board of Control. — On March 4, 1905, Gov. Hoch approved an act "to
provide for the management and control of the industrial school for
girls, the Kansas school for feeble-minded youth, the Osawatomie state
hospital, the Parsons state hospital, the Topeka state hospital, the state
industrial school for boys, the school for the blind, the school for the
deaf, the soldiers' orphans' home, and such other state charitable in-
stitutions as now exist or which may hereafter be created," etc.
The act provided for a board of control of three members, to be ap-
pointed by the governor within thirty days after its passage. Each
member was to receive an annual salary of $2,500 and actual traveling
expenses while in the performance of his duty, and was required to give
bond for ten times that amount. The first members were appointed for
two, four and six years, respectively, after which the tenure of office
was to be four years. Pursuant to the act Gov. Hoch, within the
specified time, appointed as the first board E. B. Schermerhorn, Sherman
G. Elliott and Harry C. Bowman. The board organized by electing Mr.
Schermerhorn as chairman; Mr. Elliott as treasurer, and Mr. Bowman
as attorney,- and on July i, 1905, succeeded the old state board of Chari-
ties and Corrections (q. v.) in the management of the state's charitable
institutions.
By thus placing all the charitable and benevolent institutions of the
state under the control of one board of only three members, Kansas
has centralized the responsibility of their management, and gains not
only in the cost of maintenance, but also in uniform and impartial treat-
ment of the institutions. As a further step toward securing impartiality
the act creating the board provided that no citizen of a county in which
any one of the institutions might be located should be eligible for mem-
bership thereon. One of the important duties of the board is to recom-
mend in its biennial reports such legislation as in the judgment of the
members is necessary for the interests of the several institutions, and
as these are all under one management there is little likelihood of
favoritism being shown, because the board is equally responsible for the
welfare of all. Since the adoption of this plan the old "log-rolling" meth-
ods of securing appropriations has been practically abolished, and the
support of the institutions has been placed upon a business basis. Dur-
ing the five years the board has been in existence the plan has apparently
accomplished all that was claimed for it by the advocates of the act creat-
ing it, and the institutions of Kansas are as well conducted as those of
any of her sister states.
Board of Pardons.— (See Pardons.)
Bodarc, a little hamlet of Butler county, is located on Walnut creek,
about 6 miles southeast of Augusta, which is the most convenient rail-
road station. Mail is supplied to the inhabitants from Douglas by rural
free deliverv.
KANSAS HISTORY 20I
Bodaville, a rural hamlet in Riley county, is near the northern line,
about 35 miles from Manhattan, the county seat, and about 12 miles
from Barnes, Washington county, from which place it receives mail.
Lasita, on the Rock Island R. R. 10 miles south is the nearest railway
station. The population in 1910 was 50.
Bogue, formerly called Fagan, a village of Graham county, is a sta-
tion on the Union Pacific R. R. 8 miles east of Hill City and not far from
the south fork of the Solomon river. It has a money order postoffice
with two rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connec-
tion, a hotel, some good general stores, a public school, and in 1910 re-
ported a population of 150.
Bogus Legislature. — The so-called "Bogus" legislature of Kansas was
the first session, which convened in Pawnee in 1855. Andrew H. Reeder
the first territorial governor of Kansas, was commissioned in June, 1854,.
but did not arrive in the territory until Oct. 7. (See Reeder's Adminis-
tration.) On April 16, 1855, he issued a proclamation convening the
legislature at Pawnee on July 2, 1855, and the legislature assembled
there according to call. The pro-slavery members ousted all of the
free-state men, and then proceeded to the next business which was that
of adjourning to Shawnee Mission. Pawnee was about 100 miles from
the Missouri line, and as the legislators intended to enact a code of laws
for the territory that would meet with great disfavor among Kansans,
they thought they would be safer nearer home.
It is said that "a due supply of spirits were brought in bottles and
jugs each morning from Westport which was 4 miles distant, in
order to keep the legislature in spirits during the long summer days."
This legislature did an amazing amount of work. The laws passed by
it fill a large volume and were chiefly of local character. Most of the
laws were transcripts of the Missouri code. One enactment provided
that every officer in the territory, executive and judicial, was to be ap-
pointed by the legislature, or by some officer appointed by it. It also
enacted the notorious "Black Laws" (q. v.). One member of the legis-
lature is quoted as saying, "Kansas is sacred to slavery." This legisla-
ture created a joint-stock company, chartered prospective railroads giv-
ing them unheard-of privileges, and the charters and corporate trusts
they bestowed upon themselves. They located the capital at Lecomp-
ton, and after legislating themselves into every office and financial pros-
pect possible adjourned.
Boicourt, a money order post-village of Linn county, is situated on
the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. about 7 miles northwest of Pleas-
anton. It has an express office and in 1910 had a population of 100.
Boissiere Orphans' Home. — In the spring of 1892 Ernest Valeton
Boissiere, a Frenchman who held a large tract of land in Franklin
county, expressed his desire and intention to convey this land in trust
for the establishment of an orphans' home and industrial school. On
May II, 1892, the persons agreed upon as the trustees met at Mr. Bois-
siere's home at Silkville, when a deed to the property was executed, and
202 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the next day the charter of the institution was filed in the office of the
secretary of state. At the session of the Kansas grand lodge of Odd
Fellows at Fort Scott on Oct. 11-13, 1892, the trustees made a full re-
port of the matter, which was referred to a special committee, consisting
of several past grand masters, and this committee recommended the ac-
ceptance of the gift by the grand lodge. In the report the committee
said : "We recommend the said orphans' home and industrial school to
the favorable consideration of the Odd Fellows of the state, and hope
that they will contribute as liberally as their means will permit to
liquidate the claim assumed by the trustees against this property, so
that it may at once be made ready for the reception of children.""'
The grand lodge adopted the report and recommendation of the com-
mittee, and in a few months lodges and individual members of the order
had contributed over $12,500 for the establishment and support of the
home. At the grand lodge meeting at Topeka in Oct., 1893, the trustees
again made a complete report and asked for legislation on the part of
the grand lodge to carry out the pledges made at Fort Scott the preced-
ing year. They especially recommended the levying of a per capita
tax of $1.50 to carry into effect the original plan. The grand lodge again
adopted the report and recommendations of the trustees, but in the
meantime opposition to the scheme had developed, and Reno Lodge,
No. 99, of Hutchinson, brought suit in the district court of Shawnee
county to enjoin the officers of the grand lodge from levying the tax.
The court refused to grant the injunction and the lodge then appealed
to the supreme court, which affirmed the decision. Steps were then
taken to bring the question before the sovereign grand lodge at Chatta-
nooga, Tenn., in Sept., 1894. The sovereign grand lodge declared the
tax was lawful, but the following month the Kansas grand lodge met at
Wichita and voted to sever its connection with the enterprise and ex-
tend no further support to the institution.
Soon after executing the trust deed to his land (3,156 acres) in 1892,
Mr. Boissiere returned to France, where his death occurred on Jan. 12,
1894. With the action of the grand lodge in Oct., 1894, a number of
competent lawyers held that the land reverted to the Boissiere estate.
About the beginning of the year 1897 James A. Troutman, of the law
firm of Troutman & Stone of Topeka, went to France and secured a
quit-claim deed from Mr. Boissiere's sister, Madame Corrine Martinella
of Bordeaux. Troutman & Stone then became the plaintififs in a suit for
possession of the propert3^ but Judge S. A. Riggs of the Ottawa district
court (Franklin county) decided in favor of the seven defendant trustees.
The case was carried to the state supreme court on appeal and that
tribunal reversed Judge Riggs' decision. After some further delay
Troutman & Stone gained possession, and early in 191 1 sold it to J. O.
Patterson for $130,000.
Boling, a hamlet in the central part of Leavenworth county, is sit-
uated on the Leavenworth & Topeka R. R. about 9 miles southwest of
Leavenworth, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice and
telegraph facilities. In 1910 the population was 32.
KANSAS HISTORY 2O3
Bolton, a village of Montgomery county, is a station on the line of
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that runs from Independence to
Tulsa, 8 miles southwest of Independence. It is a money order post-
office, is supplied with telegraph, telephone and express service, and is
a shipping and supply point for that section of the county. The popula-
tion m 1910 was 75.
Bonaccord, a rural hamlet of Dickinson county, is in the western part,
not far from the Saline count}- line, and about 12 miles from Abilene,
from which place the inhabitants receive mail by rural free delivery.
Bonded Debt. — (See Finances, State.)
Bondi, August, soldier and patriot, one of John Brown's men, was born
at Vienna, Austria, July 21, 1833. His father, Hart Immanuel Bondi,
was a Jew manufacturer of cotton goods. August was educated at the
Catholic college of the order of Piarists. When only fourteen years of
age he became a member of the Academic League and fought under
Kossuth during the Hungarian war for liberty. For this he was ex-
iled and in 1848 the family came to America. August spent seven years
in teaching and in mercantile pursuits in Missouri and Texas. In 1855
he came to Kansas at a time when the opposition to slavery was crys-
tallizing, and became an intense anti-slavery partisan. After remaining
two weeks at Lawrence, he went down the Missouri river and back by
land to acquaint himself with affairs on the border. With a partner,
he "squatted" on a claim on the Mosquito branch of the Pottawatomie,
in Franklin county. In the fall of 1855 he became acquainted with John
Brown, and after the burning of Lawrence he joined the company of
John Brown, Jr. When this force disbanded he did not return to his
claim, but joined John Brown, Sr., and took part in the engagement at
Black Jack. He was then with Brown in different raids along the bor-
der and at the battle of Osawatomie. In Feb., 1857, he laid out the town
of Greeley, Anderson county, and was appointed postmaster there. From
that time to the outbreak of the Civil war he kept the "undeground rail-
way" station at Greeley. In Oct., 1861, he enlisted in the Fifth Kansas
regiment and was present in nearly all the actions in which the regiment
was engaged. On Sept. 14, 1864, he was seriously wounded and made
prisoner by the Confederates near Pine Bluff, Ark., but was left on the
field. He was discharged in Dec, 1864, and in 1866 he located in Salina.
Mr. Bondi held many offices in Saline count}-, such as probate judge, dis-
trict clerk and postmaster, and was appointed a member of the state
board of charities. He was a Mason, a member of the Grand Army of
the Republic, and of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On
Sept. 30, 1907, Mr. Bondi fell dead on the street in St. Louis while on a
visit to his sister.
Bone Springs, a rural hamlet of Reno county, is located on a tributary
of the Ninnescah river, about 25 miles southwest of Hutchinson, the
county seat. Mail is supplied to the inhabitants by rural free delivery
irom Arlington.
204 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Bonilla's Expedition. — About the year 1594, the governor of the prov-
ince of Nueva Vizcaya commissioned Francisco Leiva Bonilla, a Portu-
guese explorer and adventurer, to lead an expedition against a predatory
tribe of Indians that had for some time been harassing the province. The
exact date of the expedition, as well as any definite account of its opera-
tions, is not obtainable, for the reason perhaps that it was in a measure
contra bando — i. e. illegal. Bonilla started upon his mission, but after
he was well out upon the plains he heard rumors of the wealth of
Quivira (q. v.) and decided to visit that province. In some way, just
how is not clear, the governor learned of this movement and sent a mes-
senger in the, person of Pedro de Calorza to recall the expedition. Calorza
failed to find Bonilla, who was so unfortunate as to get into a quarrel
with his lieutenant, Juan de Humana, in which he lost his life and
Humana then assumed command.
Just how far north or east the expedition proceeded is largely a mat-
ter of conjecture. Prof. John B. Dunbar is of the opinion that it may
have reached central Kansas, and possibly the gold mines of the Black
Hills in the western part of South Dakota. After Bonilla's death, and
while the expedition was crossing a large river, which Dunbar thinks
may have been the Platte, on balsas (rafts), three Mexican Indians took
advantage of the opportunity to desert. It was from one of these In-
dians, Jose or Jusepe by name, that Gov. Onate, of New Mexico, learned
of the expedition in 1598.
While Humana and his men were encamped at a place afterward
called Matanza they were surrounded by an overwhelming force of the
Escanjaque Indians, who set fire to the grass and then rushed upon the
camp. Bancroft says that only two people escaped the general slaughter
which ensued. These two were Alonzo Sanchez and a mulatto girl, who
eventually found their way to New Mexico, where they imparted to the
authorities the news of the fate of the expedition. According to an In-
dian tradition, Humana and his men were exterminated by the Es-
canjaques as they were returning from the mines of Quivira laden with
gold. It may be that this tradition is responsible, in some degree at
least, for Dunbar's suggestion that Humana visited the Black Hills re-
gion. Bancroft says that Zaldivar found traces of the expedition ir^
the fall of 1598, and closes his account of the event as follows: "When
we take into consideration their sources, it is not surprising that the
records of Humana's achievements are not very complete."
Bonita, a village of Johnson count}', is located in the southern part of
the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. about 5 miles south of Olathe, the
county seat. It was settled first in 1879, a postoffice was established in
the fall of that year, and the first store was opened about that time. The
town was first called Alta as it was the highest point on the railroad,
but as there was another postofifice by that name in the state it was
changed to Bonita. At the present time it has a money order postoffice,
telegraph and express facilities and in 1910 had a population of 35.
Bonner Springs. — These springs are located at the old town originally
KANSAS HISTORY 2O5
called Tiblow, for an old Indian chief, and have been well known for
years. Since the springs have been made an important suburban re-
sort for Kansas City, the place has been renamed in honor of Robert
Bonner and is now called Bonner Springs. About twenty springs are
located here, in a park owned by a private individual. A sanitarium is
also located here, using the waters which contain calcium, magnesium,
iron, chlorin, sulphuric, silicic and phosphoric acid. No attempt has
been niade to ship water from the springs.
Bonner Springs, one of the largest towns of Wyandotte county, is
located in the extreme southwest corner on the north bank of the Kansas
river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Union Pacific railroads,
17 miles west of Kansas City. It was named from the springs in the
vicinity. It is situated in a rich agricultural district and the excellent
transportation facilities have caused an immense amount of business to
be carried on. For years it has been the banking town for the western
part of the county and the shipping point for live stock, garden produce
and fruit. When the Kansas natural gas fields were developed, the gas
was piped to Bonner Springs and an immense cement factory, one of the
largest in the state, was erected. Today Bonner Springs is one of the
most prosperous and thriving towns in the eastern part of the state,
with excellent water, lighting and public school systems, beautiful
homes and churches, retail stores of all kinds, lumber yards and other
commercial concerns. There are two express companies, telegraph and
telephone facilities, and in 1910 Bonner Springs had a population of
over 1,350.
Boone, Daniel, hunter, trapper, Indian fighter and pioneer, was one
of the first white men of American birth to visit the Kansas Valley.
This fact is not generally known, because the many biographies of this
noted character make but slight mention of his 25 }'ears' residence west
of the Mississippi river. His grandfather, George Boone, was born in
Devonshire, England, 1666, and came to America in 1717, locating in
Berks county. Pa. Squire Boone, the father of Daniel, was born in
1698, before the family left England, and Daniel was born in Bucks
county, Pa., Feb. 11, 1735. In 1749 he went to North Carolina with his
parents, and in 1772 to Kentucky. In 1796, through defective titles and
the work of unscrupulous attorneys, he lost his land in Kentucky, re-
nounced his allegiance to the government of the United States, and be-
came a resident of the Spanish province of Louisiana, in what is now
St. Charles county. Mo. Two years later, upon his declaring his inten-
tion of becoming a Spanish subject, he was appointed commandant of
the Femme Osage district, which position he held until Louisiana passed
into the hands of the United States in 1803. For his services the Spanish
government gave him a grant of 2,000 acres of land in St. Charles county,
Mo. Boone was in the habit of taking long hunting trips, never losing
his love for nor his skill in the use of the rifle. Between the years 1805
and 1815 he hunted up the valley of the Kansas river for a distance of
100 miles from its mouth, and in the spring of 1818, when 83 years of
206 CYCLOPEDIA OF
age, he wrote to his son: "I intend by next autumn to take two or
three whites and a party of Osage Indians and visit the salt mountains,
lakes and ponds and see these natural curiosities. They are about five
or six hundred miles west of here."
The "natural curiosities" referred to were probably the Rock Saline
and its surroundings, in the Indian Territory just south of Harper
county, Kan., but there is no positive evidence that Boone carried out his
intention of visiting the place.
By the treaty of June 3, 1825, with the Kanzas Indians, the govern-
ment agreed to furnish these Indians with certain live stock, utensils,
etc., and Daniel Morgan Boone, a son of Daniel Boone, was appointed
to instruct the members of the tribe in the arts of agriculture. Under
date of Feb. 8, 1879, a son of this Daniel Morgan Boone wrote to W. W.
Cone of Topeka: "M)^ brother, Napoleon Boone, son of Maj. Daniel
Morgan Boone, and a direct grandson of the old Kentucky pioneer, was
the first white child born in the territory of Kansas — at least such is the
history in our family. My father was appointed farmer for the Kaw
Indians early in the year 1827. On his appointment he moved with his
family into a house he built, seven miles up the Kaw river from where
Lawrence was afterward built, on the north bank. Here my brother.
Napoleon, was born Aug. 22, 1828."
Daniel Boone died on Sept. 26, 1820, and at the time the above letter
was written the writer was the only survivor of the family. The place
mentioned in the letter is not far from the present station of Lake View
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R.
Boot Hill. — Hays City's early history was one of bloodshed and vio-
lence. Being a frontier town and for a time the end of the Kansas Pa-
cific railway, it was the natural rendezvous of vicious characters and des-
peradoes. A year after the town was started the population numbered
over 1,000, the majority of which were of the undesirable classes, while
saloons, dance halls and bagnios flourished everywhere. In these re-
sorts the soldiers from Fort Hays almost daily met the desperate charac-
ters of the town and a carnival of crime and murder was the natural re-
sult. A place of sepulture was needed for the victims, and a hill about
a quarter of a mile from the older part of the town was used as a ceme-
tery, acquiring the name of "Boot Hill" on account of those who died
violent deaths and were buried "with their boots on." From 1867 to 1874
it is estimated that about seventy interments were made in this cemetery,
none of whom were buried with ceremony.
From time to time soldiers from the fort came over to "clean out"
the town, and in 1874 the better class of citizens successfully resisted
an attempt of this kind, after which there were few or no more inter-
ments made on Boot Hill. By 1904, the town of Hays City had spread
until it surrounded "Boot Hill." The ground then owned by Mr. G.
W. Sweeney was sold to P. J. Shutts, who had the bodies removed to
the regular cemetery to enable him to erect a fine residence on "this
ground, the last resting place of many a turbulent character."
KANSAS HISTORY 20/
Border Ruffians. — The term "Border Ruffian" in earl}' days was ap-
plied to those individuals on the western border of Missouri, who
sought by illegal and violent means to determine the domestic institu-
tions of Kansas Territory. The appropriate name was liked by the
owners, and Holloway writes : "Nor was this an ttnpopular appella-
tion among the border gentry. They gloried in it as much as Cicero
or Socrates did in that of philosopher, or the soldiers of the seven-
hilled-city that of Roman. Boats on the Missouri river took to them-
selves the name, hacks, omnibuses, hotels, houses and dogs, were not
infrequently adorned by the title 'Border Ruffian.' And woman so far
became blinded to the pure and virtuous, as to take unto herself the
name of Border Ruffian, and admire and praise those of that character."
The commerce of the plains, that in its width had given to the front-
ier a commanding place in population, wealth and political influence,
had also bred and trained an army of plainsmen, restless, daring, ad-
venturous, impatient of the bounds of civilization, passing the freight-
ing season beyond the restraints of law. In winter, and seasons of idle-
ness, they made residence in the border counties and were ready for any
adventure suggested. Also there were a large number of citizens on
the border between Kansas and Missouri who spent much time in loaf-
ing, gambling, drinking and carousing, and who were genuine ruffians
before the troubles in Kansas arose. A great many of these men became
willing tools of the politicians who sought to oppress, harass and
defeat the free-state men. In most of the invasions in Kansas the
ruffians were joined or led by the more respectable men of the border.
Some of these were men of ability who had occupied high positions of
public trust and profit, but who during the border wars, agitated by the
■davery question, unmindful of their dignity or honor, would throw off
restraint and play the coarse part of the real ruffian.
While the main objects of the Border Ruffian chiefs were the over-
throw and destruction of free-state men and the establishment of slav-
ery in Kansas, the ruffian border bands delighted in raiding towns, ran-
sacking houses, stealing horses, and doing whatever they could that
was annoying, exciting and rough. The towns and country along the
eastern tier of counties were raided with uncomfortable frequency.
Free-state men holding claims were driven from them, elections were
molested and crimes of violence committed. When the crash came be-
tween north and south many of these men became bushwhackers or
guerrillas.
Border War. — What is known as the "Border War" in Kansas was a
conflict between the advocates and opponents of slavery, to settle the
question as to whether Kansas should be admitted into the Union as a
free or slave state. The name arose from the fact that most of the
stirring scenes of that conflict were enacted in the eastern portion of
Kansas, near the Missouri border. Both sides were thoroughly aroused
by the debates in Congress on the bill organizing the territories of
Kansas and Nebraska, and as soon as the bill became a law thev were
208 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ready for action. The "War" lasted from 1854 until 1859, and, like all
affairs that continue through a period of several years, was made up of
a number of minor events. Most of these occurrences are described in
more or less detail in the sketches of the administrations of the terri-
torial governors, or of the various counties in which they were laid, as
well as under the titles of Wakarusa War, Pottawatomie Massacre,
Hickory Point, Franklin, Oswatomie, Black Jack, Fort Saunders, Fort
Titus, Marais des Cygnes, etc.
In the course of the contest, each side developed some strong and
efficient leaders. Prominent among the pro-slavery men were David R.
Atchison, Benjamin F. and John H. Stringfellow, Thomas Johnson, John
Calhoun, Samuel J. Jones and Daniel Woodson. On the free-state side
the most active and best known men were Charles Robinson. William
A. Phillips, James H. Lane, John Speer, George W. Smith, Cyrus K.
Holliday, George W. Deitzler and John A. Wakefield.
On May 12, 1854, more than two weeks before the passage of the
Kansas-Nebraska bill, the Emigrant Aid Society was organized in Bos-
ton, Mass., and in July it received a charter from the Connecticut
legislature. News of this movement reached western Missouri, and on
June 15 the Platte County Self Defensive Association was formed. At
a meeting at Weston, Mo., July 20, it was resolved to "remove an}- and
all emigrants who go to Kansas under the auspices of abolition soci-
eties." With the Emigrant Aid Society on one side and the Self Defen-
sive Association and kindred organizations upon the other, the issue
was clearly defined, though no acts of violence were co;nmitted in the
year 1854. Pro-slavery men crossed the river and held meetings among
the Kansas squatters. One of these meetings, on Salt creek in June,
pledged the squatters to give no protection to anti-slavery settlers, and
recommended slaveowners to bring their negroes to Kansas as soon as
possible. The first actual clash came in August, when the settlers at
Lawrence met at Judge Miller's house to adopt some form of squatter
regulations. A band of pro-slaveryites, under the leadership of an Indi-
ana lawyer named Dunham, attempted to break up the meeting. The
free-state men quietly adjourned until their opponents left, and then
proceeded with the meeting, electing John A. Wakefield chief justice.
Subsequently a compromise was eft'ected with the pro-slavery settlers,
and this squatter government ruled until the arrival of Gov. Reeder and
the inauguration of the regular territorial government.
The activit}' with which the emigrants from the Northern states
began founding settlements and making improvements of a permanent
character alarmed their opponents. The Platte Argus, a rabid pro-slav-
ery paper, declared that these "northern cattle" must be driven out, and
the Self Defensive Association met at Weston and resolved "That this
association will, whenever called upon by any of the citizens of Kansas
Territory, hold itself in readiness together to assist and remove an}^ and
all emigrants who go there under the auspices of emigrant aid societies."
With the election of March 30, 1855, for members of the first terri-
KANSAS HISTORY 2O9
torial legislature, the situation became more intensified. Missourians
in large numbers came over and voted for the pro-slavery candidates,
after which they returned to their homes across the river. The actual
free-state settlers refused to recognize the authority of a legislative body
elected by illegal votes, and also refused to obey the laws enacted by
such a body. On April 30, at a squatter meeting in Leavenworth, Cole
McCrea, a free-state man, shot and killed Malcolm Clark in self-defense.
McCrea was arrested, but the following September the grand jury failed
to find a bill against him. The same day that Clark was shot, a vigilance
committee of some 30 members was organized in Leavenworth. One
of its first acts was to tar and feather William Phillips, after which he
was ordered to leave the territory. Phillips was accused by the commit-
tee of having aided in the killing of Clark, b}' handing McCrea a revolver
just at the critical moment. He refused to leave the territorv^, and on
Sept. I, 1856, the day of the city election in Leavenworth, he v/as killed
in his house b}^ a pro-slavery mob.
Rev. Pardee Butler (q. v.) was banished on Aug. 16, and on the 28th
the Squatter Sovereign said editorially : "We will continue to tar and
feather, drown, lynch, or hang every white-livered abolitionist who dares
pollute our soil."
On Oct. 25, 1855, Samuel Collins was killed by Patrick Laughlin, who,
under the guise of a free-state man, had joined the Danites and then
published their ritual. Wilder says this was the first political murder
in Kansas, the killing of Clark in the preceding April having been done
in self-defense. Charles W. Dow was shot and killed by Franklin N.
Coleman near Hickory Point, 10 miles south of Lawrence, on Nov. 21,
1855, being the second free-state man to meet his death by violence.
Growing out of this murder were the arrest and rescue of Jacob Bran-
son, which started the Wakarusa war. On Dec. 6, 1855, Thomas W.
Barber (q. v.) was killed. This was one of the most wanton and cold-
blooded homicides of the entire border war.
Clouds, dark and portentous, overhung the Territory of Kansas at
the beginning of the year 1856. On Jan. 17, Stephen Sparks, his son
and his nephew, were waylaid on the way home from Easton from the
election of state officers under the Topeka constitution. Capt. Reese P.
Brown, a member-elect of the Topeka legislature, went to their assist-
ance, and with others succeeding in effecting their rescue. That night
Brown was assaulted by a pro-slavery mob at Leavenworth, armed
with knives and hatchets, and was so severely injured that he died be-
fore morning. The Squatter Sovereign of Feb. 20 recommended the
hanging of all who had anything to do with the Topeka constitutional
convention.
Then followed a systematic effort to drive the free-state men from
the territory on trumped-up charges. Judge Lecompte instructed the
grand jury to return indictments for treason against Andrew H. Reeder,
Charles Robinson, James H. Lane and a number of others. (See Reed-
er's Administration.) On April 19 Sherifif Jones attempted to arrest
(I-14)
2IO CVCLOl'EDIA OF
Samuel N. Wood at Lawrence, but Wood refused to be arrested. The
next day Jones called upon the citizens to aid in making the arrest, but
as the people of Lawrence did not recognize the validity of the laws
passed by the "bogus" legislature, they declined. On the 23d Jones re-
turned with a posse of United States troops and arrested several men
without resistance. That night Jones was shot and wounded by some
unknown part)', and the next da}' the citizens of Lawrence denounced
at a public meeting the shooting of the sheriff.
Matters now remained comparatively quiet until May 21, when a
deputy L^nited States marshal named Fain, accompanied by a strong
posse went to Lawrence and arrested George W. Smith, George W.
Deitzler and Gains Jenkins. It was no part of the free-state programme
to resist the Federal authorities, and the men arrested by the deputy
marshal offered no protest. Later in the day Sheriff' Jones visited Law-
rence with a body of his satellites and four pieces of artillery. The
Free-State Hotel, and the offices of the Herald of Freedom and the
Kansas Free State were destroyed ; stores were broken open and pil-
laged, and Charles Robinson's residence was burned to the ground.
Holloway says that Jones sat on his horse and viewed with complacency
the destruction of the hotel. "Gentlemen," said he to his posse, "this is
the happiest da}' of my life, I assure you. I determined to make the
fanatics bow before me and kiss the territorial laws." When the walls
of the hotel fell, the sheriff" again addressed his men with "I have done
it, by God I have done it. You are dismissed ; the writs have been exe-
cuted."
On the night of May 24-25, three days after the sack of Lawrence by
Sheriff Jones, occurred the Pottawatomie massacre (q. v.), when Doyle,
Wilkinson, and other pro-slavery settlers were killed by a party of free-
state men led by John Brown. Then followed the free-state attacks on
Franklin, the capture of Forts Saunders and Titus, and the battle of
Middle creek in Linn county. David S. Hoyt was killed by pro-slavery
men near Fort Saunders on Aug. 12, just before the place was captured,
and on the 19th of the same month a man named Hoppe, a brother-in-
law of Rev. Ephraim Nute, was shot and killed by a man named Fugit,
merely because he lived in Lawrence. Fugit was tried and acquitted by
a partisan court.
In Sept., 1856, Capt. Harvey, a free-state leader, fought the battles
of Slough creek and Hickory Point in Jefferson county, winning vic-
tories in both instances. Later Harvey was captured by United States
troops commanded by Col. Cooke and some of his men were sentenced
to five years in prison by Judge Cato. On Sept. 16 David C. Buffum
was killed by Charles Hays. (See Geary's Administration.)
Around Atchison and Leavenworth there was a reign of terror
throughout the year. Frederick Emery's gang of border ruffians, under
the guise of "regulators." harassed free-state men in every jiossihle
way. Steamboats bearing emigrants from the Xorthern states were
turned back, and settlers known to be opposed to slavery were ordered
KANSAS ?n STORY 211
to leave the territory. Phillips, in his Conquest of Kansas, tells how C.
H. Barlow, with eight families from Illinois, and two families from
Iowa, were disarmed in Missouri and escorted back to Liberty with
instructions not to set foot in Kansas. Laban Parker was killed and his
body tied to a tree about lo miles from Tecumseh. A large hunting
knife was left sticking in his breast, and tied to the handle of the knife
was a toad-stool, on which was written: "Let all those who are going
to vote against slavery take warning."
With regard to sending back free-state emigrants, a pro-slavery news-
paper of Missouri said : "We do not approve fully of sending these
criminals back to the east to be reshipped to Kansas — if not through
Missouri, through Iowa or Nebraska. . . . We are of the opinion,
if the citizens of Leavenworth city or Weston would hang one or two
boat loads of abolitionists, it would do more toward establishing peace
in Kansas than all the speeches that have been made in Congress dur-
ing the present session. Let the experiment be tried."
Notwithstanding the machinations of the opposition, free-state set-
tlers continued to pour into the territory. At meetings in Milwaukee,
Chicago, Buffalo, Boston, and other northern cities in June, 1856, the
people contributed nearly $250,000 for the relief of Kansas settlers and
to aid emigration. In August some 600 immigrants came in through
Iowa and Nebraska over "Lane's road."
The year 1857 started in with the promise of being as turbulent as
its predecessor. On 'Feb. 19 "Bill" Sherrard was killed by John W.
Jones at Lecompton (See Geary's Administration), and in April Martin
Kline was killed by Merrill Smith, the marshal of Leavenworth. James
Stevens was murdered at Leavenworth on July 31 by John C. Ouarles
and W. M. Bays, and the next day the murderers were hanged by the
citizens to an elm tree near Young's saw mill. William Knighten and
William Woods were arrested as accessories and taken to the Delaware
City jail.
The arrival of Gov. Walker in May, and the promises he made to give
the people a fair and impartial administration did much to allay the hos-
tile spirit, and the activities of the contestants were confined chiefly to
holding conventions and organizing for the purpose of carrying the elec-
tions. Late in the year trouble broke out in Linn and Bourbon counties
and continued throughout the year 1858. The free-state men arrested
the preceding year for treason were brought before Judge Cato for
trial, but the cases were "nollied" by the prosecuting attorney. Charles
Robinson was arraigned for trial in Judge Cato's court on Aug. 18,
charged with "usurpation of office," in having accepted the office of
governor under the Topeka constitution, but he was acquitted bv the
jury. Toward the close of the year interest centered in the adoption
and ratification of the Lecompton constitution. Excitement ran high,
but there was little actual violence.
The most atrocious event of the j'ear 1858 was the Marais des Cygnes
massacre on May 19, when nine free-state men were lined up and shot
212 CYCLOPEDIA OF
by Capt. Charles Hamelton's band of border ruffians. The free-state
party, having gained control of the legislature, passed laws of a more
liberal character than those of the first session, and this served as a stim-
ulus to emigration from the Northern and Eastern states, so that by
1859 the opponents of slavery were in a decided majority in the terri-
tory. However, the pro-slavery men were not yet willing to abandon
the fight. On Jan. 25, 1859, Dr. John Doy and his son Charles were
arrested in Kansas and taken to Weston, Mo., where they were lodged
in jail on a charge of "nigger stealing." In the first trial the jury dis-
agreed, but in June Dr. Doy was convicted and sentenced to five years'
imprisonment. On July 23 a company of Kansas men, led by Maj. J.
B. Abbott, went to Weston and released him. With the ratification of
■ the Wyandotte constitution on Oct. 4, 1,859, by a vote of nearly two to
one, the slave power recognized the "handwriting on the wall" and
retired from the field. The "Border War," which for five years had
disturbed the ejitire country, was ended, and the term "Bleeding Kan-
sas" was no longer applicable to the territory. There was some lack
of harmony during the year i860, but nothing occurred to cast more
than a slight ripple of discontent on the situation.
Bosna, a rural postoffice of Trego county, is located on Big creek,
about 12 miles southwest of Wakeeney, the county seat, which is the
most convenient railroad station.
Botkin, Jeremiah D., clergyman and member of Congress, was born
on April 24, 1849, in Logan county, 111. His early education was that
afiforded by the public schools, and after finishing the course in common
schools he spent one year at De Pauw University at Greencastle, Ind.
At an early age he was imbued with abolition sentiments and became a
Republican in politics. During the last year of the Civil war, when he
was but sixteen years of age, he made three attempts to enlist in the
army but was rejected because of being under size and age. In 1870
he entered the Methodist ministry, where he served six years as pre-
siding elder. In 1888 Mr. Botkin was elected a delegate to the general
conference of the Methodist church held at New York City, and to the
ecumenical conference at Washington, D. C, in 1891. He was a loyal
supporter of the Republican party, but ran. for governor on the Pro-
hibition ticket in 1888. He espoused the Populist cause soon after
the birth of that party and ran for Congress in the Third district in 1894,
but was defeated. Two years later he was elected on the Fusion ticket
as Congressman-at-large from Kansas. Upon retiring from Congress
he engaged in business at Winfield, where he still resides.
Boudinot Mission. — This mission was established under the direction
of the Presbyterian church among the Osage Indians in 1824, in what
is now Neosho county. It was located on the Neosho river, near the
mouth of Four Mile creek. After doing good work for over a decade
it was abandoned in 1837. (See Missions.)
Boundaries. — When La Salle, on April 9, 1862, laid claim to all
the territory drained by the Mississippi river and its tributaries in the
KANSAS HISTORY ' 2I3
name of France, and bestowed upon the region the name of "Louisi-
ana," in honor of Louis XIV, then king of France, he set up the first
boundaries ever established by a civiHzed nation to a territory includ-
ing the present state of Kansas. At the Louisiana Purchase exposi-
tion, held at St. Louis, Mo., in 1904, the United States general land
office had on exhibition a map showing the boundaries of the territory
claimed by La Salle. The eastern boundary began on the western
coast of Florida, at the mouth of the river of Palms, and extended
northward by an irregular line along the watershed dividing the streams
flowing into the Atlantic from those flowing westward into the Ohio
and Mississippi rivers or southward to the Gulf of Mexico; the north-
ern boundary was also an irregular line beginning at a point near the
present city of Buflfalo, N. Y., and extending in a northwesterly direc-
tion tO' the 49 parallel of north latitude, separating the basin of the
great lakes from the Mississippi valley, and thence along the 49th par-
allel to the crest of the Rock mountains; the western boundary fol-
lowed in a southeasterly direction the watershed dividing the western
tributaries of the Mississippi from the waters of the Pacific slope, to a
point on the Gulf of Mexico at about 92° west longitude ; the southern
boundary followed the gulf coast from this point to the place of be-
ginning.
By the treaties of 1762-63, all that part of Louisiana lying east of the
Mississippi passed into the hands of Great Britain, and that portion
west of the great river became a Spanish possession. By the secret
treaty of St. Ildefonso, which was concluded on Oct. i, 1800, this
province was ceded back to France, which nation, by the treaty of
April 30, 1803, transferred it to the United States. Article III of the
last named treaty provided that "The inhabitants of the ceded territory
shall be incorporated into the Union of the LTnited States, and admitted
as soon as possible, according to the principles of the Federal consti-
tution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages and immunities
of citizens of the United States," etc. In accordance with this provision
the Louisiana Purchase has been divided into states by the Federal
government.
When Missouri was admitted in 1821, the western boundary of that
state was fixed on a "north and south line passing through the mouth
of the Kansas river." This boundary was changed by the act of Con-
gress, approved June 7, 1836, adding to Missouri what is known as the
"Platte Purchase," embracing all of the land lying between the original
boundary and the Missouri river, north of the mouth of the Kansas.
This purchase includes the present counties of Platte, Buchanan, An-
drew, Holt, Nodaway and Atchison, in the State of Missouri. It was
by the act of Congress admitting Missouri and the subsequent act,
adding the above named territory to that state, that the eastern
boundary of the State of Kansas was established.
Section 19 of the organic act of May 30, 1854, defined the boundaries
of the Territory of Kansas as follows : "That all that part of the ter-
214 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ritory of the United States included within the following limits, except
such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from the
operations of this act, to-wit: beginning at a point on the western
boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh i)arallel of
north latitude crosses the same ; thence west on said parallel to the
eastern boundary of New Mexico ; thence north on said boundary to
latitude thirty-eight ; thence following said boundary westward to the
east boundary of the territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky
mountains ; thence northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel
of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the
State of Missouri ; thence south with the western boundary of said
state to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby created
mto a temporary government by the name of the Territory of
Kansas."
The part expressly exempted was "to include any territories which
by treaty with an Indian tribe is not without the consent of said tribe
to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of any state
or territory."
Next to the eastern boundary, the first line to be established, as pro-
vided for in the organic act, was that between Kansas and Nebraska,
and in connection with that line there is some interesting history. As
earh' as 1844 the secretary of war recommended the organization of a
territory in the Indian country west of the Missouri river. An effort
was made in 1848 to establish a territorial government there, but it was
not until Oct. 12, 1852, that an election for a delegate to Congress Avas
held at the Wyandotte council house. Abelard Guthrie received all the
votes cast, but opposition to the movement developed and a second
election was held at Fort Leavenworth. At that election Guthrie de-
feated a man named Banow by a vote of 54 to 16. On Nov. 20. 1852,
Mr. Guthrie left Fort Leavenworth for Washington, and during the
ensuing sess.ion of Congress he wielded considerable influence in forcing
a consideration of the bill providing for the organization of Nebraska
Territory. On Oct. 11, 1853, Rev. Thomas Johnson was declared elected
delegate, after a bitter campaign between him and Mr. Guthrie. The
people farther up. the river voted for Hadley D. Johnson, of Council
Bluffs, Iowa, but the returns from the district appear to have been ig-
nored. Thomas Johnson went to Washington as soon as Congress
met in Dec, 1853, but Hadley D. Johnson did not arrive there until
early in Jan., 1854, when the latter began working for the establishment
of two territories instead of one, with the result that the "two John-
sons," as the}' were called, got into a controversy and both were forced
to vacate their seats. Both remained in Washington for awhile, how-
ever, to watch the trend of events. Hadley D. Johnson, in the Nebraska
Historical Report (vol. ii, p. 80), gives the following account of how the
40th parallel came to be selected as the dividing line:
"As to the dividing line between Kansas and Nebraska, a good deal
of trouble was encountered ; Mr. Johnson and his Missouri friends being
KANSAS HISTORY 21 5
very anxious that the Platte river should constitute the line, which ob-
viously would not suit the people of Iowa, especially as I believe it was
a plan of the American Company to colonize the Indians north of the
Platte river. As this plan did not meet with the approbation of my
friends or myself, I firmly resolved that this line should not be adopted.
Judge Douglas was kind enough to leave that question to me, and I
offered to Mr. Johnson the choice of two lines — first, the present line,
or second, an imaginary line traversing the divide between the Platte
and the Kaw. After considerable parleying, and Mr. Johnson not being
willing to accept either line, I offered the two alternatives — the 40th
degree of north latitude, or the defeat of the whole bill, for that session
at least. After consulting with his friends, I presume, Mr. Johnson very
reluctantly consented to the 40th degree as the dividing line between the
two territories, whereupon Judge Douglas prepared and introduced the
substitute in a report as chairman of the committee on territories, and
immediately probably the hardest war of words known in American
history commenced." (See Kansas-Nebraska Bill.)
On Aug. 26, 1854, the surveyor-general of the territories of Kansas
and Nebraska received instructions to make the boundary line between
Kansas and Nebraska "the principal base line wherefrom to start the
surveys, both on the north in Nebraska, and on the south in Kansas ;
and that boundary is the parallel of 40° north latitude. . . . Your
first operations will be to run and establish the base line, and con-
tinue the same for a distance of 108 miles on the parallel of 40° north
latitude."
Pursuant to these instructions, John Calhoun, the surveyor-general,
on Nov. 2, 1854, entered into a contract with J. P. Johnson, b}^ which
the latter was to run and mark the line for the 108 miles for $1,296.
Johnson secured the services of Ira H. Smith as assistant, and began
work about the middle of November. The 108 miles were run and
marked in eighteen days, and on Jan. 12, 1855, the plats were forwarded
to the general land office. Subsequently, Joseph Seidlej', a surveyor
of Springfield, 111., and a Mr. Manly reviewed and condemned the work
of Johnson and Smith. The survey was therefore set aside, the cor-
ners were ordered to be erased, and the line resurveyed for a distance
of 60 miles, though Johnson received a little over $1,000 for the work
he had done. A letter from J. M. Edmunds, commissioner of the gen-
eral land office, to Gov. Crawford, under date of Aug. 31, 1865, says
the 40th parallel was "astronomically established in 1854, by Capt. T.
J. Lee, topographical engineer, U. S. A."
Several efforts were made by the people of Nebraska to have the
territory lying between the 40th parallel and the Platte river annexed
to Kansas, but the inhabitants of the latter state seem to have been
generally satisfied with the lines as established by the organic act of
1854. The only instance to the contrary, of which any official record
can be found, was on Jan. 25, 1859, when Gov. Medary forwarded to
President Buchanan "joint resolutions passed by the legislative assem-
2l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
bly of this territory, asking the annexation of that part of Nebraska
Territor}' lying south of the Platte river."
An act of Congress, approved July 8, 1856, directed "the southern
boundary line of the Territory of Kansas, from the State of Missouri
to the Territory of New Mexico, to be surveyed and distinctly marked,"
etc. Four companies of the First cavalry and two companies of the
Sixth infantry, under command of Lieut. -Col. Joseph E. Johnston, es-
corted the surveying party that ran the line in the summer and fall
of 1857, and on Oct. 22, 1859, John B. Floyd, the secretary of war,
transmitted to Lewis Cass, the secretary of state, a plat of the survey
"to be forwarded to the Territory of Kansas.." By the Missouri Com-
promise of 1820, the line of demarcation between free and slave ter-
ritory was fixed at 36° 30', which would seem to have been the logical
southern boundary of Kansas. The onl}' reason for moving that bound-
ary a half a degree farther north to the 37th parallel was probably be-
cause that was the line dividing the Cherokee lands from those of the
Osages. This parallel was astronomically established by J. H. Clark
and H. Campbell at the tim.e the survey was made in 1857.
The western boundary, "the summit of the Rocky mountains," was
rather vague, as at that time the surveys were so incomplete that the
actual location and direction of the "summit" were not definitely de-
termined. Old maps show the west line of Kansas territory as fol-
lowing the continental divide and including about two-thirds of the
present State of Colorado, the divide running a short distance west of
Leadville. But a new western boundary was established when Kan-
sas was admitted into the Union in 1861. The Wyandotte constitu-
tion named the 25th meridian west of Washington as the western line
of the proposed state, and this boundary was accepted by Congress,
the act of Jan. 29, 1861, giving the boundaries as follows:
"Beginning at a point on the western boundary of Missouri, where
the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same ; thence
'west on said parallel to the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west
from Washington ; thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel
of latitude ; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of
the State of Missouri ; thence with the western boundary of said state
to the place of beginning."
As a matter of fact, the western line of the state is three miles west
of the meridian designated by the constitution and the act of admis-
sion. This is due to the fact that after the adoption of the constitu-
tion and the passage of the act, the surveyors in running the eastern
line of an Indian reservation in what is now the State of Colorado
made an error of three miles, so that the western boundary is really
that much farther west than was originally intended, or 102° 2' west
from Greenwich.
The eastern boundary' has been a subject for discussion ever since
Kansas became a state. Several times the claim has been advanced
that changes in the location of the mouth of the Kansas river have
KANSAS HISTORY 217
occurred since the western boundary of Missouri was established as
a north and south line passing through the mouth of that stream, and
that these changes have moved the mouth of the river some six miles
farther east. The line was established by Joseph C. Brown in 1823,
and the official plats of the public land surveys, both in Missouri and
Kansas, show the line as then marked. In the Kansas Cit)^ Journal
of March 6, 1899, appeared an article relating to this line, from the
pen of W. E. Connelley, in which the writer sa)'S :
"I notice that the old controversy concerning the state line between
the states of Kansas and Missouri has been out afresh this winter. The
Kansas legislature has been asked to appropriate the sum of $5,000
to pay the expenses of a suit to settle the matter in the courts. Per-
haps it would be as well that this be done. The result will settle
nothing not already known to any and every person having investi-
gated the matter. In 1884 this matter was all threshed over. At that
time many Kansans would consent to no less than six miles of Mis-
souri territory. As investigation proceeded the claim narrowed until
the fopt of Broadway, in Kansas City, Mo., was fixed as the point be-
yond which no Kansan could honorably retreat. I was county clerk
of Wyandotte count}', Kan., at that time, aYid an ardent supporter of
the Kansas claim — until I made an investigation of the matter. In
that }^ear I made an accurate and correct map and plat of every tract
of land in Wyandotte county, and also prepared an accurate descrip-
tion of each tract, for the tax rolls of the county. It was necessary
that I should locate definitely the state line. . . . The claim that
the state line has been changed since 1823, or that it was then er-
roneously located, is a preposterous absurdity."
But aside from the claim of error in the state line, caused by the
shifting of the mouth of the Kansas river, the boundary formed by
the Missouri river along the northeastern part of the State of Kansas,
has long been a matter of dispute. Gov. Martin, in his message to the
legislature of 1885, called attention to the boundary question as fol-
lows:
"Our eastern boundary is defined in the organic act, the act of ad-
mission, and in our state constitution, as the western boundary of the
State of Missouri. The location of that line from the mouth of the
' Kansas river to the north line of the state, is not definitely understood
by our people nor by the inhabitants of Missouri. By the treaties be-
tween the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, the act of Congress
of June 7, 1836, and the executive proclamation of March 28, 1837, it
appears that the 'Platte Purchase' extended only to the Missouri river,
and embraced only the territor}^ lying between that river and the orig-
inal boundary of the State of Missouri. Under the generally accepted
rules of construction, our eastern line therefore extends to the left, or
eastern bank, of the Missouri river, and at low water that stream lies
wholly within this state. On account of the rightful taxation of the
several great bridges which span the river, the jurisdiction of the courts,
2l8 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the service of civil and criminal process, on the river and on the bridges
spanning it, the sovereignty over islands, and for other reasons that
will suggest themselves, it is important that this line be definitely and
generally understood, at as early a day as practicable.' I recommend
the reference of the question to the attorney-general for the; suggestion
of such action as shall be thought proper."
No action was taken by the legislature upon the governor's recom-
mendation, probably for the reason that the members of the assembly
felt the subject to be a rightful one for Congressional consideration.
Federal Judge Dillon, in the case of Doniphan county vs. the St. Joseph
Bridge company, decided that the boundary was at the middle of the
channel of the Missouri river, and this only added to the confusion.
On March i, 1910, Congressman Charles F. Booher of Missouri intro-
duced in the national house of representatives a resolution "to en-
able the states of Missouri and Kansas to agree upon a boundary
line, and to determine the jurisdiction of crimes committed upon the
Missouri river and adjacent territory." The resolution was favorably
reported by the committee on judiciary on the 29th of the same month,
passed the house on April 18, the senate on May 26, and was signed
by the president on June 7, thus giving the two states all the authority
necessary for the adjustment of this vital question.
Bounties. — For many years after Kansas was organized as a ter-
ritor}- and the lands thrown open to settlement, the pioneers suffered
severely through the depredations of wild beasts upon their flocks and
herds and the destruction of vegetation or young orchards by rodents.
As early as 1869 some of the counties were authorized to offer a bounty
or premium on wolf scalps, but no general legislation on the subject
was passed until the act of March 6, 1877, which empowered county
commissioners to pay $1 for the scalp of each wolf, coyote, wild-cat
or fox killed within the county, and five cents for each rabbit. By the
act of Feb. 19, 1885, the premium on wolf, coyote, wild-cat and fox
scalps was raised to $5 each, and by the act of March 6, 1895, Wallace
county was authorized to offer a bounty for gopher scalps. On March
4, 1899, Gov. Stanley approved an act fixing the bounty on coyote
scalps at $1. and on the scalps of lobo wolves at $5.
The legislature of 1905 passed an act providing that, upon a petition
by ten residents and landowners of any township of th's state, the
boards of count}^ commissioners of the several counties of this state
were authorized and empowered, in their discretion, to direct any town-
ship trustee of any township in their respective counties to appoint
the road overseer or any other suitable person in any road district
where there were pocket-gophers, to see that pocket-gophers were
poisoned, killed or exterminated. It was made the duty of the person
so appointed to enter the farm, ground or premises of any person in
his respective district at least three times in each year to see that the
provisions of this act were fully complied with, and if the owner of
such premises failed to kill or exterminate the animals specified, said
KANSAS HISTORY 2ig
person so appointed by the township trustee should proceed to do
so. The person so appointed by the township trustee was to receive
a compensation of $2 per day of ten hours for labor performed, and
in addition to this he was to be allowed a comf)ensation for poison or
other necessaries used in the performance of such work. For all labor
performed in inspecting lands to see if there were gophers therein,
and in serving notices, such person was to be paid by the township at
the rate of $2 per day. Such person was required to make sworn state-
ment or voucher to the township trustee of time put in or poison used,
and a voucher for the amount, after being signed by the township
trustee and township clerk, was to be paid by the township treasurer
out of the township general fund, at any quarterly meeting. The
township trustee was authorized to charge such amounts to the taxes
of such person who neglected or refused to poison or in any other
way exterminate the pocket-gophers on his premises ; the county clerk
was directed to enter such amounts upon the tax-roll of the county,
and the count}- treasurer of such county was authorized to collect such
amounts, the same as other taxes, and place such sums to the credit
■of the respective townships in which collected ; but the expenses of
inspecting lands and serving notices was not to be charged on the
tax-rolls. The same session also passed an act providing for a bounty
of five cents for each crow killed within the limits of the county.
By the laws of 1907 it was provided that the county commissioners
■of each county in the state of Kansas might pay a bounty of $1 on each
coyote scalp and $5 on each lobo wolf scalp, if said coyotes and lobo
wolves were caught or killed in said county, and gophers, ten cents
each. No person was to be entitled to receive any bounty, without
first making it appear by positive proof, by affidavit in writing, filed
with the county clerk, that the coyote or lobo wolf or gopher was
captured and killed within the limits of the county in which applica-
tion was made. And it was further provided that whenever bounty
for any of these animals is awarded, the person to whom it was awarded
should deliver the scalp of the animal, containing both ears, to the
county clerk, who should personally burn the same, in presence of the
county treasurer of said county.
At the special session of 1908, the legislature passed an act provid-
ing that the board of county commissioners of each county in the
state might pay a bounty of ten cents on the scalp of each pocket-
gopher or ground-mole, if said pocket-gopher or ground-mole should
"be killed within the county. No person was to be entitled to receive
any bounty unless he should first make it appear by positive proof,
by affidavit in writing, filed with the county clerk, and to the satisfac-
tion of the board of county commissioners, that the pocket-gopher or
ground-mole for which a bounty was sought was killed within the limits
of said county in which application was made. And it was further
provided that whenever bounty for any animal was awarded, the per-
son to whom it was awarded should deliver the scalp of the animal,
220 CYCLOPEDIA OF
containing both ears, to the county clerk, who should personally burn
the same in the presence of the county treasurer of said county.
In 1909 a law was passed providing that the county commissioners
in each county in the State of Kansas shall pay a bounty of five cents
on each pocket-gopher, crow, or crow's head, and a bounty of one
cent on each crow's egg, if said pocket-gopher, crow or crow's egg be
caught, killed or taken in said count}^ No person is entitled, under
this law, to receive any bounty without first making it appear by posi-
tive proof, by affidavit in writing, filed with the county clerk, that such
gopher, crow% crow's head or egg was killed, taken or captured within
the limits of the county in which application for bounty is made, and
the mode of procedure and disposal is the same as already outlined in
other legislation mentioned.
But the legislation of Kansas granting bounties has not been con-
fined to the payment of premiums for the scalps of destructive ani-
mals or birds. Efforts have been made through the bounty system to
stimulate and encourage certain industries, the most notable instance
being that of sugar. About 1887 considerable attention was paid to
the various methods proposed of extracting sugar from sorghum cane.
By the act of March 5, 1887, the Kansas legislature authorized the
payment of a bounty of two cents a pound on sugar made "from beets,
sorghum "or other sugar-yielding canes" grown within the State of Kan-
sas, and manufactured under certain conditions and restrictions, chief
of which were that the sugar so manufactured should contain 90 per
cent, of crystallized sugar, and that the bounty should not aggregate
more than $15,000 in any one year. It was also enacted that the act
should continue in force for five years.
On March 2, 1889, Gov. Humphrey approved an act, amending the
act of 1887, increasing the amount that could be paid annually in
bounties to $40,000, and extending the time to seven }^ears. Two days
after the passage and approval of this act, the legislature appropriated
$18,658.30 for the payment of sugar bounties for the years 1887-88.
The act granting the bounty of two cents a pound on sugar expired
by limitation in 1896.
On March 5, 1903, the legislature passed an act providing for a
bounty of $1 per ton on sugar beets grown within the state, under
the conditions that the said beets should contain 12 per cent, of sugar,
and that the total bounty paid in any one year should not exceed $10,-
000. The last appropriation 'for the payment of bounty on sugar beets
was made by the legislature of 1905. Since that time the sugar in-
dustry has been forced to do without state assistance.
Bourbon County, on the Missouri border and in the third tier north
of Oklahoma, is one of the 33 counties created by the first territorial
legislature, with the following boundaries, "Beginning at the south-
east corner of Linn county; thence south 30 miles; thence west 24
miles ; thence north 30 miles ; thence east 24 miles to the place of be-
ginning." In 1867 the boundaries were defined as follows: "Begin-
KANSAS HISTORY 221
ning at the southeast corner of Linn county ; thence south on the east
Hne of the State of Kansas to the southeast corner of section 24, town-
ship 27, range 25 ; thence west to the southwest corner of section 23,
township 27, range 21 ; thence north to the southwest corner of Linn
county ; thence east to the place of beginning." By this second act,
the extent of the county from north to south was reduced to 25 miles,
and increased from east to west a little more than 25 miles, which
gives it an area of 637 square miles.
It was named after Bourbon county, Ky. At the present time it is
bounded on the north by Linn county, on the east by the State of
Missouri, on the north by Crawford county and on the west by Neosho
and Allen counties. It is divided into the following townships : Dry-
wood, Franklin, Freedom, Marion, Marmaton, Mill Creek, Osage, Paw-
nee, Scott, Timber Hill and Walnut.
The general surface of the country is undulating, the highest hills
being found in the northwest portion, where they rise to about 200
feet above the Marmaton river. The valleys of the streams average
about a mile in width and these bottom lands .comprise about one-third
of the area. Timber belts varying in width are found along the streams
and contain hackberry. hickory, oak, pecan and walnut. On the up-
lands and in some of the lower lands, hickory, maple, poplar and wil-
low have been planted. The main water-courses are the Little Osage,
which flows east a few miles south of the northern boundary, and the
Marmaton, which flows from west to east through the central por-
tion of the county. The Little Osage has several tributaries flowing
into it from both north and south, the main stream being Limestone
creek in the northwest part of the county. The main creeks flowing
into the Marmaton from the north are Turkey and Mill creeks, and
from the south Yellow Paint creek, which also has several small trib-
utaries. Drywood creek flows across the southeast corner.
The soil is deep and fertile, being underlaid with sandstone and
limestone at various depths. There are quarries at Redfield, Gilfillan
and near Hiattville. A good quality of cement is manufactured from
the stone found in the vicinity of Fort Scott. Mineral paint and clay
for brick are also plentiful. Natural gas was found in Bourbon county
in 1867 and has been utilized for lighting and heating. There are
numerous manufacturing plants, principally at Fort Scott.
The territory now embraced within the limits of Bourbon county
originally formed a part of the reservation of the New York Indians,
which was ceded to the government just previous to the organization
of the territory, when the lands were thrown open to settlement by
the whites. One of the first white men to enter the present limits of
the county was Lieut. Zebulon Pike, in his expedition of 1806.
For some time previous to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act.
the settlers just across the line in Missouri had known of the fertility
of the soil in what is now Bourbon county, and only waited for the
organization of the territory to rush across the line and take claims.
2J2 CYCLOPEDIA OF
A majority of the early settlers were pro-slavery men, but there were
also men from the Northern states who were free soilers in politics,
though for some j'ears they were in the minority. Some of the men
who settled in the county in 1854 were Gideon Terrell, William and
Philander Moore in what is now^ Pawnee township, and Nathan Arnett
in Marmaton township. In 1855 Guy Hinton located in Walnut town-
ship ; James Guthrie, Cowan Mitchell, John and Robert Wells in
Marion township. Others who came during the next two years were :
Samuel Stephenson, Charles Anderson, John Van Sycle, D. D. Roberts,
Joseph Ray, H. R. Kelso, Gabriel Endicott, David Claypool and Ed-
ward Jones, who built the first sawmill in what is now Marmaton
township, the second mill in the county, the government having one
on Mill creek. David Endicott, one of the first to locate, assisted in
the surve}' of the land.
Scarcely had the first settlers become located when trouble over
politics began. It is estimated that on March 30, 1855, at least 300
armed Missourians came to the Fort Scott precinct and cast their votes,
while there were probably not more than 30 legal voters in the pre-
cinct. Early in the spring of 1855 a party of men came to Bourbon
county from Carolina, under the leadership of George W. Jones,
to assist in making Kansas a slave state. They were sent out under
the auspices of the Southern Emigrant Aid society. They were mild
mannered at first and went through the county visiting the free-state
settlers, asking them their opinion upon the political questions of the
day, how they were supplied with arms and ammunition, and inquir-
ing about the good land in the territory. In this way a complete list
of the free-state men was made. Later in the year nearly all the men
on the lists were made prisoners, and while thus held were advised
to leave the territory. As soon as they left, pro-slavery men were put
on their claims.
Earh' in August a part}- of Texas rangers arrived at Fort Scott. Ac-
companied by a considerable number of citizens of that town they
started northward through the border counties, intending to have "fun"
at the expense of the free-state settlers. Early in 1857 many of the
free-state men who had been driven from their homes returnd to Bour-
bon county. A number of new settlers from the Northern states also
came about this time, and as the free-state men grew in number they
also grew in confidence. In order to gain possession of the claims
from which the}' had been driven, they organized a "Wide Awake"
society, in opposition to the "Dark Lantern" lodges of the pro-slavery
men. Some of the most important leaders of this movement were J.
C. Burnett, Capt. Samuel Stevenson and Capt. Bayne. The meetings
were held at different settlers' cabins at intervals, to evade surprise by
the men of the "Blue Lodges." When all the plans of the "Wide
Awakes" were perfected, they notified the pro-slavery men who had
seized claims that did not belong to them, that they must leave. Most
of the pro-slavery men realized that resistance would lead to serious
KANSAS HISTORY 223
difficulties, if not to bloodshed, and left, but some had to be driven
ofi' the claims by arms. The border strife continued in Bourbon coun-
ty after it had nearly disappeared in other parts of Kansas Territory.
As a matter of reprisal some of the free-state men were arrested on
various charges. The district court was presided over by Joseph Wil-
liams, a pro-slavery man. The adjustment of claims was referred to
his court for a time, and usually decided in favor of the pro-slavery
claimant. This caused great dissatisfaction among the free-state men
and led them to take severe measures to secure the release of free^
state prisoners held at Fort Scott. Another result of Judge Williams
decisions was the formation of a "Squatter Court," in which the free-
state men heard the cases of contested claims. Dr. Gilpatrick of An-
derson county was made judge, and Henr}' Kilbourn, sheriff. The
proceedings of this body were regular and dignified, its decisions were
usually just and its decrees were rigorouslj' executed by the sherifif.
The proceedings of the court were naturally distasteful to the pro-
slavery men, and as a consequence an expedition was organized and
started out under command of Deputy United States Marshal Little
to capture the court. The attempt failed and four days later (Dec. i6,
1857,) Little organized a posse of about 50 men, for a second attempt.
They approached the cabin of Capt. Bayne. where the court was
sitting, and a short distance from it were met by messengers from the
court, consisting of Maj. Abbott, D. B. Jackson and Gen. Blunt, who
had been sent out under a flag of truce as Little was advancing. A
parley was held, at the conclusion of which Little said that if the court
did not surrender he would open fire. The messengers returned to the
cabin with the report of the conference, the decision was against sur-
render, the cabin was put in a state of defense, some of the chinking
between the logs was removed to form loop holes, Maj. Abbott told
Little that they would not surrender, and if he advanced beyond a
certain line the free-state men would fire. Little advanced, however,
received a volley from the cabin, which was returned, and then re-
treated half a mile. Four men were wounded but Little called for a
volunteer party and made a second attack with no better result, ex-
cept that no men were hurt. Finding it impossible to take the "fort"
without loss, the marshal started back to Fort Scott. The next day
he gathered a larger number of men and again started for the fort,
but upon arriving there found the cabin deserted, as the court had
moved to the Baptist church at Danford's mill.
B}^ Dec, 1857, Capts. Bayne and Montgomery had succeeded in
driving out of the district many of the pro-slaver}- men who unlaw-
fully held claims. The parties thus driven out congregated at West
Point, Marvel, Balltown and Fort Scott, where their Blue Lodges flour-
ished, and from these as centers raids were made to harass the free-
state settlers on Mine creek, the Little Osage and Marmaton. Almost
daily reports came of outrages committed by the Missourians, and the
free-state men would ride upon errands of swift retaliation.
224 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Late in December two companies of United States cavalry were
stationed at Fort Scott at the solicitation of the residents and order
was restored in the district, but early in Jan., 1858, they were with-
drawn and trouble broke out again. On the night of Feb.' 10, 1858,
Montgomery and a party of forty men started for Fort Scott to pun-
ish some of the bitter pro-slavery men who had been persecuting a
Mr. Johnson who lived in the town. (See Fort Scott.) On Feb. 26,
1858, two companies of United States cavalry were again stationed in
the town, and as Montgomery always avoided conflicts with govern-
ment forces, he began operating against the pro-slavery men in the
countr}^ with the object of driving them into the city. It is estimated
that as many as 300 families in the district were forced to flee from
their homes and take refuge in the towns. Capt. Anderson, in com-
mand, could not protect them in their isolated settlements, and the
result Montgomery wished was attained. But this was no -one-sided
guerrilla warfare, and it took all the sleepless vigilance and every re-
source of Montgomer}^ Bayne and John Brown combined, to protect
the free-state settlers against "the wolves of the border."
On June 7, 1858, some of Montgomery's men attempted to fire the
Western Hotel in Fort Scott, but no one was hurt and the fire was
extinguished. June 13, Gov. Denver arrived at Fort Scott; a meet-
ing was held and feeling ran high on both sides, but by judicious
treatment on the part of the governor peace was restored. The next
day a second meeting was held at Raysville, at which the governor
proposed a compromise, which in a measure restored peace for some
time. Subsequently a free-state man named Rice was arrested for
the murder of Travis, who had been shot on Feb. 28. This was re-
garded as a violation of the agreement made on June 15, and Mont-
gomery determined to rescue Rice. Accordingly he organized a party
of 100 men, among them John Brown, who wanted to destroy Fort
Scott, but as Montgomery's main purpose was to rescue Rice, he left
Brown outside the town and proceeded without him. Rice was re-
leased, Mr. Little was killed, Montgomery's men looted a store of a
stock valued at about $7,000, and 12 citizens were made prisoners.
The citizens then appealed to the governor for protection and, as there
were no troops to send, he advised the formation of home militia for
defense, a suggestion which was carried out. After the passage of the
arhnesty act, there was but little further trouble along the border and
peace came to stay in Bourbon county. After the Civil war began a
big Union demonstration was made at Fort Scott, which had been
one of the bitterest pro-slavery towns. Party differences were laid
aside for defense of the nation and by the middle of April two com-
panies had been raised on Drywood ; two companies were formed at
Fort Scott in May. Other companies were raised at Lightning creek,
Mill creek, and a company of home guards was organized. The most
important engagement which occurred during the war in Bourbon
county was the battle of Drywood (q. v.), which occurred late in Sept.,
KANSAS HISTORY 225
1861, between the Confederate forces under Gen. Rains and the Union
forces under Gen. J. H. Lane. Price's army passed through the east-
ern part of the county in Oct., 1864. While crossing the valley of the
Little Osage, members of the army committed many outrages and
for a time people of Fort Scott feared for the safety of the cit)^ Bour-
bon county ranked fifth in the number of men who entered the militia
during the war.
The county was organized Sept. 12, 1855, when S. A. Williams, the
probate judge, administered the oath of office to commissioners Col.
H. T. Wilson and Charles B. Wingfield. B. F. Hill was appointed
sheriff and William Margrave deputy sheriff. On Sept. 17 the fol-
lowing officers were appointed: James F. Farley, clerk; Thomas Wat-
kins, justice ; John F. Cottrell, constable. Gov. Reeder had appointed
William Margrave justice of the peace in Dec, 1854, the first in the
county. On Oct. 15 four additional justices and three constables were
appointed. At the same time A. Hornbeck was appointed treasurer;
W. W. Spratt, assessot; and H. R. Kelso, coroner. In November the
county was divided into five townships. From the time of its organiza-
tion until Jan., 1858, the affairs of the county were in the hands of the
county court, consisting of a probate judge and two commissioners, but
the form of government was then changed and placed in charge of a
board of supervisors, one from each township. In 1860 it was again
changed and three commissioners took the place of the board. In
1855, t>y the act creating the county, the seat of justice was located
at Fort Scott. In 1858, on account of border troubles, it was changed
to Marmaton by a special law of the legislature. An election to de-
termine the permanent location of the county seat was held on May
II, 1863, when Fort Scott received the majority of votes cast and again
became the county seat, where it has since remained.
In 1865 th'e citizens voted $150,000 in bonds for the purpose of sub-
scribing a like sum to the capital stock of the Missouri River, Fort
Scott & Gulf railway. The road was completed to Fort Scott in Dec,
1869, and on Jan. 7, 1870, the bonds were delivered to the road. In
1867 a proposition to vote $150,000 worth of bonds to purchase stock
of the Tebo & Neosho railroad was carried, but the commissioners de-
cided it was not advisable to purchase stock of this road and ordered
that $150,000 be subscribed to the capital stock of any road that would
start at Fort Scott, run north of the Marmaton in the general direction
of Humboldt. This amount was subscribed to the stock of the Fort
Scott & Allen County Railroad company, on condition that the road
should be completed west of the county by July i, 1872. The Fort
Scott, Humboldt & Western succeeded this road, and asked for the
deliverance of the bonds, but the conditions had not been complied
with and the bonds were issued to the Fort Scott, Humboldt & West-
ern under that name. At the present time there are about 125 miles
of main track railroad in the county. The Missouri Pacific operates
two lines — one traversing the center from east to west, the other cross-
(I-15)
226 CYCLOPEDIA OK
ing ihe county from north to southeast, both Hoes passing through
Fort Scott. The St. Louis & San Francisco enters in the northeast,
passes through Fort Scott and at Edward branches, both the lines
entering Crawford county. The Missouri, Kansas & Texas enters in
the east from Missouri, passes through Fort Scott, thence southwest
into Crawford count}-.
The first schools in the county were private ones at Fort Scott,
opened in 1857, but the district school system was not organized until
1859. One district, later known as No. 10, was organized on Dec. 10
of that year. In i860 four more districts were organized and since
that time progress in education has been steady, until at the present
time Bourbon county has a public school system as fine as any county
in the state.
According to the L'. S. census for 1910, the population of the county
was 24,007. The value of the farm products for the same year was
$1,504,134, the principal crop being corn, with a value of $754,039, and
hay second, with a value of $432,994.
Bourgmont's Expedition. — Dumont and Bossu both tell of a Spanish
expedition which was sent out from Santa Fe in 1720, having for its
object the punishment of the Missouris, a powerful tribe of Indians in-
habiting what is now the central and western parts of the State of Mis-
souri, for wrongs inflicted upon the Spaniards. The commander of the
expedition was instructed to visit the Osages and secure their assist-
ance in the destruction of the Missouris. Through a mistake in the
route, the expedition first reached the Missouri villages. Supposing
them to be the Osages, the Spanish commander unfolded his plan, and
asked the chiefs to aid him in carrying it out. With a diplomacy rarely
excelled, the Missouri chiefs concealed the identity of their tribe and
consented to the arrangement. The Indians were then furnished with
arms, and during the following night they massacred the entire caravan
except a Jacobin priest. This story is repeated by Chittenden, in his
"American Fur Trade," but Prof. John B. Dunbar, who has made ex-
tensive researches pertaining to the early French and Spanish move-
ments in the southwest, thinks it largely in the nature of a myth, or
at least an incorrect account of the Villazur expedition (q. v.) of that
year.
Most historians have adopted the theory that news of a Spanish ex-
pedition of some sort reached New Orleans, and the French govern-
ment of Louisiana determined to establish a fort at some suitable point
on the Missouri river, as a means of holding the allegiance of the In-
dians and guarding against Spanish invasion or interference.
According- to the Michigan Pioneer Collections (vol. 34. p. 306)
Etieime Venyard Sieur de Bourgmont was temporarily in charge of
the post of Detroit in the early part of the i8th century, during the ab-
sence of Cadillac, and in 1707 he deserted and went to the Missouri
river, where he lived for several j^ears among the Indians. His familiar-
ity with the country and his acquaintance with the natives of that sec-
KANSAS HISTORY 2.2J
tion doubtless led to his selection as the proper man to lead the expe-
dition. M. de Liourgmont was at that time in France, but he hurried
to America and soon after his arrival at New Orleans set out at the
head of a body of troops for the Missouri river. His first work was to
erect Fort Orleans (q. v.), where he established his headquarters.
Du Pratz's narrative says: "The Padoucas, who lie west by north-
west of the Missouris, were at war with several neighboring- tribes all
in amity with the French, and to conciliate a peace between all these
nations and the Padoucas, M. de Bourgmont sent to engage them, as
being our allies, to accompany him on a journey to the Padoucas in
order to bring about a general pacification."
Du Pratz himself states that his narrative was "extracted and
abridged from M. de Bourgmont's journal, an original account, signed
b}- all the officers, and several others of the company." A few years
ago a translation of Bourgmont's original journal was made by Prof.
Dunbar, and a copy of his translation was presented by him to the
Kansas Historical Society. According to this account, Bourgmont left
Fort Orleans on July 3, 1724, crossed the Missouri river on the 8th, and
"landed within a gunshot of the Canzes village, where we camped."
The Canzes came in a body to Bourgmont's camp, and seven of the
leading chiefs assured him that it was the desire of all the young men
of the tribe to accompany him to the country of the Padoucas. On
the 9th Bourgmont sent five of his Missouris to the Otoes, to notif}-
them of his arrival at the Canzes village and that it was his intention to
continue his journe}' as soon as he could complete his arrangements.
Two weeks were then spent in securing horses from the Canzes, and
in other necessary preparations. Sieur Mercur and Corporal Gentil
left the Canzes village on the 24th with a pirogue loaded with supplies,
which they were to take to the Otoes for Bourgmont, whose intention
it was to return that way.
Ever3^thing was being made ready, Bourgmont resumed his march
on the 25th. Besides his Indian allies, he was accompanied b}- M. de
St. Ange, an officer; Sieur Renaudiere, engineer of mines; Sieur du
Bois, sergeant; Sieur de Beloin, cadet; Rotisseau, corporal; nine French
soldiers; three Canadians, and two employees of Renaudiere. On July
31, when within ten days' journey of the Padouca villages, Bourgmont
became too ill to retain his seat in the saddle. A litter was constructed
and he was carried for some distance in it, but his illness increasing,
he was forced to discontinue his march. In this emergency he decided
to send a Padouca woman, who had been a slave among the Canzes, and
a boy of sixteen or seventeen years of age to inform the Padoucas that
he was on his way, but was ill, and that he would be with them as soon
as he was able.
Gaillard, one of the soldiers, volunteered to conduct the woman and
boy to the Padoucas. Bourgmont gave him a letter to the Spanish (in
case he met them), and also a letter in Latin to the chaplain. Gaillard
was instructed to bring the Padouca chiefs to meet Bourgmont, and in
22« CYCLOPEDIA OF
case they declined to come to wait at their villages until his arrival. A
fewr days later Bottrgmont decided to return to Fort Orleans, where on
Sept. 6 he received a letter from Sergt. du Bois advising him of Gail-
lard's arrival among the Padoucas on Aug. 25.
Having recovered his health, Bourgmont again left Fort Orleans on
Sept. 20 and arrived at the Canzes village on the 27th. On Oct. 2 Gail-
lard arrived at the camp with three Padouca chiefs and three waniors.
and reported some 60 others four days' distant. On the 8th the expe-
dition left the Canzes village, moved up the valley of the Kansas river,
and on the iSth reached the Padoucas. The next day the chiefs of that
tribe were called together, Bourgmont made a speech to them, dis-
tributed presents, and concluded a ti-eaty of peace. On the 22nd he set
out on his return to Fort Orleans, where he arrived on Nov. 5.
Franklin G. Adams, for many years secretary of the Kansas His-
torical Society, and George J. Remsburg, an acknowledged authority
on the archaeology of the Missouri valley, think that the Canzes village
mentioned in Bourgmont's journal was located near the present town
of Doniphan, in Doniphan county, Kan. A map of the expedition in
Volume IX, Kansas Historical Collections, shows this place to the
starting point west of the Missouri, .whence the expedition moved
southwest to the Kansas river, which was crossed near the northwest
corner of the present Shawnee county ; thence up the south bank of the
Kansas and Smoky Hill rivers, crossing the latter near the mouth of
the Saline ; thence following the Saline to the Padouca villages in the
northern part of what is now Ellis county.
Who were the Padoucas? Parrish, in his account of the expedition,
speaks of them as the Comanches, and this may be correct. On a map
published in 1757, in connection with Du Pratz's History of Louisiana,
the country of the Padoucas is shown extending from the headwaters
of the Republican to south of the Arkansas, the great village of the
tribe being located near the source of the Smoky Hill. Other author-
ities say that "Padoucas" was the Siouan name for the Comanches,
a branch of the Shoshones. The Comanches were a "buffalo nomad"
tribe that ranged from the Platte to Mexico.
The theory that the Bourgmont expedition was the sequel of some
Spanish expedition massacred by the Indians is hardl}' tenable when
it is carefully considered in the light of known facts. The Villazur ex-
pedition, the only Spanish expedition of 1720 of which there is any
authentic record, was massacred on Aug. 16, while Bourgmont's com-
mission bore date of Aug. 12, 1720, four days before the massacre oc-
curred. It is far more likely that Bourgmont was sent out — just as
other explorers of that day were sent out — with the general view of
establishing amicable relations with the Indians and thereby profit by
the fur trade, etc.
Bow Creek, a little village of Phillips county, is situated near the
southern boundary, about 15 miles southeast of Phillipsburg. It was
formerly a postoffice, but the inhabitants now receive mail by rural free
KANSAS HISTORY 229
delivery from Stockton. Kirwin is the most convenient railroad station.
The population was 66 in 1910.
Bowersock, Justin De Witt, member of Congress, was born at Co-
lumbiana, Ohio, Sept. 19, 1842. His father was of Irish and his mother
of Scotch descent. He was educated in the common schools, and at the
close of his academic course went to Iowa City, Iowa, where he en-
gaged in business as a grain merchant. In 1877 he^ located at Law-
rence, Kan., where he saw the possibilities of water power. Fie built a
dam across the Kansas river, and with the power thus developed estab-
lished several manufacturing plants. Mr. Bowersock was made presi-
dent of the Kansas Water Power company ; organized the Douglas
County bank (now the Lawrence National) in 1878, and was elected
president of that institution in 1888. He is also president of the Bower-
sock Mills & Power company, the Kansas Water Power company, the
Griffin Ice company, the Lawrence Iron works, the Lawrence Paper
Manufacturing company and the Kansas & Colorado Railroad company.
He has always taken an active part in municipal affairs and in' 1881 was
elected mayor of Lawrence, which position he filled until 1885. In 1886
he was elected to the Kansas house of representatives, and to the state
senate in 1894. In 1898 he was nominated by the Republican party of
the Second district for Congress, and in November was elected. His
record during his term commended him to the people of his district,
who honored him with four reelections. Mr. Bowersock is a member
of the Congregational church, the Lawrence Commercial club and the
Merchants' Athletic association. On Sept. 5, 1886, Mr. Bowersock mar-
ried Mary C. Gower, of Iowa City, Iowa.
Boyd, a village of Eureka township, Barton county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R., 4 miles west of Hoisington and 12 miles
northwest of Great Bend, the county seat. It has a money order post-
office, and is a trading and shipping point for the neighborhood. The
population was 40 in 1910.
Boyle, a station on the Union Pacific R. R. in Jefferson county, is
located about 5 miles from Valley Falls and 9 miles from Oskaloosa,
the county seat. It has a money order postoffice. The population in
1910 was 18.
Boys' Industrial School. — (See Industrial Schools.)
Bradford, a money order postoffice of Wabaunsee county, is a station
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 21 miles southeast of Alma,
the county seat. It is a shipping and supply point for the neighbor-
hood and in 1910 reported a population of 63.
Brainerd, a village of Butler county, is a station on the line of the
Missouri Pacific R. R. that runs from Eldorado to McPherson, 17 miles
northwest of Eldorado. It has an express office, telephone connections,
and is a shipping and supply point for the neighborhood. Brainerd
was formerly a postoffice, but the people there now receive mail by
rural free delivery from White Water. The population was "Ji in 1910.
230 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Branscomb, Charles H., who with Charles Robinson selected the
site for the town of Lawrence, was a native of New Hampshire. He
was educated at Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H., and Dartmouth Col-
lege, where he graduated in 1845. Subsequently he studied law at the
Cambridge Law School, was admitted to the bar and practiced for six
years in Massachusetts. Upon the organization of the Emigrant Aid
Society (q. v.) Mr. Branscomb became one of its agents. He came to
Kansas in July, 1854, and went up the Kansas river as far as Fort Riley
to select a location for a town, but finally agreed with Dr. Robinson on
the site of Lawrence. On July 28 he conducted the pioneer party of 30
persons sent out by the society to Lawrence, where they arrived on
Aug. I. The second party, also conducted by Mr. Branscomb, arrived
in October. He continued to act as agent for the aid society until 1858,
when he located in Lawrence and opened a law office. He immediately
began to take an active part in the political life of the territory; was
elected to the territorial house of representatives ; was a member of
the Leavenworth constitutional convention ; and after his removal to
St. Louis, Mo., was a member of the Missouri legislature.
Branson, Jacob, one of the early settlers of Douglas county, located
at Hickory Point, about 10 miles south of Lawrence on the old Santa
Fe road. It was a very beautiful tract of land, part heavy timber and
the rest fertile prairie. Many of the early settlers came from Indiana,
some of the people who took claims returned to the east temporarily,
some never returned. Missourians and others took up these abandoned
claims and sometimes laid claim to others which were afterward re-
sumed by the original settlers. Jacob Branson, who was the leader of
the free-state men in the locality, encouraged free-state men to settle
at Hickory Point and the pro-slavery men endeavored to get as many
men of their faction to settle there as they could. Most of the difficul-
ties in Kansas during the territorial period arose over the question of
slavery, but disputes about claims in many cases precipitated the quar-
rels. The antagonistic elements brought into daily conflict could not
long remain without open rupture ; one of the most serious occurrences
of this kind took place at Hickory Point. A man named Franklin Cole-
man was among the second claimants at Hickory Point and a dispute
arose between him and Charles W. Dow, who had also settled on an
unoccupied claim. Coleman was prominent in the neighborhood as a
pro-slavery man, while Dow lived with Branson, the acknowledged lead-
er of the free-state party in the Wakarusa district. Coleman trespassed
on Dow's claim and was warned that he must stop. The feeling be-
tween the two men was rapidly tending toward a crisis, when on the
morning of Nov. 21, 1855, Dow met Coleman and some other pro-slavery
men, among them Buckley and Hargus, at the blacksmith shop at Hick-
orv Point. They denounced Dow and unfortunately Dow and Cole-
man met on the road going toward Dow's claim. Dow left Coleman
at his claim and just after he passed up the road Coleman fired at him;
the gun missed fire and Dow begged for mercy but Coleman shot him
KANSAS HISTORY 231
and he died in the road. Immediately Coleman started for Westport,
Mo., to give himself up to the governor, but not finding him surrendered
to Samuel J. Jones, the sheriff of Douglas county, who was a friend
of the pro-slavery party. After Dow's funeral the settlers of Hickory
held a meeting, when resolutions of condolence were passed and
a committee was appointed to take steps toward bringing the murderer
to justice. At this meeting Branson advocated radical measures with
regard to Coleman and his companions, Buckley and Hargus. Sheriff
Jones, in the meantime was on his way to Lecompton with his prisoner,
but on the way was met by some of Coleman's neighbors. Buckley told
of the threats made against him by Branson and the sheriff concluded
to make another arrest. A warrant was sworn out by Buckley who
said that he feared for his life. Justice Cameron issued a peace war-
rant for the arrest of Branson. It seems that the pro-slavery party ex-
pected the free-state men would attempt to rescue Branson, but believed
the)' would do so in Lawrence, after the prisoner was taken there,
under which circumstances there would be an excellent excuse for
assaulting that stronghold of the abolitionists. Armed with this war-
rant and accompanied by Buckley and some fifteen pro-slavery men,
Jones went to Branson's house on the evening of Nov. 26 and arrested
him. This posse had been met before they served the writ by S. P.
Tappan of Lawrence, a free-state man, who learned of their mission,
and immediately informed Branson's friends of the intended arrest;
a young man who lived at Branson's also aroused the neighbors as soon
as Jones and his party left. The sheriff with the posse did not ride at
once toward Lawrence, so that considerable time elapsed before they
started north. In the meantime the friends of Branson were aroused
and planned his rescue. Phillips, in his Conquest of Kansas, says, "the
intention was to have Branson rescued in Lawrence," but Tappan and
the young man who had left Branson's had both been busy; about four-
teen of the free-state men were gathered at Abbott's house near which
the posse would have to pass on the way to Lawrence. They had gath-
ered so quickh' and Jones was so slow that for a time the party at Ab-
bott's began to think they had taken a different road or gone to Le-
compton, when the alarm was given by the guard on the road. The
party in the Abbott house rushed out and Jones attempted to evade
them by going off the road. This was prevented by the free-state men
spreading out. Jones demanded what was the matter, to which the
free-state men replied that was just what they wanted to know. The
tree-state men told Branson to ride over to them, which he did ; both
sides declared that they would shoot but neither did. Jones tried in
every way to induce the free-state men to give Branson up, but this
they refused to do. Finding that nothing availed but to fight, and not
being willing to shed blood, Jones was obliged to leave Branson in the
hands of his friends and returned to Franklin. The numerical strength
of the contestants in this bloodless encounter was about equal, as it is
estimated that there were about fifteen men on each side. Later in the
232 CYCLOPEDIA OF
night the rescuing party having been augmented by a few men, rode
into Lawrence, where they told of the threats Jones had made against
the Abolitionists of Lawrence. The arrest of Branson was both violent
and irregular and it is doubtful whether any legal officer would have
sustained the arrest had the rescue been questioned. There were only
three Lawrence men concerned in the rescue, and Charles Robinson
saw that it would not do for the city to take any action in the rescue or
harbor the rescuers. A meeting of the citizens of Lawrence was called
and Mrs. Robinson in writing of it said, "Mr. Branson said at the meet-
ing that he had requested to leave Lawrence, that no semblance of an
excuse existed for the enemy to attack the town, with tears streaming
down his weather-beaten cheeks he offered to go home and die there
and be buried by his friend." To this the free-state citizens would not
hear but after the Wakarusa camp was established, Tappan, Wood and
Branson moved there as a precautionary measure, as Wood had taken
such a prominent part in the rescue.
Brantford, a village of Washington county, with a population of 75,
is located near the Republic county line, about 20 miles southwest of
Washington, the county seat. It was formerly a postoffice, but mail is-
now supplied to the people there by rural free delivery from Clyde.
Brazilton, a town of Crawford county, is located in Walnut town-
ship and is a station on the Pittsburg & Chanute division of the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 8 miles northwest of Girard, the county
seat. It has a money order postoffice, express, telegraph and telephone
service, some good general stores, and does considerable shipping. The
Catholics and Lutherans are the leading religious denominations. In
1910 Brazilton reported a population of 150.
Breckenridge College.— On Feb. 14, 1857, the legislature of Kansas
passed an act as follows: "An institution of learning is hereby incor-
porated under the name and style of 'Breckenridge College' to be lo-
cated at or near Lodiana City in Browne county, Kansas Territory.'^
The directors named were W. H. Honnell, Samuel M. Irvine, F. B.
Montfort, Walter Lowrie, Robert J. Breckenridge, John Ford, Elijah
M. Hubbard, Henry W. I^onnell, John M. Scott, John Calhoun, Austin
Forman, J. P. Blair, and James G. Bailey.
Breckenridge County was created by the first territorial legislature
in 1855 and named for John C. Breckenridge, who was the next year
elected vice-president of the United States. When first created it was
attached to Madison county for all civil and judicial purposes, but by
the act of Feb. 17, 1857, the county was fully organized "with all the
rights, powers and privileges of other organized counties of the terri-
tory; and the county seat of Breckenridge is hereby temporarily lo-
cated at Agnes city," etc. The act of Feb. 27, i860, provided for the
location of a permanent county seat by vote of the electors of the
county.
As originally established, the county was 24 miles square, lying im-
mediately south of Richardson (now Wabaunsee) county, but by the
KANSAS HISTORY 233.
act of Jan. 31, 1861, the southern boundary was moved southward to
the line between townships 21 and 22 south. On Feb. 5, 1862, the gov-
ernor approved an act changing the name of Breckenridge to Lyon
county. (See Lyon County.)
Bremen, a village of Marshall county, is located in Logan town-
ship 9 miles northwest of Marysville, the county seat, on the St. Joseph
& Grand Island R. R. It has banking facilities, telegraph and express
offices and a postoffice with two rural mail routes. The population in
191 1 was 200.
Brenner, a station on the Burlington & Missouri River R. R. in Doni-
phan county, is located in Wayne township 5 miles south of Tro}'. It
has telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice. The
population in 1910 was 40. It was laid out by the railroad company
in 1872 and during the next decade was an important grain market, the
dealers buying principally for the Atchison millers.
Brewer, David J., jurist, was born at Smyrna, Asia Minor, June 20,
1837, a son of Rev. Josiah and Emilia (Field) Brewer, and a nephew
of Stephen J. Field, who was one of the associate justices of the United
States supreme court from 1863 to 1897. David J. Brewer was educated
at Yale College and the Albany Law School, and in June, 1859, located
at Leavenworth, Kan., where he began the practice of law. He was
United States commissioner in 1861-62; judge of the probate and crim-
inal courts of Leavenworth county from 1863 to 1865; judge of the
district court from 1865 to 1869; county attorney in 1869-70; an asso-
ciate justice of the Kansas supreme court from 1870 to 1884; resigned
his position On the supreme bench on April 8, 1884, to become United
States circuit judge; and on Dec. 18, 1889, was commissioned associate
justice of the United States supreme court where he remained until
his death. In 1896 Judge Brewer was appointed a member of the
Venezuelan boundary commission, and three years later was a member
of the British- Venezuelan arbitration tribunal. Always a friend of and
a believer in popular education. Judge Brewer was the president of the
Kansas State Teachers' Association in 1869, and he also served as a
member of the Leavenworth school board. He was the author of sev-
eral books on legal subjects. Judge Brewer was twice married. On
Oct. 3, 1861, he married Louise R. Landon of Burlington, Vt. She died
on April 3, 1898, and on June 5, 1901, he married Emma Minor Mott of
Washington, D. C. Judge Brewer died at Washington of apoplexy on
March 28, 1910. He is remembered by many friends, in Kansas as
a genial companion, an able lawyer and a just judge.
Brewster, one of the thriving towns of Thomas county, is located
near the western boundary in Hale township, and is a station on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 18 miles west of Colby, the
county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Hustler), a hotel,
a good retail trade, telegraph and express offices, a money order post-
office with two rural routes, and is the principal shipping point between;
Colby and Goodland. The population in 1910 was 200.
234 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Bridgeport, a ^•illag■e of Saline county, is located in Smoky \'iew
township, on the iNIissoiiri I'acific and the Union Pacific railroads and
on the Smoky Hill river, 15 miles south of Salina, the county seat. It
has telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice with
two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 120.
Briggs, a rural hamlet of Geary county, is located about 15 miles
almost due east of Junction City, the county seat, and about the same
distance south of Manhattan, whence the inhabitants receive mail by
rural free delivery. The population was 30 in 1910.
Bristow, a rural hamlet in the central part of Osborne count}-, is
about ID miles southwest of Osborne, the county seat and most con-
venient railroad station.
Bristow, Joseph Little, journalist and United States senator, was
born in Wolfe county, Ky., July 22, 1861, a son of William and Sa-
vannah (Little) Bristow. He came to Kansas with his father in 1873;
married Margaret Hendrix of Flemingsburg, Ky., in 1879; and in 1886
graduated at Baker University, Baldwin, Kan. From the time he at-
tained to his majorit}^ Mr. Bristow took an active interest in political
affairs, and the j^ear he graduated was elected clerk of Douglas county,
which office he held for four years. Upon retiring from the clerk's
office in 1890 he bought the Salina Daily Republican and edited the
paper for live years. In 1894 and again in 1898 he was elected secretary
of the Republican state committee. His work in the campaign of 1894
commended him to Gov. Morrill, who, when inaugurated in Jan., 1895,
appointed Mr. Bristow his private secretary. The same year he sold
the Salina Republican and bought the Ottawa Herald, which paper he
owned for ten 3'ears, during which time he directed its policy and wrote
many of the editorials himself. In March, 1897, he was appointed fourth
assistant postmaster-general by President McKinley, and in 1900, under
direction of Mr. McKinley, investigated the Cuban postal frauds. Three
years later, under President Roosevelt, he conducted a searching in-
vestigation of the postoffice department. In 1903 he purchased the Sa-
lina Dail)^ Republican-Journal, which he still owns, and in 1905 he was
appointed by President Roosevelt a special commissioner of the Panama
railroad. In Aug., 1908, he was nominated by the Republicans of
Kansas at the primary election for United States senator, and the fol-
lowing January he was elected by the legislature for the term ending
on March 3, 1915.
Broderick, Case, jurist and member of Congress, was born near
Jonesboro, Grant county, Ind., Sept. 23, 1839. His father, Samuel
Broderick, was an Irish-American, and his mother, Mary Snyder, was
of German descent. His early education was that provided by the
public schools in the sparsely settled districts of Indiana. When Case
\\as but a few years of age his family moved to the western part of
Indiana, where he was reared until his nineteenth year. In 1858 he
immigrated to the Territory of Kanjas and settled in Douglas town-
ship, Jackson county, where he became owner of a small farm. In the
KANSAS HISTORY 235
winter of 1861 Mr. Broderick and a partner contracted to supply Fort
Laramie with corn. They outfitted an ox train, as there were no rail-
roads west of the Missouri river at that time, and made the trip to
Laramie and return in three months. In the fall of 1862, Mr. Broderick
enlisted at Fort Scott, Kan., as a private in the Second Kansas battery,
and was honorably discharged at Fort Leavenworth in Aug., 1865. He
then returned to his former home, where he engaged in farming, and
devoted his spare time to the study of law. In 1866 he was elected jus-
tice of the peace of Douglas township and served in that capacity until
elected probate judge of Jackson county in 1868. He removed to Holton
and served as probate judge for four succeeding terms. In 1870 he was
admitted to the bar and elected county attorney in 1876 and 1878. In
1880 he was elected to the state senate to represent Jackson and Potta-
watomie counties, and in March, 1884, President Arthur appointed him
associate justice of the supreme court of Idaho Territory for a term of
four years. He removed to Boise, Ida., entered upon the discharge of
his duties, and served several months over his term, when he requested
the President to relieve him. In Sept., 1888, he returned to Holton and
resumed his law practice in partnership with E. E. Rafter and R. G.
Robinson. In 1890, the Republican convention nominated Mr. Brod-
erick for Congress. He was elected, and continued to be nominated
and reelected tmtil he had served eight j^ears. During this time he was
a member of the judiciary committee of the house. At the expiration
of his fourth term he reopened a law office in Holton.
Broderick County, one of the counties of Kansas territory, was
created Feb. 7, 1859, and named in honor of David Broderick, United
States senator from California. It included territory now within the
State of Colorado, and was bounded as follows: "Commencing at the
point where the 104th meridian of longitude crosses the thirty-eighth
parallel of latitude, and running from thence due west to a point 20
miles west of the 105th meridian of longitude ; thence due north to a
point 20 miles south of the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude ; thence due
east to the 104th meridian of longitude ; thence due south to the place
of beginning." Simon G. Gephart, \\'. Walter and Charles Xichols
were appointed commissioners with authority to locate the seat of
justice near the center of the county.
Bronson, an incorporated city in the western part of Botn-bon coun-
ty, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. about half-way between
Fort Scott and lola. It has 2 banks, an international money order post-
ofifice with four rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone
connections, a semi-weekly newspaper (the Bronson Pilot), a large re-
tail trade, good public schools, etc., and in 1910 reported a population
of 595. The city was settled in 1885 by G. H. Requa. J. W. Timmons
and a few others, and was named for Ira D. Bronson of Fort Scott.
Requa and Martin opened the first store in Sept., 1881, and the same
month the postoffice was established with Mr. Requa as postmaster.
The growth of Bronson has been slow but substantial, and it is the
principal shipping and supply point for a rich agricultural district.
236 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Brooks, a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. near the
south line of Wilson county, is located in Newark township 15 miles
southeast of Fredonia, the county seat. It receives its mail from Cherry-
vale in Montgomery county. The population in 1910 was 21.
Brooks, Noah, author and journalist, was born at Castine, Me., Oct.
30, 1830. After attending the public schools and local academy he went
to Boston, Mass., to study landscape painting, but in 1855 he formed
a partnership with John G. Brooks and engaged in merchandising at
Dixon, 111. In May, 1857, he came to Kansas and located on the Repub-
lican river about 10 miles above Fort Riley. A little later he went to
California and began the publication of a newspaper at Marysville.
This venture was not a success and he next became the Washington
correspondent of the Sacramento Union. While in Washington he
formed the acquaintance of President Lincoln, who appointed him pri-
vate secretary, but before he entered upon his duties the President was
assassinated. Mr. Brooks then returned to the Pacific coast, where he
engaged in various lines of work for several years, after which he went
to New York, and from 1871 to 1876 was a member of the editorial staff
of the New York Tribune. For about twelve years he was the editor
of the Newark (N. J.) Advertiser, but retired from newspaper work
and spent the remainder of his active life in writing books. One of
these books — "The Boy Settlers" — deals with Kansas as he knew the
territory some forty years before. Mr. Brooks died in 1903.
Brookville, one of the incorporated towns of Saline county, is a sta-
tion on the Union Pacific R. R. 16 miles southwest of Salina, the county
seat. It has a bank^ a newspaper, telegraph and express offices, and a
money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910
was 280. The town was founded in 1870 by the Union Pacific R. R.
The first settler was John Crittenden, and the first building, outside of
those put up by the railroad, was erected by M. P. Wyman. Brookville
became a city of the third class in 1873. William Brownhill was the
first mayor. The first store in the place was opened by George Snyder.
The first newspaper was the Brookville Transcript, established in Nov.,
1879, by Albin & Tupper.
Broom-Corn (Sorghum vulgare) is described as a "plant ot the order
of grasses, with a jointed stem, growing to a height of 8 or 10 feet,
extensively cultivated in North America, where the branched panicles
or heads are made into brooms, clothes brushes, etc., the seed being fed
to poultry and the blades to cattle."
Kansas is one of the greatest broom-corn growing states of the
Union. It has been raised for years, and seldom fails to yield a hand-
some return to the cultivator. It grows in every county of the state,
though the largest crops are raised in the western portion. In 1900
broom-corn was grown in every county except eleven. The acreage
for that year was 47,776; the yield was 18,674,385 pounds, and the value
of the crop was $655,344.60. Ten years later (1910) broom-corn was
grown in only JJ of the 105 counties. Those counties which produced
KANSAS HISTORY . 237
no broom-corn in that year were Atchison, Barton, Brown, Chase,
Douglas, Ellis, Franklin, Geary, Greenwood, Harvey, Jefferson, Jewell,.
Johnson, Kiowa, Lincoln, Marshall, Mitchell, Morris, Pottawatomie,
Pratt, Rooks, Rush, Russell, Smith, Trego, Wabaunsee, Washington
and Wyandotte. Although fewer counties engaged in the production,
the area planted in broom-corn in 1910 had increased to 111,308 acres,
the yield to 39,561,123 pounds, and the value of the total crop to $1,604,-
603.43. The five leading counties in 1910 were Kearny, with 18,754
acres, 5,626,200 pounds, the value of which was $225,048; Stevens,
15,045 acres, 4,964,850 pounds, value, $198,594; Hamilton, 10,878 acres,
3,263,400 pounds, value, $130,536; Seward, 8,289 acres, 3,000,618 pounds,
value, $110,023; Morton, 6,109 acres, 2,443,000 pounds, value, $97,744.
It will be observed that these five counties are all situated in the ex-
treme southwestern part of the state, a region once regarded as the
"Great American Desert," yet in one year the value of the broom-corn
crop alone amounted to more than three-quarters of a million dollars.
Grant, Finne}', Stanton, Meade and Haskell, in the same section of
the state, also produced large crops of broom-corn, and Greeley,
Wichita, Scott, Wallace and Cheyenne farther north were likewise
heavy producers. Clay, Dickinson, Kingman and Saline counties each
reported but one acre.
Broughton, a thriving little town of Clay county, is situated in Clay
Center township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Union
Pacific railroads, 5 miles southeast of Clay Center. It has a money
order postofiice with two rural delivery routes, telegraph, telephone and
express service, a hotel, some good general stores, good public schools,
a population of 160, and is the busiest little town between Clay Center
and Manhattan.
Brown County, one of the northern tier, was created by the first ter-
ritorial legislature with the following boundaries : "Beginning at the
northwest corner of Doniphan county; thence west 24 miles; thence
south 30 miles; thence east to the west line of Atchison county; thence
north to the northwest corner of Atchison county ; thence east with said
north line of Atchison county to the southwest corner of Doniphan
county; thence north with said west line of Doniphan county to the
place of beginning."
In all the places where the name appears in the act of 1855 it is
spelled "Browne." It was named for Albert G. Brown, United States
senate from Mississippi, who spelled his name without the final "e."
Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, a member of the Kansas legislature of 1855.
stated that the county was named after O. H. -Browne, a member of the
house from the Third representative district, but the final "e" was
dropped in the spelling of the name, by subsequent legislatures.
On Sept. 17, 1855, the commissioners of Doniphan county passed the
following resolutions: "That the county of Brown be and is hereby
organized ai a municipal township to be known as Brown county town-
ship," and ordered that the election for n delegate to Congress be held
238 CYCLOPEDIA (JF
at the house of W". C. Foster, on the south fork of the Xemaha. The
commissioners also appointed William C. Foster and John C. Bragg-
justices of the peace and William Purket constable. The following
summer an order was issued to survey the boundaries between Don-
iphan and Brown counties, which was done, but in 1858 the legislature
transferred some of the territory of Brown to Jackson county, which
left it in its present shape; an exact square 24 miles each way. In
September Brown county was divided into two townships. Walnut and
Mission.
Brown county is bounded on the north by the State of Nebraska ;
on the east by Doniphan county ; on the south by Atchison and Jack-
son, and on the west by Nemaha county. It has an area of 576 square
miles and is divided into the following townships : Hamlin, Hiawatha,
Irving, Mission, Morrill, Powhattan, Robinson, Walnut and Wash-
ington. It is well Avaterered by Cedar creek in the southwest. Wolf
creek in the east, and numerous other creeks, the most important of
which are Pony, Walnut, Roys, and Craig.
The surface of the county is gently undulating. The creek bottoms
average about half a mile in width and all the streams are fringed with
belts of timber, the principal varieties being oak, walnut, honey-locust,
hackberry, sycamore, elm, box-elder and basswood. Limestone is
abundant and sandstone of a good quality is found, both of which are
quarried for local use. Two mineral springs in the western part of the
county are claimed to have medicinal properties. Brown is one of the
leading agricultural counties, corn, winter wheat and oats being the
largest crops. It is also a good horticultural region, and there are over
200,000 fruit trees of bearing age.
According to MorrilTs History of Brown County, one of the over-
land routes, the "California Trail," (q. v.) "wound along the divides
passing Drummond's Branch, crossed the western part of the present
site of Hiawatha, followed the divide between the head waters of A\'olf
and Walnut, and left the county near the present site of Sabetha."
Some of the first settlers in Brown county were Missourians who
marked claims and then returned home to spend the winter, while
others from a greater distance made permanent settlements. As early
as April 10, 1854, William Gentry and H. C. Gregg settled in Powhattan
township. On Ma}- 11, 1854, Thurston Chase and James Gibbons lo-
cated on \\'o\i creek. They were followed by A\'illiam and James
Metts, who settled in what is now Hamlin township. On Aug. 3 E. R.
Corneilison entered a claim on Walnut creek and the following March
brought his family to the new homestead. His brother William also
came at that time. W. C. Foster came to Brown count}- in the fall
from Nemaha. John Belk, his sons, William and King, and Thomas
Brigham settled near Padonia and Jacob Englehart settled on a farm
not far from the present town of Hiawatha.
Early in the spring of 1855. the settlers on Walnut creek formed a
protective association, elected officers and made rigid laws for the pur-
KANSAS IIISTURV 239
pose of enforcing the right of actual settlers and prohiljiting the sale
oi intoxicating liquors to the Indians. The first trial under these laws
took place at the house of Jesse Padon, on the bank of the Walnut.
Complaint was made against Robert Boyd and Elisha Osborn for sell-
ing liquors to the Indians and sixteen settlers gathered, determined to
enforce the law, the only settler absent from the gathering being ill.
Although the accused were not present, the trial proceeded, they were
declared guilty and the verdict rendered was that their stock of liquors
should be destroyed and that they should each pay a fine of $20. Padon
was appointed to execute the order of this court and was accompanied
by all the settlers to see the decree enforced. Boyd and Osborn kept
their liquors at the edge of Pilot Grove, som'e 3 miles from Padonia.
When Padon informed them of the decision of the court they declared
themselves willing to give up the liquor and pay the fine, but upon
promise to sell no more to the Indians, they were allowed to remain in
the county and retain the liquor, though they paid the fine.
The first white child born in the county was Isaac Short, who was
born in Aug., 1855. The first marriage was that of Fliram Wheeler
and Elizabeth E. Root on Jul}' 30, 1857. The first school was taught
in 1856 in a log cabin erected the year before on John Kerey's farm
and John Shields was the first teacher. The cabin was also used as a
church as the first religious ser\-ices in the county were held there soon
after it was built. A Methodist minister named Allspaugh held services
in a gro\e near John Belk's farm house in 1855. Early in 1857, the
Methodists organized a church at the house of William Belk, and a
Baptist minister held services at the residence of E. H. Niles.
A branch of the underground railroad was established through
13rown county for fugitive negroes, and many of them were passed over
this line by John Brown and other anti-slavery men.
Early in the spring of 1857, quite a colony came from Maine, among
them George Ross, J. G. Leavitt, I. P. Winslow, Noah Hanson, W. G.
Sargent and Sumner Shaw. The Iowa Indian trust lands lying in
Brown county were advertised for sale to the highest bidders on June
4, 1857. They sold rapidly, but eventually most of the lands fell into
the hands of speculators, some of the settlers lea\-ing as soon as they
perfected title to their claims, without making an}- permanent improve-
ments.
The first 4th of July celebration was held by a public gathering on
the farm of John Powe on Mulberry creek in 1857. Sometime during
the summer of that year Philip Weiss contracted to make a weekly trip
to Iowa Point to bring the mail. This was probably the first mail route
in the county and was purely a private enterprise. He used a team of
horses and a lumber wagon for his trips, and carried passengers, express
and freight as well as mail. An act of 1855 provided for a mail route
from St. Joseph via Highland to Marysville, Kan., but it was not started
until 1838. On Aug. 8, 1857, the first postofifice was established at Clay-
tonvillc. with George E. Clayton as postmaster.
240 CYCLOPEDIA OF
On Feb. 14, 1857, the state legislature detached Brown from Doni-
phan county and located the temporary county seat at Claj^tonville.
The act also provided for the election of three commissioners to locate
a permanent county seat. The new board of commissioners organized
on March 16, 1857, and among other business divided the county into
four municipal townships, Iowa, Claytonville, Walnut Creek and
Lachnane. On March 31 the commissioners held a second meeting and
appropriated $500 to build a court-house on the north square in Clay-
tonville— a frame building 20 by 30 feet — to be ready for occupation
by June i, and William Oldham was appointed to build it.
At the election on Oct. 5, the free-state men carried the county by a
vote of 136 to 72, E. N. Morrill being elected to the legislature by the
counties of Brown and Nemaha. On Nov. 16 the free-state board of
county commissioners organized when Ira H. Smith was chosen county
surveyor ; David Peebles, clerk ; and John S. Tyler, assessor. At the
election I. P. Winslow, Isaac Chas« and I. B. Hoover were chosen com-
missioners to locate the permanent count}' seat. They met on Dec. 14
at Swain's store and the first ballot resulted, Padonia r, Hiawatha i.
and Carson i. The following day the board visited the town sites of
Carson, Hamlin, Padonia and Hiawatha. Padonia offered to donate a
square of ground and a $3,000 court-house ; Hiawatha offered to erect
a building 20 by 30 feet for a court-house and donate every alternate
lot of the town site, and Carson offered one-half of the lots in the town
site and $1,500 in labor and building material. A second ballot resulted
the same as the first, but on a third two votes were cast for Carson and
I for Padonia. The county seat, therefore, was removed to Carson, but
it did not remain there long, as the next legislature passed an act pro-
viding for an election to submit the question to a vote of the people,
which resulted in 128 votes for Hiawatha and 37 for Carson, with a few
scattering. On May 25, 1858, the county commissioners appropriated
$2,000 for building a court house with jail and offices attached. On
Oct. 4, 1877, 'the county commissioners decided, "That a proposition be
submitted to the people on the 6th day of November, authorizing the
board to build a court house, the cost not to exceed $20,000." This
measure was approved by the people and the commissioners, early in
1878, contracted with E. T. Carr of Leavenworth for its erection.
At the outbreak of the Civil war nearly one-half the voters in the
county entered the army, forming a party of Company I, Thirteenth
Kansas infantry, and in 1864, the militia was ordered to gather at Atchi-
son. The Hiawatha company consisted of 65 men ; the Walnut creek
company of 41, and Robinson company of 100. Upon their departure
to the front the home-guard was organized and within twenty-four
hours had an enrollment of 79 men.
The first newspaper, the Brown County Union, was established by
Dr. P. G. Parker in the spring of 1861, at Hiawatha, but the office was
destroyed by fire the following winter. On Aug. 20, 1864, H. P. Steb-
bins started the Union Sentinel and the third paper, the Hiawatha Dis-
patch, made its appearance in 1870.
KANSAS HISTORY 24I
There are three lines of railroad in the county with over 97 miles of
main track. The St. Joseph & Grand Island enters the county on the
east, about midwa}' north and south, crosses in a northwesterly direc-
tion through Hiawatha and enters Nemaha county. A line of the Mis-
souri Pacific, built in the early '80s, crosses the northern boundar}- about
the center, passes through Hiawatha and leaves at the southeast corner.
The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific road enters in the south, branches
at Horton near the southern boundary, one line leaving near the south-
east corner, the other traversing the county in a northwesterl}' direction
and connecting with the main line in Nebraska. Hiawatha, the county
seat, is a large shipping point for all agricultural products and has sev-
eral factories, but Horton in the south is the largest town in the county,
and has the repair shops of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific road
located there, and is also the division point of that road.
In 1910 the population of Brown county was 21,314, and the total
value of farm products, exclusive of live stock, was $2,921,381. The
principal crops were corn, $1,920,240; hay, including all kinds, $428,716;
oats, $394,522; Irish potatoes, $63,578; wheat, $37,614.
Brown, John, abolitionist, frequently referred to as "Osawatomie
Brown," was born at Torrington, Conn., May 9, 1800, a son of Owen
and Ruth (Mills) Brown. His earliest American ancestor was Peter
Brown, who came over in the Maj'flower in 1620, and his grandfather,
John Brown, was a captain in the Connecticut militaia during the
Revolution. This Capt. Brown married Hannah Owen, of Welsh ex-
traction, and Ruth Mills was of Dutch descent, so that John Brown
of Osawatomie was an admixture of three nationalities. His maternal
grandfather, Gideon Mills, was also a Revolutionary soldier. In 1805
Owen Brown removed with his family to Ohio, where John grew to
manhood, working on the farm and as a currier in his father's tannery,
part of the time as foreman. When about 20 3'ears of age he took up
the study of surveying and followed that occupation for a few years.
He then went to Crawford county, Pa., where he lived until 1835,
when he located in Portage county, Ohio. In 1846 he went to Spring-
field, Mass., and engaged in the business of buying and selling wool
on commission. No sooner had he established himself in this busi-
ness than he tried to force up the price of wool, but the New Eng-
land manufacturers combined against him and he was compelled to
ship some 200,000 pounds to Europe, where he sold it at a loss, be-
coming bankrupt. Gerrit Smith then gave him a piece of land near
North Elba, N. Y., in the bleak, desolate region of the Adirondacks,
and here Brown lived until 1851. He then returned to Ohio and again
engaged in the wool business, this time with better success.
Owen Brown was one of the early school of abolitionists, a disciple
of Hopkins and Edwards, and from his earliest childhood John Brown
breathed an atmosphere antagonistic to the institution of slavery. He
was twice married — first to Dianthe Lusk, a widow, who bore him
seven children ; and second to Mary Ann Day, bv whom he had thirteen
(I-16)
242
CYCLOl'EDIA OF
children. Eight of the t-\venty children died young, and of those who-
grew to maturity all were abolitionists. Five of his sons removed
from Ohio to Kansas in 1854 and selected claims some 8 to 10 miles
from Osawatomie, where they were joined by their father on Oct. 5,
JOHN BROWN MONUMENT, OSAWATOMIE.
1855. Father and sons were mustered in as militia by the free-state
party and turned out to aid in the defense of Lawrence. Two of
Brown's sons were captured by the United States cavalry, which was
used to aid in enforcing the territorial laws passed by a pro-slavery
KANSAS HISTORY 243
legislature, and John Brown, Jr., with his hands fastened behind his
back, was driven by a cavalry company 9 miles on a trot to Osawatomie.
Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography says : "This state of
things must be fully remembered in connection with the so-called
'Pottawatomie Massacre,' which furnishes, in the opinion of both frisnds
and foes, the most questionable incident in Brown's career."
In Jan., 1859, Brown left Kansas with a number of slaves taken
from Missouri owners and went to Canada, where he arranged the
details for his raid on Harper's Ferry, Va. Through the national Kan-
sas committee he secured 200 rifles, and on June 3. 1859, he left Boston
with $500 in gold and permission to keep the rifles. Late in that
month Brown and his associates rented a small farm near Harper's
Ferry, where they were to complete the preparations for their raid.
Brown's daughter, Anne, and a daughter-in-law, Owen Brown's wife,
were installed as housekeepers. Here Brown was visited in August
by Frederick Douglass, to whom he imparted his plan for the seizure
of the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and, if necessar}' to
carry out his purpose, the capture of the town itself. Douglass did
not look with favor on the scheme, but Brown, having consecrated
his life to the abolition of slavery, was not to be dissuaded. Accord-
ingly, on Sunday evening, Oct. 16, 1859, Brown mustered 18 of his
men and moved on the arsenal. At half-past ten the gates were broken
in with a crow-bar, the small guard was overpowered without difficulty,
and by midnight the town was patrolled by the raiders. Six men were
sent to bring in some planters living in the vicinity, with their slaves,
it being Brown's idea to free and arm the negroes to aid in bringing
about a general uprising. Unhappily for the scheme a train got
through Harper's Ferr}' and carried the news to Washington. Capt.
Robert E. Lee, who afterwards won distinction as a Confederate gen-
eral, hurried from Washington with a companj' of marines, and the
citizens armed themselves to aid the troops in capturing the raiders.
Brown and six of his men barricaded themselves in the engine room
and held out against great odds until two of his sons were killed and
he was wounded. He was tried before a Virginia court, convicted of
treason and sentenced to be hanged. His execution took place on Dec.
2, 1859, and it is said that no man ever met his fate with greater forti-
tude. His body was buried at North Elba, Essex county, N. Y., near
the farm given him by Gerrit Smith.
John Brown has been called a fanatic, and some have even gone
so far as to adjudge him insane, though there is no positive evidence
to show that he was mentally unbalanced. From boyhood the doc-
trines of abolition had been drilled into him, until the idea that all men
ought to be free became with him a sort of obsession. His methods
were not always of the best character, but he had the courage of his
convictions and was willing to lay down his life for a principle. His
battles of Black Jack and Osawatomie were insignificant when com-
pared with Gettysburg or Chickamauga, but they began the conflict
that ended in the annihilation of chattel slavery in the United States.
244 CYCLOPEDIA OF
On Aug. 30, 1877, a monument was unveiled at Osawatomie "In
memory of the heroes who fell in defense of freedom," John J. Ingalls
delivering the dedicatory address. The monument was erected by the
John Brown Memorial association. Some years later the Women's
Relief Corps of Kansas started a movement to have the battlefield of
Osawatomie set apart as a public park. The field was purchased on
May 13, 1909, and on Aug. 31, 1910, the park was dedicated with
imposing ceremonies, ex-President Roosevelt being the orator of the
occasion. Besides these recognitions of Brown's valor, the Kansas
legislature of 1895 passed a resolution requesting the authorities in
charge of the United States statuary hall at Washington to permit the
Lincoln soldiers' and Sailors' National Monument association to place
a statue of John Brown in the hall, but nothing farther came of the
movement.
Brown, Mary A., second wife of John Brown, was born in Wash-
ington county, N. Y., April 15, 1816. Her maiden name was Mary A.
Day. At the age of sixteen years she became the wife of Brown and
assumed the care and management of his five motherless children.
After the execution of her husband she retired to the Adirondack re-
gion of New York, where she lived in seclusion until 1862, wlien, ac-
companied by her family, she removed to Iowa. In 1864 sh(- went
to California and was not again east of the Rocky mountains until
1882. In that year she visited Chicago at the request of the John
Brown Memorial Association, and on Nov. 11. 1882, she arrived in
Topeka, where she was the guest of T. D. Thacher. This was her
first visit to Kansas, as she remained in New York when her husband
and his sons came to the territory in the '50s. A reception was given
Mrs. Brown in the senate chamber on the evening of the 15th. She
then visited Lawrence and Osawatomie and returned to California.
She died on Feb. 29, 1884.
Brown, William R., lawyer and member of Congress, was born at
Buffalo. N. Y.. July 16, 1840. He was educated at Phillips Academy,
Exeter. N. H.. and at LTnion University, Schenectady, N. Y.. graduating
at the latter institution when 22 years of age. After leaving college
he studied law and in 1864 was admitted to the bar. Soon after that
he came to Kansas and located at Lawrence, where he took an active
part in political life. In 1866 he removed to Emporia and entered
into partnership with Judge R. M. Ruggles. He served as deputy clerk
of the supreme court and was journal clerk of the lower house of the
state legislature in 1866-67. At the close of the session Mr. Brown
dissolved his partnership with Judge Ruggles and opened a law office
at Cottonwood Falls, Chase county. The same year he was elected
judge of the Ninth judicial district. Always a public-spirited man,
with the welfare of the people at heart, he served as judge until March
I, 1875. when he resigned, having been elected to Congress the pre-
vious fall as a Republican. After serving one term in Congress, Mr. _
Brown became the senior member of the law firm of Brown & Zim-
merman of Hutchinson.
KANSAS HISTORY 245
Brownell, a tdwn of Waring township, Xess count}-, is a station
on the Missouri Pacifis R. R. about i6 miles northeast of Ness City,
the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoiilice with one rural
delivery route, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a
good retail trade. Baptist and Methodist churches, good public schools,
and in 1910 reported a population of 200.
Brownsville, an inland hamlet of Chautauqua county, is located near
the east line of the county, 11 miles northeast of Sedan, the judicial
seat, and about the same distance southwest of Elk City in Montgom-
ery county, whence it receives its mail by rural route. The nearest
railroad station is Monett, on the Missouri Pacific about 5 miles south-
west. The population according to the report of 1910 was 15.
Bruce, a thriving little town of Crawford county, is a station on the
St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. about 12 miles southwest of Girard,
the county seat, and 4 miles west of Cherokee, from which place mail
is received by rural free delivery. In 1910 the population was 164.
Buchanan, James, 15th president of the United States, from 1857 to
1861, and under whose administration Kansas was admitted into the
Union, was born at Mercersburg, Pa., April 23, 1791. His father, a
native of County Donegal, Ireland, came to America in 1783 and set-
tled in Cumberland county. Pa., where he married and raised a family
of eleven children, of which James was the second. After attending
the local schools, the future president entered Dickinson College, where
he graduated in 1809. He then studied law and in 1812 began practice
at Lancaster, Pa. Although a Federalist and opposed to the War of
1812, his first public address at Lancaster, in 1814, was in favor of
enlisting more troops, and even enrolled his own name. In Oct., 1814,
he was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature, and the succeeding
year was reelected. He then declined further political honors for the
purpose of devoting all his talent and energies to the practice of his
profession, but the death of the young woman to whom he was be-
trothed caused him' to change his plans, and in 1820 he was elected
to represent his district in Congress. After serving in that capacity
for ten years. President Jackson appointed him minister to Russia in
183 1. In the fall of 1833 he returned to Pennsylvania, and the follow-
ing year was elected L^nited States senator by the legislature of that
state. In 1839 President Van Buren tendered him the attorney-gen-
eralship of the United States, but he declined, preferring to remain in
the senate. In 1845 h^ entered the cabinet of President Polk as sec-
retary of state, where his tact on the Oregon boundary question and
the annexation of Texas proved of great value to the administration.
In 1852 he was defeated by Franklin Pierce for the Democratic nomina-
tion for president, and after the latter was inaugurated he appointed
Mr. Buchanan minister to England. He was nominated and elected
president in 1856. The principal events of his administration were the
Dred Scott decision ; the Kansas troubles, which he had inherited from
President Pierce's administration the John Brown raid on Harper's
246 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Ferry, Va. ; the trial and execution of Brown, and the secession of
some of the Southern states. Mr. Buchanan's alliance with the slave
power; his efforts to force the admission of Kansas under the Le-
compton constitution, which would have made Kansas a slave state ;
and his failure to prevent the secession of states, caused him to be
severely criticised, yet he promptly signed the bill admitting Kansas
under the Wyandotte constitution as a free state. He was succeeded
by Abraham Lincoln on March 4, 1861, and five days later retired to
his country seat at Wheaton, where for a time he kept aloof from the
cares of public life. Subsequently he spent some of his leisure time
in writing a vindication of his policy, his book being published in
1866 under the title of "Buchanan's Administration." James Buchanan
died at Lancaster, Pa., June i, 1868.
Buckcreek, a station on the L^nion Pacific R. R. in Jefferson county,
is located on the southern line of the county just where the railroad
crosses the border, 6 miles from the east line. It is 12 miles from
Oskaloosa, the county seat. Mail is supplied from Williamstown by
rural route.
Buckeye, a rural hamlet of Dickinson count)^, is situated in the town-
ship of the same name, about 8 miles north of Abilene, the county
seat and most convenient railroad station, from which place mail is
received by rural free delivery. The population was 40 in 1910.
Bucklin, one of the principal towns of Ford county, is located in the
southeastern part, 27 miles from Dodge City, at the junction of two
divisions of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. It was in-
corporated in 1909 and in 1910 reported a population of 696. Bucklin
has two* banks, a weekly newspaper (the Banner), an international
money order postoffice with two rural routes, a grain elevator, tele-
graph and express service, a telephone exchange, hotels, mercantile
establishments, Protestant churches, good public schools, and is the
shipping and supply point for a large agricultural district.
Bucyrus, a village in the northeastern part of Miami count}', is on
the Missouri Pacific railroad, 15 miles northeast of Paola, the county
seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph station and express
office, and in 1910 the population was 200.
Buffalo. — Not until Cortez reached Anahuac, the capital of the
Aztecs, in 1521, was the buffalo known to Europeans. Montezuma at
that time had a well appointed menagerie, and among the animals of
his dollection the greatest rarity was the "Mexican Bull, a wonderful
composition of divers animals. It has crooked Shoulders, with a Bunch
on its Back like a Camel; its Flanks dry, its Tail large, and its neck
covered with Hair like a Lion. It is cloven footed, its Head armed like
that of a Bull, which it resembles in Fierceness with no less strength
and Agility."
This is probably the first description of the American buffalo in
print. In 1530 Cabeca de Vaca encountered buffalo in a wild state in
what is now Texas. He also left a description of them, telling of the
KANSAS HISTORY 247
■quality of their meat and of the uses of buffalo robes. Coronado in
1542 reached the buffalo country on his way to Quivira, and traversed
the plains that were "full of crooke-backed oxen, as the mountain
Serena in Spaine is of Sheepe." In 1612 an English navigator named
Samuel ArgoU mentions meeting with buffalo while on a trip to Vir-
ginia, discovering them some miles up the Pembrook (Potomac) river,
probably near Washington, D. C. Father Hennepin encountered buf-
falo in 1679 while on a journey up the St. Lawrence river. Marquette
has said that the prairies along the Illinois river were "covered with
buffaloes." Lewis & Clark, the explorers, when on their return trip
down the Missouri in 1806, mention having to wait an hour for a herd
that was then crossing the river.
Col. Richard I. Dodge, in his "Plains of the Great West," describing
a herd met with in Kansas, says: "In May, 1871, I drove in a light
wagon from old Fort Zarah to Fort Larned on the Arkansas, 34 miles.-
At least 25 miles of this distance was through one immense herd, com-
posed of countless smaller herds of buffalo then on their journey north.
. . . The whole country appeared one great mass of buffalo, moving
slowly to the northward. . . . The herds in the valley sullenly got out
of my way, and, turning, stared stupidly at me, sometimes at only a few
yards' distance. When I had reached a point where the hills were no
longer than a mile from the road, the buff'alo on the hills, seeing an
untjsual object in their rear, turned, stared an instant, then started at
full speed towards me, stampeding and bringing with them the numer-
ous herds through which they passed and pouring down upon me all
the herds, no longer separated, but one immense compact mass of
plunging animals, mad with fright, and as irresistible as an avalanche.
. . . Reining up my horse, ... I waited until the front of the mass
was within 50 yards, when a few well-directed shots from my rifle split
the herd, and sent it pouring off in two streams to my right and left.
When all had passed me they stopped, apparently satisfied, though
thousands were yet within range of my rifle and many within less than
100 yards. Disdaining to fire again, I sent my servant to cut out the
tongues of the fallen. This occurred so frequently within the next 10
miles, that when I arrived at Fort Larned I had twenty-six tongues in
my wagon. ... I was not hunting, wanted no meat, and would not
voluntarily have fired at the herds. I killed only in self-preservation
and fired almost every shot from the wagon." This herd is estimated
to have numbered about 4,000,000 head.
Accounts are numerous of the existence of buffalo in other remote
localities, but on the great plains they throve best and were to be found
in greatest numbers. The mating season occurred when the herd was
on the range, when the calves were from two to four months old.
During the "running season" the herds came together in one dense
mass of many thousands — in many instances so numerous as to blacken
the face of the landscape. Kearney, Neb., was probably very near the
center of the buffalo range, and every year the plains Indians had their
248 CYCLOPEDIA OF
buffalo hunt. The buffalo supplied man}' of their wants, the skins being
carefully tanned to supply clothing, bedding, and covers for tepees ; the
meat not intended for immediate consumption was stripped off the car-
cass, carefully dried, and thus made available for use until the next
hunt. The hides of the old bulls were used as a covering for a water
craft known as "bull boats" — being carefully stretched over a round
framework, the hairy side within. These boats were constructed more
easily than by hollowing out logs.
"Of all the quadrupeds that have lived upon the earth, probably no
other species has ever marshaled such innumerable hosts as those of
the American bison. It would have been as easy to count or to esti-
mate the number of leaves in a forest as to calculate the number of
buffaloes living at any given time during the history of the species pre-
vious to 1870."
From 1820 to 1840 it has been estimated that approximately 652,275
buffaloes were killed by buffalo hunters, the total value of which at
$5 each would be $3,261,375. Where Indians killed one for food the
the hide and tongue hunters killed fifty. This incessant slaughter was
kept up year after year, thousands of hunters — whites and Indians —
being employed for no other purpose than to kill as many as they could.
Buffalo Bill (W. F. Cody) was once engaged in this business and is
said to have killed 4,280 in 18 months, while thousands of others were
likewise engaged of whom no record is had. In 1871 several thousand
hunters were in the field and it is estimated that from 3,000 to 4,000
buffaloes were killed daily.
The building of the Pacific railroads divided the buffaloes into two
large herds that ranged on either side of the Platte river. The esti-
mated numbers in these herds at this time was about 3,000,000 each
and it was never thought by western men in those days that it would
be possible to exterminate such a mighty multitude. But the same im-
provident v/ork of destruction continued and by 1875 the southern herd
had been exterminated. The northern herd in 1882 was thought to
number about 1,000,000 head, but by 1883 it was almost annihilated,
and Sitting Bull and a few white hunters that year had the distinction
of killing the last 10,000 that remained.
This wholesale slaughter of the buffalo brought about more than one
uprising among the Plains Indians, who foresaw the total destruction
of their food supply, and some sanguinar}' wars were the result. Dur-
ing the construction of the Kansas Pacific and Atchison. Topeka &
Santa Fe railroads the buft'aloes were so numerous as to impede work,
and on more than one occasion trains were derailed by running into
herds.
After the extermination of the southern herd a new industry sprang
up, the bones of the slaughtered millions being carefully gathered and
shipped back east, where they were ground into fertilizer to be used
on the impoverished farms of the older sections. Thousands of car-
loads were shipped, the average price paid being from $4 to $6 a ton.
KANSAS HISTORY 249
Charles J. (Buffalo) Jones, for many ^-ears a resident of Kansas, suc-
ceeded in a measure in domesticating the buffalo, and has made experi-
ments in crossing them with the Galloway breed of cattle, the product
(Catalo) taking the characteristics of the buffalo.
To save the animals from total destruction the United States secured
a number of buft'aloes and placed them in the Yellowstone National
Park where they might be free from molestation. This small herd in-
creases very slowly owing to losses of calves through predatory ani-
mals. Outside of a few public and private collections, the buffalo has
entirely disappeared.
Buffalo, one of the incorporated towns of Wilson county, is located
in Clifton township on the Missouri Pacific R. R. and on Buft'alo
creek, 15 miles northeast of Fredonia, the county seat. It has a bank,
a weekly newspaper, brick and tile works, a feed mill, express and tele-
graph offices, and an international money order postoffice with two
rural routes. The town is located in the oil and gas fields. The
population for 1910 was 807.
Buffalo was founded in 1867, when a postoffice was established there
with Chester Gould as postmaster. The first store was opened in
1869 by the Young Bros., and the first hotel by John Van Meter, in
1870. The Buffalo Agricultural Society was organized in 1872. In
1886 the railroad was built, which was an impulse to the growth of
the place. The next year the first bank was started. The town was
incorporated as a city of the third class in 1898, and the first election
held in October of that year, when the following officers were chosen :
Mayor, E. B. Johnson; police judge, A. Jamieson ; clerk, C. M. Callar-
man ; treasurer, J. L. Dryden; street commissioner, O. P. Neff"; coun-
cilmen, W. L. Ward, J. S. Blankenbecker, B. E. Jones, A. A. McCann,
G. K. Bideau.
Buffalo Bill. — The sobriquet of "Buffalo Bill," known throughout
the country as a synonym for daring and superior marksmanship with
the rifle, is claimed by two men, both of whom won the appellation
in Kansas. These men are William Mathewson, a pioneer of Wichita,
and William F. Cody, better known in late years as proprietor of the
"Wild West show." Although the latter is more widely known, there
is little doubt that Mathewson was the first to receive the title of
Buffalo Bill. He was born in Broome county, N. Y., Jan. i, 1830, and
while still in the "teens" came west and went as far as Denver with
the celebrated scout. Kit Carson. James R. Mead, a pioneer Indian
trader, in an interview in the St. Louis Republic of June 24, 1906,
says that Mathewson struck the Santa Fe trail near old Fort Zarah
and established a trading post near the site of the present city of Great
Bend, and that he gained the name of Buffalo Bill in the winter of
1860-61 by supplying the settlers with buffalo meat during a scarcity
of provisions.
William F. Cody was born in Scott county, Iowa, Feb. 26. 1846.
His father was killed in the "Border War" in Kansas, and in 1860-61,
250 CYCLOPEDIA OF
when only 15 years of age he became a pony express rider across the
plains. While thus occupied he gained a knowledge of the country
that led him to accept the duties of guide and scout, and in the Civil
war he was a member of the Seventh Kansas cavalry. "Who's Who
in America," for 1910-11, says' Cody "contracted to furnish the Kansas
Pacific railway with all the buffalo meat required to feed the laborers
engaged in construction, and in 18 months (1867-8) killed 4,280 buffalo,
earning the name of 'Buffalo Bill,' by which he is best known." From
1868 to 1872 he was a government guide and scout in the operations
against the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians, and he has probably par-
ticipated in more Indian fights than any other living man. He was
elected to Nebraska legislature in 1872; again became a scoiit, for the
Fifth U. S. cavalry; was judge advocate of the Nebraska National
Guard, and in 1883 organized the Wild West show, with which he
has traveled extensively in this country and Europe. This fact has
kept his name before the public, while Mr. Mathewson has been con-
tent to pursue the "even tenor of his way." Mead, whose interview is
referred to above, was an intimate acquaintance and associate of
Mathewson, and was no doubt fully acquainted with the facts. From
his statement it will be seen that Mathewson was known as "Buffalo
Bill" at least six years before the name was applied to Cody. Capt.
Jack Crawford, the well known scout, also makes the statement that
Col. Mathewson is the original "Buffalo Bill."
During his life on the frontier, Mathewson always tried to main-
tain friendly relations with the Indians, but on one occasion it be-
came necessary for him to discipline the Kiowa chief, Satanta. with
his fist, which he did so thoroughly that he became known among the
Indians as "Zane-pong-za-del-py," which in English means "Bad man
with the long beard."
Buffalo County, now extinct, was created by the legislature of 1879,
with the following boundaries : "Commencing where the north line
of township 20 south, intersects the line of range 27 west, thence south
along range line to its intersection with the north line of township
24 south : thence west along township line to where it intersects the
east line of range 31 west; thence north along range line to where it
intersects the north line of township 20, south ; thence east to the place
of beginning."
It was bounded on the north by Lane county, east by Ness and
Hodgeman, south by Foote and west by Sequo3^ah and Scott counties.
In 1881 the northern tier of townships was taken from Buffalo and
added to Lane, the remainder being made a part of a new county called
Gray, and later was taken to form Finney county.
Buffalo Grass.— (Buchloe dactyloides Engelm), a species of low,
fine-leafed creeping perennial, rarely growing more than 4 to 6 inches
high, was once very plentiful on the western plains. It gre^v on the
dry prairies and river bottoms from South Dakota to Texas, attained
its growth early and cured long before frost time, preserving all its
KANSAS HISTORY 25 1
nutriment and forming the principal forage of the buffaloes during
winter. It seemed to thrive best where most trampled. As the plains
country settled up, and tame grasses have been introduced the buffalo
grass has gradually disappeared, the newer varieties crowding it out.
(See Short Grass Country.)
Buford Expedition. — Immediately after the passage of the Kansas
Nebraska bill in 1854, which provided that the people of Kansas might
form a constitution establishing or prohibiting slavery, as they saw fit,
a struggle was at once commenced between the slave power and the
free-soilers for possession of the new territory. (See Slavery.) The
adjoining slave state of Missouri took up the fight at once, and by send-
ing voters into the territory succeeded in electing the members of the
first legislature. But by the latter part of 1855 it became evident that
Missouri alone could not force slavery into Kansas, and an appeal was
sent to the other slave states for help. This appeal contained the fol-
lowing statement : "The great struggle will come off at the next elec-
tion in Oct., 1856, and unless at that time the South can maintain her
ground all will be lost. The time has come for action — bold, determined
action. Words will no longer do any good; we must have men in
Kansas and that by the tens of thousands. A few will not answer."
The people of the South generally conceded that Kansas would be
admitted as a free state, yet there were some who were willing to make
sacrifices to continue the fight. Among these was Jefferson Buford, a
lawyer of Eufaula, Ala., who had won the rank of major in the Indian
war of 1836. On Nov. 11, 1855, he issued a call for emigrants to be
ready by Feb. 20, 1856. To every one who would agree to go to Kansas
he guaranteed free transportation, means of support for one year, and
a homestead of 40 acres of first rate land. He pledged $20,000 of his
own monej' and asked for contributions, agreeing to put one bona fide
settler in Kansas for every $50 thus donated. On Jan. 7, 1856, Buford
sold 40 of his slaves for $28,000 and put most of the proceeds into the
enterprise. He then made a canvass of the principal towns of the state,
asking and receiving donations. In this work he was aided by some
of the pro-slavery leaders.
His arrangements were completed by April 4, and on that date 400
men assembled at Montgomery, ready for the start. Of these men 100
were from South Carolina, 50 were from Georgia, i was from Illinois,
I from Massachusetts, and the rest were Alabamians. On the 5th they
embarked on the steamboat Messenger, bound for St. Louis via Mobile.
As they marched to the landing they carried two banners, one of which
bore the legend : "The Supremacy of the White Race," and on the
reverse the words, "Kansas the Outpost." On the other banner was in-
scribed: "Alabama for Kansas — North of 36° 30'," and on the reverse,
"Bibles — not Rifles." The last was inspired by the fact that on the
day before their departure from Montgomery a religious congregation
had presented every man with a Bible.
The expedition arrived in Kansas on May 2, and the men immediately
252 CVCLOrEDlA OI'
began looking for suitable land upon which to locate. But just at that
juncture the governor called on the citizens to turn out "in sufficient
force to execute the laws." Buford collected his men, some at Lecomp-
ton, some at Lawrence, and they were enrolled and armed as part of
the territorial militia. About 11 a. m. on the 21st they joined the pro-
slavery forces near Lawrence, but after the destruction of that town Col.
Buford "disclaimed having come to Kansas to destroy property, and
condemned the course which had been taken."
In June Buford went South and to Washington, D. C, to solicit aid.
At Washington, he succeeded in securing the cooperation of the lead-
ing pro-slaverj' men in Congress. L'pon his return to Kansas, late in
the year 1856, he found that Gov. Geary had disbanded the militia ; some
of his men had returned to their homes in the South; some had en-
listed in the United States troops in Kansas ; others had joined the
opposition and became free-state partisans, and a few had become peace-
able settlers. Broken in spirit, Buford went back to Alabama, having
sufifered a net loss of over $10,000 by his undertaking. He died at
Clayton, Ala., Aug. 28, 1861, of heart disease.
Buhler, a town in Little River township, Reno county, is located on
the Little Arkansas river at the point where it is crossed by the St.
Louis & San Francisco R. R., about 12 miles northeast of Hutchinson,
the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural
routes, two grain elevators, hotel, creamery, telegraph, telephone and
express service, some good mercantile houses, schools, churches, etc.,
and in 1910 reported a population of 275.
Bunch, a rural hamlet of Butler county, is located about 18 miles
nearly due south of Eldorado, the county seat, and 8 miles northwest of
Wingate, which is the nearest railroad station. Mail is delivered from
Atlanta.
Bunkerhill, an incorporated city of the third class in Russell county,
is located in Center township, and is a station on the Union Pacific R.
R. 9 miles east of Russell, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order
postoffice with three rural routes, telegraph and express 'offices, tele-
phone connections, a graded public school, an opera house, hotel, grain
elevator, machine shop, a cornet band, Protestant churcheS. and in 1910
reported a population of 242.
Burden, an incorporated citj' of the third class in Cowley county, is a
station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in Silver Creek town-
ship 17 miles northeast of Winfield, the county seat. Burden has a bank,
a weekly newspaper (the Times), a flour mill, an international money
order postoffice with three rural routes, telegraph, telephone and ex-
press service, a large retail trade. Baptist, Methodist and Christian
churches, good public schools, and is the principal shipping point for a
rich agricultural district. The population in 1910 was 424.
Burdett, a town in Browns Grove township. Pawnee county, is a sta-
tion on the division of the Atchison, Topeka &: Santa Fe R. R. that
runs from Larned to Jetmore 24 miles west of Larned. It has a bank.
KANSAS HISTORY 253
a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express
offices, a grain elevator, hotel, some good mercantile houses, and is
the chief shipping and supply point in the western part of the county.
The population in 1910 was 300.
Burdick, a town of Diamond Valley township, Morris county, is a
station on the Strong City & Superior division of the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R. 23 miles from Strong City and about 20 miles south-
west of Council Grove, the county seat. It has a bank, a mone}- order
postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, Protes-
tant churches, a good retail trade, important shipping interests, and in
1910 reported a population of 225.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. — Early in the '80s, the people of Kansas
began to feel the need of legislation to determine questions regarding
the rights of labor. As the result of this agitation, the legislature of
1885 passed an act creating a "bureau of labor and industrial statistics."
By this act the governor was authorized to appoint a commissioner to
be known as the "Commissioner of Labor Statistics," for a term of two
years, whose salar}- was fixed at $1,000. The commissioner was given
power to "take and preserve testimony, examine witnesses under oath,"
to enter any public institution in the state, au}^ factory, workshop or
mine, in the discharge of his duties, and require persons, companies or
officers of corporations to furnish answers to his interrogatories when
investigating any subject.
On May i, 1885, the governor appointed Frank H. Betton of Wyan-
dotte the first commissioner of labor statistics. Kansas is one of the
pioneer states in the organization of such a department, for although
the value of authentic and accurate information in regard to the work-
ing classes was recognized, the first action in this regard was not taken
until 1869, when the state of Massachusetts organized the first state
labor bureau.
In his report, transmitted to the governor on Jan. i, t886, the labor
commissioner reported upon conciliation and arbitration, labor organi-
zations in Kansas, views of the workingmen, convict labor, the mining
industries of the state : reviewed the growth of manufacturing industries
in the state, furnished a wage table and reported upon the railroads
within the boundaries of Kansas.
In 1886, in order to procure accurate results, the commissioner
inaugurated a system of monthly blanks, distributed them among the
labor organizations, with a request that they be distributed among the
various members, and requested that the questions be answered and the
blanks returned to the commissioner's office. Statistics were also gath-
ered from ninety per cent, of the manufacturing and kindred industries,
whicii show that the average number of employees in Kansas in iSS''-,
was 13,988.
In 1887 a bill was passed by the legislature to encourage cooperative-
societies, and another "to secure the laborers in and about coal mines
and manufactories the payment of their wages at regular intervals, and
254 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in lawful money of the United States." This last act was due to the
efiforts of mining companies and some other corporations in various
parts of the country to pay their employees in scrip good for trade at the
companies' stores.
In 1898 a law was passed "to create a state society of labor and in-
dustry," which provided that whenever seven or more laborers, me-
chanics or wage earners of any kind, "now organized or (who) shall
hereafter organize in any cOunty, city or muncipality in the State of
Kansas," for the purpose of collecting and studying statistics of labor
and industry or for "the investigation of economic and commercial or
industrial pursuits," the organization was to be allowed one delegate
for the first 50 members or fraction thereof and one delegate for each ad-
ditional 100 or majority fraction thereof, to represent it at the annual
meeting of the state society of labor and industry, which was fixed by
law for the first Monday in Feb., 1899, and each year thereafter on the
same da.te. These annual meetings are held at the state capitol at To-
peka. By the act of creation, the delegates from the different societies
in the state were authorized to elect a president, vice-president, secre-
tary and assistant secretary, "which officials shall constitute a state
bureau of labor and industry and said secretary shall be ex officio com-
missioner of the bureau of labor and industry and state factory inspec-
tor, and said assistant secretary shall be ex officio assistant commissioner
of said bureau." The duties of the commissioner remained practically
the same as they were under the bureau of labor statistics, but he was
instructed to pay particular attention to industrial pursuits, strikes and
other labor difficulties, also to cooperation and trade-unions.
During a little more than a quarter of a century since the Kansas
bureau of labor statistics was created, legislative enactments have wid-
ened the scope of the bureau and had for their purpose the improvement
of the industrial conditions and the protection of the interests of the
laboring classes.
This has necessitated an increase in the personnel of the bureau, which
in 1910, consisted of the following members : A commissioner and
factory inspector, an assistant commissioner and assistant factory in-
spector, two deputy factory inspectors, a chief clerk, a statistical clerk,
and a stenographer.
At each session of the legislature, labor has received increased recog-
nition, until today there are more than forty labor laws, most of which
were enacted as a result of suggestions from the bureau. Two of the
most important of these laws are the child labor law and the law pro-
viding for the report of all accidents due to defects and faults in the
operations of machinery, or other industrial equipment. By the fire
inspection law, the commissioner of labor is ex officio state superin-
tendent of inspection, and thus brings under the scope of factory in-
spection, the work of inspecting fire escapes and means of egress in
buildings of three stories or more in height.
During the year 1910 the inspector and his assistants inspected 1,555
KANSAS HISTORY 255
manufacturing establishments representing 26 different branches of
industry and employing 54,948 laborers. The bureau has gathered
statistics from 458 labor organizations, located in 74 cities of Kansas,
and as a result of the investigation of labor difficulties, strikes and acci-
dents, has been able to suggest legislation upon these subjects, which
is one of its most important functions.
The enforcement of the labor laws of Kansas rests with the labor
bureau. Prosecutions with regard to the infringement of the child
labor laws have been made in over thirty cases. The enforcement of the
eight-hour law by the bureau has been accompanied by great success,
which has led to a better recognition of the law. Commissioner John-
son, in his report of the current work of the bureau of labor, at the
twelfth meeting of the State Society of Labor and Industry, said that
the following resolution was adopted at the third annual convention
of the state federation, "On the question of cooperation with the State
Society of Labor and Industry, we desire to say that we consider this
one of the most vital questions that will come before this convention.
We wish to point out the fact that in the state of Kansas the trade-
unions control absolutely the state bureau of labor. They elect in con-
vention assembled the labor commissioner and his assistants, a privi-
lege not given to organized labor in any other state in the Union.
This plan of allowing the labor-unions to elect the officials
of the bureau makes it possible to place union men as factory inspec-
tors, statistical clerks, etc., and in fact, in the State of Kansas every em-
ployee of the labor bureau is a union man."
Burlingame, formerly the judicial seat of Osage county, is located
northwest of the central part of the county, 16 miles from Lyndon and
26 miles south of Topeka, and is one of the important towns in that
section of the state. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. from To-
peka diverges at this point, one branch going to Emporia and the other
to Alma. Potter's clay and coal are found in the vicinity and these,
with live stock, grain and produce, form the chief shipments. There
are three weekly papers, ample banking facilities, planing mill, electric
lighting plant, churches, graded and high schools, an opera house and
public halls. All the leading fraternities are represented. The town is
well supplied with express and telegraph facilities and has an inter-
national money order postoffice with six rural routes. The population
in iQio was 1,422.
Burlingame is the oldest town in Osage county having been built up
from the nucleus started under the name of Council City in 1855. ^^
1857 the site was surveyed which took in a larger area and the name
was changed to Burlingame in honor of Anson Burlingame afterward
minister to China. The name of the postoffice was not changed until
Jan. 30, 1858, and later in the year the town company was organized.
Being at the crossing of Switzler creek, Burlingame was the most im-
portant stop on the Santa Fe trail with the exception of Council Grove.
The trail formed the principal street of the town. Improvement was
256 CYCLOPEDIA OF
rapid from 1857 until the breaking out of the war. A bridge was put
across the Switzler, saw mills and grist mills were built, and durable
buildings, some of them of stone, were put up. In i860 it was incor-
porated as a city by act of the legislature and became a city of the third
class in 1870. Three years afterward the city hall with the records were
burned. The first officers elected were: Mayor, Phillip C. Schuyler;
councilmen, S. R. Canilif, George Bratton, E. P. Sheldon and Joseph
McDonald. The next year the county seat was located here, and re-
mained until 1875 when it was taken to Lyndon.
During the war growth was suspended. A large round fort was built
in 1862 and a number of armed men stationed within to protect the
town from destruction threatened by Bill Anderson, one of Quantrill's
guerrilla band. As soon as peace was restored again business activity
was renewed. A large three-story grist mill was built in 1866. The
Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. reached Burlingame in 1869, and
the event was duly celebrated by an excursion from Topeka on Oct. 4.
Two destructive fires have occurred, one in 1873 and the other in 1883
the latter causing a property loss of $10,000.
Burlingame, Anson, lawyer and diplomat, was born at New Berlin,
N. Y., Nov. 14, 1820, and was a direct descendant of a family which set-
tled at Warwick, R. I., at a very early day. He was educated in the
common schools and the University of ]\Iichigan, where he graduated in
1841. In 1846 he received his degree from the law department of Har-
vard University and formed a partnership with Henry S. Briggs for the
practice of law in Boston. In 1854 he joined the newly formed American
party and was elected to Congress on that ticket. He assisted at the
birth of the Republican party and openly opposed slavery in the
speeches he made in Congress, of which body he was a member in 1856.
He was reelected in 1858, but failed of reelection in i860. In Sept.,
1859, he visited Kansas and received many honors from the prominent
men of the territory during his visit. President Lincoln appointed
Mr. Burlingame minister to Austria in 1861, and upon his return to the
United States William H. Seward persuaded him to remain in the diplo-
matic service. He therefore, went to China on a mission for the United
States government. He was appointed special envo}' to the United
States by the Chinese government and led the official party that ratified
a treaty on July 28, 1868, which is known by his name. Mr. Burlingame
died at St. Petersburg, Russia, Feb. 23, 1870.
Burlingame, Ward, journalist and for many years chief clerk of the
dead letter division of the United States postoffice department, was
born at Gloversville, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1836. He received his education in
the public schools of his native town and later attended the academy at
Kingsboro, N. Y. Early in 1858 he located at Leavenworth, Kan. Mr.
Burlingame's first newspaper experience was on a daily paper called the
Ledger, edited by George W. McLane. Later he assisted at the birth of
the Leavenworth Daily Herald, which was established in connection
with the weekly edition, and while on this paper he occupied nearly all
KANSAS HISTORY 257
I he places offered by such a printing establishment, from distributing the
])apers among the local subscribers, to writing editorials. Subsequently
he worked on the Times and Evening Bulletin. After the election of
1862 Gov. Carney invited him to become his private secretary and he
went to Topeka. In Jan., 1866, Mr. Burlingame went to Washington,
D. C, as confidential secretary to James H. Lane, then United States
senator from Kansas, and remained with him during the spring of that
year. On his return to Kansas he was given editorial charge of the
Leavenworth Conservative, owned at that time by M. H. Inslej-. Dur-
ing Gov. Crawford's second term Mr. Burlingame served as his private
secretary, and he continued to hold the same position during the first
administration of Gov. Harvey and until F"ebruary of the second term,
when he resigned to accept the position of private secretary to Alexan-
der Caldwell, who had been elected United States senator. He was
also private secretary to Gov. Osborn during his second term, at the
expiration of which he became Senator Plumb's private secretary, and
also acted as Washington correspondent for the Atchison Champion.
Mr. Burlingame's newspaper service in Kansas ended with his editor-
ship of the Topeka Commonwealth, of which he was one of the founders.
On Feb. i, 1880, he was appointed to a clerical position in the dead letter
division of the postofiice department, and was promoted to that of chief
clerk, which position he held for over ten years. In 1907 he resigned
his position because of failing health and returned to Topeka, where he
died on Dec. 3, 1908.
Burlington, the judicial seat and most important town of Coffey
county, is located just south of the central part of the county, at the
junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri, Kansas
& Texas railroads, and on the Neosho river. It is a progressive little
cit}', with waterworks, fire department, electric lights, and a number
of commercial and manufacturing interests, including 2 banks, a daily
and a tri-weekly newspaper, flour mill, grain elevators, tile factory, 3
cigar factories, creamery, carriage and wagon factory, and all lines of
mercantile enterprises. It has excellent graded and high schools, and
all denominations of churches. There are telegraph and express offices
and an international money order postoffice with 6 rural routes. The
population according to the report of the government census of 1910
was 2,180.
The Burlington town company was incorporated in 1857, by O. E,
Learnard, Charles Morse, J. A.' D. Clark. T. T. Parsons and C. W.
Southway. The town was named for Burlington, Vt., the home of O.
E. Learnard, the principal promoter. The first building was a combina-
tion of two small buildings brought from Hampden, and was used for
a store in which James Jones kept a stock of goods. The second build-
ing was a wagon shop erected by Edward Murdock, and the third was
the "Burlington Hotel," which was constructed by F. A. Atherly on con-
tract with the town company. Rev. Peter Remer and family came in
Mav. Mrs. Remer was the first woman in Burlington. Dr. Samuel G.
' (I-17)
258 CYCLOrEDIA OF
Howe, the philanthropist and husband of JuHa Ward Howe, located a
Wyandotte "float" in that year. It was surveyed into lots and a part
of it sold and incorporated in the town. A great deal was done that
first year in way of improvements. Several houses and business estab-
lishments were built, and in addition a bridge was constructed across
the Neosho and a mill was put in operation. During the war every
thing was at a stand-still, the men having all enlisted in the army or
being engaged in . protecting the border. The unsettled condition of
affairs pertaining to the location of the county seat was a drawback to
the growth of the town until after 1866. By 1870 new life was in evi-
dence in the progress of the town. A little carding mill which had been
started in 1863 grew into a woolen mill, with a cotton gin in connection,
a water mill had been built by Cross & Son at a cost of $55,000, and
another mill was built in that year at a cost of $16,000. In 1873, a
$28,000 school house was erected. The first bank was opened in 1870.
The first newspaper, the "Neosho Valley Register," was published by
S. S. Prouty, in 1859.
Burnett, Abraham, an Indian chief of the Pottawatomie tribe, was a
son of Kaw-kee-me, a sister of the principal chief of the Pottawatomies
at the time the Chicago treaty was concluded in 1821, and in that treaty
Abraham was awarded a section of land. He lived with his people in
Indiana until 1848, when he came to the tribal reservation near Topeka,
Kan. A few miles southwest of the city of Topeka is an elevation which
is still known as Mount Burnett, or Burnett's Mound, where he had his
home. Like many of the red men, he loved "fire-water" and on his fre-
quent trips to Topeka, before the era of prohibition in Kansas, he some-
times imbibed more than was good for him. As he weighed over 400
pounds it was something of a task to get him into his spring wagon
when he was in a state of intoxication. He married a white woman of
German extraction, and it is said that when he went home drunk he
would test her temper by throwing his hat in at the window. If it re-
mained in the house he would follow it, but if it was thrown out he
would retire until he was sober before attempting to enter his domicile.
He drew his annuity from the United States government with great
regularity, and generally spent the most of it in Indian fashion — for
gewgaws and fire-water. It was Burnett's boast that he never missed
attending a circus in Topeka during his long residence near that city.
He died on June 14, 1870, and his remains rest in an unmarked grave
near the mound upon which he had so long made his home.
Burns, one of the important towns of Marion county, is located in
Milton township, and is a station on the Florence & Arkansas division
of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway system, 21 miles south-
east of Marion, the county seat. It has two banks, a money order post-
office with two rural delivery routes, express and telegraph offices, tele-
phone connections, a weekly newspaper (the Citizen), several good gen-
eral stores, hotel, schools, churches, etc. Burns was incorporated in
1905 and in 1910 reported a population of 489.
KANSAS HISTORY 259
Burr Oak, one of the principal towns of Jewell county, is located in
Burr Oak township ii miles northwest of Mankato, the county seat. It
is on White Rock creek and the Missouri Pacific R. R., and is con-
nected with Otego by daily stage. It has banking facilities, an opera
house, a hospital, fire department, a weekly newspaper, churches and
schools, express and telegraph offices, and a postoffice with four rural
mail routes. The population in 1910 was 1,132. Grain and live-stock
are the principal products shipped.
Burr Oak was settled in 1870 by A. W. Mann, Zack Norman, I.ee M.
Tingley, Thomas Richard Comstock, James McCormick, Frank Gilbert,
A. J. Godfrey, D. H. Godfrey, Allen Ives, John E. Faidley and E. E.
Blake. The town was laid out in 1871 by A. J. Godfrey, and the post-
office established. John E. Faidley kept the first store. It was incor-
porated as a city of the third class in April, 1880, the first officers were :
J. K. McLain, mayor; W. M. Spurlock, city clerk; A. W. Mann, treas-
urer ; T. W. Carpenter, O. F. Roberts, A. J. Godfrey, George Quigley
and Dr. J. E. Hawley, councilmen.
Burrton, an incorporated town of Harvey county, is located 18 miles
west of Newton, at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
and the St. Louis & San Francisco railroads, which makes it an impor-
tant shipping point for a rich agricultural district, the chief articles of
export being grain, hay and live stock. Burrton has two banks, two
weekly newspapers (the Graphic and the Grit), an international money
order postoffice with four rural routes, several churches, a graded pub-
lic school, an opera house, a number of first class mercantile houses,
telegraph, telephone and express service, and in 1910 reported a popula-
tion of 689.
Burt, a little inland village in Woodson county, is on Turkey creek, in
the northern part of the count}^ 8 miles northwest of Yates Center, the
county seat, whence it receives mail by rural route. Moody, about 7
miles northeast, is the nearest railroad station and shipping point. The
population in 1910 was 53.
Burton, Joseph Ralph, United States senator, was born on the old
Burton homestead, near Mitchell, Ind., Nov. 16, 1851, the son of Allen C.
and Elizabe-th (Holmes) Burton. He is descended from English ances-
tors, who came to America to escape the reign of Cromwell, and settled
near Richmond, Va. His great-grandfather, John P. Burton, removed
from Virginia to North Carolina during the Revolutionary war, and in
1820 went to Indiana, where he founded the Indiana line of Burtons.
Elizabeth Holmes was of Scotch-German descent. Joseph R. Burton
was reared on his father's farm, attended the district school and the
academ}^ at Mitchell, and at the age of sixteen received an appointment
as cadet at the United States naval academ}' at Annapolis, but failed to
pass the physical examination. He taught school for a time, spent three
years in Franklin College, Franklin, Ind., and one year at DePauw Uni-
versity at Greencastle. In 1874 he began to read law in the office of
Gordon, Brown & Lamb, at Indianapolis, and in 1875 was admitted to
26d C VCLOI'EniA Ol-
the bar. In the spring of that year he married Mrs. Carrie (Mitchell)
Webster of Princeton, Ind. In 1876 Mr. Burton was nominated by the
Republicans for presidential elector and made many speeches during
the campaign. In 1878 he removed to Kansas and located at Abilene,
where he formed a partnership with Judge John H. Mahan for the prac-
tice of law. He was electecl to the Kansas legislature in 1882 ; was
reelected in 1884 and again in 1888; was commissioner to the World's
Columbian exposition at Chicago in 1893; and in 1895 lacked but one
vote of being the Republican nominee for I'nited States senator. In
Jan., 1901, he was elected United States senator, but two j'cars later was
indicted by a Federal grand jury at St. Louis on the charge of accepting
money from a corporation of questionable integrit}' of that city to use
his influence with the postofifice department to prevent the company
being denied the use of the mails. Burton claimed that the money was
paid him as attorney's fees, and that he had done nothing more than
other senators were doing every day, but the pressure became so strong
that on June 4, 1906, he resigned his seat in the senate. (See Bailey's
Administration.) Sjnce retiring from the senate, Mr. Burton has given
his entire attention to his law practice, extensive operations in real
estate, etc.
Busby, an inland hamlet in the eastern part of Elk county, is 12 miles
east of Howard, the county seat, whence it receives mail daily. The
population in 1910 was 47. The nearest railroad station is Buxton on
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, in Wilson county.
Bushong, a town of Lyon county, is located in the northwestern part
of the count}-, about 20 miles from Emporia, and is a station on the Mis-
souri Pacific R. R. 24 miles west of Osage City. It has a bank, a money
order postoffice with one rural route, a number of general stores, hotel,
public school, telegraph, telephone and express service, and does con-
siderable shipping. The population in 1910 was 250.
Bushton, a town in Farmer township. Rice county, is a station on the
Missouri Pacific R. R. 15 miles northwest of Lyons, the county seat.
It has a bank, a monej' order postofiice with two rural routes, a weekly
newspaper — the News — a flour mill, a grain elevator, telegraph and ex-
press offices, telephone connections, a good public school, and is the cen-
ter of a large retail trade. Bushton was incorporated in 1907 and in
1910 reported a population of 222.
Bushwhackers. — Webster defines the word bushwhacker as meaning
"One accustomed to beat about or travel through bushes, one who lives
in or frequents the woods ; applied specifically by the Federal troops in
the Civil war to irregular troops of the Confederate states engaged in
guerrilla warfare. Hence a guerrilla or bushfighter.'
Although this definition makes the words "bushwhacker" and "guer-
rilla" synonymous, there is really a distinction between them. The true
bushwhacker generally fights under cover, while the guerilla frequently
lias sufficient courage to come out into the open. (See Guerillas.)
KANSAS HISTORY 26 1
Butlbr County, the largest in area in Kansas, is located in the south-
eastern part of the state, in the second tier of counties north of Okla-
homa, and fifth west from Missouri. It is one of the original thirty-three
counties created by the first territorial legislature, and was named in
honor of Senator Butler of South Carolina. The boundaries as described
in the creative act were as follows: "Beginning at the southeast corner
of Wise county: thence south 30 miles; thence west 30 miles; thence
north 30 miles : thence east 30 miles to the place of beginning."
This gave the county an area of 900 square miles, but changes have
been made in the boundaries at different times, so that today the county
is bounded on the north by Marion and Chase counties ; on the east by
Greenwood and Elk ; on the south by Cowley ; and on the west by Sedg-
wick and Harvey, and has an area of 1,428 square miles, being larger
than the state of Rhode Island.
It is a prairie county but has considerable land of a slightly rolling
character. The surface in the western part is principally "bottom" land
and rolling prairie. The eastern part is in many places broken and
rough. The river and creek bottoms comprise about one-fifth of the
area and are from a mile to two miles in width. The timber belts along
the streams range from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width, the prin-
cipal varieties being oak, walnut, hickory, mulberry, sycamore, elm and
hackberrjr. The principal streams are the Whitewater, in the north-
west part of the county, which joins the Walnut at Augusta. These
two streams have a number of tributaries, the most important of the
Whitewater being Henry, Wentworth, Bakers, Rock and Meadow
creeks; those of the Walnut the Cole, Durechon, Satchels, Bemis, Bird,
Turkey, Four Mile, Little Walnut, Eight Mile and Muddy creeks.
Limestone is abundant and extensive quarries have been developed,
from which large quantities of stone are shipped to nearby cities. Gyp-
sum has been found in small quantities in the western part of the
county. Coal is found in thin layers in some places but has never been
mined extensively.
There is a little waste land, as the soil is rich and deep, adapted to
the growth of almost every variety of grain and fruit. Kafir-corn, oats,
corn and winter wheat are the leading crops, and Butler ranks first in
acreage and value of sorghum, forage, grain, Kafir-corn, alfalfa, and
prairie hay. Live stock raising has been an important industry from the
early days and the county leads in the number and value of animals
slaughtered or sold for that purpose. There are in the county, over
250,000 fruit trees of bearing age.
It is probable that the first settlements in Butler county were made
about 1854, by men who located along the streams and established cattle
ranches and trading posts. But the first authentic records of settle-
ment do not date back of May, 1857, when William Hildebrand located
in what is now Eldorado township. In June of the same year, Samuel
Stewart of Lawrence organized a colony to settle in the county. They
followed the old California trail to the point where it crossed the Wai-
262 CYCLOPEDIA OF
nut river, where they arrived on June 15, 1857. The Osage trail also
crossed at this point. Within a short time a town site was surveyed,
and here, on the banks of the Walnut, the "land of gold" was found and
named Eldorado. Among the members of this pioneer colony were Wil-
liam Bemis, Henry Marten, Jacob Carey, H. Bemis, William Crimble,
and some ten other families. A man named Schaffer took a claim on the
west bank of the Walnut and built a cabin just north of the site of the
present town of Eldorado. His claim extended across the west branch
but was not entered until 1868. In 1858 and 1859, it was estimated that
there were about fifty actual settlers in Butler county, prominent among
them being Judge Lambdin, Archibald Ellis, Judge Harrison, P. P. John-
son, George Donaldson, J. D. Connor and James Gordy. Cutler in his
History of Kansas says, "At the election under the Lecompton constitu-
tion, Dec. 21, 1857, there is no record of any returns from Butler county,
but in Oct., 1857, Madison and Butler counties polled 69 free-state and
7 Democratic votes. On Aug. 2, 1858, an election was held at the old
Eldorado town site, on the Lecompton constitution, and the entire vote
(21) polled, was cast against that infamous platform."
During the war few new settlers came. In 1861, a company for home
defense was raised among the settlers northeast of Eldorado, and placed
under command of P. G. D. Morton, but its only service consisted of
capturing a wagon train of supplies on the way to the Indian Territory
in violation of a military order. In the winter of 1861, the company
built and occupied a fort about two miles northeast of Eldorado, but in
the spring it was disbanded and most of the members joined the army
at Fort Leavenworth.
In 1867 two brothers named Moorehead moved into a cabin which
had been built by a man named Schaffer, and opened the first store on
a small scale, though Schaflfer had kept supplies when he lived there.
This is believed to be the first store on the site of the present city of
Eldorado, which is located over two miles above the old town. The
same year E. L. Lower built a house and opened a regular store. In
JNIarch, 1868, B. F. Gordy entered 160 acres of land upon which all that
part of Eldorado south of Central avenue now stands and the town site
was laid out early in the spring. A. G. Davis, William Vann and two
men named Chandler and Atwood settled in Towanda township in July,
1868: D. L. McCabe, in Rock Creek township, about the same time;
Philip Cams in July, 1869, took up land in Rosalia township, and Hol-
land Ferguson in Fairmount township.
The first religious services in the county were held at the Lambdin
home. A Presbyterian society was organized at Eldorado and a build-
ing commenced in 1872, but was not completed until 1877. The first rec-
ord of a district school is found in Chelsea township. It was Vaught by
Sarah Satchel. The second was in Eldorado township in 1861, the
funds for it being raised by subscription among the settlers. The first
marriage was that of Jacob E. Chase and Augusta Stewart in Eldorado
township in Jan., 1859. The first birth of a white child was I. Johnson
KANSAS HISTORY 263
in Towanda township. Tlie first newspaper in the county was the Wal-
nut Valley Times, the first issue of which bears the date of March 4,
1870, with Murdock and Danforth as editors and publishers. On June i,
of that year the partnership was dissolved and T. B. Murdock became
the sole owner, and continued to issue the paper until 1881 when he
sold it to Alvah Sheldon. One of the early banking houses was con-
ducted by Neal Wilkie and S. L. Shotwell, and the Bank of Eldorado
was opened for business on April 5, 1880, by Edward C. Ellett and N.
F. Frazier. A year later the Butler county bank was opened under a
charter from the state. The Eldorado mills, one of the earliest manufac-
turing concerns, was built in 1870, by Wheeler and Burdett, on the east
bank of the Walnut, and the Walnut Valley mills were erected in 1882.
Lawrence was the nearest established postoffice when the first settlers
located in Butler county. All mail addressed to box 400 at Lawrence
was taken by a hack to Emporia, whence it was sent down by anybody
who was passing. But a regular distributing station was established at
Chelsea in 1858, with C. S. Lambdin as postmaster, at Eldorado in i860,
with D. L. McCabe as postmaster, and in 1863, mail was also brought
from Cottonwood Falls. •
In every new country during the period of settlement there is a time
when lawless characters will drift into the community. In the late
'60s and early '70s, Butler county was no exception to this rule. It
was believed a band was operating around Douglas and a vigilance
committee was formed. In Nov., 1870, four men were shot as mur-
derers and horse thieves, the first lynching in the county.
Early in its history, the people of Butler county took a deep interest
in agriculture. The Butler County Horticultural and Agricultural So-
ciety was organized in March, 1872, and has become one of the flourish-
ing institutions of the county. It assisted materially in introducing new
and hardy species of fruit trees that would stand the Kansas climate, and
it is due largely to this society that Butler county has such fine orchards.
The first railroad proposed across Butler county was the Kansas Ne-
braska railroad, which asked for a subscription of $150,000. This propo-
sition was carried when put to the yote of the people, but the panic of
1873 came on, and the building of the road was abandoned. In May,
1872, the proposition to subscribe for $150,000 worth of the bonds of the
Fort Scott, Humboldt & Western railroad, was voted down, as was
the next proposition of the same sort, on July 13 of the same year. In
April, 1876, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe company proposed build-
ing a branch line from Cedar Point down the valley of the Walnut to
Eldorado, and asked the county for a cash bonus of $3,000 a mile. The
question was discussed, and in Feb., 1877, bonds aggregating $99,500
were voted to the Eldorado & Walnut Valley railroad. Work was im-
mediately started and the road was finished as far as Eldorado on July
31, 1877. Several other roads were proposed but never built, and no
further railroad building occurred until 1879, when the St. Louis, Fort
Scott & Wichita company began building a line east and west across
264 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the county, though bonds were not voted by the county in its behalf
until 1880.
At the present time four railroad companies operate lines in Butler
county. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe enters on the northern
boundary and runs south through Eldorado to Augusta, where a branch
runs southwest to Caldwell, the main line continuing into Oklahoma ; a
line of the Missouri Pacific crosses the county from east to west through
Eldorado, with a branch from that city to McPherson ; the St. Louis &
San Francisco crosses the county south of Eldorado, with a branch from
Beaumont to Winfield ; and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific crosses
the northwest corner Of the county.
Butler county was organized by an act of Feb. 11, 1859, and on April
30, of that year, the board of county supervisors met at the home of
George T. Donaldson. The board consisted of P. G. Barrett, chair-
man, G. T. Donaldson and I. S. White. They decided that the annual
meeting should be held in Chelsea Hall, but other meetings were to be
held at their residences, except the probate clerk, who was to hold office
at J. C. Lambdin's until further notice. On June 13, 1859, the second
meeting of the board was held and P. G. D. Morton was appointed
count)' auditor. The first county treasurer was C. S. Lambdin, ap-
pointed Sept. 19, 1859; J- C. Lambdin was the first probate judge; a
man named Emmil the first clerk of the district court, and John R.
Lambdin was the first register of deeds. There is no record that there
was a sheriff until 1863, when J. T. Goodall was elected, but Dr. Lew-
ellen was acting in that capacity in 1859. In 1864, M. Vaught was ap-
pointed superintendent of schools. G. T. Donaldson was elected to the
state legislature in 1863, when the county consisted of but one district.
The first election for the location of the county seat was held on May
21, 1864, and the old town of Eldorado was chosen, but there were no
buildings suitable for county offices and the board decided not to move
there until such provision was made. The question again came up in
Aug., 1867, and a third election was held on May 10, 1870, when Chelsea
received 256 and Eldorado 2,524. In April, 1871, a contest between Eldo-
rado and Augusta occurred with the following result: Augusta 712
votes, Eldorado 743, and the question of a county seat location was at
last settled. For some time most of the officers held their offices at their
homes and Dunlevy's building was used for some public purposes. In
July, 1870. an effort was made to issue $25,000 worth of bonds for the
erection of county buildings but the proposition was voted down. On
July 19, 1870, the land now occupied by the court-house was deeded to
the county by C. C. and Henry Martin for the consideration of $1.00.
and a contract for a court-house was let to I. W. Branson for $3,750.
The building was completed in April, 1871, and used until 1875, when
extensive additions were made at a cost of $8,000, which with the erec-
tion of a jail, brought the total up to $15,000. These improvements
were completed in March, 1876.
In 1908, Butler county was divided into the following townships :
KANSAS HISTORY 20^
Augusta, Benton, Bloomington, Bruno, Chelsea, Clay, Clifford, Doug-
las, Eldorado, Fairmount, Fairview, Glencoe, Hickory, Lincoln, Little
Walnut, Logan, Milton, Murdock, Pleasant, Plum Grove, Prospect,
Richland, Rock Creek, Rosalia, Spring, Sycamore, Towanda, Union and
Walnut.
In 1910 the population, according to the U. S. census report, was
23,059. The value of field crops in that year was 3,103,888, and of all
farm products $6,843,341. Corn led the list with a value of $923,498;
hay, including alfalfa, stood second with a value of $815,246; other lead-
ing crops were Kafir corn, $764,256 ; oats, $322,583 ; Irish potatoes, $89,-
694. The value of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter was $3,289,-
163 ; of poultry and eggs, $247,369, and of dairy products, $199,635.
• Butler, Pardee, one of the pioneer clergymen of Kansas, was born
in Onondaga county, N. Y., in 1816, a son of Phineas Butler, an old
Henry Clay Whig. In 1819 the family removed to the Western Reserve
in Ohio, where Pardee united with the Christian church, and in time was
ordained to the ministry. In 1855 he removed to Kansas and entered a
claim about 12 miles from Atchison. It is said he also owned property
Mn Missouri opposite Atchison. On Aug. 16, 1855, while waitmg at Atchi-
son for a boat to go east on business, Mr. Butler met Robert S. Kelley,
assistant editor of the Squatter Sovereign, and in the course of the con-
versation remarked that he would have become a regular subscriber to
the paper some time before but for the fact that he disliked its policy.
Kelley replied : "I look upon all free soilers as rogues, and they ought
to be treated as such." To this Mr. Butler replied that he was a free
soiler and expected to vote for Kansas to be a free state, whereupon
Kelley angrily retorted: "I do not e.xpect you will be allowed to vote."
Nothing further was said at the time, but early the next morning Kel-
ley and a few other pro-slavery men called at the hotel and demanded
that Butler subscribe to some resolutions which had been adopted at a
recent meeting, one of which was as follows : "That we recommend the
good work of purging our town of all resident abolitionists, and after
cleansing our town of such nuisances shall do the same for the settlers
on Walnut and Independence creeks, whose propensities for cattle
stealing are well known."
Butler was a man of positive views and undaunted courage, and
naturally refused to sign a resolution so contrary to his opinions. The
mob then seized him, blackened his face, placed him upon a raft and set
him adrift upon the Missouri river. Phillips, in his Conquest of Kan-
sas, says that a flag was raised on the raft bearing the inscription :
"Eastern Emigrant Aid Express. The Rev. Mr. Butler, Agent for the
Underground Railroad. The way they are served in Kansas. For Bos-
ton. Cargo insured — unvoidable danger of the Missourians and the Mis-
souri river excepted. Let future Emissaries from the North beware.
Our hemp crop is sufficient to reward all such scoundrels."
Holloway gives a different account of the inscription on the flag. He
says : "A horse was represented on the flag at full speed with Mr. But-
266 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ler upon him; a negro was clinging behind him, while Mr. Butler was
represented as exclaiming: 'To the rescue, Greele}^ I've got a negro!'
Over the painting was printed in large letters 'Eastern Abolition Ex-
press.' The other side of the flag bore the following inscription : 'From
Atchison, Kansas Territory. The way they are served in Kansas.' "
Whichever account regarding this flag may be the correct one, it
is certain that Mr. Butler was thus ignominiously banished from the
territory where he had chosen to make his home. But if his assailants
thought for a moment that he would remain away permanently they
reckoned without their host. He soon returned, perfected the title to his
claim, and continued to live in Kansas until his death, which occurred
at Farmington, Atchison county, Oct. 20, 1888. He was again mal-
treated by a mob led by his old enemy, Kelley, on March 30, 1856, when
he was given a mock trial and sentenced to Kang, but this decree was
changed and he was given a coat of tar and cotton wool. At the same
time he was informed that if he ever appeared in Atchison again he
would be put to death. Even this did not dampen his ardor for
the free-state cause. He never shirked what he conceived to be his duty,
and he contributed in no small degree to making Kansas a free state.
Butterfield's Overland Despatch. — In the spring of 1865, David A.
Butterfield, a pioneer of Colorado, but then a resident of Atchison, began
preliminaries for inaugurating a gigantic freighting business between
the Missouri river and the Rocky mountains and the territories beyond.
Having succeeded in interesting some eastern capitalists in the pro-
posed scheme, by early summer the stock and equipment for the con-
cern were ready, considerable money having been spent in advertising
the enterprise in the metropolitan papers of the east. The new com-
pany was capitalized at $3,000,000, of which amount one-half was paid
in. E. P. Bray, a noted eastern express man, was elected president ; W.
K. Kitchen, treasurer; and D. A. Butterfield, the originator, was made
superintendent and manager. The main office was at Atchison, with
branch offices in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Louis,
Chicago, Leavenworth, Denver and Salt Lake City. L^p to this time no
direct route had been mapped out, except that it had been decided to fol-
low up the Kansas and Smoky Hill rivers, if, after a thorough investiga-
tion, it proved the shorter and more feasible. To determine this ques-
tion, Col. Isaac E. Eaton, a civil engineer of Leavenworth, was sent out
to make a survey of the entire route, and this he did, reporting the
same entirely practicable. The new road as surveyed was between 60
and 70 miles shorter than the northern road via the Little Blue and the
Platte. It also had the advantages of grass, wood and water every 5
miles of the distance, except from the head of the Smoky Hill to Sand
creek, a distance of 21 miles. The new route being so much shorter it
was plain that two days' travel could be saved, an item of some moment
to a busy man.
An immense freight business soon developed between the Missouri
river and Denver, and it was the ambition of Mr. Butterfield that his
IvANSAS HISTORY 267
Overland Despatch should handle it. Twelve hundred mules and
wagons in proportion had been purchased for the enterprise, and on
June 25, 1865, the first wagon train left Atchison with 150,000 pounds
of freight for Denver and other Colorado points. The enterprise was
proving such a success that during the summer the route was stocked
for a line of stages. The initial coach of this line, carrying passengers
and express matter, left Atchison on Monday, Sept. 11, and arrived at
Denver on the 23d, Mr. Butterfield accompanying this coach. The
arrival of the first stage in Denver was the occasion for an imposing
reception and royal banquet to its promoter. The route as finally de-
cided on was 592 miles long, a saving of 61 miles over the road up the
main Platte and its South Fork. The list of stations on the line after
leaving Atchison was about as follows : Mount Pleasant, Grasshopper
Falls, Indianola, Rossville, St. Mary's, Louisville, Manhattan, Fort
Riley, Junction City, Chapman's creek, Abilene, Solomon river, Salina,
Spring creek, Ellsworth, Buffalo creek. Hicks' Station, Fossil creek,
Forsythe's creek. Big creek, Louisa Springs, Bluft'ton, Downer, Castle
Rock Station, Eaton, Henshaw creek, Pond creek and Willow creek
(this station being at about the west line of the state). From east to
west the line traversed the counties of Atchison, Jefferson, Shawnee,
Pottawatomie, Riley, Geary, Dickinson, Saline, Ellsworth, Russell, Ellis,
Trego, Gove, Logan, and Wallace.
Transportation by this route grew from the start, and had it been
accorded the military protection that the Holladay line enjoyed, it is
believed that it would have been a money maker. Indians, however,
gave the company much trouble. They attacked and burned several
stations, waylaid stage coaches and killed the drivers, until finally the
proprietors were forced to quit. Inside of eighteen months from the
inauguration of the enterprise the whole business and equipment passed
into the hands of Ben Holladay, the "overland stage king." This gentle-
man later sold out the Smoky Hill line to Wells, Fargo & Co., who
operated the line at considerable loss from the time they took hold of it
until the completion of the Kansas Pacific railroad to Denver, when they
abandoned the line.
Buxton, a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in Wil-
son county, is located near the west line, in Duck Creek township, 10
miles southwest of Fredonia, the county seat. It has a money order
postoffice. The population in 1910 was 50. This town was established
in 1886, at the time the railroad was built. The land was owned by the
Arkansas Valley Town and Land company, which laid off the lots. In
May, 1887, the Jurett postoffice, which had been established on the claim
of H. H. Garner in 1871, was brought to Buxton and took that name.
Buxton is credited with being the most important hay shipping station
in the county.
Byers, a rural hamlet of Meade county, receives mail by rural free
delivery from Meade, the county seat, which is the most convenient rail-
road station.
268 CYCLOPEDIA OF
0
Cabbell, a little hamlet of Logan county, is located in the valley of
Hackberry creek, in Elkader township, about 20 miles east of Russell
Springs,' the county seat, and 13 miles south of Oakley, from which a
rural free delivery route supplies mail.
Cabeca de Vaca. — (See Nunez, Alvarez.)
Caches. — In 1812 an American named Beard, in company with
about a dozen companions, made an expedition to Santa Fe, N. M., for
trading or speculative purposes. He returned to the U. S. in 1822, and
after interesting some St. Louis capitalists in an enterprise "undertook
to return to Santa Fe the same fall with a small party and an assortment
of merchandise. Reaching the Arkansas late in the season, they were
overtaken by a heavy snow storm, and driven to take shelter on a large
island. A rigorous winter ensued, which forced them to remain pent
up in that place for three long months. During this time the greater
portion of their animals perished ; so that, when the spring began to
open, they were unable to continue their journey with their goods. In
this emergency they made a "cache" some distance above, on the north
side of the river, where they stowed away the most of their merchandise.
From thence they proceeded to Taos, where they procured mules and
returned to get their hidden property." The caches are located at a
crossing on the Arkansas river, near the mouth of Mulberry creek, a
short distance east of the present Fort Dodge in Ford county. They
have been used on many occasions since that time.
Cactus, a small settlement of Norton county, is near the eastern
boundary, about 14 miles from Norton, the county seat. The inhabi-
tants receive mail by rural delivery from Prairie View, which is the
nearest railroad station.
Cadmus, a hamlet of Linn county, is situated in the north central part
on Elm creek. It has rural free delivery from Fontana. In 1910 the
population was 80.
Cairo, a village of Pratt county, is a station on the ^^''ichita & Pratt
division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 11 miles east of
Pratt, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, express ofHce,
some good general stores, a flour mill, and is a shipping point for the
surrounding country. The population was 40 in 1910.
Calderhead, William A., lawyer and member of Congress, was born
in Perry county, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1844, a son of Rev. E. B. Calderhead,
a minister of the United Brethren church. He was educated in the
common schools and by his father, and in the winter of 1861-62 he
attended Franklin College at New Athens, Ohio. In Aug., 1862. he
enlisted as a private in Corhpany H, One Hundred and Twenty-sixth
Ohio infantry, but was afterward transferred to Company D, Ninth
veteran reserves, on account of disability, and was finally discharged on
Tune 27. 1865. He then attended school for one term and in the fall
KANSAS HISTORY 269
of 1868 came to Kansas, where he engaged in farming. In 1872 he set-
tled on a homestead near Newton, and taught for one year in the Xewton
public schools. After studying law for some time under the preceptor-
ship of John W. Ady, he was admitted to the bar in 1875. Mr. Calder-
head then went to Atchison, where he spent the next four years in
reading law and teaching in the country schools during the winter
seasons. In the fall of 1879 he located at Marysville, Marshall- county,
and opened a law office. In 1888 he was elected county attorney and
served for two years, and he was for several years clerk of the city board
of education. In 1894 he was elected to Congress and served one term.
Four years later he was again elected to Congress and was reelected at
each succeeding election until 1908. Upon retiring from Congress. Mr.
Calderhead resumed the practice of law at Marysville-.
Caldwell, an incorporated cit}- of Sumner county, is located i.^ miles
southwest of Wellington, the county seat, and 3 miles from the southern
boundary of the state. The first settlement was made in ;\Iarch, 1871,
and the city was named for Alexander Caldwell, United States senator
from Kansas. A log building was erected b}- the town companv, and
was occupied by C. H. Stone with the first stock of goods in the place.
Mr. Stone was also the first postmaster, the ofiice being established
soon after the town was laid ottt. In July, 1879, Caldwell was incor-
porated as a city of the third class, and at the election on Aug. 7. N. J
Dixon was elected mayor; J. D. Kelly, police judge; J. A. Blair. F. G.
Hussen, H. C. Challes and A. Rhoades, councilmen: J. D. Kell)', Jr.,
was appointed the first city clerk.
Caldwell is situated at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka <& Santa
Fe. the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and the Kansas Southwestern
railroads, which makes it an important shipping point. It has 2 banks.
2 grain elevators, 2 flour mills, 2 weekly newspapers (the Advance and
the News), a number of well stocked mercantile establishments, an
international money order postoffice with 7 rural routes, express and
telegraph offices, telephone connections, good hotels, graded public
schools, churches of the leading denominations, etc. In the immediate
vicinity are large deposits of stone, large quantities of which are shipped
annually. The population in 1910 was 2,205.
Caldv/ell, Alexander, financier and United States senator, was born
at Drake's Ferry, Huntington county. Pa., March i, 1830. He received
a common school education, and in the Mexican war served as a private
in the company commanded by his father, Capt. James Caldwell, who
was killed in action at the City of Mexico on Sept. 13, 1847. From 1853
to 1861 Mr. Caldwell was an officer in a bank at Columbia, Pa., and for
the next ten years was engaged in transporting military supplies to
western posts, and in building railroads in Kansas. In 1871 he was
elected to the United States senate to succeed Edmund G. Ross, but
resigned in 1873. He then organized the Kansas Manufacturing com-
pany, for the manufacture of wagons and farm implements, and was
president of the company from 1877 to 1897. He was one of the organ-
270 CYCLOPEDIA OF
izers of the Oregon Land Improvement company in 1882, to locate town
sites and construct irrigating canals along the Oregon Short Line (now
the Union Pacific) railroad. In 1897 he acquired a large block of stock
in the First National bank of Leavenworth, and since then has been the
president of that institution.
Calhoun County, one of the counties created by the first territorial
legislature, was named for John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. The
boundaries, as defined by the creative act, were as follows: "Beginning
at the northwest corner of Jefferson county ; thence west 25 miles ;
thence south to the main channel of the Kansas or Kaw river; thence
along said channel to the southwest corner of Jeft'erson county ; thence
north to the place of beginning."
The territory included within these lines embraces the southern part
of the present county of Jackson and that part of Shawnee county lying
north of the Kansas river. In 1857 the legislature added the northern
part of the present county of Jackson, the boundaries being defined by
the act as follows : "Beginning at the southwest corner of Jefferson
county, thence north with the west boundary thereof to the northwest
corner of said Jefferson county; thence east between sections 24, 25,
19, 30 on range line between ranges 16 and 17 east, township 7 south;
thence north with said range- line to the first standard parallel; thence
west along the south boundaries of Brown and Nemaha counties with
the first standard parallel to the corner of sections i and 2, of township
6 south, of range 12 east; thence south with the section lines between
the first and second tier of sections to the middle of the main channel
of the Kansas river; thence down the Kansas river, in the middle of
the main channel thereof, to the place of beginning."
The county was organized with these boundaries in 1857, and at the
election of Oct. 4, 1858, Golden Silvers was chosen to represent the
county in the territorial legislature. An election to determine the loca-
tion of the county seat was held on Oct. 11, 1858, and Holton received
a majority of all the votes cast. Some doubts were raised as to the
legality of the election, and to settle this question Mr. Silvers secured
the passage of an act, which was approved by Gov. Medary on Feb. 9,
1859, declaring Holton the permanent county seat. Two days later he
approved another act changing the name to Jackson county. (See
Jackson County.)
Calhoun, John, the first surveyor-general of Kansas, was born Oct.
14, 1806. In Nov., 1833, he founded the Chicago Weekly Democrat,
the first newspaper in that town. The same year he became' surveyor
of Sangamon county. 111., and took an active part in the political life of
that period. In 1838 he made many speeches during the campaign and
was elected a member of the Illinois house of representatives. In 1844
he was defeated for Congress and in 1846 was the candidate for governor
of Illinois on the Democratic ticket but was again defeated. In 1852
he was the Democratic nominee for Congress but the Republican candi-
date was elected. He became interested in Abraham' Lincoln and soon
after they became acquainted he gave Lincoln a book on surveying.
KANSAS HISTORY 27I
This was the beginning of a friendship that lasted through life. On
Aug. 4, 1854, Mr. Calhoun was commissioned surveyor-general of the
territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and made ex-officio register of the
land offices, soon to be opened. He opened an office at Wyandotte, and
the first report of his survey was made on Oct. 26, 1856. He was a
pro-slavery man; entered actively into the political life of the territory;
was president of the Lecompton constitutional conventipn ; and it was
largely due to his efforts that the constitution was submitted to the
people only in a modified way.
Gen. Thomas Ewing, Jr., who was one of the committee appointed
by the territorial legislature in 1858 to investigate election frauds, in
a letter to his father dated Jan. 18, 1858, said: "Calhoun left for Wash-
ington today — fled. He would have been brought up for forging elec-
tion returns, of which there is evidence enough, I believe, to warrant
a presentment. He is the instigator of all the frauds, I have not a shadow
of a doubt."
The Kansas Historical Society has a manuscript entitled "A Vindi-
cation of John Calhoun," written by his brother, A. H. Calhoun, in which
it is claimed that Mr. Calhoun opposed the clause in the Lecompton
constitution establishing slavery and favored the submission of the in-
strument to popular vote, but these statements are not corroborated by
the records of the convention. Mr. Calhoun died .at St. Joseph, Mo..
Oct. 13, 1839, from the effects of an overdose of strychnine.
California Trail. — This historic highway ran from the Missouri river
to the Pacific coast. From the time of the first rush incident to the
California gold discoveries, up to about 1850, the bulk of travel for those
remote sections passed over the Oregon trail (q. v.) which had its start
from" Independence, Mo. Before this travel had begun to subside this
old highway had lost much of its identity, and to the generation then
using it was better known as the "California trail." On the completion
of the new military road considerably shortening the distance between
Fort Leavenworth and Salt Lake, travel for Oregon, Utah and Cali-
fornia begun starting from Fort Leavenworth and St. Joseph, Mo., prac-
tically deserting the Oregon trail. From early days Fort Leavenworth
had been an important distributing point, much freight being hauled
from there to other military posts on the frontier. During the early
'50s, St. Joseph developed into an important outfitting point. Shortly
after the admission of Kansas, Atchison and Leavenworth immediately
sprung into prominence, their geographical location on the west bank
of the Missouri river militating against the successful competition of
any Missouri towns.
The Independence branch (Oregon road) entered the state in Johnson
county, followed the Santa Fe trail to a point near Gardner, where the
trails divided, the California (Oregon) trail turning north, entering
Douglas county and passing through the old town of Franklin, the sites
of the present towns of Eudora and Lawrence, the old town of Marshall,
and entering Shawnee county; thence west on the divide south of the
2-2 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Kansas river, past the site of the present village of Tecumseh to Papan's
ferry on the Kansas river, now in the city of Topeka. At this point
the road divided, the Oregon trail crossing the river and the California
road following west along the south side past the old Uaptist Indiaji
Mission, to the only rock bottom ford on the river at Uniontown. Frum
there the road' crossed to the north side of the river, passed up the
stream through St. Mary's mission to Cross creek, thence in a north-
erh- direction to the crossings of the Big and Little Blue rivers, thence
up the divide in a northwesterly direction to the Platte river. The road
from St. Joseph west ran through what is now Wathena and Troy in
Doniphan county, and intersected the militar}' road at a point on the
Kickapoo reservation. In 1849 Capt. Howard Stanbury surveyed for
the government a route from Fort Leavenworth to Salt Lake. Dis-
covering a more practicable crossing of the Blue river at a point 6 miles
higher up stream than the old "Independence,"' "Mormon" or "Cali-
fornia" crossing, the road was changed. By 1851-52 the upper road had
become the popular one, and Frank J. Marshall, an Indian trader who
had located at the lower crossing in 1846, operating a ferry, moved to
the new location. In 1852 Marshall was operating a store, postoffice,
eating-house, saloon and ferr}^ A California-bound pilgrim of that year,
in describing Marshall's place said : "Here for a dollar one could get
a cup of bad coffee, a slice of bacon and a portion of hard bread. For
the same price one could get a drink of bad whisky. For the same
amount he would carry a letter to St. Joseph and place it in the post-
office there. His ferry charges were $5 for wagons and $1 each for men
and beasts." Marshall conducted this place until 1856. when he sold
out to the Palmetto colony from South Carolina.
From the earh' '60s until the L^nion Pacific railroad superseded the
stage coach and the wagon trains, it is probable that the bulk of travel
Avestward was by way of Atchison and Leavenworth over the California
road. Besides having good steamboat landings the first of these cities
was about 15 miles nearer than St. Joseph.
The California trail was about 2,000 miles long, of which 125 miles
were in Kansas. A number of short trails marked "California roads"
are shown on the early Kansas surveys. The most notable of these
was the Fayetteville emigrant trail (q. v.), but they were all merely
"feeders" of the original trail. In 1835 the territorial legislature passed
c. number of acts making certain roads or portions of roads public high-
ways. Six of these acts refer to portions of the California trail.
Many hardships were endured by the early pioneers and freighters
who went over this trail. During the Oregon and LUah emigration the
travel was attended with a great mortality, and during the period of the
California gold excitement it is said that the mortality was as great as
10 per cent. Ezra Meeker, the Oregon pioneer, has placed it at this
figure, which some authorities are inclined to think is too low. One
writer has said that at least 5,000 emigrants died along the trail in
1-849-50, and that the graves of these unfortunates were soon dug into
by coyotes and the corpses torn to pieces.
KANSAS HISTORY 273
Calista, a village of Kingman county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe. R. R., 9 miles west of Kingman, the county seat.
It has a money order postoffice, an express office, eeneral stores, lumber
yard, etc., and in 1910 reported a population of 75.
Callison, a discontinued postoffice of Graham county, is located about
12 miles southeast of Hill City, the county seat, and about the same
distance southwest of Palco, from which place the inhabitants receive
mail by rural free delivery.
Calumet. — Among the Indians of North America, especially the tribes
inhabiting the Mississippi valley and the region about the great lakes,
the "Calumet" was an important ceremonial observance on various
occasions. The word, however, is not of Indian origin, being derived
from the Norman word "chalumeau," the name of a rustic pipe or
musical instrument used by the Norman shepherds in the rural fes-
tivities. The early Norman-French settlers of Canada applied it to the
ceremonial pipe of the Indians, and in time it came into general use, but
was corrupted into the "calumet." Many people have the impression
that the calumet was purely a "peace pipe," but as a matter of fact it
was as often used as a "war pipe." The bowl of the pipe was usually
made of clay or some soft stone, larger than the ordinary individual
tobacco pipe. The stem was a hollow cane, reed, or twig of some 'tree
from which the pith had been removed, and was generally a yard or
more in length. In the councils of a tribe the calumet was a method of
expressing opinion. When the question of proclaiming war was before
the council, the stem of the pipe was decorated with the feathers of
the eagle, hawk, or some bird of prey. The pipe was filled with tobacco
and passed among the warriors. Those who accepted it took a solemn
puflf or two, thus proclaimed themselves in favor of war, while those
who merely passed it on to their next neighbor, without touching the
stem with their lips, expressed themselves as opposed to hostilities. If
the pipe was used to vote on a peace treaty, or some similar question,
the stem was decorated with the feathers of the water-fowl, or some
song bird of a retiring, peaceful disposition.
Among the Indians the ceremony of smoking the peace calumet was
often accompanied by singing and dancing. Charlevoix tells how "The
Osages send once or twice a year to sing the calumet among the Kas-
kasquias," and soon after Iberville landed at Biloxi bay and began the
erection of Fort Maurepas, in 1699, the neighboring tribes assembled at
the fort and spent three days in singing, dancing and smoking the
calumet. When the commissioners of the United States concluded a
treaty of peace with some Indian tribe, the ceremony generally closed
by passing around the calumet decorated as a pipe of peace, and it is
probably due to this fact that the pipe has come to be regarded by so
many as an emblem of peace.
Calvert, a village of Emmett township, Norton county, is a station
on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincv railroads, 8 miles east of Norton, the countv seat. It has a
(I-18)
274 CYCLOPEDIA OF
money order postoffice, a flour mill, a grain elevator, a good local retail
trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 50.
Cambridge, a village of Cowley county, is located in Windsor town-
ship, and is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 22
miles east of Winfield, the county seat. It has a bank, some good gen-
eral stores, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, express and
telegraph offices, a hotel, churches of the leading denominations, tele-
phone connections, and being located in the midst of an agricultural and
stock raising district is a shipping point of considerable importance.
The population in 1910 was 225.
Camp Alert. — (See Fort Larned.)
Camp Bateman, a temporary military encampment, was established
in Oct., 1857, by Lieut.-Col. George Andrews, of the Sixth United States
infantry, with a detachment of his regiment. The camp was located at
a place called Cincinnati, not far from Fort Leavenworth, and was
occupied until May 8, 1858, when it was abandoned.
Camp Beecher. — Hamersly's "Armj- and Navy Register" says this
camp was "on the Little Arkansas river a short distance from its mouth,
where it joins the Arkansas river, about one mile from Wichita." The
camp was established in June, 1868, on or near the site where J. R. Mead
founded his trading post in the fall of 1863, and was at first called Camp
Davidson. In Oct., 1868, the name was changed to Camp Butterfield.
and the following month to Camp Beecher. It was abandoned as a
military camp in Oct., 1869.
Camp Butterfield. — (See Camp Beecher.)
Camp Davidson. — (See Camp Beecher.)
Camp Leedy, a temporary military encampment at Topeka, was estab-
lished as a mobilizing point for Kansas troops at the time of the Span-
ish-American war (q. v.), and was named for John W. Leedy, at that
time governor of the state. It was located about half a mile south of
the state-house, on what was known as the "Douthitt tract," not far
from the fair grounds.
Camp MacKay. — (See Fort Atchison.)
Camp Magruder, near Fort Leavenworth, was a sort of stopping place
for recruits en route to L'tah in July and August, i860, under command
of Lieut. -Col. George B. Crittenden of the mounted riflemen. No per-
manent fortifications nor quarters were ever erected on the site.
Camp Supply.— In the fall of 1868, at the time of the Black Kettle
raid. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, whose headquarters were at Fort Hays,
ordered Gen. George A. Custer to locate a camp at some convenient
point in the Indian Territory. Custer selected the rising ground between
W'olf and Beaver creeks, about a mile and a half above where they unite
to form the north fork of the Canadian river, in what is now the north-
west corner of Woodward county, Okla., and here on Nov. 18 he estab-
lished Camp Supply. Although some 30 miles south of the southern
boundary of Kansas, it is intimately connected with the state's military
history, as the Nineteenth Kansas reached this post on Nov. 28, 1868.
KANSAS HISTORY
275
after a trying march of fourteen days from Camp Beecher, the wagon
train belonging to the regiment not arriving until the afternoon of Dec.
I. After the Indians were compelled to make terms, they received
rations at Camp Supply.
Camp Thompson. — On April 29, 1858, Lieut.-Col. George Andrews of
^he Sixth United States infantry established a camp near Forf Leaven-
worth and nametl it Camp Thompson. It was not intended for more than
temporary uccupany. and was abandoned on May 7, 1858, less than ten
days after it was established.
Campbell College, located at Holton, Kan., is a result of the merger
vi two institutions. Campbell University of Holton and Lane Univer-
sity (q. v.). In 1879 the people of Jackson county determined to estab-
lish an institution of higher education at Llolton, and a public meeting-
was called lo devise wavs and means. The result of this meeting was
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CAMPBELL COLLEGE.
the appointment of a committee to correspond with A. G. Campbell, a
wealthy mine owner of Utah, who had been a resident of Jackson
county, to see what he would contribute toward the school. Mr. Camp-
bell ofifered a sum of money to the enterprise equal to a paid-up sub-
scription of not more than $20,000 by the citizens of Jackson county.
A canvass was at once begun and in a short time, subscriptions to the
amount of $10,000 by the people of Jackson county were reported. Mr.
Campbell gave a like amount and $1,100 additional for the purchase of
II acres of land for the campus. In 1880 a fine stone building was
276 CYCLOPEDIA OF
erected and leased by Prof. J. H. Miller, and in September the school
was opened. In 1883 a dormitory was built and by 1887 the school had
grown to such an extent that an addition was built.
In the summer of 1896 a corporation was organized under the name
of the University company, which became the owner of the institution
and B. F. Kizer was elected president. Campbell College was organized
under the auspices of the United Brethren church, which had been
offered the property of Campbell Universit}^ provided the church would
operate the school. A charter was granted to the college on Nov. 26,
1902, and on Jan. 6, 1903, Campbell University deeded to the new insti-
tution all her belongings at Holton, and the A. G. Campbell bequest of
$100,000. The people of Holton agreed to raise $10,000, as an endow-
ment, provided the church would raise $40,000, within five years.
A relocation committee was appointed by the board of trustees of
Lane University in June, 1902, and later in the summer the two insti-
tutions were consolidated. The new college was opened to students in
Sept., 1903.
Campbell College has a four-year college course, a two-year normal
course, a three-year academic course and a one-year preparatory course.
The commercial department has grown up with the college and offers
courses for training in all branches of business. In 1910, Thomas D.
Crites was president of the college ; W. S. Reese, dean ; they were ably
assisted by a faculty of fourteen able instructors, and an enrollment of
over 500. The United Brethren churches of Kansas, Missouri and
Oklahoma have assured the college their support, which places it upon
a firm financial foundation.
Campbell, George, lawyer and author, was born in Yates county,
N. Y., April 29, 1848. He was educated at Starkey Seminary, Eddy-
town, N. Y., and subsequently studied law. In 1870 he came to Kansas
and settled in Mound Valley township, Labette county, where he
engaged in farming and stock raising, and also taught school. In 1873
he married Sarah E. Drenner of Mound Valley. He had been reared
in the Republican faith, and was a member of that party until 1872,
when he joined the Liberal Republican movement and supported Horace
Greeley for president. He was active in organizing the Greenback
party and in 1884 was one of the organizers of the Farmers' and
Laborers' Union, which he assisted in establishing in 26 states. Mr.
Campbell entered the field of journalism as editor of the Kansas State
Alliance, published at Parsons, which was made the official organ of the
Populist party when it was organized in 1890. Subsequently he removed
to Oswego and opened a law office, then went to Coffeyville, Kan., where
he served as county judge, and in 1899 was elected to the state senate.
Mr. Campbell has gained a wide reputation as an author, his best known
works being, "The Life and Death of Worlds," "America, Past, Present
and Future" and "The Greater United States."
Campbell, Philip Pitt, lawyer and member of Congress, is a native of
Nova Scotia, having been born at Cape Breton in that province on April
KANSAS HISTORY 277
25, 1862, a son of Daniel A. and Mary (McRae) Campbell. Coming to
Kansas at an early age, he was educated at Baker University, where he
received the degree of A. B. in 1888, and the degree of A. M. in 1891.
He was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1889, and on Nov. 23, 1892,
married Miss Helen E. Goff of Walnut, Crawford county. Mr. Camp-
bell began the practice of his profession in Pittsburg, where he is still
located. He has always taken a keen interest in public questions, and
after locating at Pittsburg came to be recognized as one of the active
Republicans of the county. In 1902 he was nominated by his party to
represent the Third district in Congress, was elected in November of
that year, and has been reelected at each succeeding election to 1910.
Campus, a village of Grinnell township, Gove county, is a station on
the Union Pacific R. R. near the northwest corner of the county, about
20 miles from Gove, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice,
telephone connections, general stores, a lumber yard, etc., and in 1910
reported a population of 50.
Canada, a hamlet of Marion county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 5 miles west of Marion, the count}- seat. It
has telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice. The
population in 1910 was 61.
Candle Box. — As the depositor}^ of fraudulent election returns the
Calhoun "candle box" is an interesting incident in early history. Gov.
Robert J. Walker came to Kansas determined that Kansas citizens
should have fair play. Although he defended the territorial legislature
as legitimate, he entreated the free-state men to vote in the election of
delegates to the Lecompton constitutional convention; offered military
protection at the polls, and pledged himself to oppose the constitution
if it were not submitted to the people. Surveyor-General John Calhoun
and his colleagues were candidates for delegates in Douglas county, and
Gov. Walker compelled them to pledge themselves that the constitution
should be submitted to the people for ratification or rejection. The
surveyor-general and his friends did not approve of Mr. Walker's policy.
because submission of the constitution to the people would lose Kansas
to slavery and would defeat the Calhoun chance for United States
senator.
The fall election came and by fraud, violence and a Cincinnati direc-
tory, the pro-slavery party won. Gov. Walker investigated the election,
probed the fraud, and gave the certificates to the free-state men. This
did not increase his popularity with the Calhoun faction, which made
the Lecompton constitution, but refused to submit it as a whole to the
people, Calhoun was president of the convention, the recipient and judge
of the returns, with power to issue certificates of election, ignoring the
governor who should have had this presidency and power. When the
non-submission of the constitution became apparent, Gov. Walker and
his friends made every effort to have it rejected by Congress, which
resulted in a big contest between the two elements represented. ''The
pro-slavery element had power in Congress to bind in the thrall of that
constitution. Frauds were charged and denied. The battle wavered.
JjS CYCLOPEDIA OF
Nothing but the exposure of these frauds, shocking the moral sense of
the nation and making the glaring wrong impossible, could give victory
to the people. Such exposure could save Kansas to freedom and prevent
immediate civil war likely to grow out of the enforcement of a consti-
tution forced on a protesting people. The territorial legislature — free-
state because of Gov. Walker's rejection of the fraudulent returns —
seconded their friends at Washington by instituting an investigation.
They appointed a committee to inquire. Calhoun determining they
should not see the returns tied to Missouri." L. A. McClean, the chief
clerk to Mr. Calhoun, was left to manage the situation. While at a ball
at the Eldridge House, he was summoned before the investigating com-
mittee and swore that Mr. Calhoun had taken the returns to Missouri
with him. When Mr. McClean returned to the office after the ball he
concealed the retin"ns in a place soon made known by one of the em-
ployees of the sur\-eyor-general. This employee was known as Dutch
Charley and was employed by Mr. Calhoun as a man of all work. He
was a free-state man, and deeply interested in the plots of his employers,
which plots he revealed to Gen. Brindle, receiver of the land-office at
Lecompton, to whom he was a faithful friend. When McClean gave
his testimony Brindle suspected it was false and urged Dutch Charley
to investigate the night after McClean returned from Lawrence to
Lecompton. McClean put the returns in a candle box which he con-
cealed in the ground under the woodpile in front of the office. Dutch
Charley tracked him from the window, reported it to the authorities.
The free-state sheriff of Douglas coiuit}- with a posse called upon
McClean and recovered the bo.x and election returns. When the people
found that McClean had sworn falsely they would nut sustaui him and
he fled into Missouri.
Caney, one of the four important towns of Montgomery county, is
located near the Oklahoma line at the junction of the Missouri Pacific
and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R., 20 miles southwest of Inde-
pendence, the county seat. It is in the gas belt and has grown very
rapidly, especially in the past ten years, during which time it has trebled
its population. It has a good system of waterworks and an efficient
fire department. The combined output of the gas wells in the vicinity
is 175,000,000 cubic feet per day. The largest oil tank farm in the state
is located near here. It covers 800 acres. The manufacturing interests
in Caney include 2 large glass factories, a brick and tile works, a large
zinc smelter and an oil refinery. There are 2 banks, an ice and cold
storage plant, 3 public school buildings, a public library, 2 weekly news-
papers (the Chronicle and the News), telegraph and express offices and
an international money order postoffice with one rural route. The town
was incorporated in 1905. About this time it received extensive adver-
tising throughout the whole nation on account of a gas well which took
fire and burned furiously for several months. Tourists, many of whom
were from distant states, flooded the town to view the immense flames,
the roaring of which could be heard for miles. According to the census
of 1910 the population of Caney was 3, 597.
KANSAS HISTORY 279
The first store in Caney was opened by Dr. J. W. Bell in 1869. A gen-
oral merchandise store was established Idv O. M. Smith in 1870. A mail
route was established in that year which enabled the settlers to get their
mail regularly. The town was laid out and a number of business enter-
])rises started. The first newspaper (the Caney Chronicle) was started
in 1885. Caney was organized and incorporated as a city of the third
class in 1887. The first officers were : Mayor, P. S. Hollingsworth ;
police judge, F. H. Hooker; clerk, F. H. Dye; councilmen, William
Rodgers, Flarry Wiltse, J. J. Hemphill, J. A. Summer and W. B. Wil-
liams. The first railroad reached Caney about 1887.
Canfield, Arthur Graves, educator, was born at Sunderland, Vt., March
27, 1859. He received his early education in the common schools and
at Burr and Burton Academy, after which he entered Williams College
at Williamstown, Mass., where he graduated in 1878. In 1882 he re-
ceived the degree of A. M. He then went to Europe and spent some
time in the Universities of Leipzig, Berlin, Gottingen and Paris. Upon
his return to the United States in 1883 he was appointed assistant in
modern languages at the University of Kansas, and in 1887 became pro-
fessor of French language and literature in that institution. In 1898
Prof. Canfield resigned his place in the University of Kansas to accept
a professorship of French language and literature in the University of
Michigan, which position he still holds. He is a member of the Phi
Beta Kappa fraternity and of the Modern Language Association of
America.
Canfield, James Hulme, lawyer, author and educator, was born at
Delaware, Ohio, March 18, 1847, the son of Rev. E. H. and Martha
(Hulme) Canfield. His parents went to Brooklyn, N. Y., when he was
a child, and when his mother died in 1855 he was sent to a Vermont
farm. He attended the country schools until he was fourteen years of
age, then returned to Brooklyn and graduated at the Brooklyn Col-
legiate and Poh'technic Institute in 1864. For a year he traveled in
Europe and in 1868 graduated at Williams College. From 1868 to 1871
lie was superintendent of railroad construction in Iowa and Minnesota
and at the same time read law. In 1872 he was admitted to che bar in
Michigan, located at St. Joseph and opened a law office. He became
superintendent of the St. Joseph schools and acted in that capacity until
1877, when he was elected professor of history in the University of
Kansas, which position he held until 1891. He was then chosen chan-
cellor of the LIniversity of Nebraska. He was president of the Kansas
State Teachers' Association in 1885 and of the Nebraska State Teachers'
Association in 1894. In 1893 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon
him by Williams College and in 1895 he Avas elected president of the
LTniversity of Ohio. In 1899 he accepted the position of librarian of
Columbia University. Mr. Canfield was a member of the Society of
Colonial Wars, the American Library Association and the Century,
Authors' and Quill clubs. He was the author of a "History of Kansas,"
"Local Government in Kansas," and several other books. He died at
New York City, March 30, 1909.
28o CYCLOPEDIA OF
Canton, one of the important towns of McPherson count}-, is located
in the township of Canton on the Marion & McPherson branch of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., and the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific, 14 miles east of McPherson, the county seat. It has 2 banks,
a weekly newspaper (the Pilot), a flour mill, 2 grain elevators and a
creamery. It is an important grain shipping point for a large and
wealthy farming district. The town is supplied with express and tele-
graph offices and has an international money order postoffice with 3
rural routes. The population according to the census of 1910 was 648.
Canton was founded in 1879 when the railroad was built from Marion
to McPherson. A postoffice was established the same year. In less
than 3 years it was a village of 250 inhabitants, with a bank, several
mercantile establishments, a good district school and two churches.
Cantonment Martin, the first military post in Kansas under the author-
ity of the United States government, was established on Isle au Vache,
or Cow island, in Oct., 1818, when Capt. Wyly Martin, with a detach-
ment of the Third rifle regiment, reached the island as the advance guard
of Maj. Long's expedition and went into winter quarters. A fort of
Cottonwood logs was erected and named "Cantonment Martin," for the
commander of the detachment. John O'Fallon, afterward a prominent
citizen of St. Louis, was the post sutler. It was Capt. Martin's intention
to vacate the cantonment early in the spring of 1819 and continue his
march westward, but his supplies failed to arrive as expected, and he
remained at the post until the arrival of the main body of the expedition
under Maj. Long in July. A council was held here with the Kansas
Indians. (See Long's Expedition.)
Cantrell, Jacob, one of the early settlers of Douglas county, came
from Missouri, and Cutler says he built the first log cabin where the
city of Baldwin now stands. The name is also spelled Cantrel and
Cantral. He was not particularly active in the political troubles of the
period, but spent his time in developing his claim. However, at the
battle of Black Jack, June 2, 1856, he went to the aid of the free-state
forces. Soon after this he was captured by some of the border ruffians
and given a mock trial on the charge of being guilty of "treason to Mis-
souri." The sentence was death, and he was accordingly shot on June
6, 1856.
Canyon, a small hamlet of Finney county, is situated in the valley
of the north fork of the Pawnee river, about 25 miles northeast of Garden
City, the county seat. Mail is received by the people of Canyon by
rural free delivery from Ravanna.
Capioma, a hamlet of Nemaha county, is located in Capioma town-
ship 15 miles southeast of Seneca, the county seat, and 9 miles south
of Sabetha, from which place it receives mail. It is one of the historic
places in the county, having been platted in 1857. This plat was not
recorded until two years later for the reason that there was no place to
record anything in those early days. A school building was put up in
1857, and a hotel in 1859. The place was named after an Indian chief.
The population in 1910 was 45.
KANSAS HISTORY 28 1
Capital. — In the establishment of civil government in a new territory
or state, one of the early questions to come up for consideration and set-
tlement is the location of the seat of government. Kansas became an
organized territory by the act of May 30, 1854, which designated Fort
Leavenworth as the temporary seat of government, and provided that
some of the public buildings there might be used as territorial offices.
Gov. Reeder, the first territorial governor, assumed the duties of the
office early in Oct., 1854, but soon became dissatisfied with the quarters
and offices provided for him at the fort, and on Nov. 24 he removed the
executive office to the Shawnee Methodist Indian mission, about a mile
from the Missouri line and less than 3 miles southwest of the town of
Westport, Mo. At that time the mission buildings were the best and
most commodious in the territory.
Acting under the authority conferred upon him by the organic act.
Gov. Reeder called the first territorial legislature to meet at Pawnee —
near Fort Riley — on July 2, 1855, and on June 27 the governor removed
his office to that place. The legislature soon became dissatisfied with
the accommodations at Pawnee and adjourned to the Shawnee mission,
where Judge Franklin G. Adams says the executive office was reestab-
lished on July 12. (See Reeder's Administration.)
On Aug. 8, 1855, the two branches of the legislature met in joint
session to vote on the question of locating the permanent seat of govern-
ment. The competitors for the honor were Leavenworth, Lawrence,
Tecumseh, St. Bernard (in the northern part of Franklin county near
the present village of Centropolis), White Head, Kickapoo, Lecompton,
Douglass and One Hundred and Ten. Three ballots were taken, the last
one resulting as follows: Lecompton, 25; St. Bernard, 11; Tecumseh, 2;
all the others having dropped out of the race. F. J. Marshall, H. D.
McMeekin and Thomas Johnson were appointed commissioners to select
the grounds at Lecompton upon which were to be erected suitable build-
ings for the governor and legislature. (See Capitol.) The first records
dated at Lecompton as the capital were the executive minutes of Gov.
Shannon on April 20, 1856.
A special session of the legislature was held at Lecompton in Dec,
1857. This was the third territorial legislature, and the first otie con-
trolled by the free-state men. When it met again in regular session on
Jan. 4, 1858, considerable dissatisfaction was manifested toward Lecomp-
ton, and on the second day of the session adjourned to Lawrence, which
became practically the capital of the territory, as the governor main-
tained his office there during the session. This legislature passed an
act providing for the removal of the capital to Minneola, in the northern
part of Franklin county, a little east of Centropolis. Railroad com-
panies were chartered to build lines which would center at Minneola,
and members of the legislature were financially interested in building
up the town. The governor vetoed the act, but it was passed over his
veto. Subsequently the attorney-general of the United States declared
the act in violation of the oreanic law and therefore null. This ended
282 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ihe attempts to remove the territorial seat of government from
Lecompton.
In the meantime the free-state men had adopted a constitution, elected
state officers, and designated Topeka as the capital of the territory.
But as this action was not authorized by any act of Congress the
national administration declined to recognize the constitution or the
seat of government thus established.
The legislature of 1859 ^n^^ at Lecompton on Jan. 3, and on the 5th
adjourned to meet at Lawrence on the 7th. The legislature of i860 also
voted to adjourn to Lawrence, which action was vetoed by Gov. Medary,
but the resolution was passed over the veto and the session was held at
Lawrence, the governor remaining at Lecompton. The last territorial
legislature was convened at Lecompton on Jan. 7, 1861, and the next
day removed to Lawrence, where it continued in session until Feb. 2.
A week later the state government was inaugurated.
The Wyandotte constitution, under which Kansas was admitted to
statehood, designated Topeka as the temporary seat of government, but
provided that "The first legislature under this constitution shall provide
by law for submitting the question of the permanent location of the
capital to a popular vote, and a majority of all the votes cast at some
general election shall be necessary for such location."
Pursuant to this constitutional requirement, the first state legislature,
which met on March 26, 1861, passed an act ordering the question to
be submitted to the people at the general election on the 5th of the fol-
lowing November. The statement has been repeatedly published that
at the election Topeka received 7,996 votes ; Lawrence, 5,291 ; all other
places, 1,184. But in 1910 Secretary Martin of the State Historical
Society found the certificate of the board of commissioners — Joseph P.
Root, John W. Robinson and Samuel A. Stinson — who canvassed the
returns. This certificate gives the result in detail, as follows : Topeka,
7,859 votes; Lawrence, 5,334; Baldwin City, 400; Sac and Fox Agency,
184; Emporia, 158; Manhattan, 100; Leavenworth, 95; Lecompton, 39;
Burlingame, 28; Clinton, 25; Ogden, 21; Junction City, 20; Mapleton,
15; Council Grove, 12; Shawnee, 9; Paola, 7; Greenwood, 6; Osawa-
tomie, 5 ; Ash Point, Indianapolis and West Point, 4 each ; Ashland, Big
Springs, Neosho Rapids and Wabaunsee, 3 each ; Clifton, Delaware,
Kickapoo, Marion, Minneola, Superior and Whisky Point. 2 each ; Ben-
nett's Station, Geary City, Hendricks Creek, Fort Scott, Plymouth,
Junction, Olathe, Spring Hill, INIansfield, Mound City, Potosi, Stanton,
\\'yner, Rodgersville, Minomae, Marysville and Tecumseh each received
one vote. Topeka had a clear majority of 1,604 over all competitors, and
the question of a permanent capital was settled.
The above figures are interesting as showing the aspirations of some
of the embryo cities of Kansas half a century ago. Some of these places
that then put forward their ambitions are now nothing more than a
name and a memory, while others, without the influence and prestige
of. being the state capitol, have gone steadily forward and have become
KANSAS HISTORY
283
cities of considerable size and importance in the industry and commerce
of the state. The legislature of 1862 accepted from the Topeka Asso-
ciation a grant of 20 acres of land for a state-house, thus indorsing the
action of the people in selecting that city as the permanent seat of
government. (See Capitol.)
Capitol. — The first building to be known in history by this name was
the temple of Jupiter, located on the Capitoline hill in the city of Rome.
In time the whole hill, including the temple and the citadel, came to
be known as the "Capitol." Webster defines the word as used in this
country as "The edifice at Washington in which the Congress of the
United States holds its sessions ; also the building in which a state legis-
lature meets; a state-house."
When Gov. Reeder first took up his residence at Fort Leavenworth
he was furnished with quarters in a brick building on the west side of
the parade ground, and the executive office was in a stone building
belonging to the quartermaster's department. Prentis says : "It was
furnished with republican simplicity." On Nov. 24, 1854, the governor
removed to the Shawnee mission in Johnson county in order to obtain
more comfortable quarters. Although the business of the territory was
transacted in these temporary quarters, none of them could be called a
"Capitol" according to Webster's definition, because no legislative ses-
sions were held there.
APITOL AT PAWNEE.
The first capitol or state-house in Kansas was the one at Pawnee,
in which the- first territorial legislature met on July 2, 1855. Concerning
it Cutler, in his History of Kansas, says : "The Pawnee Association had
built a 'capitol' of stone, two stories in height. 40 by 80 feet in size,
'well provided with seats and writing tables.' " The legislature that
met there was composed of pro-slavery men, and, as Pawnee was in a
284 CYCLOPEDIA OF
free-State settlement, the members had no desire to remain long in the
enemy's countr}-. Consequently, the assembly promptly adjourned to
the Shawnee mission, where the remainder of the session was held in
the mission school building, but the people of Kansas have always looked
upon it as the first capitol of the territory, and on Feb. 26, 1901, Gov.
Stanley approved the following joint resolution:
"That the Congress of the United States be requested to grant unto
the State of Kansas a certain stone building standing and situated on
the Fort Riley military reservation in said state, which was built and
used for the first legislative assembly of the Territory of Kansas, and
so much of the grounds upon which the building stands, not exceeding
one acre in extent, exclusive of the right of way heretofore granted to
the Union Pacific Railway company for its railway, for the purpose of
enabling the state of Kansas to preserve said building from decay and
as an historical relic of the state."
Congress granted the request, but in order that the military author-
ities at Fort Riley might have full police powers over the building, the
title was not accepted by the state, so that while nominally the old
capitol is the property of the State of Kansas it is really a part of the
military reservation. In 1907 Col. Samuel F. Woolard of Wichita, a
member of Gov. Hoch's military stafif, while attending the encampment
of the National Guard at Fort Riley, noticed the condition of the old
building, and upon his return home from the encampment suggested
to some of the citizens of Wichita that a fund be raised by voluntary
contributions for the purpose of repairing the walls and placing the old
capitol in a better state of preservation. On Oct. 12, 1901, the Wichita
Beacon announced that the fund then amounted to $40. From that time
contributions came in more rapidly, and in April, 1908, some $400 had
been collected, which was used to repair the walls, plant vines, place
signs on the ruins, etc.
Shortly after the legislature designated Lecompton as the territorial
seat of government, William M. Nace was employed by contract to erect
a frame house there for the use of the legislature. This frame "capitol"
stood on Elmore street, and the first legislative session held in it began
on Jan. 12, 1857. Congress made an appropriation of $50,000 for the
erection of a suitable state-house at Lecompton, but the entire amount
was exhausted upon the foundation and a very small portion of the main
walls. No further work was ever done on the building by the govern-
ment, and the only use of the foundation was as a fortress for some
pro-slavery forces during the border troubles. By the act of June 4,
1861, the first state legislature transferred the old capitol grounds in
Lecompton to the Kansas College Association, and at the same session
the governor was authorized to dispose of the materials that had been
collected for the completion of the building. The college association
finished the building on different lines from those first contemplated,
and it was used for some time as Lane L'niversity (q. v.) and still later
as a high school.
286 CYCLOPEDIA OF
When the free-state people gained control of the legislature the ses-
sions were held at Lawrence, where they occupied two temporary capi-
tols, both of which were merel}^ rented for the purpose. One of these
was "the new brick building, just south of the Eldridge House," and
the other was "the old concrete building on Massachusetts street north
of Winthrop."
The mass convention at Topeka on Sept. 19, 1855, and the constitu-
tional convention of the succeeding month, were both held in a building
at Nos. 425-427 Kansas avenue, which had been erected by Loring Farns-
worth. This building became known as "Constitution Hall." It was
used as a "capitol" by the state government set up under the Topeka
constitution, and also by the actual state government established en
Feb. 9, i8(3%. In the basement of this old building were stored supplies
sequestered from certain pro-slavery towns during the embargo of the
Missouri river by pro-slavery decree. After the question of locating the
permanent seat of government had been settled by the election of 1861
(see Capital), the legislature of 1862 accepted from the Topeka Asso-
ciation the tract of ground in that city bounded by Jackson, Harrison,
Eighth and Tenth streets for a site for a state-house.
By the act of March 2, 1863, the state officers were authorized to enter
into a contract with Wilson I. Gordon, Theodore Mills and Loring
Farnsworth for the erection of a temporary capitol on lots Xo. 131, 133,
135 and 137, on Kansas avenue in the city of Topeka, and to lease the
said temporary capitol for five years, at an annual rental not exceeding
$1,500, the building to be ready for occupancy by Nov. i, 1863. This
building included the site of the old Constitution Hall. In the sidewalk
in front of the place where it stood is a large cast-iron tatblet bearing the
inscription : "Constitution Hall, where the Topeka constitutional con-
vention met in 1855, and the Topeka legislature was dispersed b}- Col.
E. V. Sumner, July 4, 1856. Used as state capitol 1864-69. Placed here
by the Daughters of the American Revolution, July 4, 1903."
The present capitol of Kansas had its inception in the act of the legis-
lature, approved by Gov. Crawford on Feb. 14, 1866. By the provisions
of this act the governor, secretary of state, state auditor, state treasurer
and superintendent of public instruction were constituted a commission
to erect on the grounds donated by the Topeka Association a building
according to plans and specifications submitted by E. Townsend Mix.
An appropriation of $40,000 was made to begin the erection of the east
wing, and the ten sections of land granted to the state by Congress to
aid in the construction of a state-house were ordered to be sold at a
price not less than $1.25 an acre, the proceeds to be applied to the erec-
tion of the building. For the completion of the east wing the legisla-
ture of 1869 authorized a bond issue of $70,000. The west wing was
ordered by the act of March 7, 1879, which appropriated $60,000 for that
purpose, and a tax of one-half mill on the dollar was levied for the years
1879 ^iid 1880, the revenue derived from this tax to go into the state-
house fund. By the act of Feb. 10, 1881, an additional appropriation of
KANSAS HISTORY 287
$35,000 was made for the west wing, and the one-half mill tax was con-
tinued for the years 1883 and 1884. The central portion of the building,
including the dome, was ordered by the act of March 4, 1887, and the
one-half mill tax was again levied for the years 1887 and 1888. This tax
was reduced by the next legislature to two-fifths of a mill for the next
two years, and in 1895 it was reduced to one-fourth of a mill. By the
act of March 11, 1891, an appropriation of $60,000 was made for certain
specific purposes, to-wit : $9,000 for the completion of contracts already
let ; $17,560 for the north and south steps ; $23,440 for concrete floors,
etc.; and $10,000 for the completion of the basement in the south wing.
The last direct appropriation — $100,000 — was made bj^ the act of March
29, 1901, and in 1903 the state-house was pronounced finished.
Owing to the fact that the funds for the erection of the capitol were
derived from various sources — direct appropriations, bond issues, the
proceeds of the land sales, and the revenues raised by the special tax
levies — it is almost impossible, without weeks of labor in going through
the different records, to give the actual total cost of the edifice, but it
was not far from $3,500,000.
From north to south, the extreme length of the capitol is 399 feet ;
from east to west, 386 feet ; the dome is 80 feet square at the base ; the
height to the balcony of the dome is 258 feet, and to the top, 281 feet,
6 inches. The dome was originally surmounted bv a flag-staff 40 feet
high, but it was struck by a bolt of lightning some years ago and has
never been replaced.
Regarding space, arrangement, etc., the Kansas state-house is one of
the best in the Union. Within its walls there are commodious offices
for all the various state officers, the board of railroad commissioners,
the state board of health, the state board of agriculture, the supreme
court room, with rooms for each of the justices, the horticultural and
historical societies, the state museum, the state library, the free emplo)--
nient bureau, halls and committee rooms for the two branches of the
state legislature, etc.
Carbondale, one of the principal towns of Osage county, is located in
Ridgeway township on the Atchison, Topeka &: Santa Fe R. R. 16 miles
north of Lyndon, the county seat. It has churches, public schools, bank-
ing facilities, and all the main lines of mercantile activity. A good
quality of coal is mined in the vicinity. The town is supplied with
express and telegraph offices and a money order postoffice with four
rural routes. The population in 1910 was 461.
The town was founded in 1869 by a company composed of T. J- Peter.
J. F. Dodds, C. P. Dodds and L. R. Adams. The first buildings were
erected by the Carbon Coal company and consisted of houses for the
miners and a store for provisions. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
R, R. had reached this point before the town was started, and mining-
was begun at once on the Dodds farm half a mile from the railroad. A
postoffice was established and C. P. Dodds, the railroad agent, was made
postmaster. He opened a store the next year and did a flourishing busi-
288 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ness. The growth of the town was very rapid for a time, several mines
being in operation. In 1881 a tragedy occurred in connection with the
burning of the shaft in W. L. Green's mine in which nine men lost their
lives from suffocation and fire damp. Three of those who were killed
belonged to the rescue party.
Carbondale was incorporated as a city of the third class on Oct. 15,
1872. The first mayor was C. C. Moore; clerk, A. V. Sparhawk; treas-
urer, J. R. Cowen; police judge, J. S. Conwell ; marshal!, E. Piatt; coun-
cilmen, M. T. Perrine, E. W. Teft, George Mullan, S. S. Stackhouse and
G. W. Luman.
Cardan, a hamlet of Marshall county, is located in Marysville town-
ship 4 miles from Marysville, the county seat, on the St. Joseph & Grand
Island R. R. It has telegraph and express offices, a postoffice and gen-
eral lines of merchandising. The population of 1910 was 50.
Carl, a hamlet of Jackson county, is located 12 miles west of Holton,
the county seat. It receives mail from Soldier by rural route. The
population in 1910 was 21.
Carlton, one of the thriving villages of Dickinson county, is located
in the Holland creek valley, about 18 miles southwest of Abilene, the
county seat, and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. It has a
money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express
offices, some good general stores, and in 1910 reported a population of
225. It is the principal shipping and supply point for the southwestern
portion of the county.
Carlyle, one of the principal villages of Allen county, is located on
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 5 miles north of lola, the county
seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route,
telegraph station and express offices, a good village school, some mer-
cantile and shipping interests, and in 1910 reported a population of 200.
Carmen, a new postoffice in Meade county, is located in the upper
Crooked creek valley, about 15 miles northwest of Meade, the county
seat. Before the office was established the people of Carmen received
their mail by rural delivery from Mertilla. (Some maps show Carmen
in Gray county, near the boundary line.)
Carneiro, a village of Ellsworth county, is located in the township
of the same name and is a station on the Union Pacific R. R. 12 miles
east of Ellsworth, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice
with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, general stores,
Methodist and Christian churches, and being located in a district
devoted to agriculture and stock raising is an important shipping point.
The population in 1910 was 76.
Carney, Thomas, second governor of the State of Kansas, was born
in Delaware county, Ohio, Aug. 20, 1824. His father, James Carney,
died in 1828, leaving a widow and four small sons. Thomas remained
with his mother until he was nineteen years of age, and frequently
hauled the products of their little farm with an ox team to Newark,
36 miles distant. When he was nineteen he left home with about $3.50
KANSAS HISTORY 289
in his pocket and went to an uncle, Elijah Carney, at Berkshire, Ohio,
where he stayed for several months, working for his board mornings,
evenings and Saturdays while he attended school. In the fall of 1844
he found employment with a retail dry-goods concern at Columbus,
receiving $50 a month and board the first year and $100 a month and
board the second year. He then took a position with a wholesale
dry-goods house in Cincinnati, into which he was admitted as a part-
ner, the firm of Carney, Swift & Co. becoming one of the best known
dry-goods houses in the country. After some twelve years in Cin-
cinnati his health became impaired, and in 1857 he visited the West,
partly for his health and partly in search of a new location. The fol-
lowing spring, in partnership with Thomas C. Stevens, he opened
the first wholesale house in Leavenworth, Katt. Mr. Stevens retired
in 1866, when the firm took the name of Carne}^ Fenlon & Co., which
in 1868 established the house of E. Fenlon & Co. in St. Louis, Mo.
Several changes ensued and finally Mr. Carney became the sole pro-
prietor of the business. He also founded the wholesale shoe house
of Carney, Storer & Co., later Thomas Carney & Co. This business
was disposed of by Mr. Carney in 1875.
Upon locating in Kansas Mr. Carney took an active interest in pub-
lic affairs. In 1861 he was elected to the second state legislature, and
while in that body served upon some of the most important commit-
tees. His record as a member of the legislature commended him to
the Republican party for governor, and he was nominated for that office
by a convention at Topeka on Sept. 17, 1862. At the election on the
4th of the following November he was elected over W. R. Wagstaflf
by a majority of 4,627 votes, and on Jan. 12, 1863, was inducted into
the office. Historians have hardly done justice to the unselfish
patriotism displayed by Gov. Carney during his term of two years.
By personally indorsing the bonds of the state he established the credit
of Kansas upon a firmer basis than it had ever been before, and it was
largely due to his untiring efforts that the educational and charitable
institutions of the state were established on a firm foundation. At the
close of his term as governor he resumed his business operation, which
he laid aside the day he was inaugurated in order to give his entire
attention to the duties of his official position. In 1865 and 1866 he
was mayor of the city of Leavenworth ; was one of the founders of the
First National Bank of that city, and was for several years a member
of the board of directors; and he was also one of the directors of the
Kansas City, Lawrence & Fort Gibson railroad. In addition to his
mercantile, banking and railroad interests in Kansas, he was associated
with mining operations in the Gunnison country. While visiting his
mines there he wrote several letters for the Leavenworth papers, which
were widely read and enjoyed by his numerous friends in Kansas. In
1875 he practically retired from business.
On Nov. 13, 1861, at Kenton, Ohio, Gov. Carney was united in mar-
riage with Miss Rebecca Ann Cannady, who was born at Kenton on
(T-19)
2C)3 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Oct. 9, 1827. She was a woman of high Christian character, noted far
and wide for her interest in charitable work. She died at Leavenworth
on Sept. 25, 1894. Gov. Carney's death occurred on July 28, 1888, and
was due to apoplexy. At the time of his election to the office of gov-
ernor he was a wealthy man, but in later years financial reverses came
— due, it is said, to the unworthy schemes of designing politicians —
and he died comparatively poor.
Carney's Administration. — Gov. Carney was inaugurated on Jan. 12,
1863. He came into office at a time when the affairs of the state were
in a discouraging condition. The Civil war was at its height; the
counties along the eastern border were constantly menaced by guer-
rillas ; those on the west suffered from frequent Indian forays, and to
protect the people from these incursions the state had neither, arms,
ammunition nor means of subsisting troops. The credit of the state
— not yet fully established — had been impaired the preceding year by
the sale of bonds in such a way as to lead to the impeachment and
removal from office of the secretary of state and auditor, and the
increasing population made necessary certain expenditures for educa-
tional and benevolent purposes.
In his inaugural message the governor said: "We stand by the
administration, because the administration is the organized authority
of the nation. It has labored to avoid our present troubles. It has
sought Union in the spirit of Union. It has done nothing, proposed
nothing, asserted nothing in opinion or principle, which invaded, or
which threatened to invade, the rights of the states, or violate the letter
or spirit of the constitution.
"I do not wish to indulge in poetic speech or empty declamation.
Neither will feed the hungr)' or relieve the suft'erer. We must ren-
der both substantial aid. And this the state should do. Loyal com-
monwealths of the Republic have cared for the soldier, by appointing
sanitary committees : b}' appropriating funds for their families, while
the heads thereof were in the field, and by relieving, on the battlefields
or at home, the wounded and the sick.
"Kansas should be the rival of the noblest of these commonwealths.
We stand first, because in proportion to population and wealth, we
have mustered more men to combat rebellion than any loyal state in
the Union. This has been done, too, at immense sacrifice. Many of
our families have been left almost in destitution. I have been an eye
witness to the fact, that in many instances the faithful mother, and
in some instances only children have been left to attend to the house-
hold and the farm."
This portion of the message — written by one who was on the ground,
and who was familiar with the situation — has been quoted at length
to show that the people of Kansas, loyal to the core, were willing to
make sacrifices and endure hardships, in order to preserve the Union
of which the state had so recently become a member. The governor
urged the acceptance of the grant of land for a state university ; the
KANSAS HISTORY 29I
erection of a penitentiary at the earliest possible day ; that a tax be
levied upon foreign insurance companies doing business within the
state; an amendment to the constitution to permit the citizen soldiery
to vote; and such legislation as might be found necessary for the
advancement of the educational interests and benevolent institutions
of the state. Referring to the bonds that had caused so much trouble
the preceding session, he said:
"In November, 1861, this state made a contract, through the agent
created by its authorized agents, with the secretary of the interior, at
Washington, for the sale of $150,000 of its fifteen-year seven per cent,
bonds at 85 cents on the dollar. Only a portion of this contract has
been fulfilled. Ninety-five thousand six hundred dollars of these bonds
is all that has been delivered, and only $64,600 paid for. This leaves
ii. difference of $54,400 of these bonds that will have to be delivered to
the secretary of the interior, before the contract can be consummated.
The legislature of 1862, for reasons of its own, took the completion of
this contract out of the hands of its agents, and their attorney, and
placed it wholly in yours.
"To complete this contract you will have to authorize the issue of
$54,400 of seven per cent, fifteen-year bonds, which, added to the
$31,000 now held by the secretary of the interior, and not paid for, will
make the required amount. . . . Now I call upon you to do j^our
duty. You must meet this responsibility or forfeit the credit of the
state. Its wants are imperative and its character is at stake. I will
not, if I can help it, and you will not, I know, permit a stain to rest
upon that credit, or blur upon that character."
In accordance with the governor's recommendations, the legislature,
by the act of March 2, 1863, authorized the issue of $54,400 fifteen-
year seven per cent, bonds. Immediately after the adjournment of the
legislature. Gov. Carney went to Washington, where he met the sec-
retary of the interior and found him ready to carry out his part of the
original agreement. Thinking, however, that the state ought to realize
more than 60 cents on the dollar, the governor went on to New York
and found that he could negotiate the bonds to better advantage. He
then asked the secretary of the interior to release the state from the
contract. The secretary readily consented, the governor returned to
New York, where he sold $54,000 of the new issue and $1,000 of the
old at 93 cents; $26,000 of the old issue at par, and $4,000 at 95 cents.
In his message of Jan. 13, 1864, he thus explains his reasons for the
course he adopted:
"I was led to regard the spirit, rather than the letter, of the law,
because, on the first sale of bonds made, I realized $3,850 more than
otherwise could have been realized ; because, in the arrangement made
with the secretary of the interior, I secured $3,900, and $234.71 inter-
est, accruing between April 25th and July ist, 1863, more than other-
wise could have been secured ; and because in the last sale of $4,000 of
the old issue of bonds, there were made $400 more than otherwise
292 CYCLOPEDIA OF
would have been made, thus saving to the state $8,384.71 by the course
1 pursued. Another potent reason influenced me. The credit of the
state was estabHshed by it, at the very point where, above all others
it was most important it should be established, both for it and its citi-
zens, nameh% in the city of New York."
The message does not state — probably owing to the governor's
modesty — that one of the potent influences in establishing the state's
credit in New York was his personal indorsement of the bonds, yet
such was the case. The Topeka Commonwealth of Jul}- 29, 1888, in
commenting on the ^transaction, said: "At this very critical moment
Kansas was indeed in a pitiable condition. She was the seat of a ter-
rible conflict and her finances were bankrupt. Governor Carney him-
self started east and. negotiated a loan for a sum of money consider-
ably over $100,000. It was made negotiable by the fact that he endorsed
the paper individually. At this time he was very rich and thus an
individual endorsing the paper of the State of Kansas for a fortune
secured money with which to conduct the state government."
The legislature of 1863 adjourned on March 3, after enacting laws
providing for the promotion of the state university, the agricultural
college and the state normal school; the employment of teachers for
the deaf and dumb ; the location of an insane asylum at Osawatomie ;
the erection of a penitentiary at Lansing, and for funding the old ter-
ritorial debt. On April 30 the commissioners appointed by the gov-
ernor to select a site for the state university reported that they had
decided on a tract of 40 acres near the city of Lawrence, and on Nov.
2 the governor issued a proclamation declaring the university per-
manently located there. Manhattan was selected as the site of the
agricultural college ; the state normal school was established at Em-
poria, and on the last day of the year the directors of the penitentiary
reported that they had made a contract for the erection of a building.
(For a more complete account of these institutions see each under its
appropriate title.)
The summer of 1863 was a trying time for Kansas. All along the
eastern border the people lived in constant fear of guerrilla invasions
from Missouri. Appeals to the general government for aid were
futile, as the Confederate armies at this time were particularly aggres-
sive, and the life of the nation was the first consideration of the Federal
administration. In this emergency the governor organized the patrol
guard — a force of 150 mounted men — and some of this force were on
duty day and night, watching the border. Each man of this force
received from the private funds of the governor a dollar a day for his
services and the use of his horse, though the United States furnished
rations and forage. After the battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg,
the Federal government found it possible to send troops to Kansas and
the patrol was discontinued. A few days later the guerrilla leader,
Ouantrill, who it appears was waiting for just such an opportunity,
made his famous raid to Lawrence. (See Quantrill's Raid.) By the
KANSAS HISTORY 293
act of Feb. 26, 1864, the legislature authorized the state to refund to
the governor "the sum of $10,000, or so much thereof as may be neces-
sary," to reimburse him for his expenditures in protecting the state.
In troublous times, when the constituted legal authorities of a com-
munity are engrossed in repelling invasion or suppressing rebellion, law-
less characters frequently take advantage of conditions to commit law-
less acts, and often mob rule is the result. This was true of Kansas
in 1863. In his History of Kansas, p. 374, Cutler says : "During the
year 1863. so annoying became the depredations of lawless bands of
jayhawkers that means were devised for self-protection, and the most
effective seemed to be a vigilance committee under the control of brave,
discreet loyalists."
On the night of May 16, a desperado named Sterling, with three of
his gang, went to the home of a Mr. Kelsey, near the head of the Big
Stranger, and upon being admitted knocked down the proprietor, took
$40 in money and four horses and departed. A posse was hurriedly
organized and the ruffians were captured at Atchison the following
morning. One of the gang, a man named Parker, turned state's evi-
dence and on Monday morning all four were taken to the woods a short
distance from town, where Sterling was hanged. The intention was
to hang all four, but the others begged so piteously that their lives were
spared.
A few nights later two men named Mooney and Brewer, with others
of the Sterling gang, attempted to rob a man about 15 miles northeast
of Atchison. They were pursued, captured and taken to Atchison,
where they were confined in jail. About nine o'clock on the morning
of Saturday, May 23, some 400 or 500 men, on horseback or in wagons,
came in from the surrounding country. Two hours later 100 of these
men, selected for the purpose, went to the court-house, where the two
men were on trial by jury, everybody being excluded except the wit-
nesses, lawyers and jurors. The trial lasted for four or five hours, at
the end of which time the jury returned a verdict of guilty. Then the
100 men quietly took Mooney and Brewer away from the officers and,
with the crowd following, conducted them to a spot about half a mile
from the town, where the}' were hanged. No excitement prevailed, and
as soon as the two men were dead the people quietly returned to their
homes.
Another lynching occurred on June 3, when James Melvine and
William Cannon were hanged at Highland. These two men had
robbed Mr. Devine, Mr. Beeler and Mr. Martin of a pair of mules, a
wagon and some other property. Martin, Beeler and Devine imme-
diately started in pursuit, and when about a mile from the village of
Kennekuk fired on the bandits, leaving them for dead. They recovered,
however, and another pursuit followed. Near Mt. Pleasant, Atchison
county, they were overtaken, captured and taken to Highland, where
they were tried by a jury of twelve men. A verdict of guilty was ren-
dered, and the execution quickly followed the verdict.
294 CYCLOPEDIA OF
The records do not show that the governor, in any of these cases,
made any effort to apprehend or punish the men who did the lynch-
ing. He knew the conditions that prevailed all through the eastern
part of the state, and no doubt realized that the people were exercis-
ing the "higher law" of self-protection. Nor is there any doubt that
the prompt and efficient manner in which summary justice was meted
out to offenders had a great influence in restoring order in the dis-
tricts where the lynchings occurred.
On Nov. 3, 1863, there was an election for chief justice of the supreme
court, district attorneys and members of the legislature. Robert
Crozier was elected chief justice, receiving 12,731 votes, only 14 scat-
tering votes being cast against him.
Gov. Carney's message to the legislature at the opening of the ses-
sion on Jan. 12, 1864, is one of the longest ever presented to a Kansas
general assembly. In it he reviews in detail the negotiations of the
state bonds ; urged that provisions be made for a complete geological
survey of the state ; that measures be adopted to encourage immigra-
tion ; devoted considerable attention to the guerrilla warfare along the
border, and the work of the Kansas soldiers in the field. In locating
the state university at Lawrence, the preceding legislature had made
a requirement that a fund of' $15,000 should be raised before the law
became effective. On this subject the governor said: "Amos Law-
rence, of Boston, Mass., gave ?io,ooo to it ; the citizens of Lawrence
advanced $5,000, making the amount required, which sum has been
deposited with the treasurer of state. I am loth to recommend the
expenditure of money, devoted by law to specific objects : but I think
this case so clearly exceptional, that I do not hesitate to urge the
legislature to return to the citizens of Lawrence the amount contributed
by them. Their gift, as we know, was a generous one ; it was noble as
well as generous. In a fell hour they lost, as it were, their all. Rebel
assassins did this fatal work. Where, then, the patriotic heart in the
state, that would not say promptly 'Return to these public-spirited men
the generous gift, which, when wealthy, they promised, and which
promise, when poor, they fulfilled?"
In this part of the message the governor referred to the Quantrill
raid of the previous August. The legislature accepted the governor's
recommendation, and by the act of Feb. 15, 1864, directed the state
treasurer to "refund and pay over to the mayor of the city of Law-
rence, or the person acting as mayor, to be refunded to the contributors
to the university fund, the sum of $5,167. to be deducted from the
endowment fund," etc.
The legislature adjourned on March i. The most important laws
of the session were those regulating the granting of pardons ; provid-
ing for the appointment of commissioners to locate a blind asylum in
Wyandotte county ; authorizing the governor to appoint a state geolo-
gist ; establishing a bureau of immigration ; abolishing grand juries ; pro-
posing an amendment to the state constitution to enable soldiers to
KANSAS HISTORY 295
vote, and several acts to encourage the construction of railroads. One
action of the legislature which caused widespread comment and much
adverse criticism, was that of voting for a United States senator for
the term beginning on March 4, 1865. Another assembly would meet
in Jan., 1865, and many contended that it was the proper body to elect
a senator ; that such an election by the session of 1864 would be "pre-
mature and unwarranted, if not actually illegal." However, a resolu-
tion to elect a senator was adopted by the house early in the session.
On Feb. 6 it was taken up in the senate and the question of calling
a joint convention was decided in the affirmative by a vote of 17 to 8.
The joint convention accordingly met on the 8th and, after some
acrimonious debate, voted to cast a ballot for senator. The vote stood :
Thomas Carney, 68 ; against a fraud, i ; blank, 2 ; excused from voting,
27. As Gov. Carney was the only one voted for, he was charged by
some of having instigated the whole proceedings, through "his inor-
dinate desire to go to the senate." But his subsequent action would
indicate that the charges were unfounded. A certificate of election was
made out to him, but when the Republican convention met at Topeka
on April 21 he announced that he never intended to claim the office.
And he never did.
The Republican convention above referred to selected as delegates
to the national convention at Baltimore Gen. James H. Lane, A. C.
Wilder, Thomas N. Bowen, W. W. H. Lawrence, Martin H. Insley
and F. W. Potter. On June i the Democrats held a convention at
Topeka and selected as delegates to their national convention at Chi-
cago W. C. McDowell, Wilson Shannon, Orlin Thurston, L. B. Wheat,
H. J. Strickler and J. P. Taylor.
A Republican convention for the nomination of a state ticket assem-
bled in Topeka on Sept. 8, 1864. Samuel J. Crawford was nominated
for governor ; James McGrew for lieutenant-governor ; R. A. Barker
for secretary of state ; John R. Swallow for auditor ; William Spriggs
for treasurer; J. D. Brumbaugh for attorney-general; Isaac T. Good-
now for superintendent of public instruction ; Jacob Safford for justice
of the supreme court, and Sidney Clarke for representative in Con-
gress. Ellsworth Cheeseborough, Nelson McCracken and Robert Mc-
Bratney were named as presidential electors, but before the election
Cheeseborough and McCracken both died and their places on the ticket
were filled by Thomas Moonlight and W. F. Cloud.
Two political conventions — the Republican Union and the Demo-
cratic— met in Topeka on Sept. 13. The former nominated the follow-
ing state ticket, which was indorsed by the Democrats : For governor,
Solon O. Thacher; lieutenant-governor, John J. Ingalls ; secretary of
state. William R. Saunders; auditor, Asa Hairgrove ; treasurer, J. R.
McClure ; attorney-general, Hiram Griswold, superintendent of public
instruction, Peter McVicar ; associate justice of the supreme court,
Samuel A. Kingman ; representative in Congress, Albert L. Lee ; presi-
dential electors, Nelson Cobb, Andrew G. Ege and Thomas Bridgens.
296 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Mr. McVicar declined the nomination for superintendent of public
instruction and John S. Brown was selected to fill the vacancy on the
ticket.
Early in October the news spread rapidly through the state that
the Confederate Gen. Price was marching toward Kansas with a large
force of troops, and that his movements were being accelerated by the
close pursuit of the Federal army. Invasion seemed imminent, and
for the time interest in the political campaign was almost entirely lost.
On the 8th Gov. Carney issued a proclamation calling out the militia
of the state, under command of Gen. George W. Deitzler. ( See War
of 1861-65.)
The entire Republican ticket was elected on Nov. 8, and the admin-
istration of Gov. Carney came to an end with the inauguration of Gov.
Samuel J. Crawford on Jan. 11, 1865.
Carona, a town of Ross township, Cherokee county, is situated on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. about 10 miles north of Columbus, the
county seat. The railroad name was formerly Folsom. It has a money
order postoffice, express and telegraph facilities, telephone connections,
and is a trading and shipping point for the neighborhood in which it is
located. The population in 1910 was 350.
Carroll, a little hamlet of Greenwood county, is located 12 miles
southeast of Eureka, the county seat, and 10 miles west of Toronto,
the nearest shipping point, from which place it obtains its mail.
Carruth, William Herbert, professor of German language and litera-
ture in the University of Kansas, was born on a farm near Osawatomie,
Kan., April 5, 1859, the son of James H. and Jane (Grant) Carruth.
His father, from whom he inherited his love of books, was a home mis-
sionary of the Presbyterian church, and from his mother he inherited
courage, energy and an independent disposition. He worked his way
through school and college, graduating at the University of Kansas
in 1880. In the fall of that year he began' teaching in the university
as assistant in modern languages and literature. In 1882 he was elected
professor of modern languages. In 1884 this department was divided,
one branch embracing French and the other German, and Prof. Car-
ruth remained at the head of the latter. In 1886 he spent a year of
study abroad at Berlin and Munich. Three years later he was Morgan
fellow at Harvard for a year, receiving the degree of A. M., and in 1893
he received the degree of Ph. D. from the same institution. He is an
able translator and has edited several volumes of college texts. In
1887 with F. G. Adams Prof. Carruth published an account of Municipal
Suffrage in Kansas. In 1900 two volumes entitled "Kansas in Litera-
ture," compiled by Prof. Carruth, were published. In 1908 Putnams
brought out a volume of his poems, "Each in His Own Tongue." He
is a member of the honorary fraternity of Phi Beta Kappa and of the
Modern Language Association, and is district vice-president of the
American Dialect Society. He took an active part in the organization
of the Central States Modern Language Conference and was presi-
KANSAS HISTORY 29/
dent of it from 1895 to ^897. In 1896 he was president of the Kan-
sas Academy of Language and Literature. Prof. Carruth is a director
of the Kansas Historical Society ; a member of the executive com-
mittee of the State Temperance Union ; one of the Committee of Twelve
of the American Modern Language Association on entrance require-
ments to college, and for several years was managing editor of the
Kansas LTniversity Quarterly. He has been active in university exten-
sion work; was secretary of the Lawrence Civil Service Reform club,
and served on the common council and board of education of Law-
rence.
Carson, Christopher C, a famous guide, scout and frontiersman in
the early settlement of the West, is better known to the readers of
American histor}- as "Kit" Carson. He was born in Madison county,
K3'., Dec. 24, 1809, but while he was still in his infancy his parents
removed to Howard county. Mo. At the age of fifteen years he was
apprenticed to a saddler, but two years later he joined an overland
trading expedition to Santa Fe. This determined the course of his
career. He was an expert, with the rifle and the wild life of the plains
had a fascination for him that he could not shake off. He married
an Indian woman and for sixteen years supplied his food with his rifle.
Eight )'ears of that time he was in the employ of Bent and St. Vrain,
who engaged him to furnish meat to their forts. In 1842, after the death
of his wife, he went to St. Louis to place his daughter in school and
there met Col. John C. Fremont, who was fitting out his first exploring
expedition to the Rocky mountains. Carson was engaged to act as
guide to the expedition, and he was also with Fremont on his second
expedition and in the conquest of California. In 1847 he was sent
to Washington as a bearer of despatches and President Polk nominated
him as lieutenant in the United States mounted rifles, but the senate
refused to confirm the nomination. In the meantime Carson had mar-
ried a Spanish woman of New Mexico in 1843, ^^'^ i" 1853 he drove
a flock of some 6,500 sheep over the mountains to California, where
he sold them at prices that repaid him well for the venture. During
the Civil war he was loyal to the Federal government and rendered
valuable services in New Mexico, Colorado and the Indian Territory,
being brevetted brigadier-general at the close of the war. Many of
Carson's exploits were along the line of the old Santa Fe trail in Kan-
sas and New Mexico, and he has been called the ''Nestor of the Rocky
mountains." Inman says of him : "He was brave but not reckless ;
a veritable exponent of Christian altruism, and as true to his friends
as the needle to the pole. Under the average in stature, and delicate
in his physical proportions, he was nevertheless a quick, wiry man, with
nerves of steel, and possessing an 'indomitable will. He was full of
caution, but showed coolness in the moment of supreme danger that
was good to witness." Carson died at Fort Lyon, Col., May 23, 1868.
Carter, Elizabeth, one of the pioneer mission teachers of Kansas, was
born at the Shawnee Baptist mission in Johnson county on Jan. 24,.
298 CYCLOPEniA 01-
1835, a daughter of Rev. Robert Simerwell. She was educated at
Upper Alton, became a teacher in the Baptist Kansas mission, and was
the first teacher at Ottawa. Throughout her life she was an enthu-
siastic worker for the advancement of the Baptist church in Kansas.
She died at Auburn, Shawnee county, Jan. 3, 1883. The claim has
been made that Mrs. Carter was the first white female child born in
Kansas, but that honor belongs to a daughter of Daniel Yoacham.
(See Dillon, Susanna A.)
Carter, Lawrence, the first white child born in the city of Lawrence,
was born on Oct. 25, 1855, and the comments of the Herald of Free-
dom of Jan. 20, 1855, are interesting a half century later. The editorial
said: "The first birth in this city was on the 25th of October last.
The Lawrence Association donated the boy a first class city lot, and
named him Lawrence Carter after the city and his parents. We learn
that the little fellow is quite healthy, and is growing finely. May he
live to see our beautiful city ranking with the first in the L^nion.
. . . We may be allowed to say, in this connection, that the first
white child born in Chicago is now but twenty-two years old, while
the city boasts a population of near 80,000. May not a destiny equally
prosperous await our own Lawrence?"
Garwood, a rural postoffice of Wichita county, is located in Edwards
township, about 12 miles northwest of Leoti, the county seat. It is in
the Ladder creek valley and is a trading center for the neighborhood.
It has a store, a Presbyterian church, and is connected by telephone
with the surrounding country.
Cace, Nelson, lawyer and writer, was born in Wyoming county. Pa.,
April 22, 1845. When he was about a year old his parents removed
to Lee county. 111., where he grew to manhood. In 1866 he graduated
at the Illinois State Normal School, and after teaching one year he
entered the law department of the University of Michigan, where he
graduated in 1869. He then came to Kansas and located at Oswego,
where he began the practice of law. He was twice appointed probate
judge of Labette county by Gov. St. John; served two terms as regent
of the State Normal School under Gov. Humphrey; was one of the
first board of trustees of the Labette county high school ; was for ten
years president of the Oswego board of education ; was for seventeen
years a trustee of Baker University, and was also a trustee of Oswego
College for young women. For three j'ears he was editor of the Oswego
Independent, and he is the author of a history of Labette county. In
1872 Judge Case married Mary E. Claypool of Attica, Ind., who died
in 1892, and later he married Miss Georgiana Reed, teacher of art in
Baker I'niversity.
Cash City, an extinct town of Oark county, was laid out by Cash
Henderson of Wichita in township 35, range 25, at the crossing of the
Tuttle, Ashland and Meade Center trails. A weekly newspaper (the
Cash City Cashier) was established, the first number making its appear-
ance on Oct. 29, 1886. An old map of the county shows two projected
KANSAS HISTORY 299
lines of railroad running through Cash City, but tlie roads were not
built and the town finally disappeared.
Cassoday, a town of Butler county, is situated in the northeast cor-
ner, about 20 miles from Eldorado, the county seat, and 12 miles from
De Graff, the nearest railroad station. Although so far from the railroad,
Cassoday is a town of considerable commercial importance. It has a
bank, some well stocked mercantile establishments, good schools, and
is the trading center for a rich agricultural district. The population in
1910 was 300. Its money order postofifice has one rural route emanating
from it. and it has telephone connections with the surrounding towns.
A daily stage line connects Cassoday with Eldorado.
Castaneda, Pedro De, who might be termed the official chronicler of
the Coronado expedition (q. v.) to Ouivira in 1540-42, was a native of
the Biscayan town of Najera in Spain. He came to America before
the middle of the i6th centur)^, and became prominently identified
with the government and affairs of Mexico. His account of the Coro-
nado expedition was first written in Mexico soon after the event, but
the original manuscript has disappeared. After his return to Spain,
Castaneda made a copy, which was finished on Oct. 26, 1596. His nar-
rative was not published, but remained in the archives in manuscript
until translated into French by Henri Ternaux-Compans, whose trans-
lation was rendered into English at Paris by Eugene F. Ware, of Kan-
sas City, Kan. The Spanish manuscript, now in the Lenox Library,
New York, was translated into English by George P. Winship, assist-
ant in American history in Harvard University, and his translation
was published in the 14th annual report of the L^nited States Bureau
of Ethnology.
Castle Rock. — One of the most interesting works of nature in the
state from a geological standpoint is known as "Castle Rock," a natural
formation located in Gove county, in the valley of the Hackberry, about
ID miles from its mouth. This castellated mass is composed of a
coping of limestone and the shaft of chalk and compact shale. Its
unique formation was produced by the shales wearing away, the
strongly cemented stone serving as a protection to the upper surface.
In this way mountainous appearing masses are frequently produced,
especially where various streams cut their way through the hard stone
into the softer materials below. Similar formations are met with in
Ellis county which show isolated columns which rise from 20 to 70
feet in height.
Castleton, a town of Reno county, is a station on the Hutchinson &
Blackwell division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 14 miles
south of Hutchinson. It has a bank, a grain elevator, a hotel, a mone}-
order postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, tele-
phone connections, a good local trade and ships large quantities of
grain and live stock. The population was 275 in 1910.
Catalpa, a rural postoffice of Gove county, is located in Larrabee
township on Indian creek, and about 12 miles southeast of Gove, the
300
CYCLOPEDIA OF
county seat. Pendennis, on the Missouri Pacific, is tlie nearest rail-
road station.
Catharine, a rural postoffice of Ellis county, is located on Victoria
creek, in Catharine township, about 9 miles east of Hays, the county
seat, and most convenient railroad station. The population of the vil-
lage was 50 in 1910.
Catholic Church. — (See Roman Catholic Church.)
Cato, a village of Crawford county, is located in the northeastern
part, about 12 miles from Girard, the county seat, and 3 miles north-
west of Drywood, which is the nearest railroad station. Mail is received
by rural delivery from Arcadia. The population was 112 in 1910.
Cato, Sterling G., associate justice of the Territory of Kansas, was
a native of Alabama. He was appointed on Sept. 13, 1855, to succeed
Judge Rush Elmore and served until in July, 1858, when he was suc-
ceeded by Elmore and left the territory'. Repeated eflforts have been
made by the Kansas Historical Society to learn something of Judge
Cato's early life and antecedents, but without avail. He was a strong
pro-slavery advocate, was in the pro-slavery camp at the time of the
"Invasion of the 2,700," and many of his decisions were of a bitterly
partisan character. He connived with Sheriff Jones, of Douglas county,
and issued writs for the arrest of several prominent members of the
Topeka (free-state) legislature, but released from custod}" George W.
Clarke, who w^as charged with the murder of Thomas W. Barber, a
free-state man. On Oct. 20, 1857, he issued a writ commanding Gov.
Walker to issue certificates of election to a number of pro-slavery men
who claimed to have been elected members of the legislature, but
owing to the palpable frauds committed in the election, the governor
refused to obey the order of the court. (See Walker's Administra-
tion.) S. S. Prouty, correspondent of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat,
in writing to his paper of Judge Cato, said: "It is almost a mockery
to call where he presides a court."
Cave, a money order post-village in the southeast corner of Gray
county, is in Hess township, about 20 miles southeast of Cimarron,
the countv seat, and 12 miles from Fowler, which is the most convenient
railroad station. Cave has a general store, and is the trading center
for that part of the county. The population was 40 in 1910.
Cave Springs, an inland hamlet of Elk county, is 9 miles northeast
of Howard, the county seat. It receives mail daily by rural route from
Severy, Greenwood county, about 10 miles northwest. The nearest
railroad station is Fiat, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, 5 miles
west.
Caven, a rural hamlet in the northwestern part of Pratt county, is
about 14 miles from Pratt, the county seat, and 8 miles north of Cul-
lison, the nearest railroad station, from which mail is received by rural
delivery.
Cawker City, the second largest town in Mitchell county, is located
in Cawker township in the northwestern part of the county, near the
KANSAS HISTOE'i:' 3OI
junction of the north and south forks of the Solomon river and on the
Missouri Pacific R. R. i8 miles west of Beloit, the county seat. It
is an incorporated city of the third class, has a public library, an opera
house, 2 banks, flour mill, a creamery, a grain elevator, 2 weekly news-
papers (the Ledger and the Public Record), express and telegraph
ofifices, and an international money order postoffice with four rural
routes. The population in 1910 was 870.
Cawker city was founded in 1870 by E. H. Cawker, J. P. Rice and
R. G. F. Kshinka of Milwaukee, and John J. Huckle of Towanda, Pa.
The first building was erected by E. H. Cawker. Mr. Huckle built
a dwelling and then returned to Pennsylvania and brought out a colony
of his neighbors. By June, 1870, a steam sawmill was in operation.
The plat of the town was not recorded until 1871. The government
located a land office here in 1872. In 1874 it was taken to Kirwin, -which
was more centrally located. The town was incorporated that year
as a city of the third class and an election held, at which the following
officers were chosen : Mayor, F. J. Knight ; councilmen, A. Parker, D.
A. Hauling, W. Woodmansee, P. Wolf and J. A. Pope; police judge,
L. S. Tucker.
Cecil, an inland hamlet of Labette county, is located in the southern
part of the county, about 13 miles from Oswego, the county seat, and
4 miles south of Bartlett, the nearest railroad station, whence it receives
mail by rural route.
Cedar, one of the principal towns of Smith county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. in Harvey township, about 15 miles south-
west of Smith Center, the county seat. It has a money order post-
office with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, a bank, a
grain elevator, a hotel, telephone connections, a graded school, Chris-
tian and Methodist churches, and in 1910 reported a population of 400.
Being located in the Solomon river valley, in a fertile agricultural dis-
trict, it is an important trading centei' and shipping point. The name
was formerly Cedarville.
Cedar Bluffs, a village of Beaver township, Decatur county, is situated
on Beaver creek and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. about 12
miles north of Oberlin, the county seat. It has a bank, a mone}- order
postoffice with two rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone
connections, good schools and churches, a large retail trade, and does
some shipping. The population in 1910 was 200.
Cedar Junction (R. R. name Corliss), a village in the northwestern
part of Johnson county, is located on the south bank of the Kansas
river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. about 19 miles south-
west of Kansas City. It has a mone}' order postoffice, several general
stores, express and telegraph facilities, is the supply and shipping point
for a rich district and in 1910 had a population of 161.
Cedar Point, a village of Chase county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. about 20 miles southwest of Cottonwood
Falls, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with
302 CYCLOPEDIA OF
one rural route, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections,
some good mercantile concerns, and being located on the Cottonwood
river in a rich agricultural district is an important shipping point for
grain, live stock, etc. The population in 1910 was 200.
Cedar Vale, the second largest town in Chautauqua county, is located
near the west line, at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads, in Jefiferson township, 20 miles
west of Sedan, the county seat. It has the best of public schools,
churches of all the leading denominations, 2 banks, a weekly newspaper
(the Commercial), natural gas for lighting and heating purposes, tele-
graph and express offices, and an international money order postoffice
with 3 rural routes. The population in 1910 was reported as 948.
Cedar Vale was located in 1870 by a town company on land filed
upon by E. W. Davis, who later refused to deed the land to the com-
pany and was only persuaded to do so under threat of hanging. The
first building was a store room erected by J. R. Marsh, Charles Snyder
and O. C. Hill, in which they opened a small stock of goods, and in
which the postoffice was located. The nexf was a hotel built by a
company formed for the purpose, and the third was a store put up
by Riley Bros. Several new general stores, two blacksmith shops,
another hotel, a drug store, a millinery store and a number of shops
for various wares completed the improvements for the 3^ear 1870. The
postoffice was established with J. R. Marsh as postmaster. The town
grew rapidly and soon outstripped Osrow, her rival, located 4 miles
down the Big Cheney river. A grist mill was built in 1871 by D. F.
Taber, and was run by water power, Cedar Vale being on the Big
Cheney.
The first Fourth of July celebration took place in 1870, with an attend-
ance of 1,000 people or more. The first school district was organized
in 1871, and the first school in the village was taught by Miss Lizzie
Conklin in 1872, with an attendance of 33 pupils. The first religious
services were held in the same year by "Old Father Record," in the
school building.
Cedron, a money order post-hamlet of Lincoln county, is located
in the township of the same name on the headwaters of Spillman
creek, and about 20 miles northwest of Lincoln, the county seat. Lucas,
on the Union Pacific, is the nearest railroad station.
Cellar Kitchen Convention. — On Dec. 23, 1857. a large number of
free-state delegates met in convention at Lawrence, to decide on the
question of voting on the Lecompton constitution and electing state
officers under it. In an address before the Kansas Historical Society
on Jan. 17, 1882, Richard Cordley said : "The discussion proceeded
for two days. The radicals were the most eloquent and high-toned ;
the conservatives were the most experienced and shrewd. The radicals
comprised the j'ounger men, who followed impulse and conviction ; the
conservatives comprised the more cautious men and the political man-
agers. As the discussion progressed the breach widened rather than
KANSAS HISTORY 3O5
Otherwise. There was no sign of agreement, and no ground of com-
promise was found. A vote was reached at last, and the radical policy
was adopted by a decided majority. The conservatives thereupon
withdrew to the basement of the Herald of Freedom office and organized
another convention, which was known as the "Cellar Kitchen Conven-
tion."
This convention nominated candidates for state offices (see Denver's
Administration), but at the election the candidates received only about
half the votes of the free-state party. The failure of Congress to admit
Kansas under the Lecompton constitution settled the whole matter,
and the "Cellar Kitchen Convention" has been almost forgotten.
Cement. — The cement of commerce may be divided into four classes :
I. Hydraulic lime, which is made from limestone containing a small
proportion of clay (8 or lo per cent.) by burning at a low temperature
and slaking the product with water. 2. Hydraulic or natural rock
cement, made from an impure limestone, containing a larger percentage
of clay than that used for hydraulic lime, by being burned at a low
temperature and then ground to powder. 3. Portland cement, which
is made from an artificial mixture of carbonate of lime — chalk, ground
limestone or marl — with certain proportions of clay, burned at a white
heat, and the clinker ground to powder. 4. Slag cement, which is
made by mixing finely ground volcanic ash or slag from a blast furnace
with a small proportion of slaked lime.
Of these four classes, Portland cement is by far the most impor-
tant, and the manufacture of slag cement is still in its infancy in the
United States. The manufacture of cement in Kansas began at Fort
Scott in 1868, and the next year the capacity of the plant was increased
to ID barrels a da}', and the amount of capital invested was $4,000. At
that time the nearest source of supply was Louisville, and the price of
ordinary hydraulic cement was $10 a barrel. The Fort Scott com-
pany cut the price one-half, and soon had all the orders it could fill.
When the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad was built to Fort Scott,
the demand increased, railroad companies began to use cement in con-
struction of their lines, and in 1871 the plant was enlarged to 50 bar-
rels a day. Still the market widened with improved transportation
facilities, and in 1879 the company was turning out 700 barrels daily.
A second mill was erected in 1887, and in a short time it also was
turning out 700 barrels a day, though the price had dropped to less
than $1 a barrel. Improved methods were introduced, to cheapen the
cost of production, and in 1900 Kansas mills had a capacity over 125,-
000 barrels for the 3'ear, which had been increased to nearly 240,000
in 1906.
The manufacture of Portland cement began in 1899. The first mill
was erected at Tola and started with a capacity of 2,500 barrels a day,
which was soon doubled. A second mill was established there in 1904.
In 1905 mills were built at Independence and ^Neodesha. Mills are
also in operation at Fredonia, Humboldt, Chanute, Yocemento and
304 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Bonner Springs. In 1908 three of the largest mills were consolidated
under one management — the United States Portland Cement company,
with a capital of over $12,500,000. The industry was greatly stimulated
by the discovery of natural gas, and in 1910 the fifteen mills in the
Kansas and Oklahoma gas belt turned out over 1,000,000 barrels a
month. There is also a large quantity of cement plaster manufactured
in Kansas. (See also articles on Geology and Gypsum.)
Cemeteries, National. — There are three national cemeteries in Kansas
— one at Fort Leavenworth, one at Fort Scott, and one at Baxter
Springs. The one at Fort Leavenworth was established in i86r, and
contains an area of 15 acres, inclosed by a stone wall. It is a portion
of the government reservation, which is a magnificent natural park.
It is beautifully located half a mile west of the garrison, which is
approached by way of a broad macadamized roadway that connects the
city of Leavenworth with the fort. The view of the government reserva-
tion from the cemetery is imposing and picturesque. Water for the
cemetery is supplied by cisterns and the post waterworks, and there is
fine surface and underground drainage. The lodge is a six-room stone
building, with a brick out-building, and there is a rectangular rostrum.
The interments in the Fort Leavenworth cemetery number 3.174. of
which 1,729 are known and 1,445 ^re unknown.
The cemetery at Fort Scott is located about one and a half miles
from the heart of the city. The grounds were established as a cemetery
by the government on Nov. 15, 1862, with an area of 10.26 acres, inclosed
by a stone wall. The cemetery is rectangular in shape, 924 feet long,
extending east and west, and 478 wide, north and south. A part of
the ground was donated by the city, a part by the Presbyterian church,
and the rest was purcahsed-by the government, for $75. Through the
stone wall mentioned are entrances at either end of the cemetery made
by means of iron folding gates swinging from stone pillars. The sur-
face of the ground is a graceful slope. The crest of the slope is at
the east end and fox a short distance the descent is extremely light,
but soon becomes of greater fall, extending about half the length of
the grounds, and again becomes more mild reaching to the other
extremity of the place. The main entrance is in the center of the west
wall at the foot of the grade. A wide driveway passes up the gentle
slope to the center of the cemetery, and at about half the length of
the grounds divides, branching to either side around the more abrupt
slope to the summit, enclosing a heart-shaped plat, tastefully
ornamented with shade trees. At regular intervals upon the margins
of this plat four mounted cannon are stationed to guard, as it were,
these holy and sacred precincts. Immediately upon the brow of the
crest, at about equal angular distances from the superintendent's resi-
dence building and rostrum, rising out of a large, grass covered mound,
is the tall flag staff, upon the summit of which the national emblem
mournfully keeps untiring watch over the resting place of its defenders.
At the other end of Ihe cemetery and about half its length, separated
KANSAS HISTORY 3O5
by the central driveway and surrounded by a driveway on the remain-
ing three sides, are the two rectangular plats or panels occupied by the
interments. These plats of equal size are of even and. moderate grade.
Here, side by side, in rank and file, like as in solid phalanx they marched,
the veterans lie buried. The surface of these plats is smooth and even,
with no perceptible marks of the graves except the little block of
marble standing at the head of each. The entire grounds, excepting
the drives; is covered with a blue grass sod, and the whole is under-
drained with tiling, by which the surface is always kept dry. The
enclosure is also adorned with a profusion of artistically arranged shade
trees, and the burying plats are embellished with numerous evergreens,
through whose dark green foliage ma}' be seen the ghostlike white-
ness of the marble blocks, giving the whole a weird and mournful
appearance. There are 666 interments in the cemetery, .177 of whom
are unknown. At dififerent places among the graves are stanzas of
poetry appropriate to the place, printed in enduring letters on tablets.
The cemetery is reached from the city by a fine macadamized drive,
alongside of which is a walk, and on either side of both a row of shade
trees. This improvement was made during the year 1882 at a cost
of about $18,000. Upon the summit of the grade, at the east end of
the grounds and near one corner, is the tasty, two-story brick resi-
dence of the superintendent, and back of this building in the corner
are the stable and out-houses. (See Baxter Springs.)
Census. — The first census taken in Kansas was in accordance with
the provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, which stipulated that
"Previous to the first election, the governor shall cause a census or
enumeration of the inhabitants and qualified voters of the several coun-
ties and districts of the territory, to be taken by such persons, and in
such mode as the governor shall designate and appoint."
The enumeration taken under this provision was completed on the
last day of Feb., 1855, ^"d showed the total resident population of the
territory to be 8,501, of whom 2,905 were qualified voters; 151 were
free negroes; 192 were slaves, and 408 were persons of foreign birth.
It was under this census that Gov. Reeder divided the territory into
districts for the election of members of the first territorial legislature.
On Jan. 21, 1858, Gov. Denver approved an act of the legislature pro-
viding for a census to be taken in certain districts, viz: Oxford and
Shawnee townships in Johnson county ; Walnut township, Atchison
county ; and Tate and Potosi townships in Linn county. The act also
appointed commisioners to take the census. Each commissioner was
to receive $5 for his work, and w^as required "to visit every dwelling,
cabin, tent or building in which he can find inhabitants, and take the
name of each inhabitant, as provided in the first section, specifying the
date of his settlement." The act was passed by the free-state legisla-
ture to aid in the investigation of frauds committed at the election of
Jan. 4.
Section 26, Article 2, of the Wyandotte constitution provided that
(I-20)
3o6 CYCLOPEDIA Ol"
"The legislature shall provide for taking an enumeration of the inhab-
-itants of the state, at least once in ten years. The first enumeration
shall be taken in A. D. 1865."
Several enumerations were made in the year i860. On Feb. 7 a com-
mittee of the legislature reported the population as being 97,570. The
census made to and reported b)' Gov. Robinson showed a population
of 71,770. In June the marshal caused a census to be taken, which
showed a population of 143,643, and the official United States census
— the first ever taken in Kansas — gave the number of inhabitants as
107,206. The first state census, taken under the provisions of the Wyan-
dotte constitution mentioned above, was made in May, 1865, and showed
the population to be 140,179, of whom 127,270 were whites, 12,527
were negroes, and 382 were Indians.
During the first twenty years of statehood the growth of population
was rapid. In 1870 it was 364,399, an increase of nearly 250 per cent,
during the preceding decade, and in 1880 it was 996,096, an increase
of nearly 175 per cent, over 1870. Since then the increase has not been
so marked, yet Kansas has kept pace with her sister states. In 1890
the population was 1,427,096. This had increased to 1,470,495 in 1900,
and in 1910, the last United States census 3'ear, the population was
1,690,949.
Centennal Exposition. — (See Expositions.)
Center, a little inland hamlet in Chautauqua county, is located on
North Cheney' Creek about 10 miles north of Sedan, the county seat,
whence it receives mail daily by rural route. The nearest railroad
station is Rodgers on the Missouri Pacific, about 7 miles south. The
population, according to the report of 1910, was 38.
Centerville, a village of Linn county, is situated in the western por-
tion of the county on Sugar creek and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas
R. R. about 12 miles northwest of Mound City, the count)' seat. It
has a mone}' order postoiilice. express and telegraph offices, and is the
shipping and supply town for a considerable agricultural district. In
1910 the population was 175.
Central City, a village of Anderson county, is located on a branch
of Scipio creek, about 8 miles west of Garnett, the county seat, and
4 miles from Harris, on the Missouri Pacific, which is the nearest rail-
road station. The population was 57 in 1910. Mail is received from
Garnett by rural delivery.
Central College, located at Enterprise, Dickinson county, was
founded by six citizens of that city, who purchased the site and erected
a three-story stone building 65 by 75 feet, in which was opened '"Har-
rison Normal College." On July 10, 1891, the founders met with the
Central College Association, to which the property was transferred,
and the charter of Central College was filed on the i6th. The institu-
tion was conducted under the name of Central College until in 1896,
when it was turned over to the western conference of the German
Methodist church, and the name was changed to Enterprise Normal
Academy.
KANSAS HISTORY 3O7
Central Normal College, located at Great Bend, was first opened in
1888, with D. E. Sanders as president and William Stryker as principal.
Hazelrigg's History of Kansas, published in 1895, says the school then
enrolled 400 students. In 1898 the Central Normal College company
was organized and purchased the property, which originally cost some-
thing like $40,000, engaged a competent faculty, reorganized the institu-
tion with Porter Young as president, and broadened the scope of the
college. Under the new' management eight courses of study were intro-
duced, viz. : Preparatory, common school teachers', special science,
scientific, classical, pedagogical, oratorical and commercial. There is
also a special course in shorthand and typewriting.
Centralia, one of the important towns of Nemaha county, is located
10 miles southwest of Seneca, the county seat, on the Missouri Pacific
R. R. which runs through the southern part of the county east and
west. It is also on the Vermillion river. It has banking facilities, a
public library, a weekly newspaper (the Journal), telegraph and express
offices, and an international money order postoffice with four rural
routes. All the main lines of business activity are represented. The
population in 1910 was 665.
A settlement known as Centralia was made in 1859 a mile north of
the present town. J. W. Tuller erected a store in i860 and shorth-
afterward a school house, a drug store and a hotel were constructed.
These, with a law office and a blacksmith shop, comprised the town up
to 1867. When the railroad came through the site was moved. The
town company purchased 240 acres of land, half of which was given
to the railroad for building a depot. The first building erected was
a store by I. Stickel in 1867. Four other business buildings followed
before 1871. In 1873 a $7,000 mill was built by John Ingram. The
first school was taught in a frame building erected at a cost of $2,500,
J. S. Stamm being the teacher. The first marriage occurred in i860
between Albert Clark and Sara Mitchell. The town was incorporated
as a city of the third class in 1882 and the first election held the same
year.
Centropolis, one of the oldest settlements of Franklin county, is
situated on Eight Mile creek about 10 miles northwest of Ottawa, the
county seat, and 8 miles west of Norwood, the nearest railroad .station.
The first white settler on the town site was Perry Fuller, who estab-
lished a store in 1855, for trade with the Indians. The business pros-
pered and Mr. Fuller was the prime mover in the formation of the
Centropolis Town compan}- in 1856. The men who formed tiie (organ-
ization intended that it should not only be the seat of justice of the
county, but also aspired to have it the capital of Kansas Territory.
It was therefore named Centropolis at the suggestion of Joel K. Goodin,
a member of the association. A number of business houses and dwell-
ings were erected during 1856. The following year the town company
built a large sawmill, and during that year Centropolis reached the
height of its importance. The first school in the town was taught dur-
308 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ing the winter of 1855 by William Cator. The first school house was
used until 1877, when it was replaced by a good frame building with
a capacity of 80 scholars. The first newspaper in Franklin county,
excepting that issued by Jotham Meeker at the Indian mission, was
the Kansas Leader of Centropolis, which appeared in the spring of
1857. Centropolis prospered up to i860, but as no railroad reached the
town it never lived up to the great expectations of its founders. Today
it has several general stores, a money order postofifice, is the supply
town for a considerable district, and in 1910 had a population of 117.
Cess, a rural postofifice in the extreme southeast corner of Morton
county, is in Cimarron township about 25 miles from Richfield, the
county seat. Hooker, Okla., is the most convenient railroad station.
Chaffee, a small hamlet of Rush county, is located about 8 miles
northeast of Lacrosse, the county seat and most convenient railroad
station. Mail is received by rural delivery from the postofifice at Bison.
^ Chalk, a small hamlet in the extreme southwest corner of Wabaun-
see county, is about 17 miles south of Alma, the county seat, and 8
miles north of Comiskey on the Missouri Pacific, which is the nearest
railroad station. Mail is delivered to the people of Chalk from the
postoiBce at Eskridge.
Chalk Beds. — Not until the early '70s was the existence of chalk
known in the U. S. About that time, however, it became known in
scientific circles in Kansas that practically limitless beds of chalk occur
in the Cretaceous formations of this state, the discovery having been
made by the late Dr. Bunn, while a student at the Universit}' of Kansas.
These beds have been found in a number of Kansas counties, the
chalk once forming the bed of the Cretaceous ocean. Should a demand
ever arise for the article the supply would be practically unlimited. As
a rule this chalk is soft and fine grained. A large portion of it is slightly
tinged with yellow, from oxide of iron, while much is snowy white. It
also differs from the old world article, in that the Rhizopod shells, which
sometimes comprises nearly the entire makeup of the latter, are entirely
\\'anting in that found in the Kansas beds. The amount of impurities
in the Kansas chalk rarely amounts to more than 15 or 16 per cent.
In 1909, Charles H. Sternberg of Lawrence, an authority on the
Kansas chalk beds, issued a volume entitled "Life of a Fossil Hunter,"
in which the following description of conditions in one of the Kansas
chalk beds might be typical of others : "Both sides of my ravine are
bordered with cream-colored, or }'ellow, chalk, with blue below. Some-
times for hundreds of feet the rock is entirely denuded and cut into
lateral ravines, ridges, and mounds, or beautifully scultptured into tower
and obelisk. Sometimes it takes on the semblance of a ruined city,
with walls of tottering masonry, and only a near approach can convince
the eye that this is only another example of that mimicry in which
nature so frequently indulges. The chalk beds are entirely bare of vege-
tation, with the exception of a desert shrub that 'finds a foothold in the
rifted rock' and sends its roots down every crevice. . . . Sometimes I
KANSAS HISTORY 3O9
come upon gorges only two feet wide and fifty feet deep ; sometimes for
five miles or more the sides of the ravine will be only a few feet high."
These chalk beds are rich in specimens of extinct animal and plant
life and have yielded many of J:he world's finest specimens of the fauna
and flora of the Cretaceous period. The first thorough exploitation of
the beds was in 1876, when expeditions under Prof. Benjamin F. Mudge
and Mr. Sternberg went out, each procuring many rare specimens,
During subsequent years Mr. Sternberg has been an assiduous collector,
finding fossil remains of the mososaur, ram nosed tylosaur, giant Cre-
taceous fish, Cretaceous shark, giant sea tortoise, crinoids and fossil
leaves. The most of his specimens were obtained in the counties of
Logan and Gove, and many now enrich some of the world's most noted
museums, including- the British Museum of Natural History, London;
the Royal Museum of Munich; the Smithsonian Institution, Washing-
ton; American Museum of Natural History, New York; Carnegie
Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. ; University of Kansas, Lawrence, and other
institutions. (See also Geology and Paleontology.)
Chance, a small hamlet of Stockholm township, Wallace county, is
situated on a branch of Ladder creek, about 15 miles southwest of
Sharon Springs, the county seat and most convenient railroad station.
It has a money order postofifice and is a local trading center for the
neighborhood.
Chanute, the largest town in Neosho county and one of the most
important in southeastern Kansas, is located on the Neosho river in
Tioga township at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and
the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads, 14 miles northwest of Erie, the
count}' seat. It is a gas, oil and manufacturing center, having the largest
oil and gas wells in the state located in the immediate vicinity. Some
of the industries are car repair shops, of which the monthly pay roll
exceeds $40,000, brick and tile works, cement plants, zinc smelter, glass
factories, flour mills, oil refinery, planing mill, gas engine works, boiler
works, egg case factory, machine shops, broom factories, torpedo manu-
factory, an ice plant, drilling tool factory and lime plant. Chanute has
an electric light plant, city waterworks, good fire and police depart-
ments, an opera house, 4 banks, 4 newspapers, fine church buildings and
excellent schools. Several oil and gas companies have their head-
quarters at this point. There are express and telegraph offices and an
international money order postofifice with six rural routes. The popu-
lation in 1910 was 9,272.
In 1870 when the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston R. R. (now
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe) crossed the Missouri, Kansas and
Texas line within the limits of Neosho county four rival towns sprang
up, in the vicinity of the junction. They were New Chicago, Chicago
Junction, Alliance and Tioga. Two years of the most bitter animosity
ensued until the four were consolidated in 1872, and the name of
Chanute given it in honor of Octavius Chanute, a railroad civil engi-
neer. The business buildings of the other three towns were all moved
3IO CYCLOPEDIA OF
to New Chicago and this location forms the business section of Chanute
at the present time. At the time of the consolidation the combined
population was 800. The next year the town was incorporated as a
city of the third class. New Chicago, which was the largest of the four,
had been organized as a town in 1870 and incorporated as a city of \ht
third class in 1871, with C. A. Dunakin as mayor. The New Chicago
postoffice was established in 1870 with a Mr. Moore postmaster. The
first school house in the vicinity was a large, expensive building located
in the south end of New Chicago. A bridge was built over the Neosho
about 1871, which the citizens of New Chicago managed to have placed
in a position to their own advantage.
In 1883 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. extended its line
from Chanute to Pittsburg, thus connecting the town with cheap fuel.
This was followed by a general growth in business and population. A
particular boom was experienced by the discovery of oil and gas. The
Standard Oil companj- in 1897 built a pipe line from Benedict, 17 miles
away, at a cost of $37,000. which was afterward purchased by the city
of Chanute for $65,000. From this line the city derives considerable
revenue.
The first newspaper established in Chanute after the consolidation
was the Chanute Democrat which was started in 1879 by Bowen &
Hite. There were two papers before the consolidation, the New Chicago
Transcript, established in Sept., 1870, by George C. Crowther, and the
New Chicago Times, established in 1872 by A. L. Rivers, the name being
later changed to Chanute Times.
Chaplin, an inland hamlet of Elk county, is located about 8 miles
southwest of Howard, the county seat, whence it receives its mail daily
by rural route. The nearest railroad station is Grenola, about 6 miles
south on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. The population in 1910
was 36.
Chapman, an incorporated city of Dickinson county, is located on the
Smoky Hill river, just above the mouth of Chapman creek, and is a
station on the Union Pacific R. R. 11 miles east of Abilene, the county
seat. The first settlement was made at Chapman in 1868, and the same
year Jackman's mill was built on Chapman creek a little northeast of
the present town. James Streeter and S. M. Strickler laid out the town
in 1871 and the growth has been steady from that time to the present.
Chapman has 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Advertiser), a flour
mill, some well stocked mercantile establishments, churches of the lead-
ing denominations, an international money order postoffice with four
rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a fine
public school system and the county high school. It is the most import-
ant shipping point between Abilene and Junction Cit}', and in iQio
reported a population of 781.
Chardon, a rural'money order postofiice of Rawlins county, is located
in Clinton township, between two branches of Sappa creek and about 12
miles south of Atwood, the county seat. It is a trading point for that
section of the county.
KANSAS HISTORY 3II
Charities and Corrections. — The tendency of modern government is
to concentrate power and responsibility into fewer hands. Prior to
1873 each of the Kansas benevolent institutions had its own board of
trustees, but by the act of March 13, 1873, the blind, deaf and dumb and
insane asylums were all placed under the control of one board of six
trustees. The legislature of 1876 created a "State Board of Charities
and Corrections," to consist of five persons to be appointed by the
governor, and placed under the control of this board the same institu-
tions as were formerly controlled by the act of 1873.
The first board of charities and corrections, appointed by Gov. Osborn
in 1876, consisted of John T. Lanter, J- P- Bauserman, W. B. Slosson,
John H. Smith and Thomas T. Taylor, any three of whom were to con-
stitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
By the act of Feb. 27, 1901, the state insane hospitals, the feeble
minded school, the asylum of the deaf and dumb, the school for the
blind, the soldiers' orphans home and the girls' and boys' industrial
schools were placed under the control of the board, which in 1905 was
superseded by the Board of Control (q. v.).
Charleston, a village of Gray county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 13 miles west of Cimarron, the county seat.
It has a money order postofifice, does some shipping, and is a trading
point for that section of the county.
Charlotte, a discontinued postoffice of Sherman county, is located on
Beaver creek about 10 miles north of Goodland, the county seat, from
which place the people receive mail by rural delivery.
Chase, one of the principal towns of Rice county, is a station on the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 8 miles west of Lyons, the county
seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural route,
express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a weekly newspaper
(the Register), a hotel, some good mercantile establishments, churches
of the leading denominations, and a graded public school. Chase was
incorporated in 1902, and in 1910 reported a population of 263.
Chase County, 01-ganized in 1859 and named for Salmon P. Chase,
chief justice of the United States supreme court, is located 50 miles
south of the Kansas river and 100 miles west of Missouri. It is
bounded on the north by Morris county ; on the east by Lyon and
Greenwood : on the south by Greenwood and Butler, and on the west
by Marion. The earliest settlement was made in 1854, when Seth
Hayes, an Indian trader at Council Grove located a cattle ranch on
the Cottonwood river, near the mouth of Diamond Spring creek. Two
years later Nathan Corey, Daniel Holsinger and Gabriel Jacobs located
in the eastern part of the county. Among those who came in 1857
were: Dr. M. R. Leonard, B. McCabe, J. Lane, M. Coyne, A. Howell,
C. T. Hegwer, William Osmer, William Dixon, Walter Watson, A.
B. Wentworth, Milton Ford, James Fisher, and several families from
Illinois. The first marriage was in 1857, between a Mr. Pine and Jane
Wentworth. The firfet school house was erected in Bazaar township
312 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in i860, the schools previous to that time having been taught in private
houses. The first birth was that of George Holsinger in 1857. The
first postofhce was located in Bazaar township in i860, with George
Leonard as postmaster. The first death was that of Mrs. M. R. Leon-
ard in 1859. The Fratchet grocery store, established in 1859 in Cot-
tonwood township, was the first business enterprise in the county.
There were 549 people in the county when it was organized by act
of the legislature in 1859. It was formed out of territory taken frorii
Butler and Wise (Morris) counties. Three townships — Falls, Bazaar
and Cottonwood — were formed, and voting places fixed. The first
election was held on March 26 and resulted as follows : M. R. Leonard,
probate judge ; A. W. Smith, sheriiT ; Sidney A. Breese, register of
deeds; R. C. Farnsworth, superintendent of public instruction; J. F. R.
Leonard, surveyor; J. W. Hawkins, coroner; C. S. Hill, clerk of the
board of supervisors ; Samuel N. Wood, Augustus Howell and Barnard
McCabe, supervisors. There were 72 votes polled. Chase county was
located in the Fifth judicial district and for some time court was held
in the Congregational church at Cottonwood Falls. Unlike many of
the counties, Chase lived within her means and did not vote bonds in
extravagant amounts or build expensive public buildings which she
could not afiford. The first court-house was a log building, which was
bought in 1863 from George W. Williams for $175. In 1871 $40,000
were voted for public buildings, and two years later the present court-
house was completed at a cost of $42,600. The square in which it stands
was donated by the city. The first county officers served without pay.
The first assessment was made in 1859 and the total valuation of prop-
erty was $71,536. Lodges, churches and societies of diffeient kinds
were organized early in the history of the county.
When the war began in 1861, out of the 262 voters of Chase county,
^2 enlisted at once. Samuel N. Wood was made captain of Company
I, Second Kansas infantry. He was made brigadier-general of the
state militia in 1864, and a number of other Chase county men achieved
distinction in the war for the preservation of the Union.
The first railroad was the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, built some
time in the early '70s. It enters the county from the east, about 8 miles
below the north line, runs west to Strong City and Cottonwood Falls,
thence southwest through Elmdale and Clements and on into Marion
county. There is a branch of the same line operating between Strong
City and Abilene which runs northwest from Strong City and leaves
the county near the northwest corner. A branch line connects Cotton-
wood Falls with Bazaar, a few miles to the south.
The county is divided into 8 townships : Bazaar, Cedar, Cottonwood,
Diamond Creek, Falls, Matfield, Strong and Toledo. There are 11 post-
offices as follows: Cottonwood Falls, the county seat; Bazaar, Cedar
Point, Clements, Elk, Elmdale, Homestead, Hymer, Matfield Green.
Saflfordville, and Strong City.
In surface the county is somewhat broken and hilly, especially in the
KANSAS HISTORY 3I3
southern portion, while in the north are gently rolling slopes. In some
places along the streams the slopes terminate in abrupt bluffs. The
Cottonwood river is the principal stream and with its numerous tribu-
taries forms the water system of the county. It enters the county from
the west about 12 miles from the southern line, flows northeast to
Cottonwood Falls and thence east into Lyon county. Some of the im-
portant creeks are Diamond, Fox and Middle creeks on the north, and
Fork and Cedar on the south. The river bottoms average over 2 miles
in width, those on the creeks three-fourths of a mile and together com-
prise about one-eighth of the total area. The timber belts along the
streams average less than half a mile in width and contain the following
varieties of wood : walnut, cottonwood, btirr-oak, sycamore, ash, hickory,
hackberry, box-elder, redbud and buckeye. Limestone of an excellent
quality and material for building-brick is found in abundance.
Chase is strictly an agricultural and stock raising county. Grazing
lands are plentiful. The total value of farm products in 1910 was nearly
$3,000,000, of which live stock sold for slaughter amounted to $1,500,000,
and corn, the largest field crop, brought $500,000. Tame grasses
amounted to $250,000. There are 100,000 fruit trees of bearing age.
The population of the county according to the census of 1910 was
7,527. The assessed valuation of property that year was over $18,000,000,
which makes the wealth per capita nearly $2,500.
Chattel Mortgages. — Every mortgage or conveyance intended to
operate as a lien upon personal property, which is not accompanied by
immediate delivery, followed by an actual and continued possession of
the property mortgaged, is absolutely void as against the creditors of
the mortgagor, and as against subsequent purchasers or mortgagees in
good faith, unless the mortgage or a true copy thereof be forthwith de-
posited in the office of the register of deeds in the county where the
property is situated, or if the mortgagor be a resident of some other
county of this state, then of the county of which he is a resident. As
between the original parties, any personal property that may be sold
may be mortgaged, for the mortgage is at least a contract or an assign-
ment. The description of the property in the mortgage must be suffi-
ciently definite to enable third persons to identify it. If the mortgagor
reserves the right of possession, the mortgagee cannot replevy or other-
wise take possession before conditions are broken. After conditions
are broken, the mortgagee may take possession or obtain it by replevin,
but possession, however obtained, whether by replevin or consent, or
under a stipulation in the mortgage, does not give the mortgagee an
absolute ownership, though he may sell the property on reasonable
notice to the mortgagor, but must account for the surplus after his debt
is paid. The remedy for conditions broken is like foreclosure of real
estate mortgages and cuts ofif all equities of redemption, for it is an
enforcement of the terms of the mortgage.
Every mortgage filed is void as against the creditors of the person
making the same, or against subsequent purchasers or mortgagees in
314 CYCLOPEDIA OF
good faith, after the expiration of two years from the filing thereof, un-
less, within 30 da3's next preceding the expiration of the term of two
years from such filing and each two years thereafter, the mortgagee, his
agent or attorney, makes an affidavit exhibiting the interest of the mort-
gagee in the property at the time last aforesaid, claimed by virtue of
such mortgage, and, if said mortgage is to secure the payment of money,
the amount yet due and unpaid. Such affidavit shall be attached to and
filed with the instrument or copy on file to which it relates. If such affi-
davit is made and filed before any purchase of such mortgaged property
is made, or other mortgage deposited, or lien obtained thereon in good
faith, it is valid to continue in effect such mortgage as if the same had
been made and filed within the period provided. A copy of any such
original instrument, or any copy thereof so filed, including any affidavit
made in pursuance of the statute, certified by the register in whose office
the same is filed, will be received in evidence, but only of the fact that
such instrument or copy and such affidavit was received and filed accord-
ing to the indorsement of the register thereon. When the mortgage is
paid or satisfied due entr)- must be made of that fact on the record.
Chautauqua, one of the incorporated towns of Chautauqua county, is
a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in Belleville town-
ship, in the southern part of the county, 7 miles from Sedan, the judicial
seat. It has a bank, a grist mill, a weekly newspaper (the Globe), ex-
press and telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice. It is the ship-
ping point for a large agricultural area. The population in 1910 accord-
ing to the census report was 348. The chief incentive for founding a
town at this point was the mineral springs. The landscape is interesting
and picturesque, and the springs are said to have great curative proper-
ties. The town was located in 1881, and by the next year there were 300
inhabitants. The first newspaper, the Chautauqua Springs Spy, was
established in 1882 by C. E. Moore and L. G. R. :McPherson. It had .:!5d
subscribers. Some of the early business men who came in during the
first two years were: B. F. Bennett, drugs; T. J. Johnson, drygoods ;
F. M. Fairbanks, livery barn; Thomas Br3^ant, drygoods; Bennett &
Binns, grocery store ; George Edwards, drugs ; Richard Foster, hard-
ware ; C. C. Purcell, drugs ; James Randall, grocery store ; Mrs. Bush,
millinery ; James Allreid, who owned a saw mill ; Castleberry, the hotel
man. and six others who established livery barns, blacksmith shims and
wagon shops.- The school district was organized in 1880.
The original town site consisted in 80 acres, belonging to Dr. G. W.
Woolsey and Dr. T. J. Dunn, to which additions were made by J. C.
Kvles and Binns & Bennett. Chautauqua was incorporated as a city
of the third class in 1882 and the following officers were chosen at the
first election : mayor, Thomas Bryant ; clerk, S. Booth ; treasurer, I. H.
Wilson ; marshal, B. F. Atkinson ; councilmen, O. F. Shoupp, N. M. Lee.
F. A. Fairbanks. E. Moore and S. Cheney.
Chautauqua County, formerly the southern half of Howard county, is
located in the southern tier of counties and is the fourth west from the
KANSAS HISTORY 315
Missouri line. It is bounded on the north by Elk county, on the east by
Montgomery county, on the south by the State of Oklahoma, and on
the west by Cowley county.
Chautauqua county was not settled until after the war, the first white
man to occupy land being Richard Slater, who took a claim in Salt creek
valley, Salt Creek township, in 1868. Although the land still belonged
to the Osage Indians and was not open to settlement until 1870, a num-
ber of people made homes in the vicinity before that time. Among these
pioneers were William Bowcher, in Lafayette township : O. Hanson,
Harrison township ; H. S. Halliday, Sedan township ; Alexander Shaw-
ver, Caneyville township ; George M. Ross, Summit township ; John' W.
Morris and John Sutton, in Belleville township, all of whom came in
1869. By the time the county was organized in 1875, the population was
over 7,000. The first marriage was between Ebenezer Horton and
Martha Starks of Salt Creek township in 1869, the first birth was that
of Abigail Slater in the same year, in the same township. Elgin in Hen-
dricks township was the first town.
The incorporation of Chautauqua county was provided for b}' act of
the legislature, to take effect June i, 1875, and Sedan was designated as
the county seat. When the day arrived M. B. Light, clerk of Chautau-
qua county, moved to the place appointed, while the other officers were
retained at Elk Falls until the constitutionality of the division could be
tested in the courts. The court upheld the division and the necessary
changes were made, thus bringing to a close a bitter and expensive
county seat war, which was hindering development. The debt of How-
ard county, most of which was incurred in useless county seat elections,
was divided equally between the two new counties. The debt of Chau-
tauqua count}^ at the beginning was therefore $30,000. In order to
avoid new county seat troubles Sedan ofifered to build a court-house and
donate it to the county in consideration that the county seat remain
there. The building was put up by private donations and its construc-
tion was fraught with the greatest difficulties on account of the unset-
tled condition of the location of the county seat. The construction was
under the management of H. B. Kelly, who was the proprietor of the
paper. The walls and roof were built at a cost of $4,000 and turned over
to the county. This proved satisfactory and Sedan became the perma-
nent'county seat. A jail was built in 1877.
The first school building was erected in 1870 at Elgin. A number
of others were erected in 1872 in different parts of the county. In 1880
the school population was over 2,000, and in 1881 the money raised by
taxation for school purposes was over $71,000. The school population
in 1882 was double that of 1880, and the valuation of school property
had increased from $4,500 to $52,200. There were three graded schools
in the county at that time. At present all the schools are graded. The-
school population is 4,000, the number of districts 93, all of which are
supplied with good substantial buildings, in most cases brick or stone.
The county is divided into 12 civil townships, viz : Belleville, Caney-
3l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ville, Center, Harrison, Hendricks, Jefferson, Lafayette, Little Caney,
Salt Creek, Sedan, Summit and Washington. The towns and villages
number more than a score, the principal ones being Sedan, the county
seat, Brownsville, Cedar Vale, Center, Chautauqua, Cloverdale, Colfax,
Elgin, Farmersburg, Grafton, Hale, Hewins, Jonesburg, Leeds, Lowe,
Monett, Xiotaze, Peru, Rogers, Sedan, Spring Creek and Wauneta.
There are two lines of railroads in the county, the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe, and the Missouri Pacific. The former, a branch diverging
from the main line at Cherryvale in Montgomery county, enters the
county on the east and traverses the southern portion, the line terminat-
ing at Cedar Vale on the western border. The Missouri Pacific crosses
from east to west a few miles south of the center. This company oper-
ates a line which enters the county in the northeast corner and con-
nects with the first at Peru Junction. The total railroad mileage
is 94.
The surface of the county is level in the northern part and hilly toward
the south. Bottom lands along the creek beds average a mile in width
on the larger streams and one-fourth of a mile on the small streams,
and comprise one-fourth of the total area. The streams are numerous
with the watersheds bearing toward the south. The three important
branches of Caney creek — Big Caney, Middle Caney and North Caney —
are the larger streams. Salt and Bee creeks in the northeastern portion
are next in importance. These streams are belted with thin strips of
timber native to Kansas soil.
Among the natural products of the county are sandstone of excellent
quality for paving and building, limestone from which an excellent
quality of lime is produced, and marble which takes a high polish is
found in the hills about Sedan. There are a number of gas wells from
which all the important towns are lighted and heated. Coal has been
found along the streams. This is one of the leading oil producing coun-
ties of the state, thousands of barrels of oil being carried out daily by
the pipe lines.
There are over 416,000 acres of land in the county, of which 250,000
are under cultivation. The value of farm products in 1910 was nearly
$1,500,000, of which Indian corn amounted to $167,000 and Kafir corn
to a similar figure. The field crops furnished about half the total income
and barnyard products about half.
The assessed valuation of all property was $13,930,000 in 1910. The
population in the same year was 11,429.
Chautauqua Springs are situated in a little valley south of the village
of Chautauqua Springs, Chautauqua county, and the waters have more
than a local reputation on account of their freedom from salts of lime
and magnesium. An analysis of these waters show them to contain so-
dium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium
bicarbonate, iron bicarbonate and silica.
Chavez, Antonio Jose, was a Mexican merchant engaged in trade be-
tween Santa Fe and the United States. In Feb., 1843, he left Santa Fe
KANSAS HISTORY 317
with 5 servants, 2 wagons, 55 mules, some $10,000 or $12,000 in specie
and gold bullion, and a small lot of furs. Owing to the early season, the
Santa Fe trail was in bad condition and he was compelled to abandon
one of his wagons. About April 10, while encamped on the Little Arkan-
sas river, near the boundary between Rice and McPherson counties,
he was robbed by 15 men claiming to be Texan troops, under the com-
mand of John McDaniel. After the booty was divided — amounting to
some $400 or $500 each — the party separated, part of the men starting
back to the settlements. Those who remained behind killed Chavez
and found a considerable sum in gold concealed on his person and about
the wagon. His body and all his effects were thrown into a ravine, the
plunder packed on some of Chavez's mules and the party then set out for
the States. A posse of citizens from Jackson county, Mo., led by George
Buchanon, sheriff" of the county, met the gang near Council Grove and
captured several of the men. As the crime was not committed in Mis-
souri the malefactors were turned over to the Federal authorities. In
the trial which ensued three of the men were found guilty of murder
and hanged, and the others were sentenced to various terms of impris-
onment.
Chelsea, a hamlet of Butler county, is on a branch of the Walnut river
about 8 miles northeast of Eldorado, the county seat, from which place
mail is received by rural delivery.
Cheney, an incorporated city of the third class in Sedgwick county,
is located in Morton township, 26 miles west of Wichita, and is a station
on the Wichita & Pratt division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
R. R. It has 2 banks, a grain elevator, a weekly newspaper (the
Sentinel), hotels, mercantile houses, good public schools, etc. The popu-
lation in 1910 was 734. From its international money order postoffice
three rural routes emanate, supplying daily mail to a large number of
inhabitants of the Ninnescah valle)'. It has express, telegraph and
telephone facilities, and is probably the most important shipping point
on that division of the Sante Fe, with the exception of Kingman.
Chepstow, a little hamlet of Washington county, with a population of
25 in 1910, is situated in the Coon creek valley, about 16 miles south-
east of Washington, the county seat. Mail is received by rural deliver}-
from the Greenleaf postoffice. Barnes, on the Missouri Pacific, is the
nearest railroad station.
Cherokee, one of the principal incorporated cities of Crawford county,
is located near the southern boundary, at the junction of the St. Louis
& San Francisco and the Missouri Pacific railroads, 12 miles south of
Girard, the county seat. When the Kansas City, T"ort Scott & Gulf
R. R. was under construction, supply camps and boarding "shanties"
were established at suitable places along the line for the accommodation
of the workmen. A building of this nature was erected by William
Sharp on the site of Cherokee early in the year 1870, which was the be-
ginning of the present city. The land had been entered by John G.
Knox and John J. Hoke, but it was donated to the railroad company,
3l8 CYCLOPEDIA OF
which in April, 1870, laid out the town and began selling lots. A
school house was erected the following year, and in ]SIay, 1874, W. K.
Goode removed his newspaper outfit from Girard and began the publica-
tion of the Cherokee Pharos, which was the firs.t newspaper.
The Cherokee of the present day is one of the busy cities of south-
eastern Kansas. It has two national banks, flour mills, grain elevators,
an ice plant, a broom factory, a telephone exchange, good hotels, churches
of the principal denominations, a graded school system, telegraph and
express offices, a number of first class mercantile establishments, and a
weekly newspaper (the Sentinel). The postoffice at Cherokee issues
international money orders, and from it emanate two rural delivery
routes which supply a large district with daily mail. Sheridan town-
ship, in which the city is situated, is one of the finest agricultural regions
in that section of the state, and Cherokee is the shipping point for large
quantities of grain and live stock. Coal of fine quality is extensively
mined near the city. According to the U. S. census for 1910, the popu-
lation was 1,452.
Cherokee County, located in the extreme southeastern part of the
state, was created by the first territorial legislature and named McGee,
but as Mabillon W. McGee, for whom it was named, was a pro-slavery
man, the free-state legislature of i860 changed the name to Cherokee in
honor of the Cherokee Indians. At the present time the county is
bounded on the north by CraAvford county ; on the east by the State of
Missouri; on the south by the State of Oklahoma, and on the west by
Labette county. It has an area of 589 square miles.
The general surface of the country is undulating prairie, considerably
cut up by shallow draws. A water-shed extends through the county
from north to south dividing it into two nearly equal parts. The eastern
half is drained by Spring river and its tributaries, the most important of
which are Cow, Shawnee and Brush creeks, and the western portion is
drained by the Neosho river and its tributaries, the largest of which are
Lightning, Cherry, Fly and Four Mile creeks.
The county is divided into the following townships : Cherokee, Craw-
ford, Garden, Lola, Lowell, Lyon, Mineral, Neosho, Pleasant View,
Ross, Salamanca, Shawnee, Sheridan and Spring Valley. The valleys
of the streams vary from a half-mile to a mile in width and in the aggre-
gate comprise about a quarter of the area. The soil is of a dark vege-
table mould underlaid by a reddish brown clay subsoil and is ver}- fertile.
Corn, winter wheat and oats are the principal crops, but the county
ranks high in horticulture, having about 300,000 fruit trees of bearing
age, more than 250,000 of which are apple. Limestone is plentiful and
is found in nearly all of the ravines. Sandstone is found west of Spring
river near the tops of the high ridges, and both kinds of stone are exten-
sively quarried for local use. An abundance of potter's clay is found in
many parts of the county, which is used in the manufacture of brick and
retorts of zinc smelters. Coal of an excellent quality underlies a large
portion of the county, is extensively mined both for local demand, and
KANSAS HISTORY 3I9
immense quantities are exported to different parts of the state. Cher-
okee is the second largest coal producing county in Kansas. The south-
eastern part of the county lies practically in the heart of one of the rich-
est and most productive lead and zinc regions in the United States and
the output of this district amounts to several million dollars a year.
Previous to 1825 the land now embraced within the boundaries of
Cherokee county belonged to the Osage Indians. By a treat)' made that
year they ceded their lands in Arkansas, Missouri and those lying be-
tween Texas and the Kansas river, except a strip 50 miles wide, and
running as far west as the Osages had formerly claimed, and between
this strip and the state of Missouri a tract where neither Indians nor
white settlers were allowed to remain. In 1835 a treaty was concluded
between the government by which the Cherokees were granted this
neutral land and the strip subsequently became known as the "Neutral
Lands'' (q. v.), which were opened to settlement under the provisions
of the treaty of 1868.
As early as 1820 a Presbyterian mission was established on the Marais
des Cygnes river and another a few miles south on the Neosho, the mis-
sionaries being the first whites in the locality. The first settlers came
to Cherokee county from Georgia in 1835. They were quarter-breeds
and members of the Cherokee tribe. David M. Harlan, Richard Fields,
George Fields, John Rogers and Dennis Wolf, who had trouble with the
tribal officers in the Indian Territory and withdrew from the tribe, came
to the strip to settle. John Rogers located where Lowell now stands;
the Field brothers and Wolf, farther north, in what is now Garden town-
ship. A Baxter, for whom the town of Baxter Springs was named, had
a claim there about 1858. Another man, named Commons, located about
3 miles northeast of Baxter. A fight occurred between the two men
over Commons' claim and Baxter and his son-in-law were killed. Their
families moved away and were not heard of again. In 1858 a few whites
moved in, but the next year, by solicitation of the Indians, President
Buchanan ordered them off and they were forced to leave by L'nited
States troops under Capt. Sturgis, and their houses burned.
In the summer of 1868, the first school house was erected at Wirtonia.
It was built by subscription by the settlers but later became the property
of district number 32. The first white child was born in Cherokee county
as early as 1840, in what is now Garden township, and was a member
of the Harlan family who lived there for a time. The first marriage
license in the count}' was issued to Clark Johnson and Vienna Young,
who were married on Nov. 6, 1867, but the first marriage occurred on
Dec. 5. 1866, when John N. Burton married Mary AVilson. Ou Oct. 20,
1869, the first session of the Cherokee county teachers' institute was
held, and on Nov. 20, 1869, the Cherokee county agricultural and horti-
cultural society was organized at Brush Creek school house. Spring
Valley township, which shows the attention paid to agricultural pur-
suits at this early day. C. W. Willey was elected president ; H. C.
Vetch, vice-president; J. Wallace, secretary; and B. L. Devore, treas-
320 CYCLOPEDIA OF
urer. and the first fair was held the next year. This association has
become one of the well recognized institutions of the county.
Religious services were held in the county at an early day, as the set-
tlers gathered at some convenient cabin for the purpose in different
townships. The Methodists had several circuit riders in the county as
early as 1867, and the first church was organized by C. C. McDowell at
his house in Shawnee township the same 3"ear. Other denominations
followed and churches were erected at Baxter and Columbus, where the
Baptist church was organized in 1870. The following year the Presby-
terians perfected an organization, since which time nearly every denomi-
nation has established a church.
Immigration into the county was rapid during the decade from 1865
to 1875 and it was estimated that by the latter year the county had a
population of nearly 13,000, most of the settlers having come from Illi-
nois and Indiana, with a few from New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio.
Before the war there were but two settlements — one at the crossing of
the military road over Shawnee creek, and the other on the "mound"
on the west side of Spring river. Both were trading posts but were
demolished during the war. Baxter Springs (q. v.) claims the honor
of being the oldest permanent settlement in the county. John Appleby
located at Columbus in 1868, and was probably the first actual settler in
the town. He was followed by Judge Fry, who built a house and
opened a hotel.
By the act of creation in 1855 Cherokee county was attached to Bour-
bon county for all military and civil purposes. On Aug. 3, 1866, the
governor appointed A. V. Peters, Reese Caldwalder and J. W. Wallace,
special commissioners and Julius C. Petit special clerk for the purpose
of organizing the county, and designated Pleasant View as the tem-
porary county seat. It was located about 10 miles northeast of the
present city of Columbus. An election was held on Nov. 6, 1866. when
the following officers were elected : Representative, D. C. Finn ; county
commissioners, J. W. Wallace, U. G. Ragsdell and B. F. Norton; county
clerk, William Little ; probate judge, D. C. Finn ; clerk of the district
court, F. M. Logan; sherifl^, H. B. Brown; register of deeds, F. M.
Logan ; surveyor, C. W. Jewell ; county attorney, J. A. Smith ; treas-
urer, D. Callahan ; county superintendent, Sidney S. Smith ; coroner, J.
Miller. At the general election on Nov. 5, 1867, the location of the
county seat was submitted to a vote of the people. Columbus — then
known as Cherokee Center — and Baxter Springs were the contestants.
Baxter Springs received 136 votes and Cherokee Center 3. The com-
missioners held their last meeting at Pleasant View April 10, 1868, and
the first at Baxter Springs on April 14. The new location of the seat
of justice did not suit the people, and the commissioners were petitioned
to call another election, which was ordered for May 12, 1868, when the
vote resulted as follows : Baxter Springs, 600 ; geographical center of
the county, 639; Cherokee Center, i ; the center, 95. As no place received
a majority another election was held on May 26, when Baxter Springs
KANSAS HISTORY 321
received 965 ; geographical center, 920. By this vote Baxter remained
the county seat, but the people were still dissatisfied and on Feb. 17,
1869, another election was called to settle the matter. It was believed
that if a fair election could be held the geographical center of the county
would be chosen, for that location was supported by every precinct in
the county. Eventually Columbus was chosen, but it was suspected that
both the supporters of Baxter Springs and Columbus had practiced fraud
with regard to the ballots. The county records were at once transferred
to Columbus and established in a room of a house on the south side of
the public square, where they remained until a temporary court-house
was erected in the spring of 1871 on the northeast corner of the public
square at a cost of $1,500. The new court-house was finished in 1889 at
a cost of $70,000, and is one of the finest buildings of its kind in the
state.
The first newspaper established in the county was the Baxter Springs
Herald. It was owned and edited by B. R. and N. J. Evans, but they
had only a meager support in their enterprise. The Cherokee Sentinel,
the second paper in the county, appeared at Baxter Springs in Oct.,
1868, edited by M. W. Coulter and D. E. Holbrook. The Columbus Inde-
pendent was started on Sept. i, 1870, by A. T. and W. J. Lea.
Cherokee county is the richest county in Kansas in mineral resources.
The existence of lead and zinc ores was known to the Indians long before
white settlement began. In 1872, zinc was discovered in what is now
Garden township, and evidences of it were noted near Baxter Springs,
but until 1876 it was not known that the ore existed in sufficient quan-
tities to be of commercial value. In the spring of 1877 John Shoe and
John McAllen, two miners from Joplin, Mo., made some examinations
on Short creek and obtained permission from a man named Nicholls to
sink a shaft on his land. At a depth of 15 feet they discovered a rich
deposit of mineral. The land was bought by the West Joplin Zinc com-
pany for $1,000 and the land near was laid out as Empire City. A Ger-
man named Moll owned 160 acres of land where the town of Galena now
stands. Lead was discovered there in the spring of 1877. Other rich
deposits were located during the spring and summer, and people flocked
to the locality so rapidly that on June 19, 1877, Galena was incorporated.
The first coal shaft in the county was sunk at Scammon in 1877. It was
owned and operated by the Scammon brothers and was the first coal
shaft opened in Kansas south of the Leavenworth district. Since then
various companies have entered the field and opened mines, so that today
Cherokee county ranks second in production and value of coal.
Late in 1869 the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Gulf railroad was com-
pleted to Fort Scott, and from there it was pushed southward toward
Columbus, being completed to that point on April 8, 1870. A branch
of the same road was finished to Baxter Springs that year, and later it
was extended to Galena. In 1872, the St. Louis & San Francisco railroad
was extended through Cherokee county, and a narrow gauge road was
built from Weir City in the northern part of the county to Messer, but
(I-21)
it was later abandoned. In the fall of 1876, the St. Louis & San Fran-
cisco was completed to Columbus. In 1886-87 the Nevada & jNIinden
railroad (later absorbed by the Missouri Pacific) was built through the
county from the center of the northern boundary to the southwest
corner, and in 1894, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas extended a branch
from the main line at Parsons to Mineral City. In 1901 this branch was
completed through Columbus and Galena to Joplin, Mo., so that today
excellent transportation facilities are afforded by a perfect network of
railroads composed of the main and branch lines of these system.s.
The population of the county in 1910 was 38,162. Although the
county isVich in mineral resources, agriculture is an important industry.
The value of farm products for 1910 was $2,397,988. The five principal
crops, in the order of value, were: corn. $720,709; wheat, $498,381 ; hay.
$289,125; oats, 262,828; Irish potatoes, $59,Soo. The value of animals
slaughtered or sold for slaughter during the year was $251,914, and the
value of the dairy products was $152,050.
Cherokee Strip. — The tract of land known as the "Cherokee Strip," or
more properly speaking the Cherokee Outlet, lies just south of the
southern boundary of Kansas. It is 57 miles wide from north to south,
and extends from the Arkansas river on the east to the Texas panhandle
on the west. While it was in possession of the Indians its beauty and
fertility were so widely advertised that many thought it a veritable
paradise. Consequentl}' several eft'orts were made to have the strip
opened for settlement, but without avail. About 1885 ^ railroad com-
pany began the construction of a line from Arkansas City, Kan., toward
Fort \\'orth, Tex., the sur\ey passing through the Cherokee Strip. The
Indians ajjpealed to the courts for an injunction, but in the case oi the
Cherokee Nation vs. the Southern Kansas Railway it was decided that
the United States had the power to exercise the right of eminent do-
main over Indian lands, and the railroad went through. This did not
please the Indians, and in 1892 the strip was sold to the I'nited States.
It was opened to white settlers on Sept. 16, 1893.
In the southern part of Kansas is another tract of land once known
as the Cherokee Strip, or at least it was frequently called by that name.
It was ordered to be sold to white settlers by the act of Congress, ap-
proved May II, 1872. (See Neutral Lands.)
Cherryvale, one of the four important towns of Montgomery county,
is located near the east line, 12 miles northeast of Independence, the
county seat. It is a railroad center, being the point where the main line
■of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. diverges, one line running
south and the other southwest, and where the St. Louis & San Francisco
diverges both lines running eastward. Cherryvale is a manufacturing
town. It has a large zinc smelter which handles most of the zinc that
comes from the world famous Joplin-Galena district, 6 brick and tile
plants, iron works, glass plant, implement factory, oil refinery, foundry,
machine shops, shovel factory, grain elevators, flour mills, planing mills,
creamery, ice and cold storage plant, etc. The city also has 2 daily
KANSAS HISTORY 323
and weekly newspapers (the Republican and the Journal), a well
equipped fire department, an electric light and power plant, churches,
lodges and schools, and good banking facilities. Cherryvale is con-
nected with Independence and with Coffe^'ville by an electric interurban
railway. It is supplied with telegraph and express offices and has an
international money order postoffice with 6 rural routes. The popula-
tion in 1910 was 4,304.
The town was laid out in 1871 by the Kansas City, Lawrence & South-
ern Kansas Railway company. The first building was the Grand Hotel
erected by a Mr. Darr. The first store was opened by C. A. Clotfelter and
J. P. Baldwin. A number of business enterprises had been established
by 1873, when the town was swept by fire. The buildings were later
replaced b}- brick structures, but the growth of the town was slow until
1879, when a large increase in the railroad mileage in this section of the
country opened up the avenue of trade. The first church organization
was effected in 1871 and the first school was taught in 1873 by Miss
Mary Greenfield.
Cherryvale was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1880. The
first election was held in April of that year and the following officers
chosen; mayor, C. C. Kincaid ; police judge, A. Wood; councilmen, A.
Buch, J. M. Richardson, Frank Bellchamber, J. A. Handley and A. V.
McCormick. At the first meeting of the council, the following officers
were appointed: treasurer, A. Palp; clerk, M. F. Wood; marshal, J. C.
Cunningham; street commissioner, B. F. Hinds.
In 1889 bonds to the amount of $5,000 were voted for use in prospect-
ing for coal. Gas was found instead of coal and later oil was discovered.
There are at present 31 gas wells in the vicinity from which the total
output is 160,000,000 cubic feet of gas per day, the largest well produc-
ing 11,000,000 cubic feet. It is said to be the largest gas well in the
state. Cherryvale has a live commercial club, which is doing a great
deal to promote the general prosperity of the town.
Chester, a small hamlet in the extreme southwest corner of Gray
county, is in Montezuma township 25 miles from Cimarron, the county
seat, and about 16 miles north of Plains, which is the nearest railroad
station. Chester was formerly a postoffice, but the people there now
receive mail by rural delivery from Colusa.
Chetolah, an extinct town of Geary county — or rather a projected
town — was located near the mouth of Lyon creek in 1855 by a town
company of which Dr. A\'illiam A. Hammond was president and Capt.
Nathaniel Lyon was secretary. A survey was made by Abram Barry
and G. F. Gordon, but there was never a house built upon the site.
Chetopa, the third largest incorporated city in Labette county, is
located at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the Missouri, Kan- ,
sas & Texas railroads 10 miles south of Chetopa, the county seat. It
is lighted b}' electricity and natural gas, and has waterworks and a fire
department. There are three public school buildings, an opera house,
fine church buildings, 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the Advance and
324 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the Clipper), flour mills, a creamery and a brick plant. It has a money
order postoffice with six rural routes, telegraph and express offices,
and some well stocked stores. The population in 1910 was 1,548.
The site of Chetopa was located by Dr. Lisle for a colony formed at
Powhatan, Ohio, in 1857. ^^ that time John McMurtry was living within
the present limits of the town. The place was named for Chetopa,
the Osage war chief, who was living in the vicinity at the time, and
who was a great friend of Dr. Lisle. The little settlement flourished
until the war broke out. In 1863 about 40 houses in and about Chetopa
were destroyed by the United States troops to prevent them from
falling into the hands of the Confederates. After the war was over
the settlers returned, and others came with them and the permanent
settlement was begun. The Chetopa town company, with George Lisle
as president, met at Humboldt in 1868 and the town site was selected.
A charter was secured in March of that year and the sale of lots began.
The first building on the new site was the Western Hotel, opened by
Perry Barnes. M. H. Dersham erected a house and put in a stock of
drugs. Several other business enterprises were started that year. A
weekly stage line was established between Fort Scott and Chetopa in
1869, which was soon made tri-weekly. The growth of the town was
slow until the railroad boom, which began in Feb., 1870, when $50,000
bonds were voted to the Missouri, Kansas & Texas company, which
completed its line to Chetopa. This was to be the railroad center for
this part of the country. The Missouri, Kansas & Texas officials
promised to build their shops and locate their offices here, and people
came with a rush to get in on the "ground floor." Large wholesale
and retail enterprises were undertaken on borrowed capital. The
National Hotel was built at a cost of $12,000, costly public improve-
ments, for which the town had to be bonded, were erected, the public
school house costing $24,000. Finally a disagreement between the rail-
road officials and persons interested in the town caused the railroad
support to be entirely withdrawn. All prospects fell with a crash. Peo-
ple moved away, property became a drug on the market until the
assessed valuation of all property was less than the town's bonded
indebtedness.
Chetopa was chartered as a village in 1869 and became a city of the
third class in 1870. The trustees of the village were M. G. Pratt, W.
Gage, Henry Lisle, Leander Brown and A. S. Corey. The following
were the first officers of the city : Mayor, F. M. Graham ; councilmen,
W. B. Gregory, C. H. Ludlow, W. A. Nix, G. A. Degraflf and Dr. L.
P. Patty. The postoffice was granted in 1859, but on account of there
being no mail routes it was of no value to the town until 1866, when
it was arranged to get the mail weekly from Humboldt. Col. W.
Doudna, was the first postmaster.
The first bank was opened in 1868 and operated for two years, the
next was opened in 1870 by Ketchem & Co., and was succeeded the
next year by the National Bank. The first flour mill was built by
KANSAS HISTORY 325
Gilbert Martin in 1869. The library association was established in
1875-
The first and most disastrous fire occurred in 1871, when $25,000
worth of property was destroyed. Another fire in 1873 destroyed prop-
erty to the extent of $4,000, and another in 1882 burned several good
business houses. A hook and ladder company was organized in 1871,
and a fire company in 1874.
The town was invaded in 1873 by the Hiatt boys from the Territory,
who were there for plunder and robbery. They were driven out before
any damage was done.
Cheyenne, a discontinued postoffice of Osborne county, is situated
near the southeast corner, about 20 miles from Osborne, the county seat.
Mail is received through the office at Luray by rural free delivery.
Luray is the most convenient railroad station.
Cheyenne County. — On March 6, 1873, Gov. Osborn approved an
act creating a number of new counties out of the unorganized territory
in the western part of the state. One of these counties was Chej^enne,
the most northwestern county of Kansas, the boundaries of which were
defined by the act as follows : "Commencing where the east line of
range 37 west, intersects the fortieth degree of north latitude ; thence
south with said range line to the first standard parallel ; thence west
with said parallel to the west line of the State of Kansas ; thence north
with the state line to the fortieth degree of north latitude; thence
east with said parallel to the place of beginning."
A survey of the public lands in the county was made in 1874, and
in 1876 the first cattle ranch — the "T" ranch — was located about 9 miles
above Wano on the Republican river. The country was then full of
Indians and buffalo hunters. The first actual settlers came to the
county in 1879, when the Day brothers located on the "Big Timber,"
but they left the following spring, about the time that A. M. Brena-
man, L. R. Heaton and a man named Bateham came with their families.
Jacob Buck also settled in the county, near Wano, and in the spring of
1880. By Aug. 23 of that year there were enough settlers to justify
the establishment of a postoffice at Wano, with A. M. Brenaman as
postmaster. The first mail was carried from Atwood, the county seat
of Rawlins county, on Oct. 15, 1880. Graham & Brenaman opened
the first store in Sept., 1880, in a sod house, and it said their stock
of goods was neither large nor particularly well assorted, consisting
of a few necessary staple articles, such as a frontier settlement de-
manded. The first school was taught at Kepferle. School district No.
I was organized on Dec. 3, 1881, and the following subscriptions were
made to pay a teacher: G. T. Dunn, $5; L. R. Heaton, $5; S. O'dell,
$5; Jacob Buck, $8; John Quistorf, $3; F. J. Graham, $3; H. Miller,
W. H. Holcomb, J. A. Hoffman and John Long, $2.50 each; G. W.
Howe, $1.50, making a total of $40.50, in addition to which the patrons
agreed to board the teacher. School was opened on Jan. 10, 1882, in a
building donated by F. J. Graham, with ten scholars in attendance.
326 CYCLOPEDIA OF
In the winlcr o\ 1883 Che}-enne county was made a municipal town-
ship and attached to Rawlins county for judicial and revenue pur-
poses. It was organized as such with A. M. Brenaman as district
clerk and county superintendent, and John Long as sheriff and surveyor.
Two years later (1885) the property of Cheyenne county was valued
at $150,000 for taxation. In April of that year the site of Wano was
selected by John Dunbar, W. W. McKay and John Goodenberger, in
the southwest quarter of section 14, township 3 south, range 40 west,
about a mile northeast of the present town of St. Francis. The name
was selected by A. M. Brenaman when the postoffice was established.
Wano is a Spanish word, meaning "good," esto wano signifying "very
good."
On Sept. 7, 1885, the Cheyenne Count)- Agricultural Society was
organized at Wano, Avith the following directors : A. L. Emerson,
Jacob Buck, L. R. Heaton, John G. Long, W. W. McKay, A. M.
Brenaman, L. P. Rollins, Dr. J. C. Burton and John Elliott. At the
same meeting it was decided to hold a fair on the ist and 2nd of October.
The Cheyenne Rustler of Oct. 9, 1885, says: "The first exhibit of the
Cheyenne County Agricultural Society was successful beyond the
expectations of the most sanguine friends of the enterprise," and pub-
lishes a list of the prize winners.
The first newspaper published in the county was the ^^'ano News,
which was established by A. M. Brenaman. It was printed at Atwood,
and but five numbers were issued. It was followed by the Echo,
which lived but a short time. The Cheyenne County Rustler was
started on July 3, 1885, and was soon followed by the Cheyenne County
Democrat and the Bird City News.
Toward the close of 1885 an agitation was started for the organiza-
tion of the county. There was some opposition to the movement, but
on March 10, 1886, a petition praying for an independent county organ-
ization was presented to Gov. John A. Martin, who appointed Morris
Stine to take a census of the inhabitants and the valuation of property.
On the 30th of the same month Mr. Stine made his report to the gov-
ernor, showing a population of 2,607, of whom 855 were householders.
The value of the property at that time, exclusive of railroad property,
was "$509,124, of which $258,740 represented the value of the real
estate." On April i, 1886, Gov. Martin issued his proclamation declar-
ing Cheyenne county organized, appointing J. M. Ketcham, W. W.
McKay and J. F. Murray commissioners ; B. W. Knott, county clerk,
and designating Bird City as the temporary county seat. On Feb. 26,
1889, an election was held to determine the location of the permanent
county seat. The town of St. Francis received a majority of the votes,
and the county authorities established their offices there. Within a
short time the county owned lots worth $3,000 and buildings worth
$4,000 in the new county seat, when the question was raised as to
the legality of the election. To settle the matter the legislature of
1 891 passed an act, which was approved by Gov. Humphrey on Feb.
KANSAS HISTORY 327
5, declaring- "That the said election for the purpose of permanently
locating the count}- seat of Cheyenne county, held Feb. 26, 1889, be
and the same is hereby legalized, and the town of St. Francis is hereby
declared to be the permanent county seat of said county."
It -was also provided that the act should take effect and be in force
from and after its publication in the official state paper. Such pub-
lication -was made on Feb. 6, 1891, the day following the approval of
the act by the governor. (See St. Francis.)
By the act of Feb. 25, 1889, the section lines in the county were
declared to be public highways, and roads have been opened and im-
proved on a number of these lines. The county has but one line of rail-
road— the Orleans & St. Francis division of the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy system — originally known as the Burlington & Missouri River
railroad.
On Feb. 20. 1903, the legislature passed an act providing that when
a majority of the electors should petition the county commissioners
for a county high school, the board should order such a school estab-
lished at the point designated, if the school district would guarantee
to furnish a suitable building, the necessary school furniture, etc. Under
the provisions of this act the county high school was located at St.
Francis, the town furnishing a modern school building of ten rooms.
The surface of Cheyenne county is generally undulating, with a few
high bluffs along some of the streams. The bottom lands are usually
narrow. There is not much native timber, but a large number of
artificial groves have been planted about the farm houses. The soil
is largely of sandy nature. Cheyenne is one of the leading counties in
the state in the production of Kafir corn, broom-corn and spring
wheat. Corn, barley and sugar beets are important crops. The Repub-
lican river flows in a northeasterly direction across the county and
has a number of tributaries, the principal ones being Bluff, Cherry,
Plun-i and Hackberry creeks. Little Beaver creek flows across the
southeast corner, and about 3 miles of the Big Beaver are in the extreme
southeastern part. Irrigation ditches have been constructed along the
Republican river, and hundreds of acres of land are under irrigation.
The county is divided into the following civil townships : Alexander,
Beaver, Benkelman, Bird Cit}', Calhoun, Cherry Creek, Cleveland Run,
Dent, Eureka, Evergreen, Jaqua, Jefferson, Lawn Ridge, Nutty Combe,
Orlando, Porter and Wano.
According to the U. S. census of 1910, the population of Chej^enne
county was 4,248, a gain of 1,608 during the preceding decade. The
assessed value of the property in that year was $6,486,668, and the
value of all farm products, including live stock, was $1,215,954. The
five leading crops, in the order of value, were: wheat, $325,302; corn,
.S3i7,256; barley, $123,345; hay (including alfalfa), $101,737; broom-
corn, $65,008.
Cheyenne county has an altitude of over 3,000 feet. It was named
for the Cheyenne Indians, and was crossed by the old Leavenworth
328 CYCLOPEDIA OF
& Pike's Peak express, which was established in 1859. The area of
the county is 1,020 square miles. It is in the 39th senatorial, the 107th
representative, the 17th judicial and the 6th Congressional districts.
According to the U. S. Postal Guide for July, 1910, there were at that
time but four postofifices in the count)-, viz. : Bird City, Jaqua, St.
Francis and Wheeler.
Cheyenne Expedition of 1857. — In the spring of 1857 the Cheyennes
became somewhat troublesome on the western frontier. On May 18
Col. E. V. Sumner despatched Maj. Sedgwick with four companies of
cavalry up the Arkansas river, and two days later left Fort Leaven-
worth with a force of cavalry and infantry, intending to meet Sedgwick
on the south fork of the Platte on July 4. The union was effected, and
after leaving two companies of dragoons at Fort Laramie for Gen.
Harney's Utah expedition, Sumner moved over to the Solomon river.
On July 29, while passing down the Solomon in pursuit of the Indians,
he came upon some 300 Cheyennes drawn up in battle array. Sum-
ner charged and put the Indians to flight, killing 9 and wounding a
large number, with a loss of 2 killed and 9 wounded. On the 31st he
reached the Indian village, which he found deserted, with 171 lodges
still standing and nearly as many more taken down read}' for removal.
Everything indicated a precipitate flight, and after destroying the vil-
lage, Sumner continued the pursuit to within 40 miles of the Arkansas
river.
While encamped near old Fort Atkinson, on Aug. 11, he received
information that the Cheyennes refused to come to Dent's fort, where
the agent was waiting to distribute their annual presents, and that
they had notified the agent that he would not be permitted to take
the goods out of the country. Sumner wrote to the adjutant-general
of the United States arm}^ imparting this information, and adding:
"I have therefore decided to proceed at once to Bent's fort with the
elite of my cavalry, in the hope that I may find the Cheyennes col-
lected in that vicinity, and, by further blow, force them to sue for peace ;
at all events this movement will secure the agent and the public
property."
Before reaching Bent's fort, Sumner received an order to break up
the expedition and send four companies of cavalry to join Gen. Har-
ney's expedition. The latter part of the order was subsequently coun-
termanded, and on Sept. 16 the expedition reachefl Fort Leavenworth,
having traveled over 1,800 miles.
Cheyenne Raid, 1878. — When the last of the Indian tribes was
removed from Kansas to the Indian Territory, hope was entertained
that depredations on the western frontier would cease. But in Sept.,
1878, Dull Knife's band of northern. Cheyennes, dissatisfied with the
rations furnished by the government, decided to return to their former
homes. They accordingly left the reservation, moved northward inta
Kansas, and on the 17th attacked the cattle camps south of Fort Dodge,,
where thev killed several white men and drove ofl: some of the cattle.
KANSAS HISTORY 329
News of the event reached Gov. Anthony the next day and he appealed
to Gen. Pope, commanding the department, but Pope thought it was
nothing more than a "scare." The governor sent Adjt.-Gen. Noble
to Dodge City with arms and ammunition, but the Indians had moved
on northward. Lieut.-Col. William H. Lewis, with a detachment of
troops from Fort Dodge, pursued the Indians and came up with them
at a canon on Famished Woman's fork. In the fight that ensued Lewis
was killed. Telegrams from various points in the western part of the
state poured into the governor's ofifice appealing for aid, but still Gen.
Pope declined to act.
On Sept. 30 the Cheyennes appeared in Decatur county. Dr. W.
B. Mead, in the Kansas Magazine for Nov., 1909, gives an account of
a meeting at Oberlin when it became known that the Indians were in
in the county. At that meeting a number of men volunteered and were
divided into three small companies commanded by W. D. Street, J. W.
Allen and Solomon Rees. They went in different directions, scouring
the western part of the county, but Capt. Rees' company was the only
one that came in contact with the savages. A running fight of several
miles followed, in which one Indian was killed, and it was thought
several others were wounded. All together, 17 white persons were killed
in Decatur county. The Indians were finally overpowered and returned
to the reservation. This was the last Indian raid of any consequence
in Kansas. Hazelrigg's History of Kansas says : "Of the many In-
dian raids in Kansas, none was ever characterized with such brutal
and ferocious crimes, and none ever excited such horror and indigna-
tion as the Cheyenne raid of 1878."
On Nov. II, 1878, Gov. Anthony wrote to the secretary of war
demanding the surrender of the chiefs to the civil authorities to be
tried on the charge of murder. The chief. Wild Hog, and six others
were surrendered in December, and on Feb. 15, 1879, were taken from
Fort Leavenworth to Dodge City for trial. They were finally tried in
Ford and Douglas counties, but the evidence was insufficient to con-
vict, and in Oct., 1879, the Indians were released by order of Judge
Stephens of Lawrence.
After the raid the government established a cantonment in the In-
dian Territory, on the north fork of the Canadian river, between Fort
Supply and Fort Reno, for the better protection of the settlers in west-
ern Kansas. The post was occupied by five companies of foot soldiers
and one company of mounted infantry. Steps were also taken by the
state to afford security to the western settlements. Gov. St. John,
who succeeded Anthony in Jan., 1879, in his first message to the legis-
lature, recommended the establishment of a military contingent fund.
The act of March 12, 1879, appropriated $20,000 for such a fund. (See
Frontier Patrol.)
The legislature of Kansas in 1909 appropriated $1,500 to the board
of county commisisoners of Decatur county for the purpose of erect-
ing a monument to the memory of the citizens of that county who were
killed on Sept. 30, 1878, victims of the Cheyenne raid.
330 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Chicago Exposition, 1893.— (See Expositions.)
Chicopee, one of the principal towns of Crawford county, is located
in Baker township, 13 miles southeast of Girard, the county seat, and
4 miles southwest of Pittsburg. It is in the coal fields, and the chief
occupation of the people is mining and shipping coal, the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads furnishing excel-
lent transportation facilities. The town has a money order postoffice,
telegraph and telephone facilities, Catholic and Protestant churches,
good public schools, some well stocked stores, and in 1910 reported a
population of 955.
Chief Justices. — The chief justices of Kansas during the territorial
regime were Samuel D. Lecoinpte and John Pettit. The former served
from Oct. 3, 1854, to March 9, 1859, and the latter from March 9, 1859,
to the establishment of the state government on Feb. 9, 1861.
Following is a list of the 'chief justices since the state was admitted
into the Union, with the term of service of each : Thomas Ewing, Jr.,
Feb., 1861, to Nov. 28. 1862, when he resig-ned : Nelson Cohh. Nov. 28,
1862, to Jan., 1864; Robert Crozier, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1867; Samuel A.
Kingman, Jan., 1867, to Dec. 30, 1876; Albert H. Horton, Dec. 31, 1876,
to April 30, 1895, when he resigned; David Martin, April 30, 1895, to
Jan., 1897; Frank M. Doster, Jan., 1897, to Jan., 1903; William A.
Johnston, Jan. 1903, to .
Chikaskia River, a tributary of the Arkansas river system, is formed
by the union of Sand creek and another small stream in the southern
part of Kingman county. Its general course is southeast, across the
southeast corner of Harper county and through the county of Sumner,
crossing the southern boundary of the state near the town of Hunne-
well. and finally emptying into the salt fork of the Arkansas near the
town of Tonkawa, Okla.
Children's Aid Societies. — Within recent years the attention of the
public has been drawn to the needs of dependent or neglected children,
particularly the latter, who, while nominally possessed of a home, are
permitted to grovi' up in an environment where they are almost cer-
tain to become criminals or professional paupers. Many of the states,
proceeding on the theory that it is easier and better to train the child
than to reform the adult, have established houses of detention, juvenile
courts, and similar institutions, and have given great encouragement
to private societies engaged in caring for such children.
In this work, Kansas has kept pace with the more progressive ideas
in the other states, as her reformatory, industrial schools, etc., bear
witness, while from the early days of settlement in the state various
private and religious societies have done benevolent work of a most
important character in caring for and providing homes for dependent
and neglected children.
As an encouragement to such societies, an act was passed by the
legislature on March 15, 1901, which defined "Children's Aid Society,"'
as "any duly organized and incorporated society, which had for its
KANSAS HISTORY 331
object the protection of children from cruelty, and the care and con-
trol of neglected and dependent children." The act provided that "any
constable, sheriff, police or other police officer, may apprehend with-
out warrant" and bring before the court, as neglected, any child —
apparently under the age of fourteen years, if a boy, or sixteen, if a
girl — who is dependent upon the public for support, if found begging,
receiving alms, thieving, or sleeping at night in the open air ; or who
is found wandering about late at night, not having any home or set-
tled place of abode or proper guardianship ; or who is found dwelling
with a thief, drunkard or vagabond, or other dissolute person ; or who
may be an orphan or deserted by parents ; or having a single parent
undergoing imprisonment for crime.
Any child apprehended by an officer may be brought before the proper
court within three days and the case investigated. If the child is
found to be neglected the court may order its delivery to "such chil-
dren's aid societ}^ or institution" as in his judgment is best suited to
care for it.
By this act the court has authority to appoint probation officers,
whose duty it is to make investigations concerning the children brought
before the court, report the same and take charge of the child before
and after the trial. When a child is placed in charge of an aid society,
the society becomes its legal guardian, and is "authorized to secure
for such children legal adoption in such families as may be approved
by the society on a written contract for their education in the public
schools." These contracts cover the entire period of the child's minor-
ity, but the right is reserved to withdraw the child from custody when-
ever its welfare requires.
The trustees of charitable institutions may transfer children to aid
societies, in order to have the society find homes for them.
Any person over the age of sixteen 3'ears, who has charge of a child,
who willfully ill treats, neglects, abandons or exposes such child to
ill treatment or neglect, is subject to a fine or imprisonment at the
discretion of the court. If it is suspected that a child is being ill
treated, the proper officials may authorize any person to search for
the child and when found, take it to a place of safety until brought
before the court, '\^'hen any county board commits a child to an aid
society to care for and provide with a home, the county may pay the
society a reasonable sum, not to exceed $50, for the temporary care of
such child.
Section 13 of the act provides that children under the age uf six-
teen, who are charged with ofifenses against the laws of the state, or
brought before the court by the provisions of this act, are not "to
be confined in the jails, lockups or police cells used for ordinary
criminals," and the municipalities are required to make separate pro-
vision for their custody. No societies, except those incorporated under
the laws of Kansas, are allowed to place a child in a home within the
the state unless permission to do is first obtained from the proper state
^^2 CYCLOPEDIA OF
authorities. Under the operations of this law a number of children's
aid societies have been formed in the state, and by their careful sys-
tematic work, hundreds of children have been taken from unwholesome
or immoral surroundings and placed in an atmosphere where they may
become useful citizens.
Children's Home Society of Kansas. — This organization is very
similar to the Children's Aid Society. The National Children's Home
Society was chartered on May 23, 1885, at Chicago, and the Kansas
branch was chartered March 20, 1894, at Topeka, with J. T. Clark,
president ; Jesse Shaw, vice-president ; S. S. Ott, secretary ; Dr. J. E.
Minney, treasurer; and Rev. O. S. Morrow, state superintendent. The
aim of the society is to place orphan children in homes where they
are adopted or by contract and indenture. In addition to the general
board there are local boards in different towns and cities. After the
children are placed in a home, they are looked after by supervisors,
who see that they have proper care. Some 1,300 children have been
placed in good homes by the society, which is chiefly maintained by
private donations, though the state has at times contributed to its sup-
port, notably in 1893, when the legislature appropriated $1,800 to aid
the society's work, and in 1897, an appropriation of $1,400 was made
for a like purpose.
Chiles, a post-village in the northeastern part of J\Iiami county, is a
station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 11 miles northeast of Paola, the
county seat. It has a money order postoffice and telegraph station. In
1910 the population was 100.
Chingawassa Springs. — These springs are located in a beautiful nat-
ural park in the northeastern part of Marion county, about 6 miles
from the city of Marion, and not far from Antelope station on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. Within a radius of a quarter
of a mile there are about 30 springs that bubble out of the blufi's. the
water flowing from them forming quite a stream. One of the springs
has a constant flow of about 1,500 gallons an hour. The bottoms and
sides of some of them are encrusted with deposits of sulphur, and in
a few the odor of hydrogen' sulfid is pronounced. About 1888 steps
were taken to improve the resort by building a hotel and constructing
a "dummy" line to connect with the railroad, but the arrangements
were never fully carried out. The park is a favorite place for picnic
parties, etc.
Chisholm Trail. — In the spring of 1865 Jesse Chisholm, a half-breed
Scotch-Cherokee, an adopted member of the Wichita Indians, who
owned a ranch on the creek east of Wichita bearing his name, "located
a trail from his ranch to the present site of the Wichita agency, on
the Wichita river, Indian territory, distance 220 miles. This trail sub-
sequently became, and is still known as the Chisholm trail. It was-
established for the purpose of enabling the traders in the Arkansas
valley to obtain wagon communication with the Indians in the Indian
Territory, and the trail was used by these traders for years in the-
KANSAS HISTORY 333
transportation of merchandise to tribes in the territory. Afterward
the trail was used by Texas cattle drivers, and still later by the govern-
ment in the transportation of supplies to Fort Sill, south of the Wichita
agency. The principal points on the trail are Wichita, Clearwater,
Caldwell, Pond Creek, Skeleton Ranch, BufTalo Springs, Mouth of
Turkey Creek, Cheyenne Agency, Wichita Agency and Fort Sill." The
Rock Island railroad now follows the Chisholm trail from Wichita to
the north fork of the Canadian. The original trail started at Wichita
and ended at the North Canadian, but lengthened out it reached from
Abilene, Kan., to San Antonio, Tex. The trail is now a thing of the
past, giving way as settlers occupied the lands.
Cholera. — Pathologists describe the malady known as Asiatic cholera
as "a malignant disease due to a specific poison which, whein received
into the human body through the air, water, or in some other way,
gives rise to the most alarming symptoms and very frequently proves
fatal to life. An attack of cholera is generally marked by three stages,
though these often succeed each other so rapidly as not to be easily
defined. There is first a premonitory diarrhoea stage, with occasional
vomiting, severe cramps in the abdomen and legs, and great muscular
weakness. This condition is succeeded, and often within a remark-
ably short period, by the second stage, which is one of collapse, and
is called the algid or cold stage. This is characterized by intense pros-
tration, great thirst, feebleness of circulation and respiration, with
coldness and blueness of the skin, and loss of voice. Should death not
take place at this, the most fatal period, the sufferer will then pass
into the third or reaction stage of the disease. This, though very
frequently marked by a high state of fever, with a tendency to con-
gestion of the internal organs, as the brain, lungs, kidneys, etc., is
a much more hopeful stage than that which has preceded it, and the
chances of recovery are very much increased."
It is called the Asiatic cholera because it has for centuries had its
home in the East, though some medical writers insist that under another
name it has been epidemic in other parts of the world. In his History
of India, Mill says : "Spasmodic cholera had been known in India
from the remotest periods, and had at times committed fearful ravages.
Its effects, however, were in general restricted in particular seasons
and localities, and were not so extensively diffused as to attract notice
or excite alarm. In the middle of 1817, however, the disease assumed
a new form, and became a widely spread and fatal epidemic."
This is said to have been the first great cholera epidemic recorded
in history. In 1830 the disease made its first appearance in Europe,
where its nature was recognized the following year, and in 1832 it
crossed the ocean to the United States. The coast cities in the north-
ern states were the first to suffer, after which the disease extended
westward to the Ohio river, then descended that stream and the
Mississippi to New Orleans, where it wrought fearful havoc, as many
as 500 deaths occurring in one day. The disease also reached some
33 I CYCLOPEDIA OF
of the western tribes of Indians, the Sacs and Foxes losing many of
their "braves" through cholera. A few cases appeared along the rivers
each year until 1835, but at no time was the mortality any where near
as great as in 1832.
In 1848 there was another visitation of cholera, beginning at Xew
Orleans late in the year. In April, 1849, it reached St. Louis, and before
the close of the year over 4,000 deaths from cholera were reported
in that city. Gold seekers, on their way to California, came in con-
tact with the malad}^ at St. Louis, and several of the steamboats ascend-
ing the Missouri carried cholera patients, thus aiding in the spread
of the disease. One of these boats, the "Sacramento," arrived at St.
Joseph on April 21 and reported one death on the trip. The "James
Monroe" left St. Louis with a large number of California emigrants,
but by the time Jefiferson Cit}' was reached the epidemic on board had
become so alarming that the officers and crew deserted the steamer,
which lay at Jefiferson Citj- for several months before being taken back
to St. Louis. In September the news was received at St. Louis that
the cholera was raging among the Indians of the northwest as far
north as the headwaters of the Mississippi. The Eighth United States
infantr}-, which was on duty in the West, lost about one-third of its
members. Gen. Worth being one of the victims. About 900 deaths
from cholera occurred at St. Louis in 1850, and a few deaths were
reported in 185 1. Among those who died in the latter year was Father
Christian Hoecken, the Jesuit missionar}', whose death occurred on
board the "St. Ange" while ascending the Missouri river to the scene
of his labors. In the summer of 1855 the steamboat "Golden State"
left St. Louis for the trip up the Missouri river with several hundred
Mormons on board. Cholera broke out in the steerage and a number
of the passengers died.
It was in this year that the cholera appeared among the white peo-
ple of Kansas for the first time. On Aug. i, 1855, a case was dis-
covered at Fort Riley. The disease developed rapidly, and on the 2nd
there were several deaths. Panic seized the troops and the citizens in
the vicinity of the fort, and all who could get away left at the first
opportunit}-. Even the surgeon at the fort abandoned his post, leaving
Maj. Ogden to act as both commander and surgeon. Fifteen deaths
occurred on the 3d, among them the gallant Ogden. His remains were
later taken to New York, but the attaches of the fort erected a monu-
ment there to commemorate his fidelity and his unselfish efforts in
striving to check the ravages of the disease and administer comfort
to the sufferers. Various estimates have been made as to the number
of deaths, but at this late day accurate figures are difficult to obtain.
It is possible that not less than 100 lost their lives as victims of the
scourge in 1855.
Another epidemic, and one more wide-spread and more fatal in its
results, occurred in the summer of 1867. On July i the first case was
reported at Fort Harker. At that time the population of the town of
KANSAS HISTdRV 335
Ellsworth, not far from the fort, was about i,ooo. As soon as the
news reached the town there was a general hegira, and in a few da_vs
the population was less than loo. The Eighteenth Kansas battalion
was at the fort, and Company C lost 13 of its members, the other com-
panies suffering less severely. About a week later the battalion was
ordered to the southwest, and on the i6th encamped on Walnut creek,
about ID miles above Fort Zarah. Col. H. L. Moore, commanding the
battalion, in an address before the Kansas Historical Societ}^ on Jan.
19, 1897, said :
"The day brought no new cases, and everybody felt cheerful, hop-
ing that the future had nothing worse in store than a meeting with
hostile Indians. By 8 p. m. supper was over, and in another hour the
camp became a hospital of screaming cholera patients. Men were
seized with cramping of the stomach, bowels, and muscles of the arms
and legs. The doctor and his medicines were powerless to resist the
disease. One company had been sent away on a scout, as soon as the
command reached camp, and of the three companies remaining in
camp the morning of the 17th found 5 dead and 36 stretched on the
ground in a state of collapse."
That morning the quartermaster and commissar}' stores were thrown
away, the sick were loaded in wagons, and the battalion resumed its
march. Strange as it may appear, not a man died during the day, and
when the command went into camp that night near Pawnee Rock
some one shot a buffalo calf, from which soup was made for the invalids.
This gave them additional strength and hope, and a little later they
•vere all turned over to the surgeon at Fort Earned.
Concerning the epidemic at Fort Hays this year the official records
)f the surgeon-general's office say: "The first case at Fort Hays was
a citizen who had just arrived from Salina. On the same day, Jul}''
II, a colored soldier of the garrison was taken sick and died next
day. During July, August and September 33 cases and 23 deaths are
reported among the colored troops, whose mean strength during the
three months was 213 men. Sept. i a white soldier was attacked,
but recovered ; the rest of the white troops, averaging during the three
months 34 men, escaped." '
This report does not include any account of the ravages among the
citizens, but it is known that the settlements along Big creek wei-e
stricken with terror and that many of the people abandoned their homes.
Rumors of the fatality have no doubt been greatly exaggerated, but
the epidemic was a severe one all over the western part of the state.
R. M. Wright, in his "Personal Reminiscences," in volume VH, Kan-
sas Collections, says : "The cholera was perfectly awfnl that summer
on the plains ; it killed soldiers, government employees, Santa Fe traders
and emigrants. Many new graves dotted the roadsides and camping
places, making fresh landmarks."
Gen. Custer was at Fort Wallace when the news of the epidemic
reached him. Fearing for the safety of his wife, who was at Fort
336 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Rilev, he left his regiment under command of a subordinate officer and,
with an escort of 100 men, under Capt. Hamilton, hurried toward Fort
Riley. For thus abandoning his command without orders, Custer was
tried by a court-martial and sentenced to "loss of rank and pay for one
year," though part of the sentence was afterward remitted upon the
recommendation of Gen. Sheridan.
■ The disease broke out among the Wichita Indians, where the city
of Wichita now stands, and in what is now the northern part of the
city early settlers found over 100 Indian graves, one being that of
Owaha, the hereditary war chief. About the middle of the summer
orders came from Washington for the Indians to remove to their old
homes on the Washita, but they refused to go until their crops were
gathered. In the fall they started for the Washita, but the scourge
accompanied them, and at Skeleton creek so many of their dead were
left unburied that their bleaching bones gave name to the stream.
Other Indian tribes also suffered. The cattle trade was seriously inter-
fered with, whole herds sometimes being left without any one able
to look after them because herders were stricken with cholera. This
was especially true along what was known as the Abilene cattle trail,
and also along the old Chisholm trail.
For a long time cholera was supposed to be as contagious as small-
pox, but in the latter '80s the investigations of such eminent physicians
as Koch and Emmerich of Germany, and Jenkins of New York, have
demonstrated that the disease is due to certain forms of bacilli, that
it is not contagious, and that it can easily be prevented from becom-
ing epidemic by proper sanitation and the prompt isolation of cases.
The theories of these men were thoroughly tested in 1892, when four
vessels arrived about the same time in New York harbor, each report-
ing deaths from "cholerine" during the passage. The vessels were
detained at quarantine, and by order of President Harrison a large num-
ber of tents were sent to Sandy Hook early in September for the
accommodation of the passengers until the danger was past. The
epidemic was quite severe on board the ships and in the isolation camp,
but the quarantine officers were so strict in the enforcement of the
regulations established that only two deaths were reported in the city
of New York, thus demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed methods
in dealing with the disease.
While the above mentioned conditions prevailed at New York, the
Kansas State Board of Health was not idle. On Sept. 15, 1892, a cir-
cular was sent out to the local boards of health, in which was the fol-
lowing statement: "Asiatic cholera is today kept from our midst only
through the excellence of our maritime quarantine service. The danger
to us is imminent. If it does not eventually elude the vigilance which
has thus far kept it at bay, it will be a fortunate exception to the usual
history of the disease."
As precautionary measures, the state board recommended: ist.
Thorough sanitary inspection of every city, town and village; 2nd, The
KANSAS HISTORY 337
drainage of stagnant ponds and low, wet grounds ; 3d, Careful cleansing
and disinfection of all sewers, public drains, privy vaults, slaughter
houses, pig pens, etc. ; 4th, The destruction, entire and complete, of
all accumulations of filth that may be discovered; 5th, Inspection of
markets as to quality of food offered for sale ; 6th, Advising the people
not to eat unripe, partially decayed or indigestible fruit or vegetables.
On March 10, 1893, Gov. Lewelling approved an act of the legislature
then in session authorizing the state board to estabhsh and maintain
quarantine stations whenever any part of the state was threatened
with Asiatic cholera, and appropriating $10,000 for the fiscal years
1894-95. The act also provided severe penalities for failure to observe
the regulations prescribed by the board of health. The stringency of
the quarantine at New York prevented the disease from spreading to
the interior, and by the act of Feb. 13, 1895, the Kansas legislature
ordered the unexpended balance of the cholera appropriation of 1893
covered into the general fund. Since the successful quarantine at
New York but little has been heard of the cholera in this country, and
it is highly improbable that the United States will ever again experience
a severe epidemic — a splendid illustration of the truth of the old adage,
"Knowledge is power."
Choteau, a hamlet of Johnson county, is located in the northern part
on the south bank of the Kansas river and the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe R. R. about 12 miles southwest of Kansas City. It was named
from the trading post established in this locality by the Chouteau
brothers about 1827, but has never lived up to early expectations. The
mail for the town is received at Holliday, about three-quarters of a
mile east.
Chouteaus, The. — Among the early French traders and trappers who
operated in the country from St. Louis west in the latter part of the
eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth, the name of
Chouteau stands preeminent. Auguste Chouteau, one of the founders
of the city of St. Louis, was born at New Orleans on Aug. 14, 1750. In
the early part of the year 1764, although not yet 14 years of age, he was
sent up the Missouri river from Fort Chartres by his step-father, Pierre
Liguest, with a company of 30 men to select a site for trading post, and
it is said that the boy's suggestions led to the selection of the spot where
St. Louis now stands. After Liguest's death, Auguste succeeded to the
business, and later formed a partnership with John Jacob Astor which
was the inception of the American Fur company. In 1794 he built Fort
Carondelet in the Osage country' ; was commissioned colonel of the
militia in 1808; and in 1815 was appointed one of the commissioners to
make treaties with the Indians who had fought on the side of the British
in the War of 1812, the other two commissioners being Ninian Edwards
and William Clark. He was one of the first trustees of the town of
St. Louis; served as justice of the peace and as judge of the court of
common pleas ; was the first president of the Bank of Missouri, and held
other important positions. His policy in dealing with the Indians was
(1-22)
338 cvcLorKuiA of
to treat them fairh', and he enjoyed the confidence and friendship of the
red men until his death, which occurred on Feb. 24, 1829. His tombstone
in the Catholic cemetery at St. Louis bears the epitaph : "Sa vie a etc
un modele de vertus civilles et Sociales."
Jean Pierre Chouteau, a brother of Auguste, was born at New Orleans
on Oct. 10, 1758, and as soon as he was old enough he engaged in the
fur trade. He established several trading posts in the Indian country,
one of which was on the upper Osage river in what is now southwestern
Missouri. Soon after Louisiana was ceded to the United States, he gave
up the fur trade and became a merchant in St. Louis, where he died
on July 10, 1849.
Abottt 1825 Frederick, Francis G. and Cyprian Chouteau, three
brothers of a younger generation, received a license to trade with cer-
tain Indian tribes west of the Missouri river, and immediately set about
the establishment of trading posts in their new domain. As there were
no roads at that time, their goods were transported through the woods
on the backs of pack-horses. Chittenden, in his American Fur Trade,
says that Francis G. Chouteau started a post on an island 3 miles below
Kansas City, but that the flood of 1826 washed it into the river. He
then went about 10 miles up the Kansas river and established a new
post. For some time he was superintendent of the trading posts of the
American Fur company. In 1828 he established his residence in Kansas
City, where he passed the remainder of his life, his son, P. M. Chouteau,
succeeding to the business.
Frederick Chouteau was born in St. Louis in 1810. AMien he first
came to the Kansas valley in 1825, he and his brother Cyprian first built
trading houses about 5 miles above Wyandotte (Kansas City) on the
south side of the Kansas river, where they traded with the Shawnee
and Delaware Indians. A little later another post was established
farther tip the river. Daniel Boone, in a letter to W. W. Cone of Topeka,
dated Aug. 11, 1879, says: "Frederick Chouteau's brother established
his trading post across the river from my father's residence the same
fall we moved to the agency, in the year 1827." Two or three years
later Frederick Chouteau went up the river to the mouth of Mission
creek, about 10 miles above the present city of Topeka. and opened a
trading house there, taking his goods up the Kansas river in keel boats.
This post was maintained until about 1842, when it was abandoned,
and a new one was started on Mill creek in Johnson county. Here the
floods destroyed practically everything he had in 1844 and forced him
to move to higher ground. He was then engaged in the Indian trade
at Council Grove until 1852 or 1853, when he returned to Johnson coun-
ty. He was burned out by Ouantrill in 1862, but rebuilt and passed the
remainder of his life in that count)'. Frederick Chouteau was married
four times, two of his wives having been Indian women, and by his four
marriages became the father of eleven children.
Pierre Chouteau, Jr., a grandson of Auguste, was born at St. Louis
on Jan. 19, 1789. In 1813 he entered the fur trade in partnership witli
KANSAS HISTORY 339
a man named Berthold, and later was a member of the firm of Bernard
Pratte & Co., which still later took the name of Pratte, Chouteau & Co.
This firm purchased the western department of the American Fur com-
pany in 1834. In 1831 Pierre Chouteau, Jr., was a passenger on the
steamer "Yellowstone" up the Missouri river. About the last of Ma}- the
steamboat was compelled to tie up just below the mouth of the Niobrara
river on account of low water. While waiting there it was Mr. Chou-
teau's custom to go ashore each day and pace up and down the bluffs
looking for signs of rain. From this the place took the name of "Chou-
teau's BlufTs," by which it is still known.
Chouteau's Island, an island in the Arkansas river, was one of the
landmarks of the old Santa I-'e trail. It may seem strange that a land-
mark of such a character would get lost, but Chouteau's island has been
located in several places. Probably the earliest mention of it in any
written account was that made by Jacob Fowler in his journal of Glenn's
Expedition. Coues, in a note on page ^2 of Fowler's journal, says: "If
there has been but one of this name, Chouteau's island has floated a
good many miles up and down the river — at least, in books I have
sought on the subject."
Inman's "Old Santa Fe Trail" (p. 40) says: "The island on which
Chouteau established his trading post, and which bears his name e\-en
to this day, is in the Arkansas river on the boundary line between the
United States and Mexico. . . . While occupying this island, Chou-
teau and his old hunters and trappers were attacked by about 300
Pawnees, whom they repulsed with the loss of 30 killed and wounded.
These Indians afterward declared that it was the most fatal alTair in
which they were ever engaged. It was their first acquaintance with
American guns."
He also describes the island as a "beautiful spot, with a rich carpet
of grass and delightful groves, and on the American side was a heavily
timbered bottom." On page 42, in referring to Beard's party being
obliged to remain for three months "on an island not far from where
the town of Cimarron, on the Santa Fe railroad is now situated," he
identifies the island as Chouteau's.
Capt. P. St. George Cooke, when parleying with the outlaw Snively
fSee Santa Fe Trail), said: "Your party is in the United States; the
line has not been surveyed and marked, but the common judgment agrees
that it strikes the river near the Caches, which you know is above this ;
some think it will strike as high as Chouteau's island, 60 miles abo\'e
the Caches."
Thwaites, in his "Early Western Travels," locates the island "In the
upper ford of the Arkansas river, just above the present town of Hart-
land, Kearny county, Kan.," and further says: "The name dates from
the disastrous expedition of 1815-17, when Chouteau retreated to this
island to withstand a Comanche attack." (Vol. 19, p. 185.)
This coincides with the statement of Capt. Cooke, that the island is
60 miles above the Caches. In the notes accompanying Brown's original
340 CYCLOPEDIA OF
survey of the Santa Fe trail is the following statement regarding this
island : "It is the largest island of timber seen on the river, and on the
south side of the river at the lower end of the island is a thicket of wil-
lows with some cottonwood trees. On the north side of the river the
hills approach tolerably nigh and on one of them is a sort of mound con-
spicuous at some miles distant."
From this description, coupled with information from other sources,
the island has been located by later writers in section 14, township 25,
range 37 west, which brings it near the town of Hartland, as suggested
by Thwaites, and which is no doubt the correct location. There is also
a difference of opinion as to whether Chouteau had a trading post on
the island. Inman states positively that he established a post there, and
other writers make the same statement, but Chittenden, in his "Amer-
ican Fur Trade" (p. 540), says: "Chouteau's island was a well known
point on the upper Arkansas. The name dates from the Chouteau-De
Munn expedition of 1815-17. While on his way to the Missouri in the
spring of 1816 with the furs collected during the previous winter, Chou-
teau was attacked by a war party of 200 Pawnees and lost i man killed
and 3 wounded. He retreated to an island in the Arkansas where he
could more effectually defend himself and the name arose from this
incident. Chouteau did not have any trading post here, as asserted by
some authorities."
Christadelphians, or Brothers of Christ. — In 1844 John Thomas came
to America from England and soon after landing in the New World
became identified with the Disciples of Christ (q. v.), but within a short
time his views on religion changed. He became convinced that "the
cardinal doctrines of the existing churches corresponded with those of
the apostolic church predicted in the Scripture; that the only authori-
tative creed was the Bible, the originals of which were inspired of God
in such a manner and to such an extent as to secure absolute truth-
fulness ; and that the churches should strive to return to primitive
Christianity in doctrine, precept and practice."
He soon began to publish these views and organized a number of
societies in the United States, Canada and England. No name was
adopted until the outbreak of the Civil war, when the members applied
to the government to be exempted from militar}^ duty because of con-
scientious scruples, and finding it necessary to have a distinctive name
adopted that of Christadelphians. They do not accept the doctrine of
the trinity, holding that Christ was son of God and son of man, mani-
festing divine power and working out man's salvation, of which he was
the only medium ; that the soul is by nature mortal and that eternal life
is given by God only to the righteous; that Christ will come to earth
personally to raise and judge his saints and set up a Kingdom of God
in place of human governments. Admission to membership is upon con-
fession of faith in the doctrines of the church and baptism by immersion.
The policy of the church is congregational, each congregation conduct-
ing its own affairs. They have no ordained ministers, those who speak
KANSAS HISTORY 341
and conduct services being called lecturing or serving brethren. Usually
their meetings are held in halls or private residences. There are no
associations of the congregations or ecclesias as they are called, although
they have fraternal gatherings. In 1890 there were four organizations
in Kansas, one each in Barber, Cherokee, Elk and Shawnee counties,
with a total membership of 39. By 1906 the organizations had dropped
to 3 but the membership had increased to 58.
Christian Church, or Diciples of Christ, sometimes called Campbellites,
is one of the distinctively American church organizations. It grew out
of a great revival movement which began in northern Tennessee and
southern Kentucky about the beginning of the nineteenth century. One
of the centers of this revival was Cane Ridge, Ky., and John Allen Gano,
one of the earliest of the disciples, at a meeting held June 22, 1845, said,
"The first churches planted and organized since the great apostacy, with
the Bible as the only creed or church book, and the name Christian as
the only name, were organized in Kentucky in the year 1804. Of these
the Cane Ridge was the first."
The organizers of this church decided to take the Bible as the standard
of faith to the exclusion of all creeds, and believed the name "Christian"
to have been given the disciples by divine authority. Similar move-
ments took place in other sections of the country about the same time.
Thomas Campbell, a Presbyterian minister, arrived in the United States
and began to preach in western Pennsylvania, where people of various
Presbyterian denominations resided and he invited all to his communion.
This caused dissention and charges were preferred against him. He
insisted that he was acting according to the Bible and began to preach
a restoration of apostolic Christianity, protesting against creeds and
advocating the sufficiency of the scriptures, but at no time advocated
separation from the fellowship of the church. Many were converted to
the new belief and the Christian Association was formed. Campbell
asked for admission to it but there was so much controversy over his
admission that the members of his church formed an independent Church
of Christ on May 4, 1810, under the name of "The First Church of the
Christian Association of Washington." In 1812, the question of baptism
came up. The Campbells, father and son, were immersed and at the
next meeting of the church other members of the organization expressed
a desire to be immersed upon confession of faith. From that time the
church accepted baptism as a divine ordinance and the custom has been
maintained.
In 1831 a union of the Washington and Cane Ridge churches was
effected which was the beginning of an era of great progress and expan-
sion of the Christian church. In 1900 there were 10,000 churches with
1,250,000 communicants in the United States. The largest and strongest
bodies of this organization are found in the newer states of the west and
southwest; Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky and Ohio having the
largest number of members. The first work of the Christian church in
Kansas was begun during the early '60s, though services were held at
342 cvci.ni'huiA (.1-
Centropolis, Franklin county, as early as 1858. One of the first or^sran-
izations was established at Holton, Jackson county, July 13, 1862, by
Mr. and Mrs. Allen, B. Scholes and three others. The first services were
held in the court-house by Elder A. J. Francis but no building was
erected until ten years later. A Christian cliurch was organized at Erie.
Xeosho county, in the spring of 1869 by C. F. Stauber, though services
had been held previous to that time by George Booth. The same year
a church was organized at Ottawa by Warren Skells. In 1869, the
Christians organized in Jefferson count}^ and erected a church within a
short time after. A year later a church was organized at Girard. Craw-
ford county, with 25 members who held services in a school house until
1871, when a church building was erected. Cherokee county was opened
to white settlement in 1870. and in October of that year a Christian
church was organized there with 40 members by J. A. Murray. There
were a few Christians among the early settlers of Shawnee county.
They met in a hall at Topeka under the leadership of elders, with an
occasional evangelist, until 1870, when an organization was perfected
and T. W. Mousen called as the first pastor. At Fort Scott, Bourbon
county, a church was started in the fall of 1871 by Dr. Franklin of Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, with 10 members. In 1876 a church was started at
Hiawatha, Brown county, by James McGuire and it has become one of
the leading congregations of the state. With the spread of the faith and
growth of the church it has become divided and now consists of the Dis-
ciples of Christ, or Christian church, and the Churches of Christ.
In 1880, according to the census, there were 54 Christian church
organizations in Kansas, with a membership of 18,579 '< by 1890 the
organizations had increased to 394 with 190 church edifices and a mem-
bership of 25.143, and by 1906 the Christian church ranked fourth of
all denominations in Kansas, with a membership of 43,572.
Christian College. — Kansas Christian College was founded at Lincoln
on May 26, 1888. It is conducted under the auspices of the Kansas State
Christian Conference. The college conducts a collegiate department, a
business department, and a music department. The total value of the
college property was estimated at $18,200 in 1900.
Christians (Christian Connection). — Following the war of the Rt-Aolu-
tion there was a period of general spiritual declension. This in turn was
followed by a period of revival especially in the southwestern sections
of the countr}-. In many cases denominational lines were ignored and
different churches united both in evangelistic and sacramental services.
Eft'orts were made to enforce ecclesiastical discipline, which resulted in
revolt in some cases, while in others independent movements were
started. The pioneer of this movement was James O'Kelly, a Methodist
minister in Virginia, who with some associates withdrew from the
ch.urch and perfected an independent organization under the name of
Republican Methodists but in 1794 resolved to become known as Chris-
tians only, taking the Bible as their guide and discipline and accepti:\g
no test of churcli fellowship other than that of Christian character. A
KANSAS HISTORY 343
little later a similar moxeinent took place among the Baptists in Xew
England, headed by Abner Jones, a Baptist preacher of Vermont. He
was soon joined by many others and the movement grew.
In 1800 a great revival took place in the Cumberland valley of Tennes-
see and Kentucky. It was confined to no denomination and no atten-
tion was g-iven to the doctrines that divided the churches. In the Pres-
byterian churches this was regarded with concern and resulted in charges
being preferred against two ministers, who with three others, withdrew
from the synod of Kentucky and formed the Springfield presbytery,
which was dissolved within a short time and its members adopted prac-
tically the same position as O'Kelly and Jones. General meetings were
held in New England in 1809 but it was not until 1819 that the first
general conference was held in Xew Hampshire. The Southern Chris-
tian association was formed in 1847 which soon gave place to the South-
ern Christian convention, which remained a separate organization until
1890, when the delegates from the south resumed their seats in the con-
vention. The Northern Christian connection was incorporated in 1872.
The Christians hold to the general principles of the Christian faith,
insisting that the name Christian is the onl}- one needed. They uphold
the right of private judgment and liberty of conscience. They teach
baptism of believers by immersion but admit all believers to communion.
The general policy of the church is congregational and each local church
is independent in its organization, but at an early period conferences-
were organized which admitted ministers to membership and in which
the churches were represented by delegates. At first, these conferences
were advisory only, but developed into administrative bodies. They
have the oversight of the ministry, but do not interfere with the disci-
pline of the churches. Besides the local conferences there are state con-
ferences for administrative work. Nearly all the bodies are incorporated
and hold property.
The church has become well established in the valleys of the Ohio
and Mississippi and it was settlers from these regions who planted the
faith in Kansas where it has had a steady growth. In 1890 there were
49 church organizations in the state with a total membership of 1,445.
During the decade and a half from 1890 to 1906 there was a slight de-
cline, for in the latter year there were but 26 organizations reported
with a membership of 1,034.
Christian Union. — The churches forming the denomination called the
Christian Union, trace their origin to the great revival which took place
in the first half of the nineteenth century, which led to a larger liberty
in religious thought, a greater freedom from ecclesiastical domination,
and a closer affiliation of the people of different creeds. A number of
organizations arose that had no connection, most important among them
being the Evangelical Christian Union, which consisted of seven congre-
gations in Monroe county, Ind. These were united in 1857 by Rev. Eli
P. Farmer, who went into the army as a chaplain at the outbreak of the
Civil war and as a result some of the congregations were broken up.
344 CYCLOPEDIA OF
During the war the intensity of the political strife became reflected in
the services of the church to such an extent that many persons, both lay
and clergy, withdrew from different denominations and joined the ranks
of those who were impatient under the restrictions of ecclesiastical rule.
Finally a call was issued for a convention to be held by all who favored
"forming a new church organization" on broader lines than those of the
existing denominations, free from both political bias and ecclesiastical
domination.
The convention met at Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 3, 1863, and adopted
resolutions by which was formed a religious society under the name of
Christian Union. In 1864 a general convention was held at Terre Haute,
Ind., attended by delegates from several states, at which the action of
the former convention wa;s reaffirmed and a summary of principles was
adopted as follows : The oneness of the Church of Christ ; Christ the only
head ; the Bible the only rule of faith and practice ; good fruits the only
condition of fellowship ; Christian Union without controversy ; each local
church self governing; political preaching discountenanced. From this
time the movement spread rapidly, some of its best known leaders being
J. F. Given, J. V. B. Flack, and Ira Norris. On his return from the army
Eli Farmer joined the movement and remained in active service until
his death in 1878.
The local organizations differ somewhat in name, those in the middle
west being known as the Christian Union for both local and general
organizations. Some of those farther west call the local organization
the Church of Christ and the general organization the "Churches of
Christ in Christian Union," but while they differ in name the organiza-
tions affiliate and recognize one another as parts of the same general
movement, while the general council in all the states is known as the
General Council of Christian Union. Each local congregation or church
is absolutely self governing. For purposes of fellowship and the trans-
action of business various councils have been organized which meet
annually. Of these councils there are four classes — charge, district, state
and general. The church now has organizations in ten states, the
greater majority of them being in Ohio, which has 118 organizations.
The church was established in Kansas in the '80s by immigrants from
the older communities in the Ohio valley. In 1890 there were 16 organ-
izations in the state: 9 in Bourbon county, i in Dickinson, i in Doniphan,
4 in Riley and i in Wilson, with a total membership of 50. In 1906 the
number of organizations had dropped to four while the membership had
increased to 99.
Church, a small hamlet of Geary county, is located on Humboldt
creek about 10 miles southeast of Junction City, the county seat and
most convenient railroad station. Mail is received by rural delivery
through the postoffice at Dwight.
Church of Christ, Scientist. — This organization was founded by Mrs.
Mary Baker Edd3^ As early as 1862 she had written and given to
friends some of the conclusions she had made as a result of her study
KANSAS HISTORY 345
of the Scriptures. In 1867 she began her first school of Christian Science
mind healing at Lynn, Mass. Three years later she copyrighted her first
work on Christian Science and in 1875 she published her Science and
Health with key to the Scriptures. In Science and Health, Mrs. Eddy
gives the principles and rules whereby the sick may be healed and the
sinner saved. She teaches the necessity of a practical Christianity reviv-
ing the apostolic healing which Jesus enjoined.
The first Church of Christ, Scientist, was organized by 26 students of
Mrs. Eddy and was incorporated in 1879. Two years later Mrs. Eddy
became the pastor of the First Church of Christ. In 1892 a reorganiza-
tion of the Boston church was efifected under the name of First Church
of Christ, Scientist. The central organization of the church is the mother
church in Boston. Branch churches have been established throughout
the United States and in some foreign countries, having their own cules
and by-laws and managing their own affairs. There are also Christian
Science societies not yet organized. There are no pastors in the sense
in which that term is used in other religious bodies, the sermon lesson
taking the place of the clerical address usually delivered by the minister.
The sermon lesson, which forms the principal part of the service, is pre-
pared by a committee connected with the mother church in Boston and
is read in every church by two readers, who read alternately. The first
reader from Science and Health, the second from the Bible.
In 1890 there were 15 organizations in Kansas with a total member-
ship of 424. During the next sixteen years many new organizations
vi^ere established, and in 1906, this church reported 31 societies, with a
membership of 1,131.
Church of God and Saints of Christ. — This religious organization
among the colored people was started by William S. Crowdy, a negro,
who in 1896 claimed to have had a vision from God, calling him to lead
his people to the true religion, at the same time giving him prophetic
endowment. He at once began to preach in Kansas and soon organized
the Church of God and Saints of Christ at Lawrence. Only a few per-
sons joined him for some time, but the numbers gradually increased and
the headquarters were established at Philadelphia. Crowdy was ap-
pointed bishop of the new body and two white men who were associated
with him in the work were subsequently apponited to the same office.
Believing that the negro race is descended from the lost tribes of
Israel, Crowdy taught that the Ten Commandments and a literal adher-
ence to the teachings of the Bible, including both the Old and New Testa-
ment, are the positive guides for the salvation of man. In order to
make no mistakes in the commandments, a pamphlet has been published
under the direction of the church, called the Seven Keys, which gives
references and authority for the various customs and orders of the
church. Members are admitted to the church upon repentance of sin
and baptism by immersion. The Lord's Supper, the washing of feet
and the pledge of the holy kiss are observed.
The central organization of the church is an executive board or coun-
346 CYCLOPEDIA OF
cil called a presbytery, which is made up of 12 ordained elders and
evangelists whose duty it is to look after the general business of the
church. The prophet ( Crowdy) is not elected, but holds his position by
\irtue of a divine call. He is presiding officer of both the executive board
and of the clituxh. The followers believe that the prophet is in direct
communication with ("jod, utters prophecies and performs miracles by
liis will. The district assemblies are composed of the different orders of
the ministry and delegates from each local church. The ministers hold
office during good behavior. The temporal affairs of the churches are
looked after by deacons under the general supervision of the assemblies.
Since the founding of the church in Kansas it has had a somewhat rapid
growth and in 1906 had 48 organizations, located in fourteen states and
the District of Columbia, the total number of communicants in the
L'nited States being 1,823. In Kansas there are 3 organizations with a
membership of 78.
Church of the New Jerusalem. — (See Swedenborgians.)
Churches. — The first churches in what is now the State of Kansas
were established while it was still unorganized territory. IMissions were
established among the Indian tribes during the first quarter of the nine-
teenth century b)- various denominations, and from that time the church
and the mission school dwelt side by side, and worked hand in hand for
the evangelization anH education of the red man. In 1854, when Kansas
was erected as a territory, the Methodists had churches at Shawnee
mission and at Wyandotte ; the Baptists had a mission church 2 miles
northwest of the Shawnee mission, one near the Delaware postoffice and
still another in what is now Mission township, Shawnee county; the
Friends had a mission and school west of the Shawnee mission, and
among the Sac and Fox Indians the Presbyterians had located a mission
and school near the present site of Highland. Doniphan county. Two
missions had been established by the Catholics — St. Mary's, located in
what is now Mission township, Shawnee county, with three stations
within a radius of 20 miles, and a second on the Neosho river, in what
is now Neosho count3^
Nearly all the free-state settlers had belonged to churches in the com-
munities from which they came, and one of the first provisions they
made after settling in the territory was for religious services and
schools for their children. At first the services were held in the open
air, in tents or rude cabins, but as settlements increased church buildings
were erected, many of which are used to the present day in different
localities. In the outlying districts where settlement was thin, the
people gathered at some convenient locality and were ministered to by
circuit riders or missionaries. Many of these early congregations later
became permanent and prosperous churches.
The earliest available record of churches in Kansas is that taken by
the state board of agriculture in 1875, which is meagre and may not
accurately give an idea of all denominations, but it gives the largest
which in that year were : the Catholic church with 202 organizations and
KANSAS HISTORY 347
a membership of 37.198; the Methodist church with 621 organizations
and a membership of 22,696; the Baptists with 286 organizations and a
membership of 12,197; the Presb^-terians with 220 organizations and a
membership of 7,962, and the Congregationalists with 121 organizatiims
and a membership of 4.458, making a total of 1.484 organizations and
85,924 communicants. By 1880 the number of organizations had
increased to 2,155 and the membership to 189,629, or more than twice
that of 1875. ''^s settlement has passed westward across the state,
churches have been established in nearly ever}- community and their
growth has been steady and satisfactor}-. In 1890 the proportion of
church members to aggregate population in Kansas was about 28 per
cent. There were 4,920 organizations with a membership of 336.575.
In IQ06 there were 994 church organizations in the state with a total
membership of 458,190. Of the organizations reporting. 4.020 ha\-e
church edifices and 602 use halls or other buildings for places of wor-
ship. The aggregate value of the church property in the state in 1906
was $14,053,454. It was found that in that year that 78.7 per cent, of
all church members in the state belonged to Protestant bodies ; 20.3 per
cent, to the Catholic church; 0.5 per cent, to the Latter-day Saints; and
0.5 to all other bodies. (For information concerning any particular
church look under the denominational head.)
Churches of God in North America. — This religious organization
arose as a result of the revival movement which spread through the
United States during the first half of the nineteenth century. One of
the leaders of the revival movement was John Winebrenner, a minister
of the Reformed church at Harrisburg, Pa. His sermons were so impres-
sive that some of his congregation became alarmed about their spiritual
condition. Revivals were a new thing in that region and some of the
members became so dissatisfied that they laid the matter before the
synod of the Reformed church which met at Harrisburg, Sept. 29. 1822.
The case was not disposed of until 1828, when Mr. \\^inebrenner's con-
nection with the Reformed church was severed. After this he began
to labor in the surrounding districts and towns, and in 1829 he organized
an independent church calling it only the Church of God. Other congre-
gations soon followed in and around Harrisburg, each assuming the
name Church of God, and adding the name of the town in' which the
congregation organized, as Church of God at Hagersto\vn.
These churches, in which all members had equal rights, elected and
licensed men to preach, but for some time there was no bond or general
organization or directing authority. In Oct., 1830. a meeting was held
at Harrisburg- for the purpose of establishing a regular system of
cooperation, which was attended by six licensed ministers. .\t this
meeting an eldership, to consist of an equal number of teaching and
ruling elders, was organized which was called the "General Eldership
of the Church of God," to distinguish it from the local church eldership.
The movement continued to spread to adjoining counties and to Mary-
land, western Pennsylvania and Ohio. On May 26, 1845, delegates from
348 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the three elderships met at Pittsburg, Pa., and organized the "General
Eldership of the Church of God in North America," but in 1896, the
name was changed to "General Eldership of the Churches of God in
North America."
In doctrine these churches are evangelical and orthodox, and are
Arminian rather than Calvinistic. They hold as distinctive from other
denominations, that sectarianism is antiscriptural ; that each local
church is a church of God, and should be called so; that in general, all
Bible things should be called by Bible names, and a Bible name should
not be given to anything not mentioned in the Bible. The members of
the Churches of God believe that three ordinances are obligatory — the
Lord's Supper, baptism and the religious washing of the saint's feet.
They have no written creed but accept the Bible as their rule of faith
and practice.
In policy the Churches of God are presbyterian. Each local church
votes for a minister but the annual elderships make the appointments
within their own boundaries. The congregation elects the elders and
deacons, who with the minister constitute the church council and are
the governing body, having charge of the admission of members and
general oversight of the church work. The minister and an equal num-
ber of laymen within a certain territory constitute annual elderships,
corresponding to presbyteries, which have the exclusive right to ordain
ministers. The different annual elderships combine to form the Gen-
eral Eldership which meets once in four years, and is composed of an
equal number of ministers and lay representatives (elders) elected by
the annual elderships.
The Churches of God have been established in many parts of the
country and are now represented in sixteen states. They were estab-
lished in Kansas by the settlers who came from the older communities
in the east and brought their faith with them. In 1890 there were 26
organizations in Kansas with a membership of 956. Nearly all of these
churches were in the eastern third of the state. In 1906 only 12 organ-
izations were reported with a total membership of 613. This falling off
in Kansas is doubtless due to the emigration of many of the members
to Oklahoma and the Indian Territory, where good cheap land was to
be had.
Churches of the Living God. — This religious organization among the
negroes was organized in 1899 at Wrightville, Ark., by William Chris-
tian, with about 120 members. In general it holds to the articles of
faith of the Baptist church but in policy is more like the Methodist
church. The first church became very successful and others were formed
on the same basis. The name chosen by the new denomination was
Church of the Living God. It grew rapidly but was divided because of
dissensions, and at the present time three bodies are recognized : Church
of the Living God (Christian Workers for Friendship) ; Church of the
Living God (Apostolic Church) ; and Church of Christ in God. There
are now 44 organizations located in 12 states. In Kansas the church
had three organizations in 1906 with a membership of 135.
KANSAS HISTORY 349
Cicero, a village of Harmon township, Sumner county, is a station
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 7 miles northeast of Welling-
ton, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, a grain elevator,
some good general stores, telephone connections, etc., and in 1910
reported a population of 48.
Cimarron, the county seat and largest town of Gray county, is located
on the Arkansas river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. R. R. a
little northeast of the center of the county and 18 miles west of Dodge
City. It was first settled in 1878, and in 1910 was the only incorporated
city in the county. The population at that time, according to the U. S.
census was 587. Cimarron has a money order postoffice, express and
telegraph offices, 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Jacksonian), tele-
phone connections, a hotel. Christian, Methodist, Presbyterian and
United Brethren churches, good public schools, and a grain elevator
operated by the Farmers' Cooperative Union. It is the most important
shipping point between Dodge City and Garden City.
Cimarron River. — The history of this stream discloses the fact that
early map makers and explorers confused it with the one known as the
"Salt Fork." One of the earliest mentions of the Cimarron was in 1807
by Pike, who called it the "Grand Saline" or "Newsewtonga." In Nut-
tail's narrative, 1818-20, he calls the stream the "Grand Saline;" Melish,
1820, the "Jefferson ;" Tanner, 1823, the "Nesuhetonga or Grand Sa-
line;" Finlay, 1826, the "Grand Saline;" Gregg, 1840, the "Cimarron;"
Mitchell, 1846,- the "Cimarone or Salt Fork;" Tanner, 1846, the
■'Semarone, Negracka, or Red River;" Mitchell, 1874, as "Cimmaron ;"
and "First Red Fork of the Arkansas," "Red Fork" and "Salt River"
attaching at various times. The term "Red Fork" was undoubtedh'
applied to the stream on account of the red tinge of its waters, received
from contact with the red clay along its banks. "Negracka" is probably
of Siouan origin, most likely an Osage word. Cimarron is a Spanish
word, meaning "wild, or unruly." The name Saline and Grand Saline
have been applied indiscriminately to the Cimarron and the Salt Fork of
the Arkansas, the name Grand Saline being more applicable to the
Cimarron.
The Cimarron has its source in the mountains of Union county, N. M.
Flowing in an easterly direction its two branches enter Kansas in the
southwest corner county — Morton — the north fork flowing across this
county and the southeast corner of Stanton county and entering Grant.
The south fork crosses Morton county and the northwest corner of
Stevens and enters Grant county, where the two branches unite, the
combined Cimarron then flowing in a southeast direction through
Seward county and the extreme southwest corner of Meade county into
Oklahoma. A few miles below the Kansas line the stream makes a
turn, flows east about 25 miles, again enters Kansas in Clark county,
flowing across the southeast corner of that county and leaving the state
from the southwest corner of Comanche county. In Oklahoma the river
flows about two-thirds the distance across that state and empties into
the Arkansas river near the town of Leroy.
353 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Probably no other stream in Kansas can boast the natural scenery to
be found along the Cimarron. An early day writer has said that the
river traversed a "country remarkably rugged and broken, affording the
most romantic and picturesque views imaginable. It is a tract of about
75 miles square in which nature has displayed a great variety of the
most strange and whimsical vagaries. It is an assemblage of beautiful
meadows, verdant ridges, and rude, misshapen piles of red clav, thrown
together in the utmost apparent confusion, yet affording the most pleas-
ant harmonies and presenting us in every direction an endless variety
of curious and interesting objects." The early freighters and hunters
have made mention of the wild fruits they found in abundance along the
stream, including plums, grapes, choke cherries, gooseberries and cur-
rants, of which there were three kinds, black, red and white. About the
ravines and in the marshy ground along the stream there were several
varieties of wild onions, resembling garlic in flavor, and which the trav-
elers found very acceptable in cooking, to season meats. The Santa Fe
trail struck the Cimarron in what is now Grant county, and from there
into Xew Mexico closely followed the stream. The Cimarron is about
650 miles in length, of which about 175 miles are in Kansas.
Circieville, a village of Jackson county, is located 8 miles northwest
of Holton. the count}- seat, on the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific
railroads. It has banking facilities, telegraph and express offices and a
mone}' order postoffice with two rural mail routes. All the general lines
of business are represented. The population in 1910 was 325. The
town was founded by Maj. Thomas J. Anderson in 1863, and shortly
after the survey Rufus Oursler erected a store and put up a combination
grist and sawmill. In 1865-66 the Methodist Episcopal church erected
a $10,000 seminary which was abandoned later for the reason that the
church became interested in Baker University at Baldwin. For man}-
years the building was used for school purposes. At the time the town
was founded the people had to go to Jefferson for their mail, but later
a postoffice w-as established at Holton.
Citizens' Industrial Alliance. — This association was organized at
Topeka in Jan., 1891, and incorporated under the laws of Kansas. It
-subsequently became a part of the Farmers' Alliance movement. (See
Farmers' Alliance.)
Civil Service. — A standard authority defines civil service as "That
branch of the public service which includes all executive offices not
connected with the army or navy." The same authority- says : "Owing
to the complexity of modern government and the variety of its functions,
the ciA-il service has become very complex, and the problem of its effec-
tive administration a difficult one."
About 1830 what is known as the "spoils system" was engrafted upon
the American civil service. Political parties adopted as their slogan the
cr}' of "To the victors belong the spoils," and appointments to public
office were made more with regard to political activity than to fitness
for the duties to be discharged. By 1835 ^^e conditions became such
KANSAS HISTORY 351
that Daniel \\'ebster declared in Congress that "Offices are created, not
for the benefit of those who fill them, bnt for public convenience."
Nearly half a century more elapsed before any steps were taken to
reform the civil service or the methods of making appointments. But
in Jan., 1883, Congress passed "An act to regulate and improve the civil
service of the United States," in which it was provided that the "merit
system" should determine appointment and tenure of office of a large
number of employees in the various departments of the government
service.
Since that time a number of states and cities have adopted the merit
system of making appointments in departments where the work is purely
of an executive character, Wisconsin probably leading all the other
states in the thoroughness with which the system is applied. Gov. Click
sought to have the educational, charitable and reformatory institutions
of Kansas placed under this system, and announced in one of his mes-
sages to the legislature that, "whether you so amend the law or not, the
course indicated will govern the present executive in his actions and
appointments, so that none of our state institutions shall be run in the
interests of any party or faction, or turned into a political machine."
Nothing was done at that time, but the act of March 3, 1905, provided
that "It shall be the duty of the governing board of trustee..s of the
mstitutions hereinafter named forthwith to formulate rules and regula-
tions prescribing, so far as can be done, the qualifications necessary in
order to secure employment in their respective institutions, together
with provision for ascertaining whether or not applicants for positions
in such institutions are qualified to fill the same, with further provision
for the selection of those most capable among such applicants."
It was also provided that such rules and regulations, once established,
should be strictly followed by boards in making appointments, and that
assistants, subordinate ofticers and employees might be appointed by
the superintendent or other chief executive officer, and removed b}- him
for cause, provided "that no political action or political affiliation shall
l)e sufficient cause for removal." Any superintendent removing any one
for political reasons was subject to forfeiture of his position.
The institutions named in the act were the schools for the blind, the
deaf, the feeble minded, the soldiers' orphans home, the industrial
schools, the state reformatory, the state penitentiary, "and all other
charitable and penal institutions of the State of Kansas."
In all cities adopting the .commission form of government under the
provisions of the act of Feb. 10, 1909, the city commissioners must, b^■
ordinance, appoint three civil service commissioners, whose duty it shall
be to hold examffiations and determine the qualifications of applicants
for positions under the city government. And when a vacancy occurs,
the civil service commission shall certify to the city commissioners two
names from the eligible list for every vacancy to be filled, from which
names the city commissioners shall select the person for appointment.
No remo\-als from the municipal civil service shall be made except for
cause.
352 CYCLOPEDIA OF
The act of Feb. 12, 1908, placed the fire departments of cities of the
first class under civil service regulations, by providing that all appoint-
ments thereto should be made "solely on the basis of merit and fitness
for service," and that no removals from the department should be made
to make places for other men.
Civil War.— (See War of 1861-65.)
Claflin, an incorporated city of Barton county, is located in Independ-
ent township, about 20 miles northeast of Great Bend, the county seat.
The first settlement at Claflin vi^as made in 1887, and in 1910 the city
reported a population of 554. It is a station on the Missouri Pacific
R. R., has 2 banks, a flour mill, a creamery, a grain elevator, a machine
shop, a weekly newspaper (the Clarion), Catholic and Protestant
churches, a good public school system, and is the principal shipping and
supply point for a large agricultural district, to the people of which its
international money order postofiice supplies mail daily by two rural
routes. The Odin school, a Catholic institution, is located at Claflin.
Claims. — At various periods and for various reasons Kansas has pre-
sented claims against the United States. The first instance of this char-
acter was in 1857, while Kansas was still a territory. During the border
troubles many of the settlers suflfered losses by having their stock
driven ofif, their houses burned, etc. In his message to the legislature
on Jan. 12, 1857, Gov. Geary said: "In traveling through the territory
I have discovered great anxiety in relation to the damages sustained
during the past civil disturbances, and everywhere the question has been
asked as to whom they should look for indemnity. These injuries —
burning houses, plundering fields and stealing horses and other property
— have been a fruitful source of irritation and trouble, and have impover-
ished many good citizens. They cannot be considered as springing from
purely local causes, and as such, the subjects of territorial redress. . . .
In adjusting the question of damages, it appears proper that a broad
and comprehensive view of the subject should be taken ; and I have
accordingly suggested to the general government the propriety of
recommending to Congress the passage of an act providing for the
appointment of a commissioner to take testimony and report to Congress
for final action, at as early a da}^ as possible."
Acting upon the governor's recommendation, the legislature on Feb.
23, 1857, passed an, act authorizing the appointment of a commissioner.
Hiram J. Strickler was appointed and on March 7, 1858, he filed his
report showing that he had examined claims amounting to $301,225, of
which he had awarded $254,279.28. His report also gave a list of the
claimants. Marcus J. Parrott, then the territorial delegate in Congress,
presented a bill for the payment of these claims, but it was never reported
back from the committee to which it was referred.
On Feb. 7, 1859, the legislature passed an act providing for the
appointment of three commissioners — one by the governor, one by the
council and one by the house — to investigate the claims and report, and
a supplementary act authorized the commissioners to employ an
KANSAS HISTORY 353
attorney. The governor appointed Edward Hoogland, the council
appointed Henry J. Adams and the house appointed Samuel A. King-
man. William McKay was engaged as attorney. This commission
reported claims filed amounting to $676,020.21, of which $412,978.03 had
been allowed. Subsequently bonds to the amount of $95,700 were issued,
covering $5,400 of legislative warrants and $90,300 of claim warrants.
The territorial legislature of i860 adopted a concurrent resolution asking
Congress to assume the payment of these bonds, but no action was
taken by Congress, and the last territorial legislature in 1861 passed an
act to prevent their payment. The first state legislature, which met in
March, 1861, passed a similar act, and the claims for losses during the
border war have never been paid.
Kansas was admitted into the Union on the eve of the great Civil
war. The machinery of the state government had been in operation less
than three months, when President Lincoln issued his call for volunteers
to suppress a rebellion. Kansas responded promptly, and during the
war the state was at heavy expense in raising and subsisting troops. In
addition to that, the general government, by the act of Congress,
approved on Aug. 5, 1861, levied a direct tax upon the states, the amount
apportioned to Kansas being $71,743.33. The citizens of the state lost
heavily in the various guerrilla raids and the Price invasion of 1864, and
at the close of the war filed claims for damages for property destroyed
or appropriated by the contending armies. Immediately following the
Civil war, the state incurred heavy expenses in suppressing Indian
uprisings on the western frontier — expenses which the state authorities
felt should be borne b}' the United States, the Indians causing the trouble
having been "wards of the government." Under the provisions of the
Wyandotte constitution and the act of admission, Kansas was to receive
sections 16 and 36 in each township for school purposes, certain lands
for the benefit of a state university, and five per cent, of the proceeds of
all public land sales within the state, but while the war was in progress
these provisions were apparently forgotten.
In 1877 Gov. Anthony submitted a statement to the 45th Congress
showing that the United States was indebted to the State of Kansas for
miltary expenses to the amount of $470,726.15. In that year ex-Gov.
Samuel J. Crawford was appointed state agent to look after the collec-
tion of these claims, as well as the adjustment of the school lands and
the recovery of the five per cent, of the public land sales. Crawford's
final report in 1892 shows that he had adjusted claims and received pay-
ment of the following sums of money to the state :
School lands (276,376 acres) valued at $ 345,470.03
Five per cent, on public land sales 755,919.81
Military claims 372,236.38
Direct tax refund 71.743-33
Total $1,545,369.55
(I-23)
354 CYCLOPEDIA OF.
Under the provisions of the act of the legislature, approved by Gov.
Crawford on Feb. ii, 1865, the secretary of state, adjutant-general and
attorney-general were appointed a commission to audit the claim grow-
ing out of the Price raid. This commission reported claims allowed
amounting to $342,145.99. A new commission, consisting of W. N.
Hanley, W. H. Fitzpatrick and D. E. Ballard, was appointed in 1867.
This commission reduced the amount allowed by the former one to
$240,258.77. Section 2 of the act of Feb. 26, 1867, provided: "That for
the purpose of settling the claims audited and allowed by said board of
commissioners, certificates to be known and designated as Union mili-
tary scrip, shall be issued in sums of i, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1,000 dol-
lars, as the claimants may desire, in an amount equal in the aggregate
to the amount of claims allowed by said board of commissioners."
Under the act of Feb. 17, 1869, Levi Woodard, David Whitaker and
T. J. Taylor were appointed a third commission and allowed claims
amounting to $61,221.87. On Feb. 2, 1871, President Grant approved an
act of Congress authorizing the appointment of a commission to investi-
gate and report upon the Kansas Price raid claims. James A. Hardie,
J. D. Bingham and T. H. Stanton, three officers of the regular army,
were appointed, and they reported claims amounting to $337,054.38,
which sum was appropriated by Congress by the act of June 8, 1872.
Between the years 1878 and 1885, ex-Gov. Crawford, as state agent, col-
lected $369,938.10 to be applied on these claims, and in Jan., 1888,
an additional sum of $237.01 was received through Gov. Martin, making
a total of $707,229.49 allowed by the general government for the pay-
ment of the claims.
A joint resolution of the legislature, adopted on March 5, 1887, author-
ized the governor to appoint a suitable person as auditing commis-
sioner "who shall report to the legislature at its next regular or extra
session a full and complete statement in detail of all Price raid claims
which are unpaid and which have been audited and allowed by an}'^ com-
mission heretofore appointed by authority of the legislature of Kansas,
and upon which Union military scrip has been heretofore issued, and
also all claims not heretofore audited which may be presented to him."
Gen. John C. Caldwell was appointed commissioner under the pro-
visions of this resolution. He filed his report with the legislature of
1889, giving an alphabetical list of the original holders of the Union
military scrip, of which the total issue was $584,035.20, and showing that
of the $707,229.49 appropriated by Congress, $26,604.05 was credited to
the state on account of the direct tax. He also showed that the state
treasurer had paid claims amounting to $46,414.36 that had not been
allowed by any commission, and had left unpaid $19,352.44 of claims
that had been allowed. Of the scrip, certificates amounting to $336,817
were canceled in 1873, leaving a balance of $247,218.20. The report
alludes to the fact that the state legislature appropriated $130,000 in 1881
for the payment of the claims, and since that time something over
$300,000 had been appropriated by the general government for the same
purpose.
KANSAS HISTORY 355
Just before the opening of the legislative session of 1905 an effort was
made to have Go\-. Hoch recommend an appropriation for the purpose
of settling the claims. The Topeka Capital of Jan. 5, 1905, said: "Of
the sums appropriated by Congress, $26,604.05 was illegally used to pay
the government direct war tax; $8,952.57 was illegally used for the state
militia, and $334,618.48 was illegally turned into the state's general fund.
The total amount of government money misued by the state was
$372,175- Most of the original claimants are dead, and the bulk of the
yellow scrip has been bought up by a few speculators for a cent or two
on the dollar. On this account, perhaps, there is a lack of enthusiasm
for the claims. However, there are a few old men and women, widows
and children, who have held to the scrip as it came into the family, and
they are making a strong appeal to the governor and the men who will
direct the legislature this winter."
George W. Veale, J. L. Allen, R. H. Semple, T. P. Moore, A. M. Har-
vey, L. G. Beal and J. M. Meade were appointed a legislative commit-
tee on behalf of the scrip-holders, with instructions to issue an address
to the people of Kansas on the subject. The address was issued and
considerable influence was brought to bear to have the legislature pro-
vide for the final redemption of the scrip, but that body failed to act.
The act of the legislature of Feb. 27, 1875, authorized the appoint-
ment of a commission to audit and certify the amount of losses sustained
by the citizens of Kansas through guerrilla raids at the time of the war,
chiefly the Ouantrill raid on Lawrence in Aug., 1863. These claims
were known as the "Ouantrill raid claims." The commission issued
certificates for $882,390.11. Under the act of March 5, 1887, the state
assumed the payment of these certificates, but a compromise was
effected, the state paying $362,567.91 for principal and $104,720.26 for
interest, a total of $467,288.17, which amount became a claim against
the United States.
At the time of the Spanish-American war, Kansas expended $37,787.84
in raising, transporting and subsisting troops. Of this amount the
United States refunded $37,200.19. Samuel J. Crawford was succeeded
as state agent by W. W. Martin, who served until March i, 1905, but
none of his reports can be found, if he ever made any. John C. Nicholson
then became state agent, and in the Kansas Magazine for July. 1909, he
presents the following recapitulation of Kansas' account with the United
States, the first column showing the amount paid by the state, and the
second the amount reimbursed by the United States:
Raising troops. Civil war $ 52,202 $ 49,052
Interest and discount on above 101,938 97,466
For repelling Indian invasions 349,320 332,308
Interest and discount on above 438,961 425,065
Price raid 336,817 336.817
Ouantrill raid 467,288
Spanish-American war 37,787 37, 200
Total $1,784,313 $1,277,908
356 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Mr. Nicholson also shows the following claims allowed by authorized
commissions, but unpaid:
Territorial period $ 412,972
Price raid, balance 248,218
Quantrill raid, balance 415.102
Total $1,076,292
Concerning the Price raid claims, Mr. Nicholson says : "The unset-
tled Price raid claims have been for many years a source of great annoy-
ance and dispute, and it is generally admitted that the state ought to
pay the unsettled claims allowed by the Hardie commission. The dif-
ficulty in adjusting the matter is greatly increased by the fact that
duplicate scrip was fraudulently issued for part of the claims."
Clara, a village of Washington county, is situated about 12 miles
southwest of Washington, the county seat, and in 1910 reported a popu-
lation of 40. Mail is received through the postoffice at Haddam, which
is the nearest railroad station.
Clare, a village in the central part of Johnson county, is located on
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 5 miles southwest of Olathe,
the county seat. It has a money order postofifice, telegraph and express
facilities and in 1910 had a population of 10.
Clark County. — On Feb. 26, 1867, Gov. Crawford approved an act
of the legislature defining the boundaries of a number of new coun-
ties in the western part of the state. Section . 39 of that act reads :
"The county of Clarke shall be bounded as follows: Commencing
where the east line of range 21 west intersects the sixth standard
parallel, thence south to the thirty-seventh degree of north latitude,
thence west to the east line of range 26 west, thence north to the sixth
standard parallel, thence east to the place of beginning."
By the act of March 6, 1875, the northern boundary was moved north-
ward 6 miles, to the north line of township 30 south, and the western
boundary was fixed at the "east line of range 27 west." The county
was named for Charles F. Clarke, who entered the volunteer service
in the Civil war as a captain in the Sixth Kansas cavalry, was com-
missioned assistant adjutant-general on June 12, 1862, and died at Mem-
phis, Tenn., on the loth of the following December. In the original
creative act the name is spelled with the final "e," but in the act of
1873 and all subsequent legislation affecting the county the last letter
was dropped from the name.
As an unorganized county, Clark was attached to Ford county for
judicial purposes only until Feb. 21, 1883, when Gov. Glick approved
an act including Clark in Ford county, in order that the latter might
benefit by the taxation of the large cattle interests. This did not please
the few settlers in Clark county, and by the act of March 7, 1885, Clark
was reestablished with its present boundaries, extending from the east
KANSAS HISTORY 357
line of range 21 to the east line of range 26 west, and from the north
line of township 30 south to the southern boundary of the state. By
the same act the county was attached to Comanche for judicial purposes.
Clark county has an altitude of nearly 2,000 feet, Ashland, the county
seat, being situated 1,950 feet above sea level. The surface is gen-
erally level prairie, sloping gently southward toward the Cimarron
river, which crosses the southern boundary near the center and flows
in an easterly direction until it enters Comanche county about 5 miles
north of the state line. All the streams of the county are directly or
indirectly tributary to the Cimarron. The principal creeks are Bluff,
Beaver, Bear, and Big and Little Sand creeks. Near the center of the
county is an elevation, to which H. C. Inman, quartermaster of the
Custer expedition in 1868 gave the name of "Mount Jesus." In the
winter of 1868-69 a trail was made from Fort Dodge to Camp Supply
in the Indian Territory, over which government supplies were taken
to the latter post. It passed near the elevation mentioned, and became
known as the "Mount Jesus trail." In 1870 a new trail was opened,
over which the cattle drovers passed to Dodge City and the northern
ranges. It was known as the "Texas Cattle Drive," and during the
ten years from 1876 to 1885 some 2,000,000 cattle passed over this trail.
There is not much native timber in the count3^ Along the streams are
narrow belts of hackberry, walnut, mulberry and cottonwood, the last
named being the most common.
The settlement of the county was slow for several years after it
was established. In the spring of 1871 the county was surveyed, and
in 1874 John Glenn built a road ranch where Ashland now stands.
Two graves were found there, supposed to be the graves of men
killed by the Indians in 1871, and the place was at first known as
"Soldiers' Graves." A weekly stage route from Dodge City to Camp
Supply was established in 1875 and four years later it became a daily
stage line. In 1876 a large cattleman named Driscoll located a ranch
in Clark county, being the first heavy cattleman in that part of the
country. The following winter three Benedictine priests came to a
mound about 3 miles northeast of Ashland, which they named Mount
Casino, with a view of founding a college for invalids and establishing
a colony. The movement was discouraged by the cattlemen, the priests
lost their horses through an Indian raid, and after a few months aban-
doned the attempt. Spencer brothers later located their ranch near
Mount Casino. Two men came to the Sand creek valley in the spring
of 1878 and made a crop there that season, but did not become per-
manent settlers.
In the Cheyenne raid of 1878 (q. v.) some of the Indians entered
the state near the southwest corner of Comanche county and passed
through Clark, stealing some horses from Driscoll's ranch. One In-
dian was killed in the county. In the spring of 1879 a man named
Dudley came from Sumner county and settled on Bear creek. Up to
this time there had been nothing but cattle ranches in the county, the
35'^ CYCLOPEDIA OF
principal ones being Driscoll's and Evans' ranches on Kiger creek;
Lustrum's and Carlson's below Bluff creek; Dorsey's at the mouth of
the Red Earth, and Collar's on Bluff' creek. It was the value of these
ranches that influenced the legislature to include Clark county in Ford,
as above mentioned.
Clark City was laid out in June, 1884, about a mile and a half north
of the present city of Ashland. The first number of the Clark County
Clipper, the first newspaper in the county, was issued at Clark City
on Sept. 18, 1884, by Marquis & Church. Late in October of that year
Ashland was laid out by a company of Winfield men, of which W. R.
McDonald was president and Francis B. Hall secretary. The new town
company offered for a certain length of time to give each of the house-
holders of Clark City a lot and remove his house to the new town
site free. Quite a number accepted the offer, and as Ashland went up
Clark City went down, until it finally disappeared entirely.
About the time that Ashland was founded, the Clipper said in an
editorial : "The immigration into this county from the east does not
seem to abate because of the approach of winter. The wagons still
pour into the valleys south, southeast and southwest of here at a rate
never before equaled, and we expect to see them continue to come all
winter. . . .If you have not used your right of preemption, v.-ait
no longer, as in all probability it will soon be forever too late."
At the presidential election in Nov., 1884, Blaine received 85 votes
in the county; Cleveland, 70; and Butler, 14, a total of 169 votes. At
the same time J. O. Shoup was elected to represent the county in the
state legislature. When the news reached Ashland in March, 1885,
that Clark county was again made an independent political organiza-
tion by the legislature, it was received with demonstrations of joy. On
the loth a meeting was held at the office of Ayers & Theis to take steps
to organize the county. J. W. Ayers presided and Robert C. Marquis
acted as secretary. A committee, consisting of Messrs. Likes, McCart-
ney and Berry, was appointed to attend to the work of printing and
circulating petitions to the governor asking for the organization of the
county.
Another meeting was held on April 17, when Robert C. Marquis
offered the following resolution : "That this convention temporarily
divide the county into three districts of ten miles each, running north
and south, to be known as the Eastern, Western and Central districts,
and that the representatives present from each district select a com-
mittee of three to represent their district, and these committees from
each district shall meet immediateh^ and select a day, place and man-
ner whereby the several districts shall select a man to be recommended
to the governor for appointment as county commissioner in their respec-
tive districts, and also a person for county clerk."
The resoluiton was adopted and the following committees appointed :
Eastern district — C. B. Nunemacher, D. C. Pitcher, C. G. Graham; Cen-
tral district— F. M. Sanderlin, J. M. Bly, J. M. Lockhead ; Western
KANSAS HISTORY 359
district — H. W. Henry, A. F. Harmer, Joseph Hall. This committee
of nine decided on April 25 as the date of an election, and met at Ash-
land on the 27th to canvass the vote. A. F. Harmer, Daniel Burket and
G. W. Epperly were chosen for county commissioners and John S.
Myers for county clerk, and these men were recommended to the gov-
ernor for appointment. In the meantime Thomas E. Berry had been
appointed on March 20 to take a census of the county. His enumera-
tion showed a population of 2,042, 6f whom 877 were householders.
Upon his report Gov. John A. Martin issued his proclamation on May
5, 1885, declaring the county organized, appointing the commissioners
and clerk recommended by the people of the county and designating
Ashland as the temporary county seat.
The first meeting of the board of commisisoners was held on May
II, 1885, Avhen the three districts authorized by the resolution of April
17 were declared civil townships. The Eastern district was named
Liberty township, with voting places at Weeks' ranch, Kepler's and
Mendenhall's ; the Central district was named Center township, with
voting places at Letitia, Ashland and Edwards ; and the Western dis-
trict was named \'esta township, with A'oting places at Appleton. A'esta
and Englewood. An election was ordered for June 16, for the election
of county officers and the selection of a permanent county seat. The
officers elected were: C. D. Perry, representative; John S. Myers, clerk;
S. H. Hughes, treasurer: J. J. Kenned)', probate judge; J. L. Snodgrass,
register of deeds ; Michael Sughrue, sherilT : W. A. McCartney, county
attorney : A. F. Harmer, clerk of the district court ; C. C. Mansfield,
superintendent of education; J. W. Henderson, surveyor; Dr. S. H.
Parks, coroner; G. W. Epperly, Daniel Burket and B. B. Bush, com-
missioners. For county seat Ashland received 577 votes; Englewood,
257; Fair West, 98, and 34 were recorded as "scattering."
The first school in the count}-, of which any record is obtainable, was
a three months' term taught at Clark City by W. H. Myers, closing
on Nov. 29, 1884. The first banking institution was the Clark County
bank, which opened its doors for business on June 24, 1885, at Ash-
land.
Since the organization of the county, its history diiTers but little from
that of the other counties of the state. Constructive work has gone
forward steadily, highways have been opened, public buildings erected,
school districts organized, etc. Two lines of railroads operate in the
county. The Wichita & Englewood division of the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe system enters the county near the center of the eastern
boundary, runs west to Ashland and thence southwest to Englewood,
and a line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific system crosses the
northwest corner through Minneola.
According to the U. S. census, the population of Clark county in
1910 was 4.093, a gain of 3,022 during the preceding ten years, or more
than 200 per cent. The county is bounded on the north by Ford county ;
on the east by the counties of Kiowa and Comanche; on the south
360 CYCLOPEDIA OF
by the State of Oklahoma, and on the west by Meade county. It is
divided into ten townships, viz. : Appleton, Brown, Center, Cimarron,.
Edwards, Englewood, Lexington, Liberty, Sitka and Vesta. The value
of all farm products in 1910, including live stock, was $2,111,518. The
five leading crops in the order of value were: wheat, $936,387; corn,
$181,084; Kaffir corn, $87,715; oats, $44,677; sorghum, $42,160. Hay,
barley, milo maize and broom-corn were also important crops.
Clark, William, soldier and explorer, was born in Caroline county,
Va., Aug. I, 1770. When fourteen years old his parents — John and Ann
(Rogers) Clark — removed to Kentucky and settled where Louisville
now stands, and where his brother, George Rogers Clark, had built a
fort in 1777. William grew up in a wild region, with little opportunity
for acquiring an education, but he became well versed in Indian traits-
and habits. He was with Col. John Hardin in a campaign against the
Indians north of the Ohio river in 1789; was made an ensign in 1791 ;
promoted to lieutenant in March, 1792; served as adjutant and quarter-
master in 1793, and was with Gen. Anthony Wayne in his Indian cam-
paigns of 1796. Ill health forced him to leave the army, but as a hunter
and trapper he regained his strength. In 1804 he went to St. Louis, and
in March of that year President Jefferson commissioned him a second
lieutenant in the artillery and ordered him to join Capt. Meriwether
Lewis for an exploring expedition through the Louisiana purchase and
across the Rocky mountains to the mouth of the Columbia river. This
expedition passed up the Missouri river, along what is now the eastern
boundary of Kansas, and some of the streams in the eastern part of
the state were named by Lewis and Clark. (See Lewis and Clark's
Expedition.) On Sept. 23, 1806, the expedition reached St. Louis, hav-
ing been for more than two years engaged in exploring the Missouri
river, the Rocky mountain region and the Columbia valley. Con-
gress granted Lieut. Clark 1,000 acres of land for his services. For sev-
eral years he was Indian agent ; was appointed governor of Missouri
Territory on July i, 1813, by President Madison, and served as such
until the state was admitted into the Union in 1820. Clark died at St.
Louis, Mo., Sept. i, 1838.
Clarke, Sidney, one of the early members of Congress from Kansas,
was born at Southbridge, Mass., Oct. 16, 183 1. He was not given the
advantages of a liberal education, and at the age of eighteen left his
father's farm to work in a general store in Worcester. While thus
employed he studied nights, and within a short time began to write
for the press. He soon gained recognition as a versatile and forcible
writer, and joined a 3'oung men's literary society, where his natural
ability as a debater quickly developed. In 1854 he returned to his
native town and started a weekly newspaper known as the "South-
bridge Press," which flourished for five years. He became an active
member of the Free Soil party, casting his first vote for Hale and
Julian in 1852. In the campaign of 1856 he actively supported Gen.
Fremont. In the spring of 1858 Mr. Clark's health became impaired
KANSAS HISTORY 361
and upon the advice of his physician he went west, locating at Law-
rence, Kan., the following spring. His interest in politics began tO'
assert itself immediately, and he became an ardent supporter of the
Radical wing of the Free-State party. In 1862 he was elected to the
state legislature. The following year President Lincoln appointed him
adjutant-general of volunteers, and he was assigned to duty as acting
assistant provost marshal general for the District of Kansas, Nebraska,
Colorado and Dakota, with headquarters at Fort Leavenworth. The
same year he was made chairman of the Republican state committee, a.
position previously held by the ablest of the old free-state leaders.
From this time on Mr. Clarke was a conspicuous political figure in
Kansas. In 1864 he was elected to Congress and reelected for two
succeeding terms. He was always alive to the interests of his con-
stituency while in Congress, and was an able, faithful representative
of a commonwealth extensive in territory, with diversified interests and
developing resources. In Congress Mr. Clarke was chairman of the
house committee on Indian affairs and a member of the Pacific rail-
road commission. He participated in all the leading conflicts which,
made the history of Congress memorable during the six years he served
in that body. The defeat of the Osage Indian treaty and the passage
of the Clark bill saved to Kansas much of her public school lands.
During his three terms in Congress Mr. Clarke was the only representa-
tive from Kansas and he referred proudly to himself as "the sole repre-
sentative of my imperial state." He was in Congress at the time of
the assassination of President Lincoln, of whom he was a close friend,
and was placed on the committee that accompanied the body to its
last resting place. He was defeated for election to Congress in 1870,
but was elected to the state legislature in 1878 and made speaker of
the house. In 1898 he removed to Oklahoma, and few men had a more
powerful hand in shaping the destinies of the new state. He united
his fortunes with the west at an early day and was an ideal pioneer
in both Kansas and Oklahoma. Mr. Clarke was twice married. In
i860 he married Miss Henrietta Ross at Lawrence, and four children-
were born to this union: George Lincoln, Sydney, Jr., Lulu Louise
and Ella Maria. Mrs. Clarke died in 1873 and in 1881 Mr. Clarke mar-
ried Miss Dora Goulding of Topeka. One daughter, Josie, was born to^
them. Mr. Clarke died in Oklahoma City, Okla., June 19, 1909.
Claudell, a village of Valley township. Smith county, is located on
the Solomon river, and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 15,
miles southwest of Smith Center, the county seat. It has a money
order postoffice, a good local trade, and in 1910 reported a population
of 50.
Clay Center, the county seat and largest city of Clay county, is
located on the Republican river at the junction of the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific and two lines of the Union Pacific railroads, a little
northeast of the center of the county. The first settlement at Clay
Center was made in May, 1862, by John and Alonzo F. Dexter and:
362 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Orville Huntress. When it was proposed to make Clay Center the
count}^ seat, Alonzo F. Dexter donated the ground for a court-house
— a fact which is inscribed on the corner-stone of the building erected
in 1900. Soon after that court-house was completed, Mr. Dexter, hav-
ing grown old and suffered financial reverses, was made superintend-
ent of the structure, with quarters in the building. On June 11, 1875,
Clay Center was incorporated as a city of the third class. In April,
1880, the population having increased to over 2,000, a petition was pre-
sented to the governor to make it a city of the second class, and in
July Gov. St. John issued a proclamation to that effect.
According to the U. S. census for 1910 the population of Clay Center
was then 3,438. It has broad, well improved streets, a fine water-
works system, an electric lighting plant, a fire department, sewers, a
telephone exchange, 2 national and 3 state banks with a capital of
$200,000, an opera house, lodges of the leading fraternal organizations,
a number of fine church edifices, good hotels, a bottling works, a broom
factory, grain elevators, foundries and machine shops, carriage and
wagon works, planing mills, flour mills, an engraving company, brick
and tile factories, and some well stocked and well conducted mercantile
establishments. From the international money order postoffice of Clay
Center eight rural deliverj^ routes supply daily mail to the inhabitants
of a rich agricultural region. The county high school is located at
Clay Center, and the public school buildings of the city are as fine
as those of any city in Kansas. The press is represented by one daily
and three weekly newspapers, a monthly fraternal magazine, and a
religious quarterly.
Clay County, in the northeastern part of the state, is in the second
tier of counties south of Nebraska, and its eastern boundary is about
100 miles west of the Missouri river. It is bounded on the north by
\^'ashington county ; east b}' Geary and Riley ; south by Dickinson, and
west by Ottawa and Cloud, and has an area of 660 square miles. By
an act of the first territorial legislature in 1855, the territory embraced
within the present limits of Clay county was attached to Riley county
for all revenue and judicial purposes. Subsequently Clay was attached
to Geary county. In 1857 Clay was created and named in honor of the
great compromise statesman, Henry Clay.
The first white men to visit this part of Kansas were the French, who
about 1724, passed up the rivers seeking to open up trade with the
Indians. In 1830, David Atchison, an adventurous pioneer, penetrated
as far west as the present county of Clay. Col. John C. Fremont, in his
expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1843 crossed what is now the
southwestern part of the county, and in his report on June 11, 1843,
says, "For several days we continued to travel along the Republican
... on the morning of the i6th, the parties separated, and bearing a
little out from the river . . . we entered upon an extensive and high
level prairie."
Among the first permanent settlers were the Younkins brothers from
KANSAS HISTORY 363
Pennsylvania, who in April, 1856, entered land on Timber creek, ^^'ithin
a sliurt time the}- were followed by J. B. Ouimb}- and William Pa_\ne,
who took up land on the west side of the Republican near the present
site of ^^'akefield. The first actual settler on the site of Wakefield was
James Gilbert, who located there in 1858. Mrs. Moses Younkins and
Mrs. Ouimby were the first white women in the county. In 1857 John
Gill, Lorenzo Gates and a man named Mall located on Deep creek
farther up the river, where Gatesville and Mall creek commemorate
them. During the fall of 1857 ^"d the spring of 1858 immigration was
steady, some of the best claims being taken up by the new settlers. The
first wedding occurred on Dec. 18, 1859, when Lorenzo Gates married
Lucinda Gill. The first white child born in the county was Edward L.
Younkins, whose birth occurred on Dec. 2, 1858.
The drought of i860 almost entirely stopped immigration and the
population of the county increased little until the close of the war.
Then a second era of progress opened and many settlers entered land
for permanent homes. When these pioneers came to Claj^ county, they
found the land in the possession of the Kaw Indians, who were com-
paratively peaceful, but the settlers were so alarmed by reports of depre-
dations in adjoining counties, that the)' left their homes and fled to
places of safety. During the war between the Pawnees and Delawares,
in the Smoky Hill valley in 1857, many of the pioneers sought refuge
in Riley county, but returned when they were assured that the Indians
would not wage war in their locality. Late in the summer of 1864,
Indian troubles in Nebraska again frightened the settlers in Clay county
from their homes. In the Historical Map Book of Clay county the fol-
lowing statement is made: "In Aug., 1864, the Indians made a raid on
the settlers living on the Little Blue, in Washington and Marshall coun-
ties. The settlers from the northern part of Clay and the southern part
of Washington county, fled from their homes and gathered at Huntress'
cabin, where about 200 of them encamped for a month. . . . Diu'ing
the month the mail went no farther than the encampment ; the post-
masters took their respective mails and distributed them there." In
1868 the Indians left their reservations, committed depredations in Cloud,
Washington and Republic counties and the frightened settlers hastened
into Clay county from all directions.
At the outbreak of the Civil war Clay was still an unorganized countv.
with but few inhabitants, hence but 47 men responded to the calls for
volunteers and enlisted in the LTnion army. The settlers, few as thev
were, were much depleted by the troublous times of the Civil war. In
1860 there were eleven families in what is now the Wakefield district,
but by 1863 only two men were left, J. M. Quimby and Edward Kerby.
while the onlv men left on Mall creek were Lorenzo Gates and Tnlin
Butler.
Dr. Burt, who came to Kansas in 1868, gives the following descriji-
tion of the early settlements in Clay county: "In coming from Milford.
the first house after leaving Mr. Hopkins' this side of the river, was ?^Ir.
364 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Quimby's log cabin, then Mr. Todd's stone house, then an old fashioned
log cabin where Mr. Payne's house now stands, then a log house at
what is now Wakefield. The next house to the north was, I think,
Harvey Ramsey's, and the next ones were in the Avery district, which
seemed well on toward Clay Center. In Jan., 1870, there were no
houses between Clay Center and Fancy creek, between Clay Center and
Chapman's creek, nor between the head of Chapman's creek and Wake-
field."
Prior to 1870, nearly all the settlements were made along the streams,
as the early settlers did not believe farms would be opened on the
upland during their lives. But in the fall of 1869, a party of English
colonists located on the prairie between the Republican river and Chap-
man's creek, where they entered land and soon developed prosperous
farms, the settlement becoming known as the Wakefield colony, (q. v.)
The first blacksmith shop in the county was opened there in 1859. The
first mail route in Clay county was established in 1862. The route ran
from Manhattan to Clifton along the river valleys. The first postoffice
was on Mall creek, and the first postmaster was Lorenzo Gates. The
second was at Cla}^ Center, with Orville Huntress as postmaster, and
the third at Clifton, near the northern boundary, was kept by James
Fox. The first carrier was James Parkinson, who made his initial trip
on July I, 1862. At first the service was weekly but soon changed to
tri-weekly, and Junction City became the southern terminus.
The settlers of Clay county took deep interest in educational mat-
ters from the first, and in 1864 the first school house was built at
Lincoln creek on government land. It was a rude structure of logs and
was nearly completed when Samuel Allen went to the land office at
Junction City and filed on the land, thus appropriating the school house
as his personal property. This made it necessary to secure another
school house and a log -cabin was bought of F. Kuhnle. Mrs. Lack
was engaged as teacher and opened the first school in 1865 when the
first district was organized. The first physician in the county was Dr.
J. W. Shepperd, who located there in 1862. Orville Huntress bought
a stock of goods and opened a store in 1861, thus becoming the pioneer
merchant of Clay county. About the same time he started the first
hotel, where the military road crossed Huntress' creek. In 1865 the
first sawmill was established on Timber creek by H. N. Dawson, and
the same year the Dexter brothers started the first steam sawmill.
Dissatisfaction arose in 1866 in Clay county over the taxes imposed
by the authorities of Geary county, and a meeting was held at the
school house in Clay Center on July 28 to consider the question of
organizing the county. At this meeting Orville Huntress was chosen
chairman and George D. Seabury clerk. A committee, consisting of
Lorenzo Gates, William Silvers, Joseph R}'an and John G. Haynes, was
appointed to draft a petition and affidavit to be sent to the governor
as required by law. On Aug. 10, 1866, the governor appointed Lorenzo
Gates, William Silvers and Joseph P. Ryan county commissioners;
KANSAS HISTORY 365
George D. Seabury, clerk, and named Clay Center as the temporary
seat of justice. At the first election on Nov. 6, 1866, the county seat
was permanently located at Clay Center. The county officers elected
at this time were Thomas Sherwood, Henry Avery and William Silvers,
commissioners; S. N. Ackley, clerk; Orville Huntress, treasurer; S. "N.
Ackley, register of deeds; J. B. McLaughlin, surveyor; Russell Allen,
sheriff; James Hemphill, ' coroner, and Orville Huntress, assessor.
'Lorenzo Gates was the first man to represent Clay county in the lower
house of the state legislature and L. F. Parsons was the first state
senator.
A stone court-house was erected by the Dexter brothers in 1868, and
used until 1875, when the county offices and records were moved into
the Streeter building. For a number of years the building used as a
county jail was rented.
The first board of county commissioners divided the county into three
civil townships, viz.: Sherman, in the northern part; Clay Center, in
the central, and Republican in the southern part, each extending the
full width of the county east and west. As population increased the
original townships have been divided to form, Athelstone, Blaine, Bloom,
Chapman, Clay Center, Exeter, Five Creeks, Garfield, Gill, Goshen,
Grant, Hayes, Highland, Mulberry, Oakland, Republican, Sherman
and Union.
The first term of the district court in Clay county was opened by
Judge James Humphrey, Oct. 26, 1859.
The first railroad to enter the county was the Junction City & Fort
Kearney (now the LTnion Pacific), completed to Clay Center on March
12, 1873, and terminated there until 1878. It crosses the eastern bound-
ary about 7 miles north of the southern boundary and follows the river
northwest through Clay Center to Clifton. The Kansas Central, at
first a narrow gauge road, was built in 1883. It crosses the county
from east to west about the center, passing through Clay Center, and
now belongs to the Union Pacific. Since then a line of the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific system has been built from southeast to north-
west through the county, following the general course of the Republican
river. The Missouri Pacific crosses the northern boundary near Vining,
and a branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe crosses the south-
west corner, giving the county over 95 miles of main track railroad
within its boundaries.
The first issue of the Clay County Independent, edited by Houston
& Downer, appeared on Aug. 20, 1871, being the first paper in the county.
On Jan. 11, 1873, 't was sold to J. W. Miller who changed the name to
the Dispatch, the first number of which appeared March 12, 1873.
Rev. R. P. West of the Methodist church preached the first sermon
in the county, but the Baptists were the first denomination to organ-
ize a permanent congregation. That was Aug., 1868, and the church
was dedicated in Oct., 1874. The Presbyterian church of Clay Center
was organized in the school house on April i, 1871, and the first minister
366 CYCLOPEDIA OF
was J. D. Perring. Father Tichler established the Catholic church at
Clav Center in April, 1877. Since then nearly all denominations Imve
organized and erected churches in the county.
The surface of the county is rolling except in the north part of Oak-
land and the southern part of Five Creeks townships, which are high
and rocky. The river and creek bottoms vary from half a mile to a
mile in width and comprise about one-twelfth of the area. Timber belts
are common along the streams and consist of cottonwood, red and white
elm, oak, hackberry and locust. Sandstone and magnesian limestone
are abundant, clay for brick and pottery is plentiful and red ochre and
gypsum are also found. Agriculture is the principal occupation. Corn,
winter wheat and oats are the chief crops, while in 1907 there were
150,000 bearing fruit trees, peach and apple being the leading varieties.
The county stands well to the front in stock raising and dairy products.
Clay Center, on the Republican river, a little north and east of the
center of the county, is the seat of justice and principal town and is the
site of the county high school. Other towns of importance are Green.
Idana, Industry, Morganville, Oakhill and Wakefield. The population
of the county in 1910 was 15,251, and the value of the agricultural
products, including live stock, was over $4,000,000.
Clayton, a town in Noble township, Norton county, is a station on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 17 miles southwest of Norton, the
county seat. Clayton was incorporated in 1907, and in 1910 reported a
population of 191. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Vidette),
? creamery, a feed mill, a hotel, a money order postofiSce with three
rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, and
ships large quantities of grain and live stock. It is the principal trading
point for a rich agricultural district in the western part of Norton and
the eastern part of Decatur county.
Clayton, Pow^ell, soldier and diplomat, was born at Bethel, Pa., Aug.
7, 1833. He was educated in the public schools and at the Partridge
Military Academy at Bristol, Pa., after which he studied civil engineer-
ing at Wilmington, Del. In 1855 he came to Kansas, where he followed
his profession of civil engineer until 1861, having been city engineer of
Leavenworth in 1859. On May 29, 1861, he enlisted as a captain in the
First Kansas infantry; was made lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Kansas
cavalry on Dec. 28, 1861 ; promoted to colonel on March 7, 1862, and to
brigadier-general on Aug. i, 1864. He was mustered out on Aug. 24,
1865, and from 1868 to 1871 was the reconstruction governor of Arkan-
sas. He then engaged in business as a planter in Arkansas ; was a dele-
gate to every national Republican convention from 1872 to 1896; was
minister to Mexico from 1897 to 1905, and since then has been president
and general manager of the Eureka Springs railway.
Clearfield, a hamlet in the southeastern part of Douglas county, is
located on a branch of the Wakarusa river, 4 miles east of Vinland, the
nearest railroad town. It has a rural free delivery from Eudora and in
1910 had a population of less than 20 inhabitants.
KANSAS HISTORY 367
Clearwater, an incorporated town of Ninnescal: township, Sedgwick
county, is situated 17 miles southwest of ^^'ichita, near the Xinnescah
river, and at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the Atchison, To-
peka & Santa Fe railroads. It was first settled in 1870, was platted
as a town in 1872, and in 1910 reported a population of 569. Clearwater
has 2 banks, a money order postoiiice with three rural routes, express
and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a weekl}- newspaper (the
Courant), Baptist, Christian, Methodist and Presbyterian churches, good
public schools, and is the principal trading and shipping point for a
rich agricultural district in the Ninnescah valley.
Cleaverdale, a hamlet of Clark county, is situated in the Blufif creek
valley about 12 mileS north of Ashland, the county seat, and 10 miles
southeast of Minneola, which is the nearest railroad station. It is a
postoffice and trading center for that part of the county.
Cleburne, one of the river towns of Riley county, is located in Swede
township on the Union Pacific R. R. and on the Big Blue river, 28 miles
north of Manhattan, the county seat. It is supplied with a bank, tele-
graph and express offices and an international money order postoffice
with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 225.
Clements, a little town of Chase county, is located on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. and the Cottonwood river, 15 miles southwest
of Cottonwood Falls, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice
with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, all the regular line
of mercantile establishments, and a state bank. Live stock, hay, grain
and produce are shipped in considerable quantities and Clements is the
trading point of a large agricultural district. The population according
;o the census of 1910 was 200.
Cleveland, a village of Belmont township, Kingman county, is a station
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 7 miles south of Kingman,
the county seat. The railroad name is Carvel. It has a money order
postoffice with one rural route, telephone connections, express office,
grain elevator, some good general stores, and in 1910 reported a popula-
tion of 75.
Clifton, an incorporated city of the third class of ^Vashington county,
is located near the southwest corner, on the line between Cla}^ and
Mulberrj^ townships, and about 20 miles from Washington, the county
seat. It is on the Republican river, at the junction of the Union Pacific,
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and the Missouri Pacific railroads, which
gives the city unsurpassed shipping facilities. Clifton has 2 banks, a
money order postoffice with five rural routes, express and telegraph
offices, telephone connections, churches of various denominations, some
first class mercantile houses, a hotel, a good public school SA'stem, etc.
Of the 614 population according to the U. S. census of 1910, 261 lived
in Clay and 353 in Mulberr_y township.
Climate. — Kansas is situated between 37° and 40° north latitude, and
94° 38' and 102° 2' west longitude. The elevation above sea le\el ranges
from 700 feet in the southeastern part of Montgomery county to 4.100
368 CYCLOPEDIA OF
feet in the northwestern part of Greeley county. Owing to its location
and altitude, the state escapes the severe winters of those farther north,
and the enervating heat of the summers of the south. Consequently,
the climate of Kansas is mild, and under average conditions is without
tropical heat or arctic cold. The air is dry, invigorating and particularly
wholesome in western Kansas, and extremes of temperature are usually
of short duration.
Beween the northern and southern parts of the state there is a dif-
ference of several degrees of temperature both summer and winter. The '
following statistics, covering a period of ten years, were taken from the
United States weather bureau reports. The mean winter temperature
ranges from 28.5° in the northern counties to 34° in the southern. The
mean summer temperature ranges from 74° in the northwest counties
to 79° in the southeastern part of the state. Over a large portion of
Kansas the highest temperature recorded exceeds 110°, the highest
being 115° in i860, 1894 and 1896. The lowest temperatures recorded
range from 15° below zero in Morton county to 2,2° below zero in
Finney. The date of the last killing frost in spring ranges from April
6, in the extreme southeastern part of the state to May 5, in the north-
west. The first killing frost of autumn ranges from Sept. 30 in the
northwest to Oct. 25 in the southeast. The average number of growing
days between these killing frosts ranges from 150 in the northwest coun-
ties to 200 in the southeastern.
According to Indian tradition the Kaw river remained frozen for a
month during the winter of 1796-7. "All streams remained frozen for
thirty suns," while Jan., 1908, according to the United States weather
bureau, was the warmest January that Kansas ever knew. The pre-
vailing direction of the wind is from the north and northwest during the
winter. During March it is from the southwest and for the rest of the
year generally from the south. The source of rain supply is mainly
from the Gulf of Mexico. The average winter precipitation which in-
cludes rainfall and water from melted snows, ranges from 1.19 inches
in the extreme northwest to 6.53 in the extreme southeast. The average
precipitation for spring ranges from 4 inches in the western part of the
state to 12 inches in the east. In the summer the range is 8 to 14 inches
for the same localities, and for the fall from 15 to 44 inches. The aver-
age number of rainy days per year increases from 49 in the extreme west
to 99 in the eastern part of the state. The annual average number of
days with thunder storms ranges from less than 20 in the extreme south-
west to over 40 in the eastern counties. The total annual precipitation
in the dryest recorded year, ranges from less than 10 inches in the west-
ern counties to 26 inches in the eastern, and in the wettest year from
21.16 in the west to 58.30 in the east. The average snow fall ranges
from 8.6 inches in Montgomery count}' to 25.6 in Atchison, and in the
western part from 18.1 inches in Thomas cbunty to 21.2 in Morton.
McPherson has the heaviest average snow fall (24 inches') for the central
part.
KANSAS HISTORY 369
Where the rainfall in Kansas is deficient it is due more to the lack of
the necessary conditions of the soil, vegetation and local evaporation
than to the lack of humidity in the aerial currents, as the same influences
which bring the Mississippi Valley states their supply of moisture also
bring it to Kansas. The conditions necessary to bring this moisture
from the atmosphere are deeply plowed ground, well cultivated fields,
growing crops, large areas of trees, ponds of water, etc. As most of
these conditions are lacking in western Kansas, the scarcity of moisture
in that section may be easily accounted for. The rainfall is graduated
from east to west in proportion to the natural fertility of the soil and the
area of cultivated land.
Commencing at the Rocky mountains and extending eastward almost
to the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, lay the "Great American Desert"
or "Staked Plains" of some sixty years ago. At that time, this new fer-
tile region was almost as much of a desert as are the barren wastes of
New Mexico and Arizona today. Then all of Kansas lying west of
Topeka was what the Kansas of the present is west of the looth merid-
ian. Immense herds of buffalo tramped the earth hard, and with the
sun baking process it underwent, the soil became almost impervious to
water. Prairie fires added to the hardening process, by burning the
scanty vegetation. The earth's surface exposed to the sun's fierce rays
became heated and by radiation gave its temperature to the atmosphere.
Hot winds were the result. The desert gave these winds birth, and only
the desert could nourish them. When civilization introduced elements
foreign to their nature they became so much milder when compared
with those of earlier years, that the present generation has no concep-
tion of this terror of the first pioneers. Then the principal rain supply
of the summer months was through the medium of thunder storms of
great severity. Precipitation took place at a high level and was very
rapid, slow gentle rains being extremely rare.
For j'ears farming in Kansas was carried on under the greatest diffi-
culty, and few people believed that the frontier would ever extend much
beyond the longitude of Topeka. But the pioneers were not daunted,
step by step, mile by mile, year by year, they advanced upon the "Great
Desert," until now the state is under cultivation practically to, and in
some districts beyond, the lOOth meridian. The plow has done its work.
Millions of acres of water shedding sod have been broken, and by this
stirring of the soil it has been placed in condition to conserve the rain-
fall that formerly was wasted. Tree claims have been set out, fruit trees
have been planted, and these groves and orchards prove valuable acces-
sories to the cultivated soil in increasing the humidity of the atmos-
phere, and a more general diffusion of moisture has followed. As the
tide of emigration flowed westward the blue stemmed grass has always
been found to follow closely, and has passed the lOOth meridian. The
sand hills of Reno, Barton, Pawnee and Edwards counties are rapidly
becoming grass covered..
•The mirage, due to light reflected through several strata of air of
(I-24)
370
CYCLOPEDIA OF
different densities, lifting- into view objects hnng below this horizon,
was common in the western counties in early days, and is still seen oc-
casionally on the hot dry days of summer, when there is little radiation.
The hot winds, already mentioned, always make vegetation wilt, and
when they move with great velocit}', burn the vegetation. Some of the
most destructive winds have occurred when the soil was saturated with
moisture. Wheat in the milk and corn just beginning to' tassel are es-
pecially liable to injury by these winds. When there is sufficient moist-
ure in the ground the plants usually recover at night, but when con-
tinuous hot winds have dried the ground the crops are often completely
destroyed and seldom show more than a partial recovery. The leaves
of the trees become so dry that they crumble when touched. But as
previously stated, the hot winds have become toned down, and a few
years more of civilization will probably cause them to disappear en-
tirely. The average velocit}^ of the Kansas wind, according to the gov-
ernment weather bureau reports, is 8.5 miles per hour. Storms, such
as the "blizzards" of the northwest seldom occur, and cyclones, notwith-
standing the common belief to the contrary, are equally uncommon.
Climax, one of the villages of Greenwood county, is located on the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. and on Otter creek, 10 miles south-
east of Eureka, the county seat. It has good churches and schools, and
several of the leading lines of business activity is represented. There
are telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice. The popu-
lation in 1910 v.'as 100.
Clinton, one of the early settlements of Douglas county, is located in
the valley of the Wakarusa river, 9 miles southwest of Lawrence and
about 7 miles northeast of Richland, the nearest railroad station. The
first settlement near the site of the village was made in June, 1854. The
following year a postoffice was established about a mile east of the
present town, at a place called Bloomington, but on Aug. 30. 1858, it
was removed to Clinton, J. A. Bean becoming the first postmaster. Mr.
Bean had opened a store on the north side of the public square in 1854
and by the time the postoffice was established several other general
stores had been opened, houses erected and the town became so pros-
perous that it was a prominent contestant for the county seat. The
Presbyterians perfected an organization in the town in i860 and five
years later erected a church edifice. No railroad has ever reached the
town and it has not lived up to the great expectations of the early days.
At the present time it has good churches, a school, several stores, a black-
smith and wagon shop, a money order postoffice. and in 19 10 had a popu-
latio of 83.
Clonmel, a village of Illinois township, Sedg-wick county, is a station
on the Kansas City, Mexico «&: Orient R. R. 15 miles southwest of Wich-
ita. It is a comparatively new place, has a postoffice, a general store
and some other business enterprises, and in 1910 reported a population
of 40.
KANSAS HISTORY 371
Cloud County, located just west of the 6th principal meridian, in the
second tier of counties south of Nebraska, was created out of unorganized
territory by the act of Feb. 27, i860, and named Shirley (q. v.). On
Feb. 26, 1867, the name was changed to Cloud in honor of William F.
Cloud, colonel of the Second Kansas cavalry.
It is bounded on the north by Republic county ; on the east by Wash-
ington and Clay ; on the south by Ottawa ; on the west by Jewell and
Mitchell, and has an area of 720 square miles.
On Feb. 4, 1865, the boundary lines of Washington county were ex-
tended to include the counties of Shirley and Republic, provided, "how-
ever, that at any time in the future, when the territor}^ now comprised
either in the county of Shirley and (or) Republic shall contain the num-
ber of inhabitants that shall entitle them to a county organization, they
shall be authorized to organize and become a distinct county."
It is believed that the first white men to visit the territory now in-
cluded in Cloud county, were French traders, who passed up the Re-
publican and Solomon rivers early in the i8th century. A Spanish ex-
pedition from New Mexico, passed through Cloud and Republic coun-
ties early in Sept., 1806, about the time Pike's expedition (q, v.) was
encamped on the Solomon.
There has been much discussion as to who were the first permanent
settlers in Cloud county. According to J. B. Rupe and the statements
of Lew Fowler, he and his brother and John and Harlow Seymore came
to Cloud county in 1858 to hunt and trap. They were followed by C. W.
Brown. The Fowlers were single men, but Brown brought his family
with him. At the time these men came to Cloud county, they are sup-
posed to have been the only settlers west of the 6th principal meridian.
Within a short time the Fowler brothers built what afterward became
known as the "Conklin House," platted a town site and called it Eaton
City. This was the first real house in the county and was located in
the western part of the present city of Clyde. Brown and Seymore set-
tled first on Peach creek and then on Elk creek. The surveyors who
laid out Eaton City were Sylvanus Furrows and a man named Starr,
but the Fowlers did not file on the claims before they enlisted in a
Kansas regiment at the outbreak of the Civil war. In the autumn of
1865, they returned to the county but found that their claims had been
taken by others.
Early in the spring of i860, John Allen of Kentucky, and his son-in-
law, Sutton McWhorter, took up claims north of Lake Sibley, on the
military road to Fort Kearney, and laid out a town called L^nion City.
Allen brought some fine blooded cattle with him, the first introduced into
that locality. Some of the other settlers were Thomas Heffington, who
later moved to Elk creek, Joseph Finney on Elk creek, and John Sheets
on Elm creek. Philip and Carey Kizer and Newton Race, with their
families, some hired help and 40 head of cattle passed up the Republican
valley and located on White Rock creek about 3 miles from the mouth.
Daniel Wolf and several sons from Pennsylvania settled a few miles
372 CYCLOPEDIA OF
south of the present city of Concordia, on a creek that bears their name.
Jacob Heller settled on Elk creek, and was followed by his father and
brothers. J. M. Hageman, J. M. Thorp and August Fenskie made im-
provements on their land at once and were the first to raise crops that
were marketed. In July, i860, some of the settlers left on account of
an Indian scare, and as the population was estimated to be only 80, it
fell below that for a time. In Oct., i860, the first white child was born
in the county — Augustus, son of August and Ellen Fenskie.
In 1862, Richard Coughlen, John D. Robertson, Zachariah Swear-
ingen and their families joined the frontier settlement. During the
year Charles and Peter Conklin, with two sisters and an orphan child,
took up their residence in the log house built by the Fowlers, which
was the best in the county. These men were suspected of being mem-
bers of an organized band of horse thieves, and as the county was yet
unorganized, the settlers took the law into their own hands. A party
of some 30 men of Washington and Cloud counties was organized to
lynch the Conklins, but they heard of the design and escaped. The mob
tore down the house sheltering the women and child, who soon left
the county.
The Elm creek school house, the first in the Republican valley, was
built in 1864. It was a rude structure of round cottonwood logs, 14 by
16 feet in size, with dirt roof and floor and slabs were used for seats and
desks, but the "three R's" were well taught by Rosella Honey, who was
the first teacher.
During the summer of 1864 occurred the second great Indian scare.
Early in the spring. Company C, Seventeenth Kansas state militia, had
been organized in this locality, with Col. J. M. Schooley as captain; J.
M. Hageman, first lieutenant; J. C. Chester, second lieutenant; David
Meyers, third lieutenant; G. D. Brooks, ensign, and 30 privates. This
was the first military organization in the county and first saw duty in
scouting that summer. Rumors were circulated that the savages were
making war against the whites along the frontier from Minnesota south-
ward, and though this report was not true, depredations had been com-
mitted in southern Nebraska. The settlers in Cloud county being few
and defenseless, the appearance of the Indians in Aug., 1864, caused
most of those living along the creeks to flee to Washington and Clay
counties, where they banded together for defense. After remaining at
Clay Center for some time, the fugitives returned as far as Clifton, and
Avhile there determined upon building a fort. A blockhouse was erected
near G. D. Brook's claim and a scouting party under Capt. Schooley went
as far as the White Rock, but finding no Indians returned. The people
finally returned to their homes though a few abandoned their claims en-
tirely.
The next year the Indians killed a party of hunters and J. M. Hageman
in recounting it said, "One of the most diabolical crimes committed by
savages on this border was the destruction of six hunters in the month
of May, 1865. The party left home about the 4th of May, and were last
KANSAS HISTORY 373
seen by the white men near Buffalo creek some two days later. Nothing
more was ever heard of them except the finding of the bodies, but evi-
dences were found that they had sold their lives dearly."
Parties from Cloud county assisted in the search for Mrs. Ward after
the White Rock massacre in April, 1867. In 1868 threatening Indian
bands appeared in the Solomon valley, and on Aug. 11, an outbreak oc-
curred. They began pillaging on the farms of Henry Hewitt and John
Batchie, who lived near the river. By a ruse the Indians suggested
shooting at buffalo heads and had the whites shoot first, then, when
their rifles were empty, shot them down. News of this event traveled
through the settlement and the people began organizing for defense.
The next day three more white men were killed at Asher creek, and while
the settlers were gathering to move to a stockade the Indians swept
down upon them. Two Missel boys were captured, John Wear was
killed, and Mrs. Henry Hewitt wounded. A message was sent to Jennie
Paxton, who was teaching school, and she managed to get all the pupils
safely to a house near by except Lewis Snyder, who was in the rear and
was overtaken. He was badly hurt by the Indians and left for dead,
but recovered. Benjamin White, who lived on Granny, now White's
creek, west of Concordia, was killed on Aug. 13, and his daughter, Sarah,
carried into captivity. A Mrs. Morgan was also captured by the same
band of Indians and the two women were together until rescued by Gen.
Custer, after a winter campaign.
In the spring of 1869 the Cheyennes and Arapahoes again appeared
in the Republican valley. Ezra Adkins, the twelve-year-old son of
Homer Adkins, who lived about 6 miles up the Republican from Concor-
dia, was killed by Indians within a short distance of his home while driv-
ing home some cattle he had been herding on the west side of the Repub-
lican. The Indians then destroyed the Nelson house, but the family
had escaped.
The first attempt to organize the county failed, and a permanent or-
ganization was not effected until Sept. 6, 1866, with Moses Heller, G.
W. Wilcox and Dr. Lear as commissioners and N. D. Hageman clerk.
Elk Creek was named as the temporary county seat. The first political
convention in the county, held on Sept. i, 1866, nominated John B. Rupe
for representative; Quincy Honey, sheriff; Zachariah Swearingen, treas-
urer; Matthew Wilcox, clerk; J. M. Hageman, probate judge; John Fow-
ler, assessor ; Dr. Lear, superintendent of schools ; and Lew Fowler,
Robert Smith and William English, commissioners. Moses Heller sub-
sequently took Smith's place on the ticket. J. M. Hageman was elected
a delegate to the state convention to be held at Topeka on Sept. 5.
At the first election to decide the location of the county seat Towns-
din's Point received the majority of legal votes, but nothing was ever
done there. In the summer of 1867 the town of Sibley sprang up, and
at the next election Sibley and Concordia held first and second place
with Clyde third. Every vote south of the Republican river was for
Concordia, and the 18 votes from Clyde were also thrown to Concordia.
374
CYCLOPEDI.
The county business, however, continued to be done at Elk creek, or
Clyde, until 1870.
,\t a convention in Aug., 1869, at Saunders' sawmill, a half mile below
the site of the proposed city, it was suggested that the delegates visit
the site. This was done, the settlers from the south side of the river,
who were in the majority, approved and H. C. Snyder called it Con-
cordia. The incorporator? of the town company were J. M. Hageman,
G. W. Andrews, William McK. Burns, Amos Cutler and S. D. Houston.
The charter was filed with the secretary of state, and in Sept., 1869, word
was received that the United States land office had been located there
and orders Issued for a building to be erected for the purpose. In Jan.,
1870, the commissioners met in the building which had been erected and
presented to the county. It was built at a cost of some $275 and was
used until the present court-house was erected.
On May 31, 1870, Henr}- Buckingham issued the first number of the
Republican Valley Empire, the first newspaper in Cloud county and one
of the earliest in the Republican valley. It was started at Clyde, but was
later removed to Concordia. In 1881, the Republican Valley Agricultural
and Stock Fair Association was organized. It has since become one of
the important and flourishing institutions of the count3^
The northern part of the county is watered by the Republican river
and its tributaries, and the southern portion is watered by the Solomon
river, which flows in a southeasterly direction , across the southwest cor-
ner. In the northeastern part of the county there are some salt springs
and marshes. Coal is found near the center of the county, south of the
Republican river, and is mined to some extent for local consumption.
Magnesium limestone of a good quality is found in abundance. Good
building stone is quarried in the vicinity of Concordia. Potter's clay
is plentiful in all portions of the count}', and these deposits have been
extensively worked in the northeast portion.
The county is well supplied with railroads, the Union Pacific, the
Missouri Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago,
Burlington & Ouincy companies all have lines centering at Concordia ;
the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific crosses the northeast corner through
Clyde ; a line of the Union Pacific crosses the southwest corner ; a branch
of the same system runs east from Miltonvale. and a branch of the Mis-
souri Pacific runs southwest from Jamestown into Mitchell county, mak-
ing a total of over 125 miles of main track in the county.
Cloud county is divided into the following townships: .\rii:in. Au-
rora, Buflfalo, Center, Colfax, Elk, Grant, Lawrence, Lincoln, Lyon,
Meredith, Nelson, Oakland, Shirley, Sibley, Solomon, Star and Sum-
mit. The population of the county in 1910 was 18.388. and the value of
all farm products for that year, including live stock, was nearly $5,000,-
000. Corn, wheat, oats, hay and Irish potatoes were the leading crops.
Cloud, William F., soldier, was born near Columbus, Ohio. March 2;^,.
1825. His military history began when he enlisted at Columbus in
1846, in a company which became a part of the Second Ohio infantry
KANSAS HISTORY 375
in the war with Mexico. He was promoted to first sergeant and took
an active part in all the battles in which his regiment was engaged. At
the close of the war he was elected captain of the Columbus Videttes.
of the Ohio volunteer militia, but resigned in 1859, when he removed to
Michigan. After a short residence in that state he removed to Law-
rence, Ivan., but later went to Emporia. At the outbreak of the Civil
war he enlisted in the Second Kansas infantry and participated in the
hardest engagements of the Southwest, especially distinguishing him-
self at Wilson's creek, Mo. At the expiration of his first enlistment he
assisted in organizing the Second Kansas, cavalry and was commissioned
colonel of the regiment, which took part in the engagements of the Army
of the Frontier in Missouri, Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Later
he was transferred to the Fifteenth Kansas cavalry and served in the
campaigns against the Indians in western Kansas and the Indian Ter-
ritory. His most conspicuous act of bravery was in 1862, when with 500
men he attacked an enemy of 5,000 at Tallequah, rescued the Indian
agent and saved the money held for payment of the annuities of the In-
dian tribes. The legislature of Kansas changed the name of Shirley
county to Cloud in his honor. Soon after the close of the war he lo-
cated in Carthage, Mo., but about 1889 removed to Kansas City, where
he resided until his death on March 4, 1905. Col. Cloud was an eloquent
public speaker and fluent writer, one of his best works being a "His-
tory of Mexico from Cortez to Diaz."
Clover, Benjamin H., member of Congress, was born in Franklin
county, Ohio, Dec. 22, 1837, and was educated in the common schools
of his native state, after which he engaged in farming. He was a man
deeply interested in all questions of public welfare and policy; served
as a school commissioner, and held several other similar offices. When
the Farmers' Alliance was organized he became an active member ; was
twice chosen president of the Kansas Alliance and Industrial Union, and
twice vice-president of the national organization. In 1890 he was
elected to Congress from the Third district as the Alliance candidate, but
was defeated for a renomination in 1892. At the expiration of his term
in Congress he returned to Kansas and the following 3'ear severed his
connection with the Populist party. During the administration of Gov.
Morrill he held the position of farmer at the state reform school. Sub-
sequently he removed to Douglass, Butler county, where he committed
suicide on Dec. 30, 1899.
Cloverdale, an inland village near the west line of Chautauqua county,
in Caneyville township, is located on Big Caney creek, about 21 miles
northwest of Sedan, the county seat, and about 12 miles south of Grenola
in Elk county, whence it receives mail by rural route. The nearest
railroad station is Cedar Vale, about 8 miles south.
Clyde, an incorporated city of Cloud county, is located on the Repub-
lican river at the junction of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the
Missouri Pacific and the Union Pacific railways. 15 miles east of Con-
cordia, the count}- seat, and not far from the eastern boundary of the
3/6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
county. It is the oldest town in the county, the original site of 40 acres
having ben purchased from W. H. Page early in 1866 for $300 and soon
afterward the town was laid out. Cowell & Davis had opened a store
on the site before the town was platted. It was first named Shirley,
which was also the original name of the county, but in a little while the
name was changed to Clyde. For a time the growth was slow, but
since the advent of the railroads it has been more steady and substan-
tial, and in 1910 the population was 1,057.
For a city of its size, Clyde is one of the most progressive and metro-
politan in character in the state. It has well kept streets, an electric light
plant, waterworks, a fire department, a sewer system, 2 banks, 2 thea-
ters, 2 weekly newspapers (the Republican and the Herald), a commer-
cial club, good hotels, a graded school system, several fine church edi-
fices, a flour mill, a creamery, grain elevators, marble and granite works,
and annually ships large quantities of grain, live stock, watermelons and
alfalfa. Its international money order postoffice has five rural routes
which supply a large district with daily mail, and the mercantile es-
tablishments of the city enjoy a large and profitable patronage. Tele-
phone connection is maintained with the surrounding- tn-wmt:
Coal. — Indications of coal in Kansas were first observed by Mr. Jessup,
one of the geologists who accompanied Maj. S. H. Long on his expedi-
tion through Kansas in 1819-20. "Mr. Jessup noted the horizontal po-
sition of the strata of limestone and their prolific yield of fossils, and
their connection with coal strata." In his report he concluded that the
formations were of secondary age. This was when the main geologic
divisions were known as primary, secondary, tertiary and alluvial. A
map accompanies the report and a line on it through what are now the
counties of Pottawatomie and Waubaunsee is designated as the "west-
ern limit of the limestone and coal strata connected with the Ozark
mountains."
Geological observations were made by different interested persons
up to the time Kansas was created a territory, and as early as 1857 the
territorial legislature granted incorporation papers to mining companies.
One of these was the Prairie City Coal Mining company which was or-
ganized "for the purpose of exploring for coal within the space of 5
miles north and south, and the space of 15 miles east and west from the
town of Prairie City, in the county of Shawnee, in the territory of Kan-
sas, and for mining and vending the same." Another company incorpo-
rated by the legislature was the Newcastle Coal and General Mining
company which organized "for the purpose of exploring for coal and
other minerals in Doniphan and Brown counties, and for mining and
vending the same."
In 1858 Prof. Swallow and Maj. F. Hawn published an article en-
titled, "The Rocks of Kansas." The desire of Kansas people to know
something of the mineral resources of the state influenced the legislature
of 1864 to provide for a geological and mineralogical survey of Kansas.
The investigations of the state geologists determined that the coal
KANSAS HISTORY 377
measures of Kansas constitute a heavy mass of rocks, almost 3,000 feet
in thickness, composed of alternating beds of limestones, sandstones
and shales. (See Geology.) The coals occur in the various shale beds and
are found at any position from the surface of the ground to the depth of
2,000 feet. The shales are classified as follows : Cherokee, Pleasanton,
Thayer, Lawrence and Osage shales.
The coal measures of Kansas are situated in the eastern part of the
state and cover about one-fourth of the entire area, or about 20,000
square miles. The western parts of this area are practically barren,
leaving about 15,000 square miles of productive area, and only a small
portion if this is worked. The mines that are worked the most exten-
sively are located in Crawford and Cherokee counties in the southeast-
ern part of the state in the vicinity of Mineral, Weir City, Fleming,
Pittsburg, Frontenac and Arcadia. More than two-thirds of all the
coal mined in the state comes from this field. A little to the north-
west of this area are mines at Pleasanton, Fort Scott, Mound City and
Thayer. Beyond these limits there is another belt of country with mines
extending northeast and southwest reaching from near Burlington by
way of Ransomville, Pomona and Lawrence to Leavenworth and Atchi-
son. Within this area coal has been found in the following counties :
Atchison, Bourbon, Brown, Chautauqua, Cherokee, Coffey, Crawford,
Douglas, Elk, Franklin, Greenwood, Jackson, Jeflferson, Labette, Leav-
enworth, Linn, Lyon, Montgomery, Neosho, Osage, Shawnee, Wabaun-
see and Wilson. Passing westward to the north-central part of the state
it is found that here in the Dakota formations considerable Cretaceous
coal exists, which is now being mined in a number of counties and serves
a good purpose in the way of supplying the local trade. Six counties in
this vicinity have produced coal, viz : Cloud, Ellsworth, Lincoln, Mitch-
ell, Republic and Russell. The coal seems quite uniform in quantity and
quality throughout the whole district.
When the war of the rebellion closed, thousands of young men and
their families poured into Kansas especially into the southeastern por-
tion. In 1866-7 Cherokee and Crawford counties received a large num-
ber of these settlers who chose homes close to the streams. These early
settlers began mining coal in the fall of 1866. Their attention was given
entirely to the surface coal that could be plowed up. One vein of coal
about 12 inches thick was along Brush creek in Cherokee county. The
surface covering was very thin so with a plow and team it was quite
easy to uncover the vein and dig out whatever was needed. This sup-
plied the local demand and also furnished some for the adjoining terri-
tory in Missouri, to which market it was conveyed by wagon. That the
full significance of this surface coal was not at that time understood by
the people is shown by the fact that the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Mem-
phis Railroad company, which owned all the good coal lands in Chero-
kee and Crawford counties, sold nearly all of the same for agricultural
purposes, without reserving the mineral rights, never suspecting the vast
areas of coal beneath the surface of the land.
J7« CYCLOPEDIA OF
The heaviest beds in Cherokee county are operated in the environs of
Wek City. Twenty-eight mines were located in this county in 1895.
Pittsburg- is the coal center of Crawford, the largest producing county of
the state. The statistics of 1895 showed 53 mines in operation. Another
county which ranked high in coal production is Osage. Coal was first
discovered in Osage count}- in 1869 by John F. Dodds, who began. mining
about 2 miles east of Carbondale. It was found on the top of a promi-
nent hill where a well was being dug. "The coal outcrops along the
crests of the hills forming a long line from Carbon Hill southwest beyond
Osage City." Mining commenced at Osage City in 1869, at Scranton in
-1874. and at Hurlingame in 1878. In 1880 the Santa Fe Railway com-
pany bought some property, and a year or two later it made additional
purchases until it owned 20,000 acres. The Santa Fe mines in Osage
county supplied the whole Santa Fe system with coal for all points east
of Colorado from their date of their purchase in 1880 until the mines
were opened in Crawford county.
The mines in Leavenworth county were among the first developed.
In 1859 after much persistent effort and close examination of the ter-
ritory Maj. F. Hawn organized the Leavenworth Coal Mining company.
In i860 the company leased 20 acres of land from the government and
commenced prospecting. The Civil war, the shortage of funds and lack
of confidence led the company to abandon the enterprise and to transfer
all its rights to Maj. Hawn. Mr. Hawn continued his prospecting as
means would permit and in 1865 found a two-foot vein of coal. The city
of Leavenworth granted him the privilege of mining under streets and al-
leys. A new company was organized, permission to mine under the
militar}- reservation was obtained from the government, and in 1868 Con-
gress sold to the coal compan}' the 20 acres that had been leased. In 1869
Maj. Hawn transferred back to the Leavenworth Coal Mining company
all his rights in the mines and lands. In 1870 the shaft reached a bed of
coal at 713 feet. For two 3^ears the mine was operated at a loss. It had
cost $200,000, the stock represented $300,000 face value, but was worth
only 15 cents on the dollar in the market. In 1872 Lucien Scott pur-
chased a large block of the mining stock and the company employed as
superintendent J. E. Carr, a practical mining engineer of wide experience.
The mine was' enlarged, retimbered, the ventilation improved, its capac-
ity increased and a new shaft was sunk. In 1883 cable roads supplanted
the mules commonly used in coal mines.
In 1879 the legislature authorized the officers of the state penitentiary
to sink a shaft at Lansing and appropriated $25,000 for that purpose. On
Nov. 20, 1879, under the direction of Oscar F. Lamm, the shaft was begun,
and on Jan. 15, 1881, coal was reached at 713 feet. Coal has been mined
at Lansing almost continously since that time. In 1885 the Riverside
Coal company was organized in Leavenworth. The city voted $10,000
in bonds to aid the company. The shaft was begun on Jan. 17, 1886. and
■coal reached on Sept. 17 of the same year.
In the other counties mining has been done upon a less extensive scale.
KANSAS HISTORY _ 379
but has become an important industry. Three varieties of coal are found
in the state, to wit: bituminous, semi-anthracite, and the lignite of the
Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits of central and western Kansas. The
bituminous coal deposits of the lower coal measures yield the great bulk
of coal placed upon the market.
There are three systems of mining usually emplo}ed in the coal fields
of the state — the long wall system, the room and pillar system, and the
strip pit system. The room and pillar system is employed for all under-
ground mining in Cherokee and Crawford counties. The long wall sys-
tem is used elsewhere. The system is chosen with reference to the lo-
cality and the adaptability to existing conditions. The long wall system
is employed extensively in Leavenworth and Osage counties. It is so
named because the face of the coal, i. e. that part that is exposed to view
in the mines by the mining operations, is in the form of a long wall, pro-
ducing an approximately circular or elliptical figure around the shaft as
a center. The advantage of the long wall system is the ease with which
the waste material obtained in mining the coal is disposed of, it being
employed in sustaining the roof of the mine. The room and pillar system
of mining is employed in those localities where the coal strata are com-
paratively thick, ranging from 3 feet upward. There are two methods
generally employed in this system, the double entry and the single en-
try . The double entry is considered the best and is used the most exten-
sively. The strip pit method is used only where the coal is quite close to
the surface. In the southeastern portion of the state near the outcrop of
the main coal strata where the coal is just covered by shale or sand.stone,
it can be "stripped" at very little expense. The average pa}'ing depth of
stripping is about 10 feet, though in extreme cases as much as 20 feet or
22 feet have been removed.
The improvement of coal mining machinery has kept pace with ma-
chinery for different kinds of manufacturing plants, and for other lines
of work. From the crude exhuming with spade and pick in the early
times the most improved and economic implements have been developed,
and are now used. There are two classes of mining machinery, namely,
pit machinery and top machinery. Under pit machinery may be consid-
ered: (i) mining machinery proper; (2) drilling machinery; (3) ma-
chinery for transferring coal from the face of the coal to the foot of the
shaft ; (4) the system of signaling emploj^ed between the "top" and the
"pit." Top machinery consists of (i) hoisting apparatus, including self-
dump, scales and other mechanisms for weighing; (2) coal sorting ma-
chinery; (3) pumping machinery; (4) ventilating machinery.
The development of underground resources has necessitated a compil-
ing of laws to meet the problems arising from new conditions. By the
statutes of 1903 the term mining was held to mean "the prospecting for
and obtaining of all metallic and mineral substances, and in addition
thereto coal, clay, stone, petroleum and natural gas, and any and all other
valuableproductsformedorexisting beneath the earth's surface". The laws
covering the subject of mining are quite extensive and complete, having
380 CYCLOPEDIA OF
been formed to meet the ever increasing demands for government juris-
dition in mining industries. The laws covering the management of
coal mines regulate the surveying of mines, the protection of persons
owning coal lands, which includes the power and proceeding of injunc-
tion ; airways, stagnant water, obstructions, ventilation, etc., making it
unlawful for the owner or operator of any coal mine "to employ any per-
son at work within said coal mine, or to permit any person to be in said
coal mine for the purpose of working therein, unless they are in commu-
nication with at least two openings, separated by natural strata of not
less than 80 feet in breadth if the mine be worked by shaft or slope, and
if worked by drift not less than 50 feet, provided, however, that such coal
mine shall not exceed 100 feet in depth from the surface to the coal." In
case the coal mine does exceed 100 feet provision is made for its ventila-
tion. Further the law outlines the duties of the mine boss, emplo3'ees,
and operators ; commands the use of explosives, the regulation of scales,
organization of miners into societies, and the protection of life and
miners.
For the purpose of having the laws obeyed a state coal-mine inspector
is appointed by the governor. The legislature of 1905 passed an act to
provide for the health and safety of persons employed in and about coal
mines, by compelling owners, agents and operators of coal mines to con-
struct said mines upon more sanitar}^ principles than they had pre-
viously been constructed. By the statutes of 1883, "no person under the
age of twelve years shall be allowed to work in any coal mine nor any
minor between the ages of twelve and sixteen years unless he can read
and write and furnish a certificate from a school teacher, which shall be
kept on file, showing that he has attended school at least three months
during- the year; and in all cases of minors applying for work, the agent
of such coal mine shall see that the provisions of this section are not vio-
lated ; and upon conviction of a willful violation of this section of this act,
the agent of such coal mine shall be fined in any sum not to exceed fifty
dollars." The laws of 1898, amended in 1901, provide for a state associa-
tion of miners, with power to elect a secretary of mining industries, who
shall succeed to the powers and duties of the state mine inspector.
The annual output of coal from Kansas mines has increased from 550,-
000 tons in 1880 to 5,985,000 in 1900. The output previous to 1880 was
300,000 tons annually. As a by-product of the coal industry has
come the making of coke. In Cherokee and Crawford counties, where
blasting is done in coal mining, a large amount of slack coal is produced.
This is used for making coke to supply the zinc smelters.
Coalville , a small hamlet of Crawford county, is a station on the St.
Louis & San Francisco R. R. near the northeast corner of the county,
and about 12 miles from Girard, the county seat. Mail is received by
rural free delivery from Arcadia.
Coats, one of the principal towns of Pratt county, is located in Grant
township about 12 miles southwest of Pratt, the county seat, and is a
station on the Wichita & Englewood division of the Atchison, Topeka
KANSAS HISTORY 381
& Santa Fe R. R. It was incorporated in 1909, and in 1910 reported a
population of 269. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural
loute, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a grain ele-
vator, a hotel, and a weekly newspaper (the Courant).
Cobb, Nelson, lawyer and second chief justice of the State of Kansas,
was born at Windham, N. Y., March 19, 181 1. He received a liberal
education, studied law and was admitted to the bar. He came to Kansas
in 1859 and on Nov. 28, 1862, was appointed chief justice by Gov. Robin-
son to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Gen. Thomas Ewing.
He served on the supreme bench until Jan. 5, 1864, and while there wrote
the opinions of the court in sixteen cases. In 1864 he was one of the
presidential electors on the Democratic ticket, and in 1866 was nominated
by the National Union State convention for chief justice, but was de-
feated. Mr. Cobb died at Kansas City, Mo., June 10, 1894.
Cobb, Stephen Alonzo, lawyer and member of Congress, was born at
Madison, Me., June 17, 1833. His early education was acquired in the
common schools of his native state. When seventeen years of age his
father removed to Minnesota, where Stephen worked at the lumber
business for four years, carrying on his studies in the languages and
other branches, in preparation for a college course. He entered Be-
loit College in 1854 but was a student there only two years, when he
went to Providence, R. I., and completed his course at Brown University,
graduating in 1858. The following year he Avent west and located at
Wyandotte (now Kansas City), Kan., and commenced to practice law.
Mr. Cobb took an active interest in politics both in town and state. In
1862 he was mayor of Wyandotte and a member of the Kansas state sen-
ate, but gave both up to offer his services to the Union army during the
Civil war. In the three years he served, Mr. Cobb was rapidly advanced,
and held a commission as lieutenant-colonel when mustered out of the
service in 1865. In 1868 he was again elected mayor of Wyandotte.
From 1869-70 he held a seat in the state senate and was speaker of the
house of representatives of Kansas in 1872. Mr. Cobb was elected repre-
sentative from Kansas in 1872, but was defeated for reelection to Con-
gress in 1874.
Cobum, a village of Franklin county, is situated in the northwestern
part, 10 miles west of Norwood, the nearest railroad station, 12 miles
northwest of Ottawa, the county seat, and 4 miles northwest of Centrop-
olis, from which it has rural delivery.
Coburn, Foster D., secretary of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture,
was born in Jefferson county, Wis., May 7, 1846, a son of Ephraim W.
and Mary J. (Mulks) Coburn. He received a common school education,
and during the Civil war served in the One Hundred and Thirty-fifth
and later the Sixty-second Illinois infantry. In 1867 he located in Frank-
lin county, Kan., where he engaged in farming and stock raising. On
Sept. 8, 1869, he married Miss Lou Jenkins of that county. In 1882 he
was elected secretary of the state board of agriculture, but served only
a short time. In 1894 he was again elected secretary of the board and has
382 CYCLOPEDIA OF
held the office continuously since that time. Mr. Coburn has been three
times appointed regent of the Agricultural College, and has served both
as vice-president and president of the board of regents. He was also
president of the State Temperance Union for four terms. For about six
years he was editor of the Live Stock Indicator of Kansas City, and he
has been expert judge of live stock in numerous fairs and expositions.
At the Louisiana Purchase exposition at St. Louis in 1904, he was chief
of the live stock department. He is the author of books on. Swine Hus-
bandr}-. Alfalfa, etc., and of some thirty volumes of reports and bulle-
tins which he has issued as secretary. His reports contain much inier-
esting and valuable information regarding the agricultural industry in
Kansas.
Codell, a thriving little town of Paradise township, Rooks county, is
a station on the Union Pacific R. R. about 20 miles southeast of Stock-
ton, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with one
rural route, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, Bap-
tist and Methodist churches, good public schools, and does considerable
shipping. The population in 1910 was 175'.
Codes and Statutes. — The first collection of the laws of the Territory
of Kansas was that adopted by the first legislative assembly in 1855,
and usually designated and known as the "Bogus Statutes." At the
time of the adoption of these laws, v/hat was known as the pro-slavery
party had entire control of the legisL'iture. The free-state party having a
majority in the legislative assembly in 1859, a board of commissioners,
consisting of William McKay of Wyandotte, E. S. Lowman of Law-
rence, and James McCahon of Leavenworth was elected by the legisla-
ture, "to propose an entire code of laws, upon all subjects of general
legislation pertaining to the interests of the Territory of Kansas, to be
submitted from time to time to the legislative assembly, for their action
upon the same." These commissioners fulfilled the duties of their ap-
pointment at the same session, and upon the adoption of the laws ic-
ported by them the laws of 1855 were repealed.
The general laws adopted at this session, with some few exceptions,
lemained in force until at the regular session of the state legislature in
1862, when the laws then in force were compiled by a joint committee
of the two houses and subsequently published in a volume which is
known as the "Compiled Laws of 1862." At the session of 1867 an act
was passed authorizing and requiring the governor to appoint three com-
missioners, "to revise and codif}' the civil and criminal codes of proced-
ure, and all laws of a general nature, of this state," and requiring the
commissioners so appointed to report at the next session of the legisla-
ture. In pursuance of this act, the governor appointed John M. Price of
Atchison, Samuel A. Riggs of Lawrence (both then members of the
senate), and James McCahon of Leavenworth as such commissioners,
who immediately entered upon the performance of their duties, and at
the regular session of 1868 made a printed report to the legislature
of the result of their labors. This report was considered at the same se?.
KANSAS mSTORV 383
sion and adopted with but few, changes or alterations. The school law,
as reported, was entirely omitted, and the laws in force relating to com-
mon schools were required to be compiled as a part of the General Stat-
utes. Among the laws enacted was one declaring what should consti-
tute the General Statutes of the state, and providing for their publication
in a volume to be entitled the "General Statutes of Kansas," under the
superintendence of the commissioners and the secretary of state.
The compilation of the General Statutes of Kansas, in two volumes,
appeared in 1876, and was the work of C. F. W. Dassler of the Leaven-
worth bar. The work was undertaken by him at the suggestion of mem-
bers of the legal profession throughout the state, who, appreciating the
reluctance of the legislature to enter upon the expense of a revision, were
of the opinion that private enterprise must supply the want. This com-
pilation became known as "Dassler's Kansas Statutes, 1876," and the
legislature of 1879 agreeing to purchase a number of copies, a new edi-
tion was published. It differed from the former, however, in that it was
brought down to a later day. A new edition of the General Laws of
Kansas, embracing the session laws of 1895, was published in that year,
with Mr. Dassler as the editor.
In 1890, by virtue and under authority of an act passed by the legisla-
ture of Kansas in 1889, the "General Statutes of Kansas, 1889," was pub-
lished and was made the official statutes. It contained all laws of a gen-
eral nature, including the laws of 1889, and was edited by Irwin Taylor,
of the Topeka bar. The "General Statutes of the State of Kansas, con-
taining all laws of a general nature from the admission of the State in
1861 to the 8th day of May, 1897," was published by authority of the leg-
islature in 1897, and as compiled and annotated by W. C. ^^^ebb, of To-
peka. But the many expressions of approval and commendation from
the judiciary and members of the bar of the state, of the several editions
of the "Statutes of Kansas" edited by C. F. W. Dassler, induced him to
prepare another edition in 1899, which was followed, in 1901, by a reprint
edition, added to which were the amendments and new laws passed at
the legislative session of 1901, and laws that had been repealed were
omitted. This edition was prepared pursuant to Chapter 10 of the ses-
sion laws of 1901, authorizing the same. The general arrangement has
been continued in two subsequent editions — 1905 and 1909.
The civil code, as modified by the laws of France and the regulations
of Spain, was the law by which Louisiana was governed prior to its ces-
sion to the United States in 1803, ^"d as the territory comprised within
the limits of Kansas was part of that great domain, theoretically it was
then governed by the Civil Code. But this fact exists only in theory, as
at that time there existed not a single settlement of civilized inhabitants
within the territorial limits of the state. .On March 26, 1804, an act was
passed by the Congress of the United States dividing the province into
two distinct territories by a line corresponding with the 33d degree of
north latitude, and all north of that parallel was called the "District of
Louisiana." On Jan. 19, 1816, a most important act was passed, by which
384 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the common law of England, and the statutes passed prior to the 4th year
of James I, of a general nature, were adopted as the law of the territory,
provided the same were not in conflict with the laws of the United States
and the local statutes. By this act, the Civil Law was repealed and
ceased to be the groundwork of the law of the territory.
Cody, William F.— (See Buffalo Bill.)
Coffey County, in the third tier of counties from the Missouri line, and
the fourth tier from' Oklahoma, is bounded on the north by Osage coun-
ty ; on the east by Franklin and Anderson ; on the south by Woodson,
and on the west by Greenwood and L3^on. Its area is 648 square miles,
and it was named for Col. A. M. Coffey, a member of the first territorial
legislature.
The first known settlement of white men within the count}' was made
in the Neosho valley in 1854 by Frederick Troxel, who built a log cabin
on the old Indian trail about three-fourths of a mile south of the present
town of Le Roy and moved there with his family. Mrs. Troxel's brother.
Gen. John B. Scott, the founder of Le Roy, was at that time an Indian
trader at the Sac and Fox agency. The Indian trail extended from the
agency southwest through Coft'ey county, crossing the Neosho river
where Burlington now stands, where the Indians had a burial ground,
and continuing to the Buffalo hunting grounds in the Indian Territory.
A small colony from New York, including Ahijah Jones and his son,
George, William R. and Alban Saunders, settled at the present location
of Le Roy in Dec, 1854. They brought their families the next year.
Washington Vickery and Levi Heddens (who is said to have been the
first man to cross the Neosho river in a wagon) were here in 1854, but
did not locate until 1855. Others who came in 1855 were. Dr. Hamilton
Smith, a free-state man prominent in territorial struggles, Morgan Dix,
Simpson Despain, Hiram Hoover, Judge Strawn and Joe Lebo, all of
whom settled near the present site of Ottumwa, and Mr. Crall on Lebo
creek, also the "Hampden Colony" consisting of 100 men and women
from Hampden, Mass.
This colony founded a town across the river from the present city of
Burlington. Its promoters expected to make it the leading commercial
center of southeastern Kansas. They put up business establishments
and organized a county court, but the founding of Burlington was a
serious check to it, and with the permanent location of the county seat
at the latter place in 1865, Hampden faded from view entirely. Le Roy
and Ottumwa were located in 1855, ^"d the county was pretty well set-
tled by the end of 1856.
The boundaries of the county were fixed by act of the legislature in
July, 1855, ^s follows: "Beginning at the southeast corner of Weller
(Osage) county, thence south 24 miles; thence west 24 miles; thence
north 24 miles, and thence east 24 miles to the place of beginning."
Although the county was not yet organized a court was establised at
Hampden under Judge Cato, which the next year was moved to Le
Roy. When the legislature officially organized the county in 1857 Le
KANSAS HISTORY 385
Roy was made the temporary county seat, and the following officers
were appointed: E. C. Amsden, sheriff; John Woolman, probate judge;
Richard Burr and Samuel Lock, commissioners. An electioa for com-
missioners was held in September and resulted in the choice of John
Evans, John Wooster and Enos Strawn. Efforts were made by the Bur-
lington town company to secure the county seat, but Wooster and Evans
being favorable to Le Roy it was located at that place. The legisla-
ture of 1858 changed the seat of justice to Burlington and provided for
an election on the matter in Oct., 1858. In the meantime the board of
supervisors met at Hampden, where the county clerk, Silas Fearl,
lived, the other officers retaining their offices at Le Roy. The first
meeting of the supervisors to be held at Burlington was on Oct. 5, the
next day after the election. Although Le Roy received the largest
number of votes for county seat, it was never officially recognized. The
county officers were retained there until Judge Rush Elmore came to
Burlington to hold a session of court for Coffey count}'. He ordered the
county recorder to move his office to Burlington, and court was held
at that place.
In 1861 another election was held to decide the county seat question.
Le Roy received the largest number of votes, but not a majority, and
the county seat was still maintained at Burlington. Considerable trouble
was experienced in getting the county officials to move from Le Roy,
and in some instances legal proceedings were instituted to compel re-
moval. In May, 1863, another county seat election was called in which
Hampden received a majority of all votes cast and was declared the
count}' seat. Another election for the same purpose was held in Nov.,
1865. After two ballots Burlington was finally successful and was de-
clared to be the permanent judicial seat by the commissioners at their
meeting in Jan., 1866. However, the people were not yet satisfied and
a final election was held in October of that year, which resulted in a
majority for Burlington.
When the Civil war broke out nearly all the able bodied men in the
county enlisted, leaving only about 100 to protect the homes and to
act as a reserve in case of border troubles. Company G, Fifth Kansas
cavalry, was mostly made up at Ottumwa and Le Roy, and Company
E of the same regiment was made up at Burlington and vicinity. In
1861 Gen. Lane sent out horsemen over the territory of eastern Kansas
for help to repel the Price invasion in Bourbon county, which was
threatening some of the valuable Federal supplies. The word reached
Ottumwa on Saturday afternoon, and the next morning earh 104 men
left that point to reinforce Lane's command at Fort Lincoln. Here
they defended the fort and labored on the earthworks while Gen. Lane
was at the front. In May, 1862, the First and Second Indian regiments
were organized at Le Roy from refugee Indians. Col. Coffin, who was
at that time superintendent of Indian affairs for that section of the
country, including the Indian territory, had his headquarters removed
from Tallequah to Le Rov on account of the turbulent conditions in
(I-25)
386 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the Indian territory. Here he received the Indians who were driven
from their homes, numbering some 8,000 person^ belonging to the
Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, L'chee. Ouapaw,
Keechi, Southern Shawnee and Southern Delaware tribes. It was from
these that the Indian regiments were organized and officered by white
men. (See Indian Brigade.) From lack of military discipline over one-
half of the first Indian regiment deserted and came back to Le Roy, but
were induced by Lieut. Proudy to reenter the service.
As a pioneer country and a border district a good many tragedies and
disasters of various kinds happened, but there w-as only one hanging,
and that was of a semi-legal nature, being ordered by an improvised
court of citizens. Just south of the old Indian cemetery at Burlington
lived a family by the name of Claywell. Different members had been
repeatedly arrested but there being no jails, they always managed to
escape. Horse stealing was the particular offense of the two grown
sons, and the citizens decided that the next time any of them committed
a crime they would take things into their own hands. A short time after
this conclusion had been reached one of the young men stole a horse
from Le Roy and was arrested. Word was sent out and the citizens
formed a court, with judge, jur}-, attorney for the defendant and attor-
ney for the state. He was found guilty and, on vote of the mass who
attended the trial, was hanged at Le Roy in presence of a vast throng of
witnesses. This happened in 1858. Numerous murders were committed
in the first ten years of the county's existence.
The first postoffice was established at Le Roy, the mail being carried
from the Sac and Fox agency by private conveyance until postoffices
were established at Burlington and Ottumwa, when a mail route was
put in operation. Tha first marriage was betAveen John Bowen and a
Miss Grail in 1856. The first birth was that of John Whistler. The
first school was Burlington district No. i, organized in 1858.
The history of the railroads of Coffey county begins with the construc-
tion of the Neosho division of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas in 1870,
though several roads were projected before the war. This road enters
the county on the west and runs in a southeasterly direction into Wood-
son county, passing through Burlington and Le Roy junction. The Mis-
souri Pacific, which runs through the southern part of the county from
east to west, was built in 1880. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe was
built in 1878. It extends from the northeast corner of the county south-
west to Gridley. Another branch of this road crosses the county in
the northwest corner.
The county was original!}' divided into 7 townships, Pottawatomie,
Ottumwa, California, Avon, Burlington, Le R03" and Neosho. This
division was made by the county commissioners in 1858, who the next
year reduced the number to four, Avon, Le Roy, Burlington and
Ottumwa. In i860, the original 7 were reestablished, Rock Creek was
added in 1870, Pleasant, Hampden and Liberty in 1871, Spring Creek
in 1872, Key West and Star in 1874. Lincoln has been added since.
KANSAS HISTORY 38/
The towns and villages of Coffey county are as follows : Burlington,
the county seat, Agricola, Aliceville, Crandall, Hall Summit, Kong,
Lebo, Le Roy, Ottumwa, Patmos, Pottawatomie, Sharpe, Strawn and
Waverly.
Coffey is an agricultural county. The general surface is rolling prairie,
and the bottom lands, averaging one to two miles in width, comprise
one-eighth of the total area. The native trees are oak, hickory, hack-
berry, elm, black walnut, sycamore, soft maple, box elder, ash, locust and
pecan. Sandstone, red ocher and clay for brick and tile are found in
commercial quantities. Salt springs and marshes are plentiful along
the Neosho. The county is underlaid with natural gas.
The Neosho river, the principal stream, enters the county on the
west several miles below the northwest corner, crosses in a south-
easterly direction, leaving near the southeast corner. Its tributaries
from the north are, Lebo, Hickory, Wolf, Long, Crooked and Spring
creeks, and from the south. Duck, Turkey, Big, Rock, Otter and Eagle
creeks.
The total value of farm products for 1910 was $5,000,000. The wheat
and corn crops went considerably over $1,000,000 each. Other impor-
tant products are oats, haj^, poultry, dairy products and live stock. The
population in 1910 was 15,205, and the assessed valuation of property
was $23,082,616, making the wealth per capita average over $1,500. This
shows Coffey county to be in the first rank among the wealthy coun-
ties of the state.
Coffeyville, the largest city in Montgomer}- county and one of the im-
portant cities of southeastern Kansas, is located on the Verdigris river
near the Oklahoma state line, 15 miles southeast of Independence, the
county seat. Four railroads converge at this point — the Atchison, To-
peka & Santa Fe, the ]\Iissouri, Kansas & Texas, the Missouri Pacific,
and the St. Louis & San Francisco. It is located in the natural gas
fields, the wells in the vicinity yielding about 1,000,000,000 cubic feet of
gas per day. This is furnished to the factories for three cents per 1,000
feet, which has resulted in building up extensive manufacturing inter-
ests among which are, 9 glass factories, 6 brick plants, an oil refinery,
4 foundries, a plow factory, 2 box factories, 2 planing mills, carriage and
wagon factory, paper factory, zinc smelter, pottery works, excelsior fac-
tory, plaster factory, roof tile works, wire fence factory, egg case fac-
tory, novelt}^ works, and implement works. Other manufacturing plants
are under process of construction. The Missouri Pacific railroad shops
are located here.
The town is advanced in the matter of public improvements, having
a sewer system, waterworks, fire department, police department, 9 public
school buildings, street railway, public parks and electric lights. There
are 5 banks, 4 theaters, a hospital, 3 daily and 3 weekly newspapers, 4
flour mills, grain elevators, several wholesale jobbing houses, 2 ice
plants, a packing house and all lines of retail trade. Coffeyville is also
an important grain market and a shipping point for all kinds of farm
3»8 • CYCLOPEDIA OF
produce. It is connected with Cherr3'vale and Independence by means
of interurban electric lines. The town is supplied with telegraph and
express offices and has an international money order postoffice with 4
rural routes. The population according to the census of 1910 was 12,-
687, which is nearly treble the population of 1900.
Coffeyville was founded in the fall of 1869, by Col. Coffey, N. B.
Blanton, Edward Fagan, John Clarkson and William Wilson. This
town was later absorbed by another of the same name located a mile
north and promoted by the railroad company in 1871, as the terminus
of the first railroad built in the county. The towns of Westralia, Par-
ker, Verdigris Cit)^ and Claymore were all eventually absorbed by
Cofi'eyville. Tl"^e postoffice was established in 1871 at the original town,
and Col. Coffey was made postmaster. The next year it was moved to
the new town. Coft'eyville was organized and incorporated as a city of
the third class in 1872, with the following officers : Mayor, A. B.
Clark; clerk, I. N. Neeld ; treasurer, T. B. Eldridge; police judge, G. A.
Dunlap; marshal, Peter Flynn; councilmen. G. J. Tallman, David Blair,
G. W. Curry, W. H. Bowers and E. S. Eldridge. The first school was
taught in a store building on the old town site in 1871 by J. T. Cres-
well. The Coffeyville Journal was established in 1875 by W. A. PelYer.
The first banking house was opened in May, 1880, by Ayres & Steel. A
board of trade was organized in 1884, and on Juh' 20, 1887, CofiEeyville
was incorporated as a city of the second class by proclamation of Gov.
Martin.
In 1888 an incident occurred in Coffeyville which startled the whole
state and led to an investigation by the state officials. A package
directed to Winfield was left at the express office on Oct. 18. While
still in custody of the express agent it exploded and killed Mrs. Upham
and her daughter, Mabel. It was a package of dynamite and a political
murder was intended by the party who prepared it.
In 1892 occurred the famous Dalton raid at Coffeyville. The Daltons
with two accomplices, comprising a band of five, came into the town with
the iritention to rob the banks and commit as many murders as necessary
in the process. AVhile robbing the bank of Condon & Co., the ruffians
were attacked by the citizens and one of them wounded so that he
could not shoot. Undismayed by the rain of bullets, they took all the
currency, amounting to $11,000, and went to the First National bank,
where they secured $20,000 and went out into the alley, by which they
expected to escape. Here they were fired upon by the citizens and a
battle began, which lasted 12 minutes. When it was over four of the
robbers were dead and one seriously wounded. Out of the ten citizens
who took part 4 were killed and 2 wounded. The wounded robber was
Emmet Dalton, who was at that time 16 years of age. He never fully
recovered from his wounds. After serving a number of years in the
state penitentiary he was released in 1909.
Coin, a rural money order postoffice of Gove county, is located in
Gaeland township on Plum creek, and about 15 miles southwest of Gove,
KANSAS HISTORY 389
the county seat. Campus, on the Union Pacific, is the most convenient
railroad station.
Cokedale, a village of Cherokee county, is located at the junction of
the Missouri Pacific and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads, about
6 miles northwest of Columbus, the county seat, from which place mail
is received by rural free delivery.
Colbert, a little hamlet of Lincoln county, is situated on East Elkhorn
creek, about 6 miles southeast of Lincoln, the county seat, from which
place mail is received by rural free delivery.
Colby, the county seat and principal city of Thomas county, is cen-
trally located on Prairie Dog creek, at the junction of the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific, and two divisions of the LTnion Pacific railroads.
Prior to 1907 it was a part of Morgan township, but in that year it was
made an independent corporation. Colby has 2 banks, 4 grain elevators,
a flour mill, a creamery, 2 weekly newspapers (the Tribune and Free
Press), a public park, graded schools, the county high school and
churches of five different denominations. The city and high school
buildings were erected at a cost of over $40,000. Colby also has a money
order postoffice with three rural routes, express and telegraph offices, a
hotel, some good stores, an opera house, and is said to have more miles
of cement sidewalk than any city in western Kansas. The growth dur-
ing the last census decade was almost phenomenal, the census of 1900
showing a population of 641 and that of 1910 reporting 1,130. A United
States land office was opened at Colby on Feb. 5, 1894.
Coldwater, the county seat of Comanche county, is situated a little
northwest of the center of the county, and is one of the most important
towns on the Wichita & Englewood division of the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe railway system. It has an elevation of 2,089 f«^eT and is beau-
tifully located in the valley of Cavalry creek, a tributary of the Arkan-
sas river, Coldwater was established as the county seat soon after the
county was organized, and in the matter of growth it has had its "ups
and downs." The census of 1890 showed a population of 480, which
had dwindled to 263 in 1900. (For the cause of this decline see Comanche
County.) Then came a turn for the better, and in 1910 the population
was 684. The improvement during these latter years is of a permanent
character. Coldwater has 2 banks, 3 grain elevators, 2 weekly news-
papers (the Talisman and the Western Star), an international money
order postoffice, express, telegraph and telephone facilties, and is the
commercial center for a large and prosperous agricultural district.
Colfax, a mail distributing hamlet of Chautauqua county, is located in
the northeastern corner and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R.
15 miles northeast of Sedan, the county seat, and 6 miles Avest of Elk
City, Montg'omer}' county, whence it receives mail by rural route. The
population in 1910, according to the census report was 38.
College of the Sisters of Bethany, commonly called "Bethanv College,"
located at Topeka, Kan., has a history coincident with that of the Epis-
copal diocese of Kansas. In 1859, Bishop Kemper called a convention
39^ CYCLOPEDIA OF
to organize the diocese, and in the report of the educational committee
is found the following statement : "There is a female semmary duly
incorporated at Tecumseh, Shawnee county. Liberal donations have
been secured and a building is being erected to be used in Sept., i860."
The convention adopted resolutions approving the erection of a
female seminary and recognized it as one of the church institutions of
the diocese. The location at Tecumseh proved unsatisfactory, and it
was not long until the institution was removed to Topeka. Through
the influence of the rector of Grace Church, Topeka, a seminary build-
ing was commenced on a plat of ground bounded by Eighth, Tenth and
Polk streets, and Western avenue.
"The Episcopal Seminary of Topeka" was organized under a charter
granted by the territorial legislature on Feb. 2, 1861, giving it the rights
of a college. The first session of the school opened on June 10, 1861,
with Mr. Preston as principal, two assistant instructors and 35 pupils.
In 1865 the school reopened with Rev. J. N. Lee as principal and a staff
of five assistants. Five 3'ears later the management decided to abandon
the old charter and a new one was obtained under the state laws on Feb.
4, 1870. The property which had been held by Wilson Shannon as trus-
tee was turned over to a board of trustees, and on July 10, 1872, the
name of the institution was changed to the College of the Sisters of
Betham-. This name does not refer to any order of sisters, but to the
scriptural model of the two sisters of Bethany — ]\Iary and Martha.
In 1900 the college received a legacy of over $35,000 from Phelix R.
Brunot of Philadelphia, Pa., and in 1907 opened a school ior boarding
pupils between the ages of seven and twelve years in a separate build-
ing from the college. The main building'. Wolf Hall, was erected at a
cost of $70,000 in 1872. In 1875 two stone buildings, a laundr}^ and a
barn were built at a cost of $10,000. Holmes Hall, built in 1881, cost
$18,000 and Burr Hall, an addition to Wolf, was built in 1884. I" addi-
tion there is a stone boiler house and chaplain's residence. The courses
of the school include a kindergarten, primary and intermediate depart-
ments : a four-year college preparatory course ; four-year academic
course for pupils who do not intend to enter college, and a college course
equivalent to the first two years of work in the University of Kansas.
There is a two-3-ear kindergarten training course and work done here
receives credit at the Chicago Kindergarten College, Chicago, 111. Spe-
cial courses are offered in music, art and elocution. The college is
under the supervision of Rt. Rev. Frank R. Millspaugh, bishop of the
diocese, who acts as president of the school. Meliora C. Hambletin is
the principal, assisted by a staff of sixteen instructors. The institution
is supported b}' tuition and the income from its endowment fund. The
property is valued at about $400,000. Bethany is one of the few
women's colleges in Kansas.
Collyer, one of the principal towns of Trego county, is located in the
township of the same name and is a station on the Union Pacific R. R.
14 miles west of Wakeeney, the county seat. It has a bank, a money
KANSAS HISTORY 391
order postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, tele-
phone connections. Baptist, Catholic and Congregational churches, good
public schools, well stocked general stores, a lumber 3'ard, etc. Collyer
was first settled in 1879, and in 1910 repc^rted a population of 300.
Coloma, an inland hamlet of Woodson county, is located about 4
miles north of Yates Center, the county seat, from which place it receives
its mail. The population in 1910 was 57.
Colony, an incorporated city in Ozark township, Anderson county,
is located near the southern boundary of the county, at the junction of
the Missouri Pacific and two divisions of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe railway systems, 16 miles south of Garnett, the county seat. The
history of the town begins with the construction of the first railroad
over the site, the plat being filed on Aug. 2, 1872. Two years later a
number of members of a colony formed in Ohio and Indiana settled in
the new town, and these gave it the name it bears to this day. Many
of these colonists staj^ed but a short time, and for several years the
growth of the town was slow. In Aug., 1881, several of the best build-
ings were destroyed by fire, and since that time the growth has been
more substantial. Colony has a bank, an international money order
postoffice with three rural routes, grain elevators, a hotel, an opera
house, a weeklj^ newspaper (the Free Press), telegraph, telephone and
express accommodations, churches of several of the leading denomina-
tions, good public schools, and in 1910 reported a population of 530.
A number of gas wells in the immediate vicinitj- furnish both light and
heat for the inhabitants.
Columbian Exposition. — (See Expositions.)
Columbus, the county seat of Cherokee county, is centrallj' located
at the junction of two divisions of the St. Louis & San Francisco and
the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads. The first settler in the city
was John Appleby, who located there in Feb., 1868. In the spring fol-
lowing a town company was organized. Among the members were Wil-
liam Little, John Hanson, John Appleby and Dr. Bailey. A town was
laid off in the southwest quarter of section 13, but later in the season a
second company, consisting of John Appleby, F. Fry, H. and H. A.
Scovell, was organized. These four men each owned a quarter of section
13, and each donated 25 acres, so that the new plat consisted of 100
acres in the center of the section. Columbus was incorporated as a town
on April 11, 1870, and at the suggestion of Mr. Fry was named for
Columbus, Ohio. A two-story school building was erected late in the
year, and in April, 1871, Columbus was incorporated as a city of the third
class with a population of 700. In Jan., 1873, owing to the high price
asked for lots by the founders of the town, a joint stock company was
formed for the purpose of establishing a new site half a mile east. This
had the efifect of reducing the price of lots, and the growth was so rapid
that in the spring of 1882 Columbus was incorporated as a city of the
second class with a population of about 2,000. On Jan. 3, 1883, ten
buildings on the south side of the public square were destroyed by fire,
392 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the total loss being about $20,000, but these buildings were almost imme-
diately replaced by structures of a more substantial character.
In 1910 the population of Columbus was 3,064, an increase of 754 dur-
ing the preceding decade. The city is divided into five wards. It has
the largest water power electric plant in the west (11,000 horse power),
a $25,000 high school building, a public library, a fine waterworks system,
natural gas, carriage and wagon works, a canning factory, brick and tile
works, the largest cigar factory in Kansas, a bottling works, machine
shops, three weekly newspapers, an opera house, flour mills, 2 national
and 2 state banks, and some of the best mercantile houses in southeast-
ern Kansas. It also has an international money order postoffice with
eight rural routes, a telephone exchange, express and telegraph offices,
etc. Coal of fine quality is found in abundance in the immediate vicinity
and forms one of the principal articles of export. Grain, flour, live stock,
flax seed and castor beans are also shipped in large quantities.
Colusa, a small hamlet of Gray county, is situated in Salem township
near the western boundary of the covmty, and about 20 miles southwest
of Cimarron, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice and some
local trade. Pierceville is the nearest railroad station.
Colwich, a town in Union township, Sedgwick county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. 14 miles northwest of Wichita. It was set-
tled in 1887, was incorporated some years later, and in 1910 reported a
population of 258. Colwich has a bank, a grain elevator, an alfalfa mill,
a hotel, Catholic and Methodist churches, a money order postoffice with
two rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections,
and is the shipping and supply point for a large agricultural district
in the Arkansas valley.
Comanche County, one of the southern tier, is the sixth county east
of the Colorado state line. It was created by an act of the state legis-
lature in 1867, which provided for the division into counties of all the
unorganized part of the state east of range line 26 west, and was named
for the Comanche tribe of Indians. The act provided the following
bounds for Comanche county: "Commencing where the east line of
range 16 west, intersects the 6th standard parallel, thence south to the
37th degree north latitude, thence west to the east line of range 21,
thence north to the 6th standard parallel, thence east to the place of
beginning." By political divisions, it is bounded on the north by Kiowa
county; east by Barber; south by the State of Oklahoma, and west by
Clark county. Its area is 795 square miles.
Before the county could be organized it was required by an act of
June 4, 1861, that a census be taken and that the county should show
a population of "600 inhabitants, excluding Indians not taxed, and who
are bona fide residents of the count}- and the United States."
Actual settlement was slow. The first real settlers entered land during
the spring and summer of 1873, but only a few attempted farming. A
number of "cow men" took possession soon after the land was ceded to
the government by the Osage Indians, and ranged thousands of head
KANSAS HISTORY 393
of cattle over this and adjoining counties. Some of the stockmen
organized a company which became well known as the "Comanche
Pool." Very few men took up land for agricultural purposes until the
spring of 1884, when a rush for the most desirable land began. This
influx of homesteaders, who broke and in many cases fenced their land,
ended the career of the "cow men." By the close of 1885 practically all
the good claims in the county had been taken up. A majority of these
pioneers were men of small means, who came into the county to lay the
foundations of their fortunes.
In 1884 G. W. Vickers of Harper, Kan., conceived the idea of laying
out a town in the northern part of Comanche county, in company with
Timothy Shields, J. P. Grove, Samuel Sisson, C. M. Cade and C. D. Bick-
ford, all from Harper county. They preempted a section of land, had it
platted off as a town site and named it after the town of Coldwater,
Mich. Early the following year the county had the required number of
inhabitants, who petitioned the governor for its organization, and on
Feb. 27, 1885, it was organized with Owen Connaughton, George M.
Morris and David T. Mclntire, commissioners and R. A. Grossman,
clerk. Coldwater was designated as the county seat.
In 1887 a branch' of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad was
built across the northwest corner of the county, from northeast to south-
west, through Coldwater. It turned the tide of emigration to Comanche
county, and added materially to the population. This is the only line
in the county and farmers in the southeastern portion have to drive a
considerable distance to market produce and ship cattle.
When news reached Comanche county that part of the Indian Terri-
tory was to be thrown open to settlement in April, 1889, the same rest-
less, adventurous spirit that brought many of the settlers there in 1884
impelled them to take their worldly possessions and move to the new
land of promise. When, in the spring of 1892, the Cheyenne and
Arapahoe country was thrown open the depopulation of the county con-
tinued. In 1888 the assessors' report showed a population of 5^636, while
that of 1890 was only 2,498. Hard times came with the dry years from
1891 to 1897, when crops were either a complete or partial failure, and
the retrogression of the county reached its climax in 1896, when the
population fell to onl}' 1,269. During these years when the settlers were
leaving, fields la)' untilled, homes were abandoned and propert}' values
depreciated. The so-called "Cattle Barons" fenced in all the land within
reach for pasture. The}' paid light taxes, owned little land and ranged
large herds at will. The many streams afforded fine water for the stock,
cattle brought a good price, and these may be called the palmy days of
the second generation of the "cow men," some of whom held the land
so long that they seemed to think they had an indisputable right to it.
By their influence and activity in local politics, they managed to secure
the election to the principal county offices men who were friendly to
their claims, and the homesteader who wished to locate in the county
found everything against him. This domination of the cattle men lasted
394 CYCLOPEDIA OF
until late in the '90s, when graduall}' but sural}-, the farmers began to
gain in numbers and influence, and resettlement by small landholders
began in earnest in the spring of 1905. Men in adjacent counties who
had not sufficient land, removed to Comanche, which is becoming one
of the leading agricultural counties of southwestern Kansas, and ranks
especiall_v high in stock raising.
The pioneer papers of Comanche county were the \\'estern Star,
edited by W. M. Cash and W. T. Willis, and the Coldwater Review,
owned and edited b)' Edward C. Austin. The first churches in the county
were the Methodist and Presbyterian. George M. Norris and Dr. Lam-
bart were the pioneer merchants. The county is divided into the fol-
lowing townships: Avilla, Coldwater, Irwin, Logan, Nescatunga,
Powell, Protection, Rumsey, Shimer and Valley. Coldwater, the county
seat, is the largest town and commercial center. It is a few miles north-
west of the center of the county.
The general contour of the county is level except where the land
breaks into bluffs along some of the larger streams. The valleys and
second bottom lands are alluvial deposits and very fertile. The many
streams are fringed with narrow belts of timber, chiefly cedar, walnut,
elm and cottonwood. Sandstone, mineral paint and gypsum are plentiful,
while salt springs are numerous in the southwestern portion. The
Cimarron river flows southeast across the southwest corner of the
county. Its principal tributaries in the county are Calvar}' creek, which
flows south through the western part. The eastern portion is well
drained by Mustang, Nescatonga, Indian and Big Mule creeks, all of
which are tributary to the salt fork of the Arkansas river. A pamphlet
issued by the state department of agriculture, entitled, "Kansas, Her
Story and Statistics," stated that in 1907 there were 32 organized school
districts in the county and a school population of 597. The population
in 1910 was 3,281, a gAin of 1,682 during the preceding ten years, or
more than 100 per cent. The assessed value of property was $9,242,528,
a per capita wealth of over $3,200, and the value of farm products for
the year was $1,491,801.
Comiskey, a postoffice of Lyon county, is a station on the Missouri
Pacific R. R. in Agnes township 25 miles northwest of Emporia, the
county seat. There are telegraph and express offices, some mercantile
interests, and the population according to the census of 1910 was 28.
Committee of Safety. — The Committee of Safety was called into exist-
ence by the same chain of circumstances that inaugurated the Wakarusa
war. Shortly after the captin^e and rescue of Jacob Branson the border
rufifians began to menace Lawrence, and the people of that city held a
meeting on Nov. 27, 1855, to consider what was the best course to
pursue. As a means of preventing an attack by the pro-slavery forces,
some suggested that all who had taken part in the rescue of Branson
should be compelled to leave the town, and a partial order to that effect
was issued. George P. Lowery moved that a committee of ten citizens
be appointed "to provide for the protection of the town against anV
KANSAS HISTORY 39S
armed force," and upon the adoption of the niotion ]\Ir. Lowrey was made
chairman of the committee. His associates were G. W. Hutchingson,
Charles Robinson, George W. Deitzler, C. W. Babcock, George W.
Brown, Robert Morrow, Josiah Miller, A. H. Mallory and J. S. Emery.
Holloway says: "It was the express imderstanding that this com-
mittee was to provide, not for the purpose of aggression nor to shield
an)^ person from deserved punishment, but to protect the town against
armed invaders then assembled around Lawrence."
One of the first acts of the committee was to appoint Charles Rob-
inson commander-in-chief of all forces raised for the defense of the city,
and Col. James H. Lane was made second in command. As commander
and vice-commander, Robinson and Lane signed the treaty of peace with
Gov. Shannon on Dec. 8, 1855. (See Shannon's Administration.)
Although that treaty ended the immediate danger, the committee did not
at once disband, but continued to act in an advisory capacity for some
time, holding itself in readiness to exercise the authority originally con-
ferred upon it should occasion require.
Commonweal Army. — In the summer of 1892 began a distressing
series of events which widened into all departments of American indus-
try, blasting the fruits of labor and indicating in the industrial society
of the United States the existence of profound and dangerous vices. In
June of that year the managers of the great iron works at Homestead,
a short distance from Pittsburgh, Pa., apprehending a strike of their
operatives on account of a reduction of wages, declared a lockout and
closed the establishment. The operatives, deeming themselves wronged,
assumed a threatening attitude and the trouble increased until the
Pennsylvania National Guard to the number of 8,500 was called out by
proclamation of the governor, and on July 12 a military occupation was
established. This was maintained for several weeks and the restoration
of order was extremely diffiiCult.
About the same time the miners of the Coeur d'Alene region in far-off
Idaho rose against a body of non-union workingmen, who had been
introduced into the mines, killed several and drove away the remaining
ones. Railroad bridges and other property were destroyed and a reign
of terror was established. It was not until July 17 that military rule
prevailed over the rioters, whos« leaders were arrested and imprisoned.
A short time thereafter scenes of violence were enacted at Buffalo,
N. Y., on account of a strike of the switchmen of the Erie & Lehigh
Valley railway. When an attempt was made to coerce the strikers they
attacked the loaded freiglit trains standing- on the sidetracks and burned
the cars by hundreds. On Aug. 18 the whole National Guard of Xew
York was summoned to the scene and the strikers were finally overawed
and dispersed.
In the spring of 1893 came the precipitation and intensifying of the
financial panic and universal prostration of business, the parallel of
which had never before been witnessed in our country. The industrial
depression, the discontent and suffering of the people, led to the most
396 CYCLOPEDIA OF
alarming consequences. Strikes and lockouts became the order of the
day. Business failures resounded through the land like the falling of a
forest. Commerce virtually ceased. In the latter part of April, 1894,
some 130,000 miners stopped work and were joined immediately after-
ward by fully 25,000 others. Nearly all the coke plants in western
Pennsylvania were closed. Meanwhile, the discontented people began
to show their desires and passions in a way never hitherto displayed in
the United States. Those who had been thrown out of employment
began to combine, without knowing why, into what was known as the
army of the Commonweal. One such army, under the leadership of
Jacob S. Coxey of Massillon, Ohio, marched on Washington City, to
demand employment from the national government. Another band came
on from the far West, under the leadership of their so-called "Gen.
Kelley." Railway cars were appropriated here and there for transpor-
tation. Collisions occurred between divisions of the army and various
bodies of troops. On May 30, 1894, these men of the Commonweal made
a demonstration on the steps of the capitol at Washington. The author-
ities of the District of Columbia, on the alert for some excuse, found the
leaders of the army on the capitol grounds in a place forbidden. Coxe}'
and Carl Brown were arrested for trespassing, convicted and imprisoned.
Throughout the summer of 1894 these strange movements of the under
men of the United States continued. Serious disturbances occurred
among the miners in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, Illinois and Kansas. In many
places the state militia was called out and petty fights occurred. At
Cripple creek. Col., a great riot took place, prominent citizens being
seized and held for some time as hostages.
The hard times of 1893 aiTected Kansas in common with other states.
Several prominent banks failed and numerous business concerns were
forced to suspend. Many workingmen were thrown out of employ-
ment, and some of them became recruits to the "Army," with the inten-
tion of marching to Washington and demanding a redress of grievances.
A detachment of this industrial army, under "Gen. Sanders," was brought
to Topeka by officers of the law. The men were charged with the cap-
ture of a railroad train and cited to appear for trial before the United
States court at Leavenworth.
Concord, a small hamlet of Sumner founty, is about 10 miles south
of Wellington, the county seat, and 2 miles southeast of Rome, the near-
est railroad station, from which mail is supplied by rural delivery.
Concordia, the county seat and largest city of Cloi^id county, is beau-
tifuly situated, a little north of the center of the county, on the Repub-
lican river and at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the
Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy railroads. When the county seat was located here by vote of
the people in the fall of 1869, there was not a building of any kind on the
site of the present city. That winter a one-story building 16 by 20 feet
was erected for the use of the county commissioners, but only two meet-
ings were held there, the board adjourning to Clyde, where better accom-
KANSAS HISTORY 39/
modations could be secured. Two town companies were organized soon
after the election of 1869. The first, which was composed of G. W.
Andrews, S. D. Houston, Sr., and J. M. Hagaman, owned what was
known as the deeded part of the site, and the second, consisting of S. D.
Houston, J. J., W. M. and Frank Burns, owned the Congressional site.
Two surveys were made before the plat was finally adjusted to the satis-
faction of all parties. In July, 1870, a United States land office was
opened at Concordia and remained in operation there until consolidated
with the Topeka office in Feb., 1889. There was a rush of applicants
for lands, and the town grew accordingly. In Jan., 1871, Henry Buck-
ingham removed the publication office of the Republican Valley Empire
from Clyde to Concordia. On Aug. 6, 1872, Concordia was incorporated
as a city of the second class, with R. E. Allen as the first mayor.
The Concordia of the present day is one of the prettiest and busiest
cities of its size in the state, as well as one of the most progressive in
the matter of civic improvements. Its streets are well kept, and it has
an electric lighting plant, a good sewer system, waterworks, a telephone
exchange, a fire department, etc. The early settlers were mostly people
from the eastern states, who understood the advantages resulting from
good schools, and it is due to their influence that the city has three fine
graded public school buildings. A Catholic school and convent are also
located there. The commercial and industrial enterprises include 3
banks, 3 grain elevators, a flour mill, a creamery, brick and tile works,
marble and granite works, a broom factory, ice and cold storage plant,
cigar factories, planing mills, hotels, well stocked stores, etc. Concordia
also has a Carnegie library of over 5,000 volumes, express and telegraph
offices, and an internatioRal money order postoffice, from which six rural
routes supply daily mail to the inhabitants of a rich and populous agri-
cultural district. The population of the city in 1910 was 4,415, a gain
of 1,014 during the preceding decade.
Congregational Church. — This name is applied to a religious denom-
ination in the United States and the English colonies which assumes to
follow the New Testament with regard to church administration, and
the idea of the primitive and apostolic church. The doctrine of the early
Congregationalists was a kind of general Puritan or Presbyterian Cal-
vinism, while that of the modern church may be classed under the gen-
eral head of Evangelical, but holding broadly to the general character-
istics of the older Protestantism. Although no creed statement is bind-
ing on a local church, except that which it voluntarily adopts, the Congre-
gationalist gatherings have adopted confessions of faith.
The Congregational church is based on local organization, each congre-
gation being competent to elect its officers, admit members, make rules
for church discipline, state its faith and order its worship in a manner
best adapted to the local needs, and its aflfairs are decided by the vote
of the congregation, under the moderatorship of a minister, if there be
one in office. In the United States the Congregational churches are
united by three permanent representative bodies : the local association
398 CYCLOPEDIA OF
or conference, the state association, and the national council, while the
mutual fellowship that exists between the churches was strengthened
by the formation of the International Congregational Council, with
appointed delegates from the churches of all lands, which met first in
London in 1891.
The rise of this religious organization began with the dissensions dur-
ing the English Reformation, and though Luther saw a system similar
to Congregationalism in the New Testament, the time did not come
during his life, when the reformed church could lay aside civil authority
in its struggle against Rome. In 1567 a body of men and women met
in London and formed a rudimentary type of Congregational church,
and though it did not last, the Congregational system was set forth so
as to come to the attention of Robert Browne, a student at Cambridge,
who established a Congregational church at Norwich in 1580. but meet-
ing with opposition, the church members emigrated from England and
located in Holland. Other Congregational churches were established in
England, but the real founder of the church was John Smith, who
gathered a congregation in 1602 at Gainsborough. Other churches soon
formed on this model, the most important at Scrooby under John Rob-
inson. Both these churches sought refuge in Holland and from there
in 1620, came to New England and formed the Plymouth colony of
Massachusetts bay. From the arrival of the first in 1620 to the last of
the Leyden associates nearly ten years later, the colony in all numbered
on!}- about 300 souls. The Puritans came to America in 1629 to avoid
persecutions in England, and located at Salem, Mass., Avhere the first
Puritan church was erected as a Congregational church, the second in
New England. The Puritan immigration continued until 1640, and in
1643 the four Congregational colonies united in a confederacy. Witli
settling up of New England, educational institutions were established
b}' the church — notably Harvard and Yale Colleges — and missionary
work was begun among the Indians.
The first Congregational synod was held at Boston in 1837. It was
a representative body and had lay delegates, which distinguished it from
the ministerial convention and marked its democratic character. The
Westminster Confession, previously approved at Cambridge, was super-
seded or modified in Massachusetts and Connecticut and subsequently
in the other colonies.
A great revival took place about the middle of the eighteenth century
and at the same time emigration from New England began to take set-
tlers beyond the mountains and these people carried their faith witla
them, which ultimateh' led to the planting of Congregational churches
in the great valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi and from there spread
across the continent to the western states on the coast. When migration
first began from New England churches were first established in western
New York, then followed down the Ohio and the multiplication of
organizations kept pace with opening up of the new territory in the
northwest and northern states. In 1871, the national council of Congre-
KANSAS HISTORY 399
gational churches in the United States was formed, which usuall}- meets
every third year, though special sessions may be called.
Missionaries were sent to Minnesota and Missouri and Congregational-
ism introduced there early in the nineteenth century. From there it
moved on westward and when the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
were organized in 1854, the Congregationalists were among the first to
become established in the newly organized territories. The first Congre-
gational church organization in Kansas was perfected at Lawrence in
Sept., 1854, by S. Y. Lum, a missionary from New York. The first
sermon was preached on Oct. i, 1854, a few months after the first free-
state settlers had located in the town. Two years later Plymouth church
was organized in the spring and a church building started which was
completed in 1862, this being the first church edifice of this organiza-
tion in the state. Most of the earl}^ Congregational societies were estab-
lished by immigrants who had belonged to the church in the east. In
1871, Richard Cordley, for years pastor of the Congregational church at
Lawrence, wrote : "All denominations are represented in Kansas. The
Congregationalists have some strong societies, especially in the southern
part of the state."
The first sermon in Shawnee county was preached in Topeka b>" Sam-
uel Lum in 1854. The members of the congregation met in a log cabin,
of James Cowles on Oct.' 14, 1855, to consult with regard to the forma-
tion of an anti-slavery Congregational church, and an organization was
perfected on July 14, 1856. The town company of Topeka donated lots
and a building was soon erected. Lewis Bodwell was the first pastor.
The Congregational church at Manhattan was established on April 22,
1855, being the second of the denomination between the Mississippi river
md the Rocky mountains, I^awrence being the first. The first services
at Manhattan were held in a tent, which was succeeded by a log cabin,
and it in turn was followed by a frame building, the material for which
was brought up the river by boat. On Jan. 6, 1856, the church was
formally opened at the home of Dr. Amory Hunting. Forty town lots
were contributed to the church which gave it a good start and the build-
ing was dedicated on July 24, 1859, when Charles E. Blood became the
first regular minister. A. L. Adair organized a church at Osawatomie
in April, 1856, and services were held in a school house until 1861, when
a church was erected. As early as June, 1857, services were held at
Atchison by J. H. Byrd, a Congregational minister, and on IMarch 20.
1859, a church organization was perfected there. In Jefferson county,
the first Congregational church was organized in 1857 with eight mem-
bers, the first pastor being O. L. Woodford, and the following year a
church building was erected. In 1858 churche's were organized at
Leavenworth, with 27 members ; Wyandotte, where S. D. Storrs, a mis-
sionary from Quindaro, had preached for some time; at Emporia, Lyon
county, where in 1859 a building was erected.
By 1875 there were 157 Congregational church organizations in the
state, with 59 chmxh edifices and a membership of 5,620. In 1886 there
400 CYCLOPEDIA OF
were 132 organizations, 122 church buildings and an aggregate member-
ship of 9,361. The increase in the next four years was rapid, as in 1890
there were 202 organizations, with a membership of 12,053 members.
In 1906 the Congregational church ranked eighth in Kansas in number
of members, having 15,247 communicants.
Congressional Districts. — Kansas had but one representative in Con-
gress until after the census of 1870, which showed that the state was
entitled to three members of the lower branch of the national legislature.
In 1872 three Congressmen at large were elected, but by the act of
March 2, 1874, the legislature divided the state into three districts.
The first district was composed of the counties of Leavenworth, Doni-
phan, Brown, Nemaha, Marshall, Washington, Republic, Jewell, Smith,
Phillips, Norton, Graham, Rooks, Osborne, Mitchell, Cloud, Clay,
Ottawa, Ellis, Ellsworth, Russell, Saline, Dickinson, Lincoln, Riley,
Pottawatomie, Jackson, Jefferson, Atchison, Davis (Geary), "and all
that territor}^ lying north of the second standard parallel."
The second district included the counties of Montgomery, Wilson,
Labette, Cherokee, Crawford, Neosho, Bourbon, Allen, Anderson, Linn,
Miami, Franklin, Johnson, Douglas and Wyandotte.
The third district included "all that part of the state not included in
the first and second districts." This made the third district larger than
both the other two. Along the eastern border of it lay the counties of
Shawnee, Osage, Coffey and Woodson, and it embraced all the terri-
tory west of these counties and south of the first district.
No change was made in the apportionment thus established until after
the census of 1880, which gave the state seven Congressmen. At the
election of 1882 three representatives were elected from the old districts
and four from the state at large. On March 5, 1883, Gov. Click approved
an act of the legislature which provided for the following districts :
First — the counties of Nemaha, Brown, Doniphan, Pottawatomie,
Jackson, Atchison, Jefferson and Leavenworth.
Second — the counties of Wyandotte, Johnson, Douglas, Miami,
Franklin, Anderson, Linn, Allen and Bourbon.
Third — the counties of Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, Labette, ^^'ilson,
Montgomery, Elk, Chautauqua and Cowley.
Fourth — the counties of Shawnee, Wabaunsee, Osage, L^^on, Coffey,
Woodson, Greenwood, Butler, Chase, Marion and Morris.
Fifth — the counties of Marshall, Washington, Republic, Cloud, Clay,
Rile}', Ottawa, Saline, Dickinson and Davis (Geary).
Sixth — the counties of Jewell, Mitchell, Lincoln, Ellsworth, Russell,
Osborne, Smith, Phillips, Rooks, Ellis, Trego, Graham, Norton, Decatur,
Thomas, Sheridan, Gove, St. John (Logan), Rawlins, Cheyenne. Sher-
man and Wallace.
Seventh — the counties of McPherson, Harvey, Sedgwick, Sumner,
Harper, Kingman, Reno, Rice, Barton, Stafford, Pratt, Barbour,
Comanche, Edwards, Pawnee, Rush, Ness, Hodgeman, Ford, Lane,
Scott, Finney, Seward, Wichita, Greeley and Hamilton.
KANSAS HISTORY 4OI
This apportionment was amended by the act of March 13, 1897, which
placed Shawnee county in the first district and Pottawatomie county
in the fourth.
Although the census of 1890 showed the population of Kansas to be
large enough to entitle the state to eight Congressmen, no additional
district was created until in 1905, seven representatives being elected
from the old districts and one from the state at large. By the act of
March 9, 1905, the state was divided into eight districts.
The first district embraced the counties of Nemaha, Brown, Doniphan,
Jackson, Atchison, Jefiferson, Leavenworth and Shawnee.
The second district was composed of the counties of Wj'andotte, John-
son, Douglas, Miami, Franklin, Anderson, Linn, Allen and Bourbon.
The third district included the counties of Crawford, Cherokee,
Neosho, Labette, Wilson, Elk, Chautauqua, Cowley and Montgomery.
The fourth district included the counties of Pottawatomie, Wabaun-
see, Osage, Lyon, CoiTe}', Woodson, Greenwood, Chase, Marion and
Morris.
The fifth district embraced the counties of Marshall, Washington,
Republic, Cloud, Clay, Riley, Ottawa, Saline, Dickinson and Geary.
The sixth district was made to consist of the counties of Jewell,
Mitchell, Lincoln, Ellsworth, Russell, Osborne, Smith, Phillips, Rooks,
Ellis, Trego, Graham, Norton, Decatur, Sheridan, Gove, Logan, Thomas,
Rawlins, Cheyenne, Sherman and Wallace.
The seventh district — frequently referred to as the "Big Seventh" —
was composed of the counties of Harper, Kingman, Reno, Rice, Barton.
Stafford, Pratt, Barber, Comanche, Edwards, Pawnee, Rush, Ness,
Hodgeman, Ford, Lane, Scott, Finney, Seward, Wichita, Greeley, Hamil-
ton, Clark, Grant, Gra}-, Haskell, Kearny, Kiowa, Meade, Morton, Stan-
ton and Stevens.
The eighth district included the counties of McPherson, Harvey,
Sedgwick, Sumner and Butler.
At the election in 1910 the Republican candidate was elected in each
of the eight districts. In the first district D. R. Anthony defeated J. B.
Chapman by a vote of 21,852 to 7,486; in the second district Alexander
C. Mitchell was elected over John Caldwell, 23,282 to 19,852 ; in the third
district Philip P. Campbell defeated Jeremiah D. Botkin, 20,771 to
19,943; in the fourth district Fred S. Jackson defeated H. S. Martin,
17,111 to 14,051; in the fifth district Rollin R. Rees was elected over
G. T. Helvering, 17,680 to 15,775; '" the sixth district L D. Young
defeated F. S. Rockefeller, 21,020 to 18,985 ; in the seventh district E. H.
Madison defeated George A. Neeley, 24,925 to 20,133; in the eighth dis-
trict Victor Murdock defeated George Burnett by a vote of 16,239 to
2,354-
Congressional Representation. — Kansas was first represented as a
territory of the United States in the Thirty-third Congress (elected in
1852) by John W. Whitfield, who was elected delegate on Nov. 29, 1854,
and served until Aug. i, 1856, when his seat was declared vacant. He
(I-26)
_|.02 CYCLOPEDIA OF
was succeeded in the Thirty-fifth Congress (elected in 1856) by Marcus
J. Parrott, who continued to serve as delegate until the admission of
Kansas into the Union as a state.
The Thirty-seventh Congress was elected in i860 for the term begin-
ning on March 4, 1861. Before the commencement of the term, Kansas
was admitted into the Union (Jan. 29, 1861,) and became entitled to
representation in both branches of the national legislature. Conse-
quently, Gen. James H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy were elected to
represent the state in the United States senate, and Martin F. Conway
was chosen representative. Since that time the representation has been
as follows :
Thirty-eighth Congress (elected 1862)— Senators, James H. Lane and
Samuel C. Pomeroy; Representative, A. Carter Wilder.
Thirty-ninth Congress (elected 1864) — Senators, James H. Lane and
Samuel C. Pomeroy until the death of Gen. Lane on July 11, 1866, when
the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Edmund G. Ross ; Repre-
sentative, Sidney Clarke.
Fortieth Congress (elected 1866) — Senators, Samuel C. Pomeroy and
Edmund G. Ross; Representative, Sidney Clarke. The representation
was the same in the Forty-first Congress, elected in 1868.
Forty-second Congress (elected 1870) — Senators, Alexander Caldwell
and Samuel C. Pomeroy; Representative, David P. Lowe.
Forty-third Congress (elected 1872)— Senators, Alexander Caldwell
and John J. Ingalls ; Representatives, Stephen A. Cobb, David P. Lowe
and William A. Phillips. This was the first Congress in which Kansas
had more than one representative in the lower house. Some changes
occurred in the senate during the term. Alexander Caldwell resigned
on March 24, 1873, and the governor appointed Robert Crozier to fill
the vacancy. Mr. Crozier served until James M. Harvey was elected by
the legislature, taking his seat on Feb. 12, 1874.
Forty-fourth Congress (elected 1874) — Senators, James M. Harvey
and John T- Ingalls; Representatives. William R. Brown, John R. Goodin
and William A. Phillips.
Forty-fifth Congress (elected 1876) — Senators, John J. Ingalls and
Preston B. Plumb; Representatives, Dudley C. Haskell, William A.
Phillips and Thomas Ryan.
Forty-sixth Congress (elected 1878) — Senators, John J. Ingalls and
Preston B. Plumb; Representatives, John A. Anderson, Thomas Ryan
and Dudley C. Haskell. The representation was the same in the Forty-
seventh Congress (elected in 1880).
Forty-eighth Congress (elected in 1882) — Senators, John J. Ingalls
and Preston B. Plumb; Representatives, Edward N. Morrill, Samuel R.
Peters, John A. Anderson, Thomas Ryan, Lewis Hanback, Bishop W
Perkins "and Dudley C. Haskell. Mr. Haskell died on Ddc. 16, 1883, and
Edward H. Funston was elected for the unexpired term.
Forty-ninth Congress (elected 1884) — Same as in the Forty-eighth
Cong-ress after Mr. Funston succeeded Mr. Haskell.
KANSAS HISTORY 4O3
Fiftieth Congress (elected 1886) — Senators, John J. Ingalls and Pres-
ton B. Plumb; Representatives, Edward N. Morrill, Samuel R. Peters,
John A. Anderson, Thomas Ryan, Erastus J. Turner, Bishop W. Perkins
and Edward H. Funston.
Fifty-first Congress (elected 1888) — Senators, John J. Ingalls and
Preston B. Plumb; Representatives, Edward N. Morrill, Bishop W. Per-
kins, John A. Anderson, Samuel R. Peters, Erastus J. Turner, Edward
H. Funston and Thomas Ryan. Mr. Ryan resigned before the expiration
of the term and was succeeded by Harrison Kelley, who took his seat
on Dec. 2, 1889.
Fifty-second Congress (elected 1890) — Senators, Preston B. Plumb
and William A. Peffer; Representatives, Case Broderick, B. H. Clover,
John Davis, Jeremiah Simpson, Edward H. Funston, John G. Otis and
William Baker. Senator Plumb died in office and the governor appointed
to succeed him Bishop W. Perkins, who took his seat on Jan. i, 1892.
Fifty-third Congress (elected 1892)— Senators, William A. Pefifer and
John Martin ; Representatives, William Baker, William A. Harris,
Charles Curtis, Jeremiah Simpson, Case Broderick, Thomas J. Hudson,
John Davis and Edward H. Funston. Mr. Funston's election was suc-
cessfull}- contested by Horace L. Moore, who took his seat in the house
on Aug. 2, 1894.
Fifty-fourth Congress (elected 1894) — Senators, William A. Peffer
and Lucien Baker; Representatives, Richard W. Blue, Orrin L. Miller,
Charles Curtis, William Baker, Case Broderick, Snyder S. Kirkpatrick,
William A. Calderhead, Chester I. Long.
Fifty-fifth Congress (elected 1896) — Senators, Lucien Baker and Wil-
liam A. Harris; Representatives, Jeremiah D. Botkin, Marion S. Peters,
Charles Curtis, N. B. McCormick, Case Broderick, Edwin R. Ridgely,
William D. Vincent and Jeremiah Simpson.
Fifty-sixth Congress (elected 1898) — Senators, Lucien Baker and Wil-
liam A. Harris; Representatives, Willis J. Bailey, J. DeWitt Bowersock,
James M. Miller, William A. Reeder, Charles Curtis, Edwin R. Ridgely,
William A. Calderhead and Chester L Long.
Fifty-seventh Congress (elected 1900) — Senators, William A. Harris
and Joseph R. Burton ; Representatives, Charles F. Scott, Charles Curtis,
J. DeWitt Bowersock, Alfred M. Jackson, James M. Miller, William A.
Calderhead, William A. Reeder and Chester J. Long.
Fifty-eighth Congress (elected 1902) — Senators, Joseph R. Burton
and Chester L Long; Representatives, Charles F. Scott (at largej,
Charles Curtis, J. DeWitt Bov^^ersock, Philip P. Campbell, James M.
Miller, William A. Calderhead, William A. Reeder and Victor Murdock.
Fifty-ninth Congress (elected 1904) — Senators, Chester L Long and
Alfred W. Benson, the latter appointed to fill the vacancy caused by
the resignation of Senator Burton ; Representatives, Charles F. Scott,
Charles Curtis, J. DeWitt Bowersock, Philip P. Campbell, James M.
Miller, William A. Calderhead, William A. Reeder, Victor Murdock.
Sixtieth Congress (elected 1906) — Senators, Chester L Long and
404 CYCLOPEDI.'^ OF
Charles Curtis ; Representatives, Daniel R. Anthony, Charles F. Scott,
Philip P. Campbell, James M. Miller, William A. Calderhead, William
A. Reeder, Edmond H. Madison, Victor Murdock.
Sixty-first Congress (elected 1908) — Senators, Charles Curtis and
Joseph L. Bristow; Representatives, Daniel R. Anthony, Charles F.
Scott, Philip P. Campbell, James M. Miller, William A. Calderhead,
William A. Reeder, Edmond H. Madison, Victor Murdock.
Sixty-second Congress (elected 1910) — Senators, Charles' Curtis and
Joseph L. Bristow; Representatives, Daniel R. Anthony, Alexander C.
Mitchell, Philip P. Campbell, Fred S. Jackson, Rollin R. Rees, I. D.
Young, Edmond H. Madison, Victor Murdock.
Connelley, William Elsey, writer of historical works on the West,
was born in Johnson county, Ky., March 15, 1855. The family was
founded in Kentucky by Capt. Henry Connelh", a soldier in North
Carolina in the Revolutionary war. Mr. Connelley's father, Constantine
Conley, Jr., was in the Union army and his property was destroyed in
the Civil war, which made it necessary for the young man to make his
own way in the world. With such help as he could get he qualified
himself to teach in the common schools, teaching his first school when
seventeen. He continued in this work ten years in Kentucky, when he
came to Kansas, settling at Tiblow (now Bonner Springs), Wyandotte
count}^ in April, 1881. He taught one year at Tiblow, then secured the
position of deputy county clerk. In 1883 he was elected county clerk
of Wyandotte count)^ and in 1885 was reelected. In 1888 he engaged
in the wholesale lumber business at Springfield, Mo., in which he con-
tinued four years. He engaged in the banking business in Kansas City,
Kan., in 1893, t>ut in the panics which followed he lost all his property.
He moved to Beatrice, Neb., in 1897, and took up the business of
abstracting land titles and loaning money for eastern people. In 1897
he was offered a position in the book department of the publishing house
of Crane & Co., Topeka, which he accepted and filled until 1902, when he
went to Washington with Hon. E. F. Ware, commissioner of pensions,
and took a responsible place in the civil service. This he resigned in
1903 to go into the oil business at Chanute, in which he was successful.
In 1904-5 he made the fight in Kansas against the Standard Oil com-
pany, securing the enactment of laws which have saved the people of
Kansas a million dollars annually. Mr. Connelley was always an
enthusiastic student of history, and his library is one of the largest in
the West. He is an authority on American histor}^, and has written the
following works: The Provisional Government of Nebraska Territory,
John Brown, James H. Lane, Wyandot Folk-Lore, An Appeal to the
Record, Kansas Territorial Governors, Memoirs of John James Ingalls,
Doniphan's Expedition in the Mexican War, Ouantrill and the Border
Wars, Ingalls of Kansas and the Founding of Harman's Station. With
Frank A. Root he wrote the Overland Stage to California, and he edited
the Heckewelder Narrative. All these have been published. Mr. Con-
nelley belongs to numerous historical associations, is a life member of
KANSAS HISTORY 4O5
the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, the president of the
Kansas State Historical Society, and is a member of the National
Geographic Society and the Kansas Society Sons of the American Revo-
lution.
Conquest, a village in the northv^festern part of Kearny county, is
about 25 miles from Lakin, the county seat, and 20 from Leoti, the near-
est railroad station. Conquest is a postoffice and a trading center for
the neighborhood in which it is situated.
Constitutional Amendments. — Kansas was admitted into the Union
under the Wyandotte constitution, the state government being inaugu-
rated on Feb. 9, 1861. The following month the legislature met in
special session, and among the acts of that body was the submission of
an amendment to section 7, article 13, giving banks the right to issue
notes of a denomination as low as one dollar, instead of five dollars as
originally provided. The amendment was ratified by the people at the
election in November by a vote of 3,733 to 3,343. Since that time sev-
eral amendments have been made to the state's organic law.
Two amendments were passed by the legislature of 1864 and sub-
mitted to the people in the fall of that year. The first amended section
3 of article 5 to read as follows: "For the purpose of voting, no person
shall be deemed to have gained or lost a reason of his presence or
absence while employed in the service of the United States, nor while
engaged in the navigation of the waters of this state, or of the United
States, or of the high seas, nor while a student of any seminary of learn-
ing, nor while kept at any almshouse or other asylum at public expense,
nor while confined in any public prison ; and the legislature may make
provision for taking the votes of electors who may be absent from their
townships or wards, in the volunteer military service of the United
States, or the militia service of this state ; but nothing herein contained
shall be deemed to allow any soldier, seaman or marine in the regular
army or navy of the United States the right to vote.".
The second amendment was to change section 12, article 2, to read:
"Bills may originate in either house, but may be amended or rejected
by the other."
The first of these amendments was ratified by a vote of 10,729 to
329, and the second by a vote of 8,708 to 329. No further amendments
were found necessary until 1867, when, for the purpose of disfranchising
certain classes. of persons, section 2, article 5, was amended to read as
follows: "No person under guardianship, non compos mentis, or insane;
no person convicted of felony, unless restored to civil rights ; no person
who has been dishonorably discharged from the service of the United
States, unless reinstated; no person guilty of defrauding the government
of the United States, or of any of the states thereof; no person guilty
of giving or receiving a bribe, or offering to give or receive a bribe ; and
no person who has ever voluntarily borne arms against the government
of the United States, or in any manner voluntarily aided or abetted in
the attempted overthrow of said government, except all persons who
406 CYCLOPEDIA OF
have been honorably discharged from the military service of the United
States since the ist day of April, A. D. 1861, provided that they have
served one year or more therein, shall be qualified to vote and hold office
in this state, until such disability shall be removed by a lawr passed by
a vote of two-thirds of all the members of both branches of the legis-
lature."
This amendment was ratified by the people at the election in Nov.,
1867, by a vote of 16,860 to 12,165, ^i^d for years thereafter scarcely a
session of the legislature was held in which there was not a bill, or at
least a petition, asking for the removal of these political disabilities from
some of the persons who had fallen under the ban. (See the adminis-
trations of the governors subsequent to 1868.)
In 1868 section 4 of article 15 was amended to read : "All public print-
ing shall be done b}^ a state printer, who shall be elected by the legis-
lature in joint session, and shall hold his office for two years, and until
his successor shall be elected and qualified. The joint session of the
legislature for the election of a state printer shall be on the third Tues-
day of January, A. D. 1869, and every two years thereafter. All public
printing shall be done at the capital, and the prices for the same shall
be regulated by law."
The amended section was ratified by the people at the election on
Nov. 3, 1868, by a vote of 13,471 to 5,415, and in 1904 the section was
further amended, by a vote of 169,620 to 52,363, to read as follows : "All
public printing shall be done by a state printer, who shall be elected by
the people at the election held for state officers in Nov., 1906, and every
two years thereafter, at the election held for state officers, and shall
hold his office for two years and until his successor shall be elected and
qualified."
The legislature of 1873 proposed a new section 2, article 2, relating
to the number of members in each branch of the legislature, and the
new section was ratified by the people on Nov. 4, 1873, by a vote of
32,340 to 29,189. The amended section, which is still in force, is as fol-
lows.:. "The number of representatives and senators shall be regulated
by law, but shall never exceed 125 representatives and 40 senators.
From and after the adoption of this amendment, the house of represen-
tatives shall admit one member for each county in which at least 250
legal votes were cast at the next preceding general election ; and each
organized county in which less than 200 legal votes were cast at the
ne.xt preceding general election shall be attached to and constitute a
part of the representative district of the county lying next adjacent on
the east."
Three amendments — all that could be submitted at one time — were
presented to the electors of the state in 1875. The first provided for
biennial sessions of the legislature by changing the language of section
25, article 2, to read as follows : "All sessions of the legislature shall be
held at the state capital, and, beginning with the year 1877. all regular
sessions shall be held once in two years. Commencing on the second
Tuesday of Januarv of each alternate year thereafter."
KANSAS HISTORY 40F
This amendment was ratified by the people by a vote of 43,320 to
15,478 at the election on Nov. 2, 1875, and the other two amendments
ratified at the same time were made necessary by the change from
annual to biennial sessions. One changed section 3, article 11, to read^
"The legislature shall provide, at each regular session, for raising suf-
ficient revenue to defray the current expenses of the state for two
years;" and the other added section 29 to article 2, as follows: "At the
general election in 1876, and thereafter, members of the house of repre-
sentatives shall be elected for two years, and members of the senate shall
be elected for four years." The vote on these amendments was not
materially dififerent from that on the amendment authorizing biennial
sessions.
The legislature of 1876 submitted two amendments to the people, to
be voted on at the general election in November of that year. The first
altered the language of section 24, article 2, to provide that "No money
shall be drawn from the treasury, except in pursuance of a specific
appropriation made by law, and no appropriation shall be for a longer
term than two years."
At the election this amendment was ratified by a vote of 95,430 to
1,768. The second amendment of 1S76 related to the election of county
officers as provided for in section 2 of article 9, but in 1902 the same
section was amended to read as follows : "General elections and town-
ship elections shall be held biennially, on the Tuesday succeeding the
first Monday in November in the years bearing even numbers. All
county and township officers shall hold their offices for a term of two
years and until their successors are qualified; provided, one county
commissioner shall be elected from each of three districts numbered i,
2 and 3, by the voters of the district, and the legislature shall fix the
time of election and the term of office of such commissioners ; such elec-
tion to be at a general election, and no term of offices to exceed six
years. All officers whose successors would, under the law as it existed
at the time of theil" election, be elected in an odd-numbered year shall
hold office for an additional j'ear and until their successors are qualified.
No person shall hold the office of sheriff or county treasurer for more
than two consecutive terms."
In 1880, by a vote of 92,302 to 84,304, the following section was added
to article 15 : "Section 10. The manufacture and sale of intoxicating
liquors shall be forever prohibited in this state, except for medical,
scientific and mechanical purposes." (See Prohibition.)
A proposition for a new constitutional convention was voted down
in 1880 — 146,279 to 22,870— and no further amendments to the organic
law were made until 1888. In that year section 17 of the Bill of Rights
was changed to read: "No distinction shall ever be made between
citizens of the State of Kansas and the citizens of other states and
territories of the United States in reference to the purchase, enjoy-
ment or descent of property. The rights of aliens in reference to the
purchase, enjoyment or descent of property may be regulated by law."
408 CYCLOPEDIA OF
The vote of the people on this amendment stood 220,419 to 16,611, and
at the same election the proposition to strike out the word "white" in
section i, article 8, relating to the militia, was carried by a vote of
226,474 to 22,251.
In 1891 the legislature again submitted to the people the question of
holding a constitutional convention, and at the general election in 1892
it was defeated by a majority of 466 in a total vote of 237,448.
At the general election of 1900, the following amended section 2 of
article 3 was ratified by a vote of 123,721 to 35,474, a similar amendment
having been previously twice rejected at the polls: "The supreme court
shall consist of seven justices, who shall be chosen by the electors of
the state. They may sit separately in two divisions, with full power in
each division to determine the cases assigned to be heard by such
division. Three justices shall constitute a quorum in each division and
the concurrence of three shall be necessary to a decision. Such cases
only as may be ordered to be heard by the whole court shall be con-
sidered by all the justices, and the concurrence of four justices shall be
necessary to a decision in cases so heard. The justice who is senior in
continuous term of service shall be chief justice, and in case two or more
have continuously served during the same period the senior in years
of these shall be chief justice, and the presiding justice of each division
shall be selected from the judges assigned to that division in like manner.
The term of office of the justices shall be six years, except as here-
inafter provided. The justices in office at the time this amendment
takes effect shall hold their offices for the terms for which they were
severally elected and until their successors are elected and qualified.
As soon as practicable after the second Monday in January, 1901, the
governor shall appoint four justices, to hold their offices until the second
Monday in January, 1903. At the general election in 1902 there shall
be elected five justices, one of whom shall hold his office for two years,
one for four years and three for six years. At the general election in
1904, and every six years thereafter, two justices shall be elected. At
the general election in 1904, and every six years thereafter, two justices
shall be elected. At the general election in 1908, and very six years
thereafter, three justices shall be elected."
At the election on Nov. 8, 1904, by a vote of 162,057 to 60,148, the
people approved an amendment adding the following provision to sec-
tion 14 of article 2: "If any bill presented to the governor contains sev-
eral items of appropriation of money, he may object to one or more
of such items, while approving the other portion of the bill ; in such
case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of
the item or items to which he objects, and the reasons therefor, and
shall transmit such statement, or a copy thereof, to the house of repre-
sentatives, and any appropriations so objected to shall not take effect
unless reconsidered and approved by two-thirds of the members elected
to each house, and if so reconsidered and approved, shall take effect and
become a part of the bill, in which case the presiding officers of each
KANSAS HISTORY 409
house shall certify on such bill such fact of reconsideration and
approval."
Three amendments were proposed by the legislature of 1905, and all
were ratified by the voters at the general election of 1906. The first
added the following provision to section 17 of article 2: "And whether
or not a law is repugnant to this provision of the constitution shall be
construed and determined by the courts of the state." The vote on the
ratification of this provision was 110,266 in favor of it and 67,409
against it.
The second amendment of 1906 related to probate courts, adding to
section 8, article 3, the following provision : "The legislature may pro-
vide for the appointment or selection of a probate judge pro tem when
the probate judge is unavoidably absent or otherwise unable or disquali-
fied to sit in any case." This amendment was ratified by a vote of
107,974 to 70,730.
The third amendment decreased the liabilities of stockholders in cor-
porations by changing section 2 of article 12 to read as follows : "Dues
from corporations shall be secured by the individual liability of the
stockholders to the amount of stock owned by each stockholder, and
such other means as shall be provided by law; but such individual
liability shall not apply to railroad corporations, nor to corporations for
religious or charitable purposes." This amendment was ratified by a
vote of 110,021 to 63,485.
Constitutional Conventions. — Kansas was organized as a territory of
the United States by the Kansas-Nebraska bill (q. v.), which was
approved by President Pierce on May 30, 1854. Scarcely had the
echoes of the Congressional debates on that measure died away, when
an agitation was started for the admission of Kansas as a state. The
issue was whether Kansas should become a free or a slave state, and
in the first efforts for statehood the free-state men were the aggressors.
On Oct. 9, 1855, delegates were selected to a convention to form a
constitution, the pro-slavery men taking no part in the election. The
convention assembled at Topeka on Oct. 23, and organized by the
election of James H. Lane as president and Samuel C. Smith as sec-
retary. Several of the delegates elected failed to attend the sessions
of the convention. The following list of the men who framed the
constitution has been compiled from the manuscript records of the
convention, now in the possession of the Kansas Historical Society.
James M. Arthur, Thomas Bell, Frederick Brown, Orville C. Brown,
H. Burson, M. F. Conway, R. H. Crosby, A. Curtiss, G. A. Cutler,
Mark W. Delahay, David Dodge, J. S. Emery, D. M. Field, Matt
France, J. K. Goodin, William Graham, W. R. Griffith, W. H. Hicks,
G. S. Hillyer, Cyrus K. Holliday, Morris Hunt, Amory Hunting,
Robert Klotz, Richard Knight, John Landis, James H. Lane, S. N.
Latta, Sanford McDaniel, Caleb May, Samuel Mewhinney, J. H. Nes-
bitt, M. J. Parrott, James Phenis, Josiah H. Pillsbury, Robert Riddle,
W. Y. Roberts, Charles Robinson, James L. Sayle, P. C. Schuyler, G.
4IO CYCLOPEDIA OF
W. Smith, H. Smith, C. W. Stewart, J. ,C. Thompson, J. M. Turner,
J. M. Tuton, N. Vandever, J. A. Wakefield.
The convention completed its labors on Nov. ii, 1855. Provision
was made for the submission of the constitution to the people on Dec.
14. and in the event the constitution was ratified by popular vote at
that time, the chairman of the free-state executive committee of the
territory was directed to issue a proclamation ordering an election for
state officers and members of the legislature on the third Monday of
Jan., 1856, and the legislature then chosen should meet on March 4,
following.
The Lecompton constitutional convention, which was the second
attempt to form an organic law for the state, had a slight advantage
over the Topeka convention, in that it was authorized by an act of
the territorial legislature on Feb. 19, 1857. It does not appear, how-
ever, to have had an}' advantage in popular favor, as the number of
votes at the election for delegates to the Topeka convention was 2,710,
while the number cast at the election for the Lecompton delegates
was only 2,071, the free-state men taking no part in the election. By
the provisions of the act of Feb. 19 a census was ordered to be taken
on April i, the returns to be corrected by the probate judges of the
several districts and submitted by May i to the governor, who was
then to apportion the 60 delegates among the various precincts. Dele-
gates were to be elected on the third Monday in June, and the conven-
tion was to meet on the first Monday in September.
When the convention assembled on Sept. 7 a temporary organiza-
tion was effected by the election of B. Little as president and Thomas
C. Hughes as secretary. In the permanent organization on the 8th,
John Calhoun was chosen president and Thomas C. Hughes secretary.
Hughes was subsequently succeeded by Charles J. Mcllvaine. On
the nth an adjournment was taken to Oct. 19, when the convention
reassembled and continued in session until Nov. 7, when it finally
adjourned. The constitution at that time adopted was signed by the
president and secretarv of the convention and 44 delegates, viz. : James
Adkins, Alexander Bayne, S. P. Blair, L. S. Boling, J. T. Bradford,
M. E. Bryant, H. Butcher, Thomas D. Childs, Jesse Connell, Wilburn
Christison, J. H. Danforth, Cvrus Dolman, L. J. Eastin, Rush Elmore,
H. W. Forman, I. S. Hascal,' W. A. Heiskell, John D. Henderson, J.
T. Hereford, W. H. Jenkins, A. W. Jones, Batt. lones, Thomas T-
Key, S. J. Kookager, B. Little, G. W. McKown, John W. Martin, Wil-
liam Mathews, C. K. Mobley, Hugh M. Moore, Henry D. Oden, John
S. Randolph, Greene B. Redman, Samuel G. Reed, j. T- Re\nolds, Henrv
Smith, W. T. Spicely, Owen C. Stewart, W. H." Swift, Jarrett Todd,
D. Vanderslice, William Walker, W. S. Wells, H. T. Wilson.
Section 7 of the schedule adopted by the convention caused consid-
erable dissatisfaction among the people and contributed in no small
degree to the defeat of the scheme to have Kansas admitted under the
Lecompton constitution. Following is the full text of this section :
KANSAS HISTORY 4II
"This constitution shall be submitted to the Congress of the United
States at its next ensuing session, and as soon as official information
has been received that it is approved by the same, by the admission
of Kansas as one of the sovereign states of the United States, the presi-
dent of this convention shall issue his proclamation to convene the
state legislature at the seat of government, within thirty-one days
after publication. Should any vacancy occur, by death, resignation, or
otherwise, in the legislature, or other office, he shall order an election
to fill such vacancy : Provided, however. In case of removal, absence,
or disability of the president of this convention to discharge the duties
herein imposed on him, the president pro tempore of this convention
shall perform said duties ; and in case of absence, refusal, or disability
of the president pro temport, a committee consisting of seven, or a
majority of them, shall discharge the duties required of the president
of this convention. Before this constitution shall be sent to Congress,
asking for admission into the Union as a state, it shall be submitted
to all the white male inhabitants of this territory, for approval or dis-
approval, as follows: The president of this convention shall, by
proclamation, declare that on the 21st da}- of December, 1857, at the
different election precincts now established by law, or which may
be established as herein provided, in the Territorj- of Kansas, an elec-
tion shall be held, over which shall preside three judges, or a majority
of them, to be appointed as follows; The president of this con^-ention
shall appoint three commissioners in each county in the territory, whose
duty it shall be to appoint three judges of election in the several pre-
cincts of their respective counties, and to establish precincts for vot-
ing, and to cause the polls to be opened, at such places as they may
deem proper, in their respective counties, at which election the con-
stitution framed by this convention shall be submitted to all the white
male inhabitants of the Territory of Kansas in the said territory upon
that day, and over the age of 21 years, for ratification or rejection,
in the following manner and form: The voting shall be by ballot. The
judges of said election shall cause to be kept two poll-books by two
clerks b}- them appointed. The ballots cast at said election shall be
indorsed, 'Constitution with Slavery,' and 'Constitution with no
Slaver3^' One of said poll-books shall be returned within eight days
to the president of this convention, and the other shall be retained
by the judges of election and be kept open for inspection. The presi-
dent, with two or more members of this convention, shall examine
said poll-books, and if it shall appear upon said examination that a
majority of the legal votes cast at said election be in favor of the
'Constitution with Slavery,' he shall immediately have the same trans-
mitted to the Congress of the United States, as hereinbefore provided;
but if, upon such examination of said poll-books, it shall appear that
a majority of the legal votes cast at said election be in favor of the
'Constitution with no Slavery,' then the article providing for slavery
shall be stricken from this constitution by the president of this con-
412 CYCLOPEDIA OF
vention, and slaverj^ shall no longer exist in the State of Kansas, except
that the right of property in slaves now in this territory shall in no
manner be interfered with, and shall have transmitted to Congress
the constitution so ratified, as hereinbefore provided. In case of failure
of the president of this convention to perform the duties imposed upon
him in the foregoing section, by reason of death, resignation or other-
wise, the same duties shall devolve upon the president pro tem."
As all the delegates to the convention were pro-slavery men, they
took ample precaution in the above section that their party should
not lose control until after the state had been admitted under the con-
stitution of their creation. The president of the convention was given
almost imperial powers in the selection and appointment of commis-
sioners who would control the machinery of the election. His powers
in examining the poll-books and declaring the vote were likewise almost
imperial, and the clause providing for the submission of the constitu-
tion to the white male inhabitants of Kansas, "in the said territory
upon that day," made it possible for the pro-slavery forces of Missouri
to assist in bringing about the ratification of the constitution "with
slavery." Besides all this, the constitution as a whole was not to be
submitted to the people — only the slavery article being made subject
to a popular vote. No matter how repugnant to the people's judg-
ment some other feature of the constitution might be, they were given
no opportunity to express their opposition. Is it any wonder that the
free-state men refused to participate in the election? (See also the
articles on Constitutions, Geary's, Walker's and Denver's Administra-
tions.)
The third constitutional convention — that known in history as the
Leavenworth convention — was authorized by the act of Feb. lo, 1858.
On the 13th, before the governor had been given the three full days
allowed by law for the consideration of the measure, the legislature
adjourned. Gov. Denver therefore claimed that the act was not entitled
to recognition as a law of the territor3^ However, under its provisions,
an election for delegates was held on March 9, and on the 23d of the
same month the convention assembled at Minneola. A temporary
organization was soon effected, after which James H. Lane was elected
permanent president and Samuel F. Tappan was chosen clerk. The
following day the convention voted to adjourn to meet at Leaven-
worth on the 25th. After appointing the committees, Lane resigned
the presidency of the convention and Martin F. Conway was elected
as his successor.
The convention worked diligently and reached a final adjournment
on April 3, when the constitution adopted was signed by the officers
of the convention and the following delegates: F. G. Adams, H. J.
Adams, J. D. Allen, A. B. Anderson, W. F. M. Arny, M. L. Ashmore,
R. Austin, H. S. Baker, W. V. Barr, W. D. Beeler, F. N. Blake, W.
E. Bowker, C. H. Branscomb, J. L. Brown, T. H. Butler, W. H. Coffin,
G. A. Colton, Uriah Cook, A. Danford, James Davis, J. C. Douglass, J.
KANSAS HISTORY 413
M. Elliott, J- S. Emery, H. J. Espy, Robert Ewing, Thomas Ewing,
Jr., Lucian Fish, R. M. Fisli, James Fletcher, Charles A. Foster, G.
M. Fuller, J. K. Goodin, I'. T. Goodnow, W. R. Griffith, J. F. Hamp-
son, Henry Harvey, J. P. Hatterscheidt, G. W. Higinbotham, G. D.
Humphrey, H. P. Johnson, R. A. Kinzie, Alburtus Knapp, James H.
Lane, Alfred Larzelere, Edward Lynde, William McCullough, A. W.
McCauslin, Caleb May, Charles Mayo, R. B. Mitchell, James Monroe,
W. R. Monteith, B. B. Newton, C. S. Perham, D. Pickering, J. H. Pills-
bury, Preston B. Plumb, J. G. Rees, John Ritchie, W. Y. Roberts,
Hugh Robertson, Orville Root, W. W. Ross, E. S. Scudder, J. M.
Shepherd, A. H. Shurtleff, Amasa Soule, William Spriggs, Samuel
Stewart, J. R. Swallow, James Telfer, T. D. Thacher, J. C. Todd, R.
L'. Torry, Thomas Trower, G. W. K. Twombly, J. M. Walden, \\'.'
L. Webster, A. W. Williams, A. L. Winans, James M. Winchell, Samuel
N. Wood, C. A. Woodworth.
If the Lecompton convention had been under the control of the pro-
slavery element, the Leavenworth convention was no less under the
control of the free-state men. Of the delegates, M. F. Conway, J. S.
Emery, J. K. Goodin, W. R. Griffith, James H. Lane, Caleb May, W.
Y. Roberts and J. H. Pillsbury had served as members of the Topeka
convention, of which Charles A. Foster was assistant secretary. Sev-
eral of the members of the Leavenworth convention afterward became
prominent in the affairs of Kansas and the nation. Thomas Ewing,
Jr., was the first chief justice of the Kansas supreme court; William Y.
Roberts, Edward Lynde and H. P. Johnson commanded Kansas regi-
ments in the Civil war; James H. Lane was one of the first LTnited
States senators from Kansas; Preston B. Plumb served in the United
States senate at a later date; William R. Griffith was the first superin-
tendent of public instruction; Robert B. Mitchell rose to the rank of
brigadier-general in the Civil war and was subsequently governor of
New Mexico; Addison Danford was attorney-general of the state;
Franklin G. Adams was for years the secretary of the Kansas State
Historical Society, and a number of others served in the legislature.
The fourth and final constitutional convention was authorized by
act of the territorial legislature, approved by Gov. Medary on Feb. 9,
1859. (See Medary's Administration.) By the provisions of the act
the question of holding a convention was to be submitted to the peo-
ple on the fourth Tuesday in March. At the election on that date the
proposition to hold a convention was carried by a vote of 5,306 to
■ 1,425, and on June 7 was held an election for the 52 delegates. Then,
for the first time in Kansas, the Democratic and Republican parties,
as such, faced each other in a contest at the polls. The Democrats
carried the counties of Jackson, Jefferson and Leavenworth, elected
4 delegates in Doniphan and i in Johnson — 17 delegates in all — while
the Republicans carried all the other counties and elected 35 delegates.
Following is a list of the members of the convention by districts:
1st ('Leavenworth county) — Frederic Brown, Robert C. Foster,
414 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Samuel Hippie, W. C. McDowell, Adam D. McCune, Pascal C. Parks,
William Perr)-, John P. Slough, Samuel A. Stinson, John Wright.
2nd (Atchison county) — Robert Graham, John J. Ingalls, Caleb May.
3d (Doniphan county) — John W. Forman, E. M. Hubbard, Robert
J. Porter, John Stiarwalt, Benjamin Wrigley.
4th (Brown county) — Samuel A. Kingman.
5th (Nemaha county) — Thomas S. Wright.
6th (Marshall and Washington counties) — J. A. Middleton.
7th (JeiTerson county)— C. B. McClelland.
8th (Jackson county) — Ephraim Moore.
9th (Riley county) — S. D. Houston.
loth (Pottawatomie county) — Luther R. Palmer.
nth (Johnson county) — J. T. Barton, John T. Burris.
i2th (Douglas county) — James Blood, N. C. Blood, William Hutchin-
son, Edwin Stokes, Solon O. Thacher, P. H. Townsend, L. R. Williams.
13th (Shawnee county) — J. P. Greer, H. D. Preston, John Ritchie.
14th (Wabaunsee, Davis, Dickinson and Clay counties) — Edmund G.
Ross.
15th (Lykins county) — W. P. Dutton, Benjamin F. Simpson.
i6th (Franklin county) — James Hanway.
17th (Osage, Breckenridge, Morris and Chase counties) — William
McCullough, James M. Winchell.
i8th (Linn county) — James M. Arthur, Josiah Lanib.
19th (Anderson county) — James G. Blunt.
20th (Coffey and Woodson counties) — Allen Crocker, Samuel E.
Hofifman.
2ist (Madison, Hunter, Butler, Greenwood, Godfrey and Wilson
counties) — George H. Lillie.
22nd (Bourbon, McGee and Dorn counties) — T- C. Burnett, William
R. Griffith.
23d (Allen count}') — James A. Signor.
A glance at the above list will show that the leaders of both the free-
state and pro-slavery parties of former days were absent. Lane, Robin-
son, Wood, Speer, Branscomb, and others who gave such loyal support
to the Topeka constitution, were missing; and on the other hand not
a single prominent pro-slavery man was among the 17 Democratic dele-
gates. Of the 52 delegates composing the convention, three-fourths of
them were under the age of 40 years. It was a young men's conven-
tion. Practically all occupations were represented. There were 18
lawyers, 16 farmers, 8 merchants, 3 manufacturers, 3 physicians, i sur-
veyor, I printer, i mechanic, and i land agent.
Pursuant to the legislative enactment, the convention assembled at
Wyandotte on July 5, and effected a temporary organization by the
election of Samuel A. Kingman as president and John A. Martin as
secretary. In the permanent organization James M. Winchell was
chosen president and Mr. Martin was continued in the office of sec-
KANSAS HISTORY 415
retary. On the 29th the constitution was finished and signed by all
the Republican members except Thomas S. Wright of Nemaha county.
None of the Democrats attached their names to the document. On
Oct. 4 the constitution was ratified by the people by a vote of 10,421
to 5,530, and a full quota of state officers was elected on Dec. 6, pre-
paratory to admission into the Union, though more than a year elapsed
before these officers were called upon to assume the duties of the posi-
tions to which they were elected. (See Robinson's Administration.)
Constitution Hall. — The building known as Constitution Hall, stood
on the west side of Kansas avenue in the city of Topeka, almost opposite
the present postoffice building. The site is marked by an iron tablet
in the sidewalk, placed there by the Daughters of the American Revolu-
tion. (See Capitol.)
Constitutions. — The Topeka constitution, adopted in the fall of 1855,
and ratified by the people the following December, was the first attempt
to frame an organic law for the state. The preamble declared the
right of admission into the Union "consistent with the Federal con-
stitution, and by virtue of the treaty of cession by France to the United
States of the Province of Louisiana," and defined the boundaries of
the state as "Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the
State of Missouri where the 37th parallel of north latitude crosses the
same ; thence west on the said parallel to the eastern boundarj^ of
New Mexico ; thence north on said boundary to latitude 38 ; thence
following said boundary westward to the eastern boundary of the
Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky mountains ; thence
northward on said summit to the 40th parallel of said latitude ; 'thence
east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri ;
thence south with the western boundary of said state to the place of
beginning."
Article i — the "Bill of Rights" — contained 22 sections. The prin-
cipal declarations of this article were that all men are by nature free
and independent : that they have the right to enjoy and defend life,
acquire and possess property, and seek happiness and safety ; that all
political power is inherent in the people ; that the people should have
the right to assemble together to consult for their common good, and
to bear arms for their defense and security; that the right of trial by
jury should be inviolate : that there should be no slavery in the state,
nor involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime; that
all men have the right to worship God according to the dictates of
their own conscience; that every citizen might freely speak, write and
publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse
of the right ; that there should be no imprisonment for debt, unless in
case of fraud, and the last section set forth that "This enumeration of
rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the
people; and all powers not herein delegated shall remain with the
people."
Article 2 related to the elective franchise, and defined as legal ^-oters
4l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
every white male person and every Indian who had adopted the habits
of the white man, over the age of 21 years, with certain restrictions
as to residence, etc. The legislature was authorized to provide, at
its first session, for the registration of voters, and was given power
to exclude from every office of trust, honor or profit, and from the
right of suffrage all persons convicted of heinous crime.
Article 3 divided the powers of government into three departments
■ — the legislative, the executive and the judicial — and the three succeed-
ing articles defined the powers of each of these departments.
Articles 7 to 14, inclusive, treated of education, pubHc institutions,
public debt and public works, militia, finance and taxation, county and
township officers, corporations, and jurisprudence.
Article 15 contained several miscellaneous provisions, one of which
was that no lottery should ever be established in the state, and the
sale of lottery tickets within the state was prohibited. Section 4 of
this article provided that "There may be established in the secretary
of state's office a bureau of statistics and agriculture, under such regu-
lations as may be prescribed by law, and provision shall be made by
the general assembly for the organization and encouragement of state
and county agricultural associations."
Article 16 specified the method by which the constitution might
be amended, and article 17 related to banks and currency, providing
that no banks should be established except under a general banking
law. It was also provided that, when the constitution was submitted
to the people for their approval or disapproval, the electors of the state
should vote on the question of a general banking law separate and
apart from the constitution proper. If a majority voted in the
affirmative then the provisions of article 17 should become a part of
the organic law, otherwise they should be void. At the election on
Dec. 15, 1855, the constitution was ratified by a vote of 1,731 to 46,
and the banking laVv was indorsed by a vote of 1,120 to 564. Another
question submitted to a separate vote was whether negroes and mulat-
toes should be excluded from the state. ,At the election, 1,287 voted
to exclude them, and 453 voted in favor of their admission. Holloway
says: "Copies of the constitution had been freely circulated, and notices
of the election posted up, but in a few places this was not done. The
election in the border towns was not allowed to be held. These facts
were supposed to account for the vote being no larger. At Atchison
no election was attempted^"
The long schedule accompanying the constitution provided for the
election of state officers and members of the legislature, in case the
constitution was ratified by the people ; divided the state into 18 legis-
lative districts and stipulated the number of senators and representa-
tives in each, so as to constitute a general assembly composed of 20
senators and 60 representatives. (See Woodson's Administration.)
T. D. Thacher, upon retiring from the presidency of the Kansas
State Historical Society on Jan. 16, 1883, delivered an address, in the
KANSAS HISTORY 4I7
course of which he said : "The Topeka constitutional movement was
the instinctive effort of the free-state people for unity about some
recognized center. A recent precedent had been aft'orded by California
for the spontaneous action of the people in the organization of a state
government, without an enabling act from Congress. Some of the
most conspicuous leaders of the Topeka constitutional movement had
participated in the California movement, and were enthusiastic in the
conviction that a similar success would attend the effort here."
And the Topeka movement did come very near being successful.
On July 3, 1856, the national house of representatives passed a bill to
admit Kansas under that constitution, but it failed to run the gantlet
of the senate. The Topeka constitution, however, served to hold the
free-state people together until the tide of immigration turned in their
favor in 1857, ^"d insured the admission of Kansas into the Union
under a free-state constitution authorized by Congress.
The preamble to the Lecompton constitution, in addition to assert-
ing the right of admission, consistent with the Federal constitution
and the French treaty of cession of the province of Louisiana to the
United States, also claimed that right "by virtue of, and in accord-
ance with, the act of Congress passed May 30, 1854, entitled 'An act
to organize the territories of Nebraska and Kansas.' "
Article i defined the boundaries, which were identical with the
boundaries proposed by the Topeka constitution ; article 2 related to
county boundaries ; and the articles from 3 to 6, inclusive, related to
the distribution of the powers of government into the executive, legisla-
tive and judicial departments. The provisions of these articles were
of the character usually to be found in state constitutions. The
legislature was to consist of a senate and a house of representatives,
the number of senators not to' be less than 13 nor more than 35, and
the number of representatives not to be less than 39 nor more than
100. Senators were to be elected for four years and representatives
for two years. Section 6, article 5, provided that, "At the first session
of the legislature, the senators shall, by lot, divide their senators into
two classes ; and the seats of the senators of the first class shall be
vacated at the expiration of the second year, and of the second class
at the expiration of the fourth year, so that one-half, as near as may
be. may be chosen thereafter every two years for the term of four
years."
Article 6, relating to the judiciary, provided for a supreme court,
to consist of a chief justice and two associate justices ; circuit courts,
which were to have "original jurisdiction of all matters, civil and
criminal, within this state, not otherwise excepted in this constitu-
tion ;" a court of probate in each county, and a competent number of
justices of the peace in and for each county. It was further stipulated
that a circuit court should be held in each county twice in every
year, and the legislature was given power to "establish a court or
courts of chancerv, with original and appellate equitv jurisdiction."
(1-27)
4l8 Ci'CLOl'EDIA OF
Article 7, which dealt with the slavery questicm. and which caused
most of the opposition to the Lecompton constitution, was as follows r
"Section i — The right of property is before and higher than any
constitutional sanction, and the right of the owner of a slave to such
slave and its increase is the same and as inviolable as the right of the
owner of any property whatever.
"Section 2 — The legislature shall have no power to pass laws for
the emancipation of slaves without the consent of the owners, or
without paying the owners previous to their emancipation a full equiv-
alent in money for the slaves so emancipated. They shall have no
power to prevent immigrants to the state from bringing with them
such persons as are deemed slaves by the laws of any one of the United
States or territories, so long as any person of the same age or descrip-
tion shall be continued in slavery by the laws of this state : Provided,
That such person or slave be the bona fide property of such immigrants ;
And provided, also. That laws may be passed to prohibit the intro-
duction into this state of slaves who have committed high crimes in
other state or territories. They shall have power to pass laws to per-
mit the owners of slaves to emancipate them, saving the rights of
creditors, and preventing them from becoming a public charge. They
shall have power to oblige the owners of slaves to treat them with
humanity, to provide them jnecessary food and clothing, to abstain
from all injuries to them extending to life or limb, and, in case of
their neglect or refusal to comply with the direction of such laws, to
have such slave or slaves sold for the benefit of the owner or owners.
"Section 3 — In the prosecution of slaves for crimes of higher grade
than petit larceny, the legislature shall have no power to deprive them
of an impartial trial by a petit jur3^
"Section 4 — Any person who shall maliciously dismember, or deprive
a slave of life, shall suffer such punishment as would be inflicted in
case the like offense had been committed on a free white person, and
on like proof, except in case of insurrection of such slave."
Article 8, which related to elections and the right of suffrage, pro-
vided that "Every male citizen of the United States, above the age
of 21 j^ears, having resided in this state one year, and in the county,
city or town in which he may offer to vote, three months next pre-
ceding any election, shall have the qualifications of an elector, and be
entitled to vote at all elections."
Of the remaining articles, the 9th related to finance, the chief fea-
ture of which was the restriction of the state debt to $500,000; the
loth prescribed the methods of raising revenue by taxation, and pro-
hibited lotteries; the nth provided for the preservation of the public
domain and "a liberal system of internal improvements;" the 12th
set forth the manner in which corporations might be formed, and
defined their duties and powers within certain limits; the 13th specified
that the militia of the state should consist of all able-bodied male citi-
zens between the ages of 18 and 45, except such as might, be exempted
KANSAS HISTORY 419
by law ; the 14th related to education and the preservation of the school
lands; the isth included several miscellaneous provisions, relating to
oaths of office, public records, county seat removals, property of mar-
ried women, treason against the state, etc.; and the "Bill of Rights"
followed article 15, instead of being placed at the beginning of the
document, as is customary in such cases. (See also Constitutional
Conventions.)
Holloway's History of Kansas (p. 466) says : "It was generally
believed at the time, as the Covode investigation clearly shows, that
the Lecompton constitution was transmitted entire from Washington,
or at least those parts aiifecting admission and slavery, to the conven-
tion for its formal endorsement. Though it is evident that as late as
the I2th of July, Mr. Buchanan must have known nothing of this
movement, and probably did not until after the action of the conven-
tion. The whole design originated where all the other abominable
measures of the administration towards Kansas had their origin, in
the treasonable brain of Jefferson Davis. It was a movement of the
rabid pro-slavery men either to fasten slavery on Kansas, or to inaug-
urate a war that would eventuate in a disruption of the Union."
Whether President Buchanan was cognizant of the scheme or not,
on Feb. 2, 1858, he transmitted a copy of the constitution to Congress,
accompanied b}' a special message, in which he urged the speedy admis-
sion of Kansas under the constitution. A bill to that effect passed
the senate on March 23, by a vote of 33 to 25. On April i the house,
by a vote of 120 to 112, adopted the Crittenden substitute for the senate
bill. The Crittenden bill provided that the constitution should be
"resubmitted to the people of Kansas and accepted only after it should
be ratified by a full and fair election." When the substitute measure
came before the senate, that body asked for a conference committee,
and Senators Green of Missouri, Hunter of Virginia, and Seward of
New York, were appointed members of such a committee. The house
acquiesced and appointed English of Indiana, Stephens of Georgia, and
Howard of Michigan. Several propositions on the part of the senate
conferees were rejected, and on April 23 the committee reported a
compromise known as the "English Bill" (q. v.), which was accepted
by the senate by a vote of 31 to 22, and by the house by a vote of 112
to 103. Under the provisions of this bill the Lecompton constitution
was resubmitted to the people on Aug. 2, 1858, when it was over-
whelmingly defeated. (See Walker's, Stanton's and Denver's Admin-
istrations.)
In the meantime, as stated in the article on "Constitutional Con-
ventions," the Leavenworth constitution had been framed by a con-
vention authorized by an act of the territorial legislature, although the
legality of the act had been called into question by the territorial gov-
ernor. In the preamble of the Leavenworth constitution the same
l)Oundaries were specified as in the Topeka and Lecompton constitu-
tions. The "Bill of Rights" did not differ materially from that set
420 CYCLOPEDIA OF
forth in the Topeka constitution, section 6 providing that "There shall
be no slavery in this state, and no involuntar}- servitude, unless for
the punishment of crime, whereof the parties shall have been duly
convicted."
Article 2, regarding the elective franchise, provided that "In all elec-
tions not otherwise provided for by this constitution, every male citi-
zen of the United States, of the age of 21 years or upwards, who shall
have resided in the state six months next preceding such election, and
ten days in the precinct in which he may offer to vote, and every
male person of foreign birth, of the age of 21 years or upward, who
shall have resided in the United States one year, in this slate six months,
and in the precinct in which he may offer to vote, ten days next pre-
ceding such election, and who shall have declared his intention to
become a citizen of the United States, conformably to the laws of the
United States, ten days preceding such election, shall be deemed a
qualified elector."
It is worthy of note that neither the Lecompton nor Leavenworth
constitutions contained the word "white" in connection with the elective
franchise, while the Topeka constitution confined the right of suffrage
to "white" male citizens and Indians who had adopted the customs of
civilized society. Had Kansas been admitted under either the Lecomp-
ton or Leavenworth constitutions, no action of the legislature would
have been necessary in ratifying the 14th and 15th amendments to the
Federal constitution at the close of the Civil war.
Following the article in the Leavenworth constitution relating to
the elective franchise were four articles concerning the legislative,
executive and judicial departments of government. The first legisla-
ture chosen under the constitution was to consist of 25 senators and
75 representatives, the number afterward to be regulated by law. The
judicial department was to consist of a supreme court of three judges,
circuit and county courts, and a "sufficient number of justices of the
peace."
Article 7 treated of the subject of education. It provided, among
other things, that the school lands should never be sold until author-
ized by a vote of the people, and that no religious sect or sects should
ever have any right to, or control of, any part of the school funds of
this state. It also provided that "as the means of the state will admit,
educational institutions of a higher grade shall be established by law
so as to form a complete system of public instruction," etc.
The succeeding articles of the conetitution related to public institu-
tions, militia, public debt (which was limited to $100,000 unless author-
ized by a direct vote of the people), finance and taxation, coitnties and
townships, elections, corporations, jurisprudence, miscellaneous, banks
and currency, and amendments.
The constitution was accompanied by an ordinance which stipulated
that "the State of Kansas would never interfere with the title of the
United States to the public domain or unsold lands within the state.
KANSAS HISTORY 421
or the right of the United States to dispose of the same, provided: i —
That sections i6 and 36 in each township, or their equivalent, should
be granted to the state for school purposes. 2 — That 72 sections of
land should be granted the state for a state university. 3 — That 36
sections of land be donated by Congress for the erection of public
buildings. 4 — That the salt springs, gold, silver, copper, lead or other
valuable mines, not exceeding twelve in number, should become the
property of the state. 5 — That five per cent, of the net proceeds of
the sales of public lands within the state, sold by Congress after the
admission of the state, should be granted to the state for a school
fund. 6 — That each alternate section of land, within certain limits,
should be granted the state to aid in the construction of railroads.
Pursuant to the schedule adopted by the convention, the Leaven-
worth constitution was submitted to the people on May 18, 1858, when
it was ratified by about 3,000 votes out of some 4,000 cast, the light
vote no doubt being due to the attitude of Gov. Denver with regard
to the act authorizing the convention which framed the constitution.
By the provisions of the constitution, the following state officers were
elected at the same time : Governor, Henry J. Adams ; lieutenant-
governor, Cyrus K. Holliday; secretary of state, E. P. Bancroft; auditor,
George S. Hillyer; treasurer, J. B. Wheeler; attorney-general, Charles
A. Foster ; superintendent of public instruction, J. M. Walden ; com-
missioner of school lands, J. W. Robinson; supreme judges, William
A. Phillips, Lorenzo Dow and William McKay ; reporter of the supreme
court, A. D. Richardson; clerk of the supreme court, W. F. M. Arny;
representative in Congress, Martin F. Conway. Members of a legisla-
ture were also elected. On Jan. 6, 1859, the Leavenworth constitution
was presented to the United States senate, with a petition praying for
admission under it, but it was referred to the committee on territories
and never reported back for action. Concerning the manner of its
ratification and its treatment by Congress, Cutler says : "The indif-
ferent vote showed plainly that it was viewed with no great favor at
home, and consequently it did not meet a cordial reception by even the
Republican members of Congress when presented."
Nevertheless, there were some who were stanch supporters of the
constitution. The platform upon which the state officers were nomi-
nated contained the declaration "That should Congress accept the appli-
cation accompanying the Lecompton constitution, and admit Kansas
as a sovereign state in the Union without the condition precedent that
said constitution, at a fair election, shall receive the ratification of the
people of Kansas, then we will put the Leavenworth constitution, rati-
fied by the people, and the government under it, into immediate and
active operation as the organic law and living government of Kansas,
and that we will support and defend the same against any opposition,
come from whatever quarter it may."
Holloway says : "There was a deeply laid plot, should the state
be admitted under the Lecompton constitution, and the election declared
422 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in favor of the pro-slavery men, to assassinate the territorial and state
officers, and thus leave the whole machinery of government power-
less."
Well authenticated evidence of "a deeply laid plot to assassinate"
is lacking, but there is no gainsaying the fact that the feeling at that
time was bitter enough to have resulted in assassination, had Con-
gress passed an act for the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton
constitution. Martin F. Conway, in a public address, took the posi-
tion that Congress could make a state, but not the constitution of
that state. That power, was vested solely in the people. T. D.
Thacher, William A. Phillips, J. M. Walden and Charles A. Foster
expressed themselves in a similar vein. Gen. James H. Lane went
farther and solemnh' declared that no government should ever be organ-
ized, or even an attempt to organize under the Lecompton constitu-
tion. Thomas Ewing, Jr., a conservative free-state man, afterward the
first chief justice of the state supreme court, wrote to his father in
Ohio, under date of Jan. 18, 1858, that there were not over 1,000 of
the 16,000 voters then in the territory interested in the admission of
Kansas under the Lecompton constitution, and that this 1,000 consisted
of "the ruffians who figured conspicuously in the arsons and murders
of the first two years and who have not yet died of delirium tremens."
He also said: "I belive that the ringleaders of this faction will be put
to death the moment that Calhoun decides the election against us,
and it is more than probable that they (the people) will seize the state
government by killing enough of the pro-slavery men to give them a
majority."
With such open expressions of antagonism, there is no doubt that
trouble would have ensued in the event an effort had been made to
establish a state government under the Lecompton constitution. The
resolution adopted by the convention that nominated state officers under
the Leavenworth constitution evidently meant something, and for a
time a clash seemed to be inevitable. But the defeat of the Lecomp-
ton constitution under the provisions of the English bill averted the
trouble and paVed the way for the Wyandotte constitution.
In the Topeka and Leavenworth constitutions the partisan sentiments
of the free-state framers were too plainly manifested for those con-
stitutions to find favor with Congress or the national administration.
The pro-slaver}^ sentiments in the Lecompton constitution were even
more glaring and they aroused the indignation of the people. For-
tunately for the countrj^ at large, and the people of Kansas in par-
ticular, the men who framed the Wyandotte constitution were wise
enough to avoid any expression of partisan feeling that would stir up
the opposition of an unfriendly Congress and president and postpone
the admission of Kansas into the Union. Therefore, the constitution
was so constructed that is has been characterized as a "conservative
and commonplace document." It was modeled largely after the con-
stitution of the State of Ohio, and as it is still the organic law of
KANSAS HISTORY 423
Kansas, the full text of the constitution, as it was adopted by the con-
vention and ratified by the people in 1859, is given below. (See also
Constitutional Amendments.)
PREAMBLE— BOUNDARIES.
We, the People of Kansas, grateful to Almighty God for our civil
and religious privileges, in order to insure the full enjoyment of our
rights as American citizens, do ordain and establish this Constitution
of the State of Kansas, with the following boundaries, to-wit : Be-
ginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri,
where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same;
thence running west on said parallel to the twenty-fifth meridian of
longitude west from Washington ; thence north on said meridian to
the fortieth parallel of north latitude ; thence east on said parallel to
the western boundary of the state of Missouri ; thence south, with
the western boundary of said state, to the place of beginning.
BILL OF RIGHTS.
Section i. All men are possessed of equal and inalienable natural
rights, among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people, and all free
governments are founded on their authority, and are instituted for their
equal protection. No special privileges or immunities shall ever be
granted by the legislature, which may not be altered, revoked or re-
pealed by the same body; and this power shall be exercised by no other
tribunal or agency.
Sec. 3. The people have the right to assemble in a peaceable man-
ner, to consult for their common good, to instruct their representa-
tives, and to petition the government, or any department thereof, for
the redress of grievances.
Sec. 4. The people have the right to bear arms for their defense and
security; but standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to
liberty, and shall not be tolerated, and the military shall be in strict
subordination to the civil power.
Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall be inviolate.
Sec. 6. There shall be no slavery in this state ; and no involuntary
servitude, except for the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted.
Sec. 7. The right to worship God, according to the dictates of con-
science, shall never be infringed; nor shall any person be compelled
to attend or support any form of worship ; nor shall any control of,
or interference with the rights of conscience be permitted, nor any
preference be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of
worship. No religious test or property qualification shall be required
424 CYCLOPEDIA OF
for any office of public trust, nor for any vote at any election ; nor
shall any person be incompetent to testify on account of religious
belief.
Sec. 8. The right to the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus-
pended, unless the public safety requires it in case of invasion or
rebellion.
Sec. 9. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except
for capital oifenses, where proof is evident or the presumption great.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel nor unusual punishment inflicted.
Sec. 10. In all prosecutions, the accused shall. be allowed to appear
and defend in person, or by counsel ; to demand the nature and cause
of the accusation against him, to meet the witness face to face, and to
have compulsory process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his
behalf, and a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the county
or district in which the offense is alleged to have been committed.
No person shall be a witness against himself, or be twice put in jeopardy
for the same offense.
Sec. II. The liberty of the press shall be inviolate, and all persons
may freely speak, write or publish their sentiments on all subjects,
being responsible for the abuse of such right ; and in all civil or criminal
actions for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and
if it shall appear that the alleged libelous matter was published for
justifiable ends, the accused party shall be acquitted.
Sec. 12. No person shall be transported from the state for any
offense committed within the same ; and no conviction in the stale shall
work a corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate.
Sec. 13. Treason shall consist only in levying war against the state,
adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person
shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses
to the overt act, or confession in open court.
Sec. 14. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any
house without the consent of the occupant ; nor in time of war, except
as prescribed by law.
Sec. 15. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and
property against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall be inviolate :
and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, supported by oath
or affirmation, particularh- describing the place to be searched and the
persons or property to be seized.
Sec. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt, except in cases of
fraud.
Sec. 17. No distinction shall ever be made between citizens and
aliens in reference to the purchase, enjoyment or descent of property.
Sec. 18. All persons, for injuries suffered in person, reputation or
property, shall have remed}- by due course of law, and justice admin-
istered without delay.
KANSAS HISTORY 42$
Sec. 19. No hereditary emoluments, honors or privileges shall ever
be granted or conferred by the state.
Sec. 20. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair
or deny others retained by the people, and all powers not herein dele-
gated remain with the people.
ARTICLE I.— EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section i. The executive department shall consist of a governor,
lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, attorney-gen-
eral, and superintendent of public instruction ; who shall be chosen by
the electors of the state at the time and place of voting for members
of the legislature, and shall hold their offices for the term of two years
from the second Monday of January next after their election, and
until their successors are elected and qualified.
Sec. 2. Until otherwise provided by law, an abstract of the returns
of every election for the officers named in the foregoing section shall
be sealed up and transmitted by the clerks of the boards of canvassers
of the several counties to the secretary of state, who with the lieutenant-
governor and attorney-general shall constitute a board of state can-
vassers, whose duty it shall be to meet at the state capital on the sec-
ond Tuesday of December succeeding each election for state officers,
and canvass the vote for such officers and proclaim the result ; but in
case any two or more have an equal and the highest number of votes,
the legislature 'shall by joint ballot choose one of said persons so hav-
ing an equal and the highest number of votes for said office.
Sec. 3. The supreme executive power of the state shall be vested
in the governor, who shall see that the laws are faithfully executed.
Sec. 4. He may require information in writing from the officers of
the executive department, upon any subject relating to their respective
duties.
Sec. 5. He may on extraordinar}^ occasions convene the legislature
by proclamation, and shall at the commencement of every session com-
municate in writing such information as he may possess in reference
to the condition of the state, and recommend such measures as he may
deem expedient.
Sec. 6. In case of a disagreement between the two houses in respect
to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn the legislature to such
time as he may think proper, not beyond its regular meeting.
Sec. 7. The pardoning power shall be vested in the governor, under
regulations and restrictions prescribed by law.
Sec. 8. There shall be a seal of the state, which shall be kept by
the governor, and used by him officially, and which shall be the great
seal of Kansas.
Sec. 9. All commissions shall be issued in the name of the state of
Kansas, signed by the governor, countersigned by the secretary of
state, and sealed with the great seal.
426 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Sec. 10. No member of Congress, or officer of the state, or of the
United States, shall hold the office of governor, except as herein pro-
vided.
Sec. II. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal or
other disability of the governor, the power and duties of the office for
residue of the term, or until the disability shall be removed, shall devolve
upon the president of the senate.
Sec. 12. The lieutenant-governor shall be president of the senate,
and shall vote only when the senate is equally divided. The senate
shall choose a president pro tempore, to preside in case of his absence
or impeachment, or when he shall hold the office of governor.
Sec. 13. If the lieutenant-governor, while holding the office of gov-
ernor, shall be impeached or displaced, or shall resign, or die, or other-
wise become incapable of performing the duties of the office, the presi-
dent of the senate shall act as governor until the vacancy is filled or the
disability removed ; and if the president of the senate, for any of the
above causes, shall be rendered incapable of performing the duties per-
taining to the office of governor, the same shall devolve upon the
speaker of the house of representatives.
Sec. 14. Should either the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer,
attorney-general, or superintendent of public instruction, become in-
capable of performing the duties of his office, for any of the causes spec-
ified in the thirteenth section of this article, the governor shall fill the
vacancy until the disability is removed, or a successor is elected and
qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first
general election that occurs more than thirty days after it shall have
happened ; and the person chosen shall hold the office for the unex-
pired term.
Sec. 15. The officers mentioned in this article shall, at stated times,
receive for their services, a compensation, to be established by law,
which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for
which they shall have been elected.
Sec. 16. The officers of the executive department, and of all public
state institutions, shall, at least ten days preceding each regular ses-
sion of the legislature, severally report to the governor, who shall
transmit such reports to the legislature.
ARTICLE 2.— LEGISLATIVE.
Section i. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in a
house of representatives and senate.
Sec. 2. The first house of representatives under this constitution
shall consist of seventy-five members, who shall be chosen for one year.
The first senate shall consist of twenty-five members, who shall be
chosen for two years. After the first election, the number of senators
and members of the house of representatives shall be regulated by law ;
but shall never exceed one hundred representatives and thirty-three
senators.
KANSAS HISTORY 42/
Sec. 3. The members of the legislature shall receive as compensa-
tion for their services the sum of three dollars for each day's actual
service at any regular or special session, and fifteen cents for each
mile traveled by the usual route in going to and returning from the
place of meeting ; but such compensation shall not in the aggregate
exceed the sum of two hundred and fort}' dollars for each member, as
per diem allowance for the first session held under this constitution,
nor more than one hundred and fifty dollars for each session there-
after, nor more than ninety dollars for any special session.
Sec. 4. No person shall be a member of the legislature who is not
at the time of his election a qualified voter of, and a resident in, the
county or district for which he is elected.
Sec. 5. No member of Congress or ofificer of the L'nited States shall
be eligible to a seat in the legislature. If any person after his election
to the legislature, be elected to Congress or elected or appointed to
any office under the United States, his acceptance thereof shall vacate
his seat.
Sec. 6. No person convicted of embezzlement or misuse of public
funds shall have a seat in the legislature.
Sec. 7. All state officers before entering upon their respective duties,
shall take and subscribe an oath or affirmation to support the constitu-
tion of the United States and the constitution of this state, and faith-
fully discharge the duties of their respective offices.
Sec. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum. Each
house shall establish its own rules, and shall be judge of the elections,
returns and qualifications of its own members.
Sec. 9. All vacancies occurring in either house shall be filled for the
unexpired term by election.
Sec. 10. Each house shall keep and publish a journal of its proceed-
ings. The yeas and nays shall be taken and entered immediately on
the journal, upon the final passage of every bill or joint resolution.
Neither house, without the consent of the other, shall adjourn for more
than two days, Sundays excepted.
Sec. 11! Any member of either house shall have the right to pro-
test against any act or resolution ; and such protest shall without delay
or alteration be entered on the journal.
Sec. 12. All bills shall originate in the house of representatives, and
be subject to amendment or rejection by the senate.
Sec. 13. A majority of all the members elected to each house, voting
in the affirmative, shall be necessary to pass any bill or joint resolu-
tion.
Sec. 14. Every bill and joint resolution passed b} the house of repre-
sentatives and senate shall, within two days thereafter, be signed by
the presiding officers, and presented to the governor; if he approve,
he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it to the house of representa-
tives, which shall enter the objections at large upon its journal and pro-
ceed to reconsider the same. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds
428 CYCLOPEDIA OF
of the members elected shall agree to pass the bill or resolution, it
shall be sent, with the objections, to the senate, by which it shall like-
wise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the members
elected, it shall become a law ; but in all such cases the vote shall be
taken by yeas and nays, and entered upon the journal of each house.
If any bill shall not be returned within three days (Sundays excepted)
after it shall have been presented to the governor, it shall become a
law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by
its adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not become
a law.
Sec. 15. Every bill shall be read on three separate days in each house,
unless in case of emergency. Two-thirds of the house where such bill
is pending may, if deemed expedient, suspend the rules ; but the read-
ing of the bill by sections on its final passage in no case can be dis-
pensed with.
Sec. 16. No bill shall contain more than one subject, which shall be
clearly expressed in its title, and no law shall be revived or amended
unless the new act contain the entire act revived, or the section or sec-
tions amended, and the section or sections so amended shall be repealed.
Sec. 17. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform opera-
tion throughout the state ; and in all cases where a general law can be
made applicable, no special law shall be enacted.
Sec. 18. All power to grant divorces is vested in the district courts,
subject to regulation by law.
Sec. 19. The legislature shall prescribe the time when its acts shall
be in force, and shall provide for the speedy publication of the same ;
and no law of a general nature shall be in force until the same be pub-
lished. It shall have the power to provide for the election or appoint-
ment of all officers and the filling of all vacancies not otherwise provided
for in the constitution.
Sec. 20. The enacting clause of all laws shall be, "Be it enacted by
the legislature of the state of Kansas ;"' and no law shall be enacted
except by bill.
Sec. 21. The legislature may confer upon tribunals transacting the
county business of the several counties, such powers of local legisla-
tion and administration as it shall deem expedient.
Sec. 22. For any speech or debate in either house the members
shall not be questioned elsewhere. No member of the legislature shall
be subject to arrest — except for felony or breach of the peace — in
going to or returning from, the place of meeting, or during the con-
tinuance of the session ; neither shall he be subject to the service of
any civil process during the session, nor for fifteen days previous to
its commencement.
Sec. 23. The legislature, in providing for the formation and regula-
tion of schools, shall make no distinction between the rights of males
and females.
Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, except in pur-
KANSAS HISTORY 429
suance of a specific appropriation made by law, and no appropriation
shall be made for a longer term than one year.
Sec. 25. All sessions of the legislature shall be held at the state
capital, and all regular sessions shall commence annually, on the second
Tuesday of January.
Sec. 26. The legislature shall provide for taking an enumeration
of the inhabitants of the state at least once in ten years. The first
enumeration shall be taken in A. D. 1865.
Sec. 27. The house of representatives shall have the sole power to
impeach. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate ; and when
sitting for that purpose, the senators shall take an oath to do justice
according to the law and the evidence. No person shall be convicted
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators elected.
Sec. 28. The governor and all other officers under this constitution
shall be subject to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office; but
judgment in all such cases shall not be extended further than to removal
from office and disqualification to hold any office of profit, honor or
trust under this constitution ; but the party, whether acquitted or con-
victed, shall be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment
according to law.
ARTICLE 3.— JUDICIAL.
Section i. The judicial power of this state shall be vested in a
supreme court, district courts, probate courts, justices of the peace, and
such other courts inferior to the supreme court as may be provided by
law; and all courts of record shall have a seal to be used in the authen-
tication of all process.
Sec. 2. The supreme court shall consist of one chief justice and two
associate justices (a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum), who
shall be elected by the electors of the state at large, and whose term
of office, after the first, shall be six years. At the first election, a chief
justice shall be chosen for six years, one associate justice for four years,
and one for two years.
Sec. 3. The supreme court shall have original jurisdiction in pro-
ceedings in quo warranto, mandamus and habeas corpus ; and such appel-
late jurisdiction as may be provided by law. It shall hold one term each
year at the seat of government, and such other terms at such places as
may be provided by law, and its jurisdiction shall be coextensive witli
the state.
Sec. 4. There shall be appointed by the justices of the supreme court,
a reporter and a clerk of said court, who shall hold their offices two
years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law.
Sec. 5. The state shall be divided into five judicial districts, in each
of which there shall be elected, by the electors thereof, a district judge,
who shall hold his office for the term of four 3'ears. District courts shall
be held at such times and places as may be provided by law.
430 LVCLOIEDIA OI^
Sec. 6. The district courts shall have such jurisdiction in their
respective districts as may be provided by law.
Sec. 7. There shall be elected in each organized county a clerk of
the district court, who shall hold his office two years, and whose duties
shall be prescribed by law.
Sec. 8. There shall be a probate court in each county, which shall
be a court of record, and have such probate jurisdiction and care of
estates of deceased persons, minors, and persons of unsound minds, as
may be prescribed by law: and shall have jurisdiction in cases of habeas
corpus. The court shall consist of one judge, who shall be elected by
the qualified voters of the county, and hold his office two years. He
shall hold court at such times and receive for compensation such fees
or salary as may be prescribed by law.
Sec. 9. Two justices of the peace shall be elected in each township,
whose term of office shall be two years, and whose powers and duties
shall be prescribed by law. The number of justices of the peace may
be increased in any township by law.
Sec. ID. All appeals from probate courts and justices of the peace
shall be to the district court.
Sec. II. All the judicial officers provided for by this article shall be
elected at the first election under this constitution, and shall reside in
their respective townships, counties or districts during their respective
terms of office. In case of vacancy in any judicial office, it shall be
filled by appointment of the governor until the next regular election
that shall occur more than thirty days after such vacancy shall have
happened.
Sec. 12. All judicial officers shall hold their offices until their suc-
cessors shall have qualified.
Sec. 13. The justices of the supreme court and judges of the dis-
trict courts shall, at stated times, receive for their services such com-
pensation as may be provided by law, which shall not be increased
during their respective terms of office ; provided such compensation shall
not be less than fifteen hundred dollars to each justice or judge each
year, and such justices or judges shall receive no fees or perquisites,
nor hold any other office of profit or trust under the authority of the
state, or the United States, during the term of office for which said
justices or judges shall be elected, nor practice law in anj' of the courts
in the state during th-eir continuance in office.
Sec. 14. Provision may be made by law for the increase of the num-
ber of judicial districts whenever two-thirds of the members of each
house shall concur. Such districts shall be formed of compact territory
and bounded' by county lines, and such increase shall not vacate the
office of any judge.
Sec. 15. Justices of the supreme court and judges of the district
courts may be removed from office by resolution of both houses, if two-
thirds of the members of each house concur ; but no such removal shall
be made except upon complaint, the substance of which shall be entered
KANSAS HISTq^V '431
upon the journal, nor until the party charged shall have had notice and
opportunity to be heard.
Sec. i6. The several justices arid judges of the courts of record in
this state shall have jurisdiction at chambers as may be provided by law.
Sec. 17. The style of all process shall be "The State of Kansas." and
all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name of the state.
Sec. 18. Until otherwise provided by law, the first district shall
consist of the counties of Wyandotte, Leavenworth, JeiTerson and Jack-
son. The second district shall consist of the counties of Atchison, Doni-
phan, Brown, Nemaha, Marshall and Washington. The third district
shall consist of the counties of Pottawatomie, Riley, Cla}-, Dickinson,
Davis, Wabaunsee and Shawnee. The fourth district shall consist of
the counties of Douglas, Johnson, Lykins, Franklin, Anderson, Linn,
Bourbon and Allen. The fifth district shall consist of the: counties of
Osage, Cofifey, Woodson, Greenwood, Madison, Breckinridge, Morris,
Chase, Butler and Hunter.
Sec. 19. New or unorganized counties shall by law be attached for
judicial purposes to the most convenient judicial districts.
Sec. 20. Provision shall be made by law for the selection, by the bar,
of a pro tem. judge of the district court, when the judge is absent or
otherwise unable or disqualified to sit in any case.
ARTICLE 4.— ELECTIONS.
Section i. All elections by the people shall be by ballot; and all
"lections by the legislature shall be viva voce.
Sec. 2. General elections shall be held annually, on the Tuesday suc-
:eeding the first Monday in November. Township elections shall be
held on the first Tuesday of April, until otherwise provided by law.
ARTICLE 5.— SUFFRAGE.
Section i. Every white male person of twenty-one years and up-
wards, belonging to either of the following classes — who shall have
resided in Kansas six months next preceding any election, and in the
township or ward in which he offers to vote at least thirty days next
preceding such election — shall be deemed a qualified elector: ist. Citi-
zens of the United States. 2d. Persons of foreign birth who shall have
declared their intention to become citizens conformably to the laws of
the United States on the subject of naturalization.
Sec. 2. No person under guardianship, non compos mentis, or insane,
shall be qualified to vote ; nor any person convicted of treason or felon\-,
unless restored to civil rights.
Sec. 3. No soldier, seaman, or marine, in the army or navy of the
United States, or their allies, shall be deemed to have acquired a resi-
dence in the state in consequence of being stationed within the same ; nor
shall any soldier, seaman or marine have the right to vote.
432 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Sec. The legislature shall pass such laws as may be necessary for
ascertaining by proper proofs, the citizens who shall be entitled to the
right of suffrage hereby established.
Sec. 5. Every person who shall give or accept a challenge to fight a
duel, or who shall knowingly carry to another person such a challenge,
or shall go out of the state to fight a duel, shall be ineligible to any
office of trust or profit.
Sec. 6. Every person who shall have given or offered a bribe to pro-
cure his election, shall be disqualified from holding office during the
term for which he may have been elected.
Sec. 7. Electors, during their attendance at elections, and in going
to and in returning therefrom, shall be privileged from arrest in all
cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace.
ARTICLE 6.— EDUCATION.
Section i. The state superintendent of public instruction shall have
the general supervision of the common school funds and educational
interests of the state, and perform such other duties as may be pre-
scribed by law. A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected
in each county, whose term of office shall be two years, and whose
duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law.
Sec. 2. The legislature shall encourage the promotion of intellectual,
moral, scientific and agricultural improvement, by establishing a uni-
form S3'stem of common schools, and schools of a higher grade, em-
bracing normal, preparator}-, collegiate and university departments.
Sec. 3. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted
by the United States to the state for the support of schools, and the
five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new states under an
act of Congress distributing the proceeds of public lands among the
several states of the Union, approved Sept. 4, A. D. 1841, and all estates
of persons dying without heir or will, and such per cent, as may be
granted by Congress on the sale of lands in this state, shall be the com-
mon property of the state, and shall be a perpetual school fund, which
shall not be diminished, but the interest of which, together with all the
rents of the lands, and such other means as the legislature may provide,
by tax or otherwise, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of
the common schools.
Sec. 4. The income of the state school funds shall be disbursed
annually, by order of the state superintendent, to the several county
treasurers, and thence to the treasurers of the several school districts,
in equitable proportion to the number of children and youth resident
therein, between the ages of five and twenty-one 3'ears ; provided, that
no school district, in which a common school has not been maintained
at least three months in each year, shall be entitled to receive any
portion of school funds.
Sec. 5. The school lands shall not be sold, unless such sale be author-
KANSAS HISTORY 433
ized by a vote of the people at a general election; but, subject to revalu-
ation every five years, they may be leased for any number of years, not
exceeding twenty-five, at a rate established by law.
Sec. 6. All money which shall be paid by persons as an equivalent
for exemption from military duty ; the clear proceeds of estrays, owner-
ships of which shall vest in the taker-up ; and the proceeds of fines for
any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclusively applied in the several
counties in which the money is paid or fines collected, to the support
of common schools.
Sec. 7. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment, at some
eligible and central point, of a state university, for the promotion of
literature, and the arts and sciences, including a normal and agricultural
department. All funds arising from the sale or rents of lands granted
b}' the United States to the state for the support of a state university,
and all other grants, donations or bequests, either bj' the state or by
individuals, for such purpose, shall remain a perpetual fund, to be called
the "University fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to
the support of the state university.
Sec. 8. No religious sect or sects shall ever control any part of the
common school or university funds of the state.
Sec. 9. The state superintendent of public instruction, secretary of
state and attorne3'-general shall constitute a board of commissioners, for
the management and investment of the school funds. Any two of said
commissioners shall be a quorum.
ARTICLE 7.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.
Section i. Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, and deaf
and dumb, and such other benevolent institutions as the public good
may require, shall be fostered and supported by the state, subject to
such regulations as may be prescribed bj^ law. Trustees of such benev-
olent institutions as may be hereafter created shall be appointed by the
governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate ; and upon
all nominations made by the governor the question shall be taken in
yeas and nays, and entered upon the journal.
Sec. 2. A penitentiary shall be established, the directors of which
shall be appointed, or elected, as prescribed by law.
Sec. 3. The governor shall fill any vacancy that may occur in the
offices aforesaid until the next session of the legislature, and until a
successor to his appointee shall be confirmed and qualified.
Sec. 4. The respective counties of the state shall provide, as may be
prescribed by law, for those inhabitants who by reason of age, infirmity,
or other misfortune, may have claims upon the sympathy and aid of
society.
(I-28)
434 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ARTICLE 8.— MILITIA.
Section i. The militia shall be composed of all able-bodied male citi-
zens between the ages of twenty-one and forty-five years, except such
as are exempted by the laws of the United States or of this state;
but all citizens of any religious denomination whatever who from
scruples of conscience may be averse to bearing arms shall be exempted
therefrom upon such conditions as may be prescribed by law.
Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for organizing, equipping and
discipling the militia in such manner as it shall deem expedient not
incompatible with the laws of the United States.
Sec. 3. Officers of the militia shall be elected or appointed, and com-
missioned in such manner as ma}' be provided by law.
Sec. 4. The governor shall be commander-in-chief, and shall have
power to call out the militia to execute the laws, to suppress insur-
rection, and to repel invasion.
ARTICLE 9.— COUNTY AND TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION.
Section i. The legislature shall provide for org^anizing new coun-
ties, locating county-seats, and changing county lines; but no county-
seat shall be changed without the consent of a majority of the elec-
tors of the county; nor any county organized, nor the lines of any
county changed so as to include an area of less than four hundred and
thirty-two square miles.
Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for such county and township
officers as may be necessar}".
Sec. 3. All county officers shall hold their offices for the term of
two years, and until their successors shall be qualified ; but no person
shall hold the office of sheriff or county treasurer for more than two
consecutive terms.
Sec. 4. Township officers, except justices of the peace, shall hold
their offices one year from the Monday next succeeding their election,
and their successors are qualified.
Sec. 5. All county and township officers may be removed from office
in such manner and for such cause as shall be prescribed by law.
■ ARTICLE 10.— APPORTIONMENT.
Section i. In the future apportionments of the state, each organized
county shall have at least one representative ; and each county shall be
divided into as many districts as it has representatives.
Sec. 2. It shall be the dut}' of the first legislature to make an appor-
tionment, based upon the census ordered by the last legislative assem-
bly of the territory ; and a new apportionment shall be made in the year
1866, and every five 3'ears thereafter, based upon the census of the pre-
ceding year.
KANSAS HISTORY 435
Sec. 3. Until there shall be a new apportionment, the state shall be
divided into election districts ; and the representatives and senators shall
be apportioned among the several districts as follows, viz :
1st district, Doniphan, 4 representatives, 2 senators.
2d district, Atchison and Brown, 6 representatives, 2 senators.
3d district, Nemaha, Marshall and Washington, 2 representatives, i
senator.
4th district, Clay, Riley and Pottawatomie, 4 representatives, i senator.
5th district, Dickinson, Davis and Wabaunsee, 3 representatives, i
senator.
6th district, Shawnee, Jackson and Jefferson, 8 representatives, 2
senators.
/th district, Leavenworth. 9 representatives, 3 senators.
8th district, Douglas, Johnson and Wyandotte, 13 representatives, 4
senators.
9th district, Lykins, Linn and Bourbon, g representatives, 3 senators.
loth district, Allen, Anderson and Franklin, 6 representatives, 2
senators.
nth district, Woodson and Madison, 2 representatives, i senator.
I2th district, Coffey, Osage and Breckinridge. 6 representatives, 2
senators.
13th district, Morris, Chase and Butler, 2 representatives, i senator.
14th district, Arapahoe, Godfrey, Greenwood, Hunter, Wilson, Dorn
and MeGee, i representative.
ARTICLE II.— FINANCE AND TAX.\TION.
Section i. The legislature shall provide for a uniform and equal rate
of assessment and taxation ; but all property used exclusively for state,
county, municipal, literary, educational, scientific, religious, benevolent
and charitable purposes, and personal property to the amount of at least
two hundred dollars for each family, shall be exempted from taxation.
Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for taxing the notes and bills
discounted or purchased, moneys loaned, and other property effects, or
dues of every description (without deduction), of all banks now existing,
or hereafter to be created, and of all bankers : so that all property em-
ployed in banking shall always bear a burden of taxation equal to that
imposed upon the property of individuals.
Sec. 3. The legislature shall provide, each year, for raising revenue
sufficient to defray the current expenses of the state.
Sec. 4. No tax shall be levied except in pursuance of a law which
shall distinctly state the object of the same, to which object only such
tax shall be applied.
Sec. 5. For the purpose of defraying extraordinary expenses and
making public improvements, the state may contract public debts; but
such debts shall never, in the aggregate exceed one million dollars,
except as hereinafter provided. Every such debt shall be authorized by
436 CYCLOPEDIA OF
law for some purpose specified therein, and the vote of a majority of all
the members elected to each house, to be taken by the yeas and nays,
shall be necessary to the passage of such law; and every such law shall
provide for levying an annual tax sufficient to pay the annual interest of
such debt, and the principal thereof, when it shall become due ; and shall
specifically appropriate the proceeds of such taxes to the payment of
such principal and interest ; and such appropriation shall not be repealed
nor the taxes postponed or dismissed, until the interest and principal of
such debt shall have been wholly paid.
Sec. 6. No debt shall be contracted by the state except as herein pro-
vided, unless the proposed law for creating such debt shall first be sub-
mitted to a direct vote of the electors of the state at some general elec-
tion; and if such proposed law shall be ratified by a majority of all the
votes cast at such general election, then it shall be the duty of the legis-
lature next after such election to enact such law and create such debt,
subject to all the provisions and restrictions provided in the preceding
sections of this article.
Sec. 7. The state may borrow money to repel invasion, suppress
insurrection, or defend the state in time of war; but the money thus
raised shall be applied exclusivel}' to the object for which the loan was'
authorized, or to the repayment of the debt thereby created.
Sec. 8. The state shall never be a party in carrying on any works of
internal improvement.
ARTICLE 12.— CORPORATIONS.
Section i. The legislature shall pass no special act conferring cor-
porate powers. Corporations may be created under general laws ; but
all such laws may be amended or repealed.
Sec. 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by individual lia-
bility of the stockholders to an additional amount equal to the stock
owned by each stockholder, and such other means as shall be provided
by law ; but such liabilities shall not apply to railroad corporations, nor
corporations for religious or charitable purposes.
Sec. 3. The title to all property of religious corporations shall vest
in trustees, whose election shall be by the members of such corporations.
Sec. 4. No right of wa}' shall be appropriated to the use of any cor-
poration, until full compensation therefor be first made in money, or
secured by a deposit of money, to the owner, irrespective of any benefit
from any improvement proposed by such corporation.
Sec. 5. Provision shall be made by general law for the organization
of cities, towns and villages ; and their power of taxation, assessment,
borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, shall be
so restricted as to prevent the abuse of such power.
Sec. 6. The term corporation, as used in this article, shall include all
the associations and joint-stock companies having powers and privileges
not possessed by individuals or partnerships; and all corporations may
sue and be sued in their corporate name.
KANSAS HISTORY 437
ARTICLE 13.— BANKS AND CL'RRENCY.
Section i. No bank shall be established otherwise than under a
general banking law.
Sec. 2. All banking laws shall require, as collateral security for the
redemption of the circulating notes of any bank organized under their
provisions, a deposit with the auditor of state of interest-paying bonds
of the several states, or of the United States, at the cash rates of the
New York stock exchange, to an amount equal to the amount of cir-
culating notes which such bank shall be authorized to issue, and a cash
deposit in its vaults of ten per cent, of such amount of circulating notes;
and the auditor shall register and countersign no more circulating bills
of an}' bank than the cash value of such bonds when deposited.
Sec. 3. Whenever the bonds pledged as collateral security for the
circulation of any bank shall depreciate in value, the auditor of state shall
require additional security, or curtail the circulation of such bank, to
such extent as will continue the security unimpaired.
Sec. 4. All circulating notes shall be redeemable in the money of the
United States. Holders of such notes shall be entitled, in case of the
insolvency of such banks, to preference of pa3'ment over all other cred-
itors.
Sec. 5. The state shall not be a stockholder in any banking insti-
tution.
Sec. 6. All banks shall be required to keep offices and officers for the
issue and redemption of their circulation, at a convenient place within
the state, to be named on the circulating notes issued by such bank.
Sec. 7. No banking institution shall issue circulating notes of a less
denomination than five dollars.
Sec. 8. No banking law shall be in force until the same shall have
been submitted to a vote of the electors of the state at some general
election, and approved by a majority of all the votes cast at such
general election.
Sec. 9. Any banking law may be amended or repealed.
ARTICLE 14.— AMENDMENTS.
Section i. Propositions for the amendment of this constitution may
be made by either branch of the legislature ; and if two-thirds of all
the members elected to each house shall concur therein, such proposed
amendments, together with the yeas and nays, shall be entered on the
■journal; and the secretary of state shall cause the same to be published
in at least one newspaper in each county of the state where a news-
paper is published, for three months preceding the next election for
representatives, at which time the same shall be submitted to the elec-
tors for their approval or rejection ; and if a majority of the electors vot-
ing on said amendments, al said election, shall adopt the amendments,
the same shall become a part of the constitution. When more than
438 CYCLOPEDIA OF
one amendment shall be submitted at the same time, they shall be so
submitted as to enable the electors to vote on each amendment sep-
arately' ; and not more than three propositions to amend shall be sub-
mitted at the same election.
Sec. 2. Whenever two-thirds of the members elected to each branch
of the legislature shall think it necessary to call a convention to revise,
amend or change this constitution, they shall recommend to the electors
to vote at the next election of members of the legislature, for or against
a convention ; and if a majority of all the electors voting at such election
shall have voted for a convention, the legislature shall, at the next ses-
sion, provide for calling the same.
ARTICLE 15.— MISCELLANEOUS.
Section I. All officers whose election or appointment is not other-
wise provided for, shall be chosen or appointed as may be prescribed by
law.
Sec. 2. The tenure of any office not herein provided for may be de-
clared by law;- when not so declared such office shall be held during
the pleasure of the authority making the appointment, but the legisla-
ture shall not create any office the tenure of which shall be longer
than four years.
Sec. 3. Lotteries and the sale of lottery tickets are forever pro-
hibited.
Sec. 4. All public printing shall be let, on contract, to the lowest
responsible bidder, by such executive officer and in such manner as shall
be prescribed by law.
Sec. 5. An accurate and detailed statement of the receipts and ex-
penditures of the public moneys, and the several amounts paid, to whom,
and on what account, shall be published, as prescribed by law.
Sec. 6. The legislature shall provide for the protection of the rights
of women in acquiring and possessing property, real, personal and mixed,
separate and apart from the husband ; and shall also provide for their
equal rights in the possession of their children.
Sec. 7. The legislature may reduce the salaries of officers who shall
neglect the performance of any legal dut3^
Sec. 8. The temporary seat of government is hereby located at the
city of Topeka, county of Shawnee. The first legislature under this
constitution shall provide by law for submitting the question of the
permanent location of the capital to a popular vote, and a majority of
all the votes cast at some general election shall be necessary for such
location.
Sec. 9. A homestead, to the extent of one hundred and sixty acres
of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated
town or city, occupied as a residence by the family of the owner, together
with all improvements on the same, shall be exempted from forced sale
under any process of law, and shall not be alienated without the joint
KANSAS HISTORY 439
consent of husband and wife, when that relation exists ; but no property-
shall be exempt from sale for taxes, or for the payment of obligations
contracted for the purchase of said premises, or for the erection of im-
provements thereon ; provided, the provisions of this section shall not
apply to any process of law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the
consent of both husband and wife.
SCHEDULE.
Section i. That no inconvenience may arise from the change from a
territorial government to a permanent state government, it is declared
by this constitution that all suits, rights, actions, prosecutions, recogni-
zances, contracts, judgments and claims, both as respects individuals and
bodies corporate, shall continue as if no change had taken place.
Sec. 2. All fines, penalties and forfeitures, owing to the territory of
Kansas, or any county, shall inure to the use of the state or county.
All bonds executed to the territorj', or any officer thereof in his official
capacity, shall pass over to the governor, or other officers of the state
or county, and their successors in office, for the use of the state or
county, or by him or them to be respectively assigned over to the use
of those concerned, as the case may be.
Sec. 3. The governor, secretary and judges, and all other officers,
both civil and military, under the territorial government, shall con-
tinue in the exercise of the duties of their respective departments until
the said officers are superseded under the authority of this constitution.
Sec. 4. All laws and parts of laws in force in the territory at the time
of the acceptance of this constitution by Congress, not inconsistent with
this constitution, shall continue and remain in full force until they expire,
or shall be repealed.
Sec. 5. The governor shall use his private seal until a state seal is
provided.
Sec. 6. The governor, secretary of state, auditor of state, treasurer
of state, attorney-general and superintendent of public instruction shall
keep their respective offices at the seat of government.
Sec. 7. All records, documents, books, papers, moneys and vouchers
belonging and pertaining to the several territorial courts and offices and
to the several district and county offices, at the date of the admission of
this state into the Union, shall be disposed of in such manner as may be
prescribed by law.
Sec. 8. All suits, pleas, plaints and other proceedings pending in any
court of record, or justice's court, may be prosecuted to final judgment
and execution; and all appeals, writs of error, certiorari, injunctions, or
other proceedings whatever, may progress and be carried on as if this
constitution had not been adopted ; and the legislature shall direct the
mode in which suits, pleas, plaints, prosecutions and other proceedings,
and all papers, records, books and documents connected therewith, may
be removed to the courts established by this constitution.
440 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Sec. 9. For the purpose of taking the vote of the electors of this terri-
tory for the ratification or rejection of this constitution, an election shall
be held in the several voting precincts in this territory, on the first
Tuesday in October, A. D. 1859.
Sec. ID. Each elector shall express his assent or dissent by voting a
written or printed ballot labeled "For the constitution." or "Against
the constitution."
Sec. II. If a majority of all the votes cast at such election shall be in
favor of the constitution, then there shall be an election held in the sev-
eral voting precincts on the first Tuesday in December, A. D. 1859, for
the election of members of the first legislature, of all' state, district and
county officers provided for in this constitution, and for a representative
in Congress.
Sec. 12. All persons having the qualifications of electors, according
to the provisions of this constitution, at the date of each of said elec-
tions, and who shall have been duly registered according to the pro-
visions of the registry law of this territory, and none others, shall be
entitled to vote at each of said elections.
Sec. 13. The persons who may be the judges of the several voting
precincts of this territory at the date of the respective elections in this
schedule provided for, shall be the judges of the respective elections
herein provided for.
Sec. 14. The said judges of election, before entering upon the duties
of their office,, shall take and subscribe an oath faithfully to discharge
their duties as such. They shall appoint two clerks of election, who shall
be sworn by one of said judges faithfully to dicharge their duties as
such. In the event of a vacancy in the board of judges the same shall be
filled by the electors present.
Sec. 15. At each of the elections provided for in this schedule the
polls shall open between the hours of nine and ten o'clock a. m., and close
at sunset.
Sec. 16. The tribunals transacting county business of the several
counties shall cause to be furnished to the boards of judges in their
respective counties two poll-books for each election hereinbefore pro-
vided for, upon which the clerks shall inscribe the name of every person
who may vote at the said elections.
Sec. 17. After closing the polls at each of the elections provided for
in this schedule, the judges shall proceed to count the votes cast, and
designate the persons or objects for which they were cast, and shall
make two correct tally-lists of the same.
Sec. 18. Each of the boards of judges shall safely keep one poll-book
and tally-list, and the ballots cast at each election ; and shall, within
ten days after such election, cause the other poll-book and tally-list to
be transmitted, by the hands of a sworn officer, to the clerk of the
board transacting county business in their respective counties, or to
which the county may be attached for municipal purposes.
Sec. 19. The tribunals transacting county business shall assemble at
the county-seats of their respective counties on the second Tuesday after
each of the elections provided for in this schedule, and shall canvass the
votes cast at the elections held in the several precincts in their respec-
tive counties, and of the counties attached for municipal purposes. They
shall hold in safe-keeping the poll-books and tally-lists of said elections,
and shall, within ten days thereafter, transmit, by the hands of a sworn
officer, to the president of this convention, at the city of Topeka, a certi-
fied transcript of the same, showing the number of votes cast for each
person or object voted for at each of the several precincts in their respec-
tive counties, and in the counties attached for municipal purposes, sep-
arately.
Sec. 20. The governor of the territory and the president and secretary
of the convention shall constitute a board of state canvassers, any two
of whom shall be a quorum ; and who shall, on the fourth Monday after
each of the elections provided for in this schedule, assemble at said city
of Topeka, and proceed to open and canvass the votes cast at the several
precincts in the different counties of the territory and declare the result;
and shall immediately issue certificates of election to all persons (if any)
thus elected.
Sec. 21. Said board of state canvassers shall issue their proclamation
not less than twenty days next preceding each of the elections provided
for in this schedule. Said proclamation shall contain an announcement
of the several elections, the Cjualifications of electors, the manner of con-
ducting said elections and of making the returns thereof, as in this
constitution provided, and shall publish said proclamation in one news-
paper in each of the counties of the territory in which a newspaper
may be then published.
Sec. 22. The board of state canvassers shall provide for the trans-
mission of authenticated copies of the constitution to the president of the
United States, the president of the senate and speaker of the house of
representatives.
Sec. 23. Upon official information having been by him received of
the admission of Kansas into the Union as a state, it shall be the duty
of the governor elect under the constitution to proclaim the same, and
to convene the legislature, and do all things else necessary to the com-
plete and active organization of the state government.
Sec. 24. The first legislature shall have no power to make any changes
in county lines.
Sec. 25. At the election to be held for the ratification or rejection of
this constitution, each elector shall be permitted to vote on the home-
stead provision contained in the article on "Miscellaneous," by depositing
a ballot inscribed "For the homestead," or "Against the homestead;"
and if a majority of all the votes cast at said election shall be against
said provision, then it shall be stricken from the constitution.
442 CYCLOPEDIA OF
RESOLUTIONS.
Resolved, That the Congress of the United States is hereby requested,
upon the application of Kansas for admission into the Union, to pass
an act granting to the state forty-five hundred thousand acres of land to
aid in the construction of railroads and other internal improvements.
Resolved, That Congress be further requested to pass an act appro-
priating fifty thousand acres of land for the improvement of the I'Cansas
river from its mouth to Fort Riley.
Resolved, That Congress be further requested to pass an act granting
al! swamp lands within the state for the benefit of common schools.
Resolved, That Congress be further requested to pass an act appro-
priating five hundred thousand dollars, or in lieu thereof five hundred
thousand acres of land, for the payment of the claims awarded to citizens
of Kansas by the claim commissioners appointed b}' the governor and
legislature of Kansas under an act of the territorial legislature passed
Feb. 7, 1859.
Resolved, That the legislature shall make provision for the sale or
disposal of the lands granted to the state in aid of internal improve-
ments and for other purposes, subject to the same right of preemption
to the settlers thereon as are now allowed by law to settlers on the
public lands.
Resolved, That it is the desire of the people of Kansas to be admitted
into the Union with this constitution.
Resolved, That Congress be further requested to assume the debt of
this territory.
Conveyances. — (See Deeds.)
Conway, a village of McPherson county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 6 miles west of McPherson, the county seat.
It has telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice with
two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 125.
Conway, Martin F., the first representative in Congress from the State
of Kansas, was born at Charleston, S. C, in 1830. He received a fair edu-
cation and when fourteen years of age went to Baltimore, ]\Id., where he
learned the printer's trade. He was one of the founders of the national
t_\pogTaphical union. While working as a printer he studied law, was ad-
mitted to the bar, and began practice in Baltimore. In 1854 he moved to
Leavenworth, Kan., where he was chosen a member of the first legis-
lative council, but on July 3, 1855, he resigned his se^t. Under the To-
peka constitution he was justice of the supreme court of the territory.
He wrote the resolutions that were adopted by the free-state convention
of June 9, 1857, at Topeka, and in 1858 was a delegate to the Leaven-
worth constitutional convention of which he was elected president. In
1859 Mr. Conway was nominated for representative in Congress by the
Republican convention, and elected, being the first Congressman from the
new state. In 1862 A. C. Wilder was elected to succeed him, and Mr.
Conway retired to private life. He still took an active interest in public
KANSAS HISTORY 443
affairs, and when the controversy arose between President Johnson and
Congress over the question of reconstruction, he became an earnest sup-
porter of the President's poHcy. In 1866 he was appointed by President
Johnson United States consul to Marseilles, France. When he returned
to the United States he settled in Washington, D. C, where in 1873 he
fired three shots at Senator Pomeroy, who was slightly wounded. When
arrested, Conway said : "He ruined myself and family." He finally lost
his mind and in 1880 became an inmate of St. Elizabeth, the- government
hospital for the insane, in the District of Columbia. Disappointed ambi-
tions, it is supposed made him insane. He died at St. Elizabeth, Feb. 15,
1882.
Conway Springs. — These springs are situated in the town of the same
name in Sumner county, and came into prominence during the latter '90s.
Of the original springs, the use of all but two has been discontinued.
These waters have been jLised to some extent for medicinal purposes, and
much used for table purposes. The springs are encased with 24-inch
tiling, and are situated in a small park. The water from these springs
forms Spring Branch, a small creek.
Conway Springs, a town in Conway and Springdale townships. Sum-
ner county, is located at the junction of two lines of the Missouri Pa-
cific railroad 15 miles northwest of Wellington, the county seat. The
town is named for the mineral springs there. It has 2 banks, a theater,
a flour mill, a weekly newspaper (the Star), good hotel accommodations,
graded public schools, and several of the -leading denominations of
churches. It also has telephone and telegraph communications and an
international money order postoffice with four rural routes. All lines
of mercantile enterprise are represented and the business blocks are mod-
ern and substantially built. There are a number of well stocked and up
to date retail stores. The population according to the census of 1910
was 1,292. The town was founded in 1875.
Cookville, an inland village of Woodson county, is on Owl creek 10
miles east of Yates Center, the county seat, and 6 miles from Rose, its
nearest railroad station, from which it receives daily mail.
Coolidge, an incorporated city of the third class in Hamilton county,
is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. about 3 miles east
of the state line and 15 miles west of Syracuse, the county seat. It has
a number of general stores, a weekly newspaper (the Leader"), a hotel,
express and telegraph offices, telephone communications, a graded pub-
lic school, the leading church organizations, and a money order post-
office. The population according to the government census of 1910 was
145. It is the second largest town in Hamilton countv, and is situated
on the north bank of the Arkansas river.
Coon Creek. — There are four streams in Kansas that bear this name.
The first rises in Washington county and flows east, emptying into the
Little Blue river in Marshall county; the third rises in Osborne county
and flows south until it discharges its waters into Wolf creek near the
town of Lurav, Russell countv; and the fourth rises in Ford county and
444 CYCLOPEDIA OF
flows northeast, almost parallel to the Arkansas river, into which it emp-
ties near the town of Garfield, Pawnee county.
The last is the only one with which any important historical event is
connected. Fowler's Journal of Glenn's expedition for Oct. 21, 182 1,
says: "We passed a point of Rocks on Which stands two trees about
600 yeards from the River — and seven and a half miles came to a deep
and mudey Crick 100 feet Wide. Heare Some of our Horses Run to
drink and Ware Swomped With their loads and Ware forsed to be pulled
out." Coues thinks this creek is Coon creek, and that the camp of the
20th was somewhere between the towns of Garfield and Kinsley.
In May, 1848, a company of 76 recruits left Fort Leavenworth to join
the Santa Fe battalion in Chihuahua. On June 17 they camped on Coon
creek, not far from the present town of Kinsley, and the next morning
were attacked b)- some 800 Comanches and Apaches. The white men
were armed with breech-loading carbines, but the bullets rattled harm-
lessly from the raw-hide shields of the savages who came on in a charge
that looked as though the whites were to be exterminated. AVhen they
were almost upon the camp the soldiers turned their attention to firing
upon the horses, and with their breech-loading guns soon turned the tide
of battle. Nearly all the horses in the front rank were killed at the first
volley and the remaining Indians sought safety in flight. The affair is
known as the battle of Coon creek.
Cooper College, located at Sterling, Rice county, was founded in 1887.
The Sterling Land and Investment company was organized in 1886, and
platted the "College Addition" to Sterling. One of the aims of the com-
pany was to erect a college building and a tract of 10 acres of land in the
addition was donated for the purpose by Pliny F. Axtell, one of the early
settlers. A building was erected by the land company, which in Oct.,
1886, offered the site and building to the United Presbyterian synod of
Kansas, with the condition that the synod endow, operate and maintain
the school. The offer was accepted, provided five years should be al-
lowed in which to raise the endowment fund of $25,000, and a contract
to this efl^ect was signed bj- the synod committee on Oct. 22. A charter
was prepared and the name "Cooper Memorial" was adopted in honor
of Rev. Joseph Cooper of Allegheny, Pa.
The school was opened on Nov. i, 1887, with A. N. Porter as acting
president and professor of mathematics and English literature ; S. A.
Wilson, professor of languages, and Miss Flora Harriman, instructor in
music. The school began work without a dollar and was soon confronted
by financial difficulties. At times it was feared the enterprise would
have to be abandoned. Efforts were made to secure a president, but no
one was chosen until 1889, when Dr. F. M. Spencer, former president of
Muskingum College, New Concord, Ohio, was secured. He was inaugu-
rated on Sept. 4, and the college immediately entered upon a more pros-
perous era. The number of students increased ; more instructors were
employed ; new departments were added ; by 1891 the required endow-
ment was raised ; and the site and buildings were transferred to the
KANSAS HISTORY 445
synod. Chapel, recitation rooms, laboratories and other rooms were all
provided in the three-story stone building. A dormitory for girls has
since been built, and an art studio is located on Seventh street. The li-
brary contains some 4,000 catalogued books. The school has prepara-
tory, normal, commercial and college courses, and special courses are
given in the conservatory and art school. In 1908, the last available re-
port, there were 183 students enrolled.
Cooperation. — (See Farmers' Cooperative Association.)
Cora, a hamlet of Smith county, is located on the headwaters of White
Rock creek about 15 miles northeast of Smith Center, the county seat,
and 10 miles from Lelianon, which is the most convenient railroad sta-
tion, and from which mail is received by rural deliverv.
Corbin, a town of Falls township, Sumner county, is 13 miles south
west of Wellington, the county seat, and is a station on the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railways.
It has a money order postofifice with one rural route, express and tele-
graph offices, telephone connections, a hotel, a good local trade, Protest-
ant churches, and in 1910 reported a population of 174.
Cordley, Richard, author and Congregational minister, was born at
Nottingham, England, Sept. 6, 1829. When he was about four years of
age he came with his parents to America. The family settled on a tract
of government land in Livingston county, Mich., where Richard attended
the pioneer public schools. In 1850 he entered the University of Michi-
gan and graduated with the class of 1854, working his way through the
institution. He then worked his way through the Andover Theological
Seminary, where he was graduated in 1857. On Dec. 2, 1857, he preached
his first sermon in the Plymouth Congregational church at Lawrence,
Kan., where he remained as pastor until 1875, when he went to Flint,
Mich., for awhile, after which he was pastor of a church at Emporia,
Kan., for six years. In 1884 he returned to Lawrence and continued as
pastor of the Plymouth church until his death, which occurred on July
II, 1904. In May, 1859, Mr. Cordley married Miss Mary M. Cox of Liv-
ingston county, Mich. At the time of the Ouantrill raid, Aug. 21, 1863,
his house and all its contents were burned, and he was one of the persons
marked for death, but he managed to elude the guerrillas. Mr. Cordley
was several times a member of the National council of Congregational
churches. In 1871 he was elected president of Washington College, but
declined the office. Three years after this the University of Kansas con-
ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. Fie served for some
time as a regent of the Kansas Agricultural College, and was for several
years president of the Lawrence board of education. He was the author
of "'Pioneer Days in Kansas" and a "History of Lawrence," and was a
contributor to magazines and church periodicals.
Corn. — Indian corn, or maize, was cultivated by the North American
Indians in a crude way before the discovery of America by Columbus,
who introduced the plant into Europe. From the earliest settlement of
Kansas corn has been one of the principal field crops. Five years after
446 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the organization of the territory the farmers along the Kansas river
raised large quantities of corn, but found later that it was a difficult mat-
ter to get it to market. In the fall of 1859 James R. Mead tried the ex-
periment of transporting corn down the Kansas river in keel boats — 500
sacks to each boat — but found the water too low and the sand bars too
numerous to make the venture a profitable one. At that time there were
a few light draft steamboats on the Kansas. The Kansas City Journal
of June 17, 1859, contained an item to the effect that the steamer "Col.
Gus Linn" left Manhattan early in the month with 2,200 bushels of corn
on board and took on 500 sacks more at Topeka, but that owing to the
low stage of water was compelled to leave some of the corn on the river
bank to lighten the cargo.
On Sept. 21, 1859, the same paper announced that the Col. Gus Linn
had arrived from another trip up the river with 1,300 bushels of corn.
and also said: "We learned from the officers of the boat that at Man-
hattan, Topeka, Tecumseh, Lecompton and Lawrence there is not less
than 40,000 bushels of corn awaiting shipment. We shall look for this
corn down on the first rise in this new stream of western commerce."
The production of corn outran the transportation facilities, with the
result that, for almost a quarter of a century after the first settlements
were made in Kansas, the farmers realized but little profits from their
corn crops. In the earl)' '70s, owing to the scarcity of fuel and the exces-
sive freight charges of the railroad companies, many farmers found it
more profitable to burn their corn than to sell it at the low prevailing
prices and buy coal. But the grasshopper scourge of 1874 taught them
that it was well to have a stock of old corn on hand in case of another
such visitation, and after that year not much corn was consumed in the
stoves of Kansas farmers. When means of transportation could not be
found for getting the corn into market, or when the price has been un-
paticfactory, the product of the field has been fed to live stock and mar-
keted "on the hoof."
About 1895 J. M. McFarland, formerly assistant secretary of the Kan-
sas State Board of Agricuture and statistician in the United States de-
partment of agriculture, published a pamphlet showing the production
of corn in the eastern part of Kansas — that is east of line drawn from the
northern boundary of the state between Smith and Jewell counties to
the southern boundary between Harper and Barber counties — as com-
pared with the great corn growing states east of the Mississippi river,
for the ten years 1884 to 1893, inclusive. Illinois was the only state east
of the Mississippi that exceeded eastern Kansas in every one of the ten
years. Jn 1886 Kansas was exceeded by Illinois and Indiana; in 18S7.
owing to a marked decrease in the acreage in eastern Kansas, it was ex-
ceeded by Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky ; in 1890, when the
acreage fell off to about one-half that of the preceding year, it was ex-
ceeded by Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee.
The greatest corn crop in the history of Kansas was in 1889, when
the state produced 273,988,231 bushels, having over 5,000,000 acres in
KANSAS HISTORY 447
"waving corn fields." This great crop led Gov. Martin to sa)' in an in-
terview : "Corn is the sign and seal of a good American agricultural
'country ; corn is an American institution ; one of the discoveries of the
continent'. It was known to the Indians, and to cultivate it was one of
the few agricultural temptations which overcame their proud and
haughty contempt for labor. Kansas has corn and so has luck."
The corn of the twentieth century is a different product from that
taken to Europe by Columbus. Although it retains its original form —
only nature could change that — the ear of corn raised by the modern
husbandman would make the ear raised by the Indian in the fifteenth
century look like a "nubbin." Scientific agriculturists have spent much
time in experimenting to improve both the quality and the yield of corn.
Agricultural colleges in the various states and government experiment
stations have added to this work by a careful study of the chemistry of
soils, the value of commercial fertilizers, etc. In June, 1900, the Illinois
Corn Breeders' Association was organized for the purpose of improving
the standard of seed corn. It proved to be a success, and similar or-
ganizations have since been formed in Indiana, Maryland, Iowa, Kansas
and Nebraska. Members of these associations work in conjunction with
the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and in most of the
states money has been appropriated from the public funds to further
the enterprise. Veril5-, "Corn is King."
The corn crops of Kansas for 1910, when over 8,500,000 acres were
planted, amounted to 152,810,884 bushels, valued at $76,402,328.
Corning, an incorporated town of Nemaha county, is located on the
Missouri Pacific R. R. about half way between Centralia and Wetmore,
in Illinois township, 14 miles south of Seneca. It has a bank, a weekly
newspaper (the Gazette), telegraph and express offices, and a money
order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 441.
Old Corning was settled in 1867, about a mile and a half west of the
present site. A postofiice was established in that year, with N. B.
McKay as postmaster, and the place was named for Erastus Corning of
New York. Two stores and two dwellings were all there was to the
town when it was moved to the railroad by McKa3^ who bid in some
school land and gave the railroad company half a section in considera-
tion of its locating a station at this point. The first school was taught
by Minnie Bracken in a small frame building in 1872.
Corona'do, a village of Wichita county, is a station on the Missouri
Pacific R. R. 3 miles east of Leoti, the count)- seat, from which place
mail is received by rural free delivery.
Coronado's Expedition. — Shortly after the discovery of America the
Spanish people became imbued with the idea that somewhere in the in-
terior of the New World there were rich mines of gold and silver, and
various expeditions were sent out to search for these treasures. As
every important event in history is the sequence of something which
went before, in order to gain an intelligent understanding of the expedi-
tion of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, in search of the seven cities of
448 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Cibola and the country of Ouivira (1540-42), it will be necessarj- to no-
tice briefly the occurrences of the preceding decade. Pedro de Castaneda,
the historian of the expedition, begins his narrative as follows :
"In the year 1530 Nuno de Guzman, who was president of Xew Spain,
had in his possession an Indian, one of the natives of the valley or valleys
of Otixipar, who was called Tejo by the Spaniards. This Indian said he
was the son of a trader who was dead, but that when he was a little boy
his father had gone into the back country with fine feathers to trade for
ornaments, and that when he came back he brought a large amount of
gold and silver, of which there is a good deal in that country. He went
with him once or twice, and saw some very large villages, which he com-
pared to Mexico and its environs. He had seen seven very large towns
which had their streets of silver workers."
The effect of a stor}- of this nature upon the Spanish mind can be read-
ily imagined. It aroused the ambition and cupidity of Guzman, and ex-
ercised an influence on all the enterprises he directed along the Pacific
coast to the north. Gathering together a force of some 400 Spaniards
and several thousand friend!}' Indians, he started in search of the "Seven
Cities," but before he had covered half the distance he met with serious
obstacles, his men became dissatisfied and insisted on turning back, and
about the same time Guzman received information that his rival, Her-
nando Cortez, had come from Spain with new titles and powers, so he
abandoned the enterprise. Before turning his face homeward, however,
he founded the town of Culiacan, from which post incursions were made
into southern Sonora for the purpose of capturing and enslaving the
natives.
In 1535 Don Antonio de Mendoza became viceroy of New Spain. The
following spring there arrived in New Spain Cabega de Vaca, Alonso del
Castillo Maldonado, Andres Dorantes and a negro named Estevan, sur-
vivors of the Narvaez expedition which had sailed from Spain in June,
1527. For six years these men had been captives among the Indians of
the interior, from which they had heard stories of rich copper mines and
pearl fisheries. These stories they repeated to Mendoza, who bought the
negro with a view to having him act as guide to an expedition to explore
the country, but it was three years later before a favorable opportunity
for his project was offered.
In 1538 Guzman was imprisoned by a juez de residencia, the licentiate
Diego Perez de la Torre, who ruled the province of Culiacan a short
time, when Mendoza appointed his friend, Francisco Vasquez de Coro-
nado, governor of the province of New Galicia, situated on the west
coast of Mexico, between 25° and 27° north latitude, the new province
including the old one of Culiacan. Coronado showed a willingness to
assist and encourage Mendoza in the effort to find the "Seven Cities,"
and on March 7, 1539, what might be termed a reconnoitering party left
Culiacan under the leadership of Friar Marcos de Niza, with Estevan as
guide. Father Marcos had been a member of Alvarado's expedition to
Peru in 1534. Upon reaching a place called Vapaca (in central Sonora)
KANSAS HISTORY 449
Marcos sent Estevan toward the north "with instructions to proceed 50
•or 60 leagues and see if he could find anything which might help them
in their search."
Four dajs later Estevan sent to Father Marcos a large cross, and the
messenger who brought it told of "seven very large cities in the first
province, all under one lord, with large houses of stone and lime ; the
smallest one story high, with a flat roof above, and others two and three
stories high, and the house of the lord four stories high. And on the
portals of the principal houses there are many designs of turquoise
stones, of which he says they have a great abundance."
A little later Estevan sent another cross by a messenger who gave a
more specific account of the seven cities, and Father Marcos determined
to visit Cibola for the purpose of verifying the statements of the messen-
gers. He left Vapaca on April 8, expecting to meet Estevan at the vil-
lage from which the second cross was sent, but upon arriving there he
learned that the negro had gone on northward toward Cibola, which was
distant thirty days' journey. The friar continued on his way until he
met an inhabitant of Cibola, who informed him that Estevan had been
put to death by order of the Cibolan chiefs. From the top of a hill Mar-
cos obtained a view of the city, after which he hastened back to Com-
postela and made a report of his investigations to Gov. Coronado.
The immediate effect of his report, in which he stated that the city he
saw from the top of the hill was "larger than the city of Mexico," was to
awaken the curiosity of the people of New Spain and create a desire to
visit the newly discovered region. In response to this sentiment, Men-
doza issued an order for a force to assemble at Compostela, ready to
march to Cibola as soon as the spring of 1540 opened. Arms, horses and
supplies were collected and the greater part of the winter was spent in
preparations. In casting about for a leader the viceroy's choice fell on
Gov. Coronado, a native of Salamanca, who had come to New Spain with
Mendoza in 1535. Two years later he married Beatrice de Estrada, said
to be a cousin by blood of Charles V, king of Spain. About the time of
his marriage Mendoza sent him to quell a revolt among the Indians in
the mines of Amatapeque, which he did so successfully that the following
year the viceroy appointed him governor of New Galicia, as already
stated. Castaneda's narrative says :
"There were so many men of such high quality among the Spaniards,
that such a noble body was never collected among the Indies, nor so
many men of quality in such a small body, there being 300 men. Fran-
cisco Vasquez Coronado was captain general, because he was the author
of it all."
In addition to the 300 Spaniards, there were from 800 to 1,000 Indians.
Accounts vary in this respect. Mota Padilla says the expedition consist-
ed of 260 horse, 60 foot, and more than 1,000 Indians, equipped with 6
swivel guns, more than 1,000 spare horses, and a large number of sheep
and swine. Bandelier gives the number of men as 300 Spanish and 800
Indians, and says the cost of equipping the expedition was 60,000
(I-29)
450 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ducats, or over $250,000 in United States money. On Feb. 23, 1540, Coro-
nado left Compostela with his army and, according to Winship, reached
Ctiliacan late in March. Here the expedition rested tmtil April 22, when
the real march to the "Seven Cities" began. Coronado "followed the
coast, bearing off to the left," and on St. John's eve "entered the wilder-
ness— the White mountain Apache country of Arizona." Mendoza, be-
lieving the destination of the expedition to be somewhere near the coast,
sent from Natividad two ships, under command of Pedro d'Alarcon, to
take to Xalisco all the soldiers and supplies the command could not
carry.
As the expedition advanced, detachments were sent out in various
directions to explore the country. In June Coronado reached the valley
of the Corazones — so named by Cabega de Vaca because the natives
there offered him the hearts of animals for food. Here the army built
the town of San Hierpnimo de los Corazones (St. Jerome of the Hearts),
and then moved on toward Cibola. There has been considerable specu-
lation as to the location of the fabled "Seven Cities," but the best authori-
ties agree that they occupied the site of the Zuni pueblos in the western
part of New Mexico. A map in the 14th annual report of the Bureau of
Ethnology shows them there, and Prof. Henry W. Haynes, in an ad-
dress at the annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society on Oct.
21, 1881, sums up the arguments in favor of this location.
On July 7, 1540, Coronado captured the first city, the pueblo of Haw-
ikuh, which he named Granada. After the capture of this place the In-
dians retired to their stronghold on Thunder mountain. Coronado recon-
noitered the position and on Aug. 3 despatched Juan Gallego with a let-
ter to Mendoza, advising him of the progress and achievements of the
expedition.
The army went into winter quarters at Tiguex, near the present city
of Albuquerque, and during the winter subjugated the hostile natives in
the pueblos of the Rio Grande. While at Tiguex Coronado heard from
one of the plains Indians, a slave in the village of Cicuye, the stories
about Quivira (q. v.). This Indian, whom the Spaniards called "The
Turk," told them his masters had instructed him to lead them to certain
barren plains, where water and food could not be obtained, and leave
them there to perish, or, if they succeeded in finding their way back they
would be so weakened as to fall an easy prey. Winship says :
"The Turk may have accompanied x\lvarado on the first visit to the
great plains, and he doubtless told the white men about his distant home
and the roving life on the prairies. It was later, when the Spaniards
began to question him about nations and rulers, gold and treasures, that
he received, perhaps from the Spaniards themselves, the hints which led
him to tell them what they were rejoiced to hear, and to develop the fan-
ciful pictures which appealed so forcibly to all the desires of his hearers.
The Turk, we cannot doubt, told the Spaniards many things which were
not true. But in trying to trace these early dealings of the Europeans
with the American aborigines, we must never forget how much may be
KANSAS HISTORY 45 1
explained by the possibilities of misrepresentation on the part of the
white men, who so often heard of what they wished to find, and who
learned, very gradually and in the end very imperfectly, to understand
only a few of their native languages and dialects. . . . I\Iuch
of what the Turk said was very likely true the first time he said it, al-
though the memories of home were heightened, no doubt, by absence
and distance. Moreover, Castaneda, who is the chief source for the sto-
ries of gold and lordly kings which are said to have been told by the
Turk, in all probability did not know anj^thing more than the reports of
what the Turk was telling to the superior officers, which were passed
about among the common foot soldiers. The present narrative (Cas-
tenada's) has already shown the wonderful power of gossip, and when
it is gossip recorded twenty years afterward, we may properly be cau-
tious in believing it."
Whatever the nature of the stories told by the Turk, they influenced
Coronado to undertake an expedition to the province of Quivira. On
April 10, 1 541, he wrote from Tigeux to the king. That letter has been
lost, but it no doubt contained a review of the information he had re-
ceived concerning Quivira and an announcement of his determination to
visit the province. The trusted messenger, Juan Gallego, was sent back
to the Corazones for reinforcements, but found the town of San Hieron-
omo almost deserted. He then hastened to Mexico, where he raised a
small body of recruits, with which he met Coronado as the latter was
returning from Quivira.
On April 23, guided by the Turk, Coronado left Tiguex. taking with
him every member of his army who was present at the time of starting.
The march was first to Sicuye (the Pecos Pueblo), a fortified village five
days distant from Tiguex. P'rom this point the route followed by the
expedition has been a subject for considerable discussion. Unquestion-
ably, the best authorities on the Coronado expedition are Simpson,
Bandelier, Hodge and Winship, and their opinions have not been suffi-
cienth- divergent to afifect the general result, so far as concerns Coron-
ado's ultimate destination.
Gen. Simpson, who devoted much time and study to the Spanish ex-
plorations of the southwest, prepared a map of the Coronado expedi-
tion, showing that he crossed the Canadian river near the boundary be-
tween the present counties of Mora and San Miguel in New Mexico,
thence north to a point about half-way between the Arkansas and Ca-
nadian rivers, and almost to the present line dividing Colorado and New
Mexico. There the course changes to the east, or a little north of east,
and continues in that general direction to a tributary of the Arkansas
river, about 50 miles west of -Wichita, Kan.
Bandelier, in his "Gilded Man," says the general direction from Cicuye
was northeast, and that "on the fourth day he crossed a river that was
so deep that they had to throw a bridge across it. This was perhaps the
Rio de Mora, and not, as I formerly thought, the little Gallinas, which
flows by Las Vegas, But it was more probably the Canadian river, into
452 CYCLOPEDIA OF
which the Mora empties." The same writer, in his reports of the Hem-
enway archaelogical expedition, says that after crossing the river Coro-
nado moved northeast for twenty days, when the course was changed to
almost east until he reached a stream "which flowed in the bottom of a
broad and deep ravine, where the army divided, Coronado, with 30
picked horsemen, going north and the remainder of the force returning
to Mexico.
Hodge's map, in his "Spanish Explorations in the Southern United
States," shows the course of the expedition to be southeast from Cicuye
to the crossing of the Canadian river; thence east and southeast to the
headwaters of the Colorado river in Texas, where the division of the
army took place.
Winship goes a little more into detail than any of the other writers.
Says he : "The two texts of the Relacion del Suceso differ on a vital
point; but in spite of this fact, I am inclined to accept the evidence of
this anonymous document as the most reliable testimony concerning
the direction of the army's march. According to this, the Spaniards
traveled due east across the plains for 100 leagues (265 miles) and then
50 leagues either south or southeast. The latter is the reading I should
prefer to adopt, because it accommodates the other details somewhat
better. This took them to the point of separation, which can hardly
have been south of the Red river, and was much more likely somewhere
along the north fork of the Canadian, not far above its junction with the
main stream."
At the time the army divided in May, Coronado reckoned that he was
250 leagues from Tiguex. The reasons for the separation were the scar-
city of food for the men and the weakened condition of many of the
horses, which were unable to continue the march. During the march to
this point a native kept insisting that the Turk was lying, and the In-
dians whom they met failed to corroborate the Turk's account. Coro-
nado's suspicions were finally aroused. He sent for the Turk, questioned
him closely, and made him confess that he had been untruthful. The
Indian still maintained, however, that Quivira existed, though not as he
had described it. From the time the army divided, all accounts agree
that Coronado and his 30 selected men went due north to a large stream,
which they crossed and descended in a northeasterly direction for some
distance, and then, continuing their course, soon came to the southern
border of Quivira.
Winship says that the army returned due west to the Pecos river.
■ "while Coronado rode north 'by the needle.' From these premises, which
are broad enough to be safe, I should be inclined to doubt if Coronado
went much beyond the southern branch of the Kansas river, even if he
reached that stream."
The "large stream" mentioned in the relations is believed to have been
the Arkansas river, which the expedition crossed somewhere near the
present Dodge City, Kan., then followed down the left bank to the vi-
cinity of Great Bend, where the river changes its course, while Coronado
proceeded in almost a straight line to the neighborhood of Junction Cit}'.
KANSAS HISTORY 453
At the limit of his journey he set up a cross bearing the inscription :
"Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, commander of an expedition, arrived
at this place."
Toward the latter part of August, Coronado left Quivira and started
on his return trip. On Oct. 20 he was back in Tiguex, where he wrote
his report to the king. The army wintered again at Tiguex and in the
spring of 1542 started for New Spain, where they arrived the following
fall. His report to the viceroy was coldly received, which seems to have
piqued the gallant captain general, as soon afterward he resigned his
position as governor of New Galicia and retired to his estates. True, his
expedition was a failure, so far as finding gold and silver was concerned,
but the failure was not the fault of the commander. On the other hand,
the Spaniards gained accurate geographical information — accurate at
least for that day — of a large section of the interior of the continent.
Mota Padilla's account, written in 1742 from records left by Pedro
de Tobar at Culiacan, says regarding the failure: "It was most likely
the chastisement of God that riches were not found on this expedition,
because, when this ought to have been the secondary object of the ex-
pedition, and the conversion of all those heathen their first aim, they
bartered fate and struggled after the secondary ; and thus the misfor-
tune is not so much that all those labors were without fruit, but the
worst is that such a number of souls have remained in their blindness."
Four priests started with the expedition, viz : Father Marcos, who
had previously been sent out to find the seven cities of Cibola, Juan de
Padilla, Luis de Ubeda and Juan de la Cruz. Father Marcos returned to
Mexico with Juan Gallego in Aug., 1541, and is not again mentioned in
connection with the expedition. The other three friars remained as mis-
sionaries among the Indians, by whom thej' were killed. Father Padilla
(q. v.) was killed in Quivira ; Father Cruz at Tiguex, and Father Ubeda
at Cicuye.
Following the narratives of Castaneda and Jaramillo and the Relacion
del Suceso, it is comparatively easy to distinguish certain landmarks
which seem to establish conclusively the fact that the terminus of Coro-
nado's expedition was somewhere in central or northeastern Kansas.
The first of these landmarks is the crossing of the Arkansas, near where
the crossing of the Santa Fe trail was afterward established. The second
is the three days' march along the north bank of that stream to where
the river changes its course. The next is the southwest border of Qui-
vira, where Coronado first saw the hills along the Smoky Hill river, and
another is the ravines mentioned by Castaneda as forming the eastern
boundary of Quivira, which corresponds to the surface of the country
about Fort Riley and Junction City. In addition to these landmarks
there have been found in southwestern Kansas several relics of Spanish
origin. Prof. J. A. Udden, of Bethany College, found in a mound near
Lindsborg a fragment of Spanish chain mail. W. E. Richey, of Har-
veyville, Kan., presented to the State Historical Society a sword found
in Finney county and bearing a Spanish motto, with the name of Juan
454 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Gallego near the hilt. iVIr. Richey also reported the finding of another
sword in Greeley county — a two-edged sword of the stjde of the Spanish
rapier of the i6th century. And near Lindsborg were found the iron
portion of a Spanish bridle and a bar of lead marked with a Spanish
brand. In the light of all this circumstantial evidence, it is almost cer-
tain that Coronado's expedition terminated somewhere near the junction
of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers.
One sad feature of the expedition was the fate of the Turk, whom
Coronado put to death upon finding that the Indiana had misled him,
although the poor native's mendacity had no doubt been encouraged, if
not actually inspired by the covetousness of the Spanish soldiers.
Corporations. — Under the general laws of Kansas, corporations are
either public or private. A public corporation is one that has for its
object the government of a portion of the state. Private corporations
are of three kinds — corporations for religion, corporations for charity
or benevolence, and corporations for profit. Private corporations are
created by the voluntary association of five or more persons for the pur-
pose and in the manner prescribed. Every member or stockholder in
such corporations may vote in person or by prox}-.
The purposes for which private corporations may be formed are :
I — The support of public worship ; 2 — the support of any benevolent,
charitable, educational or missionary undertaking; 3 — the support of any
literary or scientific undertaking, such as the maintenance of a library,
or the promoting of painting, music or other fine arts; 4 — the encour-.
agement of agriculture and horticulture ; 5 — the maintenance of pnblic
parks and of facilities for skating and other innocent sports ; 6 — the
maintenance of a club for social enjoyment ; 7 — the maintenance of a
public or private cemeter}" ; 8 — the prevention or punishment of theft or
willful injuries to property, and insurance against such risks ; 9 — the
insurance of human life and dealing in annuities ; 10 — the insurance of
hum^n beings against sickness or personal injury; 11 — the insurance of
lives of domestic animals or against their loss by other means; 12 — the
insurance of property — marine risks; 13 — the insurance of property
against loss or injury by fire, or by any risk of inland transportation;
14 — the purchase, location and laying out of town sites and the sale and
conveyance of the same in lots or subdivisions or otherwise; 15 — the
construction and maintenance of a railway and of a telegraph line in
connection therewith ; 16 — the construction and maintenance of any
species of road and of bridges in connection therewith; 17 — the con-
struction and maintenance of a bridge; 18 — the construction and main-
tenance of a telegraph line ; 19 — the establishment and maintenance of
a line of stages : 20 — the establishment and maintenance of a ferry ; 21 —
the building and navigation of steamboats and carriage of persons and
property thereon ; 22 — the construction and maintenance of a telephone
line : 23 — the supply of water to the public ; 24 — the manufacture and
supply of gas or the supply of light or heat to the public of any other
means ; 25 — the production and supply of light, heat or power by elec-
KANSAS HISTORY 455
tricity; 26 — the transaction of any manufacturing, mining, mechanical
or chemical business ; 27 — the transaction of a printing and publishing
business ; 28 — the establishment and maintenance of a hotel ; 29 — the
establishment and maintenance of a theater or opera-house ; 30 — the pur-
chase, erection and maintenance of buildings, including the real estate
upon which same are or may be situated when erected ; 31 — the improve-
ment of the breed of domestic animals by importation, sale or other-
wise ; 32 — the transportation of goods, wares, merchandise or any valu-
able thing; 33 — the promotion of immigration; 34 — the construction and
maintenance of sewers ; 35 — the construction and maintenance of street
railways; 36 — the erection and maintenance of market-houses and mar-
ket-places ; 2>7 — the construction and maintenance of dams and canals
for the purpose of waterworks, irrigation or manufacturing purposes;
38 — the construction, maintenance and operation of union stock-yards,
and the erection of such buildings, hotels, railways and switches as may
be necessary for that purpose ; 39 — the conversion and disposal of agri-
cultural products by means of mills, elevators, markets and stores, or
otherwise ; 40 — the organization and maintenance of boards of trade and
business exchanges, with powers to hold and improve real estate and to
transact any and all business connected therewith ; 41 — the organization
of loan and trust companies (but this privilege is not construed to author-
ize such loan and trust companies to sell real estate held as security,
except in the manner provided by law) ; 42 — the organization and con-
trol of building and loan associations ; 43 — the organization and control
of banks ; 44 — to raise necessary funds by any settlers on any Indian
lands in this state to defray expenses in endeavoring to obtain title to
any such land so occupied by such settlers ; 45 — the manufacture of any
kind of machinery, or the transaction of any manufacturing or mining
business, including the selling, hiring or leasing of engines, cars, rolling-
stock and other equipments for railroads to railroad companies ; 46 — the
insurance of crops against damages by hail-storms: and 47 — the insur-
ance of plate glass, etc.
Telephone companies have all the rights and powers conferred and are
subject to all the liabilities imposed by the general laws oi this state
upon telegraph companies. The corporate name of every corporation
(except banks and corporations not for pecuniary profit) must com-
mence with the word "the," and end with the word "corporation," "com-
pany," "association," or "society," and must indicate by its corporate
name the character of the business to be carried on by the corporation.
The charter of a corporation must set forth the name of the corporation;
the purposes for which it is formed ; the place or places where its busi-
ness is to be transacted ; the term for which it is to exist ; the number
of its directors or trustees, and the names and residences of those who
are appointed for the first year ; the amount of its capital, .if any, and
the number of shares into which it is divided ; the names and addresses
of the stockholders, and the number of shares held by each ; and must
be subscribed and acknowledged by five or more of the stockholders,
456 CYCLOPEDIA OF
three of whom, at least, must be citizens of this state. The charter of
a road company must also state the kind of road intended to be con-
structed; the places from and to which it is intended to run; the counties
through which it is intended to be run ; and the estimated length of the
road. The charter of a bridge or ferry company must also state the
stream intended to be crossed, and the place where it is intended to be
crossed by the bridge or ferry.
There is created a State Charter Board, composed of the attorney-
general, the secretary of state, and the state bank commissioner, which
meets on the first and third Wednesda}'s of each month in the office of the
secretary of state. The attorney-general is the president and the secre-
tary of state is the secretary of the board. Persons seeking to form a
private corporation under the laws of the State of Kansas must make
application to this board, upon blank forms supplied by the secretary
of state, for permission to organize such corporation. The application
must set forth the name desired for the corporation ; the name of the
postoffice where the principal office or place of business is to be located;
the full nature and character of the business in which the corporation
proposes to engage; the names and addresses for the proposed incor-
porators, and the proposed amount of the capital stock. Such state-
ment must be subscribed to by all of the proposed incorporators. The
charter board must make a careful investigation of each application and
inquire especially with reference to the character of the business in which
the proposed incorporation is to engage. If the board shall determine
that the business or undertaking is one for which a corporation may law-
fully be formed, and that the applicants are acting in good faith, the ap-
plication is granted and a certificate setting forth such fact shall be en-
dorsed upon the application and signed by the members of the charter
board approving the same.
The charter of every private corporation, after the payment of the
fees provided by law has been endorsed thereon by the secretary of
state, is filed in the office of that official, who records the same at length
in a book kept for that purpose and retains the original on file in his
office, giving a certified copy of it to the incorporators. A copy of the
charter or of the record thereof, duly certified by the secretary of state
under the seal of his office, is evidence of the creation of the corporation.
The existence of a private corporation begins on the day the charter is
filed in the office of the secretary of state and continues for a period of
fifty years. The certificate of the secretary of state under the seal of
his office is evidence of the time of such filing, but no corporation for
profit, excepting railroad corporations, banking corporations and build-
ing and loan associations, can commence business until there is filed with
the secretar)^ of state an affidavit, made by its president or secretary,
setting forth that not less than 20 per cent, of its authorized capital
has been paid in actual cash or in property equivalent thereto. A
schedule of such property must in such case accompany the affidavit.
Any corporation organized or existing may amend its charter by the-
KANSAS HISTORY 457'
affirmative vote of two-thirds of the shares of the stock of such cor-
poration, at a meeting of the stockholders called for the purpose, in con-
formity with the by-laws thereof. When a corporation amends any of
the provisions of its charter, a copy of such amendment, certified by
the president and secretary of the corporation, must be submitted to
the state charter board, and, when approved by such board, shall be
filed in the office of the secretary of state, along with the original char-
ter of the corporation. Such amendments take effect and are in force
from and after the date of filing the certificate of amendment.
When the name of a corporation has been changed, or where the
capital has been decreased, or when the location of the principal office
or place of business has been changed, notice of such change of name,
decrease of capital stock, or change of location, must immediately there-
after be published once each week for four consecutive weeks in a
newspaper printed and published in the county where the principal office-
of the corporation is located. If there be no newspaper printed or piib-
lished in such county, then in some newspaper having a general circula-
tion therein. Any corporation organized under the laws of this state
may increase its capital to any amount not exceeding three times that
of its authorized capital by vote of the stockholders, or such corporation
may increase its capital to any amount by vote, provided there be an
actual, bona fide, additional paid-up subscription thereto equal to the
amount of such increase ; and such increase must become a part of the
capital of the corporation from and after the date of filing the certificate
of such amendment in the office of the secretary of state.
Each application to the charter board for permission to organize a
domestic corporation, or to engage in business in this state as a foreign
corporation, must be accomplished by a fee of $25, which is known as an
application fee; but corporations organized for religious, educational!
or charitable purposes, having no capital stock, are not required to pay
such fee. Every corporation for profit organized in this state must pay
to the secretary of state, at the time of filing its articles of incorporation,
a fee known as a capitalization fee, based upon the amount of the
authorized capital of the corporation: For a corporation having an
authorized capital of $100,000 or less, the fee is one-tenth of one per cent,
of the amount, but the minimum capitalization fee paid by any corpora-
tion is $10. For a corporation having an authorized capital greater than
$100,000, the capitalization fee is $100, and, in addition thereto, one-
twentieth of one per cent, of the amount of such capital over or in excess
of $100,000.
Corwin, a village of Blaine township, Harper county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. 17 miles southwest of Anthony, the county
seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices,,
telephone connections, a hotel, a good local trade, and in 1910 reported
a population of 125. It is the principal shipping point for the south-
western part of the county.
458 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Costello, a discontinued postoffice in Montgomery county, is a station
on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 15 miles northwest of Independence, the
county seat, and 6 miles north of Elk City, from which place it receives
daily mail.
Cotton. — The cotton of commerce, now so widely used throughout
the civilized world in the manufacture of textile fabrics, is the product of
several varieties of plants belonging to the genus gossypium, natural
order malacese, of which the best known species is the gossypium bar-
badense, the cotton that is cultivated so extensively in the L'nited States.
Of this plant there are two varieties — the long staple, or sea-island cot-
ton, which is grown exclusively upon the islands along the coast and in
a few places on the mainland in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina,
and the short staple, or upland cotton, which is successfully grown
everywhere in the Union south of the 35th parallel. A small quantity
is raised north of that line, but is usually of an inferior quality.
India is the oldest cotton producing country in the world. In the
early part of the seventh century the manufacture of cotton cloth was
introduced into Spain by the Mohammedans, and in course of time it
spread to all the European countries. In 1721 the first cotton was
planted in Virginia, and eleven or twelve years later it was introduced
in Georgia and South Carolina. The cotton crop of the colonies in 1790
was a little less than 9,000 bales. Three years later the cotton gin was
invented b}' Eli Whitnej^ and in 1800 the crop was nearly 180,000 bales,
much of the increase being due to Whitney's invention. By i860 the
production reached to over 5,000,000 bales, with an average weight of
445 pounds. Then came the great Civil war, during which the Southern
ports were in a state of blockade, so that the cotton could not find an
outlet to market, and the production practically ceased.
It was in this period that the experiment of raising cotton in the North-
ern states was tried. Illinois, Indiana, West Virginia, Nevada, Utah,
California and Kansas all joined the ranks of the cotton growing states,
and while the amount raised was not sufificient to supply the demand,
and the quality was not as good as that of the cotton grown farther
south, at the close of the war these states were producing annually some-
thing like 300,000 pounds of cotton.
The experiment was tried in practicallj^ every county of Kansas, but
it was found that only the southern portion of the state was adapted to
the cultivation of cotton. After the war came the reconstruction period,
during which the industries of the South were almost completely para-
lyzed, so that it was several years before the cotton growing states were
able to produce anything like a normal crop. As late as 1878 cotton was
grown in 22 counties of Kansas, the report of the state board of agri-
culture for that year showing that there were 508 acres planted in cotton,
and the value of the crop was $8,523.70. More than one-half the entire
amount was raised in Crawford county, where there were 333 acres of
cotton fields and the value of the product was $5,833.50. From that time
cotton growing in the state gradually declined, owing to the fact that the
KANSAS HISTORY 459
Southern states were increasing their production, and the cost of labor
in those states made it impossible for the Kansas cotton planter to com-
pete with them. The report of the state board of agriculture for 1910
shows that cotton was raised in but two counties of the state — 10 acres
in Cowley county and 24 acres in Montgomery — and the value of the
entire crop was but $790.
Cottonwood Falls, the judicial seat and largest town of Chase county,
is located in the central part of the county on the Cottonwood river, at
the junction of two lines of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R.
It is a well built little city with good appearing business houses, some
of them elegantly constructed with plate glass windows, etc. There are
2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the Chase County Leader and the Cur-
rant and Reveille). It is also an important market for farm produce. A
fine quality of limestone is quarried near by and shipped from this point,
and brick for building and walks is manufactured in considerable quan-
tities. The town is supplied with telegraph and express offices and had
an international money order postoffice with one rural route. The popu-
lation according to the census of 1910 was 899.
Cottonwood Falls was made the temporary' county seat upon the
organization of the county in 1859. In 1862, having received a majority
of the votes for the permanent county seat, it was declared such. The
town became a city of the third class in 1872. The first officers were :
Mayor, W. S. Smith ; city clerk, M. C. Newton ; marshal, C, C, Whitson ;
police judge, J. S. Doolittle ; councilmen, George W. Williams, A. S.
Howard and a number of others.
As early as Ma}^ 1859, a newspaper was started by S. N. Wood called
the Kansas Press. It was moved to Council Grove later and in 1866 Mr.
Wood started the Chase County Banner. The earliest paper to sur-
vive was the Chase County Leader, established in 1871 by William A.
Morgan. The first bank was the Chase County National, established in
1882. The first churches were built about the year 1870.
Cottonwood Falls is on the south side of the river and Sire nig City,
the railroad station, is on the north side. The two are a mile and a halt
apart and are connected by street cars.
Cottonwood River, one of the principal tributaries of the Neosho, is
formed b}^ the union of two branches known as the north and south
forks. The north fork rises near the west line of Marion count}', in
township 30 south, range i east. It first flows southeast, crossing the
east line of Marion county about 12 miles north of the southeast corner,
and thence northeast to Cottonwood Falls, Chase county. The south
fork rises in the northwest corner of Greenwood county and flows north-
ward until it joins the north fork a short distance below Cottonwood
Falls. The main stream then follows an easterly course until it falls
into the Neosho a few miles east of Emporia.
Council Grove, the county seat of Morris county and one of the his-
toric towns of Kansas, is pleasantly situated in the eastern part of the
■county, on the Neosho river at an altitude of 1.234 feet, and at the junc-
460 CYCLOPEDIA OF
tion of the Missouri Pacific and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas rail-
roads. It has I national and i state bank, an international money order
postoffice with five rural routes, express and telegraph offices, a tele-
phone exchange, an electric lighting plant and waterworks, both of which
are owned by the city, grain elevators, three newspapers (the Re-
publican, the Guard, and the Morris County Advance), an opera-house,
good hotels, a public library, an excellent public school system, churches
of the leading denominations, marble and granite works, and a number
of well appointed mercantile establishments. The population in 1910
was 2,545.
The first settler at Council Grove was Seth M. Hays, who established
a trading post there in 1847, i" ^ log cabin a few rods west of the
Neosho river on the north side of the old Santa Fe trail. The next year
a man named Mitchell came to Council Grove as a government black-
smith, bringing with him his Avife, who was the first white woman in
]\Iorris county. The Kaw mission was established in 1850, and in 'Slay.
185 1, T. S. Huflfaker opened a school, which was one of the first schools
attended b}'' white children in Kansas. Other early settlers were the
Chouteau brothers, the Columbia brothers and C. H. Withington, who
came as traders, and during the early '50s their establishments formed
"the last chance for supplies" for travelers bound for the Great West. In
Oct., 1854, Gov. Reeder visited Council Grove, with a view to making it
the territorial capital, but the land was at that time an Indian posses-
sion. A man named Gilkey opened the first hotel in 1856, and in 1858
the. town was incorporated, the incorporators being T. S. Huffaker, Seth
M. HaA's, Hiram Northrup and Christopher Columbia.
The place where Council Grove now stands was mentioned b}' trav-
elers as early as 1820, and in 1825 the treaty was here negotiated with
the Osage Indians for the right of way for the government road known
as the Santa Fe trail, a portion of which now forms the main street of
the city. There has been considerable speculation, and various reports
have been circulated, as to how the place received the name of Council
Grove. Cutler's History of Kansas saj's it originated from the fact that
emigrant trains were accustomed to assemble there, and the leaders of
those trains would hold a "council" to determine means of safety while
passing through the Indian country farther west. Gregg, in his Com-
merce of the Prairies, says :
"Frequent attempts have been made by travelers to invest Council
Grove with a romantic sort of interest, of which the following fabulous
vagary, which I find in a letter that went the rounds of our journals is
an amusing example : 'Here the Pawnee, Arapahoe, Comanche, Loup
and Eutaw Indians, all of whom were at war with each other, meet and
smoke the pipe once a year.' Now it is more than probable that not a
soul of most of the tribes mentioned above ever saw the Council Grove.
. The facts connected with the designation of this spot are sim-
ply these. Messrs. Reeves, Sibley and Mathers, having been commis-
sioned by the United States in 1825, to mark a road from the confines
KANSAS HISTORY
461
of Missouri to Santa Fe, met on this spot with some bands of Osages,
with whom they concluded a treaty. The commissioners on this occa-
sion gave to the place the
name of "Council Grove.' "
Under the tree known as
the "Council Oak" stands a
granite marker, five feet in
height, on one side of which
is the inscription: "On this
spot, Aug. 10, 1825, the
treaty was made with the
Osage Indians for the right
of way for the Santa Fe
trail." The inscription on
the other side reads : "Santa
Fe Trail, 1822-1872. Marked
by the D. A. R. and the
State of Kansas, 1906."
There are a number of
places and objects of his-
toric interest about Council
Grove. The most important
of these are the C'ouncil
Oak, the Custer Elm, Fre-
mont Park, Belfry Hill, Sun-
rise Rock, the Hermit's Cave c )u.\'"'il oak at cimxciL gria-e.
and the Padilla Monument.
Courtland, one of the principal towns in the western part of Republic
county, is located in the township of the same name, at the junction of
the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe railroads, which makes it one of the best shipping points for that
section of the county. Courtland was settled in 1885 ^nd was incor-
porated in 1892. The population in 1910 was 454. It is provided with an
international money order postoffice with three rural routes, express and
telegraph offices, 2 weekl}' newspapers — the Comet and the Rej^ister —
an opera house, good banking facilities, hotels, churches of various
denominations, and in the summer of 1910 a $10,000 school building was
erected.
Courts. — The tribunals of Kansas consist of a United States circuit
court, a United States district court, a state supreme court, thirty-eight
district courts, municipal courts in certain cities, and at least one jus-
tice of the peace in each civil township. The United States circuit
court, William C. Hook, judge, meets at Topeka on the fourth Monday
in November, at Leavenworth on the first Mondav in lune, at Fort Scott
IHmK<^ r^^n^i^ .^^mmii
462 CYCLOPEDIA OF
on the first Monda}- in May and the second Monday in November, and
at Wichita on the second Monday in March and September. The
United States district court, John C. Pollock, judge, meets at Topeka
on the second Monday in April, at Leavenworth on the second Mon-
day in Octob'er, and at Fort Scott and Wichita at the same times as the
circuit court.
Originally the state supreme court consisted of three justices, but
by a constitutional amendment, ratified at the general election of 1900,
the number of justices was increased to seven. (See Constitutional
Amendments.) In 191 1 the court was composed as follows: Chief Jus-
tice, AVilliam A. Johnston; associate justices, Rousseau A. Burch, Henry
F. Mason, Clark A. Smith, Silas Porter, Charles B. Graves and Alfred
W. Benson. The clerk of the court at that time was D. A. Valentine,
and the reporter was L. J. Graham. (See also Judiciary.)
Covert, a village of Osborne county, is located on a creek of the same
name about 15 miles southwest of Osborne, the county seat. It has a
money order postoffice with one rural route, a daily mail hack running
to Osborne, and is a trading center for the neighborhood. The popula-
tion was 75 in 1910.
Covode Investigation. — On March 5, i860, John Covode, a member
of Congress from Penns}dvania, introduced the following resolution in
the national house of representatives: "Resolved, That a committee
of five members be appointed by the speaker, for the purpose of mvesti-
gating- whether the president of the United States, or any other officer
of the government, has, hj money, patronage, or other improper means,
sought to influence the action of Congress, or any committee thereof,
for or against the passage of any law appertaining to the rights of
any state or territory' ; also, to inquire into and investigate whether
any officer or ofificers of the government have, by combination or
otherwise, prevented or defeated, or attempted to prevent or defeat,
the execution of any law or laws now upon the statute book, and
whether the President has failed or refused to compel the execution
of any law thereof; and that said committee shall investigate and
inquire into the abuses at the Chicago or other postoffices, and at the
Philadelphia and other navy yards, and into any abuses in connection
with the public buildings and other public works of the Ignited States.
"And resolved further: That as the President, in his letter to the
Pittsburgh centenary celebration of Nov. 25. 1858, speaks of the em-
ployment of money to coerce elections, said committee shall inquire
into and ascertain the amount so used in Pennsylvania, and any other
state or states, in what districts it was expended, and by whom, and
by whose authority it was done, and from what source the money was
derived, and to report the names of the parties implicated ; and that
for the purpose aforesaid, said committee shall have power to send the
persons and papers, and to report at any time."
The resolution was adopted by a vote of 117 to 45, and the speaker
appointed on the committee John Covode of Pennsylvania, Abram B.
KANSAS HISTORY 463
Olin of New York, Charles R. Train of Massachusetts, Warren Wins-
low of North Carolina, and James C. Robinson of Illinois. The resolu-
tion, as will be seen at a glance, was wide in its scope, and, even if
somewhat vague in its charges as intimated by its opponents, was
sweeping in its provisions. The committee organized at once and
held daily sessions until June i6, when it submitted its report, which
was published as Document No. 648, Thirty-sixth Congress, First ses-
sion, a volume of nearly 1,100 pages.
Only the first part of the resolution related to Kansas — that is, that
portion as to whether the president or any officer of the government
had exercised an undue influence to prevent the passage of any law
affecting the right of any state or territory. On this subject the major-
ity report of the committee says: "Your committee first direct atten-
tion of the house to that portion of the testimony which relates to the
Kansas' policy of the present administration of the government. The
patriot will mourn, the historian will pause with astonishment over this
shameless record. Accustomed as the American people are to the
errors and crimes of those in power, the)- will read this exposure with
feelings of unmingled indignation. The facts revealed by the testi-
mony prove conclusively —
"I — The emphatic and unmistakable pledges of the president, as
well before as after his election, and the pledges of all his cabinet to
the doctrine of leaving the people of Kansas 'perfectly free to form
and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way.'
"2 — The deliberate violation of this pledge, and the attempt to con-
vert Kansas into a slave state by means of forgeries, frauds, and
Force.
"3 — The removal of, and the attempt to disgrace, the sworn agents
of the administration who refused to violate this pledge;
"4 — The open employment of money in the passage of the Lecomp-
ton Constitution and English bills through the Congress of the United
States.
"5 — The admission of the parties engaged in the work of election-
eering those schemes that they received enormous sums for this pur-
pose, and proof in the checks upon which they were paid by an agent
of the administration.
"6 — ^The offer to purchase newspapers and newspaper editors by
offers of extravagant sums of money.
"7 — And finally the proscription of Democrats of high standing who
would not support the Lecompton Constitution and English bills."
Among the witnesses examined by the committee concerning the
Kansas policy of the administration were ex-Gov. Robert J. Walker,
ex-Gov. Samuel Medary, A. J. Isaacs, M. P. Bean, Henry Wilson, Ellis
B. Schnabel, Thomas C. McDowell, and a number of members of Con-
gress who testified to having received, or having been offered money
to support the Lecompton Constitution bill. With regard to the testi-
mony of ex-Gov. Walker the report says : "The evidence of Flon.
464 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Robert J. Walker is conclusive as to the first of these facts ; and it is
so compact and clear as to require no comment. . . . The treat-
ment which Gov. Walker received evinces a depth of ingratitude unusual
among politicians. It shows how, even in our happy countr}^, power
may not only be used to destroy an honest citizen, but also may be
wielded to overthrow the vital elements of constitutional liberty."
The majority report closes by stating: "The testimony is now in
possession of the house, and your committee have no further sugges-
tions to offer." This report was signed by Covode, Olin and Train,
and a minority report was submitted by Mr. Winslow. After going
into details regarding the testimony — details that grow tiresome to
the reader — he closes his report as follows : "As the majority of the
committee has not thought proper to introduce articles of impeach-
ment or censure, the undersigned is strengthened in the opinion that
the whole intent of the resolution was to manufacture an electioneer-
ing document. At all events, the failure to take such action is a clear
indication on the part of the majority that none was justified by the
evidence, in which opinion the undersigned fully concurs."
Cowboys. — The name "Cowboys" was first applied to a band of
Tories which was organized in Westchester county, N. Y., at the time
of the American Revolution for the purpose of harassing- the Whigs
and colonists who were fighting for freedom from British oppression,
their specialty being that of driving ofif or stealing cattle. In later
da3^s the term came into use to designate the men who had charge of
the herds of cattle on the large ranges in the western part of the L'nited
States. The cowboy of modern times has be^n eulogized in song and
story, and numerous dramas have been presented on the American
stage, in which he has figured as a hero or a villain, according to the
idea of the playwright. At the time of the Spanish-American war a
large number of cowboys enlisted in the volunteer cavalrj^ of the United
States, under the name of "Rough Riders," and were active in the
campaign against Santiago, Cuba. Opinions differ as to the character
and merits of the western cowboy. William D. Street, in an address
before the Kansas Historical Society on Dec. 6, 1904, said :
"The cowboy, who stood the brunt of the battle and acted as a
buffer between civilization and barbarism, was here in all his pristine
glory. The}^ as a class, have been much abused. But few toughs were
to be found among the genuine cowboys of the West. They were
generally a genteel set of men, in many instances well educated, always
generous, some possessing excellent business qualifications. There was,
however, a class who hung out at the shipping points, who did not
belong to the cowboj^s, but lived off of them. They generally created
most of the disturbances, shot up the towns, did the fighting and kill-
ing. This class were the gamblers and saloon keepers ; most of them,
it is true, 'came up the trail,' and when they went broke turned to
the range to raise a stake as cowboys. This disreputable class caused
the rows, and the cowboy was given the credit (or discredit) for the
KANSAS HISTORY 465
trouble, when in reality he usually had little or no part in the dis-
turbance."
J. T. Botkin, another Kansas man, now employed in the secretary
of state's office, in the Topeka Capital of Nov. 21, 1910, has this to
say of the cowboys: "I do not see things as the romancers do.
. . . I have lived with the cowboys and been one of them ; have
worked with them in the branding pen, on the round-up and the trail
for wear}' weeks at a time ; have lived with them in camp ; have slept
with them in all kinds of weather with only my saddle blanket for a
bed, my saddle for a pillow, and the blue sky for a covering. I have
sat on the back of a broncho during the silent watches of the night,
humming softly to the herd and watching the course of the stars that
I might know when to call the next 'relief.' I have been with them
when we shipped the beef to Kansas City, and have seen and known
them under almost every condition and ought to, and I believe I do,
know something about their habits and character.
"The real cowboy, the fellow about whom the songs, the plays and
the stories have been written, and on whom so much gush has been
wasted, was a very ordinary fellow. He was the best practical rider
in the world. He possessed about the average intelligence, but he
was usually illiterate and coarse. He was not overly cleanly about
his person. He lacked energy and was without ambition. His language
was profane and of the style of the braggart. He delighted to hear
himself called 'Texas Jack,' 'Cimarron Dave,' 'Arizona,' or some other,
to him, high sounding name. His habits were very bad and when he
struck town he sought the companionship of the evil and filled his skin
with red liquor. He rode through the streets, shot holes in the atmos-
phere and tried to rope a dog. He did this to impress the people with
the idea that he was a 'Bad man from Bitter creek.' Ninety-nine times
out of a hundred it was all bluff and bluster. . . . The countr}- of
'magnificent distances' seemed to dwarf rather than to broaden him.
He had no part nor interest in the greater affairs of life and neither
his occupation nor environment tended to develop him. To be able
to ride a horse, read the brands and rope a steer when necessary was
all that was required of him, and he naturally drifted into shiftless and
lazy habits.
"Compared to other characters of the border, he was not 'quick
with the gun.' Ask any old timer of Dodge City, Baxter Springs, Hays
or Abilene and he will tell you that but few gun fights between the
gamblers and cowboys were won by the latter. He was an easy vic-
tim and his money was a gift to the gambler."
Such are the views of two Kansas men regarding the cowboy. And
while these views seem to be contradictory, both may be right. It
depends upon the point of view. Among the cowboys, as in all other
occupations, there were doubtless men above the general average and
others who fell below. In the former class would be found the men
described by Mr. Street, and in the latter the "ordinarv fellow" men-
(I-30)
466 CYCLOPEDIA OF
tioned by Mr. Botkin. With the settlement of the West came the
passing of the cowboy. Those above the average readily adapted
themselves to changed conditions and entered other occupations. Some
became ranch owners, others small tradesmen, etc. Those below the
line — or at least many of them — drifted still lower down in their habits
and associations until they dropped from view below the social horizon.
One trait of the cowboy is worthy of more than passing notice. He
was generally loyal to his employer and to his comrades on the ranch
or range. The interests of the "boss" were carefully guarded, and when
the boys belonging to an "outfit" went to town together, if one of
them got into trouble the others could usually be depended on to
help him out of it, even at the expense of personal risk. But the cow-
boy with his fanciful costume and jingling spurs has gone, never to
return. Just as the railroad put the old stage coach and the pony
express out of business, so the homesteader and the husbandman have
relegated the cowboy to the institutions of the past.
Cow Creek. — One stream bearing this name rises in the central part
of Crawford county and flows southward through the counties of Craw-
ford and Cherokee until it empties into the Spring river near the city
of Galena. Another and more important Cow creek rises in the north-
ern part of Barton county and flows in a southeasterly direction, its
waters falling into the Arkansas river a little below the cit}^ of Hutch-
inson. This Cow creek was crossed by Lieut. Pike near the present
town of Claflin on Oct. lo, 1806, and Fowler's journal of the Glenn
expedition for Oct. 15, 1821, contains the following entry: "We set
out at our usual time up the River N. 80 West and stopped at the
mouth of bold stream of Watter 70 feet Wide," etc. The stream thus
mentioned Coues identifies as Cow creek.
In the latter years of the Civil war some troubles with the Indians
occurred along Cow creek. On the evening of Dec. 4, 1864, a small
escort of the Seventh Iowa cavalry, with a wagon loaded with ammuni-
tion from Fort Ellsworth and bound for Fort Zarah, went into camp
on the bank of Cow creek, about 15 miles east of Fort Zarah. Soon
after going into camp they were attacked by a party of Indians, who
crept up under cover of the creek bank. The driver of the team and
one soldier were killed, and the others fled, three of them finally
reaching Fort Ellsworth. Capt. Theodore Conkey of the Third Wis-
consin cavalry, commanding at Fort Zarah, sent out a party of 25
men and brought in the wagon, though about one-half of the ammuni-
tion was damaged.
A government train bound for Fort Union, New Mex., was attacked
by Indians on Chavis creek on June 9, 1865. Lieut. Jenkins, with 60
men, hurried up from Cow creek and followed the marauders to the
Arkansas river, but they got away, having captured loi mules, 3 horses
and 75 cattle. Five days later the westbound overland coach, escorted
by 6 men, commanded by Lieut. Jenkins, was attacked a few miles
west of Cow creek station. Jenkins held on until reinforcements
KANSAS HISTORY 467
arrived, when he drove the Indians to the river, killing and wounding
15 without the loss of a man.
Cow Island. — (See Isle au Vache.)
Cowley County, located in the southern tier, the fifth county west
of Missouri, was created in 1867 with the following boundaries : "Com-
mencing at the southeast corner of Butler county, thence south to the
37th degree of north latitude, thence west to the east line of range
2 east, thence north to the southwest corner of Butler county, thence
east to the place of beginning." It was named in honor of Lieut.
Mathew Cowle)' of Company I, Ninth Kansas, who was killed at Little
Rock, Ark., in 1864. The county is bounded on the north by Butler
county ; on the east by Elk and Chautauqua ; on the south by the State
of Oklahoma, and on the west by Sumner county.
It is believed that N. J. Thompson was the first actual settler in
what is now Cowley county. He built a cabin on the Walnut river,
near what he supposed was the south line of Butler county, in Aug.,
1868, but it was afterward found that he located in Cowley county.
The land was still an Indian reservation, but the white settlers were
attracted by the fertility of the soil and another settlement was soon
made south of Thompson by William Ouimby and a man named Sales.
Cattle dealers began to come among the Osages to purchase their
herds and carried back reports of the rich lands, which caused a num-
ber of white settlers to trespass on the Indian reserve and make set-
tlements. Among those who came in 1869 were James Renfro, T. B.
Ross. John and Joseph Stanbury, F. W. Schwantes, S. B. Williams, B.
F. Murphy, T. A. Blanchard and some others, extending the settle-
ments southward to within 4 miles north of the present city of Win-
field. In June, 1869, C. M. Wood brought a small stock of groceries
from Chase county to sell to the Indians. This stock he kept at Ren-
fro's house for a time, but soon erected a stockade and cabin on the
west bank of the Walnut nearly opposite where Wjnfield now stands.
The Indians were numerous and knowing the insecurity of the whites
in the country, began to steal and make unfriendly demonstrations,
which- caused Wood to move back to Renfro's for safety.
About the same time that Wood came, E. C. Manning and P. Y,
Becker came down the valley and erected a cabin for the latter at the
bend of the Walnut river about 2 miles below Winfield. and on June
II Manning laid claim to the land where a part of Winfield now stands.
In August all the settlers in the valley were ordered off the Indian
lands. Wood's stockade was burned and all the settlers but T. B.
Ross left for Butler county. Later the settlers began to drift back,
and in September several families came down the valley to settle near
Manning. These settlers each paid the Osage chief $5 for the privilege
of remaining. Among them were W. G. Graham and family, Mrs.
Graham being the first white woman of north Timber creek. Pretty-
man Knowles, James H. Land and J. C. Mountfort also located in this
neighborhood. In December Alonzo Rowland, W. W. Andrews, Joel
468 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Mack, H. C. Loomis, A. Mentor and others took up claims. Mr. How-
land built a dwelling on his land just south of where Winfield now
stands, which was the first frame house in the county, the lumber for
it having been hauled loo miles.
During the summer of 1869 H. C. Endicott, Edward Chapin, George
Harmon, W. Johnson, Patrick Sommers and others took up claims as
far south as the site of Arkansas City. In June, 1870, a party of men
took claims along the Grouse valley, among whom were John Nichols,
O. J. Phenis, D. T. Walters, Gilbert Branson and William Coats. Up
to this time all settlers had been trespassing on the Indian lands, but
on July 15, 1870, the Osage diminished reserve was opened for settle-
ment and the whites began to pour into the county. The land was
surveyed and sold to actual settlers in quantities not exceeding 160
acres each. Among the new arrivals were J. C. Fuller and D. A.
Mulligan, who bought A. A. Jackson's claim which adjoined Manning's.
Max Shoeb built a log blacksmith shop, and W. Z. Mansfield opened
a drug store in a log cabin, the first of its kind in Winfield.
The first newspaper of the count}^ was the Cowley County Censor,
owned and edited by A. J. Patrick, the first issue being dated Aug.
31, 1870. The first postmaster in the county was C. H. Norton of
Arkansas City, who was appointed on April 18, 1870. The next was
E. C. Manning at Winfield, who was appointed in May. The first
United States census was taken in June, 1870, and the population at
the time was 726. The first session of the district court was held
at Winfield on May 23, 1871, by Henry G. Webb, judge of the Eleventh
judicial district. Arkansas City and Winfield were hardly established
as towns before schools were opened. In 1871 a $10,000 school house
was built at the latter place and the same year thirty-seven districts
were organized, although only three erected buildings. The Methodists
were the pioneer religious organization in the county. They perfected
a church organization at Winfield in the spring of 1870 under the direc-
tion of B. C. Swartz, and in the fall the Baptists organized a church
at Winfield. These were followed soon by other denominations.
Early in Feb., 1870, a bill was introduced in the legislature to organ-
ize Cowley county. This bill named Cresswell (now Arkansas City)
as the county seat. The citizens of Winfield determined to have their
town made the county seat. C. M. Wood, A. A. Jackson and J. H.
Land made a canvass of the county and found that it contained over
the necessary 600 inhabitants for organization. Papers were made out
and forwarded to the governor, petitioning him to have Winfield made
the seat of justice. On Feb. 28, 1870, the governor proclaimed the
county organized, with Winfield the temporary county seat. W. W.
Andrews, G. H. Norton and A. F. Graham were appointed special com-
missioners, and E. P. Hickok, clerk. The first meeting of the board
was held on March 23 at the house of W. W. Andrews, who was elected
chairman. A special election for township officers, and to locate the
countv seat, was ordered for May 2. At that election Winfield received
KANSAS HISTORY 469
108 votes for county seat, Creswell 55, and thus Winfield became the
permanent seat of justice. The following officers were elected : Mor-
gan Willett, Thomas Blanchard and G. H. Norton, county commis-
sioners; H. C. Loomis, county clerk; E. P. Hickok, clerk of the dis-
trict court; F. A. Hunt, sheriff; John Devoe, treasurer; W. E. Cook,
register of deeds; T. B. Ross, probate judge; F. S. Graham, surveyor;
and W. S. Graham, coroner. At the general election in November E.
S. Stover was elected state senator from Cowley ; E. C. Manning,
representative; T. B. Ross, probate judge; J. M. Patterson, sheriff; E.
P. Hickok, clerk of the district court ; A. A. Jackson, county clerk ; G.
B. Green, treasurer; E. S. Torrance, attorney; Walter A. Smith, register
of deeds; H. L. Barker, surveyor; H. B. Kellogg, coroner.
On Aug. 22, 1871, a petition was circulated to change the county
seat to Tisdale, which was located at the exact geographical center
of the county, but the vote resulted in a victory for Winfield. In
1873, the county buildings were erected, consisting of a court-house
and jail. The former, which cost $11,500, was located on a block of
land, one-half of which was donated to the county by the town com-
pany and the other half purchased b}^ the commissioners.
Cowley county is divided into the following townships : Beaver,
Bolton, Cedar, Creswell, Dexter, Fairview, Grant, Harvey, Liberty,
Maple, Ninnescah, Omnia, Pleasant Valley, Richland, Rock Creek,
Sheridan, Silver Creek, Silverdale, Spring Creek, Tisdale, Vernon, Wal-
nut and Windsor.
The general surface of the county is gently rolling prairie. There
are some bluffs in the east, and the western part is quite level. The
valley of the Arkansas averages about 5 miles in width ; the valley
of the Walnut averages about 2 miles and the smaller streams from
a quarter of a mile to a mile. Timber belts are found along the streams
that vary from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width and contain Cot-
tonwood, elm, hackberry, mulberry, walnut, oak, redbud, pecan, hickory,
ash and cedar. The county is well watered by the Arkansas river which
crosses the southwestern portion, and the Walnut river, which flows
south in the western part of the county, and their tributaries, the most
important of which are the Muddy, Dutch, Timber, Silver and Grouse
creeks. Cowley county is one of the first counties in the state in the
production of corn. Oats, winter wheat and other grains are also
extensively raised. Live stock raising is one of the leading industries,
and dairying is a paying business. There are about 300,000 bearing
fruit trees in the county that bring in a large income. Magnesium
limestone of an excellent quality is found and extensively quarried,
both for local use and shipment out of the county. Gypsum is found
in large quantities in the west. A large salt marsh exists in the south-
western portion.
Few counties in the state have better transportation facilities. Five
lines of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway system center at
Winfield; the Missouri Pacific enters the county near the southeast
470 CYCLOPEDIA OF
corner and runs west to Winfield ; a branch of the same S3'Stem runs
from Dexter to Arkansas City ; the St. Louis & San Francisco crosses
the county diagonall}^ from northeast to southwest, through Winfield,
and a line of the Kansas Southwestern runs west from Arkansas City.
Altogether, the county has over 200 miles of main track railroad.
The population, according to the U. S. census for 1910, was 31,790.
The value of farm products, including animals slaughtered or sold for
slaughter, was $4,321,090. The five leading crops, in the order of value,
were: corn, $674,865; hay, $581,383; oats, $398,559; Kafir corn, $172,-
500; sorghum, $101,760. Dairy products to the value of $429,123 were
sold during the year.
Coyotes. — The word "coyote" is "the Indian name for a North Ameri-
can member of the dog family, also known as the prairie wolf and
scientifically as "Canis latrans." These animals range from Canada on
the north to Guatemala on the south, and are slightly smaller than
the gray wolf, but have a more luxuriant coat of hair. Their color is
generally tawny, mingled with black and white above the white below,
and their length averages about 40 inches. By nature they are slink-
ing and stealthy in their habits and display considerable cunning in
obtaining their food. They live in burrows on the prairie and when
hunting at night utter a most blood-curdling howl as they gallop along.
They were once so numerous in Kansas that the legislature authorized
a bount}^ to be paid for their scalps by such counties as deemed it
necessary. At present coyotes are frequentl}^ met with in central and
western Kansas.
Coyville, an incorporated city of Wilson county, is located on the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. and on the Verdigris river, in
Verdigris township, 12 miles north of Fredonia, the county seat. It
has all the main lines of business, including banking facilities. There
are telegraph and express offices and a mone}^ order postoffice with
one rural route. The population in 1910 was 227.
The first store was opened at this point in 1859 by Albert Hagen,
a Polish Jew, whose principal customers were Osage Indians. The
first church was organized at the home of Rachel Conner by T. B.
Woodward. The place was named for Oscar Coy, who, with P. P.
Steele, bought out Hagen's store in 1864. In May. 1866. the post-
office was established with Coy as postmaster. In August of the ne.xt
year R. S. Futhey located a sawmill a mile below the town, which was
the first one in the county. The next year he was grinding corn and
making flour in the same mill. The mill was later moved to Coy-
ville. A bridge was erected over the Verdigris in 1873, and in 1886
the railroad was built. -
Cragin, Francis W., geologist and educator, was born at Greenfield,
N. H., Sept. 4, 7858, the son of Dr. Francis W. and Mary .\nn CLe-
P.asquet'i Cragin, He was educated in Wisconsin, at A\'ashburn
College, Topeka, Kan., the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, and grad-
uated at the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard LTniversity, with the
KANSAS HISTORY 4/1
degree of B. S., in 1882. In 1889 he received the degree of Ph. D. from
Johns Hopkins rniversity, and subsequently studied marine zoology
at Dr. Agassiz' private laboratory, Newport, R. I. From 1882 to 1891
he was professor of natural history at Washburn College. In 1883 he
inaugurated the first biological survey of Kansas, a report of which
was published in the issues of the Washburn College Bulletin of
Natural History. In 1890 he became proprietor and editor of the
American Geologist and held that position until 1896, when he was
offered and accepted the chair of geology at Colorado College, Colorado
Springs, Col., which position he still holds. During the years 1892
and 1893 he was assistant geologist of the Texas geological survey. He
is the author of numerous scientific papers; an original fellow of the
Geological Society of America; a member of the National Geological
Society, and of the International Congress of Geologists.
Craig, a village in the northern part of Johnson county, is located
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 7 miles north of Olathe, the
county seat. Mail is received by rural route from Zarah.
Crandall, a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. in Coffey county,
is located near the south line of the county, about 10 miles south of
Burlington, the county seat, and 5 miles west of LeRoy, from which
point it receives mail by rural route. The population, according to the
census of 1910, was 40.
Crane, a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., in Mont-
gomery county, is located 6 miles north of Independence, the county
seat, from which place it receives mail by rural delivery.
Crawford, a money order postofifice of Rice county, is situated in
Gait township, near the northeast corner of the county, 16 miles from
Lyons, the county seat. It is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R.,
and in 1910 reported a population of 35.
Crawford County, one of the eastern tier and the second north of
the line separating Kansas and Oklahoma, is bounded on the north by
Bourbon county; on the east by the State of Missouri; on the south
by Cherokee county, and on the west by the counties of Neosho and
Labette. It was created by the act of Feb. 13, 1867, and was named
for Col. Samuel J. Crawford, at that time the governor of Kansas.
The area of the county is 592 square miles. It is divided into nine town-
ships, to-wit: Baker, Crawford, Grant. Lincoln, Osage, Sheridan, Sher-
man, Walnut and Washington. The general surface of the county is
undulating, the water-courses flowing in three different directions. In
the northeast Drywood, Bone and Coxes creeks flow northward to the
Marmaton river ; in the west Big and Little Walnut and Hickory creeks
flow southwest to the Neosho; and in the southeast Lightning, Lime
and Cow creeks flow southward, their waters finally reaching the
Neosho.
Crawford county lies in the tract known as the "Neutral Lands"
Cq. v.), which were ceded by the Cherokee Nation to the ITnited States
by the treaty of July 19, 1866. Prior to that treaty some attempts
472 CYCLOPEDIA OF
were made by white men to settle within the territor)'. John Leman,
a blacksmith, settled in Osage township in 1848. In 185 1 P. M. Smith
located in Baker township, but did not erect a dwelling, being content
to live during his short stay in a tent. A man named Sears built the
first house (a log cabin) in this township in 1856. Coal was discovered
in this township by a government exploring party under Col. Cowan,
and was first mined by parties from Missouri in 1857. As early as
1852 a number of white men, among whom were Howard, Fowler, Hale
and the Hathaways, settled in Lincoln township, and the first school
in the county was opened there in 1858 in a small log house that had
formerly been used as a dwelling, the settlers contributing the funds
to pay the teacher. James Hathaway had established a blacksmith
shop where Arcadia now stands in 1844. Harden Mathews settled in
Sherman township in 1850, and there were a few white men in Walnut
township in 1857. In 1861 the Cherokee Indian agent, acting under
orders from President Buchanan, took a body of United States troops
and expelled the settlers, burning their houses and destroying their
crops. Others soon came, however, to take the places of those who
had been driven out. That same year a man named Banks settled on
the Big Cow creek in Crawford township. In the summer of 1865 John
Hobson, Frank Dosser, Marion Medlin and a few others settled in
Osage township, and about the same time J. F. Gates, Stephen Ogden,
John Hamilton and others located in Sheridan township. Settlements
were made the following year in Grant and Washington townships.
In Sept., 1866, a postoffice was established at Cato, in the northwest
corner of the present Lincoln township.
J. W. Wallace, Lafayette Manlove and Henry Schoen were appointed
special commissioners and F. M. Logan county clerk, for the purpose
of organizing the county. The first meeting of the commissioners
was held on March 16, 1867, and the first order was one dividing the
county into nine civil townships. The second order divided the county
into election precincts. xA.nother order directed the clerk to give 30
days' notice of an election to be held on April 15, 1867, for the election
of county and township officers, and to decide the location of the per-
manent county seat. At the election J. W. Wallace, F. M. Mason
and Andrew Hussong were elected commissioners ; F. M. Logan,
clerk; and J. M. Ryan, sherifif. The county seat question was not
decided at that time, and in September Crawfordsville was selected as
temporary seat of justice.
At the general election on Nev. 5, 1867, a full quota of county officers
was chosen, as follows: County clerk, H. Germain; clerk of the dis-
trict court, C. H. Strong; probate judge, Levi Hatch; sheriff, J. M.
Ryan; treasurer, R. B. Raymond; register of deeds, H. Coffman ;
assessor, William Roberts; surveyor, R.- Stalker; coroner, Jacob Miller,
attorney, L. A. Wallace; commissioners, Frank Dosser, I. Evans and
Joshua Nance. At this election Girard was selected as the county seat,
and at a meeting on May 11, 1868, the commissioners ordered all the
KANSAS HISTORY 473
county officers to remove their offices, records, etc., to that point. The
people of Crawfordsville applied to the district court at the September
term for a writ of mandamus to compel the county clerk to take all
records back to Crawfordsville, claiming that it was the legal county
seat. The writ was granted, but on Nov. 7 a petition, signed by 577
citizens, was laid before the county commissioners, asking them to
order an election for the location of a permanent county seat. An
election was accordingly ordered for Dec. 15, when Girard received
375 votes and Crawfordsville 312. This settled the question.
The first newspaper published in the county was the Crawford
Count}^ Times, one number of which was issued by Scott & Cole on
April 16, 1868. After that one issue the publication office was taken
back to Osage Mission. On Nov. 11, 1869, the first number of the
Girard Press made its appearance. It was published byWarner &
Wasser, and was the first paper regularly published in the county. On
July 14, 1871, the office and contents were burned by a mob, the ill
feeling toward the paper being the outgrowth of the troubles over the
d;sposition of the Neutral Lands. Three weeks later the publication
WIS resumed, the paper appearing in an enlarged form and better than
ever before. It is still running. The People's Vindicator was started
at Girard on July 28, 1870, but suspended in the following Novem-
ber. Other early newspapers were the Girard Pharos, the Cherokee
Pharos and the Cherokee Index, all of which were started in the early
'70s. There are now published in the county i daily (the Pittsburg
Headlight) and 13 weekly newspapers, and one quarterly periodical.
One of the weeklies is printed in the German language.
In 1868 a Catholic parish was established in Grant township and a
house of worship erected. This was the first church in the county.
A Presbyterian church was built at Girard in 1870, and the following
year the Methodist church at Mulberry Grove was established. At the
present time all the leading denominations are represented in the towns
and villages of the county. The first white child born in the county
was John Leman, whose birth occurred in Walnut township in 1859.
The first marriage license was issued on Dec. 27, 1867, to W. M. Breck-
enridge and Miss Elner Stone. Marriages had been solemnized in the
county before that time — in fact before the county was organized —
but the licenses had been procured elsewhere.
On Feb. 5, 1870, the Crawford County Agricultural Society was
organized, one of the chief promoters being Dr. W. H. Warner of the
Girard Press, who served as secretary of the society for six years. The
aft'airs of the society were managed by a board of thirteen directors,
who bought 40 acres a short distance east of Girard, where fairs were
held annually until the society was reorganized and a new fair ground
purchased on the west side of the city. The reorganization took place
on May 27, 1882.
During the Civil war the few settlers in what is now Crawford
county were seriously harassed by guerrillas and bushwhackers, most
of the outrages being committed by the notorious Livingston gang.
474 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Among those killed by guerrillas were Capt. Henry M. Dobyns of the
Sixth Kansas cavalry, and Capt. John Rodgers, who established the
first store at Cato in 1858. The latter was a member of one of the
Kansas volunteer regiments, but was at home on furlough when the
raid was made in which he lost his life. Four brothers named Tippy
came into the county in the spring of 1866, and two of them were
afterward hanged by a posse of citizens near Monmouth, after they
had been tried and found guilty by a jury of twelve men for participa-
tion in the murder of a man named Shannon. Several skirmishes
occurred in the county between the guerrillas and Union troops.
Since its organization Crawford county has suffered severely from
storms, the worst of which was probably the tornado of May 22, 1873.
It came from the southwest and swept across the entire county, leaving
desolation in its wake. Seven persons were killed outright, 34 others
were injured, and a large amount of property was destroyed.
Coal of fine quality underlies the entire county, some of the veins
running five feet or more in thickness. More than half the coal mined
in the state comes from this county. Building stone, cement rock, fire
and potter's clay of excellent quality are abundant in several localities
and though only partially developed are a source of revenue to the
owners of the deposits. Belts of timber averaging about half a mile in
width are found along the streams, the principal varieties being oak,
walnut, poplar,, hickory and cottonwood. Some artificial groves have
been planted. Agriculture is an important industry. The five leading
crops in 1910, in the order of their value, were as follows : corn, $999,-
900; oats, $345,960; hay (including alfalfa), $187,208; wheat, $142,031;
flax, $59,670. Kafir corn, Irish potatoes and sorghum are also impor-
tant crops. The value of dairy products for the year 1910 was $222,-
558, and the value of all farm products, including live stock slaughtered
or sold for slaughter, was $2,660,750.
Crawford county is well provided with transportation facilities, lines
of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the St. Louis & San Francisco,
the Missouri, Kansas & Texas and the Missouri Pacific systems cross-
ing the county in every direction and giving the county nearly 220
miles of main track. Pittsburg is one of the greatest railroad centers
in eastern Kansas.
According to the U. S. census for 1910, the population of Crawford
county was 51,178, a gain of 12,369 during the preceding ten years,
making it the fourth in the state in population. There are eleven
incorporated cities in the county, viz. : Arcadia, Arma, Cherokee, Cur-
ranville, Frontenac, Girard, Hepler, McCune, Mulberry, Pittsburg and
Walnut. Other important towns and villages are Beulah, Brazilton,
Cato, Chicopee, Croweburg, Dunkirk, Englevale, Farlington, I'ranklin,
Fuller, Midway, Monmouth and Yale. (See sketches of the towns and
cities.)
Crawford, George A., lawyer and joiirnalist, was born in Clinton
county. Pa., July 27, 1827. On his father's side he was descended from
KANSAS HISTORY 475
James Crawford, a Scotch-Irishman, who was a major in the Revolu-
tionary war, and his mother, Elizabeth Weitzel, was of German descent.
He was educated at Clinton Academy, of which his father was presi-
dent, the Lock Haven Academy, and at Jefferson College, where he
graduated in 1847. After graduating he taught school in Kentucky and
in 1847 was partner in a private school at Clinton, Miss. In 1848 he
returned to Pennsylvania, where he studied law and in 1850, while still
reading for the bar, became editor and proprietor of the Clinton Demo-
crat. During the early '50s he took an active part in politics against
the Know-Nothings and in 1855 was a delegate to the Pennsylvania
Democratic state convention. In the spring of 1857 he came to Kan-
sas ; landed at Leavenworth and accompanied Dr. Norman Eddy, United
States commissioner for the sale of Indian lands, to Lawrence. Craw-
ford, Eddy and other associates purchased 520 acres of land and organ-
ized tlie Furl Sciilt Town company, of which Mr. Crawford was made
president, a position he held for twenty years. A town was laid out
and the streets were named after Mr. Crawford's friends. He was
opposed to the agitation kept up by the border factions but did not
change his free-state views and several attempts were made to assas-
sinate him. At the outbreak of the Civil war he assisted in the organiza-
tion of the Second Kansas regiment and equipped many of its mem-
bers. When the border was threatened he organized a committee of
safety and was placed at its head. He was active in recruiting several
militia companies. In 1861 he was elected governor of Kansas on
the Democratic ticket, but the election was declared illegal. In 1864
he was again nominated by the . Democratic party for governor but
Samuel J. Crawford, the Republican candidate, was elected. Under
Gov. Crawford he served two years as commissioner of immigration,
and this was regarded as his greatest work. He inaugurated the sys-
tem of exhibiting Kansas products in other states and was one of the
organizers of the Kansas Historical Society and its secretary for two
years. In 1868 he was again a candidate for governor but was defeated,
in 1869 he established the Daily Monitor and a free reading room and
museum at Fort Scott. Mr. Crawford was appointed a regent of the
state university in 1871 and elected one of the executive committee of
the state agricultural society. The same year he was appointed United
States commissioner by President Grant, to the Centennial Exposition
at Philadelphia. When the Ute reservation was thrown open to set-
tlement he purchased the site of the town of Grand Junction, Col.,
and was instrumental in building it up. He died there on Jan. 26, 1891.
Crawford, Samuel J., lawyer, soldier and third governor of the State
of Kansas, was born in Lawrence county, Ind., April 15, 1835. While
a student in the Bedford Academy he began the study of law, and
in 1858 was admitted to the bar. The following year he removed to
Kansas and began the practice of his profession at Garnett. On Dec.
6, 1859, ^""s was elected a member of the first state legislature, which
did not meet until March 26, 1861. At the end of six weeks' service
476 CYCLOPEDIA OF
as a legislator, he resigned his seat in the house to enter the army
and raised a company, of which he was commissioned captain. His
company was assigned to the Second Kansas infantry, with which regi-
ment he served until in March, 1862, when he was assigned to the
command of Troop A, Second Kansas cavalry. While in command of
this troop he distinguished himself by leading a charge against and
capturing a battery of four guns near old Fort Wayne. It is related
that Maj. Van Antwerp, an old West Pointer, who was at that time
inspector-general on the stafif of Gen. James G. Blunt, saw the charge,
and as the captured guns were being brought within the Union lines,
rode over to Gen. Blunt and asked: "Who is the officer that led that
charge?"
Gen. Blunt answered : "Captain Crawford of the Second Kansas
cavalry."
"Do you know. General," said Van Antwerp, "that if that man had
been with Napoleon at Lodi, and had done what he did here today, he
would have been made a marshal on the field?"
Capt. Crawford was not promoted on the field at the time of his
gallant charge, but his promotion was not long in coming. He was
given command of a battalion of the Second Kansas cavalry, and on
Dec. 5, 1863, he was made colonel of the Second Kansas, or Eighty-
third U. S., colored infantry. On Nov. 8, 1864, while serving as colonel
of this regiment, he was elected governor of Kansas, and on Dec. 2
he resigned his commission in the army to prepare for his gubernatorial
duties. He was inaugurated at the opening of the legislative session
the following Januar)', and further military promotion came to him
on March 13, 1865, when he received the rank of brevet brigadier-
general "for gallant and meritorious services." In 1866 he was reelected
to the office of governor, and served until the autumn of 1868, when
he resigned to assume the command of the Nineteenth Kansas regi-
ment, which was then being organized for a campaign against the
hostile Indians on the western frontier. The regiment, with Col.
Crawford at the head, left Topeka on Nov. 6, and twenty days later
joined Gen. Sheridan's army. Upon returning home from this expedi-
tion, Gov. Crawford located at Emporia, where he was engaged in
the real estate business until 1876, when he removed to Topeka. In
1877 he was appointed agent at Washington for the State of Kansas,
and he continued to serve in this capacity for several years, during
which time he successfully adjusted a number of claims against the
United States and collected a large amount of money for the state. He
also recovered 276,000 acres of school lands, and nearly 850,000 acres
in western Kansas claimed by railroad companies. At the conclusion
of his services as state agent. Gov. Crawford opened a law office in
Washington, D. C, practicing there during the fall and winter sea-
sons and spending his summer on his farm near Baxter Springs. On
Nov. 27, 1866, he married Miss Isabel M. Chase, of Topeka, and this
union was blessed with two children — Florence and George. Gov.
KANSAS HISTORY 477
Crawford now (1911) lives in Topeka, practically retired from active
business pursuits. He is the author of "Kansas in the Sixties," which
was published in the summer of 1911.
Crawford's Administration. — The legislature met in regular session
on Jan. 10, 1865, and organized with Lieut.-Gov. James McGrew as the
presiding officer of the senate, and Jacob Stotler, of Lyon county, as
the speaker of the house. On the nth Samuel J. Crawford succeeded
Thomas Carney as governor. The inaugural , message of the new
executive was such a document as a lawyer might be expected to write
— concise, analytic, almost entirely free from flights of eloquence or
rhetorical display, but treating in clear, forcible language questions
of vital interest or great importance to the people of Kansas. In dis-
cussing the national situation he said : "The reelection of AJjraham
Lincoln is the people's declaration that the war is not a failure, but
that it shall be vigorously prosecuted until the last vestige of American
slavery is extirpated — until every traitor lays down his arms and bows
in allegiance to our flag and in submission to the laws of our govern-
ment."
He then carefully reviewed the educational progress and financial
condition of the state ; recommended an appropriation for the comple-
tion of the geological survey ; suggested an investigation of the work
of erecting a penitentiary before any further appropriations be made
for that purpose ; and suggested the importance of promoting immigra-
tion as a means of adding to the wealth and population. (See Peniten-
tiary.)
On Jan. 12, the day following the reading of the message, the two
branches of the assembly met in joint convention for the election of
a United States senator. The result of the ballot was: James H. Lane,
82; William Phillips, 7; William C. McDowell, 4; C. B. Brace, 2; B.
M. Hughes, I. Lane was therefore declared reelected for the term
beginning on the 4th of the following March.
The legislature adjourned on the 20th of February. The principal
acts of the session were those authorizing counties to issue bonds in
behalf of railroad companies; to encourage the planting of forest trees;
making an appropriation for the geological surve}- ; relating to the
payment of claims growing out of the Price raid and the expedition of
Gen. Curtis against the Indians.
President Lincoln died early on the morning of April 15, and as
soon as the sad news reached Kansas Gov. Crawford issued a proclama-
tion, the principal part of which was as follows: "President Lincoln
has been wickedly assassinated ; a loyal people are shedding bitter
tears of sorrow; grief the most poignant fills the heart of every true
patriot in the land ; a calamity that seems almost unbearable has visited
the nation! Let us submit with Christian resignation to the great
affliction — kiss the hand that smites us — remembering that it is our
Father's will.
"I do recommend that, in respect to the memory of the slain hero
4/8 CYCLOPEDIA OF
and patriot, the public and private buildings in the state be draped
in mourning, so far as practicable, for the space of ten days ; and that
Sunday, the 23rd inst., especial prayers be offered to Almighty God,
that he will sanctify this great calamity to the good of our bereaved
country."
The governor's recommendations were generally accepted. In all
the leading towns and cities of the state buildings were decorated with
somber black — emblem of a nation's grief — while from many pulpits,
on the appointed day, prayers were offered for the national welfare
and sermons calculated to inculcate patriotism and a love of law and
order were delivered to interested congregations.
During the summer of 1865 there arose a controversy between the
governor and the interior department, regarding the title to certain
lands in Kansas, and some spirited correspondence resulted. On Aug.
3 Gov. Crawford wrote to James Harlan, secretary of the interior, that
the Cherokee and Osage tribes were holding lands to which they had
no title. The letter was referred to J. M. Edmunds, commissioner of
the general land office, who wrote to the governor, under date of Aug.
31, that he was in error in his views concerning the boundaries of the
Osage and Cherokee lands. The governor then asked G. J. Endicott
to ascertain the exact boundaries, which was done, and Mr. Endicott's
survey sustained the position of Gov. Crawford. The correspondence
is given in full in the governor's message to the legislature of 1866.
The legislative session of 1866 began on Jan. 9 and lasted until Feb.
26. Lieut.-Gov. McGrew again presided over the senate and John T.
Burris was speaker of the house. During the session acts were passed
providing for a new apportionment of the state for senators and repre-
sentatives ; to encourage forestry ; for the erection of a temporary deaf
and dumb asylum at Olathe ; for the erection of a State-house; to give
to railroad companies 500,000 acres of land granted to the state under
the act of Sept. 4, 1841 ; and to provide for the sale of certain public
lands for the benefit of the state university, the state normal school and
the agricultural college.
In April, 1866, Gov. Crawford sold in New York $60,000 of the peni-
tentiary bonds and $70,000 of the public improvement bonds at 91
cents on the dollar. The latter were authorized by the act of Feb.
27, 1866, to run for thirty years at seven per cent, interest, payable
semi-annually, the proceeds to be used for the benefit of the state
university, the state normal school, the deaf and dumb as}lum. and for
the erection of a capitol building. (See Finances, State.)
A great reunion of Kansas soldiers was held on July 4, 1866, at
^ which time the battle flags of the several regiments were presented to
the state. Senator Lane's death on July 11 left a vacancy in the United
States senate, which Gov. Crawford filled on the 20th by the appoint-
ment of Edmund G. Ross.
At a Republican convention in Topeka on Sept. 5, Gov. Crawford
was renominated, receiving 64 votes to 18 for Andrew Akin of Morris
KANSAS HISTORY 479
county. Nehemiah Green was nominated for lieutenant-governor; H.
A. Barker and John R. Swallow were nominated for secretary of state
and auditor: and the ticket was completed by the nomination of Alar-
tin Anderson for treasurer; Peter McVicar for superintendent of pub-
lic instruction ; George H. Hoyt for attorney-general; Samuel A. King-
man for chief justice of the supreme court, and Sidney Clarke for
representative in Congress. At that time the controversy between
President Andrew Jackson and Congress over the reconstruction policy
was at its height, and the platform declared :
"That in the great and awful wickedness which our president has
perpetrated in making treason a virtue and loyalty a crime; in giving
to rebels protection, and to their anarchy the sanction of law ; in cast-
ing upon the noble and sacrificing Unionists of the South the scorn
and insolence of tyrannic power; in fostering and encouraging the
spirit of disaffection among the rebels, and in crushing the dawning
hopes of the freedmen; in usurping and overriding the authority of
Congress, and in trampling upon the sovereignty of the states ; and in
his audacious and crowning wickedness in calling our representatives
'An assumed Congress,' meaning the tyrant's threat at anarchy and
absolute power — has lost our confidence and respect, and to his inso-
lence and threats we hurl back our defiance and scorn."
This was strong language, but from it the student of a younger
generation may learn how high the sectional and partisan feelings ran
during the years immediately following the Civil war. The platform
indorsed the Congress of the United States, especially the senators
and representatives from Kansas, and recommended the next legisla-
ture to submit to a vote of the people the question of impartial suffrage.
On Sept. 20 the National Union state convention met at Topeka
and named an opposition ticket, as follows: J. L. McDowell, gov-
ernor; J. R. McClure, lieutenant-governor; M. Quigg, secretary of
state; N. S. Goss, auditor; I. S. Walker, treasurer; Ross Burns, attor-
ney-general ; Joseph Bond, superintendent of public instruction ; Nel-
son Cobb, chief justice; Charles W. Blair, representative in Congress.
The convention gave an unequivocal indorsement to President John-
son's policy with regard to the Southern states, in a resolution declar-
ing: "That in the great crisis of our country, growing out of the dis-
agreement between Congress and the administration, we heartily
indorse the policy of President Johnson in his manly defense of the
constitution and the Union against the assaults of a partisan Congress
and a fanatical party to destroy the government bequeathed to us by
our fathers."
On questions relating to Kansas affairs, the platform declared that
"The prodigality, corruption and imbecility of the present officials of
this state merit and ought to receive the severest reprobation of the
honest, tax-ridden people of the state," and condemned "the criminal
conduct of the present executive in neglecting or refusing to extend
the protection of the state to the hardy pioneers of our western borders
483 CYCLOPEDIA OF
against Indian hostilities and savage barbarities daily and notoriously
committed against them."
Notwithstanding this severe arraignment of Gov. Crawford by the
opposition party, he was reelected b)^ an increased vote on Nov. 6,
1866. In 1864 his majority over Solon O. Thacher was 4,939, while
in 1866 he received 19,370 votes, and his opponent, J. L. McDowell,
received only 8,152. All the candidates on the Republican state ticket
were elected by similar pluralities, and the party had a substantial
majority in each branch of the legislature which met on Jan. 8, 1867.
At the session Nehemiah Green, the newly elected lieutenant-gov-
ernor, presided over the deliberations of the senate, and Preston B.
Plumb was elected speaker of the house. Gov. Cfawford submitted his
annual message on the 9th. He reviewed at length the financial con-
dition of the state, showing the total indebtedness to be $660,896.28,
with the resources only slightly less. With regard to the educational
progress of the state during the preceding year, he called attention to
the fact that there had been an increase of 150 in the number of school
districts ; the number of teachers had increased 187, and there had been
an increase of nearly $200,000 in the value of school property — not a
bad exhibit for Kansas in the sixth year of her statehood. The mes-
sage also gave a great deal of detailed information concerning the
penal and benevolent institutions of the state ; the progress in the erec- .
tion of the new capitol ; urged legislation in behalf of the agricultural
interests and to promote railroad building, and recommended that steps
be taken to encourage immigration. On the subject of Indian hostilities,
in connection with which the governor had been severely criticised by
one of the political conventions the preceding A^ear, the message says :
"The Indians on our western border, during the past j^ear, have been
guilty of frequent depredations and murders. The expenses would
have been so enormous that I did not feel justified, under existing cir-
cumstances, in attempting the defense of the frontier by the militia of
the state. It would have been useless to attempt it unless by keeping
troops at all times scouting in that portion of the state ; and it was
impossible after the depredations or murders were committed to col-
lect a force and overtake the petpetrators, as ample time must neces-
sarily intervene to make good their escape before troops could even
reach the scene of their disturbances."
The governor then goes on to explain the efforts he made to pro-
tect the settlers on the frontier by trying to induce the general gov-
ernment to send troops to that section of the state, or at least to pro-
vide the settlers with arms and ammunition, and maintains that the
reason for his failure to afford such protection as the settlers required
was not due to negligence on his part, but to absolute helplessness.
He submitted to the legislature the proposed Article XIV of the
Federal constitution (better known perhaps as the Fourteenth Amend-
ment), and in connection therewith said: "The abolition of slavery,
the investment by the laws of Congress of all persons born within the
KANSAS HISTORY 481
United States, or in case of foreigners when naturalized with citizen-
ship, has precipitated upon us, as a practical question, sooner than many
desired, the question of impartial suffrage. If we desired, we could
not longer avoid the issue. ... I recommend that you provide for
submitting to a vote of the people, at the next general election, a propo-
sition to strike the word "white" from our state constitution ; and that
all who gave aid or comfort, during the rebellion, to the enemies of
the government, be forever disqualified and debarred from exercising
the rights, privileges and immunities of loyal citizens of Kansas."
In referring to the appointment of Mr. Ross to the United States
senate, he also reminded the legislature that the term of Senator Pome-
roy expired on the 4th of the following March, and, the appointment
of Ross having been made ad interim, two senators must be elected
during the session. Accordingly the two houses met in joint conven-
tion on Jan. 23, and elected Edmund G. Ross for the short term — the
unexpired term of Gen. Lane — and reelected Samuel C. Pomeroy for
the long term. Only one ballot was taken in each instance. For the
short term Ross received 68 votes ; Thomas Carney, 40, and Samuel A.
Riggs, I. For the long term Pomeroy received 84 votes and Albert L.
Lee 25.
On the subject of Indian titles the governor said in his message of
1867: "In my last message I presented to the legislature the fact (as
I then and still believe), that the boundary lines claimed by the Chero-
kees to the Cherokee Neutral Lands, and by the Osages to the lands
occupied by them, were not in accordance with the treaties made by
the government with these tribes, that those lands were unjustly claimed
and held, and that they in right and justice were subject to settle-
ment. During the year just passed, thousands of immigrants have
settled on these lands and the Indians finally ceded their alleged claims
to the government. The rights of the settlers on these lands should be
sacredl}- and securely guarded. A commission is now in the state to
ascertain upon what terms or conditions the different tribes now own-
ing reservations will relinquish their rights thereto, and remove to
what is known as the Indian Country. The best interests of the state
and the future prosperity of the Indians unite in demanding their
speedy removal." (See Indian Treaties.)
The legislature adjourned on March 6. During the session the Four-
teenth Amendment was ratified ; an issue of $100,000 in bonds was
authorized for the construction of the new capitol ; a similar amount
was authorized for the benefit of the penitentiary; an issue of $15,500
for the deaf and dumb asylum ; a number of county boundaries were
changed ; steps were taken for the establishment of a blind asylum
at Wyandotte ; and the payment of the Price raid claims were assumed
by the state. Three constitutional amendments were proposed — one
to strike the word "white" from the organic law of the state ; one to
strike out the word "male," and the third disfranchising certain classes
of persons.
(1-31)
482 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Early in the summer of 1867 the Indians on the western border again
became troublesome, especially toward those engaged in railroad
building, and on June 29 Gov. Crawford received authority to organize
and call out a battalion to protect the frontier. The result was the
organization of the Eighteenth Kansas — four companies — which was
mustered in for four months. The battalion was commanded by Maj.
H. L. Moore, formerly lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Arkansas
cavalry. In October Gen. W. T. Sherman notified the governor that
the United States would pay the men when they were mustered out,
which was done at Fort Harker on Nov. 15.
A number of prominent Republicans met in convention at Lawrence
on Sept. 5 and organized a campaign in favor of negro suffrage, but
in opposition to female suffrage. On the 18th of the same month a
Democratic convention at Leavenworth declared in opposition to all
three of the proposed constitutional amendments. The election was held'
on Xov. 5. The proposition to strike the word "white" from the state
constitution was defeated by a vote of 10,483 for to 19,421 against;
that to strike out the word "male" was defeated by a vote of 9,070 for
to 19,857 against, and the amendments restricting the elective franchise
was carried by a vote of 16,860 to 12,165.
In the legislative session, which began on Jan. 14, 1868, Lieut. -Gov.
Green again presided in the senate and George W. Smith was speaker
of the house. The governor presented his message on the opening
day of the session. The principal topics discussed were the financial
condition of the state ; educational and railroad development ; the Paris
exposition ; the condition of the public institutions of the state ; In-
dian lands and depredations; immigration, and the work of the codify-
commission. The laws enacted during the session were published in
two volumes — the general statutes as revised by the commission, and
special laws.
Early in the session charges were made against Gov. Crawford, in
that he had accepted 640 acres of land from the Union Pacific rail-
road company, which had influenced him to report in favor of accept-
ing the road, and a special committee, consisting of C. R. Jennison, J.
L. Philbrick and R. D. Mobley, was appointed to investigate. On
p-eb. 27 Mr. Jennison made a minority report, tending to show that
the land in question was worth several thousand dollars, and that its
transfer from the railroad company to the governor was in the nature
of a bribe. The other two members of the committee rendered a major-
ity report exonerating the governor from blame. This report closed
as follows: "And we further believe that his persistent efforts in
behalf of the road, in defeating the opposition of those interested in
the Omaha line, resulted in great and lasting benefit to the company,
and ten fold more interest to the State of Kansas. Your committee
recommend that the evidence be printed."
The first political activity in 1868 was manifested by the Democratic
party, which met in convention at Topeka on Feb. 26 and selected
KANSAS HISTORY 483
Wilson Shannon, Jr., Thomas P. Fenlon, Charles W. Blair, George W.
Click, A. J. Mead and Isaac Sharp as delegates to the national con-
vention. The resolutions adopted favored guaranteeing to each state
a republican form of government under control of the white race;
regretted the difference between the "Radical party in Congress and
the president," and condemned "the attempt on the part of Congress
to strip the presidential office of its constitutional authority, and the
supreme court of its proper functions, in order that they may carr}-
out their unprecedented schemes of negro supremacy in certain states,
in violation of the constitution of the United States, and contrary to
the sentiments and feelings of the great bulk of the population of the
Union."
A Republican state convention met at Topeka on March 25. C. W.
Babcock, S. S. Prouty, John A. Martin, B. F. Simpson, Louis Weil
and N. A. Adams were elected delegates to the national convention
and instructed to support Gen. U. S. Grant for the presidency. The
action of the national house of representatives, in its arraignment of
President Andrew Johnson, was indorsed. These two conventions
opened the national or presidential campaign, but nominations for the
state offices were not made until well along in the summer.
In this matter the Democrats again took the initiative by holding their
state convention on July 29, at Topeka. George W. Click was nomi-
nated for governor; Maxwell McCaslin for lieutenant-governor; Wilson
Shannon, Jr., for secretary of state; Gottlieb Schauble for auditor; Allen
McCartney for treasurer; Ross Burns for attorney-general; Archibald
Beatty for superintendent of public instruction; W. R. Wagstaff for
associate justice of the supreme court; Charles W. Blair for representa-
tive in Congress; Leonard T. Smith, P. Z. Taylor and Orlin Thurston
for presidential electors.
The Republican nominating convention assembled in Topeka on Sept.
9. James M. Harvey was nominated for governor after a spirited con-
test, and the ticket was completed by the selection of the following
candidates: Charles V. Eskridge, lieutenant-governor; Thomas Moon-
light, secretary of state ; Alois Thoman, auditor; George Graham, treas-
urer ; Addison Danford, attorney-general ; Peter McVicar, superintend-
ent of public instruction; D. M. Valentine, associate justice; Sidney
Clarke, representative in Congress; I. S. Kalloch, A. H. Horton and
D. R. Anthony, presidential electors. The entire Republican ticket, both
state and national, was successful at the election on Nov. 3.
All through the summer and fall of 1868 the Indians continued to com-
mit depredations at intervals, which kept the settlers on the western
border in constant fear of attack. On Oct. 10 Gov. Crawford issued a
proclamation calling for a volunteer cavalry regiment for six months'
service. The first company (Company A) was mustered in at Topeka
ten days later, and on Nov. 4, the day after the election, Gov. Crawford
resigned the governorship to take command of the regiment, which was
designated the Ninteenth Kansas. The same day Lieut. -Gov. Nehemiah
Green took the oath of office as governor.
484 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Crescent, a small hamlet of Kiowa count}-, is located near the north-
west corner, about 5 miles from the Arkansas river and 12 miles from
Greensburg, the county seat. Mail is received through the postoffice
at Mullinville, which is the nearest railroad station.
Crestline, a village of Shawnee township, Cherokee county, is a station
on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 8 miles east of Columbus, the
county seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, express
and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a hotel, a feed mill, a
creamery. Christian and Friends churches, some well stocked general
stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 162.
Creswell, an inland trading post in Marion county, is located 15 miles
southwest of Marion, the county seat, and 13 miles northwest of Peabody,
from which place mail is received. Hillsboro on the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe, 6 miles to the north, is the nearest railroad station and
shipping point.
Crisfield, a village of Greene township, Harper county, with a popu-
lation of 50 in 1910, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
R. R. about 17 miles west of Anthony, the county seat. It has a money
order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections,
some general stores, and is a shipping and supply point for that section
of the county.
Critzer, a hamlet of Linn countj^, is situated on the Missouri Pacific
R. R. 6 miles west of Mound City, the seat of justice. It has rural free
delivery from Blue Mound and in 1910 had a population of 32.
Croft, a village and postoffice of Springvale township, Pratt county,
is a station on the Wichita & Englewood division of the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R., about 20 miles southwest of Pratt, the county seat.
It has telephone connections, a local trade, does some shipping, and in
1910 reported a population of 30.
Cross Timbers was the name applied to a section of wooded lands,
beginning at about the 99th degree of longitude, in latitude 36° 30' north,
and' extending southward from the Arkansas river in Oklahoma to the
Brazos river in Texas. In extent they were from 5 to 30 miles in width
from east to west and about 400 miles long from north to south. Accord-
ing to Dr. Josiah Gregg, these lands "entirely cut off the communication
betwixt the interior prairies and those of the great plains."
Gregg says further: "They may be considered as the 'fringe' of the
great prairies, being a continuous brushy strip, composed of various
kinds of undergrowth, such as black-jacks, post-oaks, and in some places
hickory, elm, etc., intermixed with a very diminutive dwarf oak, called
by the hunters 'shin-oak.' Most of the timber appears to be kept small
by the continual inroads of the 'burning-prairies;' for being killed almost
annually, it is constantly replaced by scions of undergrowth; so that it
becomes more and more dense every reproduction. In some places the
oaks are of considerable size, and able to withstand the conflagrations.
The imderwood is so matted in many places with grape vines, green
brairs, etc., as to form almost impenetrable 'roughs,' which serve as
KANSAS HISTORY 485
hiding places for wild beasts, as well as wild Indians ; and would, in
savage warfare, prove almost as formidable ^s the hummocks of Florida.
South of the Canadian, a branch of these Cross Timbers projects off west-
ward, extending across this stream, and up its course for lOO miles or
so, from whence it inclines northwest beyond the North Fork, and ulti-
mately ceases, no doubt, in the great sandy plains in that direction. The
region of the Cross Timbers is generally well watered ; and is interspersed
with romantic and fertile tracts. . . . Among the Cross Timbers the
black bear is very common, living chiefly upon acorns and other fruits.
. . . That species of gazelle known as the antelope is very numerous
upon the high plains. . . . About the Cross Timbers . . are quantities
of wild turkeys. That species of American grouse, known west as the
prairie hen, is very abundant on the frontier, and is quite destructive, in
autumn, to the prairie cornfields. Partridges are found about as far
west ; but their number is quite limited beyond the precincts of the
settlements." (Gregg''s Commerce of the Prairies.)
Crotty, a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., in Cofife}' county, is
located 8 miles south of Burlington, the county,seat, and about the same
distance west of LeRoy, from which point it receives mail. The popu-
lation in 1910 was reported as being 50.
Crow, an inland hamlet of Phillips county, is situated in the north-
eastern part, near the headwaters of Big creek and about 15 miles from
Phillipsburg, the county seat, from which place mail is received by
rural free delivery.
Croweburg, a village of Crawford county, is a station on the Joplin &
Pittsburg electric line about 8 miles east of Girard, the county seat. It
has an international money order postoffice, some local trade, and in
1910 reported a population of 125.
Crozier, Robert, lawyer, chief justice of the Kansas supreme court,
and United States senator, was born at Cadiz, Harrison county, Ohio,
Oct. 15, 1828. About the time he reached his majority, he graduated at
the Cadiz Academy, then studied law, and soon after his admission to
the bar he was elected county attorney of his native county. In the fall
of 1856 he came to Kansas, and on March 7, 1857, issued the first number
of the Leavenworth Times. On Oct. 5, 1857, he was elected to the legis-
lative council, defeating John A. Halderman, and took his seat in that
body on Dec. 11. In Oct., 1863, he was nominated by the Republican
party for chief justice of the state supreme court, and at the election on
Nov. 3 he received 12,731 votes, only 14 being cast against him. During
the three years he served on the supreme bench he wrote 45 opinions.
He was then president of the First National bank of Leavenworth until
Nov. 22, 1873, when he was appointed United States senator by Gov.
Osborn to fill the unexpired term of Alexander Caldwell, resigned. In
Nov., 1876, he was elected judge of the First judicial district and served
in that capacity for four successive terms. He died at Leavenworth on
Oct. 2, 1895. His son, William Crozier, graduated at the head of his
class at West Point, entered the artillery service in the L^nited States
army and became chief of the ordinance department.
486 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Crystal Springs, a little village of Lake township, Harper county, is
a station on the Atchison,. Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. about half-way
between Harper and Attica, and 12 miles northwest of Anthony, the
county seat. It has a postofifice, an express office, telephone connections,
and in 1910 reported a population of 38.
Cuba, an incorporated town of Republic county, with a population of
466 according to the U. S. census of 1910, is located about 10 miles east
of Belleville, the county seat, at the junction of the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy railways. It is an
important shipping point for the surrounding agricultural district, has
a number of good mercantile houses, a money order postoffice from which
emanate three rural delivery routes, telegraph and express offices, good
schools, churches of diiiferent denominations, etc. The town was first
laid out near the line between Farmington and Richland townships, but
when the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy railroad was built in 1884 it
was removed to its present location in order to be on the railroad.
Cullison, an incorporated town of Pratt county, is located on the line
between Banner and Rickland townships and is a station on the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 11 miles west of Pratt, the county seat. It
has a bank, a grain elevator, a money order postoffice with two rural
routes, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, a hotel,
some well stocked general stores, and is the principal shipping and supply
point for the western part of the county. The population was 151 in
1910.
Culver, an incorporated town of Ottawa county, is located in Culver
township, on the Union Pacific R. R. and the Saline river, about 10
miles southwest of Minneapolis, the county seat. It has a bank, tele-
graph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with 2 rural
routes. All lines of business activity and the leading'denominations of
churches are represented. The population in 1910 was 326.
Cummings, a village of Atchison county, is situated in the southern
portion on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 10 miles southwest
of Atchison, the coimty seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph
station, general store and school. In 1910 the population was 175.
Cunningham, one of the principal towns of Kingman county, is located
in Dresden and Rural townships and is a station on the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R. 18 miles west of Kingman, the county seat. It has a
bank, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, telegraph and
express offices, telephone connections, general stores, hardware and
implement houses, a lumber yard, a weekly newspaper (the Clipper),
a hotel, and is the principal shipping point and trading center between
Kingman and Pratt. Cunningham was incorporated in 1908 and in 1910
reported a population of 395.
Curran, an inland hamlet of Harper county, is situated in the north-
west part of the county, about 16 miles from Anthony, the county seat.
Mail is received by rural free delivery from Harper. Attica is the nearest
railwav station.
KANSAS HISTORY 487
Curranville, a thriving town in the eastern part of Crawford county,
is a station on the Kansas City Southern R. R. about 12 miles east of
Girard, the county seat. It is situated in the coal fields, and mining is
the principal industry. It has a money order postofhce, some well
stocked general stores, telephone connections, etc. Curranville was
incorporated in 1906 and in 1910 reported a population of 773.
Curtis, Charles, lawyer and United States senator, is a native of
Kansas, having been born in the city of Topeka on Jan. 25, i860. He
was educated in the public schools, studied law with A. H. Case, and in
1881, soon after reaching his majority, he was admitted to the bar. He
then formed a partnership with Mr. Case which lasted until 1884, when
Mr. Curtis was elected county attorney of Shawnee county. On Nov.
27, 1884, he married Miss Annie E. Baird of Topeka. At the close of his
first term as city attorney in 1886 he was reelected for a second term of
two years. In 1892 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Fourth
Congressional district for Congress, and in November was elected. He
was twice reelected from that district, and when in 1898 Shawnee count}'
was made a part of the First district he was again elected to Congress
and served ten years as the representative of the First, with the excep-
tion of a portion of his last term, when he resigned to accept an election
as United States senator in Jan., 1907, both for the unexpired term of
Joseph R. Burton and for a full term of six years, which expires on
March 3, 1913.
Cutler, a rural hamlet in the northwestern part of Wallace county,
is located on the divide between Turtle and Goose creeks, about 22 miles
from Sharon Springs, the county seat. Weskan, on the Union Pacific,
is the nearest railroad station. Mail is received by rural delivery from
Dale.
Cyclones. — (See Storms.)
Dafer, a small hamlet of Leavenworth county, is located on the
Stranger river about 3 miles southeast of Tonganoxie, which is the most
convenient railroad station, and from which place mail is delivered by
rural carrier.
Dairying. — For many years it was believed that New England, New
York, and the great dairying states of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys
would be able to supply the demand for dairy products in the United
States, because agriculturists and dairymen considered the conditions in
the west and south so poorly adapted to this industry as to prevent its
extension in these directions. The great manufacturing and commercial
development of the east and middle west soon made it apparent that the
farmers of that region could not supply the demand of the great cities
for food products. Emigration west of the Mississippi and Missouri
rivers was rapid and settlers began to occupy the fertile valleys in the
eastern part of Kansas. These pioneers, who brought cows with them.
466 CYCLOPEDIA OF
found the natural pastures and other conditions favorable to stock raising
and milk production. As the country was settled and means of trans-
portation became more efficient, the dairy belt of the United States was
extended as far west as the eastern third of Kansas and it is estimated
by dairy experts that there are at least 50,000,000 acres of land in the
state which oiler as great possibilities for dairying- as any equal area
in the country.
Many old customs and ideas which had once been regarded as essential
to the dairying industry had to be overcome, such as flowing spring water
and a reliable source of ice on every farm; that dairying could be made
profitable only with permanent pastures and cultivated grasses; and that
the dairymen must be near the consuming market. Well water, brought
to the surface by windmill pumps, solved the water problem ; the factory
separator or the hand separator at home has done away with the idea
that ice is essential ; more food for cows can be grown on an acre in
corn, sorghum, millet, clover, alfalfa or cow peas, than can be produced
in pasture grass, thus making winter dair3'ing more profitable ; and the
modern refrigerator car and fast freight lines bring the dairyman of the
west close to the consumer and markets of the east.
That Kansas is a suitable region for producing dairy goods of high
grade was demonstrated by butter from this state taking first premiums
at the Columbian and St. Louis expositions. In the earlier years the
settlers of Kansas naturally followed grazing and grain growing, and
these continued to be the leading agricultural interests until dairying
under the creamery system was successfully introduced and the industry
then was rapidly extended. Kansas offers many natural advantages for
dairying. Its geographical location is excellent, as the ill effects of the
rigorous winter is escaped, continuous stabling being needed but a tew
months of the year. In the southern portion cattle can graze during a
large part of the winter. For years the creameries of Kansas were mainly
found in the eastern and eastern central parts of the state but for a con-
siderable period they have been rapidly established farther and farther
west.
An adequate supplj' of pure water is a requisite for success in dairy-
ing, and there are many obstacles to overcome in providing this supply.
Except in the eastern part of the state there are few springs, and going
farther west the small water courses are fewer, but the farmers have
solved this problem by digging wells. The water is raised to the surface
by wind mills, hand pumps or gasoline engines.
Next to the individual butter makers, patrons of creameries and cheese
factories comprise the most numerous class of dairymen in the state.
Kansas has over 200 creameries and cheese factories. The most suc-
cessful are those operated by the owners. Some are on the cooperative
or joint stock basis, and in some cases they are managed successfully.
Nearly all are the modern type of creameries that use separators,
skimming the milk as it is brought to the factory, although there are a
number of gathered cream concerns, some of the creameries in the central
KANSAS HISTORY 489-
part of the state having the cream shipped by express for considerable
distances. In some cases skimming stations are established at points-
where sufficient milk can be had, yet not enough to warrant putting up
a creamery. The milk is brought to these stations daily and then sent
to the central factory. By this method a much larger area can be
handled and is much more successful than when the creamery must
operate on a limited quantity of milk and has led to the erection of much
larger creameries. The development of the hand separator has changed:
the method of operating creameries. Separators operated by hand or
light power have been bought by the dairymen, the milk is separated at
home, and only the cream is delivered to the central factory, where it
is ripened and made into butter.
One of the great difficulties the butter and cheese factories have tO'
contend with is an insufficient supply of milk during a portion of the
year, usually the winter season, when some of the factories have to close.
This problem is being solved in a great measure by winter dairying, the-
advantages of which are so marked to both the farmer and factoryman,
that the great tendency has been to increase it from year to year, espe-
cially as winter pasture is excellent in such a large portion of the state.
Cheese factories have never been as popular in Kansas as creameries,,
yet the demand for good cheese is perhaps greater than that for butter.
The average quality of the cheese made in Kansas does not rank as high
in comparison with the butter as that of the great cheese making states,.
New York and Wisconsin. From the prices reported as being paid for
milk by both the cheese factories and creameries cheese making seems
to be quite as profitable as butter, both to factories and patrons. The-
skimmed milk from the creamery is regarded as more valuable by the
farmer, for feeding, than is the whey from cheese making, and this may
be one reason for the greater number of creameries.
In Kansas, as in most of the states west of the Mississippi river, cities
and populous towns are comparatively few and many of the towns are
of such a character and size as to permit numerous residents to keep
cows for supplying their families with milk and butter. Kansas City,
Topeka, Pittsburg, Fort Scott, Wichita and Hutchinson are the largest
cities which must depend upon a milk supply from the surrounding
country. But there will usually be found, in the vicinity of a county
seat, or other town of i,ooo population or over, one or more dairymen
who make a business of supplying from a wagon the local demand for
milk.
For some 3^ears the greater number of cows were graded Shorthorns,
but the owners began introducing Jerseys and they are the favorites in
many localities.
Most of the cheese made in Kansas is the American cheese. Imita-
tions of foreign kinds of cheese are made only in a limited way. Most
of the cheese manufactured finds a local market or is shipped south.
Pasteurized milk is now prepared in several cities of the state. The-
application of science in such forms as the Babcock tester and the cen-
490 CYCLOPEDIA OF
trifiigal separator has done much to revolutionize the dairy and cheese
business, which is as modern in method in this state as any in the coun-
try. With the adoption of improved methods for handling the products
of the dairy, the application of scientific principles in breeding and feed-
ing is also coming into practice. The state agricultural college has
experimented along these lines for years and has given the benefit of
the results to the dairymen, with the result that the business has
increased and become much more profitable.
In 1883 the state legislature passed laws with regard to live stock in
the state and appointed a live-stock comrriission which was to have super-
vision of the same. In 1905 the office of a state live-stock sanitary com-
missioner was created, whose duty it is to protect the health of the do-
mestic animals of the state. All cases of diseased animals must be
reported to him, when he investigates the case and Jie may call the
veterinary surgeon of the agricultural college to consult with him. When
any animal is found afflicted with a communicable disease, the commis-
sioner may order it quarantined or, if necessary, killed. The tuberculine
test is now extensively used in this state in the dairy herds, milch cows
being especially susceptible to bovine tuberculosis, which is readily
communicated to man in the milk. When cows are found suffering from
this disease they are killed under authority of the commissioner. In this
wa}" the consumers of milk, butter and cheese are protected against the
possible dangers of contracting disease from products which contain the
germs of communicable disease. The Kansas Dairy Association has
done a great work for years in improving dairying methods and has
been instrumental in securing legislation regulating the manufacture and
sale of pure butter and oleomargarine, within the. boundaries of the state.
The association has induced the dairymen to work together and thus
has widened the industr}^ and raised the grade of dairy products.
The eastern part of the state is naturally a dairy country and supplies
the greatest amount of dairy products. In 1910 Jefferson county led in
the production of cheese with 30,998 pounds ; Franklin county was second
with 20,257 pounds; Shawnee county ranked first in the production of
butter with 6,615,153 pounds; and Dickinson county was second in the
production of butter with 2,847,399 pounds. The total number of milk
cows in Kansas in 1910 was 641,570, valued at $23,738,090. The total
amount of cheese produced in that year was 105,568 pounds valued at
$16,004; the total amount of butter for the same year was 39,797:552
pounds valued at $10,704,361.96; the amount of milk sold for the manu-
facture of cheese and butter was valued at $4,716,712; milk sold other
than for butter and cheese amounted to $1,314,565, or a total value of
dairy products of $16,741,643.38.
Dale, a country postoffice of Wallace county, is located near the head
of Turtle creek about 16 miles northwest of Sharon Springs, the county
seat. Besides being the postoffice, it is a trading center for the neighbor-
hood in which it is situated.
KANSAS HISTORY 49I
Dalton, a village of Avon township, Sumner county, is a station on
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 7 miles east of Wellington, the
county seat. It has some good general stores, telegraph and express
service, a money order postoffice, telephone connections, and in 1910
reported a population of 52.
Damar, one of the thriving towns of Rooks county, is a station on
the Union Pacific R. R. in Richland township, about 20 miles southwest
of Stockton, the county seat. Concerning this town the Topeka State
Journal of July 27, 1910, said : "Five years ago there were less than half
a dozen buildings on the Damar townsite. Today it has a thrifty popu-
lation of about 300; it has two general stores, lumber yard, bank, hard-
ware and implements, two elevators, drug store, furniture, and several
smaller places. The deposits in the state bank reach close to the $50,000
mark."
Damar also has a money order postofifice with one rural route, express
and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a Catholic church and con-
vent, and it is the principal shipping point for the western part of the
county.
Danby, a rural hamlet of Ness county, is located about 10 miles north-
east of Ness City, the county seat, and 7 miles south of Brownell, the
nearest railroad station, from which mail is received by rural delivery.
Danites. — The first American secret society to be called by this name
was organized on March 30, 1836, at Kirtland, Ohio, by Joseph Smith
of the Mormon church, who claimed to have had a special revelation in
Aug., 1833, directing him to take such a step to prevent, or at least to
avenge, any further expulsion of Mormons from Missouri by mobs. The
society was at first known as the Daughters of Zion. Later it took the
name of the Destroying Angels, and still later it was known as the Big
Fan, whose duty was to "separate the chaflf from the wheat." Every
member of the organization took an oath to obey the prophet and first
presidency of the Mormon church, though the church subsequently
denied the existence of such a society, or if it did exist it was not
countenanced by the church. Among the deeds of blood committed by
the Mormon Danites or Destroying Angels was the notorious Mountain
Meadows massacre. In the Lincoln-Douglas campaign of 1858 the name
Danites was given by the Douglas Democrats to the administration or
Buchanan Democrats as upholding the Utah rebellion.
Wilder's Annals of Kansas (p. 91) says that in 1853 a free-state secret
society was organized at Lawrence, and that this society was known by
different names, such as Defenders, Regulators and Danites. Holloway's
History of Kansas (p. 203) states that "The invasions of the 30th of
March and the continued threatening and armed demonstrations of the
Missourians suggested to the free-state men some kind of military
organization for self defense. Accordingly a secret order of a military
character was introduced (the Kansas Legion), similar to the Blue Lodge
of Missouri, with this exception — its object was solely defensive, while
that of the latter was offensive. Its design was to labor by all lawful
492 CYCLOPEDIA OF
means to make Kansas a free state, and to protect the ballot box from
invasion. There was nothing wrong in the society itself, nor in its
object, or means employed to attain that object. It never extended far
over the territory. There were, however, several 'encampments' at dif-
ferent places. It was secret in character, and the members took an obli-
gation in accordance with the nature and design of the society. It was
found to be too cumbersome and unwieldy, and soon fell into disuse.
Many of the members became dissatisfied with its unnecessary obliga-
tions to secrecy. Its cumbersome machinery was never put into prac-
tical operation."
Gihon, in his Geary and Kansas, says the "largest and most respect-
able portion of the free-state party condemned the Kansas Legion and
took no part in its operations," and Cutler's History of Kansas (p. 474)
gives the following account of the Danites : "In 1855 an association was
formed by certatin disaffected parties in Doniphan for the purpose of
opposing obnoxious laws. This body was known as the Dani,tes ; Patrick
Laughlin (q. v.), a tinsmith of the town, joined this society, but on
becoming aware of its full purpose became disgusted and openly pro-
claimed all of its secrets," and then, after describing how the Danites
tried to wreak vengeance on the traitor, concludes the account by say-
ing, "This was the end of the Danites."
From the statement in Holloway's History of Kansas, that Laughlin
published the ritual of the Kansas Legion in the Squatter Sovereign, it
is evident that the Danites mentioned by Cutler and the Kansas Legion
were one. When that ritual was published the pro-slavery press of the
country devoted columns of space to the injustice and unrighteousness
of the organization, and Stephen A. Douglas, on the floor of the United
States senate, denounced it as a "monster of iniquity."
All the historians above quoted are in error in the statement that the
society did not last long, and that it was of a defensive character only.
In the archives of the Kansas Historical Society the writer found several
cipher dispatches sent by one "encampment" to another, and letters of
complaint to the governor, all dated in 1858. From these documents it
is learned that Lodge No. i was at Lawrence; No. 4 was at Council City;
No. 6 was at Topeka ; there were also lodges in Osage and Brown coun-
ties, and there was a lodge in Buchanan county. Mo. Officers went by
number instead of name, the only despatch signed by any one's real
name being one from Lodge No. 4, under date of March 27, 1858, and
addressed to "4141." It reads as follows:
"Sir: There is business of the greatest importance now transpiring
here and I would like it much if you would come with the utmost dispatch
and bring 50 men with you. You will go to the president of the asso-
ciation treasury and draw as much money as you think will pav the-
expense, but that will not be much, as you will be traveling through
thickly settled places. Bring two pieces of artillery and the ammunitiort.
and baggage wagons.
"Gen'l. J. H. Lane "
KANSAS HISTORY 493
From this communication it may be seen that Gen. Lane was prom-
inent in the society, and the tone of the despatch indicates that the
Danites were about to inaugurate an offensive campaign of some kind,
as artillery, ammunition and baggage wagons constitute some of the
paraphernalia of an aggressive movement. Another despatch, dated May
2"], 1858, is somewhat more mysterious in its character. It reads :
"Headquarters, Kansas.
"To Capts. 4141, 17923, 769:
"You are hereby requested to take a minute description of your com-
pany, the names, numbers and ability, and every [thing] relative
thereto, and immediately transmit the same to the undersigned, as it is
confidently expected that we will soon commence active operations. You
will strictly observe these orders.
"Colonel 23,63925."
One of the despatches in the archives is wholly in figures, incapable
of translation, but all are dated some time in the year 1858. None oi
them throws any light on the subject that tends to show when the
Danites were organized or when they were disbanded. Nor do any of
the documents bear out Holloway's suggestion that the society was
organized purely for defense.
Another evidence that the Danites were still in existence as late as
1858 is found in Gov. Denver's message to the legislature on Jan. 4 of
that year, when he said : "I have been informed that an organization
exists in this territory, similar to what is said to be the Danite organiza-
tion among the Mormons. It is asserted that the members are bound,
by the most solemn oaths and obligations, to resist the laws, take the
lives of their fellow citizens, or commit any other act of violence they
may be directed to do by their leaders."
The governor expressed himself as loath to believe that such an order
existed, but if so it was a fit subject for legislative investigation. On
p-eb. 12, 1858, more than a month after this message was delivered. John
R. Boyd, a resident of Doniphan, wrote to the governor from St. Joseph,
Mo., complaining that he had been assaulted the previous Saturday by
"a set of unprincipled rowdies, claiming to be free-state men, but answer-
ing more correctly to the secret order alluded to in your excellency's
message to the legislative assembly." The despatches now in the hands
of the Historical Society were forwarded to the governor on July 12,
1858, by a man named Dougherty, to convince him that an organization
such as mentioned in his message really did exist. That is the last
authentic information to be gleaned regarding the Danites, and the
society no doubt ceased to exist with the ascendancy of the free-state
men, because the conditions that led to its establishment had also
ceased to exist.
Danville, one of the little towns in Harper county, is located in Odell
township about 12 miles northeast of Anthony, the county seat. It is
494 CYCLOPEDIA OF
a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., has telegraph and
express offices and a money order postoffice with one rural route. There
are a number of general stores and other retail establishments, a mill
and a bank. The population was 200 in 1910. The town was laid out
in 1880 by Mrs. J. E. Cole and a postoffice wa3 established, which was
called Coleville. Later a town company was formed with T. O. jNIoffet
as president. The site was bought from Mrs. Cole and the name was
changed to Danville. The first building was erected by F. O. Mott, the
treasurer of the town company. In 1882 a newspaper (the Danville
Argus) was established by R. E. Hicks, and in that year the Presby-
terians built the first church.
Darlow, a hamlet of Reno county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe railroad 8 miles south of Hutchinson, the county seat. It is
located in Lincoln township, and has an express office and a money
order postoffice with one rural route. The population according to the
census of 1910 was 75.
Daughters of the American Revolution. — Love of liberty and the
determination to worship God in their own .way, led the Pilgrims to
cross the sea, combat cold, starvation and savage red men; and it was
again the love of liberty that more than a century later, caused their
descendants to take up arms against the mother country, in order that
civil and religious liberty in America might be perpetuated.
The tragic events of the war that followed the Declaration of Inde-
pendence have gradually faded into insignificance beside those of more
modern conflicts, and it is to commemorate the valiant deeds of the
patriotic men and women of '76, that their female descendants, founded
at Washington, D. C, on Oct. 11, 1890, a societ}', "To perpetuate the
memor}' and spirit of the men and women who achieved American inde-
pendence, b}' the acquisition and protection of historical spots." The
organization was christened the "Daughters of the American Revolu-
tion." Mrs. Benjamin Harrison, the wife of President Harrison, was the
first president of the national society, which since its organization has
grown rapidly and in 1908 had over 45,000 members. As a perpetual
memorial to the men and women of the Revolution, the national society
is building a Continental Hall at Washington, D. C, where relics and
records will be kept.
The first chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution in
Kansas was organized at Topeka, in Jan., 1896, and named the Topeka
chapter. The report of the society for 1910 showed the following chap-
ters in the state, the date of organization and location of which are as
follows: Betty Washington, Oct. 17, 1896, Lawrence; Eunice Sterling,
Oct. 21, 1896, Wichita; Gen. Edward Hand, Nov. 24, 1899, Ottawa;
Newton, April 9, 1904, Newton; Sterling, May 26, 1905, Sterling; Esther
Lowrey, June 14, 1905, Independence; Capt. Jesse Leavenworth. Oct.
23, 1906, Leavenworth ; Atchison, Feb., 1908, Atchison ; Christiana
Musser, Feb. 28, 1908, Chanute ; Uvedale, Feb. 27, 1908, Hutchinson ;
Betty Bonney, April 6, 1908, Arkansas City ; Samuel Linscott, Jan. 23,
KANSAS HISTORY 495
1909, Holton; Lis Warner, June 15, 1909, Junction Cit}- ; James Ross,
July 26, 1909, Kansas City, Kan.; Rhoda Carver Barton, Oct. 13, 1909,^
Fredonia; Tiblow, Oct. 13, 1909, Bonner Springs; Susannah French
Putney, July 8, 1910, Eldorado.
Although the State of Kansas is far remo^■ed from the scenes nl the
Revolution, the society tries to carry out the idea of the national organ-
ization by the preservation of things historically important to the state.
In Topeka, the site of the old "Constitution Hall," where the Topeka
constitution was formed, has been marked by a tablet set in the side-
walk. The historic old Santa Fe Trail has been marked by 95 stones,
6 of which were placed by individual chapters or communities. The
site of old Fort Zarah in Barton county has been marked by a stone, and
it was due to the efiforts of this society that a monument was erected
on the site of the Pawnee village in Republic county, to commemorate
the visit of Capt. Zebulon Pike in the fall of 1806, when he lowered the
Spanish colors and raised the Stars and Stripes on Kansas soil for the
first time. Other tablets marking historic places have been placed by
the society, and when the battleship Kansas went into commission, a
magnificent stand of colors was presented b)' the D. A. R. of Kansas.
Daughters of Rebekah.— (See Odd Fellows.)
Davis County. — (See Geary County.)
Davis, John, member of Congress, was born near Springfield, 111., Aug.
9, 1826. His parents were pioneers, the father a farmer, public-spirited,
and of strong, sturdy character. John attended the public schools and
at the age of twenty years left the farm to enter the Springfield Academy,
preparatory to a course in the Il^nois College at Jacksonville. In 1850-
lie opened a prairie farm in Macon county, 111., about 10 miles east of
:he city of Decatur. To this farm he brought his wife, Martha Powell.
a native of Wisconsin and a woman able to cope with the vicissitudes of
frontier life. Mr. Davis actively favored government endowment of
agricultural colleges. Ho took a leading part in the anti-slavery move-
ment, and as a member of the Republican party, he stood by the Union
cause during the Civil war. In 1872, he removed with his family to
Kansas, settling on a farm 2 miles from Junction City. The following
year he was elected president of the first Kansas farmers' convention,
and he was one of the organizers of the Greenback party and its suc-
cessor, the People's part}'. In 1890 be was elected as a Populist to repre-
sent the Fifth district in Congress, and was reelected in 1892. In 1875
he purchased the Junction City Tribune and conducted it until 1895. He
was a writer of ability, published several books and pamphlets in support
of his opinions on public policy and was the author of a "Life of
Napoleon." He died at the residence of his daughter in Topeka, Kan.,
Aug. I, 1901.
Day, a little village of Washington county, is a station on the Green-
leaf & Lenora division of the Missouri Pacific R. R., 5 miles east of
Clifton and about 17 miles southwest of Washington, the county seat.
It has a money order postofifice, some local trade, and does some ship-
ping. The population in 1910 was 35.
496
CYCLOPEDIA OF
Dayton, a village of Jefferson township, Dickinson county, is a station
on the Missouri Pacific R. R., and is i6 miles south of Abilene, the
county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telephone connections,
several general stores, a creamery, flour mills, etc., and in 1910 reported
a population of 40.
Deaf, State School for. — Some efforts to educate deaf mutes were
made in the latter part of the fifteenth century, but little practical
advancement was made until about the middle of the eighteenth, when
Charles M. L'Epee of France evolved the sign language. Dr. John Wallis
of Oxford was the first to give practical instruction in England, and in
1772 Samuel Heinicke established a school at Leipsic, which was the
first institution for the education of the deaf to receive government aid.
About 1815 Rev. Thomas Gallaudet of Hartford, Conn., became interested
in the subject and visited Europe, where he studied under Sicard, a
pupil of L'Epee. Upon his return he introduced the system in the
United States, but the improvements of a century have been such that
the present mode of instruction bears but little resemblance to that prac-
ticed b)' Dr. Gallaudet and the early teachers to whom he imparted his
methods. Civil authorities learned, however, that deaf mutes could, by
proper training, he made self-sustaining citizens instead of becoming
public charges in the almshouses of the country, and asylums or schools
have been established in every state of the Union.
1
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Philip A. Emery, who had taught in the deaf and dumb institute at
Indianapolis, Ind., came to Kansas in i860 and settled in the Wakarusa
valley. One of his neighbors there was Jonathan R. Kennedy, who was
the father of three children that were deaf mutes. He persuaded Mr.
Emery to open a school for the instruction of such unfortunates. The
original intention was to establish the school in Lawrence, but rents
KANSAS HISTORY 497
were too high there, and Mr. Emery leased a cottage of two rooms and
an attic in Baldwin. On Feb. 26, 1863, Gov. Carney approved an act
appropriating $1,500 to pay Mr. Emery for teaching deaf and dumb
children, allowing him $4 per week for board and tuition for each child
between the ages of eight and twenty-one years. This was the first aid
extended by the State of Kansas for the education of the deaf.
The following year the appropriation was increased to $1,800 and the
weekly allowance to $5 for each pupil. That year the school was removed
to Topeka and was under the charge of B. R. Nordyke, but in 1865 it
was taken back to Baldwin. By the act of Feb. 12, 1864, Johnson Clark
of Miami county, J. Fleming of Linn county, and J. R. Brown of Johnson
county were appointed commissioners to select a site of not less than
20 acres, in or near the city of Olathe, for a state institution for the edu-
cation of the deaf and dumb, the location being made contingent upon
the donation to the state by the people of Johnson county of a tract of
160 acres of land. Pending the action of the commissioners, and prior
to the erection of buildings, the legislature by the act of Feb. 10, 1865,
appropriated the sum of $4,500 to aid Joseph Mount in the instruction
of the deaf, allowing him $5 per week for the board and tuition of each
pupil under his care, his school to be conducted at Baldwin, provided
the citizens of that town would furnish suitable quarters.
On Feb. 15, 1866, Gov. Crawford approved an act creating a board of
five trustees, three of whom should be residents of Johnson county.
This board was authorized to enter into a contract with Josiah E. Ha3-es
for the erection of temporary buildings, which were to be leased by the
state for a term of five years, with the privilege of renewal for another
five years. By the act of Feb. 19, 1867, the trustees were empowered to
purchase these buildings, at a consideration not exceeding $15,500, and
bonds payable in twenty years, drawing interest at the rate of seven per
cent, per annum were authorized to make the purchase. This was the
real beginning of the state school for the deaf. Twenty years later the
Kansas institution ranked eighth among eighty institutions of its kind
in the United States. Appropriations for improvements have been made
from time to time, until in 1908 the estimated value of the property held
by the school was $250,000.
The chief aim of the school is to render deaf mutes capable of sup-
porting themselves, thus making them useful citizens. A regular course
■j1 instruction is provided, corresi^onding to that in the public schools of
the state, and graduating exercises are held annually. In the biennial
period of 1909-10 there were enrolled 286 pupils, and in 1910 the number
of graduates was ten. The sign language was used when the school was
first opened, but by the application of modern methods the pupils have
been taught the use of their voices and to read the lips of speakers.
Since the establishment of the school it has been under the charge of
the following superintendents: Thomas Burnsides, 1866-67; Louis H.
Jeninks, 1867-76; Theodore C. Bowles, 1876-79; (Mr. Bowles died on
April 8, 1879, and the institution was under the management of George
(I-32)
498 CYCLOPEDIA OF
L. Wyckoff until Aug. 15, 1879) ; J. W. Parker, 1879-80; W. H. DeMotte,
1880-83; H. A. Turton, 1883-85; S. T. Walker, 1885-94; A. A. Stewart,
1894-95; H. C. Hammond, 1895-97; A. A. Stewart, 1897-99; H. C. Ham-
mond, 1899-1908; C. E. White, 1909 — .
Dean, a small inland settlement of Jefferson county, is about 6 miles
south of Oskaloosa, the county seat and nearest railroad station, whence
mail is received by rural delivery.
Bearing, a little town of Montgomery county, is located on Onion
creek 12 miles south of Independence, the county seat, at the junction
of two lines of the Missouri Pacific R. R. It has a bank, and all the main
lines of mercantile enterprise. A large smelter is in operation handling
ore which is mined in the vicinity. The town was incorporated in 1909,
and the population according to the census of 1910 was 250. Bearing
is supplied with telegraph and express offices and an international money
order postoifice.
De Bourgmont. — (See Bourgmont's Expedition.)
Decatur County. — About 1870 there was a great tide of immigration
to the western part of Kansas, which at that time was unorganized and
a large portion of it unsurveyed territory. Within two years the popu-
lation in that section had increased to such an extent as to justify the
establishment of a number of new counties. Accordingly, the legislature
of 1873 passed an act creating 22 new counties and providing for their
organization. Section r of that act reads: "The county nf Decatur is
bounded as follows: Commencing where the east line of range 26 west,
intersects the fortieth degree of north latitude ; thence south, with the
range line, to the first standard parallel; thence west with said parallel
to the east line of range 31 west; thence north with said range line to
the fortieth degree of north latitude; thence east with said parallel to
the place of beginning."
Decatur county is therefore in the northern tier, and is the third county
east of the State of Colorado. It was named for Commodore Stephen
Decatur ; is exactly 30 miles square, with an area of 900 square miles :
is bounded on the north by the State of Nebraska, on the east by Norton
county, on the south by the county of Graham, and on the west by the
county of Rawlins. The surface is generally undulating prairie, breaking
into bluffs along the streams. The northern part is watered by Beaver
creek ; the central by Sappa creek, and the southern by Prairie Dog creek
and the north fork of the Solomon river, all of which flow in a north-
easterly direction. The belts of timber along the streams are narrow,
less than five per cent, of the entire area being wooded land. Ash, white
elm, box-elder, hackberry and cottonwood are the most common
varieties. Fine limestone is found in the bluffs along the creeks, and in
fact good building stone is found in all parts of the county. Clay suit-
able for the manufacture of brick and tile is abundant.
A few settlers located within the limits of the county before the pas-
sage of the act of 1873 defining its boundaries. Among these early
comers were J. A. Hopkins, who came in Sept., 1872, and in December
KANSAS HISTORY 499
located a claim, the land having been surveyed the previous summer, and
S. M. Porter, John Griffith, Henry M. Playford and a few others, who
came about the time the county was created. Henry P. Gandy brought
his wife with him, and she was the first white woman to become a resi-
dent of the county. A child born to them in 1873 was the first white
child born in the county, and the first death was that of a man named
Austin who settled on Sappa creek in that year and died soon afterward.
In April, 1874, a postoffice called Sappa was established where the city
of Oberlin now stands, with J. A. Rodehaver as the first postmaster. The
first marriage was that of Calvin Gay and Margaret Robinson in the fall
of 1875, and the same fall George \\'orthington taught the first school,
in what is now Oberlin township, not far from the present county seat.
The experiences of the early settlers in Decatur county were not
materially different from those in other frontier localities. Roads had
not \et been opened ; the pioneer residences were either dug-outs, sod
houses or log cabins of the most primitive type ; markets were far dis-
tant, and the trusty rifle had to be frequently depended upon to furnish
food for the family. Fortunately game was plentiful. Buffalo hunts
were common and seldom failed to provide a supply of meat, which was
"jerked" — that is partially smoked and then dried in the sun — after
which it would keep for an indefinite period. The country abounded in
antelope, jack rabbits and wild turkey, with an occasional elk or deer.
But the hardships of frontier life, the loss of crops by drought, grass-
hoppers, etc., caused a number of the early settlers to abandon their
claims and turn their faces eastward. The discontent was heightened
by the Che3enne raid of 1878 (q. v.), when on Sept. 30 Dull Knife's band
killed 17 white men in the county. The victims were William and
Freeman Laing, John L'aing, Jr., J. G. Smith, E. R. and John Humphrey,
Moses F. Abernathy, John C. Hutson, George F. Walters, Marcellus
Felt, Ferdinand Westphaled and his son, Edward Miskelley, Frederick
Hamper, and three men named Lull, Wright and Irwin. At the legis-
lative session of 1909, J. D. Flanigan, the member of the house from
Decatur county, introduced and secured the passage of a bill, of which,
after giving the names of the victims, the preamble and section i were
as follows :
"Whereas, Said citizens were buried near Oberlin, Decatur county,
and their graves are unmarked and the location thereof is almost lost ;
therefore,
"Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Kansas : That the
sum of $1,500 is hereby granted to the board of commissioners of
Decatur county, Kan., in trust, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 191 1,
to be by said board expended in the erection of a suitable monument at
the last resting place of the persons above named. Said sum to be taken
from any money not otherwise appropriated."
The monument was unveiled with appropriate ceremonies on .'^ept.
30, 1911, the 33d anniversary of the raid. This monument is historically
important, not so much because it pays a justly deserved tribute to men
500 CYCLOPEDIA OF
who died in defense of their homes as because it commemorates the last
Indian raid in Kansas.
After the Indian scare had abated, other settlers began to come into
Decatur countj', and by the close of the year 1879 the population was
over 1,500, the number required by law for the organization of the
county, which prior to that time had been attached to Norton for judicial
and revenue purposes. A memorial signed by 250 householders, duly
attested, was presented to Gov. St. John, who on Dec. 11, 1879, issued
his proclamation declaring the county organized. The governor
appointed Frank Kimball, John B. Hitchcock and George VV. Shoemaker
as commissioners, E. D. Stillson as county clerk, and designated Oberlin
as the temporary county seat. At their first meeting (Dec. 15, 1879,) the
commissioners divided the county into six townships, viz: Grant, Beaver,
Bassetville, Oberlin, Prairie Dog and Jennings; defined the boundaries
of each; designated voting places, and ordered an election for county
and township officers to be held on Feb. 3, 1880. At that election the
following officers were elected : Commissioners, Henry Claar, H. C.
Johnson and Frank Kimball ; representative, M. A. Conklin ; county
clerk, N. G. Addleman; clerk of the district court, W. A. Colvin ; treas-
urer, George Metcalf; sheriff, W. A. Frasier ; county attorney, E. M.
Bowman; probate judge, Luther Brown; register of deeds, George W.
Keys; superintendent of schools, D. W. Burt; survej'or, S. L. Bishop;
survej-or, Dr. Street. At the same time the question of a permanent
county seat was voted on, Oberlin winning over all competitors by a
majority of 181 votes, and officers were elected in each of the several
townships.
On March 8, 1887, Gov. Martin approved an act of the legislature
authorizing the commissioners of Decatur county to levy a tax of two
mills on the dollar for the erection of a court-house, and by the act of
March 8, 1907, the commissioners were authorized to purchase a site
and erect a court-house, the cost of which was not to exceed $50,000, and
to levy a tax of not more than three mills on the dollar to pay for the
same.
On June 12, 1879, Humphrey & Counter issued the first numlier of
the Oberlin Herald, the first newspaper in the county. In 1909 there
were six weekly papers published in the county — three in Oberlin and
one each at Dresden, Jennings and Norcatur.
Decatur has three railroads. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
crosses the southeast corner; a line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
crosses the northwest corner, following closely the course of Beaver
creek, and a branch of the same S3'stem runs eastward from Oberlin.
These three roads give the county over 56 miles of main track and afford
fairly good transportation facilities.
The educational opportunities are good. In 1909 there were loi
organized school districts in the coimty, with a school population of
3,294. The estimated value of school property in that year was over
$124,000. By the act of March 4, 1903, the county commissioners were
KANSAS HISTORY 50I
authorized to establish a county high school on receipt of a petition
signed by a majority of the electors. A petition was filed and the school
was established at Oberlin, the county seat.
The county is divided into the following townships : Allison, Altory,
Bassettville, Beaver, Center, Coolc, Custer, Dresden, Finley, Garfield,
Grant, Harlan, Jennings, Liberty, Lincoln, Logan, Lyon, Oberlin, Olive,
Pleasant Valley, Prairie Dog, Roosevelt, Sappa, Sherman and Summit.
The population in 1910 was 8,976; the value of taxable property was
$12,659,175; the value of field crops for the year was $1,162,021, and the
value of all farm products was $1,682,032. The five leading crops, in the
order of value, Avere : Wheat, $397,421; corn, $255,980; hay, ,$209,427;
Kafir-corn, $73,308; barley, $66,104.
Deeds. — Justices of the peace have authority to take the acknowledg-
ment of deeds, mortgages and other instruments in writing. All convey-
ances and other instruments afifecting real estate, acknowleged within
this state, must be acknowleged before some court having a seal, or
some judge, justice or clerk thereof, or mayor or clerk of an incor-
porated city. If acknowledged out of this state, it must be before some
court of record, or clerk or officer holding the seal thereof, or before
some commissioner appointed by the governor of this state, to take the
acknowledgments of deeds, or before some notary public or justice of
the peace, or before any consul of the L'nited States, resident in any
foreign port or country. If taken before a justice of the peace, the
acknowledgment must be accompanied by a certificate of his official
character; under the hand of the clerk of some court of record, to which
the seal of said court shall be affixed.
Any acknowledgment made in conformity with the laws of the state
where the act is passed is valid here, but the official character of the per-
son before whom the acknowledgment is made must be properly verified.
Every acknowledgment or proof of any deed, conveyance, mortgage,
sale, transfer or assignment, oath or affirmation, taken or made before
a commissioner, minister, charge d'affaires, consul-general, consul, vice-
consul or commercial agent, and every attestation or authentication
made by them, when duly certified, has the force and eiifect of an authen-
tic act executed in this state.
Deeds or other papers by corporations are executed by the proper
officer in the same form as individuals. No seal or scroll of private
individuals is authorized or required by the laws of Kansas. All instru-
ments concerning real estate must be evidenced by writing, and the
same may be duly recorded in the office of the register of deeds of the
county in which such real estate is situated. All persons owning lands
not held by an adverse possession are deemed to be seized and possessed
of the same. The term "heirs," or other words of inheritance, are not
necessary to create or convey an estate in fee simple, and every convey-
ance of real estate passes all the estate of the grantor therein, unless the
intent to pass a less estate expressly appears or is necessarily implied
in the terms of the grant.
502 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Any conveyance of lands, woi-ded in substance as follows: A. B. con-
veys and warrants to C. D. (here describe the premises), for the sum of
(here insert the consideration), the said conveyance being dated, duly
signed and acknowledged by the grantor, is deemed and held a convey-
ance in fee simple to the grantee, his or her heirs and assigns, with
covenants from the grantor, for himself and his heirs and personal repre-
sentatives, that he is lawfully seized of the premises, has good right to
convey the same and guarantees the quiet possession thereof; and that
the same are free from all incumbrances, and he will warrant and defend
the same against all lawful claims.
Deep Water Conventions. — Along in the '8ds, when the subject of
railroad rates became of such vital interest to the people of the western
states, the attention of the people of those states was called to the expe-
dient of having the government establish a deep water harbor somewhere
on the Gulf of i\Iexico, where the railroad haul would be much 'shorter
than to the Atlantic sea-board. The agitation finally culminated in a
deep harbor convention at Denver, Aug. 28-31, 1888, in which several of
the western states and territories were represented. At that convention
a permanent interstate deep harbor committee was appointed, with John
Evans of Denver as chairman. Under the direction of this committee, a
larger and more representative convention was called to meet at Topeka,
Kan., Oct. i, 1889. In the meantime, however. Congress, in response to
the resolutions adopted by the Denver convention, incorporated in the
sundry civil appropriations bill a provision authorizing the secretary of
war to appoint three engineer officers of the United States army to make
an examination of the gulf coast and report as to the most eligible point
for the establishment of a deep harbor.
When the Topeka convention met on Oct. i, 18S9, it was called to
order by Gov. Humphrey. All the states and territories west of the j\Iis-
sissippi were represented by a full quota of delegates, and there were
16 delegates from Illinois. Kansas was represented by 24 delegates.
Preston B. Plumb, United States senator from Kansas, was chosen per-
manent chairman of the convention, and F. L. Dana of Denver was
elected secretary. Of course, the principal object was to influence Con-
gress to make an appropriation sufficient for the construction and main-
tenance of a deep water harbor where the largest vessels could find safe
anchorage. The subject was discussed at length, and resolutions urging
an appropriation were adopted. As the resolutions show the trend of
thought in the West at that time, they are given below :
"Whereas, The general welfare of the country, in so far as it relates
to navigable rivers, harbors and commerce, is committed by the consti-
tution of the United States to the exclusive charge of Congress ; and
"Whereas, Cheap transportation of our commercial products consti-
tutes one of the most important elements of the general welfare: ;:n(l
"Whereas, The Congress has donated to private corporations more
than $100,000,000 of money and upwards of 200,000,000 acres of our
national lands with which to construct artificial, and therefore much
KANSAS HISTORY 503
more expensive highways, owned by private individuals, while they have
neglected to make adequate appropriation for even one feasible harbor
on the northwest coast of the Gulf of Mexico, which would not only
afford very much cheaper ti-ansportation, but which, by our organic law,
is under the exclusive care and control of Congress ; and
"Whereas, There can be no justification of this discrimination in favor
of private highways, which, during the last year, cost the commerce of
the West an enormous loss in transportation expense, estimated at more
than $120,000,000, or upwards of $10,000,000 per month; therefore.
"Resolved, first. That in reaffirmance of the action of the Denver con-
vention, and of the committees organized thereunder, it is the sense of
this convention that it is the duty of Congress to appropriate immediately
and for immediate use, whatever amount is necessary to secure a deep
water port on the northwest coast of the Gulf of Mexico, west of 93° 30'
west longitude, capable of admitting the largest vessels, at which the
best and most accessible harbor can be secured and maintained in the
shortest possible time, and at the least cost; the time, place and cost to
be ascertained from the board of engineers appointed under an act of
Congress passed at its last session.
"Resolved, second. That this convention, in behalf of the people it
represents, thanks the Congress of the United States for the prompt and
satisfactory action heretofore taken in recognition of the requests of the
Denver deep harbor convention."
The 51st Congress made a permanent appropriation of $6,200,000 for
the development of a deep harbor at Galveston, and in Aug., 1895, the
work was so far advanced that Gov. Culberson of Texas wrote to Gov.
Morrill of Kansas, requesting him to call another deep water convention
to meet at Topeka on Oct. i, 1895. Gov. Culberson also suggested in his
letter the advisability of holding a great industrial exposition at Galves-
ton, "to bring together the people and products of the West and encour-
age Inter-American commerce."
Gov. Morrill accordingly issued the call for the convention. When it
met at Topeka on Oct. i, Senator George G. Vest of Missouri was made
permanent chairman, and Thomas Richardson, secretary. The principal
action of the convention was to authorize the appointment of a com-
mittee, to consist of five members from each western state and three
members from each territory, and to be known as the "permanent deep
water utilization committee." The purposes for which this committee
was created were : to gather and disseminate information ; to correspond
with steamship lines and boards of trade ; to secure freight rates ; to pro-
vide for an international exposition ; to encourage the construction of
north and south railroads ; to call another convention or conference, and
also to call an international commercial congress if it deemed advisable.
Another deep water convention was held at Fort Smith, Ark.. Dec.
15, i8g6, but by that time railroad commissions had been established in
several of the western states, and through the work of these commissions
better freight rates had been secured on the railroads. Interest in the
504 CYCLOPEDIA OF
deep water project therefore waned, and after a short time the agitation
ceased altogether.
Deerfield, a city of the third class in Lakin township, Kearny county,
is located on the Arkansas river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
R. R., 7 miles east of Lakin, the county seat. It has a bank, a money
order postofHce with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, sev-
eral well appointed mercantile concerns, churches of the leading Protest-
ant denominations, and is a shipping point for a large agricultural dis-
trict. Deerfield was first settled in 1885, was incorporated in 1907, and
in 1910 reported a population of 152.
Deerhead, a village of Barber county, is located in Deerhead town-
ship, about 20 miles west of Medicine Lodge, the county seat, in the
Indian creek valley. Lake City, 10 miles north on the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R., is the nearest railroad station. The village has a
money order postoffice, is the trading center for a large agricultural dis-
trict, and is the headquarters of the "Ranchmen's Telephone company."
Defouri, J. H., one of the early Catholic priests in Kansas, was born
in St. John La Porte, valley of Isere, France, Aug. 29, 1830. He was
educated for the priesthood and was ordained at Chambery, Savoy, in
1854. Soon after taking orders he came to America and in Nov., 1856,
arrived at Leavenworth, where he remained until 1862, when he was seni
to Topeka. In 1865 he made a journey to his native land in the interest
of the church in Kansas, and upon his return the next year he was made
pastor of the Church of the Assumption in Topeka. In Sept., 1876, he
returned to Leavenworth and in July, 1877, was made vicar-general of
the diocese. Some years later he left Kansas to take charge of the
Church of San Guadaloupe at Santa Fe, New Mex. Father Defouri was
a liberal contributor to the Kansas Magazine and other publications of
that nature on topics relating to Indians and the early Catholic church
in the southwest.
DeGraff, a small hamlet of Lincoln township, Butler county, is a sta-
tion on the Florence & Arkansas City division of the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R. 11 miles north of Eldorado, the county seat. It has a
money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, a Presbyterian
church, telephone connections, a hotel, a good retail trade, and does some
shipping.
Deitzler, George W., soldier, was born at Pine Grove, Schuylkill
county, Pa., Nov. 30, 1826. He received a common school education and
removed to Kansas, where he became one of the prominent figures of
the free-state party. He was a delegate to the Topeka convention, and
in May, 1856, was one of the seven men who were arrested at Lawrence
and taken to Lecompton under guard of Federal troops. They were
known as the "treason prisoners" and were kept in a prison camp for
several months. During the winter of 1857-58 he was a member and
speaker of the Kansas house of representatives and was reelected. Sub-
sequently he was elected mayor of Lawrence, and also served as treasurer
of the state universitv. At the outbreak of the Civil war he was made
KANSAS HISTORY 505
colonel of the first Kansas; was seriously wounded at the battle of
Wilson's creek, in Aug., 1861, and never entirely recovered. He
remained in the service, however, was promoted to brigadier-general,
but resigned in 1863. During Price's raid he rendered great service in
protecting the border. In 1864 he was commissioned major-general of
Kansas militia. Gen. Deitzler was killed by being thrown from a car-
riage at Tucson, Ariz., April 11, 1884.
Delahay, Mark W., jurist and politician, was a native of Talbot county,
Md. Although his father was a slaveholder, his maternal ancestors
were members of the Society of Friends, and he was averse to buying
and selling slaves. He had scarcely attained to his majority when he
decided to seek his fortune in the West. He first located in Illinois,
where he was engaged in various enterprises; wrote for different jour-
nals ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar. In 1853 he went to
Mobile, Ala., to practice law, but in the wmter of 1854 he became inter-
ested in Kansas, and in March, 1855, became a resident of Leavenworth.
Although a Democrat and a supporter of the policy of "squatter
sovereignty," his sympathies soon became enlisted with the free-state
cause. On July 7, 1855, he began the publication of the Leavenworth
Register. He served as one of the secretaries of the Topeka convention
of Sept. 19, 1855, and as a member of the Topeka constitutional conven-
tion the following month. In December, while he was attending the
free-state convention at Lawrence, his office was destroyed by a pro-
slavery mob. He was elected to Congress under the Topeka constitu-
tion but was never admitted to a seat. In May, 1857, he started the
Register, the first paper in Wyandotte (now Kansas City); Kan. He
was a member of the Osawatomie convention of May 18, 1859, which
founded the Republican party in Kansas ; was chief clerk of the house
of representatives in i860; was appointed surveyor-general of Kansas in
1861 and held the position until Oct. 7, 1863, when President Lincoln
appointed him United States district judge of Kansas, in which office
he served until 1873. He died at Kansas City, May 8, 1879.
De Lassus, Carlos Dehault, soldier and lieutenant governor of Upper
Louisiana, was a native of Lille, France, where he was born in 1764, but
at the age of 18 years entered the Spanish army as a member of the royal
guards commanded by the king himself. For his distinguished bravery
in the assault on Fort Elmo in 1793 he was made lieutenant-colonel,
having previously won his commission as captain of grenadiers. In the
French revolution of 1793 his father was driven from his native land and
found refuge in New Orleans. Owing to this fact, when Carlos was
assigned to the command of a battalion of the king's body-guard in
1874, he asked to be transferred to New Orleans that he might have the
privilege of being near his father in a foreign land. His request was
granted, and soon after his arrival in this country he was made lieuten-
ant-colonel of the Louisiana regiment. For about three years he was
commandant at New Madrid, where he distinguished himself by the
capture of five Creek Indians who were causing trouble and the execu-
5 GO CYCLOPEDIA OF
tion of the leader. On Aug. 29, 1799, he was appointed lieutenant-gov-
-ernor of Upper Louisiana, which included the territory now comprising
the State of Kansas, and remained in that office until March 9, 1804,
when, pursuant to orders from the Spanish authorities, he delivered the
province to Maj. Amos Stoddard, the representative of the United States
government. Upon that date De Lassus issued the following proclama-
tion to the people of the province:
"Inhabitants of Upper Louisiana; By the King's command, 1 am about
to deliver up this post and its dependencies. The flag under which you
have been protected for a period of nearly 36 years is about to be with-
drawn. From this moment you are released from the oath of fidelity you
took to support it. The fidelity and courage with which yon have guard-
ed and defended it will never be forgotten ; and in my character of rep-
resentative I entertain the most sincere wishes for your perfect pros-
perity."
De Lassus remained at St. Louis until the following autumn, when he
was ordered with his regiment to Florida. For a time he was stationed
at Pensacola, and later was appointed governor of West Florida, with
headquarters at Baton Rouge. Here he was captured by local militia in
the uprising of 1810. Shortly after this he resigned his commission and
became a private citizen of New Orleans, where he died on May i, 1842.
Delavan, a village of Grand View township, Morris county, is 19 miles
west of Council Grove, the county seat. It is the trading center and
shipping point for a rich agricultural neighborhood, has a bank, a money
order postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, tele-
phone connections, Christian and Methodist churches, a good public
school building, and is one of the most progressive villages of its size in
the state. The population in 1910 was 58.
Delaware River, one of the principal water courses of northeastern
Kansas, rises in Nemaha county, about 2 miles west of the city of
Sabetha. At first its course is southeast through Nemaha, across the
southwest corner of Brown and the northeast corner of Jackson county,
until it enters Atchison county about 3 miles south of the northwest cor-
ner. From this point its course is more southerh- through Atchison and
Jefferson counties until it falls into the Kansas river nearly opposite the
town of Lecompton. Its principal tributaries are Cedar, Plum, Gregg's,
Walnut, Rock, White Horse, Big and Little Slough and Catamount
creeks, and the Little Delaware ri\er. Originally the stream was called
Grasshopper river, but the visitation of grasshoppers in 1874 rendered
the name unpopular and the legislature passed an act. which was ap-
proved by Gov. Osborn on Feb. 27, 1875, changing the name to Delaware
river.
Delia, a little town of Jackson county, is located in the southwest cor-
ner of the county on the Union Pacific R. R. 20 miles southwest of Hoi-
ton, the county seat. It has banking facilities, a money order postoffice
with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, and the principal lines
■of business activity are represented. The population in 1910 was 100.
KANSAS HISTORY 507
Delight, a country postoffice of Ellsworth county, is located in Mul-
berry township, near the northeast corner of the county, about 15 miles
from Ellsworth, the county seat, and 5 miles north of Carneiro, which is
the most convenient railroad station.
Deliverance, a small settlement in the western part of Osborne county,
is located near the head of the Little Medicine creek, about 20 miles
southwest of Osborne, the county seat. It is a trading center for that
section of the county and in 1910 repprted a population of 20. Alton
is the nearest railroad station.
Dellvale, a village of Leota township, Norton county, is a station on
the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 8 miles southwest of Norton,
the county seat. It has a money order postofifice with one rural route,
telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, a grain elevator,
some well stocked general stores, a hotel, etc., and in 1910 reported a
population of 31.
D'elmore, an inland hamlet of McPherson county, is located 12 miles
northeast of AlcPherson, the county seat, and 8 miles north of Galva, on
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pa-
cific railroads the nearest shipping point and railroad station. The mail
for Delmore is distributed by rural route from the Galva postoffice.
Delphos, the second largest town of Ottawa county, is located on the
Solomon river and on the Union Pacific R. R., in Sheridan township,
about 12 miles northwest of Minneapolis, the county seat. It has a
public librar}-, an opera house, 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Re-
publican), telegraph and express offices and an international postoffice
with four rural routes. It is an important receiving and shipping point,
having two flour mills and a creamery and facilities for handling large
quantities of grain. It is an incorporated city of the third class and the
population in 1810 was 767. The promoter of the town, W. A. Keizer,
platted it in 1870. A postoffice had been established two years before
with Levi Yockey as postmaster. The first store was opened by Simp-
son, Seymour & Easley. In 1872 a bridge was built over the Solomon,
$5,000 in bonds being voted for the purpose. Delphos was from the first
a grain market and elevators were built before the railroads came through
in 1878. In 1879 half of the town was destroyed by a tornado. The
first newspaper was started that year, the "Delphos Herald." The first
bank was established in 1880. Delphos is famous as the yearly camp-
ing ground of the society of spiritualists, which was organized in 1877
at that place with thirteen members. This camp meeting brings hun-
dreds of people to Delphos every summer.
Denison, one of the thriving towns in Jackson county, is located on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. in Cedar township, 10 miles southeast of
Holton, the county seat. Among the public improvements is a $2,000
electric light plant and a $5,500 school building. There are several well
stocked stores, banking facilities, express and telegraph offices, and a
postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 1,2^. Deni-
son is the successor of the old town of Tippinville, founded in 1858 by
508 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Welwood Tippin. This was a thrifty little town having a dozen busi-
ness establishments, including one of the first cheese factories in Kan-
sas. In 1887 when the railroad came through it missed Tippinville,
going a mile south. The little town was picked up and moved bodily
to the railroad. Most of the buildings moved at that time are still in
existence.
Denmark, a hamlet of Lincoln county, is located in the Spillman creek
valle}', about 10 miles northwest of Lincoln, the county seat. The in-
habitants receive mail by rural delivery from Vesper, which is the near-
est railroad station.
Dennis, a village of Labette county, is located in Osage township on
the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., 25 miles north of Oswego, the
county seat, and 8 miles from Parsons. It has an express office and a
money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910
was 175. The first building in Dennis was a railroad depot erected in
1880. In the spring of 1881 William Current opened the first gi-ocery
store. John Webb and John Milligan put in a stock of general mer-
chandise in 1882. At the time the town was platted in Dec, 1883, there
were two general stores, a grain elevator, harness shop, lumber yard,
drug store, hardware store and livery stable. The first hotel was put
up by Mr. Acre in 1885. The first dwelling house was erected by Mr.
Thorne in 1883.
Densmore, one of the prosperous towns of Norton count}', is sit-
uated on the Solomon river in West Union township, and is a station
on the Missouri Pacific R. R. about 16 miles southeast of Norton, the
count}' seat. It has a bank, a flour mill, a hotel, some well stocked gen-
eral stores. Catholic and Methodist churches, a money order postoffice
with two rural routes, telephone connections, etc., and in 1910 reported
a population of 100.
Denton, one of the villages of Doniphan county, is located in Union
township on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 11 miles south-
west of Troy, the county seat. It has telegraph and express offices,
banking facilities, and a money order postoffice with one rural route.
The population in 1910 was 200. The town was laid out by Moses,
William, and John Denton and D. C. Kyle in 1886. William Kirby
erected the first store in the fall of 1886. The first dwelling was built
by E. Callaway, and the first mail carrier between Severance and Kenne-
kuk in the early '8o's. Denton is located near the site of the old stage
station of Syracuse, on the Pottawatomie trail, where the Vickerys kept
a store in the '60s.
Dentonia, a hamlet of Jewell county, is located in Odessa township 18
miles southwest of Mankato, the county seat. The population in 1910
was 60. It receives mail from Esbon.
Denver, James William, secretary and governor of the Territory of
Kansas, was born at Winchester, Va., July 23 (some authorities say the
i8th), 1817. He was reared on a farm, attended the common schools, and
about the time he attained to his majority went with his parents to
KANSAS HISTORY 509
Ohio. Here he studied engineering and in 1841 went to Missouri to
engage in the practice of that profession. The following year he returned
to Ohio and took up the study of law, graduating at the Cincinnati
Law School in 1844. In 1847 he was commissioned captain of a company
in the Twelfth United States infantry, and served under Gen. Scott in
Mexico until the close of the war in July, 1848. He then located at
Platte City, Mo., where he practiced law until J850, when he went to
• California. While serving in the state senate of California he got into
an altercation with Edward Gilbert. A duel followed, with rifles as
weapons, and Gilbert was killed. In 1853 Mr. Denver was elected sec-
retary of State of California, and the next year was elected to Congress.
He served but one term, but Forney says : "Gen. Denver, while in Con-
gress, as chairman of the committee on Pacific railroad, in 1854-5, pre-
sented in a conclusive manner the facts demonstrating the practicability
of that great enterprise' and the advantage to be derived from it." At
the close of his term in Congress, he was appointed commissioner of
Indian affairs, and in the spring of 1857 came to Kansas to make treaties.
The following December he was appointed secretary of the territory,
and subsequently was appointed governor. While governor of Kansas
he was active in securing the erection of the Territory of Colorado, and
in commemoration of his services in this connection, the capital of Colo-
rado bears his name. On Oct. 10, 1858, he resigned his position as g-over-
nor to engage in the practice of law. In Aug., 1861, he was commissioned
brigadier-general of volunteers by President Lincoln and served until
in March, 1863, when he resigned. For a time he practiced law in Wash-
ington, D. C, and then removed to Wilmington, Ohio. He was de-
feated for Congress in that district in 1870, and in 1884 his name was
mentioned as a probable candidate for the Democratic nomination for
the presidency-. On Sept. 3 of that year he attended the old settlers'
meeting at Bismarck Grove, near Lawrence, Kan., where he delivered
an address. Gov. Denver died at Washington, D. C, Aug. 8, 1894.
Denver's Administration. — Mr. Denver took the oath of office as ter-
ritorial secretary before Judge Sterling G. Cato on Dec. 21, 1857, and
immediately became acting governor. In his inaugural address of the
same date he quoted from the letter of Gen. Cass, of Dec. 11, notifying
him of his appointment, wherein Cass said : "It is vitally important that
the people of Kansas, and no other than the people of Kansas, should
have the full determination of the question now before them for de-
cision."
The question at that time before the people for decision was the adop-
tion of the Lecompton constitution. The convention which framed the
constitution had submitted it to the people in such a way that the only
question they were called upon to decide was whether it should be
adopted "with" or "without" slavery. They had no option of voting upon
the instrument as a whole — no power to reject it in its entirety. Dur-
ing the last days of Gov. Shannon's administration (q. v.) a special ses-
sion of the legislature had provided for an election on Jan. 4, 1858, at
510 CYCLOPEDIA OF
which the people would be given the privilege of exercising the right
denied them by the convention, i. e. to reject the constitution if a ma-
jority of them so decreed. In discussing this phase of the subject, Gen.
Cass, in his letter to Denver, said : "It is proper to add that no action
of the territorial legislature can interfere with the elections of the 31SI
of December and the first Monday in January in the mode and manner
prescribed by the constitutional convention."
It was generally understood that the free-state men of the territory
would not vote on the constitution as submitted by the convention, and
Gov. Denver, in his address, referred to this attitude on their part as
follows: "American citizens can never preserve their rights by abandon-
ing the elective franchise, and punishment too severe cannot be inflicted
on the man who by violence, trickery or fraud would deprive them of
it. ... A very stringent law was passed at the late session of
the legislature providing for the infliction of severe penalties on persons
engaged in election frauds. This act meets with my most hearty ap-
proval and if it is not yet sufficiently stringent, I will gladly assist in
making it more so. It is not possible to throw too many guards around
this great bulwark, which is the very foundation of our free institu-
tions."
In the light of subsequent events, the declaration of Gen. Cass that
"no other than the people of Kansas" should have a voice in settling the
question before them, and the utterances of Gov. Denver with regard
to stringent election laws, became as "sounding brass and a tinkling
cymbal." At the election of Dev. 21, the very day the governor delivered
his inaugural address, Missourians in large numbers came into the ter-
ritory and voted for the adoption of the constitution "with slavery."
On the 22d the goA-ernor wrote to Howell Cobb, the secretary of the
United States treasury, for $10,000 to defraj- the expense of the legis-
lature, which would meet in January, and $1,000 for the contingent ex-
penses of the territory. "There is not a dollar here," said he, "and
prompt action is requested."
A free-state convention assembled at Lawrence on Dec. 23 to discuss
the question of voting on Jan. 4 for state officers under the Lecompton
constitution. Wilder says : "It was the most exciting convention ever
held by the free-state party." After a spirited debate it was finally de-
cided by a vote of 74 to 62 not to vote for state officers. A committee
of fifteen was appointed "to prepare and transmit to Congress a protest
against the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitution."
Notwithstanding the decision of the Lawrence convention on the sub-
ject of voting for state officers, some free-state men, on the evening of
Dec. 24, assembled in the basement of the Herald of Freedom office and
nominated candidates for these offices as follows: For governor, George
W". Smith ; lieutenant-governor, W. Y. Roberts ; secretarj- of state, P. C.
Schuyler; auditor, Joel K. Goodin ; treasurer, A. J. ^lead : representative
in Congress, Marcus J. Parrott.
KANSAS HISTORY 511
In apprehension of trouble on the day of the election, Gov. Denver, on
Dec. 26, issued a proclamation in which he gave Webster's definitions
of the word inhabitant and said : "From these definitions it will be seen
tliat it requires something more than a mere presence in the territory
to entitle a person to vote at the coming elections. I have deemed it my
duty to distribute the United States troops over the territory in such a
way as to preserve order and to insure to every one entitled a fair oppor-
tunity of voting."
The executive minutes from Dec. 26, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1858, are made up
largely of orders and instructions to military officers as to the disposition
of troops on election day, in order to insure a fair vote. On Dec. 30 the
governor gave to the judges of election the information that "Many
complaints have been made that frauds have been committed at elec-
Lions in Kickapoo.and in order to satisfy all persons that such charges are
incorrect, I have given assurances that challengers would be allowed
to stand by and question the voters as to their right to vote during the
time the polls are kept open."
On Jan. i, 1858, and again on the 2d. Gen. Denver admonished E. S.
Dennis, the United States marshal, to exercise all possible power "to
secure to ever}' person an opportunity to vote," yet despite all these pre-
cautions a number of illegal votes were cast on Jan. 4, when two distinct
elections were held — one for state officers, delegate to Congress and mem-
bers of the legislature, and one on the ratification or rejection of the
Lecompton constitution. Both parties participated in the former, but the
pro-slavery men ignored the one relating to the adoption of the consti-
tution, claiming that the question of its ratification had been settled by
the election of the preceding December. Although many free-state men
refused to vote for state officers, Smith received 6,875 votes to 6,545 for
F. J. Marshall, the pro-slavery candidate, and the other candidates on
the free-state ticket were victorious by about the same majority. Owing
lo the failure of the pro-slavery men to vote on the constitution, it was
rejected by a vote of 10.226 to 161. (See Constitutions.)
The third session of the territorial legislature convened on Jan. 4, 1858.
Carmi W. Babcock was elected president of the council and George W.
Deitzler speaker of the liouse. On the 5th Gov. Denver delivered his
message. In his introduction he said : "Having but recently arrived
among you, it can hardly be expected that I should have the exact in-
formation in relation to the internal affairs of the territory that a longer
residence would have afforded : but I have seen enough to satisfy me
that much of the animosity and bitter feeling, now existing, proceeds
.more from personal hostility than from political considerations."
The governor then goes on to show how neighborhood feuds could
be traced back to personal quarrels, and mentions the case of a man hav-
ing been forcibly removed from a quarter-section of land in the southern
part of the territory. When the parties who removed this man were
arrested under writs issued by the Federal judges the cry of "Persecu-
tion" was raised, and "this petty difficulty was soon elevated to the
dignity of a war between the free-state and pro-slavery parties."
512 CYCLOPEDIA OF
"To quell these disturbances," said he, "I have deemed it necessar}^
to send a detachment of United States troops into the neighborhood,
which has had the effect to restore peace to the community."
Concerning the Lecompton constitution and the influence it might
have on the work of the legislature, he quoted the provisions under
which it had been submitted on Dec. 21, and said: 'Tt was again sub-
mitted to a vote of the people by an act of the legislature, approved Dec.
17, 1857, only one of the political parties voting at a time on these propo-
sitions, and the others absenting themselves from the polls. In this
condition it will probably be sent to Congress, and it may be well for
3^ou to delay any important legislation until you can ascertain what ac-
tion Congress will take in the premises ; for, should Kansas be admitted
as one of the states of the Union, under this constitution, it would have
the effect to nullify all your acts, and revive such as you may have re-
pealed. If, however, you shall conclude to disregard this possible state
of aft'airs, it then becomes my duty to direct your attention to some
matters on which legislative action may be necessary."
The subjects to which the governor then called special attention were
the need of a revision of the criminal laws of the territory and the es-
tablishment of prisons ; some amendment to the election laws to pre-
vent intimidation ; suitable legislation to promote the construction of
highways, and a law to encourage the establishment of common schools.
At the evening session on Jan. 5 both houses adopted a resolution to
adjourn to meet at Lawrence on the 7th, because of "a general lack of
suitable accommodations" at Lecompton. The "free-state legislature,
which had met at Topeka on the 5th, also adjourned to Lawrence, and
on the 7th the members of that body asked the territorial legislature
to substitute the state for the territorial assembly. The proposition was
declined and soon after the Topeka legislature adjourned.
Early in the session Henry J. Adams, Thomas Ewing, Jr., Dillon
Pickering, E. L. Taylor, H. T. Green and J. B. Abbott were appointed
as a committee to investigate the election frauds of Dec. 21 and Jan. 4
and report to the governor. On P'eb. 12, the day before the legislature
adjourned, the committee made its report, showing that at the election
of Dec. 21, 1857, on the Lecompton constitution, illegal votes had been
cast as follows : At Kickapoo, 700 ; at Delaware City, 145 ; at Oxford,
1,200; at Shawnee, 675, making a total of 2,720. At the election of Jan.
4, 1858, for state officers under the Lecompton constitution, the illegal
votes reported by the committee included 600 at Kickapoo ; 5 at Dela-
ware City; 336 at the Delaware agency; 696 at Oxford, and 821 at Shaw-
nee, a total of 2,458. Regarding the illegal votes at Shawnee agency,
the committee stated that forged names had been added to the regular
returns, and that this had been done with the knowledge of John Cal-
houn, who had been president of the Lecompton convention, and also
John D. Henderson.
During the session 175 town companies were incorporated; several new
counties were created ; a code of civil and a code of criminal procedure
KANSAS HISTORY _ 513
were enacted ; and a bill was passed over the governor's veto making
Minneola the seat of government. (See Capital.)
On Feb. 6 Gov. Denver vetoed a bill repealing the "Black laws" en-
acted by the first territorial legislature — laws providing the most severe
penalties for injury to or interference with slave property. In his veto
message the governor said: "The act referred to is a very stringent
one, perhaps much more so than is necessary, but, so long as the terri-
torial existence continues here, the owners of slaves have a right to
<:laim protection for their property at the hands of the law-making power.
I cannot therefore give my consent to repeal of all laws on this
subject, until there shall be some other enactment to take their place."
The legislature then passed another act, less radical than the one
vetoed, which was accepted by the governor. This act, while repealing
many of the obnoxious features of the slave laws, still provided ade-
quate protection for the slaveowner.
On Feb. lo the legislature sent to the governor a bill providing for
another constitutional convention. The law gave the governor three
days (Sundays excepted) to sign or veto bills, and before the expiration
of the full three days after this bill was submitted the legislature ad-
journed. Gov. Denver therefore claimed that the bill was not legall)^ a
law, but under its provisions was held the Leavenworth constitutional
convention. (See Constitutions.)
.■\t the special session of the legislature, called by Gov. Stanton in
Dec. 1857, a bill was passed authorizing the establishment of a military
board to organize and control the movements of the militia. The bill
had been vetoed by Mr. Stanton (See Stanton's Administration), but
the assembly passed it over the veto. On Feb. 12, 1858, Gov. Denver
vetoed a similar bill, and again it was passed over the governor's ob-
jections. On Feb. 26, 1858, Gov. Denver issued a proclamation denying
the authority of James H. Lane, who held the rank of major-general by
authorit}' of the legislative assembly, to organize the militia of the ter-
ritory. Lane, however, feeling secure in the power granted him by the
legislature, paid no attention to the proclamation and went on with his
work.
All through the years 1857-58 there was more or less trouble between
the free-state and pro-slavery men, .especially in southeastern Kansas.
Free-state settlers who had left this section during the border war in
1856, returned the following year and undertook to regain possession of
their claims, but their efforts were resisted. About this time Capt.
James Montgomery organized his "Self Defensive Association" (q. v.)
and "carried the war into the enemy's country." On Jan. 9, 1858, Gov.
Denver notified United States Marshal E. S. Dennis that an armed mob
at Leavenworth was parading the streets, "breaking open stores and
searching private houses for arms." He directed the marshal to call
on Gen. Harney for troops to restore order, and added: "Previous to
the late election, vou will recollect that I gave vou directions to have the
(1-33)
CYCLOPEDIA OF
people disarmed, should they make any demonstration to disturb the
public peace, and I am astonished that you have not acted promptly."
The governor also criticised the mayor of Leavenworth for failing to do
his duty. About this time two companies of dragoons were sent to
southeastern Kansas to quell the disturbance in that section.
Up to this time Mr. Denver had been merely the acting governor, by
virtue of his office as secretary. On March 13, 1858, he wrote to Gen.
Cass, acknowledging the receipt of a letter dated Feb. 26 indorsing his
commission as governor. In that letter Gov. Denver said :
"My oath of office is not inclosed, for the reason that I can find no
authority for anyone to act as secretary should that office become vacant,
except by presidential appointment. In the present condition of affairs
here such an interregnum might prove a serious embarrassment, and
my sense of duty to the public interests will not allow me to cause it.
"While I shall continue to discharge the duties of both offices, there-
fore, as heretofore, I will await the appointment of a secretary before
qualifying as governor."
He then recommended his private secretary, Hugh S. Walsh, for the
office of territorial secretary. Mr. Walsh was subsequently appointed,
and on May 12, 1858, Mr. Denver took the oath of office as governor. In
the meantime he had issued commissions to a number of county and
township officers, notaries public, etc.
On May 19 occurred the Marais des Cygnes massacre of a number of
free-state men by a party commanded by Capt. Charles A. Hamelton (see
Marais des Cygnes), and Gov. Denver despatched Lieut. J. P. Jones and
Benjamin J. Newsom to investigate the conditions in that district and
report. On June 3 they rendered an account of a number of confficts
between Montgomery's men and the pro-slavery settlers, due in a great
measure to the inefficiency of certain county officers. On the 15th the
governor visited Fort Scott, where he addressed a mass meeting and
introduced a set of resolutions, the object of which was to settle the dis-
turbances in that vicinity. During the summer conditions did not im-
prove, however, as much as the governor had anticipated at the time of
his visit to Fort Scott, and on Sept. 5. 1858, he tendered his resignation,
to take effect on Oct. 10.
Cutler says : "The resignation of Gov. Denver, as in the case of Gov.
Walker, was forced upon him by th.e pro-slavery administration. He had
made a treaty with Montgomery, the free-state chief, whereby it was
sought to restore peace. As this involved concessions to the free-state
men, it, as a matter of course, met the disapproval of the president and
advisers, and would have resulted in the removal of Gov. Denver, had
he not resigned."
Derby, a town of Rockford township, Sedgwick county, is located on
the Arkansas river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 11 miles
southeast of Wichita. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with three
rural routes, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, Catho-
lic, Evangelical and Presbyterian churches, good public schools, sev-
KANSAS HISTORY 5 15
eral general stores, a hotel, etc., and is the principal shipping point for
a rich agricultural district in the Arkansas valley. The population in
1910 was 261.
Dermot, a little village in the northwest corner of Stevens county, is
located in the valley of the north fork of the Cimarron river about i6
miles from Hugoton, the county seat, and 40 miles south of Hartland,
which is the nearest railroad station. Dermot has a money order post-
office and is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is sit-
uated.
Descent and Distribution of Property. — A homestead to the extent
of 160 acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an in-
corporated town or city, occupied by the intestate and his family at the
time of his death as a residence, and continued to be so occupied by his
widow and children, after his death, together with all the improvements
on the same, is wholly exempt from distribution under any of the laws
of this state, and from the payment of the debts of the intestate, but is
the absolute property of the widow and children. If the intestate at the
time of his death owned a greater number of acres of land adjoining his
residence than is allowed for a homestead, the widow may select the
homestead. If the intestate left no children, the widow is entitled to
said homestead, and if he left children and no widow, the children are
entitled to same. If the intestate left a widow and children, and the
widow again marrj-, or when all the children arrive at the age of ma-
jority, the homestead is divided, one-half in value to the widow and the
other half to the children.
One-half in value of all the real estate in which the husband, at any
time during the coverture, had a legal or equitable interest, which has
not been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and not necessary for
the payment of debts, and of which the wife has made no conveyance,
is set apart by the executor as her property in fee simple upon the death
of her husband if she survives him. Continuous cohabitation as hus-
band and wife is presumptive evidence of marriage for the purpose of
giving this right. The widow's portion cannot be affected by any will of
her husband, if she objects thereto, and relinquishes all right conferred
upon her by the will.
The remaining estate of which the decedent died seized, in the ab-
sence of other arrangements by will, descends in equal shares to his
children surviving him and the living issue, if any, of the prior deceased
children ; but such issue collectively inherits only that share to which
their parent would have been entitled had he been living. If the de-
ceased leave no issue, the whole of his estate goes to his wife ; and if
he leaves neither wife nor issue, it goes to his parents. If one of his
parents be dead, it goes to the surviving parent, and if both parents be
dead, it is disposed of in the same manner as if they, or either of them,
had outlived the intestate and died in the possession and ownership of
the portion thus falling to their share, or to either of them, and so on
through the ascending ancestors and their issue.
5l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Illegitimate children inherit from the mother, and the mother from the
children. They also inherit from the father whenever they have been
recognized by him as his children, but such recognition must be gen7
eral and notorious, or in writing. Under such circumstances, if the rec-
ognition of relationship has been mutual, the father inherits from his
illegitimate children. In thus inheriting from an illegitimate child, the
mother and her heirs take preference over the father and his heirs. All
the provisions mentioned control the descent of property owned by a
woman who dies intestate.
Desert. — (See Great American Desert.)
De Soto, an incorporated town of Johnson county, is located in the
northwestern part on the south bank of the Kansas river and the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. i6 miles east of Lawrence. The town
Avas laid out in the spring of 1857 by a company and named after the
great Spanish explorer. A store was soon opened and a sawmill built
on the river. Late in the year several more buildings were elected and
the De Soto hotel was opened. In i860 the postoffice was established
with James Smith as postmaster. The Methodist church was the pio-
neer religious denomination, an organization having been perfected in
1858, but no church was erected until 1870. De Soto now contains
several general stores, a hardware and implement house, lumber yard,
good public school system, money order postoffice, telegraph and express
facilities,- and is the shipping and supply point for a considerable dis-
trict. The population in 1910 was 500.
Detroit, a village of Center township, Dickinson county, is a station
on the Union Pacific R. R. 6 miles east of Abilene, the county seat. It
has a money order postoffice with two rural routes, a graded public
school, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, general
stores, etc., and in 191Q reported a population of 142.
Devizes, a village of Norton county, is situated on Sappa creek about
20 miles northwest of Norton, the county seat. It has a money order
postoffice and is a trading center for that section of the county. Wilson
City, Neb., is the nearest railroad station. The population in 1910
was 48.
Devon, a village of Bourbon county, is located on the Missouri Pa-
cific R. R. 10 miles northwest of Fort Scott. It has a money order post-
office with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, and in 1910 had
a population of 200. It is the supply town for a rich district and a con-
siderable shipping point for produce.
Dewdrop, a small settlement in Lincoln county, is about 8 miles north-
west of Lincoln, the county seat and nearest railroad station, from which
place mail is received by rural delivery. The population was reported
as 20 in 1910.
Dexter, an incorporated city of Cowley countj', is located on Grouse
creek in the township of the same name, at the junction of two divisions
of the Missouri Pacific R. R. 20 miles southeast of Winfield, the county
seat. The Dexter town company was first organized by some citizens
KANSAS HISTORY 517
of Emporia in 1870, but the town was not laid off and the plat filed until
in Oct., 1875. James McDermott built the first house in the town. The
postoffice was established in Sept., 1870, and the first mail by regular car-
rier came from Eureka the following March. A water power flour mill
was among the first industries to be established. The Dexter of 191 1
has 2 banks, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, express,
telegraph and telephone accommodations, churches of several denomina-
tions, a weekly newspaper (the Dispatch), a hotel, important mercantile
and shipping interests, etc. The population in 1910 was 512.
Dial, a small hamlet of Osborne county, is situated in the Covert creek
valley, about 15 miles southwest of Osborne, the county seat. Mail is
received by rural delivery from the postoffice at Covert. Waldo, on the
Union Pacific 6 miles south, is the nearest railroad station.
Diamond Springs, a village of Morris county, is a station on the Strong
City & Superior division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R.,
about 20 miles southwest of Council Grove, the county seat. It has a
money order postoffice, telephone connections, an express office, a good
local trade, and is a shipping point for the surrounding agricultural dis-
trict. The population was reported as 27 in 1910.
The spring for which the village was named was originall}^ known as
"The Diamond of the Plain." It is one of the largest springs in the state
and was a well known station on the old Santa Fe trail. This station
was robbed by the guerrilla, Dick Yeager, on the night of May 4, 1863,
and in the raid Augustus Howell was killed and Mrs. Howell severely
wounded.
Dickinson County, located near the central part of the state, is in the
third tier of counties south from Nebraska and the sixth west from the
Missouri river. It was created by an act of the legislature in 1857, with
the following boundaries: "Beginning at the southwest corner of Clay
county, thence west along the southern boundary of said Clay county
to the southwest corner thereof; thence south along the 6th principal
meridian to the corner of townships 16 and 17 south ; thence east along
the township line to the range line between ranges 4 and 5 east; thence
north along said range line to the middle of the main channel of the
.Smoky Hill fork of the Kansas river; thence up the middle of the main
channel of the Smoky Hill fork to the southwest corner of Riley county ;
thence north with the west boundary of Rile}' county to the point of
beginning." It was named after Daniel S. Dickinson, United States
senator from the state of New York. The boundaries at present are
practically those established by the act of creation and it is bounded on
the north by Clay county, on the east by Geary and Morris, on the
south by Marion and on the west by Saline and Ottawa counties. Its
area is 851 square miles.
It is supposed that the first white men to pass over the territory now
embraced in Dickinson county were Coronado (q. v.) and his followers,
and the Bourgmont expedition probably passed through the county in
1724. A family named Lenon located on Chapman creek in 1855, but
5l8 CYCLOPEDIA OF
(lid not stay. In the fall of the next year T. F. Hersey located on a
claim on Mud creek near the present city of Abilene, but there was an
impression that land so far west was not fit for habitation and settle-
ment was slow. By some authorities it is estimated that there were not
more than half a dozen families in the county at the time of its organi-
zation. Prior to that time the county was attached to Davis (now Geary)
county as a municipal township for all civil and military purposes. C.
W. Staatz settled on Lyon creek in 1857 and in 1858 a number of set-
tlers arrived, locating along dififerent streams. Among them were Wil-
liam Lamb, who took a claim on the Smoky Hill river ; A. J. Markley,
who settled on Turkey creek; William Breeson, on Lyon creek; E. W.
Bradfield, on Mud creek. Although white settlers were coming into
the county, the Smoky Hill valley and the prairies were still the hunt-
ing grounds of various Indian tribes, and the pioneers being far apart
had more frequent red than white visitors. The Indians committed some
depredations and at one time were caught and punished by Capt. Stur-
gis. Settlement was retarded by the Indians, who, while they professed
friendship, could not be trusted. Supplies were brought this far west
only at a great risk and inconvenience by slow ox teams. Kansas City
and Leavenworth were the nearest points where grain could be ground
and supplies purchased. Trips were usually made to these cities twice
a year to market and mill, the whole family going along as it was un-
safe to leave a few members alone, distant from other settlements.
Soon after the creation of the county in 1857, H. M. Rulison, Dr.
Gerat and Nicholas White formed a town company and located what
was known as Newport, the site of which was section 3, town 13, range
3, about a mile east of where Detroit now stands. The site was platted
and a cabin built on each quarter section. In i860 C. H. Thompson
moved to Dickinson county from Leavenworth and located on land east
of and adjoining T. F. Hersey. He laid out a town on Mud creek, which
Mrs. Hersey named Abilene, and a few log houses were erected there.
Another town, called Union City, was laid out south of the Smoky Hill
river, on Turkey creek.
The first white child born in the county was C. F. Staatz. son of C. W.
Staatz, who lived on Lyon creek, his birth occurring on June 24, 1857.
The first death known to have occurred in the county was that of his
sister Julia, who died in Oct., 1857. The first marriage was that of
David Beigart and a Miss J. F. Staatz in 1859. The first school was
organized on Lyon creek, in what is now Liberty township, in 1859, and
was taught by William Miller. In Dickinson county the pioneer religious
services were held by the Methodists, who erected a log church on
Lyon creek in the spring of 1861, which was used for a school house on
week days. Peter May was the first pastor of this pioneer congrega-
tion. A man named Jones opened the first store in the county at Abi-
lene in i860, and the first hotel opened was the Drover's Cottage at
Abilene in 1866, owned by Joseph G. McCoy. The Chronicle, the first
newspaper of the countv, was established at Abilene in Feb., 1870. bv
V. P." Wilson.
KANSAS HISTORY 519
Dickinson county was organized in 1858 with the following officers:
Commissioners, William Lamb, James Long and William Mulligan;
clerk, Dr. Gerot; treasurer, John Lamb ; sheriff, Henry Long; register
of deeds, John Long. The county board declared Newport the county
seat. The records of the territorial era were burned in 1882, but it is
known that in 1859, a voting precinct was established at Newport and
20 votes were cast at the November election. By i860, the population of
Dickinson county had increased to 378 and the first regular election was
held in the fall.
The Smoky Hill river divides the county nearly in equal parts — the
northern and southern. To accommodate the voters on both sides of
the river the county commissioners established two voting precincts,
one on the north side at Newport and one on the south side at A. J.
Markley's house in Union City. The officers had hardly qualified when
the county seat agitation began, the contesting points being Union
City on the south and Smoky Hill (now Detroit), Abilene and New-
port on the north side of the river. The settlers on the south side were
fewer than those on the north side, but were united, while those on the
north side were divided. Thompson and Hersey saw that, unless the
people north of the river united, the county seat would go south of the
river. A compromise was efifected by which the settlers on Chapman's
creek withdrew their support from Newport in favor of Abilene, and
thus it became the seat of justice. The election took place in 1861. In
1870 a brick and stone court-house was built at the corner of Broadway
and Second streets. On Jan. 17, 1882, the court-house burned and nearly
all the county records were destroyed, except those of the register of
deeds, which were in another building. A new court-house was soon
contracted for at a cost of $30,000 and was read}' for occupancy late in
the year.
The first railroad to enter the county was the Kansas Pacific, built
along the valley of the Smoky Hill in 1866. At the present time the
Union Pacific railroad crosses the county from east to west, passing
through Abilene, with a branch south from Detroit. The Atchison, To-
peka & Santa Fe crosses the southern boundary a few miles west of the
southeast corner, traverses the count)- in a northwesterly direction, and
at Abilene branches, one line running west into Saline county, the other
running northwest to Concordia. A line of the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific system crosses the southeast corner of the county, with a branch
from Herington to Abilene and Salina. A line of the Missouri Pacific
crosses the southern part of the coimty, east and west, passing through
Herington. These lines give the county more than 152 miles of main
track road.
Dickinson county is divided into the following townships : Banner.
Buckeye, Center, Cheever, Flora, Fragrant Hill, Garfield, Grant, Haynes,
Holland, Hope, Jefferson, Liberty, Lincoln, Logan, Lyon, Newbern,
X'oble. Ridge, Rinehart, Sherman, Union, Wheatland and Willowdale.
The surface of the conutry is gently rolling prairie which breaks into
520 CYCLOPEDIA OF
bluffs along some of the streams. River valleys average 2 miles in width
while the valleys of the creeks are only about a mile in width. This
"bottom land" comprises about a quarter of the total area and the soil
is rich ancl deep growing somewhat thinner on the upland. Timber —
mostly walnut, ash, elm, hackberry, burr oak, cottonwood, hickory,,
honey-locust, box-elder and sycamore — is found along the streams. The
largest water course is the Smoky Hill river, which flows across the
county from west to east, a little north of the center. This stream, with
its tributaries, the most important of which are Chapman's, Turkey
and Vine creeks, waters all of the county. A few springs exist and good
well water is found at a depth of 30 feet. The county is well adapted
to agriculture, the principal crops being winter wheat, corn, and other
grains. Tame grasses and prairie hay are also important products and
Dickinson ranks high as one of the great stock raising counties. There
are more than 225,000 bearing fruit trees, about half of which are apple.
An excellent quality of limestone is abundant; mineral paint and clay
for brick and pottery is found near Abilene; gj'psum is plentiful in the
southwest and is extensively utilized. Salt water is found at Solomon,
in the western part of the county and in Hope township in the south-
west. There are two mineral springs at Abilene supposed to have medi-
cal properties and the water is bottled and shipped to some extent.
Abilene, on the north bank of Smoky Hill river 169 miles west of
Kansas City, is the county seat and largest town. The population of the
county in 1910 was 24,361, a gain of 2,445 during the preceding decade.
The value of farm crops in the same year was $3,293,338, and of all ag-
ricultural products $5,610,505.
Dighton, the county seat of Lane county, is centrally located on the
Great Bend & Scott division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R.
96 miles west of Great Bend. The land which forms the town site was-
entered by W. A. Watson in the spring of 1879 and a postofifice was es-
tablished the same year, but six years- elapsed before the town began to-
grow. In May, 1885, there w^ere only three houses and seven voters in
Dighton, but the prospects of early railroad communication brought an
influx of population. On Feb. 18, 1886, R. W. Montgomery issued the
initial number of the Dighton Journal, which states that there then were
70 buildings and a population of 350, with about 50 new buildings in
process of construction. The expectations of the founders at that time
have not been realized, though Dighton is one of the active, energetic
towns of western Kansas. It has a national and a state bank, a money
order postoffice, a flour mill, a grain elevator, 2 weekly newspapers (the
Journal and the Herald), graded public schools, the county high school,
a hotel, several well stocked mercantile establishments. Bap-
tist, Christian and Methodist churches, telegraph and express service,
a cornet band, and is connected with the surrounding towns by tele-
phone. It is an incorporated city of the third class, and in 1910 reported
a population of 370. The population in 1900 was only 194, and the gain
during the ten years has been of a permanent and substantial char-
acter.
KANSAS HISTORY 521
Dildine, an inland hamlet of Wilson county, is located in the extreme
northeastern corner of the county 21 miles from Fredonia, the county
seat, and about 5 miles north of Vilas, the nearest railroad station. It
receives its mail from Chanute in Neosho county.
Dillon, one of the larger villages of Dickinson county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. on the line between Jefiferson and Ridge town-
ships, about 16 miles south of Abilene, the county seat. The railroad
name is Swayne Station. Dillon has a money order postoffice with one
rural route, a creamery, a flour mill, some well stocked general stores,
express and telegraph service, telephone connections, Methodist and
Presbyterian churches and a good public school building. The popula-
tion in 1910 was 161.
Dillwyn, a small village in the western part of Stafford county, is in
Richland township, 8 miles west of St. John, the county seat. It is a
station on the Hutchison & Kinsley cut off of the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe R. R., has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph
offices, telephone connections, a grain elevator, some good general stores,
and in 1910 reported a population of 30.
Dinas, a rural money order postoffice of Harrison township, Wallace
county, situated near the head of Hackberry creek, about 15 miles south-
east of- Sharon Springs, the county seat and most convenient railroad
station. The population in 1910 was 27.
Dispatch, a small hamlet of Smith county, is located on Oak creek,
about 20 miles southeast of Smith Center, the county seat. Mail is re-
ceived by rural delivery from Cawker City. Downs is the nearest rail-
road station.
Division, a rural postoffice of Lane county, is about 14 miles south
of Dighton, the county seat and most convenient railroad station.
Divorce Laws. — In the territorial days divorces between unharmonious
husbands and wives were granted by acts of the legislature, but when
Kansas became a state and the constitution was adopted, establishing
the various departments of justice, the power to grant divorce was vested
in the district court, subject to regulation by law. Under the code or
civil procedure "an action for divorce, or to annul a contract of mar-
riage, or for alimony, may be brought in the county of which the plaintiff
is an actual resident at the time of filing the petition or where the de-
fendant resides or may be summoned." (G. S. 1901 p. 4484.) The causes
for which the district court may grant a divorce are as follows: i —
when either of the parties had a former husband or wife living at the
time of the subsequent marriage; 2 — abandonment for one year; 3 —
adultery ; 4 — impotency ; 5 — when the wife at the time of the marriage
was pregnant by another than her husband; 6 — extreme cruelty; 7 —
fraudulent contract; 8 — habitual drunkenness; 9 — gross neglect of duty;
10— the conviction of a felony and imprisonment in the penitentiary
therefor subsequent to the marriage. (G. S. 1909.)
The plaintiff in an action for divorce must have been an actual resi-
dent in good faith of the state for one year next preceding the filing of
522 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the petition, and a resident of the county in which the action is brought
at the time the petition is liled, unless the action is brought in the
county where the defendant resides or may be summoned. A wife who
resides in the state at the time of applying for a divorce is considered
a resident of the state although her husband resides elsewhere. When
parties applying for a divorce appear to be "in equal wrong the court
may in its discretion refuse to grant a divorce, and in any such case,
or in any other case where a divorce is refused, the court may make,
for good cause shown, such order as may be proper for the custody,
maintenance and education of the children, and for the control and
equitable division and disposition of the property of the parents, or of
either of them, as may be proper, equitable and just, having due regard
to the time and manner of such property, whether the title thereto be in
either or both of said parties, and in such case the order of the court shall
vest in the parties a fee-simple title to the property so set apart or de-
creed to them, and each party shall have the right to convey, devise
and dispose of the same without the consent of the other." ( G. S. 1909.)
After a petition has been filed for divorce and alimony, or for alimony
alone, the court may make, without bond, and enforce by attachment,
such order to restrain the disposition of the property of the parties or
either of them, or for the use, management and control thereof, or for
control of the children and support of wife, and for expense of the suit.
Parties applying for divorce must have reliable competent witnesses
and good proof. "When a divorce is granted the court shall make pro-
vision for the guardianship, custody, support and education of minor
children of the marriage, and may modify or change any order whenever
circumstances render such change proper." (G. S. 1901.)
The laws further provide for the restoration of the wife's maiden
name and property, if she possessed any before marriage, and also for
the division of property acquired by both parties after marriage. Par-
ties having been granted a divorce cannot marry for six months, or
until after final judgment or appeal. Any person violating this law is
deemed guilty of bigamy and if convicted may be punished by impris-
onment in a penitentiary for a term of not less than one year nor more
than three j-ears. Furthermore, marriage by incapables ma}^ be annulled
and the children be deemed legitimate. Also, a wife may obtain ali-
mony from the husband without divorce, for any of the causes for which
a divorce may be granted. The husband may make the same defense
to such action as he might to an action for divorce, and may, for suffi-
cient cause, obtain a divorce from the wife in such action.
In 1907 the legislature passed an act in regard to foreign judgments
of divorce as follows: "Any judgment or decree of divorce rendered
upon service by publication in any state of the U. S. in conformity with
the law thereof, shall be given full faith and credit in this state, and
shall have the same force with regard to persons now or heretofore resi-
dent or hereafter to become a resident of this state as if said judgment
had been rendered by a court of this state, and shall, as to the status
KANSAS HISTORY 523
of all persons, be treated and considered and given force the same as a
judgment of the courts of this state of the date which said judgment
bears."
Doby, a rural postoffice of Grant county, is located on the south fork
of the Cimarron river about 4 miles above its mouth and 15 miles south-
east of Ulysses, the county seat. Arkalon, on the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific, in Seward county, is the nearest railroad station.
Dodge City, the county seat of Ford count}- and one of the important
cities of southwestern Kansas, is situated a few miles west of the cen-
ter of the county on the Arkansas river and the main line of the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. It is also the terminus of a division of
the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific that connects with one of the main
lines of that system at Bucklin, in the southeastern part of Ford county.
The city takes its name from old Fort Dodge (q. v.), which was located
about 4 miles below on the same side of the river.
The history of Dodge City begins with the completion of the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad to that point in Sept., 1872. About a
month before the railroad reached the Arkansas river, the tide of emigra-
tion turned toward Dodge City. Buffalo hunters found in the vicinity
a profitable field, and in the fall and winter of 1872 thousands of hides
were shipped eastward over the new line of road. Other branches of
industry were introduced, and the saloon — that apparently inevitable
concomitant of a frontier civilization — flourished in all its pristine glory.
Among the early comers was a large class of adventurers who had lit-
tle regard for human life and less for "the majesty of the law." This
class was increased in numbers when Dodge City became the objective
point of the Texas cattle trade. In fact, within a year or two conditions
became so bad that on May 13, 1874, the commissioners of Ford county
adopted a resolution to the effect "That any person who is not engaged
in any legitimate business, and any person under the influence of intoxi-
cating drinks, and any person who has ever borne arms against the
government of the United States, who shall be found within the limits
of the town of Dodge City, bearing on his person a pistol, bowie knife,
dirk, or other deadly weapon, shall be subject to arrest upon charge of
misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined in a sum not exceed-
ing $100, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding three
months, or both, at the discretion of the court, and same to take effect
from date."
The adoption of this resolution and its enforcement had a tendenc}'
to purif}' the civic atmosphere, but it was several years before Dodge
City Avas entirely purged of its undesirable population. When Presi-
dent Hayes passed through the place in 1879 he declined to leave his
coach because of the turbulent crowd on the outside. As late as 1883,
a gambler named Short committed some offense against the public wel-
fare and was threatened with lynching. Matters assumed such a serious
aspect that Gov. Glick sent Adjt.-Gen. Moonlight to Dodge City and a
compan}' of militia was held in readiness at Great Bend to move on short
524
CYCLOPEDIA OF
notic'e to the scene of the trouble, but the adjutant-general succeeded in
securing promises to let Short be tried by the courts.
The Dodge City of the present day is as orderly a city as any in the
state. It has 3 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the Globe-Republican and
the Journal-Democrat), electric lights, waterworks, a fire department,
a fine sewer system, good public schools, an opera house, and its inter-
national money order postoffice has one rural route that supplies daily
SIGXAL SERVICE OX WEATHER BUILDIXG, DODGE CITY.
mail to the inhabitants in a large section of the adjacent country. Its
manufacturing industries include flour mills, machine shops, an ice plant,
etc. The city has a telephone exchange, telegraph and express offices,
hotels, and a number of well appointed mercantile houses. A United
States land office was established at Dodge City in Feb., 1894; one of
the state forestr}' stations and the state soldiers' home are located in
the vicinity, and in 1911 Dodge City was designated by the national
government as the site of a postal savings bank. The population in
1910 was 3,214, a gain of 687 during the preceding decade.
Dodge, Henry, soldier, was born at Vincennes, Ind., Oct. 12, 1782,
the son of Israel Dodge, who served in the Continental army during the
Revolutionar}' war. In the war of 1812 Henry Dodge commanded a
mounted compan}- of volunteer riflemen and became major of a
Louisiana regiment of militia under Gen. Howard. He was major in
KANSAS HISTORY 525
McNair's regiment of Missouri militia and commanded a battalion of
Missouri mounted infantry, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, from
Aug. to Oct., 1814. He served as colonel of Michigan volunteers during
the Black Hawk war, and was commissioned major of the United States
rangers in 1832. On March 4, 1833, he became colonel of the First
United States dragoons and the following year was successful in making
peace with the frontier Indians. On May 29, 1835, he left Fort Leaven-
worth in command of an expedition to the Rocky mountains. (See
Dodge Expedition.) He resigned from the army in 1836 to become
governor of Wisconsin territory and subsequently of the state. Col.
Dodge died at Burlington, la., June 19, 1867.
Dodge's Expedition. — A squadron of dragoons, consisting of y] men
tmder Capt. Ford, 40 men under Capt. Duncan, and 40 men under
Lieut. Lupton, all commanded by Col. Henry Dodge, was sent to the
Rocky mountains in 1835 to hold councils with the Indian tribes and
to look after the interests of the United States on what .was then the
Mexican border. A large supply train of wagons was taken along, and
in addition two swivels with which to impress the savages. Capt. Gantt
was guide to the expedition. Thev left Fort Leavenworth on May
29, 183s, accompanied by Maj. Dougherty, Indian agent to the Pawnees,
and marched up the valley of the Missouri. The route through Kansas
can best be described by quoting from Col. Dodge's journal of the
expedition :
"Commenced the march in a direction N. W. over a high rolling
prairie, with frequent ravines, skirted with timber. Marched 15 miles,
and encamped on a small creek. Commenced raining during the night,
and continued during the whole of the next day, so as to prevent our
marching. May 31 — Commenced the march in a direction N. 20 degrees
W. over a rough, broken country; crossed several small creeks skirted
with timber, with flats or bottoms of considerable extent, the soil of
which was very fertile. March 17 miles and encamped on Independence
creek. June i — Marched 25 miles, and June 2d, 12 miles, in a direction
N. 30 degrees W. and arrived at the Big Nemahaw. The general face
of the country passed over was that of a high rolling prairie, in some
places rough and hilly, with numerous small creeks and ravines, most
of which were skirted with timber of a low growth ; the soil generally
fertile, especially in the valleys of the small creeks. . . . The country
between Fort Leavenworth and the Big Nemahaw belongs to the
Kickapoo Indians ; it is sufficiently large and well adapted to afford
them all the necessities, and many of the luxuries of life. There is a
sufficient quantity of timber for fuel and for building purposes. The
soil is fertile, and will produce all sorts of grain ; the pasturage good,
and large numbers of cattle could be raised with but little labor. As
the game is becoming very scarce they will necessarily be obliged to
depend upon the cultivation of the soil for their future sustenance."
The expedition reached a point a few miles from the mouth of the
Platte river of Nebraska on June 9. A march of 7 or 8 miles further
526 CYCLOPEDIA OF
l^rought the party to the Otoe Indian village, where, on June 11, was
held a council with the Otoes, of whom Ju-tan, or I-e-tan, was head
chief. Here, also, the Omahas were brought by messengers, and a
council was held with them on the 17th, Big Elk being the principal
chief present. At all the councils presents were distributed. The expe-
dition then marched up the Platte to the Pawnee villages about 80
miles distant, where another council was held the 23d, Angry Man
being principal chief of the Grand Pawnees, Axe of the Pawnee Loups,
Little Chief of the Pawnee Tappeiges, and Mole on the Face of the
Republican Pawnees. Departing on the 24th, the expedition reached
the lower extremity of Grand Island the following day. When well up
the Platte a council was held on Jul}^ 5 with the Arickarees, the chiefs
present being Bloody Hand, Two Bulls and Star or Big Head. This
council was held near the falls of the Platte. At this time, immense
herds of Buffalo surrounded the expedition.
On the 15th the Rocky mountains were seen for the first time by the
e.xpedition, which was now well up the south fork. On the i8th they
passed the mouth of Cache de la Poudre river, and on the 24th reached
the point where the Platte emerges from the mountatins. After this
date the expedition marched southeast, and on July 26, arrived at the
divide between the Platte and the Arkansas. Passing down Boiling
Springs creek and the Arkansas, they reached Bent's fort on Aug. 6.
Near this noted place, councils were held with the Arapahoes, Chey-
ennes, Blackfeet, Gros Ventres and others. Leaving Bent's fort on
Aug. 12, they moved down the Arkansas, holding councils with the
Comanches, Kiowas and others, arriving on the 17th at Chouteau's
island. On the 23d they arrived at the point where the Santa Fe trail
crossed the Arkansas river, and upon the following day they took up
their line of march along this trail.
Quoting again from the journal of the expedition: "On the nth [of
September] a man of Company 'A' died, the first death that has
occurred on our whole march, and the only severe sickness. The colonel
directed him to be buried on a high prairie ridge, and a stone placed
at the head of the grave, with his name and regiment engraved thereon.
Continued the march ; crossed the Hundred-and-ten-mile creek, and
entered upon the dividing ridge between the Kansas and Osage rivers ;
passed Round and Elm groves, and arrived at the crossing of the
Kanzas, at Dunlap's ferry, on the 15th; crossed the river, and, on the
i6th, arrived at Fort Leavenworth. Since leaving the fort, the com-
mand had marched upwards of 1,600 miles, over an interesting country;
had visited all the Indians between the Arkansas and Platte, as far
west as the mountains; had made peace between several tribes, and
established friendly relations with them all, and returned to Fort
Leavenworth in a perfect state of health, with the loss of but one man.
Our provisions lasted until the day of our arrival ; and our horses, most
of them, returned in good order. The expedition had exceeded, in inter-
est and success, the most sanguine anticipations."
KANSAS HISTORY 527
Dog Soldiers. — Among the western Indian tribes there were a num-
ber of military societies, most of them of a secret character. To iUus-
trate : The Kiovvas had six warrior societies, viz : the Rabbits, the
Young Mountain Sheep, the Black Legs, the Horse Caps, the Skunk-
berry People (also called Crazy Horses), and the Chief Dogs. The
first was composed of boys from ten to fourteen years of age, who, as
they grew older were eligible into some of the other societies, determined
by their skill in the use of arms, their bravery, etc. The Chief Dogs
Avere limited to ten picked men, selected for their known courage, their
fortitude, and their power of endurance. At the time of initiation each
member was invested with a sash and took a solemn oath never to turn
back in the face of a foe while wearing it, unless it was the unani-
mous decision of the Dog Chiefs that a retreat was necessary. The
leader wore a long black sash around his neck when about to go into
battle, and was expected to take his place in front of the charge, pin
the end of this sash to the ground by driving his lance through it. from
which position he could exhort his men to deeds of valor. After the
fight, if he was still alive, he was released by his men pulling out the
lance. It is worthy of note, however, that the black sash was not worn
unless the battle was to be one of extermination.
The Cheyennes had their "Ho-ta-mit-a-neo" or dog men, an organ-
ization similar in character to the Dog Chiefs of the Kiowas. They
were leaders, but the name "Dog Soldiers" was frequently used to
designate all under their command. The Cheyenne chiefs White Horse
and Bad Face were dog men. The initiation into the Ho-ta-mit-a-neo
was one calculated to test thoroughly the bravery of the candidate and
^is ability to withstand punishment. For three days before the actual
ceremony of initiation, the candidate is not permitted to eat, drink or
sleep. The initiation was generally observed in the spring of the year,
and was the occasion of a tribal holidaj', the festivities lasting a week
or ten days. It was considered an honor among the young men to serve
under a chief who had been accepted by the society as worthy of becom-
ing a member, and some of the worst atrocities on the western frontier
were committed by the dog soldiers. They were at the battle of Aric-
karee in force, where their vindictiveness toward the whites was dis-
played in the most cruel and brutal manner. The leading chiefs of the
Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Comanche and Kiowa tribes disclaimed all respon-
sibility for the depredations of the dog soldiers, but a large number of
the young braves of these tribes followed the leadership of the Dog
Chiefs in preference to following that of the recognized war chiefs of
the tribe to which they belonged.
Dolespark, a country postoffice of Canton township, McPherson
county, is located near the eastern boundary, 15 miles from McPherson,
the county seat, and about 4 miles from Canton, which is the most con-
venient railroad station.
Donalson, Israel B., the first United States marshal of Kansas Terri-
tory, was born in Bourbon county, Ky., Jan. 12, 1797. His parents
528 CYCLOPEDIA OF
removed to Ohio soon after his birth, but at the age of sixteen years
he returned to Kentucky, and in 1835 was elected to the legislature as
a Democrat. In 1839 he removed to Pike county, 111., where he was
elected probate judge and took part in the "Mormon war." He raised
a compan_y in 1847 for service in the war with Mexico, was made major
of his regiment, and was voted a sword by the legislature of Illinois
for his services. Upon the discovery of gold in California, he went
there and remained for two years. In 1854 he was appointed United
States marshal for Kansas by President Pierce and served through the
administrations of the first four territorial governors, when he resigned
and removed to Canton, Mo. He was a strong pro-slavery man. At
the beginning of the Civil war he removed to Hays county, Tex., and
died at San Marcos, the county seat of that county, Oct. 27, 1895.
Donegal, an inland village of Dickinson county, is situated in the
Turkey creek valley, about 12 miles south of Abilene, the county seat,
and 8 miles northwest of Hope, whence mail is received by rural deliv-
ery. Navarre is the nearest railroad station. The population in 1910
was 70.
Doniphan, one of the older villages of Doniphan count}-, is located
in \\'a3'ne township on the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy R. R., 10
miles south of Tro}^, the county seat, and 7 miles from Atchison. It
has express and telegraph offices and a money order postoffice with one
rural route. The town is on the old site of the Kansas Indian village
where Bourgmont established his headquarters in 1724. The Doniphan
town company was organized in 1854, with T. H. Christopher as presi-
dent; J- W. Foreman, treasurer; Dr. J. H. Crane, secretary; and S. K.
Miller! G. W. H. Langdon, J. F. Foreman, Dr. L. A. Chambers and
Felix Robidoux, trustees. The survey was made b}' J. F. Foreman in
1855 and the lots were put on sale. Previous to this a trading post
under Joseph Utt had been maintained. The first building erected in
the new town was the dwelling of James F. Foreman, the second a
hotel known as the Doniphan House, kept by B. O'Driscoll. The first
general store was opened by the Foreman Bros., the first drug store by
Bowdell & Drury. George A. Cutler was the first physician and Col.
D. M. Johnson the first lawyer. The postofifice was established in 1855
and at the first election, which was held that year, J. A. Vanarsdale
and William Shaw were elected justices, and Joshua Saunders was
elected constable. Samuel Collins, who set up the first sawmill in the
spring of 1855, was killed that fall in a political quarrel by Patrick
Laughlin.
In 1857 James H. Lane was made the president of the Doniphan town
company. The government land office was located here in that year,
but was subsequently taken to Kickapoo. At this time there were
about i.ooo inhabitants in the town and it was an important political
and commercial center.
The town was incorporated in 1869, and the following trustees
appointed by the probate judge of the county: E. W. Stratton, I. N.
KANSAS HISTORY 529
Smallwood, Thomas H. Franklin, Adam Brenner and A. C. Low. The
first council was organized with E. W. Stratton as presiding officer,
L. A. Hoffman, town clerk, and T. H. Franklin, treasurer. The first
school was taught in 1856 by Mrs. D. Frank. The population in 1910
was only 178.
Doniphan, Alexander W., soldier and statesman, was born in Mason
county, Ky., July 9, 1808. Both of his parents were Virginians. When
eight years of age, he was placed under the instruction of Richard
Keene of Augusta, Ky., a well educated Irishman, and at the age of
fourteen entered Augusta College at Bracken, ICy. After leaving col-
lege he read law with Martin & Marshall of Augusta, and in 1829 was
admitted to the bar. The next year he located in Lexington, Afo., and
in 1833 removed to Liberty, Mo., where he continued the active practice
of his profession until i860, gaining great fame as a criminal lawyer.
During the Mormon war of 1838, Col. Doniphan was in command of a
brigade of state militia. When the Mexican war began in 1846 he
enlisted as a private but was at once elected colonel of the regiment.
With his command he was sent on an expedition against the Navajo
Indians in the Rocky mountains. (See Doniphan's Expedition.) On his
return to Liberty at the close of the war. Col. Doniphan resumed his
law practice. In 1853 he was appointed commissioner of schools and
organized the first teachers' institute in Missouri. He took an active
part in politics and in the legislature of 1854 was the Whig nominee
for LTnited States senator. In 1861 he was appointed a member of the
peace commission that met at Washington, D. C, to try to avert Civil
war. During the war he removed to St. Louis, and in 1868 to Rich-
mond, Mo., where he resided until his death on Aug. 8, 1887.
Doniphan County, one of the 33 original counties formed by the first
territorial legislature and one of the first counties to be organized, is
located in the extreme northeastern part of the state. It is small in
area, but important historically. The Missouri river forms its northern,
eastern and a part of its southern boundary making 90 miles of river
front, Atchison county on the south and Brown on the west form its
complete boundaries. The white man's era in Doniphan county began
with Bourgmont' the French explorer and embassador to the Indians.
(See Bourgmont's Expedition.) The earliest settlement was effected
in 1837, under the auspices of the American Board of Foreign Missions,
which sent out Rev. S. M. Irvin and wife as pioneer missionaries. Six
months later Rev. William Hamilton joined them. The Iowa and Sac
mission was established and the two men wrote and printed a number
of text books to be used by the Indians. The first mission school was
taught by Rev. William Hamilton, Rev. S. M. Irvin, Miss Walton
and Miss Fullerton. Lumber was brought all the way from Pittsburgh,
Pa., in 1845 to construct a mission building.
The California road ran through Doniphan county and was used as
early as 1847 by emigrants to the Pacific coast, but occasional emi-
grants passed through the county before that time, as is attested by the
(1-34)
330 CYCLOPEDIA OF
fact that Mrs. Comstock, the wife of an emigrant, died on the Oregon
trail near the mission in 1842. This was the first death in the county.
The first birth was Elliott Irvin, son of the missionary, in 1837. The
first marriage in the county and probably the first in the state occurred
on Jul}' 3, 1845, between Silas Pierce and Mary Shook. The ceremony
was performed by Rev. ^^^ilIiam Hamilton. The first emigrant train
of any consequence came through the county in 1842. It was led by
Peter Burnett and was made up of 25 wagons. This was the beginning
of the north branch of the California and Oregon trail.
"Squatter Sovereignty" had its birth in Doniphan county in 1854
immediately after the treaty with the Kickapoos. The first meeting of
"The Squatter Association of Kansas" was held at the home of J. R.
^^"hitehead on June 24 of that year. A. M. Mitchell of St. Joseph, Mo.,
was chairman; J. R. \'\niitehead, secretary; and the executive com-
mittee consisted of John H. ^^'hitehead, H. Smallwood, J. B. O'Toole,
J. W. Smith, Sr., Sam Montgomery, B. Harding, J. W. Smith, Jr., J. J.
Iveaton, T. \Y. Waterson, C. B. Whithead, Anderson Cox and Joseph
SiclifT. Vigilance committees to guard the rights of settlers and claim
owners against loss of their property by claim jumpers were appointed
and the members paid 50 cents for each service. The county w^as
organized in 1855 and named after Alexander W. Doniphan |q. v.). an
ardent partisan in the slaverj- agitation. It was surveyed by John
Calhoun, who in 1854 was appointed surve3'or-general of the twin terri-
tories of Kansas and Nebraska. The first officer in the county was
James R. \\'hitehead, who was commissioned constable of the district
in 1854 after the state had been districted, and Doniphan, \\o\i Creek
and Burr Oak were named as voting precincts. The first commissioners
were Joel P. Blair, Alexander Dunning and E. V. B. Rodgers. They
held their first meeting on Sept. 18, 1855, ^"d elected Mr. Whitehead
county clerk, ex-officio clerk of the probate court, and register of deeds.
The commissioners appointed by the legislature to locate a county seat
staked oft' the site of Tro}' in October of that year. In the state election
held in March, 1855. the polling places were controlled by armed Mis-
sourians. About fifteen minutes before the polls opened in the morning
Maj. Fee, a free-state candidate, announced from the stump that the
ticket of his faction would be withdrawn and the pro-slavery men would
be allowed a clear field. Notwithstanding this armed men guarded the
polls until they were closed.
Daniel Woodson, who had been acting governor, was the first receivei
of the land office at Doniphan and later at Kickapoo, holding this posi-
tion from 1857 to 1861. The Pony Express from St. Joseph to the
Pacific coast went through Doniphan county, the route leading by the
sites of the present towns of Wathena, Trov. Bendena, Denton and
Purcell.
The drouth of i860 caused great suffering in Doniphan county as
well as other parts of the state and they received relief to the extent
o* 138.750 pounds of provisions. Doniphan being a border county
KANSAS HISTORY 53I
suffered consideralDle annoyance and damage to life and property from
the raids of the border ruffians. In i860 guards were kept on duty in
all the little cities at night. The women took an important part with
the men in protecting their homes, and many are the instances of
courage on the part of young girls and women in times of distress and
danger. In one instance a girl in men's clothes was shot by the guard.
After the Civil war was over and the border troubles settled, the
people began improvements again. Three miles of track had been laid
in i860 near Wathena b}' the St. Joseph & Grand Island Railway com-
pany. After the close of the war a new company was organized, and
Doniphan county voted bonds for the construction of the road. Travel
up to this time had been carried on by boat on the rivers and by stage
and freight wagon west of St. Joseph, Mo. This first road entered the
county at Elwood, passed through Wathena and Troy, leaving about
midway on the western line. The next road to be built was the Atchi-
son & Nebraska, for which the county voted $200,000 in bonds and gave
in individual subscriptions $10,000. This road was built as far as
White Cloud in 1871. The St. Joseph & Elwood bridge was built the
same year. In 1872 a railroad was built from Wathena to Doniphan
via Palmero by George H. Hall, John L. Hotter, O. B. Craig, William
Craig and George ^^'. Barr. It was finally acquired by the St. Joseph
& Western company and the rails were taken up and used on that line.
.\t present Doniphan county has three lines of railroad, the Chicago,
Hurlington & Ouinc}', extending from southeast to northwest, passing
thruugh Troy; the St. Joseph & Grand Island enters from St. Joseph at
Elwood and crosses directly west; the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
enters in the southwest, runs northeast to Troy and east to St. Joseph.
When the county was first organized it was divided into five town-
ships, Wayne, Washington, Iowa, Wolf River and Burr Oak. In 1856
Center township was formed out of the western portions of Washing-
ton and Burr Oak, in 1878 Union township was formed out of the terri-
tory of Wolf River, Marion was formed later between Washington and
Wayne. A number of the historic towns of earlier times have disap-
peared from the map. These include Columbus, Charleston, [.afayette,
Normanville, Mt. Vernon, Palermo, Ridge Farm, Syracuse, Walnut
Grove, Whitehead and Wolf River. The towns and postoffices ©f the
present are, Bendena, Blair, Brenner, Denton, Doniphan, Elwood, Fan-
ning, (iabriel, Geary, Highland, Highland Station, Iowa Point, Leona,
Moray, Palmero, Purcell, Severance, Sparks, Troy, Wathena and White
Cloud.
The surface of the county is rolling except for the bluffs along the
Missouri river. There are a number of smaller streams among which
Wolf river is the most important. It enters from the west flows in a
northeasterly direction through Leona and Severance and empties into
the Missouri. Clear creek and Mission creek also empty into the Mis-
souri.
The geological formations of Doniphan county are very interesting.
532 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Many relics of prehistoric ages have been taken from the bluffs and
banks of streams. A few years ago a large tooth weighing 5 pounds
was unearthed. Mounds in which the prehistoric races were accus-
tomed to bury their dead existed in considerable numbers in the early
days of the white man's occupation. Limestone is found in considerable
quantities, also sandstone of a good quality and potter's clay. Coal is
found to some extent but not in commercial quantities.
The area is 379 square miles or 242,560 acres, of which 177,297 acres
are under cultivation. The principal products are wheat, corn, oats and
fruits. The county is one of the foremost in horticulture, having about
350,000 bearing fruit trees. In 1910 the total income from farm pro-
ducts was $2,705,712, of which corn was worth $1,034,982; wheat,
$119,247; and oats, $193,790. The assessed valuation of property was
$24,909,152, and the population was 14,422, which makes the wealth
of the county average nearly $1,700 per capita.
The educational advantages cannot be surpassed anywhere. ' There
are 68 organized school districts with a school population of 4,553. The
Highland University, which was the outgrowth of the early missions of
1837, is the oldest chartered educational institution in the state. There
are Roman Catholic and Lutheran schools at Wathena. The first school
for white children was estatblished near Highland in 1858. John F.
Sparks was the first teacher. The school house, which was built of
logs, was on the site of the building now belonging to district 56. In
1867 an unsuccessful attempt was made by the Methodist church to
found a boarding school at Burr Oak.
Doniphan's Expedition. — In May, 1846, Gov. Edwards of Missouri
requested Col. Alexander W. Doniphan, a lawyer of Liberty, to assist
him in raising troops in the western counties of the state for volunteer
service in the war with Mexico, and he acceded to the request. The
enthusiasm of the people was high and in a week or so the eight com-
panies of men had volunteered, which, upon organization at Fort
Leavenworth, formed the famous First Missouri mounted volunteers.
This regiment formed a portion of the column known as the Army of
the West, commanded by that chivalric soldier, Gen. Stephen W.
Kearney. All of the troops rendezvoused at Fort Leavenworth. The
volunteers having undergone a few weeks' drilling, the Army of the
West commenced its march to Santa Fe on June 26, 1846, and on Aug.
18 following Gen. Kearney's army entered Santa Fe without firing a
In November of the same year. Col. Doniphan was ordered with his
regiment into the country of the Navajo Indians, on the western slope
of the Rocky mountains, to overawe or chastise them. He completed
this movement with great celerity. His soldiers toiled through snows
three feet deep on the crests and eastern slope of the mountains. Hav-
ing accomplished the object of the expedition by concluding a satis-
factory treaty with the Indians, he returned to the Rio del Norte, and
on the banks of that stream collected and refreshed his men, preparatory
to efifecting what was then intended to be a junction with Gen. Wool.
KANSAS HISTORY 533
He was here reinforced by two batteries of light artillery. In Dec,
1846, he turned his little column to the south and put it in motion
towards Chihuahua. In quick succession followed his brilliant and
decisive victories at Brazito and Sacramento, the capture of Chihuahua,
the plunge of his little army into the unknown country between Chi-
huahua and Saltillo, and its emergence in triumph at the latter city.
After his arrival at Saltillo, inasmuch as the period of enlistment of
his men would soon expire, his regiment was ordered home. The
march was continued to Matamoras, where the regiment embarked for
New Orleans. The men were discharged at New Orleans and arrived
at home about July i, 1847.
The march of this regiment from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe,
Chihuahua, Saltillo and Matamoras — a distance of near 3,600 miles —
is called Doniphan's Expedition, and in a measure is germane to Kansas
history. There was no road, not even a path, leading from Fort
Leavenworth into the regular Santa Fe trail. The army, therefore,
steered its course southwesterly, with the view of intersecting the main
Santa Fe trail, at or near the Narrows, 65 miles west of Independence.
In accomplishing this, many deep ravines and creeks with high and
rugged banks were encountered. The heat was often excessive ; the
grass was tall and rank ; the earth in many places so soft that the
heavily loaded wagons would sink almost up to the axle upon the level
prairie, and the men were frequently compelled to dismount and drag
them from the mire with their hands. Hence the march was, of neces-
sity, both slow and tedious. About noon, on June 30, they arrived upon
the banks of the Kansas river, which they crossed in boats without loss
or accident, and encamped for the night on the west bank among the
friendly Shawnees. On July i the troops continued their march in a
southwesterly direction, to intersect the road leading from Independ-
ence to Santa Fe. After a toilsome march of some 15 miles, without
a guide, through the tall prairie grass and matted pea-vines, sometimes
directing their course to the southward and someti mes to the west-
ward, they at length struck upon the old Santa Fe trace, and encamped
for the night near Black Jack, in what is now Douglas county. Pro-
visions (chiefly bread-stuffs, salt, etc.) were conveyed in wagons, and
beef-cattle driven along for the use of the men. The animals subsisted
entirely by grazing. By July 5 the troops had reached Council Grove,
now the county seat of Morris county, Kan., one of the most important
stations on the old trail. Advancing about 16 miles further they
encamped near the Diamond Springs. On July 9, they arrived upon
the banks of the Little Arkansas, in what is now Rice county. The
evening of July 12 found them at Walnut creek, in what is now Barton
county, and the following day brought them to the noted Pawnee rock,
near which place they diverged from the main Santa Fe road and fol-
lowed the Arkansas river to a point near the present city of Pueblo, Col.,
where they crossed into the enemy's country.
Then ensued what proved to be one of the most remarkable military
campaigns in American history. The principal engagement was the
534 CYCLOPEDIA OF
battle of Sacramento, which one writer says "was the most wonderful
ever fought by American arms." Col. Doniphan's men attacked a forti-
fied position held by troops outnumbering them nearly five to one, and
in speaking of their charge at that place the same writer says, "It has
ne\-er been equaled in all the annals of the world's warfare." The State
of Kansas has honored Col. Doniphan b)' naming a county and a town
for him, and the State of Missouri named the seat of Ripley county
in his honor.
Dorn County. — (See Xeosho County.)
Dorrance, one of the principal towns of Russell county, is located in
PI}mouth township, on the Union Pacific R. R. and near the Smoky
Hill river, 17 miles east of Russell, the county seat. It was settled
about the time the railroad was built, was incorporated in 1910, and the
same year reported a population of 281. Dorrance has a bank, an inter-,
national money order postoffice with three rural routes, telegraph and
express offices, telephone connections, a hotel, churches of various
denominations, a good public school system, and a number of well
equipped mercantile establishments. Being located in the midst of a
rich agricultural district, it is an important shipping point for grain,
li\e stock, and other farm products.
Doster, a small village of Sumner county, is a station on the Kansas
Southwestern R. R. 6 miles west of Caldwell and about 20 miles south-
west of \"\'ellington, the county seat. ]\Iail is received by rural delivery
from Caldwell.
Doster, Frank M., lawyer and the first Democrat to be elected to
the office of chief justice of the Kansas supreme court, was born in
Virginia, Jan. 19, 1849. He received his education at the Indiana State
University and Illinois College, and later graduated at the Benton Law
Institute of Indiana. At the age of fifteen years he enlisted in the
Eleventh Indiana cavalry, under Lincoln's last three-year call, and
served for two years. In the summer of 1865 his company was sent
from the south and served along the Santa Fe trail. Prior to his
enlistment he served in the state militia and took part in the Alorgan
raid of 1863. He commenced to practice law in Piatt county, II!., but
in about a year removed to Kansas and located in Marion county. In
1872 Mr. Doster was elected to the state legislature. Three 3rears later
he was elected judge of the Twenty-fifth judicial district, but was
defeated for reelection in 1891. In 1893 he was appointed judge of the
district court and on Jan. 11, 1897, was made chief justice of the supreme
court of Kansas, where he served until 1903. Judge Doster is an able
lawyer, a close student, and though a Socialist, at the time of his elec-
tion he said, "I know only one code of law and that is the same one
studied by the other lawyers and I shall try to follow it as best I can."
While upon the supreme bench Judge Doster advocated an amend-
ment to the constitution which would increase the stipreme court to
seven members. On June 22, 1901, the following statement appeared
in the Kansas Cit}- Star, "He expounded the law as he fnuiul it and a?
KANSAS HISTORY 535
he learned it from celebrated jurists who have gone before him in
America and England. No judge was ever more impartial, and to the
corporation and the humble citizen alike he has given equal and exact
justice. More than a learned judge, Jitdge Doster is a man of scholarly
attainments, and his opinions have a classic flavor seldom found on the
drv pages of court reports." One able lawyer said, "He is a credit to
the state, a credit to the bench and a credit to his profession."
Douglas County, located in the second tier of counties west of Mis-
souri and in the fourth tier south of Nebraska, is bounded on the north
by Jefferson and Leavenworth counties, from which it is separated by
the Kansas river; on the east by Johnson county; on the south by
Franklin coimty, and on the west by Osage and Shawnee counties. It
is one of the original 33 counties created by the first territorial legis-
lature with the following boundaries: "Beginning at the main channel
of the Kansas river, at the northwest corner of Johnson county; thence
south to the southwest corner of Johnson county ; thence west 24 miles
to a point equidistant between the limits (embraced in the original
plots) of the towns of Lecompton and Tecumseh."
It was named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas, United States senator
from Douglas at the time of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill.
It has an area of 469 square miles and is divided into the following
townships: Clinton, Eudora, Grant, Kanwaka, Lecompton, Marion,
Palmyra, Wakarusa and AVillow Springs. The general surface of the
country is undulating, breaking into high bluffs along the Kansas and
Wakarusa rivers. The bottom lands or valleys, which comprise about
a quarter of the area, are from 2 to 4 miles in width. Timber belts are
generallv found along the streams, and average about a mile in width.
The principal varieties of native timber are ash, elm, cottonwood, oak,
walnut and hackberry. The main water course is the Kansas river,
which flows in a general southeasterly direction and forms the northern
boundary. The Wakarusa river, also an important stream, flows nearly
across the county from the west and empties into the Kansas river.
The main tributaries of the Wakarusa are Deer, Rock, Washington
and Coal creeks, while Plumb creek flows across the extreme northeast
corner. In the south are Eight Mile and Ottawa creeks, and along the
eastern boundary Captain's creek. Springs are abtmdant and good well
water is usually found at a depth of 25 feet. The soil is extremely fer-
tile, and all grains grow well. The principal crops are winter wheat,
Kafir-corn and hay, but the county ranks high in the production of
Irish potatoes. Limestone is extensively quarried in Wakarusa and
Lecompton townships. Potter's clay is found along the Kansas river,
and coal has been mined in limited quantities south of Lawrence. The
county also ranks high in live stock and there are over 200,000 bearing-
fruit trees in the county, more than half of which are apple.
The first white men to visit the present Douglas county, so far as is
known, were French traders, who passed up the Kansas river in the
first quarter of the eighteenth century and carried on an extensive trade
536 CYCLOPEDIA OF
with the native Indian tribes. Following them, but nearly a century-
later, were the white explorers who generally followed the waterways
toward the west. Thomas Say's route lay along the south bank of the
Kansas river through what is now Douglas county, when he passed up
the stream in 1819. Fremont followed this route in 1842 and again in
1843, when he went west to explore the Rocky mountains. In 1842,
the expedition camped within the limits of Douglas county near the
present site of Lawrence, and in his journal of the expedition, Fremont
wrote, "We encamped in a remarkably beautiful situation on the Kansas
bluffs, which commanded a fine view of the river." The Santa Fe Trail
(q. v.), traversed the southern part of the country from east to west,
and the route to the gold fields, which began at Westport, Mo., crossed
the Wakarusa near what was once the town of Franklin, a little south-
west of the present town of Eudora, passed near Lawrence, and -left
the county beyond the present town of Big Springs. Thousands passed
westward over these famous highways after gold was discovered in
California, but there were none who stopped to settle as it was Indian
territory and the only habitations were the stations kept by whites for
the accommodation of the travelers.
The first permanent white settlement in what is now Douglas county
was made by Frederick Chouteau in 1827, when he established a trading
post, on the south bank of the Kansas river, a little above the present
hamlet of Lake View. It remained but a short time, as he removed
to Shawnee county in 1830. In 1848 the Methodist Episcopal church
established a mission among the Shawnees on the south bank of the
Kansas river, near the mouth of the Wakarusa, but in 1857 it was
abandoned.
Prior to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, much of the best
land in the valley of the Kansas river had been marked for preemption
by Missourians. The undue haste of the pseudo settlers, made against
the protests of the Indians, and the great influx into the territory was
probabh' stimulated by the knowledge that organizations were being
formed in the north to send emigrants to Kansas with the avowed pur-
pose of working to make it a free-state. Hence, by staking out claims,
the Missourians hoped to hold the land against these undesirable set-
tlers.
Some of the first men who came to Kansas in the summer of 1854 and
settled along the California road were F. W. Lunkins, A. R. Hopper,
Clark Stearns, H. R. Lykins, the Wade brothers, J. A. Wakefield, S. N.
Wood, William Lyon, Josiah Hutchinson, and a number of others.
South of the California road were Joel K. Goodin and William Brey-
man. A. W. and A. G. Glenn, William Shirley, and M. S. Winter set-
tled at Lecompton; Jacob Branson, Charles Dow and Franklin Cole-
man located near the present site of Vinland in 1854. A little farther
south, near the present city of Baldwin, claims were taken by Robert
and Richard Pierson, Jacob Cantrell and L. F. Green. Douglas, a pro-
slavery town, was laid out 2 miles southeast of Lecompton on the claim
KANSAS HISTORY 537
of Paris Ellison, and later in the year William Harper and John
Chamberlain settled in the extreme northwestern part of the county
where Big Springs was afterward laid out. In May, 1855, Napoleon
Blanton settled on the Wakarusa 4 miles south of Lawrence, where a
bridge was soon built, known as Blanton's.
Most of the claims taken by the Missourians were merely staked out,
or a few logs cut and piled up crosswise to show occupation, sometimes
only a notice was posted. These non-resident squatters nearly all
returned to Missouri, but they had organized and agreed to have no
interference with the "paper" claims, threatening to shoot any man who
attempted to take possession. But the most systematic movement
toward colonization was made by the New England Emigrant Aid
company (q. v.) which directed a party of men from Massachusetts
and Vermont to start for Kansas with a view of establishing permanent
settlements and working to make Kansas a free-state. Other com-
panies followed and together they founded the city of Lawrence.
When claims were taken by squatters, it was assumed that they had
secured the land for a permanent home and intended to improve them,
but as many did not do this the early settlers formed associations to
protect themselves against such encroachment upon the land. Before
the New England emigrants came to the territory two such organiza-
tions had been formed in what afterward became Douglas county. A
call was issued for a meeting to be held on July 8, 1854, at Blue Jacket's
store on the Wakarusa. The free-state men who had already located
in the vicinity believed that the meeting was to be of men friendly to
making Kansas a free-state and attended in considerable numbers, but
upon their arrival discovered that it was a meeting of squatters to make
rules and regulations with regard to claims. A number of those present
were pro-slavery in sentiment and wished to introduce resolutions
barring emigrants opposed to that institution of slavery. There were
too many free-state men present to carry out that plan, and a com-
promise was efifected by which any person had a right to bring property
into the state and the question of slavery was to be settled when the
territory had a sufficient population to be admitted to statehood. Some
of the more bitter pro-slavery men were not satisfied with the turn
affairs had taken and openly declared that they intended to fight the
settling of the territory by free-state men, especially the New England
company. This first organization was known as the Wakarusa Asso-
ciation.
A meeting of the settlers was called for Aug. 12 at the house of Brice
W. Miller, at Miller's Spring, or Millersburg, the object of which was
the adoption of some regulations that would afiford protection to the
actual settlers, not unlike those adopted by the pro-slavery men farther
east. By that time northern men had come into the Wakarusa valley
in considerable numbers, and the meeting was of great importance. It
was generall}^ understood that only actual settlers were expected to
attend, but the members of the Wakarusa Association and many pro-
53^ CYCLOPEDIA OF
slax'ery men were present. Settlers and claimants came from a radius
of 40 miles, but the question was of burning interest and not confined
to any locality. John A. Wakefield called the meeting to order and
stated the object to be a conference of actual settlers in the territory.
A Mr. Dunham from Missouri caused some disturbance, as the spokes-
man of the Missourians present, who were practically in the majority.
This led to a quarrel and the meeting came near breaking up, but a
compromise was aflfected. John A. Wakefield was chosen president of
the Actual Settlers' Association and S. N. Wood register. After con-
siderable argument and deliberation a committee was chosen from each
of the associations to agree upon some plan by which they could work
together, for the benefit of both. This joint committee submitted a
report, which was adopted and proved effective in settling many of the
claim difficulties and disputes that arose thereafter, until title could
be gained from the government. As new settlers came into the terri-
tory they joined either association as they preferred.
The first election in what is now Douglas county was held on Nov.
26, 1854. for a delegate to Congress. The free-state men did not take
much interest in it, but from the great number of Missourians who voted
at that time the residents should have had some hint of what would
follow at the local elections. Douglas county, Avith only 50 legal voters,
cast 283 votes. (See Reeder's Administration.)
The election for members of the first territorial legislature was set
for March 30, 1855. The district in which Lawrence was located had
369 voters. For weeks before the election the residents in the border
counties of Missouri were active and the Blue Lodges perfected a plan
of campaign by which their members were to march into Kansas on
election day, take possessions of the polls and by a heavy vote gain
control of the legislature. Companies were sent into every council dis-
trict in the territory, and into every representative district but one, in
such numbers that they could control the election. They came openly,
with the avowed purpose of voting, heavily armed and provided with
provisions. About 1,000 of these men came into what is now Dquglas
County on the evening preceding the election, and the morning of elec-
tion day. Richard Cordley in his history of Lawrence says, "On the
morning of the election the Missourians came over to the place of voting
from their camp, in companies, or bodies, of 100 at a time. Air. Blan-
ton, one of the judges, not appearing, Col. Young claimed that as the
people of the territory had two judges, it was nothing more than right
.that the Missourians should have the other one to look after their
interests. Robert Cummins was elected in Rlanton's stead because he
considered that every man had a right to vote if he had not been in the
territory an hour. The Missourians brought their tickets with them.
Not having enough they had 300 more printed in Lawrence the evening
before and the day of the election."
The polls were crowded all day and the Missourians forced the free-
state men to pass through two lines before reaching the polls. During
KANSAS HISTORY 539
the day some free-state voters were driven away and prevented from
voting. Although the district had but 369 voters, according to the
census, 1,034 votes were cast and a careful examination showed that
only 232 were legal. (See Border War.)
Samuel J. Jones was appointed sherifl: of Douglas county by the first
territorial legislature, and the county was organized on Sept. 24, 1855,
when the county commissioners assembled at Lecompton in response
to a proclamation of the sheriff. The jirst commissioners were Dr.
John Wood, chairman and ex-officio probate judge; John M. Banks and
George W. Johnston. James Christian was appointed clerk; Hugh
Cameron, treasurer; Peter Crockett, coroner; A. C. W. Stafford, attor-
ney ; and O. tl. Browne, assessor. The commissioners divided the
count}- into the municipal townships of Lecompton, Lawrence, Franklin,
\\'ashington and Louisiana. The county seat, by the first act organiz-
ing the county, was designated as Lecompton, which by the same legis-
lature was made the capital of the territory, and it remained the county
seat and territorial capital as long as the pro-slavery party was in
power. In 1858 an act was passed by the legislature removing the
county seat to Lawrence, where it has since remained. For a number
of years the county offices were located in different business blocks but
when the city hall was built in 1869, offices for the use of the county
were rented there. In 1903 a fine new court-house was erected on the
corner of Massachusetts and Quincy streets at a cost of $85,000. The
county jail and sheriff's house are located just back of the court-house
on Hancock street. This building was erected at the same time as the
court-house at a cost of $22,000. The money for the county buildings
was raised by direct tax levy.
That the people of the county were interested in agriculture is demon-
strated by the fact that a fair association was started in Douglas
county as early as 1868. The race track was laid out where Woodland
Park is now located, and the present track is the old one repaired.
After a few years this pioneer organization died out and was suc-
ceeded by the Western National Fair Association, which had grounds
a mile and a half northeast of Lawrence laid out in 1879. It ran for
several years and was followed by several organizations which tried to
form a Douglas County Fair Association but no great success was
achieved until the present fair association was formed in 1905. The
race track at Woodland is used and it is expected that within a few-
years permanent buildings will be erected.
The first railroad in Douglas county was the Union Pacific, con-
structed in 1864.' In 1869 the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston was
built south from Lawrence into Franklin county, and subsequently the
road along the south bank of the Kansas river was constructed. Both
of these roads now belong to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe system.
The Union Pacific runs along the northern border of the county un the
north bank of the Kansas river; the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe tra-
verses the entire count}- east and west along the south l.iank nf tlie river;
540 CYCLOPEDIA OF
a branch of the same system runs south from Lawrence, so that the
eastern and northern portion of the county have excellent transporta-
tion facilities. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific operates its trains
over the Union Pacific tracks from Kansas City to Topeka. There are
over 55 miles of main track railroad in the county.
Lawrence, the seat of justice, is located on the south bank of the
Kansas river, in the north central portion, 40 miles west of Kansas City.
The state university is located there and has property valued at over
$1,500,000. Haskell Institute, an industrial school maintained by the
government of the United States for the Indians, is situated just south
of Lawrence. Baldwin, Eudora and Lecompton are incorporated towns
of more or less importance.
According to the U. S. census for 1910 the population of Douglas
county was 24,724. The assessed value of the property for taxation in
the same year was $33,800,845, and the value of all farm products was
$3,039,086 — of field crops alone, $2,032,119. The five leading crops were
as follows: Corn, $1,218,068; hay, $295,228; wheat, $182,355; oats,
$142,236; Irish potatoes, $120,232.
Douglas, Stephen Arnold, statesman, United States senator from
Illinois at the time the Territory of Kansas was organized in 1854, was
born at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. His father, a physician, died in
June, 1813, and he lived with his mother on a farm near Brandon until
he was fifteen years of age. He then went to Middlebury, Vt., to learn
the trade of cabinet-maker, but after eighteen months his health became
impaired and he gave up the occupation. After attending the academy
at Brandon for one year, he removed with his mother to New York
state. In Dec, 1832, he began the study of law. The following year he
visited the cities of Cleveland and Cincinnati, Ohio; Louisville, Ky. ;
St. Louis, Mo., and Jacksonville, 111., in quest of remunerative employ-
ment, and in March, 1834, he began the practice of law at Jacksonville.
Two weeks later he made his first political speech, in which he defended
the administration of President Jackson. This was the turning point
in his career. His courageous support of the president aided him to
build up a clientage among Jackson's friends, and when the legislature
met he was elected attorney-general, although not yet twenty-two years
old. This office he resigned in Dec, 1835, having been elected to the
lower branch of the Illinois legislature, in which he was the youngest
member. Below the medium height, with a slight physical frame at
that time, but ready in debate, he acquired the sobriqiiet of the "Little
Giant." In 1837 he was appointed register of the United States land
office at Springfield, 111.; was defeated for Congress in 1840; became
one of the justices of the Illinois supreme court in Feb., 1841 ; was
elected to Congress in 1842 and was twice reelected; and on March 4,
1847, he became a member of the United States senate, where he served
until his death. In 1852 and again in 1856 he received support in the
Democratic national conventions for the presidency, and was nominated
for that office by the convention in r86o, but a split in the party caused
KANSAS HISTORY 54I
his defeat and the election of Abraham Lincoln. While a member of
the national house of representatives, he was for two years chairman
of the committee on territories, at that time a position of great import-
ance on account of the agitation of the slavery question, and after enter-
ing the senate he was for eleven years chairman of the same committee
in that body. During this period he reported bills for the organization
of the territories of Minnesota, Oregon, New Mexico, Utah, Washing-
ton, Kansas and Nebraska (see Kansas-Nebraska Bill), and for the
admission of the states of Iowa, California, Minnesota and Oregon. He
opposed the Wilmot proviso and supported the compromise measures
of 1850, for which he was denounced as a traitor by the Chicago city
council on Oct. 22, 1850. The next evening (Oct. 23) Douglas spoke
in the same hall in defense of his attitude, and on that occasion promul-
gated ,the dogma that later became so widely known as the doctrine of
"Squatter Sovereignty" (q. v.). In the session of 1857-58 he opposed
the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitution, denouncing
that instrument on the ground that "it is not the act of the people of
Kansas, and does not embody their will." In the session of 1860-61 he
was a member of the "committee of thirteen," and did all he could in
an honorable way to avert civil war, and up to the time of his death
gave an unequivocal support to President Lincoln's administration. Mr.
Douglas died at Chicago, 111., June 3, 1861.
Douglass, an incorporated town of Butler county, is located on the
Walnut river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 24 miles
southwest of Eldorado, the county seat. It was settled in 1869 and in
1910 reported a population of 657. Douglass has 2 banks, a weekly
newspaper (the Tribune), modern public school buildings, churches of
several denominations, an international money order postofifice with
three rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections,
general stores, jewelry, drug and hardware houses, an opera house, a
good hotel, and its location makes it an important shipping point for
a rich section of the Walnut river valley.
Dover, a village of Mission township, Shawnee county, is located on
Mission creek about 18 miles southwest of Topeka, the county seat, and"
9 miles south of Willard, which is the nearest railroad station. It has
a mone}' order postoffice, telephone connections, and is a trading center
for that portion of the county. The population in 1910 was 175.
Downer's Station. — (See Fort Downer.)
Downs, an incorporated city of Osborne county, is situated in Ross
township on the Solomon river and at the junction of two lines of the
Missouri Pacific R. R., 10 miles east of Osborne, the county seat. The
city owes its origin to the construction of the Central Branch R. R., ■
which was completed to this point in 1879. Downs was platted by
John A. Beal and A. Z. Blunt in Aug., 1879, ^"d the following Decem-
ber the town was incorporated with the following officers : Mayor, J.
B. Craney; clerk, J. G. Poole; councilmen, John Parish, O. Denton,
L. F. Pennington, J. E. Kentzel and G. W. Howell. The railroad com-
54- CYCLOPEDIA OF
pany made Downs a division point and erected a roundhouse and repair
shop, which gave the place an impetus. On Feb. 9, 1880, Thomas (J.
NickHn issued the first number of the Downs Times, and in Aug., 1880,
bonds were voted for the erection of a modern school building. Churches
and lodges of various fraternal orders were established, and the growth
of Downs has been stead}- and substantial from the start.
In 1910 Downs reported a population of 1,427, a gain of 489 during
the preceding ten years. The city is equipped with electric lights, a
fire department, waterworks, well kept streets, etc. It has 2 banks, an
international money order postoffice with three rural routes, express
and telegraph service, a telephone exchange, a public library, an opera
house, 2 weekl}' newspapers (the Times and the News), an ice and
cold storage plant, flour mills, grain elevators, 'brick and tile works, the
railroad machine shops, good mercantile establishments, and the pro-
fessions are well represented.
Doy, John, Rescue of. — In 1859 Dr. John Doy, a free-state man,
was arrested near Lawrence, and carried to St. Joseph, Mo., where he
was tried upon the charge of abducting slaves from that state. He
was convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary for five years. Doy's
friends all knew that the charges were false, as he had not been in
Missouri for some time prior to the escape of the slaves, and Maj.
James B. Abbott organized a part}' of ten men to rescue the doctor
from the jail at St. Joseph. The rescuing party consisted of James B.
Abbott, Silas Soule, Joseph Gardiner, Charles Doy, two men named
Lennox and Hayes, Thomas Simmons, Joshua A. Pike, John E. Stewart
and S. J. Willis. They assembled at Lawrence and from there by dif-
ferent routes, in order to avoid attention, went quieth' to Elwood, a
town opposite St. Joseph, where they arranged a plan of action. As
all the men were total strangers in Elwood and St. Joseph they pro-
ceeded with great caution. The only man who knew of their mission
was Dr. Grant, the editor of the free-state paper, who proved a valu-
able friend and rendered assistance. When mingling with the people
of the two towns some of the men of the rescuing party represented
themselves as miners, others as men from the east on their way to the
mines and when meeting each other acted as strangers.
Several ]Dlans of rescue were discussed, and finally they determined
to break into the jail by force. It was necessary to inform the prisoner
of this plan and Silas Soule represented himself as coming from Doy's
wife. He was admitted to the jail and delivered his message. With
him Soule carried a note saying, "tonight at twelve o'clock," wrapped
with a piece of twine and by diverting the attention of the jailer man-
aged to throw this behind him upon the floor of Doy's cell. That night
a small stone attached to the string hanging from Doy's window
apprised the party that he was ready. Soule reported that it would take
at least three hours to break into the jail, showing that such a plan
was quite impractical; so the men decided to take a prisoner to jail
upon the charge of horse stealing. The day was one of driving rain.
KANSAS HISTORY 543
but the men familiarized themselves with the streets and the different
routes to the river where two boats had been secured, for the jail was
in the heart of the town. At lo o'clock p. m. Maj. Abbott assigned
the men their positions and told each what he was to do. Simmons
was chosen for the thief. His wrists were apparently bound by heavy
thongs of buffalo hide, but in the hollow of his right hand, attached
to the thong, he held a leaden egg, which was an excellent weapon
in the hands of such a powerful man and under the desperate circum-
stances he would be placed during the rescue. Gardiner, a man six feet
and four inches in height and proportionately powerful, and ^^'illis,
almost as strong, led the thief to the jail entrance, where they rapped.
The jailer asked what was the matter and upon receiving a reply that
the men had a horse thief whom they had pursued all day and captured,
he said that he would be down. The jailer asked Gardiner and Willis
if they had a warrant for the arrest of the thief, and upon learning that
they did not. said he disliked putting Simmons in jail, hut that Sim-
mons looked like a thief and he would risk.it.
The three men entered with the jailer, and Abbott slipped into the
lower room to hear what followed as well as to be ready to render
assistance. The jailer unlocked the door of the cell, but Simmons
refused to enter, saying: "I won't go in there among niggers," a
signal previously agreed upon. The jailer said the negroes were on
the floor below and opened the door where Doy was confined. Gardiner
inquired where the negro abductor was and the jailer replied, "Here
he is." The three men then told the jailer they had come for the pur-
pose of taking Doy with them. The jailer realized the situation but
too late to close the door, being covered by the revolvers of Gardiner
and Willis. He told the rescuers that if Doy was left in the jail he
would get another trial, while if they carried him off he would be liable
to seizure at any time. The decision was left to Doy. who said : "I will
go with my friends."
Other prisoners attempted to avail themselves of the opportunity to
get out, but were driven back by the Kansas men, who said that they
had not come to release thie\es and murderers but to free an innocent
man. The rescuing party left the jail just as the theater let out. They
mingled with the crowd on the street, in order to avoid attention from
the police, and on reaching the river divided into two parties to reach
their boats. Do^^'s party was even followed and watched b}- two police-
men as they bailed out their boat. They shoved off into the stream,
soon crossed the Missouri to the Kansas side, where friends met them
with teams and a guide, and they were soon on their wa}- to safety.
The next night was spent at Grasshopper Falls, and on the afternoon
of the second day they reached home, where friends had already learned
of the success of the expedition in the St. Joseph newspapers, but the
men of the party were not known. They had been followed by a posse
from St. Joseph and one of the scouts overtook them, but on Hearing
Lawrence the Missourians turned back and the eleven men reached
544 CYCLOPEDIA OF
their destination without further pursuit. This was regarded as one
of the bravest and most daring exploits of the free-state men of the
territory.
Draft of 1864. — Although Kansas had furnished more than her quota
of men under the calls for volunteers during the early years of the war,
the provost marshal general, Brig.-Gen. James B. Fry, on Dec. 19, 1864,
ordered a draft on the state for more troops. While the draft was in
progress, Gov. Crawford was inaugurated in Jan., 1865. During the
session of the legislature he acquainted himself with actual conditions,
having the adjutant-general of the state prepare a complete list of all
enlistments, reenlistments, etc., and on March 2, 1865, the day follow-
ing the adjournment of the legislature, the governor set out for Wash-
ington, D. C, to convince the national authorities that the draft was
unjust and not warranted by the actual state of affairs. After encoun-
tering a number of obstacles, he succeeded in obtaining credit for 3,039
men more than were shown on the state's muster rolls at Washmgton,
thus placing the state 2,000 men in excess of all calls and demands.
Prior to that action on the part of the governor, a number of men
had been drafted and some had been assigned to duty in the field. The
secretary of war refused to discharge these men, offering as an excuse
for his refusal the fact that other states were making similar claims.
Gov. Crawford then went to Gen. Fry, who ordered the draft suspended.
The adjutant-general's report, 1861-65, gives three lists of drafted men.
On page 646. vol. I, are the names of 34 men unassigned to companies ;
on page 989, same volume, are the names of 35 men assigned to new
Company C, Tenth Kansas infantry ; and on page 993 are the names of
50 men assigned to new Company D of the same regiment. The Tenth
Kansas was at that time in Gen. Canby's command in the Red river
country.
Upon Gov. Crawford's return to Kansas, he learned that some of the
drafted men were still held at Fort Leavenworth, and on April 11 tele-
graphed to Gen. Fry asking their release. An order to that effect was
received on the 15th and those conscripts at the fort were discharged
from further service. In June the governor made another trip to Wash-
ington and obtained an order for the discharge of the men under Gen.
Canby, but the war was already ended and they were mustered out
with the regiment.
The most charitable view that can be taken of the draft on Kansas
is that in the work of raising, organizing and equipping the great Union
army errors occurred in the records, causing a misunderstanding as to
the actual number of men furnished by the state. But the fact remains
that the draft was unmerited and calculated to place the state in a
false light. The men of Kansas answered every call, and once mustered
into service they disharged their duties with credit to themselves and
honor to the state.
Dred Scott Decision. — On March 6, 1857, Chief Justice Roger B.
Taney, of the United States supreme court, handed down an opinion
KANSAS HISTORY 545
which perhaps occasioned more comment from the press and more
excitement among the people than any other decision ever rendered by
that court. The events leading up to the decision had their beginning
more than twenty years before. Dr. Emerson, a resident of Missouri,
was appointed surgeon at the military post at Rock Island, 111., in
1834, and upon assuming his duties there took with him a negro slave
named Dred Scott. The next year the doctor was assigned to duty
at Fort Snelling, Minn., whither Scott accompanied him. Not long
after his arrival at Fort Snelling, Dr. Emerson bought a negro girl
named Harriet, who subsequently became the wife of Scott. A child
was born to the couple at Fort Snelling, and in 1838 Dr. Emerson
returned to Missouri, taking the colored family — father, mother and
child — along with him. A few years later Dr. Emerson died, and in
1848 Scott, who in the meantime had been sold to a man named Sand-
ford, brought suit in the circuit court of St. Louis county. Mo., to estab-
lish his freedom.
In filing this suit, Scott's contention was that the Ordinance of 1787
prohibited slavery in Illinois; that the Missouri Compromise express-;-
prohibited it in that part of the Louisiana purchase north of the line of
36° 30', and that his residence at Rock Island arid Fort Snelling annuled
all rights of ownership which his master might have had prior to the
removal into free territory. The circuit court decided in his favor, bu"
an appeal was taken to the M^issouri supreme court, which in 1852
ruled against him, on the ground that his return to Missouri, without
resistance or objection on his part, restored to his master any right
of ownership which might have been forfeited by the temporary resi-
dence in territory declared free by the acts cited. The case was then
taken to the L'nited States circuit court, where in 1854 the state supreme
court was sustained, though it was admitted that Scott was a citizen
and could be a party to an action in the Federal courts.
As soon as this decision was rendered, several prominent anti-slavery
lawyers offered to carry the case through the United States supreme
court, without charging Scott any fees for their services, and the result
was the decision of Mr. Taney, which was concurred in by the other
members of the supreme bench except Justices Curtis and McLean.
The first question to be decided was that of citizenship. In this part
of his opinion the chief justice said: "It is difficult, at this day, to
realize the state of public opinion in relation to that unfortunate race
which prevailed in the civilized and enlightened portions of the world
at the time of the Declaration of Independence, and when the constitu-
tion was framed and adopted. But the public history of every European
nation displays it in a manner too plain to be mistaken. They had for
more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior race,
and altogether unfit to associate with' the white races, either in social
or political relations: and so far inferior that they had no rights which
the white man was bound to respect, and that the negro might justly
and lawfullv be reduced to slaverv for his benefit."
(1-35)
546 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Having thus elaborately settled the question of citizenship adversely
to Dred Scott and all his race, Judge Taney next proceeded to efface
the Missouri Compromise as follows : "It is the opinion of the court,
that the act of Congress uhich prohibited a citizen from holding and
owning property of this kind in the territory of the United States north
of the line therein mentioned, is not warranted by the constitution,
and is therefore void." And by referring to the case of Strader et al.
vs. Graham, where a slave had been taken from Kentucky to Ohio and
returned, he disposed of the Ordinance of 1787 in a similar way.
The immediate effect was that the slaveholders of the South found
reasons for rejoicing in the decision of the court in thus declaring
unconstitutional the laws prohibiting slavery within certain bounds ;
that slaves, being property, were entitled to protection under the con-
stitution; and that Congress had no power to enact laws prohibiting
the slave holder from taking his chattels anywhere he pleased. This
part of the opinion was regarded by many of the leading attorneys of
the country as extra-judicial — a sort of obiter dictum — and without
direct bearing on the case at issue, but it gave encouragement to the
slave power to know that a majority of the members of the supreme
court held such views.
Then came the reaction. Goldwin Smith says: "By this presenta-
tion of the iniquity, naked and in its most repulsive form, Taney did
no small harm to the party which he intended to aid. It has been
said that slavery plucked its ruin on its own head by its aggressive
violence. It could not help showing its native temper, nor could it
help feeding its hunger of land, insisting on the restoration of its run-
aways, or demanding a foreign policy such as would fend oft" the
approach of emancipation. Rut Taney's judgment was a gratuitous
aggression and an insult to humanit}' at the same time, for which, sup-
posing the Southern leaders inspired it, they paid dear. If the slave
was mere property, his owner might be entitled to take him anywhere,
and thus slavery might be made national. The boast of a daring partisan
of slavery might be fulfilled, that the day would come when men might
be bought and sold in Boston as freely as any other goods. The issue,
which all politicians had striven to keep out of sight, was presented in
its most startling and shocking form."
For a moment the abolitionists of the North were paralyzed. Then
they seized with avidity upon the expression, "The negro has no rights
which the white man is bound to respect," and made it their slogan.
Although this expression had been used b)' Mr. Taney in the nature
of a quotation, merely to show the social status of the black race dur-
ing the century preceding the founding of the American republic, it
was part of the decision of the court, and there is little room for doubt
that the use of this "war cry" had much to do with crj'Stallizing the
anti-slavery sentiment in the Northern states.
In Kansas, as elsewhere, the first effect of the opinion was to cause
elation among the friends of slavery. When, on Aug. 15, 1857, Prof.
KANSAS HISTORY ^4J
Benjamin Silliman and forty-two citizens of Connecticut sent a memorial
to President Buchanan, calling his attention to the fact that Gov.
Walker was employing the army in Kansas to force the people to obey
laws they did not make, the president sought shelter behind the Dred
Scott decision, declaring that "Slavery existed at that period (when
the Black Laws were passed by the territorial legislature) and still
exists in Kansas under the constitution of the Ignited States. This
point has at last been finally settled by the highest tribunal known to
our laws. How it could ever have been doubted is a mystery." Again,
m his message of Feb. 2, 1858 (see Slavery), he reiterated and em-
phasized the fact — as he viewed it — that Kansas was slave territorj'
under the constitution. With the reaction came a tide of free-state
emigration, and there is no question that the Dred Scott case played
a part in making Kansas a free state, as it also did in precipitating the
Civil war.
Dresden, a prosperous little town of Decatur county, is situated in
the township of the same name, about 16 miles south of Oberlin, the
county seat. It is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R.
R., has 2 banks, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, tel-
graph, express and telephone service, grain elevators, a creamery, some
well stocked general stores, hardware and implement houses, a hotel,
churches of the leading denominations, and good public schools. The
population in 1910 was 325.
Droughts. — As early as 1837, in a report from the Shawnee Mission,
Mr. Johnson stated that the crops were short from drought, but he
hoped they would have a sufficiency. Samuel J. Stewart, in writing
of the early days of Kansas in 1856, says : "There was an overflow
of the Neosho in May ; then the rains ceased to fall and by the 4th
of July all the little branches we had believed 'flowed on forever' were
entirely dry. By August all the springs were no more, and we suf-
fered from lack of water. Sickness came and a few died ; others turned
their faces to the east."
So severe was the suffering of the pioneers that the eastern states
raised funds for relief. The Massachusetts legislature appropriated
$20,000 for the relief of Massachusetts men in Kansas and large sums
were raised in other eastern states by relief societies. The year 1857
was also very dry, the driest in some sections of the territory ever
known up to that date. The rivers were unusually low and it was
possible to ford the Kansas at almost any point, while several of the
main tributaries became mere rivulets. On Aug. 26, 1857, Mons. Bor-
deau arrived at Kansas City with the first news of gold in the Pike's
Peak region, and advised the gold seekers to take the Arkansas river
route, as the "Kansas is destitute of timber and water."
It was the summer of i860, however, which gave Kansas its reputa-
tion for droughts. During the fall and winter of 1859-60 but little rain
fell. The spring of i860 continued dry though there were a few showers
that put the ground in condition for cultivation. The account of Hart-
548 CYCLOPEDIA OF
man Lichtenhan, one of the early settlers, as given in the Kansas His-
torical Collections, saj's: "During the year i860 not a drop of rain fell
from the 15th of May until the following January. Nothing was raised,
and in consequence provisions were very high. I freighted all sum-
mer from Leavenworth and Kansas City to the towns in the western
part of the territory."
Horace Greeley, in the New York Independent of Feb. 7, 1861,
said : "Drought is not unknown to us : but a drought so persistent and
so severe as that which devastated Kansas in i860 is a stranger to the •
states this side of the Mississippi. No rain, or none of any consequence,
over an area of 40,000 square miles from seed time to harvest. Such
has been the woeful experience of seven-eighths of Kansas during
i860."
The settlers were poor, without money to buy provisions at the pre-
vailing prices, consequently they grew disheartened and nearly one-
fourth of the population left the territory for new lands or returned to
their old homes in the east. On Oct. 29, i860, Thaddeus Hj^att wrote
to the war and interior departments : "Thousands of once thrifty and
prosperous American citizens are now perishing for want. Winter is
upon them ; of clothing they are nearly bereft ; food they have not to
last them through the cold season that is approaching. Some have
already died ; others are daily dying."
Meetings were held in the principal towns of nearly every county
to learn the extent of crop failure and devise means for assistance.
Dr. Samuel Ayers, who traveled through portions of Linn and Lykins
counties, said : "There will be almost universal destitution, and unless
aided the people can not live." Aid societies were formed in the east
and the abolition societies of New England sent Samuel C. Pomeroy
to Kansas as distributing agent. Money and clothing were collected
in all the eastern states and sent to Atchison, the distributing point.
In addition to the actual necessaries of life, the committee also fur-
nished seed wheat for the farmers, most of it being contributed by the
farmers of New York, Wisconsin and Missouri. Forty-one counties
received aid through the relief society and in a few cases special trains
were used to transport supplies to the counties which suflFered most.
Mrs. Emily Harrison, of Ellsworth, in her reminiscences of early days
in Ottawa county, published in Vol. IX, Kansas Historical Collec-
tions, says that in 1867 there was a flood in June ; "The drought fol-
lowed, and after the drought came the grasshoppers of 1867. They
covered the earth and stripped the prairies. Food was costly."
The summer of 1870 was dry with a partial failure of crops. Forty-
two days passed without rain. The legislatures of 1869, 1871 and 1872
each made appropriations for the relief of drought sufferers. (See
Harvey's Administration.) In 1874 came the long dry spell which gave
the state the name of "Droughty Kansas." Only eighteen inches of
rain fell in eighteen months. Rev. W. Bristow, pastor of a church at
Eureka, Kan., that year, says: "The 14th day of June a heavy rain
KANSAS HISTORY , 549
fell ; all through the months of July and August occasionally heavy
black clouds would loom up in the west, but no rain would come ; the
wheat crop was cut short ; the chinch bugs went from the wheat fields
into the corn fields ; then came the hot winds like a blast furnace until
it seemed that nothing green could survive. And to add to our troubles,
late in the summer the grasshoppers came and completed the destruc-
tion of everything green."
Similar conditions prevailed in central and western Missouri, Ne-
braska and Colorado. Famine stared people in the face, and the situa-
tion became so alarming that the governors of the four suffering states
met at Omaha to consult with regard to means of alleviating the distress.
Some parts of the state suffered so from crop failure in 1881 that
the legislature appropriated $25,000 for general relief. The state then
had a respite from droughts until 1891, when the legislature found it
necessary to appropriate $60,000 for general relief and to provide seed,
the state railroad commission being made the disbursing agent. To
benefit by this appropriation the counties issued warrants payable to
the state on or before Feb. i, 1892, and the county took each applicant's
obligation for the cost of grain furnished him, payable before Jan. i,
1892, with interest at six per cent. Only four years elapsed before the
state again suffered from a lack of rainfall, and the legislature of 1895
appropriated $100,000 "or so much thereof as may be necessary," for
the purchase and distribution of seed grain by the board of railroad
commissioners in certain counties of the Fourth, Sixth and Seventh
Congressional districts. No one was to receive grain unless a resident
of the state for a year or more.
In 1891 occurred the last drought of which there is a record. Old
settlers claimed that the summer was the driest since i860. The mean
temperature for the summer was 103°, that of 1874, 94.7°, while for
i860 it was .103.9°. On July 15, 1901, it was estimated that $2,000,000
a day would hardly cover the losses of "the farmers in grain and stock.
George M. Walden, president of the Kansas City stock-yards company,
said: "Ten more days without rain in this section will mean ruin to
the corn and hay crops and absolutely no feed for next winter." In
nearly ever}' case of drought the succeeding year has brought bountiful
crops, and the farmers of the state have been able to recoup themselves
for their losses.
Drury, a village of Falls township, Sumner county, is a station on
the Kansas Southwestern R. R. about 20 miles south of Wellington, the
county seat. It has a money order postofirce, a flour mill, a good local
trade, and is a shipping point of some importance.. The population in
1910 was 28.
Drywood, a little village of Crawford county, is located in Lincoln
township, about 12 miles northeast of Girard, the county seat. It is
a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., has a money order postoffice,
express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a good local trade,
and in 1910 reported a population of 40.
553 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Dubuque, a little village of Center township, Russell county, is located '
near the head of Beaver creek, about 20 miles southeast of Russell, the
county seat. It was formerly a postofifice, but after the introduction
of the rural deliver)' system the office was discontinued, the people
now receiving mail through the office at Dorrance, which is the most
convenient railroad station. The population in 1910 was 26.
Dull Knife Raid.— (See Cheyenne Raid, 1878.)
Dun, a small hamlet of Wilson county, is a station on the St. Louis
& San Francisco R. R. 8 miles southeast of Fredonia, the county seat,
and 4 miles from Neodesha, from which place it receives daily mail.
The railroad name is Lazaius station.
Dunavant, a hamlet of Jefferson county, is located on a branch of the
Missouri Pacific R. R. 7 miles southeast of Valley Falls and 5 miles
north of Oskaloosa, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice,
telegraph and express offices, and some local trade. The population in
1910 was 85.
Dunbar, John, clergyman, missionar}- to the Pawnee Indians, and
first treasurer of Brown county, Kan., was born at Palmer, Mass.,
March 3, 1804. In 1832 he was graduated at Williams College, and
later he was graduated at the Auburn Theological Seminary. While
a student at the latter institution he received an appointment as mis-
sionary to the western Indians; was ordained at Ithaca, X. Y., May
I, 1834, and on the 5th left there for the scene of his labors, with instruc-
tions to cross the Rocky mountains to the Nez Perces. Upon arriving
at St. Louis on the 23d, he learned that the party of traders with
whom he was to travel had already left for the West, and this changed
his entire plan. At St. Louis he was informed that the Pawnee tribe
needed missionaries, and he decided to go there. As soon as possible
he reported at the mission and agency at Bellevue, 9 miles above the
mouth of the Platte river, on the west bank of the Missouri, and began
his work as missionary. In Sept., 1836. he returned to Massachusetts,
and while there superintended the printing of a book of 74 pages in the
Pawnee language. On Jan. 12. 1837, he married Miss Esther Smith,
and the following spring returned to Bellevue, where he and his wife
began housekeeping in an old trading house. Later he went to Holt
county. Mo., but preferring a residence in a free state, and confident
that Kansas was to be admitted as such, he removed to Brown county,
Kan., in 1856, and located on the Wolf river, about 2 miles west of the
town of Robinson. On March 16, 1857, he was appointed treasurer to
the board of county commissioners, being the first man ever to hold
that office in the county. Neither Mr. Dunbar nor his wife lived long
after their removal to Kansas. She died on Nov. 4, 1856. and his death
occurred on Nov. 3, 1857.
Dunbar, John B., son of the above, was born at Bellevue, in what is
now the State of Nebraska, April 3, 1841. He received his early instruc-
tion from his father, after which he spent one year at the Hopkins
Academy, Hadley, Mass., and graduated at Amherst College in 1864,
KANSAS HISTORY 551
after he had served as private, sergeant and lieutenant in a light artillery
company for three and a half years. From 1869 to 1878 he was pro-
fessor of Latin and Greek languages in Washburn College at Topeka,
and in 1872-73 he assisted Father Gaillard of St. Mary's mission in the
preparation of a Pottawatomie grammar and dictionary. Later he com-
piled a brief grammar and partial vocabulary of the Pawnee language,
but it was never published. On Aug. 22, 1876, he married Miss Alida
S. Cook, whose parents were at that time connected with Washburn
College. After leaving Topeka Prof. Dunbar was connected with the
public schools at Deposit and Brooklyn, N. Y., and Bloomfield, N. J.,
where he still resides. In early life he became interested in the French
and Spanish explorations in the southwest, and his library is rich in
books and manuscripts relating to this subject. In Jan., 1885. he was
elected a corresponding member of the Kansas Historical Society, and
among his contributions to that society may be mentioned a transla-
tion of a French manuscript bearing on the Bourgmont expedition ;
an account of the Villazur expedition of 1720; and a bibliography of
early French and Spanish authorities on the Southwest. He has con-
tributed to the Magazine of American History and other publications,
and has aided such writers as Shea and Brinton, but the greater part of
his work is still in manuscript form.
Duncan, a small hamlet of Miami county, is a station on the Missouri
Pacific R. R. 12 miles southwest of Paola, the county seat. The inhab-
itants receive mail by rural delivery through the postoffice at Lane.
Duncan, Norman, author and educator, was born at Brantford,
Ontario, Canada, July 2, 1871, a son of Augustus and Susan (Hawley)
Duncan. He was educated in the LTniversity of Toronto, where he was
graduated in 1895. From 1897 to 1901 he was on the staff of the New
York Evening Post, and in 1902 was appointed professor of rhetoric
in Washington and Jefferson College. Washington, Pa., which position
he held until 1906, when he became adjunct professor of English litera-
ture in the Universit}- of Kansas. In 1907-08 he was correspondent of
Harper's Magazine in Syria, Palestine, Arabia and Egypt, and prior
to that time had made several trips to Labrador and Newfoundland.
Prof. Duncan is a contributor to several of the leading magazines. His
best known published works are "The Soul of the Street," "The Way
of the Sea," "Every Man for Himself," "Going Down from Jerusalem,"
"Dr. Greenfell's Parish," and "The Adventures of Billy Topsail."
Duncan, Robert K., professor of industrial chemistry in the LTniversity
of Kansas and brother of the above, was born at Brantford, Ontario,
Nov. I, 1868. He was graduated at the University of Toronto as a mem-
ber of the class of 1892, taking first honors in physics and chemistry.
During the years 1892-93 he was a fellow in chemistry in Clark Uni-
versity, and was then instructor in physics and chemistry in the Au-
burn CN. Y.) academy and high school until 1895. He then became
an instructor in Sach's Collegiate Institute at New York, and in 1897-98
was a graduate student in chemistrv at Columbia I'niversitv. From
552 CYCLOPEDIA OF
1898 to 1901 he was professor of chemistry in Washington and Jefifer-
son College, and in 1906 came to his present position in the University
of Kansas. On Dec. 27, 1899, he married Miss Charlotte M. Foster.
Prof. Duncan is the discoverer of a new process of manufacturing
phosphorus, of melting glass at a low temperature, and of decorating
glass. In 1901 he was sent abroad by the publishers of McClure's
Magazine to study radio activity ; in 1903 he again visited Europe in
the interests of the publishing house of A. S. Barnes & Co., and in 1905
he again crossed the Atlantic as a representative of Harper's Magazine.
In 1910 he was appointed professor of industrial research in the Uni-
versity of Pittsburgh, and holds this position in connection with a
similar one in the University of Kansas. He is a member of the Ameri-
can Chemical Society, the Kansas Academy of Science, and other similar
organizations ; is a contributor to scientific journals and magazines ;
editor of the New Science series, and author of "The New Knowledge
and the Chemistry of Commerce."
Dundee, a village of Barton county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 8 miles southwest of Great Bend, the county
seat, from which place mail is received by rural delivery. It has a local
trade, does some shipping, and in 1910 reported a population of 68.
Dunkers. — This religious sect, also known as German Baptists, arose
early in the eighteenth century in Germany, as a result of the great
religious awakening. The original aim was not to protest against
Catholicism, but rather against the barrenness of Protestantism itself.
They had no intention of organizing a new sect and caused no great
religious upheaval, but their work resulted in a healthy wave of spiritual
action in the churches alreadj- established. The believers in the new
movement organized under Alexander Mack in Westphalia in 1708,
but he was not recognized as the founder of the church. Eight of
the Pietists, as they were called, were baptised by Mack and were
among the first to receive the trine immersion in the history of the
Protestant church. This pioneer congregation became the basis of the
Taufer, Tunkers or Dunkers, or German Brethren as a separate church.
The church in Westphalia grew, other congregations were organ-
ized in the Palatinate, but persecutions drove them across the ocean
to America, and from 1719 to 1729 a number of Dunkers settled in the
eastern part of the United States. One colony located near German-
town, Pa., where the first church in this country was established in
1723. From there they extended westward over the old Braddock road,
and after the Revolution to western Pennsylvania, and from the Caro-
linas to Kentucky. They were among the first to enter the valleys of
the Ohio and Mississippi, since which time they have become estab-
lished in nearly every state in the Union, being most numerous in
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Mis-
souri, Nebraska, Kansas and South Dakota.
The Dunkers of colonial time were for the most part German or
Dutch. They derived the common name from the mode of baptism
KANSAS HISTORY 555
by immersion, rejecting infant baptism and laying great stress upon
simple clothes and language. As early as 1872 they prohibited slavery
and preached against the system. They refuse to take oaths and
carry arms, anoint the sick, and reject the use of medicine. Every
male member is allowed to speak in the congregation and the best
speaker is usually appointed to the position of minister, being ordained
by the laying on of hands.
In polity the church corresponds more nearly to the Presbyterian
than to any other special ecclesiastical form. The local congregation
is governed by a council of all the members, which is presided over by
the ruling elder or bishop and attends to all local affairs. The individual
congregations elect delegates, lay and clerical, to a state district meet-
ing and above this state or district meeting is an annual meeting of
all the brotherhood. In the general sessions of the annual meeting
there is free discussion and the delegates vote upon the final disposal
of a matter. The decisions are binding upon the local congregations.
Baptism is by forward trine immersion. Reception into the church is
by the holy kiss or right hand of fellowship, according to the sex of
the person received. The ceremony of foot-washing is observed and is
followed by a love feast. Immediately after this the communion is cele-
brated. In 1881 the church became divided and now consists of the
following bodies : The German Baptist Brethren church (Conservative),
Old Order German Baptist Brethren, the Brethren Church (Progressive
Dunkers), and according to the census the Seven Day Baptists are
included, although they organized as a separate church in Pennsylvania
in 1728.
The Dunkers came to Kansas with the tide of immigration that
flowed into the state during the pioneer days of settlement. In 1893-
there were 91 organizations in Kansas with a membership of 4,067.
During the next fifteen years the number of organizations fell to 81,
but the total membership increased to 4,821.
Dunlap, an incorporated city of the third class in Valley township,
Morris county, is a station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. 9
miles southeast of Council Grove, the county seat. The town was
founded b}^ and named for Joseph Dunlap, the first white settler in
Valley township, who located there in 1870. At the time of the "Negro
Exodus" (q. V.) a number of colored people settled in and around
Dunlap. The population in 1910 was 333. Dunlap has a bank, a money
order postoffice with two rural routes, telegraph, express and telephone
service, several general stores, drug and hardware houses. Baptist,
Congregational and Methodist churches, a hotel, etc. Its location on
the Neosho river, in the midst of a rich agricultural section, makes it
an important shipping point for portions of Morris, Chase and Lyon
counties.
Duquoin, a village of Harper county, is located in Grant township
18 miles northwest of Anthony, the county seat. It is a station on the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., has telegraph and express offices.
554 CYCLOPEDIA OF
a money order postoffice with one rural route, general stores, two grain
elevators and a flour mill. The population in 1910 was 75.
Durachen, an inland village of Chelsea township, Butler county, is
situated about 15 miles northeast of Eldorado, the county seat, from
which place mail is received by rural delivery. De Graff, on the Atch-
ison. Topeka & Santa Fe, is the nearest railroad station. The popula-
tion in 1910 was 58.
Durham, an incorporated city of Marion county, is located in Durham
Park township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. and the
Cottonwood river, 15 miles nortlnvest of Marion, the county seat. It
is in the midst of some of the richest cattle lands in the state. The
farmers in the vicinity are mostly German and make a specialty of
thoroughbred stock. All the main lines of business are represented,
including a bank, lumber yard, hotel and elevator. Grain and live stock
are shipped in considerable quantities. The town is supplied with
express and telegraph offices and has a money order postoffice with one
rural route. It was incorporated in 1906. The population, according
to the census of 1910, was 268.
Dutisne's Expedition. — On Sept. 14, 1712, Antoine Crozat was granted
a monopoly of the Louisiana trade for a period of 15 years. About
two years later there arrived at Mobile, then the headquarters of the
colony, a young Canadian named Claude Charles Dutisne (the name is
sometimes written Du Tissenet) to enter Crozat's employ. From the
mines at Kaskaskia he brought specimens of lead ore, which he pre-
sented to Gov. Cadillac, and then took charge of a grant of land until
Crozat was succeeded by the Western Company in 1717. Under the
new regime Bienville superseded Cadillac as governor, M. de Bois-
briant was appointed governor of Illinois and left for his post in Oct.,
1818, and Dutisne was ordered to join him at Kaskaskia before the
close of the year.
In 1719, by order of Bienville, Dutisne led an expedition to the In-
dians west of the Mississippi. Hale, in his "Kanzas and Nebraska."
published in 1854, says : "He found the Osages at the spot which they
still occupy. If his measurements were exact, his first Pawnee or
Panioukee village was near the mouth of the Republican Fork. Fifteen
days westward travel must have been up the valle}' of one of the forks
of the Kansas river ; but the name of the Padoucah Indians is now
lost. From the time he reached the Osage villages, Dutisne was explor-
ing the territory of Kansas. . . . Dutisne, therefore, may be
regarded as the discoverer of Kansas to the civilized world."
Cutler's History of Kansas says that Dutisne probabh^ crossed Kan-
sas "from about the locality of Linn county, northwest to the forks
of the Kansas and thence west to the headwaters of the Smoky Hill."
Maloy, a writer in the Agora Magazine (vol. II, p. 16) says that
Dutisne in 1719 "passed through Morris and Geary counties, and dis-
covered indubitable evidence of Coronado's trail and camp near Fort
Riley."
KANSAS HISTORY 555
Other writers have made similar statements, with the result that the
opinion has naturally become prevalent that Dntisne was in Kansas.
But the report of his expedition will hardly justify that belief. On
Nov. 22, 1719, Dutisne wrote a letter to Bienville, in which he gave the
following account of his expedition : "When I went among the Osages
I was well received by them. Having explained my intentions to them,
they answered me well in everything that regarded themselves, but
when I spoke of going among the Panis (Pawnees), they all opposed
it, and would not assent to the reasons which I gave for going. Hav-
ing learned that they did not intend for me to carry away the goods
which I had brought, I proposed to them to let me take three guns,
for mvself and my interpreter, telling them decidedly that if they did
not consent I would be very angry and you would be indignant ; upon
which they consented. Knowing the character of these savages, I did
not delay, but set out on the road. In four days I was among the
Panis, where I was very badly received, owing to the fact that the
Osages had made them believe that our intentions were to entrap
them and make them slaves. . . . but when they learned the false-
hood of the Osages they consented to make an alliance and treated me
very well."
Then, after explaining how he traded the three guns, etc., for three
horses and a mule, "marked with a Spanish brand," he continues: "I
proposed to them to let me pass through to the Padoucahs. To this
they were much opposed, as they are deadly enemies. Seeing they
would not consent, I questioned them in regard to the Spaniards.
. . . It seems to me we could succeed in making peace between
this tribe and the Padoucahs, and by this means open a route to the
Spaniards. It could be done by giving back to them their slaves and
making them some presents. I told them it was your desire they should
"be friends. We could yet attempt the passage by the Missouri, going
to the Panismahas to carry them some presents. I have offered ^I.
de Boisbriant to go there myself, and if this is your wish I am read}'
to execute it so as to merit the honor of your protection. . . . The
way to go there from the Osages is south, one-quarter west."
In Margry's works (vol. VI, pp. 309-12) is an extract from one of
La Harpe's relations, apparently taken from Dutisne's report. This
relation says the Pani villages were 40 leagues southwest from the
Osages. The latter Dutisne described as being 80 leagues from the
mouth of the Osage river, near the present town of Osceola, in St.
Clair courrty. Mo. Forty leagues sotithwest from that point would
bring the site of the Pani villages near the southeast corner of Kan-
sas, possibl}- inside the jiresent boundary of the stale. There is nothing
in Dutisne's report, or any account of the expedition, to show that he
made the fifteen days' journey up the Smoky Hill river mentioned by
Hale, though Dutisne did say that, according to the report of the
Panis. "it is fifteen days' journey to the great village of the Padou-
cahs." It is therefore extremely problematical whether Dutisne was
556 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ever in what is now the State of Kansas, though from the distances,
and directions mentioned in his report he ma}' have touched the south-
east corner of the state.
Dwight, an incorporated city of the third class in Ohio township,.
Morris county, is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R.
R. some 15 miles north of Council Grove, the county seat. It was
settled about the time the railroad was built, and on March 4, 1903,.
Gov. Bailey approved an act authorizing the town to incorporate and
organize as a city of the third class. The incorporation was not effected,
however, until in 1905. In 1910 the population was 298. Dwight has.
a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, express, tele-
graph and telephone service, Christian, Methodist, Episcopal and Presby-
terian churches, good public schools, and is the principal trading and
shipping point in the northeastern part of the county.
Dyche, Lewis Lindsay, zoologist, was born at Berkeley Springs, W.
Va., March 20, 1857. In early life he came to Kansas, and in 1884 he
received the degrees of B. S. and B. A. from the University of Kansas.
During the 3'ears 1885-86 he was assistant professor of zoolog}', and in
1886 he received the degree of A. M. He was then made professor
of comparative anatomy, which position he held until 1890, receiving
the degree of M. S. in 1888. From 1890 to 1900 he was professor of
zoology and curator of birds and mammals, and since 1900 has held
the chair of systematic zoology and taxidermy. Prof. Dyche has made
more than a score of scientific expeditions, covering North America
from Mexico to Alaska, including Greenland and the Arctic regions,
and as a result of his work the University of Kansas has one of the
largest and finest collections of mammals in the world. A collection
of these specimens was exhibited at the Columbian expedition at Chi-
cago in 1893 and excited much favorable comment. On Oct. 4, 1884,
Prof. Dyche married Miss Ophelia Axtell of Sterling, Kan. He has
lectured at various places upon the subjects with Avhich he is so well"
acquainted, and has contributed articles on zoology and kindred topics
to the leading magazines. In 191 1 he was appointed state game warden
and fish commissioner, a position for which he is admirably fitted by
his long training as a student of animal life, the habits of birds and
mammals, etc.
E
Eagle, a small settlement of Elwood township. Barber county, is
situated in the forks of Little Mule creek, about 12 miles southwest of^
Medicine Lodge, the county seat, and most convenient railroad station.
The people receive mail by rural delivery from Lasswell.
Earleton, one of the thriving little towns of Neosho county, is located
in Canville township on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 12 miles
west of Erie, the county seat. All lines of business are represented,,
including banking. There is an express office and a money order post-
KANSAS HISTORY 557
office with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 250. Earle-
ton was founded by J. C. Lantz in 1870, in the interests of the railroad
company, which was supposed to own the land. Mr. Lantz was the first
postm,aster and kept the first store. The growth of the town was
retarded by litigation for the title of the land and little was done in the
way of building until the matter was settled in 1876. * In 1877 several
new business enterprises sprang up, a depot was erected and the town
started on its career.
Early River Commerce. — When the first actual white settlers came
to Kansas, there were no railroads west of the Mississippi river, and
the various water-courses were depended upon to furnish the means of
transportation. As early as 1819 four steamboats — the Thomas Jef-
ferson, Expedition, R. M. Johnson and Western Engineer — were built
for the navigation of the upper Missouri, and were used in the first
Yellowstone expedition. Prior to that time the only species of water
craft on the western streams were the Indian canoes or the keel boats
and pirogues of the fur traders. In 1830 a steamboat called the Car
of Commerce was built for the Missouri river trade, but was sunk near
the mouth of the river two years, later. The Yellowstone ascended the
river in 1831, and between that time and 1840 the Assiniboine and the
Astoria made regular trips. About the time Kansas was organized as
a territory, the best known steamers on the Missouri were the A. C.
Goddin, the A. B. Chambers and the Kate Swinney. The last named,
a side-wheeler 200 feet long and 30 feet wide, was sunk on the upper
river on Aug. i, 1855. Others steamers on the Missouri were the Key-
stone (upon which Gov. Geary came to Kansas), the Robert Campbell,
the Paul Jones, the Polar Star and the J. M. Converse.
Lewis and Clark's journal for June 5, 1804, contains the following
entry: "Passed the Creek of the big rock about 15 yds wide on the
left side at 11 oClock brought too a small Caissee (raft made of two
canoes tied together) in which was two french men, from 80 leagues
up the Kansias R where they wintered, and brought a great quantity
of Beaver," etc.
It may be that this early report was partially responsible for the
popular belief some years later that the Kansas was navigable for a
distance of 80 leagues. (See Kansas River.) The first attempt to Jiavi-
gate the river by steam was in 1854, when Capt. C. K. Baker bought
the Excel, a vessel of 79 tons with a draft of only 2 feet, for the Kansas
river trade. On one trip down the river, this boat made the run from
Fort Riley to Kansas City in 24 hours, stopping at thirty landings. In
1855 eight new steamboats attempted the navigation of the Kansas,
viz: the Bee, New Lucy, Hartford, Lizzie, Emma Harmon, Financier
No. 2, Saranak and Perry. The Hartford made but one trip. On June
3 she ran aground a short distance above the mouth of the Blue river,
where she lay for a month waiting for high water. .With a rise in the
river she dropped down to Manhattan, where she unloaded her cargo,
and with the next rise started for Kansas City, but grounded opposite
55^ CYCLOPEDIA OF
St. Mary's mission, where she caught fire and was burned. The bell
of this boat is now in the steeple of the Methodist church at Manhattan.
In 1856 the steamers Perry, Lewis Burns, Far West and Brazil made
their appearance on the Kansas. In this year the flat-boat Pioneer took
out the first load of freight from up the river, arriving at Kansas City
in April. The following year four new steamboats were added. They
were the Lightfoot, Violet, Lacon and Otis Webb. The Liglitfoot of
Ouindaro, a stern-wheeler, was the first steamboat ever built in Kansas.
The Violet was built at Pittsburg. She arrived at Kansas City on'
April 7, 1857, and two days later reached Lawrence. Here the captain
noticed that the river was falling and declined to go an}- farther. Dis-
charging his cargo and passengers, he started back down the river and
arrived at Kansas City on May 10, having spent the greater part of a
month on the sand bars. The vessel never tried a- second trip.
In 1858 the Otis Webb, the Minnie Belle and the Kate Swinney were
the principal steamboats on the Kansas, but in 1859 came the Silver
Lake, Morning Star, Gus Linn, Adelia, Colona, Star of the West and
the Kansas Valley. In i860 the Eureka, Izetta and Mansfield were
added to the list. Then came the Civil war and but little was done in
the way of river commerce until peace was restored to the country. The
Tom Morgan and the Emma began the navigation of the Kansas in
1864; the Hiram Wood, Jacob Sass and E. Hensley were put in com-
mission in 1865, and in 1866 the Alexander Majors was added.
The early navigation of the Kansas was attended by many difficul-
ties. Wood was used for fuel, and it was no unusual occurrence for a
boat to tie up while the crew went ashore to fell trees and lay in a
supph^ of wood. On one occasion the Financier No. 2 ascended the
Republican river for a distance of 40 miles by way of experiment. This
was the farthest that river has ever been navigated. A correspondent
of the St. Louis Democrat, on Nov. 18, 1855, said: "The bed of the
Kansas, like that of the Missouri, is quicksand, ever changing and ever
dangerous while the water will not average over two feet in depth at
any place for a distance of 500 feet along its banks. If the bottom was
rock and the banks precipitous, a line of steamers would pay well ; but
as it is, no sensible capitalist will invest his money in a single boat.
Kansas is destined by nature to be the Railroad state."
When the counties of Cowley, Sedgwick and Sumner were settled,
about 1870, the question of steamboat navigation on the Arkansas
became one of interest to the settlers, who were desirous of finding an
outlet to market. In the fall of 1875 A. W. Berkey and A. C. Winton
of Cowley county built a flat-boat at Arkansas City and loaded it with
flour, which thej^ took down the river and sold at Little Rock, Ark.
Upon their return a stock company was formed for the purchase of a
steamboat. A light draft boat was bought and it ascended the river
nearly to Fort Gibson, when the engines were found to be of insufficient
power to stem the current. In the summer of 1878 ^^^ H. Speer and
Amos Walton built a flat-boat 50 feet long and 16 feet wide, equipped
KANSAS HISTORY . 559-
it with a lo horse-power thresher engine, and with this novel craft made
several trips up and down the river for a distance of 60 miles from
Arkansas City while the water was at a low stage.
Through correspondence, the business men of Little Rock were
induced to send a boat on trial trip to Kansas. The boat selected was
the Aunt Sally, which had been built for the bayou cotton trade of
Arkansas. She arrived at Arkansas City on June 30, 1878, and the
officers of the boat expressed the opinion that a boat built especially
for the purpose could make regular trips up and down the river at all
seasons of the year. Thus encouraged, McCloskey Seymore had the
Cherokee built at Arkansas City. This boat was launched on Nov. 6,
1878; was 85 feet long, 22 feet wide; and had a draught when loaded
to the guards of only 16 inches. Other steamers that were built for
the Arkansas river trade were the Gen. Miles, the Necedah and the
Nonesuch. But, before the commerce of the Arkansas river was fully
established, the railroad came, and the certainty of railroad traffic, when
compared with the difficulties attending that of the river, made the
operation of the steamboats unprofitable. However, as late as 1884 a
steamboat called the Kansas Millers was built for the trade. This was
the last attempt at steam navigation of the Arkansas, though some flat-
boats and barges continued to transport wheat and flour down the river
until the railroad lines were more fully developed.
Eastern Orthodox Church. — (See Greek Church.)
Eastern Star, Order of. — (See Freemasons.)
Easton, one of the important early settlements of Leavenworth
:ounty, is situated on the Stranger river and the Union Pacific R. R.
in the northwestern part of the county 11 miles northwest of Leaven-
worth. In the autumn of 1854, Gen. L. J. Eastin, and his associates
located the town of Eastin and it was named in honor of the general.
The spelling was changed to Easton through the influence of Gov.
Reeder, for his native town in Pennsylvania. The first settler was
Andrew Dawson, who opened a store just above the bridge in 1852. In
1855 Stephen Minard bought this store, settled in the village and
opened the first hotel. In Dec, 1855, a postoffice was opened and the
village began to thrive. A number of free-state men settled in the town
and vicinity and during the border troubles it was regarded as a head-
quarters for men of this political faith. (See Easton Expediticm.) Se\--
eral churches were built at an early day, a school was opened and great
things were expected of the town. Early in the '80s it had two general
stores, a blacksmith shop and grocery. Today the town is the supply
and shipping point for a rich agricultural community, has several gen-
eral stores, a hardware and implement house, lumber yard, money order
postoffice, express and telegraph facilities, hotel, good graded school,
and is one of the leading towns in the western part of the county. In
1910 the population was 310.
Easton Expedition. — In the fall of 1855 ^ free-state mayor was elected
in Leavenworth. He became intimidated bv the demonstrations at the
560 CYCLOPEDIA OF
December elections, and fearing the dissatisfaction of the people
because of the hopelessness of performing his duty, resigned on Jan.
13, 1856, two days before the date fixed for the election of state officers
under the Topeka constitution. The president of the council forbade
the election to be held, and although no polls were opened, the election
was held in an informal wa}^ by carrying the ballot box around. Some
of the free-state men determined that an election should be held in the
Leavenworth district free from the pro-slavery influence.
At Easton, 11 miles northwest of Leavenworth, the election had
been postponed to the 17th because of the threats to break it up as
had been done at Leavenworth. The election was held at the house
of T. A. Minard, about a half mile from the village, and a number of
Leavenworth men attended to see that the election was fair, one of
them being Capt. Reese P. Brown, member-elect of the legislature.
About 6 o'clock p. m. an attack was made upon the polls, which were
defended by the free-state men under command of Stephen Sparks. A
message was sent to Minard by the pro-slavery men, demanding the
ballot box, and informing him that unless it was given up they would
come for it. No disturbance occurred, however, until the next morn-
ing, when news was brought that Sparks and his son had been taken
prisoners. Capt. Brown and a party started out to rescue them. On
reaching the village they found Sparks and his son standing at bay in
a fence corner. Sparks and his son were released, but threats were
made that they would soon be recaptured. The parties had not separated
before guns were fired, a pro-slavery man named Cook being killed and
two free-state men slightly wounded. Brown and seven others then
started for Leavenworth, but when about half way there they were
met by a company of Kickapoo rangers under command of Capt. Martin
and a company from Leavenworth under Capt. Dunn on their way to
Easton to avenge the death of Cook. L'pon being assured that they
would be treated kindly, the free-state men, seeing the odds against
them, gave up their arms and were taken back to Easton, where a mock
trial was attempted. The soldiers became unruly, and Capt. Martin
said that nothing could save Brown. All the other prisoners were
released, but Brown was kept locked in a room to prevent the mob
from interfering. Upon being told that the men holding the trial had
decided to take Brown to Leavenworth to await his trial according
to law, the mob said that he too would escape. They broke open the
door where he was confined, and a man named Gilbert struck him on
the head with a hatchet. He was dragged out of doors, stabbed and
hacked from head to foot, and finalh' thrown in a wagon, in which he
was jolted over the frozen ground to his home, where he died. Brown
was a prominent free-state man, he had previously taken part in the
defense of Lawrence and was feared by the pro-slavery men.
Echo, a hamlet of Douglas county, is located in the southern portion
about 10 miles northwest of Baldwin, the nearest railroad station, from
which it has rural free delivery. The population in 1910 was 25
KANSAS HISTORY 561
Electric Medical Association. — (See Medical Societies, State.)
Eden, a hamlet of Atchison county, is located in the northern portion
on Independence creek, about 5 miles east of Huron, the nearest rail-
road point. It has rural free delivery from Atchison, the county seat,
which is about 10 miles southeast. In 1910 the population was 20.
Edgerton, one of the large towns of Johnson county, is situated in
the southwestern portion, near the junction of two branches of Bull
creek, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 14 miles southwest
of Olathe, the county seat. The town was laid out after the building
of the railroad in 1870 and named after the chief engineer. The first
building was the railroad station. It was followed by a dwelling and
store the same year and in 1871 Reuben Perkins built the first hotel.
The first school house was also built in 1871 and school was taught by
Robert Quay that winter. The town lies in a rich agricultural country
and is a shipping point for produce sent to Kansas City. It has a money
order postoffice, good hotel, hardware and implement house, lumber
yard and good public school sy-stem. The population in 1910 was 400.
Edith, a country postoffice of Lee township, Logan county, is situated
on Twin Butte creek about 12 miles southeast of Russell Springs, the
county seat, and about half-way between Monument, on the Union
Pacific, and Scott, on the Missouri Pacific, which are the nearest rail-
road stations.
Editorial Association, State. — Wilder's Annals of Kansas (p. 372)
says that on Oct. 7, 1863, a meeting of the state editors was held at
Leavenworth, and that the next day a society was formed with John
Speer as president; Hovey E. Loman, vice-president; D. H. Bailey,
secretary ; and Daniel W. Wilder, treasurer. This is the only mention
of this organization to be found, and it does not appear that a second
meeting was ever held.
In Dec., 1865, a call was issued for the editors of the state to meet
at Topeka on Jan. 17, 1866, the anniversary of Benjamin Franklin's birth,
10 consider the advisability of organizing a state editorial association.
At that time there were but 37 papers published in the state, and at
the Topeka meeting 20 of these were represented as follows : M. W.
Reynolds, Lawrence Journal ; J. B. Oliver, Lawrence Tribune ; W. H.
Bisbee, Leavenworth Conservative ; H. Buckingham, Leavenworth
Times; J. A. Martin, Atchison Champion; F. G. Adams, Atchison Free
Press; F. P. Baker and S. D. McDonald, Topeka Record; J. F. Cum-
mings, Topeka Leader; J. P. Greer, Topeka Tribune; P. H. Peters,
Marysville Enterprise ; E. C. Manning, Marysville LTnion ; R. B. Tay-
lor, Wyandotte Gazette; D. B. Emmert, Fort Scott Monitor; Sol Mil-
ler, White Cloud Chief; Jacob Stotler, Emporia News; M. M. Mur-
dock, Burlingame Chronicle; Joseph Bond, Humboldt Herald; Sol
Miller, Mound City Sentinel; William Springs, Garnett Plaindealer ;
George W. Martin, Junction City Union.
A committee consisting of P. H. Peters, F. G. Adams and M. W.
Revnolds, was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws with a
' (I-36)
562 CYCLOPEDIA OF
view to perfecting a permanent organization. This committee in its
report, suggested the name of "Kansas Editors' and Publishers' Associa-
tion," the objects of which should be "to promote the mutual welfare
of the Kansas press, protect its rights, inculcate feelings of harmony, and
elevate its tone and character."
The report of the committee vvas adopted and the following officers
were elected: R. B. Taylor, president; M. W. Reynolds, John A. Mar-
tin, M. M. Murdock and J. F. Cummings, vice-presidents; S. D, McDon-
ald, secretary; and P. H. Peters, treasurer.
For some years the annual meetings of the association were held on
Jan. 17, the anniversary of the organization. Then the time, as well as
the place, of holding meetings was left for the members to decide. In
1871 the meeting was held at Lawrence late in October, and the meeting
of 1872 was lield at Emporia in May. Following the custom of similar
organizations elsewhere, the meetings of the association were generally
accompanied by a banquet or an excursion to some point of interest.
No meetings were held in 1876, 1880, 1881 and 1884, though in 1876 a
number of the members got together and went as an excursion party
to Philadelphia to attend the Centennial exposition. The old associa-
tion continued in existence until it was replaced by the present one.
In May, 1892, the Kansas delegates, while on the way home from the
meeting of the National Editorial Association, formed a temporary or-
ganization with D. A. Valentine as president and Ewing Herbert as-
secretary. These officers called a state convention to meet on April
21, 1893, when about 40 newspaper men from various sections of the
state assembled at the Copeland hotel in Topeka and organized the
present "Kansas Editorial Association." On July 25 a call was issued
for a meeting of the association on Sept. 11-12, 1893, to be followed by
an excursion to the Columbian exposition at Chicago during Kansas-
week. Meetings have been held annually since the organization in
1892. At these meetings papers relating to the interests of the press
are read and discussed, and the business exercises are usually followed
by a banquet or a visit to the s,tate institutions.
The meeting of 191 1 was held in Topeka on Jan. 30-31, when the fol-
lowing officers were elected: President, W. Y. Morgan, Hutchinson
News; vice-president, Clyde H. Knox, Sedan Times-Star; correspond-
ing secretary. Mack Cretcher, Sedgwick Pantagraph ; recording secre-
tary, Charles Brown, Horton Headlight; treasurer, W. E. Miller, St.
Mary's Star. At that meeting 196 members were reported, and that all
parts of the state are fully represented may be seen from the following
list of presidents, together with the papers with which they are con-
nected : In 1892, D. A. Valentine, Clay Center Times ; 1893, Charles F.
Scott, lola Register; 1894, J. E. Junkin, Sterling Bulletin; 1895, W. H.
Nelson, Smith Center Pioneer; 1896, F. H. Roberts, Oskaloosa Inde-
pendent ; 1897, H. A. Perkins, Manhattan Nationalist ; 1898, S. H. Dodge,.
Beloit Gazette; 1899, George W. Martin, Kansas City Gazette; 1900,
L. F. Randolph, Nortonville News; 1901, G. T. Davies, Concordia Kan-
KANSAS HISTORY 563
san; 1902, F. C. Raney, Fort Scott Republican; 1903, D. R. Anthony,
Leavenworth Times ; 1904, Ewing Herbert, Hiawatha World ; 1905,
Mack P. Cretcher, Sedgwick Pantagraph; 1906, W. E. Blackburn, An-
thony Republican ; 1907, Thomas Charles, Belleville Freeman ; 190S,
Sheridan Ploughe, Hutchinson Independent ; 1909, Arthur Capper, To-
peka Capital; 1910, H. C. Sticher, Belleville Telescope; 191 1, W. Y.
Morgan, Hutchinson News.
Edmond, a town of Solomon township, Norton county, is located on
the Solomon river and the Missouri Pacific R. R., about 14 miles south-
east of Norton, the county seat. It is a flourishing place, has a national
bank, a grain elevator, a flour mill, a creamery, a hotel, graded public
schools, a money order postoffice with one rural route, and a large local
trade in all lines of merchandise. The population in 1910 was 350.
Edna, an incorporated town of Labette county, is located on the Mis-
souri Pacific R. R., in Elm Grove township, 18 miles southwest of Os-
wego, the county seat. It has 2 banks, 2 elevators, a flour mill and a
machine shop. There are express and telegraph offices, and an interna-
tional money order postoffice with 3 rural routes. The population in
1910 was 489. In 1876 Alexander Patterson and Mr. Booth opened a
general store at this point in a shanty 11 by 14 feet. That fall they
built a frame store. Nothing was done toward building a town until the
railroad came through in 1886. The plat was made that summer. A
bank was opened in 1887 by C. T. Ewing, but it failed in 1892. There
have been two disastrous fires, both of which burned several business
houses, the first occurring in 1889 ^rid the other in 1891. The town
was incorporated in 1892 as a city of the third class. The following
were the first officers: Mayor, J. H. Hoole ; police judge, J. H. Reasor ;
citv clerk, J. E. Blunk ; councilmen, G. W. Reasor, T. G. Harris, H. H.
Clark, A. C. Veach and J. C. Arnold.
Edson, a village of Sherman county, is located in Washington town-
ship, 9 miles east of Goodland, the county seat. It is a station on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., has a money order postoffice with
one .rural route, an express office, a general store, and does some ship-
ping.
There is also a village named Edson in Crawford county, a station
on the Joplin & Pittsburg electric railway. The people there receive
mail by rural delivery from Franklin.
Education. — In Kansas education is compulsory. It became so by
the law of 1874, which made it the duty of every parent 01 guardian,
having control of any child or children between the ages of eight and
fourteen years, to send such child or children to a public or private
school, taught by a competent instructor, for a period of at least twelve
weeks in each year, six weeks of which' time should be consecutive,
unless such child or children were excused from such attendance by
the board of education. Lack of wearing apparel and ill health were
the conditions upon which a child could be excused. In 1903 this law
was revised and made more stringent, and provision was also made for
564 CYCLOPEDIA OF
incorrigible children. In 1905 laws were passed requiring the educa-
tion of the deaf, mute and blind.
In 1907 the legislature create'd truanc}' districts, each under the charge
of a truancy officer whose duty it was to investigate the cases of de-
linquent children and see that the mandates of the educational act are
obeyed. By this method many children wath careless parents or with
small inclination for study received benefit from the school where
otherwise they would not. Provision was made for healthy children in
the general schools, and for the afflicted and abnormal children in spe-
cial schools, both of which are maintained by the state ; thus in Kansas
education becomes a necessity insisted upon for the betterment of the
state.
The value of education was recognized by the first settlers, who came
from communities in which the free schools had a high place, and who
appreciated the power of a good public school system in the making
of a state. These pioneers had been preceded by missionaries who
entered the West to assist in civilizing the Indians through the com-
bined agents — religion and education — and who taught what white chil-
dren there were in the vicinity of the missions, but until Kansas became
a territory there were few white children to teach. The real beginning
of educational life in Kansas was made in 1855, after the great influx
of pioneers had begun. Small schools were organized in towns like
Lawrence, Wyandotte and Leavenworth, and maintained by public sub-
scription. Although a territorial superintendent was appointed in 1857
to oversee all the schools of the territory, very little was done in an edu-
cational way until 1859. On Jan. i of that year not more than five
school districts had been organized in Douglas county, which was in
better circumstances than any other in the territory. But before June
of the same year the number had been increased to thirty districts.
On Jan. 4, 1866, Mr. Greer, then superintendent of schools, reported 222
organized school districts. School was taught in 138 districts and 2,087
persons Avere enrolled. In 1908 there were 8.689 districts and 507.827
persons of school age. (See Public School System. ")
The state constitution contains important sections relative to educa-
tion, one of which provides that no distinction shall be made between the
sexes. This principle has been observed in all the public schools and
the state university. The men and women of Kansas have the same
opportunity for learning. The public schools of the state have en-
larged and developed into a permanent and eflfective system of educa-
tion, that touches every section of the commonwealth, every phase of
activity. Each county is divided into districts, the pupils completing the
elementary work enter the high schools, the high schools are accredited
to the higher institutions of learning, the university, the state normal
school, and the state agricultural college.
The instructors of common and high schools are involved in the
svstem by wav of normal institutes and teachers' associations, and those
who have completed courses in the higher institutions of learning, as
KANSAS HISTORY 565
well as those who have not, are organized into county, district and the
State associations for the purpose of supplementing their training and
improving the work in the schools. The higher institutions of learning
perform a great duty in penetrating all districts with their messages
and help. The university conducts an extension department, thereby
sending the benefits of the institution to those people who cannot go
to it, by lectures, by its professors, through correspondence courses
and its public welfare department. The agricultural college, through
lectures, through the experiment station bulletins, and through the
farmers' institutes, does its part toward the improvement of the state,
and the state normal school by sending out well-trained teachers con-
tributes its quota. At the head of all is the state board of education,
consisting of the state superintendent of public instruction, the chancel-
lor of the university, the president of the normal school, the president
of the agricultural college, and the others appointed by the governor.
The course of study given to the public schools is broader than in
early days, and embraces more departments! The high school gives
the same grade of work the college used to give, and many high schools
present a collegiate course — embracing literature, history and lan-
guages— a normal course, and a business course. The introduction of
industrial training into the schools marks the beginning of a new kind
of education. To develoop the hand as well as the brain assists in bring-
ing together the world of theory and practice and presents a more com-
plete education. An indispensable adjunct of the school is the library,
and this source of education has been developing accordingly. In 1855
the schools had scarcely enough text books for the pupils to learn their
lessons, in 1910 the school libraries of Kansas owned 497,142 volumes.
Another important factor in education is the Aplington art gallery fq. v.)
which is sent to any part of the state by the request of any school
or club.
The public school system is supplemented by denominational schools
located at various points throughout the state. There are nearly 200 of
these schools, many of them small, but they do very good work. The
business college also has come to stay and assists in fitting students for
direct entrance into the business world.
Edwards County. — On March 7, 1874, Gov. Osborn approved an act
creating several new counties and defining the boundaries of some pre-
viously erected. By this act Edwards county was called into existence
with the following described boundaries: "Commencing at the inter-
section of the east line of range 16 west with the north line of town-
ship 24 south, thence west with said township line to the east line of
range 19 west, thence north with said range line to the north line of
township 23 south, thence west with said township line to the east
line of range 21 west, thence south with said range line to the
north line of township 27 south, thence east with said township line.
to the east line of range 16 west, thence north to the place of beginning."
By the act of March 5, 1875, which abolished Kiowa county, two tiers
566 CYCLOPEDIA OF
of townships were added to Edwards on the south, giving it an area
of 972 square miles. Kiowa county was reestablished by the act of Feb.
ID, 1886, when the original boundaries of Edwards county were restored,
so that the present area of the county is 612 square miles. It was
named for W. E. Edwards, one of the early settlers, who erected the
first brick block in the county, which block was occupied as a court-
house for several years before a building was erected by the county.
Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike's expedition passed through the county in
1806, following closely the route which afterward became historic as
the Santa Fe trail. In the fall of 1872 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
railroad was completed as far as Edwards county, and in March, 1873,
a colony from Massachusetts settled where Kinsley now stands, W. C.
Knight, who was elected county superintendent of schools in Nov., 1874,
being the first man to erect a building. Soon after the first settlers lo-
cated there E. K. Smart started a lumber yard, and a little later T. L.
Rogers opened the first general store. A postofifice — called Peters —
was established in May, 1873, with N. C. Boles as postmaster. The first
school was taught the following fall by Mrs. A. L. McGinnis in a room
12 by 16 feet, a little over $30 having been subscribed for a three
months' term, the law requiring three months of school to have been
taught in the county before it was entitled to participate in the public
school fund.
On May 18, 1874, a memorial was filed with the governor, represent-
ing that the population of the county was more than 600 and praying
for its organization. The petitioners also asked for the appointment of
Charles L. Hubbs, Nicholas L. Humphrey and George W. Wilson as
county commissioners, James A. Walker as county clerk, and that Kins-
ley be named as the temporary county seat. Robert McCause was ap-
pointed to take a census, which showed the population of the county to
be 633, and on Aug. i, 1874, Gov. Osborn issued his proclamation de-
claring the county organized, with the officers and county seat recom-
mended in the memorial. One of the first acts of the board of commis-
sioners was to divide the county into the townships of Brown. Kinsley,
and Trenton, and designate voting places for the general election in
November, when the following ofificers were elected : Charles L. Hubbs,
representative ; F. C. Blanchard, J. A. Brothers and T. L. Rogers, county
commissioners ; William Emerson, county clerk ; J. H. A¥oods, clerk
of the district court; E. A. Boyd, treasurer; V. D. Billings, sherii?; L.
W. Higgins, register of deeds ; Massena Moore, probate judge ; Taylor
Flick, county attorney ; J. L. Perry, coroner ; Frank A. White, sur-
veyor ; W. C. Knight, superintendent of public instruction.
Edwards county sufifered greatly the year it was organized from grass-
hoppers. After investigating the conditions in the county, the com-
missioners met in special session on Sept. 15, when they made out a
report to the governor in which they said: "Our crops are totally de-
stroyed : not one bushel of vegetables or grain being saved for man or
beast. Our people are mostly poor people, without wealthy relatives or
KANSAS HISTORY 567
friends to assist them in their extremity. We have personally and care-
fully investigated each case and find six families, containing 22 persons,
totally destitute ; five families, containing 18 persons, partially destitute.
The above are the only persons in the county that will need aid to carry
them to another crop. We believe $500, judiciously expended, will be
sufficient with what they can earn, to keep them in the necessaries of
life."
The commissioners also suggested that, if aid was extended by the
extra session of the legislature then about to meet, the persons having
charge of the distribution of such funds employ needy, able-bodied men
to work on the public highways, etc. The grasshopper scourge of 1874
and the short crops of 1878 retarded for a time the settlement of the
county, but in 1885. the reports of abundant crops and cheap land
brought hundreds of new settlers to southwestern Kansas, and the
population of Edwards county was nearly doubled during the year.
.\long the Arkansas river, which enters the count}' near the south-
west corner and flows northeast, the "bottoms" are about 3 miles wide,
constituting about one-fourth of the area. The remaining surface is
generally level Or undulating prairie. Narrow belts of cottonwood trees
are found along the Arkansas river and Rattlesnake creek, which flows
across the southeast corner. These comprise about all the native tim-
ber, but many fine artificial groves have been planted. Building stone is
found on the hills, which is the principal mineral of any kind. Transpor-
tation facilities are aft'orded by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R.,
the main line of which crosses the county from east to west a little north
of the center, and a branch runs northeast from Kinsley to Great Bend
in Barton county. Altogether there are a little over 37 miles of main
track.
The population of Edwards county in 1910 was 7,033, a gain of 3,351,
or more than 90 per cent, during the preceding decade. The countv is
divided into the following civil townships: Belpre, Brown. Franklin,
Jackson. Kinsley, Lincoln, Logan, Trenton and Wayne. In 1910 the
assessed valuation of property was $15,220,616. The value of farm
products for the year was $2,137,608. The five leading crops in the
order of value were: Wheat, $1,442,741; corn, $230,225; hay, $62,247;
Kafir corn, $50,152; oats, $46,444.
Edwardsville, one of the larger towns of Wyandotte county, is located
on the north bank of the Kansas river and the Union Pacific R. R., about
13 miles west of Kansas City. A postoiKce was established there in
1867. The town received its name in honor of John H. Edwards, gen-
eral passenger agent of the railroad and state senator from Ellis county,
at the time the town was surveyed in 1869. The land now covered
by the town originally belonged to Half Moon, an Indian chief of the
Delawares. He sold his land to Gen. Smith, who in turn sold it to Wil-
liam Knous, by whom it was platted. The Methodist Episcopal church
perfected an organization at Edwardsville in 1868; dwellings were built,
a school established, and several stores opened. Todav the town is a
568 CYCLOPEDIA OF
thrifty community, with hardware and implement houses, a money order
postoffice, express and telegraph facilities, and in 1910 it had a popula-
tion of 209.
Edwin, a small hamlet of Stanton county, is located on Bear creek
about 5 miles northeast of Johnson, the county seat, from which place
mail is received by rural delivery. Syracuse is the nearest railroad
station.
Another hamlet of the same name in Wabaunsee county, is about 3
miles southwest of Alma, the county seat, from which place mail is de-
livered. It is a flag station on the Chicago, Roek Island & Pacific R. R.
Effingham, an incorporated town in Atchison county, is located in the
southwestern portion on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 18 miles southwest
of Atchison. The town was started soon after the building of the
old Central Branch R. R. and was a thriving community early in the
'80s. It was laid out on a part of the McGilvery farm, and from the
first was the supply and shipping town for a large and rich agricul-
tural district. Several churches were established at an early day : there
were several general stores and a graded school in 1882, and since that
time the town has continued to grow. It has a lumber yard, general
stores, hotel, implement houses. 2 banks, a money order postoffice, a
weekly newspaper (the New Leaf), telegraph and e:!*press facilities, and
is one of the leading towns of the western part of the county. In 1910
it had a population of 674. Effingham is the seat of the county high
school.
Elba, an inland hamlet of Chase county, is located in the extreme
northeast corner of the county, 13 miles from Cottonwood Falls, the
county seat, and 6 miles north of SafYordville, on the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R., the nearest railroad station and shipping point, and
the postoffice from which its mail is distributed.
Elbing, a village of Fairmount township, Butler county, is a station
on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. near the northwest corner
of the county, about 22 miles from Eldorado, the county seat. It has
a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural route, express and tele-
graph offices, telephone connections, and is the principal trading point
for that section of the county. The population in 1910 was 175.
Elco, a small settlement in the southwestern corner of Lyon county,
is 8 miles from Olpe, the nearest railroad station, whence it receives its
mail by rural delivery, and 15 miles from Emporia, the county seat.
Elder, Peter Percival, for man}' years intimately connected with Kan-
sas afl^airs, was born in Somerset county, Me., Sept. 20, 1823. He was
educated in his native state and in 1857 came to Kansas, locating in
Franklin county, which he helped to organize. In 1859 he was a dele-
gate to the Osawatomie convention which organized the Republican
party in Kansas, and in 1860-61 he was a member of the territorial legis-
lative council. President Lincoln appointed him agent of the Osage and
Seneca Indians at Fort Scott, and while serving in that capacity he re-
cruited a regiment of Osages for service in the Union army in the Civil
KANSAS HISTORY 569
war. After four years as Indian agent, Mr. Elder resigned, and in 1865
engaged in t^ie banking business at Ottawa. In 1870 he was elected
lieutenant-governor on the Republican ticket. Subsequently he served
several terms in the state legislature ; was speaker of the house in 1878
and again in 1891. He is still living at Ottawa, practically retired from
active business cares.
Eldon, a little hamlet of Cherokee county, is situated about 8 miles
southeast of Columbus, the county seat, and 3 miles north of Galena,
whence mail is received by rural delivery.
Eldorado, the county seat and largest city of Butler county, is beau-
tifully situated on the Walnut river, a short distance northwest of
the center of the county. The first known settler in the locality was
William Hildebrand, who built a cabin there in the late '50s. His house
became a rendezvous for men believed to be horse thieves, and in 1859
the place was raided by the settlers. Hildebrand was given a severe
flogging and ordered to leave the neighborhood within 24 hours. He did
not wait for a second notice.
Two houses were built where the city now stands in 1867, but the
history of Eldorado begins with the year 1868. On March 23 of that
year B. F. Gordy entered the land, and a little later sold Byron O. Carr,
Samuel Langdon and Henry Martin each one-fifth of his claim, retaining
two-fifths for himself. These four men formed a town company and the
first lots were sold at $10 each. Several houses were erected before the
close of the year. Elias Main established a sawmill on the Walnut river,
and Henry Martin built the first frame house in the town. As soon as
it was completed he put in a stock of goods — the first store in Eldorado.
Town companies were common in those days, but Eldorado being situ-
ated at the crossing of the Fayetteville emigrant trail (sometimes called
the California road), it soon outstripped its competitors. In 1869 Bron-
son & Sallee published the "Emigrant's Guide," calling attention to the
advantages of Butler county, and to Eldorado in particular. In 1870
there was an influx of settlers and the town was enlarged b}' several
"additions." On March 4, 1870, the first number of the Walnut Valley
Times was issued, a flour mill was established, and the town began to
assume an appearance of permanency. The growth continued and on
Sept. 12, 1871. Eldorado was incorporated as a city of the third class,
J. C. Lambdin, who had been chairman of the board of trustees, acting
as mayor until the election of Henry Falls. It was not many years
before Eldorado became a city of the second class.
The Eldorado of the present day has 4 banks, an electric lighting
plant, waterworks, a fire department, fine public school buildings, 2
daily and 3 weekly newpsapers, good hotels, well kept streets, a num-
ber of first class mercantile houses, a telephone exchange, some manu-
facturing interests, an international money order postoffice with four
rural routes, telegraph and express service, a number of fine church
edifices, and in 1910 reported a population of 3,129. The transportation
and shipping facilities are excellent. A line of the Atchison, Topeka &
57° CYCLOPEDIA OF
'Santa Fe S}^stem runs north and south through the city; a line of the
Missouri Pacific runs east and west, and a branch of the same system
runs from Eldorado to McPherson. With these lines radiating in five
diflferent directions, the city is in touch with markets and easily acces-
sible.
Election Laws. — The first legislative assembly of the Territory of
Kansas passed an act providing that on the first Monday in Oct., 1855,
and every two years thereafter, an election for delegate to the house
of representatives of the United States should be held, and in October
of the even years, beginning with 1856, representatives in the legislative
assembly and all other elective officers not otherwise provided for should
be chosen. Every county was made an election district, "and all elec-
tions shall be held at the court-house of such county," and if there be
no court-house, then at such house as the county commissioners might
name. It was made the dut}^ of the sheriff to give notice of the place,
either by posting or by publication in a newspaper, at least ten days
before the day of the election. The county commissioners were given
power to establish such additional precincts as might seem to them
necessary and proper, but in no case could more than one precinct be
established in a township. The county commissioners appointed the
judges of election ; the polls were opened at 9 o'clock in the morning and
continued open until 6 o'clock in the evening; but if all the votes could
not be taken before the closing hour, the judges, b}^ public proclamation,
might adjourn such election until the following day, though in no
case could it be continued beyond the second day.
Every free white male citizen of the United States, and everv male
Indian who had been made a citizen by treaty or otherwise, and over
the age of twenty-one years, who was an inhabitant of the territory and
of the county or district in which he ofl^ered to vote, and who had' paid
a territorial tax, was deemed a qualified elector for all elective offices.
It was provided further that no person convicted of any violation of any
of the provisions of the "Fugitive Slave Law," whether such conviction
was by criminal proceeding or by civil action, was entitled to vote at
any election, or to hold any office in the territory. Another provision
was that if any person offering to vote should be challenged and re-
quired to take an oath or affirmation that he would sustain the provisions
of the "Fugitive Slave Law" and the "Kansas-Nebraska Act," and re-
fused to take such oath or affirmation, his vote should be rejected. Each
member of the legislative assembly, and ever}' officer elected or ap-
pointed to office under the laws of the territory, was also required to
take an oath or affirmation to support these two Congressional enact-
ments. Elections were to be by ballot.
The constitution of the State of Kansas, adopted at Wj^andotte, July
29, 1859, provided that general elections should be held annually on the
Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November. This was changed
by amendment, in 1902, to biennial elections for all offices, held in years
bearing even numbers. This also includes township officers, which, in
KANSAS HISTORY 571
the original constitution, were to be elected annually on the first Tues-
day in April. In 1861 the first state legislature effectually disposed of
the acts of what was known as the "Bogus Legislature" of 1855, and
among those repealed was the one requiring an oath or affiimation to
support the "Fugitive Slave Law," etc. By an act passed in 1862 no
person was entitled to vote who should refuse to take the oath of alle-
giance to the government of the United States.
Chapter 78 of the Session Laws of 1893 introduced into Kansas what
is popularly known as the "Australian Ballot Law." This act provided
for the printing and distribution of ballots at the public expense, and for
the nomination of candidates for public offices; regulated the manner
of holding elections ; and was designed to enforce the secrecy of the
ballot and to provide punishment for violation of the act. This statute
was repealed, in 1897, by the passage of an act "To regulate nominations
and elections," under which, as amended by the laws of 1909, the ballots
are printed at public expense. As amended by the laws of 1901, all
nominations made by political parties are known and designated as
"party nominations." and the certificates by which such nominations
are certified are known and designated as "party certificates of nomina-
tion." Party nominations of candidates could be made only by a dele-
gate or mass convention, primary election or caucus of voters belonging
to a political party having a national or state organization, and such
nominations were placed upon the official ballot. All nominations other
than party nominations were designated "independent nominations," and
might be made by nomination papers signed by not less than 2,500 voters
of the state for each candidate. In counties, districts, etc., the papers
must be signed by not less than five per cent, of the voters therein, and
in no case by less than 25 voters, in a county or district, or 10 in a town-
ship, city or ward. Party certificates of nomination were required to
contain a representation of some simple device or emblem to designate
and distinguish the candidates thus nominated.
Certificates of nominations and nomination papers of state candidates
must be filed with the secretary of state not less than forty days be-
fore the day of election, and all other candidates with the county clerks
of the respective counties not less than thirty days. No person can
accept more than one nomination for the same office, and if he receive
two or more he must elect which one he will accept, otherwise he will
be deemed to have accepted the nomination first made. The names of
all candidates for the different general offices are printed on one ballot.
Election boards are composed of three judges and two clerks, and the
voting places contain booths in which voters prepare their ballots,
screened from all observation as to the manner in which they do so.
Any voter who cannot read or mark his ballot is assisted by two elec-
tion officers.
Electoral Vote. — The first presidential election in which Kansas was
entitled to representation in the electoral college was that of 18^4, .\t
that time the state had two senators and one representative in Congress,
5/2 CYCLOPEDIA OF
and was therefore entitled to three presidential electors, the votes of
which were cast for Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. As the
population increased, the number of electors increased in proportion, and
since 1864 the electoral vote has been as follows: 1868, 3 for Ulysses
S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax; 1872, 3 for Ulysses S. Grant and Henry
Wilson; 1876, 5 for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler;
1880, 5 for James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur; 1884, 9 for James
G. Blaine and John A. Logan; 1888. 9 for Benjamin Harrison and Levi
P. Morton; 1892. 10 for James B. Weaver and James G. Field; 1896, 10
for William J. Brj-an and Arthur Sewall ; 1900, 10 for William McKinle}^
and Theodore Roosevelt; 1904, 10 for Theodore Roosevelt and Charles
W. Fairbanks; 1908, 10 for William H. Taft and James S. Sherman.
Elgin, the oldest town in Chautauqua county, is a station on the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in Hendricks township, 10 miles south-
west of Sedan, the county seat. It has banking facilities, telegraph and
express offices, and a money order postoffice. The town is supplied
with good schools and churches. The first preaching in the county was
held here by Rev. S. Peacock. The first school house in the county,
as well as the first store, the first mill, and the first Alasonic lodge, was
at Elgin. The town was founded in 1869 by L. P. Getman. The popula-
tion according to the 1910 report was 350.
Elk, a country postoffice with one general store in Chase county, is
located on Middle creek near the west line of the county, 19 miles
northwest of Cottonwood Falls, the county seat, and 9 miles east of
Antelope, in Marion county, the nearest railroad station and shipping
point and the postoffice from which its mail is distributed. The popula-
tion according to the census of 1910 was 45.
Elk City, an incorporated town of Alontgomery county, is a station on
the IMissouri Pacific and on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads,
13 miles northwest of Independence. It has natural gas for heating,
lighting and commercial purposes. There is a brick and tile manufac-
turing works, a flour mill, a weekly newspaper, one state and one
national bank. The town is supplied with express and telegraph offices
and has an international money order postoffice with 6 rural routes.
The population according to the 1910 census was 659.
Elk City is the oldest town in Montgomery county, being an out-
growth of the trading post established at that point by John Kappel in
1868. A town company was formed the same year and the site located.
A. E. Baird put in a stock of general merchandise and in 1870 M. D.
Wright, who had brought a stock of notions with him in his prairie
schooner opened the third store. A. R. Quigg started a hardware store.
The first saw mill was built in 1869 by S. B. Davis, T. J. Brown and
Samuel Maples. The first blacksmith shop was built by J. P. Morgan.
The first death as well as the first birth was in the Hammond family.
In April, 1869, a son was born to Thomas and Bertha Hammond. The
child was killed by accident the same month. Thomas Hammond was
shot and killed by a man by the name of Morrison in a quarrel over
a plow.
KANSAS IlISTORV 573
In 1870 the Elk City poi.toffice was established with William H. H.
Southard as postmaster. The next year the town was incorporated as
a city of the third class. The first election resulted in the choice of the
following officers: Mayor, Herbert Prentis ; police judge, James Smith;
councilmen, Uri Coy, J. Baldwin. William H. H. Southard, W. W.
Woodring and A. R. Quigg.
The first school was taught in a log school house by William Osborne
in 1869. The first bank was established by E. E. Turner in 1881. Prior
to 1882 three attempts had been made to establish newspapers. A
brick yard and a flour mill had been put in operation.
In 1902 a company was organized to prospect for gas, which was
found after several failures. Several companies are now operating in
the vicinity and a number of fine oil wells, as well as gas wells are
producing.
Elk County, in the southeastern part of the state, is the fourth county
west of the Missouri line and in the second tier north from Oklahoma.
It is bounded on the north by Greenwood county, on the east by \\\\-
son and Montgomery, on the south by Chautauqua, and on the west
by Cowley and Butler. The county was established in 1875 by an act
which divided Howard county into Elk and Chautauqua counties. Its
history prior to that date will be as that part of Howard county which
later became Elk.
In common with the surrounding territor}', the lands of Elk county
were settled before they were legally open to white occupation. The
first white man to locate within the limits of the county was Richard
Graves in 1856. He was twice driven out by the Indians and finally
abandoned his claim. A strip of land 6 miles wide along the eastern
border which was legally open to settlement formed the attraction which
drew the earliest immigrants, but once here many of the more adventur-
ous risked their lives to take up the rich lands in the river bottoms be-
longing to the Indians. B3' 1870 these squatters had reached a consid-
erable number, among them being J. C. Pinney, James Shipley, R. M.
Humphrey, Elison Neat, H. G. Miller, J. B. Roberts and others. Among
those who settled within the legal limits were Isaac Howe and Eliza
Lewis, who were among the first five that located in Libert}' township.
The claims were all staked out by private survey, which gave rise to
a great deal of trouble among claimants when the government survey
was made. Those who had been possessors of fine tracts of land by
private survey often found themselves without anything or only with
a small strip, when the true lines were run. The land which was cut
ofif by the government survey having no legal owner, there were par-
ties ready to file on it without delay. This brought about claim wars.
which sometimes resulted in the death of one of the parties involved,
and sometimes were settled peaceably. All pioneer districts experience
trouble of some sort and this happened to be the difficulty which was
most keenly felt in Elk county.
The first church organization was made by the Missionary Baptists
574 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in Liberty township in 1866. Tlie first church building to be erected
was at the town of Longton in 1871. The first newspaper was the How-
ard County Ledger, published in 1871 by Adrian Reynolds. The first
marriage was between D. M. Spurgeon and Sarah Knox, and the first
birth was that of Sarah F. Shipley in Dec, 1866.
The dissension among the towns of Elk Falls, Howard, Boston, Peru
and Longdon, which had reached a serious and lawless stage, and in
which three companies of militia took part, led to the organization of
Elk county. In 1871 steps were taken to have two new counties formed,
but it was not accomplished until 1875, when Edward Jaquins introduced
a bill in the legislature to that end, which was passed, and the counties
of Elk and Chautauqua formed out of Howard count}-, by running a
line east and west through the middle. The organization of Elk was
perfected by calling an election at which the following officers were
chosen : Commissioners, Thomas Wright, John Hughes and G. W.
McKey; county clerk, Thomas Hawkins; county treasurer, W. W.
Jones; sheriff, J. W. Riley; register of deeds, Frank Osborne; probate
judge, A. P. Searcy; county attorney, S. B. Oberlander; county super-
intendent, J. N. Young. The county has suffered twice from defaulting
treasurers, and once from a defaulting sheriff. In 1879, the citizens of
Howard erected a court-house in return for the county seat being lo-
cated at that place. The agricultural society of Elk county was organ-
ized in that year and held yearly fairs.
The first railroad to be built was what is now the east and west line
of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe in 1879. Another line of the same
system enters the county, on the north, runs directly south and connects
with the first line at Moline. A third line runs southeast from Longton
into Montgomery county.
The county is divided into ten townships, as follows : ' Elk Falls,
Greenfield, Howard, Liberty, Longton, Oak Valley, Painterhood, Paw
Paw, Union Center and AVild Cat. The towns and villages are, Blanche,
Bushy, Cave Springs, Chaplin, Elk Falls, Grenola. Howard, the judicial
seat, Longton, Moline, Oak Valley, Upola and Western Park.
The surface is rolling and in some places hilly and bluftV. Bottom
lands, which average about one mile in width, comprise 20 per cent, of
the area. The timber belts along the streams average a quarter of mile
in width and consist of oak, cottonwood, elm, hackberry, box elder,
maple, hickory, butternut, red-bud and sycamore. The principal stream
is Elk river, which enters the county in the northwest corner and flows
southeast. Its main tributaries are Wild Cat, Paw Paw and Painter-
hood creeks. There are numerous other streams. Well water is found
at a depth of 20 feet. Sandstone and limestone are found in abundance ;
marble of a fair quality and coal are found in limited amounts, and oil
and gas are present in commercial quantities.
The farm products of the county amount to about $2,250,000 a year.
The total area is over 400,000 acres, nearly two-thirds of which have
been brought under cultivation. In 1876 there were 46,000 cultivated
KANSAS HISTORY 575,
and in 1882, 68,000. The number of apple trees in 1882 was 58,000, as-
against 100,000 in 1910. The most valuable crop is Indian corn which
brings $250,000 a year. Kafir corn comes next, and is worth about
$150,000 annually. Other leading products are millet, oats, wheat, hay,
live stock, poultry, butter and eggs. The total assessed valuation of
property is over $14,000,000 as against $1,000,000 in 1880. The popula-
tion in 1910, according to the government census report, was 10,128,
about ten times what it was in 1880.
Elk Falls, an incorporated city of Elk county, is located in Elk Falls
township on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 10 miles south-
east of Howard, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper
(the Journal), good churches and schools, a money order postoffice with
one rural route, telegraph and express offices, and a large local trade.
It derives its name from the waterfall in the Elk river near by. The
population according to the 1910 census report was 271.
The first house at Elk Falls was a 10 by 12 box house on the claim of
R. H. Nichols, and was built in 1870. A postoffice was established in
the same year. Mr. Nichols put up an office in which he conducted a
loan and real estate business, and a store building was erected by A. F.
Gitchell and his son, Charles Gitchell, in which they conducted a gen-
eral merchandise business. The first school was taught by Miss Dora
Simmons, in her father's residence in 1870. The attendance was about
25. The next year the first school building- was erected.
Elk River, one of the picturesque streams of southeastern Kansas,.
rises in the northwest corner of Elk county, flows in a southeasterly direc-
tion past the towns of Western Park, Howard, Elk Falls, Longton, Oak
Valley and Elk City, and empties into the Verdigris river not far from
Independence, Montgomery county.
Elkader, a mone}' order postoffice of Logan county, is located in the
Smoky Hill valley, 20 miles due south of Oakley, which is the nearest
railroad station, and about the same distance southeast of Russell
Springs, the county seat. It is a trading center for the neighborhood in
which it is situated, and in 1910 reported a population of 25.
Elkhorn, a rural post-hamlet of Ellsworth county, is situated on Elk-
horn creek, about 12 miles northeast of Ellsworth, the county seat, and
9 miles from Carneiro, which is the nearest railroad station. The popu-
lation in 1910 was 25.
Elks, Benevolent and Protective Order of. — About the close of the
Civil war a number of "good fellows" in the city of New York fell into
the habit of spending their evenings at a public house, where they could
"sing songs, swap yarns, and in other ways make the hours pass pleas-
antly." In 1867 a permanent club of fifteen members called, "The Jolly
Corks," was organized. Charles S. Vivian, the son of an Englishman,
is given credit for inventing the plan of organization. A few of the orig-
inal fifteen "charter" members are still living. By 1868 a number of
new members had been added, and it was decided to make "The Jolly
Corks" a secret society, with certain social and benevolent features.
576 CYCLOPEDIA OF
The old name was considered inappropriate, and a committee was
appointed to select a new one. A historical sketch of the order says :
"This committee visited Barnum's museum, where the)' saw an elk and
learned something of its instincts and habits worthy of emulation,
which led to the adoption of the name."
From the manner in which the order originated, many people have
been led to believe that the Elks are a lot of congenial spirits banded
together simply for the purpose of "having a good time." However,
in recent years the convivial feature has practically disappeared, giving
way to "charity, justice, brotherly love and fidelity." The motto of the
Elks is : "The faults of our brothers we write upon the sands ; their
virtues upon the tablets of love and memory."
In the plan of organization there are no state grand lodges, and onl}-
one lodge is permitted in a city. As all these lodges are in direct com-
munication with the supreme grand lodge, it is a difficult matter to
secure any definite or authentic account of the Elks in any particular
state, owing to lack of a state grand lodge or headquarters where
records of work in the state can be consulted. Topeka Lodge was insti-
tuted in April, 1891, by some Elks from Missouri, and at the time it
was chartered it had 26 members. It now has about 500 and owns a
fine club house at the northeast corner of Seventh and Jackson streets.
Since April, 1891, lodges have been organized in most of the principal
cities of the state, those at Kansas City, Leavenworth, Hutchinson,
Pittsburg and Wichita being particularly strong and active.
About the beginning of the present century an effort was made to
form a state association "to bring the brothers of our state into closer
relations with one another, to make us one large family with a common
purpose, and to concentrate our state representation in the sessions of
the grand lodge so that we may carr)' some weight in its deliberations
and compel recognition of the fact that Kansas is 'on the map.' " The
state association was only a partial success, and was never made a
permanent institution.
The purposes of the order, as expressed in the constitution and by-
laws, are "to aid those in sickness and distress ; to comfort the widow
and the orphan, and to lay away its dead with such heartfelt ceremony
as may teach the lesson of the brotherhood of man." At the close of
1910 the order consisted of the grand lodge, 1,208 subordinate lodges,
and 331,288 members. Since the beginning in 1868 the Elks have dis-
bursed in benefits nearly $3,500,000, the amount in 1910 alone having
been $401,091. The initials B.-P. O. E. have been interpreted as stand-
ing for the "Best People On Earth," and in a social way the members
come very near to living up to the interpretation. They are good enter-
tainers and the man who may be so fortunate as to receive an invitation
to an "Elks club house" is sure of a cordial welcome.
Ellen is a little inland hamlet in Osage county, about 3 miles south of
Lyndon, the county seat, whence it receives mail by rural route, and
which is the nearest shipping point and railroad station.
KANSAS HISTORY 5/7
Ellinor, a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., in Chase
county, is located 6 miles northeast of Cottonwood Falls, the county
seat, and 3 miles west of Saffordville, from which place its mail is dis-
tributed by rural route.
Ellinwood, an incorporated city of the third class in Barton county
and the third largest city of the county, is situated on the left bank of
the Arkansas river 10 miles east of Great Bend, the county seat. It is
on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. and is the
western terminus of the Florence & Ellinwood division of the same
system. The town site was located and platted in 1871, and the first
house— a small frame structure — was erected by William Misner. This
building was occupied late in the year by A. Burlisson, who put in a
stock of goods and became the pioneer merchant of the town. A few-
miles west was the old village of Zarah, and when Ellinwood was
started most of the inhabitants of Zarah removed to the new town. One
of the buildings thus removed in 1872 became Ellinwood's first hotel,
conducted by Rugar & Greever. The railroad was completed to the
town in the summer of 1872 and the settlement of the place was more
rapid. A number of new inhabitants arrived in the spring of 1873, and
that year the first school house was built, the first school being taught
by Miss Carrie Bacon. For the next five years the growth was slow.
Many of the pioneers were Germans, who brought with them the
customs of the Fatherland, and in 1875 a brewery was established, one
of the first in western Kansas. The big crops of 1878 gave the town a
new impetus. Early in that year the Ellinwood Express was started
and the new paper aided materially in building up the town. The branch
railroad was completed in 1881, a roundhouse was erected, and before
the close of the year Ellinwood was incorporated as a city of the third
class with F. A. Steckel as the first mayor.
Since its incorporation the growth of Ellinwood has been of a sub-
stantial character. In 1890 the population was 684; in 1900 it was 760.
and in 1910 it was 976. It has 2 banks, 2 large flour mills, 2 creameries,
a weekly newspaper (the Leader), 3 grain elevators, an international
money order postoffice with three rural routes, a telephone exchange,
hotels, churches, and annually ships large quantities of grain, flour and
live stock.
Elliott, a small hamlet of Sheridan county, is located in the valle\ of
the north fork of the Solomon river, about 12 miles northeast of Hoxie,
the county seat. Dresden, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, is the
nearest railroad station, from which mail is delivered by rural carrier.
Ellis, an incorporated city of the third class, the second largest in
Ellis county, is located on the Union Pacific R. R. at the crossing of
Big creek, 14 miles west of Hays, the county seat. The town was laid
out in 1873 by the Kansas Pacific (now the Union Pacific) Railroad
company, which established a roundhouse and machine shops there and
erected a two-story stone building for a depot and hotel combined.
Thomas Daily was the first merchant. Other early merchants were
(1-37)
578 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Nichols Bros., Eli Sheldon, Reading & Bowen and G. F. Lee. For a
time in 1877-78 Ellis was the center of a large cattle trade, and during
that period, like all towns where the cattle trade centered, it had the
reputation of being a "tough place." Law-abiding people were glad
when the trade moved elsewhere. In 1882 a two-story stone school
house was built, the old frame building being sold to the Congrega-
tionalists who converted it into a church, the first in the town. In 1910
there were four church edifices in the city.
The Ellis of the present day has 2 banks, 4 grain elevators, the rail-
road repair shops, a weekly newspaper (the Review-Headlight), good
hotels, a modern public school building, several well appointed mercan-
tile establishments, an international money order postoffice, etc., and
in 1910 reported a population of 1,404, a gain of 472 during the pre-
ceding decade.
Ellis County, located in the third tier of counties south of the State
of Nebraska and the sixth east of Colorado, was created by the act of
Feb. 26, 1867, with the following boundaries : "Commencing where the
east line of range 16 west intersects the second standard parallel, thence
south to the third standard parallel, thence west to the east line of
range 21 west, thence north to the second standard parallel, thence east
to the place of beginning."
The boundaries as thus established are the same as at the present
time, giving the county an area of 900 square miles. Popularly speak-
ing, it is bounded on the north by Rooks county ; on the east by Russell ;
on the south by Rush, and on the west by Trego. It was named for
Lieut. George Ellis of Company I, Twelfth Kansas infantry, who was
killed at the battle of Jenkins' Ferry, Ark., April 30, 1864. The surface
of the county is practically the same as that of all western Kansas — one
broad stretch of prairie, with but little natural timber growth, though
some artificial groves have been planted, and there are about 25,000
bearing fruit trees in the county. Across the northern portion the Saline
river flows in an easterly direction, and the southern part is watered
by the Smoky Hill river and its tributaries, the largest of which is Big
creek. Along some of the streams there is a natural growth of maple,
Cottonwood, black walnut, ash, box-elder and hackberry, but these belts
do not average more than 200 feet in width. Magnesian limestone is
plentiful ; limestone of a finer quality is found along the Smoky Hill
river; clay suitable for brick making is abundant near Hays; gypsum
is known to exist in some localities, and there are a few salt marshes
in the county.
Fort Fletcher (later Fort Hays, q. v.) was established in the fall of
1865, but the first settlement was made in the latter part of May, 1867,
by the Lull brothers of Salina. They located on the west side of Big
creek, a little north of the railroad, and by the middle of June several
houses had been erected. The town was called Rome and its founders
expected it to become the metropolis of the county. Early in June.
Bloomfield, Moses & Co. established a general supply store there, and
KANSAS HISTORY 579
later Joseph Perry built a two-story frame hotel. A little later, how-
ever, the "Big Creek Land company" platted the town of Hays, or as
it was at first called, "Hays City." on the east side of the creek. A rivalry
at once sprang up between the two places, but the railroad company
threw its support to Hays and the town of Rome passed out of exist-
ence. Some of the buildings, including Perry's hotel, were removed
to Hays.
In Oct., 1867, a memorial praying for the organization of the county
was presented to the governor. The petitioners recommended Pliny
Moore, William Rose and Judson E. Walker for commissioners, James
G. E)uncan for county clerk, and Hays City as the temporary county
seat. W. E. Webb, H. P. Field and U. S. Thurmond were appointed
to take a census of the county. The census showed a population of
633 — a few more than the minimum number required by law for the
organization of the county — and Gov. Crawford issued his proclamation
declaring the county Organized, with the officers and temporarjr county
seat recommended by the petitioners. At a special election in Ap'"il.
1870, for the location of the permanent county seat, 59 votes were cast,
all in favor of Hays. On the question of erecting county buildings,
there were 58 votes in favor of the proposition and i opposed. Con-
sequently, on April 22, the commissioners issued an order for the erec-
tion of suitable buildings, but it was some time before the financial con-
dition of the county would justify the execution of the order. At the
present time (1911) Ellis county has a fine stone court-house, two stories
high with basement, containing sufficient room for the transaction of all
the county business.
The settlement was slow for a time. In 1872 a small colony from
Ohio located near Walker, in the eastern part of the county, and was
soon followed by two others — one from Pennsylvania and one from New
York. The same year an Englishman named George Grant purchased
50,000 acres of land from the railroad company, intending to colonize
it with English farmers, and during the next two years some 300 Eng-
lishmen, several of them with their families, located on the purchase.
The grasshopper scourge of 1874 caused a large number of the settlers
to leave the county, but in the three years beginning with 1875 a large
number of Russian emigrants came to take the places of those who
had left.
The first white child born in the county was John Bauer, whose birth
occurred on Jan. 29, 1868, and the same year witnessed the first mar-
riage, the contracting parties being- Peter Tondell and Elizabeth Duncan.
The first court was held soon after the county was organized. Judge
Humphrey presiding. The county has but one line of railroad — the
Union Pacific — which crosses it from east to west near the center, giving
it a little over 32 miles of main track.
In 1910 the population of Ellis county was 12,170, a gain of 3,544
during the preceding decade. The county is divided into the following
civil townships : Big Creek, Buckeye, Catherine, Ellis, Freedom, Hamil
580 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ton, Herzog, Lookout, Pleasant Hill, Saline, Smoky Hill, Victoria,
Walker and Wheatland. The assessed value of property for 1910 was
$18,938,312, and the value of farm products, including live stock, was
$2,867,960. The five leading crops, in the order of value, were : wheat,
$1,718,900; corn, $261,882; hay, including alfalfa, $119,702; Kafir corn,
$110,160; barley, $40,760. The value of dairy products for the year
was $94,718. According to the report of the state superintendent of
public instruction, there were 53 organized school districts, with a
school population of 4,138.
Ellsworth, the county seat and largest city of Ellsworth county, is
situated about 4 miles northwest of the center of the county, on the
north bank of the Smoky Hill river and the Union Pacific R. R. It is
also the terminus of a division of the St. Louis and San Francisco R. R.
that runs southeast to Wichita. The town site was surveyed in the
spring of 1867 by McGrath and Greenwood for a company of which H.
J. Latshaw was president. E. W. Kingsbury built the first house, which
was used for the double purpose of hotel and store and was known as
"The Stockade." At that time it was thought by many people that
Ellsworth would be the western terminus of the railroad for some years
to come, and the place grew with such rapidity that in a short time it
boasted a population of 1,000 or more.
The town was at first located on low ground near the Smoky Hill
river, in sections 28 and 29. On June 8, 1867, that stream rose suddenly,
and in a short time Ellsworth was in four feet of water, some of the
frail frame houses being washed from their foundations. A new site was
then surveyed in section 20, a short distance northwest and on higher
ground. Those who had bought lots in the old town were given new
ones in the "Addition." But the flood was not the only disaster the
new city had to encounter. Scarcely had the new site been surveyed
when the Indians began to commit depredations in the vicinity, and in
July the cholera (q. v.) broke out both in town and at Fort Harker,
about 4 miles to the southeast. Floods, Indian raids and cholera in
such rapid succession were more than the people could stand, and in a
short time the 1,000 population of Ellsworth dwindled to less than 50.
Then came a second growth, more substantial and more permanent
in character. In the fall of 1867 Arthur Larkin built a second hotel,
called the Larkin House, business enterprises sprang up, buildings of
a better class were erected, etc. For some time Ellsworth enjoyed a
large trade from the 1,500 soldiers stationed at Fort Harker, especially
in liquors, and from the emigrant trains that passed through on their
way westward. In 1868 Ellsworth was incorporated as a village, with
J. H. Edwards as president of the council of five members. The first
school was taught in rented quarters by a man named Wellington. In
1869 a one-story school house was erected, which served until 1873,
when the people voted $9,000 in bonds for the erection of a larger and
more modern building. The first number of the Ellsworth Reporter was
issued in Nov., 1870, by M. C. Davis.
KANSAS HISTORY 581
In 1873 a large share of the cattle trade came to Ellsworth, and with
it came the usual turbtilent element that concentrated in the western
cattle towns. Shooting scrapes were common, gambling houses were
run "wide open," and the better class of citizens were pleased when the
cattle trade moved on westward, because its disadvantages more than
offset its advantages. The pioneer church of Ellsworth was established
by the Catholics in 1869, and it remained the only house of worship in
the place until 1878, when a building was erected by the Presbyterian-^,. '
Several other denominations came later and the city now has a number
of cozy church buildings. The Mother Bickerdyke home for soldiers'
widows and orphans is located here.
Ellsworth is a city of the third class. It. owns its electric lighting
plant and waterworks, has a telephone exchange, 2 banks, 4 grain ele-
vators, a large flour mill, a salt plant with a daily capacity of 500 barrels,
a good public school system, a normal training school, an international
money order postoffice with three rural routes, express and telegraph
cilices, two weekly newspapers (the Reporter and the Messenger),
machine shops, wagon works, and a number of well appointed stores
in all lines of merchandising. The streets are paved with a by-product
of the salt works, making a roadway that is both dustless and noiseless.
Coal and building stone are found in the vicinity and are a source of
wealth. The commercial club is always alert to the interests of the chy,
which in 1910 had a population of 2,041, a gain of 492 over the preceding
U. S. census.
Ellsworth County, located nearly in the geographical center of the
state, was created in 1867 with the following boundaries : "Commencing
at the southeast corner of the county of Lincoln, thence west 30 miles;
thence south 24 miles ; thence east to the west line of McPherson county,
thence north to the place of beginning." It was formed out of unor-
ganized territory and has an area of 720 square miles. The county was
named in honor of Allen Ellsworth, a lieutenant in the army, who built
Fort Ellsworth on the Smoky Hill river in 1864. At the present time
it is bounded on the north by Lincoln county, on the east by Saline
and McPherson, on the south by Rice and on the west by Barton and
Russell counties, and is divided into the following townships : Ash
Creek, Black Wolf, Carneiro, Clear Creek, Columbia, Ellsworth, Empire.
Garfield, Green Garden, Langley, Lincoln, Mulberry, Noble, Palacky,
Sherman, Thomas, Valley and Wilson.
The surface of the country is diversified and may be divided into
"bottom" land, upland or rolling prairie and blufif land. The "bottom"
lands or valleys are from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width and
aggregate about one-eighth of the entire area. The blufif land is found
near the rivers and creeks, while the south half of the county is nearl}'
all undulating prairie or table land. The principal water course in the
Smoky Hill river, which enters the county about 6 miles south of the
northwest corner and flows in the southeasterly direction, leaving the
county about 5 miles north of the southeast corner. Its main tributaries
582 CYCLOI'EDIA OF
are Blood, Buffalo, Tiirke)-, Ox Hide, Oak, Ash, Clear, Thompson's,
Elm, Bluff and Mule creeks. Plumb creek crosses the southwest corner.
The soil is well adapted to grains and the most important crops are
corn and winter wheat, but oats, Kafir corn and prairie hay are also
extensively raised. The county ranks high in live-stock raising and
there are over 50,000 bearing fruit trees. Magnesium limestone is
abundant in the northeastern portion and red sandstone in the central
and southwestern parts. Mineral paint of a good quality and excellent
potter's clay are found in many localities. Large quantities of gypsum
exist in the high lands and in the central part are vast beds of rock salt
which is extensively mined at Ellsworth and Kanapolis. Coal is the
chief mineral product, however, three mines having been opened in the
early '80s, near Wilson, south of the Smoky Hill river.
One of the earliest settlements in the county was made late in the
'50s by P. M. Thompson. Others who came about this time were Adam
Weadle, D. H. Page, D. Cushman and Joseph Lehman. They all set-
tled in the same locality. In i860 a settlement was made on Clear creek
north of the Smoky Hill by S. D. Walker, C. L. and J. J. Prater and
Henry and Irwin Farris. Late in the same year H. Wait and H. P.
Spurgeon came to Ellsworth, the former settling on Thompson's creek
and the latter with the Walker party on Clear creek. All of these men
were unmarried or without their wives. T. D. Bennett moved to the
county in Aug., 1861, and his wife was the fir-i^t white woman in the
settlements.
In the summer Indian troubles began, when a settler on Cow creek
and S. D. Walker of the Clear Creek settlement were killed. Fearing
another attack, the settlers in the county took refuge at the stage station
on the Smoky Hill, where all the people of the surrounding country
gathered, but learning that the Indians were coming in great numbers
they left for the east. In June, 1864, Lieut. Allen Ellsworth and forty
men were stationed at Page's old ranch, where they built a blockhouse,
and in July Gen. Curtis named it Fort Ellsworth fq. y.)
On April 2, 1868, the first marriage was solemnized in the county
when George W. Hughes married Rusha Maxon. For some years immi-
gration was slow, and it was not until 1873 that rapid settlement began
by foreigners. The Swedes located in the southeastern part of the
county, some Bohemians in the west, and the Germans were scattered,
but were especially numerous in the south. A large colony arrived from
Pennsylvania in the spring of 1878 and located near the present town
of Wilson. In the early '80s large tracts were bought up for ranches,
some of them containing as many as 18.000 acres, and this had a ten-
dency to keep the population down. In time, as the land increased in
value, these large ranches were broken up and sold as farms so that
today Ellsworth is essentially a farming country.
When the county was organized in 1867, the following officers were
appointed by the governor: J. H. Edwards, V. B. Osborn and Ira Clark,
commissioners; E. W. Kingsbury, sheriff; M. O. Hall, clerk. At their
KANSAS HISTORY 583
first meeting on July 9, 1867, the commissioners ordered an election to
be held on Aug. 10, for the election of county officers to serve until the
next general election. There were to be four polling places, Ellsworth,
Merriam's house on Elkhorn creek, Clark's house on Thompson's creek
and Farris' house on Clear creek. At the election V. B. Osborn, W. J.
Ewing and J. H. Blake were elected commissioners : E. W. Kingsbury,
sheriff; M. O. Hall, clerk; J. C. Hill, probate judge; Thomas Delacour,
register of deeds; M. Newton, treasurer; J. H. Runkle, attorney; C. C.
Duncan, superintendent of public schools; J, C. Ayers, surveyor; M.
Joyce, coroner, and J. E. New, assessor. .They perfected the county
organization on Aug. 24, 1867. Prior to that time it had been attached
to Saline county as a municipal township. The town of Ellsworth was
made the seat of justice. In 1871 agitation was begun for the erection
of a county court-house. Bonds to the amout of $12,000 were issued for
its construction on July 30, 1872, two lots had already been donated the
county for a site, and a fine two-story brick building was erected. A
stone jail, also two stories in height, was built.
The Ellsworth County Agricultural and Mechanical Fair association
was organized in 1877, "for the purpose of advancing the agricultural,
horticultural and mechanical interests of the county." It has become
one of the well known institutions of the -county. The first paper in the
county was the Ellsworth Reporter. The second was the Wilson Echo,
published by S. A. Coover, and made its initial appearance in Aug., 1879.
The first railroad in the county was the Kansas Pacific, built in 1868,
which followed the general course of the .Smoky Hill river, while today
five lines of railroad, with a total of 88 miles of main track, aft'ord excel-
lent transportation and shipping facilities.
The population of the county in 1910 was 10,444, a gain of 818 during
the preceding ten years. The assessed valuation of the property was
$25,103,723, and the value of agricultural products for tlie year, includ-
ing live stock, $3,458,260.
Elm City, a hamlet of Labette counr\-, is located on the Missouri
Pacific R. R. in Elm Grove township, 13 miles southwest of Oswego,
the county seat, and about 2 miles east of Edna, from which place it
receives mail daily. The population in 1910 was JJ. The town was
founded by Jesse Edmundson soon after the railroad was built in 1886.
The first building erected was occupied by Wilson & Vanbibher, the
first merchants. This is a grain shipping point.
Elmdale, a town in Chase county, is located on the Cottonwood river,
in Diamond Creek township, 6 miles west of Cottonwood Falls, the
county seat. It is a Station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R.,
has telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice with two
rural routes, all the main lines of merchandising, a bank, and a weekly
newspaper called the Elmdale Gas Jet. The town was incorporated as
a city of the third class in 1904. The population according lo the census
of 1910 was 253. Natural gas has lately been discovered in the vicinity.
Elmo, a thriving little town of Dickinson county, is located in Banner
584 CYCLOPEDIA OF
township and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 16 miles south
of Abilene, the county seat. It has a bank, a grain elevator, a money
order postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices,
telephone connections. Catholic and Methodist churches, several well
stocked stores, etc., and annually ships considerable quantities of agri-
cultural products. The population in 1910 was 225.
Elmont, a village of Soldier township, Shawnee county, is a station
on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 7 miles north of Topeka.
with which city it has telephone connection. It has a money order
postoffice with two rural routes, a good local trade, telegraph and express
service, and in 1910 reported a population of 61.
Elmore, Rush, one of the first associate justices of Kansas Territory,
was born in Autauga county, Ala., Feb. 27, 1819. He was educated at
the University of Alabama, then studied law and soon after attaining
to his majority he was admitted to the bar at Montgomery, where he
began the practice of his profession. In a short time he had" established
a lucrative practice, but upon the breaking out of the war with Mexico
he raised a company in Montgomery, was elected captain, and served
to the close of the war. After the restoration of peace, Capt. Elmore
formed a partnership with his brother, John A. Elmore, and William
L. Yancey. He was also made brigadier-general of the Alabama militia
and held the office until appointed associate justice of the Kansas terri-
torial court in the fall of 1854. After serving about a year he was
removed, at the same tirne Gov. Reeder and Judge Johnston were
removed, but in the spring of 1857 he was reappointed by President
Buchanan and continued on the bench until the establishment of the
state government in Feb., 1861. In addition to his judicial duties, Judge
Elmore was one of the delegates to the Lecompton constitutional con-
vention, where he made a fight to have the constitution submitted to
the people. When Kansas was admitted as a state he located at Topeka,
where he formed a partnership with John Martin and continued in the
practice of law until his death, which occurred on Aug. 14, 1864.
El Paso County, one of the early counties of Kansas, was created by
the territorial legislature on Feb. 7, 1859, out of territory which was
later included in the State of Colorado. El Paso is a Spanish word
meaning the passage, or the gap. At the time of its creation, the boun-
daries of the county were defined as follows: "Commencing at the
northeast corner of Fremont county and running thence due east to the
southeast corner of Montana county, thence due south to a point 20
miles south of the 39th parallel of latitude, thence due west to a point
20 miles west of the 105th meridian of longitude, thence due north to
the place of beginning." The same act appointed William H. Green,
G. W. Allison and William O. Donnall commissioners, and they were
authorized to locate a temporary seat of justice as near the geographical
center of the county as was convenient.
Elsmore, an incorporated town of Allen county, is a station on the
Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. in the southeastern part of the county,.
KANSAS HISTORY $8$.
f.ome 15 miles southeast of lola, the county seat. The old town of
Elsmore, which for several years was the center of attraction for the
citizens of Elsmore township, was located farther west, not far from
Big creek. On Aug. 25, 1888, after the route of the railroad from Kansas
City to Parsons had been definitely settled, N. L. Ard, J. L. Roberts,
J. A. Nicholson, W. D. and H. W. Cox, and O. P. Mattson, purchased
20 acres where the present town of Elsmore stands and platted the
town. It soon became a popular trading center and shipping point for
that section of the county, and in 1909 was incorporated. In 1910 it
reported a population of 216. Elsmore has a money order postoffice
with two rural delivery routes, a bank, several good stores, some small
manufacturing enterprises, telegraph and express facilities, good
schools, etc.
Elwood, formerly "Roseport," one of the principal towns of Doniphan
county, is located on the Missouri river opposite St. Joseph, Mo., with
which it is connected by bridges. It is at the extreme eastern point of
the county, in Washington township, on the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific, and on the St. Joseph & Grand Island railroads, 14 miles east
of Troy, the county seat.
A trading post was established on the site of Elwood in 1852 by Henry
Thompson, who in 1856 sold 160 acres to the "Roseport Town company"
which had been organized by St. Joseph capitalists. The consideration
paid Thompson was $10,000. The town grew rapidly in its early years
and was a dangerous rival to St. Joseph. A hotel of 75 rooms was built
and enjoyed liberal patronage. In 1858 there were ten stores, all lines
of business was well represented. By 1859 the population was 2,000,.
and the town might have outstripped its neighbor had not the inroads
of the Missouri river washing away acres of the best improved property,
discouraged capital and enterprise. The first store was opened by A. N.
Campbell, in 1856, and the first sawmill by William High in the same
year. The next year Daniel W. Wilder, author of Wilder's Annals of
Kansas, opened a real estate office, and James P. Brace was made post-
master of the newly established postoffice. In i860 the town was
incorporated as a "city of the first class." The first company of the first
regiment sent into the Civil war by Kansas was organized here.
In 1876 the town was reorganized and an election held which resulted
in the selection of J. W. Montgomery as mayor and the appointment
of J. R. Stone as city clerk. The population in 1910 was 636. It has a
money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone con-
nections, graded public schools, and a good local trade.
Elyria, a village of McPherson county, is a station on the Missouri
Pacific R. R., 7 miles southeast of McPherson, the county seat. It is
in King City township, not far from the former site of the historic King
City. It has a postoffice, general stores and an express office. The
population according to the census of 1910 was 100.
Ematon, a money order post-village of Stevens county, is located
about 15 miles southeast of Hugoton, the county seat, and the same
586 CYCLOPEDIA OF
distance from Liberal, which is the most convenient railroad station. It
has a general store and is a trading point for the adjacent farmers, and
in 1910 reported a population of 20.
Emerald, a little settlement of Anderson county, is located in the
extreme northwest corner, about 3 miles north of Amiot, which is the
nearest railroad station. Mail is received by rural delivery from Wil-
liamsburg, Franklin county.
Emerson, a small hamlet on Rattlesnake creek in the southwest corner
of Stafford county, is about 15 miles from St. John, the county seat,
from which place mail is received by rural delivery.
Emigrant Aid Societies. — While the Kansas-Nebraska bill (q. v.) was
pending in Congress it became apparent that there would be a struggle
between the friends and foes of slavery for the territory of Kansas as
soon as it was organized. In fact before the bill became a law a number
of aid societies and codperative associations were formed in the North,
for the purpose of peopling Kansas with a sturdy yeomanry opposed
to slavery. Some of these societies were incorporated under the laws
of dift'erent New England states ; some were private companies ; and
some were of local significance — formed in a town or county — but all
had the same end in view.
Eli Thaj^er (q. v.), evolved the plan of a society which should ofter
to anti-slavery emigrants inducements sufficient to offset the hardships
of frontier life. His plan was for an investment company to give advan-
tages to those whom it induced to go to Kansas, and at the same time
defeat slavery. Mr. Thayer, as a member of the Massachusetts house
of representatives, presented to that body in March, 1854, a petition for
the incorporation of the "Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company," and
on April 26, 1854, more than a month before the passage of the Kansas-
Nebraska bill, this company was chartered with a capital of $5,000,000.
The incorporators selected a committee consisting of Eli Thayer.
Alexander H. Bullock and Edward Everett Hale, to recommend a system
of operation. The first charter proving unsatisfactory, the company-
reorganized under a charter granted by the Connecticut legislature, and
a third charter was obtained in 1855, when the name was changed to
the "New England Emigrant Aid company," with a capital of $i.ooo,ODO.
The work done by this society, directly and indirectly, was one of the
greatest factors in making Kansas a free-state. Agitation of the ques-
tion, advertisements in the papers and the literature distributed, started
many for Kansas, who never knew of the country until this work com-
menced.
Charles Robinson, S. C. Pomeroy and' M. F. Conway were the com-
pany's agents. They secured low rates of transportation to the terri-
tory, and the first emigrants, 30 in number, led by Charles H. Brans-
comb, arrived at the mouth of the Kansas river on July 28, 1854. Two
weeks later they were followed by a second and larger part}-, and these
men laid the foundations of Lawrence, the first free-state settlement in
Kansas.
KANSAS HISTORY 587
"The Emigrant Aid Company of New York and Connecticut," was
organized on July i8, 1854, under a charter from the Connecticut legis-
lature, its objects being the same as those of the New England society,
with which it was ultimately consolidated, with John Carter Brown of
Providence, R. I., as president, and Eli Thayer as vice-president. The
company was not a financial success. Its original capital was depleted
until in 1862, it amounted to only $16,000, but the work of the society
was done, for Kansas had been admitted as a free-state. In 1901, the
state legislature passed an act authorizing the regents of the state
university to build a gymnasium with the money appropriated by
Congress in payment of the claim assigned to the university by the
New England Emigrant Aid company.
Several minor aid societies were formed in the north. The "Union
Emigrant Aid Society," was organized in Washington, D. C, in the
spring of 1854, "by such members of Congress and citizens generally, as
were opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the opening
of Kansas and Nebraska to the institution of slavery." John Goodrich
of Massachusetts was president; Francis P. Blair, vice-president; and
its directors were from various northern states. Agents were appointed
in several states to call the attention of the public to its work and
organize auxiliary societies to promote immigration to Kansas.
.^The "Kansas Aid Society," was formed just after the passage of the
Kansas-Nebraska bill, with John Goodrich of Massachusetts as presi-
dent, and a Mr. Fenton of New York as vice-president. Some assist-
ance was rendered to emigrants, but its records can not be found, and it
is supposed to have been absorbed by the New England Emigrant Aid
company.
The "Worcester County Kansas League," was formed at Worcester.
Mass., July 6, 1854, "for the encouragement and organization of emi-
gration to the new territoiy of Kansas." The plan of the league was
to arrange parties of emigrants, so that they could travel together and
settle in the same locality. Their first train for Kansas left Worcester
on July ij, 1854, only eleven days after the league was organized.
The "Kansas League," was organized by Eli Thayer about 1856. Its
members promoted emigration, organized parties who wished to go to
Kansas, and published a "History of Kansas, also Information Regard-
ing, Rates, Laws," etc., which was widely circulated. Some of the
other organizations of this character were the "Oberlin Kansas League,"
the "Kansas National Committee," and after the sack of Lawrence the
"General National Kansas Aid Committee," the "Boston Relief Com-
mittee," the "Kansas Aid Society of Wisconsin," and the "Female Aid
Society of Wisconsin," all of which were formed to send people and
supplies to Kansas, and in other ways aid in defeating the friends of
slavery.
Emmence, a village of Garfield township, Finnev county, is situated
on the Pawnee river, 25 miles northeast of Garden City, the countv seat,
and about 18 miles north of Charleston, the nearest railroad station.
588 CYCLOPEDIA OF
It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, a good local trade,
and in 191Q reported a population of 92.
Emmet, a hamlet in the southwestern part of Wyandotte county, is
about 3 miles north of Bonner Springs, the nearest railroad station, from
which it has rural free delivery.
Emmett, a village of Pottawatomie county, is located in Emmett
township on the Union Pacific R. R., 20 miles southeast of Westmore-
land, the county seat. It has banking facilities, a local telephone com-
pany, and all the main lines of business are represented. There is a
money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express
offices, and the population in 1910 was 200.
Emmons, a village of Charleston township, Washington county, is
a station on the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy R. R. 4 miles northeast of
Washington, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph
and express offices, some general stores, etc., and in 1910 reported a
population of 50.
Empire City, a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. in the
southeast corner of Cherokee county, was foimded early in the year
1877 by the West Joplin Lead and Zinc company. A postoffice was
established, and soon afterward the place was incorporated as a city of
the third class with S. L. Cheeney as the first mayor. For some time
there was a spirited rivalry between Empire City and Galena, located
on opposite sides of Short creek within a stone's throw of each other,
but in 1907 this rivalry was ended by the annexatiqn of Empire City
to Galena (q. v.).
Emporia, the county seat of Lyon county and one of the principal
cities of the state, is located near the center of the county and is 61
miles southwest of Topeka. It is an important railroad center, being
at the junction of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas and the main line of
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and is the terminus of three branches
of the latter system, one of which runs to Holliday, one to Chanute, and
the other to Moline. It has waterworks, electricity for lighting and
power purposes, police and fire departments, well paved streets, and a
public library. A street railway is soon to begin operating its cars.
Among the industries of the city are woolen and flour mills, foundries,
machine shops, carriage and wagon works, ice plant, broom factories,
a planing mill, creamery, brick and tile works, a corrugated culvert
factory and a marble works. Emporia has 3 banks, i daily and 2 weekly
newspapers, an international money order postoffice with ten rural
routes, an opera house, telegraph and express service, and is an import-
ant mercantile center. The population in 1910 was 9,058.
Emporia was founded in 1857, Preston B. Plumb (q. v.) being the
principal promoter. Interested with him were George W. Deitzler.
G. W. Brown, Lyman Allen and Columbus Hornsby. The first building
was a boarding house erected by John Hammond; the second was the
store of Hornsby & Fick, and the third was the Emporia House, the
town company's hotel. In the fall the postoffice was moved from
KANSAS HISTORY 589
Columbia to Emporia and Mr. Pick became postmaster. The tirst
number of the "Kansas News," later the Emporia News, was printed on
June 6, 1857, in an up-stairs room of the Emporia House while the
printing office was being built. No gambling and no selling of intox-
icating liquor was allowed, the penalty being the forfeiture of the prop-
erty on which the misdemeanor took place. The growth of the town was
brisk from the first. During the year 1857 and subsequent years before
the war, a steady stream of settlers located in the town and in the sur-
rounding country, new business enterprises were established, churches
and schools were built. The town company encouraged improvement
by setting aside a number of lots to be given to those who would put up
buildings on them. A special act was secured in 1862 allowing Emporia
to issue bonds to the extent of $6,000 to build a school house. When
finished it was the finest in the state except one at Leavenworth. Seeing
how successfully the plan worked this special act was made the basis
of a general school law for the whole state. Emporia has always figured
prominently in the educational matters of the state. It is the seat of
the state normal school and the College of Emporia ; and is the home
of the well known Kansas author, William Allen White.
Emporia was one of the towns listed in Price's itinerary of destruc-
tion and would have been sacked and burned but for the prompt
response all through eastern Kansas to check the invasion. This was
a stopping place for the soldiers on their various campaigns against the
bushwhackers and Indians during and after the war. At the time of
the operations of the Nineteenth Kansas Emporia had about 800 inhabi-
tants. The town was incorporated as a village in 1865, the following
being chosen trustees, R. M. Ruggles, chairman; J. C. Fraker, John L.
Catterson, William Clapp, and John Hammond. In 1870 it was made
a cit}' of the second class. The first election resulted in the choice of,
H. C. Cross, mayor; E. W. Cunningham, police judge; H. W. McCune,
clerk; S. B. Riggs, treasurer; a Mr. Wilson, engineer; P. B. Plumb,
attorney; W. A. Randolph, marshal; E. Borton, L. N. Robinson. W. W.
Williams, C. V. Eskridge, R. D. Thomas, C. Wheelock, F. Hirth, George
W. Fredericks, councilmen. In common with the other river towns
of Kansas, Emporia suffered severely in the flood of 1903, and on
account of a cloud burst, suft'ered almost as severely in 1908.
Emporia College, one of the best known denominational schools of
Kansas, was founded on Oct. 9, 1882, by the Presbyterian synod of
Kansas. Forty acres of land, overlooking the valley of the Neosho, and
$40,000 in money were donated to the synod by the citizens of Emporia
to aid in establishing the institution. The charter declares that the
purpose of the organizers was "to found an institution for instruction
in literature, science and art, according to the highest standards of
education." The college was formally opened in Nov., 1883, with 17
students in attendance. The second year 80 students were enrolled.
For three years the college work was carried on in rented quarters,
poorly adapted to teaching, but in 1886, a sum of $10,000 was given to
590 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the college by Mrs. Robert L. Stuart, of New York city, and a fine
building was erected at a cost of $65,000. This was called Stuart Hall
in memory of Mrs. Stuart. Class rooms, laboratory, museum, library,
reading rooms and halls for literary societies, were provided in this
building. In 1887, William Austin of Emporia gave $5,000 for com-
pleting a chapel in the east wing, which was called William Austin
chapel, after the donor. It was dedicated on Dec. 8, 1889. In 1886, a
large residence on the north side of the campus was purchased for a
dormitory for female students. Andrew Carnegie gave $30,000 to the
college to erect a library in memory of his friend, John B. Anderson of
Manhattan, Kan. This building was dedicated in 1902, and contains
some 30,000 volumes. The college has a three-year preparatory and
four-year college course, and a special course in music. Many young
men attended Emporia College who are preparing to enter the ministry.
The expenses of the institution are met by tuition and contributions from
church and individuals.
Enabling Act. — (See Admission.)
Englevale, a village of Lincoln township, Crawford count}-, is a sta-
tion on the Missouri Pacific R. R. about 9 miles northeast of Girard,
the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph
service, telephone connections, a hotel, a feed mill, some good general
stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 140.
Englewood, an incorporated city of Clark cotmty, is situated in the
township of the same name 15 miles southwest of Ashland, the county
seat. It is the terminus of a division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe railway system, has 2 banks, grain elevators, a hotel, flour mills,
telephone connections, an international money order postoffice, tele-
graph and express offices, churches of some of the leading Protestant
denominations, a weekly newspaper (the Leader-Tribime) , some well
stocked mercantile establishments, and in 1910 reported a population
of 518.
Englewood was founded in 1884 by a town company of which N. E.
Osborn was presideht; M. L. Mun, vice-president; B. B. Bush, secre-
tary, and Grant Hatfield, treasurer. The capital stock of the company
was $60,000. Soon after the town was laid out a stage line was opened
to Dodge City, the stages leaving Englewood on Tuesdays, Thursdays
and Saturdays. On April 24, 1885, G. M. Magill published the first
number of the Clark County Chief at Englewood. In 1890 the popu-
lation was 175, and in 1900 it was 181.
English Bill. — On April 13, while the question of admitting Kansas
under the Lecompton constitution was before Congress, the United
States senate voted — 30 to 24 — for a conference committee. The next
day the house, on motion of William H. English of Indiana, by a vote
of 109 to 108, agreed to such a committee. James S. Green of Missouri,
R. M. T. Hunter of Virginia, and William H. Seward of New York,
were appointed on the part of the senate, and Mr. English, Alexander
H. Stephens of Georgia, and William A. Howard of Michigan on the
KANSAS HISTORY 591
part of the house. On the 23d Mr. English reported a measure— the
work of the conference committee— which has become known in history
as the "EngHsh Bill," Seward and Howard dissenting to its introduc-
tion. The principal provisions of this bill were the clauses in the
preamble and section i of the bill itself, the former relating to the
changes made by Congress in the ordinance passed by the constitutional
convention, and the latter to the submission of the constitution to the
people. The provision of the preamble was as follows :
"Whereas, Said ordinance is not acceptable to Congress, and it is
desirable to ascertain whether the people of Kansas concur in the
changes in said ordinance hereafter stated, and desire admission into
the Union as a state as herein proposed : therefore,
"Be it enacted, etc.. That the State of Kansas be and is hereby ad-
mitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states in
all respects whatever, but upon this fundamental condition precedent,
namely: That the question of admission with the following proposition,
in lieu of the ordinance framed at Lecompton, shall be submitted to the
vote of the people of Kansas, and assented to by them, or the majority
of the voters voting at an election to be held for that purpose, namely:
That the following propositions be and the same are hereby oflfered to
said people of Kansas for their free aceptance," etc.
Then follows the six propositions relating to land grants, viz : i. That
sections 16 and 36 in each township should be given the state for the
benefit of the public .schools. 2. That 72 sections, to be selected by
the governor, should be granted for the support of a state university.
3. That 10 sections, also to be selected by the governor, should be
granted to the state for the erection of public buildings. 4. That all
the salt springs within the state, not exceeding 12 in number, should
be the property of the state. 5. That 5 per cent, of the proceeds of sales
of public lands within the state should be paid to the state to aid in the
construction of highways. 6. That the state should never tax the prop-
erty of the United States. These provisions were substantially the same
as those in the act of admission which was signed by President Buchanan
on Jan. 29, 1861, and would no doubt have been accepted by the people
of the state in 1858 had it not been for the bitter feeling growing out
of the arbitrary course of the Lecompton constitutional convention.
(See Constitutional Conventions.)
Section i of the bill, which provided for the submission of the consti-
tution to a vote of the people, in connection with the propositions of
the preamble, was as follows :
"That the State of Kansas be and is hereby admitted into the Union,
on an equal footing with the original States, with the constitution
framed at Lecompton ; and this admission of her into the Union as a
state is here declared to be upon this fundamental condition precedent,
namely : That the said constitutional instrument shall be first submitted
to a vote of the people of Kansas, and assented to by them, or a majority
of the voters at an election to be held for that purpose. At the said
592 CYCLOPEDIA OF
•election the voting shall be by ballot, and by indorsing on his ballot, as
each voter may please, 'For proposition of Congress and admission,' or,
'Against proposition of Congress and admission.' The president of the
United States, as soon as the fact is duly made known to him, shall
announce the same by proclamation; and thereafter, and without any
further proceedings on the part of Congress, the admission of the State
of Kansas into the Union on an equal footing with the original states,
in all respects whatever, shall be complete and absolute; and said state
shall be entitled to one member in the house of representatives in the
Congress of the United States until the next census be taken by the
Federal government. But, should the majority of the votes be cast for
'Proposition rejected,' it shall be deemed and held that the people of
Kansas do not desire admission into the Union with said constitution,
under the conditions set forth in said proposition ; and in that event the
people of said territory are hereby authorized and empowered to form
for themselves a constitution and state government, by the name of the
State of Kansas, according to the Federal constitution, and may elect
delegates for that purpose whenever, and not before, it is ascertained,
by a census duly and legally taken, that the population of said territory
equals the ratio of representation required for a member of the house
of representatives of the United States ; and whenever thereafter such
delegates shall assemble in convention, they shall first determine by a
vote whether it is the wish of the people of the proposed state to be
admitted into the Union at that time, and, if so, shall proceed to form
a constitution, and take all necessary steps for the establishment of a
state government, in conformity with the Federal constitution, subject
to the limitations and restrictions as to the mode and manner of its
approval or ratification by the people of the proposed state as they may
have prescribed by law, and shall be entitled to admission into the
Union as a state under such constitution, thus fairly and legally made,
with or without slavery, as said constitution may prescribe."
The remaining sections of the bill described how the election should
be held, etc. On the 30th it passed the house by a vote of 112 to 103,
and the senate by a vote of 30 to 22. President Buchanan signed it on
May 4. The submission of the Lecompton constitution to the people
did not please the pro-slavery press, which denounced the bill as the
"English Swindle," and some of the free-state men expressed their dis-
satisfaction with the measure because there was a possible contingency
of Kansas being admitted under a constitution to which they were so
bitterly opposed. ' However, on June 3 Gov. Denver issued his procla-
mation calling an election under the bill for Aug. 2, when the Lecomp-
ton constitution and the propositions of Congress were defeated by a
vote of 11,300 to 1,788. As a matter of fact the English bill was a wise
measure. It gave the people of Kansas an opportunity to express them-
selves on a question that Congress had tried to settle without their
voice, and it paved the way for the Wyandotte constitution, under
which the state was finally admitted. (See Constitutions.)
KANSAS HISTORY 593
English, William H., lawyer, member of Congress and capitalist, was
born at Lexington, Scott county, Ind., Aug. 27, 1822. He was educated
at Hanover College in his native state, studied law, and before he was
23 years of age was admitted to practice in the Indiana supreme court.
He served as deputy clerk of Scott county; was chief clerk of the lower
house of the state legislature in 1843; was principal secretary of the
Indiana constitutional convention in 1850, and was elected a member of
the first legislature under that constitution. In 1852 he was elected to
represent his district in Congress, where he continued until 1861, when
he resigned to engage in the banking business. While in Congress he
was appointed on the conference committee to report a bill relating to
the Lecompton constitution. (See English Bill.) In this capacity Mr.
English showed himself to be the friend of fair play, as it was under the
provisions of his bill that the proposition to admit Kansas under the
Lecompton constitution was finally defeated, though he made many
enemies among the administration members of his party. To these
enemies Mr. English replied that the corner-stone of Democracy was
the right of the majority to rule, and that the people of Kansas ought
to have the right to express themselves upon a question which con-
cerned them more than the people of any other state. During the time
he was in Congress Mr. English was one of the regents of the Smith-
sonian Institution. In 1880 he was the Democratic nominee for vice-
president on the ticket with Gen. W. S. Hancock, which was his last
appearance in public life. The balance of his life was devoted to literary
work, and for several years he was president of the Indiana Historical
Society. He died at Indianapolis, Feb. 7, 1896.
Enoch Marvin College. — .\bout 1878 the Methodist Episcopal church
South established an educational institution at Oskaloosa, Jefferson
county, and named it Enoch Marvin College. Owing to sectional feel-
ing, the college failed to receive local support sufficient to insure its
success, and in 1880 the enterprise was abandoned. The building had
been erected upon a tract of land dedicated to school purposes and so
entailed that it could be used for nothing else. About 1904 the old
structure was torn down and a high school building erected on the
site.
Enon, a small hamlet of Barber county is situated about 14 miles
east of Medicine Lodge, the county seat, and 4 miles from Sharon,
which is the nearest railroad station. JNlail is received by rural deliv-
ery through the postoffice at Attica.
Enosdale, a little settlement of Washington county, is about 4 miles
south of Morrow, the nearest railroad station, and 7 miles southwest
of Washington, the county seat, whence mail is received by rural
delivery.
Ensign, a rural postoffice of Hess townshij), Gray county, is located
14 miles southeast of Cimarron, the county seat, and 12 miles south
of Wettick, the nearest railroad station. The population in 1910 was 41.
(I-38)
594 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Enterprise, an incorporated city of Dickinson county, is located on
the right bank of the Smoky Hill river 6 miles east of Abilene, the
county seat, at the junction of the Union Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railways. A set-
tlement was started on the site as early as 1868, when C. Hofifman
built a frame mill there. The following year Senn & Ehrsam opened
a store, and in 1872 the Methodists erected a small church building.
The town was not laid out, however, until 1872, when the survey wa&
made bj' G. R. Wolfe, the county surveyor. In Jan., 1875, a town com-
pany was organized with V. P. Wilson as president ; John Johntz,.
vice-president; T. C. Henry, secretary, and C. Hoffman, treasurer.
Before the close of the year several new business enterprises had beert
launched, a hotel was built by Edward Parker, and Mr. Hoffman
erected a larger mill, which was used as a woolen mill until 1881, when
it was converted into a flour mill with a capacity of 200 barrels a day.
Five years later the population had grown to such proportions as to
demand better educational facilities, and a new school house was
erected at a cost of $7,000.
Enterprise has an appropriate name, as it is one of the most ener-
getic and progressive cities of its size in Kansas. It has one of the
largest flour mills in the state, machine shops, a manufactory of flour
mill machinery, wall plaster works, 2 banks, a creamery, good hotels,
a weekly newspaper (the Push and Journal) , waterworks, graded pub-
lic schools, a normal academy, and is the center of trade for a large
and populous agricultural district. The population in igio was 706.
Entomological Commission, State. — The act creating the state ento-
mological commission was approved by Gov. Hoch on March i, 1937.
It provided that the commission should consist of the secretary of the
state board of agriculture, the secretary of the state horticultural
society, the professors of entomology in the University of Kansas and
the Agricultural College, and some nurserj'man — a resident of Kan-
sas— to be appointed by the governor for a term of two years. The
act also appropriated $500 for the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1908,
and a like sum for the year ending on June 30, 1909.
The first commission was composed of F. D. Coburn, Prof. T. J.
Headlee, Prof. S. J. Hunter, Walter Wellhouse and F. H. Stannard..
In the organization of the commission, Mr. Coburn was elected chair-
man and Mr. Wellhouse secretary-. Under the law, the commission
was given authority to adopt rules for the inspection of nursery stock,
seeds, etc., and was required to report annually on or before Dec. i.
For the sake of convenience, and in order to conduct the work more
systematically, the state was divided into two sections by a line run-
ning east and west, as near the center as practicable, the northern
half to be under the supervision of Prof. Headlee of the AgriculturaT
College, and the southern under Prof. Hunter of the University of Kan-
sas. Aided by the appropriation, although small, the commission
began a careful study of the insects that work upon the crops, plants.
KANSAS HISTORY
595
and orchards of the state, and in the reports and bulletins issued there
is much valuable information for the farmer and horticulturalist regard-
ing the methods of destroying these insect pests, the spraying of fruit
trees, the selection of nursery stock, etc.
Epileptic Hospital. — In the establishment of this institution the
intention of the legislature, was to make it a third insane asylum, in
order to relieve the crowded condition of the hospitals at,Topeka and
Osawatamie. It was authorized by an act of the legislature of 1899,
which provided that a site should be selected by a committee of the
legislature — four senators and five representatives — and appropriated
$100,000 for the erection of buildings. There was a spirited rivalry
among a number of cities for the new hospital, and when the com-
mittee decided to locate it at Parsons, the citizens of Clay Center insti-
tuted injunction proceedings. The question was finally settled by the
supreme court, which sustained the action of the committee, but the
litigation delayed the erection of the buildings so much that the appro-
priation lapsed. The legislature of 1901 reappropriated the unex-
pended balance of the $100,000 so that the work could proceed without
further delay.
STATE HOSPITAL FOR El'ILEPTI
In the meantime, the state board of charities, in its report for 1933.
said: "In the judgment of the board, it would be better to establish
an epileptic colony, and thereby relieve the congested condition of the
asylums, than to iDuild a new asylum." Following this suggestion, the
trustees of the state institutions reported in 1902, that ".\fter a care-
ful investigation of the subject, we decided to make the Parsons insti-
tution one wholly for the treatment of epileptics, both sane and insane.
596 CYCLOPEDIA OF
The Parsons purchase is especially adapted to an institution of this
character. The large acreage of land gives us plenty of work, and
the epileptic patients are not only capable of work, but are benefited
thereby."
\A^ith the appropriation a dormitory capable of accommodating 70
persons, two cottages capable of accommodating 30 each, and two
capable of accommodating 16 each were erected, the institution being
modeled after the epileptic hospital at Sonyea, N. Y. The legislature
of 1903 made an additional appropriation of $200,000, with which the
original five buildings were fully completed and five similar buildings
were erected for women. In Oct., 1903, the institution was ready for
occupancy and more than 100 epileptic patients were removed from the
insane hospitals at Topeka and Osawatomie, and the hospital was
opened with M. L. Perry as superintendent. Since the opening an
administration building has been erected at a cost of $70,000; a barn,
laundry, heating and power plant and a superintendent's residence have
been built, and in 1910 the property of the institution was valued at
$500,000. The legislature of 1905 designated the institution as the
"State Hospital for Epileptics."
Sane persons who are merely epileptics are admitted and many of
these acquire a good common school education, as the hospital is edu-
cational as well as curative. Nearly all the inmates can be taught some
simple form of manual labor, and many leave the hospital improved in
both mind and body. The institution has been under the charge of
Mr. Perry ever since it was established.
Equal Suffrage Association. — CSee Woman Suffrage. ")
Erie, the judicial seat of Neosho count}-, is located 3 miles east of the
geographical center of the county, a little north of the Neosho river,
and at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Alis-
souri, Kansas & Texas railroads in Erie township. It is lighted and
heated by natural gas, which is found in the vicinity. Among its busi-
ness enterprises are sawmills, flour mills, grain elevators, a creamery,
oil refinery, canning factory, 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers, and numer-
ous mercantile establishments. It has express and telegraph offices
and an international money order postoffice with five rural routes. The
population in 1910 was 1,300.
Erie was founded in 1866 as a compromise between two rival towns
in the vicinity — "Old Erie" and Crawfordsville. In November of that
year, the two towns having both been abandoned, a new site was
selected and a town company formed by D. W. Bray, Luther Packet,
Peter Walters and J. F. Hemilwright. A dozen others were admitted
to membership later. The first house built was a log cabin by Mrs.
Elizabeth E. Spivey. The building was afterward used as a school
house and church, for a boarding house, and for various other pur-
poses in the early days. The first store was erected by Dr. C. B. Ken-
nedy, Dr. A. F. Neely and J. C. Carpenter in 1867, and the same year
a hotel was erected by J. A. Wells. The first residence was put up
KANSAS HISTORY 597
by Virgil Stillwell. Carpenter & Porter opened the first law office
earl}' in 1868. The postoffice was established in 1866, with A. H.
Roe as postmaster, and was moved to the new town in 1867. The first
child born was Byron C. Wells, son of J. A. and Matilda Wells. In
July, 1868, the county offices were moved to Erie. After a contest
lasting several years the county seat was permanently located at Erie
by a decision of the supreme court in 1874.
The early growth of Erie was remarkable. It developed from a
single log house in 1867 to a town of 800 inhabitants in 1869, and this
in spite of the extreme difficulty of obtaining lumber and other build-
ing materials. Its growth was checked by a destructive fire in 1872,
and by a cyclone which swept the county the next year. The com-
bined financial loss to Erie was $20,000. A depression followed and
the town dwindled to 300 inhabitants, due to having no railroad. How-
ever, when the Atchison, Topeka & Santa built a line, running east
and west in 1863, the town began to show prosperity again. New
brick buildings were erected and new enterprises started. In 1887 the
Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. running north and south was built
through Erie. In 1899 the Erie Gas and Mineral company was formed,
which drilled and discovered oil and gas. The telephone exchange was
added to the conveniences in 1901.
Erie was organized by a decree of the probate court in 1869, and
the following men were appointed trustees : J. A. Wells, G. W. Dale,
John McCullough, Isaac M. Fletcher and Douglas Putnam. The trus-
tees met on Dec. 30 of that year and declared the place a city of the
third class. J. A. Wells was elected mayor and appointed all the other
officers. The first newspaper was the Neosho County Record, estab-
lished in 1876 by George W. McMillin.
Esbon, an incorporated city of Jewell county, is located in the town-
ship of the same name, 13 miles west of Mankato, the count}- seat. It
is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., has 2 banks,
a weekly newspaper (the Times), Christian and United Brethren
churches, good public schools, a money order postoffice with four rural
routes, a number of good stores, telegraph and express offices, tele-
phone connections, and is the principal shipping point between Man-
kato and Smith Center. Esbon was incorporated in 1904 and in 1910
reported a population of 347.
Eskridge, an incorporated town of Wabaunsee county, is situated in
Wilmington township, 16 miles southeast of Alma, the county seat,
on the Burlingame & Alma division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe R. R. It was first laid out by E. H. Sanford in 1868, but the town
did not become 'a reality until after the completion of the railroad in
1880, when the railroad company selected a town site adjoining San-
ford's. The first house in the place was built by Dr. Trivet in June,
1880. In 1881 a school house was erected, and that fall the first school
was opened with Miss Emma Henderson as teacher. The same year
the first store was started by William Earl, and the first church in the
town was erected.
598 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Eskridge is the second largest town in the county. It has 2 banks,
an international money order postoffice with four rural routes, elec-
tric lights, a weekly newspaper (the Tribune-Star), express and tele-
graph service, graded schools, telephone connections, a large retail
trade, hotels, the Kansas Wesleyan Bible school, churches of five dif-
ferent faiths, and is a shipping point of considerable importance. The
population in 1910 was 797.
Essex, a money order post-hamlet of Finney county, is located on
a small tributary of the Pawnee river, 18 miles northeast of Garden
City, the county seat. The population in 1910 was 28. Charleston is
the nearest railroad station.
Ethelton, a rural postoffice and neighborhood trading point of
Seward county, is located on the Cimarron river in Seward township,
about 20 miles northwest of Liberal, the county seat and most con-
venient railroad station.
Eiidora, one of the largest towns of Douglas county, is located in
the northeastern part of the county on the south bank of the Kansas
river and the , Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 7 miles east of
Lawrence. Early in the summer of 1856 a company of Germans organ-
ized in Chicago, 111., for the purpose of making a settlement some where
in the west. From 50 members it grew to 600 stockholders and in
March. 1857, a locating committee left for the west to select a town
site. They spent some time in Missouri and Kansas and finally decided
upon the site where Eudora now stands. A tract of 800 acres of land
was bought from the Shawnee Indians through Pascal Fish, their
chief, who was to receive ever}' alternate lot. The land was surveyed
and named Eudora in honor of the chief's daughter. When the com-
mittee returned to Chicago it was determined to colonize the place
and men representing different trades and professions were sent out
by the association, under the leadership of P. Hartig. These pioneers
arrived at Eudora on April 18, 1877, and at once erected rude cabins
and made other improvements. Pascal Fish had built a cabin on the
town site before the advent of the whites, which was used as a hotel
and locally known as the "Fish House." In May a sawmill and corn
cracker was sent out by the association and was put in operation. The
first store was opened the following summer and the village began to
flourish. A postoffice was also established in the summer of 1857,
with A. Summerfield as the first postmaster. On Feb. 8, 1859, Eudora
was incorporated under the territorial laws and ten years later the town
was divided into two wards for municipal purposes. It is now an incor-
porated city of the third class. A fresh impetus was given to the town
with the building of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad, and it
has become the shipping and supply point for a rich agricultural dis-
trict. Eudora has many beautiful homes, good public schools, sev-
eral general stores, hardware and implement houses, a drug store,
wagon and blacksmith shops, a money order postoffice. express and
telegraph facilities, 2 banks, and a population of 640, according to the
U. S. census of 1910.
KANSAS HISTORY 599
Eureka, the judicial seat and largest town in Greenwood county, is
located south and a little west of the center of the county on Fall river
and on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific rail-
roads. It is 158 miles southwest of Atchison and 109 miles south of
Topeka. Eureka has all the modern improvements expected in a city
of its size. It is lighted by electricity, has natural gas for lighting,
heating and commercial purposes, a fire department and waterworks.
Among the business enterprises are a wagon factory, broom factory,
flour mill, 4 banks, good hotels and two weekly newspapers. All the
leading denomijnations of churches are represented and the schools
are unsurpassed in the state. This is an important grain, live-stock and
produce shipping point. There are telegraph and express offices and
an international money order postoffice with five rural routes. The
population, according to the census of 1910, was 2,333.
Eureka was located in 1857, ^"^ the first building was a school house
built of short planks hewn from logs. This was a general purpose
house and was used for all public purposes. The town site belonged
to David Tucker and Levi N. Prather. Mr. Tucker bought out Prather
for $160, and in 1867 sold the whole site to the town company for
$50. The postoffice was established in 1858, with Edwin Tucker as
postmaster. There was no store until after the war, and all goods
had to be brought from Kansas City or Atchison with ox teams. The
first store was a community affair. James Kenner agreed to keep the
store, with the understanding that if it interfered too much with his
occupation of farming, he would turn it over to Edwin Tucker at the
end of the year. This he did. The store was opened on April i, 1866.
Among the first business and professional men were: Dr. Reynolds,
the first physician; McCartney, blacksmith, 1866: Judge Lillie, the
first lawyer, 1868 : Hawkins, the first carpenter, 1867, and I\Ir. Akers,
who was the first landlord of the company hotel.
The first newspaper was the Eureka Herald, published by S. G.
Mead, the initial number of which appeared in Aug., 1866. The first
school was taught by Edwin Tucker in 1858. The first bank, which
was also the first bank in the county, opened in the summer of 1870.
It closed the first of the next year. The Eureka Bank, opened in Nov.,
1870, and continued to do a successful business. In 1867 the town
was laid out and lots were sold. It was incorporated first in 1870,
with the following trustees: I. R. Phenis, A. F. Nicholas, L. H. Pratt,
Harley Stoddard and C. A. Wakefield. The next year it became a
city of the third class with Ira P. Nye as mayor and George H. Lillie
as city clerk. Eureka became the county seat and the first term of
court was held in May, 1867, but adjourned without transacting any
business.
Evangelical Association. — At the close of the eighteenth century a
great religious awakening took place in the Ignited States, which was
at first confined to the English speaking population. In time the revival
reached the Germans living in eastern Pennsylvania, whose ancestors
600 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in the preceding century had fled from the Rhenish provinces of the
Palatinate. Jacob Albright, a German Methodist minister, -who was
drawn more and more to his own people, devoted himself to work
among them in their own language. It had not been Albright's idea
to form a new church, but the opposition of the Methodists to the
mode of worship by his converts made a separate organization neces-
sary. In 1790 Albright began to travel as an evangelist. Ten years
later he organized a class of converts, which in 1807 was organized
as a church at a general assembly held in eastern Pennsylvania. Annual
conferences were formed and the first general conference was held in
1816. Albright was elected bishop, articles of faith and the book of
disciples were adopted, but the full form of church government was
not completed for some years.
While at the beginning the activities of the church were confined
to the German language, it was soon widened by taking up work
among the English speaking population. The faith spread into the
other middle states, west to the Pacific coast, and north into Canada.
A division occurred in 1891, which resulted in the organization of the
United Evangelical Church, which took a large number of ministers
and members. In doctrine and theology the Evangelical Association
is Arminian and its articles of faith and' plan of organization corre-
spond very closely to those of the Methodist Episcopal church. The
bishops are elected by the general conference for a term of four years,
but are not ordained or consecrated as such. They have the general
oversight of the church, preside at the annual conferences, and, as a
board, decide all questions of law between general conference sessions.
Presiding elders are elected for four years by the annual conference,
pastors are appointed annually, on the itinerant system, the time limit
being five consecutive 3-ears in any field except a missionarv con-
ference.
The Evangelical Association was established in Kansas sometime
in the '70s. At first congregations were formed and churches erected
in the eastern part of the state, but as settlements pushed farther west
the people carried their faith with them and congregations were formed
all over the state. In 1890 there were 96 church organizations with 50
church edifices and a membership of 4,459. During a little over a
decade and a half the association has increased but about 400, while
the United Evangelical church, etablished in 1891, now has a mem-
bership of 547.
Evanston, a hamlet of Leavenworth county, is located in the west-
ern portion on the Stranger creek 5 miles north of Jarbalo, the nearest
railroad town, and 11 miles southwest of Leavenworth, the county seat,
from which it has rural free delivery.
Eve, a hamlet in the extreme northwestern part 'of Bourbon county,
is situated on a tributary of the Little Osage river. It has rural deliv-
er}^ from Bronson.
KANSAS HISTORY 6oi
Everest, an incorporated town of Brown county, is situated in Wash-
ington township on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 19 miles southeast of
Hiawatha, the county seat. A CathoHc church was established there
in 1868, but the town dates its beginning from the completion of the
railroad and the fact that the company decided to establish a station
at that point. One of the first important business enterprises in Ever-
est was the elevator erected by the Farmers' Elevator and Mill com-
pany in July, 1882. Everest has 2 banks, a money order postoffice with
two rural routes, a metal stamping works, graded schools, a weekly
newspaper (the Enterprise), telegraph and express offices, telephone
connections, a hotel. Catholic and Methodist churches, and a number
of well stocked mercantile concerns. The population in 1910 was 436.
Ewell, a small village of Sumner county, is a station on the Missouri
Pacific R. R. 33 miles southwest of Wichita and 5 miles south of Con-
way Springs, from which place it receives mail by rural delivery.
Ewing, Thomas, Jr., soldier and first chief justice of the State of
Kansas, was born at Lancaster, Ohio, Aug. 7, 1829. He was the third
son of the statesman of that name, who was one of the leaders of the
Whig party while a member of the United States senate and served
in the cabinets of Presidents Harrison and Taylor. The Ewings are
Scotch-Irish, being descended from Findley Ewing, of lower Loch
Lomond, Scotland, who was presented with a sword by William H
for conspicuous bravery at the siege of Londonderry. The first .Ameri-
can ancestor was Thomas Ewing, whose son, George, was ensign and
subsequently lieutenant of the Second Jersey regiment in the Revolu-
tionary war. On the maternal side, Gen. Ewing's great-grandfather
was Neil Gillespie, who came from Donegal, Ireland, to western Penn-
sylvania late in the eighteenth century. Chief Justice Ewing received
a common school education and when only nineteen years old was
appointed secretary of the commission to settle the boundary between
Ohio and Virginia. He also served as private secretary to President
Taylor during his administration. After the president's death he
entered Brown University, where he graduated in 1854. A year later
he received his degree from the Cincinnati Law School and was admit-
ted to the bar. In Nov., 1856, he removed to Leavenworth, Kan., and
became a member of the law firm of Sherman, Ewing & McCook.
Mr. Ewing soon took a place at the head of his profession and played
a conspicuous part in the great political struggle of the territorial era
as a free-state man. When the free-state men met in convention in
Dec, 1857, to decide whether the opponents of slavery in the territory
should take part in the election of Jan. 4, 1858, Mr. Ewing urged that
they vote. This motion was defeated and with twelve others Ewing
retired. They organized and nominated men for all the offices, each
candidate being pledged to vote for a new constitution that should for-
ever prohibit slavery in Kansas. Ten days before the election Ewing
and his twelve associates started to canvass the territory. The sur-
veyor-general, John Calhoun, whose duty it was to await the election
i602 CYCLOPEDIA OF
returns, tried to defeat the free-state party by declaring the pro-slavery
men had won, and went so far as to start for Washington, to submit
the Lecompton constitution to Congress for the purpose of having
Kansas admitted as a slave state. Mr. Ewing was able to get the
free-state territorial legislature to appoint a committee, of which he
was the head, to investigate the election returns. (See Walker's and
Denver's Administrations.) At the election for state officers on Dec.
6, 1859, the first held under the W^'andotte constitution, Mr. Ewing
was elected chief justice for a term of six years, and took his seat on
the bench in Feb., 1861, when the state government was established.
In the summer of 1862 he aided in recruiting the Eleventh Kansas.
He was appointed colonel on Sept. 14, and soon after resigned as chief
justice to take command of the regiment. He took part in the actions
of Cane Hill, Van Buren and Prairie Grove, and on March 13, 1863,
was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers by President Lin-
coln, for "gallant and meritorious services." Until June, 1863, he com-
manded the first division of the Army of the Frontier, under Maj.-Gen.
Herron. The division was then discontinued and Gen. Ewing was
assigned to the command of the District of the Border, comprising
all of Kansas north of the 38th parallel and of the western tier of coun-
ties in Missouri north of that line. His command was kept actively at
work in repelling guerrilla raids. Gen. Ewing found that such men
as Ouantrill and Yeager had an impregnable base of operations in the
three border counties of Missouri, with spies scattered throughout the
country. After the Quantrill raid and sack of Lawrence, he issued
"General Order No. 11" (q. v.), a severe but necessary measure which
effectually cleared the border of a population supporting the guerrillas.
The order was sustained by the general government, but in the Demo-
cratic national convention, which met in New York city on July 6,
1868, he was defeated for nomination for vice-president because of this
order. The assaults made upon him by his political enemies in Kan-
sas and Missouri, caused Gen. Ewing to ask for a court of inquiry,
but the president refused to order it and at the same time enlarged
the district under the general's command. In Feb.. 1864, when the
District of the Border was divided by the erection of Kansas as a depart-
ment, Gen. Ewing relieved Gen. Fish of the command of southeastern
Missouri, with headquarters at St. Louis. In the fall of 1864, he was
actively engaged against Gen. Price, who invaded Missouri. On Feb.
23, 1865, Gen. Ewing resigned his command and on March 13, was
breveted major-general. At the close of the war he resumed his law
practice in Washington, but returned to his native state, Ohio, in 1870.
In 1873 he was a member of the Ohio constitutional convention and
served in Congress from 1S77 to 1881. He opposed the use of Federal
troops at the state elections ; favored the remonetization of silver, and
was one of the leaders of the movement to preserve the greenback
currency. In 1879 he was the Democratic candidate for governor of
Ohio. Three vears later he removed to New York citv and entered
KANSAS HISTORY 603
into partnership with Southard & Fairchild, subsequently the firm
became Ewing, Whitman & Ewing. He was the founder of the Ohio
society in New York and its president for three years. In 1856 Gen.
Ewing married Ellen E., daughter of William Cox of Piqua, Ohio.
They had three sons and two daughters. Gen. Ewing died Jan. 21,
1896, as a result of an accident on a street car.
Example, a rural postofifice in Lockport township, Haskell county,
is located near the northeast corner of the county, 12 miles from Santa
Fe, the county seat, and about the same distance from Pierceville, the
nearest railroad station.
Excelsior Colony. — Early in Ma}', 1869, a colony of Scotch mechanics
from New York city located in Jewell county. Lewis A. Walker was
president and A. Macdonald secretary of the organization, the mem-
bers of which selected claims on White Rock creek, between Burr
Oak and Johns creek. This section at that time was on the frontier,
and for protection against the hostile Indians the settlers erected a
blockhouse about 2 miles east of the present Holmwood. On l\Iay 25
some of the settlers and colonists in that immediate neighborhood peti-
tioned Gov. James M. Harvey for protection against the Indians, who
they reported had killed and scalped about 20 settlers. Arms, am-
munition and authority to raise militia companies were asked. Relief
not coming as promptly as the situation demanded, the colonists
decided to abandon their location. Some of them, while moving their
effects to a place of safety, were attacked by Indians and robbed of
all their possessions, but succeeded in escaping alive.
But three women were with the colony at this time. During the
summer the company probably underwent a reorganization, being
known later as the Excelsior Cooperative Colony of Kansas. John F.
McClimont was president ; Henry Evans, vice-president, and Hugh Mc-
Gregor, secretary. At the time the colony was composed of about 200
families of Scotch mechanics and farmers who came ^o New York and
there effected an organization. The cheap lands in the west proved
an attractive inducement for their settlement in Kansas, and at a meet-
ing held in New York, at their hall, on Oct. 2, 1869, John F. McClimont,
Hugh McGregor and Alex Whyte (or White"), Jr.. were appointed a
locating committee and immediately entered upon their duties. They
must have spent the most of their time in Kansas, for inside of fortv
days they addressed a communication to Gov. Harvey, dated Topeka,
Kan., Nov. 12, 1869, in which they said: "We, the undersigned, have
been appointed a committee for the purpose of selecting a location
for the colony. We have spent four weeks in the inspection of various
localities and have finally resolved upon settling upon a tract embraced
in townships i and 2, of the ranges i, 2, 3 and 4, west meridian, being
situated in Republic county.
"Our colony numbers 200 families, composed of farmers and me-
chanics of various trades. It is our intention to found a town in the
center of our location for the purpose of carr_\-ing on various manu-
factories.
604 CYCLOPEDIA OF
"We would respectful!}' submit the following propositions, viz. : i —
A free grant of one section of state land for the purpose of founding
a town as near as possible in the center of the location. 2 — A loan of
breech-loading arms, with ammunition, for the protection of the colony
against the inroads of hostile Indians. 3 — That you furnish the officers
of the colony with a copy of the statutes of the State of Kansas, with
such other informatipn as you would consider desirable for the further-
ing of the interests of the colony.
"If you would kindly answer the propositions at your earliest con-
venience, you would be conferring a great favor upon,
"Your most obedient servants,
"John F. McClimont,
"Hugh McGregor,
"Alex. Whyte, Jr.,
"Locating Committee.
"Please address John McKenzie, acting secretary. Cooperative Hall,
214 Bowery, N. Y."
The colony left New York soon after and arrived in Republic county
early in Dec, 1870. All were poor and the first money they earned
was turned into a common treasury, the proceeds being used for the
purchase of a yoke of oxen to haul stone to build a colony house. After
this was built the members occupied it until the spring of 1871, when
they separated to work at their trades to obtain money to develop
their claims. It is said that seventeen of these colonists had never
driven a horse. They applied themselves to the task of developing
their claims and of those who remained many are now among the
most well-to-do citizens of the state.
Executions. — The plaintifif wishing to execute his judgment must
apply to the clerk of the court rendering it, who will issue a writ
directed to the sheriff of the county, ordering a seizure and sale of
sufficient property of the defendant to satisfy the judgment and costs.
Lands, tenements, goods and chattels not exempt by law are subject
to the payment of debts and are liable to be taken on execution and
sold. All real estate, not bound by the lien of the judgment, as well
as goods and chattels of the debtor, are bound from the time they
are seized in execution. If execution is not sued out within five years
from the date of any judgment, including judgments in favor of the
state or any municipality in the state, or if five years intervene between
the date of the last execution issued on such judgment and the time
of suing out another writ of execution thereon, such judgment becomes
dormant and ceases to operate as a lien on the estate of the judgment
debtor.
The officer who levies upon goods and chattels, by virtue of an execu-
tion issued by a court of record, before he proceeds to sell the same,
must cause public notice to be given of the time and place of sale.
KANSAS HISTORY 605
The notice must be given by advertisement, published in some news-
paper printed in the count}-, or if none is printed therein by posting
advertisements in five public places in the county. Two advertisements
must be put up in the township where the sale is to be held. Lands
and tenements taken on execution must not be sold until the officer
cause public notice of the time and place of sale to be given for at
least 30 days before the day of sale. All sales of lands or tenements
under execution must be held at the. court-house in the county where
they are situated. The ofificer to whom a writ of execution is deliv-
ered must proceed immediately to levy the same upon the goods and
chattels of the debtor; but if no goods and chattels can be found the
officer indorses on the writ of execution "No goods," and forthwith
levies upon the lands and tenements of the debtor which may be liable
to satisfy the judgment. If any of such lands and tenements be encum-
bered by mortgage or any other lien or liens, such lands and tenements
may be levied upon and appraised and sold subject to such lien or
liens, which must be stated in the appraisement. If on any sale made
there is in the hands of the sherifT or other officer more money than
is sufficient to satisfy the writ or writs of execution, with interest and
costs, the balance must be paid to the defendant or his legal representa-
tives. The defendant owner may redeem any real property sold under
execution, at the amount sold for, together with interest, costs and
taxes, at any time within eighteen months from the day of sale, and
shall in the meantime be entitled to the possession of the property.
If he leaves the property it is deemed a forfeiture of his rights.
Executive Council. — The executive council of the State of Kansas
was created by the act of March lo, 1879. It consists of the governor,
secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, attorney-general and superintend-
ent of public instruction, a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum
for the transaction of business. By the provisions of the act, the coun-
cil is required to hold regular meetings on the last Wednesday of
each month ; examine all official bonds of the state officers, warden
of the penitentiary, regents, trustees and superintendents 'of charitable
and benevolent institutions ; have charge and care of the state-house
and grounds ; provide furniture for the state offices and the legislature ;
make estimates of stationery and advertise for proposals for furnish-
ing the same : approve the estimates of the state printer for materials,
etc.
Exemptions. — Under the constitution as adopted in 1859 "A home-
stead to the extent of 160 acres of farming land, or of one acre within
the limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied as a residence by
the family of the owner, together with all improvements on the same,
shall be exempted from forced sale under any process of law, and shall
not be alienated without the joint consent of husband and wife, when
that relation exists; but no property shall be exempt from sale for
taxes, or for the payment of obhgations contracted for the purchase
of said premises, or for the erection of improvements thereon : Pro-
6a6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
vided, The provisions of this section shall not apply to any process of
law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the consent of both husband
and wife."
While the constitutional convention was in session, a warm debate
occurred over the incorporation of this section, and it was finally
decided to submit it to a vote of the people, as a separate proposition,,
leaving to them the question whether it should become a part of the
constitution. At the election the homestead exemption clause was
ratified by a vote of 8,788 to 4,772, and was therefore made a part of
the constitution.
It is provided by appropriate legislation that whenever any levy shall
be made upon the lands or tenements of a householder whose home-
stead has not been selected and set apart, such householder, his wife,,
agent or attorney may notify the officer in writing at the time of mak-
ing such levy, or at an}' time before the sale, of what he regards as his
homestead, with a description thereof, and the remainder alone shall
be subject to sale under such levy.
Under the statute, every person residing in this state and being the
head of a family shall have exempt from seizure and sale upon any
attachment, execution or other process issued from any court in the
state, the following articles of personal property- : The family Bible,
school books, and family library; family pictures; musical instruments
used by the family ; a seat or pew in any church or place of public
worship ; a lot in any burial-ground ; all the wearing apparel of the
debtor and his family; all beds, bedsteads and bedding used by the
debtor and his family ; one cooking-stove and appendages, and all other
cooking utensils ; all other stoves and appendages necessary for the
use of the debtor and his family ; one sewing-machine, all spinning-
wheels, looms, or other implements of industry; all other household
furniture not herein enumerated, not exceeding in value $500; 2 cows,
10 hogs, one yoke of oxen, one horse or mule, or in lieu of one yoke
of oxen and one horse or mule, a span of horses or mules ; 20 sheep
and the wool from the same, either in the raw material or manufactured
into yarn or cloth ; the necessary food for the support of the stock
mentioned for one year, either provided or growing, or both, as the
debtor may choose ; one wagon, cart or dray, two plows, one drag and
other farming utensils, including harness and tackle for teams, not
exceeding in value $300; the grain, meat, vegetables, groceries and
other provisions on hand, necessary for the support of the debtor and
his family for one year; all the fuel on hand necessary for their use
for one year ; the necessary tools and implements of any mechanic,
miner or other person, used and kept in stock for the purpose of carry-
ing on his trade or business, and in addition thereto, stock in trade not
exceeding $400 in value ; the library, implements, and office furniture
of any profesisonal man.
The following property only is exempt from attachment and execu-
tion, when owned by any person residing in this state, other than thc^
KANSAS HISTORY 607
head of a family : The wearing apparel of the debtor ; a seat or pew
in any church or place of public worship ; a lot in any burial-ground ;
the necessary tools and instruments of any mechanic, miner or other
person, used and kept for the purpose of carrying on his trade or busi-
ness, and, in addition thereto, stock in trade ; the library, implements
and office furniture of any professional man.
No personal property is exempt from taxation or sale for taxes under
the laws of the state, and none of the personal property mentioned
is exempt from attachment or execution for the wages of any clerk,
mechanic, laborer or servant. The earnings of the debtor for his per-
sonal services at an}^ time within three months next preceding an order
of execution cannot be levied upon when it is made to appear by the
debtor's affidavit or otherwise that such earnings are necessary for
the use of a family supported wholly or partly by his labor. Wages
earned and payable outside of this state are exempt from attachment
or garnishment in all cases where the cause of action arose outside
of the state, unless the defendant in the attachment Or garnishment
suit is personally served with process. The money that may have been
received by any debtor as pensioner of the United States within the
three months next preceding the issuing of an execution, attachment
or garnishment process, cannot be applied to the payment of the debts
of such pensioner when it is made to appear by the affidavit of the
debtor or otherwise that such pension monej^ is necessary for the
maintenance of a family supported wholly or in part by said pension
money.
A tenant may waive, in writing, the benefit of the exemption laws
of this state for all debts contracted for rents, but with this exception
neither the husband nor wife alone can waive his or her rights under
the exemption laws as here outlined. The most important feature of
the exemption laws of Kansas is that which protects the homestead
and makes secure the abiding place of the family of the unfortunate
debtor.
Exeter, an inland hamlet of Clay county, is situated about lo miles
southwest of Clay Center, the county seat, and most convenient rail-
road station, from which place mail is received by the inhabitants by
rural delivery.
Exodus.^-(See Negro Exodus.)
Experiment Stations. — The Kansas Agricultural Experiment station,,
an adjunct of the Agricultural College at Manhattan, is the most im-
portant station in the state. It was organized under the provisions
of an act of Congress, approved March 2, 1887, commonly known as
the "Hatch Act" and designated as "An act to establish agricultural
experiment stations in connection with the colleges established in the
several states under the provision of an act approved July 2, 1862, and
the acts supplementary thereto." The objects of this measure is stated
as being, "in order to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people
of the United States useful and practical information on subjects con •
6o8 CYCLOPEDIA OF
nected with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and
experiment respecting the principles and practice of agricultural
science." The law specifies in detail, "that it shall be the object and
duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or
verify experiments on the physiology of plants and animals; the dis-
eases to which they are severally subject, with remedies for the same;
the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stages of
growth ; the comparative advantages of rotative cropping as pursued
under a varying series of crops ; the capacity of new' plants or trees for
acclimation; the analysis of soils and waters; the chemical composi-
tion of manures, natural and artificial, with experiments designed to
test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds ; the adapta-
tion and value of grasses for forage plants ; the composition and
digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic animals ; the
scientific and economic questions involved in the production of butter
and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly
on the agricultural industry of the United States, as may in each case
be deemed advisable."
On the da}' following the passage of the Hatch act, the legislature
of the State of Kansas, which was then in session, passed a measure,
approved March 7, 1887, accepting the conditions of the Hatch act and
appointing the board of regents of the Agricultural College as sponsors
for the fulfillment of its conditions. Until 1908 all the expenses of the
experiment station were provided for by the Federal government. The
Hatch bill carried an annual Congressional appropriation of $15,000.
In March, 1906, the Adams act was approved by the president. This
bill provided, "for the more complete endowment and maintenance of
agricultural experiment station, a sum beginning with $5,000 and
increasing each year by $2,000 over the preceding year for five years,
after which time the annual appropriation was to be $15,000, "to be
applied to paying the necessary expenses of conducting original
researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry
of the United States, having due regard to the varying conditions and
needs of the respective states and territories." It further provided that
"no portion of said moneys exceeding five per centum of each annual
appropriation shall be applied, directly or indirectly under any pre-
tense whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation or repair of an}'
building or buildings, or to the purchase or rental of land." The
Adams act, providing for original investigation and advanced research,
supplied a great need of the experiment station. Under the provisions
of this act only such experiments may be entered upon as have first
been passed upon and approved by the office of experiment stations
of the United States department of agriculture. In 1908 nine such
investigations were being made. The legislature of Kansas in 1908
appropriated the sum of $15,000 for that year, and the same amount
for the following one, for further support of the experiment station.
The whole income of the station for 1909 and 1910 was as follows :
KANSAS HISTORY 609
Hatch fund, $15,000; Adams fund, $13,000; state appropriation, $15,000,
a total of $43,000.
The work of the experiment station is published in the form of bul-
letins, which' record the results of investigations. These bulletins are
of three sorts : technical bulletins, which record the result of researches
of a purely scientific character provided for under the Adams act ; farm
bulletins, which present the data of the technical bulletins in a sim-
plified form, and including also' all other bulletins in which a brief,
condensed presentation is made of data which call for immediate appli-
cation. In addition to the bulletins, the station publishes a series of
circulars for the purpose of conveying needed or useful information,
not necessarily new or original. Up to 1909 the station had published
167 bulletins, 183 press bulletins and 6 circulars. The work of this
experiment station is not confined to agricultural investigation and
research, for it has been given state executive and control work. One
important adjunct office created by the legislature of 1909 is that of
state dairy commissioner, whose duty is to inspect or cause to be
inspected all the creameries, public dairies, butter, cheese and ice cream
factories, or any place in which milk, cream or their products are
handled or stored within the state, at least once a year, or oftener if
possible. Another important state function is the State Entomological
commission (q. v.), which was created in 1907. The state live stock
registry board, created by the legislature of 1909, is another adjunct
of the experiment station. All commissions are supported by appro-
priation. By legislative act of 1909 a "division of forestry" at the
Agricultural College is provided for. (See Forestry.)
The state has also placed the experiment station in charge of the
execution of the acts concerning the manufacture and sale of concen-
trated feeding stuffs, and of fertilizers b}' acts which make it "unlaw-
ful to sell, or offer for sale, any commercial fertilizer which has not
been officialh' registered by the director of the agricultural experiment
station of the Ivansas State Agricultural College." An important addi-
tion to the experiment station is the -department of milling industry.
This was established through the cooperation of the board of regents
and the millers' association. Investigation is being made of growing,
handling and marketing methods ; their relation to the milling value
of wheat ; of systems of grading ; of' insect enemies of wheat in the
field and storage ; and of flour and its by-products.
There is at the Agricultural College an engineering experiment sta-
tion established by the board of regents for the purpose of carrying
on tests of engineering and manufacturing problems important to the
state of sufficient magnitude to be of commercial value. Experiments
have been made in cement and concrete, and, in connection with these,
tests of waterproofing and coloring cement building blocks. Experi-
ments with Kansas coals, lubricants and bearings, relative adaptability,
efficiency and cost of gasoline, kerosine and denatured alcohol for inter-
nal combustion of engines, etc., etc.
(1-39)
6lO CYCLOPEDIA OF
There are two branch agricultural stations, one at Fort Haj's, and one
at Garden Cit3^ The land occupied by the Fort Hays station is a
part of what was originally the Fort Hays military reservation. Be-
fore final disposition of this land was made the Kansas legislature in
Feb., 1895, passed a resolution requesting Congress to donate the entire
reservation of 7,200 acres to the State of Kansas for the purposes of
agricultural education and research, the training of teachers, and for
the establishment of a public park. In 1900 a bill was passed setting
aside this reservation "for the purposes of establishing an experimental
station of the Kansas Agricultural College and a western branch of
the Kansas State Normal School."
The state legislature of 1901 accepted the land with the burden of
conditions as granted by Congress, and passed an act providing for
the organization of a branch experiment station, making a small appro-
priation as a preliminary fund. The land at Fort Hayes is well suited
for experimental and demonstration work in dry farming, irrigation,
forestry and orchard tests, under conditions of limited rainfall and
high evaporation. This station is supported entirely by state funds
and the sale of farm products. Under the terms of the acts of Con-
gress establishing and supporting experiment stations, and under the
ruling of the United States Department of Agriculture, none of the
funds appropriated by the federal government may be used for the sup-
port of branch experiment stations.
For the Garden City cooperative station, the county commisisoners
of Finney county in 1906 purcha-sed a tract of land of 300 acres for
the purpose of agricultural experimentation. This land, situated four
and one-half miles from Garden City, was irrigated upland. The
Kansas agricultural experiment station leased the 300 acres for a term
of 99 years as an experimental and demonstration farm. It is being
operated in conjunction with the United States department of agricul-
ture for the purpose of determining the methods of culture, crop
varieties and crop rotation best suited for the southwestern portion
of the state under dryland farming conditions.
The legislature of 1891 passed an act establishing an experiment
station at the state university, the purpose of which is indicated in the
first section : "That the sum of $3,500 be and the same is hereby appro-
priated out of the general fund not otherwise appropriated, for the pur-
pose of establishing, maintaining and conducting an experiment station
at the State University at Lawrence to propagate the contagion or
infection that is supposed to be destructive to chinch-bugs, and fur-
nish the same to the farnlers free of charge, under the direction and
supervision of the chancellor, F. H. Snow, as hereinafter provided."
In 1893 the legislature appropriated $4,500 for the maintenance of this
station and the legislature of 1895 appropriated $3,500.
Expositions, Industrial. — At the time Kansas was admitted into the
Union in 1861 comparatively little was known by the civilized world
of her great resources and possibilities. During the territorial period
KANSAS HISTORY Oil
the conflict over slavery so overshadowed everything else that little
thought was given to industrial development. After the Civil war many
of the leading citizens advocated legislation that would advertise Kan-
sas abroad and thus encourage immigration. The first opportunity
of the state to be represented in a great industrial exposition was at
Paris in 1867. On Nov. 14, 1866, Gov. Crawford appointed Isaac
Young of Leavenworth to act as agent or commisisoner of the state
at that exposition. In referring to this appointment in his message to
the legislature of 1867, the governor said: "Mr. Young produced the
most abundant evidence of his fitness for the position, and has been
actively engaged in cpllecting material to represent this state. If the
state shall receive such benefits as is contemplated, it is not just that
it should be done at the expense of a single individual. The whole mat-
ter, however, is for your consideration, and you should make such an
appropriation as the merits of the case demand."
By the act of Feb. 26, 1867, an appropriation of $2,500 was made
to further the work, and Mr. Young's report was submitted to the legis-
lature of 1868 by the governor, who called attention to the fact that
Kansas grain and other products had received a fine bronze medal.
The state also received honorable mention in the catalogue, which was
printed in the various languages for general distribution among the
visitors to the exposition. Through the medium of this catalogue,
many of the people of Europe learned that Kansas was not the "tree-
less desert" they had supposed it to be, and many Europeans afterward
found homes in the state.
No appropriation was made for the purpose of representing the state
at the Vienna exposition of 1873, but the following commissioners were
appointed : F. G. Hentig and John D. Knox, of Topeka ; I. P. Brown
and Frank Bi-ier, Atchison ; M. Hoffman, Leavenworth ; James Lewis
and C. H. Pratt, Humboldt ; and L. C. Mason, Independence. Wyan-
dotte (Kansas City) and Leavenworth were the only cities in the state
that made exhibits, but the commissioners distributed at the exposi-
tion a large amount of printed matter advertising the state.
On March 9, 1874, Gov. Osborn approved an act authorizing him
to appoint five persons as state managers for the Centennial exposi-
tion to be held at Philadelphia in 1876, commemorative of the first
century of American independence. On the 30th he appointed George
T. Anthony, Leavenworth ; S. T. Kelsey, Hutchinson ; Amos J. North,
Atchison ; Edgar W. Dennis and David J. Evans, Topeka. John A.
Martin and George A. Crawford were the national commissioners for
Kansas. A supplementary act of March 6, 1875, directed the managers
to collect an exhibit "of the natural and artificial resources of the
state," and appropriated $5,000 to defray the expenses. A third act,
approved on March 2, 1876, increased the board of managers to nine
members ; authorized the erection of a state building on the exposition
grounds, at a cost not to exceed $10,000, and made additional appropria-
tions amounting to $33,625. The act also provided that, when the expo-
6l2 CYCLOPEDIA OF
sition was over, the building was to be sold and the proceeds turned
into the state treasury, and the managers were authorized to exchange
specimens with other states, the entire collection to become a per-
manent exhibit in the agricultural rooms in the state capitol at Topeka.
A condensed history of the state was prepared by D. W. Wilder, T. D.
Thacher, John A. Anderson, John Fraser, Frank H. Snow and B. F.
Mudge for distribution at the exposition.
Deaths, resignations and removals caused_ several changes to be made
in the board of managers. In addition to those above mentioned, the
persons who served on the board at some period were : Alfred Gray,
Topeka; Edwin P. Bancroft, Emporia; Charles F. Koester, Marysville;
Theodore C. Henry, Abilene; William E. Barnes, Vinland ; R. W.
Wright, Oswego ; William L. Parkinson, Ottawa, and George W. Glick,
Atchison. Throughout the service of the board George T. Anthony
was president and Alfred Gray secretary. Amos J. North was the
first treasurer, but was succeeded by George W. Glick.
Kansas was the first state to select a site for a state building. The
structure was in the form of a Greek cross and cost about $8,000. In
the exhibit was a large map of the state showing the location of every
school house. A number of premiums were awarded the state, among
them a certificate for the best collective exhibit ; a first premium on
fruit ; a prize for the best farm wagon ; a medal for a bound record
book exhibited by George W. Martin, then the Kansas state printer,
and what was a surprise to many was that Kansas received first prize
for a display of timber, sections of native forest trees, etc. In his mes-
sage of 1877, referring to the Centennial exhibit of Kansas, Gov.
Anthony said: "It was not the cereals, the minerals and woods of
Kansas that attracted the attention and excited the admiration of the
representatives of all nations, making every American citizen feel that
the victory of Kansas was a national honor. It was the boldness of
conception, the daring of purpose, the intelligent and artistic arrange-
ment, which shed so broad a light upon the manhood and culture of
Kansas, as to force a conviction upon all spectators, that a people
whose representatives could provide for, and whose agents could exe-
cute, such an undertaking, own a land wherein it is good to dwell."
Frederick Collins of Belleville was appointed commisisoner to the
American exposition in London in 1877, but the legislature made no
appropriation, and if Mr. Collins ever made a report of his work a cop)^
of it can not be found.
At the Paris exposition of 1878, Floyd P. Baker was commissioner,
Eugene L. Meyer of Hutchinson and Mason D. Sampson of Salina, hon-
orary commisisoners. Most of the exhibit at Paris on this occasion
was of an educational nature. 'Topeka furnished some 600 specimens
of daily class work, in all grades up to the high school, and photo-
graphs of several of the city school buildings. Lawrence furnished
about 250 specimens of class work in the public schools and a view of
the state university. Similar work was exhibited by Fort Scott, Atchi-
KANSAS HISTORY 613
son, Leavenworth, Ottawa, Emporia, Salina, Hiawatha, and a number
of other cities and towns in the state. A full account of the exhibit and
awards is given in the report of the state superintendent of public
instruction for 1878.
The next industrial exposition in which Kansas took part was at New
Orleans in the winter of 1884-85. On Feb. 2, 1884, Gov. Glick appointed
Frank Bacon commissioner and George Y. Johnson assistant commis-
sioner. Mrs. W. R. Wagstafif and Mrs. Augustus Wilson were appointed
lady commissioners. The exposition opened on Dec. 16, 1884, and
remained open to visitors until May 31, 1885. In his message to the
legislature in Jan., 1885, Gov. Martin said: "The commissioners in
charge of the Kansas exhibit at the New Orleans exposition advise me
that they are laboring under great disadvantages because of the limited
appropriation made for their collecting and arranging a display of our
products and industries. The legislature appropriated $7,000, and this
was supplemented by $4,000 from the exposition managers. With this
sum the commisisoners have done all in their power to maintain the
reputation of Kansas, but they report, and other gentlemen who have
visited the exposition have advised me, that our display does not do
justice to the resources and development of the state. None of the
state institutions has contributed to it, and educational exhibits are
practically lacking."
At that session the legislature passed an act appropriating $2,300
for a display of women's work. Notwithstanding the disadvantages
under which the commissioners labored on account of the meagre
appropriations Kansas took 65 first and second premiums. First prizes
were awarded on wheat, corn, flour, sorghum sugar, apples and cattle.
In 1889 another great exposition was held in Paris, France. The
Kansas legislature of that year passed an act, early in the session,
authorizing the governor to appoint a commissioner, on or before April
I, who could speak French, said commissioner to prepare and have
printed in the French language such pamphlets and circulars as would
properly set forth the resources of the state. An appropriation of $5,000
was made to carry out the provisions of the act. On March 7, 1889, Gov.
Humphrey appointed Emil Firmin, who went to Paris and during the
exposition was active in advertising Kansas abroad. No attempt was
made toward an exhibit of products, that portion of the work being
confined to reports of the state departments, etc. A gold medal was
awarded for the best agricultural report, and silver medals for the pub-
lications of the state labor department and the department of public
instruction. The Kansas City Journal, referring to« the awards, after
mentioning the fact that the Anheuser brewery of St. Louis took second
premium for beer and Kansas for education, adds : "Missouri thus gets
a premium for lager beer and Kansas for education. Kansas is ahead
at Paris."
A delegate convention, called by the state board of agriculture, met
at Topeka on April 23, 1891, to take the preliminarj^ steps to insure an
6l4 CYCLOPEDIA OF
exhibit of the state's products at the Columbian exposition, to be held
at Chicago in 1893. That convention decided that $100,000 would be
necessary to make a display that would do credit to the state. A "bureau
of promotion," consisting of 21 persons — 3 from each Congressional dis-
trict— was appointed, with instructions to start the work, and with
power call a convention for the selection of a permanent board of man-
agers. A convention was accordingly called to meet in the senate
chamber in the state capitol on Sept. 16, 1891, when the following board
of managers was chosen : At large, A. W. Smith and Frederick Well-
house ; 1st district, W. A. Harris; 2nd, R. W. Sparr : 3d, E. H. Brown;
4th, A. S. Johnson; 5th, W. H. Smith; 6th, William Simpson; 7th, O. B.
Hildreth.
•Meetings were held in various parts of the state, county societies
organized and funds collected to defray the expenses of gathering and
arranging an exhibit. In October a committee visited Chicago and
selected a site on the exposition grounds for a state building. On Feb.
17, 1892, the plans submitted by Seymour Davis of Topeka were accepted
by the board, the contract for the erection of the building was let on
April 28 for $19,995, ^"^d on Oct. 22 it was dedicated with appropriate
ceremonies.
Up to this time the work had been carried on by the citizens, the
board of managers chosen in Sept., 1891, acting without authority of
law. But on March 4, 1893, Gov. Lewelling approved an act authorizing
the appointment of a board of managers, to consist of seven members,
one, from each Congressional district, and not more than three of any
one political party. An appropriation of $65,000 was made to further
the work of preparing an exhibit at Chicago. As the time was short,
the governor acted promptly by appointing the following members of
the board: ist district, George W. Click; 2nd, H. H. Kern; 3d, L. P.
King; 4th, T. J. Anderson; 5th, A. P. Collins; 6th, Mrs. A. :M. Clark;
7th, M. W. Cobun.
The new board met and organized on March 7, Mr. Cobun being
elected president. Mrs. Clark was subsequently elected secretary. The
new board indorsed the acts of the old one, assumed its indebtedness,
and pushed forward the work of getting the exhibit in place before the
opening of the exposition. Among the products exhibited in the Kansas
building and the main buildings of the general exposition were spec-
imens of agricultural products, salt, silk from the station at Peabody,
live stock, minerals, timber, etc. Interesting exhibits were made by
several railroad companies, photographs of the packing interests of
Kansas City and Qublic buildings were shown, the various higher edu-
cational institutions showed specimens of class work, drawings by
pupils, photographs of buildings, etc. One exhibit that attracted wide
attention was the collection of 121 North American mammals arranged
under the direction of Prof. L. L. Dyche of the state university.
In the matter of awards, Kansas fared as well as any of her sister
states. The state university, the agricultural college and the state nor-
KANSAS HISTORY 6lS
mal school all received premiums for the exhibits ; none of the state
exhibits failed tci receive at least "honorable mention," and over 200
jjremiums were awarded to individual Kansas exhibitors.
In the decade beginning in 1895 there was what might be aptly termed
an "epidemic of expositions." Notable among them may be mentioned
the expositions at Atlanta, 1895; Nashville, 1897; Omaha, 1898; Paris,
1900; Buffalo and Charleston, 1901 ; and the Louisiana Purchase Expo-
sition at St. Louis, 1904. Kansas commissioners were appointed for
the American-Mexico exposition for 1895, but for lack of adequate
appropriations the exposition was not held. Commissioners were also
appointed for the Atlanta and Nashville expositions, but no appro-
priations were made by the state for the collection and arrange'ment of
exhibits. Kansas grain and fruit received honorable mention at Atlanta.
A bill was introduced in the Kansas legislature in 1897 to provide
for the expense of having the state represented at the Trans-Mississippi
exposition at Omaha the next year, but as the holding of the exposition
was not at that time assured, the bill failed to pass. Subsequently, when
the exposition became a certainty and promised to be a great national
affair, the state board of agriculture unanimously adopted a resolution
asking that Kansas be represented. Mayors, councils and commercial
clubs of various cities also asked that something be done to assure an
exhibit of Kansas products at Omaha. Accordingly, on March 28, 1898,
Gov. Leedy appointed George W. Click, John E. Frost, A. H. Greef,
A. W. Smith and A. C. Lambe a board of state managers to collect and
arrange the exhibit. In the organization of the board, Mr. Click was
elected chairman ; Mr. Frost, vice president and treasurer, and Mr.
Greef, secretary. Ready money being essential to success, the governor
called for contributions and especially asked the railroad companies to
guarantee $15,000 to the fund. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the
Missouri Pacific, the St. Louis & San Francisco and the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific responded promptly, the aggregate amount of their
subscriptions being $14,542.90. Corporations and private cjfizens con-
tributed enough to bring the total up to $21,073.90.
With the funds thus obtained a state building was erected on the
exposition grounds, at a cost of $3,500, and dedicated on June 22, 1898.
Space was obtained in the agricultural, mineral and liberal arts build-
ings, and the work of arranging the exhibits was prosecuted with vigor.
The state received awards on educational work, fruits, agricultural and
dairy products and live stock, and a large number of premiums were
given to individual exhibitors for live stock, field, orchard and dairy
products, honey, etc.
At the special session of the legislature in Dec, 1898, Gov. Leedy
explained the situation and asked for the passage of an act to reimburse
those who had made it possible for Kansas to be so creditably repre-
sented. The special session failed to make an appropriation as
requested, but the regular session of 1899 passed an act appropriating
$21,073.90 to repay the railroad companies and others who had con-
tributed.
6l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
In his message to the legislature of 1899, after referring to the Omaha
exposition, Gov. Stanley said : "It is expected that provision will be
made by Congress through the department of agriculture for an exhibit
of corn and corn products at the international exhibition to be held at
Paris in the year 1900. . . . Many of the corn producing states are
expected to aid this exhibit by an appropriation. Kansas is a great
corn producing state, and should take advantage of this opportunity to
identify itself with this undertaking."
No appropriation was made, but through the enterprise of individual
exhibitors and the arrangements of the national administration, Kan-
sas corn and apples won victories at Paris, a bronze medal being
received on fruits and three gold medal diplomas on other products.
All medals issued by this exposition were of bronze.
Kansas was not represented at the Charleston exhibition of 1901,
but for the Pan-American exposition at Buffalo the same year the fol-
lowing commissioners were appointed : W. A. Harris, Linwood ; A.
R. Taylor and John Madden, Emporia; F. D. Coburn, W. H. Barnes
and Mrs. A. H. Thompson, Topeka; L. F. Randolph, Nortonville ; H.
F. Sheldon, Ottawa; C. A. Mitchell, Cherryvale; E. C. Little, Abilene;
W. H. Mitchell, Beloit; J. E. Junkin, Sterling; Ewing Herbert,
Hiawatha, and Mrs. S. R. Peters, Newton. Mr. Randolph was elected
president of the board, and accompanied by Messrs. Sheldon and Barnes,
went to Buffalo to select a site for a state building, but the legislature
failed to make an appropriation and the idea of a state exhibit was
abandoned. The horticultural society, however, made a display of fruits
and won a silver medal.
A company, known as the "Kansas Semicentennial Exposition com-
pany" was organized at Topeka about the beginning of the present
centur}^ for the purpose of holding an exhibition to celebrate the
fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, which
was approved by the president on May 30, 1854. John E. Frost was
elected present of the company; H. M. Phillips, secretary, and F. D.
Coburn, treasurer. The legislature of 1901 was asked to appropriate
$300,000 in aid of the project, and while man}' of the members were in
sympathy with the movement, it was deemed inadvisable to attempt to
hold an exhibition contemporary with the Louisiana Purchase exposi-
tion, hence the appropriation was not made. An effort was made to
keep the organization intact, with a view to celebrating the semi-cen-
tennial of admission in 191 1, by holding a great industrial fair of some
sort. As late as Jan. 29, 1906, a meeting of those favoring the under-
taking was held at Topeka, and the following committees were ap-
pointed : Organization, Eugene F. Ware, chairman ; wavs and means,
John R. Mulvane, chairman ; administration, J. A. Troutman, chairman.
Various plans were discussed, the press of the state lent its aid to the
scheme, but the state declined to encourage it by appropriations and the
company passed out of existence.
On March 2, 1901, Gov. Stanley approved an act authorizing the ap-
KANSAS HISTORY 6lf
pointmeiit of five persons as commissioners to provide for an exhibit of
Kansas products at the Louisiana Purchase exposition. The commis-
sion was given wide powers, having authority to select a site and erect
a state building, which was to be sold at the close of the exposition and
the proceeds turned into the state treasury. An appropriation of $25,000
was made for the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1902, and $50,000 for
the year ending on June 30, 1903. In July, 1901, the governor appointed
as commissioners John C. Carpenter, J. C. Morrow, C. H. Luling, R. T.
Simons and W. P. Waggener. The board organized on Oct. i by the
election of Mr. Carpenter as president : Mr. Morrow, vice-president ;
Mr. Luling, secretary, and Mr. Simons, treasurer.
At the time of the appointment of these commissioners it was thought
the exposition would be held in 1903. When it was postponed to 1904
the legislature of 1903 passed an act extending the term of office of the
commissioners and making an additional appropriation of $100,000. As
Kansas was the first state in the Union to make an appropriation, it
was awarded one of the best sites on the grounds at St. Louis for a
state building, which was under the charge of Mrs. Noble L. Prentis
during the exposition. Among the exhibits in this building was a collec-
tion of paintings and drawings, the work of Kansas artists. Exhibits
were also made in the agricultural, horticultural, dairy, live stock, min-
eral forestry and educational departments. Grand prizes were awarded
for the general horticultural and agricultural exhibits: gold medals to
the boards of education of Kansas City, Topeka, Wichita and Junction
City, and for the mineral exhibit and the school for the deaf; silver
medals for the exhibits of the state university, the state normal school,
the traveling libraries, the collection of maps and photographs, dairy
products, the high schools of Kansas City, Topeka, Wichita and Pitts-
burg, and 12 others for county and elementary school exhibits. In addi-
tion to these awards, numerous premiums were received by individual
exhibitors in the various departments.
The week beginning on Sept. 26 was Kansas week, and Sept. 30 was
Kansas day. On that day hundreds of Kansas people attended the
exposition. After a parade a mile long. President Francis, of the exposi-
tion compan}-, made an address congratulating the state upon the char-
acter of the exhibits. He was followed by Gov. Bailey, who gave an
interesting review of Kansas institutions and her individual develop-
ment. Henry J. Allen also delivered an address, and David Overmyer
spoke on the "Spirit of Kansas." It was indeed "Kansas Dav."
No exhibition was attempted by the state in the Lewis and Clark expo-
sition at Portland, Ore., in 1905. On June 20, 1906, Gov. Hoch appointed
John E. Frost commissioner to select a site for a state building at James-
town, Va., contingent upon an appropriation by the state. Gov. Hoch,
F. D. Coburn and others worked to secure the passage of an act authoriz-
ing an appropriation and the appointment of a board of managers, but
the general assembly declined the overtures and Kansas was not repre-
sented at Jamestown.
6l8 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Extinct Towns. — In the early settlement of any state a period of specu-
lation precedes that of actual development. Kansas was no exception,
for no sooner was the Kansas-Nebraska bill passed than there was a rush
of speculators into the new territory and hundreds of towns were
located, many of which were never promoted any further than the plat-
ting of the site. The majority of these first towns were later abandoned.
In 1902 George W. Martin, secretary of the Kansas Historical Society,
sent out printed forms to county officials and old settlers in an effort
to get a list of these extinct towns, but only a few counties responded.
Anderson county reported eight towns, lantha, Fairview, Elba, Pot-
tawatomie City, Hyatt, Cresco, Shannon and Canton. They were all
founded in 1856-57-58, and none of them lasted longer than i860, except
Pottawatomie City, which was abandoned in 1868.
In Atchison county Summer was the only town reported. It was
located on the river front in 1856, and a lithograph made in 1857 shows
it as considerable of a town. It had a daily paper in that year. It was
almost destroyed in i860 by a tornado.
Appleton, founded in 1870, and Memphis, in 1874, were reported from
Bourbon county; in Butler countj^ Milwaukee, founded in 1871, is ex-
tinct, and Whitewater has been moved ; in Coffey county Aurora,
founded in 1857, was abandoned in 1864 because there was no water;
Neosho City, California and Nashville, founded in 1856-57-58, lasted till
1859-60, and Hampden, founded in 1855, lasted until 1866; Lazette, in
Cowley county, existed from 1871 to 1880.
In Doniphan county, Cincinnati, in Iowa township, Buffalo, near Eagle
Springs. Charleston, which occupied about the same site, lola, near
Fanning, Winona, on the county line west of Highland, Lafayette, on
the Missouri river in Center township, Columbus, in Burr Oak town-
ship, at one time having 220 inhabitants, Petersburg, on the river be-
tween Palermo and Geary, Rodgersville, 3 miles north of Troy. Evans-
ville, Fairview, and Whitehead are all extinct. Whitehead, also known
as Eellmont, was once the county seat. Crawfordsville and Georgia
City, in Crawford county, were abandoned in i86g and 1872 respectively;
in Decatur count3^ St. John and Decatur City are extinct ; Douglas
county reported 11 towns: Douglas City; Oread. 12 miles northeast of
Burlington ; Marshall, 8 miles west of Lawrence ; Franklin, 5 miles south-
east of Lawrence on the Oregon trail ; Pacific City and Louisiana, 10
miles south of Lawrence ; W^ashington, in the southwest part of the
county; Prairie City, 14 miles south of Lawrence; Bloomington, about
II miles southwest of Lawrence; Sebastian, 2 miles southeast of Frank-
lin, and Benicia, just east of Douglas City, which was at the mouth of
Big Springs creek.
In Ellis county Rome was absorbed by Hays City. (See Ellis County.)
Five towns were reported from Franklin count}- — St. Bernard, east of
Centropolis ; Mt. Vernon, 7 miles southeast of Ottawa ; Cheming, within
2 miles of the present town of Princeton ; Ohio City, which was the
county seat from 1862 to 1864, and Minneola (see Capital). The report
KANSAS HISTORY 619
from Geary county includes the following: Chetolah, Pawnee (q. v.).
Whiskey Point and Ashland. Boston, a county seat aspirant of Howard
county ; Chantilly. in Keary county ; Dimon, Delaware and Alexandria,
in Leavenworth county, are among the missing. The abandoned towns
of Linn county were: Douglas and Farmer City, in Paris township;
Keokuk, Brooklyn, Moneka (two and one-half miles from Mound City),
Mansfield and Linnville (each six miles from the same place), Paris, on
the same site as Linnville, once the county seat, and Twin Springs, 9
miles west of LaCygne.
Twelve towns were reported from Lyon county, viz : Columbia, one
mile east of Emporia on the Cottonwood river, named for Charles Co-
lumbia, a half-breed Indian; Agnes City; Breckenridge City; Elmendaro,
formerly county seat of old Madison county ; Forest Hill ; Highland
Park ; Kansas Center ; Withington ; Pittsburg ; New Chicago ; Waterloo,
and Fremont.
Marshall county reported six dead towns — Gertrude, Merrimac. Not-
tingham, Ohio City, Vermillion and Sylvan. Montgomery City, Morgan
City, Parker and Rioomfield were reported from Montgomery county.
In Nemaha county tlie extinct towns were: America City, on the south
line of the county, and Farmington, 6 miles north of Seneca, both
founded in 1858; Ash Point, on the St. Joseph trail; Central City; Rich-
mond, once quite a town, but being the losing candidate in the county
seat fight, did not survive; and Lincoln, in Mitchell township.
From one to four towns were reported in a number of counties, among
which were Ladore and Prairie du Chien, in Neosho county, and Sidney,
an aspirant for county seat honors in Ness county. Ten towns were
vacated by the legislature in Osage county, viz ; . Prairie City, Wash-
ington, Switzer, Georgetown, Indiana City, Versailles, Havana, Lexing-
ton, Olivet and Penfield ; Saratoga, in Pratt county, a half-mile north of
the fish hatchery ; Trano. in Rawlins county, on the west line, died out,
and Celia, a town of 300 inhabitants, was vacated by the legislature of
1889; in Reno county Oakdale was made a suburb of Hutchinson; Ida,
New Tabor, Saepo and White Rock, in Republic county; Chico, Mari-
posa and Buchanan, in Saline ; Indianola and LTniontown, in Shawnee ;
Kenneth, at one time a town of 200 inhabitants, and county seat of
Sheridan ; ^^'atertown and Germantown, in Smith county, and Austin,
IMeridan, London and Sumner City, in Sumner county.
During the boom period of the '8ds there was another era of mush-
room and paper towns, especially in the new counties in the western
part of the state. The eight legislatures which convened from 1889 to
1903 inclusive vacated 112 of these towns in the counties west of the
sixth principal meridian.
Fact, a small hamlet in the northeast corner of Cfay county, is about
15 miles from Clay center, the county seat, and 8 miles from Palmer,
the nearest railroad station, from which mail is received by rural deliv-
ery. The population in 1910 was 26.
620 ♦ CYCLOPEDIA OF
Fairhaven, a rural hamlet of Norton county, is located about 8 miles
southeast of Norton, the count}- seat, and about the same distance north
of Densmore, from which place mail is received by rural carrier.
Fairmount, a village of Leavenworth county, is situated in the eastern
portion on the Union Pacific R. R. about 9 miles south of Leavenworth.
The town was laid out in 1867 and soon became a prosperous settlement.
The ]\Iethodists and Presbyterians both built churches at an early day ;
a school was one of the first considerations, and today the village has
four stores and one factory. There is a money order postoffice, tele-
graph'and express facilities, and in 1910 the population was 100.
Fairmount College, situated in what is known as Fairmount addition,
Wichita, dates back to 1886. It was originally intended to be a first
class college for women — the "Vassar of the Plains." The site, a beau-
tiful piece of ground, overlooking the Arkansas valley, was selected by
Rev. J. H. Parker and H. A. Clififord, and work on the main building
was begun in 1887. The collapse of the Kansas "boom" and consequent
business depression hindered the movement, and it was not until 1892,
when the Congregational Educational Society of Boston took charge
that the building was completed. A school called "Fairmount Institute,"
for both men and women, was opened as a preparatory school, with
Rev. M. Tunnell as the first principal. He was assisted by two teachers.
In 1906 the school had grown so that it had a faculty of twenty
instructors.
Fairmount College proper was organized in 1895 and opeiied in Sep-
tember of that year, with Dr. N. J. Morrison as president. The acad-
emy was still maintained for the preparation of students for the college,
or other colleges and scientific schools, and for practical business, teach-
ing and housekeeping. The college offers a regular four-year course
and has special departments of art, music and domestic science. The
college owes its origin and chief financial support to the Congregational
church, but it nonsectarian. The endowment has been received from
the citizens'of Wichita and people in the east.
Fairport, a money order post-village of Paradise township, Russell
county, is situated on the Saline river. 15 miles northwest of Russell,
the county seat. It has a flour mill, a good local trade, and in 1910
reported a population of 75. Paradise is the nearest railroad station.
Fairs. — (See State Fairs.)
Fairview, one of the incorporated towns of Brown county, is located
on the Rock Island R. R., in ^^^al^ut township, 10 miles west of Hia-
watha, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Enter-
prise), 3 churches, a number of well-stocked mercantile establishments,
telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with two
rural routes. The poplation according to the census of 1910 was 425.
Fall, a hamlet of Leavenworth county, is located in the extreme south-
ern portion on the Kansas river and the L'nion Pacific R. R. about 30
miles southwest of Kansas City. It has a postoffice, express and tele-
graph offices, and in 1910 had a population of 43. The railroad name is
Fall Leaf.
KANSAS HISTORY 62I
Fall River, an incorporated city of the third class in Greenwood
county, is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. about 22
miles southeast of Eureka, the county seat. As the name indicates it is
situated on Fall river. It is a thriving little city. All lines of mercantile
enterprise are represented ; it has banking facilities, a weekly newspaper
(the News), express and telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice
with four rural routes. The population according to the census report
of 1910 was 383.
The town was laid out in 1879, by the Fall River Town company. The
first building was the residence of J. M. Edminston, the second was the
store of the Romig Bros., and the third was the Fall River House, built
by George Bulkey, the secretary of the town compan3^ A number of
buildings were moved from Charleston. Ritz & Putnam established the
first general store in 1880; Dr. J. J. Lemon was the first physician; and
A. M. Hunter the first attorney. The first number of the Fall River
Times was issued in Sept., 1881, by N. Powell. The first school was
taught by B. F. ]\IcVey in 1881. It was supported by subscription.
Falun, a village of Saline county, is located in Falun township on the
Missouri Pacific R. R., 17 miles southwest of Salina, the county seat.
It has all lines of business, including banking facilities. There are tele-
graph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with two rural
routes. The population in 1910 was 200.
Fame, a country postoffice in Greenwood county, is located in Pleas-
ant Grove township, 10 miles east of Eureka, the count)' seat, and 5
miles from Neal, the nearest railroad station and shipping point.
Fancy Creek, a small settlement in Clay county, is located on the
stream of the same name about 13 miles northeast of Clay Center, the
county seat. Mail is received by rural route from Palmer, which is the
most convenient railroad station.
Fanning, a hamlet of Doniphan county, is located in Iowa township on
the Burlington & Missouri R. R., 7 miles northwest of Troy, the county
seat. It has a money order postoffice and the population in 1910 was 54.
It was laid out in 1870, Jesse Reed and James Bradley being the pro-
moters. The depot was built the same year and the postoffice established
with James Bradley as postmaster. In 1872 a grist mill was built liy
William Hedrick.
Fargo, a rural money order postoffice of Seward county, is about 23
miles north of Liberal, the county seat, and 15 miles from Arkalon, the
most convenient railroad station. It is near the line of the proposed
Garden City, Gulf & Northern railroad.
Farlington, a prosperous little town of Crawford county, is a station
on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. in Sherman township, 7 miles
north of Girard, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with
one rural route, telegraph and express service, some good general stores.
Christian and Methodist churches, etc.. and in igio reported a popula-
tion of 211.
622 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Farlinville, a money order post-village of Linn county, is situated in
the central portion on Sugar creek. In 1910 it had a population of 102.
Mound City, the county seat, is the nearest railroad station.
Farisville, a rural postoffice of Ellsworth county, is located on the
Smoky Hill river in Empire township, about 12 miles southeast of Ells-
worth, the county seat. Midway and Kanapolis are the nearest rail-
road stations.
Farmers' Alliance. — In the decade immediately following the Civil
war a number of farmers' societies, clubs, etc., sprang up in different
parts of the county, all of them having for their object the material
betterment of agriculture as an industry. Most of these organizations
were of local significance only. Probably the oldest association to as-
sume anything like national importance was the Patrons of Husbandry
(q. v.), popularly known as the "Grange," but as one of its essential prin-
ciples was that it was to be a nonpolitical organization, it did not meet
the requirements of a large number of farmers who believed that relief
could be best obtained through political a.ction.
The origin of the Farmers' Alliance is by no means certain. It is
stated, on apparently good authority, that the first society to bear this
name was formed in the State of New York about 1873. This was not
a secret society, but appears to have been organized by a number of
farmers for the purpose of mutually advancing their interests by meet-
ing together to discuss methods, and by cooperating in the sale of their
products and the purchase of supplies. Nor is it certain that this society
was the parent organization of the Northern Farmers' Alliance, which
spread over nearlj^ all the northern and western states.
The first local alliance of the secret order known as the Farmers'
Alliance was organized in Lampasas county, Tex., in 1874 or 1875. It
was formed for the purpose of protecting the small farmers from the
encroachments of the "cattle barons," who wanted to hold the wide
ranges for their herds, and who endeavored by all means to prevent the
settlement of the country where they had established themselves. On
July 29, 1879, a permanent organization of the Farmers' Alliance in
Texas was effected at the town of Poolville, Parker county, and on Dec.
27, following, a state alliance was organized at Central, Parker county.
After several meetings were held, a ritual and constitution were adopted
on Aug. 5, 1880, and the order may be said to date its existence from
that meeting.
A Kansas man, who signed himself, "G. Campbell," set up the claim
that the Farmers' Alliance had its commencement in the Settlers' Pro-
tective Association (q. v.), which was established in the late '60s to pro-
tect the settlers on the Osage ceded lands. Mr. Campbell says this
organization was also known as the "League," or the "Alliance," and
that in the settlement of the Osage land troubles the government allowed
each settler to pay $50 on a quarter-section, the balance of $150 payable
in three equal annual installments, with interest at the rate of 5 per
cent, per annum on the deferred payments. "This," said Mr. Campbell,
KANSAS HISTORY 623
"was virtually a loan of $150 on each quarter-section, and this was the
first 5 per cent, money the people of Kansas ever borrowed, and this
is the first instance that I now call to mind where the government has
ever loaned its money to the people. But it demonstrated the practica-
bility of such a system, and in 1876 I issued a circular and set forth the
system that New York had adopted in loaning its school fund to farmers,
upon real estate security, and demonstrated the practicability of such a
system for the United States."
The writer took the position that this was probably the first circular
ever issued by any one advocating government loans to the people,
and doubtless assumed that it was instrumental in the formation of the
Farmers' Alliance because the doctrine of government loans to the peo-
ple later became one of the tenets of the organization. But the fact
remains that local alliances had been formed in both New York and
Texas before the circular made its appearance.
On Oct. 6, 1880, the Texas state alliance was incorporated, the objects
of the order being stated in the charter as follows : "To encourage
agriculture and horticulture, and to suppress local, personal, sectional
and national prejudices and all unhealthy rivalry and selfish ambition."
About this time the Farmers' Union was established in Louisiana, and
grew so rapidly that in a few years it boasted upward of 10,000 mem-
bers. At a meeting of the Texas state alliance at Waco, on Jan. 20,
1887, two delegates from each Congressional district in the state were
appointed to act in conjunction with J. A. Tetts, of the Louisiana Farm-
ers' LTnion in securing a charter for a National Farmers' Alliance. The
following day the delegates met with Mr. Tetts and organized the first
national alliance, with C. W. Macune as president, J. A. Tetts, first
vice-president ; G. B. Pickett, second vice-president ; J. M. Perdue, third
vice-president ; E. B. ^^'arren, secretary, and R. F. Butler, treasurer.
The following spring President Macune sent organizers into the states
of Missouri, North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Kentuck}^
Georgia and Tennessee. At the time this work was commenced the
national alliance had only about $500 in its treasury, but a loan was
secured from the Texas state alliance, which now had about 100,000
members and the work proceeded with such rapidity that on Oct. 12,
1887, delegates from all the above states except Georgia and Kentucky,
with delegates from Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas, met at Shreveport,
La., and completed the organization of the "National Farmers' .\lliance
and Cooperative Union," which made the following demands on Con-
gress : Recognition by incorporation of trades unions, cooperative
stores, etc. ; the reservation of public lands for actual settlers, the pro-
hibition of land ownership by aliens ; the removal of all fences of cattle
syndicates or other monopolies from the public domain ; the operation
of the United States mints to their fullest capacity for the coinage of
gold and silver, which should be tendered without discrimination to the
nation's creditors in extinguishment of the public debt; the abolition of
the national banking svstem and the substitution of legal tender notes
624 CYCLOPEDIA OF
for national bank circulation ; the establishment of a department of
agriculture as one of the departments of state ; government ownership
of telegraph and telephone lines, and a graduated income tax.
In the meantime the "Farmers' National Congress" had been organ-
ized at Atlanta, Ga., in 1875, with Gen. W. H. Jackson, of Tennessee, as
president. This congress claimed the credit for securing the passage
of the acts establishing the United States Weather Bureau and the Inter-
state Commerce Commission. Its most important meeting was held
at New Orleans at the time of the exposition there, in the winter of
1884-85. Delegates from nearly every state and territory in the Union
were present, and the meeting wielded considerable influence upon the
subsequent action of the Farmers' Alliance, with which it was ultimately
amalgamated.
While the alliance organized in Texas was extending its operations
over the Southern states, absorbing one by one the various local clubs
and societies, the Northern alliance — the non-secret society — was sweep-
ing westward. On May 15, 1889, delegates from the various alliances
and agricultural wheels in the South met at Birmingham, Ala., and took
joint action against the cotton bagging trust. The harmonious relations
established between the representatives of the Farmers' Alliance and the
Agricultural Wheel (q. v.") on this occasion led to the consolidation of
the two orders in the following September, which made the Alliance all
powerful throughout the entire South.
The Farmers' Alliance was introduced into Kansas through the work
of three editors, viz : C. Vincent, of the American Nonconformist, of
Winfield ; John R. Rogers, of the Newton Commoner, and W. F. Right-
mire, of Cottonwood Falls, associate editor of the Nonconformist. These
three men went to Texas and were there initiated into the order. Upon
their return to Kansas they established a sub-alliance in Cowley county,
by changing a northern alliance into a secret one. Dunning, in his
"History of the Farmers' Alliance," says : "Sometime during the year
1887 a number of sub-alliances were formed in Cowley county, and it is
from this beginning that the Alliance in Kansas took its start." Toward
the close of that year the Cowley county alliance was organized — the
first in the state. On Dec. 20, 1888, a number of local alliances sent
delegates to Topeka, where on that date the state alliance was organized,
with Benjamin H. Clover as president. Mr. Clover had been the first
president of the first sub-alliance established in Cowley count}- the pre-
ceding year.
In order to make clear how the Farmers' Alliance got into politics
it will be necessary to notice briefly some of the events of political
significance prior to organization of the Kansas state alliance. In
1876 a convention at Indianapolis, Ind., organized the Greenback party
and nominated Peter Cooper, of New York, for president. Enough
Greenback Congressmen were elected that year to hold the balance of
power between the Republicans and Democrats, and to secure the enact-
ment of a law prohibiting the retirement of greenbacks below $346,000,-
KANSAS HISTORY 625
000. In 1884 this party made its last campaign, and in May, 1888, a con-
vention at Cincinnati, Ohio, founded the Union Labor party and nomi-
nated Alson J. Streeter for president. Delegates from Kansas played
an important part in that convention. (See Videttes.) In Dec, 1888,
the Union Labor party in Kansas was practically disbanded, a "State
Reform Association" taking its place. The officers of this association
were: W. F. Rightmire, president; Andrew Shearer, vice-president; J.
D. Latimer, secretary; W. F. Rightmire, John R. Rogers, E. H. Snow,
Henry Vincent and W. H. H. Wright, executive committee.
The northern alliance, non-secret, had made its advent into Kansas
before the secret alliance, and at a meeting at Lyons, Rice county, in
Aug. 1888, over 600 subordinate societies were represented. The plan
of this alliance was to establish exchanges or purchasing agencies, with
a sufficient paid-up capital stock, through which the members could
purchase implements and supplies at lower prices than through the ordi-
nary mercantile channels. The benefits resulting from this method soon
became apparent, and was the principal reason for the large increase in
membership in so short a time. In laboring "for the administration of
government in a strictly non-partisan spirit," its plan was to agree upon
needed reforms and then endeavor to secure the necessary legislation
through the existing political parties before placing candidates of its
own in the field.
This plan was not aggressive enough to suit the leaders of the secret
alliance. Mr. Rightmire, in speaking of the work of the executive com-
mittee of the reform association, says the members of that committee
"constituted themselves recruiting officers to enlist organizers to spread
the organization over the state. Selecting, if possible, some Republican
farmer in each countj- who had been honored b)' elections to two terms
in the state house of representatives, and then retired, and who had
become dissatisfied because his ambition and self-esteemed qualifications
of statesmanship received no further recognition at the hands of the
nominating conventions of his party, he was engaged to organize the
farmers of his count}' in the order, so that if the order should conclude
to take political action, he, as the founder of the order in his county,
could have any place he desired as the reward for his faithful services at
the hands of his brothers of the order."
Through the old Vidette organization, the members of the Union
Labor party were advised to refrain for a time from becoming members
of the alliance, and to denounce the organization as a deep-laid scheme
of one or the other of the old political parties to get possession of the prin-
ciples advocated by the LTnion Labor party during its brief existence.
Then, after all the Republican and Democratic members of the alliance
were enrolled, the Union Labor men and the old Videttes were to come
in with a rush and dictate the alliance policy. The organization went
forward at a great rate until the presidents of a number of county alli-
ances issued a call for a meeting at Newton, on Dec. 16, 1889, to perfect
the organization of the state alliance, which had been begun at Topeka
(I-40)
626 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in the previous December. This was the signal for the Union Labor
men and the Videttes to "get on the band wagon," and when the meet-
ing assembled thej^ were there in sufficient strength to control the organ-
ization. Benjamin H. Clover was again elected president and a plat-
form was adopted which was submitted by resolution to the United
States senators and representatives in Congress from Kansas. Mr.
Rightmire says that Senator Plumb indorsed the platform, but that
Senator Ingalls and all the representatives dodged the question and
refused to commit themselves.
On Dec. .3, 1889, the annual meeting of the national alliance was
opened in St. Louis, Mo., with about 100 delegates present from Ala-
bama, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louis-
iana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and the Indian Territor3^ The
convention was in session for five days and the most important work
accomplished was in adopting the report of the committee on monetary
system, which recommended that a demand be made upon the United
States for a modification of the present national financial system, ist,
so as to allow the free and unlimited coinage of silver, or the issue of
silver certificates against an unlimited deposit of bullion, and 2nd, that
the system of using certain banks as United States depositories be abol-
ished, "and in place of said system, establish in every county in each of
the states that offer for sale during the one year $500,000 worth of farm
products, ... a sub-treasury office, which shall have in connection
with it such warehouses or elevators as are necessary- for carefully stor-
ing and preserving such agricultural products as are offered it for stor-
age; give certificates of deposit showing the amount and quality, and
that legal tender money equal to 80 per cent, of the local current value
has been advanced on the same, on interest at the rate of one per cent.
per annum."
This was the origin of the famous "sub-treasury scheme," which was
afterward discussed from ocean to ocean, and from Canada lo Mexico.
At the St. Louis meeting the Knights of Labor were taken into confed-
eration, the name of the "National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial
L^nion" was adopted, and the establishment of national headquarters at
Washington, D. C, was authorized.
The order now began to have a political significance. A number of
presidents of Kansas county alliances met at Topeka on March 25,
1890, and adopted, among others, a resolution declaring: "That we
will no longer divide on party lines, and will only cast our votes for
candidates of the people, for the people, and by the people." Follow-
ing this meeting President Clover, an old Greenbacker, issued a call
for a conference of representatives of the various labor and reform
organizations at Topeka on June 12. Nothing definite was accom-
plished by this conference, but another convention at the same place
on Aug. 13 nominated an Alliance state ticket, headed by J. F. Willits as
the candidate for governor. (See Humphrey's Administration.)
KANSAS HISTORY 627
To quote again from Mr. Rightmire : "While the Southern Farmers'
Alliance thus led the wa}' for the Kansas political action, the North-
ern Farmers' Alliance, not secret, led the way for political action in
Nebraska, Iowa, Wyoming, Colorado, Montana, Minnesota and the
Dakotas. The Farmers' Mutual Brotherhood (Farmers' Mutual Bene-
fit Association) elected members of the legislatures in Wisconsin,
Illinois and Indiana, and the Southern Alliance, working within the
Democratic party, elected -several Congressmen and controlled the legis-
latures in several Southern states."
In Kansas and Nebraska the Alliance elected a majority of both
branches of the legislature, and it held a balance of power in the legisla-
tures of Illinois, Minnesota and South Dakota. Nine members of the
lower house of Congress were elected, and Kansas, South Dakota and
South Carolina sent Alliance men to the L'nited States senate. En-
couraged by the results of this campaign, the Alliance grew more
aggressive, and this aggressiveness found vent in the annual meeting
at Ocala, Fla., which assembled on Dec. 2, 1890. Of this meeting Dun-
ning says : "This was doubtless one of the most important gather-
ings, in many respects, that was ever held on American soil. Repre-
sentatives from thirtjr-one state and territorial alliances were present,
besides a large number of both friends and enemies of the order. The
Republican party hoped that the meeting would result in certain indis-
cretions which would break the power of the Alliance. The Democratic
party was anxious to have the Alliance recede from its advanced posi-
tion on economic questions, in order to make cooperation more proba-
ble. There was a strong element from the West demanding independ-
ent action. This was met by a conservative force largely from the
South, but really from nearly all the states represented, which con-
sidered it unwise and untimely. The wily politician was there also,
and, as usual, dangerous to all honest purposes ; the traitor and breeder
of discord was not wanting : and the coward could be met with
occasionally."
The platform adopted by the Ocala convention was more radical than
any previous declaration of the alliance. It demanded the abolition of
national banks and the substitution of legal tender notes for the
national bank currency ; the establishment of sub-treasuries or deposi-
tories, in which farmers could store their surplus products and receive
upon them a loan, at a rate of interest not exceeding two per cent, per
annum ; the immediate increase of the circulating medium to $50 per
capita ; the enactment of laws by Congress to prevent dealing in futures
in all agricultural and mechanical productions ; the free and unlimited
coinage of silver; the issue of a sufficient amount of fractional paper
currency to facilitate exchanges through the mails : the reclamation of
all lands held by railroad companies and other corporations not actually
used by them, such reclaimed lands to be held for actual settlers;
laws to prevent aliens from owning land in this country ; and for gov-
ernment control of all means of transportation and communication, and
628 CYCLOPEDIA OF
if this plan should prove inefficient, then the absolute ownership by the
government of all railway and telegraph lines, etc.
Shortly after the elections of 1890, and before the Ocala conven-
tion, a movement for the organization of a third political party of
national scope was started in Kansas. The president of the old reform
association placed himself in correspondence with the alliance leaders
in the various states and urged them to unite in calling a confeernce
for the purpose of organizing such a party. The signature of every
prominent alliance man in the North was secured to the call, but before
it was issued came the Ocala convention. At Ocala on Dec. 3, 1890,
the call was made public by C. A. Power of Indiana, and it aroused
considerable displeasure among the Southern delegation. The Kansas
delegates, in the interest of harmony, succeeded in having the call with-
drawn, and as a reward Kansas was given two of the national officers
— President Clover, who was made national vice-president, and J. F.
Willits, the alliance condidate for governor in 1890, who was made
national lecturer.
Although the Kansas delegates used their influence to secure the
suppression of the call at this time, they were practically a unit in
favor of the third party movement. The members of the old reform
association resolved to take the necessary steps to organize a secret
society — something on the order of the Yidettes, and on Jan. 13, i8<^i.
about 250 persons met in Topeka and formed the "National Citizens'
Industrial Alliance." A ritual and secret work were adopted and the
organization was incorporated under the laws of Kansas. The secretary,
W. F. Rightmire, was instructed, when deemed advisable, to issue a
call for a conference at Cincinnati, Ohio, for the organization of a third
party. Pursuant to this arrangement, a conference met at Cincinnati
on Alay 19, 1891. This conference was attended by 483 persons from
Kansas, who met at Kansas City, Mo., and went from there to Cin-
cinnati b}' special train. Southern members of the alliance were there
to oppose the third party. They succeeded in convincing a number
of the Northern delegates, who held a caucus and adopted the plan
of getting control of the committee on platform, and then delay the
report of the committee until many of the delegates would become
tired and return home. They secured a majority of the committee, but
their plan was thwarted by a little cunning on the part of the com-
mittee on permanent organization of the convention. The latter com-
mittee incorporated in its report the recommendation that the delegates
present from each state "select three members of the executive com-
mittee of the new party." When the report was presented to the
convention it was rushed through under the previous question. The
conference, as a whole, having thus approved the new party organiza-
tion, a recess was taken to permit the state delegates to select the three
members of the executive committee, and the committee on platform
was notified that the question was settled, though that committee was
asked to suggest a name for the new party. The committee submit-
KANSAS HISTORY 629
ted as gracefully as possible, and offered the name of "People's party,"
which was adopted by the conference.
With the transfer of political power to the People's party organiza-
tion the Farmers' Alliance began to wane. ^Members neglected to
attend the meetings of the sub-alliances ; many were displeased at the
idea of "dragging the alliance into politics ;" others were disappointed
at not receiving the political recognition to which they felt they were
entitled ; politicians took advantage of the situation to sow the seeds
of discord, and the Farmers' Alliance, once such a promising factor in
the settlement of questions affecting the agricultural classes, met the
fate that seems to be the common lot of all such organizations.
Farmersburg, a little village in the northern part of Chautauqua
county, is located about 1 1 miles from Sedan, the county seat, and
about 9 from Longton in Elk county, whence it receives its mail by
rural route. The nearest railroad station is Hale, 5 miles east on the
Missouri Pacific.
Farmers' Cooperative Association. — On Jan. 23, 1873, the Farmers'
Institute at Manhattan, Kan., passed a resolution recommending the
farmers of the state to organize into clubs and place themselves in
correspondence with the secretary of the state board of agriculture.
The resolution further provided that whenever a sufficient number of
such clubs had reported to the secretary, that official be requested to
call a state convention, each county agricultural or horticultural society
and each township farmers' club to be entitled to one delegate.
Pursuant to this arrangement Alfred Gray, secretary of the state
board of agriculture, on Feb. 10, 1873, issued a call for a state con-
vention of farmers to assemble at Topeka on March 26. The conven-
tion was in session for two days, and on the 27th a Farmers' Coopera-
tive Association was organized with the following officers : President,
John Davis; vice-president, Joseph K. Hudson; secretary, Alfred Gra}';
treasurer, Henrv Bronson ; directors, T. B. Smith, John Mings, O. W.
Bill, A. H. Grass and J. S. Van Winkle.
A constitution was adopted, article 2 of which declared: "The objects
of this association shall be the collection of statistics relative to the
products of the state, and their amount, cost and value, to assist the
farmers in procuring just compensation for their labor; to cooperate
with similar organizations in other states in procuring cheap trans-
portation, and remunerative prices for surplus products, and act gen-
erally in the interest of the producing class."
In a long preamble to a series of resolutions, the purposes of the
organization were further defined as being for the purpose of showing
that farmers can come together and cooperate like other folks for the
common good; to control the prices of their products through their own
boards of trade or their appointed agents, so that nothing should be
thrown on the market for less than the cost of production and a rea-
sonable profit ; to secure a reduction in railroad freight rates ; to enable
them to purchase their supplies at lower prices ; to secure tax reform,
630 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the abolition of sinecure offices, the reduction of salaries and a rigid
economy in public expenditures; to encourage home manufactures, so
that the money paid for agricultural implements, etc., might be kept in
the state, and to use all honorable means to prevent the remainder
of the public domain from falling into the "hands of railroad monopolies
and land sharks."
The resolutions following this preamble are given in full, for the
reason that they show the state of the farmers' minds at that time,
their views on questions of public policy, their grievances, etc. The
resolutions were as follows :
"r — ^That organization is the great want of the producing classes at
the present time, and we recommend every farmer in the state to become
a member of some farmers' club, grange of the Patrons of Husbandr}',
or other local organization.
"2 — That the taxes assessed and charged upon the people, by the
national, state and local governments, are oppressive and unjust, and
vast sums of money are collected, far beyond the needs of an economic
administration of government.
"3 — That we respectfully request our senators and members of Con-
gress to vote for and secure an amendment to the tarifT laws of the
United States, so that salt and lurnber shall be placed on the free list,
and that there shall be made a material reduction in the duty on iron,
and that such articles as do not pay the cost of collection be also placed
on the free list.
"4 — That we earnestly request the legislature of our state, at its
next session, to enact a law regulating freights and fares on our rail-
roads, upon a basis of justice, and that we further request our mem-
bers of Congress to urge the favorable action of that body, where the
full power exists beyond all doubt, to the same end ; and, if need be,
to construct national highways at the expense of the government. .
"5 — That the act passed by the legislature, exempting bonds, notes,
mortgages and judgments from taxation, is unjust, oppressive, and a
palpable violation of our state constitution, and we call upon all asses-
sors and the county boards to see that said securities are taxed at their,
fair value.
"6 — That the practice of voting municipal bonds is pernicious in its
effect, and will inevitably bring bankruptcy and ruin on the people,
and we therefore are opposed to all laws allowing the issuance of such
bonds.
"7 — That giving banks a monopoly of the nation's currency, thereby
compelling the people to pzy them such interest therefor as the}- may
choose to impose, seven-tenths of which interest we believe is col-
lected from the farmers, is but little less than legalized .robbery of the
agricultural classes.
"8 — That for the speedy and thorough accomplishment of' all this
we pledge each other to ignore all political preferences and prejudices
that have swayed us hitherto to our hurt, and support only such men
KANSAS HISTORY 63 1
for office as are known to be true to our interests, and in whose intreg-
rity and honesty we have the most implicit confidence."
The proceedings of the convention, accompanied by an address to
the farmers of Kansas, were printed and distributed over the state,
with the result that a number of local cooperative associations were
formed in different localities, all of which took pattern from the parent
or state organization. In time most of these associations wound up
their affairs and went out of existence, the Farmers' Alliance (q. v.)
extending its operations in such a way as to absorb practically all kin-
dred organizations.
Farmers' Institutes. — The development of the farmers' institute is
due in a great measure to the Morrill land grant bill of 1862, though
the foundation had been laid in the various agricultural societies that
had been organized prior to the passage of the bill. Little was accom-
plished, however, until after the Civil war. The object of the institute
is to bring together the workers and investigators in the science of
agriculture on the one hand, and the actual farmers on the other, in
order that the' practical knowledge gained by the former may be im-
parted to and applied by the latter. Farmers' institutes are generally
held in connection with or under the auspices of the state agricultural
college or some experiment station.
Kansas was one of the first states to hold a farmers' institute in
connection with the agricultural college. That was in the winter of
1869, and the institute was attended by about 40 persons. The follow-
ing year about 400 were in attendance. For several years the progress
in organizing county and district institutes was comparatively slow,
but in time the progressive element among the farmers learned that
much useful and valuable information could be gained by association
with those who studied agriculture from a scientific point of view. The
act of March 13, 1903, provided that "whenever any county farmers'
institute shall have elected a president, vice-president, secretary and
treasurer and adopted a constitution and by-laws for its government,
it shall be the duty of the county commissioners of such county to
appropriate annuall}^ the sum of $50, or so much thereof as may be
necessary, to defray the expenses of a two-days institute," etc.
This gave an impetus to the movement, and within a few years insti-
tutes were organized in all parts of the state. On March 4, 1909, Gov.
Stubbs approved an act limiting the appropriation to one dollar for each
bona fide member who is a resident farmer, and authorized the com-
missioners to appropriate $15 for a one-day institute (not a county
institute), not more than six such institutes to be held in any one
county. This act repealed the law of 1903. All county institutes are
required by law to hold a two-day meeting each year, while local insti-
tutes are required to hold only a one-day meeting. Fall circuits are
established, and no county institutes are held until after the local insti-
tutes. At the institutes — both local and county — exhibits of bread,
canned fruit and agricultural products are generally made, and sub-
632 CYCLOPEDIA OF
jects relating to farming are discussed. In Aug., 1910, there were 282
farmers' institute organizations in the state, with a membership of over
10,000. A year later there were 340 organizations — more than were
reported in any other state — with 680 active officers, and a correspond-
ing increase in the general membership.
Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association. — This association was formed
in Johnson county. 111., in the fall of 1882 or 1883, and had its origin
in the following incident: Five farmers each happened to take a load
of wheat to town on the same day, but were informed by the local
buyer that, owing to the uncertainties of the market, it was considered
unwise to purchase any more wheat at that time. A telegram to grain
dealers in Chicago brought the information that the price of wheat
was actually rising, and the five farmers concluded that the local buyers
were in a conspiracy to force them to sell their grain for less than it
was actually worth. An empty box car was standing on the side track,
and in a short time it was secured, the wheat was loaded into it and
sent to Chicago, where the farmers received the market price without
trouble or delay.
News of the transaction soon spread, cooperative shipping clubs were
organized, and these clubs were ultimately consolidated into the
Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association, the objects of which were to
market farm produce by the cooperative method to better advantage
than by selling in the open market, and to render mutual assistance
along other lines.
As soon as the benefits of the association were made manifest through
its operations, it took on a comparativeh" rapid growth and extended
to several states, including Kansas, where a number of local or county
associations were formed, the members acting together in the sale of
their products and the purchase of implements, household supplies,
etc. At a general meeting of the asociation, held at Springfield, 111., in
Nov., 1890, it was decided to send delegates to the Farmers' Alliance
convention at Ocala, Fla., the following month. Delegates were accord-
ingly selected, and although the asociation maintained for some time
afterward a separate existence as an organization, it really became a
part of the Farmers' Alliance movement, the effects of which were felt
all over the country. (See Farmers' Alliance.)
Farmington, a village of Atchison county, is located in the central
portion on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 12 miles southwest of Atchison,
the county seat. It was one of the towns laid out soon after the build-
ing of the Central Branch. A school was soon built and a church was
organized by Pardee Butler fq. v.) in 1867. It has a general store,
blacksmith shop, money order postofiice, telegraph and express facilities,
and in 1910 the population was 46.
Famsworth, a money order post-hanilet of Cheyenne township. Lane
county, is about 15 miles northwest of Dighton, the c6unty seat, and
7 miles from Healy, which is the most convenient railroad station.
KANSAS HISTORY 633
Faulkner, a village of Cherokee county, is situated in Neosho town-
ship, and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. about ii miles
southwest of Columbus, the county seat. It has a money order post-
office with one rural route, telegraph and express service, telephone
connections, some good general stores, and is a trading and shipping
point for that portion of the count)-. The population in 1910 was 75.
Fay, a small settlement of Paradise township, Russell county, is
located in the Solomon valley, about 10 miles northwest of Russell, the
county seat, from which place mail is received by rural carrier.
Fayetteville Emigrant Trail. — This trail ran northwest and south-
east from the Arkansas Post, located on the Arkansas river, in the
state of Arkansas, to its junction with the Santa Fe trail at Turkey
creek in McPherson county, Kan. Leaving Arkansas Post or ,Ozark,
the trail bore northwest, passing through the town of Austin, a few
miles northeast of Little Rock ; thence northwest between the Arkansas
and White rivers, being joined at Fayetteville by a road from Fort
Smith on the Arkansas river; thence it crossed the northeast corner
of Oklahoma, crossed the Neosho river and entered the state of Kan-
sas in township 35 south, range 17 east, in what is now Montgomery
county ; thence it crossed the Verdigris about 2 miles north of the state
line, traversed the site of Coffeyville and continued along the north-
east side of Onion creek ; thence in a northwesterly direction to its
junction with the Santa Fe trail. In Kansas the trail crossed the coun-
ties of Montgomery, Chautauqua, Elk, Butler, Harvey, Marion and
McPherson, intersecting the Santa Fe road in township 20 south, range
2 east.
This trail was of Indian origin and from the advent of the white
man in that section was much used. During the Oregon and California
travel it was a busy thoroughfare and the travel was only checked
by the outbreak of the Civil war. When the Osage lands in southern
Kansas were thrown open for settlement, the old trail was soon
obliterated and abandoned, and now the onl)^ traces of it to be seen
are upon prairie lands not 3fet broken by the plow.
Federal, a rural postoffice in the northeastern part of Hamilton county,
is located in Richland township, about 18 miles from Syracuse, the
county seat, and most convenient railroad station. The population in
1910 was 28.
Federal Prison. — (See U. S. Penitentiary.)
Federation of Labor. — The American Federation of Labor was organ-
ized in 1881. It was the outgrowth of the old National Labor Union,
which nominated David Davis for president in 1872, and by this
political action lost its power and prestige as a labor organization.
On Aug. 2, 1881, a convention met at Terre Haute, Ind., to reorganize
the old union or establish a new one which should be national in its
scope. Nothing was accomplished at that convention, but at another,
held in Pittsburgh, Pa., in November following, the "Federation of
Organized Trades and Labor Unions" in the L^nited States and Canada
634 CYCLOPEDIA OF
was affected. On Dec. 8, 1886, the name was changed to the "Ameri-
can Federation of Labor." The organization consists of. four depart-
ments; 120 national and international unions, representing about 27,000
local unions; 39 state federations, and over 600 city central unions,
the total membership in 1910 being about 2,000,000. At that time
Samuel Gompers was president of the national organization, and Frank
Morrison, secretary, with headquarters in Washington, D. C.
On Aug. 12, 1907, delegates from a number of labor organizations
in Kansas met at Topeka for the purpose of forming a branch of the
federation. The convention lasted until the 15th, when the state federa-
tion was formed, with the following officers : President, S. A. Bram-
lette; vice-presidents, H. W. Coburn, Grant Parker, Lee Gunnison, C.
A. Tygart, J. Hansel, Pratt Williamson, E. E. Brunk, G. L. Callard,
J. E. Palmer, J. J. Jones and Frank Gurry; secretary and treasurer, W.
E. Bryan. A constitution was adopted, in which the objects of the
federation were stated to be "to promote the industrial interests of
the members and of wage-earners generally ; to collect and publish facts
regarding the injustices practiced upon individuals and collective work-
ers ; to assist and encourage the formation of unions ; to urge upon
laboring people the importance of buying only union made goods ; and
to collect statistics relating to the labor problem," etc. The member-
ship in the state in 1910 was a little over 42,500, being weaker then
than it was twelve months after it was organized.
Federation of Women's Clubs. — (See Women's Clubs.)
Feeble-Minded, State Home For. — For centuries after the beginning
of the Christian era, the idiot, the imbecile or the person of weak mind
was regarded as a useless member of society, and was looked upon
with pity or loathing. It was not until 1838 that Dr. Edward Sequin
of Paris, France, organized a school for the purpose of developing what
little intellect unfortunates of this character possessed. His under-
taking was successful beyond his anticipations, and ten years later
schools for the feeble-minded were established in Massachusetts and
New York, the first in the United States. Pennsylvania established
such a school in 1853. Other states followed, and although Kansas
is younger than any of the states east of the Mississippi, she was the
eleventh state to found such an institution as one of the public
charities.
According to the returns made to the state board of agriculture
on March i, 1881, there were at that time 167 idiotic or weak-minded
persons in the state, of whom 48 were under 15 years of age. To pro-
vide proper care and instruction for these deficient children the legis-
lature, by the act of March 5, 1881, established the "Kansas state
asylum for idiotic and imbecile youth," the object of which, as stated
in the act, "is to train and educate those received, so as to render them
more comfortable, happy, and better fitted to care for and support
themselves." To accomplish this object, the trustees of the state char-
itable institutions, under whose control the new asylum was placed.
KANSAS HISTORY 635
were ordered to provide "such agricultural and mechanical training
as they were capable of receiving, and as the facilities furnished by
the State will allow, including shops, and employment of teachers of
trades," etc.
The board of trustees were authorized to take possession of the
first state universit}' building at Lawrence for the temporary use of
STATE HOME FOR FEEBLE-MINDED.
the asylum, and appropriations amounting to $16,080 were made to
carry out the provisions of the act. The board took possession of the
old universit}- building in June, 1881, and after spending $1,200 in
necessarjr repairs, the institution was opened on Sept. i, with H. M.
Greene as superintendent ; Mrs. M. M. Greene as matron, and Mrs.
Mate Stowe as teacher, and during the first year twenty pupils were
enrolled. The work of the asylum commended it to the parents of
feeble-minded children, and within three years the attendance was
larger than the building could comfortably accommodate. To provide
better opportunities, the legislature of 1885 appropriated $25,000 for
the erection and equipment of a suitable building, to be located within
2 miles of the city of Winfield, on condition that the people of that
city would donate a site of not less than 40 or more than 80 acres of
land within the prescribed limit. The condition was complied with,
and on March 22, 1887, the new building was ready for occupancy, when
the entire outfit at Lawrence was removed to Winfield. Between that
time and the close of the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1888, nearly
70 new pupils were admitted.
Without going into details regarding the appropriations for addi-
tional improvements, it is sufificient to say that the institution has been
liberally supported by the state, and in 1910 possessed property, the
estimated value of which was $500,000. By the act of March 12, 1909,
the name of the institution was changed to the "State home for feeble-
minded."
The course of study is adapted to the mental conditions of the pupils.
636 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Girls are taught sewing and simple domestic work, and the boys are
instructed in farm work, or such manual labor as they are competent
to perform. All are taught to take care of their bodies, and many
children who would otherwise go through life practically helpless leave
the school able to care for themselves and to engage in some kind of
useful emploj'ment.
The superintendents of the school since its organization have been
as follows: H. M. Greene. 1881-89; C. K. Wiles, 1889-93; F. H. Pilcher,
1893-95; C. S. Newlon, 1895-97; F. H. Pilcher. 1897-99; C. S. Xewlon,
1899-1905; I. W. Clark, 1905 .
Fellsburg, a rural money . order postoffice of Edwards county, is
located about 16 miles southeast of Kinsley, the county seat, and 9
miles south of Lewis, which is the nearest railroad station.
Ferguson, a station on the Kansas City, Mexico & Orient R. R. in
Harper county, is located in Eagle township. 12 miles southwest of
Anthony, the county seat. It is a market for live stock and grain and
has a postofifice. The population in 1910 was 40.
Ferries. — One of the problems that confronted the early settlers of
Kansas was to provide some means of crossing the streams. Roads
had not yet been opened, and bridges were therefore out of the ques-
tion. The first territorial legislature passed more than a score of acts
granting to individuals the privilege of operating ferries. Twelve of
these acts related to ferries across the Missouri river at Leavenworth,
Atchison, Delaware, Doniphan, Kickapoo, Boston, Iowa Point, Palermo,
latan. Whitehead, opposite St. Joseph, and at Thompson's ferry. Four
ferries were authorized across the Kansas — at Lecompton, Douglas,
Tecumseh and the mouth of the river — and one across the Big Blue
on the road leading from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Kearney. Doubt-
less the tide of emigration westward justified the establishment of
more ferries across the Missouri than the other streams, but when it
is remembered that the first legislature was composed chiefly of Mis-
sourians who were interested in making Kansas slave territory, it is
obvious that numerous ferries over the boundary stream would enable
the pro-slavery forces of Missouri to find easy crossings into the ter-
ritory in order to control the early elections.
The legislature of 1857 authorized two ferries across the Missouri
— one at Wyandotte and the other at Ouindaro ; one across the Marias
des Cygnes at the mouth of Big Sugar creek, and five across the Kan-
sas, to-wit : one at Calhoun, one on the road from Bernard's store to
Leavenworth, one on the Leavenworth and Peoria road, one at Ogden,
and Hugh Cameron was granted the privilege of operating a ferry in
section 14, township 12, range 19, near the city of Lawrence.
By 1859 western travel had become so great as to demand ferries
over some of the other Kansas rivers, and the legislature of that year
passed some thirty acts providing for the necessary crossings. Among
the ferries thus established were those over the Solomon. Smoky Hill
and Republican on the road leading from Fort Leavenworth to Bent's
KANSAS HISTORY 637
fort, across the Kansas at Manhattan, the Saline at Salina, the Re-
publican at Bacheller, the Big Blue at Oketo and near the present town
of Irving, the Neosho at Humboldt and Neosho Falls, and a steam
ferry was established across the Missouri at Iowa Point. Ferry
privileges were also granted over the Arkansas river near the mouth
of the Fontaine Que Bouille in Arapahoe county, now in the State of
Colorado.
The old-fashioned ferry usually consisted of a flat-bottomed scow,
at each end of which was fastened a short rope with a loop or iron
ring at the outer end. Through these loops or rings ran a rope stretched
across the stream and fastened securely at either end. The motive
power was the ferryman, who, by pulling upon the rope, dragged the
toat slowly across the river. Ferry charges were often as high as $i
for a two-horse team and wagon, or 25 cents for a footman, and the
man who held the exclusive privilege of conducting a ferry on a road
where there was much travel often had a sinecure. A few ferries were
established by the later territorial and early state legislatures, but as
roads were opened upon fixed lines bridges were built and the ferry
fell into disuse. After the Civil war came the railroad which changed
the whole method of travel by displacing the stage coach, etc., and
one of the old flat-bottomed ferry boats would be a curiosity to many
people of the present generation, although a few primitive ferries are
still operated in out-of-the-way districts.
Fifteenth Amendment. — Although the 14th amendment to the Federal
constitution guaranteed to the freedmen all the rights and immunities
of citizens, it did not specifically confer upon them the right of suffrage.
When Congress met on Dec. 7, 1868, a resolution was introduced in
"both houses on the first day of the session proposing another amend-
ment to the constitution that would give to negroes the right to vote.
After a long and acrimonious debate, the follovving amendment — which
now appears as Article XV of the national constitution — was adopted
by Congress on Feb. 27, 1869, and submitted to the state legislatures
for ratification or rejection:
"Section i. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state
on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
"Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce the pro-
visions of this article by appropriate legislation."
The Kansas legislature was in session at the time the amendment
was adopted by Congress, and before the final adjournment passed
a resolution ratifying it, but, through an error, the resolution was
defective. Gov. Harvey, in his message of 1870, called attention to
this as follows: "The report of the secretary of state will show that
there was a verbal inaccuracy in the recitation of the 15th amend-
ment to the constitution of the United States, as incorporated in the
resolution of ratification passed by the legislature at the last session.
I recommend that you rectify the mistake and promptly ratify the
amendment."
638 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Acting upon the governor's recommendation, the house, on Jan. 18,
1870, adopted a resolution of ratification by a vote of "j"] to 12, and the
next day the resolution passed the senate without' a dissenting vote.
The amendment was proclaimed effective on March 30, 1870.
Finch, a discontinued postofifice of Ellis county, is located on the
Saline river, about 20 miles northeast of Hays, the county seat, and
10 miles south of Natoma, whence mail is delivered by rural carrier.
Finances, State. — When the Territory of Kansas was organized in
1854, Congress appropriated $64,700, to be used as follows : For a
capitol building, $25,000; legislative assembly, $20,000; salaries of gov-
ernor, secretar}' and three judges, $10,500; for taking a census, $2,000;
state librar}^ $5,000; election of a delegate to Congress, $700; con-
tingent expenses, $1,500. This was the first financial legislation affect-
ing Kansas.
The first territorial legislature, which passed laws for the levying
of taxes, exempted property belonging to widows and minors to the
amount of $r,ooo. All other property was taxed, and there was a poll
tax on all male citizens from 21 to 55 years of age. This poll tax ranged
from 50 cents to $1. Opposition to this, as well is all other laws
passed by the "bogus" legislature, resulted in verj^ little revenue being
collected. The Missourians who elected the members of the legislature
went back across the river and paid their taxes in the State of Mis-
souri, and the free-state settlers of Kansas resisted the enforcement
of the laws. In the years 1856-57-58 the delinquent taxes amounted to
$27,298, and the territorial authorities were compelled to use for other
purposes the $25,000 appropriated by Congress for a capitol. When
the free-state men gained control of the legislature in 1858, one of the
first laws passed was an act to fix the tax rat€, and in that act was a
provision that no revenue obtained under the law could be used for
paying the old territorial debts. From 1855 to i860, inclusive, the total
revenue collected amounted to $34,617.68, and under the acts making
appropriations warrants were issued for $135,470.16, leaving a deficit
of $100,852.48, But this was not all. During these years a number
of claims were filed against the territory for various reasons. A claim
commission directed the auditor to draw warrants for nearly $400,000
to satisfy these claims. The law limited the bonded indebtedness of
the territory to $100,000, and upon the outstanding warrants bonds to
the amount of $95,700 were issued, but these bonds were afterward
repudiated. (See Claims.)
This was the financial condition of Kansas when admitted into the
Union in 1861. The first state legislature found an empty treasury,
and by the act of May i, 1861, authorized a bond issue of $150,000 for
current expenses. It was this issue of bonds that subsequently led
to the impeachment of some of the state ofiicers. (See Robinson's
Administration.) Under the provisions of the Wyandotte constitution,
the state is given authority to contract debts for certain specified pur-
poses, but the public debt can never exceed $1,000,000, until the propo-
KANSAS HISTORY 639
sition to increase the indeb-tedness beyond that figure shall have been
submitted to the electors and ratified by a majority of the votes cast
at some general election. The constitution also contains a provision
that the state may borrow money "to repel invasion, suppress insur-
rection, or defend the state in time of war," and as the Civil war began
while the first state legislature was in session, an act was approved by
the governor on May 7, 1861, authorizing bonds to the amount of
$20,000 for the defense of the state.
During the next decade several issues of bonds were authorized by
law. Following is a list of the principal bond issues of this period, with
the date of the act, the amount authorized, and for what purpose : March
2, 1863, supplementary to the act of May i, 1861, $54,000; Feb. 20, 1863,
to fund the territorial debt, $61,600; March i, 1864, to build a peniten-
tiary, $50,000; Feb. 22, 1866, for the penitentiary, $60,000; Feb. 19, 1867,
for a deaf and dumb asylum, $15,500; Feb. 19, 1867, for a state capitol,
$100,000; Feb. 26, 1867, for the penitentiary, $100,000; March 3, 1868,
for the capitol, $150,000; for the penitentiary, $5(5,000, and for an insane
asylum, $20,600; Feb. 9, 1869, to liquidate the indebtedness incurred
on account of the Indian troubles of 1868, $75,000; Feb. 26, 1869, for a
military contingent fund, $100,000; March 3, 1869, for the capitol,
$70,000, and for the expenses of the Nineteenth Kansas regiment,
$14,000. Boyle, in his Financial History of Kansas (p. 37) gives the
total amount of bonds issued by the state, up to and including 1869,
as $1,373,275, upon which the state realized $1,233,679.41, the average
rate. for which the bonds were sold having been 89 cents on the dollar.
Under a wise provision of the state constitution, every law authoriz-
ing a debt "shall provide for levying an annual tax sufficient to pay the
annual interest of such debt, and the principal thereof, when it shall
become due; and shall specifically appropriate the proceeds of such
taxes to the payment of principal and interest; and such appropriation
shall not be repealed, nor the taxes postponed or diminished, until the
interest and principal of such debt shall have been wholly paid."
The heavy bond issues during the first nine years of statehood
increased the state debt from $1.30 per capita in 1861 to $3.95 in 1869,
and by the levying of taxes as required by the constitution the rate of
taxation was more than doubled, having been 4 mills on the dollar in
1861 and 8-)4 mills in 1869. Then began the reaction. By the act of
March 5, 1875, the governor, auditor and secretary of state were made
commissioners to invest the sinking fund in bonds of the State of
Kansas, and by this move the state paid interest to itself instead of to
foreigners. Most of the early bonds bore interest at high rates — gen-
erally 7 per cent. — and as they fell due, if the state was not in position
to pay them, they were refunded at a lower rate of interest. An instance
of this character is seen in the act of March 3, 1887, which authorized
an issue of bonds to the amount of $116,000, "or so much thereof as
may be necessary," to refund the bonds due in 1888-89. The new issue
was made payable in twenty years, interest at 4 per cent., and was taken
640 • CYCLOPEDIA OF
Ijy the permanent school fund of the state. Another refunding act was
passed on March 15, 1897. It provided for a tax of 4 mills on the dollar
for the fiscal years 1898-99, the proceeds to be used to pay interest on the
public debt and certificates for raid losses — not more than $5,000 in
each fiscal year; for the payment of the outstanding $50,000 in bonds
issued under the act of Feb. 19 and 26, 1867; and for the refunding of
the $220,000 of bonds issued under the acts of March 3, 1868. At the
same time the bonds issued under the acts of Feb. 26 and March 3, 1869,
were ordered to be paid from the general fund when due, and an amount
sufficient for that purpose was appropriated.
With the growth of population and wealth, the revenue-producing
and debt-paying power of the state correspondinglj^ increased, as may
be seen from the following table :
Year
Assessed valuation
Total state revenue
1861
$ 24,737,563
$ 14,234
1870
92,528,100
809,621
1880
160,570,761
883,139
1890
390,815,073
1,515,423
1900
328,729,008
1,807,898
1910
2,511,260,285
3,139,075
The falling off in the assessed valuation of property between the
years 1890 and 1900 w;as due to several causes. From 1880 to 1890 great
progress was made in Kansas along all industrial lines. Land values
increased from $87,500,000 in 1880 to $173,000,000 in 1889, and town
lots during the same period went from $21,000,000 to $76,000,000, in
round numbers. These were the boom days. The business depression
that began in 1893 brought a reaction. Inflated values disappeared.
In 1896 land values had declined to about $166,500,000 and the value of
town lots to $59,000,000. The greatest assessed value of personal prop-
erty during the boom days was in 1887, when it reached over $60,750,000.
In 1896 it v/as onh' a little over $36,000,000. No doubt a large part of
this decline in the assessed valuation was due to the inclination on the
part of the owners of personal property to dodge taxes, and a disposition
on the part of assessors to secure for their respective districts a low
valuation. Since 1896 a more equitable system of assessments has been
inaugurated, and the result is seen in the valuation of 1910, which shows
an increase of more than 700 per cent, over that of 1900. The tax rate
has been correspondingly lowered, that of 1910 being only about one-
fourth the rate for 1900.
By the act of Feb. 25, 1901, bonds amounting to $150,000, held by
the school fund, were refunded in one bond, due on July i, 191 1, and
bearing 4 per cent, interest. On March 11, 1903, Gov. Bailey approved
an act to refund the $220,000 due in 1903 and the $159,000 due in 1904.
According to the report of the auditor of state for the 3^ears 1909-10,
the bends outstanding at the close of the fiscal year on June 30, 1910,
KANSAS HISTORY 64I
were as follows: Issue of July i, 1902, to provide for maturing bonds
and claims under the act of Feb. 25, 1901, due on July i, 191 1, $150,000;
issue of July i, 1903, due on July i, 1914, $220,000; issue of July i, 1904,
due on Jan. i, 1916, $159,000, making a total of $529,000. All these bonds
are held by the permanent school fund except $9,000, which is held by
the state university fund, and all bear interest at the rate of 4 per cent,
per annum. As an offset to the various bond issues, the state owns
property, in the state capitol and the various educational, charitable and
penal institutions, valued at nearly $14,000,000.
In addition to the ordinary expenditures, the erection of public build-
ings, and the support of the state institutions, Kansas has always main-
tained a liberal policy toward her industries. Encouragement has been
given to the experiment of silk culture, and in the six years ending in
1896, nearly $100,000 were paid out in bounties on sugar produced in
the state. Moreover, the state has lent its aid to private charitable
institutions, beginning in 1870 with one such institution, and thirty
years later there were more than a score receiving appropriations.
State treasurers for some years were in the habit of depositing the
state funds in a bank that would pay interest, and appropriating the
interest to their own use. Under this system some defalcations
occurred, and to remedy the conditions section 51 of the general
statutes of 1897 made it the duty of the state treasurer "to keep safely
in the state treasury, without loaning, using or depositing in banks, or
elsewhere, all public moneys of whatsoever character paid into such
treasury," etc. By the act of March 4, 1905, certain banks may become
state depositories by complying with the conditions of the law, and in
these banks the state funds are deposited, the state drawing the interest
for public use.
About ten years after the close of the Civil war a great craze for
the expansion of railroads spread over the country. Kansas was not
exempt, and during this era of speculation bonds in large amounts were
voted by counties, cities and townships for railroad construction. In
the decade ending in 1889, over 6,000 miles of railroad were built in
the state, and a large part of the cost of construction was paid by the
people through these municipal bond issues. Then came an era of
internal improvement. Cities voted bonds for electric lighting plants,
waterworks, public buildings, school houses, etc. Counties voted bonds
for court-houses, jails, highwaj's and bridges, and in many instances
townships voted bonds for similar purposes. The auditor of state, in
his report for the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1910, states that the
grand total of the municipal indebtedness at that time was $40,272,298.
In a majority of cases the municipalities received full value for these
bond issues in the way of civic improvements, and as a result the towns
and cities of Kansas compare favorably with those of similar population
in older states.
Findlay, a hamlet of Linn county, is situated in the western portion
of the county on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. about 15 miles
(I-41)
642 CYCLOPEDIA OF
northwest of Mound City, the county seat. It has rural free delivery
from Goodrich and in 1910 had a population of 25.
Fingal, a discontinued postoffice of Pleasant Dale township. Rush
county, is situated near the northeast corner of the county, about 20
miles from La Crosse, the county seat, and 11 miles from Otis, the
nearest railroad station, fiom which place mail is received by rural
delivery.
Finney County, in the southwestern part of the state, is the third
county north from the Oklahoma line and the third east from Colorado.
It is bounded on the north by Scott and Lane counties ; on the east
by Hodgeman and Gray; on the south by Gray and Haskell, and on
the west by Kearny county. This territory was settled about 1880.
but was traversed at early dates by Coronado (q.' v.). Pike's Expedi-
tion and the Santa Fe road. As proof of the presence of Coronado in
Finney county, historians cite the finding of an old two-edged sword
in the northeastern part of the county, with the name of Juan Gallego
inscribed on it and the following motto, which the Spanish were accus-.
tomed to put on their weapons: "No me saques sin razon. No me
enbaines sin honor." As the two-edged swords went out of use about
1600, it must have been lost before that time. Fowler's Journal of
Glenn's expedition for Oct. 30, 1821, says: "We camped on an Island
Clothed with tall grass and Cotton Wood trees — the main Chanel on
the north Some Small Islands on the South with out trees." Coues
located this island about 8 or 10 miles above Garden Cit)^ The last
Indian raid ever made through Kansas, that of the northern Cheyennes
under Chief Dull Knife, came through the eastern part of this county
on their way northward in 1878.
The same year saw the first settlement, when William and James R.
Foulton of Ohio located on the site of Garden City. Their houses
were the only ones in the county except a section house at Sherlock
and one at Pierceville. Very few people located in this region until
about 1884-85. However, several consecutive years of rain and good
crops brought settlers with a rush in 1885 and 1886. They were east-
ern people accustomed to farming and living in ways which were
entirely unfitted to the climate of Finney county, and as a consequence
had to devise new farming methods and new implements suited to the
soil had to be' invented before much success was achieved. Many of
those who lacked the capital or the courage to do this went back east
in a few years, but those who stayed have been well paid for their
efforts, and they have been joined by enough newcomers to make land
valuable.
The county was organized in 1884 and named in honor of Lieut. -
Gov. David W. Finney. It then covered a much larger area than at
present, the counties of Kearny, Sequoyah, Grant, Arapahoe, Kansas,
Stevens, Meade and Clark, as they existed prior to 1883, were dis-
organized in that 3^ear to make Finney. In 1887 the area was reduced,
so that it occupied less territory than it does now. In 1893 the present
KANSAS HISTORY (),] ^
boundaries were formed. In Gov. Click's proclamation organizing- the
county, which was made on Oct. i, 1884, Garden City was named as
the county seat and the following officers appointed : Commissioners,
H. M. Wheeler, A. B. Kramer and John Speer ; county clerk, H. E.
Wentworth. The census at that time showed a population of 1.569
inhabitants, 375 of whom were householders.
The building of canals was begun early. The first one was the Garden
City canal, which was built in 1879. In 1881 the Farmer's ditch was
dug; in 1882 the Great Eastern canal; and in 1887 the Amazon, with a
capacity of 400 cubic feet and capable of irrigating 8,000 acres. These
ditches are in use at the present time, and many of the farmers who
do not have access to them irrigate with windmills. ]\Iany of them
have learned to raise good crops of certain vegetables without irriga-
tion, by cultivating in such a manner as to conserve moisture. A gov-
ernment irrigation plant was built at Deerfield a few years ago at a
cost of $250,000. The Arkansas river, which flows from west to east
through the southern part, furnishes water for irrigation purposes.
The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. follows the course of the
river through the county, running through Pierceville, Mansfield, Gar-
den City and Holcomb. The Garden Cit}-, Gulf & Northern R. R.
extends north from Garden City through Gillespie, Alfalfa and Tennis
into Scott county. It is in process of construction south into Haskell
county. There are but seven townships, the northeastern one being
the territory which formerly comprised Garfield county. The town-
ships are: Garfield, Garden City, Ivanhoe, Pierceville, Pleasant Valley,
Sherlock and Terry. The postoffices are : Eminence, Esse.x, Friend,
Garden City, Holcomb, Imperial, Kalvesta, Pierceville, Ravanna and
Terryton.
The surface of the county is nearly level north of the Arkansas river,
and undulating prairie in the south, with a range of sand dunes. The
bottom lands along the Arkansas average 4 to 5 miles in width. Nat-
ural timber is very scarce, there being but a few cottonwood trees.
The government has set apart 70,000 acres, which covers nearly the
whole area south of the river as a forest reserve, and has planted the
most of it to artificial forest. Magnesian limestone of a fair quality
and sandstone are found in the northeast. Clay for bricks exists in
various parts of the county and potter's clay and gypsum are found in
small quantities.
The area of the county is 829,440 acres, about 300,000 of which have
been brought under cultivation. The value of farm products is about
$1,500,000 per year. The principal crop is sugar beets, which in 1910
brought $252,000. The next in importance is alfalfa. A great many
of the farmers, after cutting their alfalfa two or three times, let it go
to seed, and Finney county alfalfa seed took the gold medal at the
Louisiana Purchase exposition at St. Louis in 1904. Other grains and
vegetables are also raised in commercial quantities. Wheat, corn, oats,
sorghum, broom-corn, barley, milo maize and Kafir corn are impor-
644 CYCLOPEDIA OF
tant field crops. Live stock yields about $250,000 per year. Dairy
products, poultry, eggs and honey bring nearly $100,000 yearly to the
farmers. There is a very fine and well equipped county farm with
seldom an inmate. The same is true of the county jail.
The assessed valuation of property in Finne}- county in 1910 was
$13,906,521, and the population in the same year was 6,908, which makes
the average wealth per capita a trifle over $2,000. The gain in popula-
tion from 1900 to 1910 was 3,439, or nearly 100 per cent.
Finney, David W., farmer, miller and legislator, was born in Parke
county, Ind., Aug. 22, 1839. He received a limited education in his
native state, served through the Civil war as a member of Company
A, Eight3r-fifth Indiana infantry, and in 1866 became a resident of
Woodson count}-, Kan. From the time he reached his majority he took
an active part in politics as a Republican, and in 1867 he was elected
on the ticket of that party to represent Woodson county in the legis-
lature. He was frequently called upon to act as delegate to state or
district conventions ; was state senator from 1876 to 1880, represent-
ing the district composed of Woodson and Cofifey counties; was presi-
dent of the senate when the first prohibitory law was passed: was
receiver of the Topeka land ofiice for about three months in 1877;
was right-of-way agent for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad
company for a time, and in 1882 Avas elected lieutenant-governor. The
legislature of 1883 changed the name of Sequoyah county to Finney
in his honor. After his term as lieutenant-governor he became the
senior member of the firm of Finney & Co., operating a large flour mill
at Neosho Falls.
Fish. — A large part of Volume Yl of the reports of the geological
survey made by the University of Kansas is devoted to the fishes of
the Cretaceous era, giving a list and description of these specimens of
the finn}^ tribe found in Kansas. A list of modern fishes was prepared
by Prof. F. W. Cragin and published in the bulletins of the Washburn
College laboratory. That list includes, among others, several species
of cat-fish, lampreys, long-nosed gar, buffalo, suckers and shad of dif-
ferent varieties, black horse, dace, sun-fish,' yellow, white, rock and
grass bass, darters, big-mouthed black bass and pike, the last named
having been introduced in Kansas waters by the fish commissioner.
A. W. Bitting, a writer in Carter's Monthly for July, 1897, says:
"\A'hile Kansas does not compare with many other states in the variety
and quality of game fishes, yet there is in the state, picturesquely beau-
tiful rock and tree bound streams and rivers that have bass of as fine
a flavor and are as gamey in the taking as the most ardent Waltonian
may desire."
The streams especially referred to by Mr. Bitting are the Walnut
and Whitewater rivers in Butler county, and, in fact, any of the streams
of southern Kansas east of Wichita, in all of which bass, croppie and
channel cat are .to be found in abundance. The Little Arkansas river
is adapted to the propagation of bass, were it not for the fact that
KANSAS HISTORY 645
the Stream is lacking in those deep pools that afford that fish a safe
hiding place. Of the native fish the cat-fish is the most numerous and
grows to the largest size. J- L- Smith, later a judge at Kansas City,
Mo., when a boy, caught a cat-fish in the Missouri river that weighed
165 pounds.
D. B. Long, who was appointed the first state fish commissioner
under the act of March lo, 1877, in his report for the year ending on
June 30, 1878, said : "The large territory comprising the State of Kan-
sas, larger than all the New England States, with its long streams and
numerous branches, gives to the fish culturist a vast field for labor. It
requires time, patience, perseverance and money — with which there is
no doubt of ultimate success in stocking our streams with a better
variety of fish. Although an experiment to the people of Ivansas, it
is a reality to the people of the Old World. Fish farming has been in
practice for over 2,000 5'ears in China."
In stocking the streams with "a better variety of fish" the commis-
sioner made some mistakes. The shad was introduced in June, 1877,
and two or three years later the German carp was introduced. In his
report for 1882 the commissioner said : "Of the ponds stocked in
Kansas two years ago and one year ago, a number have reported that
the carp have made from two to three pounds growth in one year and
a number of them had spawned. They will spawn the second year if
located in a proper pond. I expect to commence stocking the public
streams with carp next year. The carp is well adapted to the waters
of Kansas, and I predict a very favorable result from this introduc-
tion."
Evidently the result was not as favorable as the commissioner
anticipated. The carp multiplied rapid!}', and by their habits drove
away the game fish. On Feb. 18, 1905, the governor approved an act,
section 10 of which contained the following clause: "Nor shall this act
be construed to prevent the game and fish warden or his deputies from
removing or destroying in any manner any German carp or other worth-
less fish, for the purpose of protecting the food and game fish." (See
also the articles on Fish Hatcher}- and Game Laws.)
Fish Hatchery. — In 1877 the legislature created the office of com-
missioner of fisheries, and D. B. Long was chosen by Gov. George T.
Anthony to fill the position. In his report to the governor in 1878, the
commisisoner, among other things, recommended an appropriation of
not less than $2,000 for the building of' a fish hatchery. The next
legislature may have considered the recommendation an extravagant
one, as they made no appropriation. From that time until 1902 the
various commissioners made recommendations for and against hatch-
eries, and not until 1903 was anything done along this line. At that
session of the legislature a law was passed authorizing the governor
and fish warden to locate and establish a fish hatchery at some place
which was well adapted to the propagation of fish, with reference to
natural water supply, ponds, accessibility to railroads, etc. The law
■646 CYCLOPEDIA OF
provided that the hatchery should be under the supervision of the fish
warden, and also that no money should be expended on any such
hatchery until there should be deeded to the State of Kansas, without
cost to the state, at least 5 acres of land, which should have located
thereon a stream or springs suitable for the propagation of fish, etc.
The sum of $r,ooo was appropriated by the legislature to carry out the
provisions of the act. Pratt county made an oiifer of 12 acres of land,
and individuals gave 3 acres more. This land, situated 3 miles from
the city of Pratt, is well adapted to the purpose and fills all the require-
ments of the law. It was accepted and the hatchery located thereon
in June, 1903.
For the purpose of enlarging the capacit}' of the hatchery the legis-
lature of 1907 appropriated out of the license fund $3,200, with which
65 acres additional were purchased. This land is partially covered with
propagation ponds. The equipment of the hatchery in 1910 included
a building, which cost about $15,000, a distributing car. which cost
over $7,000, and some other improvements. On Oct. 14, 191 1, Prof.
L. L. Dyche approved plans made by the engineering department of
the Universit}' of Kansas for the new fish hatchery, which will cost
about $60,000, and which, when completed, will be the largest hatchery
in the world. These plans provide for 83 ponds, from one-third to
one-half acre in size, all connected so that by different screens the fish
can be separated according to size. The new plant will not be built
on the river, as is generally supposed, but the water will be carried by
conduit a mile and a half east to the upper end of the hatchery grounds.
The slope of this conduit being less than the fall of the river, the water
will be delivered at the hatchery grounds at a level somewhat higher
than that of the river, thus placing the plant out of reach of floods. A
concrete dam 500 feet long across the river forms the source of water
supply. A system of drivewa}'s is provided for, and islands in the ponds
will add beauty to the plant.
No accurate figures are obtainable of the number of young fish placed
in Kansas streams, the reports showing the annual distribution to
range from a few thousands to nearly three-fourths of a million.
Fisher, a post-hamlet of Stanton county, is located near the north-
west corner, 15 miles from Johnson, the county seat, and 24 miles south-
west of Sj'racuse, which is the nearest railroad station.
Flag Day. — To George Morris of liartford. Conn., is popularly given
the credit of suggesting "Flag Day," the occasion being in honor of the
adoption of the .\merican flag on June 14, 1777. The city of- Hartford
observed the day in 1861, carrying out a program of a patriotic order,
praying for the success, of the Federal arms and the preservation of the
Union. Kansas has never given any official recognition to the day,
and, although it is being observed more generally over the state as the
years go by, the demonstrations are purely local.
Flavius, a discontinued postoffice of Belle Prairie township. Rush
county, is situated about 14 miles southwest of La Crosse, the county
seat, and 7 miles from Nekoma, whence mail is received by rural route.
KANSAS HISTORY 647
Fleming, a village of Baker township, Crawford county, is a station
on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 12 miles south of Girard, the county seat.
The population in 1910 was 150. It is a mining town, has telegraph
and express service and telephone connections, but no postofiice. Mail
is delivered by rural carrier from the office at Pittsburg. There is also
a hamlet called Fleming in Cherokee county, the inhabitants of which
receive mail by rural route from Skidmore.
Fletcher, a postoffice of Stanton county, is located in Mitchell town-
ship, 12 miles northeast of Johnson, the county seat, and 20 miles from
Syracuse, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Flint Hills. — The flint hills of Kansas extend through the counties
of Chase, Butler, Cowley, the northeast part of Greenwood, and south
through the Kaw reservation where they merge into sandstone. Their
summits are in Range 8 east. North of the Cottonwood river they
appear to merge into the general line of the uplands. The same strata
of rock probably extends through Morris and Wabaunsee counties.
The name is misleading. These hills contain no strata or ledges of
flint. The thin deposit of "chert," styled flint, is derived from nodules
of that material occurring in the limestone rock of that locality, the
superimposed layers having weathered away, leaving the indestructible
flint nodules on the surface. In the Walnut river above Arkansas City
are large beds of this broken flint, washed down from the hills in time
of flood. In the Kaw reservation, on the summit of the hills, are ancient
quarries where some primitive people obtained flint nodules from which
to make arrow heads, spears and knives. To the west there is no stone
in Kansas suitable for the purpose.
Flintridge, a country postoffice in Greenwood county, is located in
Salem township 20 miles northwest of Eureka, the county seat and
nearest railroad station and shipping point. It receives mail tri-weekly.
The population according to the 1910 census was 14.
Floats, Wyandot. — By a treaty made with the Wyandot Indians on
March 17, 1842, at Upper Sandusky, Ohio, 35 members of that tribe were
each granted a section of land "to be located anywhere west of the
Mississippi river on Indian land not already occupied." At the time
the treaty was concluded, some of the recipients of these grants were
little more than children, and several years elapsed before all the selec-
tions were made. The 35 sections were not held by the usual title of
occupancy, and could be acquired by white men without the customary
formality and expense of entering land under the preemption laws.
Probably for this reason they became known as the "Wyandotte floats."
A majority of the 35 sections were located in Kansas and a number of
them were purchased by speculators and town companies. Some of the
floats in Douglas county were bought by Andrew H. Reeder, the first
territorial governor. The cities of Topeka, Emporia, Manhattan and
Lawrence are partly built upon some of these floats. Others were
located in Pottawatomie count}-, but a complete list would be difficult
to obtain.
648 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Floods. — A petition to the King of France in 1725 mentioned a dis-
astrous ilood in the Mississippi and some of its tributaries the preceding
year — the first reference to fioods in America recorded in history. When
the first white men visited the Indians in the Missouri valley, they
heard traditions of floods in the years 1740 and 1750, and in 1772 a great
flood did so much damage at old Fort Chartres that the troops there
were sent up the river to Kaskaskia. Brackenridge's journal tells of a
great flood in 1785, and there are accounts of another flood in 1823, but
the first authentic account of a destructive flood in what is now the
State of Kansas was that of 1844. The spring of that year was warm
and dry until May, when the rain began to fall and continued every day
for six weeks. Jotliam Meeker, in charge of the Baptist Shawnee mis-
sion, kept a diary, from which the following extracts are taken :
"May 30. Never saw such a time of rain. It has fallen almost every
day for the last three weeks. The river has overflown its banks, and
the bottoms in many places have been inundated more or less for three
weeks, and continues all of today within our dooryard. Many of the
Indians fear that they will have no crops at all this year.
"June 17. All my outbuildings and all that was within them are
swept away. Nothing left but the dwelling house and office.
"June 21. Shut up our house and crossed the big creek, which is
nearly full, in a piece of bark of a tree six or seven feet long with
Brother Pratt and my family. We traveled 35 miles and encamp in
the prairies."
In this flood the Missouri river rose 7 feet in 24 hours at St. Joseph,
Mo., June 13, and the entire river valley was under water. A flood is
recorded for the year 185 1, but it was not nearly so disastrous as the
big flood of 1844. The Neosho valley was completely inundated in
1858, and there was another flood in 1881. In 1873 the government
established, through the weather bureau, at St. Louis and Kansas City
the present system of water measurement, and in 1888 "standard high
and low water marks" were established in the Missouri river from Sioux
City to the mouth. These marks are based on the highest and lowest
stages of water prior to the year 1888, and the system has been of great
benefit to the people along the lower river by giving them warning of
the conditions prevailing farther up the stream. A similar system of
measurement has been introduced at various points along the Kansas
river.
The most destructive flood in the history of Kansas was that of 1903.
Most of the water on this occasion came from' the Kansas river, which
drains an area of over 50,000 square miles. Heavy rains fell in western
Kansas early in May, followed by a steady rainfall of several days'
duration, and on May 26 the river overflowed its banks at Lawrence.
On June 7 the water was 14 feet above the danger line at Kansas City.
At Topeka all the lower portion of the city was inundated. It was in
this flood that Edward Grafstrom (q. v.) lost his life while trying to
rescue the inhabitants of the flooded district. The damage done by this
KANSAS HISTORY 649
flood in the Kansas valley has been estimated all the way from
$10,000,000 to $25,000,000. So great was the destruction that Gov.
Bailey (See Bailey's Administration) called a special session of the legis-
lature to provide relief.
A year later another flood swept down the Kansas, starting with the
Blue river. On June 6 the government gauge at Topeka showed 19.7
feet of water, less than 2 feet below the danger line. In the Union
Pacific passenger station there were 18 inches of water, and again North
Topeka, North Lawrence and Armourdale, a suburb of Kansas City,
Kan., were inundated.
The flood of 1908 broke all records for duration. In 1903 the Missouri
river was out of its banks at Kansas City from May 28 to June 10. In
1908 the water stood above the danger line (21 feet) from June 8 to
Juh' 3. Then came a slight fall, but on July 10 the water again rose
above the danger line, and as late as the i6th there was still 18 feet
above the normal low water mark. North Topeka, North Lawrence
and Armourdale were under water for the third time in five years, and
again great damage was done, in the Kansas valley by the high waters.
As an example of the damage done by the flood of 1903, the Union
Pacific company spent o^•er $2,000,000 in raising the grade and repairing
the road between Kansas City and Topeka. The Atchison. Topeka &
Santa Fe company also rebtiilt several miles of track, placing it on a
grade above high flood marks. To avert similar calamities, the author-
ities of Kansas City, Topeka. and other places along the Kansas river,
have expended large sums in building dikes to protect the low lands
along the river, and at Topeka the channel of the river has been widened
by adding two spans to the Kansas avenue bridge, thus giving the
waters a better opportunity to escape instead of flooding the lower
portions of the city.
Floral, a money order post-village of Richland township. Cowley
county, is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 9 miles
northeast of Winfield, the county seat. It has telegraph and express
offices, telephone connections, some general stores, does some shipping,
and in 1910 reported a population of 72.
Florence, the third largest town in Marion county, is located in the
southeast part of the county in Doyle township, where Doj'le creek
joins the Cottonwood river, and at the division point of the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. It is ir miles southeast of Marion, the
county seat, and is a thriving little city, with a live Business Men's
association to help out the general growth and prosperity. Building-
stone in commercial quantities is quarried in the vicinit}-, and most of
the buildings in the town are of this material. There are city water-
works, 3 banks, a newspaper (the Florence Bulletin), and all lines of
mercantile enterprises. The town is supplied with telegraph and express
offices and an international money order postoffice with two rural
routes. The population in 1910 was 1,168.
The territory about Florence was the earliest settled in the countv.
630 CYCLOPEDIA OF
but it was not until the railroad came through in 1870 that the town
was platted. It was the first town in the county to have a railroad.
It was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1872. The first
newspaper was the Florence Pioneer, established in 1871 by W. M.
Mitchell. .
Flush, a hamlet of Pottawatomie count}', is located in Pottawatomie
township 9 miles southwest of Westmoreland, the county seat, and 8
miles from St. George. It has a local telephone exchange and a money
order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 23.
Folsom, a rural postoffice in the eastern part of Haskell county, is
about 8 miles from Santa Fe, the county seat, and 20 miles from West
Plains on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, which is the nearest rail-
road station.
•Fontana, one of the oldest towns in Miami county, is situated on the
St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. about 10 miles south of Paola, the
county seat. It was laid out in Sept., 1869, and took its name from
"Old Fontana," which had been laid out about a half mile west of the
present town in 1858, at what was called the cross-roads. The old
town had a postoffice and one store, but when the railroad was built
the new town was surveyed and the old town abandoned. At the pres-
ent time Fontana contains several general stores, a drug store, grocery,
implement house, lumber yard, grain dealer and a small mill. It has
a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices and in 1910 had
a population of 300.
Fool Chief. — Among the Kansas or Kaw Indians there were two
chiefs — father and son — who bore this appellation. The elder, whose
Indian name was Ca-ega-wa-tan-nin-ga, was prominent in the tribe at
the time Maj. S. H. Long held a council with the Kaws on the bank of
the Missouri river and part of his expedition visited the Kaw village
near the mouth of Blue river. Frederick Chouteau says that when he
became acquainted with the Fool Chief in the fall of 1828 his village was
located on -the Kansas river some distance above Papan's ferry, where
the city of Topeka now stands. Chouteau also says that when the old
chief drank too much liquor he becanje crazy and hence got the name of
■■F"ool Chief." He was finally killed while under the influence of liquor
in Johnson county by a Kaw Indian named Wa-ho-ba-ke. whom he
attacked.
The younger Fool Chief, Kah-he-ga-wa-ti-an-gah, inherited his rank
from his father. In his youth he was a brave warrior and later in life a
wise counselor, but, like his father, he was fond of "fire-water." Upon
one occasion, when intoxicated, he killed a j'oung Kaw brave who was
popular in the tribe, and saved his life only by the payment of heavy
fine in ponies, bufifalo robes, etc., and for a time was deprived of his
chieftainship. Subsequently he was reinstated, went to the Indian Ter-
ritorv with the tribe in 1873, ^"^ died there at an advanced age.
Foote County. — On March 18, 1879, the legislature created this county,
which is supposed to have been named in honor of Andrew Hull Foote,
KANSAS HISTORY 65 1
a United States iia\-al officer during the Civil war. Tlie ijoundaries were
thus described in the creative act: "Commencing at the intersection of
the east line of range 2j west, with the north line of township 24 south ;
thence south along the range line to its intersection with the north line
of township 29 south : thence west along township line to where it inter-
sects the east line of range 31 west; thence north along range line to its
intersection with the north line of township 24 south ; thence east to the
place of beginning." The boundaries as thus defined embraced all of the
present county of Gray except the southern tier of Congressional town-
ships. In 1881, by an act of the legislature the county was attached to
Ford for judicial purposes, and another act of the same session changed
the name to Gray.
Ford, an incorporated city of Ford county, is a station on the Bucklin
& Dodge Cit}' division of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 18
miles from Dodge City, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order
postoffice, express and telegraph offices, some good general stores, and
in 1910 reported a population of 205.
Ford County, located in the southwestern part of the state, is in the
second tier of counties north of the line dividing Kansas from Oklahoma,
and the fifth county east from the Colorado state line. It is bounded on
the north by Hodgeman county, east by Edwards and Kiowa, south by
Clark and Meade and west by Gray, and has an area of 1,083 square
miles. Ford county was created by the act of 1867, which provided for
the division into counties of all the unorganized part of the state east of
range 26 west, and was named in honor of Col. James H. Ford of the
Second Colorado cavalry. It was not organized until 1873.
One of the first parties to travel westward through this pcirtion of
Kansas with a pack train was the McKnight expedition in 1812, wliich
followed the Arkansas river. A few years later Maj. Stephen H. Long's
expedition passed up the Arkansas valley and by 1825 this route be-
came known as the "Santa Fe Trail" (q. v.). One of the earliest military
posts in Kansas was located in what is now Ford county. (See Fort
Atkinson.) Fort Dodge, established in 1864, was on the north bank of
the Arkansas, about 2 miles east of Dodge City. The old militar\- reser-
vation is now the site of the State Soldiers' Home.
During the rush to California in 1849 thousands of gold seekers passed
along the Santa Fe trail, through what is now Ford count}-, but few
located there. Among the first permanent settlers were A. J. Anthony,
who located on a ranch 20 miles west of Dodge City, in 1867. He kept
a few cattle and a general store for a year, then moved to Fort Dodge
and engaged in the sutler business until 1874. Herman J. Fringer came
to Fort Dodge in 1867 as quartermaster's clerk. Later he opened one of
the pioneer drug stores and served as justice of the peace before the
county was organized. H. L. Sitler came to the county in 1868, and
was one of the pioneer freighters, before the railroad was built. Dodge
City grew up not far from the fort.
In a few years the frontier moved further west and Ford county be-
652 CYCLOPEDIA OF
came populated with industrious husbandmen, who established perma-
nent homes and prosperous farms. On April 5, 1873, Gov. Osburn issued
a proclamation providing for the organization of Ford county. He ap-
pointed Charles Rath, J. G. McDonald and Daniel Wolf as special com-
missioners, and Herman J. Fringer as special clerk. The commissioners
met at Dodge City and elected Charles Rath chairman. James Hanrahan
was appointed special commissioner in place of Daniel \\'olf, who was
not in the count3^ An election for county officers was ordered for June
5, 1873, when the following' persons were elected: Charles Rath, A. C.
Me3'ers and F. C. Zimmerman, commissioners ; Herman J. Fringer,
count}- clerk, and also clerk of the district court; A. J. Anthony, treas-
urer; H. Armitage, register of deeds; George B. Cox, probate judge; M.
V. Cutler, county attorney; Charles E. Bassett, sheriff, and T. L. Mc-
Carty, coroner. P. T. Bowen and Thomas C. Nixon were elected jus-
tices of the peace in the tAvo civil townships. Dodge and Ford. At the
election on Nov. 4, 1873, A. J. Anthony, A. J. Peacock and Charles Rath
were elected commissioners; William F. Sweney, clerk; M. T. Bruin,
register of deeds ; George B. Cox, probate judge ; L. D. Henderson,
county attorney ; M. Collar, superintendent of public instruction ; John
■McDonald, clerk of the district court; A. B. Webster, treasurer; Charles
E. Bassett, sheriff'; T. L. McCarty, coroner; John Kirby, surveyor, and
James Hanrahan, representative to the state legislature.
In 1874, the old toll house was taken for a count}'- poor-house. Up
to 1875 rented buildings were used for court-house purposes and the
county offices, but during the summer of 1876, a fine brick court-house
was completed at a cost of $8,000, and all the county offices and records
were removed to it.
One of the earliest newspapers in the county was the Dodge City
Messenger, established in Feb., 1874, by A. W. Moore, but the paper
was suspended in 1875. On May 20, 1876, the Dodge City Times made
its appearance. It was founded by Lloyd and Walter C. Shinn, and the
Ford County Globe was started at Dodge City in Dec, 1877, by William
N. IMorphy and D. M. Frost. The Methodists, Baptists, Episcopalians
and Catholics all have churches in the county, most of them substantial
edifices.
The surface of the county is generally level. Practically all the bot-
tom land in the county is the valley of the Arkansas river, which varies
from one to two miles in width and comprises about one-tenth of the
area of the county. There is very little native timber, and what there is
consists of narrow belts along the streams. The cottonwood is the most
numerous, but hackberry, walnut and cedar are found. The Arkansas
river enters the county about 8 miles south of the northwest corner,
flows southeast nearly to the eastern boundary and thence northeast
into Edwards county. Its most important tributary is Mulberry creek.
Saw Log creek, a branch of the Pawnee, flows through the northern sec-
tion. Magnesian Ifrnestone of good quality exists near Dodge City, and
sandstone is found in the bluff's along the Arkansas river. Gypsum is
KANSAS HISTORY 653
common in the northern portion, along Saw Log creek. Winter wheat,
barley, oats and corn are the leading grains, Kafir corn, alfalfa and sor-
ghum are extensively raised, and the county ranks high in live stock.
Excellent transportation facilities are afforded by the main line of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad, which enters in the northeast
corner, passes southwest to Dodge City, and thence west along the Ar-
kansas river. The main line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific rail-
road crosses the southeast corner, and there are nearly 90 miles of main
track railroad within the bounds of the county, which is divided into the
following townships : Bloom, Bucklin, Concord, Dodge, Enterprise,
Fairview. Ford, Grandview, Pleasant Valley, Richland, Royal, Sodville,
Spearville, Wheatland and Wilburn. The population in 1910 was 11,393,
a gain of 5,896, or more than 100 per cent, during the preceding decade.
The assessed valuation of property for that year was $19,040,450, and
the value of all farm products, including live stock, was nearly $3,500,000.
Forestry. — Under ancient English law, a forest was a tract of woody
country where the king had the exclusive right to hunt. Whether
inclosed or uninclosed, it was under the protection of a special system
of laws and special courts, neither of which are now in existence. In
those days forestr}' meant the enforcement of those laws in order to pro-
tect the royal rights. In the United States forestr)' has to do with the
supply of timber, its waste, the preservation of the natural forests
through conservation, and the encouragement of tree planting.
When the first Europeans came to America they found the surface
of the country along the Atlantic coast and far into the interior heavily
timbered, and for 300 years after the first settlements were made little
or no thought was given to the preservation of the timber supply. Valu-
able trees — trees that would be valuable at the present time at any
rate — were frequently cut down and burned to make room for crops,
and in this way the pioneers literalh' hewed their way to the great
prairies of the West. Then came the golden days of the lumberman,
when acres and acres of land were denuded to cut lumber for export as
well as for domestic use. In 1890 — the year of the greatest cut — over
8,500,000,000 feet of white pine were taken from the forests of Michigan,
Wisconsin and Minnesota. The next year the cut dropped to 5,500,-
000,000 feet. In 1910 the cut of yellow or southern pine was over
8,500,000,000 feet, and the same }^ear the cut of cypress was about 500,-
000.000 feet.
Some years before this, thoughtful men foresaw what the result would
be if the extravagance was allowed to go on, and in 1876 the commis-
sioner of agriculture authorized an inquiry into lumbering methods. ' In
1882 the American Forestry Association was organized and it has been
effective in arousing a sentiment in favor of forest preservation. The
Montana State University established a chair of forestry — one of the
first practical courses in the country — and in 1891 the first practical
demonstration of forestry was given on the Biltmore estate near Ashe-
ville, N. C. Ten years later (1901) the United States bureau of forestry
654 CYCLOPEDIA OF
was established. It consists of six departments, viz: i. Management,
which has to do with the regulation of lumbering methods; 2. Exten-
sion, which aids and encourages the planting of artificial groves and for-
ests ; 3. Measurements, which prepares maps, etc., of the forest reserves ;
4. Products, which has to do with the examination of timber, its quali-
ties, etc. ; 5. Dendrology, which is devoted to the names and natural
history of trees ; 6. Records, which carries on the routine work of the
bureau.
The first white men who settled in Kansas found the country fairly
well supplied with timber, especiall}^ along the water-courses, as far
west as the junction of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers. As
civilization pushed its way westward the pioneers saw that in a few
years the natural timber supply would become exhausted, and to encour-
age tree planting a timber culture law was passed, giving 160 acres of
land to any one who would plant a certain number of trees. The law
was a failure, the man who entered a claim under it caring more for the
title to the land than for the timber. Consequently the species of trees
selected were usually those that could be secured at the least expense,
without regard to their adaptability to Kansas soil and climate. After
various amendments, the law was finally repealed.
Then the bounty system was tried. In 1865 the legislature passed
an act providing that any person who planted and successively culti-
vated 5 or more acres of trees should be entitled to a bounty of 50 cents
an acre, "to be paid out of the county treasury in which the tiees were
located, for a term of 25 years," beginning two years after said trees
had been planted. The next legislature raised the bounty to $2 an acre,
and also provided a bounty of .$2 for each half-mile of trees planted
along- any public higl^wa3^ As a further stimulus to tree culture, the
legislature of 1867 enacted a law providing that timbered land should be
assessed no higher than open land adjoining.
Forest extension was introduced in the Arkansas valley in 1873 by
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad company. Trees were planted
at Hutchinson, Sterling, Ellinwood. Garfield, Spearville and some other
points as far west as the state line. The varieties used were chiefly
catalpa, Russian mulberry, white maple, elm and cottonwood. Twelve
years later a report stated that most of the trees were in healthy con-
dition and their growth had been rapid. At that time nearly 150,000
trees had been planted in the state, and the people were beginning to
learn that the climate and rainfall could be modified by the presence of
tracts of timbered land. The legislature of 1887 therefore created the
ofifice of commissioner of forestry, Avho was directed to establish two
forestry stations in the western part of the state, where trees were to
be planted and issued free of charge to any resident of the state under
certain conditions.
One station was located near Dodge City, Ford county, and the other
near Ogallah, Trego count}'. The trees planted were cottonwood,
black and honey locust, box-elder, catalpa, Russian and common mul-
KANSAS HISTORY 655
berry and the osage orange. On Oct. 20, 1887, the commissioner
reported that he had received over 1,000 applications for the young
trees, the applications coming from J^i counties, showing that the peo-
ple of the state were interested in the subject of forestry. In 1907 a
forest commissioner was provided for at each station, and in 1909 a
division of forestry was established in connection with the agricultural
college, the .regents being authorized to appoint a state forester who-
should have charge of all the experiments made at the station. The
act provided that the state forester should "promote practical forestry
in every possible wav, compile and disseminate information relative to
forestry, and publish the results of such work through bulletins, press
notices, and in such other ways as may be most practicable to reach
the public, and by lecturing before farmers' institute associations,"
etc. The stations. at Ogallah and Dodge City were transferred to the
care of the agricultural college and experiment station.
Through the influence of the United States bureau of forestry, the
government has established a "forest reserve" of 70,000 acres near
Garden City, Finney county, where experiments in tree culture are
carried on under the supervision of a forester appointed by the United
States authorities. This forest reserve is an object lesson in many
ways, and its influence is alreadj^ being felt in the western part of the
state.
Formoso, an incorporated town of Jewell county, is located on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 12 miles east of Mankato, the
county seat, and 5 miles from Courtland. It has banking facilities, a
weekly, newspaper (the New Era), telegraph and express offices, and
an international mone}' order postoffice with three rural routes. The
population in 1910 was 475.
Forsha, a hamlet in Reno county, is located 11 miles south of Hutch-
mson, the count}- seat, from which place its mail is distributed by rural
deliver}'. It is 5 miles east of Castleton, on the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe R. R., which is its nearest railroad station and shipping
point. Forsha has a flour mill and is a trading center for the neigh-
borhood.
Forts. — As the white man pushed his way westward from the first
settlements along the Atlantic coast, a chain of military posts marked
the line of demarcation between civilization and savagery. The rifle
and the stockade led the advance into the wilderness and paved the
way for the home and the husbandman. Sometimes these forts were
erected by the great fur companies — great for that day, at least; some-
times by a detachment of soldiers as temporary quarters while on a
march or a campaign; sometimes by order of the war department;
probably more frequently by the pioneer settlers as a place of shelter
and defense in the event of an Indian attack. Usually they were of
■the stockade or palisade type, constructed of stakes set upright, close
together, and sharpened at the top to make the attempt to scale the
walls more difficult. The form was generally that of a square or a
6s6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
rectangle, with a blockhouse at each corner, though often the block-
house feature was ommitted.
Much of the history of the country centers about these military
establishments. Where is the school boy who does not feel a thrill
of patriotism as he reads of AVashington's march through the unbroken
wilds and his founding of Fort Necessity, the valiant deed of Sergeant
Jasper in nailing the flag to the mast under fire at Fort Moultrie, or
the gallant defense of Fort Sumter by Maj. Anderson and his little
band of heroes at the beginning of the Civil war? Some of the prin-
cipal cities of the country owe their origin to the establishment of a
military post. Pittsburgh, Pa., had its beginning in the founding of
Fort Duquesne, and the great cit)^ of Chicago, 111., grew up around old
Fort Dearborn.
As the red man retired before the advance of a superior race, the
necessity for the stockade and the blockhouse no longer existed, and
the frontier forts gradually fell into decay. A few have been main-
tained by the government as permanent institutions, not so much as
a means of defense against hostile aborigines as for quarters of detach-
ments of the regular army and schools for the soldier. These per-
manent army posts are usually elaborate afifairs, equipped with approved
modern appurtenances for the comfort and conveni'ence of the gar-
rison. Two of them — Fort Leavenworth and Fort Rile}' — are located
in the State of Kansas. Following is a brief sketch of each of the
principal military posts in the state, and each of which in its day played
its part toward making Kansas a great commonwealth. ("See also
Camps. ■)
Fort Atkinson, one of the early military posts erected along the line
of the Santa Fe trail, was located on the Arkansas river, about 26
miles below "The Crossing." The place known as "The Crossing" was
not far from the present town of Cimarron, the county seat of Gray
county, hence the location of Fort Atkinson was in what is now Ford
county, some 6 or 8 miles up the river from Dodge City. On Aug. 8,
1850, Col. E. V. Sumner established "Camp Mackay" on the site, after
a "treaty talk" had been held there with the Indians. Col. Sumner
notified the war department on Sept. 10. 1850, that the spot was a suit-
able location for a permanent post. It was approved by General Order
No. 44. dated Dec. 16, 1850, and Maj. HofTman, with Company D, Sixth
United States infantry, was ordered to begin the erection of the fort
"as soon as the weather will permit." The fort was built of sod, covered
with poles, brush, sod and canvas, and when completed was garrisoned
by a detachment of the Sixth infantry commanded by Capt. Buckner.
The post continued to be known as Camp Mackay until June 25, 1851,
when the name was changed to Fort Atkinson. The soldiers quartered
there gave it the name of "Fort Sod," and later "Fort Sodom," the
latter no doubt having been inspired by the unsanitary conditions of
the place and the fact that it was infested with vermin. While it was
occupied by Capt. Buckner and his men, the fort was besieged by
KANSAS HISTORY 657
a large body of Comanches and Kiowas, who surrounded the fort and
endeavored to cut off supplies. The garrison was relieved by the timely
arrival of Maj. Chilton with a detachment of the First dragoons. Fort
Atkinson was occupied by garrison until Sept. 22, 1853, when it was
abandoned. It was temporarily reoccupied in June, 1854, by Com-
panies F and H of the Sixth infantry, but on Oct. 2, 1854, the post
was abandoned and the buildings destroyed to prevent their occupancy
by the Indians. On Aug. 4, 1855, a postofifice was established at Fort
Atkinson, with Pitcairn Morrison as postmaster, but it was discontinued
on June 5, 1857.
Fort Aubrey. — About the close of the Civil war a number of volun-
teer regiments were ordered to the western frontier to quell Indian
uprisings, and these men erected several temporary fortifications at
various points along the border of civilization. One of these was Fort
Aubrey, which was located on section 23, township 24, range 40 west,
on Spring creek, about two and a half miles from its mouth, not far
from the present village of Mayline in Hamilton county. It was built
by Companies D and F. Forty-eighth Wisconsin infantry, under the
command of Capt. Adolph Whitman. The exact date of its establish-
ment is not certain, but it was late in August or early in Sept., 1865.
It was abandoned on April 15, 1866.
Fort Bain, a famous rendezvous for John Brown and Capt. James
Montgomer}- during the years 1857-58, was a log cabin built by a set-
tler named Bain, and was located in the northern part of Bourbon
county, on the north side of the Osage river, about 7 or 8 miles from
the Missouri line. Redpath, in his life of John Brown, says 50 men
in Fort Bain could have resisted a force of 500. According to the same
authority, it was here that John Brown planned his invasion of Mis-
souri in Dec, 1858. After the troubles of the territorial days were set-
tled by the admission of Kansas. Fort Bain continued to be occupied
as a peaceful residence for some years, when it gave way to a better
structure.
Fort Baxter, a military post at Baxter Springs, was established by
Gen. James G. Blunt in May, 1863. Connelley says it "consisted of
some log cabins with a total frontage of about 100 feet, facing east
toward Spring river. . . . Back of the fort, and of the same width,
was a large space enclosed by embankments of earth thrown up against
logs and about 4 feet high." The west wall of this embankment was
torn out on Oct. 5, 1863, for the purpose of extending the north and
south walls some 200 yards farther west, and the fort was in this con-
dition when it was attacked by Quantrill's forces the next da}-. (See
Baxter Springs.)
Fort Blair, one of three lunettes or blockhouses erected at Fort Scott
in the spring of 1861, stood at the corner of Second street and National
avenue. It was built under the same conditions as Fort Henning fq.
v.) and was equipped with two 24-pounder siege guns. The govern-
ment failed to furnish fixed ammunition for these guns, and Peter
ri-42)
658 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Riley, of the Sixth Kansas, then a clerk in the ordnance department
at Fort Scott, made sacks of flannel and filled them with powder to
be used in charging the guns. At tlie time of Price's raid lliese two
pieces of artillery stood at the point of the mound north of the plaza,
where they could be seen by the enemy, and no doubt served to deter
the Confederate general from attacking Fort Scott.
Fort Carondelet. — About the year 1787, Pierre Chouteau established
a trading post on the high ground afterward known as Halley's bluflf,
on the Osage river, in what is now Vernon county, Mo. Later the
post became known as Fort Carondelet, so named for Baron de Caron-
delet, the Spanish governor of Louisiana. Early settlers in that local-
ity found the remains of a stone wall, which is belived to have been
the ruins of the old fort. From old documents at St. Louis, it has
been learned that the armament of the fort consisted of four small
cannon, but no accurate description of the fort itself has been found.
It was probably the customary log trading-house, a blockhouse, a cabin
or two, surrounded by palisades, and garrisoned by a dozen or more
of the employees of the trading company, of which Chouteau was the
representative. At the time it was established it was the farthest west
of any of the trading posts founded by white men in what is now the
State of Missouri, and it is quite likely that some of the Indians of
southeastern Kansas traded there at that early day.
Fort Clark. — This post was located on the blufif overlooking the
Missouri river, about 40 miles below the mouth of the Kansas, and
not far from the present town of Sibley. Lewis and Clark's Journal
(Coues' edition) for June 23, 1804, mentions the fact that the expedi-
tion was compelled to lie to at a small island during the day, owing
to a high wind, and contains this entry : "Directly opposite, on the
south, is a high commanding position, more than 70 feet above high-
water mark, and overlooking the river, which is here but of little width.
This spot has many advantages for a fort and trading house with the
Indians."
Gen. William Clark again passed the place in 1808 with a troop of
cavalry on his way to make a treaty with the Osage Indians, and on
his return selected it as a site for a fort. The bluff became known as
"Fort Point," and in Sept., 1808, the government erected there a fort
and named it Fort Clark. Biddle says a factory was also erected by
the government, but does not tell what was manufactured there. The
fort was occupied by a garrison until 1813, after which the Osage In-
dian agency was maintained there for several years, and the post became
known as Fort Osage. Later it took the name of Fort Sibley, for Maj.
Sibley, who was the agent of the Osages from 1818 to 1825. The
place was permanently abandoned when Fort Leavenworth was founded
in 1827.
Fort Cobb, at the junction of Pond creek and the Washita river, in
the Indian Territory, was established on Oct. i, 1859, and was one
of the early frontier posts erected and garrisoned for the purpose of
KANSAS HISTORY 659
maintaining order among the Indian tribes. Gen. Custer's command,
in whicli was the Nineteenth Kansas, was encamped at Fort Cobb from
Dec. 18, 1868, to Jan. 6, 1869. On March 12. 1869, the fort was
abandoned.
Fort Dodge. — In its day, this fort was one of the most important
military establishments on the western frontier. It was located on the
north bank of the Arkansas river, a short distance southeast of the
present Dodge City, on the site of the "Caches" (q. v.), which had
been a favorite camping ground for freighters and hunters from the
time of the opening of the Santa Fe trail. Some authorities state that
a fort was located here in 1835 by Col. Henry I. Dodge, after whom the
fort was named. Col. Dodge did erect some sort of a fort in this im-
mediate locality, but the reports of the United States war department
say that the Fort Dodge of later days was established by Gen. Gren-
ville M. Dodge in 1864, and that the site was selected by Col. Ford,
of the Second Colorado cavalry. The first buildings were of adobe,
but in 1867 several new structures were erected at a, considerable
outlay of money. The sanitary arrangements at Fort Dodge were of
the best character, and the fort usually boasted one of the finest gar-
risons in the countr}'. At one time Gen. George A. Custer was the
commanding ofificer of the post. When the fort was abandoned in
1882, the government left the property in charge of a custodian, who
allowed the inclosure to be used as a cattle corral, and the buildings
fell into decay.
The reservation — originally about 30,000 acres — was purchased from
the Osage Indians. By an act of Congress, approved Dec. 15, 1880,
all that portion of the reservation lying north of the Atchison. Topeka
& Santa Fe railroad was ordered to be surveyed, as other public lands,
arid sold to actual settlers, not more than 160 acres to any one pur-
chaser. The Kansas legislature in' 1886 adopted a resolution asking
the Kansas delegation in Congress "to secure, at as early a day as
possible, the survey and sale as public lands the military reservation
in Ford county, Kan., known as Fort Dodge." Three years later, in
1889, the legislature adopted another resolution requesting Congress
to donate the remainder of the reservation to the state, to be used as
a site for a soldiers' home. On March 2, 1889, President Cleveland
approved an act of Congress authorizing the secretary of the interior
to sell and convey to the State of Kansas lots numbered 3, 5, 6 and 7,
of section 3, township 27 south, range 24 west, on condition that the
state pay for the same within twelve months from the passage of the
act at the rate of $1.25 an acre, and establish a soldiers' home thereon
within three years. The Kansas Historical Collections (vol. ix, p. 567)
says that the entire reservation was opened to settlement except about
127 acres, which was bought by the citizens of Dodge City, under the
provisions of the above act, and presented to the state for a soldiers'
home (q. v.).
660 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Fort Dodge, a town of Ford county, is located on the Arkansas river
about 4 miles below Dodge City, the county seat and most convenient
railroad station. It has a money order postoffice, telephone connec-
tions, and some general stores, and is a trading center for the neigh-
borhood. The state soldiers' home is located here.
Fort Downer. — The \\'estern Kansas World, published at Wakeeney,
says : "About 1863 Fort Downer, named from a captain in the United
States army, was established, giving the name to the stream (Downer's
creek). Here in 1866 occurred the Fort Downer massacre, in which
all but one man were killed. Here Custer was encamped, and from
this point and Fort Hays made several raids upon the wary red-skins."
The fort was located on the Smoky Hill route, 50 miles west of Fort
Hays and 182 miles from Fort Riley. It was an eating station on the
Butterfield Overland Despatch line until the buildings were burned in
1867, and on ]\Iay 28, 1868, the fort was abandoned.
Fort Ellsworth. — (See Fort Harker.)
Fort Fletcher. — (See Fort Hays.)
Fort Hamilton. — Tomlinson, in his "Kansas in 1858," mentions this
fort as the "stronghold of the robber Hamilton." Early in the year
1858 Charles A. Hamilton (correct spelling Hamelton), the leader of
the pro-slavery mob that perpetrated the Marais des Cygnes massacre,
built a substantial log cabin not far from the elevation known as Sugar
Mound in Linn county. Later in the year it was taken by free-state
men and in May was occupied by Capt. \\'eaver's company, of some 30
men. who named it "Fort Hamilton."
Fort Harker. — The original site of this post was on the north bank
of the Smoky Hill river, at the crossing of the old Santa Fe stage
road, about 4 miles southeast of the present town of Ellsworth, where
it was established in Aug., 1864, under the name of Fort Ellsworth.
It is said to have been commenced by a detachment of Iowa volunteer
troops, who erected the first buildings and garrisoned the place until
the fall of 1865, when they were relieved by a portion of the Thirteenth
United States infantry. On Nov. 11, 1866, the name was changed to
Fort Harker, and in Jan., 1867, a new site was selected, about a mile
northeast of the old fort. For a long time Fort Harker was the ship-
ping point of freight bound for New Mexico. The report of Surgeon
B; E. Fryer, of the United States army, in May, 1870, gives a good
description of the construction and sanitary condition of the fort at that
time, as well as a mention of the cholera visitation of 1867. (See
Cholera.) The report says: "Fort Harker is used as a base by troops
not belonging to it for operations in the field, and many sick from
commands in the vicinity have been sent here at various times for treat-
ment or discharge. The sick-list is often enlarged in this way. There
are two out of five men in hospital at the present time who belong to
commands which have never been at the post nor attached to it."
Fort Harker was abandoned as a military establishment in April,
1872. On Feb. 11, 1876, the Kansas house of representatives adopted
KANSA'S HrSTORY 66l
a resolution asking Congress to donate the reservation of 10,240 acres
(16 square miles) to the state, to be used for educational purposes.
The request was not granted, and the reservation was finally opened
to settlement by the act of June 15, 1880.
Fort Hays. — This post was established on Oct. 11, 1865, and was
first named Fort Fletcher, in honor of ex-Gov. Fletcher of ^Missouri.
It was located on Big creek, about 14 miles southeast of the present
Hays City, and continued to be known as Fort Fletcher until Nov. 17,
1866, when the name was changed to Fort Hays, for Gen. Isaac G.
Ha3'S, who was killed at the battle of the Wilderness. In the summer
of 1867 the post was flooded by an overflow of Big creek, and Gen.
Gibbs, then a major in the. Seventh United States cavalry, selected a
new site by order of Gen. Hancock. The new location was about three-
fourths of a mile from Hays Cit}^ where a reservation of 7,300 acres
in the form of an irregular triangle was laid out and substantial build-
ings were erected. Gen. Sheridan's headquarters were at Fort Hays
at the time of the Black Kettle raid in 1868. By the act of March i,
1876, the Kansas legislature ceded to the United States jurisdiction over
the reservation, which continued to be used as a military post until
June I, 1889. Early in that year it became known that the fort was
to be abandoned, and the Kansas legislature adopted a resolution ask-
ing Congress to donate the site to the state for a soldiers' home. No
action was taken by Congress on the resolution, and in 1895 the legis-
lature again asked that the reservation be donated to the state as a
location for a branch of the state agricultural college, a branch of the
state normal school, and a public park. Again no action was taken,
and in 1899 ^ subordinate of the interior department declared the land
opened for settlement, but in March, 1900, the Kansas delegation in
Congress managed to secure the land and buildings for educational
purposes. A branch of the state normal school is now established
there, and the agricultural college maintains an experiment station on
the reservation.
Fort Kenning. — Shortly after President Lincoln's second call for
volunteers in the spring of 1861, three blockhouses were erected at Fort
Scott for the purpose of guarding quartermaster's, hospital and ordnance
stores. Fort Henning, one of these blockhouses, stood at the corner of
Scott avenue and First street, on the site afterward occupied by the
postofifice building. It was built under the supervision of Capt. Wil-
liam Holcke, an engineer of the United States army, who also superin-
tended the erection of th,e other two blockhouses. Some years after
the war Fort Henning was purchased by Dr. W. S. McDonald and
removed to the lot immediately south of his residence, in order that
it might be preserved as a historic relic of the war. On Dec. 3, 1904,
a flag was raised over old Fort Henning in its new location with
appropriate ceremonies. While the fort was used for military pur-
poses it was garrisoned by troops belonging to the Sixth Kansas, under
command of Lieut. C. H. Haynes. (See also Forts Blair and Insley.)
662 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Fort Insley, the largest of three blockhouses erected at Fort Scott
in the spring of 1861, under the supervision of Capt. William Holcke,
was located on the point of the mound, where the Plaza school build-
ing was afterward erected. It was garrisoned by a detachment of the
Sixth Kansas, and was used for storing ammunition. (See Fort
Henning.)
Fort Jewell, also called Camp Jewell, was erected in the latter part
of May, 1870, on the site of Jewell City. On May 13, 1870, a meeting
of the settlers in that locality was held "to discuss means of defense
against the Cheyennes," who were then on the war path. At this meet-
ing W. D. Street proposed the erection of a fort, which suggestion was
adopted, and a company called the "Buffalo Militia" was immediately
organized to carry it out. Street was chosen captain of the company,
and Cutler says: "At once selecting a spot fifty yards square, they
plowed around it, laid a wall four feet thick and seven feet high, and
in two days 'Fort Jewell' was completed." The fort was garrisoned
by Street's company until some time in June, when it was occupied
by a detachment of the Third United States mounted artillery. No
attack was ever made upon the post, but it is quite probable that the
prompt action of the settlers in erecting this defense had a tendency
to prevent any demonstration on the part of the savages in that sec-
tion. After the Indians had been pacified, the fort was allowed to fall
into decay. (See also Jewell county.)
Fort Kanses. — Sometime in the first half of the i8th century the
French established a trading post at the Kansa village, a little below
Isle au Vache, or Cow island, in what is now Atchison county, and
this was probably the first post in Kansas where white men lived as
permanent settlers. Bougainville, writing of the French posts, in 1757,
said : "In ascending this stream (the Missouri) we meet the village
of the Kanses. We have there a garrison with a commandant,
appointed, as is the case with Pimiteoui and Fort Chartres, by New
Orleans. This post produces 100 bundles of furs."
When it is known that a "bundle" of furs was equal to loo otter,
wolf or badger skins, or 500 mink or muskrat skins, it will be seen that
the trade at this old post was considerable. Like all the establish-
ments engaged in the fur trade of that period, it was probably in the
hands of some licensed trader, a favorite of the governor-general of
Canada. The ruins of this old fort were still to be seen at the begin-
ning of the 19th century. Lewis and Clark's journal for July 2. 1804,
shows this entry :
"Opposite our camp is a valley, in which was situated an old village
of the Kansas, between two high points of land, on the bank of the
river. About a mile in the rear of the village was a small fort, built
by the French on an elevation. There are now no traces of the village.
but the situation of the fort may be recognized by some remnants of
chimneys, and the general outlines of the fortification, as well as by
the fine spring which supplied it with water. The party who were
KANSAS HISTORY 663
stationed here were probably cut off by Indians, as there are no accounts
of them." (Coues' Edition, p. 37.)
Fort Lane. — An old map of Douglas county, drawn under the direc-
tion of the surveyor-general of the territory and published in 1857,
shows "Fort Lane" a short distance west of the city of Lawrence, and
about half a mile north of the California road. The following descrip-
tion of the fort is taken from an address delivered by Brinton W.
Woodward before the Kansas Historical Society on Jan. 18, 1898, on
"The Invasion of the 2,700, Sept. 14, 1856:"
"The fort on Mount Oread had been located and built, under the
direction of Lane, at the point of the bluff coming north, where it drops
down to the rather lower level or ridge on which Gov. Robinson's house
had stood, and where the first university building (since called North
College) was afterward placed. Its site has scarcely even yet been
wholly obliterated by grading, and it was directly west (south) of
where Mr. Frank A. Bailey's residence now stands. It occupied a
sightly and commanding position ; . . . was of irregular outline,
following the curve or point of the bluff on two sides, with a straight
chord subtending on the south. It was laid up as a loose, dry wall
from the rough stone gathered about, to the height of from three to
four feet, thus making a show of outline fairly exhibited to the east."
When Lawrence was threatened on Sept. 14, 1856, the date men-
tioned in Mr. Woodward's address, Fort Lane was manned by a com-
pany of 40 men, of whom Mr. Woodward was one, hence the above
description is from an eye witness.
Fort Larned. — In the fall of 1859 Capt. George H. Steuart, command-
ing Company K, First United States cavalry, was sent out with his
company to establish a mail escort station on the line of the Santa
Fe trail. On Oct. 22 he selected a site on the south bank of Pawnee
Fork, 8 miles from the mouth, and his camp was known as "Camp on
Pawnee Fork" until Feb. i, i860, when it was named "Camp Alert."
On May 29, i860, pursuant to General Order No. 14, the post was named
Fort Larned, in honor of Col. B. F. Larned, at that time paymaster-
general of the United States army. The reservation included a tract
of land four miles square, but the extent was not officially declared
until the issuing of General Order No. 22, from the headquarters of
the Department of Missouri, dated Nov. 25, 1867. The first buildings
were of adobe, but in 1867, when the reservation was officially estab-
lished, sandstone buildings were erected. In the early part of 1870
frame additions to the subalterns' quarters were built, and further im-
provements were made in 1872, when the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe railroad was completed to the fort. The agency for the Arapahoe
and Cheyenne Indians was maintained at Fort Larned for several years,
but it was discontinued in 1868. Late in the '70s it became apparent
that the necessity for a military post at this place no longer existed, and
in Jan., 1880. Senator Plumb, from the committee on military affairs,
recommended the passage of a bill to provide for the sale of the reserva-
664 CYCLOPEDIA OF
tion to actual settlers. The bill did not pass at that time, but by the
act of Congress, approved Aug. 4, 1882. the secretary of war was
directed "to relinquish and turn over to the department of the interior,
to the public domain, the Fort Larned reservation, to be sold to actual
settlers at the appraised price, not more than a quarter-section to any
one purchaser."
Fort Leavenworth. — On March 7, 1827, Maj.-Gen. Brown ordered
Col. Henry Leavenworth, of the Third United States infantry, to take
four companies of his regiment and ascend the Missouri, "and when
he reaches a point on the left bank near the mouth of the Little Platte
river, and within a range of 20 miles above its confluence, he will select
such a position as, in his judgment, is best calculated for the site of
a permanent cantonment. The spot being chosen, he will construct,
with the troops of his command, comfortable though temporary quar-
ters, sufficient for the accommodation of four companies."
This order marks the beginning of one of the best known and most
important military posts in the country. At the time the order was
received by Col. Leavenworth he was on duty at Jefferson barracks
at St. I^ouis. Taking four companies, commanded by Capt. Belknap
and I..ieuts. Wheeler, Hunt and Babbitt — 204 men in all — he started on
his mission. On May 8 he reported that there was no suitable site for
a cantonment on the left bank of the river, and recommended a bluff
on the opposite side, "about 20 miles above the mouth of the Platte."
His recommendation Avas approved on Sept. 29, 1827, and on Nov. 8
the post was named Cantonment Leavenworth, in honor of its founder.
Temporar}^ quarters were constructed, in accordance with Gen.
Brown's order, but no reservation for the post was established until
1838, when President Van Buren declared as such a large tract of tim-
bered land on the east side of the Missouri. An entry in the records
of the adjutant-general's office, under date of June 21. 1838, says: "The
land held as reserved, extends from six to seven miles along the Mis-
souri river, and varies from one to two miles wide, containing about
6,840 acres." This land had been claimed by the Delaware Indians
until the survey of 1830. By the survey of 1839 it became a part of the
military reservation. In 1854 the secretary of war ordered a new sur-
vey, and the boundaries of the reservation then established were
approved by President Pierce. In 1872 the Ignited States attorney-
general ruled that the land north of the post had never belonged to
the Delawares, but became the property of Kansas when the state was
admitted to the Union, and the state legislature, by the act of Feb.
25. J875, ceded to the United States jurisdiction over that portion of
the reservation.
On July 20, 1868, Congress authorized the sale of 20 acres of the
reservation to the Leavenworth Coal company. At the same session
right of way was granted to two railroad companies and a free public
highway. By the joint resolution passed by Congress on Feb. 9, 1871,
the reservation was further reduced in size, bv the sale of 128.82 acres
KANSAS HISTORY 665
to the Kansas Agricultural and IMechanical Association for a fair ground,
the value of the land to be determined by a committee of army officers.
On June 6, 1888, a tract of nearly 10 acres was sold to the Leaven-
worth City and Fort Leavenworth Water company — the coal rights
being reserved by the government — and the following March the water
company was granted the privilege of leasing ground on the reserva-
tion for a reservoir. The following description of the fort is taken
from Hazelrigg's History of Kansas, published in 1895 :
"The reservation contains 5,904^^ acres on the west side and 936
acres on the east side of the Missouri river. The reservation is crossed
by three railroads. An iron-truss three span bridge crosses the Mis-
souri. A wide military road leads through the reserve to the post,
which is entered from the south through a handsome archway. The
parade ground is 517 by 514 feet, is graded down on the west side and
thrown up in the center. North of this beautiful ground is a row of
officers' headquarters, some of them modern and new, others as old as
1828, with vines creeping all over them. On the east side .of the parade
ground are the quarters of the field officers : neat home-like houses,
with all comforts and conveniences. Between these and the brick pave-
ment that edges the carriage way around three sides of the ground
is a beautiful lawn. The barracks are frame and face the east. The
post headquarters is an L-shaped, one-story brick building. It con-
tains rooms for the commanding officer, the adjutant and the sergeant-
major. A large room in this building is the dread court-martial
room."
Since the above was written the government has made liberal appro-
priations for additional improvements. About the beginning of the
present century, when cavalry and artillery quarters were provided,
lOntracts amounting to over $350,000 were let for the construction of
A riding school, cavalry stables, a new parade ground, barracks, quar-
ters, stables and gun sheds for a batter)^ of light artillery, and a new
headquarters building. In 1900 an appropriation of $60,000 was made
by Congress for a modern military hospital, and in 1904 an addition
to the hospital was ordered at a cost of $30,000. Altogether, over
$2,ooo,coo have been expended on the post, and with the completion
of improvements under contemplation it will be probably the greatest
military establishment in the world. The garrison in 1909 consisted
of one regiment of infantry, five troops of cavalry, four companies of
engineers and a battery of light artillery — a total of 3.078 officers and
men.
The importance of Fort Leavenworth as a military post dates almost
from its establishment. For years before Kansas was organized as
a territory steamboats touched at the fort, which was a depot for mili-
tary supplies for the entire department. A postoffice was established
there on May 29, 1828, with Philip G. Rand as postmaster. During
the war with Mexico Fort Leavenworth was a gathering point for
soldiers and a shipping point for military stores bound for the front.
666 CYCLOPEDIA OF
In 1846 Gen. Stephen Kearney stopped at the fort for some time while
on his Avay to Santa Fe : Gen. Joseph Lane's Oregon expedition started
from there in 1848; Capt. Stansbury's expedition to Salt Lake in 184Q
rested for awhile at the fort, and Gen. John C. Fremont made his final
preparations there before setting out on his exploring expeditions which
gave him the sobriquet of the "Pathfinder." Upon the discovery of
gold in California Fort Leavenworth became the outfitting point for
a number of overland parties bound for the Pacific coast : the fort
was the rendezvous for the surve^dng parties of the proposed Central
Pacific railroad in 1853, and in 1859 a L'^nited States arsenal was located
on the reservation.
Among the officers stationed at the fort in the early days were sev-
eral who achieved distinction in military circles. Capt. Belknap, who
accompanied Col. Leavenworth to locate the fort, was the father of
W. W. Belknap, who was secretary of war in President Grant's cabinet,
Lieut. Henry L Hunt was chief of artillery in the Army of the Potomac
in the Civil war. C. A. Finle}' was surgeon-general of the L^nited
States army during the first year of the Civil war. Col. E. V. Sum-
ner and Col. George Sykes both rose to the rank of major-general.
Albert S. Johnston, one time commandment at Fort Leavenworth, was
killed at the battle of Shiloh while in command of the Confederate
arm}', and Braxton Bragg also became a prominent Confederate officer.
Fort Leavenworth is located 3 miles north of the citj^ of Leaven-
worth, with which it is connected by a line of electric railway, right of
way of which was granted by Congress to the Leavenworth Rapid
Transit Railway company on Sept. 10, 1888. (See also Army Service
School and IJ. S. Penitentiary.)
Fort • Leavenworth, a town of Leavenworth county, the oldest per-
manent white settlement in Kansas, is located on the Missouri river
about 3 miles north of the city of Leavenworth. When Col. Leaven-
worth established a military post here in 1827, a number of settlers
soon located around the fort, and although only squatters on the gov-
ernment land, the}' formed the first white settlement in what is now
Kansas. With the passing years the fort has grown in importance and
the population of the town has increased in proportion. Today it is
a progressive and well established community with a money order
postoffice, telegraph and express facilities and other business enter-
prises, and in 1910 had a population of 2,000.
Fort Lincoln. — Goodlander, in his "Memoirs and Recollections of the
Early Days of Fort Scott," says : "In the summer of 1861 Jim Lane
had built a fort on the north side of the Osage river, and named it Fort
Lincoln. It was built on low bottom land that was no more a fit place
for a fort than where Knapp's park is now located. This fort con-
sisted of a stockade and a large blockhouse. In later years this stockade
and blockhouse were moved to Fort Scott and located about the junc-
tion of Lowman and First streets."
Fort Lincoln was about 12 miles northwest of the city of Fort Scott,
KANSAS HISTORY 667
and a few miles west of the present town of Fulton. According to
Wilder, it was fortified by Lane on Aug. 17, 1861. After the battle
of Drywood, on Sept. 2, Lane, believing that the ConfederaLes would
attack Fort Scott the next day, ordered the town abandoned, the citi-
zens and troops there to fall back to Fort Lincoln. The fort was gar-
risoned by detachments of the troops belonging to Lane's command
until Jan., 1864, when it was abandoned.
Fort Lyon. — In 1826 the Bent brothers, fur traders, built a stockade
on the Arkansas river, above where the city of Pueblo, Col., now
stands, but finding this location out of the line of trade between the
United States and Taos, they removed down the river in 1829 to a
point about half-waj^ between the present towns of Las Animas and
La Junta. There they erected "Bent's Fort," also called "Fort Wil-
liam," for William Bent. The fort was 100 by 150 feet, the walls of
adobe being 6 feet thick at the base and 17 feet high. The new location
brought the brothers in touch with the trade of Santa Fe, and the
fort continued to be occupied by them until 1852, when it was destroyed
by Col. William Bent. In 1853 a new fort was built on the same side
of the Arkansas, near "Big Timbers," and this was occupied by the
Bents as a trading post until 1859, when it was leased to the United
States government. In the spring of i860 the name was changed to
Fort Wise, for Gov. Wise of Virginia, but on June 25, 1862, it was
named Fort Lyon, in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, who was killed
at the battle of AVilson's creek. Mo., Aug. 10, 1861. In the summer
of 1866 the river undermined the fort, and on June 9, 1867, the new
Fort Lyon was established on the north bank of the Arkansas, 25^
miles below the Purgatory or Las Animas river. This post was in the
Territory of Kansas until the passage of the act of admission in 1861,
fixing the western boundary of the state as it is at the present time.
By an act of Congress, approved Oct. i, 1890, the Fort Lyon reserva-
tion was opened to entry under the homestead laws.
Fort Mackay, or Camp Mackay, was established on Ailg. 8, 1850, and
was named after Col. A. Mackay of the Ignited States quartermaster's
department. Subsequently the name was changed to Fort .\tkinson
(q. v.).
Fort Mann. — Just when and by whom this old fort was founded is
largely a matter of conjecture. It is supposed to have been estab-
lished about 1845, ^s a part of Gilpin's battalion was quartered there
in 1847-48. R. M. Wright, in an address before the Kansas Historical
Society on Jan. 15, 1901, said : "At this side of Point of Rocks, 8 miles
west of Dodge City, used to be the remains of an old adobe fort. Some
called it fort Mann, others Fort Atkinson." Mr. Wright said further:
"There was some inquiry made from Washington about Fort Mann,
about thirty years ago, and I remember going with an escort, and, on
the sloping hillside north of the fort, finding three or four graves. Of
these, one was that of an officer and the others of enlisted men; also
two lime-kilns in excellent condition and a well defined road leading
668 CYCLOPEDIA OF
to Sawlog. In fact the road was as large as the Santa Fe trail, show-
ing that they must have hauled considerable wood over it. This leads
me to believe that the fort had been occupied by a large garrison."
Mr. \\^right's address was delivered in 1901. The inquiries from
Washington he refers to must therefore have been made early in the
'70s. If Fort Atkinson (q. v.), which was abandoned in 1854, occupied
the same site as old Fort Mann, the ruins of the adobe fort mentioned
by him may have been those of Fort Atkinson. Marcy's book, "The
Prairie Traveler," published by authority of the United States war
department in 1859, says Fort Mann was situated near the Arkansas
river, on the route from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe, about 359 miles
from Fort Leavenworth and 423 miles from Santa Fe.
Fort Orleans, established by Bourgmont about 1723. was the first
military post ever built on the Missouri river, though its exact location
is largeh' a matter of speculation. Du Pratz sa^-s : "There was a
French post for some time on an island a few leagues in length over
against the Missouris. The French settled in this fort at the east point
[of the island] and called it Fort Orleans." This statement appears to
have been accepted without question by some later writers, notably
Chittenden, in his "American Fur Trade," and Prentis, in his "History
of Kansas." Chittenden says : "The actual location was about 5 miles
below the mouth of Grand river, opposite the old village of the Mis-
souris," and Prentis locates the island "near the mouth of the Osage."
Thwaites' edition of the Lewis and Clark Journals says : "The exact
site of Fort Orleans is not definitely known, and there are di^•erse
opinions regarding it." Hon. AValter B. Douglas, of St. Louis, thinks
that the fort was "on the north bank of the Missouri, above the mouth
of Wakenda creek, in what is now Carroll county. Mo., and 15 or 20
miles above the town of Brunswick." This would place the fort nearly
opposite Malta Bend, where Cones locates it. But, wherever it may
have been, authorities generally agree that it was erected for a trad-
ing post, and to guard against a Spanish invasion. Chittenden says :
"There is a tradition that when Bourgmont left the fort a year or
two later to go down to New Orleans, the Indians attacked it and mas-
sacred every inmate." (See Bourgmont's Expedition.)
Fort Riley, — Authorities dp not agree as to the exact date when
Fort Riley was founded, though it was some time in the year 1852.
A circular issued by the L^nited States surgeon-general's office in 1875
says it "was established in the spring of 1852, and was at first known
as Camp Center, it being verj' near the geographical center of the
United States." Percival G. Love, who was first sergeant of Troop
B, First dragoons, at the time, says it was established late in the fall
of 1852, and this statement is borne out by the fact that on July 31,
1852, Col. T. T. Fauntleroy, who had been commanding officer at Fort
Leavenworth, wrote to Gen. Jesup, the quartermaster-general of the
L'nited States arm}', recommending the establishment of a military
post somewhere near the junction of the Republican and Smoky Hill
rivers.
KANSAS HISTORY
669
Col. Fauntleroy's suggestion found favor with the war department,
and Maj. E. A. Ogden was charged with the duty, of selecting the
site for such a post. Accepting Sergt. Lowe's statement, which appears
to be the logical one, Maj. R. H. Chilton, with Troop B, First dragoons,
escorted ]Maj. Ogden from Fort Leavenworth to the junction of the
two rivers, where "Camp Center" was established as stated in the
TWO VIEWS OF FORT RILEY.
surgeon-general's circular. On May 17, 1853, the name was changed
to "Fort Riley," in honor of Gen. Bennett C. Riley of the LTnited States
army, who guarded the Santa Fe trail and fought in the war with
Mexico.
Temporar_\- buildings were erected during the \ears 1853 and 1854.
and in Dec, 1854, Congress made an appropriaticm for (|uartors and
stables for five troops of cavalry, the buildings to be built nf stone taken
from the quarries in the vicinity. The post was Iniilt around a paral-
lelogram 553 by 606 feet. The barracks for enlisted men consisted of
six two-story stone buildings, each 40 by 88 feet with accommodations
for one company. The officers' quarters consisted of six two-story build-
ings, each 40 by 60 feet. One of these buildings was for the command-
ing officer, and the other five each contained two sets of quarters. All
-the buildings were provided with broad piazzas. As the post grew-
6/0 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in importance other buildings were erected, including a stone hospital,
an ordnance building i8 by 117 feet, five stables each 39 by 256 feet
and containing ovei" 100 stalls, a brick magazine 16 feet square, with
stone foundation, and a two-story guard-house 20 by 45 feet.
The reservation as at first established included a large tract of land
along the left bank of the Kansas and Republican rivers, and extended
across the latter to the Smoky Hill. But on March 2, 1867, Congress
reduced the size of the reservation' by releasing that portion lying
between the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers, which was granted to
the State of Kansas to aid in the construction of a bridge over the
Republican river on the highway leading to the fort, with the under-
standing that the state was to keep the bridge in good repair and the
United States was to have the free use of it for all time to come. Be-
fore the construction of this bridge L. B. Perry operated for several
years a ferry between the fort and Avhat was known as "Whisky
Point."
Gen. P. H. Sheridan, who was appointed general-in-chief of the United
States army in 1883, recommended the enlargement of the post, and
in 1886 the Kansas legislature adopted a resolution requesting the
senators and representatives in Congress from that state to use their
power and influence to secure an appropriation to carry out the ideas
of the commanding general. Senators Plumb and Ingalls and Repre-
sentative John A. Anderson, who represented the district in which
Fort Riley is located, were especially active in behalf of the appropria-
tion. The result of the combined efforts of the friends of the post was
that in 1887 an appropriation of $200,000 was made by Congress for
the purpose of establishing "a permanent school of instruction for
drill and practice for the cavalry and light artillery service of the army
of the United States, and which shall be the depot to which all recruits
for such service shall be sent; and for the purpose of construction of
such quarters, barracks and stables as may be required to carry into
efifect the purposes of this act."
That appropriation was the beginning of a series of improvements
that amount practically to the rebuilding of the post. Among these
improvements is a large cavalry riding hall, said to be one of the
finest, if not actually the finest, in the country. In 1896 an appropria-
tion of $75,000 was made to continue the construction of buildings
under way ; an appropriation of $30,000 was made in 1900 for additional
stables ; bv the act of April 23, 1904, the sum of $40,000 was appropriated
for a modern military hospital, and in 1905 an appropriation of $6,000
was made for a road through the reservation. On Feb. 14, 1889, Gov.
Humphrey approved an act of the Kansas legislature ceding to the
United States jurisdiction over the reservation, reserving to the state
the right to serve civil or criminal process and to tax the property of
corporations or citizens not otherwise exempt.
In the early days, owing to the fact that the well water in the vicinity
of the fort was strongly tinctured with alkali, most of the water supply
KANSAS HISTORY 67I
was obtained from large cisterns constructed for the purpose, but
with other improvements at the fort a modern system of waterworks
has been installed, insuring to the garrison a bountiful supply of pure
water.
The camps of instruction and military maneuvers at Fort Riley m
recent years have given the fort a wide and favorable reputation in
military circles, and the probabilities are that this reputation will be
greatly extended in the future, through better improvements and equip-
ments, as Congress has shown no inclination to be parsimonious in its
appropriations for the support and development of the post.
Maj. E. A. Ogden, the founder of the fort, was one of the victims
of the cholera epidemic of 1855. (See Cholera.) The monument erected
on the reservation to his memory, it is believed, marks the geographical
center of the United States. On July 25, 1893, was unveiled another
monument on the Fort Riley reservation, dedicated "to the soldiers
who were killed in the battle with the Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee
and Drexel Mission, S. D., Dec. 29 and 30, 1890."
Fort Saunders, a pro-slavery stronghold in the Border War (q. v.),
was located on Washington creek, about 12 miles southwest of the
city of Lawrence, and was nothing more than a well built log cabin
belonging to a pro-slavery settler named Saunders. In the summer of
1856 it was the rendezvous and headquarters of a body of pro-slavery
men, commanded by a. Col. Treadwell, engaged in plundering and
harassing the free-state settlers. Saunders had a corn crusher, .ind on
Aug. II, 1856, Maj. S. D. Hoyt, a free-state man, made an excuse to
visit the fort to get a sack of corn crushed, but at the same time to
see if some arrangement could not be reached with Col. Treadwell to
stop the depredations of his gang. Hoyt was regarded as a spy, and
on his return he was brutally murdered. Appeals to the United States
troops to break up the rendezvous were made in vain, the command-
ing officers saying they could not act without orders, and these the ter-
ritorial authorities refused to issue. After the murder of Hoyt the citi-
zens took matters in hand. On Aug. 15 a body of free-state men,
under command of Lane and Grover, advanced upon the fort, but their
movement was discovered and Treadwell and his men fled. Fort Saun-
ders was then burned to the ground.
Fort Scott. — In 1837, by order of Col. Zachary Taylor, Col. S. W.
Kearney and Capt. Nathan Boone were appointed to lay out the mili-
tary road from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Coft'ey, in the Indian Ter-
ritory, and to select a location for a fort about midway between those
two points. After examining several places, Kearney and Boone
finally recommended a site on the right bank of the Marmaton river,
4 miles west of the Missouri state line. On May 30. 1842. Capt. Ben-
jamin D. Moore, with 120 men of Companies A and C, First dragoons,
established his 'camp on the spot and named it "Camp Scott." The fol-
lowing year a sawmill and brick yard were opened there for the manu-
facture of materials for permanent quarters, and the name was changed
672 CYCLOPEDIA OF
to Fort Scott. A plaza or parade ground of about two acres was laid
off in the center. On the northwest side of this plaza were the officers'
quarters, consisting of four large double houses, each two stories high,
with attic, while on the other sides were the quarters for the men,
stables, hospital, guard-house, etc., and a well about 100 feet deep was
HOUSE, FORT SC
sunk on the plaza. An octagonal brick building was also erected for
a magazine. The garrison was withdrawn in April, 1853, the post
being left in charge of a sergeant, who was instructed to permit an}-
reputable people to occupy the buildings. Fort Scott never had any
reservation allotted to it, and in May, 1855, the buildings were adver-
tised f(ir sale "without land." The result of the sale was that the build-
ings, which cost over $200,000, sold for less than $5,000. The city
of Fort Scott (q. v.) occupies the site of the old military post, and the
old guard-house was for several years the city "calaboose."
Fort Scott, the county seat of Bourbon county, is located in the east-
ern portion, on the Marmaton river, about 4 miles west of the state line,
on the site of the old military post established in 1842. The first build-
ing was a rude log hut. A postoffice was established soon after the
military post, and was maintained as long as the place was occupied by
troops. The first settler was John A. Bugg, who located there as a
sutler. In 1843 H. T. Wilson purchased a partnership in the business,
and six years later purchased the entire stock, at the same time being
made postmaster. \\'hen the government offered the buildings of the
fort for sale, Mr. Wilson bought one of the largest and turned it into
a residence. Another building, afterward known as the "Free State
hotel," was bought by A. Hornbeck for $500. Others were bought by
KANSAS HISTORY
^73
Edward Greenwood and J. Alitchell. The first hotel was opened in the
west block of the government buildings by Thomas Arnett.
When Kansas territory was thrown open to settlement in 1854, a
number of settlers came into Bourbon county from Missouri, and Fort
Scott received its share. Some of the first men to locate in the town
were Dr. Hill, R. Harkness, D. F. Greenwood and Thomas Dodge.
Nothing was done toward organizing a town cpmpany until Jan., 1857,
when George A. Crawford, Norman Eddy, D. H. A¥ier, D. W. Holbrook,
.««^M
^^-ML
OLD GOVERNMENT BUILDING, FORT SCOTT
James E. Jones and Charles Dimon came to Fort Scott to purchase
claims and lay out the town. On Jan. 8, 1857, the Fort Scott Town com-
pany was organized with George A. Crawford, president ; G. W. Jones,
secretary; and H. T. Wilson, treasurer. The compan}' purchased the
claims of H. T. Wilson, S. A. Williams, G. W. Jones, N. E. Herson and
A. Hornbeck. It was incorporated in Feb., i860, and obtained title
to the land the following September. The company donated the lots to
the settlers who had purchased the government buildings, lots for
churches, one to the government for a national cemetery, and set aside
a square for the county, upon which to erect a court-house and jail.
In July, 1857, the government land office was opened at Fort Scott.
The receiver was ex-Gov. E. Ransom, of Michigan, who was accom-
panied by George J. Clark, and George W. Clark arrived about the same
time, having been appointed register. In August a number of settlers
arrived and the town began to grow. A store was opened in the old
quartermaster's building by Dr. B. Little & Son ; John G. Stewart started
a blacksmith shop; George A. Crawford, W. R. Judson and C. Dimon
(1-43)
674 CYCLOPEDIA OF
bought the Free State hotel, which had become a popular stopping place
for travelers. A Mr. McKaj^ in 1858 opened the Western hotel, which at
once became the headquarters of the pro-slavery men. In the early
winter a sawmill was erected at the foot of Locust street, where lumber
was sawed for the building erected by the town company and a number
of the frame dwellings. Soon after the settlement of Fort Scott began
it was recognized as the leading pro-slavery town of southeastern
Kansas, and held the same relation to southeastern part of the territory
that Atchison did to the northeastern. (See Bourbon County.)
Early in March a dispute developed in the town company, George A.
Crawford and George "\V. Clark being the principal disputants. Late
in April matters reached a climax, when Crawford and two of his friends
were notified to leave the town within 24 hours. Some of the soldiers
stationed at the fort were drawn into the controversy, and it looked
serious for a time, but within a few days Hamelton, Brocket, and some
of the other border ruffians left and were not heard of again until after
the Marais des Cygnes Massacre (q. v.), in which they took the leading
roles.
On April 24, 1861, a Union demonstration was made at Fort Scott,
and local diiTerences were lost sight of in face of the great issue. At the
outbreak of hostilities, many of the lo}'al citizens enlisted for the defense
of the Union, and Fort Scott has a long roll of honor of those who lost
their lives in defense of the country. Several forts were built in the
town, viz: Fort Henning, at the corner of First street and Scott avenue;
Fort Blair, at the corner of Second street and National avenue, and Fort
Insley, north of the plaza. At one time there were 2,000 troops stationed
in the town, and while it was menaced no Confederate force evei*
reached it.
The first school taught in Fort Scott was a private one in 1857, and the
next year another was opened in the old government hospital building.
Up to i860 the school population of the town was only about 300. In
that year the town was incorporated and the first mayor elected under
the charter was Col. Judson. H. T. Wilson was chosen president of
the council. No permanent school building was provided until 1863,
when a building was erected which served the three-fold purpose of
school house, church and city hall. In 1870 the central school building
containing 12 rooms was erected at a cost of $60,000. Since then steady
progress has been made in Fort Scott along educational lines, and today
it has as fine a public school system as any city in the state. The First
Presbyterian church, established in 1859, was the first religious organ-
ization in the town. St. Andrew's Episcopal church was partially organ-
ized the same year. The Catholic church w^as established in i860 and
was followed bj^ other denominations.
The first newspaper in Fort Scott was the Southern Kansan, which
first appeared in 1855. J. E. Jones started the Fort Scott Democrat in
the winter of 1857-58. The Western Volunteer was started in 1862.
and Avithin a few months it was enlarged and the name changed to the
KANSAS HISTORY \ 675
Fort Scott Bulletin. These pioneer newspapers have been followed by
a number of publications, some of which have been but short lived.
The first railroad to reach Fort Scott was the Missouri Ri\er. Fort
Scott & Gulf, which was completed to the cit}- in Dec, 1869, thus put-
ting the town in communication with the east. Today the town has
fine transportation facilities afforded by the Missouri Pacific, the St.
Louis & San Francisco, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads,
which radiate like the spokes of a wheel from the city.
Early in its history. Fort Scott became recognized as a manufacturing
center. A brewery was started in 1863 ; a planing mill in 1876; a foundry
and machine shop began operations in the fall of 1869; the woolen mills
were opened in 1873 ; the Excelsior mills, for the manufacture of flour,
in 1871. With the opening of the coal beds in southeastern Kansas,
Fort Scott became established as one of the leading manufacturing
centers in the state. In 1909 there were 36 manufacturing establish-
ments in the city; the capital invested was $626,000, and the net value
of the products was $340,000. The city is lighted and heated by natural
gas, has waterworks and electric lighting systems, an electric street rail-
way, and in 1910 had a population of 10,463.
Fort Sill, located at the junction of Medicine Bluff and Cache creeks,
about 4 miles north of the city of Lawton, in the northern part of
Comanche county, Okla., was established by the Nineteenth Kansas cav-
alry late in the year i868 or early in 1869, and was at first known as
"Camp Wichita." It was occupied by the regiment until March 2, 1869,
when the Nineteenth was ordered in pursuit of Little Robe's band of
Chevennes. On July 2, 1869, the name was changed to Fort Sill, a
reservation was established, and the post became a permanent institution.
Fort Titus. — During the border troubles, Col. H. T. Titus built a
strong log house, about 2 miles south of Lecompton, and fortified it as
a rendezvous and place of defense for pro-slavery men. After the cap-
ture and destruction of Fort Saunders (q. v.) on Aug. 15, 1856, the
free-state men decided to turn their attention to Fort Titus. That night
some 400 free-state parti'sans assembled, ready for an attack on the fort
at sunrise the next morning. The assailants we're divided into two
parties, one under command of Capt. Samuel Walker and the other
under Joe Grover. At daylight the place was surrounded, the one piece
of artillery being placed in front of the house and loaded with slugs
made from the type formerly belonging to the Herald of Freedom office,
which had been destroyed by the pro-slavery men a short time before.
As the cannon was discharged the first time the gunner remarked : "This
is the second edition of the Herald of Freedom." After a short but lively
engagement, the inmates of the fort surrendered. Various accounts of
the casualties sustained by the contending parties at the "siege and
capture of Fort Titus" have been published. Capt. W^alker, who was
one of the free-state commanders, and was therefore in a position to
know, says they captured 400 muskets, a large number of knives and
pistols, 13 horses, several wagons, a stock of provisions and 34 prisoners.
676 CYCLOPEDIA OF
and that the pro-slavery forces had i killed and 6 wounded, among whom
was Col. Titus. William Crutchfield, a participant in the affair, gives
the names of the free-state men who were wounded during the action
as follows : Capt. H. J. Shombre, A. W. White, James N. Velsor, J. M.
Shepherd, Charles Jordan, George Henry and George Leonard. Of
these Capt. Shombre was mortally wounded, the others soon recovered.
Capt. Shombre had come from Wayne county, Ind., only three weeks
before with 18 young men, his company having joined Lane's party at
Iowa City. Fort Titus was burned to the ground immediately after
the surrender and the prisoners were taken to Lawrence, where they
were "exchanged" on the i8th under a treaty made between Gov. Shan-
non and the free-state leaders. (See Shannon's Administration.)
Fort Wakarusa. — During the territorial days, while the free-state and
pro-slavery citizens were almost at constant warfare, a number of places
where the opposing forces were wont to gather were dignified by the
name of "fort." Fort Wakarusa was a free-state fortification at the
crossing of the Wakarusa river, near the old town of Sebastian, about
5 miles from Lawrence, in a southeasterly direction. It is marked upoif
an old map of Douglas county, published in 1857, but aside from its
location but little can be learned of its character, etc. Most likely its
construction was similar to that of other "forts" of that day — a log
cabin surrounded by a line of earthworks, or perhaps a line of palisades.
Fort Wallace.— This post was established in Sept., 1865, and was
first known as Camp Pond Creek, so called from its location at the
junction of Pond creek and the south fork of the Smoky Hill river,
about 2 miles southeast of the present town of Wallace, a station on
the Union Pacific railroad. On April 16, 1866, the name was changed
to Fort Wallace, in honor of Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, who was mortally
wounded at the battle of Shiloh, Tenn., and died on April 10, 1862. A
reservation of 14 square miles was laid out and buildings erected afford-
ing accommodations for 500 men. During the building of the railroad
Fort Wallace was an important post. The railroad was completed to
the fort in July, 1868, and during the followin'g year several skirmishes
with the Indians occurred in the vicinity. In 1872, Gen. John Pope,
commanding the Department of Missouri, recommended the abandon-
ment of Fort Wallace, but it continued to be used as a military post for
ten years after that date, being finally abandoned on May 31, 1882. By
the act of Congress, approved on Oct. 19, 1888, the reservation was
ordered to be sold, except the right of way of the Union Pacific railroad
and the post cemetery, which was given to the city of Wallace. The
Wallace Waterworks company was to be given the preference in the
purchase of certain lands, viz.: the northwest quarter of the southwest
quarter section 25, township 13 south, range 39 west. All the rest of
the reservation was to be disposed of in accordance with the provisions
of the homestead laws.
Fort Wayne, an old military post in the Indian country, was estab-
lished on Oct. 29, 1838. It was located in what is now the Cherokee
Nation, about 10 miles southwest of the southwest corner of Missouri.
KANSAS HISTORY 677
It was abandoned as a fort in May, 1842. Near the site of this old fort,
Gen. Blunt's forces had an engagement with the Confederates under
Cooper on Oct. 22, 1862. In this action Capt. Samuel J. Crawford's
company, Second Kansas cavalry, made a brilliant charge and captured
a battery of four guns.
Fort Zarah. — This fort was located on the left bank of Walnut creek,
about 2 miles from its 'mouth, and about 4 miles east of the present
city of Great Bend, the county seat of Barton county. It was established
on Sept. 6, 1864, by Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, and was named for his son,
Maj. H. Zarah Curtis, who was killed at the Baxter Springs massacre
while serving on the staff of Gen. Blunt. The fort was built of sand-
stone, taken from the bluffs about 3 miles distant. It was 116 feet long,
with an average width of 50 feet, and with the exception of 24 feet of
the east end was two stories high. Its original cost was $110,000. On
Sept. 30, 1868, by order of President Andrew Johnson, the Fort Zarah
military reservation was established, and it was surveyed the same year.
It contained about 3,700 acres and extended from the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe railroad north to the hills. The fort was dismantled in
Dec, 1869, and an act of Congress, approved Feb. 24, 1871, provided for
the survey and sale of the reservation. On Aug. 11, of that year, the
surveyor-general was instructed to extend the lines of the public surveys
over the same. The lands were then appraised at from $3 to $10 an
acre, and in July, 1874, were offered at public sale at Salina, but less
than 50 acres were sold at that time, and the remainder became subject
to private entry at the appraised value. Smyth, in his "Heart of the
New Kansas," says : "After the abandonment of the fort it became a
den of thieves and general rendezvous for bats and marauders. These
occupied it day and night by turns — the former hiding by day, the latter
by night." The stone used in the construction of the fort was gradually
appropriated by the settlers in the vicinity, and the "bats and marauders"
were finally rendered homeless.
Fossils. — (See Geology, Archaeology and Paleontology.)
Foster, a small hamlet of Butler county, is about 5 miles northeast
of Eldorado, the county seat and most convenient railroad station, from
which place the inhabitants receive mail by rural delivery.
Fostoria, a village of Pottawatomie county, is located in Shannon
township, on the Leavenworth, Kansas & Western branch of the Union
Pacific R. R. 8 miles northwest of Westmoreland, the county seat, and
6 miles from Olsburg. The main lines of business are represented,
including banking facilities. There is a money order postoffice and
telegraph and express offices. The population in 1910 was 125.
Fourmile, a rural hamlet in the southeast corner of Lyon county, is
7 miles south of Hartford, the nearest station and shipping point, whence
it receives its mail by rural delivery, and 18 miles southeast of Emporia,
the county seat.
Fourteenth Amendment. — On June 10, 1866, Congress, after a some-
what protracted debate, submitted to the legislatures of the several states
678 CYCLOPEDIA OF
an amendment to the Federal constitution giving to negroes the right
of citizenship ; prohibiting the states from enacting any laws that would
liave a tendency to abridge the rights, privileges or immunities of
citizens; providing for a reduction in the number of members of Con-
gress in any state that might disfranchise, or deny the right to vote to
any male inhabitant thereof over the age of 21 years; rendering ineligible
to the office of senator or representative in Congress or presidential
elector all persons who, "having previously taken an oath, as a member
of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of
any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state
to support the constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in
insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort
to the enemies thereof;" and declaring the war debt of the Confederate
States illegal and void. Congress was given power to enforce the pro-
visions of the amendment by appropriate legislation, and also to remove
the political disabilities imposed by it b}' a vote of two-thirds of each
house.
The amendment was ratified by the legislatures of 23 Northern states.
It was rejected by Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and 10 Southern
states, though these 10 states subsequently ratified it under pressure
during the reconstruction period. California took no action upon it.
The Fourteenth amendment was proclaimed a part of the Federal con-
stitution on July 28, 1868.
Gov. Crawford, in submitting the amendment to the legislature of
1867, said in his message: "Whilst the foregoing proposed amendment
is not fulh' what I might desire, nor yet what I believe the times and
exigencies demand, yet, in the last canvass, from Maine to California, it
was virtually the platform which was submitted to the people ; the ver-
dict was unmistakable. ... I therefore hope that Kansas, in the first
legislative enactment of this session, will give the unanimous vote of
her legislature in favor of this measure."
Gov. Crawford's hope was not quite realized. The legislature of that
year met on Jan. 8. On the loth a joint resolution ratifying the amend-
ment passed the senate by a unanimous vote, and on the same day it
passed the house by a vote of 76 to 7. While not unanimous, the vote
in favor of the amendment was strong enough to show unmistakably
where Kansas stood upon the proposition.
Fowler, an incorporated city of Meade county, is located in the town-
ship of the same name and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific R. R. 10 miles northeast of Meade, the county seat. It has 3
banks, an international money order postoffice with two rural routes,
telegraph and express offices, grain elevators, lumber 3'ard, a number
of well stocked mercantile establishments, a weekly newspaper (the
Gazette). Congregational, Friends and Methodist churches, good
schools, hotels, etc. It is located in the Crooked creek valley and is the
shipping point for a large agricultural district. The population in igio
was 473.
KANSAS HISTORY 679
Francis, a money oi-der post-hamlet of Ness county, is situated in
Highpoint township, about 12 miles southeast of Ness City, the county
seat, and in igio reported a population of 20. It has a general store and
is a trading center for the neighborhood. Ness City and Bazine are the
nearest railroad stations.
Frankfort, the third largest town in Marshall county, is located on
the Vermillion river and the Missouri Pacific R. R., 18 miles southeast
of Marysville, the county seat. It is on the route of the Union Pacific
branch which is building from Onaga. All the principal lines of busi-
ness are represented. The main commodities shipped are grain and
produce. There are good schools and churches, weekly and daily news-
papers, express and telegraph offices, and six rural delivery routes go
out from the Frankfort postoffice.
The neighborhood of which Frankfort became the trading point was
settled in 1855-56 by free-state men from Ohio and Pittsburgh, Pa.
After various attempts to make a town, Frankfort was laid out in
1867 by a town company of Marysville men, who bought section 16,
township 4, range 9, and started a town by the name of Frank's ford.
In consideration of receiving a station, depot and side track, the com-
pany gave one-half the town site to the Central Branch R. R., the line
was extended to Frankfort that year and the depot built.
The first houses were built by J. S. Magill, R. S. Newell and Frank
Schmidt. The first store was erected by O. C. Horr in 1867. The next
year seven buildings were erected. Frankfort was incorporated as a
city of the third class in 1875 and an election was held in which R. S.
Newell was made the first mayor. The population in 1910 was 1,426.
Franklin, a village of Crawford county, is a station on the Joplin &
Pittsburg electric railroad, about 8 miles east of Girard, the county seat.
It has a money order postoffice and is a trading center for that section
of the county. The population in 1910 was 150.
Franklin, Battle of.— Almost immediately after the battle of Black
Tack (q. V.) bands of both pro-slavery and free-state men began to con-
centrate toward Franklin, the Wakarusa, Hickory Point and Bull creek
on the Shawnee reserve. Franklin had not been entirely abandoned by
the pro-slavery forces since the sack of Lawrence. Buford's men and a
number of Missourians were assembled there, with a brass 6-pounder,
a large quantity of ammunition and other camp supplies which had been
taken at Lawrence, and the plunder taken from intercepted wagons had
also been stored there. The pro-slavery forces used the town as a rally-
ing point when they invaded from Missouri.
To recapture the stolen property, secure the ammunition and break
up the stronghold of the enemy who would have Lawrence at their mercy
if the free-state forces were called to support Brown, an attack was
planned upon Franklin by the free-state men in the vicinity of Law-
rence. The plan of attack was poorly worked out and as a result there
was no concerted action. About 16 men left Lawrence on the night of
June 4, for Franklin. The plan was to have the Wakarusa company
bbO CYCLOPEDIA OF
attack on one side and the Lawrence party on the other. Failing to
find the Wakarusa company at the place agreed upon, the men from
Lawrence entered the town about 2 a. m. and went to the place where
they supposed the cannon to be for the purpose of capturing it and the
ammunition, but the cannon was not to be found. In fact, nothing was
found where it was supposed to be, and for nearly an hour the Lawrence
men hunted about the town before the real operations commenced. By
this time the pro-slaverj' men were awake and prepared. Finally the
free-state men marched to the guard-house and demanded the surrender
of the garrison. The garrison had been warned of the approach of the
free-state men, refused to surrender and fired a volley of rifle shots.
This was returned by the free-state men and then the cannon, which had
been placed just inside the guard-house door, was fired. It had been
loaded with nails, broken scrap iron, etc., which went screaming through
the darkness but the aim was poor and no one was hurt. The firing on
both sides continued and pro-slaver}^ men in other houses began to open
fire on the attacking part}- which did not desire to assail anything but
the guard-house. The Wakarusa company, which had lost its way in
the darkness, was guided by the sound of the firing and found its way
into Franklin, but not knowing friend from foe, was unable to take any
active part in the engagement. The men knew, however, that Buford
had most of his stores in a place near where they entered the town.
They broke into the storehouse, obtained a large quantity of ammu-
nition, and some Sharpe's rifles as well as a few of the guns which had
been seized from the free-state men. All kinds of provisions were stored
in this house in case of need. Much of these were loaded into a wagon
and hurried away. Several wagons could have been loaded, had the
Wakarusa men had them.
As day began to break the firing in the streets ceased. The free-state
men feared the approach of the United States troops who were in camp
near Lawrence and were forced to leave Franklin without taking with
them the cannon they had captured. Only one free-state man was hurt
during the fight, while 4 of the opposite side were badly wounded, one
of whom died a few days later. Although it had not been carried out
as planned, the expedition was not an entire failure, for supplies had
been secured and the pro-slavery party taught that the free-state men
could strike back. (See Fort Saunders.)
Franklin County, located in the eastern part of the state, was one of
the original 33 counties created by the first territorial legislature in 1855.
It was named Franklin in honor to Benjamin Franklin. At the present
time the county is bounded on the north by Douglas county, on the east
by Miami, on the south by Anderson, and on the west by Osage and
Coiifey counties. It has an area of 576 square miles, and had a population
of 20,884 in 1910. The county is divided into sixteen townships, as fol-
lows : Appanoose, Centropolis, Cutler, Franklin, Greenwood, Harrison,
Hayes, Homewood, Lincoln, Ohio, Ottawa, Peoria, Pomona, Pottawa-
tomie, Richmond and Williamsburg. The surface of Franklin county
is mostly undulating prairie. The "bottom" lands along the creeks and
Marais des Cygnes river average from one to two miles in width and
comprise nearly one-fifth of the area. Timber belts confined to the
streams average from one-half to one mile in width and contain trees of
the following varieties : walnut, oak, cottonwood, elm, hickory, willow,
locust, ash, soft maple, mulberry and hackberry. Winter wheat, Irish
potatoes, and flax are important crops but corn is the leading cereal.
Much effort is given to the production of live-stock and also to the
growing of fruit trees, there being 150,000 bearing fruit trees in 1907.
Limestone and sandstone are abundant, marble and potter's clay are
found near Ottawa, coal is mined in several localities, and oil and gas
have been found in the southern portion of the county.
The principal stream is the Marais des Cygnes (Marsh of Swans)
which enters the county from the west and flows through it into Miami
county. Pottawatomie creek is second in size. It enters near the south-
east corner and flows northeastward into Miami county.
Franklin county was included in the tract of land ceded to the Great
and Little Osage Indians on Nov. 10, 1808, and receded by them to the
government in 1825. (See Indians and Indian Treaties.) The settle-
ment of the county by white people was not so early as that of the
adjoining counties, due to the fact that most of the land was occupied
by Indians until late in the '60s. However, along the northern line, was
a strip of land belonging to the Shawnee reservation, the title to which
was extinguished in 1854, and a number of settlements were made there
in that 3'ear. Appanoose township was settled by Missourians in 1856.
Some time later J. H. "Whetstone conceived the idea of establishing a
colony in its western part. To this end in 1869 he purchased 15,000
acres north of the Marais des Cygnes, and in 1870 S. T. Kelsey became
associated with him. They platted the land into small farms and laid
out the village of Pomona. Harrison township was opened for settle-
ment in 1865. In 1868 there was a large influx of settlers to this dis-
trict.
One of the first settlers in Centropolis township was J. M. Bernard,
who was made postmaster, the postoffice being named St. Bernard. Mr.
Bernard being a pro-slavery man, the Missouri legislature of Kansas
in 1855, located the county seat at St. Bernard. The town never grew
and was finally extinguished by a raid of free-state men. Ohio town-
ship was opened to settlement in 1857 and a large immigration set in
from Ohio. A postoffice was established at Minneola in 1S58.
In 1856 the settlers of Pottawatomie valley organized the Pottawa-
tomie Rifle Company. It was composed exclusively of about 100 free-
state men with John Brown, Jr., as captain. The object in organizing
the company was to protect free-state men against the border ruffians.
After the first session of the territorial legislature, the company went
to Judge Cato's court, in session at Henry Sherman's house, to inquire
if the court intended to enforce the so-called "bogus" laws. Finding
that it did, Capt. Brown, leader of the company, cried in a loud voice,
"The Pottawatomie company will assemble on the parade ground !"■
682 CYCLOPEDIA OF
This order was quite sufficient, for Judge Cato and the jury hastened to
Lecompton. On the night of May 24, 1856, occurred what is termed the
Pottawatomie massacre (q. v.), the object of which was to protect the
free-state settlers by terrorizing in the most effective manner the pro-
slavery element.
Franklin county did not contribute many men to the army in the
Civil war. In 1861 there were about 2,500 inhabitants in the county
scattered along the northern, eastern and southern borders. There was
very little town life, no rallying points, so the enthusiastic ones had
to go to Lawrence or other points to enlist. There were some recruits,
however. Compan}- D of the Twelfth infantry was composed entirely
of residents of the count3^ It was mustered in on Sept. 25, 1862, and
was officered by George Ashley, captain; Henry Shively, first lieutenant;
Alfred Johnson, second lieutenant. In addition to this company, men
were enlisted in nearly every regiment of the state.
Two railroad companies operate in the county. A line of the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe crosses from north to south in the center, pass-
ing through Ottawa, with a branch southwest from Burlington Junction
into Coffey county. Another line of the same road enters in the north-
east corner, crosses in a southwesterh' direction through Ottawa, and
enters Osage county. A line of the Missouri Pacific railroad crosses the
southeast corner, and a branch northwest from Osawatomie, Miami
county, following the valley of the Marais des Cygnes river passes
through Ottawa, thence west into Osage county. The first bond elec-
tion for any railroad was held Nov. 6, 1866, on the question of voting
$125,000 to the L. L. & G. railroad, and the second was held Sept. 23,
1867, on the question of raising $200,000. Both were carried, the second
on the condition that cars were running to Ottawa by Jan. i, 1868.
The road was completed to Ottawa Dec. 30, 1867. Bonds for the Santa
Fe road to the amount of $100,000 were voted on April 6, 1869, on con-
dition that $50,000 should be issued if the cars were running to Ottawa
by July I, 1870, and $50,000 when they were running to the southern
line of the county.
Franklin county was organized in 1855 with a partial set of officers.
In 1857 an election was held and officers chosen, part of whom failed
to qualify and in the spring of 1858 the vacancies were filled. The first
county officers were as follows : Commissioners, J. A. Marcell, William
Thornbrough and John F. Javens, Marcell being also probate judge;
clerk, Robert Cowden ; treasurer, T. J. Mewhinney; sherifif, C. L. Rob-
bins; prosecuting attorney, P. P. Elder; -register of deeds. William
Austin ; coroner, John Bingham.
The contests over the location of the county seat were numerous and
exciting. The legislature of 1855 placed it at St. Bernard. When St.
Bernard became extinct Minneola was made the county seat. An elec-
tion was held March 26, i860, to determine a location. Ohio Citv, Peoria
and Minneola were the contesting villages, but no one of them received
a majority of the votes cast. Another election was held on April 16,
KANSAS HISTORY
683
i860, at which Peoria received 342 and Ohio City 320. Ihen followed
a contest between Peoria and Minneola. Minneola enjonied the removal
of the records. A law suit followed, which was carried to the supreme
court but while the case was pending the territorial legislature passed
an act resubmitting the matter to the people. Another controversy fol-
lowed but the supreme court decided the act was legal so the question
was resubmitted and Minneola won the election. The next election on
the question was held March 25, 1861, when the contesting towns were
Ohio City Peoria, Centropolis, Mount Vernon and Minneola. Again
no decision was made. Another election was held on April 15 when Ohio
City became the county seat and so remained until another election on
Aug'. I, 1864, decided the question in favor of Ottawa.
The 'schools of Franklin county are among the best m the state.
There are 94 organized school districts and a school population of 6,624.
Aside from the district and high schools is Ottawa University at Ottawa
iq. v.). which has been maintained by endowment since it was organized
in i860. ■ r
While Franklin county is preeminently an agricultural county, a tew
industries of other kinds are in successful operation. Among these are
flour mills furniture factories, brick and tile factories, machine shops
and a soap factory. In earlier days an efifort was made to establish a
silk industry. ( See Silk Culture. )
Among the earliest newspapers published m the county was the
Western Home Journal, a sheet that did much toward attracting set-
tlers to that section. A cabin of an early settler. Judge James Hanway,
located near Lane, and occupied by the Hanway family from 1857-59
has frequently been called John Brown's cabin. While he visited there
a great deal, he never owned the place.
hi 1910 the assessed valuation of Franklin county property was
:S3-> 342 026 The total value of field crops was $1,630,506, the five lead-
ing'crops being corn, $822,603; hay, $387,269; oats, $171,931; wheat
$74631 ; Kafir corn, $57,264. The value of animals slaughtered or sold
for 'slaughter was $940,605, and the value of dairy products was $350,834-
FranklinviUe, a small settlement of Ness county, is situated on the
south fork of Walnut creek 8 miles southwest of Ness City, the county
seat, from which place mail is received by rural carrier.
Eraser, John, was born in Cromarty, Scotland, about 1823. He
received his education at the University of Aberdeen and while there
won the Huttonian prize in mathematics, offered every ten years. He
also excelled in classical studies and showed an extreme earnestness and
■devotion to intellectual pursuits. After graduating at Aberdeen he went
to the Bermuda islands to teach in Hamilton Institute. He spent
several years in Bermuda, but failing health influenced him to go to
New York, where he was appointed principal of a private school. In
1850 he went to Connellsville, Pa., as tutor to two boys, and while there
orcranized a private school. In 1855 he went to JefJerson College as
professor of mathematics. He remained at Jefferson for seven years,
684 CYCLOPEDIA OF
during which period he raised money for the first telescope used in a
western Pennsylvania institution and superintended the erection of an
observatory. In 1862 he enlisted as a private at Canonsburg and fought
for the North throughout the Civil war. He won the rank of captain
of the One Hundred and Fortieth Pennsylvania volunteers in Aug.,
1862; became lieutenant-colonel in September, and in July of the next
year was made colonel. "During the charge of Hancock at Spottsylvania
he was wounded by a shell, and in Sept., 1864, he was captured and held
prisoner at Libby prison, Richmond, Va. ; Roper's hospital, Charles-
town, S. C, and finally at Camp Sorghum, Columbia, S. C. While im-
prisoned with many others, at Roper's hospital, under fire of the guns
from the northern fleet, he cheered his fellow prisoners for their amuse-
ment a course of lectures, notably on Shakespeare's plays." He was
finally exchanged, and returning to his regiment was made brevet
brigadier-general. He was mustered out in May, 1865. He then became
president of the State College at Bellefontaine, Pa. On June 17, 1868,
he became the second chancellor of the University of Kansas, succeed-
ing Robert W. Oliver. The university building which bears his name
was erected during his term of service, which ended in 1874. During
his connection with the university he served as state superintendent of
public instruction. His last position was in the Western University of
Pennsylvania. He died at Allegheny, Pa., of small-pox, in June. 1878,
leaving a widow but no children.
Fred, an inland trading point in Marion county, is located 11 miles
southwest of Marion, the county seat, and 8 miles from Peabody, from
which place it receives its mail. Aulene, on the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific R. R., 5 miles to the northeast, is the nearest railroad station
and shipping point.
Frederick, one of the smaller towns of Rice count)^, is located in
Eureka township, at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the St.
Louis & San Francisco railroads, 12 miles northwest of Lyons, the
county seat. It is a shipping and trading point for a wealthy agricul-
tural district ; has banking facilities, telegraph and telephone offices, a
number of churches, good schools, and a money order postoffice with
one rural route. The town was incorporated as a city of the third class
in 1909. The population according to the government census of 1910
was 151.
Fredonia, the judicial seat and largest city of Wilson county, is
located southwest of the center of the county, 90 miles east of Wichita,
and 150 from Kansas City. It has city waterworks, police and fire
departments, natural gas and electric lights, 3 banks, 2 newspapers, 2
large brick plants, 2 independent gas plants, linseed oil mill, ice and
cold storage plant, cement works, foundry and machine shops, and the
largest window glass plant in the entire West. There are 5 churches
and 3 public schools. Fredonia is well equipped with railroad facilities
to take care of her manufactured and farm products, the Missouri
Pacific running north and south, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe run-
KANSAS HISTORY 685
Tiing northeast and southwest, and the St. Louis & San Francisco run-
ning east and west cross at this point. It is the railroad center of the
county. There are telegraph and express offices and an international
money order postoffice with five rural routes. The population in 1910
was 3,040.
The foundation for the town was laid in 1868, when Dr. J. J. Barrett
put up the first building, in which Albert Troxel opened a store. The
next spring the Fredonia town company was formed with Justus Fel-
lows, president; J. J. Barrett, secretary; the other members being, W. H.
Williamson, J. H. Broadwell, Elisha Hadden, G. F. Jackson, John T.
Heath, W. T. Barrett, John E. King, Albert Troxel and D. P. Nichols.
Steps were at once taken to build a court-house. There was a little
rival town half a mile north called Twin Mounds, which about this time
tried to secure a postoffice but failed because there was already a post-
office b}' that name in Kansas. Fredonia then succeeded in securing a
postoffice and was thus officially established as a town. By 1870 there
were about thirty buildings on the town site. That year immigration
was heavy, new buildings sprang up on the prairies, and the population
went to about 600. In May, 1871, the town was incorporated as a city of
the third class. An election was held in which 144 votes were polled
and the following officers were elected : T. J. Hudson, mayor ; John
Hammert, W. W. Sholes, C. Christ and Robert Morgan, councilmen. In
September of that year the first bank was opened. In 1872 a disastrous
fire occurred which destroyed nine buildings, netting a loss of $30,000.
Another bank was started, by R. M. Foster & Co., which failed in 1877.
The St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. was built in 1879. The next year
there were two fires in Fredonia, with a total loss of $17,000. Another
fire occurred in May, 1886, destroying eleven frame store buildings worth
$13,500. That year several new buildings went up, the total capital used
in construction exceeding $150,000. In addition to private enterprises,
the court-house was erected in that year and several buildings were
erected by the railroads. In July the whole north side of the square was
burned to the ground, but was immediately rebuilt with two-story stone
buildings. Many new business houses were erected in the next two
\ ears, and new enterprises started. In 1889 there was another fire in
wliich Clift' King, a nine-year-old boy, lost his life and buildings worth
$30,000 were destroyed. A flood that year carried away the Center town-
ship bridge over Fall river and a new one, several feet higher, was built.
In 1890 a canning factory began operations, and in 1891 a linseed oil
mill. Otto's flour mill on Fall river burned in 1898, and his new electric
mill was built in 1900. The telephone system was installed in 1900.
Freedmen's Relief Association. — This association resulted from the
large negro immigration to Kansas in the year 1879. (See Negro
Exodus.) It was incorporated on May 8, 1879, with the following direc-
tors : John P. St. John, Albert H. Horton, P. I. Bonebrake, John Francis,
Bradford Miller, N. C. AIcFarland, A. B. Jetmore, J. C. Hebbard, Lyman
U. Humphrey, Willard Davis, A. B. Lemmon, James Smith, T. W.
686 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Henderson, C. G. Foster and John M. Brown. On June 26, 1879, the
association issued an appeal "to friends of the colored people," in which
it was stated that the organization was controlled by two motives, the
first of which was humanity, and the second was "to maintain the
honored traditions of our state, which had its conception and birth in a
struggle for freedom and equal rights for the colored man." The appeal
also announced that efforts were being made to establish a colony in
Wabaunsee county, about 50 miles west of Topeka, where a tract of
land belonging to the state university could be bought for $2.65 an acre.
Freedom Colony. — This communistic settlement is located on the
Little Osage river, 4 miles west of Fulton, Bourbon county, Kan., mail
being received at Fulton. The colon}- was organized in 1897 as Branch
199 of the General Labor Exchange organization, incorporated in Mis-
souri, with headquarters at Independence, Mo. Only members of the
organization are admitted to colony membership and then only by
unanimous vote, the applicant making a permanent deposit of property
in amount satisfactory^ to the existing members. The colony has a
limited membership which is slowly growing; owns a town site of 60
acres, a coal shaft, etc., and in a business way the members carry on
the occupations of farming, coal mining and lumber sawing. Colony
members may buy a life lease on an acre city lot for $40, or on four lots
for $140, payable in installments if he so elects. The objects of the
colony are "to alleviate the sufferings and avert the dangers arising from
a constantly increasing class of unemployed, by establishing industries
to provide employment for the idle, and by saving the wealth thus pro-
duced for the benefit of the actual producers and their families; to
facilitate the equitable exchange of services and products among the
members of the association ; to lighten the burdens of charitable insti-
tutions by establishing one that will be self-sustaining; to establish
industrial schools for the benefit of those who cannot afford to attend
high-priced colleges and academies ; and to conduct any other industrial,
educational and humanitarian w'ork within the scope of the association."
Free Employment Bureau. — The Kansas free employment bureau was
established by the act of March 5, 1901, "for the purpose of providing
employment agencies in all cities of the first and second class within the
state." It was placed under the management of an officer known as the
"director of free emplovment," with a salary of $1,200 a year and $500
for postage and office expenses. Under the law free emplo3'ment
agencies were established in a large number of cities, the agents being
required to register the names and addresses of all persons asking for
employment and report the same to the director, who was to make
reports annually showing the work of the bureau.
Theodore B. Gerow was appointed director of free empIo)^ment on
April 8, 1901, and served until his death in 1908. His widow continued
to conduct the affairs of the bureau and made the annual report for that
year. In 1909 Charles Harris was appointed director. His report for
the year 1910 shows that during the year there were 34,340 applications
KANSAS HISTORY 687
for employment, and on the other hand there were 33,153 applications
from persons asking for help. Through the medium of the bureau, 29,575
found employment. One of the greatest benefits resulting from the
bureau is in its aid in furnishing harvest hands to the great wheat fields
of western Kansas. When harvest time comes, acres and acres of wheat
in the western counties all ripen about the same time, and it sometimes
happens that men despatched by the bureau for a certain district are
intercepted by wheat growers before they reach their destination. In
some instances harvest hands have been almost dragged from the trains
by force, so great has been the demand for help. In the establishment
of this institution Kansas has shown a progressive spirit, by giving the
services of a state official to the assistance of the worthy unemployed,
thus enabling them to escape the clutches of private employment
agencies, with which the payment of a fee is the main consideration.
Freemasons. — The first meeting of a Masonic lodge in Kansas was
in the hall of the Sons of Temperance at Wyandotte (now Kansas City),
Aug. II, 1854. This was a meeting of Grove Lodge, which was organized
under a dispensation from the Missouri grand lodge, dated Aug. 4, 1854.
In that dispensation John M. Chivington was named as worshipful
master; Matthew R. Walker, senior warden; and Cyrus Ganett, junior
warden. In the petition asking for the dispensation, the residence of
Matthew R. Walker was named as the meeting place, but it was later
decided to hold the meetings in the Sons of Temperance hall. The name
of the lodge appears in the records of the Missouri grand lodge as
"Kansas Lodge," though the name Grove was given in the dispensation.
The name was subsequently changed to Wyandotte.
On Oct. 6, 1854, the Missouri grand lodge issued a dispensation to
Smithfield (afterward Smithton) Lodge, with John W. Smith, worship-
ful master; S. Reinheart, senior warden; and D. D. Vanderslice, junior
warden. The first meeting of this lodge was held on Nov. 30, 1854, on
a high hill overlooking the Missouri river, not far from the residence of
John W. Smith. A burr oak stump was used for an altar, and the tyler,
who guarded against the approach of outsiders, was mounted on a horse.
The lodge continued to meet on this hill until after it received its charter
in June, 1855, when a meeting place was found "in a warehouse at the
residence of Brother John H. Whitehead, secretary of the lodge, about
10 miles from Smithton." On Nov. 8,' 1856, the lodge was, removed to
the Nemaha Indian agency, near the present village of Sparks, Doni-
phan county, where meetings were held until June 5, 1857, when a hall
was secilred at Iowa Point. On Jan. 20, 1872, the lodge was removed
to Highland, where it still remains.
The third lodge organized in the territory was at Leavenworth, the
dispensation from the Missouri grand lodge being dated Dec. 30, 1854,
with Richard R. Rees, worshipful master; Archibald Payne, senior war-
den; and Auley Macauley, junior warden.
On May 30, 1855, the Missouri grand lodge adopted the report of the
committee on lodges under dispensation, which recommended that
688 • CYCLOPEDIA OF
charters be issued to the three Kansas lodges. In compliance with this
action of the grand lodge, Smithton Lodge was chartered as No. 140,
Leavenworth, No. 150, and Kansas (afterward Wyandotte), No. 153.
Had the charter numbers corresponded to the dates of the dispensations,
Kansas Lodge would have been No. 140, Smithton, No. 150, and Leaven-
worth, No. 153.
A dispensation was granted to Lawrence Lodge on Sept. 24, 1855,
with James Christian as worshipful master; James S. Cowan, senior
warden; and Columbus Hornsby, junior warden. Kickapoo Lodge
received a dispensation dated Nov. 5, 1855, in which John H. Sahler was
designated as worshipful master; P. M. Hodges, senior warden; and
Charles H. Grover, junior warden. Both these lodges received charters
from the Missouri grand lodge on May 26, 1856.
In the meantime, however, the Kansas Masons had decided to cast
off their allegiance to the grand lodge of Missouri and organize a grand
jurisdiction of their own. On Sept. 15, 1855, the following resolution
was adopted by Leavenworth Lodge : "Resolved, that the several
chartered lodges in this territorj^ be requested to send in delegates to
Leavenworth on the second Monday in November next, for the purpose
of organizing a grand lodge in the territory, and that the secretary
forward to each lodge a copy of this resolution."
Leavenworth and Smithton Lodges were the only ones represented
at the meeting in November, and an adjournment was taken to Dec. 27,
following. At the adjourned meeting Leavenworth and Smithton were
again the only lodges represented, but those present adopted a reso-
lution to organize a grand lodge, "and that a copy of the proceedings of
this convention be forwarded to Wyandotte Lodge, No. 153, with a
request that they cooperate with us and approve the proceedings of this
convention ; and that so soon as Wyandotte Lodge shall inform the grand
master-elect of their approval and cooperation in the proceedings of this
convention, then the grand master-elect shall be installed as grand
master and immediately issue his proclamation declaring this grand
lodge fully organized."
The records do not show that the grand master then elected was ever
installed, but in Feb., 1856, the W3fandotte Lodge signified its approval
and cooperation, and on March 17 another meeting was held at Leaven-
worth, at which all three of the chartered lodges were represented, when
the organization of the grand lodge was completed. The charters -
received from the Missouri grand lodge were deposited with the grand
secretary and new charters were issued, Smithton Lodge becoming No.
I, Leavenworth, No. 2, and Wyandotte, No. 3. On July 14, 1836, Kick-
apoo Lodge was chartered as No. 4, Washington Lodge at Atchison,
the first organized by the Kansas grand lodge, as No. 5, and Lawrence
Lodge as No. 6. Since that time the growth of Masonry in Kansas has
kept pace with her growth in other directions, the reports of the grand
lodge in Feb., 191 1, showing 390 chartered lodges and 4 working under
dispensation, with a total membership of 35,496 on Dec. 31, 1910.
KANSAS HISTORY OOg
Following is a list of the grand masters since the organization of
the grand lodge: Richard R. Rees, 1856-59; George H. Fairfield, i860;
Jacob Saqui, 1861-65; Moses S. Adams, 1866-67; John H. Brown,
1868-70; John M. Price, 1871-72; Owen A. Bassett, 1873-74; Isaac B.
Sharp, 1875; Jacob D. Rush, 1876; John Guthrie, 1877; Edwin D. Hillyer,
1878; Joseph D. McCleverty, 1879-80; William Cowgill, 1881-82; George
S. Green, 1883; J. J. Buck, 1884; M. M. Miller, 1885; Silas E. Sheldon,
1886; Henry C. Cook, 1887; Watson M. Lamb, 1888; George C. Kenyon,
1889; J. C. Postlethwaite, 1890; Andrew M. Callahan, 1891 ; David B.
Fuller, 1892; William D. Thompson, 1893; George W. Clark, 1894;
James H. McCall, 1895; Chiles C. Coleman, 1896; William M. Shaver,
1897; Maurice L. Stone, 1898; Henry C. Loomis, 1899; Charles J. Webb,
1900; Perry M. Hoisington, 1901 ; Thomas E. Dewey, 1902; Bestor G.
Brown, 1903; Thomas G. Fitch, 1904; Samuel R. Peters, 1905; Thomas
L. Bond, 1906; E. W. Wellington, 1907; Henry F. Mason, igo8 ; Fred
Washbon, 1909; M. K. Brundage, 1910; Alexander A. Sharp, 191 1.
C. T. Harrison was the first grand secretary, holding the office but
one year. Charles Mundee then served until i860; E. T. Carr from
1861 to 1870; John H. Brown from 1871 to 1893, and since then the
office has been held by Albert K. Wilson.
The first Royal Arch chapter was organized at Atchison and named
Washington Chapter, No. i. Chapters were soon afterward instituted
at Leavenworth and Fort Scott. On Jan. 27, 1866, representatives of
the three Royal Arch bodies met at Leavenworth and organized the
grand chapter, with Richard R. Rees as the first grand high priest. In
191 1 there were 90 chapters in the state.
The grand council was organized at Leavenworth on Dec. 12, 1867,
by delegates from the councils at Leavenworth, Lawrence and Atchison.
Richard R. Rees was elected the first most puissant grand master.
Thirteen councils were reported in 1911.
By 1868 there had been organized in the state four Knights Templars
commanderies. They were Leavenworth, No. i ; Washington, No. 2,
at Atchison ; Hugh de Payen, No. 3, at Fort Scott ; and DeMolay, No. 4.
at Lawrence. On Oct. 21, 1868, delegates from these four commanderies
met at Lawrence and organized the grand commander}'. In 191 1 there
were 54 commanderies in the state.
Kansas has six Scottish Rite consistories — at Kansas City, Topeka,
Lawrence, Salina, Fort Scott and Wichita — and four temples of the
Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, located at Salina,
Leavenworth, Pittsburg and Wichita. There are also a number of
chapters of the Order of the Eastern Star, a degree to which the wives,
mothers, sisters and daughters of Master Masons in good standing are
admitted. The Eastern Star originated in New York in 1868, and in
1910 there were over 500,000 members in the United States, of which
Kansas had a fair proportion.
Freeport, one of the smaller incorporated towns of Harper countv, is
located on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 12 miles northeast of .\nthonv, the
fI-44)
690 CYCLOPEDIA OF
covmty seat. It has a score of business houses, a bank, an elevator, a
money order postoffice with one rural route, and is supplied with express
and telegraph offices. The population in 1910 was 250.
Freighting, Overland. — Prior to the advent of the railroads west of
the Missouri river, the transportation of freight to points in the remote
west was an important problem. The immense traffic had its inception
with the Santa Fe traders over the trail that led from Independence, Mo.,
to the southwest. This business was greatly increased a few years later
when the Oregon, Utah and California emigrants pushed into the heart
of the far west When the discovery of gold near Pike's Peak became
known the rush that followed was almost unparalleled in the annals of
history. This subject has never been thoroughly written up and it is
impossible at this date to give any approximate estimate of the under-
taking.
The Santa Fe trade grew from the start and as early as 1854 as much
as $1,000,000 worth of goods annually were transported to that place,
which figures were greatly increased before the era of railroads. Josiah
Gregg, of Independence, was one of the earliest freighters, and in his
"Commerce of- the Prairies," published in 1840, gives a good description
of those early times, though it was published a little prior to the great
freighting era. Bent, Aubrey and Maxwell were other well known
freighters on this great trail. These men with loaded wagons averaged
about 32 miles a day, and about 42 with empty ones, always stopping at
noon and taking the harness off their mules and allowing them to run
loose to graze and roll while the men cooked and ate dinner, ^^'agon
trains along the Santa Fe trail numbered from six to fifty wagons
each, every wagon being drawn by from six to eight spans of mules or
as many yoke of oxen. During the period when Indians were trouble-
some the smaller outfits always travelled in company with the larger
ones, and at one time no wagon trains with less than fifty wagons were
allowed to pass Fort Larned. At night these wagons were arranged in
a circle and the stock placed inside to prevent stampeding by Indians.
AVith the opening of the Oregon trail (q. v.) an immense business
developed in that quarter. This trail had its start from Independence
Mo., and up to the time of the Mormon emigration was practically the
only route to the Pacific coast. On the completion of the militarj- road
from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Kearney, considerably shortening the
haul from the Missouri river to that point, the transportation of freight
and passengers was almost entirely abandoned over the Independence
road, starting west from Fort Leavenworth, St. Joseph and Council
Bluffs.
In the early fifties the firm of Majors & Russell, freighters, of Fort
Leavenworth, obtained a contract for the transportation of all govern-
ment freight that was sent from this post to other military outposts in
the western country. Some idea of the extent of this undertaking may
be gleaned from the fact that in 1856 this firm had 350 wagons employed
and their profits for the year amounted to about $350,000. In 1858 this
KANSAS HISTORY 69I
firm, then known as Russell, Majors & Waddel, obtained the contract
for the transportation of supplies to Utah for the army of Gen. Albert
Sidney Johnston, Up to this time the most of the government supplies
had been forwarded west from Fort Leavenworth, but with this con-
tract it became imperative to have another base of supplies, as the load-
ing and unloading of hundreds of thousands of pounds of freight at an}'
point would seriously retard business, and accordingly Nebraska City
was chosen. This year the freight offered by the government amounted
to over 16,000,000 pounds and the firm had to increase their transporta-
tion facilities to 3,500 wagons and more than 40,000 oxen. To handle
this immense business it required over 4,000 men and about 1,000 mules.
All this freight was finally gotten through to its destination, and the
wagons after being unloaded were taken to Salt Lake City and placed
as closely together as they could be. After remaining there for a year
they were sold to the Mormon authorities for $10 each, having cost at
the factory from $150 to $175. The oxen were carefulh- looked over and
about 3,500 were selected to drive to California to place on the market
there. They were first driven to Ruby Valley, Nev., which was thought
to be a good place to go into winter quarters. Soon after reaching there,
however, a great snow storm set in and continued for several days with
unabated fury. In less than forty days after reaching the valley all but
about 200 of the animals were frozen to death, not being able to obtain
any subsistence. About $150,000 was lost in this disaster. In 1857
Indians attacked a herd of about 1,000 oxen owned by the firm that were
being grazed on the Platte river west of Fort Kearney, killed the herd-
ers and scattered the animals. This was also a complete loss. This
firm emploj^ed six yoke of oxen to each wagon which contained from
5,000 to 6,000 pounds of freight. Trail wagons were not then used.
Twenty-five wagons arid the necessar}^ teams constituted a "train," and
these trains were scattered along the road at intervals of from 2 to 10
miles apart, so as to keep out of each other's way. This firm finally
failed in 1863 and much of their equipment fell into the hands of Augus-
tus and Peter Byram, who took the same to Atchison and conducted a
freighting business from that place. These gentlemen had pi'eviously
been employed by the firm as yard and vi'agon master, respectively.
Atchison from early days was one of the most important points for
freighting along the Missouri river. Cutler's history of Kansas says :
"In June, 1855, Atchison was selected by a number of Salt Lake freight-
ers— the heaviest in the country — for their outfitting and starting point
on the Missouri river. This is what gave the place its first business
start, and the great channel through which this immense traffic potired —
the great overland route to Utah and California — brought Atchison into
intimate communication with the whole west." In i860 the following
firms were doing a freighting business with headquarters at this place :
Irwin, Jackman & Co., government freighters, with 520 wagons, 75 mules,
6,240 oxen, and 650 men ; D. D. White 8z Co., with 125 wagons, 22 mules ;
1,542 oxen and 52 men; Livingston, Bell & Co.; Jones & Cartwright ; J.
692 CYCLOPEDIA OF
B. Doyle & Co. ; M. Elsback & Co. ; John Dold & Bro. ; Robert & Lauder-
dale; Hugh Murdock, and others. In that year there were 1,328 wagons,
502 mules, 15,303 oxen and 1,549 drivers employed in the business out
of Atchison. In 1865 over 21,500,000 pounds of freight were received
at Atchinson for shipment, a considerable portion being destined for
Denver. The Butterfield Overland Despatch (q. v.) was started this
year and at once became a formidable competitor, but on account of
troubles with the Indians was soon forced out of business. Wagon
trains running out of Atchison carried from 6,000 to 8,000 pounds of
freight each, and averaged their owners about $400 for the trip to Den-
ver, making an average of 14 miles a day and consuming 90 days in a
round trip. The slow gait of oxen precluded their making over three
round trips a year. Mules, however, made much better time, requiring
from thirty to forty days for the trip and return. From 12 to 16 cents a
pound was the charge for freight hauled by mule teams during the sum-
mer months, while in winter as much as 25 cents a pound was asked and
obtained. During the '60s as many as five steamboats at one time have
been at the Atchison levee discharging freight for western points.
Leavenworth was also an important point as a freighting center. In
1855 Majors, Russell & Co. were the largest freighters, the bulk of their
business being transportation of government supplies. Clayton & Lowe,
Powers & Newman, and others were engaged extensively in the business
during the latter '50s. In 1862 Toussant & Boucher, Burris & Trow-
bridge, John S. Hamill, Lewis H. Hershfield, Lawrence Page, David W.
Powers, Everett Stanley and Thomas H. Young were doing a freight-
ing business. The following year eleven firms were similarh- engaged.
In 1865 no less than forty-seven firms were employed in freighting,
among whom were A. Caldwell, J. C. Irwin, David Powers. B. L. Burris
and others.
AVith the discovery of gold near Pike's Peak, on Cherry creek, the real
rush begun. Every trail, road and short cut leading towards these new
diggings was soon crowded with freighting outfits of every sort, loaded
down with stocks of merchandise intended to supplj^ every possible
human want ; lined with adventurous individuals in lighter vehicles, who
pushed on as fast as horse flesh could endure the strain ; men on horse-
back ; men with push carts ; toy wagons and wheelbarrows, and last but
not least, an ever increasing army on foot, with their earthly possessions
tied in a package and slung over a shoulder. This rush started in 1858
and by 1859 had reached the flood stage. The greater part of this travel
went over the California road, while much went up the Kaw river and
up the Smoky Plill valley ; up the divide between the Republican and
Chapman creeks ; and much by way of the Sante Fe and Pike's Peak
trails.
With the advent of the railroads the prairie schooners gradually dis-
appeared and fragmentary portions of the old trails are the only remain-
ing vestiges of a mighty commerce that has disappeared.
KANSAS HISTORY 693
Fremont, a post-hamlet of McPherson county, is located in the north-
western part, on a branch line of the Missouri Pacific R. R. about 13
miles northwest of McPherson, the county seat. It had a population of
15 according to tJie census of 1910. The nearest important town is
Lindsborg, about 7 miles east.
Fremont County, one of the early counties of Kansas territory, was
created in 1859, with the following boundaries : "Commencing at the
southwest corner of Broderick county and running thence due west to
the western boundary of the Territory of Kansas ; thence northeasterly
along the summit of the Rocky mountains, to the southwest corner of
Montana county, thence due east to a point 20 miles west of the 105th
meridian of longitude, thence due south to the point of beginning." T.
C. Dixon, A. G. Patrick and T. L. Whitne}' were appointed commission-
ers and authorized to locate the seat of justice near the geograi)hical
center of the county. When the Territory of Colorado was erected,
Fremont county became a part of the new territory.
Fremont, John Charles, soldier and explorer, whose early expeditions
to the Rocky mountains brought to the notice of the American people
the region of which the State of Kansas is a part, was born at Savannah,
Ga., Jan. 21, 1813. His father died in 1818 and the widow removed with
her family to Charleston, S. C, where John C. entered college at the age
of fifteen years, but was expelled for absence and inattention to his work.
He then became a private teaclier of mathematics, in which he excelled,
and later a teacher on the sloop of war Natchez, upon which he made a
two years' cruise. He then passed an examination for a professorship in
the United States navy and was assigned to the frigate Independence,
but declined to become assistant engineer in the United States topo-
graphical corps. In 1838 he was commissioned second lieutenant by
president Van Buren, and on Oct. 19, 1841, secretly married Jessie,
daughter of Thomas H. Benton, her parents objecting to the union on
account of her age. The next ten years Fremont spent in exploring the
country between the Missouri river and the Rocky mountains (See Fre-
mont's Expeditions) and his reports gave to many their first knowledge
of what is now the State of Kansas. His work also won for him the
sobriquet of "Pathfinder." In 1850 he was presented with a gold medal
by the King of Prussia for his discoveries. The first Republican national
convention in 1856 nominated him for the presidency, and he received
114 electoral votes, Buchanan receiving 174. Soon after the Civil war
began he was made major-general and assigned to the command of the
Western Department, with headquarters at St. Louis, On Aug 31, 1861,
he proclaimed martial law and the emancipation of the slaves belonging
to those in arms against the government. President Lincoln indorsed
the proclamation, except that part conceiming emancipation, but this
Fremont refused to rescind, and it was finally annulled by order of the
president. This, and other complaints, caused him to be relieved of his
command, but the following spring he was placed in command of the
mountain district in Kentucky, Tennessee and A'irginia. ^^'hcn his
694 CYCLOPEDIA OF
command was made a part of Gen. Pope's army of Virginia, Fremont
asked to be relieved. His request was granted, and this practically ended
his military career. In 1878 he was appointed governor of Arizona and
served until 1881. Gen. Fremont was the author "of various works, most
of them relating to his explorations. He died at New York on July 13,
1890.
Fremont's Expeditions. — The explorations of John C. Fremont, made
under an act of Congress, were of much importance in placing before
the people a faithful description of the region west of the Mississippi and
Missouri rivers. His first was made in 1842 with onh^ 21 men, collected
in the neighborhood of St. Louis, principally Creole and Canadian voy-
ageurs who had become familiar with prairie life in the service of the
fur companies in the Indian country. Charles Preuss, a native of Ger-
many, was his assistant in the topographical part of the survey; L. Max-
well of Kaskaskia" was engaged as hunter, and Christopher Carson (more
familiarly known as "Kit" Carson) was the guide. From St. Louis the
part}' proceeded to C}'prian Chouteau's trading house on the Kansas river,
about 10 miles west of the JMissouri line. The start was made from that
point on June 10, 1842. In about 10 miles they reached the Sante Fe
road, along which they continued for a short time, "and encamped early
on a small stream, having traveled about 11 miles." They traveled the
next day along the Sante Fe road, which they left in the afternoon, and
encamped late in the evening on a small creek, called by the Indians,
Mishmagwi. On June 12 the party seems to have camped near the site
of Lawrence, for in Col. Fremont's narrative he says : "We encamped
in a remarkably beautiful situation on the Kansas bluffs, which com-
manded a fine view of the river \'alley, here from 3 to 4 miles wide. The
central portion was occupied by a broad belt of heavy timber, and nearer
the hills the prairies \vere of the richest verdure." On the 14th he crossed
to the north side of the river, probably near the point where Topeka is
now located. On the i6th he says : "^^'e are now fairly in the Indian
country, and it began to be time to prepare for the chances of the wilder-
ness."
The party continued its journey along the foot of the hills which linrder
the Kansas valley, and on the 20th crossed the Big Vermilion, "wliich
has a rich bottom of about one mile in breadth, one-third of which is oc-
cupied by timber." After a day's march of 24 miles they reached the Big
Blue, and encamped on the uplands of the western side, near a small
creek, where was a fine large spring of very cold water. At noon on the
22nd a halt was made at Wyeth's creek, in the bed of which were nu-
merous boulders of dark, ferruginous sandstone, mingled with others of
the red sandstone variety. At the close of the same day they, made their
bivouac in the midst of some well-timbered ravines near the Little Blue,
24 miles from their camp of the preceding night. Crossing the next
morning a number of handsome creeks, with water clear and sandy beds,
at 10 a. m. they reached a beautifully wooded stream, about 35 feet wide,
called Sandy creek, "and, as the Otoes frequently winter there, the Otoe
KANSAS HISTORY 695
fork." After another hard day's march of 28 miles they encamped on
the Little Blue, "where our arrival made a scene of the Arabian Desert."
Thence their route laj up the valley, and on the night of the 25th they
halted at a point in what in now Nuckolls county, Nebraska. "From the
mouth of the Kansas, according to our reckoning, we had traveled 328
miles, and the geological formation of the country we had passed over
consisted of lime and sand stone, covered by the same erratic deposits of
sand and gravel which forms the surface rock of the prairies between
the Missouri and Mississippi rivers." They marched up the Platte
valley, but upon reaching the forks, the main party was sent up the
north fork, while a few men under Fremont passed up the south fork to
St. Vrain's fort. From here they marched northward to the north fork
and joined the main body at Fort Laramie. Although the Indians were
on the warpath farther up the river, Fremont determined to proceed.
They continued to advance without serious interruption, arrived at the
Sweetwater river, marched through South Pass, and a little later as-
cended the highest peak of the Wind river mountains. The return
journey down the Platte was made without notable incident.
Fremont's second exploration was made in 1843, his party consisting
principally of Creole and Canadian French, and Americans, amounting
in all to 39 men. To make the exploration as useful as possible. Col.
Fremont determined to var}^ the route to the Rocky mountains from
that followed in 1842, the route decided upon being up the valley of the
Kansas river, to the head of the Arkansas river, and to some pass in the
mountains, if any could be found, at the sources of that river. By mak-
ing this deviation, it was thought the problem of a new road to Oregon
and California in a climate more congenial might be solved, and a better
knowledge obtained of an important river and the country it drained,
while tlie great object of the expedition would find its point of com-
mencement at the termination of the former.
The departure was made from what is now Kansas City, Kan., on the
morning of May 29, and at the close of that day the party encamped
about 4 miles beyond the frontier, on the verge of the great prairies.
Resuming their journey on the 31st, they encamped in the evening at
Elm Grove, and from then until June 3 followed the same route as the
expedition of 1842. Reaching the ford of the Kansas, near the present
site of Lawrence, the}' left the usual emigrant road to the mountains and
continued their route along the south side of the river, where their
progress was much delayed by the numerous small streams, which
obliged them to make frequent bridges. On the morning of June 4 they
crossed Otter creek, and on the 8th arrived at the mouth of Smoky Hill
fork, forming here, by its junction with the Republican, the Kansas
river. On the nth they resumed their journey along the Republican
fork, and for several days continued to travel through a country beau-
tifully watered with numerous streams, handsomely timbered, "and
rarely an incident occured to vary the monotonous resemblance which
one day on the prairies here bears to another, and which scarcely requires
a particular description."
696 CYCLOPEDIA OF
They had been gradually and regularly ascending in their progress
westward, and on the evening of the 14th were 265 miles by their travel-
ing ro.ad from the mouth of the Kansas. At this point the party was
divided, and on the i6th, Fremont, with 15 men, proceeded in advance,
bearing a little out from the river. That night he encamped on Sol-
omon's fork of the Smoky Hill river, along whose tributaries he con-
tinued to travel for several days. On the 19th he crossed the Pawnee
road to the Arkansas, and on the afternoon of June 30 he found himself
overlooking a valley, where, about 10 miles distant, "the south fork of
the Platte was rolling magnificently along, swollen with the waters of
the melting snows." Upon reaching St. Vrain's fort, he concluded to
remain a considerable length of time in order to explore the surrounding-
country. Boiling Spring river was traversed, and the pueblo at or near
its mouth was visited. From Fort St. Vrain, the main party marched
straight to Fort Laramie, while the party under Fremont passed farther
to the west, skirting the mountain, and carefully examining the country.
The two detachments met on the Sweetwater river, and after marching
through South Pass continued on to Fort Bridger, whence they moved
west down the Bear river valley. The expedition then marched to Cal-
ifornia and passed a considerable distance down the coast, when it re-
turned, reaching Colorado at Brown's Hole. While in Colorado, Fre-
mont explored the wonderful natural parks there. On his return he
passed down the Arkansas, visiting the "pueblo" and Bent's Fort, at
which place he arrived on Jul}^ i, 1844. On the 5th he resumed his jour-
ney down the Arkansas river, traveling along a broad wagon road. De-
siring to complete the examination of the Kansas, he soon left the
Arkansas and took a northeasterly direction across the elevated dividing
grounds which separate that river from the waters of the Platte. On
the 8th he arrived at the head of a stream which proved to be the Smoky
Hill fork of the Kansas river. After having traveled directly along its
banks for 290 miles, the expedition left the river, where it bore suddenly
off in a northwesternly direction, toward its junction with the Repub-
lican fork of the Kansas, and continued its easterly course for about 20
miles when it entered the wagon road from Sante Fe to Independence.
On the last day of July Fremont again encamped at the- site of Kansas
City, Kan., after an absence of fourteen months.
The third expedition under Fremont in 1845 comprised nearly 100
men. Man}' of his old companions joined him, among whom were Car-
son, Godey, Owens, and several experienced Delaware Indians. With
him also was his favorite, Basil Lajeunesse, and Lieuts. Abert and
Peck. With this larger force he felt equal to any emergency likely to
arise. The plains were crossed without noteworthy incident, except a
scare from the Cheyennes, and on Aug. 2 Bent's Fort was reached. On
the i6th, the expedition proper, consisting of about 60 men, mostlj'
picked for their known qualities of courage, hardihood and faithfulness,
left Bent's Fort and started on its journey. On the 20th it encamped at
the mouth of Boiling Springs river, and on the 26th at the mouth of the
KANSAS HISTORY 697
great canon of the Arkansas. On the night of Sept. 2, it reached the
remote headwaters of the Arkansas. Two days later Fremont passed
across the divide into tlie valley of the Grand river, and camped on Piney
river, where a goodly supply of fish was caught. The marvelous beauty
of the surroundings were specially noted by the scientists accompanying
the party. Continuing westward without noteworthy incident, the part}-
reached Great Salt Lake early in October, and after great hardships
Sutter's Fort in California was reached in December. The following
year Fremont assisted the Californias in gaining their independence.
A fourth expedition, commenced in 1848, was prosecuted at his own
expense, and ended in finding a passage to California from the east along
the headwaters of the Rio Grande. This was later followed by the
Southern Pacific railroad. He also fitted out upon his account a fifth
expedition (1853), designed to perfect the results of the fourth, by fixing
upon the best route for a national highway from the valley of the Mis-
sissippi to the Pacific ocean. These expeditions involved great hardships,
but every suffering was rewarded by marvelous disclosures of the geo-
graphical variety and wealth of the country through which they passed.
Kansas and the regions to the west were almost unknown up to this
time. His report of the resources found attracted the attention of the
people of the East, and from the time of these explorations may be dated
the rapid influx of immigrants into Kansas and the speedy settlement of
the territory. Traversing the state as he did, from its eastern to its west-
ern boundary, his complete reports turned the tide of home-seekers in
that direction.
Friend, a post-hamlet of Fiiine}- county, is near the northern bound-
ary on the line of the proposed Garden City, Gulf and Northern R. R.,
ibout 22 miles from Garden City, the county seat.
Friends. — The religious order known as Friends, more commonly-
called Quakers, originated in England about 1647. The founder of the
society was George Fox, a dissenter from the teachings and practices of
the church of that period. His views and practical application of Chris-
tian doctrines spread rapidly, and -vvithin a short time he had many
adherents. These people had no intention of establishing a new church,
but as their preaching was incompatible with the practices of the church,
it was inevitable that separation should follow. Fox preached in central
England first, and from that region some sixty Quaker missionaries went
forth to carry on the new movement. The members were variously
known as Children of Truth, Friends of Truth and finally the name Re-
ligious Society of Friends was adopted.
The friends have no formal creed or doctrine and it is in spirit more
than faith that they diflfer from other denominations. The first discip-
linary meetings, established as early as 1856, were held each month and
were in a sense congregational. By the term discipline, the Friends
understand all regulations and arrangements for the civil and religious
benefit of the church. Gradually certain meetings or assemblies were
established and are now four in number: preparatory, monthly, quar-
698 CYCLOPEDIA OF
terly and yearly meetings. The preparatory meetings are subordinate to
the monthly meetings and have little power, being occupied with local
atJairs, and in America have been discontinued. Each of the other meet-
ings is subordinate to the one aboye, up to the yearly meeting which has
exclusive legislative power.
The Quaker movement spread to Scotland and Ireland and in the
middle of the seventeenth centur}- to America. The first Friends to
locate in Massachusetts colony were persecuted and deported, but in
spite of this converts were made and meetings established in the Eng-
lish colonies. The Friends who came to New Jersey settled along the
Raritan river, and Burlington was founded by them. William Penn
joined the society in 1667. He secured East Jersey and Pennsylvania,
and it was through his eiforts that his colmi}- had a Quaker population
of 7,OQO within three years. As early as 1688, the Friends protested
against slavery and no slaves were in their possession after the year
1787. Since the establishment of the Friends in America the organiza-
tion has divided into the following bodies: Society of Friends (Ortho-
dox), Religious Society of Friends (Hicksite), Orthodox Conservative
Friends (Wilburite), and Friends Primitive.
With the great migratory movement west after the Revolutionary
war, Quakers passed into the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers
and today their faith has been carried to the shores of the Pacific. In
1834 they founded a mission among the Shawnee Indians of Kansas,
near the Methodist mission on the Neosho river, where in 1854, David
Thayer and his wife and Richard Mendenhall had charge of the mission
and school for the Indian children. Some of the first Quaker settlers of
Kansas were Wilham H. Coffin, 11. H. Hiatt and Eli \\'ilsiin, whu came to
the territory in the fall of 1854. and located the first Friends settle-
ment on Fall creek about 14 miles west of Leavenworth. Mr. CofSn in
his article. Settlement of the Friends in Kansas, says : "We held our
first Friends' meeting (in Feb. 1856) which was probably the first
Friends" meeting in Kansas Territory, outside of the Friends mission."
This was at Benjah Hiatt's cabin on Fall creek about a mile abcTve its
confluence with Stranger creek. After this meetings were held regularly.
In Dec. 1857, there being about fifty Quakers in the settlement, they
sent a request to the Milford monthly meeting of Indiana to have a pre-
paratory meeting, and a committee was sent from Milford in May, 1858
to attend the opening. Many more Friends came to Kansas in the spring
and in the summer of 1859, the first Friends meeting-house in Kansas
was built. A second and quite large settlement of Friends had been
formed on the Cottonwood, near Emporia, and a third south of Osawat-
omie, where meetings were held soon after the battle of Osawatomie
in 1856. Other settlements of Friends were formed by immigrants from
the east. Some of the earliest were near Lawrence, where a church was
organized in 1865. This was the nucleus of the yearly meeting after-
ward held there. The first census that gives a report of the Friends'
organizations in Kansas was that of 1882, when there were 43 organiza-
KANSAS HISTORY 699
tions, 26 church edifices, and a membership of 4,774, with church prop-
erty valued at $43,700. This was followed by a rapid increase, for in
1886 there were 53 organizations, 46 churches and a membership of
6,300. During the following eight years the organizations increased to
95, there were 85 church edifices, a membership of 9,133, and the church
had grown so that there were thirteen quarterly meetings represented
at the year]}- meeting. At the present time there are fourteen quarterly
meetings in the annual meeting but two of these include some congre-
gations in Oklahoma and Missouri. The membership has remained about
the same in Kansas as the increase has been about equaled b}- the emi-
gration to other states.
Friends of the Temple. — This religious sect was founded in 1853 at
Wiirtemberg, ('lermany. by Rev. Christopher Hoffman. The members
were also called Friends of Jerusalem because of the interest they took
in that city, believing that it will be the "mother and queen of the
nations in the approaching Messianic kingdom on earth." One of the
chief aims of the society is the establishment of Christian culnnies in
the Holy Land, six having been planted there that have acliic^ cd a fair
measure of success. Soon after the organization of tlie socicix in the
old country some of its members came to America and within ten years
an organization was perfected in this country, where it is kno\\n as the
"Temple Society of the United States."
In 1910 there were three local congregations — two in the State of New
York and one in Kansas. The society in Jerusalem is regarded as the
chief organization, and its president exercises general supervision over
the branches in Germany and America. Each church has a minister and
elders. In doctrine the church accepts the essential features of the
Christian system, though it holds to no creed but the Bible, which it
believes has been neglected or in some cases misinterpreted. It does
not countenance membership in secret societies, and the great aim is
to build up a "spiritual temple" according to apostolic precept.
This sect was established in Saline county, Kan., sometime in the 'Sos,
and in the census report of 1890 was reported as having a membership of
55. In the next fifteen years the number of organizations in the United
States decreased by one, but the membership of the one church in Kan-
sas increased to 150.
Friendship, a hamlet of Cherokee county, is located on Lightning-
creek, 12 miles northwest of Columbus, the county seat, and 3 miles
from Sherman, which is the nearest railroad station. Mail is received
through the office at McCune by rural delivery.
Friends University. — As early as 1875, the Kansas yearly meeting of
Friends expressed a desire to establish a school of collegiate rank, and
several Friends academies were organized, but no college. In 1891 the
College Association of Friends was organized and a charter secured from
the state legislature granting authority to establish and maintain a col-
lege. Several thousand dollars' worth of stock had been subscribed, when
James ^I. and .\nna T. Davis, of St. Louis, became interested in the
700 CYCLOPEDIA OF
movement and gave to the Kansas yearly meeting of Friends, the prop-
erty at Wichita, formerly owned and occupied by Garfield Memorial
University. The gift was accepted, a board of directors was at once
appointed, the college ojjened in Sept., 1898, and the same fall the yearly
meeting took upon itself the obligation of maintaining the institution.
The campus consists of 15 acres. The main building is of brick, five
stories high, 234 feet long and 200 feet deep. It covers three-fourths of
an acre of ground and contains 66 recitation rooms and halls. The main
chapel seats 3,000 people. A dormitor}^ known as South Hall provides
accommodations for about 50 women, and North Hall is a similar dor-
mitory for men. Besides the regular college course there is the Bible
school, school of education, school of music, commercial school and pre-
paratory department. Since the Friends took charge the school has pros-
pered. Edmund Stanley was elected president and he is abh- assisted
by 16 instructors in the various branches.
Frizell, a money order post-village of Pawnee county, is a station on
the Larned & Jetmore division of the Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe R.
R. 7 miles west of Larned. It has a general store and does some ship-
ping.
Frontenac, an incorporated city of the second class in Crawford
count}^, is located 9 miles southeast of Girard, the county seat, at the
junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe and the Kansas City
Southern railroads. It is also on the line of the Joplin & Pittsburg elec-
tric railway. Frontenac has a bank, an international mone}- order post-
office, express and telegraph service, telephone connections, several good
mercantile establishments, hotels, etc. It is situated in the coal fields,
and the principal industrj' is coal mining. A Catholic academy is at
Frontenac, and the city has a good public school system. The population
in 1910 was 3,396, a gain of 1,591 during the preceding decade.
Frontier Guard. — Just before Abraham Lincoln started for AVashing-
ton to assume the duties of the presidency in 1861, Gen. James H. Lane,
then a United States senator from Kansas, offered him a body-guard of
Kansas men. Lane's plan was to have the men get on the train at
various stations along the line as ordinarj^ passengers. None was to
carry arms, but arms were to be within easy reach if any emergency
arose where they would be necessary. Mr. Lincoln declined Lane's offer,
saying he had not yet lost faith in the honor of the American people.
Nevertheless, Lane's men went on to "VA^ashington, where the organiza-
tion of the company was completed, or at least made public. The com-
pany was known as the "Frontier Guard," with headquarters at the
Willard hotel. Speer, in his "Life of Lane," says that on April 16, 1861,
four days after Fort Sumter was fired upon by the Confederate batter-
ies at Charleston, Maj. Hunter (afterward major-general") was sent to
the Willard with a request from the secretary of war that Lane report
with his company at the White House, and that within half an hour the
company was quartered in the great room, with pickets thrown out in
all directions.
KANSAS HISTORY JOI
Adjt.-Gen. R. C. Drum, when asked for information regarding the
company, made the following statement: "After April 19, 1861, when
the Sixth Massachusetts regiment was attacked by a mob in Baltimore,
there being but few troops in the city of Washington, the government
accepted the services of a number of organizations in the District of
Columbia. All of these companies were mustered in except the 'Clay
Guards' commanded by Cassius M. Clay of Kentucky and the 'Frontier
Guard' commanded by Gen. James H. Lane of Kansas, United States
senator."
Clay's company was assigned to the duty of guarding the long bridge,
and Lane's was stationed at the Executive Mansion, where it remained
on dut)' for several weeks, the men never receiving or asking for com-
pensation, though Lane, according to Speer, saw that they were honor^
ably discharged. Speer also says that Charles H. Holmes, a member of
the company, told him that he was sent by Gen. Lane with a squad of
men to capture Gen. Robert E. Lee at Arlington, but Lee, whether
warned or not, made his escape to Richmond before the detachment
arrived.
Eugene F. Ware, while pension commissioner, sent to the Kansas
Historical Society on Aug. 4, 1902, a partial list of the members of the
Frontier guard. This list shows the following officers : Captain, James
H. Lane; first lieutenant, Mark Delahay; second lieutenant, J. R. Stock-
ton; first sergeant, D. S. Gordon; second sergeant, John T. Burris; third
sergeant, L. Holtslander ; first corporal, John P. Hatterscheidt ; second
corporal, J. W. Jenkins. In the list of 51 privates furnished by Mr. Ware
are the names of a number of men who were intimately connected with
Kansas afifairs in an early day. Among them may be mentioned Thomas
Ewing Jr., D. R. Anthony, Sidney Clarke, Marcus J. Parrott, A. C. Wild-
er, Henry J. Adams, Robert McBratney, Samuel F. Tappan. Charles F.
De Vivaldi, Samuel C. Pomeroy, W. W. Ross, P. C. Schuyler, William
Hutchinson, Charles Howells, M. H. Insley and Clarke J. Hanks, the
last named a nephew of President Lincoln. The Kansas Historical
Society has the original discharge of Sidney Clarke, and copies of the
discharges of Cunningham Hazlett and L. Holtslander.
A complete list of those who served in the Frontier Guard will prnl)-
ably never be obtained. Speer says that the original company numbered
200 men, other authorities equally as reliable place the number at 120.
But whatever the number, all were men who did not swerve from duty
in the hour of the nation's peril, and it is to be regretted, that theinnames
cannot be obtained, in order that a deserving tribute might be paid to
their promptness and efficiency in defense of the nation's capital in the
opening days of the great Civil war.
Frontier Patrol.— fSee Patrol Guard.)
Fruit. — (See Horticulture.)
Fuller, a town of Crawford county, with a population of 351 in 1910,
is a station on the Kansas City Southern R. R. 10 miles east of Girard.
the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express
702 CYCLOPEDIA OF
offices, telephone connections, a good local trade, etc. Coal mining is
the principal industry, and large quantities of coal are shipped from
Fuller annually.
Fullerton, a post-hamlet of Hodgeman county, is situated about 15
miles southeast of Jetmore, the county seat, and 8 miles south of Gray,
which is the nearest railroad station.
Fulton, one of the largest towns in Bourbon county, is situated in the
northeastern part of the county on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R.
13 miles north of Fort Scott, the county seat. It was founded in 1869
and the following year several stores were opened. Grain elevators and
a mill were built, and as the population grew two good hotels and fine
public school buildings were erected. The name of the town at first was
Osaga, but the similarity to Osage was confusing, and it was changed
to Fulton. The first postoffice was established in 1869 under the name
of Osaga, but was changed with the name of the town. In 1874 Fulton
was incorporated as a city of the third class, since which time it has con-
tinued to prosper. The Methodist church was established in 1870 and a
fine church edifice was soon after built. The Catholic church also per-
fected an organization. A lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fel-
lows was established in 1875 and in the early '80s the Masonic Lodge
was established. The town is located in the midst of a rich farming dis-
trict for which it is the supply and shipping point. In 1910 it had a
population of 416.
Funston, a small hamlet a little southeast of the center of Allen county,
is about 10 miles from lola, the county seat, and some 8 miles from Hum-
boldt, from Avhich place it receives mail by rural delivery. Elsmore is
the most convenient railroad station.
Funston', Edward Hogue, member of Congress, was born in Clark
county, Ohio, Sept. 16, 1836, a son of Frederick and Julia (Stafiford)
Funston. His parents were of Irish descent and well educated for the
day in which they lived. With the other members of his family, Edward
shared the hardships and privations incident to pioneer life in the middle
west. He was given a reasonably fair country school education, attend-
ing school until he was thirteen years old, when he hired out to a
farmer for the summer but attended school in the winter. For three
years he worked and studied in this way, until he qualified himself to
enter New Carlisle Academy. At the age of twenty he became a country
school teacher and thus obtained means to attend" Marietta College for
two years. He did not graduate, but later had the degree of Master
of Arts conferred upon him by the college. In 1861 he entered the
Sixteenth Ohio battery and took part in the principal actions along the
Mississippi river, until mustered out of the service in 1865. In 1867
he came to Kansas and located on a prairie farm in Carlyle township,
Allen county. He was elected to the state legislature in 1873, was
reelected at each of the two succeeding annual elections, and was speaker
of the house the last year. In 1880, he was elected to the state senate
and served as president pro-tempore of that body. After four years in
KANSAS HISTORY 7^2>
the state senate, he was elected to Congress on March i, 1884, to fill
the vacancy occasioned by the death of Dudley C. Haskell, and was
reelected at each succeeding election until 1892, when he was defeated
by a fusion of the Democratic and Populist parties. He was given the
certificate of election, but his seat was contested by Horace L. Moore,
and he was unseated on Aug. 2, 1894. Mr. Funston died at his home
in Tola, Kan., Sept. 10, 191 1.
Funston, Frederick, soldier, was born at New Carlisle, Ohio, Nov.
9, 1865, a son of Edward II. and Ann E. (Mitchell) Funston. When two
years old, his parents removed to Kansas, and in 1885 he became a stu-
dent in the state university. He also attended the university in 1889-90,
after which he was employed as a newspaper reporter in Kansas City,
and the next year was botanist with the Death Valley expedition. He
was commissioned by the United States agricultural department in
1893 to explore Alaska and report on the flora. When this work was
finished he went to Cuba, where he served for 18 months in the insurgent
army in 1896-97, receiving promotions to captain, major and lieutenant-
colonel. Having received a wound, he returned to the United States,
and when war was declared against Spain he was commissioned colonel
of the Twentieth Kansas infantry on May 20, 1898. His regiment was
ordered to the Philippines and on May 2, 1899, Col. Funston was pro-
moted to brigadier-general of volunteers for his bravery in crossing the
Rio Grande river at Calumpit on a small raft and establishing a rope
ferry in the face of a severe fire. He organized and led the expedition
that captitred Emilio Aguinaldo, the insurgent leader, and on April i,
1901, was commissioned brigadier-general In the regular army. For a
time he was in command of the Department of California, and was then
made commandant of the army service school at Fort Leavenworth.
Furley, a village of Sedgwick county, is a station on the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific R. R. 15 miles northeast of Wichita. It has a money
order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices,
general stores and implement houses, and is the principal shipping point
for a rich agricultural district in the northeastern part of the county.
The population in 1910 was 52.
Fur Traders. — In the early settlement of America, the prospects of
acquiring wealth through a trade in furs lured a number of adventurous
spirits into the wilds for the purpose of trapping the fur-bearing animals
and opening up traffic with the Indians. Chittenden says : "The nature
of this business determined the character of the early white population.
It was the roving trader and the solitary trapper who first sought out
these inhospitable wilds, traced the streams to their sources, scaled the
mountain passes, and explored a boundless expanse of territory where
the foot of the white man had never trodden before."
The Hudson Bay traders were operating on the upper Missouri in
the latter part of the eighteenth century. The first fur company in the
United States was organized in 1794 afthe suggestion of Zenon Trudeau,
but it did not last long. In 1802 a company was formed by Manuel Lisa,
704 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Francois M. Benoit, Gregoire Sarpy and Charles Sanguinet. Five years
later Manuel Lisa, Pierre Menard and William Morrison organized a
company which in 1809 became merged with the Missouri Fur company,
the most prominent members of which were Benjamin Wilkinson, Pierre
and Auguste Chouteau, Manuel Lisa, William Clark, William Morrison
and Pierre Menard. About the same time Astor began operations on
the Pacific coast. The period of the active fur trade west of the Missis-
sippi extended from 1807 to 1843. During the greater part of that time
there was a spirited rivalry among a number of fur companies, the most
notable of which were the Hudson Bay, the Missouri, the American,
the Northwestern, the Pacific, the North American and the Rocky Moun-
tain companies. The last named was organized by 'Gen. William H.
Ashle}-, who in 1826 sold out to William L. Sublette, David E. Jackson
and Jedediah S. Smith. Others who were interested in or closely con-
nected with the fur trade were the Bent brothers, Campbell and Charles
L'Arpenteur.
All the companies employed men and established trading posts in the
Indian country. Their pirogues, canoes, bull-boats, bateaus and keel-
boats covered the western waters, bearing goods to the trading posts
and peltries back to St. Louis, which city was for many years the head-
quarters of the fur trade. There were, however, a large number of what
were known as "free hunters and trappers" — men who preferred to act
in their individual capacity in the hope of making greater profits than
they would by accepting wages from the fur companies. Of these, Han-
cock and Dickson were hunting and trapping on the Yellowstone as
early as 1804. John Colter,- who was discharged from the Lewis and
Clark expedition, took up the work of a free trapper, and in his peregri-
nations through the western wilderness discovered the great geysers that
are now in the Yellowstone national park. Ezekiel Williams was
another free trapper in 1807. In numerous instances the Indians
opposed the organization of fur companies, finding it easier to deal with
an individual than with the representative of a corporation.
The great fur companies did not operate to any great extent on the
prairie streams, but left them to the free hunters and trappers. A¥hen
Lewis and Clark ascended the Missouri in 1804 they met two French-
men who had been trapping during the winter of 1803-04 on the upper
waters of the Kansas river. (See Early River Commerce.) A French
post was established in what is now Kansas, opposite Kickapoo island.
Chouteau «& De Munn were operating on the Arkansas river in 1815-17
and the Sublettes were often in Kansas. Several trading posts were
established by the Chouteaus (q. v.) along the Kansas river.
The influence of the fur traders was felt in various ways. Brigham
Young selected the valley of the Great Salt Lake as a haven for the
Mormons upon information imparted to him by trappers. In the war
with Mexico old trappers and traders were employed to guide the United
States troops across the country. Audubon, Nicollet, Catlin, and a host
KANSAS HISTORY 70.S
of Other students of nature and writers on Indian life and character,
received many useful hints from the fur traders, whose experience proved
of great benefit to the pioneer settler some years later.
G
Gabriel, an inland hamlet of Doniphan county, is located near the
Missouri river in the northeastern part of the county in Burr Oak town-
ship, about 8 miles from Troy, the county seat, from which place it
receives mail. The population in 1910 was 50.
Galatia, a country postoffice in Barton count}', is located in Fairview
township 24 miles northwest of Great Bend, the county seat. Olmitz,
on the Missouri Pacific, is the nearest shipping point, with which it has
daily stage connections. The population according to the census of
1910 was 65.
Galena, an incorporated city of the second class in Cherokee county,
is located near the southeast corner of the count}' on Short creek and
at the junction of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas and St. Louis & San
Francisco railroads. There is also an electric line to Joplin, Carthage
and Webb City, Mo. The first railroad was completed to this point in
1871, but the town was not started until after the discovery of lead ore'
in the spring of 1877. The Galena Mining Si Smelting company pur-
chased 120 acres of land and laid out the town. Lots sold rapidly, and
within two months the population numbered over 2,000. A postoffice
was established soon after the town was platted, and in May, 1871,
Galena was incorporated as a city of the third class, with G. W. Webb
as the first mayor. The first school was taught in the winter of 1877-78
in a building that had been erected for mercantile purposes, and the first
regular school house — a frame structure of four rooms — was built in
1879. On May 16, 1879, the first number of the Galena Miner made its
appearance. This was the first newspaper.
For some time after Galena was started, the buildings were of that
"balloon" type so generally found in new mining towns, and a large part
of the popttlation was composed o| individuals as "rough" as the build-
ings. Saloons flourished, the gambler was early on the ground, drunken
brawls and shooting scrapes were common. But this has been changed.
The Galena of the present day is equipped with substantial business
buildings, waterworks, electric lights, a fire department, a sewer system,
well paved streets, good sidewalks, a telephone exchange, an electric
street railway, modern public school buildings, good hotels, well stocked
mercantile establishments, and a number of fine residences. Lead and
zmc mining and smelting are the principal industries, but there are also
foundries, stamping works, grain elevators, a novelty works, a broom
factory, etc. The city has 3 banks, i daily and 2 weekly newspapers,
an opera house, and lodges of the leading fraternal organizations. The
population in 1910 was 6,096. Empire City was annexed to Galena in
1907.
(1-45)
7o6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Galesburg, an incorporated city of Neosho county, is located in Center-
ville township, on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R., lo miles south-
west of Erie, the county seat. It has a bank, telegraph and express
offices, and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The popu-
lation in 1910 was 183. The land on which the town was located was
taken up by a Mr. Tracy for a town company of which the following
were the personnel : J. W. Crees, David Bonham, E. Sapp, Levi A. Doan
and J. W. Snyder. The first building was erected by William Young.
J. W. Snyder built and opened the first store. The postoffice which
belongs to this place was at first located at Rose Hill, about a mile
south, but when the town was founded in 1871, it was moved to Gales-
burg. The first school was taught by Miss Parna Whittlesey in the
winter of 1871-2, the school being held in the town hall.
Gallagher, a rural postoffice of Logan township, Comanche count3% is
located a few miles east of Coldwater, the county seat and most con-
venient railroad station.
Gait, a country postoffice in Rice county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 11 miles northeast of Lyons, the county seat.
It is also a trading point, having one general store. The population
according to the census of 1910 was 15.
Galva, one of the thriving little cities of McPherson county, is located
in Empire township 8 miles east of McPherson, the county seat. It
is well equipped with railroads, having the main line of the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific, and the Florence & Ellinwood branch of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. It is the receiving and shipping point
for a large and prosperous farming district; is supplied with a bank,
telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with three
rural routes. The population, according to the census of 1910, was
322. Galva was laid out in 1879 on lands belonging to the Marion &
McPherson Railroad company. Good stock yards were constructed
and a number of general stores opened. In 1880 the "Central Kansas
Congregational Academy" was chartered and a building was erected
at Galva at a cost of $1,000. Galva has always been prosperous, and
is at present a city of the third class.
Game Laws. — When the first white settlers came to Kansas they
found game, both large and small, in abundance. Herds of buiTalo and
antelope roamed over the plains; deer, wild turkey and an occasional
elk were to be found in the woody country ; wild geese and ducks
often stopped for awhile in Kansas in their migrations ; in the brakes
and along the streams lived large numbers of rabbits, quails, snipes,
plovers, etc. In those early days the rifle was depended on to a large
extent to furnish the supply of meat for the family. So plentiful were
the game animals and birds that little or no thought was given to
their protection until after the state was admitted into the L^nion.
The act of May 10, 1861, made it unlawful "to shoot, kill or trap,
within the lim.its of the state, anj' prairie chicken, quails, partridges,
wild turkey and deer between the first day of April and September of
KANSAS HISTORY JO"]
each year," and imposed a fine of $5 or less for each violation of the
law. Justices of the peace were given jurisdiction for the enforcement
of the provisions of the act. This was the first game law jjassed by
the legislature of the State of Kansas.
As time passed and game grew scarcer, more stringent laws were
passed for the protection of game animals and birds. In 1871 the
California quail was placed under legal protection. The act of 1897
imposed penalties upon railroad companies for shipping game out of
the state during the closed season. The act of March 11, 1903, made
it unlawful to kill quail or prairie chicken in certain counties of the
state for a period of three 3'ears. On Feb. 18, 1905, Gov. Hoch approved
an act authorizing him to appoint a state fish and game warden for
a term of four }-ears, whose duty it should be to take charge of the
fish hatchery fq. v.) and carry out the provisions of law regarding
the propagation of game and food fish in the waters of the state. To
assist him in the discharge of this duty, the warden was directed to
appoint one or more deputies.
The law of 1935 was repealed by the act of Feb. 28, 191 1. which
reenacted, however, a number of the provisions of former laws. The
office of fish and game warden was continued, the term of office to be
for four years, the annual salary to he $2,000, and the warden was placed
under the supervision of the regents of the University of Kansas. The
warden was authorized to appoint one or more deputies in each county
of the state, in which ten resident taxpayers might request him to do
so, and the warden and his deputies were given power to arrest any
person caught in the act of violating the law. A license fee of $1 was
required from ever)' resident of the state before he would be allowed
to hunt, and non-residents were required to pay $15 for. such privilege,
all licenses to expire at the close of the fiscal years in which they were
issued. Ever}' person thus licensed was also required to carry his
license with him while hunting, and to show it to the warden, deputy
warden, or other officer upon demand.
The open season, that is the season in which game birds or animals
might be killed, was as follows : For squirrels, from Sept. i to Jan.
i; fur-bearing animals, Nov. 15 to March 15; wild geese, ducks and
brants, Sept. i to April 15; snipe, Sept. i to April 30; grouse or prairie
chicken, Oct. i to Nov. i; plover, Aug. i to April 30: quail, Nov. 15
to Dec. I. No game bird was to be shot at or killed while sitting on
the ground or in the water, unless wounded, and none was to be killed
earlier than one hour before sunrise nor later than one hour after sun-
set. The number of birds that could be killed in any one day was
limited to 12 snipe, prairie chicken, wild ducks, quail or plover, and
6 wil5 geese or brant. Beaver, otter, deer and antelope could not
l)e killed or trapped in any manner for a period of ten years from tlic
passage of the act.
Owners of farms, orchards or gardens were not prevented b\- the
act from killing bluejays, owls, hawks, crows, blackbirds or other
-OS CYCLOPEDIA OF
destructive birds, but it was made unlawful for any person to kill,,
destroy or take into captivity any eagle, or to destroy the nest or eggs
of any wild bird or to have such nest or eggs in his possession except
under certain conditions.
Section 20 of the act provided that "It shall be unlawful for any
person to catch, take, or attempt to catch or take, from any lake, pond,
river, creek, stream or other waters within or bordering on this state,
any fish by any means or in* any manner except by rod and line and
hshhook; provided, that not more than one hook shall be used on such
line ; and provided further, that no person shall use more than one
trot-!ine at an}' one time, and that no trot-line shall have attached
to it more than 25 hooks : provided further, that no trot-line shall be
set within 300 ^-ards of a dam or within 200 j^ards of the mouth of
any creek or river; and provided further, that this section shall not be
deemed to prohibit the catching of fish in the creeks, rivers, ponds and
lakes of this state by means of a seine having a mesh which stretches
not less than three inches ; and provided further, that if any fish are
caught less than three pounds in weight by means of any seine it shall
*be unlawfuT to injure or take said fish awa}", but they shall be thrown
back into the water."
Seines could not be used, however, from April 15 to June 15, nor
from Dec. 15 to March 15, and owners of seines were required to secure
a permit from the warden and give bond that they would be used
according to law. The warden was authorized to seize and destroy
all nets, traps, etc.. used in violation of the act. For violation of any
of the provisions of the law the offender should be fined not less than
$5 nor more than $25 for the first offense ; not less than $50 nor more
than $200 for the second offense; and not less than $100 nor more
than $500 for the third and each subsequent offense, and should be
committed to the county jail until fine and cost of prosecution might
be paid.
Railroad companies, or other common carriers, were prohibited from
shipping any game birds, except upon a permit from the warden, but
nothing in the law prevented the taking of fish or g-ame for propagation
or scientific purposes.
Garden City, the largest town and county seat of Finney county, is
centrally located on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe a'nd Garden
City. Gulf and Northern railroads, and on the Arkansas river. It is the
commercial center for a large and prosperous irrigating district, and
is in the midst of the Kansas beet sugar region. It has electricity for
lighting and power, waterworks, sewer system, fire and police depart-
ments, a county high school, public library, hospital, opera house. 3
banks. 3 newspapers (the Telegram, a daily and the Imprint and Herald,
weeklies). There is a beet sugar factory, erected at a cost of $1,000,000,
which handles 1,000 tons of beets and turns out 200,000 pounds of
refined sugar daih'. There are two seed houses, w^hich cure and market
native seeds, several firms which manufacture stock tanks, pumps, and
KANSAS HISTORY 709
all sorts of well supplies, 2 elevators, a flour mill and a planing mill.
Daily stages run to Santa Fe, Eminence and Essex, and tri-vveekly
stages to Terryton. The .shady streets and fine lawns in the residence
portion of Garden City, indicate that it is well named. The business
district, which covers several squares, is solidly built with structures
of brick and stone. The city is supplied with telegraph and express
offices, telephone accommodations, and an international money order
postoffice with two rural routes. Garden City was first settled in
1884. For the first few years the growth was rapid, but, in common
with other western Kansas towns, it lost in population during the
period of business depression from 1889 to 1896. Since then its progress
has been along more conservative lines and the improvements are
consequently of a more substantial character than those of earlier years.
In 1900, the first U. S. census after the city was incorporated, the popu-
lation was 1,590. Ten years later the city was divided into three wards
and reported a total population of 3,171, an increase of almost loo per
cent, during the decade.
Garden Plain, one of the leading towns of Sedgwick county, is located
in the township of the same name and is a station on the Wichita &
Pratt division of the Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe R. R. 30 miles west
of Wichita. It has a bank, a money order postdffice with one rural
route, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections with the
surrounding towns, general stores, hardware and implement houses,
and is the shipping point for a rich agricultural district. Garden Plain
was incorporated in 1902 and in 1910 reported a population of 296.
Gardner, the third largest town in Johnson county, is located in the
southwest portion on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 9 miles
southwest of Olathe, the county seat. It was surveyed and laid out in
1857 by O. G. Gardner, Benjamin B. Francis, A. P.. Bartlett and others
who composed the town company, and was named in honor of Gov.
Gardner of Massachusetts. The first building was a large frame struc-
ture, erected by the town company for temporary use. The first hotel
was kept by Benjamin Davis in a small log building, subsequently he
built a frame hotel and in the spring of 1857 the town company built
a stone hotel building. Dr. W. M. Shean, the first physician, located
in Gardner in 1857, ^"^ i" the fall' of the year a blacksmith shop was
opened. J. W. Sponable opened the first store in the spring of 1858.
A second store soon followed and a shoe shop was also started. Myra
D. Shean taught the first school. In 1861 a stone school house was
erected. The Methodists became established in Gardner in 1857, but
did not build a church until 1878. A Presbyterian church was erected
in 1858. A library association was formed in 1862. On Oct. 21, 1861,
Gardner was sacked by a band of guerrillas, under L'pton Hays. With
the building of the railroad the town began to prosper and today is
the banking, shipping and supply point for a rich and large agricultural
district. There are several general stores, a hardware and implement
house, lumber yard, hotel, and other commercial enterprises, a money
710 CYCLOPEDIA OF
order postoffice, telegraph and express facilities, and in 1910 Gardner
reported a population of 514.
Garfield, one of the principal towns of Pawnee county, is situated
on the Arkansas river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 11
miles southwest of Larned, the count_y seat. It is a shipping point of
considerable importance, has a bank, a money order postoffice with
one rural route, telegraph, express and telephone accommodations, a
flour mill, 4 grain elevators, a hotel, a public library, graded and high
schools, Congregational, Methodist and Swedish Lutheran churches,
and a number of well stocked mercantile establishments. It was incor-
porated in 1910 and the same year reported a population of 333.
Garfield County, created by the act of March 5, 1887, and named in
honor of James A. Garfield, was bounded as follows: "Commencing
where the north line of township 21 south, intersects the east line of
range 27 west ; thence south along the range line to its intersection with
the north line of township 24 south ; thence west along township line
to where it intersects the east line of range 31 west; thence north along
range line to where it intersects the north line of township 21 south;
thence east to the place of beginning."
In 1889 ^ decision of the supreme court transferred the county seat
from Ravanna to Eminence, and the people of the latter place demanded
the immediate removal of the county offices. One attempt to remove
the treasurer's office was defeated by the citizens of Ravanna, the safe
being badly damaged in the fracas. Gov. Humphrey' was temporarily
absent from the state at the time, and on Aug. 3 the attorney-general
notified Adj. -Gen. Roberts, who visited Eminence and persuaded the
citizens there to do nothing further until the court met in September,
when the matter was peacefully adjusted. The boundaries as defined
by the creative act included only 12 Congressional townships, 6 of which
were taken from Finney county and 6 from Hodgeman, and in 1892
proceedings were instituted against the county to test the validity of
its organization, as it embraced only 432 square miles. It was accord-
ingly declared illegally organized and was attached to Finney county
in 1893.
Garfield University. — The idea of erecting a university in memory of
President Garfield originated with W. B. Hendryx, a personal friend of
Mr. Garfield. There seemed to be no opportunity for establishing such
a school in the east, so Mr. Hendryx came to Kansas and after some con-
sideration the matter was taken up by the Christian church. The col-
lege committee of that body, consisting of A. J. Thompson, R. F. Lotz,
W. D. Stone, Walter Chenault and Howard Rash, made a report to the
Kansas convention of the church at Wichita on Oct. 7, 1886. The report
stated that the committee believed $100,000 could be secured for the
location of the college, if the committee could guarantee that the church
would raise an additional $100,000.
Of the several locations considered, Wichita was chosen. That citv
named, organized and chartered Garfield University, with a board of nine
KANSAS JIISTORY 7"
directors, and secured options on desirable college sites. On May 29,
1887, a contract was signed by the directors and the college committee,
by the terms of which the board was to erect a university building on a
23 acre campus in the southwest part of the city, the building to cost not
less than $75,000, nor more than $100,000. Instead of following the orig-
inal plan, work was begun on a five-story building, covering three-
fourths of an acre of ground, and in the second report of the committee
this statement is found; "It is now certain that the building will cost
not less than $200,000."
Mr. Hendryx, who had been elected business manager, secured funds
to carry on the work and efforts were made to complete the north wing
of the building in time to open school in the fall of 1887, but this was
found to be impossible. The board then secured another building near
the university, and there the first classes were held, with Dr. Harvey W.
Everset as chancellor. A faculty of twelve persons was selected, and the
following departments were provided: preparatory, normal college of
letters and science, college of music, college of Bibical theology, and
school of art. The law school was opened in Sept., 1888, and the college
of medicine the following December. Some 500 students were enrolled
in 1889 and the faculty was increased to forty members. In 1890 a busi-
ness college of Wichita was affiliated with the university, which swelled
the enrollment to over 1,000.
In the meantime the Wichita "boom" began to decline, property
values decreased, and the land belonging to the university could not be
sold without great sacrifice, which meant ruin to the institution. A mort-
gage of $65,000 was placed on the building and grounds, but the busi-
ness depression continued and at the close of 1890 the university had no
funds to continue its work. The university, therefore, closed its doors
after three years in which it had gained an enviable reputation among
the institutions of its class. ' '
Mr. Hendryx was not willing to give up the fight, and succeeded in
interesting Edgar Harding, a wealthy resident of Boston, Mass., in the
college. In Feb., 1892, Mr. Harding assumed all outstanding indebted-
ness— some $125,000 — and settled the claims of all creditors. A new
charter was obtained, a new board of trustees assumed the management,
and the name was changed to "Central Memorial University," the name
Garfield to be retained as a general designation. On March 28, 1892, the
university again opened its doors. Subsequently the property of the
institution passed into the possession of James M. and Anna Davis, who
donated it to the "College Association of Friends." (See Friends Uni-
versity.)
Garland, a post-village of Bourbon county, is situated in the south-
eastern portion on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 11 miles south
of Fort Scott, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph
and express facilities, and is the shipping point for a rich agricultural
district. In 1910 the town had a population of 276.
712 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Garnett, the county seat and largest town of Anderson county, is
located northeast of the central part of the county, on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads. It has an electric
light plant which produces current for lighting and power, waterworks,
a fire department, an opera house, 3 banks, 2 furniture factories, a flour
and feed mill, planing mill, creamer}-, cigar factories, 11 churches, high
school and graded schools, 2 daily papers (the News and the Review),
2 weeklies (the Eagle-Plaindealer and the Journal), and several blocks
of substantially built business houses. The city is divided into four
wards, and in 1910 had a population of 2,334. There are telegraph and
express offices, and an international money order postoiifice with seven
rural routes.
Garnett was founded by Dr. George W. Cooper, who first selected the
site in 1856. He then returned to Louisville, Ky., where he organized
a town compan}' consisting of W. A. Garnett, president; R. B. Hall,
vice-president; Theodore Harris, secretary; George W. Cooper and
George A. Dunn. In May, 1857, Dr. Cooper had the site platted and
built a double log cabin. A colony from Louisville came later in the
year, bringing with them machinery for a sawmill and a flour mill which
was erected at once. Dwellings and business houses were put up, and
a school house was erected in 1858. The postofiSce was established in
1859, and in that year the county seat was removed from Shannon to
Garnett. In the fall the commissioner of the general land office made
an order canceling the entry of the town site. This was a serious matter
for the citizens. Some of them on the north side of the town formed a
stock company and secured titles to their lands. The south half of town
was preempted b}- Dr. John B. Chapman. Matters went on till 1861,
when at the instance of the citizens an investigation was made which
disclosed the fact that titles could be given to the lots by action of the
probate judge. It was found that the probate judge then in office had
not properly qualified and they succeeded in getting another man put
in his place who would take the action necessary to secure them legal
possession of their homes. A great deal of red tape and trouble was
occasioned before the matter was finally brought to a satisfactor)' close,
during which time the town did not grow. The case was finally settled
in the supreme court in 1862. The town was incorporated in Oct., 1861,
and the following were its first trustees, G. W. Her, G. A. Cook, William
McLoughlin, B. F. Ridgeway and Thomas Lindsay. In 1870 the form
of government was changed to that of a city of the third class. The first
railroad reached Garnett that same year. In 1881 the town suffered a
disastrous fire, which burned 11 business buildings out of the heart of
the town. The first newspaper was the Garnett Plaindealer, established
in 1863 by I. E. Olney.
Garnishment. — Any creditor is entitled to proceed by garnishment in
the district court of the proper county against any person, excepting a
municipal corporation, who is indebted to or has any property, real or
personal, in his possession or under his control belonging to such credi-
KANSAS HISTORY /IJ
tor's debto4". Either at the time of the issuing of the summons, or at
any time thereafter before final judgment in any action to recover dam-
ages founded upon contract, express or implied, or upon judgment or
decree, or at any time after the issuing in any case of an execution
against propertj^ and before the time when it is returnable, the plaintifif,
or some person in his behalf, maj' file with the clerk an affidavit stating
the amount of the plaintiff's claim against the defendant or defendants
over and above all offsets, and stating that he verily believes that some
person (naming- him) is indebted to or has property, real or personal,
in his possession or under his control belonging to the defendant (or
either or anj^ of the defendants) in the action or execution, that such
defendant has no property liable to execution sufficient to satisf}' the
plaintiff's demand, and that the indebtedness or property mentioned in
such affidavit is to the best of the knowledge and belief of the person
making such affidavit not by law exempt from seizure or sale upon execu-
tion. Any number of garnishees may be embraced in the same affidavit
and summons; but if a joint liability be claimed against any it must be
so stated in such affidavit, and the garnishee named as jointly liable is
deemed jointly proceeded against, otherwise the several garnishees are
deemed severally proceeded against.
The order of garnishment is not issued b}- the clerk until an under-
taking on the part of the plaintiff has been executed by one or more
sufficient sureties, approved by the clerk and filed in his office, in a sum
not exceeding double the amount of the plaintiff's claim, to the eft'ect that
the plaintiff will pay to the defendant all damages which he may sustain
by reason of such garnishment, if the order be wrongfully obtained ; but
no undertaking is required where the party or parties defendant are all
non-residents of the state or a foreign corporation. Upon the filing of
such affidavit a garnishee summons is issued b}- the clerk and served
upon the defendant or his attorney of record, and each of the garnishees,
in the manner provided for the service of summons, and is returned
with proof of service in five days. The garnishee summons may be
served by the sheriff, or anj^ other person not a party to the action. If
any garnishee, having been duly summoned, fails to file an affidavit of
non-liability or otherwise answer to the summons, the court ma}^ render
judgment against him for the amount of the judgment which the plain-
tiff recovers against the defendant in the action for damages and costs,
together with the costs of such garnishee.
Garrison, a village of Pottawatomie county, is located in Green town-
ship on the I'^nion Pacific R. R. 20 miles west from Westmoreland, the
county seat, and 6 miles from Olsburg. It has a money order post-
office with one rural route, and express and telegraph offices. The
population in 1910 was 160.
Gas (also called Gas City), an incorporated city of .Mien county, is
situated in Elm township and is the first station east of lola on the
Missouri Pacific railroad. When natiiral gas was discovered in Elm
township in the summer of 1898 E, K. Taylor sold 60 acres of his farm
714 CYCLOPEDIA OF
to some spelter companies and in October sub-divided the remainder
into lots, which was the beginning of "Gas City." The place grew
rapidly, the cheap fuel afforded by the immense supply of natural gas
bringing in a number of large manufacturing plants of various kinds.
In 1910 the population was 1,281. Gas has a bank, a daily and a weekly
newspaper, an opera house, an international money order postofiftce
from which mail is distributed to the surrounding country by rural
free delivery, several good mercantile houses, telegraph and express
offices, etc. The city is divided into four wards. Excellent transporta-
tion facilities are afforded by the Missouri Pacific and Missouri, ICan-
sas & Texas railroads.
Gaskill, a small hamlet of Washington county, is located about 4
miles south of the Nebraska state line and 10 miles northwest of Wash-
ington, the county seat, from which place mail is received by rural
delivery.
Gay, William, Shawnee Indian agent in 1856, was one of the victims
of pro-slavery 'animosity. On June 21, 1856, accompanied by his son,
he started to Westport, Mo., and when about 2 miles from that place
was met by three men. One of them offered him a drink, and in the
course of the conversation Mr. Gay was asked whether he was for or
against slavery-. He replied that he was from Michigan, but this indi-
rect answer did not satisfy his inquisitor, repeated the question. Mr.
Gay then replied that he was in favor of making Kansas a free state.
He was then shot several times and fatally wounded. The son was
also wounded, but managed to make his escape. It was thought by
some that robbery was really the motive for Gay's murder, the per-
petrators of the deed hoping to find on his person the key to the safe
in which the agency money was kept. If they found the key they
were afraid to attempt to use it, because of the storm of indignation
aroused by the murder.
Gaylord, an incorporated town of Smith county, is located on the
north fork of the Solomon river and the Missouri Pacific R. R. 10 miles
south of Smith Center, the county seat. It has a bank, a newspaper
(the Sentinel), a number of good retail stores, three churches, daily
stage to Smith Center, telegraph and express offices, and a money order
postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 308.
Gaylord was named in honor of C. E. Gaylord of Marshall county, Kan.
The postoffice was established in 1871, with W. D. Street as the first
postmaster. Mr. Street opened the first store. The first grist mill in
the county was built on the Solomon at this point by Baker & Keeler
in 1871. The first white child born in Gaylord was Cora May McNall,
born in May, 1872. The first marriage was between Miss Rhoda Phillips
and George Parker the same summer. The first town officers were :
Trustee, E. R. Fowler; justice, Henry Abercombie; constable, Webb
McNall; treasurer, George Parker. The first school was taught by Mrs.
Agnes L. C. Skinner in the summer of 1872.
KANSAS HISTORY 715
Geary (formerl}- called Geary City), a hamlet of Doniphan county, is
located in Wayne township about 9 miles southeast of Troy, the county
seat, and 8 from Wathena, from which place it receives dajly mail. The
population in 1910 was 52. The town was located in 1857 by a company
of Leavenworth people and named for J. W. Geary, who was at that time
governor of the territory. The first building was a log house used as a
saloon. The town company built a hotel. The first store was opened by
a Mr. Cutter James McCahon was the first lawyer and Dr. F. Grubb
the first physician. Flickinger & Langdon put up a sawmill in 1859.
The postofiice was established in 1857, with J. L. Roundy as the first
postmaster. An interesting paper called the New Era was started in
1857, with two editors, one a Democrat and the other a Republican.
Geary County, originally called Davis, is located in the northeastern
part of the state, being in the third tier of counties south of Nebraska
and in the fifth west from the Missouri river. It is bounded on the north
by Riley county, east by Riley and Wabaunsee, south by Morris and
Dickinson, and west by Dickinson and Clay. It is irregular in shape,
contains 407 square miles, and is one of the 33 counties created by an
act of the first territorial legislature in 1855. It was organized at the
time of its creation and named "Davis" in honor of Jefferson Davis, who
was at that time secretary of war. By act of the Kansas legislature of
Feb. 28, i88g. the name was changed to Geary, in honor of John White
Geary, third territorial governor of Kansas. An attempt was made by
the act of March 11, 1893, ^o change the name back to Davis, provided
a majority of the people of the count)' favored the proposition, but the
majority was against the change and the name Geary remains.
It is generally believed that the first white men to visit Geary county
were Coronado and his associates in their search for the unknown prov-
inces of Quivira and Harahey. (See Coronado.) The Bourgmont expe-
dition (q. V.) is supposed to have traveled along the south bank of the
Kansas river through the present count}' of Geary. John C. Fremont,
in his report of the expedition to the Rocky mountains, says, "we arrived
on the 8th (June, 1843) ^t the mouth of the Smokyhill fork, which is the
principal southern branch of the Kansas, forming here, by its junction
with the Republican, or northern branch, the main Kansas river."
In 1853 settlers bSgan to come into the territory now embraced within
the bounds of Geary county. One of the first to locate permanently was
Thomas Reynolds, who settled near Ogden. When Kansas was organ-
ized as a territory, there were only 20 voters in the region now embraced
within the county. The Pawnee town association was organized on Nov.
26. 1854. Col. W". P. Montgomery was president of the association
and William Hammond was secretary. Many of the officers stationed at
Fort Riley took an active part in the management of local affairs. The
first election, in what is now Geary county, was for the election of a dele-
gate to Congress. It was held in Nov., 1854, and the voting place was
at the house of Thomas Reynolds. The free-state candidate was R. P.
Flenniken, and the pro-slavery candidate was J. W. Whitfield. The
7l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
judges of election were all officers of the army, and of the 40 votes cast,
Flenniken received 31 and Whitfield 9. In Dec, 1854, the town of Paw-
nee was started on the north shore of the river not far from Fort Riley.
Some trouble arose in its establishment, as a few settlers had already
located on the land. It is said that Col. Montgomery, the president of
the town company, had the settlers driven off by a squad of soldiers, in
Jan., 1855, and the association was assured by Gov. Reeder, the first gov-
ernor of the territory, that if the necessary buildings were completed in
time he would convene the first territorial legislature at Pawnee. In
March a second town company was formed of which William Hammond
was president, and a town was laid out and called Chetolah (q. v.).
Before the close of March a third town companj^ was organized, which
laid out the town of Ashland on McDowell's creek and made a settlement.
On March 31, 1855, the first election for members of the territorial leg-
islature was held, and Pawnee was the only voting precinct in what is
now Geary count}'. It formed a part of the eighth representative and
the sixth council district. M. F. Conway was the free-state, and John
Donaldson the pro-slavery candidate for the council ; S. D. Houston was
the free-state and Russell Garrett the pro-slavery candidate for the house
of representatives. The free-state candidates were elected by a vote of
53*023.
In 1855, according to the promise made by Gov. Reeder, the executive
office was removed to Pawnee, and in July the first territorial legislature
convened there, but soon after adjourned to the Shawnee Mission in
Johnson county. The resolution to adjourn was vetoed by the governor,
but the territorial court sustained the measure and Pawnee lost the cap-
ital. This was a hard blow to the town company.
Gov. Geary visited the county in 1856, and the same yeav the county
was represented in the Topeka legislature by J. H. Pillsbury in the
council and Abram Barry in the house. An act to complete the organiza-
tion of Geary county as a separate corporation was passed on Feb. 20,
1857. The legislature elected two county commissioners, a probate judge,
who was ex-officio chairman of the board, and a sheriff. These officers
were to hold office until the first Monday in October, when a county elec-
tion was ordered, for county officers and to decide the permanent location
of the county seat. The first commissioners were Robert Reynolds, C. L.
Sandford, and N. B. White and the first meeting was held on March 16,
1857, but only Reynolds and Sandford were present. G. F. Gordon acted
as clerk but E. L. Pattie was later regularly appointed to that position.
H. N. Williams was elected sheriff'; P. M. Barclay, treasurer, and G. F.
Gordon, justice of the peace. At the election of Oct. 5, 1857, for mem-
bers of the legislature, the voting precincts were Ashland, Ogden, Che-
tolah, Clark's Creek, Riley City and Montague's. At the election 126
free-state and 30 Democratic votes were cast.
The first postoffice in the county was established at Fort Riley in
1853, with Robert Wilson as postmaster. The first marriage solemnized
in the countv was that of Thomas Jenkins and Ella Wicks on Oct. i.
I8SS and the first white child born was John Fleming, whose birth
occurred on Dec. 20, 1854. The pioneer merchant of Geary county was
Tohn T Price, who opened a grocery store at Pawnee m 1854.
" The legislature of 1859 located the seat of justice at Ashland. In the
sprino- of i860 Junction City was made a voting precmct, and a petition
was presented to the commissioners for a change of the county seat.
Accordingly, the question was submitted to the people and an election
ordered for June 25, i860. Ashland, Junction City, Riley City and Union
were the contestants. The election resulted in 287 votes for Junction
City 129 for Union, 3 for Ashland and 3 for Riley City, and thus Junc-
tion City became the permanent seat of justice. The hrst meeting of the
countv board was held there on July 2, i860.
Upon the outbreak of the Civil war there was much excitement in
Geary county over the men who enlisted in the army. On March 10,
186^ some of the soldiers stationed at Fort Riley, dissatisfied with the
secession sentiments expressed in the columns of the Kansas Frontier,
attacked the newspaper office and did much damage. A meeting of the
citizens denounced the action of the soldiers, and it is not certain whether
this meeting or something published in the Frontier stirred the soldiers
to a higher indisnation, but the same week they again attacked the news-
paper office and this time it was demolished. There were then several
regiments encamped at Fort Riley, and the outbreaks of the soldiers
became so frequent and annoying that the town was placed m charge of
Capt. Sylvester of the Twelfth Wisconsin, who acted as provost guard.
About the same time great excitement was created in Geary and the
adjoining counties, by a party of Comanche Indians, who entered the
Republican valley, committed depredations and drove out the settlers.
The people within easy reach of. Fort Riley had little to fear because of
the troops stationed there, and many settlers from further west sought
refuge in Junction Citv.
Prior to 1866, the county officers were located in the upper story of a
stone building at the corner of Sixth and Washington streets at Junction
City This' building was destroyed by fire on the night of April 8,
and a few days later the town and county were swept by a cyclone that
did great damage.
On Tnly 5. 1866, the countv commissioners decided to build a brmge
across" the Smoky Hill river and authorized the sale of $20,000 of bonds
for the purpose. In 1867 bonds were voted by the people to aid in the
construction of the south branch of the Union Pacific railroad and the
Kansas Pacific, which was the first railroad to enter Geary county, bemg
completed as far as Junction City on Nov. 10, 1866. A great tide of
immigration flowed into the county with the opening of the railroads,
and most of the desirable land was soon taken up. In 1870. Geary
countv was sued bv the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad company
for $165,000 in bonds that the county had voted to aid in the construction
of the railroad, but which had never been paid. After being m the courts
for some time, the case passed to the supreme court where a decision
was rendered in favor of the county.
"lO CYCLOPEDIA OF
Geaiy comity constituted one municipal township up to Aug. 7, 1872,
when the board of commissioners divided it into two civil townships,
Smoky Hill and Jackson. In time these were subdivided to form the
eight townships into which the county is now divided, viz ; — Blakely,
Jackson, Jefiferson, Liberty, Lyon, Milford, Smoky Hill and Wingfield.
In 1873, the legislature changed the boundaries of Geary county by tak-
ing away Ashland township and adding it to Riley county. At the same
time Milford township was taken from Rile}^ and annexed to Geary
The first newspaper was the Sentinel, edited b}- B. H. Keyser. It made
its appearance in June, 1858, as the organ of the Democratic party. In
1859 this paper was bought by Samuel Medary and the name changed
to Kansas Statesman. The Frontier Guide, started in 1861, was the sec-
ond newspaper.
Transportation is furnished by the main line of the Union Pacific rail-
road, which runs across the northwest part of the countr}', from northeast
to southwest, with a branch northwest from Junction City. A branch
of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas enters in the south and terminates at
Junction Git}-, giving the count}' nearly 50 miles of main track railroad.
The east and central portions of the county are rough and hilly along
the streams but the southeastern and western parts are undulating-
prairie. The count}- is well watered by the Republican and Smoky Hill
rivers, which unite near Junction Gity to form the Kansas river.
The population of the county in 1910 was 12,631, a gain of 1,937 during
the preceding ten years. The assessed valuation of property was $16,-
642,510, and the value of agricultural products for. the year was
$1,888,967.
Geary, John White, the third territorial governor of Kansas, was born
in A\'estmoreland county. Pa., Dec. 30. 1819. From his Scotch-Irish
ancestry he inherited all those traits which developed in him a man of
unquestioned courage, great force of character, and a high order of exec-
utive ability. His early education was acquired under the instruction
of his father, who conducted an academy, after which he entered Jefter-
son College at Canonsburg, Pa., where he graduated in 1841. The death
of his father about this time made it necessary for him to contribute to
the support of his viadowed mother and her children. He clerked in a
store in Pittsburgh for a time, taught school, and finally took up the work
of civil engineer — a profession for which he had thoroughly prepared
himself. He followed this occupation in Pennsylvania and Kentucky
until the breaking out of the war with Mexico, when he raised a com-
pany known as the "American Highlanders," which became a part of the
Second Pennsylvania infantry, of which he was made lieutenant-colonel.
His regiment was attached to the army of Gen. Scott, and for his gal-
lantry at the Helen gate. City of Mexico, he was promoted to the rank
of colonel. After the capture of the Mexican capitol he was placed in
charge of the city as commandant. The discovery of gold in California
lured him to the Pacific coast, and on Jan. 22, 1849, he was appointed
postmaster of San Francisco by President Tyler. After a few months"
KANSAS HISTORY- 7 19
service he was removed by President Taylor, and was then elected by
the citizens to the office of first alcalde of the city. He was also elected
the first mayor of San Francisco under the charter of 1850. In 1852 he
returned to Pennsylvania on a visit, but while there his wife died, and he
never returned to California. On July 31, 1856, he was appointed gov-
ernor of Kansas. Connelley, in his Territorial Governors, says: "He
was selected for the position because of his firmness and recognized
executive ability." He resigned on March 12, 1857, and like, Gov. Reeder
left the 'territory at night to escape assassination at the hands of mem-
bers of his own political party, returning to Pennsylvania, where he
lived quietly on his farm until commencement of the Civil war in 1861.
Upon the first call for volunteers, he raised the Twenty-eighth Penn-
sylvania infantry and was commissioned colonel of the regiment. Sub-
sequently he was promoted to brigadier and still later to major-general.
During the Atlanta campaign and the famous march to the sea he com-
manded the "White Star" division of the Twentieth army corps, and on
Dec. 22, 1864, was appointed by Gen. Sherman military governor of
Savannah. In 1866 he was elected governor of Pennsylvania, and at the
close of his term was reelected. Gov. Geary died at Harrisburg, Pa.,
Feb. 8, 1873, eighteen days after the expiration of his second term as
governor. His work in Kansas did much to break the power of the. pro-
slavery party and contributed materially to the admission of Kansas as a
free state. Geary county was named in his honor.
Geary's Administration. — At the time Gov. Geary received his appoint-
ment, affairs in Kansas were in a deplorable condition. Gov. Shannon's
course had not been satisfactory, either to the people of the territory or
the administration at Washington, and Acting Gov. Woodson was so
much of a partisan that the executive power had been wielded in a way
that amounted to virtual persecution of a large portion of the population.
Gov. Geary arrived at Leavenworth on Sept. 9, 1856, and found the town
under military control. Free-state people, who had asked in vain for the
protection of the military, were fleeing from the border ruffians pouring
into the territory in response to Woodson's proclamation of Aug. 23.
(See Woodson's Administration.)
On the loth the new governor went to Lecompton, then the seat of
government, where he found a number of armed pro-slavery men, who
tried to convince him that all the crimes that had been committed in
Kansas were the work of the "Abolitionists." That they did not succeed
in doing so is obvious from some of the utterances in his address to the
■ people, which he issued on the following day, and from which the fol-
lowing quotations are made to show his policy:
"When I received my commission I was solemnly sworn to support
the constitution of the United States, and to discharge my duties as
governor of Kansas with fidelity. By reference to the act for the organi-
zation of this territory, passed by Congress on the 30th day of March,
1854, I find my duties more particularly defined ; among other things, I
am 'to take care that the laws are faithfully executed.' The constitution
720 CYCr.OPEDIA OF
of the United States and the organic law of this territory will be the
lights by which I will be guided in my executive career.
"Let us banish all outside influence from our deliberations, and assem-
ble around our council board with the constitution of our country and the
organic law of this territory as the great charts for our guidance and
direction. The bona fide inhabitants alone are charged with the solemn
dut3' of enacting her laws, upholding her government, maintaining peace,
and laying the foundation for a future commonwealth. . . . This
great right of regulating our own affairs and attending to our own busi-
ness, without any interference from others, has been guaranteed to us
b}' the law which Congress has made for the organization of this terri-
tory. This right of self-government — this privilege guaranteed to us by
the organic law of our territory — I will uphold with all my might, and
with the entire power committed to me. . . . The territory of the
United States is the common property of the several states, or of the
people thereof. This being so, no obstacle should be interposed to the
free settlement of this common property, while in a territorial condition.
"I desire to know no party, no section, no North, no South, no East,
no West ; nothing but Kansas and my country."
Naturalh% such an address as this did not meet with favor among the
pro-slavery men, with whom the idea of placing the constitution of the
United States and the laws of Congress above the acts of the territorial
(bogus) legislature was repugnant, to say the least. So, too, was the
declaration of Gov. Geary that he would uphold the right of self-govern-
ment as guaranteed by the organic law. To show that he meant what
he said when he made this declaration, on the same day he issued his
"address" he also issued two proclamations — one to disband the volun-
teer militia which had ''been called into service by the late acting gover-
nor," and the other ordering "all free male citizens, qualified to bear
arms, between the ages of eighteeen and forty-five years, to enroll them-
selves, in accordance with the act to organize the militia of the terri-
tory."
On the I2th he issued the following order to Adjt.-Gen. Strickler:
"You will proceed, without a moment's delay, to disarm and disband the
present organized militia of the territory, in accordance with the instruc-
tions of the president and the proclamations which I have issued, copies
of which you will find enclosed. You will also take care to have the arms
belonging to the territory deposited in a place of safety and under proper
accountability."
At the same time he ordered Thomas J. B. Cramer, the inspector-gen-
eral, to take charge of the arms and preserve the same. The militia thus
ordered to be disbanded and disarmed had been collecting in response to
Gov. AVoodson's proclamation of Aug. 25. In a letter to W. L. Marcy,
secretarj' of war, under date of Sept. 12, 1856, Gov. Geary gives the fol-
lowing reasons for his course : "I have determined to dismiss the pres-
ent organized militia, after consultation with and by the advice of Gen.
Smith, and for the reasons that thev are not enrolled in accordance with
KANSAS HISTORY 721
the laws ; that some of them were committing outrages imder pretense
of serving the public; and that they were unquestionably perpetrating,
rather than diminishing, the troubles with which the territory is agita-
ted."
Theodore Adams, a special agent of the governor, wrote from Law-
rence late on the 12th that a large number of men from Missouri were
within 6 miles of that town, and that the citizens there were organizing
to resist any attack that might be made, but that they would disband it
assurance were given that they would be protected. At 1 130 a. m. on the
13th Gov. Geary wrote to Col. P. St. George Cooke to "send immediately
to Lawrence a force sufificient to prevent bloodshed, as it is my orders
from the president to use ever}- possible means to prevent collisions
between the beligerent forces," and closed his letter by saying: "If
desirable, I will accompany the troops myself, and should be glad to
have you go along."
An hour later 300 mounted men, with four pieces of artillery, accom-
panied by the governor and Col. Cooke, were on their way to Lawrence.
Upon arriving there they found everything quiet. Gov. Geary addressed
the people, who cheered him for his promptness in affording them pro-
tection, and in the afternoon he returned to Lecompton. The next day
he wrote to Col. Cooke:
"The adjutant-general of the territor}' is about to proceed to disband
the volunteer troops. At this late hour he has informed me that he must
have an escort of two soldiers to accompany him. If you can let him
have them, you will order them to report to me at once. The escort is
also intended to accompany the secretary of the territory and my espe-
cial agent, Mr. Adams. Thev will first proceed to disband the forces
that are marching toward Lawrence."
About three o'clock that afternoon the escort, with Adjt.-Gen. Strick-
ler, Mr. Woodson and Mr. Adams, reached Lawrence, where they found
a large body of pro-slavery forces under command of Atchison, Reid,
Titus, Tones, Heiskell, Richardson, Stringfellow and others. Soon
after the adjutant-general and his escort had left Lecompton, several
messengers arrived there from Lawrence with appeals for protection, and
Gov. Geary sent the following order to Col. Cooke : "Proceed at all
speed with your command to Lawrence, and prevent a collision if pos-
sible ; and leave a portion of 3'our troops there for that purpose."
Despite the orders of the governor to lose no time in disbanding 'the
militia, Strickler and Woodson were slow to act. At midnight of the
14th Mr. Adams wrote to the governor: "Sec. Woodson and Gen.
Strickler had not up to the time I left delivered their orders, but were
about doing so as soon as they could get the officers together."
This information reached Gov. Geary at 3 a. m. of the 15th. and he
hurried to the camp on the Wakarusa where he found 2,700 of the terri-
torial militia. He at once called a council of the officers, enjoined the
duty of obedience, demanded compliance with his proclamation, which
was read, severely reprimanded some of the commanding officers, and
(I-46)
722 CYCLOPEDIA OF
commanded the arm)^ to disband and disarm. His order was obeyed, but
not without some mutterings of displeasure. Some of the disbanded
troops, on the way to their homes, committed outrages upon the free-
state settlers, such as burning a sawmill near Franklin, driving away
horses and cattle, etc. A detachment of the Kickapoo Rangers shot and
mortally wounded David C. Buffum. Before he died Gov. Geary and
Judge Cato called on him and took his statement, and in November the
governor placed a warrant in the hands of Alarshal Donalson for the
arrest of Charles Hays for the murder of Buffum. Donalson declined to
serve the warrant, which was then placed in the hands of Col. Titus,
who arrested Hays. The prisoner was admitted to bail, over the protest
of Gov. Geary. On NOv. 17 the governor went to Leavenworth to attend
the Delaware land sales. He had scarcely left Lecompton when Hays
was brought before Judge Lecompte, who discharged him on a writ of
habeas corpus.
On the other hand, over 100 free-state prisoners in the hands of
Sheriff Jones were treated with great severity. These men had been
arrested in September and had been refused bail by the court. The very
day that Judge Lecompte released Hays, the sheriff notified the governor
that it was "indispensably necessary that balls and chains should be
furnished for the safety of the convicts under my charge," but Geary
refused the request and Jones resigned his office. Of the free-state
prisoners, 39 escaped, 16 were tried and acquittted, about 30 were sen-
tenced to five years in the penitentiary, and a number were pardoned by
Gov. Geary on Feb. 28, 1857.
When Lecompte discharged Hays from custody the governor com-
plained to the president of this manner of dispensing justice, and C. O.
Harrison of Kentucky was appointed to succeed Lecompte, but as the
president failed to issue the necessar}- writ of supersedeas, the senate
refused to confirm Harrison's appointment, and Lecompte continued in
oifice.
On Oct. 6, 1856, was held an election for delegate to Congress, mem-
bers of the legislature, and on the question of calling a convention to
form a constitution, preparatory to applying to Congress for admission
as a state. The free-state men refused to vote. John W. Whitfield
received 4,276 votes for delegate, the members of the legislature elected
were all pro-slavery men, and on the question of a constitutional con-
vention there were 2,592 votes in the affimative and 454 in the negative.
Four days after the election a large party of free-state men under
Shaler W. Eldridge was arrested near the Nebraska river by Col. Cooke
and W. S. Preston, a deputy marshal, but on the 14th the men were all
released by Gov. Geary. After this immigration was free.
Having disbanded the militia and restored a semblance of order in
the territory, Gov. Geary left Lecompton on Oct. 17 for a "tour of obser-
vation." He visited the Wakarusa valley, Hickorj^ Point, Prairie City,
Osawatomie, Paola, Centropolis, "no," Riley City, Pawnee and Fort
Riley, studying the conditions in all these places, and returned to
KANSAS HISTORY 723
Lecompton on Nov. 6. While at the Baptist mission on the Pottawat-
omie reserve near Topeka, a few hours before he reached Lecompton,
he wrote a proclamation setting apart Nov. 20 as a day of thanksgiving.
This was the first oificial proclamation of that character ever issued in
Kansas. In Nov. 1855, J. H. Lane and J. K. Goodin, chairman and secre-
tary of the free-state executive committee, asked Gov. Shannon to pro-
claim a day of thanksgiving, but the governor decided that, in view of
the discord then pre\"ailing in the territory, the people of Kansas had
no cause for being thankful.
On Jan. 6, 1857, the free-state legislature met at Topeka. Gov. Robin-
son and Lieut. -Gov. Roberts were both absent — the former in Washing-
ton trying to secure the admission of Kansas under the Topeka consti-
tution— and there was no quorum present. No attempt was made to
organize either house, but some of the members were arrested b}' the
sherifif of Douglas county, without resistance, and taken before Judge
Cato, who admitted them to bail in bonds of $500 each. The}' were never
brought to trial.
The second territorial legislature met at Lecompton on Jan. 12. 1857.
The council was organized by continuing Rev. Thomas Johnson as presi-
dent, and the house elected W. G. Mathias speaker. The next day Gov.
Geary submitted his message, in wdiich he reviewed the conditions exist-
ing at the time he assumed the duties of governor and the events imme-
diately following. Again he insisted that the territories were the com-
mon property of the people of the several states, and that no obstacle
should be interposed to their "free, speedy and general settlement."
"On the delicate and exciting question of slavery," said he, "a subject
which so peculiarly engaged the attention of Congress at the passage of
our organic act, I cannot too earnestly invoke you to pennit it to remain
where the constitution of the United States and that act place it — subject
to the decision of the courts upon all points arising during our present
infant condition. . . . Justice to the country, and the dictates of
sound policy, require that the legislature should confine itself to such
subjects as will preserve the basis of equality; and when a sufificient
population is here, and they choose to adopt a state government, that
they shall be 'perfectly free,' without let or hindrance, to form all their
domestic institutions 'in their own way,' and to dictate that form of
government which, in their deliberate judgment, may be deemed proper.
"Any. attempt to incite servile insurrection, and to interfere with the
domestic institutions of sovereign states, is extremely reprehensible, and
shall receive no countenance from me. Such intervention can result in
no good, but is pregnant with untold disasters. Murder, arson, rapine
and death follow in its wake, while not one link in the fetters of the slave
is weakened or broken, or any amelioration in his condition secured.
Such interference is a direct invasion of state rights, only calculated to
produce irritation and estrangement."
He next called attention to numerous errors in the copy of the organic
act as printed in the statutes enacted by the first territorial legislature.
724 CYCLOPEDIA OF
One of these errors deser\-es more than passing mention. "In the 29th
section," says the message, "defining the executive authority, will be
found the following striking omission : 'against the laws of said terri-
tory, and reprieves for offenses.' This omission impairs the executive
authority, and deprives the governor of the pardoning power for offenses
committed against the laws of the territor}', which Congress, for the
wisest and most humane reasons, has conferred upon him."
Whether this omission was made by accident or design, it had the
effect of allowing the pro-slavery authorities to arrest and imprison
free-state men, without hope of pardon.
The election laws passed by the first legislature provided for a viva
voce instead of by ballot, and "if all votes offered cannot be taken before
the hour appointed for closing the polls, the judges shall, by public proc-
lamation, adjourn such election until the following day, when the polls
shall again be opened and the election continued as before." This pro-
vision the governor declared offered great room for fraud. "Voting viva
voce," said he, "the condition of the poll can be ascertained at any
moment. If the parties having the election officers are likely to be
defeated, they have the option of adjourning, for the purpose of drum-
ming up votes ; or, in the insane desire for victory, to resort to other
means even more reprehensible."
The act providing for a general militia training on the first Monday
in October was censured, because, that being the day of the general
election, it was "well calculated to incite to terrorism." The governor
insisted that "The silent ballots of the people, unawed by military dis-
play, should quietly and definitely determine all questions of public
.interest."
It can readily be imagined that such a message was not agreeable to
the pro-slavery element. Here was a governor appointed by a friendly
national administration, and yet he had the temerity to fly in the face of
the power that appointed him by making recommendations and sugges-
tions that must ultimately result in his removal. But Geary would rather
be right than to be governor of Kansas.
The session of the legislature lasted until midnight of Feb. 21, when it
closed at the expiration of forty days as required by the organic act.
During the session occurred the events which finally led to Gov. Geary's
resignation, ^^■hen Sheriff" Jones was refused the balls and chains for the
prisoners under his charge, he resigned, and the supervisors of Douglas
county appointed AVilliam T. Sherrard to the vacancy. Because of cer-
tain information the governor received regarding the character of Sher-
rard he refused to issue his commission as sheriff". On Jan. 19 the house,
never friendly -to Geary, passed a resolution requesting the governor
"to furnish the house with a statement of his reasons for not commis-
sioning Sharrard."
On the 2ist Geary replied as follows : "While I am disposed to accede
to any reasonable request from the legislature, I regard that matter as
a subject of inquiry only from the territorial courts." Nevertheless, he
KANSAS HISTORY 725
vouchsafed the information that "Prior to its announcement to ine. the
appointment of Mr. Sherrard was protested against by many good citi-
zens of Lecompton and Douglas county, as his habits and passions ren-
dered him entirely unfit for the ijro]3er i^erformance of the duties nf lliat
office."
This widened the breach Ijetween the governor and the house, which
espoused the cause of Sherrard, though the council refused to concur in
all the lower branch did in the matter. On Feb. 9 Geary visited the leg-
islature. Sherrard was in the house at the time, but went out and armed
himself, and as the governor was leaving he barred the way and tried to
pick a quarrel, even going so far as to spit upon the governor. Geary
consulted with Judge Cato, who thought Slierrard's conduct unworthy of
serious attention. The go^-er^or then wrote the following letter to Gen.
Smith :
"There are certain persons present in Lecompton who are determined,
if within the bounds of possibility, to bring about a branch of the peace.
During the last few days a number of persons have been grossl}- insulted ;
and today an insult was offered to myself. A fellow named Sherrard had
some days ago been appointed sheriflf of Douglas county, which appoint-
ment was strongly protested against by a respectable number of citizens
of the county, and I had deferred commissioning him. This, is appears,
gave mortal offense to Sherrard, and he has made up his mind to assas-
sinate me. This may lead to trouble. It must laFprevented, and that too
by immediate action. I require, therefore, two additional companies of
dragoons, to report to me with the least possible delay," etc.
On the nth Smith replied in an insulting letter, refusing to honor the
governor's request for two additional companies of troops. The same
day this letter was written, the people of Big Springs held a meeting,
denounced Sherrard and the legislature, appro\-ed the general course and
policy of the governor, and issued a call for a public meeting to be held in
Lecompton on Saturday afternoon, Feb. 14. Sherrard and his sup-
porters threatened to break up the meeting, and when it was postponed
to the i8th, on account of the death of Gen. Richardson, they felt
encouraged, looking upon the postponement as a mark of cowardice.
At 2 p. m. on the i8th the meeting assembled and Mayor Owen of
Lecompton was chosen to preside. A committee of five was appointed
to draw up a series of resolutions. The majority report of this com-
mittee, signed by James F. Legate, James G. Bailey and Wesley Gar-
rett, approved the governor's message ; demanded the repeal of all terri-
torial laws inconsistent with the constitution of the United States and
the organic act ; tendered Gov. Geary, "the people's friend, our earnest
sympathy in the discharge of his responsible duties, and we pledge him
the support of all bona fide settlers of Ivansas, without distinction of
party, so long as he shall continue to administer the government upon
the principles above declai-ed."
Gihon says: "No sooner were these resolutions read, than Sherrard
sprang upon a pile of boards, and in a loud \'oice exclaimed: '.\ny man
726 CYCLOPEDIA OF
who will dare to endorse these resolutions is a liar, a scoundrel and a
coward.' " A Mr. Sheppard took exceptions to Sherrard's sweeping
charge and replied: "I endorse them, and I am neither a liar, a scoun-
drel nor a coward." Sherrard then drew his revolver and commenced
shooting. Sheppard endeavored to reply, but for some reason the caps
exploded without igniting the powder in his revolver. After he was
wounded he fell upon Sherrard with the butt of his pistol, but the by-
standers separated them. As soon as he was free, having emptied his
first revolver, Sherrard drew a second and advanced upon John A. W.
Jones, a member of the governor's household. Both fired at the same
time, and continued to fire at each other, until one of Jones' shots struck
Sherrard in the head, killing him almost instantly. The fall of Sherrard
put a stop to the riot.
On the same day that this unfortunate event occurred, the legislature
'submitted to the governor the act providing for taking a census and the
election of delegates to a constitutional convention. Gov Geary promptly
vetoed the measure because it did not provide for the submission of the
constitution to a vote of the people. On the 19th the bill was passed
over the governor's veto. Realizing that the relations between him and
the legislature had become strained to the point where the usefulness of
both was impaired, Geary determined to resign. Accordingly, on March
4, 1857, he sent his resignation to President Buchanan, to take effect on
the 20th. He did not wait until that time, however, to make his resigna-
tion effective, but on the loth issued a "Farewell Address" to the people
of Kansas, thanking the peaceable citizens for their aid and comfort.
One portion of this farewell address reads almost like a prophecy. After
denouncing the agitators, he said :
"Watch, then, with a special, jealous and suspicious eyis those who
are continually indulging in surmises of renewed hostilities. They are
not the friends of Kansas, and there is reason to fear that some of them
are not only enemies of this territory, but of the Union itself. Its dis-
solution is their ardent wish, and Kansas has been selected as a fit place
to commence the accomplishment of a most nefarious design. The
scheme has thus far been frustrated ; but it has not been abandoned. You
are instrusted, not only with the guardianship of this territory, but the
peace of the Union, which depends upon you in a greater degree than
you suppose."
The night of the loth was spent in Lawrence, and the next evening
Gov. Geary reached Kansas City, Mo., where he embarked on the steam-
boat A. B. Chambers for St. Louis. On the 12th he wrote from the
steamer to Sec. Woodson as follows. "As I am now absent from the
territory, the duties of the executive office, agreeably to provision of the
organic act, will for the time being devolve upon 3'ou. You will of course
exercise your own judgment and discretion in their discharge."
(Works consulted: Cutler's, Holloway's and Prentis' Histories of
Kansas ; Kansas Historical Collections ; Connelley's Territorial Gov-
ernors; Legislative Journals: Wilder's Annals of Kansas: The Province
KANSAS HISTORY T^'J
and the States ; Gihon's Geary and Kansas ; Executive Minutes ; Lowe's
Five Years a Dragoon ; Wilson's Rise and Fall of the Slave Power.)
Gem, a village of Lacey township, Thomas county, is a station on the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 8 miles east of Colby, the county
seat. It has a bank, a money order postofifice with one rural route, tele-
graph and express offices, telephone connections Baptist and Methodist
churches, good public schools, several mercantile establishments and a
branch of the Colby Mill and Elevator company. The population m
1910 was 275. .
General Order No. 11.— During the early years of the great Civil war,
bands of guerrillas and bushwhackers were harbored and supported by
the people of some of the western counties of Missouri, whence they
would make frequent raids across the border into Kansas. One of the
most destructive of these raids was that made by the notorious Quantnll
upon the city of Lawrence on Aug. 21, 1863. Appleton's Annual Cyclo-
pedia for 1863 says: "Much indignation was felt by the citizens of
Kansas at the alleged remissness of Gen. Ewing, who was in command
of the district of Kansas and western Missouri, and of Gen. Schofield,
who commanded the Department of Missouri."
Whether or not these officers were really remiss in the performance
of their duties, Ewing undoubtedly felt the effects of this criticism and
indignation, and on Aug. 25, 1863, just four days after the Quantnll
raid, he issued his famous "General Order No. 11," which was as follows :
"I— All persons living in Jackson, Cass and Bates counties, Missouri,
and in that part of Vernon included in this district, except those living
within one mile of the limits of Independence, Hickman's Mills, Pleas-
ant Hill and Harrisonville, and except those in that part of Kaw town-
ship, lackson county, north of Brush creek and west of the Big Blue,
are hereby ordered to remove from their present places of residence
within fifteen days from the date hereof.
"Those who, within that time, establish their loyalty to the satisfaction
of the commanding officer of the military station nearest their present
places of residence, will receive from him certificates stating the fact
of their loyalty and the names of the witnesses by whom it can be
shown. All who receive such certificates will be permitted to remove
to anv military station in this district, or to any part of the State of
Kansas, except the counties on the eastern border of the state. All
others shall remove out of this district. Officers commanding companies
and detachments in the counties named, will see this paragraph is
promptly obeyed.
-11— All grain and hay in the field or under shelter, in the districts
from which the inhabitants are required to remove, within reach of
military stations, after the 9th day of September next, will be taken to
such stations, and turned over to the proper officers there; and report
of the amount so turned over made to district headquarters, specifying
the names of all loyal owners, and the amount of such produce taken
from them. All grain and hay found in such district after the 9th day
of September next, not convenient to such stations, will be destroyed.
728 CYCLOPEDIA OF
'"III — The provisions of General Orders Xo. lo from these head-
quarters will be at once vigorously executed by officers commanding in
the parts of districts, and at the stations, not subject to the operation
of Paragraph I of this order — and especially in the towns of Inde-
pendence, Westport and Kansas City.
'TV — Paragraph 3, General Orders No. 10, is revoked as to all who
have borne arms against the government since the 20th dav of August,
1863."
General Order No. 10, above referred to, provided for an escort to
all loyal persons desiring to remove to a military post in the district;
ordered the arrest of all persons, except women, who as heads of fam-
ilies gave aid to guerrillas ; wives and children of known guerrillas,
women, who as heads of families wilfully engaged in assisting guerrillas,
were to remove out of the district unmolested, and if they refused to
remove the}' were to be taken to Kansas City for shipment to some point
within the Confederate lines. The clause rescinded by Paragraph 4 of
General Order No. 11 provided that persons who laid down their arms
and surrendered themselves, to be banished with their families, were to
be sent to such point as the commanding officer might direct.
The purpose of General Order No. 11 was to prevent guerrillas, par-
ticularlj' Ouantrill's gang, from finding a lodgment among the Con-
federate sympathizers in western Missouri. It was what physicians
would term "heroic treatment," but with the raid upon Lawrence it
became painfully obvious that the disease had assumed such a malignant
form that heroic treatment Avas absolutel)^ necessary. At any rate, the
order served a good purpose in breaking up the rendezvous of the guer-
rillas and checking their foraj'S into Kansas, and loj-al men in both states
applauded Gen. Ewing for his courage and foresight in issuing it. Some
months later Ewing issued his General Order No. 20, permitting loyal
citizens to return to their homes, the men to organize companies for
defense.
Caroline Abbot Stanley made the order the subject of a noxel. and
Martin Rice, of Lone Jack, Mo., wrote two poems relating to it, viz :
"The Exodus of 1863," and "The Exile's Lament."
Gen'eseo, the fourth largest town in Rice county, is located at the
junction of three lines of railroad. One line of the Missouri Pacific
passes through it running east and west, another line of the same road
runs north and south, and a branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
passes this point. Geneseo is 14 miles north of Lyons, the county seat.
Its railroad facilities make it an important shipping point for grain, live
stock and other farm products, as well as an important transfer point
for travelers. It has 3 hotels, a weekly newspaper (the Journal),' a
creamer}', 2 banks, telegraphic communications, an express office and an
international money order postoffice with three rural routes. The popu-
lation according to the census of 1910 was 566.
Geneva, a post-village of Allen county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe railroad in the northwest corner of the county, about
KANSAS HISTORY 729
10 miles from lola, the county seat. It has an express office, a money
order postoffice with one rural route, and is a trading center and ship-
ping point for that section of the county. The population in 1910 was
100.
Geodetic Survey. — .\ geodetic survey is the application of Geodesy,
that higher science of surve^-ing in which the form and magnitude of the
earth must be considered. It has for its object the exact location of
points and lines with reference to the true shape of the earth, the vari-
ations of terrestrial gravity, etc. In the United States coast and geodetic
survey, attention Jias also been given to changes in temperature, mag-
netic currents, etc. The first magnetic observatory with self-recording
instruments was established at Key A\ est, Fla., in i860 and maintained
until 1866. From 1876 to 1880 observations were taken at Madison,
Wis., and in 1882 an observatory was established at Los Angeles, where
it was kept in operation for about seven years. The instruments used
at Key West and Madison were the Brooke magnetograph, and at Los
Angeles the Adie magnetograph was used.
In 1899 Congress made a more liberal appropriation for a systematic
magnetic surve.v, and observations were made at various points during
the ne.xt fi\e } ears. In June, 1901, an Eschenhagen magnetograph was
mounted at Haldwin, Kan. It was placed in a building not specially
erected iuv such purposes and great difficult}' was experienced in keep-
ing it properly adjusted. W. C. Bauer was in charge of the station until
Jime, 1902, when he was succeeded by \\'. F. Wallis, who served until
July, 1903. L. B. Smith then occupied the position until the following
October, when Mr. Bauer returned and conducted the observations until
April, 1904. L. B. Smith then had charge of the station until it was
discontinued the following December. During this entire period the
E^overnment observers were assisted by students of Baker University.
The results at the various observatories were transmitted to the head-
quarters of the coast and geodetic survev at Washington, D. C, and
turned over to the division of terrestrial magnetism. In 1909 the results
of the observations at Baldwin were published in a bulletin of the depart-
ment of commerce and labor, edited by Daniel T. Hazard. The bulletin
shows the daily and monthly range in temperature ; the diurnal vari-
ation of declination ; the daily and hourly range of declination, the
diurnal variation and hourly values of intensity, and many other facts
of interest to scientists, but most of which are beyond the understanding
of the layman.
Geological Surveys. — Kansas has had three different geological sur-
veys. The first two were short and accomplished but little. The last,
or present, survey has been in operation a much longer time and has
accomplished correspondingly greater results.
The first geological survey of Kansas was authorized by an act of the
state legislature in 1864. Section i of the act provided that the governor,
with the consent of the senate, should appoint a state geologist, whose
term of office should begin on March i, 1864, and end on March i, 1865.
730 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Section 2 provided that the state geologist should equip a proper labora-
tory, procure necessary assistants, and proceed to classify the rocks and
soils of each county in the state; that he should visit and analyze the
salt springs alread}^ discovered, and use due diligence in discovering
others ; and that he should investigate the coal formations and the other
mineral deposits of. the state by the various appliances known to the
science of geology and mineralogy. Other provisions were made regard-
ing submitting and publication of reports. Section 4 provided an appro-
priation of $3,500 for all the expenses and salaries, and the auditor of
state was given authority to withhold such portion^ of this as in his
judgment need not be' spent. Section 5 provided that the state geologist
should give a bond of $5,000 for the faithful and proper discharge of
his office, a sum much larger than the entire amount appropriated. Sec-
tion 6 provided that the governor might remove the state geologist for
cause.
The governor appointed Prof. B. F. Mudge state geologist; Maj.
Frederick Hawn, assistant geologist; Prof. G. C. Swallow, paleontologist;
Tiffin Sink, chemist and meteorologist, and C. A. Logan, botanist. The
first annual report of the survey appeared in 1866 and consisted of a
pamphlet of 56 pages.
In 1865 the legislature passed a new act regarding the geological
survey. It provided that the governor should appoint a state geologist
whose term of office should begin on March i, 1865, appropriated $7,500,
and made provisions for reports. The governor appointed Prof. G. C.
Swallow state geologist, and all the old assistants were reappointed.
Prof. Mudge, however, was left off the survey entirely. The state
geologist made a report that was published in pamphlet form (162
pages) in 1866.
Succeeding legislatures for a number of years failed to make appro-
priations for a geological survey, so that the state was without one
from 1866 to 1895.
The third, or present geological survey, was organized as a branch
of the State University in 1895 by the board of regents in accordance
with provisions of law passed in 1889. It was first called the University
Geologic Survey of Kansas, and was organized with Prof. Erasmus
Haworth geologist ; Prof. S. W. Williston, paleontologist ; Prof. F. H. S.
Bailey, chemist. A large number of students were employed as field
assistants and much good work was done. The first large report, a
volume of over 400 pages, was issued in 1897. This was followed by
other reports, until at the present time (1911) a total of nine large
volumes and a number of smaller ones have been issued.
In 1907 a new bill passed the legislature providing for the permanency
of the survey, making the chancellor of the universit)' ex officio director
of the survey and providing that he shall appoint a state geologist who
shall be a member of the department of geology of the uni\'.ersity and
who shall have direction of the immediate work of the survey. Section
3 of this bill provides that the state geologist shall prepare for publi-
KANSAS HISTORY 73 1
cation and submit to the chancellor from time to time such reports on
the geolog}' of the state as he and the chancellor may consider advisable.
Section 4 provides that the state printing board shall have printed 5,000
copies of each of the reports provided for in section 3.
At present all the clerical work of the survey is done by the regular
clerical staflf of the university, except that a special stenographer is pro-
vided. The number of assistant geologists varies greatly from year to
year. They are chosen principally, hut not entirely, from advanced stu-
dents in the universitv and are given university credit for work done in
the field.
It is the policy of the present survey to study the geology of the state
by topics, rather than by counties or districts. It has already reported
upon coal, oil and gas, lead and zinc, gypsum, and has made a number
of short reports on other subjects. It has made an exhaustive study of
mine explosions and is now (191 1) erecting and equipping a large lab-
oratory for testing the clays of the state.
Geology. — Kansas is a part of the Great Plains area stretching from
the Mississippi river on the east to the Rocky mountains on the west,
and from Mexico on the south to Canada on the north. The 37th parallel
north latitude constitutes the southern boundary and the 40th parallel
the northern ; the eastern boundary is approximately 94 degrees 40
minutes west from Greenwich, and the western boundary is a few miles
beyond the I02d meridian, making the state approximately 207 miles
north and south, and 405 miles east and west, containing about 82,500
square miles. Kansas, therefore, is an important and essential part of
the Great Plains area and does not differ very materially from other
portions of the same great area lying on all sides of it.
In general, the surface of the entire state slopes from the west towards
the east, with an elevation on the west varying from 3,500 to 4,000 feet
above sea level, while on the eastern boundary the elevation varies from
about 730 to 1,025 feet. The drainage of the state, therefore, is from
west towards the east. The largest stream in the state, the Kansas
river, flows approximately straight east the entire length of the state.
Here and there at various places surface levels in a north and south direc-
tion vary sufficiently to modify the local drainage. This is particularly
true in the northwest corner of the state where various tributaries of
the Republican river flow northeast, and all the way along the southern
boundary where the streams flow to the southeast. The lowest place
in the state is claimed by two points, one at Kansas City, the mouth of
the Kansas river, and one near Coffeyville where the Verdigris river
crosses the southern boundary, each with an elevation of approximately
700 feet above sea level. The general physiographic conditions of the
state, therefore, are quite regular and when properly interpreted will
throw light on the physiography of the entire plains. However, the other-
wise monotonously smooth surface area hundreds of miles in extent has
been relieved by nature carving relatively deep channels for her nu-
merous streams, with broad rolling prairie uplands on the divides, which
"/^l CYCLOPEDIA OF
also are frequently varied by the presence here and there of individual
mounds, and long stretches of steep escarpments sometimes hundreds
, of feet in height. .Profound lithologic variations have necessitated these
varying results of erosion, so that instead of a landscape tiresome in its
regularit}' and lack of individuality usually attributed to the Great Plains
of Kansas by the uninformed, one finds in reality a surface with ever
changing details and unusually pleasing effects.
The geologic structure of Kansas, when considered on a grand scale,
is simple, but in detail often becomes complex and difficult. In the
extreme southeastern part of the state, covering an area not exceeding
30 square miles in extent, dense limestones and interbedded chert rocks
of Mississippian age occupy the surface. They are the oldest rocks in
the state and constitute a floor upon which succeeding formations repose.
Immediately above the Mississippian limestones and cherts lie the
Coal Measures sandstones, limestones and shales, occupying a zone of
about 20,000 square miles across the entire east end of the state. They
reach an average thickness of 3,000 feet, with a maximum, perhaps, close
to 4,000 feet.
Above and immediately overh-ing the Coal ^Measures, we find the
Permian occupying a wedge shaped area about 35 miles wide on the
north, covering the western part of Marshall county, and the eastern
part of Washington county, and fully 185 miles wide on the south side
of the state, reaching from the east side of Cowley county westward to
the east side of Meade county. The uppermost part of the Permian, and
hence the western part, is composed of red colored clay shales and im-
perfect sandstones usually designated as the Red-Beds.
The Permian rocks are immediately overlaid by the Cretaceous.
Along the southern boundary we finS a small fringe of Comanchic Cre-
taceous just above the Red Beds throughout Clark, Comanche and
Barber counties. Apparently the Red Beds disappear northAvard,
although the salt mines at Ellsworth pass through what seems to be
their northern extension. If so, quite possibly the Comanche likewise
extends that far north, although at present there is no positive infor-
mation on this subject.
Above the Comanche in turn we find the Dakota Cretaceous occupy-
ing- an area trending northeast and southwest almost entirel}^ across the
state and varying from 10 miles wide on the north to a total of 100 miles
wide east and west in the central part of the state where the river chan-
nels have cut through the overlying formation and exposed the Dakota
the maximum distance to the west. The Dakota in ttu-n is overlaid by
tlie Benton occupying a zone trending southeast and northwest approxi-
mately parallel with the Dakota area just mentioned and a little greater
in extent. Above the Benton is the Niobrara, followed by the Ft. Pierre,
and possibly a little of the Fox Hill in the extreme northwest corner of
the state.
The western end of the state is covered with a mantle of soil, sand
and g-ravel, generally considered Tertiary in age, which has been carried
KANSAS HISTURV
^33
eastward l3y river action from the Rocky mountain region. It is spread
out like a veneering which perhaps never quite reaches 300 feet in thick-
ness in Kansas. Drainage channels are cut through it in places, exposing
the underlying Cretaceous rocks, so that a correct geological map would
represent the western extension of the Cretaceous formations following
up the several drainage streams in long slender necks towards the west,
with the Tertiary veneering on top extending eastward in long tongues,
occupying the high divides between the streams.
GEOLOGICAL SECTION FROM SOUTHEAST TO NORTHWEST.
For convenient reference a diagramatic vertical geological section
across the state from southeast to northwest is here given, and also a
general geological column to represent the relative position of the
Kansas section. It will be seen that our oldest rocks occupy the later
Paleozoic, that the Triassic and Jurassic are absent in Kansas, so also
are all the lower Cretaceous up to the Comanche, and that the Fox Hill
and Laramie of the Up]jer Cretaceous are also wanting. For a good
lithographic map showing the surface outcroppings of all Kansas forma-
tions the reader is referred to Volume IX of the Geological Survey of
Kansas.
GEOLOGICAL COLfMN.
GENERAL COLUMN.
I Pleistocene
KANSAS COLUMN.
Ciirbonifer-
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
I Pliocene
• Miocene
/ Eocene
j Irregularly stratified loess
Niobrara
Benton
Dakota
Comanche
^ Permian
Carboniferous , Coal Measure
' Mississippian
Proterozoic
Having given a general re\-iew of the geolog\' of Kansas in the pre-
ceding paragraphs, it is now in order to take up the several subjects and
treat them more in detail.
734
CYCLOPEDIA OF
leistocene
and
5rtiary
DETAILED KANSAS GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
r Pierre
Xiobrar;
Benton
Dakota
[ Conianc:
Want
Salt Fork
and
Klger Stages, 1,200 feet
Sumner Stage, 510 feet
rboniferous
Chase Stage, 260 feet
Wabaunsee Stage. 655 feet
Stage, 400 feet
Douglas Stage. 340 feet
Stage, 5S0 feet
Marmaton Stage, 340 feet
Cherokee Stage, 445 feet
.) Ft. Riley L. S.
I Florence Flint
I Matfleld Shales
' Wreford L. S.
Garrison Formation
Cottonwood L. S.
Eskridge Shales
Neva L. S.
, Elmdale Formation
Americus L. S.
Admire Formation
Emporia L. S.
Willard Shales
Burlingame L. S.
Shales
Howard L. S.
Severy Shales
Topeka L. S.
Calhoun Shales
Deer Creek L. S.
Tecumseh Shales
Lecompton L. S.
^Kanwaka Shales
I LeRoy Shales
Stanton L. S.
Vilas Shales
Allen L. S.
Lane Shales .
lola L. S.
Chanute Shales
Drum L. S.
Cherryvale Shales
Dennis L. S.
Galesburg Shales
Mound Valley L. S.
Pleasanton Shales
Coffeyville L. S.
Walnut Shales
Altamont L. S.
Bandera Shales
Pawnee L. S.
Labette Shales
Ft. Scott L. S.
KANSAS HISTORY 735
MISSISSIPPIAN.
The Mississippian rocks occupy a surface area of about 30 square
miles in the extreme southeast part of the state. It is triangular in out-
line, about 6 miles wide on the south and 10 miles wide on the east.
Spring rivei: almost determines the western boundary of the area, but
here and there erosion has worn away the overlying Coal Measures,
exposing the underlying Mississippian in patches of irregular outline a
lew miles farther west. Beyond the limits of Kansas the Mississippian
formations extend eastward, southeastward and northeastward over a
large part of Missouri, northeast Oklahoma, northwest Arkansas and
stretches away beyond the limits of Missouri into Iowa, Illinois, Ken-
tucky and Tennessee. They are from 200 to 300 feet in thickness, and
have been drilled through in many places, such as Pittsburg, Girard,
Columbus, Galena, lola, Neodesha, Stone City, Caney. They rest imme-
diately upon Silurian rocks, where exposed at the surface in Missouri
and Arkansas and presumably also in Kansas.
The Mississippian rocks essentially are limestones, but here and there
thin clay and shale partings are found, by driUing, although in general
such partings are insignificant and unimportant. Throughout the lime-
stone, also, are masses of flint rock, or chert, exceedingly variable in
extent and outline. In the vicinity of Galena such chert masses are miles
in surface extent and hundreds of feet in thickness. Eastward in Mis-
souri they are very large and abundant. A peculiarly great interest
attaches to them because they are the principal bearers of lead and zinc
ores throughout the entire Joplin area, which is the greatest zinc pro-
ducing area in the world.
The entire Mississippian limestone formation passes westward to an
unknown distance, dipping about 25 feet to the mile along the south
line of the state from Galena to Caney, which is the westernmost point
at which its presence positively has been identified. In a north direction
the dip of the surface is much less, reaching only about 4J/2 feet to the
mile for the entire distance from Galena to Kansas City. Many hundreds
of oil and gas wells have been drilled through the overlying Coal Meas-
ures, so that the upper surface of the Mississippian throughout the oil
and gas fields in the soiitheastern part of the state has been very well
located. It is also interesting to know that flint bodies occur irregularly
throughout the area explored by deep wells the same as farther east
where the rocks are exposed to the surface. Numerous wells in the oil
and gas fields went down into the Mississippian to variable distances,
and some of them entirely through it. In some instances large quantities
of flint have been found by the drill, and in others none at all, precisely
as would be the case were one to drill throughout the area where they
are exposed to the surface.
Eastward from the limits of Kansas the Mississippian limestones
gradually rise to Springfield, and beyond, covering a large catchment
area. Here rainwater finds its way between the rock layers and slowly
J^b CYCLOPEDIA OF
works its way down the bedding plain slope westward and appears again
in large quantities in the mines throughout the zinc mining area, and
also farther \vest in deep wells where it is used for municipal supplies
in such towns as Pittsburg, Weir Cit}', Girard, Cherokee, Columbus, and
a number of other smaller places.
Economic Products. — The Mississippian rocks carry values of great
commercial importance of three distinct characters, ist. Building stone
and lime; 2nd, water; 3d, ores of lead and zinc.
1. Building Stone and Lime: The Mississippian limestones are
usually solid and compact, and in many places are completely crystalline.
These properties, added to a high degree of chemical purity, make an
unusually valuable building stone which is almost white in color, and
hence attracti^'e for costl}' buildings. Extensive quarries are operated
in the same rock masses in nearby localities near Carthage, Mo., from
which vast quantities are shipped in many directions to be used in high
grade buildings. Also, the same limestone around Ash Grove, Mo., is
burned into a superior white lime which is shipped all over Kansas,
Missouri, Oklahoma and elsewhere. Equally good building stone and
lime ma}' be had from the Mississippian rocks in Kansas and are now
lying there awaiting the activity of operators.
2. Water : As already explained, the Mississippian formation extends
east and occupies the surface throughout the highlands of south central
Missouri around Springfield where a copious rainfall supplies an abund-
ance of water, portions of which become lodged between the rock layers
and gradually work down the dip plains westward. In this way large
quantities of water are obtained by deep drilling in many places in south-
eastern Kansas, and different municipalities obtain a satisfactory supply
of good water in this manner.
3. Ores of Lead and Zinc : B}^ far the most important product
obtained from the Mississippian formations in southeastern Kansas and
southwestern Missouri are the ores of lead and zinc which occur here
in such large quantities. The principal ore of lead is galena, a sulphide
of lead (PbS), although small amounts of the carbonate and sulphate
are found, named cerussite and anglesite respectively. The principal
zinc ore is sphalerite, or zinc blende, also a sulphide (ZnS). often called
"jack" locally, zinc carbonate Smithsonite, and zinc silicate calamine
occur sparingly. The productive area in Kansas has a much smaller
acreage than is found across the state line in Missouri, but no richer
lead and zinc mines have ever been developed in the world than in some
portions of Ivansas. One piece belonging to the South Side Mining and
Smelting company, containing only 80 acres, has already produced ore
with a market value of more than $4,000,000, with scarcely a shaft as
much as 200 feet deep. The entire yield from Kansas has reached as
high as $2,000,000 a year in ore values, which would be more than
$3,000,000 if the value of the metal were counted.
How long these rich mines will continue to be profitable no one can
foretell, but when we consider that the mining thus far is all in shallow
KANSAS HISTORY 737
.ground, and that elsewhere as great or greater values continue down-
wards for 1,000 feet or more, it seems probable that this area also wili
be productive for many scores of years yet to come.
Stratigraphy. — The Coal Measures of Kansas occupy about 20,000
square miles in the eastern end of the state. They immediately overlie
the Mississippian, and in turn are overlaid by the Permian. The eastern
limit of their area is the line trending northeast and southwest previously
described as the western limit of the Mississippian. Along this boundary
the Coal Measure rocks are very thin. Their base plane dips gently
westward about 25 feet to the mile on the south line, while the surface
gradually rises, so that the Coal Measures formation constitutes a wedge
pointing eastward.
The lowermost formation of the Coal Measures is a shale bed, some-
what variable in thickness in dififerent parts of the state, but which
averages about 450 feet. These have been called the Cherokee shales,
on account of their extensive surface exposure in Cherokee comity. Im-
mediately above the Cherokee shales are two limestone formations
separated by 7 to 8 feet of black shale which together are called the Fort
Scott limestone. These in turn are overlaid by 40 feet of shale known
as the Labette shales, followed by 22 feet of the Pawnee limestone, above
which are alternating beds of limestones and shales, the latter often
carrying large bodies of sandstone, from the bottom to the top of the
Coal Measures. Each of these individual limestone and shale beds has
been studied in detail by the Kansas Geological Survey, has been named
and the line of outcroppings of all the principal formations traced on
the various maps in Volume IX of the State Geological Survey, to which
the reader, if interested, is referred for a detailed discussion. These
several individual horizons have been grouped together into stages
named as follows, beginning at the base: Cherokee, Marmaton, Pottawa-
tomie, Douglas, Shawnee and Wabaunsee. The scheme at the end of
this article illustrates these details and generalities better than can be
described in ordinary sentences.
All of these several formations overlie each other in regular order, as
shown in the above mentioned scheme. In every instance each individ-
ual formation outcrops to the east and lies buried to the west beneath
the overlying formations. Throughout the entire Coal Measures area
from top to bottom, the strata dip westward, while the surface is
inclined to the east. Traveling westward, therefore, one is constantly
passing from the lower formations to the higher, or from the older to
the younger. A drill hole put down to the west, consequently, will pass
through the succeeding formations downward in regular order.
Beyond the limits of Kansas the Coal Measures extend east and north
into Missouri and Nebraska and from there northeast into Iowa, making
the Kansas coal fields continuous stratigraphically with the coal fields
(1-47)
738 CYCLOPEDIA OF
of Missouri and Iowa. On the south they extend far into Oklahoma,
from which place they veer eastward and constitute the coal fields of
Arkansas. The Kansas coal fields, therefore, lie midwa}' between those
of Arkansas and Oklahoma on the south, and Missouri and Iowa on the
north.
Economic Products. — Kansas Coal Measures are noted for being rich
in five particular kinds of products, namely: i. Coal; 2. Oil and Gas;
3. Clays-Shales ; 4. Cement material ; and 5. Building Stone.
1. Coal: About the middle of the Cherokee shales three distinct beds
of coal are found and are mined very extensively, particularly in Cher-
okee and Crawford counties, while coal seams occupying the same strati-
graphic levels are known to exist in many other places in the state,
particularly in the vicinity of Kansas City, Leavenworth and Atchison.
In some, places but one of these veins seems to have been developed to
a considerable extent, while elsewhere all three of them are of com-
mercial importance. At present ( lyii) more than 90 per cent, of all the
coal being mined in the state is obtained from the Cherokee shales.
Well up in the Marmaton stage is another bed of coal known to be
extensively developed in the vicinity of Pleasanton and La Cygne, and
probably future prospecting will find the seam in many more places.
This is usually known as the Pleasanton coal and has been mined in
man}- places in the valley l3'ing between Pleasanton and La Cygne, and
for miles to the east. No one knows the size of this coal area, but prob-
ably it is much more extensive than is known at present.
Other lesser beds of coal are found irregularly here and there through-
out the Pottawatomie stage, but none of considerable importance as we
pass upwards until the Douglas stage is reached. Here, from 50 to 100
feet below the Oread limestone, a bed of coal occurs irregularly entirely
across the state. It is developed in the bluffs along the Missouri river
near Atchison, lying about 100 feet below the Oread limestone, where
it Avas mined to a considerable extent in time past. Southward, in
Douglas county, in early days of Kansas history, it was mined at prob-
ably fifty different places. Still further southward, in Franklin county,
it was mined in many places around Pomona, Ransomville and Williams-
burg. From here to the southwest a line of early day mines can be
traced entirely across the state, where local mines were operated in the
winter season for wagon trade.
Passing up the geological column to near the top of the Shawnee
stage another vein of coal is found marking a line here and there entirely
across the state from northeast to southwest. The coal here is confined
principally to the Severy Scranton shales, with the mines most abundant
all the way from a few miles west and southwest of Topeka, to the
vicinity of Osage City, where mining is still prosecuted on a commercial
scale.
2. Oil and Gas : Almost all the oil and gas thus far developed in
Kansas has been obtained from the Cherokee and Marmaton stages,
with more than nine-tenths of it coming from the Cherokee shales. The
KANSAS HISTORY 739
principal productive fields, of course, lie to the west of the outcropping
areas, so that wells are drilled from 500 to 1,600 feet in depth before
reaching the productive zones. Oil and gas are found almost universally
in sandstone, probably because the pores serve as receptacles for them,
and these sandstones lie interbedded in the Cherokee shales and some
of the shales higher up the geologic column. Farther to the west in the
vicinity of Elmdale, Augusta and Arkansas City small developments
of gas have been made in wells of varying depth where the Permian
rocks are exposed at the surface. In all cases probably the drill went
entirely through the Permian and into some of the upper Coal Measure
formations, but b}' no means deep enough to reach the formations which
produce oil and gas in such large quantities farther east.
3. Clay-Shales : The Coal Measure shales, in general, are excellent
clays for making a great variety of brick, tile and other clay products.
The clay industry to date has been developed principally in the south-
eastern part of the state where fuel is abundant and cheap, either in the
coal fields of Cherokee and Crawford counties, or in the gas fields a little
farther west. Shales belonging to diiiferent stratigraphic horizons have
been used in different places and have been found to be exceedingly
valuable for making all kinds of street-paving brick, common building
brick, dry-pressed, fancy red brick, side-walk brick, hollow clay building
tile, drainage and sewer tile. At Pittsburg and vicinity the Cherokee
shales have produced a desirable material for this purpose. At Coffey-
ville the Cofifeyville shales priKJuce excellent brick. About Cherryx'ale
the Cherryvale shales are equall_\- desiraljle, and so on almost to the top
of the Coal Measures formatiuos, with practically all the intervening
shales producing very satisfactory material, as is witnessed by the high
quality of brick produced from the Chanute shales at Chanute, the Lane
shales at Table Mound west of Independence, the Lawrence shales at
Lawrence, the Calhoun shales at Topeka, etc.
4. Cement Material : The limestone of the Coal Measures formations
of Kansas, while in general not absolutely pure, is excellent material
for the production of Portland cement, when properlj^ mixed with Coal
Measure shales. Fortunately, the impurities present m the limestone
are identical with the materials of the shales, and therefore are in no
way objectionable. The shales also, interbedded with the limestones,
seldom contain any impurities which are detrimental to the manufacture
of high-grade Portland cement. This fact in connection with the
abundance of fuel coal, natural gas, and fuel oil, has resulted in the
erection of numerous Portland cement plants in the southeastern part
of the state, each of which draws its raw materials from the Coal Meas-
ures limestones and shales. It is fortunate that such valuable ma-
terials exist in such large quantities because the Portland cement indus-
try has now become one of the leading manufacturing industries of the
state and the supply of material is sufficiently abundant to last literally
millions of years.
5. Building Stone: Many of the limestone horizons in the Kansas
740 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Coal Measures produce excellent building stone and the broad prairies
are dotted here and there with scores of stone quarries, some of which
already have reached a considerable magnitude of production. The
sandstone beds here and there interbedded with the shales likewise pro-
duce good flagging stones for making walks and for other constructional
purposes. Should the time ever come when a larger amount of high-
grade building stone is required, either limestone or sandstone, the Coal
Measures of Kansas may be called upon to increase the present pro-
duction many hundred fold.
Stratigraphy. — The Permian formations of Kansas are composed
almost entirely of alternating beds of limestone and shales with much
less sandstone in the shale than is found below in the Coal Measures.
The Permian rocks overlie the Coal Measures conformably; that is, their
bedding planes are approximately parallel with the bedding planes of
the Coal Measures. In general physical and chemical properties also,
the Coal Measures rocks grade into Permian so that the only definite
criterion for separating them is the character of the animal and plant
life as represented by the fossils found in them. The line of demarcation
between the west limit of the Coal Measures and the eastern limit of the
Permian is an irregular one trending, in general, north and south from
near the northeast corner of Marshall county to the southeast corner of
Cowley county. On the high ridges the Permian extends farther east,
because it overlies the Coal Measures, while in the vallej^s, such as the
Kansas river valley, erosion has worn away the overlying Permian expos-
ing the underlying Coal Measures much farther to the west. In this
wa}' the line of demarcation is more or less tortuous, varying in
extreme cases as much as 35 miles in an east and west direction.
Naturally, the Permian is divided into two great divisions, the lower
and the upper, the lower Permian being composed of light colored lime-
stones and light or dark green colored shales, while the upper Permian
is composed of red colored shales and imperfect sandstones, commonly
known as the Red-Beds. All the Permian formations dip gently to the
west, so that here, the same as with the Coal Measures, one traveling
westward is continuously passing from the lower to the higher strata —
from ihe older to the younger. Drill holes put down at any point at the
western limit of the Permian, therefore, will penetrate the several sub-
divisions in succession, and shotild they be carried far enough, would
penetrate the Coal Measures likewise, which underlie the Permian.
In a north and south line the rock strata are continuous and almost
level, so that the outcropping of any one formation may be traced north
and south entirely across the state. It appears that the Permian is much
less in thickness at the north than at the south. All the upper Permian
here is wanting, so that the overlying Dakota Cretaceotis rests immedi-
ately on the Permian, while in the south, the thick red-beds intervene
between the lower Permian and the Cretaceous. Beyond the limits of
KANSAS HISTORY 74'
Kansas, the Permian extends both north and south. On the north it
reaches only about 30 miles into Nebraska until it becomes entirely
covered by the Dakota Cretaceous which laps eastward and rests on
the Coal Measures formations. From the south side of the state it
extends southward through Oklahoma and Texas.
Economic Products. — The Permian of Kansas is particularly noted
for its large quantities of salt, but, in addition, it also supplies unlimited
quantities of clay-shale and building stone.
I.. Salt: Kansas has enough salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), to supply
the world for many thousands of years. It is regularly interbedded with
the Permian shales. The eastern limit of the salt beds is a few miles
west of Wichita, McPherson and Salina, while the western limit has not
been determined, neither has the northern nor the southern limits. At
Triutchinson the salt is known to be 415 feet thick. ' Northward it appears
gradually to grow thinner and is about 200 feet thick at Ivanapolis and
Ellsworth, and 150 feet thick at Lincoln, where a deep well drilled early
in 191 1 proved its presence and quality. At Kingman and Hutchison
it is about 600 feet below the surface, at Lyons 800 feet below the sur-
face and at Ellsworth and Kanapolis 600 feet. A deep well at Anthony
also showed an abundance of salt. From here southward it extends far
across into Oklahoma.
Salt is mined by two distinct processes. Rock salt is obtained by
sinking a shaft to the salt and mining it much as coal is mined. It is
then hand sorted, crushed and passed over sieves of different grades
and sent into the market in desirable forms. The other grade of salt is
obtained by first drilling a hole, like an oil well hole, down to the rock
salt and inserting a pipe which fits lightly into the well and extends
down to the top of the salt. A smaller pipe is now put inside the first
one and carried down to the bottom of the well. A pump is then attached
to the larger, or outside, pipe and water is forced down into the well. In
time it dissolves all the salt it can dissolve, about one pound of salt to
36 pounds of water, and is forced up through the inner pipe. A new
well furnishes but little brine, because the surface area is so small it
requires so long a time for the water to become saturated. But as solu-
tion continues the surface becomes larger, so that within a year or so
rhe pump can be kept running constantly and a good strong brine is
constantly delivered by the smaller pipe. The brine is then evaporated
by artificial heat and "evaporated" salt is obtained.
3. Gypsum : Gypsum is the foundation for one of the great indus-
tries of Kansas. Rock gypsum is found in many places in the Permian.
Extensive factories are now in operation in the vicinity of Blue Rapids,
in Marshall county, in southern Dickinson county, and in Barber county,
all of which use rock gypsum. A few years ago a number of plants were
operating on gypsum or on gypsite, beds of which are found here and
there throughout the Permian area. Rock gypsum occurs in a well
stratified form interbedded with other Permian formations. About Blue
Rapids and Hope it lies beneath the surface, but in Barber county, and
742 CYCLOPEDIA OF
stretching away southward into Oklahoma, it caps the hills similar to
the wa)' limestone does so frequently throughout the Coal Measures
area. It occurs in a well stratified form, can be quarried the same as
stone and is sufficiently pure to meet all the requirements for the manu-
facture of high-grade plaster and other goods made from gypsum.
Gypsum is used for making different grades of hard wall plaster. In its
present form it is a hydrated calcium sulphate (CaSO^ -|- 2H,0). When
ground to powder and heated it gives up a portion of the water of
crystallization and takes on a property b}- which it may again absorb
water and harden, or "set." Different grades of plaster are made by
driving off' different proportions of water. Also by certain secret treat-
ments a superior grade is made known as Keen's cement, which is used
extensively for interior decorations of costly buildings.
3. Clay-Shale: But little development work has been done on the
clay-shales of the Permian. It is known, however, that many of them
will prove exceedingly valuable. Chemical analysis shows that they con-
tain less iron than the Coal Measure shales to the east, and, therefore,
it may reasonably be expected that a great variety of light colored brick
and terracotta may be made from them. A rich harvest awaits the
development of the Permian clay industry.
4. Building Stone : The Permian affords some of the best building
stone in the state, principalh' limestone. Here and there throughout
the entire area from the north side of the state to the south good build-
ing stone is available.
CRETACEOUS.
According to the general geological section previously given the great
Cretaceous complex is divided first into the lower and upper, and the
upper again subdived into a number of individual stages and formations.
For a proper study of Kansas Cretaceous, one should begin at the bot-
tom of the Cretaceous column, jvhich would carry him far to the south
beyond the limits of the state to the vicinity, we will sa}-, of El Paso.
It seems that the great mid-continental sea which existed to the west
of the Coal Measures and Permian areas of Kansas had more favorable
conditions for the production of thick heavy beds southward than to
the northward throughout the earlier part of Cretaceous time, and fur-
ther, that a gradual uprising to the south drove the ocean waters north-
ward into the Arctic Ocean where they now are. In this way a great
mid-continental area was c'Svered thousands of feet in depth with Cre-
taceous rocks, the lower and older ones towards the south and the
younger and upper ones towards the north.
Comanche : In Clark, Comanche, Kiowa and Barber counties we find
a small mass of Comanche Cretaceous which is the uppermost sub-
division of the Lower Cretaceous. This is wedge-shaped, tapering north-
ward and thickening to the south in Oklahoma and Texas. It disappears
under the Tertiar}- south of the Arkansas river and thus far no tracings
of it have been found north of the counties named. Probably it under-
KANSAS HISTORY 743
lies the Tertiary for some distance north of where it is now observable,
but where its true northern limit is can only be determined by proper
explorations beneath the surface of the Tertiary in the area south of
Great Bend.
Dakota: The lowermost member of the Cretaceous found in con-
siderable quantities in Kansas is the Dakota. It has a large develop-
ment in an area reaching northeast and southwest from Washington
county to Edwards county, as already described in previous pages, with
traces of it here and there in the southwest part of the state where the
Cimarron and Bear rivers have cut through the Tertiary, veneering and
exposed long narrow strips of Dakota rocks. Probably it underlies the
entire southwest corner of Kansas including six or eight counties south
of the Arkansas river, throughout which the Tertiary mantle obscures
it from sight.
The Dakota rocks lie almost horizontally, but throughout their west-
ernmost exposure dip gently to the east. For example, their elevation
in Morton county is over 3,500 feet above tide, while their easternmost
outcrop in the central part of the state is below 2,000 feet. This is in
conformity with what one should expect when it is recalled that the
same Dakota formation outcrops throughout a long zigzag area along
the eastern foothills of the Rocky mountains, where they have a north
and south extent of thousands of miles at an altitude of from 5,000 to
7,000 feet above tide. This easterly dip throughout eastern Colorado
and western Kansas is common not only to the Dakota strata, but to
all the rocks overlying them, due evidently to the uplifting of the Rocky
mountains, by which process the old interior ocean was drained north-
ward as above explained.
The Dakota Cretaceous consists of alternating beds of sandstone and
shales aggregating a thickness of about 450 feet. Usually the sandstone
is coarse and porous and has many springs bursting out along the
eastern outcropping lines, the source of the water of which, of course, is
the catchment area westward along the mountainous borders. The
eastward migration of water throughout these many hundreds of miles
is well proven from the various artesian wells available here and there
over the Great Plains area. It seems strange to many that these springs
should be on or near the hill-tops and on the high ground rather than
in the valleys, whei'e springs generally occur. When it is remembered,
however, that the present eastern demarcation of the Dakota is largely
controlled bv erosion, and how, therefore, the easternmost limits neces-
sarily will be on the high divides between the stream, one can readily
understand how water traveling from the west towards the east finally
will find outlets along the eastern border of the sandstone, and therefore,
on the high ground. Another natural sequence follows from the con-
ditions just named, namely, that these seeps and springs carrying traces
of iron leached from the rocks will have the same iron deposited in the
sandstones where the seeps are evaporated, so that, in general, the
eastern limits of the Dakota sandstones have a reddish or dark iron-
744 cycLOPEDiA of
stained appearance, often refered to b}' local residents and generally
explained by assuming that at some previous time the rocks have been
burned to give them their peculiar colors.
The Dakota sandstone, therefore, in general is a coarse rock exceed-
ingly pervious to water, colored yellow, reddish and brownish by iron
rust stains, and suitable in every way for carrying large quantities of
water, which is one of its most striking characteristics. Also, the Dakota
shale beds of Kansas are particulaiiy noted for the large amount of salt
they contain. One result is, that the siliferous shale beds have been
eroded away more rapidly than the rocks below and many peculiarly
shaped depressions result, the most noted of which is the so-called
"basin" just north of Great Bend. Here the siliferous shales have been
washed away and a circular "'fry-pan" shaped basin formed. North-
ward, in many places salt marshes exist, such as the famous one near
Concordia. These marshes become more or less filled with water
throughout the winter and spring, which leaches large quantities of salt
from the siliferous shales. During the dry weather of summer and early
autumn the water becomes evaporated, leaving a variable amount of
salt behind. In early days of occupation of the plains by white men,
such salt marshes were visited by people for hundreds of miles around,
the salt scooped up from the ground and hauled away b}' wagon loads.
Recenth", since our salt mines have been in operation in the central part
of the state, no further attention is given the salt marshes in an indus-
trial way.
I. Clays: The clays of the Dakota are numerous and \-ariable in
quality and bid fair to become some of the most valuable in the state,
on account of their great variet3^ In places they are almost free from
iron, producing a clay approaching fire-clay in qualit}', which is very
suitable for making light colored and buff colored brick and ornamental
terracotta.
Benton. — Immediatel}' overlying the Dakota, and conformable with
it, we find the Benton complex of limestones and shales, aggregating a
thickness of about 400 feet. It is composed almost entirely of alternat-
ing beds of soft, light colored limestone and darkly colored, sometimes
almost greenish shales, which in other places are practically black. The
limestones are in broad thin layers much softer than the Coal Measures
limestones, but substantially the same in chemical composition. They
lend themselves readih- to quarry purposes and may be broken readily
into long slender pieces suitable for fence-posts, for which they are used
to a great extent throughout the entire Benton area of the state. In
fact, one riding east or west across the state on any of the trans-state
railroads north of the Arkansas river can recognize when he is in
the Benton area by the limestone fence-posts so readily seen from the
car window. This fence-post zone is from 30 to 46 miles wide and prac-
tically outlines the area throughout which the Benton formation covers
the surface of the ground. The stone is so soft it can be cut with a car-
penter's saw and shaped at pleasure. Upon exposure to the atmosphere
KANSAS HISTORY 74S
it dries and hardens so that it becomes quite servicable for structural pur-
poses, and many pretentious buildings are built of it.
The Benton shales thus far have been used but little in the economic
arts, although, as shown from preliminar_y examinations, they are ser-
vicable for making many kinds of brick, tile, and other clay products.
Also, they are servicable for making Portland cement when properly
mixed with calcareous material, as is shown by the plant at Yocemento
in Ellis count}-, which uses the uppermost horizon of Benton shales
mixed with the overlying Niobrara chalk for making Portland cement.
Niobrara. — Overlying the Benton and conformable with it we find
the Niobrara shales and limestones, aggregating about 500 feet in thick-
ness. The limestones are the famous Kansas chalk. The eastern limit
of the Niobrara, which is also the western limit of the Benton, is an
exceedingly irregular line stretching from the middle of the north side
of Washington count)- southwestward, crossing the west side of the state
about 8 or 10 miles north of the Arkansas river. Much of the area to
the west is covered with Tertiary material, so that the exposure of
Niobrara is confined principally to the valleys and bluffs of streams,
although there is no dottbt about it being a continuous formation under-
neath the Tertiary.
This general outcropping border corresponds with the ideas advanced
in speaking of the northward recession of the great inland sea. the
extreme southwest corner of the state being occupied by the Dakota,
then a strip of Benton along the Arkansas river, and now the Niobrara
on top of the Benton as one travels westward and northward. On a
geological map of Kansas one would find, therefore, comparatively small
areas occupied by the Niobrara, but, could one by magic remove the
Tertiary mantle, without doubt the Niobrara would occupy as large an
area, probably much larger, than either the Benton or the Dakota.
The Niobrara limestone, or chalk, is distinguished from the Benton
in physical properties principally by its thick, heavy beds rather than
thin well-marked ones common to the Benton, and by the general chalky
nature of the material. In chemical composition it is about as pure a
limestone as is found in the state, ranging from 90 to 96 per cent, pure
lime carbonate. It is particularly soft, so that it may be whittled with
a knife or cut with a saw almost like shale. Here and there ground
water has deposited silica within it, producing locally masses of agate
and other silicious forms of rocks, some of which are of the moss-agate
variety and fairly beautiful. The upper Niobrara, also, is noted for its
abundance of fossils, reptiles and fishes which are found here and there
wherever the Niobrara is exposed throughout the state.
Pierre. — In the extreme northwest part of the state some of the
streams have cut through the mantle of Tertiary exposing Cretaceous
rocks which usually are considered to belong to the Pierre, or Ft. Pierre,
as it was previously called. Some parties have also thought that the
Fox Hill was exposed in the vicinity of St. Francis, Cheyenne county,
although usually this is considered Pierre. Both the Pierre and Fox
746 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Jlill occur in much greater abundance farther to the north and north-
west. How much of either of them underlies the Tertiary in Kansas
probably never will be known, but so small an amount of each of them
!S actually found that their importance is correspondingly reduced.
Tertiary and Pleistocene. — As already explained, the western end of
Ivansas is covered by a veneering or mantle of material carried eastward
by rivers from the great Rock}' mountain area. This debris, or loess as
it is now frequently called, covers the entire plains area from the foot-
hills of the Rocky mountains eastward far into the Dakotas, Nebraska,
Ivansas, Oklahoma and Texas. It consists principally of soil, sand and
gravel, which in places seems to be reasonably well stratified, but which
in general is practically void of structure. Here and there are coarse
gravel beds extending miles horizontal!}' and from 5 to 100 feet ver-
tically, the sand and gravel of which is cemented together by calcium
carbonate, forming a sandstone of variable hardness which has been
called by different names, such as "mortar beds," "Tertiary grit," etc.
This Tertiary mantle carries the vast amount of ground water found so
abundanth' throughout the plains area. Also, here and there it carries
many fossils of vertebrae animals, important to the paleontologist. It
seems that in geological age, the oldest of it is at least as old as the Loup
Fork Tertiary, while recent winds and river action has worked over the
surface material until part of it, at least, and probably much of it, should
be designated as Pleistocene. In general, it has quite the appearance
of river alluvium and, broadly speaking, is about as regular in character
as alluvium usually is, while in detail it differs very materially from
place to place, again very much like river alluvium.
Gerardy, a little village of Washington county, is a station on the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. 17 miles northeast of Washing-
ton, the county seat, and 5 miles north of Hanover, from which place
mail is delivered by rural carrier. The population in 1910 was 37.
Germaine Sisters. — One of the most thrilling instances of Indian
atrocity that ever occurred in Kansas was the murder of an emigrant
named Germaine, with several members of his family, and the carry-
ing off of four daughters into captivity in the fall of 1874. In the
early part of that year a great number of buffaloes were killed by
"hunters and frontiersmen, the hides being shipped east, the tongues
used for food and the carcasses left to rot on the plains. This whole-
sale slaughter of their main food supply exasperated the Indians to
such an extent that the Kiowas. Comanches. Cheyennes and Arapahoes
held a council and determined to make war upon the whites.
The Germaine family, consisting of the father, mother, one son and
six daughters, was on the way to Colorado. On the morning of Sept.
ID, 1874, they were attacked on the bank of the Smoky Hill river in
western Kansas. Mr. Germaine, his wife and son were killed and
scalped ; one daughter was shot ; another burned to death, and the other
four girls carried off to be subjected to a worse treatment than death.
The youngest girl was rescued from the Indians at a village on the
KANSAS HISTORY 747
banks of the Solomon river by James Cannon and Lieut. \Miittemore,
in command of lOO men of the Fifth United States infantr}' from Fort
Wallace. A blizzard came up and the soldiers were forced to march
to Fort Dodge, where it was learned from the rescued child that her
three sisters were still captives. Later Mr. Cannon discovered that
the girls were held at a Cheyenne village on Crooked creek, near the
Cimarron river, about 40 miles from Fort Dodge, and he managed to
rescue a second girl.
Gen. Pope was notified, and an expedition was started for the village.
A messenger was sent to the band holding the girls to surrender to
the authorities and the Indians returned to their agency, where they
surrendered to Gen. Miles' command. The girls were sent to Fort
Leavenworth, Gen. Miles was appointed their guardian, and Congress
diverted $10,000 of the Indian annuities for their benefit. The income
from this sum was to be used for their support during their minority
and the principal divided among them when they became of age.
German Evangelical Synod of North America. — On Oct. 15, 1840,
six German missionaries of Illinois and Missouri met at Gravois set-
tlement in Missouri and there formed the G?rman Evangelical associa-
tion of the West. Many of the ministers of this organization had been
■ordained in the Evangelical church of Germany and sent to the I'nited
States by missionary societies of the Fatherland, and in man}- cases
a large number of the church members had belonged to the United
Evangelical church in Germany before coming to America. The
movement, which gave rise to this association in Missouri, was felt
in other parts of the country, and other unions were organized which
joined with the Western association. The most important of these
were : The German Evangelical association of Ohio, established in
1858; the German United Evangelical synod of the East, organized in
i860; the Evangelical synod of the Northwest, started in 1872: and
the United Evangelical synod of the East, established the same year.
In 1866 the name of the organization was changed to the Evangelical
Synod of the West, and in 1877 to the German Evangelical Synod of
North America.
The church is divided into seventeen districts, each district having
charge of local affairs, and its officers responsible to the general synod,
which meets every four years, being composed of ministerial, lay and
teaching delegates elected by the district meetings.
During the two decades, from 1880 to 1900, the church made rapid
progress, for in the latter year the synod had 922 ministers in the
United States; 1,153 congregations and a membership of 203,574.
The movement of Evangelical unions in Kansas began in the early
'60s, an Evangelical association having been formed at Humboldt,
Allen county, in i860, with a preacher named Dubbs as the first pastor.
This was followed in 1861 by the Evangelical association of Leaven-
worth.
The Marysville, Marshall county, German Evangelical association
748. CYCLOPEDIA OF
was organized in 1868 by A. Bathe, who in 1870 established the Ger-
man Evangelical church at Stozenbach. In Douglas county, St. Paul's
German Evangelical church was organized at Eudora in 1869, by B.
C. Haus, with 15 members, and he became the first minister. A Ger-
man Evangelical association was organized at Hiawatha, Brown county,
in April, 1881, by Philip Fricker. The Evangelical association at
Jewell City was organized in the spring of 1872 by L. A^'egner, the
first pastor. In July, 1882, a German Evangelical association was per-
fected at Emporia with 11 members, by C. F. Erflfmeyer, and the
same year an Evangelical association was organized at Wyandotte, now
Kansas City, Kan. Today the German Evangelical Synod of North
America ranks tenth of all denominations in Kansas with a member-
ship of 3,617.
Germantown, a little village in Mission township, Brown countv. is
a station on the Chicago, Rock Island iS: Pacific R. R. 10 miles south-
west of Hiawatha, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice
and is the trading point for the surrounding country. The population
in 1910 was 50.
Geuda Springs. — On the line between Cowley and Sumner counties
is a remarkable group of salt springs that flow from 100 to 450 gal-
lons each per hour, that have been known since the earliest settle-
ment of that section. These springs are situated on a branch of the
St. Louis & San Francisco railroad, a little to the north of the town
of Geuda Springs and about 7 miles from Arkansas City. The waters
from these springs strongly impregnate the waters in the creeks in the
vicinity. A lake formed by the creek near these springs has been
greatly enlarged and improved by damning the creek and now covers
about 50 acres, making it the largest body of salt water in the state.
Geuda is said to be an Indian word, Ge-u-da. meaning healing springs,
and the place must have been a well known stopping place with the
Indians. Many improvements were made at the springs during the
latter '80s, including bath-house and hotel, improving the lake, laying
out drives, etc. Much of the water has been bottled and shipped to
points in Kansas and adjoining states, an analysis showing them to
contain sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, sodium bromide, sodium
iodide, sodium nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium biborate. potas-
sium sulphate, lithium chloride, calcium sulphate, calcium bicarbonate,
magnesium sulphate, magnesium chloride, iron bicarbonate, alumina,
silica, and organic matter. About 1890 a dam with a flume outlet was
built across the salt marsh just north of the springs, which was the
means of covering the whole marsh with water and afl:'ording excellent
boating.
Geuda Springs, an incorporated town of Sumner county, is located
in Walton township, on the Kansas Southwestern railroad, 20 miles
southeast of Wellington, the county seat, and near the mineral springs
of the same name. It has a bank, a score or more of good retail stores,
churches and schools, express and telegraph oiifices, and a money order
postoffice with three rural routes. The population in 1910 was 254.
KANSAS HISTORY 749
The main street is on the line between Sumner and Cowley counties.
The first house on the town site was built b}' George B. Green, the
first drug- store was opened by G. A. Cutler, the general store by J.
R. Musgrave, and the first hotel, the Geuda Springs house, was built
b}' James Stiner.
Gideon, a hamlet located in the central part of Douglas county, is
about 8 miles southwest of Lawrence, the nearest railroad town, from
which it has rural free delivery.
Gilbert, a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. in Mitchell county,
is located about 3 miles east of Beloit, the county seat, from which
place it receives mail.
Giles, Fry W., one of the founders of Topeka, was born at Littleton,
N. H., in 1819, a descendant of John Giles, who came from England
and settled in Massachusetts in 1634. In the fall of 1854 Fry W. Giles
left New England for Kansas, and on Dec. 4 of that year arrived at
the place where Topeka now stands. He was secretary of the associa-
tion that laid out the city, and it is said was the man who gave the
name to the new town. In March, 1855, he was appointed postmaster,
the first to serve in that capacity in Topeka. During the early settle-
ment of the county he kept a private record of real estate transfers,
which was later made the legal records of Shawnee county by act of
the legislature. In 1857 he was elected county recorder and clerk,
and in 1864 he opened the first bank in Topeka. Two years later he
cook a partner and the business was conducted for some time under
the firm name of F. W. Giles & Co. When the Topeka National bank
was founded he became the first president of that institution. Mr.
Giles was the author of a work entitled "Thirty Years in Topeka,"
which was published in 1886. In this work he relates many interest-
ing incidents that occurred during that period — incidents that other-
wise might have been forgotten. He died on June 9, 1898.
Gilfillan, a small village of Bourbon county, is the terminus of a
short branch of the Missouri Pacific R. R. that connects with one of
the main lines at Marmaton, 6 miles west of Fort Scott, from which
place mail is delivered by rural carrier.
Gill, a little village of Western township, Logan county, is located
on the Smoky Hill river about 16 miles west of Russell Springs, the
county seat, and 4 miles southeast of Turkey Creek on the Union
Pacific, which is the nearest railroad station. It has a money order
postoffice and is a trading center for the neighborhood. The popula-
tion in 1910 was 47. There is also a hamlet named Gill in the western
part of Finney county.
Girard, the county seat of Crawford count}-, is situated near the cen-
ter of the ^county at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
and the St. Louis & San Francisco railroads. It is also connected by
electric lines with Franklin and Dunkirk. The town was laid out in
1868, when the railroad survey was made, by a company of which A.
Danford was president and C. H. Strong was secretary. It was named
75" CYCLOPEDIA OF
Girard by Mr. Strong, after his old home town in Pennsylvania. The
first dwelling was erected by C. H. Strong, who was appointed the
first postmaster when the office was established in 1868. J. Alexander
opened the first store. A second store was soon afterward opened by
a man named Sinnet, and in Dec, 1868, James Hull erected a build-
ing which was used as the first court-house. Owing to the troubles
over the building of the railroad the growth of Girard was slow for a
time, but by Feb., 1870, there were 140 buildings in the place. The
first town trustees, appointed on Nov. 10, 1869, were L. F. Crawford,
N. Sinnet, D. W. Burnett, W. E. Blandon and James Hull.
The first school house was built in 1869, and Maggie T. Hill taught
the first school in the • new building. A high school was established
in 1882. The first newspaper — the Girard Press — was started in Nov.,
1869, but did not live long. (See Newspapers.) In March, 1871, Girard
was incorporated as a city of the third class, and at the election in
April George Ryan was chosen mayor; A. J. Vickers, J. E. Raymond,
E. Fanger, H. P. Grund and F. B. Andrus, councilmen. The first bank
was started in June, 1871, by Frank Playter.
The Girard of the present day is a cit}- of the second class, equipped
with waterworks, electric lights, fire and police departments, a fine
sewer system, good public schools, a number of churches, etc. It has
3 banks, 3 weekly newspapers (the Girard Press, the Independent
News, and the Appeal to Reason), an international money order post-
office with seven rural routes, a telephone exchange, an opera house,
telegraph and express offices, good hotels, and a number of fine stores
and residences. Among the industries are flour mills, an oil refinery,
a creamery, cereal coffee, condensed milk, vinegar and fence factories,
a stove works, an ice and cold storage plant, etc. Being located in the
coal fields, a large number of the inhabitants are interested in mining
operations, and large quantities of coal are shipped from Girard every
year. The population in 1910 was 2,446.
Girls' Industrial School. — (See Industrial Schools.)
Glade, a village of Phillips county, is a station on the Atchison &
Lenora division of the Missouri Pacific R. R. 6 miles south of Phillips-
burg, the county seat. It was formerly known as Marvin, or Chil-
licothe. Glade has a money order postoffice with two rural routes,
telegraph and express offices, a good local retail trade, and is a ship-
ping point of some importance. The population in 1910 was 175.
Gladstone, a small hamlet in the northwestern part of Phillips county,
is located near the head of Driftwood creek, about 8 miles from Beards-
ley, which is the nearest railroad station. INIail is received by rural
delivery from Benkelman, Neb.
Glasco, an incorporated city of Cloud county, is located in Solomon
township on the Solomon river and the Union Pacific R. R., about 20
miles southwest of Concordia, the count}' seat. It has 2 banks, an
international monej' order postoffice with four rural routes, express and
telegraph service, telephone connections, a weekly newspaper (the Sun),
KANSAS HISTORY 751
an opera house, graded and high schools, churches of the leading-
denominations, hotels, mercantile houses, etc. The population in 1910
was 720.
Gleed, Charles S., lawyer and writer, was born at Morrisville, Vt.,
March 23, 1856, a son of Thomas and Cornelia (Fisk) Gleed. In earl}-
life he came to Kansas, and from 1876 to 1880 he was a student in
the state university, receiving from that institution the degree of A. B.
He then became a student in the law school of the University of Kan-
sas, and from 1880 to 1884 he was connected with the traffic and law
departments of the Union Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe railroads. In 1884 he was admitted to the bar, and on June 28,
1888, he married Miss Mabel Gore of Lawrence, Kan. Mr. Gleed has
served as editor of the Denver Daily Tribune ; as president of the
Ka/(.sas City Daily Journal, the Missouri and Kansas Telephone com-
pany, and the Bell Telephone company of Missouri; vice-president of
tliii Pioneer Trust compan}', and as a director of the Atchison, Topeka
('v Santa Fe railroad. From 1889 to 1893 he was a regent of the Uni-
versity of Kansas. He has written many legal, economic and feature
Articles for newspapers and magazines : is a life member and director
of the Kansas -State Historical Society, and belongs to various clubs
in Topeka, where he resides, and elsewhere.
Gleed, James W., lawyer and brother of the above, was born at Mor-
r.sville, Vt., March 8, 1859. I" 1879 he received the degree of A. B.
^/om the University of Kansas, and from that time until 1882 was a
aitor in Latin and Greek in that institution. He then received the
degree of A. M., and for the next year was professor of Greek. In
1884 he received the degree of LL. B. from Columbia University. On
\ug. 25, 1886, he married Miss Grace Greer of Topeka. From 1887
:j 1900 he -was professor of the law of real property in the University
/f Kansas. In 1904 Columbia Universit> honored him with the degree
of LL. D. and in 1906 the same degree was conferred on him by Baker
Cniversity. Mr. Gleed has served as general solicitor for the Missouri
and Kansas Telephone compan}' ; was for twelve years on the board of
regents of the state university, and has contributed articles to maga-
zines on educational and economic subjects. He resides in Topeka,
where he is engaged in the practice of law.
Glen, a hamlet of Lincoln county, is located near the head of Spill-
man creek, about 16 miles northwest of Lincoln, the county seat. Mail
is delivered by rural carrier from the office at Cedron. Vesper, on the
L'nion Pacific, is the nearest railroad station.
Glendale, a hamlet of Bourbon county, is situated about 8 miles
north of Fort Scott, the county seat, from which it has rural free
delivery.
Glen Elder, an incorporated town of Mitchell county, is located on
the Solomon river and the Missouri Pacific R. R., in Glen Elder town-
ship, 12 miles w-est of Beloit, the count}- seat. It has 3 hotels, 2 grain
elevators, 2 banks, a weekly newspaper, express and telegraph offices
and an international money order postoffice with four rural routes.
752 CYCLOPEDIA OF
The population in 1910 was 565. The town was established in 1871
by Neve & Spencer, and called West Hampton. The Glen Elder post-
office, which was located half a mile north of this point, was moved
and the town took the name of the postoffice. The promoters of the
town built a large flour ■mill. The Mitchell County Key, a green-
back paper, was started by George E. Daugerty, who printed it by
hand with a roller.
Glengrouse, a small village of Cowley county, is situated near the
northeast corner of the count)' on Grouse creek, about 25 miles from
Winfield, the county seat. The population in 1910 was 32. Mail is
received from Atlanta by rural delivery.
Glenloch, a hamlet of Anderson county, is located in Jackson town-
ship, on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 6 miles northwest of Garnett, the
county seat. It has express and telegraph offices and a money order
postoffice. The population, according to the census of 1910, was 50.
Glenn's Expedition. — Of all the expeditions that visited Kansas, or
some portion of it, in the early part of the 19th century, less seems
to be known regarding that led by Col. Hugh Glenn than any other.
It appears to have been merely a party of adventurers, acting without
official authority, and with no other object in view than to see the
country and learn something of its possibilities. The best, and per-
haps the only, account of the expedition is that found in the journal
of Jacob Fowler, who was the chronicler of the undertaking. This
journal was edited and published by Dr. Elliott Coues a few years ago,
and from it the following facts regarding the expedition are taken.
Fowler and a few associates left Fort Smith, Ark., on Sept. 6, 182 1,
crossed the Arkansas river and made their way to the Neosho, near
where Fort Gibson was afterward built. Hugh Glenn was a well known
Indian trader, and at that time had a trading house on the Verdigris
river, about a mile from its mouth. From the Neosho, Fowler's party
moved on to Glenn's trading house, where the time until Sept. 25 was
spent in "making arrang"ements for the journey to the mountains."
A compan}- of 20 men was formed, including Jacob . Fowler and his
brother Robert, Nathaniel Pryor, who had been with Lewis and Clark,
several Frenchmen and a negro belonging to Jacob Fowler. Under
command of Col. Glenn the expedition set out up the Arkansas valley.
Fowler, who kept the journal, was not much of a speller, but what
he lacked in a knowledge of orthography he made up by the zeal with
which he kept a detailed record of each day's march. On Oct. 6 he
says :
"We now steered north leaveing the River (the Arkansas) on our
lefft Hand Beleveing the High Hill and Blufifs Near the River Wold
be difequal to pass With loaded pack Horses — at six miles over High
Rich lime stone Pirarie We Camped on a Crick 60 feet A^Mde Wheare
We killed some turkeys in the Evening."
Coues thinks that this "crick" was the stream known as Grouse
creek, which flows in a southerly direction through Cowley county.
KANSAS HISTORY 753
Kan., and empties into the Arkansas river near the southern boundary
of the State. For the next 30 days the expedition was in Kansas. From
Grouse creek it moved west for a few miles, then turned north, and
on the 9th it struck the Whitewater (Walnut) creek somewhere
between the present towns of Arkansas City and Winfield. On the
nth it again turned west, and two days later was about where Wichita
now stands. The remainder of the course through the state was along
the Arkansas river. According to Coues the camp of the 17th was not
far from the present town of Ellinwood in Barton county; the Pawnee
fork was crossed near Larned ; the camp of the 25th was near Ford,
in Ford county, and that of the 27th was not far from Dodge Cit}'.
On the 29th the camp was pitched near Pierceville, Finney county, and
on the 30th the expedition halted for the night about 8 miles west of
Garden City. Fowler's journal for the 31st says they had reached a
point where "a great many trees appear to Have (been) Cut down
b}' White men and a french trading Camp Have been latly burned
down Soposed to be Shotoes." (See Chouteau's Island.)
On Nov. I the expedition "lay by to Rest Horses and dress Skins
and prepare for winter. This morning the first Ice We seen frose in
the Kittle about as thick as the Blaid of a knife and Ice floted down the
River."
All of the 2nd was spent in camp, but on the 3d the expedition pro-
ceeded on up the river and that night camped near the present village
of Kendall, not far from the boundary between Kearny and Hamil-
ton counties. Here another short rest was taken, and on the 5th the
expedition moved on westward, entering Colorado either that day or
the one following.
Glenwood, a hamlet in the southeastern part of Leavenworth county,
is about 2 miles northwest of Jaggard, the nearest railroad point, and
8 miles northwest of Bonner Springs, from which it has rural free
delivery.
Glick, George W., the ninth governor of Kansas after the state was
admitted into the Union, was born at Greencastle, Ohio, July 4, 1827,
a son of Isaac and Mary (Sanders) Glick. His great-grandfather,
Henry Glick, with four brothers, came from Germany during the
colonial period, and all served as soldiers in the Continental army dur-
ing the Revolutionary war. His grandfather, George Glick, served
under Gen. Harrison in the War of 1812, and was wounded in the bat-
tle of Fort Meigs, not far from the present city of Toledo, Ohio. When
Gov. Glick was about five years of age his parents removed to San-
dusky county, Ohio, where his father acquired extensive farming inter-
ests and became a citizen of prominence, having been elected treasurer
of the count}' three times in succession. Here the future governor of
Kansas attended the public schools, and by his studious habits man-
aged to acquire a good, practical knowledge of the English language
and higher mathematics. His ambition was to be a lawyer, and soon
after leaving school he entered the office of Buckland & Haves at
(I-48)
754. CYCLOPEDIA OF
Lower Sandusky (now Fiemont), where he studied for two years,
when he was admitted to the bar in 1850 by the supreme court of
Ohio, before which tribunal he passed an examination with the stu-
dents of the Cincinnati Law School. He began practice at Fremont
and soon won distinction as a lawyer. A firm believer in the prin-
ciples advocated by the Democratic party, he cast his political lot with
that organization, and in 1858 was nominated for Congress, but
declined the honor. The same year he made the race for state senator
against Ralph P. Buckland, one of his preceptors, and although defeated
led his ticket by near!}' 2,000 votes. About a year before this cam-
paign he had been appointed colonel of the Second regiment and judge-
advocate of the Seventeenth division of the Ohio militia by Gov. Salmon
P. Chase. In the fall of 1858, after his defeat for state senator, Gov.
Glick came to Kansas, locating at Atchison, where he formed a part-
nership with Alfred G. Otis, under the firm name of Otis & Glick,
which association lasted for fifteen years. At the election of Dec. 6,
1859 — the first election under the Wyandotte constitution — he was the
Democratic candidate for judge of the Second judicial district; was
a member of the legislature from 1863 to 1868: was the Democratic
candidate for governor in 1868, but was defeated by James M. Harvey ;
was elected to the legislature again in 1875 and also in 1880; served
as speaker pro tem in the session of 1876; and in 1882 was nominated
and elected governor, being the only candidate on the Democratic
state ticket to win a victory. Gov. Glick had been active in political
and legal affairs in many other ways. In 1866 he was elected a dele-
gate to the L^nion convention at Philadelphia, Pa.; he served as county
commissioner and auditor of Atchison county ; was one of the early
directors of t?he Union Pacific railroad and attorney for the central
branch from 1867 to 1874; engaged in farming and stock raising in
1874, his "Shannon Hill" farm of about 600 acres being one of the
best known farms in eastern Kansas; was United States pension agent
at Topeka from 1885 to 1892; was for over thirty years a member of
the state board of agriculture ; was treasurer of the board of Centen-
nial managers in 1876; was one of the commissioners to the Chicago
exposition of 1893 ^^^ the Louisiana Purchase exposition at St. Louis
in 1904; was one of the: founders of the Atchison Gas company; was-
the first master of Shannon Hill Grange, Patrons of Husbandr}' ; Avas a
Knight Templar Mason, belonging to lodge, chapter and commandery
in Atchison, and on Dec. 7, 1907, he was elected first vice-president of
the Kansas Historical Society. On Sept. 17, 1857, Gov. Glick was united
in marriage at Massillon, Ohio, with Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Dr.
A. Ryder of Fremont. To this union were born a son and a daughter.
Frederick H. and Jennie. The son was private secretary to his father
while the latter was governor. After a long illness Gov. Glick died at
his home on April 13, 1911.
Click's Administration. — Gov. George W. Glick, the first Democratic-
governor of the State of Kansas, was inaugurated on Jan. 8, 1883, and
KANSAS HISTORY 755
the next day marked the opening of the fourth biennial session of the
legislature, which organized with Lieut. -Gov. D. W. Finney as presi-
dent of the senate and James D. Snoddy as speaker of the house. Fol-
lowing the custom required by the constitution, Gov. Glick submitted
his message to the assembly at the opening of the session.
"I consider this duty," said he, "under the present system of bien-
nial sessions, would be proper, and more satisfactory to the legisla-
ture, were it performed by the outgoing executive, as all transactions
of the government are familiar to him, and he a part of them and an
important factor in them. The incoming administration labors under
great difficulty in endeavoring to perform this duty to the state. The
inabilit}^ of any one to make himself entirely familiar with all the
various affairs of state, its educational, charitable, reformatory and
penitive institutions, in the short time intervening between the elec-
tion and the time for entering upon the discharge of the duties of the
executive office, will be apparent to any one who will give the matter
a moment's reflection."
Notwithstanding this view, the governor goes on and gives an intelli-
gent review of the conditions surrounding the finances, institutions and
industries of the state. He announced the corn crop of 1882 as hav-
ing been over 35,000,000 bushels; the wheat crop more than 35,000,000
bushels, and the value of all farm products for the year as over
$108,000,000. The permanent school fund had reached $2,280,121.07,
and there was a cash balance of $644,323.76 in the state treasury at
the close of the year.
He recommended that provisions be made for the appointment of
a state veterinarian, in connection with the state board of agriculture,
"who shall be charged with the duty of looking after, and aiding the
people in protecting the live stock against contagious diseases," etc.
He also recommended the creation of the office of county assessor,
in order "to secure an equal, or at least a more uniform valuation of
real estate," and that county commissioners be authorized "to levy a
tax annuall}^ not exceeding one mill on the dollar, to be used exclusively
by the county board in the repair of, or grading roads, where public
necessity may require such work to be done, as the means now provided
by law are inadequate."
Earlier in the year the supreme court had decided the prohibitory
amendment, as well as the law giving it force, valid and in harmony
with the spirit of the constitution. In discussing this subject, the gov-
ernor declared that "It was premature — and indeed unfortunate — to
have engrafted into the fundamental law of the state a policy which
from its nature was an experiment of doubtful utility and of uncer-
tain success, and which has proved a failure wherever tried in other
states." Holding this view, it was natural that he should recommend
the resubmission of the amendment. (See Prohibition.")
A large part of the message was devoted to a discussion of the rail-
road problem, the result of which was the passage of a law fixing the
756 CYCLOPEDIA OF
passenger rate at three cents a mile and the establishment of a railroad
commission (q. v.).
It will be remembered that the legislature of 1877 passed an act
authorizing the governor to appoint a state agent to prosecute the
claims of Kansas against the United States, and that Gov. Anthony
appointed ex-Gov. Samuel J. Crawford to the position. In his message
of 1883 Gov. Glick says that Mr. Crawford, as the agent of the state,
"has with great energy and marked ability prosecuted the claims of
the state against the general government, and has secured for the
school interests of the state 267,898 acres of land, leaving 1,600 acres
yet in controversy ; and also secured and adjusted a large amount of
the claims against the general government for money expended and
indebtedness assumed on account of the volunteer and militia forces
into active service, and five per centum on the sale of public land,
and other moneys and lands. He is entitled to his compensation for
services rendered under his contract, and you will without doubt make
an appropriation for such payment."
In response to this request on the part of the executive the legisla-
ture, by the act of March 5, made an appropriation to pa}' Mr. Craw-
ford for services already rendered or in process of consummation. This
appropriation, amounting to $10,209.65, was distributed as follows:
$200 for securing to the state indemnity school lands, and a sum equal
to ten per centum of lands so secured, estimating the value at $1.25
per acre; $4,238.25 to pay for his services in collecting the five per
centum due from the United States on sales of land in the Indian
reservations in Kansas; $1,076.15 for services in securing the rebate of
$10,761.50 on the direct war tax levied against the state; $895.25 for
the recovery of $8,952.57 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1883, on
account of arms, etc., furnished the United States by the State of
Kansas in 1861 ; $3,800, "or so much thereof as may be necessary, for
the purpose of paying said agent for his services in prosecuting tc
recover five per centum on sales of land in former Indian reservations,
not included in former accountings by the United States and hereto-
fore disallowed, the same being estimated at the sum of $38,000."
The next day another act was passed, authorizing Crawford to repre-
sent the State of Kansas in all matters pertaining to grants of land
made by Congress to aid in the construction of railroads within the
state ; and that "in the execution of his authority under this act he
shall investigate and ascertain the amount of land granted by Con-
gress for the benefit of railroads in Kansas, and the amount to which
each of said railroads was or is entitled as indemnity; . . . and
whether in the adjudication of such grants the just rights of the state
or of citizens thereof have been impaired." (See Railroads.)
In the execution of the duties imposed by this act Mr. Crawford
was required to report to the governor, for transmission to the legisla-
ture, and Avas to receive no compensation unless the state was
benefited.
KANSAS HISTORY 757
The session lasted until March 8. In addition to the acts above
mentioned, the state was divided into seven Congressional districts ;
provision was made for the sale of school lands on twenty years' time,
with six per cent, interest per annum on deferred payments ; the appoint-
ment of a mine inspector was authorized and laws passed to guard
the health and safety of persons emplo3-ed in the mines ; cities with
outstanding bonds were given authority to compromise and refund their
debts; the political disabilities of a number of persons were removed,
and the eighteenth judicial district was established. One of the duties
devolving upon this session was the election of a United States senator,
and a ballot was accordingly taken on Jan. 24. Preston B. Plumb
received 127 votes; John Martin, 20; J. G. Bayne, 12; John A. Ander-
son, 3, and Gov. Glick, i. Mr. Plumb was therefore declared elected.
On March 31, 1883, the executive council appointed the first board
of railroad commissioners for the State of Kansas. It consisted of
Henry Hopkins, who was appointed for three years ; James Humphrey,
for two years, and L. L. Turner, for one year. (See Railroad Com-
mission.)
Dudley C. Haskell, representative in Congress from the second dis-
trict, died on Dec. 16, 1883, '^"d on Jan. 3, 1884, Gov. Glick ordered
an election for March i to select a representative for the unexpired
term. The Republicans nominated Edward rf. Funston, who was
opposed by S. A. Riggs. At the election Funston received 24,116 votes,
and Riggs, 17,904. Mr. Funston ,took the oath of office as Congress-
man on March 21.
During the winter of 1S83-84 the malady known as the foot-and-
mouth disease became prevalent among the cattle in the counties of
Woodson, Anderson, Lyon, Allen and Coffey. At that time there were
in the state some 2,000,000 cattle, valued at $50,000,000, and sheep
worth over $2,000,000, all of which were subject to the disease, which
was pronounced contagious and incurable. As the governor had no
power to declare or enforce a quarantine against infected animals,
there arose a general demand for a special session of the legislature
to devise ways and means to stamp out the disease. Accordingly, on
March 13, 1884, Gov. Glick issued a proclamation calling the general
assembly to meet in extra session on the i8th. The legislature met
pursuant to the call and organized by the election of A. P. Riddle
president pro tem of the senate, and James D. Snoddy speaker of the
house. The session lasted only until the 25th, and but few bills were
passed. The sum of $7,000 was appropriated for an exhibit of the
state's products at the New Orleans exposition ; a live stock sanitary
commission was created ; quarantine grounds for Texas cattle were
designated, and provisions made for the appointment of a state
veterinary surgeon.
The most interesting events of the 3'ear 1884 were the incidents con-
nected with the political campaign. On April 21 a committee of the
National Greenback party met at Topeka and selected as delegates-at-
758 CYCLOPEDIA OF
large to the national convention, A. J. Utley, P. P. Elder, J. H. Lim-
bocker and C. H. Moody. The committee also selected the following
named gentlemen for delegates to the Anti-monopoly convention at
Chicago : PI. P. Vrooman, W. J. A. Montgomery, A. B. Montgomery
and J. C. Hebbard. This convention met on May 14 and nominated
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler for the presidency, which action was indorsed
by the national Greenback convention, at Indianapolis, Ind., two weeks
later.
A Republican state convention at Topeka on April 29 nominated
P. B. Plumb, John G. Wood, J. S, Merritt and A. W. Mann for dele-
gates-at-large to the national convention, and two delegates from each
Congressional district were also named. John H. Price and D. A.
Valentine were nominated for presidential electors-at-large. The dis-
trict electors were: ist district, A. J. Felt; 2nd, I. O. Pickering; 3d,
Dr. J. L. Denison ; 4th, J. M. Miller ; 5th, F. W. Sturgis ; 6th, W. S.
Tilton ; 7th, T. T. Taylor. A vote was taken by the convention to
express the choice of the Kansas Republican for president, and James
G. Blaine received the votes of 202 of the 289 delegates. The resolu-
tions indorsed President Arthur's administration ; favored "such legis-
lation as will afiford labor just remuneration, and make capital secure
in investment," and a national law regulating interstate commerce.
The Democratic state convention for the selection of delegates to
the national convention was held in Topeka on May 28. Gov. George
W. Glick, Thomas P. Fenlon, AV. C. Terr}^ and Thomas Hudson were
selected as delegates-at-large, and district delegates were also chosen.
Among the resolutions adopted was one indorsing Gov. Click's admin-
istration "as able, conservative and honest," and the convention "points
with pride to the first Democratic governor of Kansas, as a specimen
of what may be expected when the Democracy shall take possession of
the national government."
On July 16 the Republican state convention for the nomination of
candidates for the state offices met in Topeka. John A. Martin was
nominated for governor; A. P. Riddle, for lieutenant-governor; E. B.
Allen, for secretary of state ; E. P. McCabe, for auditor ; Samuel T.
Howe, for treasurer ; S. B. Bradford, for attorney-general ; J. H. Law-
head, for superintendent of public instruction; Albert H. Horton, for
chief justice of the supreme court; and William A. Johnston, for asso-
ciate justice.
The day following the Republican convention the Prohibitionists
met in Topeka and selected delegates to the national convention of that
party, the delegates-at-large being J. H. Byers, M. V. B. Bennett, James
F. Legate and A. M. Richardson. Ex-Gov. John P. St. John was
nominated for president by the national Prohibition convention, which
met at Pittsburgh, Pa., July 24.
Two conventions assembled in Topeka on Aug. 20 — one composed
of Democratic delegates from all parts of the state, and one of Re-
publicans who favored the resubmission of the prohibitory amendment.
KANSAS HISTORY 759
The latter adopted a resolution to the effect that "no candidates for
legislative, gubernatorial or judicial office should be supported for elec-
tion who are not known to be, and who will not pledge themselves,
for resubmission, and Gov. Glick was heartily complimented and com-
mended "for the manly and honest course he has taken, and the fight
he has made, in behalf of the personal liberty of the people of Kansas."
A conference committee, consisting of seven members from each
convention, recommended that the resubmissionists be permitted to
name one candidate on the state ticket, and Cyrus K. Holliday was
nominated for lieutenant-governor in accordance with this arrange-
ment. The resubmission convention then adjourned and the members
repaired in a hod_v to the hall where the Democratic convention was
in session. Here they were received with a great demonstration of
enthusiasm and some time was devoted to speech-making, after which
the delegates settled down to the nomination of candidates for state
offices. Gov. Glick was renominated by acclamation; the nomination
of Mr. Holliday for lieutenant-governor was sanctioned in the same
way ; Eugene Hagen was named for secretary of state ; H. V. Gavigan,
for auditor; W. A. Huliman, for treasurer; George P. Smith, for attor-
ney-general ; M. J. Keyes, for superintendent of public instruction ; W.
P. Campbell, for chief justice, and T. A. Hurd, for associate justice.
Presidential electors were also chosen, as follows : At large, Thomas
Moonlight and George T. King; 1st district, W. W. Sargent; 2nd, J.
B. Chapman; 3d, B. F. Devore; 4th, T. P. Fulton; 5th, James Ketner;
6th, H. A. Yonge; 7th, J. B. Fugate.
The platform adopted by the Democratic convention indorsed the
nomination of Cleveland and Hendricks for the presidency and vice-
presidency by the national convention at Chicago ; approved the admin-
istration of Gov. Glick ; congratulated the people of Kansas on the estab-
lishment of a board of railroad commissioners; declared "That con-
stitutional prohibition has been fruitful of discord, perjury and dis-
crimination," and demanded "a repeal of the present obnoxious and
unjust law for the enforcement of prohibition, and in its stead a well
regulated license system rigidly enforced."
A state ticket was placed in the field by a convention of the Green-
back-labor party at Topeka on Aug. 27, and was made up as follows :
Governor, H. L. Phillips ; lieutenant-governor, John W. Breidenthal ;
secretary of state, J. C. Flebbard ; auditor, W. H. T. Wakefield ; treas-
urer, D. H. Plefiflebower ; attorney-general, H. L. Brush ; superintend-
ent of public instruction, Miss Fannie Randolph ; chief justice, H. P.
Vrooman; associate justice, J. D. McBrian ; presidential electors at
large, A. J. Utley and S. D. Underwood; ist district, B. H. Oldfield ;
2nd, C. T. Sears; 3d, E. H. Benham ; 4th, C. Corning; 5th, J. H. Lim-
bocker; 6th, C. J. Lamb; 7th, J. H. Franklin.
On Sept. 2 a convention. of Prohibitionists favoring an independent
party movement met at Lawrence and selected the following presi-
dential electors : S. L. North, E. Clark, Theodore Wilson, R. L. Lotz,
760 CYCLOPEDIA OF
I'heodore Owen, C. P. Stevens, T. C. Miller, J. S. Stockton and M.
V. B. Barker. A majority of the delegates decided that it was not
advisable to name a state ticket, leaving each member of the party
free to act individuall}^, but pledged themselves to use their best
endeavors to secure the election of the national Prohibition ticket.
This action did not meet the approval of some, and about forty of the
delegates bolted the convention, nominated A. B. Jetmore for governor;
Miles Brown for lieutenant-governor ; Allen AVilliams for auditor ; Wil-
liam Battles for treasurer ; R. Simons for attorney-general ; and indorsed
the Greenback candidates for secretary of state, superintendent of pub-
lic instruction, and the supreme court justices. Mr. Jetmore subse-
quently declined to make the race.
At the election on Nov. 4 the Republican presidential electors car-
ried the state by almost 65,000 plurality. Martin, the Republican candi-
date for governor, received 146,777 votes; Click, 108,284; Phillips,
9,998; John Martin, 142; scattering, 38. Gov. Glick ran about 11.000
votes ahead of the Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor, and
nearly 14,000 ahead of the rest of the ticket, owing to the support of
the Republicans who favored the resubmission of the prohibitory amend-
ment. Seven Republican Congressmen were elected from the several
districts, in the Order named: E. N. Morrill, E. H. Funston, B. W.
Perkins. Thomas Ryan, John A. Anderson, Lewis Hanback and Samuel
R. Peters.
On Dec. 3, 1884, the presidential electors met and cast the vote of
the state for James C. Blaine for president, and John A. Logan for
vice-president, each of whom received nine electoral votes. James M.
Miller was chosen messenger to carrj' the vote to Washington, D. C.
During the year 1884 James Smith, secretary of state, issued char-
ters to 780 corporations, which would indicate that the business and
industrial interests of the state were keeping pace with the march of
progress.
Gov. Martin was inaugurated on Jan. 12, 1885, and the next day
Gov. Glick retired from the office which he had held for two years,
during which time he had endeavored to discharge his duties with
fidelity and impartiality.
Globe, a hamlet of Douglas county, is located in the extreme south-
western portion in the valley of Eight Mile creek, about 12 miles west
of Baldwin, the nearest railroad town, from which it has rural free
deliver3^ In 1910 the population was 47.
Goddard, an incorporated city of the third class in Sedgwick county,
is a station on the Atcaison, Topeka & Sante Fe R. R. 14 miles west
of Wichita, the county seat. It has a bank, grain elevators, general
stores, graded schools, Baptist and Methodist churches, telegraph,
express and telephone service, and a money order postoffice with two
rural routes. The name was formerly Blendon. In 1910 Goddard
reported a population of 225.
KANSAS HISTORY 761
Godfrey, a small hamlet of Bourbon county, is situated at tlie junc-
tion of the Missouri Pacific and the St. Louis & San Francisco rail-
roads, 7 miles south of Fort Scott, from which place mail is received
by rural deliver3^
Godfrey County. — This county was created by the first territorial
legislature, with the following boundaries: "Beginning at the south-
east corner of Greenwood county ; thence south to the southern bound-
ary of the territory ; thence west 24 miles ; thence north to the south-
west corner of Greenwood; thence east 24 miles to the place of be-
ginning."
In the original act the name is spelled "Godfrey." It was attached
to Allen count}^ for civil and military purposes and was never organ-
ized as an independent political division of the state. By the act of
June 3, 1861, the name was changed to Seward county, in honor of
William H. Seward, and subsequently the territory was divided into
the present counties of Elk and Chautauqua.
Goessel, a hamlet of Marion county, is located 18 miles southwest
of Marion, the county seat, and 10 miles south of Lehigh, on the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., the nearest railroad station and
shipping point. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route.
The population, according to the census of 1910, was 100.
Goff, one of the thriving towns of Nemaha county, an incorporated
city of the third class, is located in Harrison township 15 miles south-
east of Seneca, the county seat, at the junction of the two branches
of the Missouri Pacific R. R. It was established by the railroad in 1880
and named after Edward H. Goff, a railroad man. In 1910 it had 422
inhabitants, a weekly newspaper, good banking facilities, telegraph and
express offices, and an international money order postoffice with three
rural routes.
Gognac, a country postoffice in Grant county, is located near the
west line about 9 miles southwest of New Ulysses, the count}' seat, and
30 miles south of Hartland, the nearest railroad station.
Gold. — From the earliest period of history gold has had a strange fas-
cination for the human race. To secure the yellow metal men have
undergone all sorts of hardships. The lure of gold led Coronado (q. v.)
to undertake an expedition into the wilds of North America in search of
the wealthy province of Quivira. Since that time rumors of gold in what
is now the State of Kansas have been repeatedly circulated. Du Pratz's
map of Louisiana, published in 1757, has marked at the mouth of the
Little Arkansas river "A Gold Mine." It may be, however, that this
marking was due to a tradition that years before a party from New Mex-
ico, while going down the Arkansas river in boats, was attacked at this
point by Indians and all the members killed but one, who succeeded in
making his escape after burying a large amount of money and treasure.
In 1836 Jesse Chisholm guided a party to the place to search for this
buried wealth, and other searching parties made investigations, but with-
out success.
762 CYCLOPEDIA OF
William B. Parsons and O. B. Gunn both published in 1859 accounts
of the gold mines in western Kansas. Parsons tells of a party being
made up at Lawrence to go to the mines under command of J. H. Turney.
These mines are in the vicinity of Pike's' peak and have produced a
large amount of gold, but they are now in the State of Colorado.
The Kansas City Journal of June 17, 1859, in giving an account of a
trip down the Kansas river by the steamer Gus Linn, says : "Mr. Budd
informs us that while the boat was aground near Topeka, some of the
deck hands washed several particles of gold from the sand in the bed of
the river. No claims have yet been sold, but it is really said that there
is to be a daily express started from Leavenworth next week to the new
diggings. The gold is a fact."
If the Leavenworth express, was started, or if any systematic effort
was ever made to develop gold mines at Topeka, no account of the occur-
rence has been preserved. The Kansas City Star of Feb. 25, 1896, pub-
lished another report of mines having been found in Kansas. It says:
"Gold has been found at Hollenberg, Kan., and is said to assay $16 to
$20 to the ton. It is found in the sand and near a large creek. Hollen-
berg is a German settlement in northeastern Kansas on the Grand Island
road. According to the traditions of the country, gold was found in that
locality by emigrants traveling to the far West in '42 and later. The
excitement is increasing and people are coming into the little town in
crowds from all directions."
But again the gold seekers were doomed to disappointment and the
crowds departed almost as quickly as they came, leaving Hollenberg to
pursue "the even tenor of its way" as a quiet little village of Washing-
ton county.
About the time of the Hollenberg discovery, C. K. Holliday, hearing
reports of tin along the upper course of the Smoky Hill river, sent a man
to investigate. No tin was found, but an ore bearing a low percentage
of zinc was discovered. A shaft was sunk to the depth of some 200 feet,
and in experimenting with the shale a metal was found that bore a
strong resemblance to gold. In the spring of 1902 a compan}' was formed
at Topeka for the purpose of making more extended investigations.
Prof. Ernest Fahrig of the Philadelphia commercial museum was em-
ployed to come to Kansas and examine the shale. Samples assayed by
him showed about $3 to the ton. Machinery was brought from Phila-
delphia and a special mill was erected at Topeka for the reduction of the
ore. Another company established a mill at Smoky Hill, and a number
of well known Topeka citizens invested in Trego and Ellis county lands.
Among them were John R. Mulvane, C. K. Holliday, W. A. L. Thomp-
son and Judge Frank Doster. For a time the press was filled with
accounts of the development of the "Trego shales." Prof. Haworth of
the state university and Prof. Waldemar Lindgren of the United States
geological survey were skeptical as to the metal's being gold, and
thorough tests demonstrated that their skepticism was founded on
scientific facts. The Trego gold, while having the color, was lacking in
KANSAS HISTORY 763
Specific gravity. When its true character became known the project of
developing mines was abandoned, as the amount of zinc contained in
the shale was so low that it could not be mined with profit.
Hazelrigg's History of Kansas (p. 252) tells of the establishment of a
gold and silver refinery at Pittsburg in 1891, and also states that during
the next four years several were started, the largest being located at
Argentine. The statement is further made that in the four years one of
these concerns refiined 9,600,000 ounces of silver, and the author adds:
"With an abundance of ore near, and possibly in this state, this work
promises to become an important industry."
The prediction was not fulfilled, however. The smelters at Argen-
time and Pittsburg were built to refine ores from Mexico, Colorado and
Utah, and not with the hope of finding gold, silver or other valuable ores
in Kansas. They were established upon the theory that the smelter
should be near the center of manufacturing and transportation — a theory
that was soon found to be false. The duty on fluxing ores from Mexico,
and the impracticability of placing the smelter so far from the mines,
caused the abandonment of the enterprise and resulted in the disman-
tling of the smelter at Argentine, which was one of the largest in the
United States.
With some people, the hope of finding gold in Kansas may linger, but
with a large majority of her citizens the belief prevails that the real gold
mines of the state are in her corn, wheat and alfalfa fields.
Goode, a small hamlet in the northwestern part of Phillips county, is
about 14 miles from Phillipsburg, the county seat, whence mail is deliv-
ered by rural route. Long Island, on the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy,
is the nearest railroad station.
Goodin, Joel K., lawyer and legislator, was born at Somerset, Perry
county, Ohio, Feb. 24, 1824. He received an academic education, after
which he took up the study of law. Early in 1854 he was admitted to
the bar in his native state and the following June located upon the Waka-
rusa river in what is now Douglas county, Kan. He quickly espoused
the free-state cause; was a delegate to the Big Springs convention; was
clerk of the lower house of the Topeka legislature until it was dispersed
by Col. Sumner; was secretary of the council in the free-state legislature
of 1858, and the same year he began the practice of law in Douglas
county, but soon afterward removed to Ottawa. In 1866 he was elected
to represent Franklin county in the legislature, and was reelected in
1867. While a member of the house he assisted in organizing the State
School for the Deaf at Olathe. On Jan. 8, 1846, Mr. Goodwin married
Elizabeth Crist of Bucyrus, Ohio. She died on May 21, 1870, and he sub-
sequently married Mrs. Catherine A. Coffin, nee Taylor, a daughter of
one of the early presidents of Baker University. Mr. Goodin died at
Ottawa on Dec. 9, 1894.
Goodin, John R., judge and member of Congress, was born at Tiffin,
Seneca county, Ohio, Dec, 14, 1836. His father John Goodin, was county
treasurer for several terms, state senator in the Ohio state legislature and
764 CYCLOPEDIA OF
agent for the Wyandotte Indians at Upper Sandusky. In 1844 the family
moved to Kenton, Ohio, and John was thus enabled to attend college.
In 1854 he began to read law and was admitted to the bar three years
later. In 1858 he married Naomi Monroe. Within a year they went
west and located at Humboldt, Kan., where Mr. Goodin resumed his
law practice. During the raid on Humboldt, in 1862 he lost everything.
In 1866 he was elected to the Kansas state legislature ; the following year
he was elected judge of the district court; was reelected in 1871. He
was kept on the bench term after term, although a Democrat living in a
district that was unaminously Republican, having been elected as the
reform and opposition candidate. He resigned to take a seat in Congress
in 1874. Two years later he was defeated for reelection, and in the
later '70s was a candidate for governor but was unsuccessful. In 1883,
Judge Goodin moved to Wyandotte, now Kansas City, Kan., where he
engaged in the practice of his profession until his death on Dec. 18, 1895.
Goodintent, a hamlet in the eastern uortion of Atchison county, is
about 7 miles northeast of Atchison, the county seat, from which it has
free rural delivery.
Goodland, the county seat of Sherman county and one of the most
progressive cities in western Kansas, is situated almost in the exact
geographical center of the county on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
R. R. It was settled in 1887. The railroad company established shops,
round house and power house, coal chutes, and the largest stock yards
between Topeka and Denver. The company also erected a fine passen-
ger station and office building. Goodland has electric lights, water-
works, a telephone exchange, 3 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the News-
Republic and the Sherman Count}' Record), 2 opera houses, telegraph
and express offices, and an international money order postoffice with four
rural routes. Among the industries are the railroad shops, flour mills,
a cigar factory, grain elevators, etc. The city has spent in recent years
about $750,000 for improvements, with the result that the streets are
well paved, and practically all the sidewalks are of cement. Much of the
progress is due to the energy of the commercial club, which is com-
posed of the active business men of the city. A $20,000 high school
building was erected a few years ago, and the graded schools are equal
to those in any city of similar size. The fraternal organizations are well
represented, especially the railroad orders, and the Freemasons have a
fine temple. The population in 1910 was 1,993, ^ gain of 934 during the
preceding decade.
Goodnow, Isaac T., educator, was born at Whitingham, Vt., Jan. 17,
1814. When fourteen years old he entered a store as a clerk. At
the age of twenty he entered the Wilbraham Academy and for four-
teen years was connected with that institution, first as student and
later as an instructor. In 1848 he was elected to the chair of natural
sciences in Providence Seminary at East Greenwich, R. I., which posi-
tion he held tmtil 1855, when he removed to Kansas, settling near Man-
hattan. Two years later he went east and raised $4,000 for building
KANSAS HISTORY
765
a Methodist church at Manhattan. He was one of the founders of
Bluemont College, which later became the State Agricultural College.
In the ijiterest of this institution he again went east and raised $15,000
in money, a library of some 2,000 volumes, and some scientific
apparatus. As a member of the state legislature he secured the passage
of a bill to locate the 'state university at Manhattan, but it was vetoed
by Gov. Robinson. In 1862 and again in 1864 he was elected state
superintendent of public instruction, and during his two terms he
wielded considerable influence in laying the foundation for the pres-
ent public school system of the state. He was appointed agent to dis-
pose of the 90,000 acres of the agricultural college lands, and in 1869
was made land commissioner of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas rail-
road. Mr. Goodnow died in 1894.
Goodrich, a village of Linn county, is situated in the northwestern
portion, about 17 rniles northwest of Mound City, the county seat. It
is a station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R., has a money order
postofifice and telegraph station, and in 1910 had a population of 90.
Goose Question. — Judge Lawrence D. Bailey, in an account of the
border troubles in Kansas written for the Garden City Sentinel in
1887, says: "All who were actively and heartily in favor of making
Kansas a slave state were pronounced 'S. G. Q.,'_that is^to say 'sound
on the goose question,' and all others were abolitionists."
McNamara, in his "Three Years on the Kansas Border" (p. 143.,
tells how some pro-slavery men from Platte county, Mo., came into
Weston on March 29, 1855 (the day before the election for members
of the first Kansas legislature), with a live goose fastened on the top
of a long pole, thus giving a "living demonstration" that the}^ were
sound on the goose question and ready to invade the territory lor the
purpose of voting.
Just how the expression originated, and for what purpose— if there
was any fixed purpose— is rather problematical. A diligent search
through the archives of the Kansas Historical Society fails to bring
to light anv information on the subject. It may have been a sort of
password of some of the secret political organizations of that day, or
it may have originated with some one in a spirit of levity and accepted
by the pro-slavery advocates as a slogan. Whatever may have been
its origin, the newcomer to Kansas territory was certain to incur the
lasting displeasure, if not the mortal enmity, of the pro-slaverites if
they discovered that he was not "sound on the goose question."
Gophers.— (See Prairie Dogs.)
Gordon, a little village of Butler county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 19 miles south of Eldorado, the county seat.
It is in Walnut township, on the Walnut river, has a money order
postoffice, an express office, and a good local retail trade, tnough the
population in 1910 was only 28.
Gorham, a village of Big Creek township, Russell county, is located
near the western boundary, and is a station on the Union Pacific R.
766 CYCLOPEDIA OF
R. 8 miles west of Russell, the county seat. It has a bank, a money
order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, a
grain elevator, some good general stores, and in 1910 reported a
population of 175.
Goss, Nathaniel S., naturalist, was born at Lancaster, N. H., June
6, 1826, a son of Nathaniel and Parmelia (Abbott) Goss. While he
was still in his boyhood his parents removed to Wisconsin, where he
married in 1855 Miss Emma Brown of Pewaukee, who died in a short
time, and in the spring of 1857 he came to Kansas, having been one of
the first settlers of the city of Neosho Falls. In i860 he was com-
missioned major in the Kansas militia, and in 1863 was made lieutenant-
colonel of the Sixteenth militia regiment, with which he was engaged
in active service in southwestern Kansas. After the war he was
appointed register of the United States land office at Humboldt, but
resigned to become land attorney for the Missouri, Kansas & Texas
railroad, and later held a similar position with the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe. Mr. Goss is better known, however, for his work as a
naturalist. His opportunities to acquire an education in early life were
very limited. Unable to study in the schools established by man, he
studied nature. Birds had a peculiar attraction for him. As a boy he
loved them, and learned many interesting facts concerning their habits,
etc. As he grew older he took up the work of gathering and pre-
paring specimens of birds from every quarter of the country. In 1881
this collection — which is one of the finest in existence — was presented
to the State of Kansas, with the understanding that it should be known
as the "Goss Ornithological collection," and that he should be the cus-
todian of it as long as he lived. The collection is now in the state
capitol at Topeka. In 1883 Mr. Goss was elected a life member of the
American Ornithological Union in recognition of his work. His later
years were spent in writing a history of the "Birds of Kansas," which
was published a short time before his death. Mr. Goss died suddenly
of heart trouble at Neosho Falls, March 10, 1891. He was buried at
Topeka, the funeral services being conducted in the senate chamber.
Gove, the county seat of Gove county, is centrally located 11 miles
south of Grainfield on the Union Pacific, the nearest shipping point. It
is an incorporated city of the third class, has a bank, a weekly news-
paper (the Gove County Republican-Gazette), over a score of mer-
cantile establishments, and a money order postoffice. The population
in 1910 was 196. Gove was founded in 1885. A number of buildings
were at once erected and a telephone line to Grainfield was installed.
It was made the county seat in 1886. In Jan., 1888, it was organized
as a city of the third class. At that time it had a fine two-story brick
school house, a two-story court-house and a newspaper, bank and
stores, and a brick plant. The Gove county high school is located here.
Gove County, in the western part of the state, is the third from the
west line of the state, the third south from the Nebraska line and the
fifth north from Oklahoma. It is bounded on the north by Thomas and
KANSAS HISTORY 767
Sheridan counties, on the east by Trego, on the south by Lane and
Scott, and on the west by Logan county. The first settlements were
made in the latter '70s. The Union Pacific railroad was built through
this section of the state about that time and the first towns were estab-
lished along the railroad. Buffalo Park was the first town. It was
established about 1878. One of the most important early settlements
was the Bristol colony, which came from Bristol, Bucks county. Pa.,
in 1879. Its officers were: President, M. E. West; secretary, R. Robin-
son; treasurer, R. Shaw. Eleven families constituted the party. They
came first to Buffalo Park and after prospecting through the surrounding
territory located southwest of the town. The people found native build-
ing stone to construct buildings, plenty of good grass for cattle, and
water at an average depth of 50 feet. There was no timber and the
government granted timber claims, whereby the claim holder was
required to plant ten acres of timber. Hundreds of these timber claims
were taken, resulting in the planting of thousands of acres of trees.
In 1879, the legislature erected Gove county and bounded it as fol-
lows : "Commencing at the northeast corner of township 10 range 26
west; thence west on said township line to the east line of range 30
west; thence south on said range line to the north line of township 15;
thence east on said line to the west line of range 25 west; thence north
on said range line to the place of beginning." The present boundaries
extend to the east line of range 32, and to the south line of township 15
Gove township, as it was called at that time, was attached to Ellis
county for judicial purposes. In 1881 the legislature removed it from
Ellis and attached it to Trego.
The drought of 1880 was rather severe in Gove county and reduced
many families to destitute circumstances. Outside aid was sent in and
much sulYering relieved in this way. There were several little towns
in the county by this time, and two newspapers were established in this
year, the Grainfield Republican and the Bufifalo Park Express.
In 1886 the governor appointed L. F. Jones census taker. He made
his returns in August, showing that the population was 3,032, of whom
851 were householders, and that there were $549,909 worth of taxable
property. Two petitions were sent in on the county seat matter, one
asking that Grainfield be made the temporary county seat and the other
asking the same thing for Gove. Delegations from each town went to
Topeka to interview the governor, help count the names on the petitions,
and to prefer charges of fraud against each other. Originally the peti-
tion for Gove had 612 names and that from Grainfield 336. Some of the
names on the Gove petition were not on the census taker's list, which
cut the Gove majority down to 71. Then it was found that some of the
names on the Grainfield petition were open to the same objection, and
after a thorough investigation the governor proclaimed Gove the tempor-
ary county seat. The following officers were appointed : Commission-
ers, Jerome B. McClanahan, William T. Stokes and Lyan Raymond;
clerk, Dell A. Borah. The election was held at the time of the general
768 CYCLOPEDIA OF
election on Nov. 2, 1886, and Gove was made the permanent county seat,
in spite of the offer of Grainfield to furnish the site, put up a $6,000 court-
house and buy $1,200 worth of books. The officers chosen were as
follows: Clerk, Dell A. Borah; sheriff, J. W. Hopkins; probate judge,
C. E. Hebard ; treasurer, George S. Dyer ; register of deeds, L. F. Jones ;
clerk of the district court, U. W. Ohlinger; superintendent of public
instruction, G. G. Lehmer; attorney, R. C. Jones; surveyor, F. B. Cope;
coroner, David Blackwell ; commissioners, Lyman Raymond, J. W.
Campbell and Gustavus Peterson.
By this time there were 8 towns in the county, and 41,590 acres of
cultivated soil. The settlers had recovered from the hardships of the
earljr beginnings and most of them were raising fair crops.
Gove county is divided into nine townships, viz : Baker, Gaeland,
Gove, Grainfield, Grinnell, Larrabee, Lewis and Payne. The postoffices
in the county are, Gove, Alanthus, Ball, Campus, Catalpa, Coin, Grain-
field, Grinnell, Hackberry, Jericho, Jerome, Orion, Park, Ouinter,
Tweed and Valhalla. The surface is undulating with bluffs and rough
lands along the streams. Bottom lands average one-half mile in width.
The largest stream is the Smoky Hill river which flows from west to
east through the southern part. Two" branches of Hackberry creek enter
in the northwest and join two other creeks near the center of the county,
forming the larger Hackberry creek which continues in a southeasterly
direction, joining the Smoky Hill in Trego county. Gypsum, limestone
and mineral paint are found in considerable quantities.
Winter wheat, corn, barley and sorghum are the principal field crops.
Live-stock raising is profitable. The value of the farm products in 1910
was $1,194,476, of which field crops amounted to over $1,000,000, live
stock, poultry, eggs and dairy products making up the balance. The
population of the county in 1910 was 6,044, which was nearly three
times that of 1900. The assessed valuation of property was $10,373,486.
The school population is 1,437, and there are 46 organized school dis-
tricts.
Gove, Granville L., soldier, was a son of Moses Gove, who was at one
time mayor of Manhattan. At the breaking out of the Civil war he
enlisted in Company F, Sixth Kansas cavalry as a private, but was soon
made a corporal. In the summer of 1862 he was assigned to duty as a
recruiting officer and raised Company G, Eleventh Kansas cavalry, of
which he was commissioned first lieutenant. In May, 1864, he was pro-
moted to captain and remained in command of the company until his
death at Olathe, Kan., Nov. 7, 1864. Gove county and a Grand Army
post at Manhattan have been named in his honor.
Governors. — Kansas became an organized territory on May 30, 1854,
but the territorial government was not fully established until the 7th of
the following October. Between that time and Feb. 9, 1861, when the
state government was inaugurated, the territory had six governors and
five acting governors. The governors and their terms of service were
as follows :
KANSAS HISTORY 769
Andrew H, Reeder, from Oct. 7, 1854 to April 17, 1855, and again from
June 23 to Aug. 16, 1855 ; Wilson Shannon, from Sept. 7, 1855, to June
24, 1856, and from July 7, to Aug. 18, 1856; John W. Geary, from Sept.
9, 1856, to March 12, 1857; Robert J. Walker, from May 27 to Nov. 16,
1857; James W. Denver, from May 12 to Oct. 10, 1858; Samuel Medary,
from Dec. 18, 1858, to Aug. i, 1859, Sept 15, 1859, to April 15, i860, June
16 to Sept. II, and Nov. 25 to Dec. 17, i860.
Daniel Woodson, the first territorial secretarj^, was five times acting
governor, to-wit : April 17 to June 23, 1855; Aug. 16 to Sept. 7, 1855;
June 24 to July 7, 1856; Aug. 18 to Sept. 9, 1856; and March 12 to April
16, 1857. Frederick P. Stanton was acting governor from April 16 to
May 27, 1857, and again from Nov. 16 to Dec. 21, 1857. James W. Den-
ver was acting governor from Dec. 21, 1857, to May 12, 1858, when he
was appointed governor. Hugh S. Walsh served as acting governor from
July 3 to July 30, 1858; Oct. 10 to Dec. 18 1858; Aug. i to Sept. 15, 1859,
and from April 15 to June 15, i860. George M. Beebe was acting gover-
nor from Sept. 11 ^o Nov. 25, i860, and from Dec. 17, i860, to Feb. 9,
1861.
Section i, article i, of the \Vyandotte constitution, under which the
state was admitted into the Union, provided that the governors should
be inaugurated on the "second Monday of January next after their elec-
tion, and with the exception of Gov. Charles Robinson, who came into
office on Feb. 9, 1861, this date has been the beginning of the guberna-
torial term of office. Following is a list of the state governors, each of
whom was inaugurated on the date mentioned.
Charles Robinson, Feb. 9, 1861 ; Thomas Carney, Jan. 12, 1863; Sam-
uel J. Crawford, Jan. 9, 1865, (Gov. Crawford resigned on Nov. 4, 1868,
and Lieut. -Gov. Nehemiah Green took the oath of office the same day,
serving until the close of the term for which Crawford had been elected) ;
James M. Harvey, Jan. 11, 1869; Thomas A. Osborn, Jan. 13, 1873;
George T. Anthony, Jan. 8, 1877; John P. St. John, Jan. 13, 1879; George
W. Click, Jan. 8, 1883 ; John A. Martin, Jan. 12 1885 ; Lyman U. Hum-
phrey, Jan. 14, 1889; Lorenzo D. Lewelling, Jan. 9, 1893; Edmund N.
Morrill, Jan. 14, 1895; John W. Leedy, Jan. 11, 1897; William E. Stanley,
Jan. 9, 1899; Willis J. Bailey, Jali. 12, 1903; Edward W. Hoch, Jan. 9,
1905; Walter R. Stubbs, Jan. 11, 1909.
Of the state governors, Crawford, Harvey, Osborn, St. John, JMartin,
Humphrey, Stanley, Hoch and Stubbs were each elected for two terms.
Grace, a small hamlet of Sherman county, is situated in the Beaver
creek valley, about 18 miles northeast of Goodland, the county seat. It
was formerly a postoffice, but now the people receive mail by rural
delivery from Edson, which is the nearest railroad station.
Gradan, a country postoffice in Graham count}-, is located in Allodium
township, 17 miles northwest of Hill City, the county seat, and 8 from
Moreland, the nearest shipping point.
Grafstrom, Edward, mechanical engineer, was born at JMolola,
Sweden, Dec. 19, 1862. He was educated at the Orebro University
(1-49)
770 . CYCLOPEDIA OF
and the Boras Institute of Technology, where he was graduated in
mechanical engineering at the age of nineteen years. Soon afterward
he came to America, where he found employment with the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad company, and at the time of his death
he was chief mechancial engineer of that great corporation. Mr. Graf-
strom met his fate in a manner that was both sad and tragic. At the
time of the great flood in the spring of 1903 he designed and hastily
constructed a small steamer, with which he engaged in rescuing the
inhabitants of the flooded districts of Topeka. Hundreds of people
were conveyed to places of safety through his energy and foresight.
On the night of June 2, while trying to rescue still more, his boat was
capsized, and while the other five members of the crew succeeded in
saving themselves, Mr. Grafstrom was swept away by the raging
waters. His body was never recovered. On June 6, 1906, a commit-
tee of railroad men presented to the Kansas Historical Society a fine
bronze tablet bearing an inscription recounting his deed of valor and
his heroic sacrifice. The presentation of the tabl^ was made in the
hall of the house of representatives, Gov. Hoch and James A. Trout-
man delivering addresses in which they paid a high tribute to Mr.
Grafstrom's scholarly attainments and the unselfish disposition which
caused him to forfeit his life while trying to save others.
Grafton, one of the inland hamlets of Chautauqua county, is located
on North Caney Creek, 6 miles north of Sedan, the county seat, from
whence it receives its mail by rural route. Sedan is also the nearest
shipping and banking point.
Graham County, in the northwestern part of the state, is the fourth
county from the west line and the second south from Nebraska. It is
bounded on the north by Norton county, on the east by Rooks, on the
south by Trego, and on the west by Sheridan.
The first settlements were made on Bow creek in the northern part
of the county in 1872. The first to locate was W. E. Ridgley in May.
Following him were : Dr. A. D. Wilkinson, E. Poole, F. Scliuler, M.
N. Colman, John McGeary, Burris Harper, Robert Morrison, Joseph
Morrison, Charles Smith, Peter Young, Paris Stevens, Frank Nickol,
T. C. Deshon and some others. The* first settler to locate elsewhere
than on Bow creek was P. H. Collins, who took a claim 10 miles south.
Z. T. Fletcher located on the site of Nicodemus and started the first
grocery store at that place in 1872. Mrs. Fletcher was the first white
woman in the county. On coming into Graham county the settlers
found plenty of building material — stone, lime and sand. There was
timber on Bow creek but the contractors for the army cut it off and
in a few years fuel was very scarce. The bluffs along the streams
formed natural stock corrals, and on the Solomon and on Brush, Spring,
and Bow creeks there were plenty of good mill sites. Up until 1875 the
chief occupation was hunting, hauling bufifalo bones and raising a few
cattle. It was not until 1876 that there was a mill nearer than Glen
Elder in Mitchell county, over 80 miles away. There were 75 people
in the county at this time, but six years later there were 4,258.
KANSAS HISTORY 771
The early towns were : Hill City, established by W. R. Hill in
1876, Nicodemus, Millbrook, Gettysburg, Roscoe and Smithville.
Nicodemus, the second town in the county, was established by a town
company in 1877 on the site where Mr. Fletcher had established his
store on Spring creek. The other towns were established in 1878:
Millbrook, by N. C. Terrell; Gettysburg, by A. J. Wheeler; Roscoe,
by G. E. Higinbotham. The postoffices in all these towns were estab-
lished in 1878, the postmasters being: J. W. Crawford at Hill City,
Z. T. Fletcher at Nicodemus, N. C. Terrell at Millbrook, Joseph Getty
at Gettysburg, G. E. Higinbotham at Roscoe. The first postofifice was
called Graham and was on Bow creek. It was established in 1874, with
H. W. Windom as postmaster. Houston, the second postoffice, was
established in 1875, with Oren Nevins as postmaster. The first Sunday
school was held at the home of J. A. Holliway in 1874, the first ser-
mon was preached near the Houston postoffice by Rev. J. M. Brown
in 1876. The first school district was organized at Nicodemus. The
first drug store was opened by C. Fountain on the site of Millbrook
in June, 1878. Three newspapers were established in 1879 — the West-
ern Star at Hill City in May, by Beaumont & Garnett ; the Millbrook
Times, a Greenback paper, by B. F. Graves in July, and the Graham
County Lever at Gettysburg by McGill & Hogue in August. Another
paper, the Roscoe Tribune, was established in May, 1880, by Worches-
ter & Kellogg. In 1881 there were 22 postoffices, 22 church organiza-
tions, 40 organized school districts and 42 business houses.
County organization was effected on April i, 1880, with Millbrook
as the county seat. The appointed officers were : Clerk, E. P. Mc-
Cabe ; commissioners, E. C. Moses and O. G. Nevins. The first elec-
tion was held on June i. Hill City was chosen as the permanent county
seat, and the following officers were elected: Representative, J. L.
Walton; commissioners, A. Mort, G. W. Morehouse and J. N. Glover;
county clerk, John Deprad ; county attorney, J. R. McCowen ; register
of deeds, H. J. Harrvi ; treasurer, L. Thoman ; surveyor, L. Pritchard ;
sheriiif, E. A. Moses ; coroner. Dr. Butterfield ; probate judge, James
Gordon.
The following incident is an illustration of the sufferings and priva-
tions of early days in Graham county : A man by the name of Allen
was living with his wife and five children about 20 miles north of
Millbrook in the winter of 1880. On Wednesday Mr. Allen went to
Millbrook to get some coal. On his way back he was caught in a
blizzard and lost his way. When he reached home Friday morning
he found his family all frozen to death.
Graham county is divided into 13 townships, viz: Allodium, Bryant,
Gettysburg, Graham, Happy, Hill City, Indiana, Millbrook. Morlan,
Nicodemus, Pioneer, Solomon and Wild Horse. The postoffices are.
Hill City, the county seat, Bogue, Gradan, Morland, Nicodemus, Pen-
okee, Saint Peter and Togo. The Union Pacific R. R. runs through
the central part of the county from east to west, passing through Hill
City.
■j-JZ CYCLOPEDIA OF
The largest stream is the south fork of the Solomon river which
flows east through the central part. It has numerous tributaries. Sev-
eral creeks in the southern part of the county are tributary to the Saline.
The timber belts along these streams are narrow and contain the vari-
eties of wood most common to Kansas. The bottom lands average one
mile in width. Limestone, sandstone, and gypsum are plentiful.
This is a remarkable alfalfa section, and has some of the largest farms
in the state. It is also a stock and grain county. The farm products
are worth about $3,000,000 per annum, that of 1910 lacking a few thou-
sand dollars of that amount. Wheat in that year brought $794,716; corn,
$872,060; tame grasses, $213,854; wild grasses, $91,259; animals sold
for slaughter, $604,652. Dairy products, poultry, sorghum, potatoes and
Kafir corn are also important.
The assessed valuation of property in 1910 was $13,146,430. The
population in that year was 8,700.
Grainfield, an incorporated city of Gove county, is located in Grain-
field township, on the Union Pacific R. R., 11 miles north of Gove, the
county seat. It has a bank, an elevator, a number of mercantile estab-
lishments, a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and
express offices, and the population according to the census of 1910 was
309. The town was started by the railroad company which sent a Mr.
Beal from Abilene in 1879 to project a town. He started at once to
erect a $10,000 stone hotel, known as the Occidental house. The spirit
was catching, and before his hotel was finished a number of buildings
were put up, including two stores. In four months' time it was a full
fledged town with all conveniences of life, and with a population of 150.
The first newspaper was the Grainfield Republican established in 1880.
Granada, one of the hamlets of Nemaha county, is located in Granada
township 17 miles southeast of Seneca, the county seat, and 8 miles
north of Wetmore, from which place it receives its mail. It is one of the
oldest settled places in the county, the first person to locate in the vicin-
ity having been D. M. Locknane in 1855. Other early settlers were :
Messrs. Chappel, Pilant, Haigh, Searles, Vilott, Spencer, Anderson, Ter-
rill, Wright, Letson, Knapp, Nevil, Swerdferger, O'Brien, Riley, Duwalt,
Brown and Steer. A store was built in 1856 and Granada became a
station on the old overland route to Denver. It had one of the first wells
in Kansas, and at the time of the Civil war was a thrifty little town.
With the advent of railroads to both north and south it lost its prestige.
The census of 1910 records it as having 47 inhabitants.
Grand Army of the Republic. — The membership of this patriotic order
is composed of veteran Union soldiers and sailors of the Civil war. It
was founded in the winter of 1865-66 by Dr. B. F. Stephenson and Rev.
^V. J. Rudolph of Illinois, the first post having been instituted at Decatur,
111., April 6, 1866, and the first national encampment assembled at In-
dianapolis, Ind., on Nov. 20 following. The motto of the order is "Fra-
ternity, Commemoration and Assistance," and its objects are to aid
the widows and orphans of soldiers, collect relics, and erect monuments
KANSAS HISTORY JTZ
and liomes to commemorate the valor of the Union soldier and pro-
vide tor themselves.
Similar societies were organized in other states soon after the close of
(he war. Lient.-Col. Henry S. Greene, of the Fourth Arkansas cavalry,
located in Topeka in Sept., 1865, and in December organized a society
of veteran soldiers and sailors which took the name of the "Veteran
Brotherhood." Greene was elected commander of the first camp at
Topeka, other societies were organized, and in Jime, 1866, a state con-
vention was held at Topeka. In the Indianapolis convention or en-
campment in November, the Kansas Veteran Brotherhood was repre-
sented by Maj. Thomas J. Anderson. In Dec, 1866, another state en-
campment was held at Topeka, when it was resolved to transfer the
Veteran Brotherhood to the Grand Army of the Republic. The camp
at Topeka became Lincoln Post No. i, which is still in existence, though
it was discontinued for a time. There were at that time 32 camps
of the Veteran Brotherhood in the state.
A provisional organization was effected in Feb., 1872, with \\'. S.
Jenkins as provisional department commander. In 1876 Col. John
Guthrie became provisional commander, and on March 16, 1880. Kan-
sas was made a regular department of the Grand Army of the Republic.
The first annual encampment of the state department was held at
Topeka, beginning on Jan. 18, 1882. The past department commanders
since that time have been as follows : J. C. Walkinshaw, 1882 ; Thomas
J. Anderson, 1883; Homer W. Pond, 1884; Milton Stewart, 1885; C. J.
McDivitt, 1886; T. H. Soward, 1887; J. W. Feighan, 1888; Henry
Booth. 1889; Ira F. Collins, 1890; Tim McCarthy, 1891 ; A. R. Greene,
1892; Bernard Kelley, 1893; W. P. Campbell, 1894; J. P. Harris, 1895;
W. C. \\'hitney, 1896; Theodore Botkin, 1897; D. W. Eastman,i898; O.
H. Coulter, 18^9; W. W. Martin, 1900; J. B. Remington, 1901 ; H. C.
Loomis, 1902; X. W. Smith, 1903; Charles Harris, 1904; P. H. Coney,
1905-06; R. A. Campbell, 1907; W. A. Morgan, 1908; Joel H. Rickel,
1909; N. E. Harmon, 1910; T. P. Anderson, 191 1.
At one time the Grand Army of the Republic in the United States
numbered over 400,000 members, but death has thinned the ranks until
in 1910 the number was only a few over 200,000. The roster of the
Kansas department for 191 1 shows 498 posts in the state, with a total
membership in excess of 10,000. The largest post in the state is Gar-
field Post No. 25, located at Wichita, which reported 444 members.
The second largest was Lincoln No. i, of Topeka, which reported 361.
Some of the posts reported as few as 6 members, and others reported
from 8 to 12, only 15 posts reporting over 100.
On various occasions the Grand Army of the Republic in Kansas has
influenced legislation. The order was largely responsible for the es-
tablishment of the state soldiers' home, the orphans' home, and the
erection of the memorial hall in Topeka. In 1885 an act was passed
making it a violation of law to wear the Grand Army badge unless
the wearer should be a member; in 1895 ^wo rooms in the capitol were
774 CYCLOPEDIA OF
set apart by law for the Grand Army museum. In 1901 the sum of
$1,000 was appropriated to provide furniture for storing relics, flags,
etc., and at the same session the state authorities were directed to turn
over to the Grand Army 312 tents to be used at encampments. In 1905
an appropriation of $1,500 was made to provide additional cases for
the display of relics, etc.
The Women's Relief Corps, the ladies' auxiliary to the Grand Army
of the Republic, had its origin at Portland, Me., in 1869, when some
women whose husbands belonged to Bosworth Post organized a relief
.society for local work among the needy. Within the next few years
the women of other localities formed aid societies, etc., and in April,
1879, representatives of these societies from several states met at Fitch-
burg, Mass., and organized the Women's Relief Corps. The first state
society to take that name was that of New Hampshire in 1880. In
New Jersey the "Ladies' Loyal League" changed its name to the
Women's Relief Corps in 1881. Two years later the Grand Army,
in annual encampment at Denver, Col., recognized the Women's Re-
lief Corps as an auxiliary, and the following year the first national
convention was held.
In Kansas the first corps was formed at Leavenworth in 1883, by
Mrs. Emily Jenkins and eleven other women. Mrs. Jenkins has been
called the "mother" of the movement in Kansas. A state organiza-
tion was effected at Mound City, April 28, 1896, when Lucy A. M.
Dewey was elected president; Mrs. M. M. Stearns, secretary; and Mrs.
Maria Hurley, treasurer. In 1910 were about 160,000 members in the
United States, of which Kansas had a fair proportion. The principal
officers of the Kansas corps for 191 1 were: President, Lillian M.
Hendricks; senior vice-president, Mary McFarland; junior vice-presi-
dent, Kate Kilmer ; secretary, Marian S. Nation ; treasurer, Florence
A. Bunn.
Grand Haven, a small settlement in the extreme southwest cor-
ner of Shawnee county, is about 20 miles from Topeka, the county
seat, and 8 miles from Eskridge, which is the most convenient rail-
road station, whence mail is received by rural carrier.
Grand Summit, a village of Cowley county, is a station on the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 29 miles northeast of Winfield, the county
seat. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices,
some general stores, does some shipping, and in 1910 reported a popu-
lation of 52.
Grange Movement. — (See Patrons of Husbandry.)
Grant County, in the southwestern part of the state, is the second
north from the Oklahoma line and the second east from Colorado. It
was created in 1887 out of Finney county territory, by act of the legis-
lature which fixed its boundaries as follows: "Commencing at the
intersection of the east line of range 35 west with the north line of
township 27 south ; thence south along range line to where it inter-
sects the 6th standard parallel; thence west along the 6th standard
KANSAS HISTORY 775
parallel to where it is intersected by the east line of range 39 west ;
thence north along said range line to its intersection with the north
line of township .27 south ; thence east to the place of beginning."
In compliance with a petition from the citizens the governor appointed
T. J. Jackson to take the census. He made his report in Aug., 1887,
which showed that there were 2,716 inhabitants, 653 of whom were
householders, and $534,756 worth of taxable property. There were
three candidates for the county seat, Ulysses, Cincinnati and Surprise,
the latter being a little town 4 miles northwest of Ul3'sses an-d 2 miles
north of Cincinnati. The governor's proclamation was not made until
June, 1888. It named Ulysses as the temporary county seat, and ap-
pointed the following officers: Commissioners, J. A. Hufif, Richard
Brollier and P. F. Raudebaugh ; clerk. Samuel Swendson ; sheriiT, H.
M. Bacon.
An election to decide the location of the county seat was held on
Oct. 16, 1888, and resulted in favor of Ulysses, but the iight did not end
there. It was settled in the supreme court in 1890, Ulysses in the end
, being the victor. Some interesting evidence was brought out in court
by Alvin Campbell, who was a Cincinnati partisan. He introduced
facts to show that the city council of Ulysses had bonded the people
to the extent of $36,000 to buy votes. It was an open secret that votes
were bought. Professional voters had been brought in and boarded
for the requisite 30 days before the election and given $10 each when
the}^ had voted, but it was not known at the time that this had been
done at public expense. Professional toughs were also hired to in-
timidate the Cincinnati voters. It was claimed that Ulysses bought
338 votes. The exposure of the fact that public funds had been used
created excitement among the citizens who found themselves thus in-
volved for the payment of bonds, and those to blame for the outrage
retaliated upon Alvin Campbell by tarring him in Aug., 1889. It was
also shown in court that Cincinnati had bought votes and engaged in
irregular practices, and Ulysses finally won, though it was a dearly
bought victory. Added to the $36,000 spent in the county seat fight
was $13,000 in bonds, which had been voted for a school house and
$8,000 for a court-house.
Then came the panic and crop failure of 1898. The population of
Ulysses fell from 1,500 to 400, and later to only 40. Buildings were
moved away. Banks closed and the merchants let their stock of goods
run down. A succession of good years brought prosperity. A new
bank was opened, new buildings were erected to take the place of those
moved away, and all would have been well but for the old debt which
hung like a weight to the town. The bonds were due in 1908, and with
accrued interest amounted to $84,000. It was decided to move the town
to a new location. Only two people who had passed through the boom
days remained, and the newcomers could not see the justice of their
having to pay a debt from which they derived no benefit. A new and
better site was selected, about half way to the old site of Cincinnati,
776 CYCLOPEDIA OF
which had meantime become a field. It was no light work to move
the whole town, which had a hotel of 33 rooms, a bank, a printing
oliSce, a number of fair sized stores and a number of residences. Mov-
ing outfits were brought from Garden City and St. John to do the
heaviest hauling while several local teamsters handled the lighter work.
As a result of. damage done to the bank building, the safe sat out in
the street for several weeks without being disturbed. The court-house
was left on the old site and the county officers continued to do busi-
ness there. The school house was not moved, so the people did not take
with them an}' of the "benefits" for which the town had been bonded.
The town is now called New Ulysses.
The surface of Grant county is prairie. The north fork of the Cimar-
ron river enters 2 miles north of the southwest corner, flows in a north-
easterly direction to the center, thence southeast across the eastern
boundary. The south fork of the same river flows east across the
southern part, joining the north fork near the east line of the county.
The county is divided into three townships — Lincoln, Sullivan and
Sherman. The postoffices are, Doby, Gognac, Lawson, New Ul3'sses
and ^Varrendale. There are no railroads at present,, but a line of the
Athchison, Topeka & Santa Fe will probably be extended from Jetmore
southwest through Grant count3^ The nearest shipping point is Hart-
land in Kearny county.
Grant is one of the counties in which irrigation is used. The special
session of the legislature in 1908 passed an act authorizing the county
commissioners to appropriate money to drill artesian wells for irri-
gating purposes. The farm products amount to about $250,000 a year.
In 1910 the wheat crop was worth $9,000, corn, $14,724, broom-corn,
$70,000, milo maize, $30,000, Kafir corn, $47,000 and Jerusalem corn,.
$31,000. Animals sold for slaughter and dairy products amounted to
over $30,000.
The population in 1910 was 1,087 ^s against 422 in 1900. The as-
sessed valuation of property in 1910 was $1,797,214. Grant being one of
the newer counties, and just having recovered from the effects of its
boom days, has only begun to grow. The railroad and an increase of
the irrigated area will doubtless cause a large increase in population
and the value of property in the next few years.
Grantville, a village of Jefiferson county, is located in Kaw township
on the Union Pacific R. R. 25 miles southwest of Oskaloosa, the county
seat and 7 miles from Topeka. It has telegraph and express oiilices and a
money order postofifice. The population in 1910 was 103. .
Grapevine Telegraph. — In the territorial days, while the conflict over
slavery was the leading issue in Kansas affairs, a sort of pro-slavery head-
quarters was maintained at \\'eston. Mo., for the purpose of rendering
prompt assistance to friends in Kansas. The territorial headquarters of
the Kansas pro-slaveryites were at Lecompton, and a line of communica-
tion was kept up b}' what was known as the "Grapevine Telegraph." It
was something like the underground railway of the abolitionists. If the
KANSAS HISTORY 717
people at Lecompton needed the aid or cooperation of their Missouri
friends, a messenoer was mounted on a good horse and sent across the
country at night, avoiding the roads most likely to be frequented by free-
state men. On the other hand, if the Weston contingent had anything to
propose, the messenger came from that end of the line. Along the route
were certain pro-slavery settlers, whose cabins could be used as resting
places, or where a fresh horse could be secured by the messenger.
Grasshopper Falls.— (See Valley Falls.)
Grasshopper Falls Convention.— The third session of the territorial
legislature was the first session of the free-state legislature. The first
legislature was composed of pro-slavery men who met at Pawnee, and
adjourned to Shawnee Mission, in 1855. The second legislature, which
met in Jan., 1857, was also composed of pro-slavery men. The third
territorial legislature, which met in special session at Lecompton,
Dec. 7-19, 1857, was the oflfspring of the "Mass and Delegate Con-
vention which assembled at Grasshopper Falls in Jefferson county on
the 26th of August of the same year. The situation in Kansas was the
topic of the times when Robert J. Walker was appointed governor of
the territory. At the time of his appointment it was thought by the
administration, and the real friends of the Democratic party, that civil
war was on the eve of breaking out in Kansas which threatened to
involve the whole Union. The Topeka legislature had determined
to put its government into practical operation, which would evidently
bring on a collision between it and the territorial authorities ; each
party would be supported by different states, and thus war was inevitably
the consequence. The policy therefore determined upon by Mr. Buch-
anan and ]\Ir. AA^ilker, in order to avert this calamity, was to sustain
the dignity 'of the territorial legislature by compelling obedience to its
enactments, and suspend action on the part of the state legislatures,
by giving every assurance and guarantee that the election of delegates
to the constitutional convention should be fairly conducted, and the
constitution framed by them be submitted "to a fair and full vote for
ratification or rejection by the people." (See Walker's Administration.)
At a delegate convention held at Topeka on June 9, the free-state
men resolved not td participate in the constitutional convention, but
determined to meet on July 15. Also it made Topeka its capital, passed
an act for taking the census and for election of state officers. The
delegate convention assembled in Topeka on July 15, 1857, declared
its fealty to the state government, nominated candidates for state
officers, to be voted for on Aug. 9, and asked for the resubmission of
the constitution. The prominent members of the organization in an
informal conference, agreed that the existence of the free-state party
demanded the control of the territorial legislature and that it could
be secured if the promises made by Gov. Walker for a fair vote and
honest count were fulfilled. To insure honest voting at the fall elec-
tion it was resolved "That Gen. James H. Lane be appointed at this
convention and authorized to organize the people in the several dis-
77S CYCLOPEDIA OF
tricts, to protect the ballot boxes at the approaching election in Kan-
sas." The complement of this resolution was one calling for a mass
meeting of the citizens of Kansas to be held at Grasshopper Falls on
Aug. 26 to take such action as might be necessary in regard to the
October election. Another resolution called for a delegate convention
to be held at the same time and place, to carry out the decisions of the
mass convention; there were to be twice as many delegates as there
were free-state senators and representatives. The question of partici-
pating in the October election, for members of the legislature and dele-
gate to Congress, engaged the attention of the free-state men during
the sitmmer. The notion of abandoning the state organization, and so
far recognizing the validity of the territorial legislature as to vote
under the provisions was unpopular at first, but the far-sighted ones
reasoned that it was impractical to contest the election, and wiser
to take part in said election. The Federal government had recognized
the territorial legislature as legitimate, which tended greatly to pre-
clude the success of the Topeka constitution. Should the free-state men
be victorious at the coming election they would have obtained all they
sought by the state organization. Should they be defeated they would
stand the same chance of triumph under the Topeka government. They
had, therefore, little to lose and much to gain by going into an election.
The mass and delegate conventions met at Grasshopper Falls as
planned. It was an important assemblage, and was a crisis in the his-
tory of the territory. G. W. Smith was chairman of the mass con-
vention and W. Y. Roberts of the delegate convention. After much
spirited discussion the following resolutions were passed by the mass
convention :
"Whereas, It is of the most vital importance to the people of Kansas
that the territorial government should be controlled by the bona-fide
citizens thereof; and,
"Whereas, Gov. Walker has repeatedly pledged himself that the peo-
ple of Kansas should have a fair and full vote, before impartial judges,
at the election to be held the first Monday in October, for delegate to
Congress, members of the legislature, and other officers ; therefore, be it
"Resolved, That we, the people of Kansas, in mass convention assem-
bled, agree to participate in said election.
"Resolved, That in thus voting, we rely upon the faithful fulfillment
of the pledge of Gov. Walker, and that we, as heretofore, protest against
the enactments forced upon us by the voters of Missouri.
"Resolved, That this mass meeting recommend the appointment of a
committee to wait upon the territorial authorities, and urgently insist
upon a review and correction of the wicked apportionment endeavored
to be forced upon the people of Kansas, for the selection of members of
the territorial legislature.
"Resolved, That Gen. J. H. Lane be authorized and empowered to
tender Gov. Walker the force organized by him under resolutions
KANSAS HISTORY 779
passed by the convention held at Topeka on the 15th of July last, to
be used for the protection of the ballot-box."
The delegate convention nominated M. J. Parrott as a candidate for
delegate to Congress, appointed "a territorial executive committee of
twenty members to have their office at Lawrence, five of whom should
constitute a quorum, for the transaction of business, and recommended
to the citizens of the voting precinct to choose a committee of three
persons, who should keep a record of all the votes cast, those refused
and the reasons of refusal, and that citizens should be present in suffi-
cient number to sustain such a committee."
The free-state men were fearful of success, and in their speeches to
the people they reviewed the situation thus : With the administration
against us ; with one-half of the six months' voters virtually disfran-
chised : with an election law framed expressly to keep the newly arrived
immigrants from the polls ; with a hellish system of districting staring
us in the face ; with most of the officers of the election Border Ruffians
of deepest dye ; with the slave party in Missouri boldly avowing through
Gen. Atchison, their determination to invade us; with only the al-
ready half violated pledge of Gov. Walker to rely on; we do not feel
at liberty to cherish a very lively expectation of a fair election."
The election day was Oct. 5, and notwithstanding the obstacles the
free-state men won. Nine free-state men and 4 pro-slavery men were
elected to the council, and 25 free-state men and 14 pro-slavery men
were elected to the house of representatives.
Grasshopper River. — (See Delaware River.)
Grasshoppers. — The grasshopper is classified by entomologists as
a "leaping, orthopterous insect belonging to the families Acrididse or
Locustidse." The ordinary grasshopper is a member of the former.
The Rocky mountain grasshopper or, as it is sometimes called, the
Rocky mountain locust, is about one inch long and is migratory in
its habits. Its eggs are deposited in the ground in the late summer
or autumn, and when the young insects are hatched out the following
spring they are ready to migrate. On several occasions they have
swept in vast swarms over the country west of the Mississippi river,
practically destroying every green thing on their line of March. Neill's
History of Minnesota mentions invasions of grasshoppers in the years
1818 and 1819, and the early white settlers of Kansas learned of an
Indian tradition regarding a grasshopper visntation in 1820. John Schoe-
makers of the old Osage mission wrote of some damage done by grass-
hoppers in the fall of 1854, and says the crops were destroyed by them
in 1855, when some of the horses at the mission were sent to Henry
county, Mo., where they could be cared for until another crop could
be raised. John G. Pratt, who came to the Delaware mission in Kansas
in 1835, says the first visitation in that section was in 1867.
But the greatest invasion of the insects was that of 1874. The
report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture for that year says:
"About the 25th of July, one of those periodical calamitous visitations
780 CYCLOPEDIA OF
to which the trans-Mississippi states are liable once in from eight to
ten years, made its appearance in northern and northwestern Kansas —
the grasshopper or locust. The air was filled and the fields and
trees were completely covered with these voracious trespassers. At
one time, the total destruction of every green thing seemed imminent.
Their course was in a southerly and southeasterly direction, and be-
fore the close of August the swarming hosts were enveloping the
whole state. The visitation was so sudden that the people of the
state became panic-stricken. In the western counties — where immi-
gration for the last two years had been ver}' heavy, and where the
chief dependence of the new settlers was corn, potatoes and garden
vegetables — the calamity fell with terrible force."
Starvation or emigration appeared to be the only alternatives for
the people of the ravaged districts. In this emergency Gov. Osborn
called a special session of the legislature to devise some means of re-
lief. In his message the governor gave a list of the counties that had
been devastated by the grasshoppers. Those most seriously affected
were Norton, Rooks, Ellis, Russell, Osborne, Phillips, Smith, McPher-
son, Rice, Barton, Reno, Edwards and Pawnee, but in a number of
other counties more or less damage had been wrought. Said the gov-
ernor: "The number of persons who will require more or less aid,
as estimated on the reports received, will not, it is thought, exceed
15,000, and many of these will require but little assistance. The great-
est want seems to be for small grain, whereby these destitute people
can be subsisted until another crop can be raised. . . . The
wishes of the people, so far as I have been informed, are entirely in
favor of providing for the present emergenc)', and for doing it at home.
The day has gone by when we need to look to others for assistance."
The special session authorized an issue of state bonds to the amount
of $73,000 to provide relief for the stricken people, and authorized the
county commissioners in certain counties to issue bonds — on vote of
the people of the count}' — the proceeds to be used "as a relief fund
for the destitute people," and to be used "for the purpose of furnish-
ing them with the necessary food, clothing and fuel only." No levy was
to be made for a sinking fund for the payment of these county bonds
for ten years. The maximum amount of bonds the counties could thus
issue was limited as follows : Barton, Norton, McPherson, Russell,
Osborne, Phillips, Reno and Smith, $5,000 each; Rice and Jewell,
$4,000 each ; Republic, Rooks, Mitchell and Lincoln, $3,000 each ; Ot-
tawa, Harvey and Pawnee, $2,000 each; Barber and Ford, $1,000 each.
Three days later another act was passed authorizing the commissioners
of "any county in the state" to issue bonds, not exceeding one-half of
one per cent, of the assessed valuation of property, to be known as
"special relief bonds." Appropriations of $1,000 were made out of
the surplus in the state treasury for the benefit of Rush and Decatur
counties, and $500 for Ness county. (See Osborn's Administration.)
Through the county assessors, returns were received as to the num-
KANSAS HISTORY 781
ber needing- assistance. The greatest demand was for food, the num-
ber of people needing rations being reported at 32,614. Of those need-
ing clothing, 8,077 were men, 9,758 were women, and 16,452 were
children. In addition to the work done by the state, the United States
government furnished through the war department a supply of army
clothing. Giles, in his "Thirty Years in Topeka," says this aid con-
sisted of 4,541 woolen blankets, 1,834 overcoats, 131 sack coats, 131
pairs of trousers, and 4,468 pairs of boots.
On the evening of Nov. 19, 1874, a meeting was held in Topeka, at
which the "Kansas Central Relief Committee" was organized with
Lieut. -Gov. E. S. Stover as chairman, and Henry King, editor or the
Topeka Commonwealth, as secretary. The next day the committee
issued an address warning the people of the Eastern states against
unprincipled persons who were soliciting aid for the Kansas grasshopper
suflferers. Railroad companies transported free of charge the dona-
tions made to this committee, and in this way a large amount of rations
and clothing was distributed. The committee received and disbursed
cash to the amount of $73,863.47; besides 265 carloads and 11,049 pack-
ages of supplies, the total value of the assistance rendered being
$235,108.47. This included 32,614 rations, and clothing for 8,077 rnen,
9,758 women and 16,452 children.
Wilder's Annals of Kansas (p. 643), says: "this visitation of grass-
hoppers, or locusts, was the most serious of any in the history of the .
State. They reached from the Platte river, on the north, to northern
Texas, and penetrated as far east as Sedalia, Mo. Their eggs were
deposited in favorable localities over this vast territory. The young
hatched the next spring, did great damage to early crops, but in June,
having passed into the winged state, they rose into the air and flew
back to the northwest, whence their progenitors had come the year
before."
In March, 1877, the state legislature passed an act authorizing the
township trustees of the diflferent townships, and the mayors of cities
not included in any township, when requested in writing by fifteen
legal voters in such township or city, to direct the road overseers of
the several road districts to warn out all able-bodied male persons
between the ages of twelve and sixty-five years, for the purpose of
destroying grasshoppers. Persons over the age of eighteen years might
pay a dollar a day and be exempt from such work, but failure to answer
the call or to pay the stipulated amount subjected such person to a
fine of three dollars a day. The next day a supplementary act was
passed, providing that the counties in any senatorial district might
cooperate in the enforcement of the law. When the grasshoppers
appeared in the western counties in 191 1, there was some talk of reviv-
ing this law, but the scourge was not of sufficient ^magnitude to render
it necessary.
Graves, a hamlet in the central part of Cloud county, is about 10
miles south of Concordia, the county seat and most convenient railroad
station, \\-hence mail is delivered bv rural route.
782 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Gray, Alfred, one of the pioneer settlers of Kansas, was born at
Evans, Erie county, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1830. He was educated in his native
state, and in the spring of 1857 located at Quindaro, Kan. He was a
member of the first state legislature ; was secretary of the Kansas State
Board of Agriculture from 1872 to 1880, and was one of the commis-
sioners to the Centennial exposition at Philadelphia in 1876. He was
always active in promoting the agricultural and industrial interests of
the state. His death occurred at Topeka on Jan. 23, 1880. The legis-
lature of 1881 appropriated $1,000 for a monument to Mr. Gray, as a
token of appreciation for the work he had done during his life. Two
years later the appropriation was raised to $1,500, and in 1885 the
amount was made $1,800. The monument stands in the cemeterj' at
Topeka.
Gray County, located in the southwestern part of the state, is the
second county north from the Oklahoma line, and the fourth east from
Colorado. It is bounded on the north by Finney county, on the east
by Hodgeman and Ford counties, on the south by Meade, and on the
west by Haskell and Finney. Practically the same territory that now
constitutes it was described by the legislature of 1879 as Foote county.
In 1881 an act was passed creating and bounding Gray count}^ as fol-
lows: "Commencing at a point where the east line of range 27 west
crosses the south line of township 21 south ; thence west on said south
line of said township to where said line crosses the west line of range
30 west ; thence south on said west line of range 30 west to the south
line of township 28 south ; thence east on said south line of township
28 south to the east line of range 27 west ; thence north on said east
line of range 27 west to the place of beginning."
In 1887 it was bounded as follows : "Commencing at the intersection
of the east line of range 27 west with the north line of township 24
south ; thence south along range line to its intersection with the north
line of township 30 south ; thence west along township line to where
it intersects the east line of range 31 west; thence north along range
line to its intersection with the north line of township 24 south ; thence
east to the place of beginning."
In April of that year A. J. Evans was appointed census taker.
According to his returns there were 4,896 bonafide inhabitants, of whom
912 were householders. The taxable property amounted to $1,295,852,
exclusive of railroad propert3\ The governor issued a proclamation in
July organizing thfe county. Cimarron was named as the county seat
and the following officers were appointed: Sheriff, W. B. Marsh; clerk,
G. C. Pratt ; commissioners, J. G. Shoup, E. S. McClellan and Frank
Hull. Prior to this Gray had been attached to Ford and Finney coun-
ties for judicial purposes. It had been settled for about ten years,
though most of the inhabitants had come in 1885. Cimarron and
Ingalls, the only towns on the railroad, were rival candidates for the
county seat. The former had experienced a boom and had 1,000 inhabi-
tants, a two-story school house, a two-story depot, 2 newspapers, 2
KANSAS HISTORY 783
banks, a drug store and about 20 mercantile establishments. Monte-
zuma, about 15 miles to the south, had a newspaper and entered the
county seat contest, but later withdrew in favor of Ingalls, which gave
the latter a much better chance at the election. The voting took place
on Oct. 31 and both towns claimed the victory, Ingalls by 236 majority,
and Cimarron by 43. The papers representing the two factions were
filled with strong language, in some instances talking about shooting,
hanging and tarring certain parties. It seems that a wealthy New
Yorker by the name of A. T. Soule was interested in Ingalls and was
accused of corrupting the election, while on the other hand T. H.
Reeves, manager for Cimarron, was accused of buying the "equaliza-
tion society" for $10,000. This was an organization of men who had
banded themselves together for the purpose of selling out to the highest
bidder. Both sides were "armed to the teeth' and it became necessary
for the governor to send out a detachment of militia to preserve the
peace. The county offices were moved to Ingalls in Nov., 1887. The
matter was taken into the courts and in 1889 a decision was rendered
by the supreme court in favor of Ingalls. The fight did not end there,
however, and after more litigation and trouble Cimarron finallj' won.
The first newspaper in the county was the New West, established at
Cimarron (Foote county) in March, 1879. It was "Devoted to the
Development of the Great American Desert." Since that time Gray
county has learned to irrigate and the so-called American desert is
being developed in a profitable way.
The surface of the county is rolling prairie. The Arkansas river
crosses it in a southeasterly direction, and the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe R. R. follows the north bank of the river passing through
Wettick, Cimarron, Ingalls and Charleston. There are 6 townships —
Cimarron, Foote, Hess, Ingalls, Logan and Montezuma. The post-
offi.ces are Cimarron, Cave, Charleston, Colusa, Ensign, Ingalls, Hess,
Jumbo, Montezuma and Post.
The farm proiducts amount to nearly $1,000,000 per annum. In 1910
the wheat crop was worth $225,000; corn, $146,000; other field crops
brought the total to $765,641 ; the value of animals sold for slaughter
was $65,471, and eggs and dairy products to the amount of $35,000
were marketed.
The assessed valuation of property in igio was $7,446,341. The
population was 3,121, a gain of 1,857, O'" nearh^ 150 per cent, during the
preceding decade.
Gray, Mary T., who came to Kansas as a bride on July 5, 1859. was
for many years closely identified with the educational and club work
of the state. She was one of the founders of the Social Science club
which was organized at Leavenworth in May, 1881, and of the Feder-
ation of Women's clubs. (See Women's Clubs.) Mrs. Gray was a
woman of fine education and pleasing personality, and was a writer
of more than ordinary ability. She died at Kansas City, Kan., Oct.
10, 1904.
784 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Great American Desert. — This was the term used by the people east
of the Mississippi river to express their idea of the country west of
that river when it was an unknown land. Carey and Lee's Atlas of 1827
located the Great American Desert as an indefinite territory in what is
now Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Indian Territory and Texas. Brad-
ford's Atlas of 1838 indicates the great desert as extending from the
Arkansas through into Colorado and Wyoming, including South
Dakota, part of Nebraska and Kansas. Others thought the desert
included an area 500 miles wide lying directly east of the Rocky moun-
tains and extending from the northern boundary of the United States
to the Rio Grande river. Its boundaries changed from period to period
for Mitchell's Atlas of 1840, placed the Great American Desert west of
the Rocky mountains. The section shown by the various geographies
grew smaller every year until only sandy plains in Utah and Nevada
bore the name desert.
The histor}^ of the development of this portion of the continent be-
gins with the earliest explorations in the New World. The expeditions
follo\ving Columbus were made by Spaniards from the South. Mexico
and Florida having been discovered, one Alvar Nunez was sent from
Spain to explore Florida. His journey took him to the mouth of the
Mississippi — here he suffered a wreck and only fifteen of his men sur-
vived— eleven of these were killed b}' the Indians. The four remaining
were made prisoners and separated. Nunez, who was also known as
Cabeca de Vaca, was carried b}' the Indians north into the great plains
in sight of the Rocky mountains. He and his companions became
reunited, escaped the Indians and working their way slowly, found the
Spanish settlement in Mexico in 1836. In 1838 Hernando de Soto left
Spain to explore Florida. About the same time Coronado, inspired
by the tales of Cabeca de Vaca, started north to find seven golden
cities. His search for Ouivira took him to what is now central Kansas.
Early in the 19th century the United States government sent out
exploring expeditions. One of these was under the command of Lieut.
Zebulon Pike, who in 1806 went west from St. Louis to hunt the source
of the Arkansas river. In description of the country he wrote, "From
these immense prairies may arise one great advantage to the United
States, viz : The restriction of our population to some certain limits,
and thereby a continuation of the Union. Our citizens being so prone
to rambling and extending themselves on the frontier will through
necessity be constrained to limit their extent to the west to the borders
of the Missouri and Mississippi, while they leave the prairies incapable
of cultivation to the wandering and uncivilized aborigines of the
country."
The report of Long's expedition in 1819 and 1820 verified the words
of Pike. He considered a great part of the country unfit for cultivation,
and uninhabitable by people depending upon agriculture for their sub-
sistence. In speaking of the whole section from the Mississippi to the
Rocky mountains he says, "From the minute account given in the nar-
'KANSAS HISTORY 785
ration of the particular features of this expedition, it will be perceived
to be a manifest resemblance to the deserts of Siberia."
Washington Irving, in his Astoria, pulilished in 1836 and founded on
a brief tour he made on the prairies and into Missouri and Arkansas,
said : "This region which resembles one of the ancient steppes of Asia
has not inaptly been termed 'The Great American Desert.' It spreads
forth into undulating and treeless plains and desolate sandy wastes,
wearisome to the eye from their extent and monotony. It is a land
where no man permanently abides, for at certain seasons of the year
there is no food for the hunter or his steed."
The reports of Pike, Long and Irving did much to form public
opinion in regard to this unknown land. The expeditions of Pike and
Long were practically the last exploration work done b_y the govern-
ment for several years. \Vhile the government was idle, private enter-
prise was working its way westward. (See Fur Traders.) The move-
ment of westward travel was accelerated in 1849 when gold was dis-
covered in California. Previously the overland travel had been very
light, but in 1849 it is roughly estimated that 42,000 persons crossed
the plains. The trip was full of every kind of danger. Caravans were
attacked by Indians, storms and disease, but many returned to settle in
some favored spot. The lands along the streams were the first to be
taken by the settlers. Gradually the country has yielded to the influence
of law and order. The most dismal spots are being developed into
gardens of usefulness and beauty, by the work of irrigation ; the gov-
ernment is doing much for the protection of forest and range ; by feats
of engineering a variety of rich mines have been opened ,' railroads have
crossed seemingly impassable plains ; manufactories of all kinds have
sprung up ; gases from underground have been controlled for light and
fuel ; educational institutions have opened their doors to millions of
children, and churches of all denominations have erected imposing
houses of worship. The free library, the telegraph, telephone, rural mail
delivery, and all the complexities of modern times have in reality
crowded the Great American Desert ofif the map into the land of fancy
from which it came.
Great Bend, the county seat of Barton county, is one of the thriving
little cities of central Kansas. It is located at the historic big bend
of the Arkansas river, and is on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R., a branch of which diverges at this point and runs
northwest into Rush county. A branch of the Missouri Pacific extends
from Hoi,sington to Great Bend. The town has electricity for light and
power, waterworks, fire department, sewer system, a college, public
library, 8 churches, an opera house, 3 banks, grain elevators, flour mills,
a creamery, an ice plant, a mattress factory, a broom factory, 3 news-
papers (the Tribune and Democrat, both daily, and weekly, and the
Press, a weekly). A religious monthly is also published. There is a
daily stage to Hoisington. There are a number of stores well stocked
with merchandise, a good court-house and school house. The town is
(I-50)
786 CYCLOPEDIA OF
supplied with express and telegraph offices and has an international
money order postoffice with six rural routes. The population accord-
ing to the census of 1910 was 4,622.
Great Bend was located in 1871 by the Great Bend Town company,
of which C. R. S. Curtis, M. F. Bassett, J. L. Curtis, J. T. Morton,
Tames Israel and A. R. Mclntyre were members. They erected the
first building for hotel purposes. Three or four other houses were
erected that year. In 1872 the population grew very rapidly. The rail-
road came through in July, which encouraged business men to erect
Ijuildings and open stores, hotels, and shops of all kinds. Great Bend
was made the county seat about the same time. Early in 1873 the
town was incorporated and A. A. Hnrd was elected mayor. The court-
house was built in that year. About this time the cattle trade centered
at this point and the town was the headquarters for cattle men until
1876 when through an act of the legislature the cattle trade was moved
farther west. In 1878 a disastrous fire occurred which destroyed a
number of the best business houses, the loss aggregating $20,000. A
small-pox epidemic visited Great Bend in 1882 and the city was under
absolute quarantine for a number of weeks. Fifteen people died of
the plague.
Great Spirit Spring. — This noted spring is situated about two and
a half miles southwest of the town of Cawker City, at Waconda Sta-
tion, Mitchell county. Its existence was known to all the plains
Indians, and it was held in veneration by them. Probably the first
mention of it is to be found in the "History of Baptist Indian Missions,"
published by Rev. Isaac McCoy in 1840. His description is as follows :
"About 100 yards from the bank of the (Solomon) river, in an extensive
level prairie, is a mound of stone, formed by a deep ravine which sur-
rounds it; it is 170 yards in circumference at its base, and it rises
above the bottom of the ravine 30 feet, and is level on the top, with a
diameter of 120 feet. The ravine on one side is 40 yards wide, and
on the other 10. The summit of the mound is about a foot higher than
the adjacent plain. No stone of any kind is seen in the vicinity of the
place, except that which composes the mound, which appears to be a
secondary, shelly and porous limestone. The sides of the mound being
stone, form a striking contrast with the outer bank of the ravine, which
is only earth. The salt water forms a stagnant pool in the center of
the mound, 55 feet in diameter, and rising to a perfect level with the
summit, so that a wind from anj- quarter causes the water to run over
the opposite side of the basin. About half way up one side issues salt
water, which runs off in a small rivulet into Solomon river. Along
this- rivulet, and generally on the sides of the mound,- salt is crystallized
in such quantities that it might be collected for use. The pool on the
top is deep. Solomon river is, by the Kauzaus, called Nepaholla —
meaning, water on the hill — and derives its name from this fountain;
but the fountain itself is b}- them called Xe Woh' kon' daga — that is,
'Spirit water.' The Kauzaus, Pawnees, and other tribes, in passing
KANSAS HISTORY 7^7
by this spring, usually throw into it, as a kind of conjurini,'- charm.
some small article of value. The structure of the mound may be
accounted for by supposing that the source of the water at a distance
is higher than the plain which immediately surrounds the mound. The
quality of the water has produced the rock formation, and the resort
of buffalo and other animals, and the descent of rains, have formed the
ravine about it."
Many Indian legends attach to the spring, one being that Waconda,
daughter of a chief, became infatuated with the son of the chief of an
opposing tribe. These hostile tribes met at the spring and the intimacy
was opposed by a conflict of arms. W'aconda's lover, wounded and
weak from loss of blood; fell or was thrown into the spring, whereupon
his faithful sweetheart plunged in after him, both being drowned. Ever
since the Indians have called this the "Waconda" or "Great Spirit"
spring. The Pottawatomies never passed the spring without stopping
for a "pow wow," dipping their arrows in the waters. The property
has been the cause of much litigation in recent years and comparatively
little has been done in the way of improvement. Some of the water
has been bottle and shipped, and much taken away in kegs and jugs.
Greek Church. — The eastern Orthodox church. Jcnown historically as
the Eastern church, the full title .>{ which is lldly Orthodox, Catholic,
Apostolic. Oriental church, and in mudeni limes called the Greek
Orthodox church, but which is popularily known as the Greek church,
are the moik-rn representatives of the Byzantine Empire. \\'hen the
Roman Iiinpiie became separated, a distinction grew up between the
Eastern and \\'estern churches, which appeared both in the ritual and
the doctrine. This grew more and more apparent until a complete
separation' Avas effected in 1054, between the patriarch or bishop of
Rome and the four Eastern patriarchs. The Eastern church at that
time included four ecclesiastical divisions — the patriarchs of Constanti-
nople, Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria, coordinate in authority
although the precedence was always given to the patriarch of Con-
stantinople.
^Vhen Constantinople was captured by the Turks in 1453 and the
Ttirkish government assumed the right to approve the election of the
patriarchs, a diversity of ecclesiastical organization developed. The
]:)atriarchs of Alexandria. Jerusalem and Antioch preserved their
ecclesiastical independence, although nominally they still accorded pre-
cedence to the patriarch of Constantinople. When the Russian Empire
developed, the Russian church, which had hitherto been subordinate
to the Constantinople patriarch, organized as a separate ecclesiastical
government. In 1589 the Russian Patriarchate was established, and
in 1721 it took form under the authority of the Holy Governing Synod,
with headquarters at St. Petersburg. Affer Greece became independent,
the Greek church was established as an independent organization, and
in 18S3 the Hoh' synod of Greece was perfected.
The doctrine of the Eastern Orthodox churches is leased upon the
788 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Hol_v Scriptures, the Holy traditions and the Niceo-Constantinopolitan
creed in its original wording, without the work Filioque, and holds that
the Scriptures should be interpreted strictly in accordance with the
teachings of the seven Ecumenical Councils and the Holy Fathers.
These churches recognize Christ as the only head of the earthly as well
as the heavenly church, and do not accept the dogma of the Pope as the
representative of Christ on earth. Their sacraments are baptism,
anointing, communion, penance, holy orders, marriage and holy unction.
The doctrine of transubstantiation is accepted. The church rejects
the doctrine of purgatory, but believes prayer beneficial both for the
living and dead. The doctrine of predestination is rejected and the
church believes that for justification both faith and works are neces-
sary.. The ministry consists of three orders: deacons, priests and
bishops. Deacons assist in the work of the parish and in the service
of the sacraments. Priests and deacons are of two orders^ — secular and
monastic. Marriage is allowed for candidates for the deaconate and
priesthood, but is forbidden after ordination. As a rule the episcopate
is confined to members of the monastic order. The parishes are usually
in care of the secular priests.
In the United States the Eastern Orthodox churches have 411 organi-
zations. In Kansas these churches are represented by the Greek
Orthodox and the Servian Orthodox churches, which were not estab-
lished until in the '90s. In 1910 these churches have two organizations,
one each with a total membership of 750. This late establishment of
the Eastern Orthodox churches in Kansas is largely due to the fact
that the state has never had a large population of people from the
countries where this religion is established.
Greeley, an incorporated cit}' of Anderson county, is located on the
Missouri Pacific R. R. and the Pottawatomie river 10 miles northeast
of Garnett, the county seat. It has a bank, 2 hotels, 4 churches, natural
gas for lighting and heating, a flour mill, a number of well-stocked
retail stores, express and telegraph ofifices, and a money order post-
office with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 492. Greeley
is one of the oldest towns of Anderson county, having been settled in
1854. The site was surveyed in 1857, a town company was formed
in November of that year and a number of buildings were erected. The
first store was opened in the spring of 1858, by B. F. Smith, and about
the same time a postoffice was established, which was named after '
Horace Greeley. The postoffice and whole town was moved to Mount
Gilead in 1858, but was later moved back to its original site. There
was not much growth until after the war. The town was incorporated
as a city of the third class in 1881, and the first officers were: Mayor,
Clark Decker; police judge, \V. D. Smith; councilmen, J. E. Calvert,
J. K. Gardner, A. D. McFadden, A. Kincaid and A. J. Frank.
Greeley County, one of the western tier, is located midway between
Oklahoma and Nebraska. It is bounded on the north by Wallace
county, on the east by Wichita, on the south by Hamilton, and on the
KANSAS HISTORY "89
west by the State of Colorado. It is crossed by the 5th guide meridian
west. Greeley was the last county in the state to be organized. In
1879 it was created and the boundaries fixed as follows : "Commencing
at the intersection of the east line of range 39 west, with the 3d standard
parallel ; thence south along said range line to where it intersects the
4th standard parallel ; thence west along said 4th standard parallel to
the west boundary line of the State of Kansas ; thence north along said
west boundary line of the state to where it is intersected by the 3d
standard parallel ; thence east to the place of beginning."
In 1887 C. O. McDowell was appointed census taker, and his report
in June of that year showed that there were 2,638 inhabitants, of whom
475 were householders, and $251,169 worth of taxable propert}'. An
injunction suit was filed to prevent the organization of the county on
the charges of bribery and fraud in the census. The injunction was
not granted and the proclamation of organization was made by Gov.
Martin in July, 1888. Tribune was named as the temporary county seat.
The other candidate was Horace, about 2 miles west. The following
officers were appointed : County clerk, James W. Brown ; sheriff, Allen
E. \\'ebb ; commissioners, A. J. Rymph, A. K. Webb and R. O. Thomp-
son. The election to decide the location of the county seat was held
in November and resulted in favor of Tribune.
The settlers were very few up to about 1885. Almost every one who
came in at this time started a town, and at one time there were as many
alleged towns as there were claim houses. Horace was established in
June, 1886, and at the time of the county seat fight it had 300 inhabi-
tants, a" bank and a newspaper. Tribune had 200 inhabitants and a
newspaper, which was established in 1886. Colo was a little town large
enough to have a newspaper. Reid was established in Sept., 1887, and
inside of three months had 2 stores, one hotel, 2 restaurants and a
newspaper. The Missouri Pacific railroad was built in the early days
of the settlement of the county and a depot was erected at Tribune in
1887. It crosses almost directly east and west through the center.
Greeley county is divided into three townships — Colony, Harrison
and Tribune. The surface is prairie and the elevation is from 3,000 to
4,000 feet. The principal stream is White Woman creek. The streams
have no water in them the greater part of the year, but that there are
under currents is evidenced by the fact that water is found at the depth
of a few feet. The postoffices are : Tribune, Horace, Hurt, Sidney,
Thelma and Youngville.
The farm products in 1910 were worth $137,346, of which the field
crops amounted to over $97,000. The most valuable crop is sorghum,
which is raised for forage and grain. Broom-corn, Kafir corn, barley
and corn are other important crops. Live stock raising is profitable.
The population in 1910 was 1,335, which was an increase of 842 over
that of 1900, or nearly 200 per cent. The school population is about
332, and there are 13 organized school districts. The value of the
taxable property in 1910 was $3,531,197. The average wealth i>ei
790 CYCLOPEDIA OF
capita is $2,720, whicli is several hundred dollars over the average for
the state.
Green, one of the prosperous towns of Clay county, is located in
Highland township and is a station on the Union Pacific R. R. 10 miles
northeast of Clay Center, the county seat. It has a bank, a money
order postoffice with three rural routes, express and telegraph offices,
telephone connections, a graded public school, several churches, hotels,
some good mercantile establishments, etc. Green was incorporated in
1908 and in 1910 reported a population of 289.
Green, James W., lawyer, dean of the law school in the University
of Kansas, was born at Cambridge, Washington county, X. Y., April
4, 1842, a son of Robert and Margaret (Woods) Green. He received
an academic education, studied law, and in 1869 was admitted to the
bar. The next year he began practice at Olathe, Kan. ; was county
attorney of Johnson county from 1875 ^o 1877; of Douglas county from
1878 to 1880, and on Nov. i, 1878, he was made dean of the law school,
which position he still holds. On Dec. 7, 1875, ^^^ married Aliss May
5. Banks of Lawrence, Kan. He was nominated by the Democratic
state convention in 1884 for justice of the state supreme court, but was
defeated with the rest of the ticket. In 1886 the degree of x\. B. was
conferred upon him by \Mlliams College. In 1896-97 he was a member
of the general council of the American Bar Association, and in 1904
was a delegate to the congress of lawyers and jurists held in St. Louis
while the Louisiana Purchase exposition was in progress.
Green, Nehemiah, fourth governor of the State of Kansas, was born
at Grassy Point, Hardin county, Ohio, March 8, 1837. In March. 1855,
when only eighteen years of age, he came to Kansas with his two
brothers, Lewis F. and George S., both of whom afterward served in
the Kansas legislature. They located in the town of Palmyra (now
Baldwin), Douglas county, but the following year Nehemjah returned
to Ohio and entered the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, where
he completed his education. In i860 he was made pastor of a Methodist
church and served in that capacity until in 1862, when he enlisted as a
lieutenant in Company B, Eighty-ninth Ohio infantry, but before the
expiration of his term of enlistment failing health forced him to resign
his commission. On May 2, 1864, he reentered the service as a private
in Company G, One Hundred and Fifty-third Ohio infantry, but a few
days later he was appointed sergeant-major and was mustered out with
that rank with his regiment on Sept. 9, 1864. He then returned to
Kansas and became pastor of a church at Manhattan. He also pur-
chased a fine farm of 320 acres on Mill creek and devoted much of his
time to raising fine cattle for the market, in which he was quite suc-
cessful. In Nov., 1866, he was nominated by the Republican state con-
vention for the office of lieutenant-governor, and at the election the
following November was elected. Upon the resignation of Gov. Samuel
J. Crawford on Nov. 4, 1868, Mr. Green succeeded to the office of gov-
ernor and served for the remainder of the term.
KANSAS HISTORY 791
Gov. Green was twice married. In i860 he married Miss Ida Lef-
fingwell of Williamsburg, Ohio, who died in 1870, and in 1873 he mar-
ried Miss Mary Sturdevant of Rushville. N. Y. Upon the expiration
of his term as governor in 1869 he returned to the ministry, and in
1870-71 he was presiding elder of the Manhattan district. The illness
and death of his first wife then caused him to give up the pulpit for- a
time. Consequently he retired to his farm until 1873, when he again
took up the work and for about two years was stationed at Holton.
In 1875 he had charge of a church at Waterville. In 1880 he yielded
to the solicitations of his friends and was elected to the state legislature.
This was his last public ser\-ice. Gov. Green died at Manhattan on
Jan. 12, 1890.
Green's Administration. — The history of Gov. Green's administration
must necessarily be short, as his service as governor lasted only from
Nov. 4, 1868, to Jan. 12, 1865, a period of two months and one week.
In that time nothing occurred to call for the exercise of any unusual
executive ability on the part of the chief magistrate. On Nov. 30 the
state officials filed reports showing the expenditures for the year ending
on that date to be $457,169.09, including $182,769.04 as the proceeds
resulting from the sale of $200,000 capitol and penitentiary bonds.
On the same date the trustees of the blind and deaf and dumb
asylums made their annual reports, showing the institutions to be in
good condition. This was the first annual report from the trustees of
the blind asylum. The trustees of the insane asylum at Osawatomie
made their report on Dec. 15, and announced that the asylum was
occupying the new building.
Probably the most important event during the incumbency of Gov.
Green, was the surrender of the hostile Indians to Gen. Phil. H. Sher-
idan on Dec. 24. This virtually ended the depredations of the savages
on the frontier settlements. Hazelrigg says : "From that time, their
removal from the state to the Indian Territory was rapid." (See In-
dians.)
Josiah B. McAfee, adjustant-general, reported on Dec. 30 that from
80 to 100 persons had been killed by Indians within the limits of the
state during the preceding year. His report also showed the claims of
Kansas against the United States amounted to $814,990.22.
With the inauguration of Gov. James M. Harve}- on Jan. 12. 1869,
the administration of Gov. Green came to an end.
Greenbush, a hamlet of Crawford county, is located in the valley of
Lightning creek, about 5 miles west of Girard, the county seat, from
which place mail is received by rural delivery.
Greene, Roy Farrell, poet and humorist, was born at Three Rivers,
Mich., in 1873. ^'^^ came to Kansas as a child, his parents locating
near Hackne}-, a little village about 6 miles north of Arkansas City.
After graduating in the Arkansas City high school, he took up news-
paper work, and at the time of his death on Jan. 30, 1909, he was city
editor of a daily paper at Arkansas City. In 1909 he published a book
792 CYCLOPEDIA OF
of poems, entitled "Cupid is King," and he wrote many interesting
stories for newspapers and magazines. His friends called him the
"Poet Lariat" and the "Prairie Poet."
Greenleaf, an incorporated city of Washington county, is a station
on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 7 miles southeast of A\'ashington, the
county seat. It is also the terminus of a branch of the same system
that runs to ^^'ashington. Greenleaf was incorporated in 1880 and in
1910 had a population of 781. It has an international money order post-
office with four rural routes, 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Sen-
tinel), hotels, a cigar factor}-. Catholic, Lutheran and Methodist churches,
telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, a number of well
stocked stores, and is a shipping point of considerable importance.
Greensburg, the county seat and principal city of Kiowa county, is
located about 4 miles north of the center of the county on the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific R. R. It was settled in 1885, the year before
the county was organized. The first number of the Greensburg Repub-
lican was issued on March 22, 1887, by Mollis & Welles, and in an
editorial the publishers said : "A little more than two years old, yet we
are a substantial, thriving and bustling city, with a population of 2,000
earnest, energetic, educated people," etc. Greensburg was then 28 miles
from the nearest railroad. The day before that issue of the Republican
was published the people of Center township voted bonds to the amount
of $20,000 to aid in the construction of the Kansas Southwestern, and
the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific line was then under construction.
By Jul}- I, 1886, the city had two banks in operation, but for various
reasons the city did not meet the expectations of some of the pioneer
settlers, and many of them moved elsewhere. By 1900 the population
had dwindled to 343.
Then began an era of stead}-, substantial improvement, and in 1910
the population had reached 1,199, ^n increase of more than 250 per
cent, in ten years. Greensburg- has 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the
Republican and the Signal), an opera house, good hotels. Baptist, Chris-
tian and Methodist churches, graded public schools, express and tele-
graph offices, a number of well stocked mercantile establishments, and
an international money order postoffice with 2 rural routes. Large
quantities of grain and live stock are annually shipped from Greens-
burg, which is one of the progressive little cities of southwestern
Kansas.
Greenwich, a village of Payne township, Sedgwick county, is a station
on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 10 miles northeast of Wichita, the county
seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, an express
office, general stores, a feed -mill, etc., and is a shipping point of some
importance. The population in 1910 was 72.
Greenwood County, one of the original 33 counties erected by the
first territorial legislature, is located in the southeastern part of the
state, the fourth county west from the Missouri line, and in the third
tier north from Oklahoma. It is bounded on the north bv Chase and
KANSAS HISTORY 793
Lyon counties, on the east b\- Coffey, Woodson and Wilson, on the
south by Elk, and on the west by Butler and Chase.
As first laid out Greenwood county comprised a square area about
eqtial to the adjoining counties, but later Madison county was disposed
of, half of it being given to Lyon county and the other half to tjreen-
wood, which made it irregular in shape.
The first settlement was made in 1856, by people from the south who
entertained pro-slavery views. All but one of them left at the breaking
out of the war. The next spring a number of settlers came to Madison
and Lane townships. Among them were D. Vinning, Austin and Fred
Norton, Anderson Hill, W'esley Pearson, Mark Patty, Myrock Huntley,
E. R. Holderman, William Martindale, E. G. Duke, James and W. F.
Osborn, Issac Sharp and David Smith. In July of the same year the
following persons settled in the same naighborhood : Josiah Kinnaman,
Archibald Johnson, Peter Ricker, Adam Glaze, John Baker, Wayne
Summer and William Kinnaman. In the next two or three years the
growth of the county in population was rapid, but most of the settlers
being poor people, who had come to the new country to better their
condition, money was an unknown quantity, and just as they began
to realize a little income from their holdings the drouth of i860 reduced
them to the condition of starvation. Supplies could only be obtained
in Atchison and had to be brought 160 miles by teams. Storms and
exceedingly cold weather, together with the enfeebled condition of the
teams from scanty rations, made it well nigh impossible to get food
on which to subsist. Most of the stock died and the next spring found
the settlers without animals with which to put in their crops. How-
ever, those who were able to overcome this difficult}' raised a good
crop in 1861.
The various accounts of the organization of the county as well as
the addition of a half of Madison county do not agree as to dates.
However, there is an act on the statute books of i860, whereby the
county of Greenwood was organized. Eureka made the temporary
county seat, and the following men were appointed commissioners :
James Ashmore, A. Clark and H. B. Slough. The act further provided
that the commissioners should divide the county into townships, not
to exceed three, and establish election precincts, and that an election
for county officers should take place on April 4, 1863. For some reason
these instructions of the legislature were not carried out for the next
legislature (1862) passed an act organizing Greenwood county, stating
in the preamble that, as Madison county had been divided and half of
it given to Greenwood county, and as the citizens of that territory given
to Greenwood county had now no government it was thought expedient
to organize Greenwood county. The division of Madison county then
must have taken place prior to 1862 instead of in 1867, as given by some
historians. The act of 1862 appointed as commissioners, R. PI. Gas-
soway. Franklin Osborn and M. E. Stratton, and directed them to meet
at Janesville which was to be the temporary county seat. The com-
794 CYCLOPEDIA OF
missioners were instructed to divide the county into townships and to
establish election precincts ten days before March 4, 1862, at which
time an election should be held to choose county officers. The act
further provided that the first regular election of a full corps of county
officers should take place at the regular election in Nov.. 1862, before
which time the county was to be districted and a commissioner elected
from each district.
The commissioners met on March 14 and divided the county into the
following townships : Lane, Pleasant Grove, Janesville and Eureka.
The election was held on March 24, but it does not appear for what
purpose, the commissioners having already appointed the count}'
officers as the}' had been instructed to do by the act. These officers as
appointed were: Probate judge, I. M. Todd; county clerk, ^\'. M. Hill;
register of deeds, E. Tucker ; sherifl^, James Steel ; county treasurer,
William Martindale. C. Cameron became register of deeds in place of
Tucker, who declined, and D. Xichols was made sherift" instead of Steel.
The county was bonded in 1871 for $30,000 to build a court-house, and
$20,000 more was added before the edifice was finished.
Greenwood county suffered considerably during the war period. It
was the scene of violence from all quarters. It suffered especially
because its people were divided on the slavery question and wrought
personal and property damage against each other. It was exposed to
the attacks of hostile Indians and both the Southern and Union guer-
rillas. Its villages were sacked and burned on a number of occasions.
In 1861 a rough fort was built at Eureka and named in honor of Col.
James Montgomery of the Tenth Infantry. It was erected by the
home-guard imder Capt. Benis and was occupied by them during the
entire term of the war.
There was a strip of territory about 10 miles in width along the
southern part of the county, that had belonged to the Osage Indians
and was not opened to settlement until 1870. This interfered with the
early development of the southern portion of the county.
The end of the war did not altogether end outlawry as is evidenced
by the assassination of William and Jacob Bledsoe, who had been
arrested on charge of horse stealing in 1865. They were arrested
merely on pretext and it is thought they were murdered by their guard.
A man by the name of Robert Clark was also brutally murdered in his
cabin on the Verdigris in the presence of his wife and children in 1866,
by an outlaw named Wash Petty. In 1874 O. C. Crookham was shot
while gathering corn in his field, by Alexander Harman. who was
rendered insane by the settlement of a business matter between the
two relating to a mortgage held by Crookham on the property of
Harman.
Railroad negotiations began as early as 1870, and a number of bond
elections were held during the '70s on propositions submitted by various
roads. The bonds carried in almost every instance but the roads were
not built. The first road to comply with its contract was the line of
the \tchison, Topeka & Santa Fe (at that time the Kansas Lity, Em-
poria and Southern), which enters the county about midway on the
north line and runs directly south through Eureka and Severy mto Elk
countv. This was in 1879. The next was the St. Louis & San Fran-
cisco/which was built in 1880. The third was what is now the Mis-
souri Pacific, running directly across the central part of the county
from east to west. This road reached Eureka in June, 1882. There are
two other lines in the county, a line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
Fe running along the east side of the county from Madison Junction
to Toronto in Woodson county, and a line of the Missouri Pacihc run-
ning from Madison east into Coffey county.
At present there are 15 townships in the county. 11 having been
added since the organization of the county. They are Bachelor, Eureka,
Fall River, Janesville, Lane, Madison, Otter Creek, Pleasant Grove,
Ouincy Salem, Salt Springs, Shell Rock, South Salem, Sprmg Creek
Tnd Twin Groves. The towns and mail stations are, Eureka, Barry,
Carrol Fall River, Climax, Fame, Flint Ridge, Hamilton, Hilltop,
Ivanpah, Lament, Lapland, Madison, Neal, Provo, Piedmont, Ouincy,
JLeece Ruweda, Severy, Star, Thrall, Tonovay, Utopia and \ irgil.
The surface of the county, except for the bluffs along the streams,
is undulating prairie. The bottom lands average one-half to one mile
in width and comprise 10 per cent, of the total area. The timber belts
which follow the streams are from 40 to 80 rods in width and contain
hickorv burr-oak, Spanish oak, walnut, maple, elm, box-elder, mul-
berry 'black ash and locust. Of the geologic deposits, blue limestone
is abundant in the north, sandstone in the south, magnesian limestone
in the west, and potter's clay in the southwest. Mineral paint has been
found in the central and southwestern portions of the county and there
is a vein of cement several feet in thickness in the central west. There
is a salt spring in the southeast.
Fall river, flowing through the county in a southeasterly direction,
is the principal stream. The Verdigris, Willow and Homer, all m the
northeast, join just beyond the county line. Spring and Otter creeks
are the two largest tributaries of Fall river.
Of the 739,000 acres of land in Greenwood county, 525,000 have been
brought under cultivation. The total yearly income from farm crops
exceeds five million dollars. The value of the corn crop in 1910 was
nearly three-fourths of a million, grass and hay crops over half a mil-
lion, and live stock nearly three millions. Kafir corn, wheat, oats, Irish
potatoes and poultry are other important products. The assessed valu-
ation of property for 1910 was nearly $34,000,000. The population was
16,060, making an average wealth of more than $2,000 per capita.
Grenola, an incorporated city of Elk county, is located on the Caney
ri^•er and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in Greenfield town-
ship, about 14 miles southwest of Howat-d, the county seat. It has
banking facilities, a weekly newspaper, hotels, an opera house, good
public schools and churches; is a shipping point for stock and agricul-
796 CYCLOPEDIA OF
tural products; is supplied with telegraph and express offices, and an
international money order postoffice with three rural routes. The
population in 1910 was 532.
Grenola was the result of the consolidation- of two rival towns,
Canola and Greenfield, which lay about 3 miles apart. When the rail-
road came through in 1879 ^"^ passed half way between them, a new
town was laid out to which both towns were moved. The Grenola
postoffice was established in that year. Business houses and residences
were put up in rapid succession, and the town soon had a population
of 700. Due to the construction work on the railroad, things were
prosperous but the town was not as orderly as it might have been.
There were several well patronized saloons, and quarrels and shooting
scrapes were frequent. This condition subsided with the removal of
the construction hands to another division of the road.
The first school was taught in 1879 by John D. Simpson. The first
newspaper, the Grenola Argus, was launched on its career in Deceml^er
of that year by John D. Stinson. The first religious services were held
in the residences of the people, and in the school houses in the vicinity,
b}- Rev. Mr. Vickers. He founded the first church in Grenola, which
was of the Methodist faith. The first child born on the townsite was
named Grenola Lee. She was given one of the best town lots.
Grenola became a city of the third class in the fall of 1880. such
action being hastened by the differences arising between the temperance
and saloon elements. The first officers were : Mayor, J. C. \\'. Crider ;
treasurer, J. L. Barnes; clerk, M. \\". AAilliams; police judge. C. A.
Kelso; marshal, W. Hatchett ; councilmen. \\'illiam Dory, J. X. Aubu-
shon, J. A. A\'eston, L. H. Smith and A. S. Browden.
Gretna, a village of Arcade township, Phillips county, is a station
on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 6 miles east of Phillips-
burg, the county seat. It is a thriving little place with a grain elevator,
general stores, telegraph and express offices, and a money order post-
office with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 75.
Gridley, one of the important little towns of Coffey county, is located
at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the Atchison. Topeka &
Santa Fe railroads in Liberty township, about 11 miles southwest of
Burlington, the county seat. It has banking facilities, telegraph and
express offices, a money order postoffice with three rural routes, and
a good retail trade. The population according to the 1910 census
report was 250.
Griffin, an inland hamlet on Owl creek, on the eastern line of ^^'ood-
son county, is about 12 miles east of Yates Center, the county seat. It
receives its mail from Humboldt, Allen county, which is the nearest
railroad station and shipping point.
Grigsby, a village of Scott county, is located in the eastern part of
the county, in Ke}'Stone township, and is a station on the Great Bend
& Scott City division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 10
miles east of Scott, the countj^ seat. The railroad name is Grieston.
KANSAS HISTORY 797
It has a grain elevator, general stores, a hotel, an express office, tele-
phone connections, and a mone)' order postoffice. The population in
1910 was 75.
Grinnell, a little town in Gove county, is located in the township of
the same name, and is on the Union Pacific R. R., 13 miles northwest
of Gove, the county seat. It has 2 elevators, a newspaper (the Gove
County Record), a number of mercantile establishments, a bank, tele-
graph and express offices and a money order postoffice with one rural
route. The population in 1910 was 350. The first newspaper in Grinnell
was the Golden Belt, established in 1885.
Gross, a post-village of Crawford county, is a station on the St. Louis
& San Francisco R. R. 20 miles south of Fort Scott and 16 miles north-
east of Girard, the county seat. It has telephone connections with the
surrounding towns, an express office, and is a trading center for the
neighborhood.
Groveland, a hamlet of jMcPherson county, is a station on the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 6 miles southwest of McPherson, the
county seat. It has telegraphic communications, express office and post- •
office. The population according to the census of 1910 was 20.
Grover, a hamlet in the extreme northwestern part of Douglas county,
is located on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 15 miles north-
west of Lawrence. It has rural free delivery from Lecompton.
Guelph, a discontinued postoffice in Sumner county, is located in the
southeastern corner, 18 miles southeast of Wellington, the county seat,
and 3 miles from Ashton, on the Kansas Southwestern, which is the
nearest railroad station and shipping point. It gets its mail by rural
delivery from Ashton.
Guerrillas. — The word guerrilla comes from the Spanish "guerra,"
which means war, and a guerrilla is one who indulges in a little war or
an irregular warfare. During the early years of the Civil war the
border line between the Northern and the Confederate states was
infested by guerrillas. In a few instances these irregular soldiers
favored the LInion cause, but in a large majority of cases they were
secessionists, and sometimes they cared more for plunder than they did
for principle. William C. Ouantrill (q. v.) was the great guerrilla
leader in western Missouri and Kansas, all the others in that section
of the country acting under him or in conjunction with him. Among
the most notorious guerrillas of the western border were Upton Hays,
John Thrailkill, Coon Thornton, Bill Anderson, Archibald Clements,
Jesse and Frank James, Cole Younger and his brother, Bill Todd, Si
Porter, William C. Haller, George Todd, William H. Gregg, Cy Gor-
don, John Jarrette, Dave Poole, Lee McMurtry, George Shepherd,
George and Dick Mattox, Dick Yeager (or Yager), Pe3'ton Long and
Fletcher Taylor.
Several of these men were only privates, but by their daring and
blood-thirsty deed they won a notoriety that has carried their names
into history, even though in a way that is unworthy of emulation.
798 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Frank James was never a leader among the guerrillas. He and the
Youngers were at Lawrence in Aug., 1863. Jesse James had not yet
joined Ouantrill. After the war the James boys and the Youngers
became noted outlaws.
Upton Hays went with Quantrill to Utah in 1858. He was in com-
mand of the "Partisan Rangers" in western Missouri until succeeded
by Ouantrill in 1862. He then left that part of the country for a time,
but later in the year returned to Jackson county. Mo., to raise a regi-
ment for the Confederate service. Quantrill made a raid to attract
attention while Hays was recruiting. Hays joined Col. John T. Hughes
for an attack on Independence in August, and in the action was wounded
in the foot. He succeeded, however, in capturing enough arms and
ammunition to equip his 300 men.
A number of raids were made by guerrilla gangs into Kansas. In
Oct., 1861. the town of Humboldt was raided by "Cols." AYilliams and
Matthews, who sacked nearly every house and store in the place.
About the same time the little town of Gardner, Johnson county, was
plundered. On March 7, 1862, Quantrill raided Aubrey, a little town
in the southeast corner of Johnson county, where he killed 3 men and
destroyed considerable property. In June Bill Anderson made a foray
as far west as Council Grove, killing 2 men and burning at least one
house. On Sept. 6 and 7 Quantrill visited Olathe, where he destroyed
or carried off a lot of property, and in October he made a descent upon
Shawnee, Johnson county, and killed 7 citizens. Just before visiting
the town he attacked the camp of a Santa Fe wagon train and killed 15
members of the escort. Humboldt was again visited in 1862 — this time
by "Col." Talbot, who burned several buildings, plundered right and
left, and killed 4 or 5 citizens who tried to defend their homes.
On Aug. 15, 1862, Quantrill was commissioned captain in the Con-
federate service and placed in command of a company of 150 men.
\\'illiam C. Haller was made first lieutenant; George Todd, second
lieutenant, and William H. Gregg, third lieutenant. Whatever the acts
of these men had been prior to that time, after that date they were sup-
posed to be acting under the authority of a power that was engaged
in warfare according to the rules adopted by civilized nations. In May,
1863, Jarrette. Younger, Clifton, and some other minor guerrilla leaders
united their gangs with Ouantrill's command for the big raid on Law-
rence in August. (See Quantrill's Raid.)
In May, 1863, Dick Yeager left Missouri on the Santa Fe trail,
crossed over into Kansas, and on the 4th encamped near Council Grove.
That night he raided the little village of Diamond Springs, where he
killed one man and wounded a woman. On the return trip he stopped
at Rock Springs, a stage station near the line of Osage and Douglas
counties, where he met and killed George X. Sabin, a soldier of Com-
pany K, Eleventh Kansas, who had been at his home in Pottawatomie
county on furlough and was on his way to rejoin his. regiment. Seven
miles farther on Yeager's men shot and seriously wounded Darid Hub-
bard, then passed through Baldwin and Black Jack, where they robbed
the stage, and then returned to Missouri, via Gardner.
Just after the raid on Lawrence, Ouantrill passed through the old
town of Brooklyn, where he did some damage, and on Oct. 6, 1863. his
men ruthlessly' massacred some Federal troops at Baxter Spnngs,
(q VI. Other depredations by guerrillas were m the vicmity of Mme
creek where a number of settlers were driven from their homes, and
at the towns of Potosi and Spring Hill. By the fall of 1863 the Lnion
troops were so well organized along the eastern border of the state
that guerrilla raids practically ceased.
Guilford, a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., m \\ ilson county.
is located in Guilford township 8 miles northeast of Fredonia, the
county .seat. It has a money order postoffice. The population m 1910
was 32. . .
Guittard Station, a hamlet of Marshall county, is located 8 miles
northeast of I^Iarysville, the county seat. It has a population of 28
according to the 1910 census, and receives mail from Beattie.
Guy, a small post-hamlet of Valley township. Sheridan county, is
a station on the Union Pacific R. R. 8 miles east of Hoxie. the county
seat. The railroad name is Tasco Station.
Gypsum, an incorporated city of Saline county, is located on the
Missouri Pacific R. R. in Eureka township, 18 miles southeast of Salina.
It has banking facilities, telegraph and express offices, and an inter-
national money order .postoffice with three rural routes. The popula-
tion in 1910 was 623. • .,,,,,• r
Gypsum.— Technically, gypsum is a ••native hydrated sulphite of
calcium." In mineralogy it is classed as a '•monoclinic mineral, rang-
ing from transparent to opaque." It is usually colorless or white,
though it is sometimes found gray, flesh-colored, yellow or blue. ^Vhen
found in transparent crystals it is called selenite ; in the fibrous form
it is known as satin spar ; in fine-grained, translucent masses it is called
alabaster; and in large beds of massive rock, mixed with clay, calcium
carbonate, or other impurities, it constitutes the rock gypsum of com-
merce, which is sold as land plaster, or when calcined as plaster-of-
paris. ' Its origin is due to the evaporation of sea water in enclosed
lakes or bays cut ofif from the ocean, to deposits of thermal storings, or
ro volcanic" action. Gypsum is abundant in Kansas, both in the form
of rock gypsum and as a fine powder of sand or dirt in the beds of the
streams ''and marshes, and is believed to have been deposited by the
first method when Kansas was an inland sea. Volume XI of the reports
of the geological survey of Kansas made by the University of Kansas,
gives an exhaustive account of the origin, nature and distribution of
gypsum within the state. (See Geology.)
Gypsum was first discovered in Kansas by Thomas C. Palmer, who
settlVd in Marshall county in 1857. Noticing that some rocks he had
used about his camp fire had, burned to lime, he used the product to
••chink" his cabin. Subsequent investigation disclosed the fact that
830 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the rocks were gypsum. The following year Gen. F. J. Marshall burned
some of the same kind of lime and plastered a house at Alarysville
In 1872 Judge Coon and his brother began the manufacture of plaster-
of-paris with a five barrel kettle at Blue Rapids, and three years later
a stone mill was erected, which was conducted for about twelve years.
In 1887 two companies were organized at Blue Rapids for the manu-
facture of cement plaster, and one was organized at Hope, Dickinson
county. A mill established at Salina in 1889 furnished the plaster for
the buildings of the Columbian exposition at Chicago in 1893. This
brought Kansas g^-psum to the notice of builders, and in 1898 the
American Cement Plaster company was organized at Lawrence. Fac-
tories have since been established at Burns, Marion county; Kansas
City, Mo. ; and Wymore, Neb., all of which use large quantities of
gypsum from the Kansas deposits. The United States Gypsum com-
pany, with offices in Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, ]\Iinneapolis, Minn.,
and San Francisco, manufacture a gypsum hollow tile for fireproofing,
which has found favor with the architects of the countr}-, and it is cer-
tain that the next few years will witness a great development of the
Kansas g3'psum fields.
Hackberry, a country postoffice in Gove count}-, is located on Hack-
berr}^ creek about 14 miles southeast of Gove, the county seat, and 11
miles south of Ouinter. the nearest shipping point. The population in
1910 was 15.
Hackett, a village in the northern part of Franklin county, is situated
in the valley of Eight Mile creek, about 6 miles northwest of Ottawa,
the county seat, from which it has rural free delivery.
Hackney, a village of Pleasant Valley township, Cowley county, is
a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 6 miles south of
Winfield, the county seat. It has a grain elevator, some general stores,
telegraph and express offices, telephone connections and an international
money order postoffice. It is a shipping point for a rich farming sec-
tion and in 1910 reported a population of 40.
Haddam, an incorporated town of \\'ashington county, is a station
on the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy R. R. in the township of the same
name, 14 miles west of Washington, the county seat. It was founded
in 1869, when J. W. Taylor opened a store there and a postoffice was
established. West Haddam was started about the same time by a
man named Whitney and for several years there was a spirited rivalr}-,
the postoffice sometimes being located in one town and sometimes in
another. In 1874 Whitne}' gave up the fight and removed his store to
the present town. Haddam has 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the
Clipper), a telephone company, a township graded school, a good retail
trade, and an international money order postoffice with four rural
routes. It is a shipping point for a large agricultural district in the
western part of the county. The population in 1910 was 408.
KANSAS HISTORY 501
Hageman County. — The Kansas legislature b\' the act of Feb. 26,
1867, created a county to be known as Hageman, with the following
boundaries: "Commencing where the east line of range 21 west inter-
sects the fourth standard parallel ; thence south to the fifth standard
parallel ; thence west to the east line of range 26 west ; thence north
to the fourth parallel ; thence east to the place of beginning." These
boundaries now include all the present county of Hodgeman except ten
Congressional townships in the northern part of Ford county, being
all of the two northern tier of Ford.
Halderman, John A., soldier, statesman and diplomat, was born and
reared in Kentucky. He was educated at McKendree College, Leba-
non, III., and subsequently studied law in the University of Louisville.
In the spring of 1854, at the age of twenty-one years, he came to Kan-
sas and began the practice of law at Leavenworth. He served as private
secretary to Andrew H. Reeder, the first territorial governor, and in
1855 was secretary of the .first territorial council. He was appointed
the first probate judge of Leavenworth county; was major of the First
Kansas regiment in the Civil war, and major-general of the state
militia. He served two terms as mayor of Leavenworth ; was a regent
of the university ; a member of the state house of representatives ;
and in 1870 was elected a member of the state senate. In 1872-73 he
traveled abroad. In 1880 he was appointed consul at Bangkok and was
soon promoted to consul-general b}^ President Garfield. In 1883 he
was the first United States minister to Siam, where the king honored
him with the decoration of Knight Commander of the Order of the
White Elephant, and later the French government gazetted him Com-
mander of the Royal Order of Cambodia. He resigned his position
in 1885 and returned to Leavenworth. For some years he resided in
Washington, D. C, and at the outbreak of the Spanish-American war
promptly tendered his services to the secretary of war. He was a mem-
ber of the Kansas Historical Society and a frequent contributor to its
publications. He died in Washington, D. C, in Oct., 1908, and was
buried in the government cemetery at Arlington.
Hale, a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. in Chautauqua county,
is located 12 miles northeast of Sedan, the county seat, and 9 miles
from Elk city, Montgomery county, whence it is supplied with mail. The
population, according to the census of 1910, was 45.
Halfmound, a post-hamlet of Jefiferson county, is located in Delaware
township on the L'nion Pacific R. R., :?5 miles northwest of Oskaloosa,
the county seat, and 5 miles from Valley Falls.
Halford, a money order postoffice of Thomas county, is situated on
the Union Pacific R. R. 10 miles east of Colby, the county seat. It has
a general store, a lumber yard, etc., and does some shipping.
Halifax, a village of Mill Creek township, Wabaunsee county, is a
station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 8 miles southeast of
Alma, the county seat. It has an express office, some general stores,
and a money order postoffice. The population was 40 in 1910.
(1-51^
802 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Hallet, a post-hamlet of Hodgeman county, is situated in the town-
ship of the same name, in the Buckner creek valley about lo miles
southwest of Jetmore, the county seat and nearest railroad station.
Hallowell, a town in lola township, Cherokee county, is a station on
the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 9 miles west of Columbus, the
county seat. It has a money order postoffice with three rural routes,
3 churches, telephone connections, some well stocked stores, a hotel,
an express office, and in 1910 reported a population of 210.
Hall's Summit, a village of Coffey county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 14 miles north of Burlington, the county seat.
It has a bank, various lines of mercantile interests, telegraph and express
offices, and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The popula-
tion in 1910 was 125.
Halstead, one of the thriving little cities of Harvey county, is located
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. and Little Arkansas river
10 miles west of Newton, the county seat. It has a bank, telegraph
and express offices, and a weekly newspaper (the Independent). It
is an important grain and live stock market and has all lines of mer-
cantile establishments. All the leading denominations of churches and
secret orders are represented. According to the census of 1910 the
population is 1,004.
The country about Halstead was settled by Germans in 1872, and in
the summer of that year an attempt was made to establish a town.
A site was laid off by John Sebastian, a representative of the railroad
company. In the autumn a town company was formed, with H. D.
Albright as president, and in the spring of the next year the town was
laid out. A postoffice was established about the same time, with George
W. Swees}' as postmaster. It was made a money order postoffice in
1877. The first religious services were held in the Sweesy house in
the spring of 1873. The first marriage was between O. Y. Hart and
Mary J- Collier, in 1873, the first birth was a child of David Eckert
in 1874, and the first death, which occurred the same )'ear, was that
of John Ashford, who "died with his boots on." A school house
was built in the winter of 1873-74, and the first school teacher was
Laura Belle Walker. The first newspaper was the Zurheimath, pub-
lished in the German language, the initial number of which was issued
on June 6, 1876, by the Western Publishing company, with David
Goerz as editor. The first number of the Independent was issued in
1881.
Halstead was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1877 and
the election for officers was held in March of that j'ear. The officers
chosen were: Mayor, H. H. McAdams ; police judge, James R^'an;
councilmen, C. S. Brown, O. Y. Hart, John Lehman, J. E. Ruthand
and M. S. Ingalls. Those appointed were : Clerk, G. E. Terry ; treas-
urer, W. M. Tibbot: marshal. W. C. Hinkle. In the latter '70s and in
the early '80s Halstead enjoyed a substantial growth. Large mills and
elevators were built, and business enterprises, including the Bank of
Halstead, .with a capital of $100,000, Avere organized on a large scale.
KANSAS HISTORY 803
Hamelton, Charles A., a pro-slavery leader during the border troubles,
was a native of Cass county, Ga., where his father, Dr. Thomas A.
Hamelton, was a wealthy and influential citizen. The name is spelled
"Hamilton" by some writers. \Vhen the Territory of Kansas was
organized Milton McGee went to Georgia to recruit men to aid in
making Kansas a slave state. At Cassville he made a fiery speech and
Charles Hamelton and his brother were among the first to rally to
McGee's standard. Dr. Hamelton contributed $i,ooo to the cause.
Charles A. Hamelton is best known as the perpetrator of the Marais
des Cygnes massacre (q. v.) on May 19, 1858, concerhing which the
legislature adopted a resolution asking the governor to offer a reward
of $500 for Hamelton's apprehension, and to make a requisition upon
the governor of any state in which he might be found. When Hamel-
ton came to Kansas he was the owner of a plantation in Georgia, but
was heavily in debt. At the close of the border troubles he returned
to his native state, was stripped of ever}-thing by his creditors, took
the benefit of the bankrupt act and went to Texas, where he engaged
in horse raising. In 1861 he raised a regiment, of which he was com-
missioned colonel, and served with Gen. Robert E. Lee in the Con-
federate army in Virginia. After the war he went back to Georgia,
wliere he died some years later.
Hamilton, a village of Greenwood county, is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in Janesville township 15 miles northeast
of Eureka, the county seat. All lines of mercantile enterprises are
represented. There are banking facilities, a weekly newspaper (the
Times), telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice
with one rural route. Hamilton is an important shipping point for the
products of a large and productive agricultural country. The popula-
tion, according to the government report for 1910, was 325.
Hamilton County, one of the western border tier, was erected by
the act of March 6, 1873, which defined the boundaries as follows:
"Commencing at the intersection of the east line of range 39 west with
the 4th standard parallel ; thence south along said range line to its
intersection with the north line of township 27 south ; thence along
said township line to the west boundary of the State of Kansas ; thence
north along said west boundary line of the State of Kansas to where
it is intersected by the 4th standard parallel: thence east to the place
of beginning."
In 1883, when several of the western counties were discontinued by
act of the legislature, the boundaries of Hamilton were extended to
include the western half of the present counties of Grant and Kearny
and all of the present county of Stanton, but by the act of March 5,
T887, the original boundaries were restored. At present the county is
bounded on the north by Greeley county; on the east by Kearny; on
the south by Stanton, and on the west by the State of Colorado. , It was
named for Alexander Hamilton, one of the founders of tlie American
republic, who was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr.
804 CYCI.OPEDIA OF
Pike's expedition of 1806 crossed the western boundary of Kansas
in what is now Hamilton county; Long's expedition of 1820 passed
through the county, and Fowler's journal of Glenn's expedition for
Nov. 4, 182T, says: "We steered No 75 west 4 miles to [a point] of
Sand Hills washed by the River and at Six miles farther to an Island
clothed A'Vith Willow and Cotton Wood — the main Chanel on the
North Side of the Island the last 6 miles of our Corse Was West," etc.
Coues thinks the 16 miles of this day's march took the expedition past
the site of the present city of Syracuse, and that the camp of the 4th
was not far from the present town of Coolidge. Fort Aubrey (q. v.)
■ was established not far from Mayline in the late summer of 1865 and
was occupied as a military post until the following spring.
The first permanent settlement in the county was made by a colony
from Syracuse, N. Y. The colony was organized there on Oct. 23,
1872, and a committee, consisting of Evelin P. Barber, S. R. Jones and
D. G. Ackland, was sent forward to Kansas to select a location. On
Christmas day the committee decided on a tract of land in Hamilton
county, though that was before the county had been created by legis-
lative enactment. The main body of the colony arrived on the site on
March 23, 1873. These colonists tried to have the name of the county
changed to Onondaga, after their old county in New York, but the
legislature declined to comply with their request. Following the New
Yorkers came some Mennonites and other settlers, and by the begin-
ning of 1886 an agitation was commenced for the organization of the
county.
Early in that year a memorial signed by 250 citizens of the county
was presented to Gov. John A. Martin, who appointed Alfred Pratt
to take a census of the county. The census showed a population of
1,893 people, of whom 614 were actual householders, and on Jan. 29,
1886, the governor issued his proclamation declaring the county organ-
ized. At that time the county embraced Stanton and the portions of
Kearn}' and Grant above mentioned. The governor appointed as com-
missioners J. H. Leeman of Hartland, Lawrence AV. Hardy of j\Ied-
way, and Dennis Foley of Syracuse. Thomas Ford was appointed
county clerk, and Kendall was designated as the temporary county
seat.
A bitter contest soon arose between Kendall and Syracuse for the
permanent seat of justice, and an element in the fight was the ques-
tion of restoring the old county lines by the reestablishment of the
counties of Grant, Kearny and Stanton. At an election on z'\pril i,
1886, Syracuse was declared the county seat, but Kendall charged gross
frauds on the part of the advocates of Syracuse and appealed to the
supreme court. That tribunal threw out the vote of Syracuse township
and ordered the county officers to take their offices back to Kendall until
another vote could be taken at the general election the following Novem-
ber. At the November election the vote for county seat stood: Syra-
cuse, 785; Kendall, 390; Coolidge, 224; Johnson City, 93; Scattering,
KANSAS HISTORY 805
4, giving Syracuse a majority of 74 over all competitors. At the same
election the following county officers were chosen : Representative, J.
T. Kirtland; probate judge, W. C. Higgins ; clerk of the district court,
W. P. Humphrey; county clerk, J. M. Hicks; sheriff, C. C. Mills; treas-
urer, J. H. Bentley; register of deeds, J. P. Gardner; county attorney,
G. N. Smith ; county superintendent of schools, C. N. Gartin ; surveyor,
J. W. Beatty; coroner, J. N. Slown ; commissioners, L. C. Swink, A.
A. G. Stayton and S. S. Taggert.
Plazelrigg's History of Kansas (p. 224) says the fight for the county
seat was kept up for some years, two sets of county officers being
elected and the county records divided, until the question was finally
decided by the supreme court in favor of Syracuse.
The surface of the county is level in the northern part and rolling
prairie in the southern. The Arkansas river enters the county from the
west, near the center, and flows in a southeasterly direction until it
enters Kearny county. Along this river the bottom lands are from
2 to 4 miles wide. There is little native timber, but a number of
artificial groves have been planted. White magnesian limestone is
abundant in the bluffs along the river and some gypsum deposits have
been found. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad runs along
the north bank of the Arkansas river, giving the county a little over
28 miles of railroad. The county is divided into eight townships, viz.:
Bear Creek, Coolidge, Kendall, Lamont, Liberty, Medway. Richland
and Syracuse. In 1910 there were 27 organized school districts in the
county, with county high schools at Coolidge and Syracuse. The
population of the county in that year was 3,360, a gain of 1,934 during
the preceding decade — over 100 per cent. The value of taxable prop-
erty was $5,257,355, and the value of farm products, including live
stock, was nearh' $372,500. The principal crops are broom-corn, milo
maize, hay (including alfalfa), sorghum and wheat.
Hamlin, an incorporated city of the third class in Brown county, is
located in the township of the same name, and is a station on the St.
Joseph & Grand Island R. R. 7 miles northwest of Hiawatha, the county
seat. It has a bank, a graded school, 3 churches, a number of retail
stores, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with
one rural route. The population in 1910 was 208. The town was laid
out in 1870 and the postoffice moved from the old location 2 miles
south. J. Rodgers was the first postmaster. The first school was taught
by Miss Emma Fisher in 1871. The first building in the town was
erected by a Mrs. Leonard, who engaged in the millinery business.
Hammond, a post-village of Bourbon county, is on the St. Louis &
San Francisco R. R. 7 miles north of Fort Scott, the county seat. In
1910 it had a population of about 30.
Hampson, a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in
Marion county, is located 14 miles southeast of Marion, the county
seat, and 5 miles south of Florence, whence it receives mail by rural
route.
8o6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Hampton, a post-hamlet of Fairview township, Rush county, is
located about lo miles northwest of La Crosse, the county seat, and 4
miles from Hargrave, which is the nearest railroad station.
Hanback, Lewis, jurist, soldier and member of Congress, was born
on March 27, 1839, at Winchester, Scott county, 111. His father, Wil-
liam Hanback, who was by profession a portrait painter, moved to
Madison, Ind., in 1844, and resided there until the spring of 1848. He
then moved to Switzerland county, Ind., but returned to Illinois in the
spring" of 1850 and settled near Quincy, where he died in 1855. A
year later his wife died, leaving a family of six children, of whom
Lewis was the eldest. During the winter he attended the district
schools, and was for a part of three years at Cherrj' Grove Seminary
in Knox county, 111. The winter of 1860-61 he taught school in Mor-
gan county, 111. In April, 1861, at the first call for volunteers by Presi-
dent Lincoln for three months' men, he enlisted as a private in the
Tenth Illinois infantry and was mustered out the following July. He
immediately reenlisted as a private in the Twenty-seventh Illinois
infantry. Mr. Hanback rose rapidly in rank, being appointed brigade
inspector on the staff of Col. G. W. Roberts and remained on stafif duty
until mustered out of the service in 1864. He took an active part in
many battles, among them being Corinth, Stone's River, Chickamauga
and Missionary Ridge, and was with the Fourth army corps, Army of
the Cumberland, in its many battles. At the close of the war he entered
the law school at Albany, N. Y., but soon returned to Illinois, and on
Aug. 9, 1865, married Hettie A. Cooper at Chapin. Immediately after
the wedding they came to Topeka, Kan., where three children were
born to them. In 1868 Mr. Hanback was elected probate judge of
Shawnee county and held that position for four years. He was assistant
clerk of the state house of representatives in 1876, and assistant sec-
retary of the senate in 1877. In March, 1877, he was appointed
assistant United States attorney for the district of Kansas and held
the position for two years, when he was appointed receiver of public
moneys at Salina, Kan. This position he held until he was elected to
Congress as representative at large as a Republican in 1882. He was
reelected in 1884. Mr. Hanback died at Armourdale, Kan., Sept. 9,
1897.
Hannum, a small hamlet of Cloud county, is a station on the Strong
City & Superior division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R.
3 miles northwest of Concordia, the county seat, whence mail is received
by rural route.
Hanover, an incorporated city of Washington county, is situated 12
miles northeast of Washington, the county seat, at the junction of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the St. Joseph & Grand Island
railroads, which makes it an important shipping point for a rich agri-
cultural district. The town was laid out in the spring of i86g by G.
H. Hollenberg. It was incorporated as a city of the third class in
July, 1872. Mr. Hollenberg died on July i, 1874, and left $600 for the
purpose of building a city hall, provided the citizens would raise $1,000.
KANSAS HISTORY 807
The money was secured without difficult)' and the hall was built in
1875. Hanover has electric lights, waterworks, public and Catholic
schools, 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the Democrat-Enterprise and
the Herald), an international money order postoffice with four rural
routes, express, telegraph and telephone facilities, a bottling works, a
number of good mercantile establishments, hotels, etc. The popula-
tion was 1,039 in 1910.
Hanston, one of the principal towns of Hodgeman county, is a station
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 11 miles northeast of
Jetmore, the county seat. The railroad name is Olney. It has a bank,
several general stores, an international money order postoffice, tele-
graph and express offices. Catholic and Methodist churches, good pub-
lic schools, and ships large quantities of grain and live stock. The
population in igio was 350.
Happy, a country hamlet in Graham county, is located 12 miles south
of Hill City, the county seat and the postoffice from which it receives
its mail.
Harahey. — North of the ancient province of Ouivira (q. v.), in a
district known as Harahey, lay the home of another Indian tribe, sup-
posed to be the Pawnees of more -modern times. • This province is
called "Arche" in Castaneda's relation of the Coronado expedition, and
the Relacion del Suceso spells the name "Harale." It is also given as
"Arahei" by some writers. The Wichita Indian name for the Pawnees
was "Awahi," a word which in sound resembles Harahey. A map
accompanying Hodge's "Spanish Explorations in the Southern United
States" shows the province of Harahe)' in southern Nebraska, along
the Platte river, with the southern portion extending into Kansas east
of the Republican river and including the greater part of Republic,
Washington, Marshall and Nemaha counties. Jaramillo says the peo-
ple of Harahey were related to those of Ouivira.
On Oct. 27, 1904, a monument was unveiled in the city park at Man-
hattan, Kan., to Tatarrax, the great ruler or chief of the ancient nation
of Harahey, who with a delegation of his braves visited Coronado in
Ouivira in 1541. The members of the Ouivira Historical Society
believed that Manhattan was somewhere near the geographical center
of the ancient kingdom of Harahey, but the probabilities are that Hodge
is more likely to be correct, and that the greater portion of the province
lay north of the 40th parallel of north latitude, in what is now the ,
State of Nebraska.
Hardilee, an inland hamlet of Smith county, is located 13 miles north-
west of Smith Center, the county seat, and 8 miles north of Kensing-
ton, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., the nearest railroad
station and shipping point, and the postoffice from which its mail is dis-
tributed by rural route.
Harding, a hamlet in the northern part of Bourbon county, is situated
on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 15 miles northwest of Fort Scott, the
county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express
facilities, and in 1910 had a population of 25.
<508 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Hardtner, a village in Barber county, is 20 miles south of Medicine
Lodge, the county seat. It is the terminus of a branch of the Missouri
Pacific R. R. extended from Kiowa, 9 miles east. There are about
twent}^ retail establishments, an express office and a postoffice. The
population, according to the census of 1910, was 100.
Harger, Charles Moreau, journalist and author, was born at Phelps,
N. Y., Jan. 23, 1863, a son of Henry and Martha (Densmore) Harger.
He graduated in the Phelps Classical School with the class of 1881,
and subsequently received the degree of L. H. D. and Litt. D. from
Bethany College and Baker University. Upon coming to Kansas he
engaged in teaching, and for some time he was principal of the public
schools at Hope, Dickinson county, where on Oct. 3, 1889, he married
Miss Blanche Bradshaw. In 1888 he became editor of the Abilene Re-
flector, and in 1905 he was made a director and lecturer in the depart-
ment of journalism in the University of Kansas. Mr. Harger is a
Republican and a prominent Mason, being a member of the Mystic
Shrine. He is a contributor to magazines and periodicals and a writer
of peculiar force and charm.
Hargrave, a post-village of Rush county, is located in Brookdale
township and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 7 miles west
of La Crosse, the county seat. It has a general store, a lumber yard
and some minor business establishments, does some shipping, and in
1910 reported a population of 50.
Harlan, a village of Smith county, is located on the north fork of
the Solomon river and the Missouri Pacific R. R. 12 miles southeast
of Smith Center, the county seat. It has telegraph and express offices,
a money order postoffice with one rural route, and a number of retail
stores. The population in 1910 was 175. The town was laid off in
1877 and named in honor of Judge Harlan, a citizen of the county.
The first store was opened by F. R. Gruger in 1878. The postoffice was
established in 1877, with A. L. Bailey as postmaster. A weekly news-
paper (the Independent) was established about 1878 by Garretson &
Topliff. The L^nited Brethren founded Gould College here earlv in
the history of the town.
Harmony, a discontinued postoffice of Pawnee county, is situated
near the northwest corner of the county, about 18 miles from Larned,
the county seat. Mail is received through the office at Nekoma, and
Rozel is the nearest shipping point.
Harper, the second largest town in Harper county, is located on
Spring Creek 10 miles north of Anthony, the county seat, and on the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Kansas City, Mexico & Orient rail-
roads. It has waterworks, an opera house, 3 banks, a foundry, machine
shops, a flour mill, creamery, 2 weekly newspapers (the Advocate and
the Sentinel), 7 churches and excellent public schools. The principal
shipments are of live stock, flour, wool, creamery products, hides and
produce. It has an international postoffice with four rural routes, tel-
graph and express offices. The population, according to the census of
KANSAS HISTORY S09.
1910, was 1,638. The town was founded by a party from Iowa in
April, 1877. The first building was built by J. B. Glenn, president of
the town company, with lumber hauled from Wichita. In July, 1877,
a postoffice was established and Mrs. Josie B. Glenn was appointed
postmistress. Mail came weekly to Hutchinson, from which town it
was brought to Harper, at private expense. The money order depart-
ment was added in 1879. Harper was organized as a city of the third
class in Sept., 1880, and the first election, which was held in that month,
resulted as follows: Mayor, Sam S. Sisson ; police judge, J. W. Appley ;
councilmen, R. B. Elliott, H. Martin, R. J. Jones, S. D. Noble, L.' G.
Hake. G. W. Appley was appointed clerk. The population of the
city at that time was about 700.
Harper County, located in the central part of the southern tier of
counties, is bounded on the north by Kingman county, on the east by
Sumner, on the south by the State of Oklahoma and on the west by
Barber county. It was first organized in 1873 ^"^ named in honor of
Marion Harper, of the Second Kansas cavalry. As first described the
boundaries of Harper included the southern tier of townships in what
is now Kingman county. The bill fixing the final boundaries passed
the legislature in 1879. The organization of 1873 proved to be one
of the most gigantic frauds ever perpetrated in connection with county
organizations. There was not at that time a single resident in the
county, and it was heavily bonded immediately. In 1873 three men
from Cherokee county named Boyd, Wiggins and Horner, having laid'
a scheme to organize some of the uninhabited lands of southwestern
Kansas for the purpose of exploitation, came into the territory which
is now Harper county, where they met a trapper by the name of George
Lutz, who took them to his camp. Taking Lutz into their scheme, a
petition was drawn up asking that John Davis be appointed special
census taker, and that H. H. Weaver, H. P. Fields and Samuel Smith
be appointed special county commissioners. These names were copied
from a Cincinnati directory. The petition further asked that BlufY
City, "centrally located in the county, and being the largest and most
important business point in the county," be made the temporary' county
seat. To this petition was attached 40 names. The governor granted
the petition and a census report was sent in which showed 641 names
of persons declared to be "bona fide" residents. The county was then
declared organized.
The next winter an investigating committee appointed by the legis-
lature visited Harper county and found that \t had not a single
resident, that it had been bonded for $25,000 and had a funded indebted-
ness of $15,000. A. W. Williams, then attorney-general of Kansas,
recommended that the organization be invalidated on account of fraud
and that the county be attached to some other one for judicial pur-
poses. Naturally these events gave Harper an unsavory reputation for
some time, but which it has fortunately outlived.
The earliest settlements were made in 1876, when M. Devore and
8lO CYCLOPEDIA OF
family, H. E. Jesseph and family, John Lamar and family and William
Thomas and family located near the east line of the county. The
next year a colony from Iowa located on the site of Harper City. The
party included J. B. and M. H. Glenn, R. Barton and A. T. Barton,
who brought their families, Joseph Haney, C. H. Snider, M. K. Kittle-
man, G. M. Goss, C. C. Goss, Thomas Elder, B. L. Fletcher and H. C.
Moore. They came to Hutchinson on the railroad and drove from that
point. The first wedding was solemnized at Harper on Sept. 22, 1878,
between Dr. J. W. Madra and Miss Mary Glenn. The first child was
born to Mr. and Mrs. H. E. Jesseph.
The count}' was organized in 1878. In August Gov. Anthony
appointed the following officers : Sheriff, E. McEnany ; surveyor, B.
F. Lee; treasurer, J. L. Rinehart; clerk, H. E. Jesseph; probate judge,
R. B. Dawson; attorney, W. R. Kirkpatrick; register of deeds, H. C.
Fisler; county superintendent of public instruction, R. H. Lockwood ;
county commissioners, T. H. Stevens, F. B. Singer and J. B. Glenn.
At the first meeting of the commissioners Anthony was named as the
county seat, the former county seat. Bluff City, never having had any
existence except on paper. The first county seat election was held
at the time of the general election in Nov., 1879. Although the county
did not have at that time above 800 legal voters, there were 2,960 votes
cast. The count}' commissioners refused to count the ballots and left
them in the boxes. When they finally decided to count them they had
all disappeared. The citizens of Anthony and Harper, the two con-
testing towns engaged in a legal battle over the matter, and although
Justice Brewer of the supreme court held that 2,960 votes were too
many for 800 voters to cast," the vote was finally counted and found to
be in favor of Anthony, and that town became the permanent county
seat. All the officers of 1878 held over till 1880.
In July, 1880, bonds to the amount of $28,000 were voted for the
Southern Kansas & Western railroad, Harper township voting $16,000
and Chikaskia $12,000. The road was built that year. The next year
both townships disposed of their stock at 65 cents on the dollar. At
present the county is a network of railroads. A line of the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe enters in the north central part and crosses south
through Harper and Anthony into Oklahoma. Another line of the same
road enters the east, somewhat north of the center, passes through
Harper and crosses Barber county into Oklahoma, and a branch
diverges northvi^est from Attica. The Kansas City, Mexico & Orient
enters in the northeast, crosses southwest to Harper, thence to Anthony,
and thence southwest into Oklahoma. The Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific enters from Oklahoma in the southwest and terminates at
Anthony. Anthony is also the western terminus of the Kansas South-
western, which enters in the southeast. The Missouri Pacific, from the
east, crosses southwest to Anthony and terminates at Kiowa in Barber
county just over the line. There are 167 miles of main track in the
countv.
KANSAS HISTORY
8ll
There are twenty townships, viz.: Anthony, Banner, Berlin, Blaine,
Chicaskia, Eagle, Empire, Garden, Grant, Green, Harper, Lake, Lawn,
Liberty, Odell, Pilot Knob, Ruella, Silver Creek, Spring and Stohr-
ville^. The postoffices are: Anthony, Attica, Bluff City, Corwin, Cris-
field. Crystal Springs, Danville, Duquoin, Ferguson, Freeport, Harper,
Runnymede, Shook and Waldron.
The general surface of the county is rolling, with long gentle slopes.
Bottom lands, which comprise about 15 per cent, of the total area,
average a mile in width. The timber is very sparse, most of it being
Cottonwood. There are several artificial plantings. Red sandstone,
mineral paint and salt are found in large quantities and are of superior
quality. The largest stream is the Chikaskia river, which flows across
the northeast corner. Bluff creek and its numerous tributaries prac-
tically form the water system of the county. This stream crosses the
county in a southeasterly direction.
The total area is 810 square miles or 518,400 acres, of which nearly
400,000 acres have been brought under cultivation. The value of farm
products averages from $3,000,000 to $3,500,000 annually. In igio the
yield was not as large as in 1909, but the wheat sold for nearly $1,000,000,
the corn for $356,000, and the oats for $349,000, the total product, includ-
ing live stock, being worth $2,980,000.
The population in 1910 was 14,748, which was a gain of about 35
per cent, over the population in 1900. The assessed valuation of prop-
erty in 1910 was $29,272,300, which shows the average wealth per capita
to be almost $2,000.
Harris, a little town in Reeder township. Anderson county, is a station
on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 13 miles northwest of Garnett, the county
seat. It has a bank, all the general lines of business, schools and
churches, express and telegraph offices, and a money order postofifice
with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 250.
Harris, William Alexander, civil engineer and United States senator,
was born in Loudoun county, Va., Oct. 29, 1841. He attended school
at Luray, Va., unt^l his eighth year, when his father, William H. Harris,
was appointed minister to the Argentine Republic, and for four years
the family lived at Buenos Ayres. When they returned to the LTnited
States the son began his technical education and graduated at Colum-
bia College, Washington. D. C, in June, 1859. Immediately afterward
he went to Central America and spent six months on a ship canal sur-
vey, but returned home and entered the Virginia Military Institute in
Jan., i860. He was in the graduating class of 1861, but the outbreak
of the Civil war stopped all study, and in April of that year he and
his classmates entered the Confederate service. He served three years
as assistant adjutant-general of Wilcox's brigade and as ordnance
officer of Gens. D. H. Hill's and Rodes' divisions of the Army of North-
ern Virginia. In 1865 he came to Kansas and entered the employ of
the L^nion Pacific railroad as a civil engineer. The road was then
completed to Lawrence, and his first work was to build the Leaven-
8l2 CYCLOPEDIA OF
worth branch, which he completed in 1866. Mr. Harris was resident
engineer of the road until it was completed to Carson in the fall of
1868, when he accepted the agency for the sale of the Delaware reserva-
tion and other lands, in connection with farming and stock raisjng.
In 1876 he became interested in short-horn cattle and .in a short time his
herds were known throughout the country for high quality. When
he was nominated for Congressman-at-large by the Populists in 1892,
he was in Scotland, comparing notes with breeders of Great Britain
and Scotland and planning for the improvement of his stock. His
nomination was indorsed by the Farmers' Alliance and the Democratic
party and he was elected. In 1894 he was renominated but defeated.
In the fall of 1896 he was elected to the state senate from the Third
district, and the following January he was elected to the United States
senate to succeed William A. Peffer. Mr. Harris took an active part
in railroad legislation in his state and in Congress, but was unable
to have his ideas carried out. He was deeply interested in the
Nicaraguan canal project when it came before the United States
senate, and was a member of the committee having the question of
the proposed canal in charge. He saved millions to the government
in the Pacific Railroad claims when that question came before Con-
gress for -settlement. Although an ex-Confederate he was loyal to his
state and country, voting for what he deemed best, and measured up-
to the standard of true statesmanship. After retiring from the United
States senate he made one political campaign as the Democratic candi-
date for governor of Kansas. From 1906 he resided in Lawrence, Kan.,
although connected with the National Live Stock Association with
headquarters in Chicago. He was appointed regent of the State Agri-
cultural College at Manhattan and took an active interest in the develop-
ment of that institution and the United States experimental stations.
He died at the home of his sister in Chicago, 111., Dec. 21, 1909.
Harrison, a hamlet of Jewell county, is located in Harrison township
12 miles north of Mankato, the county seat. It had 20 inhabitants in
1910, and gets dailv mail from Mankato.
Hart, Charles.— (See Ouantrill, William C.)
Hartford, an incorporated town, the second largest in Lyon county,
is located in Elmendaro township on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R.
R. and the Neosho river 13 miles southeast of Emporia, the county
seat. All the leading mercantile pursuits are represented ; there are
good schools and churches, banking facilities, and a weekly newspaper
(the Neosho Valley Times). The town is supplied with telegraph and
express offices, and an international money order postoffice with five
rural routes. The population, according to the 1910 census, was 589.
The neighborhood about Hartford was settled in 1857 and the town
was founded in 1858. The association which promoted it was com-
posed of H. D. Rice and A. K. Hawkes of Hartford, Conn., W. H.
Martin, E. Ouiett and others. The first building was a log structure
14 by 16 feet in size, in which C. P. Bassett-^ kept a store. The second 1
KANSAS HISTORY
813
was a dwelling and lodging house, a two-story frame building erected
by a Mr. Longley. The postoffice was established in 1859, with A.
K. Hawkes as postmaster. His wife taught the first school the next
year in her home. The first newspaper was the Hartford Call, the first
issue of which appeared in 1879. The first bank was incorporated
with a capital of $50,000 in Nov., 1881. The Hartford water mills, an
important institution in those days, were built in 1873.
Hartford Collegiate Institute.— About the year i860 the Methodist
Episcopal conference decided that it would be advisable to locate a
branch of Baker University at Hartford in Lyon county. The citizens
of the town agreed to donate aid in the shape of funds and land, and
work was commenced on the building, which was a two-story structure
32 by 46 feet. After an expenditure of several thousand dollars the
building was partially completed in 1862. Several terms were taught,
in connection with the district school, after which the collegiate insti-
tute was abandoned and the building was used by the district school.
Hartland, a village of Kearny county, is' a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 7 miles west of Lakin, the county seat. It
has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone
connections, a hotel, and is the principal shipping point for the western
portion of the county. The population was 80 in 1910.
Harvey County, named for James M. Harvey, who was governor of
Kansas at the time it was organized, is located in the western part
of the eastern half of the state, the third county from the Oklahoma
line and the sixth from the State of Missouri. It is bounded on the
north by McPherson and Marion counties ; on the east by Marion and
Butler; on the south by Sedgwick, and on the west by Reno, and is
crossed a little east of the center by the 6th principal meridian.
The first bona fide settler in the county was H. Nieman, who came
in 1869. He was followed in the same year by Walter M. Munch.
William Lawrence, Hubbard Wilcox, William McOwen, Charles
Schaefer, John N. Corgan, W. T. Wetherel, John Wright and S. Decker.
About 60 "new settlers came the next year, and the list of members of
the Old Settler's association gives the names of 51 persons who located
within the bounds of the county in 1871. In the fall of that year
agitation for organization of a new county brought about a division
in the Republican party in Sedgwick county. The delegates from
Newton, which was at that time in Sedgwick county, were cut down
in the convention from 7 to 3. This caused the whole delegation,
together with those from Black Kettle and Grant townships, to with-
draw. They nominated a separate ticket, which was partially elected.
In December of that year a convention was held at Newton to arrange
plans for a separate organization. The plan of taking three townships
from McPherson, three from Marion and ten from Sedgwick county,
with Newton as the county seat, was adopted by those present and
was carried into effect by act of the legislature a few weeks later.
Gov. Harvey appointed the following officers to serve temporarily:
8 14 CYCLOrEDIA OF
Clerk, W. H. Baih' ; treasurer, C. D. ]\'Iunger; probate judge, A. Mark-
well; register of deeds, R. H. Brown; sheriff, W. B. Chamberlain;
coroner, C. C. Furley ; county attorney, C. S. Bowman; clerk of the
district court, J. B. Cunningham; county surveyor, W. Brown; super-
intendent of public instruction, Ellen Webster; county commissioners,
A. G. Richardson, Amos Prouty and J. R. Skinner.
The first election was held in May, 1872. Newton was made the
county seat and all the officers appointed by the governor were elected
with the exception of J. R. Skinner, county commissioner, whose place
was filled by B. Thompson. The first act of the commissioners was
to divide the county into civil townships and give them names. Each
one was made the size of a Congressional township, and they were
named as follows : Alta, Burrington, Darlington, Emma, Garden, Hal-
stead, Lake, Lakin, Macon, Newton, Pleasant, Richland and Sedg^vick.
On a petition, signed by three-fourths of the citizens in the townships
of Highland and Walton, they were added to Harvey county by act
of the legislature in March, 1873.
From the time of organization until the fall of 1873. the county
affairs are said to have been very badly, if not criminally, managed.
No records were kept of the transactions of the officers, even the
minutes of the meetings of the commissioners being omitted, and most
of the important papers which should have been on file were missing.
It was charged that large amounts of money had been wrongly used,
and warrants paid without the sanction of law. Indignation meetings
were held all over the colinty and attempts were made to investigate
the matter, but it was found impossible to do so on account of the
way the books had been kept.
In 1872 the immigration of the IMennonites began. The large influx
of these people followed an investigation on the part of advance com-
mittees, which determined upon Harvey county as a suitable locality
in which to settle. This was a very important circumstance in the
growth of the county, as they are a thrifty and industrious class of
citizens, and they have contributed toward the general prosperit}' of
all lines of business.
The first church building was erected in Halstead township in 1877
by the Mennonites. The first school house was built in Sedgwick in
1870, the first flour mill erected by the Sedgwick Steam Power com-
pany in 1871, and the first death was that of of an unknown man who
was shot in 1870. The first births occurred in the summer of 1870, one
being in the French colony on Turkc}^ creek, and the other being Rosa
A., daughter of Charles Schaefer. The first marriages were in 1871.
one in Lake township between H. Baumann and a Miss Wheeler, and
the other in Richland township between Horace Gardner and Hettie
Thero. Among the first business concerns was the grocerv store of
James McMurray. established in 1871, in Lake township. The first
postofflce was established in 1870 in Sedgwick with T. S. Floyd as post-
master.
KANSAS HISTORY 815
There were numerous destructive prairie fires in the early '70s. One
in Richland township in 1871 did a great deal of damage, and another
in Emma township two years later destroyed considerable property.
A terrific storm visited the whole county in June, 1871, destroying
the growing crops, and another on Oct. 30 of the same year killed hun-
dreds of cattle which were grazing in the open. In common with other
parts of the state the settlers were made practically destitute by the
g-rassho])pers in 1874.
As early as 1872 the Harvey County Agricultural and Mechanical
society was organized. Its first fair was held at Newton in 1873. The
Old Settler's association was organized in 1888, with Walter M. Munch,
who came in 1869, as its first president. Lodges, fraternal organiza-
tions and churches were formed early throughout the county. School
buildings were erected so rapidly that in 1877, seven years from the time
the first one was built, there were 66 school houses.
The first railroad built through the county was the' main line of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, completed in 1871. This road enters in
the northeast from Marion county, runs in a southwesterly direction
to Newton, and thence west into Reno county. At Newton a branch
diverges southward into Sedgwick county. Bonds to the amount of
$200,000 were issued by the county for the building of the branch to
Wichita, which was constructed in 1871, by the Wichita & South-
western Railroad company, made up of local capitalists. A branch of
the ]\Iissouri Pacific R. R. from Eldorado enters in the southeast,
crosses due northwest through Newton and into McPherson county.
A line of the St. Louis & San Francisco system crosses the southwest
corner, passing through Burrton .and Patterson, and the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific crosses the extreme southeast corner.
The postoffices in Harvey county are as follows: Newton, the county
seat, where there is a fine government building, Annelly, Burrton, Hal-
stead, Hesston, Patterson, Sedgwick and Walton.
The general surface of the county is prairie, with sand hills in the
extreme northwest, and somewhat rolling in the southeast. It has an
unusual abundance of streams, its water system consisting of the Little
Arkansas river and its numerous branches. The Little Arkansas enters
in the northwest corner and flows east a few miles where it is joined
by Crooked creek and other streams. From this point it flows south-
east, being joined at different points by Black Kettle, Emma and Sand
creeks. In the eastern part of the county are Jester and West creeks.
The bottom lands along the streams average from one-fourth to three-
fourths of a mile in width and comprise 30 per cent, of the area, which
is above the average in Kansas and makes this a fine farming district.
The timber belts are from a few rods to one-fourth of a mile in width
and contain a number of varieties of wood — walnut, cottonwood, elm,
hackberry. ash, elm, box-elder, mulberry and sycamore.
Magnesian limestone is found in limited quantities in the northeast
and clay of a good quality for brick near Newton. Gypsum abounds in
■»lb CYCLOPEDIA OF
the eastern portion, and salt in large quantities underlies the southeastern
section.
As an agricultural county Harvey ranks high, although its area is
much less than those surrounding it. It covers but 540 miles or 345,000
acres, three-fourths of which have been brought under cultivation. The
annual output from the farms averages above $3,000,000, which would
do credit to a much larger county. The oats crop in 1910 was worth
$500,000; wheat, $200,000; corn, $500,000; tame grass, $200,000; wild
grass, $150,000; animals sold for slaughter, $800,000. Other important
agricultural items are poultry and eggs, dairy produce and potatoes.
The assessed valuation of property in 1910 was $34,248,225. and the
population was 19,200.
The financial matters of the county government are in a remarkably
fine condition, it being one of the few counties in this or any other
state to have absolutely no indebtedness. This condition of aft'airs has
not been brought about by failure to make public improvements, as
a new $60,000 court-house was built a short time ago without bonding
the county.
Harvey, James Madison, the fifth governor of Kansas after her admis-
sion as a state, was a native of the Old Dominion, having been born
in Monroe county, Va., Sept. 21, 1833. While still in his childhood
his parents, Thomas and Margaret (Walker) Harvey, removed to Rush
county, Ind., thence to Iowa, and later to Adams county. 111. The
future governor of Kansas received his education in the common schools
of these three states, and after completing his schooling began life as
a surveyor. In 1854 he married Miss Charlotte R. Cutler of Adams
county. 111., and in 1859 came to Kansas, locating in Riley county, where
he took up a claim upon which he made his permanent home. When
the Civil war broke out in 1861 he organized a company at Ogden,
Kan., which was mustered into the United States service at Fort
Leavenworth as Company G, Tenth Kansas infantry. He was com-
missioned captain of his company, and when the Fourth and Tenth
regiments were consolidated he retained his rank in the new organiza-
tion. In 1864 he was mustered out and returned to his farm. The
following year he was elected to represent Riley county in the lower
house of the state legislature, and was reelected in 1866, when there
was but one vote cast against him in the county. During the years
1867-68 he was a member of the state senate from what was then the
Seventh district, composed of Marshall, Riley and Shirley (now Cloud)
counties. In 1868, when some of his friends urged him to run for
governor, he looked over the field and concluded that he was not finan-
cially able to make the race. At this juncture a friend came to him
and voluntarily ofifered to furnish him with sufficient money to pay
the expenses of his campaign. Mr. Harvey borrowed $200, which paid
all his expenses, received the nomination and was elected. Some years
later he said to the man who had furnished him with the money for
his campaign: "That oiTer of yours was the turning point of my life.
IvANSAS HISTORY 817
I had decided not to go before the state convention as a candidate, and
had given it all up. I would not ask any one to loan me money, but
the tender of it unasked was the occasion of my going into the con-
vention, and the result made me governor and, later. United States
senator."
Mr. Harvey was reelected governor in 1870 by an increased majority,
and upon retiring from the office in Jan., 1873, he resumed his old
occupation of surveyor. He was thus employed in western Kansas
when he was elected to the United States senate to fill the vacancy
caused by the resignation of Alexander Caldwell, the term expiring on
March 4, 1877. W^hile in the senate he served on several important
committees, and at the expiration of his service he again took up the
life of a private citizen on his farm near Vinton, Riley county. Between
the years 1881 and. 1884 he was engaged in making surveys in New
Mexico, Arizona, Utah and Nevada. Ill health in 1884 led him to return
to Virginia, where he spent six years — three in Norfolk and three in
Richmond — but in 1890 he came back to Kansas. In 1891 he surveyed
No Man's Land, and the winter of 1893 was passed in southern Texas.
Gov. Harvey died on April 15, 1894, and was survived by his widow,
four sons and two daughters. While a member of the Kansas legisla-
ture he received the sobriquet of "Old Honesty," which clung to him
throughout his public career, and was a splendid, if somewhat homely,
description of his character.
Harvey's Administration. — Gov. Harvey was inducted into office at
the opening of the legislative session which met on Jan. 12, 1869. Being
a farmer and surveyor, he made no pretense of great erudition in his
inaugural message, but dealt in a plain, straightforward way with those
subjects which he considered of great interest and highest importance to
the people of the state. In discussing the financial situation, he showed
the state's liabilities to be $1,398,192.37, and the resources to be $423,-
309.95. Military matters, Indian affairs, education, railroads, immigra-
tion, agriculture, suffrage and the general statutes of the state — just
revised by a commission — all received attention and intelligent treat-
ment.
.-\fter enumerating se^■eral lines of railroad, among them the Union
Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe, and reporting the pro-
gress made ;n their construction, he said : "I would recommend a
liberal and just policy towards all the railroad enterprises in the state,
and that, while by judicious legislation you secure the people from wrong
and extortion, and impose a fair share of the public burden of taxtation
upon the property of these corporations, you should encourage in every
judicious and proper manner the rapid construction of all these roads."
He referred to the work of his predecessors regarding immigration,
and added: "I recommend that you at least make provision for the com-
pilation, publication and dissemination of a large number of pamphlets
in the English, German and Scandinavian languages, showing the
advantages and resources of the state and giving the immigrants direc-
(I-52)
Sl8 CYCLOPEDIA OF
tions how to avail themselves of the reductions in the cost of transpor-
tation made for their benefit ; there are many calls for such information
and it is important that it be furnished."
The population of the state at that time was a little over 300,000. I'he
entire western portion of the state was inhabited only by wandering
bands of Indians and the herds of bufifal9 which supplied the savages
with their principal article of food. All felt the necessity of increasing
the civilized population of the state and bringing this vast domain under
cultivation. Hence,, the question of immigration was one of great
interest in determining the future of Kansas. (See Immigration.)
In this legislature of 1869, the first to hold its session in the new
State-house at Topeka, Lieut. -Gov. Charles V. Eskridge presided over
the senate and Moses S. Adams was chosen speaker of the house. The
session lasted until March 4. During the session the state debt was
increased $259,000 by bond issues, as follows : $75,000 "for the purpose
of liquidating the expenses incurred for military purposes for the year
1869; $100,000 for a military contingent fund "to be used in protecting
the frontier of the state ;" $70,000 "to the exclusive use of erecting the
east wing of the state capitol building at Topeka, as provided by law;"
and $14,000 "for the purpose of paying the expense of organizing the
Nineteenth fegiment of Kansas volunteer cavalry."
The sum of $15,000, "or so much thereof as shall be necessary," was
appropriated "to purchase 6,500 bushels of good, spring wheat, to be
distributed by an agent appointed by the governor among the destitute
citizens on the western frontier." What was then the western frontier
is now the central part of Kansas, as ma}' be seen by the provisions of the
act, which directed that 1,000 bushels of this wheat were to be dis-
tributed at Ellsworth for Lincoln, Mitchell and Ellsworth counties ;
2,000 bushels at Salina for Saline, McPherson and Ottawa counties;
2,000 bushels at Junction City for Marion, Clay and Cloud counties ; and
1,500 at Waterville for the counties of Jewell, Washington and Republic.
A commission was created by the act of Feb. 17 for the purpose of
"auditing, settlement and assumption of the Price Raid claims" (q. v.),
and by the act of March 3 the governor was authorized to appoint a com-
mission of three disinterested citizens to examine into claims for stock
stolen and property destroyed by Indians during the years 1867 and
1868. The claims thus audited and the allowance therefor were to be
transmitted by the governor to. the Kansas representative and senators
in Congress, with a request to secure the passage of a law withholding-
annuities and goods due such Indians to indemnifj^ the claimants.
Immediately after the passage of the act. Gov. Harvey appointed as.
commissioners Z. Jackson, of Ellsworth; Edson Baxter, of Saline; and
James F. Tallman, of Washington. The commissioners met and organ-
ized soon after their appointment, and on May 7 reported that they had
audited and allowed claims amounting to $43,441.64.
The report was forwarded to the Kansas Congressional delegation, as
the law provided, but nothing was done in the matter by Congress until:
KANSAS HISTORY Suj)
the following session. On Jan. 12, 1871, Mr. Ross introduced a bill in
the United States senate making it the duty of the secretary of the
interior "to cause to be investigated, under such rules and regulations
as he may establish, all alleged claims for property unlawfully taken in
Kansas, or for damages sustained in said state, by reason of depredations
committed without the bounds of any Indian reservations since the ist
day of Jan. i860, by any of the Indian tribes or members thereof located
in the State of Kansas with whom treaties of peace have been or may
hereafter be made. . . . And whatever sum or sums may be found
to be justly due, when approved by Congress, shall be paid by the secre-
tary of the interior, if against the Indians, out of any moneys due or to
become due from the United States as annuity or otherwise, to such
tribe or tribes against which said sums shall be found due," etc.
The bill passed the senate on March i, and the same day was sent to
the house, where it was passed over on account of the objection of Mr.
Buck of Alabama, and thus the settlers failed to receive justice for the
many wrongs and -outrages committed against them.
Some trouble resulted in the spring of 1869 between the settlers on
the "Neutral Lands" and the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Gulf Railroad
company. During the war a number of people settled on the Neutral
Lands, and after the treaty of 1866 others came in with the expectation
of being permitted to buy their lands from the government. The rail-
road company acquired title to 639,000 acres of the lands, and on Nov.
10, 1868, issued a statement to the effect that any settler, showing he
had located prior to June 10, 1868, would be allowed to purchase 160
acres at from two to five dollars an acre upon long credit. Ten days
later the company opened a real estate office at Fort Scott, but the
settlers organized a "land league" to resist the company's taking posses-
sion. The company's land office was mobbed and construction of the
railroad was brought to a standstill by the threatening attitude of the
people.
On May 25. 1869, Gov. Harvev asked Gen. Schofield to send a detach-
ment of troops to the scene of the disturbance. On the 31st he issued
a proclamation calling upon the people of Crawford and Cherokee coun-
ties to obe}' the civil authorities, and again asked for troops to assist in
protecting property and preserving the peace. This time Gen. Schofield
responded by ordering a detachment into the Neutral Lands and thus
order was restored by the presence of an armed force, but at the next
session of the legislature a resolution censuring the governor for request-
ing troops was introduced in the house and was defeated by only a small
majority. In his message to the legislature of 1870 Gov. Harvey ex-
plained the difficulties and announced that the troops were still there.
"I have refused," said he, "to request their withdrawal, for the reason
that the controversy is still unsettled, and I belicAe their presence con-
ducive to the peace and consequent prosperity of the locality in which
they are stationed." (See Neutral Lands.")
'Nov. 2, 1869, was the date of the election for members of the tenth
820 CYCLOPEDIA OF
legislature, which met in regular session on Jan. ii, 1870. Lieut. -Gov.
Eskridge again presided over the senate and Jacob Stotler was elected
speaker of the house. In his message, Gov. Harvey gave the state's
resources as $809,550.43, and the liabilities as $1,771,407.94. Said he :' "I
desire to call your attention to the fact that the constitutional require-
ment relative to the levy and collection of taxes each year, for the crea-
tion of a sinking fund adequate for the liquidation of the state debt, has
not been complied with in former years, and that the levy for that pur-
pose the past year is inadequate. . . . Each law creating any part
of the state debt contains the provision required by the 5th section of
Article XI of the constitution; but in making the yearl}^ levies, legisla-
tures have failed to include in the revenue bill amounts set apart for this
purpose sufficient to comply with the constitution and the laws made in
pursuance thereof. I hope, and believe, that no argument is necessary to
convince you that this fund must be raised and sacredly applied to its
legitimate purpose. Honor and interest alike demand it." (See Finan-
ces, State.)
The legislature of 1869 authorized the appointment of an agent to
collect the military claims due the state from the general government,
allowing him three per cent, of the amount collected. Gov. Harvey
visited Washington soon after the adjournment of the legislature, and
discovered that nothing could be accomplished in the way of collecting
the claims, which at that time aggregated $846,000, until further legisla-
tion by Congress. In his message to the session of 1870 he thus explains
the situation : ''It was also suggested to me that to have a claim prose-
cuted by an agent having a large contingent interest in its liquidation,
might prevent or delay the legislation necessary to secure an equitable
settlement. I therefore refrained from making the appointment."
Early in the session charges were made that George Graham, treas-
urer of state, had been in the habit of depositing the state's funds in
banks and appropriating the interest thereon to his private use. An
investigating committee, consisting of Byron Sherry, Levi Wilhelm,
George P. Eves, John Parsons and Levi Billings, all members of the
house, was appointed, with instructions to report as soon as possible.
The committee reported on Jan. 27, that Graham had a contract with the
Topeka Bank by which he was to receive interest of four per cent, on
current balances ; that there had been placed to his credit, as interest, the
sum of $1,056.88; that the governor, secretary of state and auditor were
guilty of non-compliance with section 52 of the general statutes in not
making monthly examinations as the law required. It developed, how-
ever, that the interest on state funds had been placed to Mr. Graham's
private credit without his knowledge or connivance, and that he had
not accepted it for his private use.
The legislature adjourned on ]\Iarch 3. The principal acts of the
session were those providing for a normal school in northern Kansas;
creating the office of state librarian and a board of directors of the state
library; ratifying the fifteenth amendment to the constitution of the
United States ; ceding to the United States a site for a national cemetery
at Fort Scott ; granting authority to the city of Lawrence to issue bonds
to the amount of $100,000 for the erection of a building for the state
university, and authorizing the state school commissioners to buy said
bonds.
According to the United States census for 1870, the population of
Kansas was 364,399, an increase of 257,193, or nearly 240 per cent, during
the preceding decade. This entitled Kansas to three representatives in
Congress. In June, 1871, an assessment of all the property in the state
was made by order of the census bureau, and the value was reported as
being $89,905,470. An assesment made about the same time by the
officers of the several counties showed the value of all property to be
$183,998,774, or more than twice as much as the value reported by the
census bureau.
The political campaign of 1870 was opened by the Republican part}',
which held a state convention at Topeka on Sept. 8. Gov. Harvey was
renominated, and the rest of the ticket was as follows : Peter P. Elder,
lieutenant-governor; William H. Smallwood, secretary of state; Alois
Thoman, auditor; Josiah E. Hayes, treasurer; Archibald L. Williams,
attorney-general; Hugh D. McCarty, superintendent of public instruc-
tion; David J. Brewer, associate justice; David P. Lowe, representa-
tive in Congress. The platform adopted indorsed the administration
of President Grant; rejoiced in the rapid reduction of the national debt;
expressed sympathy with the German people in their war with the
French; demanded full protection of the rights of the settlers in the
distribution of lands acquired by treaty with the Indians, and the reser-
vation of sections 16 and 36 in each township for educational purposes.
On Sept. 15 the Democratic state convention assembled in Topeka.
Isaac Sharp was nominated for governor ; A. J. Allen, for lieutenant-gov-
ernor; Charles C. Duncan, for secretary of state; Hardin McMahon, for
auditor; S. C. Gephart, for treasurer; A. W. Rucker, for attorney-gen-
eral ; Thomas S. Murray, for superintendent of public instruction ; Rob-
ert M. Ruggles, for associate justice; R. Cole Foster, for representa-
tive in Congress. The platform demanded the reduction, if not abolition,
of the "hateful and oppressive internal revenue tax ;" a national currency,
secure against the efi'ect of speculation, and distributed in a just ratio
among the states; and condemned the state administration for "the
quartering of United States troops upon the people of Cherokee and
Crawford counties."
A "Workingmen's ticket" was nominated by a convention held at
Topeka on Sept. 22, and was made up as follows : W. R. Laughlin, gov-
ernor; T. Moore, lieutenant-governor; G. T. Pierce, secretary of state;
W. C. Fowler, auditor; T. S. Slaughter, treasurer; Hugh D. McCarty,
superintendent of public instruction ; George H. Hoyt, attorney-general ;
G. M. Harrison, associate justice; John C. Vaughan, representative in
Congress.
At the election on Nov. 8 the vote for governor was : Harvey, 40,666;
822 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Sharp, 20,469; Laughlin, 108. The vote for Laughlin was confined to
two counties — Montgomery and Neosho — the former casting 97 votes
and the latter 11. The remainder of the Workingmen's ticket did better,
the lieutenant-governor and secretary of state receiving over 1,000 votes
each.
Some excitement occurred in Butler county toward tlie close of the
year. On election day a vigilance committee arrested several horse
thieves and desperate characters ; hanged Lewis Booth and Jack Corbin,
while James Smith was shot to death. On Dec. 2, Mike Drea, William
Ouimby, Dr. ]\Iorris and his son Alexander were hanged at Douglass, a
little town about twenty miles south of Eldorado. Adjt.-Gen. Whitaker
hurried to Eldorado with a supply of arms and issued an order calling
out the militia, but quiet being restored, the order was countermanded.
The eleventh regular session of the state legislature met on Jan. 10,
1871, and organized with Lieut. -Gov. Elder as the presiding officer of the
senate and B. F. Simpson as the speaker of the house. Much of Gov.
Harvey's message, delivered on the opening day of the session, was
devoted to a review of the state's financial condition, the public institu-
tions, and the educational progress of the preceding 3-ear. Immigration
also received considerable attention, the governor urging that provision
be made for "the publication and distribution of a large number of
pamphlets, printed in the principal languages of Europe," and also for
"the publication of the history of the Kansas State Agricultural Society
from its inception."
On the question of suffrage, the governor said: "In my last annual
message I recommended that steps be taken for the removal of disabil-
ities imposed b}' our state constitution for participating in the late
rebellion or dishonorable dismissal from the army. Legislation was
attempted with that view, but, through inadvertence, failed to become
effective. I now renew the recommendation. . . . Now, when vic-
tory has brought assured unity, and passions and feelings of hostility to
rightful authority have passed away, magnanimity and clemency are as
much in keeping with the character of a gxeat people as valor in time
of war."
The amendment to section 2, article 5, imposing the disabilities
referred to by Gov. Harvey, was recommended by Gov. Crawford in his
message of 1867, and was ratified by the people at the general election in
November of that year. It provided that the disabilities could be
removed by a vote of two-thirds of the members of each house. Gov.
Harvey himself was a soldier, and when he showed the disposition to
pardon those who had thus been placed under the ban, the legislature
caught the spirit and by the act of March 3, 1871, the political restrictions
were removed from some 150 persons, most of whom resided in the east-
ern counties.
The message of 1871 congratulated the people of the western frontier
upon their freedom from Indian attacks, a condition which the governor
attributed to "the exertions of Gen. John Pope, commanding the Depart-
KANSAS HISTORY 823
ment of the Missouri," and to the activity of Adjt.-Gen. ^^■hitakel■, who
was "indefatigable in organizing the frontier settlers and providing them
with arms and ammunition for their protection."
Gov. Harvey also urged the passage of a stringent law for the sup-
pression of prize fighting, and that provisions be made for the prevention
of prairie fires by designating "some local officer whose duty it shall be
to investigate the origin of the fires and prosecute the parties responsi-
ble therefor." The absence of legislation prohibiting prize fighting had
led promoters of such enterprises, residing in other states, to make Kan-
sas the scene of several disgraceful affairs of this character. But by the
act of Feb. i6, 1871, a penalty of from one to ten years in the peniten-
tiary for promoting or procuring a prize fight within the limits of the
state was imposed.
The assembly adjourned on Alarch 3. Among the acts passed were
those making a new apportionment for members of the legislature ;
authorizing the school commissioners to purchase $50,000 worth of the
Lawrence bonds, issued for the benefit of the state university; creating
the I2th judicial district; appropriating $6,000 for the purchase of seed
wheat and corn for the settlers in the western counties; directing the
election of a board or railroad assessors, and several acts authorizing
municipalities to issue bonds for certain specific purposes. On Jan. 25,
1871, the fifteenth day of the session, Alexander Caldwell was elected
United States senator to succeed Edmund G. Ross.
At the succeeding session of the legislature, which met on Jan. 9, 1872,
Lieut.-Gov. Elder again presided over the senate, and Stephen A. Cobb
was speaker of the house. Gov. Harvey's message dealt with the usual
topics, such as financial matters, education, the public institutions, mil-
itary affairs, industries, etc. He reported the state's liabilities as $1,403,-
069, offset by resources of $782,669.88, composed of current and delin-
quent taxes, cash in hand, and the sinking fund in cash and bonds. He
recommended a constitutional amendment giving members of the legis-
lature an annual salary, instead of the present per diem allowance, and
announced that, in response to an invitation from Hon. Hamilton Fish,
he had named as commissioners for the State of Kansas to the Centen-
nial exposition at Philadelphia Hon. John A. Martin, of Atchison county,
and Hon. George A. Crawford, of Bourbon count}-, who had been
appointed and commissioned. (See Expositions.)
Considerable time was taken up at this session in investigating the
elections of United States senators by the legislatures of 1867 and 1871.
On Jan. 24 a special committee of five representatives and three senators
was ordered by resolution to investigate the charges of bribery and
report. James D. Snoddy, Elias S. Stover and H. C. Whitney were
appointed on the part of the senate, and AMlliam H. Clark. G. W. Clark,
J. Boynton, D H. Johnson and J. J. Wood on the part of the house. On
Feb. 24 the committee reported that, "At'the senatorial election of 1867,
a large sum of money was used and attempted to be used in bribing and
in attempting to bribe and influence the members of the legislature to
824 CYCLOPEDIA OF
secure the election of S. C. Pomeroy, E. G. Ross and Thomas Carney,
by S. C. Pomeroy, Thomas Carney, Perry Fuller and others in their
employ." (See sketch of Samuel C. Pomeroy, who was elected senator
on Jan. 23, 1867.)
Regarding the election of 1871, the committee reported that Sidney
Clarke's friends engaged for him — an act which he afterward approved
— some eighty rooms at the Tefft House ; that Clarke offered to members
of the legislature appointments to office and other inducements, and that
"From all the testimony, your committee find that Alexander Caldwell
used bribery and other corrupt and criminal means, b}' himself and his
friends, with his full knowledge and consent, to secure his election in
1871 to the United States senate from the State of Kansas." (The full
report of the committee mav be found in the House Journal of 1872, p.
985.)
On March 2 the legislature adjourned. The most important laws
enacted during the session were those creating the state board of agri-
culture ; providing for the settlement of claims for losses b}- Indian
depredations from i860 to 1871 ; authorizing cities and counties to issue
bonds: increasing the salaries of the state officers, the justices of the
supreme court and the district judges ; and providing for the sale of
lands belonging to the state normal school.
The political campaign of 1872 was probably the most exciting in the
history of the state, up to that time. A Republican state convention met
at Lawrence on Feb. 21 and selected as delegates to the national con-
vention Henry Buckingham, Benjamin F. Simpson, John A. Martin, Wil-
liam Baldwin, H. C. Cross, Charles A. Morris, George Noble, John C.
Carpenter, Josiah Kellogg and John M. Haeberlein. The national con-
vention met at Philadelphia, Pa., and on July 6 nominated President
Grant for a second term, Henry Wilson being the nominee for vice-pres-
ident.
In the Republican party was a strong sentiment against the renom-
ination of President Grant. A caucus of Republicans holding this view
was held at Topeka on Feb. 23, two days after the Republican state con-
vention at Lawrence. On the 28th there appeared an address to the
people of Kansas, signed by Marcus J. Parrott, Edmund G. Ross, N. A.
Adams, Samuel N. Wood, Alois Thoman and others. This address fa-
vored civil service and revenue reform, and was opposed to "absolutism
and imperialism." On April 10 this element of the party held a con-
vention at Topeka, when the name "Liberal Republican" was adopted
and delegates elected to the Cincinnati convention of May 3, where
Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown were nominated for the presidency
and vice-presidency, respectivel3\
A Democratic convention met at Topeka on June 11, and was presided
over by ex-Gov. Wilson Shannon, Avho advised the party to unite with
the Liberal Republicans. Marcus J. Parrott addressed the convention
along the same line, after which a resolution indorsing the candidacy of
Greeley and Brown was adopted and the following delegates to the
KANSAS PIISTORY_ 825
Baltimore convention of July 9 were elected: \\'ilson Shannon, Thomas
P. Fenlon, E. M. Hulett, R. B. Morris, George B. Wood, W. R. Wagstaff,
John Martin, Isaac Sharp, B. F. Devore and T. W. Waterson.
On Sept. 4, the Republican party held a state convention at Topeka
for the nomination of candidates for the various state offices. Six can-
didates for governor were presented to the convention, and on the tenth
ballot Thomas A. Osborn was nominated, receiving 103 votes to 71 for
John M. Price and 20 for John C. Carpenter, the other three candidates
having dropped out of the race. The ticket was then completed by the
nomination of Elias S. Stover for lieutenant-governor; William H.
Smallwood, renominated for secretar}' of state; Daniel W. ^Vilder, for
auditor; Josiah E. Hayes, for treasurer; Archibald L. Williams, for
attorney-general; Samuel A. Kingman, for associate justice; Hugh D.
McCart}^ for superintendent of public instruction, the last three being
renominated.
Although Kansas was entitled to three Congressmen by the census of
1870, the state had not yet been divided into districts, and on Sept. 4 a
Republican state convention met at Lawrehce for the purpose of nom-
inating three Congressmen at large and presidential electors. The Con-
gressional nominees were David P. Lowe, William A. Phillips and Ste-
phen A. Cobb ; the presidential electors were Charles H. Langston, John
Guthrie, James S. Merritt, William W. Smith and Louis AA'eil.
Just a week after the Republican conventions were held the Liberal
Republicans and Democrats met in convention at Topeka. A conference
committee of the two parties was appointed and reported in favor of a
fusion ticket, the Liberals to have the candidates for governor, three
presidential electors, attorney-general, auditor, superintendent of public
instruction and two Congressmen, the other places on the ticket to be
filled by Democrats. The conference committee also presented a list of
names from which to select candidates, and the ticket as finall}^ made up
was as follows: Thaddeus H. Walker, governor; John Walrufif, lieuten-
ant-governor; J. F. Wasken, secretary of 'state; Vincent B. Osborne,
auditor; C. H. Pratt, treasurer; B. P. Waggener, attorney-general; L.
J. Sawyer, superintendent of public instruction; H. C. McComas, su-
preme court justice; W. R. Laughlin, Samuel A. Riggs and Robert B.
Mitchell, representatives in Congress ; Pardee Butler, William Larimer,
Alois Thoman, F. W. Giles, N. A. English and A. W. Rusker, presiden-
tial electors. Ex-Gov. Robinson presided at the convention.
Some Democrats refused to indorse the nomination of Greeley and
Brown and on Oct. 3 selected the following presidential electors to vote
for Charles O'Conor and John Q. Adams : William Palmer, J. C. Canaan,
G. E. Williams, W. H. Peckham and R. E. Lawrence. The highest vote
received by any one, on this ticket was 440 for William Palmer. James
S. Merritt received the highest vote (66,942) of any of the Republican
electors, and Pardee Butler's vote of 32,970 was the highest received by
any one on the fusion ticket. Mr. Osborn's majority for governor was
over 30,000. He was inaugurated at the opening of the legislative ses-
'826 CYCLOPEDIA OF
:sion the following January, and Gov. Harvey retired from the office
after an administration of four years, during which time the State of
Kansas made great progress along all lines.
Harveyville, an incorporated town of Wabaunsee county, is located
in Plumb township, 25 miles southeast of Alma, the county seat. It is a
station on the Burlington & Alma division of the Atchison, Topeka &
Sante Fe R. R., has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural
route, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, a weekly
newspaper (the Monitor), several good mercantile establishments,
Christian and Methodist churches, graded public school, etc. A branch
■of the Osage City Grain and Elevator company is located here. Harvey-
ville was incorporated in 1905 and in 1910 reported a population of 331.
Harwood, a rural money order postoffice of Haskell county, is located
near the southern boundary of the county, 12 miles from Santa Fe, the
county seat, and about 18 miles from Liberal, the most convenient rail-
road station. It is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is
situated.
Haskell, a hamlet in Anderson county, is located in Lincoln township
and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 10 miles southeast of Gar-
nett, the county seat. It has telegraph and express offices and a money
order postoffice. The population according to the census of 1910 was 75.
The railroad name is Bush City.
Haskell County, located in the southwestern part of the state, lies
about 30 miles north of Oklahoma and 53 miles east of Colorado. It was
created by the act of March 5, 1887, which defined the boundaries as fol-
lows : "Commencing at the intersection of the east line of range 31
west with the north line of township 27 south ; thence south along range
line to where it intersects the 6th standard parallel ; thence west along
the 6th standard parallel to its intersection with the east line of range 35
west ; thence north along range line to where it intersects the north line
of township 27 south; thence east to the place of beginning."
The boundaries as thus established are the same as those given to
Arapahoe county in 1873. It is bounded on the north by Finney county;
on the east by Gray and Meade ; on the south by Seward, and on the west
by Grant. It is exactly 24 miles square and has an area of 576 square
miles, or 368,640 acres, and was named for Dudley C. Haskell, formerly
a Congressman from Kansas.
The history of the early settlement of Haskell county is about the
same as that of the other western counties of the state. A few cattle
men established ranches, and emigrants from the older states added to
the population. On March 31, 1887, "'" response to a memorial," Gov.
Martin appointed Charles A. Stauber to take a census and make an
appraisement of the property in the county. Mr. Stauber filed his report
with the governor on June 27, showing that there were 2,841 inhabitants,
of whom 556 were householders, and that the value of the taxable prop-
erty was $850,119. L'pon receipt of this information, the governor
issued his proclamation on July i, 1887, declaring the county organized.
KANSAS HISTORY >i2y
He appointed as commissioners James E. Marlow, Joseph Comes and
C. H. Huntington; county cleric, Lowry C. Gilmore ; sheriff, J. B. Shu-
maker, and designated Santa Fe as the temporary county seat. The
question of the location of the count}' seat had been decided by popular
vote before the governor issued his proclamation, Santa Fe receiving
562 votes, Ivanhoe 396, and Lockport, i.
At the general election on Nov. 8, 1887, a full quota of county officers
were chosen as follows: Representative, M. C. Huston; probate judge,
A. P. Heming-er ; clerk of the district court, W. F. Felton ; county clerk,
W. E. Banker; county attorney, C. R. Dollarhide ; register of deeds, L.
A. Crull ; treasurer, J. M. Beckett ; sheriff, J. P. Hughes ; county super-
intendent of schools, L. McKinley; surveyor. W. M. Haley; coroner, J.
C. Newman ; commissioners, James E. Marlow, C. H. Huntington and A.
T. Collins. Of these first officials, Huston Banker, Beckett, Hughes,
Haley and Collins belonged to the People's party and the others were
Republicans.
The surface of Haskell county is generally level or gentl}' rolling
prairie. The only water-course in the county is the Cimarron river,
which flows across the extreme southwest corner, and the absence of
streams means a corresponding scarcity of timber, though a few arti-
ficial groves have been planted. There are a few natural springs in the
county, and good well water is obtained at a depth of from 50 to 100
feet.
The opening of new lands in Oklahoma and a lack of railroad facilities
caused many of the early settlers to leave the county. In 1890 the pop-
ulation was but 1,077, less than one-half what it was when the county
was organized, and by 1900 it had dwindled to 457. Then came a react-
ion and in 1910 the population was 993, a gain of 536 in ten years, or
more than 120 per cent. . The completion of the Garden City, Gulf &
Northern railroad through the center of the county north and south gives
the county better shipping and transportation facilities. The county is
divided into three civil townships — Dudley, Haskell and Lockport. In
1910 the county reported 19 organized school districts, with a school
population of 340. Agriculture is the principle occupation. The lead-
ing crops are wheat, milo maize, Kafir corn, sorghum and broom-corn.
The value of farm products in 1810 was $214,337, and the assessed val-
uation of property was $2,321,605.
Haskell, Dudley Chase, member of Congress, was born at Spring-
field. Vt., March 23, 1842. He was seventh in line of descent froin
Roger liaskell, a native of England, who settled in Beverly, Mass.,
about 1632. Four of this illustrious family fought in the Revolutionary
war. Franklin Haskell, Dudley's father, was a member of the first
New England company to settle at Lawrence, Kan., in Sept., 1855.
He was one of the seven men who organized Plymouth Congregational
church, and is credited with having made the first public prayer ever
offered on the town site of Lawrence. Mr. Haskell's mother, Almira
Chase, belonged to an old New England family. She endured with
828 CYCLOI'EDIA OF
cheerfulness and courage the privations of frontier life in Kansas and
her son inherited from her man}' valuable qualities. When thirteen
years of age Dudley and his mother came to Kansas, following the
father who had come before to make a home. The trying scenes of
those early days soon made a man of the lad, and he acted as master of
transportation with the quartermaster's department in the Missouri and
Arkansas campaigns of the Kansas troops. At the close of the war he
went to Williston Academy, Southampton, Mass., to prepare for Yale
University, where he completed the scientific course. On his return
to Lawrence Mr. Haskell engaged in mercantile pursuits, but met with
indifferent success. In 1871 he was elected a member of the Kansas
house of representatives and succeeded himself for two terms follow-
ing. During the last term he was speaker of the house. He was
nominated for governor by the Temperance party in 1874, but declined
to accept the nomination. Two 3'ears later he was nominated for
Congress in the Second district and elected by a large majority. He
was reelected in 1878, i88o and 1882. \Miile a member of the house
he served as chairman of the committee on Indian affairs and was
vigilant and untiring in looking after the interests of the Indians of
Kansas. The Haskell Institute, at Lawrence, Kan., where Indian youths
recei-\'e a fine technical education, stands as a monument to his memory
Although elected to the 48th Congress he was unable to take his seat
on account of broken health. He died on Dec. 16, 1883. In Dec,
1865, Mr. Haskell married Hattie M. Kelsey, a descendant of the cele-
brated New England divine. Cotton Mather. Mrs. Haskell Avas a
woman of great intellect and many attainments and by her sympathy
helped her husband over many of the difficulties encountered in busi-
ness and political life.
Haskell Institute, located at Lawrence, is one of the industrial or
trade schools maintained by the United States government for the edu-
cation of Indian girls and boys. The institute was founded in 1882
through the efforts of Dudley C. Haskell, then a member of Congress.
The citizens of Lawrence donated 280 acres of land lying south of
the city for a site and Congress appropriated $50,000 for the erection
of buildings. Work on the buildings was at once started and the school
was formall}' opened in 1884 under the supervision of Dr. James Mar-
vin with 17 pupils enrolled. The growth of the institute has been
steady, and the original farm has been added to until it. now contains
nearly 1,000 a:cres under careful cultivation. New buildings have also
been added to the place until now there are nearly fifty. Most of the
buildings are of stone, only three being constructed of brick. They
are lighted b}' electricity,' heated by steam and furnished with sanitary
conveniences. Among them are three dormitories, one for girls and
two for boys, a domestic science and art building, fine modern hospital,
employees' quarters, several shop buildings, warehouse, cottages, dairy
barn, horse barn, etc.
No pupil is received at Haskell who is tinder fourteen years of age
KANSAS HISTORY 829
The law provides that "A child showing one-sixteenth or less Indian
blood, whose parents live on an Indian reservation, Indian fashion, who,
if debarred from the government schools, could not obtain an educa-
tion, may be permitted in the reservation day and boarding schools,
but it is preferable that it be not transferred to a non-reservation day
and boarding school, without special permission from the ofifice. Chil-
dren showing one-eighth or less Indian blood, whose parents do not live
on a reservation, whose home is among white people where there are
churches and schools, who are to all intents and purposes white peo-
ple, are debarred from enrollment in the government non-reservation
schools."
When a pupil has been enrolled in a non-reservation school "it can
not be taken to another pon-reservation school without the consent
of both superintendents and the commissioner of Indian affairs," and
the superintendent of every Indian school is accountable for every pupil
enrolled under his charge. Another law provides "that no Indian child
shall be sent from an Indian reservation to a school beyond the state
or territory in which the said reservation is situated without the volun-
tary consent of the father and mother of such child, if either of them
be living, and if neither of them are living, without the voluntary con-
sent of the next kin."
When an Indian boy or girl is over eighteen years of age, he or she
may personally sign an application to be enrolled in one of the Indian
schools, but even in this case the parents are consulted. In 191 1 there
were 836 pupils enrolled at Haskell Institute, but the average enroll-
ment is about 700. Of the 836 Indians enrolled 524 were boys and
312 girls. Nearly 700 were half Indian blood, or more, and 426 of the
number were full blooded Indians.
A library with all books required for reference is maintained in the
school building. In connection with it is a reading-room, with a good
supply of periodicals and newspapers where the students may pass
the time. Nearly 60 different tribes of all sections of the country are
represented at Haskell, and this naturally gives rise to a diversit}' of
religious services. People are encouraged to maintain their own church
relations under the guidance of that particular denomination. Proselyt-
ing is prohLbited and change of religion by minors is not allowed with-
out the consent of parents or guardian. The only religious service at
the school is an undenominational Sunday school, a service held in
the chapel, the Catholics and Protestants meeting separately. Early
Sunday morning service is held by the Catholic priest from the Law-
rence parish and on Sunday evenings the different religious societies
hold their meetings.
In 191 1 there were 8 literary societies and a debating club, which
included in their membership practically every pupil in the school.
These societies meet on the first and third Friday evenings of each
month from October to April. Each society is governed by ofificers of
its own choice and election from among its members. In the more
830 CYCLOPEDIA OF
advanced societies, the rules governing public assemblies are taught
and followed, a teacher being present, as critic, at each meeting.
The literary department of Haskell carries the pupil through the
work covered in the eight grades of the public schools of the country
and no higher course is given or required except in the business depart-
ment. Any pupil desiring to go farther is encouraged to attend the
high school in Lawrence and there have been cases where the student
lived at the institute and did so, or even attended the state university.
The academic course includes arithmetic, geography, language, read-
ing, history, writing, spelling and physiology. Industrial education is
given special attention.
The school also has a commercial course of three years, planned to
fit the pupils to become accountants, clerks, stenographers and all
round practical business men. The course is thoroughly practical and
business transactions are actually carried on by the pupils. When a
student leaves Haskell it is the aim of the institution to have him well
equipped for the everyday life of an average American citizen — self-
supporting and self-respecting.
Hatton, a small hamlet of Bear Creek township, Hamilton county,
is situated 18 miles southwest of Syracuse, the county seat and most
convenient railroad station. It has a money order postoffice and is a
trading point for that section of the county.
Havana, one of the smaller towns of Montgomery county, is a station
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 16 miles southwest of Inde-
pendence, the county seat. It is the trading center for a large territory
devoted to agriculture and stock raising. It has a bank, telegraph and
express offices and a mone}' order postoffice with two rural routes. The
town was founded in 1869 when Callow & Myers opened the first gen-
eral store. It was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1910, and
the population according to the census of that year was 227.
Haven, one of the thriving and prosperous towns of the wheat belt,
is in Haven township, Reno county, and is located on the Missouri
Pacific R. R. 15 miles southeast of Hutchinson, the county seat. It
has 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Journal), a flour mill, an elevator,
a creamery, and a number of well stocked retail stores. The town was
laid out in 1886, and was incorporated as a city of the third class in
1901. It is supplied with telegraph and express offices and has an inter-
national money order postoffice with three rural routes. The popula-
tion according to the census of 1910 was 528.
Havensville, one of the incorporated cities of Pottawatomie county,
is located in Grant township oh Straight creek and on the Leavenworth
& Miltonvale branch of the Union Pacific R. R. 28 miles northeast of
Westmoreland, the county seat. It has 2 banks, a weekly newspaper
(the Review), express and telegraph offices, and a money order post-
office with two rural mail routes. The population in 1910 was 439.
The plat of the town was filed in 1878 by the railroad company. The
station was at that time called Havens and the postoffice Havensville
KANSAS HISTORY 83I
Haverhill, a village of Butler county, is a station on the St. Louis
& San Francisco R. R. lo miles south of Eldorado, the county seat. It
has a money order postoffice, a cooperative telephone company, an
express office, and is a trading and shipping point for the neighborhood.
The population was 50 in 1910.
Haviland, an incorporated town of Kiowa count}-, is situated in
W'ellsford township on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 10
miles east of Greensburg, the county seat. It has a bank, an inter-
national money order postoffice with five rural routes, telegraph and
express offices, a weekly newspaper (the Onlooker), a feed mill, hotels,
good mercantile houses, etc. Haviland was incorporated in 1906 and
in 1910 reported a population of 568.
Hawley, a small hamlet of Fairfield township, Russell county, is
located on the Smoky Hill river about 10 miles southeast of Russell,
the county seat. It was formerly a postoffice, but the people now
receive mail by rural delivery from Bunkerhill, which is the most con-
venient railroad station. The population in 1910 was 2^.
Haworth, a money order postoffice in the eastern part of Republic
county, is a station on the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy R. R., about
75 miles east of Belleville, the county seat, and is a trading center for
the neighborhood in which it is located.
Haworth, Erasmus, professor of geology and mineralogy, state
geologist, and director of the department of mines at the University of
Kansas, was born on a farm near Indianola, Warren county, Iowa.
In 1883 he received the B. S. degree and the following year the degree
of A. M. from the University of Kansas. In 1888 the degree of Ph. D.
was conferred on him by the Johns Hopkins University. In 1892 he was
appointed professor of geology and mineralogy at the University of
Kansas, a position which he still holds. In 1894 he organized the
Kansas state geological survey. The reports of the survey are valu-
able contributions to science. He wrote volumes one, two, three and
eight, and part of volume five from 1896 to 1904. He has also written
bulletins in connection with the United States geological survey and
the Missouri geological survey as well as annual bulletins of statistics
of the mineralogy and geology of Kansas. Prof. Haworth has given
much attention to economic geology of Kansas and adjoining states
in respect to gas, oil, water, coal and cement. An example of his ser-
vice to the state was in directing the town of Newton how to obtain
an ample supply of superior water for domestic use. He has been con-
nected for years with the United States geological survey and has done
much professional work for the Union Pacific Railroad company in
Wyoming and Kansas and for private parties in Kansas and adjacent
states. He is a fellow of the Geological Society of America and other
scientific societies. In 1889 he married Miss Ida E. Hunstman of
Oskaloosa, Iowa.
Hay, Robert, writer and scientist, was born at Ashton-under-Lynn,
Lancashire, England, May 19, 1835, of Scotch ancestry. He was edu-
832 CYCLOPEDIA OF
cated in the local schools and the College of London, and took a special
course under Prof. Huxley. Soon after completing his education, his
brother in Geary county, Kan., sent him copies of the Junction City
Union, which aroused his interest in American affairs. In 1871 he came
to the United States and located at Junction City. For several years
he was engaged in teaching and normal ifistitute work, at the same
time writing on historical and economic topics and making geological
research, in which he visited all parts of Kansas. In 1895 he made a
special report of the underground waters of Kansas for the United
States geological survey. One of his articles, published in the Kansas
Historical Collections, is a history of the great seal of the state. Mr.
Hay died at Junction City on Dec. 14, 1895, soon after he had com-
pleted the geological report above mentioned.
Hayne, a post-village of Seward county, is a station on the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 9 miles northeast of Liberal, the county
seat. It has a retail trade and does some shipping.
Hays, the county seat of Ellis county, is located a little south of the
center of the county at the point where the Union Pacific R. R. crosses
Big creek. In early days it was known as Hays City, and that name
is still sometimes used. The site was selected late in 1866 by W. E.
Webb, W. J. Wells and Judge Knight, and the town was platted in
1867. Its location was decided in a great measure by its proximity
to Fort Ha3'S, from which it took its name. Hays was the point from
which the west and southwest obtained supplies before the railroad
was completed to Dodge City. During its early period it had the repu-
tation of being a "tough" town, and it was the scene of numerous
escapades of J. B. Hickok (Wild Bill) in the late '60s. The growth of
Hays was rapid from the start. In 1867 a newspaper called the Rail-
way Advance began its existence there, the Hays City Times was
started in 1873, and the Sentinel followed the next year. In Aug.,
1874, a United States land office was opened there, the Catholics built
the first church in the city in 1877, and in 1880 the first grain elevator
was erected. (See also Ellis County.)
The Hays (or Hays City) of 191 1 is one of the progressive cities of
western Kansas. It has an electric lighting plant, waterworks, a fire
department, a telephone exchange, and in the spring of 191 1 completed
a sewer system at a cost of $62,000. Educational opportunities are
afforded by an excellent system of public schools and St Joseph's Col-
lege, a Catholic institution. The western State Normal School is also
located here, and a branch of the experiment station is maintained on
the old military reservation. Among the industries and financial insti-
tutions are 2 banks, 3 weekly newspapers (the News, the Free Press
and the Review-HeadHght), fiour mills, grain elevators, machine shops,
marble works, a creamery, good hotels, and a number of well stocke.l
mercantile establishments which carry all lines of goods. Hays is pro-
vided with an international money order postoffice, telegraph and
express offices, and in ipro reported a population of 1,931.
KANSAS HISTORY 833
Haysville, a village of Sedgwick county, is located in Salem township
and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 9 miles
south of Wichita, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, tele-
graph and express oifices, telephone connections, general stores, a hotel,
etc., and in 1910 reported a population of 50.
Hazelrigg, Clara H., teacher, author and evangelist, was born at
Council Grove, Kan., Nov. 23, 1859. Her father. Col. H. J. Espy, was an
officer in the United States army, and her mother, whose maiden name
was ]\Ielora E. Cook, was principal of a girl's school in Toledo, Ohio, at
the time of her marriage to Col. Espy. Soon after their marriage they
came to Kansas, where the father's regiment was on duty. The mother
died in 1861, and the little daughter was taken to Indiana. In 1866 she
returned to Kansas, but upon the death of her father in 1868 she again
went to Indiana, where she attended school, and at the age of fourteen
years commenced teaching in a private school. She also taught in the
public schools of Ripley county, Ind., and on Dec. 27, 1877, she was
married to W. A. Hazelrigg of Greensburg, Ind. In 1883 she and her
husband removed to Kansas and located in Butler county, where Mrs.
Hazelrigg resumed her work as teacher. She attended business college
at Emporia and was elected superintendent of the Butler county schools.
In 1895 she published a History of Kansas, which shows evidence of con-
siderable research and literary ability. This is her best known literary
work. Later the family removed to Topeka, but. their vacations are
spent upon Mr. Hazelrigg's ranch in New Mexico. Mrs. Hazelrigg has
devoted much time to active church work, and has won a wide reputa-
tion as an evangelist.
Hazelton, one of the incorporated towns of Barber county, is located
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads,
18 miles southeast of ]\Iedicine Lodge, the county seat. It has 2 banks,
a -weekly newspaper (the Herald), 3 churches and a number of mercan-
tile establishments. The town is supplied with telegraph and express
offices and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The pop-
ulation in 1910 according to the government census was 350.
Health, State Board of, was created by an act of the legislature on
March 7, 1885, which provided for the appointment of a board of health
to consist of nine physicians from different parts of the state — three to be
appointed for one year, three for two years, and three for three years ;
thereafter three were to be appointed each year, to hold office for three
years. The majority of the members of the board was not to be
appointed from any one school of medicine, as the board was intended
to be representative of all schools. Section 2, of the bill gave the board
power to make rules for its own government and business, but provided
that it must meet quarterly, or oftener if necessary, the first meeting to
be held in Topeka, and annually after that a meeting was to be held in
Topeka in June, when a majority of the members should constitute a
quorum. Members of the board were not to receive a salary for their
services, but all traveling and other expenses incurred when on business
(1-53)
834 CYCLOPEDIA OF
of the board were to be paid. The board was to elect a secretary, who
would act as an executive officer, but would not be a member, his salary
to be such as the board mio^ht fix, when approved b)' the governor, and
to be paid in the same manner as the salaries of other state officers. In
section 3 of the act, provision was made for the secretary to hold office
as long as he satisfactorily discharged his duties, which were stated as
follows : "He shall keep record of all the transactions of the board ;
shall have the custody of all books, papers, documents and other prop-
erty belonging to the office; shall communicate with other boards of
health, and with the local boards within the state."
By the act of creation it was intended to have the state board super-
vise the general health interests of the state, make inquiry into the cause
of disease, especially epidemics, and the local boards of health were to
assist in this work by sending the state board copies of all reports and
publications ^hat might be useful. The act also gave to the state board
the supervision of the registration of marriages, births, deaths and of
forms of disease prevalent in the state, and the secretary of the state
board is required to supervise the collection and registration of vital
statistics.
The state board was g'iven the power, when occasion requires, to
engage special persons for sanitary service, and to make rules for the
transportation of dead bodies beyond the boundaries of the county where
death occurs. As a result of this power, in 1900, after due consideration,
the state board of health, upon petition by the undertakers, passed a rule
requiring ever_v undertaker who desired to offer for transportation the
body of any person who had died of an infectious or contagious disease,
to pass a special examination and prove his fitness for the work, when a
license would be issued to him b}' the state board of health.
The act of 1885 prov.ided that "The county commissioners of the
several counties of this state shall act as local boards of health for their
respective counties. Each board thus created shall elect a physician
who shall be ex officio a member of the board and the health officer of
the same." "The county boards are not allowed to interfere with munic-
ipal boards of health or their regulations, but the municipal boards are
governed by the act as well as the county boards. This act provided that
all practicing physicians in the state must keep a record of all deaths
occurring in their practices and send this information to the state board.
The local and municipal boards were enpowered to make all necessary
rules and regulations for general health and quarantine and to enforce
the same.
Gov. Martin appointed the following physicians members of the first
board of health: G. H. T. Johnson, Atchison; G. H. Guibor, Beloit ; D.
Surber, Perry ; D. W. Stormont ; Topeka ; J. Milton Welch, La Cygne ;
H. S. Roberts, Manhattan ; J. W. Jenny, Salina ; W. L. Schenck, Osage
City ; and T. A. Wright, Americus. They met and perfected an organiza-
tion on April 10, 1885. by electing Dr. Johnson president and Dr. J. W.
Redden, of Topeka, secretary. After its organization the board adopted
KANSAS HISTORY 835
rules, regulations and formulas for the prevention of disease in the state,
copies of which were sent to every county and municipal board of health
in Kansas.
In 1889 the legislature passed a supplementary law which gave full
power and authority to the state and county boards of health in control-
ling, regulating and suppressing all contagious, infectious and pestilen-
tial diseases, and to call in aid when necessary to enforce the provisions
of the act. The organization of the county boards went on rapidly after
the act authorizing them, and by 1889 there were 86 counties with active
and efficient health officers. Of the remaining counties 11 had health
officers who had resigned. In a few years it was seen that the state
board of health did not have sufficient power in regard to quarantine,
and in 1893 an act was passed which gave the state board power to estab-
lish and maintain quarantine stations at the limits of the state when-
ever Asiatic cholera or other infectious disease is threatened from any
adjoining state or territory. The next year a chemist and microscopist
were added to assist in the work carried on by the state board.
In his annual report to the governor in 1897, the secretary recom-
mended that more power be given the state board of health, and its
membership mcreased by the addition of a civil engineer, a professional
chemist, and an expert bacteriologist, whose entire time would be devoted
to the work. This recommendation was approved and the advisory
board increased to consist of a sanitary adviser, chemist, bacteriologist
and civil and sanitary engineer. In 1906 this advisory board was
increased and changed so as to consist of a sanitary adviser, two food
analysts, a drug analyst, bacteriologist and statistician. Owing to the
great amount of vi'ork to be done by the state board of health the work
has been divided among the following standing committees : on state
house, public buildings and charitable institutions ; on water supplies and
sewage ; on embalmers, barbers and epidemic diseases ; on adulterated
foods, drugs and drinks ; and on finance. From time to time laws have
been passed v/ith regard to dangerous and epidemic diseases, quarantine,
etc., and power given the board to enforce them.
The first medical practice act of Kansas was passed in 1870. and pro-
vided that only persons who had attended "two full courses of instruc-
tion in some reputable school of medicine, either in the United States or
some foreign country," or who could produce a certificate of qualifica-
tion from some state or county medical society, could legally practice
medicine in the state. In 1885 the state board of health was given the
power to regulate the practice of medicine and in 1889 another act was
passed, by which the board was given authorit}' to isstte certificates to
physicians of the proper qualifications to practice medicine in Kansas,
and also provided for medical examination by the board of physicians
who desired to practice in the state. A penalty was provided for persons
infringing the law, but many persons totally unfit to practice medicine
were doing so, and it was not until 1901 that an efficient law was passed
which created a state board of medical registration and examination. It
836 CYCLOPEDIA OF
consists of seven physicians appointed by the governor, who hold office
for four years. All physicians practicing in the state at the time the act
was passed were required to satisfy this board of their qualifications
either by diploma, affidavit or examination before they could secure a
certificate legally to practice. Since that time all persons have had to
pass an examination, except. those who are graduates of reputable medi-
cal institutions in the United States and foreign countries, "When
licenses may be granted at the discretion of the board without examin-
ation."
As early as 1887, a pure food and drug law was enacted in Kansas,
making this state one of the pioneers in this important work. It read:
"If any person shall knowingly sell any kind of diseased, corrupt or
unwholesome provisions, whether for meat or drink, without making
the same fully known to the buyer, he shall be punished or imprisoned."
The law was limited but it prohibited adulteration, and was the starting
point of the later pure food laws. In 1889 a second food law was passed
and under the provisions of these laws the secretary of the state board
of health beg-m the great crusade for pure food for the people of Kansas.
He collected samples of food in 1905 and submitted them to the state
university chemist for analysis, and finding them adulterated began a
systematic fight against adulteration. The work of analysis continued
and it is to the credit of the state board of health that before the national
pure food law had been passed .by Congress or the Beveridge meat-
inspection bill was framed, the Kansas packers had been compelled to
furnish the Kansas market products that were free from coloring matter
and dangerous preservatives, and all this resulted without a single law
suit. Drugs were also analyzed and the result was nearly as successful.
The passage of the national pure food law called for a revision of the
food laws of Kansas, and in 1907 one of the most stringent pure food
laws now in .existence in the country was passed with regard to the
manufacture, sale or transportation of misbranded or poisonous or dele-
terious foods, drugs, medicine and liquors. The law regulates the
traffic in these articles; provides for inspectors and penalties for its
violation, so that today the people of Kansas are getting about the
least adulterated food of any state in the Union.
Tuberculosis, or "the great white plague," began to receive special
attention in this state about 1880, and Kansas is one of the pioneer states
in the crusade against this dread disease. It has put into operation some
of the most stringent laws in an- effort to prevent its spread. The per-
centage of deaths from tuberculosis had grown to be alarming, consider-
ing the number of da3-s of sunshine, altitude and the few large cities in
the state with slum districts. In 1903 there were 628 deaths from this
disease in the 85 counties reported, and in 1904, there were 697 deaths in
the 90 counties reported. Kansas lies in such a geographical location
that an army of tubercular cases pass through to the higher altitudes in
the west. Manj^ residents of Kansas are thus exposed to infection. It
is due to the advice of the state board of health that pavilions for tuber-
KANSAS HISTORY 837
cular patients have been built at some of the state institutions for treat-
ment of cases. The board gathered a tubercular census of the state and
issued a report upon its prevention, with instructions concerning the care
of patients. County health officers were instructed thoroughly to disin-
fect and fumigate homes in which tubercular cases occurred. In 1904
the state board of health urged the passage of a law requiring the trans-
portation companies to improve the sanitary condition of cars and the
discontinuance of certain practices injurious to health, but as no law was
passed the board adopted rules for cleaning and fumigating cars and by
correspondence endeavored to accomplish the same purpose by appeals
to the companies. The result has been that the rules came to be adopted
by most of the railroads in the state. Kansas is the first state in the
Union to have a law requiring tuberculosis sick rooms and houses to be
disinfected, which is compulsory and is done at state expense. Kansas is
also the pioneer state in the abolishment of the public drinking cup,
which is an undoubted source of communication of infectious diseases.
The rule issued by the board was as follows : "That the use of the com-
mon drinking cup on railroad trains, in railroad stations, in the public
and private schools and the state educational institutions in the State of
Kansas is hereby prohibited, from and after Sept. i, 1909." Since that
time it has also been prohibited in hotels.
In 191 1 the state legislature passed a bill "Providing for the establish-
ment of a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients in the state of Kansas."
By this act the governor was to appoint four ph3'sicians, not more than
two of whom shall be of the same school to constitute the "Advisory
Commission of the Kansas Sanitorium for Tuberculosis Patients." They
serve without compensation, except for the necessary expenses incurred
in the actual performance of their duties. The members of the first board
held office for one, two, three and four years respectively, beginning with
July I, 191 1, and thereafter their successors serve for four years. The
secretary of the state board of health by virtue of his office is at all times
a member of this commission. The advisory commission is vested with
power to maice and prescribe all rules and regulations for the sanitorium
and is required to visit the institution at least twice each year or oftener
if necessary. Patients who are able to pay are charged a nominal sum
fixed b}^ the board of control but any persons unable to pay such charges
for support and treatment "shall be admitted to said sanitorium under
the same conditions as patients are now admitted into other state hos-
pitals." An appropriation of $50,000 "or as much thereof as may be
necessary," was made for the purchase of the necessary land, the erec-
tion of buildings, providing for a sufficient water supply and sewerage
s_ystem and for salaries and other expenses for the years 191 1 and 1912.
When completed this sanitorium will give Kansas one of the best
equipped institutions of the kind in the country, which will be one of
great benefit to the people who are sufifering from tuberculosis.
In 1903, the annual appropriation for the state board of health was
$2,720, of which $1,200 was for the salary of the secretary; $720 for a
»3o CYCLOPEDIA OF
Stenographer and $800 for the expenses of the board. In eight years the
work of the board has grown immensel_v for in 191 1 there were t,-j per-
sons employed, of whom 17 gave their entire time to the work — the sec-
retary, 6 clerks, 6 traveling food and drug inspectors, i bacteriologist
and 3 attendants at the tuberculosis exhibit. In connection with the
state university and the state agricultural college a state engineer and
assistant, 3 drug anal3'Sts and 3 assistants, with 10 extra student assist-
ants and 2 v,-ater analysts, while the hospital doctors willingly gave
help. Only the people who devote their entire time to the work are paid
from the state board of health appropriation, the others doing the extra
work for the salaries they receive from the institutions with which they
are connected. The board is trying to provide the best possible health
regulations for the people of Kansas, and among the important results
of its work is the weight and measures law, with its economic value to
the public; the sewage and water laws; the work in hotel inspection, and
quarantine provisions in time of epidemics.
Healy, a village of Cheyenne township, Lane county, is a station on
the Missouri Pacific R. R., about 12 miles northwest of Dighton, the
county seat. It has a bank, a money order postofifice, telegraph and
express offices, telephone connections. Christian and Methodist churches,
a grain elevator, a hotel, and a number of general stores. It is the ship-
ping point of a large agricultural district in the northwestern part of
the county and in 1910 had a population of 175.
Heber, a hamlet of Cloud count}', is situated near the head of East
Pipe creek, about 15 miles southeast of Concordia, the county seat.
Mail is received through the postoffice at Miltonvale. Sulphur Springs
is the nearest railroad station.
Heizer, one of the villages of Barton county, is located in Buffalo
township on the Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 8 miles northwest of
Great Bend, the county seat. It has a mill, an elevator, several retail
stores, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice. The
population according to the census of 1910 was 75.
Helmick, a hamlet of Morris county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific
R. R., 7 miles west of Council Grove, the county seat, whence mail is
delivered by rural carrier.
Henry, a hamlet of Sheridan county, is located about 10 miles south-
east of Hoxie, the county seat and most convenient railroad station,
whence mail is received by rural route.
Hepler, an incorporated citj' of Crawford county, is situated in Walnut
township and is a station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R., about
15 miles northwest of Girard, the county seat. The town was established
in Jan., 1871, by a company of which B. F. Hepler of Fort Scott was
president and T. H. Annable was secretary.. The first settler was John
Vietz, who erected the first business building. On Jan. 4, 1883, appeared
the first issue of the Hepler Leader, which was published by W. D.
Wright. Hepler has a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural
routes, a weekly newspaper (the Enterprise), telegraph and express
KANSAS HISTORY 839
facilities, telephone connections, 'hotels, churches, good public schools,
and a number of good mercantile houses. It is a shipping point for a
rich agricultural section in the northwestern part of Crawford and the
southwestern part of Bourbon county, and in 1910 reported a population
of 275.
Herington, a comparative!}' new city of Dickinson county, was founded
in Jan., 1884, by M. D. Herington, after whom it was named. The first
building was erected by Rislej' & Lincoln for a hardware store in March,
1884. Among the early business men and firms were ^I. D. Herington,
F. S. Mitchell, C. C. Thompson, Tusten & Caldwell, Calkins Bros., J. W.
Chandler, B. F. Hartman and Risley & Lincoln. The site was selected
chiefly because of a beautiful natural grove there. One year after the
town was founded the value of the buildings was estimated at $75,000,
and the Herington Tribune of Jan. 22, 1885, gives the volume of business
done during the first year as $485,300.
Herington is located in the southeastern part of the county at the
junction of the Missouri Pacific and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
railroads, 27 miles from Abilene, the county seat. It has 2 banks, an
international money order postofifice with four rural routes, telegraph
and express service, a telephone exchange, 2 weekly newspapers (the Sun
and the Times), electric lights, waterworks, graded and high schools
and churches of various denominations. Among the industries and com-
mercial enterprises are flour mills, an ice and cold storage plant, a cream-
ery, the Chicago. Rock Island & Pacific railroad shops, good hotels, and a
number of well stocked and substantial mercantile concerns. Herington
is an incorpcated city of the second class and in 1910 reported a pop-
ulation of 3,273, a gain of 1,666, or more than 100 per cent, during the
preceding ten years. The city is divided into four wards, and much of
its progress is due to the intelligent and well directed efiforts of its com-
mercial club.
Herkimer, a village of Marshall county, is located on the St. Joseph &
Grand Island R. R. and on Reamer creek, 6 miles northeast of Marysville
the county seat. It is the business center for Logan township, in which
it is situated, has telegraph, express and postoffice, and the population in
1910 was 225. Herkimer was settled in 1858, the postoffice was estab-
lished permanently in 1876 and the town was platted two years later by
O. Keller, who owned the site. It was named after a postoffice in New
York.
Herndon, an incorporated town of Rawlins county, is situated 15
miles northwest of Atwood, the county seat, in the Beaver creek valley,
one of the richest farming sections in the county. It is a station on the
Orleans & St. Francis division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R.
and is a shipping point of considerable importance. Herndon has a bank,
a money order postoffice with three rural routes, a weekly newspaper
(the Nonpareil), telegraph, telephone and express facilities, Catholic and
Protestant churches, a flour mill, a hotel, a number of general stores and
implement houses, and in 1910 reported a population of 273. It was
first settled in 1878 and was incorporated in 1906.
840 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Hertha, a hamlet on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. in Neosho
county, 6 miles south of Erie, the county seat. It has an express office
and postoffice. The population in 1910 was 40.
Hesper, a hamlet of Douglas county, is located in the eastern portion,
5 miles southeast of Eudora, from which it has rural free delivery. In
1910 it had a population of 36. The Friends have an academv at this
place.
Hesston, a village of Harvey county, is located on the Missouri Pacific
R. R. in Emma township, 8 miles northwest of Newton, the county seat.
It is the shipping and receiving point for a large and wealthy agricultural
district. All lines of business enterprises are represented, including a
bank. There are several churches and a graded school. The town is
supplied with telegraph and express offices and has a money order post-
ofifice with one rural route. The population according to the census of
1910 was 250.
Hewins, one of the larger villages of Chautauqua county, is located
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. and the Big Cheney river in
Harrison township, 15 miles southwest of Sedan, the county seat. It
has a bank, all the main lines of business enterprise, telegraph and
express offices and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The
population in 1910 was 225.
Hiattville, one of the early settlements of Bourbon county, is located
on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. 13 miles southwest of Fort
Scott, the county seat. The postoffice Avas 'established in 1870 and called
Pawnee, but the name was subsequently changed to Hiattville, in honor
of James M. Hiatt, who owned the land upon which the town was sit-
uated. Stores were opened within a short time and the town began to
flourish. At the present time there are several general stores, a black-
smith shop, school and church. It has a money order postoffice, tele-
graph and express facilities, and in 1910 had a population of 225.
Hiawatha, the county seat and second largest town of Brown county,
is centrall}- located on the Missouri Pacific and the St. Joseph & Grand
Island railroads. It is an incorporated city of the second class and has
over 100 business establishments, among which are 3 banks, a mill, a
bottling works, a feed mill, a washing machine factory, greenhouses, an
opera house, six publications, viz : the Brown County World, daily and
weekly ; the Kansas Democrat ; the Key, a monthly ; the School News,
monthly; Herbert's Magazine, and the Hiawatha News. The city has
waterworks, fire department, sewer system, electricity for lighting and
power purposes, and a handsome park with a bathing pond. A public
library is maintained in the building of the Ladies Art League. The
Hiawatha Academy is located here. The town is supplied with telegraph
and express offices and has an international money order postoffice with
six rural routes. The population according to the census of 1910 was
2,974-
Hiawatha was founded in 1857 and is therefore one of the older towns
of the state. The first building was erected for hotel purposes and occu-
KANSAS HISTORY 84 1
pied by Partch & Barnum. The postoffice was established in 1S58 with
H. R. Button the first postmaster. The fire department was organized
in 1874. A fire occurred in 1871 which destroyed $12,000 worth of prop-
erty, and another in 1879 which destroyed the first Hiawatha house.
From 1875 the city council refused to issue liquor licenses to any one.
The first newspaper was the Brown County Union, established in 1861.
In 1871 a full complement of city officers were elected as follows : Mayor,
J. Shilling-; clerk, H. J. Aten ; treasurer, James A. Pope; marshal, J. B.
Butterfield; assessor, F. J. Heller; police judge, J. W. Oberholtzer;
attorney, C. W. Johnson ; councilmen, J. W. Pottenger, B. F. Killey, G.
Amann, H. M. Robinson and FI. C. Wey.
Hickory Point, lying about 10 miles south of Lawrence, on the south
side of the Wakarusa and on the old Santa Fe road, was a valuable piece
of timber and prairie land, where some of the earliest settlers located.
The first settlers were chiefly free-state men from Indiana, but subse-
quently others from the western states and from Missouri settled there.
In the lower end of the grove a town called Palmyra was laid out early
in the summer of 1855. In some cases the original settlers left their
claims and returned east, several Missourians took the claims thus for-
feited according to squatter laws, and in some cases fraudulently seized
others. During the summer and fall this led frequently to disputes and
sometimes led to personal violence and bloodshed. This was almost
always the case where the contestants to the claim belonged to the con-
flicting political elements of the territory. Each faction would try to
gather around them immigrants of their own political faith, and as the
grounds were unsurveyed, with no courts of justice near, many angry
contests arose over the ownership of land and collisions were not infre-
quent. An instance of this character took place at Hickory Point, Hol-
loway, in his History of Kansas says, "led to what is termed the ^Vaka-
rusa war." (q. v.)
Hickory Point, Battle of. — The settlement of Hickory Point in Jeffer-
son county was laid out in March, 1855, on the northwest quarter of
section 5, township 9, range 19 east, on the north side of the military and
freight road. One of the first settlers, Charles Hardt, was appointed
postmaster. From the first settlement there had been a contest between
the free-state and pro-slavery residents of the vicinity. Party feeling
ran high and each faction regarded the other as having no rights. At
the first election the pro-slavery men took possession of the polls, and
there was little respect for law and order on either side. After the out-
rages perpetrated at the first election, each party held an election and
refused to acknowledge the other as legal. By the summer of 1856, the
free-state settlers had become the stronger faction and determined to
drive the other party out. On June 8 two pro-slavery men, Jones and
Fielding, were driven away. At that time the settlement consisted of
three log buildings, a store, hotel and blacksmith shop. Both parties in
the neighborhood went armed and several skirmishes occurred.
When Gov. Geary arrived in the territory he issued a proclamation.
842 CYCLOPEDIA OF
ordering all armed bodies to disperse. Gen. J. H. Lane was near Topeka,
at the time and did not know of the proclamation. With his party, he
was starting for Holton, when a messenger arrived from Osawkie, with
the news that the border ruffians had burned Grasshopper Falls and
intended burning the other free-state towns in the vicinity, to drive the
settlers out of Lhe country. The assistance of Lane and his command
was asked and they marched to Osawkie, where his force was increased
by the local free-state men. Having restored order there, Lane learned
that an armed force of pro-slavery men was at Hickory Point and
marched there determined to capture them. On arriving, he found about
100 men assembled, under corrtmand of Capt. H. A. Lowe, the owner
of Hickory Point, assisted by about 50 Carolinians, who had been com-
mitting outrages throughout the country. An attack was made, but
the pro-slavery men were too well fortified to be driven out. Lane then
sent word to Lawrence for Capt. Bickerton, to bring reinforcements and
the now historic cannon "Sacramento." The news reached Lawrence on
Saturday, Sept. 13. Col. Harvey gathered a compan}- of recruits, started
at once, marched all night, stopping at Xewell's mills just long enough
for breakfast, and arrived at Hickory Point about 10 a. m. Sunda}^ In
the meantime Lane had heard of the governor's proclamation and had
started for Topeka, expecting to meet the forces from Lawrence on the
road. But Col. Harvey, having taken the direct route, missed Lane.
When Harvey and his forces came up the pro-slavery men tried to
retreat, but were soon surrounded and took refuge in the log houses. No
messages were exchanged. The cannon was placed in position about
200 yards south of the blacksmith shop and commenced firing. It was
supported by about 20 men armed with United States muskets. The
Stubbs company was stationed about 200 yards to the southeast in a
timbered ravine. The first cannon shot passed through the blacksmith
shop and killed Charles G. Newhal'l. Finding it impossible to dislodge
the pro-slavery men, Col. Harvey ordered a wagon load of hay backed
up to the shop and set on fire. Some of the men were fired upon but got
away under cover of the smoke. Soon after a white flag was sent out
from the shop asking permission for some of the non-combatants to leave
the buildings. Messages wei'e sent back and forth and a compromise was
reached by which each part}' agreed to give up its plunder and all non-
residents of each party were to leave the country. One pro-slavery man
was killed and 4 were wounded. Three free-state men were shot in the
legs, I through the lungs, and i had a bruised head. This ended the
battle of Hickory Point.
Highbridge, a hamlet in the southeastern part of Atchison county,
about 10 miles south of Atchison. Cummings is the nearest railroad
station. Mail is delivered by rural route from Atchison.
Highland, one of the important towns of Doniphan county, is located
in Iowa township 14 miles north of Troy, the county seat, and is the
terminus of a branch of the St. Joseph & Grand Island R. R. It is the
seat of Highland University (q. v.), founded in the early days by the
KANSAS HISTORY 843
Presbyterian church. It is an incorporated city with 2 banks, a weekly
newspaper (the Vidette), telegraph and express offices and a money
order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 825.
The site of Highland was first occupied by missionaries in 1837. I"
1855 J. P. Johnson took a claim at this point and drove stakes to locate a
town. A year later he was joined in the enterprise by Gen. John Bayless.
In 1857 the town company was organized and the site laid out in blocks.
The first buildings were erected by the town company. In the spring of
1858 Campbell & Bonesteel erected two buildings. The postoffice was
established that year with E. M. Hubbard as postmaster. The first
store was opened by Devine & Stevenson, the first drug store by Dr. J.
Leigh, and Dr. Palmer was the first physician. The city records begin
with the year 1871, when Fred J. Close was elected mayor and J. S. Mar-
tin city clerk. A destructive fire occurred in Feb., 1887. Six buildings
were destroyed and the town was only saved by a sudden change of the
wind.
In May, 1863, two Missourians — Melvin and Shannon by name — stole
a span of mules from Thomas Martin near Iowa Point and a set of har-
ness from John Beeler near Highland. They were persued by a party
of Highland men, overtaken and wounded near Kennekuk in Brown
county. The property was taken from them and they were later caught
and brought to Highland. After a speedy trial they were hung in a
brutal manner in the presence of a large crowd.
Highland University. — Of all the educational institutions in Kansas,
this is the oldest. Its origin may be said to date back to 1837, when the
Presbyterian board of foreign missions started a mission among the
Iowa and Sac Indians in what is now Doniphan county. Rev. S. M.
Irvin was the first missionary sent out. He was soon joined by Rev.
William Hamilton and they worked together in establishing an Indian
school. The country was opened to white settlement in 1854, and in
1855 the town of Highland was laid out, 2 miles west of the old mission.
As early as 1856 a school for white children was commenced in a log
cabin, the first house on the premises. This cabin was replaced by a
frame building, the management of the school was transferred to the
"Highland Presbytery," and it became known as the "Highland Presby-
terian Academy." At this time it was a classical academy, not large
but quite well organized. In Nov., 1857, the Highland Presbytery
appointed a board of nine trustees to take charge of the institution, with
a request that they apply to the legislature for a charter. In response
to their petition the legislature of 1857, granted a charter under the
name of the "Highland University."
By this charter the control of the institution was given to the presby-
tery, but an act passed in 1866 transferred the control to the s\-nod of
Kansas, thus securing it to the Presbyterian church. The synod was to
appoint nine trustees, who were to assume the active management of the
school. The first college building, a substantial brick structure, was
located on a tract of 8 acres, and in addition to this the university owned
844 CYCLOPEDIA OF
some 200 lots in the town. In 1868 the property' was valued at $15,000
and the school had over 100 students. Since then the institution has
grown until it now has a preparatory and an academic department. The
endowment has been increased and it is one of the leading denomina-
tional schools in the state.
High Schools. — (See Public School System.)
Highways. — (See Roads.)
Hill City, the county seat and largest town of Graham county, is
located in the central part, on the Union Pacific R. R. and on the Solo-
mon river. It is in the midst of a prosperous farming country, has 2
banks, 2 opera houses, 3 newspapers (the New Era, the Reveille and the
Republican), 2 hotels, a mill and elevator, which is one of the best plants
of its kind in the state, a county high school, a number of churches and
retail stores dealing in all lines of merchandise. The town is supplied
Avith express and telegraph offices and has an international money order
postoffice with three rural routes. The population according to the
census of 1910 was 983. Hill City was founded in 1876 and was the first
town in Graham county. The postoffice was established in 1878. In
1880 it was made the county seat. Business and professional men came
in and soon made a town, which was incorporated as a city of the third
class before the close of the year.
Hill, Joseph Henry, educator, son of Joseph and Betsey (Moffatt)
Hill, was born at Stockton, Pa., May 21, 1858. He came to Kansas in
his boyhood and at the age of 18 years graduated at the Kansas State
Normal School at Emporia and began teaching. In 1886 he received A.
B. from the Northwestern University and the A. M. degree from the
same institution in 1889; was professor of Latin from 1887 to 1906; mar-
ried Frances Meldrum of Austin, Kan., in 1892 ; received the degree of
D. D. from Baker University at Baldwin, Kan., in 1906, and the degree
of LL. D. from the Kansas State Agricultural College in 1909; was vice-
president of the Kansas State Normal College at Emporia from 1901 to
1906; and has been president of the state normal schools of Emporia,
Hays and Pittsburg since 1906. Dr. Hill was president of the Kansas
Teachers Association in 1901 ; vice president of the National Educational
Association in 1907, and in 1909 was chairman of the normal school
department of that organization. He is a member of the Phi Kappa Psi
and Phi Beta Kappa fraternities.
Hillsboro, one of the thriving litttle cities of Marion county, is located
in Risley township on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. and on
French creek, 10 miles west of Marion, the county seat. The surrounding
country is devoted to agriculture and stock raising. There are 2 banks,
and all lines of business pursuits. Most of the people are German and
the Hillsboro Journal, which is the weekly newspaper, is printed in that
language. The town is supplied with express and telegraph offices and
has an international money order postoffice with five rural routes. The
population in 1910 was 1,134.
Hillsboro was laid out in 1879. In 1882 one of the best steam mills in.
KANSAS HISTORY 843
the west was established here. The Phonograph, the first paper, was
Started by J. T. Groat.
Hillsdale, one of the largest villages of Miami county, is located on
the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 7 miles north of Paola, the county
seat. It was surveyed and laid out as Columbia in 1869. Late in the
year, when the railroad was completed to this point, the name Columbia
was changed to Hillsdale. In 1871 a postoffice was located in the town,
and the same year the first public school was opened. It grew rapidly
until the middle of the '70s, since which time the population has been
about the same ; there was an estimated population of 300 late in 1879
and the population for 1910 was 270. There are several general stores,
a drug store, harness shop, blacksmith and wagon shop, hotel, grain ele-
vator, two churches, and a good school building. It is the supply town
for a rich agricultural district, has a money order postoffice with one
rural route, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, etc.
Hilltop, a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa- Fe R. R. in Green-
wood county, is located in Shell Rock township 29 miles northeast of
Eureka, the county seat. It is merely a country trading point, having a
population of 50 according to the 1910 census, express and telegraph
offices and a money order postoffice.
Hilton, a hamlet in McPherson county, is a station on the Union
Pacific R. R. 5 miles north of McPherson, the county seat, from which
place its mail is distributed by rural delivery.
Hinton, Richard J., journalist, who was for many years intimately
connected with Kansas affairs, was born in London, England, Nov. 26,
1830. His early life was a struggle with poverty. He learned the stone-
cutter's trade, and notwithstanding the hardships to which he was sub-
jected, managed to secure through his own efforts a good, practical
education. He became interested in social and political problems, with
the result that he wanted to be a citizen of a republic, and in 185 1 he
came to the United States. In New York he learned the printer's trade
and studied medicine and topographical engineering. On Aug 31, 1856,
he arrived in Lawrence, Kan., and for some time after that was engaged
as a correspondent for various newspapers in New England, New York
and Cleveland, Ohio. Early in 1862, he was commissioned first lieu-
tenant to recruit and drill colored troops, being the first man in t'he
United States to receive such a commission. Mr. Hinton held several
positions of trust and responsibility. He was the reporter of the Leaven-
worth constitutional convention and of the impeachment court of 1862.
In 1867 he was appointed commissioner of immigration; was later made
inspector of United States consulates in Europe, and in 1873 he was
President Grant's special agent at Vienna. He wrote a great deal on
subjects relating- to Kansas, and was the author of a historical work
entitled "The War on the Border." About the beginning of the present
century Mr. Hinton returned to his native land and died in London on
Dec. 20, 1901.
846 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Historical Society. — This was the first incorporated society in Kansas.
At the first session of the territorial legislature an act was passed incor-
porating the "Historical and Philosophical society of Kansas," which
had for its subject "the collection and preservation of a library, mineral-
ogical and geological specimens, historical matter relating to the his-
tory of the territory, Indian curiosities and antiquities, and other mat-
ters connected with and calculated to illustrate and perpetuate the his-
tory and settlement of Kansas." By the provisions of the act the incor-
porators were to organize within a year, but the time was afterwards
extended three years. The incorporators were William Walker, chair-
man, D. A. N. Grover, David Lykins, John Donaldson, James Knvden-
hall, Thomas Johnson, \Mlliam Vaughn, L. J. Eaton and A. J. Isacks.
The turbulent condition of Kansas interfered with the development
of the society. In Feb., i860, after the close of the pro-slavery regime, a
"Scientific and Historical Society of Kansas" was organized at Law-
rence, with Judge S. A. Kingman as president. William Hutchison, a
member of the executive committee was a moving spirit. This organiza-
tion was prosperous for a time, but its library and collections were
destroyed in Ouantrill's raid, Aug. 21, 1863. Still another attempt that
did not prove permanent was made in the formation of the Kansas His-
torical Society at Topeka, in March, 1867. Chief Justice Kingman was
also president of this society. Editors were made exempt from the $5
membership fee, but even with these provisions the society did not pros-
per, and with its last meeting in Feb., 1868, it ceased to exist.
On April 7 and 8, 1875, the Kansas state editorial convention met at
Manhattan. At this meeting, D. W. Wilder offered a resolution pro-
viding for the organization of a State Historical Society, and F. P. Baker,
D. R. Anthony, John A. Martin, Sol Miller, and George A. Crawford
were appointed to carry it out. The committee met and organized on
Dec. 13, 1875, "The society was organized on non-partisan lines,
independent of changing administrations, subject to the control of those
who had a taste for the work, with a single purpose of gathering the
records and results of all classes, elements, associations and sympathies."
The first appropriation was $1,000 made by th legislature of 1877.
This policy has been affirmed by each succeeding legislature, until the
society is one of the most important departments of the state. In 1879
the legislature passed a law governing the historical society, which read
in part:
"Section i : The State Historical Society heretofore organized under
the incorporation laws of the state, shall be a trustee of the state, and as
such shall faithfully expend and apply all money received from the state
to the uses and purposes directed by law, and shall hold all its present
and future collections and property for the state, and shall not sell, mort-
gage, transfer, or dispose of in any manner or remove from the capital
an}' article thereof, or part of the same thereof, without authority of the
law ; provided this shall not prevent the sale or exchange of the duplicates
that the societv may have or obtain.
KANSAS HISTORY ■ 8|7
"Section 2. It shall be the duty of the society to collect books, maps,
and other papers and materials illustrative of the histor)^ of Kansas in
particular, and the west generally; to procure from the early pioneers-
narratives of events relative to the early settlement of Kansas, and to the
early explorations, Indian occupancy and overland travel in the terri-
tory and the west ; to procure facts and statements relative to the history
and conduct of our Indian tribes and to gather all information calcu-
lated to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and the past and present con-
dition, resotirces and progress of the state ; to purchase books to supply
deficiencies in the various departments of the collection, and to procure
by gift and exchange such scientific and historical reports of the legis-
latures of other states, of railroads, reports of geological and other
scientific surveys, and such other books, maps, charts, and materials as
will facilitate the investigation of historical, scientific, social, educational
and literary subjects, and to cause the same to be properly bound; to
catalogue the .collections of said society for the convenient reference of
all persons who may have occasion to consult the same ; to prepare
biennially for publication a report of its collections, and such other mat-
ters relating to its transactions as may be useful to the public ; and to
keep its collections arranged in convenient and suitable rooms, to be
provided and furnished by the secretary of state, as the board of direc-
tors shall determine ; the rooms of the society to be open at all reason-
able hours on business days for the reception of the citizens of the state
who may wish to visit the same, without fee, provided, that no expendi-
ture shall be made under this act or expense incurred except in pursuance
of specific appropriations therefor, and no officer of said society shall
pledge the credit of the state in excess of such appropriations."
Section 3 has to do with the duties of the directors who are appointed
by the society, and provides for the exchange and collection of the pub-
lications of the state, and of its societies and institutions. The society is
not permitted to duplicate the publications in the state library. In 1901
a state law was passed prohibiting the secretary "from permitting or
allowing any of the files, documents or records of said society to be
taken away from the building where its office and rooms are or shall be
located : Provided, "that the secretary in person, or by any duly author-
ized deputy, clerk or emplo3'ee of his office, may take any of said files,
documents or lecords away from said building for use as evidence or for
literary or historical purposes ; the same to be left while so away in the
personal custody' of said secretary, deputy, clerk, or employee."
The constitution of the society as amended in 1902 decrees that "this
society shall consist of active, life and honorary and corresponding mem-
bers, who may be chosen by the board of directors of the society at any-
regular or special meeting of the society — the active members to consist
of citizens of the state, by the payment of $1 annually; the life members
by the payment at any one time of $10; the honorary and corresponding
members, who shall be exempt from fee or taxation, shall be chosen
from persons in any part of the world distinguished for their scientific
•■848 CYCLOPEDIA OF
and literary attainments, and known especially as friends and promoters
of history. County or citj^ historical societies may elect one delegate
member, who shall have all the privileges of the state society, and who
shall be exempt from the payment of annual dues."
There is a board of 99 directors of the society, elected from the mem-
bers. No member of the board of directors, or other officer, except the
secretary receives pay for his services. The secretary aside from pre-
serving a record of all meetings and conducting the correspondence of
the society, collects all moneys and has charge of all books, manuscripts
and collections of the society. George W. Martin has occupied this
position since 1897. The society has published 11 volumes of Historical
Collections, biennial reports, and i volume extra in 1886, as well as
many pamphlets and circulars. Its collections in 1910 consisted of
36,868 books, 38,816 newspapers and magazines, 115,242 pamphlets,
44.265 manuscripts, 7,555 pictures, 6,428 maps and 9.230 relics.
Hoch, Edward W., governor of Kansas from 1905 to 1939, was born
at Danville, Ky., March 17, 1849. After attending the common schools
he entered Central University at Danville, but did not graduate, leav-
ing the institution to enter a newspaper office, where he spent three
years in learning the printer's trade. He then came to Kansas and
preempted 160 acres of land near Florence, Marion county, where he
engaged in fanijing. The fascinations of the newspaper office were
too strong to be resisted, and in 1874 he gave up farming and bought
the Marion Record. Mr. Hoch now had a taste of the troubles of the
country editor. That was the great grasshopper year and for some
time his paper had a struggle for existence. With the passing of the
grasshopper plague times began to improve, and by 1876 he had paid
his debts. On May 23, 1876, he celebrated his success by marrying
Miss Sarah L. Dickerson of Marion. Mr. Hoch soon became one of the
active editors of the state in proclaiming Republican doctrines, which
brought him into prominence in the councils of that party. In 1888
he was elected to the lower house of the state legislature, and in 1892
was again elected a member of that body. That was during Gov.
Lewelling's administration, when there were two houses of representa-
tives, and Mr. Hoch was an influential factor in the settlement of the
vexed question, so that the state supreme court recognized the Re-
publican house. His conduct on this occasion won him many friends
within his party, and in 1894 he received considerable support in the
state convention for governor. In 1934 he was elected governor, and
at the close of his first term was reelected. He retired from the office
in Jan., 1909, when he was succeeded by Gov. Stubbs. Since that time
Gov. Hoch has devoted the greater part of his time to the lecture plat-
form. He is a pleasing and forcible speaker, and is in demand by
Chautauqua assemblies, etc. The active management of his paper has
devolved upon his son, Homer Hoch.
Hoch's Administration. — Gov. Hoch was inaugurated on Jan. 9, 1905,
and on the loth the general assembl)' met in regular biennial session,
KANSAS HISTORY 849
The senate organized with Lieut. -Gov. David J. Hanna as the pre-
siding officer, and Walter R. Stubbs was elected speaker of the house.
As soon as the two houses were organized the governor's message
was submitted through his private secretary, Thomas A. McNeal. In
the introductory paragraph of his message the governor referred to the
prosperity of the state by saying:
"The mortgage debt, which fifteen years ago aggregated 240 million
dollars, has been liquidated with remarkable rapidity, until now it is
no longer a serious burden upon our people. Our banks are overflow-
ing with money, largely the accumulation of our prosperous farmers.
Our laborers command remunerative wages, and all of our business
interests are prosperoous. That your legislative labors may advance
rather than retard this upward movement, I am sure will be your
highest ambition, as it is my most earnest desire."
He urged the passage of a primary election law, and called attention
to the primary law recently enacted by the legislature of Wisconsin,
particularly that feature of it which provided that candidates for the
I'nited States senate should run for the nomination at the primary
election and the one who received a majority of the votes would be
recommended to the legislature as the party's nominee. "Of course,"
said he, "this recommendation is not compulsory, because the constitu-
tion of the L.'nited States provides that senators shall be chosen by the
legislature, but it is hardly probable that a legislature would be found
which would disobe}' the wishes of the people thus expressed. I sin-
cerely trust that this subject will receive your careful attention, and
that a wise bill will be finally agreed upon and promptly enacted into
law."
Another matter upon which he dwelt at some length was the reap-
portionment of the state into eight Congressional districts. The census
of 1890 allotted eight members of Congress to Kansas, but the state
had never been divided into eight districts. "Successive legislatures,"
said the governor, "have failed to perform their duty in the reapportion-
ment of the state into eight Congressional districts, and I earnestly
hope that this legislature will not neglect this duty. The people expect
it. and will be greatly disappointed if it is not done." The legislature
disappointed the governor in the enactment of a primary law, but on
March 9, one day before the final adjournment. Gov. Hoch approved
a bill dividing the state into eight Congressional districts. (See Con-
gressional Districts.)
Gov. Hoch expressed himself in favor of a public depository — or a
system of depositories — where the public funds might be placed upon
interest for the benefit of the state, and suggested two plans; ist, the
establishment of a state depository, where interest upon funds would
accrue to the state, and 2nd. that the semi-annual remittances from the
various county treasurers be held in a county depository until the state
treasurer might need the money, the counties to have the benefit of
the interest. "The State of Missouri," said he, "received in interest from
CI-54)
850 CYCLOPEDIA OF
its State depository last year the handsome sum of $42,768.61. To the
wisdom of the legislature this subject is confidently submitted."
The act of March 4 provided for a board of treasury examiners, con-
sisting of the governor, secretary of state and state auditor, which
should meet on the first Monday in July, 1905, and each two years
thereafter, in the ofifiice of the treasurer of state, and issue a notice giv-
ing the date when the board would receive sealed proposals from tl^e
incorporated banks of the state for the use and care of the state funds,,
and the bank or banks selected should be designated as state deposi- .
tories. (See Finances, State.)
On the subject of civil service the governor said: "The platform
upon which a majority of the members of this legislature were elected
favored the application of reasonable civil service rules to the em-
ployees of the state institution. In the national government, civil
service rules have been gradually extended to all departments, until
now the tenure of office of thousands of governmental employees no-
longer depends upon the caprice of petty politicians. This movement
for the betterment of the public service was at first bitterly opposed,
but no statesman who values his reputation now opposes it. It is a
distinct advance in intelligent government. With the principle involved
I am in hearty accord, and will be glad to cooperate with the legislature
in any reasonable enactment along this line."
Two acts relating to the civil service (q. v.) were passed during the
session. One of them was approved by Gov. Hoch on Feb. 25, and the
other on March 10, which was the last day of the session.
The governor imparted to the legislature the information that there
were yet unsold about 1,000,000 acres of the school lands, most of which
lay in the western part of the state. Under the law these lands were
on the market at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre, notwithstanding
the value of such lands had advanced far beyond that figure in the
preceding five years. "These school lands," said he "should either be
withdrawn from market or the price at which they will be sold increased
commensurate with the growth and development of that country. I
believe $1,000,000 can be saved to the state school fund b}' prompt
action on the part of the legislature in this matter."
The members of the assembly evidently did not concur in the views
of the executive on this subject, or if they did concur they were not
particularly desirous of saving the $1,000,000 to the school fund, as no
legislation of that character was enacted.
Other recommendations of the governor were in favor of juvenile
courts, the establishment of a state printing plant, a pure food law, no-
backward step on the subject of prohibition, and a thorough revision
of the tax laws. With regard to the last named, he called attention
to the fact that "the entire assessed value of all personal property in
the state aggregates only $66,000,000, while the bank commissioner
reports over $100,000,000 in the banks alone, and the secretary of the
state board of agriculture reports the value of farm products and live-
KANSAS HISTORY 85 1
Stock for the year at $367,301,000; and there are many other forms of
personal property not included in these figures. Not only does this
assessment make our aggregate statistics look insignificant abroad, but
it makes our rate of taxation so enormously high as to frighten home-
seekers, and to deter investments by those unfamiliar with the facts.
In addition to these absurd valuations, purposely made by the various
assessors, which belittle the state, many millions of dollars' worth of
personal property escapes taxation altogether."
Among the remedies suggested by the governor for this condition
of affairs were a county assessor, with deputies in each of the several
townships, some provision for the taxation of franchises of car-lines,
telegraph and telephone companies at their full value, and "some simple
amendment to the present law fixing a severe penalty for failure to
assess at the full value all property in the state."
About the time that Gov. Hoch came into office there was a war going-
on between the oil producers of Kansas and the Standard Oil company,
and a movement was on foot to pipe the natural gas outside the state.
Consequently, the discussion of these subjects occupied a considerable
portion of the executive message. Said he :
"The marvelous development of the gas and oil resources of the state,
placing this commonwealth in the front rank of those endowed by the
Creator with this kind of wealth, imposes a duty upon this legislature
which no former legislature has had to meet. Monopoly threatens to
rob our people of the chief benefits of this great endowment and appro-
priate the profits to itself. How to save this wealth to the state and
to its people, and secure to them its greatest benefits, is a serious
problem.
"Whatever may be the limitations of power of the state in reference
to piping the gas beyond its borders, one duty clearly within its power
demands immediate performance. Vast amounts of gas are constantly
going to waste in all the gas-fields of the state — a condition which
Indiana and other states have learned to their sorrow, should not be
permitted to continue. Stringent laws to prevent this waste should
be immediately enacted.
"Our oil interests are also in jeopardy. I am a firm believer in the
competitive system, and entertain with caution any proposition tend-
ing to the centralization of governmental power over commercial enter-
prises which should, as far as possible, be left to individual control.
I have been a student of these subjects for years, and am grounded in
the philosophy of the competitive system in contradistinction to the
socialistic idea of government absorption of business enterprises.
. . . But while profoundly imbued with this conviction, I refuse
to be blinded by a theory, however sound, if confused by misleading
terms. If an arrogant and almost omnipotent monopoly is to control
in any business circle, the competitive system is slaughtered in the
house of its friends, for monopoly is but one form of socialism mas-
querading under the name of competition. Monopoly destroA's compe-
852 CYCLOPEDIA OF
tition, and that is all socialism does, considered from an industrial stand-
point. Rather, therefore, than permit the great monopolies to rob us
of the benefits of the vast reservoirs of oil which have been stored by
the Creator beneath our soil, I am inclined to waive my objection to
the socialistic phase of this subject and recommend the establishment
of an oil refinery of our own in our state for the preservation of our
wealth and the protection of our people."
In harmony with this attitude of the governor, and pursuant to his
recommendation, the act of Feb. 17, 1905, directed the warden of the
state penitentiar)- to establish at Peru, Chautauqua county, an oil
refinery to be operated as a branch of the penitentiary "for the refining
of crude oil, and to market the same' and its by-products, and to keep
such refinery in repair, and furnish therefor requisite machinery and
equipment, and necessary facilities and instrumentalities for receiving,
manufacturing, storing and handling crude and refined oil and its by-
products." To carry out the provisions of the -act the sum of $410,000
was appropriated. Of this appropriation $200,000 was for the con-
struction and equipment ; $200,000 to be used as a "revolving fund"
for the purchase of crude oil and operating expenses until returns from
sales came in, and $10,000 for the erection of suitable quarters for the
convicts to be employed in the refinery. A supplementary act, approved
on March 7. appropriated $58,800 to pay the interest on the refinery
bonds for the fiscal years 1906 and 1907. A resolution was also adopted
urging the Kansas representatives and senators in Congress to use their
influence to perfect legislation to control the Standard Oil company and
protect the oil industry' in Kansas.
Although the state supreme court subsequently held the refinery act
to be unconstitutional, this exhibition of the "Kansas spirit" had the
eiTect of curbing the monopolies referred to by the governor in his
message, and in an indirect way resulted in conferring substantial bene-
fits upon the oil industry in the state.
Of the 341 acts passed at this session of the legislature, a large major-
ity of them were of local significance only, such as defining or chang-
ing county boundaries ; legalizing acts of county and town authorities;
conferring power on municipalities to issue bonds, etc. A long act of
59 sections provided for the organization of drainage districts for the
construction and repair of levees, the removal of obstructions from the
channels of water courses, etc. An appropriation of $1,000 was made
for marking by suitable monuments the Santa Fe trail ; county com-
missioners were given authority to appoint inspectors of natural gas
wells and pipe lines ; a board of control for certain state institutions was
created ; a child labor bill was passed which prohibited the employment
in factories, mines and packing-houses of persons under the age of
fourteen }'ears, and regulated the employment of persons under the
age of sixteen ; provision was made for the appointment of state- fish and
game wardens, and their powers and duties were defined ; the office
of county inspector of bees was established ; several acts were passed
KANSAS HISTORY 853
relating to railroads, extending the power of the railroad commission ;
the governor was atithorized to appoint a parole officer for the state
penitentiary; provision was made for the' establishment of juvenile
courts and for the care of neglected, dependent or delinquent children ;
and by resolution the board of directors and warden of the penitentiary
were authorized to enter into a contract with the Territory of Oklahoma
for the care of her convicts for a period not exceeding ten years, and
at a rate of not less than 40 cents a day for each convict.
Three constitutional amendments were submitted to the people to
be voted upon at the general election in Nov., 1906. The first made
a change in section 2, article 12, relating to corporations; the second
amended section 17, article 2, relating to laws and their construction
by the courts ; and the third amended section 8, article 3, relating to pro-
bate courts. All three were ratified by the people by substantial
majorities.
In an article on "Bailey's Administration" mention is made of a
resolution passed bv.the Kansas legislature requesting the Kansas dele-
gation in Congress to make efforts to have one of the new battleships
named for the state. They were successful in carrying out the wishes
of the legislature, and on Aug. 12, 1905, the battleship Kansas (q. v.)
was launched at Camden, N. J., Gov. Hoch and several other dis-
tinguished citizens of Kansas being present.
When Joseph R. Burton resigned his seat in the United States senate
on June 4, 1906, Gov.. Hoch tendered an appointment to F. D. Coburn,
secretary of the state board of agriculture. Mr. Coburn declined and
the governor then appointed Alfred W. Benson to serve as senator until
the legislature convened. Judge Benson left for ^^"ashington on
June II.
In the summer of 1906 the Santa Fe trail was marked by the Daugh-
ters of the American Revolution, and from Sept. 26 to 29 was held the
first centennial celebration in Kansas. This celebration marked the
looth anniversary of the raising of the American flag for the first time
on Kansas soil by Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike. It was held on the site of
the old Pawnee village near Republic City, Republic county. Sept. 26
was "Woman's Day." An address of greeting Avas delivered by Mrs.
Edward W. Hoch, wife of the governor. Addresses were also delivered
by Mrs. Noble L. Prentis, Mrs. Charles E. Adams, Mrs. Lilla D. Mon-
roe and others. The 27th was "Historical Day," when papers by Prof.
John B. Dunbar, James R. Mead and William E. Connelley were read,
and an address was delivered by George W. Martin, secretary of the
State Historical Society. On the 28th the principal orators were Capt.
Patrick H. Coney, commander of the Kansas department of the Grand
Army of the Republic, Capt. Charles E. Adams and Congressman W.
A. Calderhead. On the 29th — the real anniversary of the raising of
the flag — the speakers were Gov. Hoch and United States Senator
Chester I. Long. The ceremonies were accompanied by artillery
salutes and enlivened bv music of bands, etc.
8S4 CYCLOPEDIA OF
The political campaign of 1906 was opened by the Democratic part)-,
which held a state convention at Topeka on April 25. William A.
Harris was nominated for governor ; Hugh P. Farrelh% for lieutenant-
governor ; Louis C. Ahlborn, for secretary of state ; W. F. Bowman, for
auditor ; Patrick Gorman, for treasurer ; David Overmeyer, for attorney-
general ; A. B. Carney, for superintendent of public instruction; J. W.
Murphy, for superintendent of insurance ; A. M. Jackson, D. M. Dale,
W. S. Glass and Lorenz Hawn, for associate justices; Harry McMillan,
C. A. Cooper and James Plumphrey, for railroad commissioners, and W.
F. Feder, for state printer. This was the first time the state printer
was ever elected by the people. The platform indorsed and reaffirmed
the national platforms of the party for 1896, 1900 and 1904; demanded
of the board of railroad commissioners "an honest and earnest enforce-
ment of all provisions of existing laws against rebates and all manner
of discriminations ; and of the legislature intelligent, fair supplementary
legislation to the end that both the railroads and the public may have
justice;" congratulated the country upon the triumphant vindication of
the quantative theory of money; declared in favor of the initiative and
referendum and the enforcement of all laws, and demanded the abolition
of the free pass system on railroads.
On May 2 the Republican state convention met at Topeka. Gov.
Hoch was renominated by acclamation, and the balance of the ticket
was as follows : Lieutenant-governor, W. J. Fitzgerald ; secretary of
state, Charles E. Denton ; auditor, James M. Nation ; treasurer, Mark
Ttilley ; attorney-general, Fred S. Jackson ; superintendent of public
instruction, Edward T. Fairchild ; superintendent of insurance, Charles
W. Barnes; associate justices, William A. Johnston, R. A. Burch, Silas
Porter and C. B. Graves ; railroad commissioners, C. A- Ryker, George
W. Kanavel and Frank J. Ryan : state printer, Thomas A. McNeal. The
platform approved the administrations of President Roosevelt and Gov.
Hoch ; commended the juvenile court and state depository laws passed
by the last legislature ; favored a pension of not less than $12 per month
for every surviving soldier and sailor of the Civil war ; approved the
action of the legislature regarding oil and gas, and declared that "The
Republican party enacted the first railroad law in Kansas. It has uni-
formly stood for consistent and efficient regulation of these great public
corporations. The last legislature, without an}^ specific platform
promises previously made, enacted a general railroad law conceded to
be the best in the United States."
The Populist state convention assembled at Topeka on July 4. An
effort to effect a fusion with the Democratic party failed, after which
the convention proceeded to the nomination of candidates for state
officers with the following result: Governor, Horace A. Keefer;
lieutenant-governor, Joseph A. Wright; secretary of state, Robert
Hauserman ; auditor, E. C. Fowler ; treasurer, D. C. Kay ; attorney-
general, George H. Bailey; superintendent of public instruction, D. O.
Kemphill ; superintendent of insurance, C. N. Mungenbach ; associate
KANSAS HISTOR^^ 855
justices, W. A. Eyster and H. C. Root, leaving two places to be filled
by the state central committee ; railroad, commissioner, G. R. Sallyard,
two places to be filled by the committee ; state printer, Charles A.
Southwick. For some reason the state central committee never sup-
plied the vacancies on the ticket for justices of the supreme court and
railroad commissioners. The platform adopted by the committee
declared in favor of governmental ownership of railroads and the
initiative and referendum; demanded that all money be issued by the
general government, a rigid enforcement of all laws, and railroad legis- '
lation in the interest of the man who "pays the freight ;" and urged
the adoption of an amendment to the state constitution which would
make it possible for the state to establish an insurance department that
would supply fire and life insurance at cost.
The Prohibition party nominated J- B. Cook for governor; W. B.
Jones, for lieutenant-governor ; William Martin, for secretary of state ;
T. D. Talmage, for auditor; C. F. Wolfe, for treasurer; W. C. Wolfe,
for attornej^-general ; O. W. Newby, for superintendent of public
instruction ; P. J. Thwaites, for superintendent of insurance ; G. W.
Martin, J. D. M. Crockett, W. C. Fogle and E. B. Greene, for associate
justices : Wallace Gibbs, G. C. McFadden and A. L. Evers, for rail-
road commissioners, and F. B. Sweet, for state printer.
The Socialist party also nominated a full state ticket, to wit: For
governor, Harry Gilham ; lieutenant-governor, T. A. Curry ; secretary
of state, Arthur E. Welch ; auditor, E. N. Firestone ; treasurer, John J.
Price; attorney-general, C. R. Mitchell; superintendent of public instruc-
tion, Grace D. Brewer; superintendent of insurance, Niels P. Larsen ;
associate justices, A. M. Morrison, F. L. McDermott, Myron F. Wiltse
and William E. Pierce ; railroad commissioners, Charles A. Brannon,
P. B. Moore and James O. Smith ; state printer, Frank W. Cotton.
At the Nevember election the entire Republican ticket was elected,
the vote for governor being as follows: Hoch, 152,147; Harris, 150,024;
Gilham, 7,621; Cook, 4,453; Keefer, 1,131.
On Tan. 8, 1907, the legislature began its 15th biennial session. The
senate was called to order by Lieut.-Gov. David J. I^anna, who pre-
sided until the 14th, when Gov. Hoch was inaugurated for his second
term and Lieut.-Gov. W. J. Fitzgerald was also inducted into office,
succeeding Mr. Hanna as president of the senate. John S. Simmons
was elected speaker of the house. The message submitted by the gov-
ernor at the opening of the session was a long one, covering almost
every phase of state afl^airs. He congratulated the people of the state
upon their prosperity ; announced that the state's wheat crop for the
year 1996 was over 93,000,000 bushels, and the value of farm products
and live stock aggregated $424,222,277, an increase of over $15,000,000
over the year 1905, and on the subject of bank deposits said :
"The total deposits in Kansas banks, state and national, ten years
ago aggregated only $32,031,780.39, of which the national banks held
$16,811,672.97 and the state banks $15,220,107.39. For eight years there-
856 c^(. i.oriajiA of
after the deposits increased at the enormous rate of an average of
$10,000,000 per 3'ear, and on Sept. i, 1904, reached the highest point in
the history of banking in the state up to that time, showing total
deposits amounting to $110,325,895.90. . . . But during the past
two years the increase has been greater than during any biennial period
in the history of the, state. During this biennial period the increase
exceeded $30,000,000, or more than $15,000,000 each year, the total
deposits at this time being $140,185,283.62. This is an average of over
$90 per capita — nearly three times the average in the United States.
. . . The population of the state increased 66,000 during the past
}'ear, the greatest annual increase in twenty years. Surely every Kan-
san has a right to be proud of the wonderful progress and prosperity
which characterize the state of his birth or adoption."
He then reviewed with more or less detail the condition of the state
institutions ; again urged the passage of a primary election law and a
law providing for a better and more uniform system of assessment of
property for tax purposes ; discussed the oil interests of the state, the
good roads movement, equal suffrage, the sugar beet industr}', the
subject of grain inspection, the fish and game laws, the bureau of labor
statistics and the work it had accomplished, the state depository law,
school lands, the National Guard and the state museum, and com-
mended the state board of health for its efforts "to improve the sani-
tary conditions of the state and promote the health of the people."
He also urged the appropriation of a larger contingent fund for the
board of railroad commissioners, pointing out the fact that the states
of Texas and Minnesota allowed their boards of railroad commissioners
$43,000 and $40,000 respectively, while Kansas allowed her board but
$5,000. He congratulated the state upon the establishment of juvenile
courts, the board of control and the state printing plant, all of which
he had recommended in his message of 1905. With regard to the last
named institution he said:
"The legislature responded to the suggestion by providing for the
election of a state printer by the people, to be given a salary of $2,500,
and for the erection of a printing house to be owned by the state. It
also provided for the appointment of a commission by the governor to
erect the proposed building and equip it with material. In harmony
with this statute, I appointed Mr. C. S. Gleed, Mr. George E. Tucker
and Mr. E. P. Harris as such commission. It now gives me pleasure
to report the completion of a three-story brick printing office, 50 by
130 feet in dimension, handsome in external appearance and modern in
internal arrangement, equipped with modern material and in success-
ful operation, at a total cost of about $68,000, all of which will be paid
for out of the saving of less than three years' operation."
On Jan.. 29, 1906, a convention of delegates from commercial clubs,
county commissioners, city councils, etc., met at Topeka to consider
the question of having some sort of a semi-centennial celebration of
the admission of Kansas into the Union on Jan. 29, 191 1. The pro-
KANSAS HISTORY 857
posal to have the celebration take the nature of an industrial exposi-
tion met with favor, both by the press and the people, and the subject
was submitted to the legislature of 1907 by the governor. No action
was taken by the assembly in the way of an appropriation or other
encouragement, and the exposition project was abandoned.
One duty that devolved upon the legislature of 1907 was the election
of a United States senator to fill the unexpired term of Joseph R.
Burton, and also for the full term of six years beginning on JNfarch
4, 1907. On Jan. 23 Charles Curtis was elected for both the short and
the long terms.
At this session a state tax commission was created, to take the place
of the board of railroad assessors and the state board of equalization,
and was authorized to assess property at its actual value. State boards
of embalming and veterinary registration, and a state entomological
commission were also created ; the office of commissioners of forestry
was created ; provisions were made for the display of the United States
flag upon the public school buildings of the state ; Lincoln's birthday
(Feb. 12) was made a legal holiday; free kindergartens were authorized
in connection with the public school system, and a law was passed for-
bidding railroad companies to issue free passes.
Resolutions were adopted asking Congress to pass a bill granting
pensions to the survivors of the battle of Beecher's island and to the
widows of those killed in that action, and to call a convention for the
purpose of proposing amendments to the Federal constitution, par-
ticularly one authorizing the election of United States senators by direct
vote of the people.
Two amendments to the state constitution were adopted and sub-
mitted to the people, to be voted on at the general election in Nov.,
1908. One amendment proposed to strike out section 3, article 2,
relating to the compensation of members of the legislature, and insert
a new section giving each member a salary of $500 for regular and
$100 for special sessions, with three cents for each mile traveled in
going and returning. The other proposed to amend section 13, article
3, relating to the salary of justices of the supreme court and prohibiting
them from accepting any fees or perquisites, or from holding any other
office during the term for which they might be elected, except they
were to be eligible to appointment as judge of some Federal court.
Both were defeated at the election.
On July 18, 1906, right in the midst of the political campaign, a num-
ber of Republicans met at Topeka, adopted a declaration of principles,
effected a permanent organization, and raised a fund to circulate a
petition to the legislature praying for the enactment of laws fixing
the passenger rate on railroads at two cents a mile ; prohibiting the
issuance of free passes by railroad companies ; compelling political
parties to nominate candidates by a primary election instead of a con-
vention; and pro\'iding for the assessment of railroad propert}- on the
same basis as other property. They soon became known as "Sc|uare
858 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Deal" Republicans. The movement spread to all pans of the state
and thousands signed the petition. However, the legislature elected
that year failed to pass all the laws asked for b)' the petitioners, which
may have had some influence upon Gov. Hoch in issuing his proclamation
of Jan. 7, 1908, calling the legislature to meet in special session on
the i6th.
In his message at the commencement of the special session the gov-
ernor first asked for a short session, then urged the passage of a
primary law that would give the people an opportunity to express their
choice for United States senator. Much of his message was devoted to
the depositors' guaranty law. (See Banking.) He called attention to
the fact that while the new tax law provided for the assessment of
property at its actual value, it made no provision for a reduction in
the levy. He recommended the amendment of the pure food law, the
National Guard law, the passage of an act establishing railroad fares
at two cents a mile, and one giving women the right to vote in 1908.
With regard to a two-cent fare on railroads, he announced that such
a rate had been obtained on all the railroads in the state since the
adjournment of the last regular session of the legislature, through the
work of the railroad commission. "Counsel for the corporations con-
tend that the board of railroad commissioners had no legal right to
change a statutory passenger rate, and this proposition will no doubt
be seriously argued in the courts." It was to avoid this litigation that
he suggested a law on the subject. (See Railroads.)
Most of the governor's recommendations were observed b}' the legis-
lature. The banking laws, the pure food law, the twine plant law
and the new- tax law were amended along the lines suggested by the
governor, and a comprehensive primary election law was passed.
Under its provisions the first primary election was held on Aug. 3,
1908, all parties nominating their tickets on the same day. (See
Primary Election Laws.)
The Republicans nominated Walter R. Stubbs, for governor ; W. J.
Fitzgerald, for lieutenant-governor; Charles E. Denton, for secretary
of state ; James M. Nation, for auditor ; Mark Tulley, for treasurer ;
Fred S. Jackson, for attorney-general ; Edward T. Fairchild, for super-
intendent of public instruction ; Charles W. Barnes, for superintendent
of insurance ; Alfred W. Benson, Henry F. Mason and Clark A. Smith,
for associate justices ; George W. Kanavel, Frank J. Ryan and Charles
A. Ryker, for railroad commissioners ; Thomas A. McNeal, for state
printer. Joseph L. Bristow received the indorsement of the people for
United States senator.
The Democratic ticket was as follows : Governor, Jeremiah D. Bot-
kin ; lieutenant-governor, Harry IMclMillan ; secretary of state, Willis
D. Kemper; auditor, Louis D. Eppinger; treasurer, Conway Marshall;
attorney-general, George W. Freerks ; superintendent of public instruc-
tion, Mrs. Ella G. Burton ; superintendent of insurance, Milton F.
Belisle; associate justices, A. E. Helm, Isaac O. Pickering and Joseph
KANSAS HISTORY 859
P. Rossiter ; railroad commissioners, Oscar O. A3ers, Frank C. Field
and J. E. Howard; state printer, J. S. Cobb, and Hugh P. Farrelly was
indorsed for United States senator.
Under the operation of the primary law fusion between parties was
impossible. The Populists therefore nominated a ticket of their own,
to-wit: Governor, John W. Northrop; lieutenant-governor, John S.
Beecher; secretary of state, J. H. Stevenson; auditor, Edgar C. Fowler;
treasurer, Thaddeus Knox; attorney-general, I. F. Bradley; superin-
tendent of public instruction, Samuel Talk}' ; superintendent of insur-
ance, N. J. Waterbury; railroad commissioners, C. A. Thompson and
T. F. Farrell ; state printer, William R. Eyster. No nominations were
made for supreme court justices, and only two candidates were named
for railroad commissioners.
The Prohibitionists nominated Alfred I-. Hope for governor; A. L.
Evers, for lieutenant-governor ; George Avery, for secretary of state ;
E. A. Kennedy, for auditor; William Volkland, for treasurer; W. C.
Wolfe, for attorney-general ; Elizabeth K. J. Carpenter, for superin-
tendent of public instruction; ^V. E. M. Oursler, for superintendent of
insurance ; R. W. Shaw, M. C. Werner and R. A. Williams, for asso-
ciate justices; L. A. Benson, J. M. Laird and Flenry Roelfs, for rail-
road commissioners; A. G. Carruth, for state printer, and E. G. Shouse
was indorsed for United States senator.
A Socialist ticket was also placed in the field. It was made up of
the following candidates : For governor, George F. Hibner ; lieutenant-
governor, M. G. Porter ; secretary of state, Frank Curry ; auditor, F.
S. Welsh ; treasurer, L. D. Barrett ; attorney-general, D. E. Crossley ;
superintendent of public instruction, Grace D. Brewer; superintendent
of insurance, F. M. Lutschg; associate justices, W. J. McMillin, C.
R. Mitchell and M. F. Wiltse ; railroad commissioners, D. Beedy, D.
C. Moore and Moses Whitcomb ; state printer, E. N. Firestone. The
Socialist candidate for United States senator was S. A. Smith.
At the election in November the Republican presidential electors
carried the state by a plurality of over 36,000 votes. For governor,
Stubbs received 196,692 votes; Botkin, 162,385; Hibner, 11,721; Hope,
3,886; Northrop, 68. The entire Republican state ticket was elected
b}' similar pluralities. Gov. Hoch's administration came to an end on
the second Monday in Jan., 1909, when Gov. Stubbs was inaugurated.
Hodgeman, a village of Marena township, Hodgeman county, is
located on the Pawnee river, near the northeast corner of the county,
about 18 miles from Jetmore, the county seat. It has a monej' order
postoffice and is a trading center for the neighborhood. The popula-
tion in 1910 was 52. ■ Burdett is the nearest railroad station.
Hodgeman County. — The territory now included in Hodgeman
county was first embraced in Hageman county (q. v.), which was
erected by the act of Feb. 26, 1867. By the act of March 6, 1873,
Hodgeman county was called into existence with the following bound-
aries : "Commencing at a point where the 4th standard parallel inter-
ObO CYCLOPEDIA OF
sects the east line of range 21 west; thence south along range line to
its intersection with the north line of township 25 south; thence west
along township line to where it intersects the east line of range 27 west ;
thence north along range line to its intersection with the 4th standard
parallel ; thence east along the line of the 4th standard parallel to the
place of beginning."
The county was named for Amos Hodgman, captain of Company
H, Seventh Kansas cavalry, who was wounded at Wyatt, Miss., Oct.
ID, 1863, and died on the i6th. The original act gave the name as
"Hodgman," but a subsequent legislature placed the letter "e" at the
end of the first syllable, and that form has remained. In 1883 the
county was enlarged, but in 1887 the original boundaries as established
in 1873 -were restored.
The first settlement in the count}- was made at Duncan's ranch on
the Pawnee river, in the northeast corner, in 1871. Soon afterward
a party came from New York on a buflfalo hunt and built a hunting
house and stockade not for from Duncan's, but made no permanent
settlement. Bowman, Adair and other cattle men established ranches
along the Pawnee river and Buckner creek in 1873, and the following
ye'ar T. W. Pelman located at the junction of Buckner and Saw Log
creeks, being at that time the most western settler in the county. From
that time until 1878 there was a steady influx of settlers, among whom
were James Gilland. J- ^^'• Harlan, S. J. Eakin. L. E. Carter. J. R.
^^'ilson, S. A. Sheldon, Samuel Townsend. J. R. Baird and Clawson
Parker. Early in 1879 a census was taken by S. A. Sheldon. It
showed that the count}^ had the number of inhabitants required by law
for an independent county organization. The people selected John W.
Hunter, Samuel Townsend and D. McCart}- for county commissioners.
E. M. Trimble for county clerk, and petitioned the governor to issue
a proclamation declaring the county organized.
Accordingl}^ Gov. St. John issued a proclamation to that effect on
March 29, 1879, but, with the exception of John W. Hunter, he did
not appoint anj' of the officers recommended by the people. The com-
missioners named by the governor were Jonathan R. Wilson, John ^^^
Hunter and S. A. Sheldon, and the clerk was W. W. ^^^heeland. Hodge-
man Center, 2^-2 miles east of the present town of Jetmore, was desig-
nated as the temporary seat of justice. The first meeting of the com-
missioners was called for April 14, 1879, but one of the commissioners
and the clerk were absent and nothing was done at that meeting.
In the meantime two newspapers had been started in the county.
The Hodgeman Center Agitator began its career in March, and the
first number of the Fordham Republican was issued on April 9. 1879,
by Guy F. Carleton. The former lived until Jan., 1880, and the latter
suspended in Oct., 1879. The governor's appointments evidently failed
to give satisfaction. When the first meeting of the commissioners
resulted in failure the Fordham Republican said : "We presume that
Mr. Wheeland, the governor's county clerk, will be on hand at the
KANSAS HISTORY 86l
next meeting, providing by that time he establishes a residence in the
county. It looks as though the governor was straining a point some-
what when he ignored the fact that we had competent material for
county officers and went to Edwards county for a clerk."
On July 7, 1879, the commissioners appointed the other county
officers, who served until the general election the following Novem-
ber, when the following were elected : Samuel Townsend, representa-
tive; George Curtis, sherifif; E. M. Prindle, county clerk; A. O. Dick-
inson, clerk of the district court; James Whiteside, Jr., register of deeds ;
VV. A. Frush, treasurer; E. R. Fuller, county attorney; G. A. Curtis,
superintendent of schools ; C. E. Boughton, Philip Best and Lewis
Stroud, commissioners. At the same time the people voted on the ques-
tion of a permanent location for the county seat. Buckner (now Jet-
more) received 199 votes ; Marena, 107 ; Hodgeman Center, 40, and
Fordham, 5. The county offices were established at Buckner soon after
the election.
Hodgeman county is bounded on the north by Ness county ; on the
east by Pawnee and Edwards ; on the south by Ford, and on the west
by Gray and Finney. It has an area of 864 square miles and an eleva-
tion of about 2,500 feet above the sea level. The general surface is
undulating prairie. Along the streams are belts of timber, the prin-
cipal varieties being ash, oak, cottonwood, box-elder and hackberry, the
total area of natural timber being about 5,000 acres. The Pawnee
river flows through the northern part ; Buckner creek rises near the
southwest corner and flows in a northeasterly direction through the
county, and the southeastern part is watered by the Saw Log creek.
These streams with their tributaries form an abundant natural water
supply. The climate is healthful and invigorating, there being neither
swamps nor marshes to breed malaria. The bottom lands average
nearly a mile in width and constitute about one-tenth of the entire
area. Limestone and a soft sandstone are found in the bluffs along
the streams, native lime is plentiful, and there is some gypsum near
the center of the county.
The county is divided into the following townships : Benton, Center,
Hallet, Marena, North Roscoe, Saw Log, South Roscoe, Sterling and
valley. It has only about 20 miles of railroad, the western part of the
Earned & Jetmore division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe sys-
tem. In igio the V. S. census reported a population of 2.930. The
assessed valuation of property was a little over $6,500,000, and the
value of agricultural products for the year was $1,158,560. Wheat,
corn, sorghum, Kafir corn and hay are the leading crops.
Hoecken, Christian, an early Catholic missionary, came to what is
now the State of Kansas as a missionary to the Kickapoo Indians some
time prior to the year 1837. In the fall of that year he founded the
Pottawatomie mission on Sugar creek, in what is now Miami county,
near the eastern line of the state. He accompanied one of the first
parties to the new mission and reservation on the Kansas ri\'er in 1847.
802 c:yclopedia of
Here he continued his labors until 1851, when he joined Father De
Smet for missionary work among the Indian tribes farther up the Mis-
souri river. While on board the steamboat St. Ange, bound for his
new field, he was attacked by cholera and died on June 19, 1851. His
body was encased in a cottonwood log, which had been hollowed out
for the purpose, the seams being hermetically sealed with pitch, and
buried on the bank of the river. On the return trip the rude coffin
was exhumed and taken to St. Louis, where the body was interred
according to the rites of the Jesuit fathers.
Hoge, a hamlet in the central part of Leavenworth county, is 15
miles southwest of Leavenworth on the Union Pacific R. R. It has
rural free delivery from Tonganoxie. The population was 26 in 1910.
Hoisington, the second largest town of Barton county, is located on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. 11 miles north of Great Bend, the county
seat, with which it is connected by a branch of the Missouri Pacific.
There are 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Dispatch), mills and ele-
vators, electric lights, good hotels, well stocked mercantile establish-
ments, an automobile livery, which makes daih' trips to Great Bend
and other towns, 4 churches, a pubhc library and good schools. The
town is supplied with telegraph and express offices and has an inter-
national money order postofifice with two rural routes. Hoisington is
a growing town, the population in 1910 being 1,975, ^s against 789 ten
years before.
Holcomb is a little village of Finney county on the Arkansas river
and is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 6 miles west
of Garden Git}', the county seat. It has a postoffice and in 1910 reported
a population of 75. It is a trading point for the neighborhood, and does
some shipping.
Holidays. — Section 5444. of the General Statutes of 1909 reads as
follows : "The following days of each year shall be made and the
same are hereby declared to be legal holidays for the purposes of this
act: (i) The ist day of January, known as New Year's day; (2) the
22nd day of February, known as Washington's birthday ; (3) the 30th
day of May, known as Decoration or Memorial day ; (4) the. 4th day
of July, known as Independence day ; (5) the first Monday in Septem-
ber, known as Labor day; (6) the 25th day of December, known as
Christmas day; (7) any day appointed and recommended by the gov-
ernor of this state, or the president of the United States, as a day of
fast or thanksgiving; (8) any other day which may hereafter be made
a legal holiday shall, for the purposes of this act, be a holiday. If any
of said days be the first day of the week, known as Sunday, the next
succeeding secular or business day shall be a holiday."
This section was enacted as part of the "negotiable instruments act,"
which was approved by the governor on March 7, 1905, and took effect
upon the 7th day of the following June. Prior to the passage of this
act the State of Kansas recognized but three days in the year as legal
holidays, viz. : May 30, which was made a legal holiday by the act
KANSAS HISTORY OOJ
of Feb. 19, 1865 ; the first Monday in September, which was declared
a legal holiday by the act of May 20, 1891 ; and the 22nd of February,,
which was made a legal holiday by the act of Feb. 6, 1895.
Under the provisions of Section 5444, above quoted, that "any other
day which may hereafter be made a legal holiday shall, for the pur-
poses of this act, be a holiday," must be added the 12th day of February^
known as Lincoln's birthday, which was declared to be a legal holiday
in Kansas by the act of March 9, 1907, two years after the "negotiable
instrument act" became a law. The legislature of 191 1 made Oct. 12,
"Columbus day," a legal holiday, that being the date on which Chris-
topher Columbus first sighted land on the Western Hemisphere in 1492.
Holland, a little village of Dickinson county, is situated on Holland
creek, about 14 miles southwest of Abilene, the county seat, and 3
miles north of Carlton, the nearest railroad station. It is a trading cen-
ter for the neighborhood and in 1910 reported a population of 41.
Hollenberg, a village of Franklin township, Washington county, is
located on the Little Blue river 12 miles northeast of Washington, the
county seat, and is a station on the St. Joseph & Grand Island R. R.
The town was laid out in the spring of 1872 by G. H. Hollenberg, who-
built the first store. The postoffice was established the same year
with R. T. Kerr as postmaster. In 1896 Hollenberg came into notice
through the report that gold had been found in the immediate vicinity,
but the report was without foundation. (See Gold.) The town has
a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, telegraph and
express offices, grain elevators, a flour mill, graded public schools,
churches of various denominations, a number of mercantile houses, and
in 1910 reported a population of 250.
Holliday, a village in the extreme northern part of Johnson county,
is located on the south bank of the Kansas river at the junction of two
lines of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 11 miles southwest
of Kansas City and about 13 miles north of Olathe, the county seat. It
has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express facilities, general
stores, and in 1910 had a population of 150.
Holliday, Cyrus K., capitalist and railroad builder, was born at
Carlisle, Pa., April 3, 1826. He was educated for the legal profession
at Alleghany College, Meadville, Pa., but being of a commercial turn
of mind turned his attention in another direction. His first venture was
the building of a short line of railroad in his native state, in which he
accumulated some $20,000, which was the foundation of his success in
later life. Deeming the West a better field for the exercise of his
peculiar talents, he left Pennsylvania and in Oct., 1854, located at
Lawrence, Kan. He took an active interest in the free-state cause ;,
was one of the founders of Topeka and the first president of the town
company that laid out that city; and was for many years the largest
landowner and heaviest taxpayer there. Mr. Holliday's greatest
achievement was in projecting and building the first portion of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad. He was the first man to dream-
of a line of railway along the old Santa Fe trail to the Pacific coast.
864 CYCLOPEDIA OF
In 1864 he prepared a map showing the line of the proposed road and
tried to interest capitalists in the scheme. Everywhere he was met
b_y rebuffs and sneers, but nothing daunted him, and he lived to see
the realization of his dreams. He secured a charter from the Kansas
legislature, and through the purchase and sale of Pottawatomie Indian
lands raised money enough to build the first 20 miles of the road —
from Topeka to Carbondale — an event that was celebrated with appro-
priate ceremonies. Mr. Holliday always took an active interest in pub-
lic affairs. He was one of the founders of the Republican part}' in
Kansas; was elected state senator in 1861 ; served as adjutant-general
during the Civil war; was elected to the lower house of the legislature
in 1866; was nominated for Congress in 1874, but was defeated; was
president of the Excelsior Coke and Gas company and the Merchants'
National bank of Topeka ; served as president of the State Historical
Society, and was a director of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Rail-
road company from the time it was organized until his death on March
29, 1900.
Helling, a hamlet of Douglas county, is located in the southern por-
tion 8 miles from Lawrence and 3 miles from Vinland, the nearest
railroad town. It has rural free delivery of mail from Baldwin.
Hollis, a village of Cloud county, is situated in Lawrence township
at the junction of the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy and the LTnion
Pacific railroads, 8 miles northeast of Concordia, the county seat. It
has a money order postofifice with one rural route, a telegraph office, a
good local trade, does some shipping, and in 1910 reported a population
of 50.
Holman, a little hamlet of Bourbon county, is located near the north-
west corner, about 18 miles from Fort Scott, the county seat. Bronson
is the most convenient railroad station, from which mail is delivered
by rural carrier.
Holmes' Raid. — Soon after Gov. Geary entered upon the duties of
the office in the fall of 1856, the free-state citizens appealed to him
for protection. He disbanded the territorial militia assembled near
Lawrence, and early in October proclaimed a peace. Richard J. Hin-
ton, writing from Lawrence under date of No\-. 6, 1856, says that some
of the free-state settlers, "finding the governor did not give them justice,
determined to administer it themselves." Almost immediately after the
governor had proclaimed peace in the territory and left the house of
one Capt. E. Brown, a strong pro-slavery partisan, J. H. Holmes, with
7 others, surrounded the house, took Brown prisoner and looted his
dwelling. A detachment of dragoons chased Holmes and his men
across the border into Missouri. Thus forced by circumstances into
"the enemy's country," Holmes decided to turn the affair to his advan-
tage. He penetrated some 15 miles into the state, plundering known
pro-slavery men. In the course of his march he met a man who had
taken part in the burning of Osawatomie and stripped him of ever}'-
thing except his clothing.
KANSAS HISTORY 865
Hinton saj's: "This is the first foray into Missouri, and having led
the way it will not probably be the last. The bands are not generally
beneficial to our cause, but men around Osawatomie who had suflfered
so much are filled with a determination never to rest till their foes or
themselves are crushed out. It was bad for Homes (Holmes) to have
plundered in Missouri at the present moment, but it is not to be won-
dered at when we consider what provocation they have endured."
Raids were common occurrences during the territorial period, but the
raid of Holmes into Missouri is of historic interest because, as Hinton
says, it was the first incursion of free-state men into that state. Holmes
died at Red Bank, N. J., Nov. 21, 1907.
Helton, the county seat of Jackson county, is located on a slight emi-
nence to the northeast of the central part of the county. It is one of the
substantial tov/ns of northeastern Kansas having local manufacturing
establishments and other institutions which insure a good income to the
town. There is a large brick yard, soda and mineral water factories,
cigar factory, planing mill, patent medicine factory, 4 banks, 3 grain
elevators, telegraph and express offices and an international money order
postoffice with six rural routes. The educational facilities of Holton are
exceptionally good for a town of its size. Besides good graded and high
schools there is a higher institution of learning known as Campbell
College, which has 4 good buildings and 8 departments. The population
of Holton in 1910 was 2,842.
Holton was founded in 1856 by a colony of free-state people from
Milwaukee, Wis. The party left Milwaukee in May of that year with 6
wagons drawn by cattle. The expedition was financed by the Hon. E.
D. Holton, for whom the town was afterward named. The members of
the company included J. B. Coffin and family, Edmund G. Ross and
family, J. B. Hutts and family, the Lathrop family, six unmarried men
and eight other persons, making a total of 34 persons. At Janesville,
Wis., they were joined by Andrew Smith's family of five, Mr. Lyme's
family of five, and another Ross family consisting of five persons. When
they reached Missouri they were robbed and warned to turn back. They
altered their course and went to Nebraska City, the rendezvous of free-
state men, where they met James H. Lane with 200 men who joined
them taking the Lane road to Kansas. The train now included 82
wagons. The party received additions by Capt. Shombre of Indiana with
17 men. Doc Weed of Leavenworth with 20 men. Col. Harvey of Illinois
with 60 men, and Capt: Stonewall with 75 men. The second day out
they met S. C. Pomeroy with a small party. The next day they met
John Brown with a few men who had come to inform Lane that a price
had been set upon his head, and to urge him not to go to Topeka, which
advice was not heeded and they continued on their way. When they
came to Elk creek they cut timber and built a bridge upon which to
cross, and located where the Holton central high school now stands.
The town site was surveyed and a log cabin 20 feet square was built in
such a manner that it could be used for defense and was called "Jim
(1-55)
866 CYCLOrEDIA OF
Lane's Fort." The depredations of the Kickapoo rangers in the fall
caused the fort to be abandoned for a short time. A new company was
organized in Dec, 1856, and a survey made.
In 1857 several buildings were erected, one being the Holton House
by T. G. Walters, and another the Banner Hotel by E. M. Parks. A
school house was built by contributions. Squires & Stafford put in a small
stock of goods, and J. W. Gordon & Bro. started a general store. The
next year Holton was made the county seat. The first child was born to
Mr. and J\Irs. Thomas G. Walters and named Holton Walters. He was
presented with a town lot.
Factional differences were closely drawn in early times, the free-state
men and Republicans doing business on the north side of the public
square and the pro-slavery men and Democrats on the south side. There
were two flag poles, one Republican and the other Democratic. Their
differences often came to blows and sometimes to shots, Maj. Thomas J.
Anderson being attacked at a convention at one time and injured by a
blow on the head. He was also fired upon several times.
The town was incorporated in 1859 by Maj. T. J. Anderson, who was
then probate judge. Dr. James Waters was the first mayor and George
L. Hamm, city clerk. It became a city of the third class in 1871, and
some years later was made a city of the second class.
Holy Cross, a hamlet of Pottawatomie county, is located in Emmett
township, 21 miles southeast of Westmoreland, the county seat, and
about 2 miles south of Emmett, from which place it receives daily mail
by rural route. The population in 1910 was 43.
Holyrood, an incorporated city of the third class in Ellsworth county,
is situated in Valley township, about 15 miles southwest of Ellsworth,
the county seat. It is the terminus of a branch of the Atchison, Topeka
6 Santa Fe R. R. which connects with one of the main lines of that
system at Little River, Rice county. Holyrood is one of the active,
thriving towns of the county. It has a bank, a money order postoffice
with two rural routes, telegraph and express offices, telephone connec-
tions with the surrounding towns, a grain elevator, a weekly newspaper
(the Banner), Catholic, Lutheran and Methodist churches, graded and
high schools, a hotel, several well stocked mercantile houses, etc., and is
a shipping point for a large agricultural district. It was incorporated in
1904 and in 1910 had a population of 361.
Home, a village of Marshall countj^ is located in Franklin township
7 miles east of Marysville, the county seat. It is on the St. Joseph &
Grand Island R. R. and is a shipping point for grain and live stock. All
the main lines of trade are represented. There are banking facilities,
schools and churches, express and telegraph offices and a postoffice with
two rural routes. The population in 1900 was 450. Locally, it is called
"Home City."
Homeopthic Medical Society. — (See Medical Societies.)
Homestead, a country postofffce in Chase county, is located 15 miles
southwest of Cottonwood Falls, the county seat, and 12 miles southeast
KANSAS HISTORY 867
of Clements, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., the nearest
shipping point and railroad station. The population according- to the
census of 1910 was 40.
Homestead Laws. — An act of Congress "to appropriate the proceeds
of the sales of the public lands, and to grant preemption rights" (ap-
proved Sept. 4, 1841), may be considered as the basis of all subsequent
legislation in regard to the matter of disposing of the public domain to
actual settlers. It provided that an)'one settling in person on the public
lands to which the Indian title had been extinguished, and who improved
the same and erected a dwelling thereon, should be authorized to enter
any number of acres not exceeding 160, to include the residence of such
claimant, upon paying to the United States the minimum price of such
land. But this act contained many limitations and exceptions, and not-
withstanding subsequent amendments seemed to be wholly unsatis-
factory to those who earnestly desired to see Kansas developed and her
population increased. At the Democratic territorial convention, held at
Leavenworth, Nov. 25, 1858, the following resolution was passed :
"That in view of the many hardships to which settlers upon public
lands are subjected, and the enhanced value which they confer upon the
lands held by the government, we would most respectfully but urgently
press upon Congress the justice and propriety of selling a quarter-sec-
tion of land to every actual settler who shall remain and improve the
land for three consecutive years, at the actual cost of survey and issuing
a patent, and that all public lands in this territory be withdrawn from the
market for three years, and left open to preemptors."
On Ma}' II, 1859, a Democratic convention at Tecumseh adopted a res-
olution declaring, "That the objects of the preemption law would be
better effected by giving a homestead to every bona fide settler and
cultivator of the public land, without limit as to time, and that we
respectively urge upon the president of the United States the propriety
of postponing the public sales of the government lands in Kansas for at
least twelve months."
At the convention at Osawatomie, May 18, 1859, at which time and
place the Republican party in Kansas was organized, it was resolved,
"That the passage of a liberal homestead bill, giving 160 acres of land to
every citizen who will settle upon and improve it, would be a measure
just in principle, sound in policy, and productive of the greatest good to
the people of the nation ; and that we regard- the defeat of Mr. Crow's
bill in the senate, by the Democratic party, as a direct blow at the labor-
ing classes of the country, and as unworthy of the liberality of a great
government."
Galusha A. Grow of Pennsylvania, as a member of the lower house of
Congress, had been for years the champion of a homestead law, and such
a bill was finally passed by Congress in i860. It was vetoed, however,
by President Buchanan. The bill was entitled "An act to secure home-
steads to actual settlers on the public domain, and for other purposes ;"
and it gave to ever}- citizen of the United States "who is the head of a
868 CYCLOPEDIA OF
family," and to even- person of foreign birth residing in the country who
has declared his intention to become a citizen, though he may not be the
head of a family, that privilege of appropriating to himself i6o acres of
government land, of settling and residing upon it for five years ; and
should his residence continue until the end of this period, he should
then receive a patent on the payments of 25 cents per acre, or one-fifth of
the established government price. During this period the land was to be
protected from all the debts of the settler. The bill also contained a
cession to the states of all the public lands within their respective limits
"which have been subject to sale at private entry, and which remain
unsold after the lapse of thirty years."
This provision embraced a donation to the states of 12,229,731 acres
and as to the actual settler, while the bill did not make an absolute
donation, the price was so small that it could scarcely be called a sale,
being nominally 25 cents an acre, to be paid at the end of five years.
President Buchanan expressed a decided opinion in his veto message
that Congress did not have the power, under the constitution, to give
awa}' the public lands, either to states or to individuals. He declared
that the point was more clear in regard to the public lands in the states
and territories within the Louisiana and Florida purchases, for these
lands were paid for out of the public treasury with money raised by
taxation ; and as Congress had no power to appropriate the money with
which these lands were purchased, he contended that it was clear the
power over the lands was equally limited. He further objected to the
bill upon the ground that it would prove unequal and unjust in its oper-
ation among the actual settlers themselves. Those who had already set-
tled in the new countries had paid for their lands the government price
of $1.25 per acrC; and if the new settlers were given their land for a
comparatively nominal price, he contended upon every principle of
equality and justice, that the government would be obliged to refund
out of the common treasury the dift'erence which the old paid above the
new settlers for their lands.
Another objection was that the bill would do great injustice to the old
soldiers who had received land warrants for their services in fighting
the battles of their country, as it would greatly reduce the market value
of these warrants. The magnitude of this interest to be affected, he
said, appeared in the fact that there were outstanding unsatisfied land
warrants reaching back to the war of 1812, and even Revolutionary
times, amounting, in round numbers, to 7,500,000 acres. It was further
asserted by the president that the bill would prove unequal and unjust
in its operation, because, from its nature, it was confined to one class of
people, being exclusively conferred upon the cultivators of the soil. The
numerous body of mechanics in our large cities could not, even by emi-
grating to the west, take advantage of the provisions of the bill without
entering upon a new occupation, for which their habits of life had ren-
dered them unfit. Another objection was that the bill was unjust to the
old states of the Union in many respects. An individual in the older
KANSAS HISTORY SOg
States would not pay its fair value for land when, by crossing the Missis-
sippi, he could go upon the public lands and obtain a farm almost with-
out money and without price. It was further asserted that the bill would
open one vast field for speculation, and it was claimed that in the entry
of graduated lands the experience of the land office justified that objec-
tion. The president further said that it was not, in his opinion, expe-
dient to proclaim to all the nations of the earth that whoever should
arrive in this country from a foreign shore and declare his intention to
become a citizen should receive a farm of i6o acres, if he would only
reside on it and cultivate it. Other objections cited by the president
were that it would reduce the increase of public revenue from that
source; that it would destroy the present admirable land system; and
that it might introduce among us those pernicious social theories which
have proved so disastrous in other countries.
An effort was made to pass the bill over the president's veto, but it
failed in the senate. Renewed efforts were then made to enact such leg-
islation, and on May 20, 1862, the "Homestead Bill" became a law with
the signature of President Lincoln, and with the amendments since
enacted it is now a part of the United States Revised Statutes (Sections
2289-2317). The policy of these laws is to give portions of the public
lands to those who will settle, cultivate, and make permanent homes
upon them. Any person who is the head of a family, or who is twenty-
one years of age and is a citizen of the United States, or who has filed
his declaration of intention to become such, may acquire a tract of unap-
propriated public land, not exceeding 160 acres, on condition of settle-
ment, cultivation, and continuous occupancy as a home by him for the
period of five years, and of the payment of certain moderate fees. It is
expressly declared that no lands acquired under this statute shall in any
event become liable to the satisfaction of any debt contracted prior to
the issuing of the patent therefor by the government to the settler. This
provision was inserted for the purpose of protecting debtors and of
inducing them to settle upon the public domain. Its constitutionality
. was questioned, but was sustained by the courts. It would be difficult
to point to any enactment of Congress more wise in conception, just in
policy and beneficial in its results than this homestead statute and its
amendments.
Under their provision it is safe to say that 100,000,000 acres of unoc-
cupied public lands have been transferred by the United States to home-
stead settlers. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, the commis-
sioner of the general land office reported that "the original homestead
entries aggregated 111,390, and embarked 15,455,057.46 acres for actual
bona fide homes to American settlers."
The term "original entry" refers to the proceedings b}' which a person
enters a tract of land as his homestead. Its important features are the
filing of an affidavit, prescribed by statute, with the register of the land
office in which he is about to make the entry, and the payment of a fee of
$5 if his entry is for not more than So acres, or of $10 if it is for more than
870 CYCLOPEDIA OF
that amount. The "final entry" refers to the proceedings connected with
the issue of a certificate of title or patent by the United States to the
person making the original entry, or to his widow, heirs, or devisees.
Ordinarily the patent does not issue until the expiration of five years
from the date of the original entry, and then only upon furnishing the
evidence required by statute of the actual occupancy of the land and its
cultivation by the claimant during that period. Provision is made, how-
ever, for shortening this term by "commuting," that is, paying the
minimum government price for the land. Upon such payment, the
homesteader may obtain a patent at any time. It also provided that the
term which a homestead settler served in the United States army, navy
or marine corps, "during the Rebellion," or in the "Spanish war," or "in
suppressing the insurrection in the Philippines," may be deducted from
the five years required to perfect his title and to receive a patent for his
original entry.
The effect of the passage of the homestead law upon the settlement of
Kansas was marvelous. During the first year following its enactment
there were 1,149 entries, with a total of 173,725.70 acres. In the eight
years ending with 1870 there were 13,168 entries for 1,661,894.23 acres,
and at the next decade, in 1880, there had been made 79,961 entries, call-
ing for 10,762,353.69 acres of land. The mind of the reader will more
readily grasp the immensity of these transactions when it is stated that
in these eighteen years there was taken up in Kansas, by actual settlers
under the homestead law, an area of land equal to more than three times
the area of the State of Massachusetts. The homestead act is now the
approved and preferred method of acquiring title to the public lands. It
has stood the test of fifty years, and it stands as the concentrated wisdom
of legislation for the disposition of the public domain. It has protected
the government, it has filled the state with homes, and it has built up
communities by giving ownership of the soil, in small tracts, to the
occupants thereof.
Homesteaders' Union Association. — This association was formed in
Sherman county (q. v.), shortly after settlement began there in 1884.
A county seat contest arose, several towns claiming to be the seat of
justice, and the settlers did not know where to pay their taxes. The
homesteaders also had trouble with the cattle men, who resented the
breaking up of their ranges, and as a step toward the adoption of some
protective measure, an informal meeting was held to consider what
was best to do. The first actual meeting, for the purpose of organiza-
tion, was held at Eustis on June 18, 1887, when a committee was
appointed to frame a constitution. Prior to that time protective
societies had been formed in thirteen different neighborhoods, and the
committee was made to consist of one member from each society or
lodge. The committee met on June 25, 1887. A. M. Curtis was chosen
president ; E. E. Blackman and W. J. Colby, secretaries, and a con-
stitution was drafted.
Article I provided that the association be known as the "Home-
KANSAS HISTORY 87I
steaders Union Association" of Sherman count}-, Kan., and that tlie
association "shall be to protect the laboring classes in our county, and
for the advancement of their interests financially, morally and socially."
Article II provided for the usual officers and defined their duties.
Article IV provided that "every male citizen over the age of twenty-
one years shall be eligible to membership ;" and every member was
required to take the following obligation : "I do solemnly pledge my
sacred word and honor that I will not divulge any of the signs, grips,
passwords, or any of the secret workings of this order, and that I will
not vote against any case at issue on personal grounds and that I will
in all my acts do that which I believe to be to the best interests of
Sherman county, and that I will do all in my power to promote justice,
equity and morality."
The constitution was accepted at the first meeting of the grand lodge,
composed of three delegates from each of the thirteen lodges, held at
Eustis July 12, 1887. At the first election of officers J. N. McDaniels
was chosen president; Alexander Martin, vice-president; E. E. Black-
man, recording secretary ; W. J. Cobby, treasurer ; David Robinson,
chaplain, and S. Pofi", captain. The second meeting of the grand lodge
was held on Aug. 30. It was devoted chiefly to organization and edu-
cation, and it developed that the living issue of the association was not
so much the protection of the settlers as the settlement of the county
seat contest, and, as a matter of fact, it did wield considerable influence
in the final adjustment of that question.
The secret work of the order was never written, and after the elec-
tion which decided the location of the count}- seat a meeting was held
to celebrate the result. Another meeting was called for Dec. 10, 1887,
but few responded, and the Homesteaders' Union Association evidently
died a quiet death, as no further record of it can be found.
Homewood, a village in the southwest part of Franklin county, is
located on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 11 miles southwest
of Ottawa, the county seat. It has general stores, a public school, a
money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express
facilities, and in 1910 had a population of 100. Situated in a rich agri-
cultural district, it is the supply and shipping point for the vicinity.
Hooker, a little settlement of Decatur county, is located on Sappa
creek, 8 miles southwest of Oberlin, the county seat and nearest rail-
road station, whence mail is delivered by rural route.
Hooser, a village of Dexter township, Cowley county, is a station on
the ]\Iissouri Pacific R. R. 27 miles southeast of Winfield, the county
seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph,
express and telephone facilities, some general stores, and in 1910
reported a population of 23.
Hope, an incorporated city ,of Dickinson county, is located in the
township of the same name and is an important railway town, being
situated at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe lines, 22 miles south of Abilene, the county seat. It is
872 CYCLOPEDIA OF
equiped with electric lights, has well kept streets and sidewalks, 2
banks, an international money order postoffice with four rural routes,
a weekly newspaper (the Dispatch), telegraph and express offices, two
telephone companies, a hospital, flour mills, a gypsum plaster works,
and in 1910 reported a population of 567. The business buildings are
substantial structures and the residences are better than the average
usually found in cities of similar size. Excellent educational facilities
are afforded by the graded public schools and a high school.
Hopewell, a discontinued postoffice of Pratt county, is located in the
Rattlesnake creek valley, about 18 miles northwest of Pratt, the county
seat, and 10 miles south of Macksville, which is the nearest railroad
station. A rural route from Haviland supplies the people with mail.
Hopkins' Battery. — When Capt. Crawford's company captured a Con-
federate battery at old Fort Wayne on Oct. 22, 1862, Company B of
the Twelfth Kansas cavalry was detached to man the captured guns
and became known as "Hopkins' Battery." It took part in the engage-
ments at Cane Hill, Prairie Grove, and some minor actions, and was
then stationed at Fort Gibson until July 17, 1863, when it participated
in the fight at Honey Springs. On Oct. i, 1863, by order of the war
department, it was made the Third Kansas battery. (See War of
1861.)
Horace, an incorporated town in Greeley county, is located on the
Missouri Pacific R. R. 2 miles west of Tribune, the county seat. It has
a number of mercantile establishments, telegraph and express offices,
and a money order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 189. The
town was founded in June, 1886, and soon had 300 inhabitants. In
1888 it had a newspaper and a bank. It was one of the rival towns
for the county seat.
Horners, a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., in
Marion county, is located between Florence and Peabody, 10 miles
south of Marion, the county seat. It receives its mail from Peabody by
rural route.
Horse Thieves. — (See Anti-Horse Thief Association.)
Horticultural Society, State. — In the early part of 1867 a letter
appeared in the Kansas Farmer, written by a man who signed himself
"Pomologist." The writer suggested that the fruit growers and vine
dressers of the state form a society to be known as the "Kansas
Pomological Society." John S. Brown, the editor of the Farmer, recom-
mended the organization of such a society and asked all who favored
it to respond immediately. Twenty-five persons sent in their postoffice
addresses and 25 cents each to the editor to assist in the organization.
Their names appeared in the April issue of the Farmer. An organiza-
tion was soon after effected with the following officers : William Tan-
ner, Leavenworth, president ; William Maxwell, Lanesfield, vice-presi-
dent; William E. Barnes, Vinland, treasurer; John S. Brown, record-
ing secretary ; and S. T. Kelsey, Ottawa, corresponding secretary. In
the May number of the Farmer was published the president's address.
KANSAS HISTORY 873.
in which he asked every member to collect all the information upon
fruit culture in the different counties of his district, and send to the
corresponding secretary, to be submitted at the first meeting. The
society was organized and incorporated under a charter from the state
on Dec. 15, 1867.
The State Horticultural Society, an outgrowth of the Pomological
Society, was formed at Ottawa, Franklin county, with George T.
Anthony, William M. Hansley, J. Stagman, William Tanner, G. C.
Brackett, S. T. Kelsey and Charles B. Lines as charter members. Its
object was the advancement of the art and science of horticulture. It
consisted of annual members, who paid a fee of $1 ; of life members,
who paid a fee of $10; and honorary members, who were distinguished
as horticulturists.
By article V, of the constitution, annual meetings were to be held
in December and semi-annual meetings in June of each year, "at such
time and place as the society may direct." An appropriation was made
in 1869, for the society to use in making a complete collection of the
fruits grown in Kansas and exhibiting them at the Pomological Con-
gress, held at Philadelphia, Pa., in Sept., 1869. At that Congress Kan-
sas was awarded the gold medal for the best display of fruit.
The society has been active in improving the species of fruits in the
state ; in introducing improved methods of horticulture ; in the scientific
care of orchards ; and the cause and treatment of diseases of trees.
The officers of the society for 191 1 were: E. G. Hoover of Wichita,
president; J. T. Tredway of La Harpe, vice-president; O. F. Whitney
of Topeka, treasurer; and Walter Wellhouse of Topeka, secretary.
Horticulture. — Literally, the word horticulture means the art of
cultivating gardens. In its broader sense it includes the cultivation of
all varieties of fruits, flowers, vegetables and nurser}' stock. Conse-
quentl}' horticulture embraces the divisions of pomology, or fruit cul-
ture ; floriculture, or the raising of flowers and decorative plants ;
gardening, or the cultivation of vegetables ; and nursery culture, or the
cultivation of fruit-bearing plants and trees until thej' are ready for
transplanting.
Before white men came to Kansas the Indians made use of the wild
native fruits, gathering and drying for domestic purposes cherries,
plums and grapes. Of these native fruits there are several varieties of
plums, the wild plum or sloe being the most common. In the western
part of the state, the sand-hill plum, a shrub rarely over six feet in
height, grows in abundance upon the sand hills along the Arkansas and
Smoky Hill rivers. The wild blackberry is found in the skirts of timber
which border the streams and the northern dewberry grows in some
localities. Grapes are common in the eastern part of the state and are
found in many places on the sand hills in the central and western
part of the state. The wild gooseberry is found in every part of Kan-
sas, and in the western part of the state may be found the wild cur-
rant, of which there are three varieties. The wild strawberrv is found'
(374 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in moist places and is sweeter than some of the cultivated species. A
little known fruit, called the Juneberry, grows in rocky, hilly places.
The persimmon, cherr)' and paw paw also grow wild.
The first orchard in the state was planted by Rev. Thomas Johnson
at the Methodist Episocpal mission, near Shawneetown in 1837, when
12 acres were planted to fruit trees. The part played by the horticul-
turists in the early history of Kansas was unimportant, because of the
great agitation which preceded and accompanied the birth of Kansas,
and practically little fruit tree planting was done before the war except
along the eastern border, where in the earl}- '60s it was noticeable that
scarcely a settler had neglected to plant and cultivate a small orchard,
usually of peach trees, though some planted grape vines and berry
bushes. Farther west the settlers planted orchards, but as they selected
varieties of fruit that had flourished in the east, the result was that,
owing to the difiference in the soil, climate and altitude, most of these
early orchards died. About this time the Kansas State Horticultural
Society came forward and introduced varieties of peaches, pears, apples
and small fruits which could successfully be propagated in Kansas.
Following the influx of immigration at the close of the Civil war,
came a greater interest in the subject of fruit growing, and it is safe
to say that within five years after Kansas took the gold medal for the
fruit displayed at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1869, over 1,000,000 fruit trees
were planted in the state. By 1S75 it was estimated that there were
2,500 different varieties of apples alone to be found in the orchards of
Kansas.
In 1910 the vast acreage planted to apple trees in eastern and centra!
Kansas was almost incredible to people of the eastern states, and a Kan-
sas apple specialist has "grown more apples on trees of his own planting
than any other man in the world."
One of the first commercial orchards was planted in the spring of
1876, in the southern part of Leavenworth county by Frederick Well-
house, who became the largest apple grower in the world, having at one
time 1,600 acres in orchards in Leavenworth, Miami and Osage coun-
ties, and was widely known as the "Apple King." He died on Jan.
10, 1911.
According to the report of the state horticultural societ}^ for 1909,
there were in the State of Kansas 7,216,853 apple trees; 287,929 pear
trees; 4,929,688 peach trees; 732,102 plum trees; 909,806 cherry trees;
16,715 quince trees; and 194,903 apricot trees. The estimated number
of bushels of fruit grown in 1909 was 5,669,274 of apples; 82,929 of
pears; 1,287,835 of peaches; 44,512 of plums; and 59,331 of cherries.
Of small fruits there were 3,487 acres in strawberries; 1.626 acres in rasp-
berries ; 4,505 acres in blackberries ; and 467 acres in gooseberries. There
were 6,197 acres of land planted to vineyards, and 25,300 acres occupied
by gardens. (See Entomological Commission.)
Horton, the largest town in Brown county, is an incorporated city of
the second class, located on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R.
KANSAS HISTORY 875
14 miles south of Hiawatha, the county seat. It has electricity for
power and hghting purposes, waterworks, fire department, opera house,
3 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the Headlight and the Commercial), good
hotels and about 250 business establishments. The Rock Island shops
are located here. The town is supplied with telegraph and express
offices and has an international money order postoffice with three rural
routes. The population according to the census of 1910 was 3,600.
Horton is one of the newer towns in this part of the state. It was
founded in Sept., 1886. A weekly paper was started the next month.
In Sept., 1887, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific shops, the largest
owned by that road in the west, were completed, and Horton had grown
large enough to be incorporated as a city of the second class. The next
month a daily paper was established. A fire department was organized
in November of the same year. In May, 1888, the street railway line was
completed and put into operation. In July the electric light plant began
business, and when the city was two years old it claimed a population
of 4,600. The main cause of the rapid growth was the railroad shops,
which were built to employ 2,500 men. The waterworks went into oper-
ation in 1889. In 1891 there was a disastrous fire which destroyed the.
best business blocks in town, the loss aggregating $120,000.
Horton, Albert Howell, chief justice of the Kansas supreme court
from 1876 to 1895, was born near Brookfield, N. Y., March 12, 1837.
The ancestry of his family runs back in a direct line to Robert de
Horton, who lived in the 12th century. The first American ancestor
of the family was Barnabas Horton, born at Mausly, Leicestershire,
England, July 16, 1600, and came to Hampton, Mass., about 1633. In
1640 he removed to New Haven, Conn., and subsequently to Southold,
L. I. Albert was the son of Dr. Harvey and Mary (Bennett) Horton.
He received his elementary education in the public schools ; attended an
academy at Goshen, N. Y. ; entered the law department of the University
of Michigan in 1855, but during his sophomore year was compelled to
leave college because of an affection of his eyes. He was admitted to
the bar at Brooklyn, N. Y., in i860, and the same year he removed to
Atchison, Kan., where he was soon appointed city attorney. In April,
1861, he was elected to that office on the Republican ticket, and in
September Gov. Robinson appointed him judge of the Second judicial
district. Later he was elected to the position twice without opposition,
but resigned to resume his law practice. From 1861 to 1864 he was a
member of the editorial staff of the Atchison Weekly Champion. In
1868 he was a Republican presidential elector and was elected as mes-
senger to carry the vote of the state to Washington. In May, 1869,
President Grant appointed him United States district attorney for Kan-
sas. . He was elected to the lower house of the state legislature in 1872,
and state senator in 1876, but resigned Jan. i, 1877, to accept the ap-
pointment of chief justice tendered him by Gov. Osborn. The same
year he was elected to fill the unexpired term. In 1878 he was reelected
for a term of six years and was reelected in 1884 and 1890. In 1885
876 CYCLOPEDIA OF
his name was presented to the joint session of the legislature for
United States senator, and on the first ballot the vote siood 86 for John
J. Ingalls and 83 for Judge Horton. For many years Judge Horton
was president of the Alumni Association of the University of Michigan,
for the Southwest and in June, 1889, his Alma Mater conferred upon
him the honorary degree of LL. D. On April 30, 1895, he resigned his
position on the supreme bench to resume his law practice at Topeka, as
a member of the firm of Waggener, Horton & Orr. In 1864 Judge Hor-
ton married Anna A. Robertson, of Middletown, N. Y., who died in 1883,
leaving four children, and on Nov. 13, 1887, he married Mrs. Mary A.
Prescott of Topeka. Judge Horton died on Sept. 2, 1902, at Topeka.
Howard, the judicial seat and largest town in Elk count)', is located
in the center of the county on a beautiful eminence overlooking the
valleys of the Elk river. Paw Paw and Rock creeks, and is a station on
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. It has 2 banks, 2 weekly news-
papers, an opera house, a county high school, and an ample number of
good church buildings. It is a shipping point for agricultural products
and live stock. A good quality of limestone is found in the vicinity.
The town is supplied with telegraph and express offices and has an
international money order postoffice with six rural routes. The popula-
lation in 1910 was 1,163.
Howard City, as it was called in earlier times, was established in 1870
by a town company, of which Samuel McFarland was president and T.
A. Dodd was secretary. The management of affairs was soon left to
private individuals, and the principal promoters were, John McBee, S.
B. Oberlander, C. T. Adams, P. C. Tapping, Alexander Bruce, Perry
and Milton Vincent and T. A. Dodd. The first business enterprise was
undertaken bj' Oscar McFarland, who built a store in 1870. The second
was a livery stable belonging to a Mr. McCIure. The Howard House
was built in 1871, by John Barnes and John Parrett. The third build-
ing was a saloon, and the fourth a printing office, installed by Kellej' &
Turner. The postoffice at Paw Paw creek was brought to Howard in
1871. T. J. Barnes was postmaster at the time. The first school was
taught in 1873 by W. S. Kent, with 19 pupils in attendance. An $8,000
building was erected in 1882. The first newspaper — the Howard Coun-
ty Messenger — was established by Kelle}' & Turner in 1872.
In Oct.. 1877, Howard was incorporated as a city of the third class,
and the following officers were chosen at the first election : Mayor, A. B.
Steinberger ; police judge, A. M. Bowen ; city clerk, H. A. Lanman ;
city treasurer, William Crooks ; city attorney, J. A. Oliphant ; city mar-
shal, William M. Vinson; councilmen, N. Momma, William Driscoll,
J. Q. Burchfield, S. Lucas and James Howell.
Howard County. — On Feb. 26, 1867, Gov. Crawford approved an act
creating a number of new counties in the territory receijtly acquired
from the Osage Indians. One of these counties was Howard, the bound-
aries of which were defined as follows : "Commencing at the southeast
corner of Greenwood county, thence south to the 37th degree of northi
KANSAS HISTORY 0/7
latitude, thence west 31 miles to the center of range 8 east, thence north
to the southwest corner of Greenwood county, thence east to the place
of beginning."
Owing to a county seat fight, the county was divided by the act of
March ir. 1875, '"to the counties of Elk and Chautauqua, and Howard
county passed out of existence.
Howe, Edgar Watson, journalist and author, was born in \\'abash
count}^, Ind., May 3, 1854, a son of Henry and Elizabeth (Irwin)
Howe. When he was about three years of age the family removed to
Bethany, Harrison county, Mo., where the father, a Methodist preacher,
published a newspaper of strong abolition sentiments. Edgar served an
apprenticeship at the printer's 'trade in his father's office and in 1868
started out for himself. He visited various cities, working at the case
to earn money to pay his way from one place to another, and at the age
of eighteen began the publication of the Weekly Globe at Golden, Col.
From there he went to Falls City, Neb., where he published a newspaper,
and where in 1873 he married Miss Clara L. Frank. In 1877 he located
in Atchison, Kan., and established the Daily Globe, which soon came
to be widely quoted. Mr. Howe is the author of several works of fiction,
the best known of which are, "The Story of a Country Town," "The
Mystery of the Locks," and "A Moonlight Boy."
• Hoxie, the county seat of Sheridan county, is situated almost in the
exact geographic center of the county on the Union Pacific R. R. The
town was laid out in the earlv part of 1886 bv a company composed of
E. E. Parker, W. P. Rice, J. W. Huiif, J. H. Huff, H. R. Stimson, H. P.
Churchill, William Mellen, . E. H. McCracken and Isaac Mulholland.
The Kenneth Sentinel of March 11, 1886, says: "On last Saturday eve-
ning a meeting of the citizens of Kenneth was held at the school house
for the purpose of receiving and considering a proposition from the
Hoxie town company looking to a consolidation of the two places, and
a removal of the buildings to the Hoxie town site." At that meeting
the Hoxie interests were represented by W. P. Rice, J. W. Huff and
William Mellen, who agreed to give new lots to those who owned prop-
erty in Kenneth, and to pay the expense of removing their buildings to
the new town, which was about 3 miles south of Kenneth. These men
by their courtesy and diplomacy won the day, and "after mature deliber-
ation, extending far into the night, a vote was finally reached on a
motion to consolidate the two towns by moving Kenneth to the Hoxie
town site, and it was adopted without a dissenting voice."
This absorption of the town of Kenneth, which was at that time
the county seat, gave Hoxie a good start toward becoming a city. On
June 6, 1886, a Presbyterian church was organized, and the town
company made a contract with George Forgue, of Clifton, Kan., to
establish a brick yard. Hoxie now has 2 banks, 2 grain elevators, a
weekly newspaper (the Sentinel"), good hotels, an international money
order postoffice with four rural routes, telegraph and express offices, a
telephone exchange, and a number of well stocked stores which handle
878 CYCLOPEDIA OF
all lines of merchandise. The county high school is located at Hoxie,
and there are also graded public schools. The population in 1910
was 532.
Hoyt, a town of Jackson county, is located on the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific R. R. in Douglas township, 14 miles south of Holton,
the county seat, and about the same distance north of Topeka. It is
an important hay market, and is noted for large shipments of live stock.
It has banking facilities, a newspaper, all the general lines of business,
telegraph and express offices, and a mone}' order postoffice with two
rural mail routes. The town was founded in 1886 by a company of
Holton men, of which I. T. Price and A. D. Walker were members.
The promoters made a free dinner and sale, but no lots were taken.
Later W. B. McKeage laid out on his farm 20 lots, which he sold at
$100 each. A street of frame buildings was built by the town company
fronting the railroad. Joseph Burns built a store for general merchan-
dise. About 1895 the new street, which is the present business section,
was built up of stone and brick buildings by the citizens. The popu-
lation in 1910 was 400.
Hudson, an incorporated town of Stafford county, is situated in Hayes
township on the Missouri Pacific R. R., about 10 miles northeast of St.
John, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with
one rural route, a weekly newspaper (the Patriot), grain elevators, a
flour mill, a creamery, a cement stone works, telephone connections with
the surrounding towns, telegraph and express offices and a large retail
trade in all lines of merchandise. Hudson was incorporated in 1908
and in 1910 reported a population of 253.
Hudson, Thomas J., lawj^er and member of Congress, was born Oct.
30, 1844. in the State of Indiana and reared on a farm. He was an
ambitious bo}- and wished to go to school, but was forced to earn the
money for his expenses himself. When he was twenty-one years of age
lie decided to go West and located in Kansas in the spring of 1866. He
engaged in farming for four years, then studied law and commenced
practice in 1870. ^Ir. Hudson took an active part in the political life of
the community and was elected to the Kansas state legislature. He
was elected county attornev three times and served several terms as
mayor of his city. In 1892 he was nominated for Congress by the
Democratic and Populist parties, though he was elected as a Populist
and always acted with that party. After serving one term he resumed
his law practice at Fredonia, where he still lives.
Huffaker, Thomas Sears, one of the pioneer teachers of Kansas, was
born in Clay county, Mo., March 30, 1825, a son of Rev. George Huf-
faker, who had come from Kentucky five years before. He was educated
in the common schools and the Howard high school, and in 1849 came
to Kansas in connection with the manual training school for the Shaw-
nee Indians at the mission in what is now Jefferson county. The fol-
lowing year he went to Council Grove, where he took charge of the
Indian mission school which had been established on the Kaw reserva-
KANSAS HISTORY 879
tion there by the Methodist Episcopal church South. He remained at
the head of this school until it was abandoned in 1854. On May 6,
1852, Mr. Huffaker married Miss Eliza A. Baker, who was born in Illi-
nois in 1836. About the time the Indian mission school was abandoned,
Mr. and Mrs. Huffaker organized a school for white children, which
was probably the first school of the kind in Kansas. Mr. Huffaker was
one of the incorporators of the Council Grove town company; was the
first postmaster at Council Grove ; was elected to the state legislature in
1874 and again in 1879; was a regent of the State Normal School from
1864 to 1871 ; was frequently a delegate to Republican conventions, and
as late as May, 1906, was a member of the state convention of that party.
Mr. Huffaker died on July 10, 1910.
Hugoton, the county seat and only incorporated cit)' in Stevens
county, is located a little southwest of the center of the county, about
28 miles northwest of Liberal and 23 miles north of Hooker, Okla.,
which is the nearest railroad town. Hugoton was founded in the latter
part of 1885 and for a time had a promising growth. In 1887 bonds
were voted for the construction of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic
railroad on condition that the line pass through Hugoton and that the
road should be completed and in operation by June, 1888. In August
of the same year an eft'ort was made to build the Meade Center, Cimar-
ron Valley & Trinidad railroad, the organizers of the company being
Stevens county men. Both these projects failed of realization and con-
sequently Hugoton failed to meet the anticipations of its promoters. In
the summer of 1887 a stage line was started to Garden Cit}^ There
are now daily stages to Liberal, Ulysses and Hartland. Hugoton has
a bank, a money order postofifice, a weekly newspaper (the Hermes),
telephone connections, Methodist and Presbyterian churches, and a
number of general stores. It is one of the smallest county seats in the
state, the population in 1910 being only 105.
Hull, a hamlet of Marshall county, is Jocated on the Big Blue river
and the I'nion Pacific R. R. in Marysville township, 7 miles north of
Marysville, the county seat. It has express and telegraph offices, a
postoffice and some local trade. The population in 1910 was 25.
Humana, Juan De. — (See Bonilla's Expedition.)
Humboldt, one of the principal cities of Allen county, is on the line
of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad, 8 miles south of lola, the
county seat. The place was first visited by B. M. Blanton, a Methodist
missionary, who told his brother, N. B. Blanton, and J. A. Coffey, of
Lawrence, of the advantages of the location for a town. In March, 1857,
the town site was located by Mr. Coffey, who returned to Lawrence,
where he found some German colonists looking for a location and
induced them to settle in his new town, which was named for Baron
von Humboldt. In the spring of 1870 the Missouri, Kansas & Texas
railroad was completed through that portion of Allen county, and the
following October the I^eavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston was run
through Humboldt. Since then the growtli of the city has been steady,
880 CYCLOPEDIA OF
until at the present time Humboldt is one of the busiest cities of its size
in the state. It was organized as a village in 1866 and incorporated as
a city of the second class b}^ the act of Feb. 28, 1870. Being located
in the gas and oil fields, it is a good manufacturing center. It has large
cement and brick works, an oil refinery, flour mills, elevators, two banks,
express and telegraph offices, and the press is well represented. The
cit}' is supplied with waterworks and electric lights, and in 1910 reported
a population of 2,548.
Hummer, one of the inland hamlets of Smith county, is located 6 miles
southeast of Smith Center, the county seat, from which place its mail is
distributed by rural route. The population in 1910 was 25.
Humphrey, Lyman Underwood, eleventh governor of the State of
Kansas, was born at New Baltimore, Stark county, Ohio, July 25, 1844.
At the age of seventeen years he left high school at Massillon, Ohio,
to enlist in Company I, Sevent3^-sixth Ohio infantr3% which was mus-
tered into the United States service on Oct. 7, 1861. Subsequenth^ he
was a member of Companies D and E of the same regiment, but was
mustered out on July 15, 1865, as first lieutenant of Company I. His
regiment was first attached to the First brigade. First division, Fif-
teenth arm)^ corps, commanded first by Gen. William T. Sherman and
later by Gen. John A. Logan. He was with his command in the engage-
ments at Fort Donelson, Chickasaw Bluft's, Jackson, Vicksburg, about
Chattanooga in the fall of 1863, and in numerous battles and skirmishes
of the Atlanta campaign of 1864. After the fall of Atlanta he was with
Sherman in the famous "March to the sea," and up through the Caro-
linas, taking part in the battle of Bentonville and being present at the
surrender of the Confederate arrriy under Gen. J. E. Johnston. After
the war he attended Mount Union College, at Alliance, Ohio, for a
short time, and then entered the law department of the University of
Michigan, where he was graduated in 1867. The succeeding year he
was admitted to the Ohio bar, but soon afterward removed to Shelby
county. Mo., where he engaged in teaching and newspaper work. In
1871, with his mother and brother. John E. Humphrey, he came to
Kansas, locating at Independence, which city has since been his home.
He was one of the founders of the Independence Tribune, and during
the early years of its existence took an active interest in its career.
On Christmas day, in 1872, Mr. Humphrey was united in marriage with
Miss Amanda Leonard of BeardstOAvn, 111., and in 1873 he engaged in
the practice of law. Always a Republican, he soon became an influen-
tial factor in the councils of that party in Kansas, and in 1876 he was
elected to represent his district in the lower house of the state legis-
lature. While a member of that body he served with abilitj^ on the judi-
ciary committee, one of the most important of the house. In 1877 he
was elected lieutenant-governor for the unexpired term of Melville J.
Salter, who had resigned, and flie following year was elected to the
office for a full term of two years. In 1884 he was elected to the state
senate, and in the ensuing session of the legislature introduced the reso-
KANSAS HISTORY »»I
lution to Strike the word "white" from the constitutional provision relat-
ing to the state militia. J\lr. Humphrey was nominated for governor
by the Republican state convention at Topeka on July 26, 1888, and
at the election the following November was victorious by a plurality
of over 73,000 votes. At the expiration of his first term he was reelected,
holding the office for four years altogether. Upon retiring from the
office of governor he resumed the practice of law. In 1892 he was the
Republican nominee for Congress in his district, but was defeated by
Thomas J. Hudson,- the Populist candidate. Mr. Humphrey is a mem-
ber of the Masonic fraternity, the Grand Army of the Repablic, the
Military Order of the Loyal Legion, and several other fraternal and
benevolent societies.
Humphrey's Administration. — Gov. Humphrey was inaugurated on
Jan. 14, i88g. The regular session of the legislature had been convened
on the 8th and organized with Lieut.-Gov. A. P. Riddle as the presiding
officer of the senate, and Henry Piooth as speaker of the house. Six
days later, when the new administration was installed, Mr. Riddle was
succeeded by the new lieutenant-governor, Andrew J. Felt. In his
inaugural address Gov. Humphrey said :
"Kansas, in her career thus far, covers what has been aptly char-
acterized a focal period in history, toward which the lines of progress
have converged, and beautifully exemplifies, in her present conditions,
the philosophy of De Tocqueville that the growth of states bears some
marks of their origin ; that the circumstances of their birth and rise
afifect the whole term of their being. In Kansas this may be observed
in the liberal spirit of her laws and in the genius of her institutions.
. For Kansas was but the first born child of Republican supremacy
on American soil : the triumph of an idea ; the idea of the Pilgrim as
against that of the Cavalier ; the idea of the founders of Lawrence over
the idea of the settlers of Lecompton. . . . And the idea which
thus triumphed in a free Kansas, and the influences going out from our
early settlement, are a living, energizing force in all our moral, social
and material progress."
Two days after the delivery of this address, he submitted to the gen-
eral assembh' his first official message, in which he referred to the fact
that, for the first time in the history of the state, the legislature met six
days before the new executive was inaugurated. (See Martin's Admin-
istration.)
"This unanticipated state of aft'airs," said he, "is suggestive of the
need of constitutional revision, and prompts the inquiry, whether it
would not be well to provide by law that the outgoing governor shall,
in all cases, prepare and leave with his successor, to be delivered to
the legislature, a message reviewing the condition of state affairs since
the last preceding session of that body, with such suggestions and
recommendations as he may deem expedient. His experience neces-
sarily gives him a familiarity with the various interests of the com-
monwealth, and accurate knowledge of the condition and business
(I-56)
882 CYCLOPEDIA OF
requirements of its institutions and thoroughness of information in all
matters of public concern. This information should be communicated
to the legislature as early as possible after its organization, and it
would seem appropriate to devolve that duty upon the retiring governor."
He then mentioned the fact that Gov. Anthony had left such a mes-
sage, and expressed his belief that the precedent thus established should
have the sanction of law^. Gov. Glick, at the time of his inauguration,
made a similar suggestion.
Gov. Humphrey next reviewed the promises in the platform upon
which he had been elected, to-wit: ist — The enactment of legislation
friendly to the interest of the wage-workers, especially laws to prevent
unfair competition ; 2d — An amendment to the law relating to appren-
tices so as to protect skilled labor; 3d — To provide for the weekly pay-
ment of wages ; 4th — To reduce the legal rate of interest to six per cent,
per annum, and the maximum contract rate to ten per cent. ; Sth — The
passage of a law to regulate trusts ; 6th — The fulfillment of the assur-
ance that the state would provide liberally for the soldiers' orphans'
home; 7th — The promise that the railroad commissioners should pro-
tect farmers against excessive charges in the removal of crops ; Sth — The
protection of the home against the saloon, in which he reminded the
legislature that the state was fully committed to the policy of prohibi-
tion; 9th — With regard to woman's rights, which subject "is entitled
to your serious consideration."
The legislature of 1887 had submitted to the people an amendment
to section 17 of the Bill of Rights of the state constitution. This sec-
tion as originally adopted was as follows : "No distinction shall ever
be made between citizens and aliens in reference to the purchase, enjoy-
ment or descent of property." The object of the amendment was to
make possible the enactment of a law prohibiting aliens from owning
land in the state. It was ratified by the people at the general election
in 1888, and the governor admonished the legislature that it was now
their duty to place such a law on the statute books as would give the
new provision full force and efifect. He also recommended the amend-
ment of the law relating to the assessment of property, imposing a
penalty upon the assessor who failed to perform his duty; a revision of
the law governing corporations so each business corporation would nave
to pay into the state treasury a stipulated per cent, of its capital stock
as an incorporation fee ; the placing of all public officials on a salary
basis and doing away with the fee system; the continuance of the
supreme court commissioners, and that the law imposing the death
penalty for murder in the first degree should be either abolished or
amended in such a way as to make it efi^ective.
Like some of his predecessors, he pointed out the necessity for a
radical revision of the constitution. Said he : "It detracts nothing from
the acknowledged wisdom of the framers of our constitution to say that
it is now very defective. Our marvelous development and changed con-
ditions, impossible of anticipation when it was devised, call now for
KANSAS HISTORY 883
revision. ... At tlie time of admission the population of the state
did not exceed 120,000. . . . The Kansas of today has reached the
vast proportions of an empire, requiring a readjustment of her organic
law to suit the present needs."
Especially did he call attention to the inequalities in representation
in the legislature through the constitutional provisions for apportion-
ment, some districts with a population of less than 2,000 having a repre-
sentative, while in others there were only one representative for a
population of 12,000 or more. Then, too, the time of making the appor-
tionment was such that every few years a special session would be
necessary to carry out the provisions of the constitution. He pointed
out several other weaknesses in the constitution, and discussed the
advisability of a constitutional convention. "I am sure," said he, "that
such a convention would afford the most satisfactory means of curing
the man}^ infirmities that have crept into the constitution by the lapse
of time. I am further persuaded, however, that a call for a convention
can never receive the endorsement of a majority of the people of Kan-
sas, unless some assurance could be given that neither of several im-
portant features of the present constitution should in any wise be
altered, impaired or put in peril, of which I may mention the prohibitory
amendment and the homestead exemption. . . . As no restric-
tions respecting these features could be imposed upon a convention that
would necessarily bind that body when once called into existence, it is
doubtful if such a call would meet with popular favor ; and the surest,
cheapest and speediest mode of relief would seem therefore to be
through carefully prepared amendments." (See Constitutional Amend-
ments.)
The governor announced the appointment of delegates to represent
the state at the centennial of Washington's inauguration, to be celebrated
in New York City, and recommended an appropriation to defray the
expenses of such delegates. He also recommended appropriations to
pay the expenses of the Kansas delegates to the Farmers' Congress,
which in 1889 met in Alabama, and for the support of the state militia.
On Jan. 22 each house of the legislature took a vote for United States
senator. In the senate Preston B. Plumb received 35 votes — all that
were cast — and in the house 118 votes. The next day the two branches
met in joint session, when Mr. Plumb received 153 votes and was
declared elected for the full term of six years, beginning on March
4, 1889.
During the session there were passed a large number of acts legal-
izing the actions of individuals or municipalities. Among the appro-
priations made was one of $36,000 for a Grand Army building at Ells-
worth ; one of $18,658.30 for bounties on sugar manufactured in the
state during the years 1887-88 ; one of $9,700 for the encouragement of
silk culture; one of $9,733.54 for the benefit of the Kansas National
Guard : one of $14,367.67 for the payment of interest on the Ouantrill
raid scrip, and one of $5,000 for a commissioner to the Paris exposition.
«»4 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Six new judicial districts were created; the consent of the state was
given for the purchase of the Haskell Institute by the United States;
jurisdiction over the Fort Riley military reservation was ceded to the
Federal government ; a law was passed for the prevention of cruelty to
animals; the supreme court commissioners were continued; the office
of oil inspector was created; the sale of tobacco to minors was pro-
hibited ; additional power was given to the railroad commissioners ;
the name of Davis count}' was changed to Geary; provision was made
for the erection of a building and the equipping of a girls' industrial
school at Beloit; the establishment of a state soldiers' home on either
the military reservation of Fort Hays or Fort Dodge was authorized,
provided Congress would donate the land for that purpose ; an act to
encourage the growth of timber was passed, and also one for the regu-
lation of trusts.
On April 4, 1889, Thomas Ryan, the Congressman from the Fourth
district, resigned to become minister to Mexico, and a special election
was ordered for May 21 to choose his successor. The Republicans
nominated Harrison Kelley, and the Democrats nominated John Heas-
ton. Several others were voted for, the result being as follows : Kelley,
10,506 votes; Heaston, 1,530; David Overmyer, ^-j \ John A. ]\Iartin, 54;
John Martin, 28; scattering, 121.
At the municipal elections in the spring of 1889 the cities of Argonia,
Cottonwood Falls, Rossville, Oskaloosa and Baldwin elected women to
the office of mayor.
Kansas participated in several conventions of national importance in
the year 1889, and in some instances was the originator of the move-
ment that culminated in the convention. Prior to the legislative session
of that year, the governor had been in communication with the chief
executives of other states, with regard to the advisability of holding a
convention to protest against, and formulate some plan of opposing, the
avaricious policy of the "beef and pork combine." In the Kansas legis-
lature a resolution was adopted appropriating $2,500 to pay the expenses
of delegates to such a convention, and aid in defraying the general ex-
penses of the meeting. By this resolution the governor of Kansas was
authorized to designate March 12 as the time, and St. Louis, I\Io., as the
place of holding the convention, provided such an arrangement was
satisfactory to the governors of other states that had signified a willing-
ness to take part in the movement. The convention met in accordance
with the spirit of this resolution, and after several daily sessions drafted
a bill providing for state inspection as the best means of accomplishing
the desired result. It was ascertained later, however, that such a law
would violate the interstate commerce provisions of the Federal consti-
tution, and the work of the convention was therefore in vain.
In August Gov. Humphrey issued a call for a convention, which met
at Topeka on Oct. i, 1889, having for its object to lend assistance to the
project of securing deep water harbors on the gulf coast of Texas.
Twenty-one states were represented in this convention, the work of
KANSAS HISTORY 8S5
which was successful, in tliat it was followed by Congressional legis-
lation in aid of the work.
On Nov. 27, 1889, ^ national silver convention was held in the city
of St. Louis, AIo. Gov. Humphrey appointed delegates to represent the
State of Kansas, and in his message of 1891 said: "A very interesting
account of the proceedings is embodied in the report of Hon. H. B.
Kelly, one of the delegates, on file in this office. It is believed that the
action of the convention did much to create the sentiment resulting
since in Congressional legislation, providing for increased silver coinage,
to be followed, it is hoped, by still more liberal legislation on the
subject."
The Farmers" Alliance (q. v.) and kindred organizations came into
prominence in 1889-90. The corn crop of 1889 was unusually large-
over 270,000,000 bushels — and at the beginning of the year 1890 the
price of corn was so low that many of the Kansas farmers refused to sell.
On Feb. 8, 1890, Gov. Humphrey held a conference with the representa-
tives of a number of railroad companies, and succeeded in obtaining a
reduction of ten per cent, in freight rates. This had the eiTect of bring-
ing a large quantity of corn into the market, but it also encouraged the
agitation in favor of a general reduction in freight rates. In April the
Alliance sent to the board of railroad commissioners a petition bearing
20,000 signatures, asking for a reduction in freight rates from all points
in Kansas to the Missouri river. The commissioners responded with
a new schedule, to take effect on Sept. i, 1890, reducing the rates on
grain over thirty per cent.
Throughout the year 1889 quite a number of persons kept up a per-
sistent agitation in favor of the resubmission of the prohibitory amend-
ment. A convention was held at Wichita in Jan., 1890, which resulted
in the organization of the "Republican Resubmission League." Resolu-
tions adopted by the convention declared the prohibitory lavv a failure
and invited the people to work for the resubmission of the whole ques-
tion to the voters of the state. The movement received some impetus
from the celebrated "original package" case, which was decided by the
L^nited States supreme court in April, 1890, the decision being followed
by the opening of a number of "original package" shops for the sale of
liquor. (See Prohibition.)
McCray, in a review of Gov. Humphrey's administration, published
in the Kansas Historical Collections (vol. ix, p. 424), says: "Although
the state government inaugurated in Jan., 1889, had run smoothly, and
the actual practical business of the state was never more efficiently
or satisfactorily managed, the campaign of 1890 was perhaps tlie most
angry and stormy in the history of Kansas politics."
]\Itich of this storminess was due to appearance of a new element in
the political arena. The Farmers' Alliance, encouraged by the victory
won in the reduction of freight rates, decided to invite otlier organiza-
tions to join in independent political action as a remed}- for all the ills
which afflicted the body politic. Accordingly, on June 12, 1890, dele-
aab CYCLOPEDIA OF
gates representing the Alliance, the Patrons of Husbandry, the Indus-
trial Union, the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association, the Knights of
Labor, and a number of Single Tax clubs, met in Topeka and launched
the People's — or PopuHst — party. A second convention was held at To-
peka on Aug. 13, when the following state ticket was nominated : For
governor, John F. Willits; lieutenant-governor, A. C. Shinn; secretary
of state, R. S. Osborn; auditor, E. F. Foster; treasurer, W. H. Biddle;
attorney-general, J. N. Ives ; superintendent of public instruction, Miss
Fannie McCormick; chief justice, W. F. Rightmire. The platform de-
manded the abolition of national banks ; free and unlimited coinage of
silver ; government ownership of railroads and telegraphs ; legislation to
prevent dealing in options or futures, and the prohibition of alien land
ownership.
A month before the nomination of the Populist ticket, Jvily 3, the
Prohibitionists held a state convention at McPherson and nominated A.
M. Richardson for governor; E. Leonardson, for lieutenant-governor;
Charles Fairfield, for seci'etary of state ; H. T. Potter, for auditor ; J. A.
Myers, for treasurer ; S. S. Weatherby, for superintendent of public
instruction. No candidates were named for attorney-general and chief
justice of the supreme court.
On Sept. 3 the Republican state convention met in Topeka. Gov.
Humphrey was renominated, as were all the state ofificers except the
auditor and treasurer. Charles M. Hovey was nominated fur auditor,
and S. G. Stover, for treasurer. The Republican platform declared in
favor of the election of the railroad commissioners by the people ; a uni-
form system of text-books in the public schools of the state ; the estab-
lishment of a state board of arbitration ; a revision of the laws relating
to the assessment of property for taxation ; weekly payment of wages ;
the prohibition of child labor in mines and factories ; but it was silent
on the subject of resubmitting the prohibitory amendment.
The Democratic state convention was held in Wichita on Sept. 9.
Ex-Gov. Charles Robinson was nominated for governor ; D. A. Banta,
for lieutenant-governor ; S. G. Isett, for secretary of state ; Joseph Dillon,
for auditor ; Thomas Kirby, for treasurer ; M. H. Wood, for superin-
tendent of public instruction; M. B. Nicholson, for chief justice, and for
attorne3'-general indorsed J. N. Ives, the Populist candidate. The most
important features of the platform were the expression in favor of the
regulation of railroads by the state ; the declaration in opposition to all
sumptuary legislation ; the demand for the resubmission of the prohibi-
tory amendment, and, in case of its rejection, the enactment of laws
providing for high license and local option.
James W. Hamilton, the treasurer of state, had resigned and Gov.
Humphrey had appointed William Sims to the vacancy. At the election
on Nov. 4, the candidates for state treasurer on the several tickets were
voted for to finish the unexpired term, as well as for a full term of two
years. The vote for governor was as follows: Humphrey, 115,025;
Willets, 106,972; Robinson, 71,357; Richardson, 1,230. The unusually
KANSAS HISTORY 007
light vote received by Mr. Richardson was due largely to the fact that
many conscientious Prohibitionists deemed the nomination of a state
ticket ill-advised, as Gov. Humphrey had consistently enforced the pro-
hibitory lawr, and by doing so had incurred the displeasure of the so-
called "liberal element" in the larger cities. This class of persons repu-
diated the action of the McPherson convention and supported Gov.
Humphrey.
During the first term of Gov. Humphrey he was frequently called
upon to exercise the appointing power. Besides the treasurer of state,
already mentioned, the creation of six new judicial districts, and the
establishment of new courts in several cities of the state, made it neces-
sary for him to appoint a number of judges. The legislature of 1887 had
passed an act placing the police affairs of all cities of the first class in
the hands of a board of commissioners, appointed by the governor and
subject to removal by him at will. Gov. Humphrey, as a member of the
state senate, had supported the measure, not thinking, perhaps, that
within two years he would be called on to make the appointments. When
he came into the office of governor he found that Gov. Martin had ap-
pointed commissioners only in the cities of Wichita and Leavenworth,
and announced his intention of making appointments in all cities subject
to the provisions of the act, on the ground that "if good for one, it
should be good for all." Accordingly, he selected police commissioners
for the cities of Atchison, Fort Scott, Kansas City and Topeka. There
was some dissatisfaction, not so much over the men appointed by the
governor as against the law, which took the control of local aff^airs out
of the hands of the citizens. Gov. Humphrey also appointed a board
of railroad commissioners, an insurance commissioner, and the heads of
various departments. In the game of politics, officials vested with the
power to make appointments frequently become unpopular through the
petty jealousies aroused in the defeated applicants for positions. Gov.
Humphrey escaped this fate by the great care with which he selected his
appointees, making no attempt to build up an organization to further his
personal ambitions. Some of the judges he appointed were afterward
elected to the office and held their judicial positions for several years.
Gov. Humphrey was inaugurated for the second time on Jan. 12,
1891. The next day the eighth regular biennial session of the legisla-
ture was convened, with Lieut. -Gov. Riddle again presiding over the
senate and P. P. Elder as speaker of the house. Much of the governor's
message to this legislature was devoted to the subjects of the state's
financial condition and municipal indebtedness. (See Finances, State.)
"Kansas," said he, "has rounded out the third decennial period, and
her growth in the last decade is certainly gratifying, as shown by the
following vital statistics from the reports of the state board of agricul-
ture.
For convenience of comparison and conciseness of statement the sta-
tistics referred to by the governor are arranged in the form of a table,
given on the next page.
OOt) CYCLOPEDIA OF
1880 1890
Population 996,096 1,427,096
Acres of field crops 8,868,884 12,844,921
Value of field crops $63,111,634 $79,268,081
Value of all- farm products.... $80,500,244 $129,144,909
Value of all live stock $61,563,956 $113,533,342
Assessed value of property. .. .$160,570,761 $347,717,218
Capital invested in mfrs $11,192,315 $45,000,000
Number of school districts 6,134 9,022
Number of children of school age 340,647 509,614
A'alue of school property $4,633,044 $10,617,149
Number of church edifices 964 2,339
Value of church property $2,430,385 $8,801,870
Miles of railroad , . 3,400 8,866
The growth of cities had been especially marked during the decade.
The five years from 1880 to 1885 were marked by general prosperity
in all lines of industry. Large additions were made to the population ;
new farms were opened in all parts of the state ; cities issued bonds
in liberal amounts for the construction of public improvements, water-
works, electric lighting plants, new school buildings, etc. ; railroad
lines were constructed to hitherto unsettled districts ; speculation ran
rife, and it seemed almost as though the magic power of some Aladdin's
lamp was being exerted for the development of Kansas. Then came
the reaction. The years 1885-86 fell far below the acreage in produc-
tion, and in 1887 there was a severe drought. Many farmers having
mortgages upon their homes were unable to meet payments when
they fell due, and a large number of people left the state. The year
1888 was more fruitful, and as previously mentioned, the corn crop of
1889 was unusuall}^ large. During these two years the people regained
fresh courage, as well as some of the losses sustained, debts incurred
in speculation were liquidated, and everything wore a more encour-
aging aspect. There was still much suffering, however, among the
settlers on the frontier, and Gov. Humphrey said in his message :
"Practical legislation, designed to encourage these people in western
Kansas, should have early and favorable attention. In this connection
your consideration is invited to the report of a convention held in
Oberlin, Decatur county, in December last, to consider the subject of
irrigation, and to ask state and national legislation in aid of the move-
ment." ( See Irrigation.)
On Jan. 27 the two houses cast a ballot for United States senator,
and the following day met in joint session to decide the result. On
the joint ballot William A. PeiTer received loi votes ; John J. Ingalls,
58; Charles W. Blair, 3; H. B. Kelley, i, and E. N. Morrill, i. Mr.
Pefifer, having received a majority of all the votes cast, was declared
elected for the term of six years, beginning on March 4, 1891.
Pursuant to a recommendation of the governor, an act was passed
KANSAS IIISTORV OOQ
at this session declaring tlie first Monday in September to be a legal
holiday, known as "Labor Day." The state was redistricte^l for legis-
lative purposes into 40 senatorial and 125 representative districts; an
act for the regulation of alien land ownership was passed ; the office
of bank commissioner was created ; jurisdiction was ceded to the United
States for a site for a Federal building in the city of Atchison; a board
of public works was created ; the sum of $60,000 was appropriated for
the completion of the state-house ; a similar sum for the benefit of
those who had lost their crops by the drought, and $3,500 for an experi-
ment station at the state university to propagate the infection for the
destruction of chinch bugs — a discovery of Chancellor Snow in 1888.
A law regulating banks was also passed at this session, and a proposi-
tion to hold a constitutional convention was submitted to the people
at the general election in 1892.
Gov. Humphrey was again called upon to make several important
appointments during his second term. Among these were supreme
court commissioners ; the bank commissioner, which went to Charles
F. Johnson of Jefferson county : commissioners for the World's Colum-
bian exposition at Chicago in 1893. and a number of district court
judges. The death of Preston B. Plumb on Dec. 20, 1891, left Kansas
with but one I'nited States senator, and the vacancy was filled by the
appointment of Bishop W. Perkins on Jan. i, 1892.
The Populists were the first to hold a convention for the nomina-
tion of state candidates in 1892. Their convention met at Wichita on
June 16 and nominated Lorenzo D. Lewelling for governor ; Percy
Daniels, for lieutenant-governor ; Russell S. Osborn, for secretary of
state; Van B. Prather, for auditor; W. H. Biddle, for treasurer; J. T.
Little, for attorney-general ; Henry N. Gaines, for superintendent of
public instruction ; S. H. Allen, for associate justice.
On June 30 the Republican state convention met in Topeka. Abram
W. Smith was nominated for governor ; Robert F. Moore, for lieutenant-
governor ; William C. Edwards, for secretary of state ; Blanche K.
Bruce, for auditor ; John B. Lynch, for treasurer ; Theodore F. Garver,
for attorney-general ; James C. Davis, for superintendent of public
instruction; D. M. Valentine, for associate justice.
A week later, July 6, the Democratic party held a state convention
in Topeka, and after a stormy session indorsed the Populist ticket.
On July 13 the Prohibitionists held their state convention and nominated
the following candidates: For governor, L O. Pickering; lieutenant-
governor, H. F. Douthart ; secretary of state, PL W. Stone ; auditor,
C. W. Howlett ; treasurer, Joel Miller; attorney-general, Robert I^.
Davidson; superintendent of public instruction, Alice J\L Henderson;
associate justice, C. P. Stevens.
The LTnited States census of 1910 showed a sufficient increase in
the population of Kansas to entitle the state to eight Congressmen,
but as new districts could not be created in time for the election of
1892, the dift'erent parties nominated candidates for representatives in
•890 CYCLOPEDIA OF
each of the old districts, and each state convention nominated a candi-
date for Congressman-at-Large. For this office the Populists named
W. A. Harris; the Republicans, George T. Anthony, and the Pro-
hibitionists, J. M. Monroe.
At the election on Nev. 8 the Populists carried the state by pluralities
ranging from 5,000 to 6,000 votes. The highest vote for presidential
elector on each of the three tickets v^^as as follows : W. N. Allen,
Populist, 163,111; E. G. Dewey, Republican, 157,241; Charles Fair-
field, Prohibitionist, 4,553. The electoral vote of the state was cast
for Gen. James B. Weaver, the People's party candidate. The vote
for governor was as follows: Lewelling, 163,507; Smith, 158,075;
Pickering, 4,178. The proposition for holding a constitutional conven-
tion was defeated by 466 votes.
Gov. Humphrey retired from the office upon the inauguration of
Gov. Lewelling in Jan., 1893. Concerning his administration McCray,
in the review above mentioned, says: "Be it said to his credit that he
did not run his administration with a brass band and fireworks. He
did not consider that the people elected governors for grand stand
purposes, but honestly, faithfully and modesth^ to conduct the busi-
ness of the state. Gov. Humphrey's ambition was to make a record
that should be meritorious rather than notorious, useful rather than
spectacular ; that shouljd be remembered as a quiet and faithful endeavor
to perform each daj^'s duties aright, rather than a noisy displaj' of the
brief authority vested in the chief executive."
Hunnewell, one of the smaller of the incorporated towns of Sumner
count)^ is located in South Haven township, on the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe R. R. 18 miles south of Wellington, the county seat. It
has a number of retail stores, a mill, an elevator and a bank. The
town has gained considerable newspaper notoriety lately by having
elected a woman mayor, who got into trouble with the council, which
Avas made up of men.
Hunnewell was founded in 1880, and the first house was erected
by Ford & Leonard. Within a month a number of buildings had been
erected and the town had practically reached its growth. Two marshals
and a police judge were hired by the railroad company and the citi-
zens prior to the organization of the town. The postoffice was estab-
lished in Aug., 1880, and Frank Shififdaner was appointed postmaster.
The organization of the city government took place in April, 1881. The
following were the first officers : Mayor, J. A. Hughes ; police judge,
T. G. Ricketts; city clerk, Thomas T. Ivers ; councilmen, A. B. Smith,
F. Hoolcroft, T. B. Sullivan, J. Dickerson and B. F. Hall. The town is
supplied with telegraph and express offices and has a money order
postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 208.
Hunter, a country postoffice in Mitchell county, is located in Custer
township in the southwest corner of the county, 25 miles southwest
of Beloit, the county seat, and 16 miles from Lucas on the Union
Pacific, the nearest shipping point. The population in 1910 was 50.
KANSAS HISTORY »9r
Hunter County, now extinct, was one of the counties created in 1855,
by the first territorial legislature. It was bounded as follows: "Be-
ginning at the southeast corner of Butler county ; thence south to the
southern boundary of the territory ; thence west 30 miles ; thence north
to a point west of the place of beginning; thence east 30 miles to the
place of beginning." In 1857, the county was enlarged by extending
the western boundary to the line between ranges 4 and 5 east. In
i860 Irving county was created out of the northern part of Hunter,
and in 1864 Butler county was enlarged to include both Irving and
Hunter, which disappeared. The greater portion of what was once the
county of Hunter is now included in Cowley count)'.
Huntsville, a little inland hamlet in Reno county is located between
Salt and Peace creeks 24 miles west of Hutchinson, the county seat,
and 6 miles north of Plevna, from which place its mail is distributed
by rural delivery. Plevna is also the nearest railroad station and ship-
ping point. The population, according to the government census of
1910, was 60.
Huron, the fourth largest town in Atchison county, is located near
the northern boundary on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 16 miles north-
west of Atchison, the county seat. The immediate site and vicinity
was owned by D. R. Anthony (q. v.) of Leavenworth, who donated
the railroad company 20 acres of land and the right-of-way for a mile.
Within six weeks after the town was surveyed and named five dwellings
had been completed or were under way ; stores were erected ; the village
was well started toward prosperity; a postoffice was established within
the year and before the close of 1882 there were at least 50 houses
in the town. Two churches were built before 1883, one by the Baptists,
the other by the Presbyterians, on ground donated by Col. Anthony.
Huron soon became an important shipping and supply town, and its
growth has been steady. At the present time it has good schools,
banking facilities, a money order postofifice, several general stores, a
blacksmith shop, lumber yard, hardware and implement house, express
and telegraph offices, etc. In 1910 the population was 300.
Hurt, a country postoffice in Colony township, Greeley county, is
located 16 miles from Tribune, the county seat, and 9 miles north-
west of Astor, the nearest shipping point. The population in 1910
was 15.
Huscher, a post-village of Nelson township. Cloud county, is a station
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 6 miles southeast of Con-
cordia, the county seat, with which it is connected by telephone. It
has a local trade, does some shipping, and in 1910 had a population
of 50.
Hutchinson, the "salt city," is one of the important cities of the first
class in Kansas. It is the judicial' seat of Reno county, in the central
part of the state, and is 168 miles southwest of Topeka. It is at the
outlet of a great corn and wheat raising district, and has one of the
largest salt works in the world. Hutchinson is a city of active, wide-
«92 CYCLOPEDIA OF
awake business men, excellent railroad facilities, fine hotels, extensive
manufacturing and jobbing interests, shady streets, beautiful buildings,
and plenty of automobiles. A home owned electric street railway sys-
tem extends all over the city. The Hutchinson salt plants have been
yielding from 2,500 to 5,000 barrels of salt per day for the last twenty
years and the source still seems inexhaustible. The vein of rock salt
is 400 feet thick and is found at a depth of 375 feet. The Hutchinson
salt is unsurpassed as a table salt. The amounts of money spent in
running these plants is enormous, the cost of fuel alone being more than
the amount received for salt sold within the state, the profits coming
from export sales — and that with natural gas for fuel at 10 cents per
1,000 feet. The various flour mills have a combined capacity of 3,000
barrels per day, most of which is shipped out of the country b}' way
of Galveston. The elevators have a storage capacity of 6.500,000
bushels. The soda ash plant, which is probabh^ the largest institution
of its kind in the country, manufactures the raw material or base of
all soda products. The wholesale business aggregates $11,500,000
annually and 400 traveling salesmen, representatives of Hutchinson
firms, have their homes here. There is a meat packing establishment
and the poultry and egg business is extensive and brings large returns.
There are foundries, a straw board factory, canning factory, paint
factory, creamer}', blank book manufactory, machine shop, furniture
factory and boiler works. The five Hutchinson banks have a combined
capital of over $500,000. and they were among the few banks in the
country which did not in some manner restrict cash paA'ments during
the panic of 1907.
The city is paved, lighted with electricity, has a good sewer s}Stem,
waterworks, an efficient fire department and police force. The finest
hotel between the great lakes and the Pacific coast, and the best retail
stores between the 6th principal meridian and the Continental divide
are located here. This is the seat of the state reformatory. Hutchinson
has a live commercial club, which is continually inducing new factories
and new commercial enterprises to locate there. The railroad facilities
are greatly to their advantage, in these matters, and have been one
of the principal factors in the growth of the city into an important
commercial and manufacturing center. The main lines of both the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
pass through the city ; the Missouri Pacific line from Ellsworth to
Wichita runs through Hutchinson, and there are two additional lines
of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, one running south and the other
running west to Kinsley, where it meets the main line. The freight
hauled from Hutchinson by the Santa Fe alone amounts to more tons
per month than that of any town on the line, except Kansas City and
the terminals. Hutchinson ranks sixth among all the towns on the
road, terminals included. A state fair is held annually at Hutchin-
son by a fair association owning large grounds and buildings. Exhibits
of live stock and agricultural products come from all over Kansas and
neighboring states.
KANSAS HISTORY 893
Aside from her money making interests Hutchinson has otlier valu-
able assets, not the least of these being her large and beautiful shade
trees, which money cannot buy and which time alone can produce.
A Carnegie library, many fine churches, and the best of schools make
the town attractive from an intellectual and religious standpoint. The
population in 1910, according to the government census, was 16,364.
It is rapidly increasing, as a great deal of labor is needed in the factories.
In 1900 the population was but a little over 9,000.
The town was founded by C. C. Hutchinson in 1871. The first build-
ing on the site was erected in the fall of that year and in early days
was the stopping place for newcomers and travelers. It was also the
grocery store, the meat market, and contained the real estate office of
C. C. Hutchinson. In Aug., 1872, the. new town having sufficient pop-
ulation, it was incorporated as a city of the third class. The first -officers
were: Alayor, Tavlor Flick ;• police judge, J. B. Brown; councilmen,
John McMurray, G. A. Brazee, E. Wilcox. R. C. Bailey and D. M.
Lewis. The founder of the town and the city officers from the first
tried to eliminate the selling of intoxicants in or about the town. In
spite of this some of it was sold outside the limits, and as there was
no county government at the time the offenders could not be molested
by the city. However, they were arrested by the United States marshal.
Among the first to open stores were W. Bailey, general store ; T. F.
Leidigh, grocery ; Jordan & Bemis, general store ; E. Wilcox, hard-
ware and farm implements ; J. S. Fa}' opened a hotel, and J. & C.
McMurray, a livery stable. The year 1872 was an eventful one. The
Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. was built past this point ; the first
bank was started by the founder of the town ; the Hutchison News
was founded on July 4, and the first school was taught by Miss Jennie
Hodgson in a small frame building on Main street. ]\Ir. Hutchinson
was elected to the legislature, and through his eft'orts Hutchinson
became the county seat.
Hymer, a hamlet of Chase county, is located on Diamond creek, in
the township of the same name, and is a station on the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 13 miles northwest of Cottonwood Falls,
the county seat. It has telegraph and express offices, and a money
order postoffice. The population, according to the census of igio,
was 30.
latan Flag. — Early in 1861, before war had been declared, a Confed-
erat flag was raised at latan. Mo., a small village about 12 miles above
Leavenworth. Col. D. R. Anthony of Leavenworth, one day hap-
pened to be a passenger on a boat that was carrying regular troops
from Fort Leavenworth to St. Joseph, and when the boat tied up at
the landing near latan, he and a companion decided to visit that village
894 CYCLOPEDIA OF
and make inquiries regarding the flag. They found the town loafing;
place was a small grocery, at which place they made their inquiry.
About a dozen men were in the store at the time, and one of them
pointed to the flag that was folded and lying on the counter. "I'll take
that with me," said Anthony, whereupon every individual in the store
drew a revolver, and the colonel changed his mind. The story reached
Leavenworth and the pro-slavery element had considerable fun out of
the incident.
Shortl}^ after the organization of the First Kansas infantry a few
members of Companies A and I learned that the flag still defiantly
floated, and also that a force of Confederate cavalry had been organ-
ized and armed at the place. A spy was sent to latan to make investi-
gations and upon his return reported that the flag pole had been erected
within a few feet of the railroad track, that a company of "rangers"
had been organized and was then encamped, 140 strong, within the
town. On June 3, 1861, a portion of the First Kansas received arms,
and a few of them resolved to lower the latan flag. The members of
the proposed expedition, through the kindness of friends among the
other companies, secured rifles enough to arm their crowd, together
with a limited supply of ammunition. That night 17 men stole quietly
out of camp and midnight found them hunting up and down the river
for boats to enable them to cross. A small skifif capable of holding
5 persons was found and the first load crossed. In the meantime another
small boat had been found and pressed into service. When the first
boat returned for the others, 5 men concluded to withdraw from the
expedition, leaving but 12 to carry out the plans. The balance of the
members were taken across the river, whereupon they started on a
long march for their destination, arriving at the outskirts of latan
about daybreak. The spy originally sent to make investigations was
again delegated to make a reconnoissance, which he did, reporting that
the flag would not be hoisted that day and that it was kept at the rear-
of a small store. Determining to have the flag at any cost, the party
advanced on the town and when turning a corner within a hundred
yards of the flag pole discovered that the stars and bars were being
run up. The members of the expedition charged and surrounded the
flag pole just as the cord had been tied. A demand was made for the
flag, which resulted in a little parleying, whereupon "Mell" Lewis,
one of the expedition, whipped out a knife, cut the rope, and the flag
fell at their feet. It was gathered up and a retreat ordered, when
some one inside the store opened fire on them at a distance of less
than 100 feet, three of the expedition being wounded by buckshot, two-
of them quite severely. The retreat was much slower than was hoped
for on account of the wounded men, but at last all were safeh^ landed
on the Kansas side with their trophy.
The men taking part in the capture of the flag were Frank H. Dren-
ning, Thomas Merrick, Frank M. Tracy, G. Mellen Lewis, Fred Amerine,.
William Smart and James Liddle, of the Elwood Guards, and Emil'
KANSAS HISTORY 895,
Umfried, Theo. Kroll, Voeth, Richard Lander and Henrj'
Laurenzier, of the Steuben Guards. The boys reached camp about
dusk and intended to keep the matter quiet, but the story got out and
was printed in the Leavenworth Conservative the next morning. This
noted flag now reposes in the museum of the Kansas State Historical
Societ}' at Topeka.
Idana, a village in Clay county, is located in Five Creeks township
on the Union Pacific R. R., 8 miles west of Clay Center, the county seat.
It has about 25 business establishments, among which is a bank. There
is a telegraph ofifice and a money order postoffice with one rural route.
The population in 1910 was 225.
Idell, a small hamlet in the western part of Crawford county, is 12
miles southwest of Girard, the county seat and most convenient rail-
road station, from which point mail is delivered by rural carrier.
Idenbro, a station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. in Labette
county, is located in Labette township, 5 miles southwest of Parsons
and 15 miles northwest of Oswego, the county seat. It receives its
mail from Parsons. The population in 1910 was 104.
Idylwild, a hamlet in Clay county, is located 11 miles north of Clay
Center, the county seat and postoffice from which its mail is delivered
by rural route. The population in 1910 was 15.
Igo, a hamlet in Rooks county, is located on Big Medicine creek, 10
miles southeast of Stockton, the county seat, and 5 miles south of
Woodston, the nearest shipping point and postoffice whence mail is
distributed by rural route.
Imes, a village in the eastern part of Franklin county, is located on
the Missouri Pacific R. R. 7 miles southeast of Ottawa, the county
seat. It has a money order postoffice and is a shipping point for the
rich agricultural district by which it is surrounded. In 1910 it had a
population of 40.
Immigration. — The United States census of i860 showed the popula-
tion of Kansas to be 107,206. Early the following year the state was
admitted into the Union with a population of less than two persons,
to the square mile. Almost immediately came the great Civil war, which
for four years overshadowed everything else. The people and author-
ities of Kansas felt the need of increasing the population with an intelli-
gent and industrious citizenship for the development of the state's vast
and varied resources. In his message to the legislature in Jan., 1864,
Gov. Carney said:
"The subject of immigration is one which attracts the attention of
the whole country. Near 200,000 of the young men of the republic
sleep in the soldier's grave, or are disabled for life, and a million of
kindred spirits are in the field. This drain upon the labor of the coun-
try taxes it heavily, and will tax it still more, unless we supply it with
alien labor. The president of the United States, in his annual message^
foreseeing this result, urges upon Congress the policy of facilitating,
by every means in its power, a rapid immigration, and the secretarj-
ego CYCLOPEDIA OF
of state, anxious to ward off its consequences, has sent a special agent
to Europe to stimulate it. Every western state, acting upon this
theory, has its bureau of immigration, or its agents abroad, laboring
especialh' for their interests. . . . These are plain and simple facts;
but plain and simple as they are, none more important could be brought
to your attention. You will weigh them and weigh them well, and
after doing so, will determine which is the best course to pursue, or
the wisest policy to adopt. Whether you will establish a bureau of
foreign immigration, or send commissioners abroad or do both. . . .
I am so convinced of the necessity of prompt, systematic and thorough
action, that I would gladly cooperate with you in any practical measure
you may adopt."
In response to this message, the legislature passed an act, which
was approved by Gov. Carne)- on Feb. 26, 1864, "to establish a bureau
of immigration and appoint agents therefor." By the provisions of
the act the governor was authorized to appoint, by and with the advice
and consent of the senate, two commissioners, who, with himself,
should constitute the bureau of immigration. The bureau was given
power to appoint one or more agents to visit Europe for the purpose
of encouraging and directing immigration to the state ; to make con-
tracts with railroad and packet companies for the purpose of securing
a low rate of fare to immigrants, and to perform such other duties
as might be necessary to secure the ends aimed at in the act. The
higher educational institutions of the state were directed to preserve
a meteorological record and other scientific facts, which were to be
forwarded to the bureau for publication. An appropriation of $5,000
was made to carry out these provisions, and the bureau was directed to
try to effect the organization of county immigration societies to
cooperate with it.
The Congress of 1864 passed an act organizing a national bureau
of immigration in the department of agriculture. Agents were sent
abroad or stationed at all the leading coast cities of the United States.
In his message to the legislature in Jan., 1865, Gov. Crawford recom-
mended that the law of 1864 "be so amended as to provide simply for
a Kansas state agent in the city of New York, whose dut}^ it should,
in part, be to visit the principal cities of the Union, and make such
arrangements with the railroad and steamboat companies as will lessen
the rate of fare, and otherwise facilitate the passage of emigrants to
Kansas."
The general assemblj^ failed to adopt the governor's advice, and,
in fact, no legislation supplementary to the act of 1864 was enacted
until 1870. Immediately after the close of the Civil war there was
a tide of immigration to Kansas, many of the newcomers being dis-
charged soldiers seeking to establish homesteads in the West. In the
spring of 1868 Rev. S. G. Larsen, a Swedish minister, visited Kansas
with a view to locating some of his countrymen in the state. Adjt.-
Gen. McAfee, in his report at the close of that year, said : "The great
KANSAS HISTOkV 897
famine in Sweden has been causing tens of thousands to immigrate to
this country ; a great portion of them might, with proper eiTort, be
secured to this state. Large purcliases have already been made in
Republic, Jewell, Cloud, Mitchell, Ottawa, Lincoln, Saline and McPher-
son counties." (See Swedish Settlements.)
In his message to the legislature of 1869 Gov. Harvey complained
that the general assembly had "persistently refused to appropriate
any money to induce immigration, throwing the burden upon those
public spirited citizens, who, together with the governors, have con-
.stitufed the board of immigration." He recommended that the legis-
lature "at least make provision for the compilation, publication and
dissemination of a large number of pamphlets in the English, German
and Scandinavian languages, showing the advantages and resources
of the state," but again the legislature declined to make any appro-
priation. The following year he again called attention to the subject
and mentioned the fact that railroad companies, auxiliary organiza-
tions and enterprising real estate firms were doing good work, while the
state sat idly by and did nothing. Gov. Harvey joined with other
governors in calling an immigration convention at Indianapolis, Ind.,
Nov. 23, 1870, and in 1871 he submitted a report of this convention to
the legislature, which provided for the preparation and publication of
some pamphlets. These were distributed by the governor.
In Aug., 1873, the Catholic Publication Society of New York issued
a book on "Irish Emigration to the L^nited States," which gave a good
description of Kansas. About that time the military laws of Russia
drove many of the inhabitants of that country to the United States.
The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad company had about 3,000,-
000 acres of land which it desired to dispose of to settlers. A. E. Touza-
lin, general passenger agent and land commissioner of the company,
and Carl B. Schmidt, immigration agent, succeeded in attracting some
of these Russian immigrants to Kansas. Mr. Schmidt conducted a
party of them to the vicinity of Great Bend and Earned, and A. Rodel-
heimer, of the Kansas (now Union) Pacific, showed them lands in
Rush, Ellsworth and Ellis counties. A large Russian settlement was
planted in Ellis county.
The Centennial exposition at Philadelphia in 1876 was of great
benefit in stimulating immigration to the state. In presenting this
matter to the legislature of 1877, Gov. Anthony announced that letters
of inquiry were coming in by scores and that colonies had already
been located in various sections of the state. In Jan., 1878, a German
immigration convention was held in Topeka, and the same year the
"Kansas Hand Book" was issued by J. S. Boughton. The year 1878
witnessed the largest influx of settlers of any year in the history of
the state up to that time. Concerning this tide of immigration the
Atchison Champion said : "By every railroad train and along every
highway leading to Kansas, immigrants are pouring into the state.
It is an immense immigration that is now pouring into and over Kan-
(1-57)
89° CYCLOPEDIA OF
sas — the largest known for at least four years. And it is swelling in
volume every week, and bids fair to continue for a year or more to
come."
By 1880 the population of the state had reached almost to the
million mark, and the subject of immigration dropped to a position of
secondary importance. Since that time the railroad companies, land
' companies, commercial clubs and business men's associations have been
somewhat active in advertising their respective localities, but the state
has passed no additional laws for the promotion of immigration..
Imperial, a country postofifice in Finney county, is located in Garfield
township, 23 miles northeast of Garden City, the county seat, and 19
miles southwest of Dighton, Lane county, which is the nearest rail-
road station. It has tri-weekly mail. The population in 1910 was 20.
Independence, one of the important cities of southeastern Kansas,
and from a manufacturing standpoint, one of the most important in
the state, is located in the central part of Montgomery county, of which
it is the judicial seat. It is on the Verdigris river in the midst of the
great natural gas and oil fields, and the gas, which is furnished for
commercial purposes for 3 cents per 1,000 feet, has been a great factor
in developing the local mineral deposits. Coal, limestone, cement stone,
cla}' shale and sand for glass are found in considerable quantities in
the immediate vicinity. The manufacturing establishments include a
rubber factory, 3 glass factories, 2 ice factories, 2 iron plants, vitrified
brick plant, paper mill, cracker factory, cotton twine factory, shirt fac-
tory, machine shops, foundries, candy factory, several oil refineries,
extensive cement works and an electric light plant. The city is one
of the best equipped in the state so far as public improvements are
concerned. It has a good system of waterworks, a $50,000 opera house,
more miles of paved streets than any other city in the gas belt, a fine
sewerage and drainage system, a $25,000 Carnegie library, and an
auditorium seating 3,000 people. It claims to have the best band and
the finest high school building in the state. All the business houses
are of brick and stone with plate glass fronts, and some of the finest
lodge buildings in the state are located here. There are 4 banks, 2
daily and 2 weekly newspapers, flour mills and elevators. A hospital
and nurses training school is maintained in a building erected for the
purpose at an expense of $20,000. Independence is connected with
Cherryvale and Cofife3'ville by interurban electric railway. It is sup-
plied with telegraph and express offices, and has an international money
order postofirce with seven rural routes. The population, according to
the census of 1910, was 10,480.
The site of Independence was bought from the Indians by George
A. Brown in Sept., 1869, before the land had been acquired by the
government. The town was promoted by Oswego men, and a paper
was started in Oswego called the "Independence Pioneer," through
which the new town was extensively advertised. In October the first
colony, consisting of 18 families from Indiana, settled on the town
KANSAS HISTORY 899
site. They built temporary huts of prairie hay, and it is said that no
less than 40 hay huts stood on the Independence town site that winter.
The next spring building began. The town company erected a hotel
called the Judson House. The first store was opened in Oct., 1869, by
E. E. Wilson and F. D. Irwin. In May, 1870, Independence became
the county seat, and in July the postoffice was established. A gov-
ernment land office was established there in 1872. In January of that
year the branch railway called "Bunker's Plug" was completed. At
this time over 200 houses had been built, the population numbered
2,300, mills had been put up and other business enterprises established.
Independence now became a city of the second class, having been first
organized as a village in July, 1870, and made a city of the third class
in November of that year. The trustees of the village were : J. H.
Pugh, J. E. DonLavy, E. E. Wilson, R. F. Hall and O. P. Smart. The
first officers elected after the incorporation as a city of the third class
were: Mayor, J. B. Craig; clerk, C. M. Ralstine ; treasurer, J. E.
DonLavy; councilmen, Thomas Stevenson, A. Waldtschmidt, W. T.
Bishop, G. H. Brodie and F. D. Irwin. Independence was made a city
of the second class March 20, 1872.
The first school was taught by ?vliss Mary Walker in 1870. The
first religious services were held in the hay-shed residence of Mrs.
McClurg in 1869. The south Kansas Tribune, which is still published,
was the first newspaper and was established in 1871 by L. U.
Humphre}' & W. T. Yoe. The first banking house, known as Hull's
Banking company, was established in Dec, 1871. It was the only one
that continued in business during the subsequent hard years. In 1881
a company was organized to mine coal. The discovery of gas and oil
followed.
Independent Churches. — Under this head are presented the religious
organizations which are not identified with any ecclestical body and
which have no affiliation with other churches that would entitle them
to be included under a specific name. There is no general classifica-
tion but certain distinct t3'pes appear. First, there are the churches
which call themselves independent or unassociated, which originally
were missions established in newly settled or outlying districts by
people belonging to different denominations. The second class are
churches that use a denominational name, but decline to have ecclesias-
tical connection with any denominational body. The third class are
union churches where members of two or more denominations have
united to hold service but refuse to become identified with any of the
regular religious body. The fourth class includes a number of religious
organizations generally known as Holiness churches. They represent
a definite church life but no denominational organization.
Independent churches were established in Kansas in the '8os. In
1890 there were 2 in Cherokee county, 2 in* Wyandotte county and one
each in Johnson, Miami, Montgomery, Riley and Shawnee counties,
having a total membership of 271. During the next fifteen years the
900 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Independent churches more than doubled, as there were 28 organiza-
tions reported in 1906, with a total membership of 685.
Indianola, a discontinued postoffice in Butler county, is located 12
miles southwest of Eldorado, the county seat, and 8 miles northwest
of Augusta, the usual shipping point and the postoffice from which its
mail is distributed b)' rural route.
Indians. — At the time Columbus discovered America, the continent
north of Mexico was inhabited by four great groups of aborigines, to
whom was given the general name of "Indians," the discoverers believ-
ing they had circumnavigated the earth and arrived at the eastern
border of India. In the extreme north were the Eskimo tribes, who
have never played a conspicuous part in the country's history. The
Algonquin group, probably the most important of the four, inhabited
a triangle which may be roughly described by a line drawn from the
mouth of the St. Lawrence river to the Rocky mountains, thence by
a line from that point to the Atlantic coast near the Neuse river, and
up the coast to the place of beginning. Also within this triangle lived
the Iroquoian group, whose habitat was along the shores of Lakes
Erie and Ontario, extending to the lower Susquehanna and westward
into Illinois. South and east of the triangle were the tribes of the
Muskhogean stock, the Creeks, Choctaws, etc. West of all these lay
the Siouan group.
When the first white men visited the region now comprising the
State of Kansas, they found it inhabited by four tribes of Indians : the
Kansa or Kaw, which occupied the northeastern and central part of
the State (Morehouse, Kansas Historical Collections, vol. X, p. 327,
says they owned the larger part of Kansas) ; the Osage, located south
of the Kansa ; the Pawnee, whose country lay west and north of the
Kansa ; and the Padouca or Comanche, whose hunting grounds were
in the western part of the state.
A hand-book issued by the bureau of American Ethnology in 1907
defines the Kansa as "A southwestern Siouan tribe ; one of five, accord-
ing to Dorsey's arrangement, of the Dhegiha group. Their linguistic
relations are closest with the Osage, and are close with the Ouapaw.
In the traditional migration of the group, after the Quapaw had first
separated therefrom, the main body divided at the mouth of the Osage
river, the Osage moving up that stream and the Omaha and Ponca
crossing the Missouri river and proceeding northward, while the Kansa
ascended the Missouri on the south side to the mouth of the Kansas
river."
The 15th annual report of the bureau (p. 191) says: "According
to tribal traditions collected by Dorsey, the ancestors of the Omaha,
Ponka, Kwapa, Osage and Kansa were originally one people dwelling
on the Ohio and Wabash rivers, but gradually working westward. The
first separation too^ place. at the mouth of the Ohio. Those going
down the Mississippi became the Kwapa or 'down stream people,' those
who went up became the Omaha or 'up stream people.' "
KANSAS HISTORY 901
After the Kansa separated from the Omaha and Ponka and estab
lished themselves at the mouth of the Kansas river, they graduaUy
extended their domain to the present northern boundary of Kansas,
where they were met and driven back by the Iowa and Sauk tribes,
who had already come in contact with the white traders from whom
they had received fire arms. The Kansa, being without these superior
weapons, were forced back to the Kansas river. Here they were
visited by the "Big Knives," as they called the white men, who per-
suaded them to go farther west. The tribe then successively occupied
some twenty villages along the Kansas valley before they were set-
tled at Council Grove, whence they were finally removed to the Indian
Territory in 1873.
Probably the first white man to acquire a knovv'ledge of the Kansa
Indians was Juan de Onate, who met them on his expedition in 1601,
and who refers to them as the "Escansaques." In this connection it
is well to note that the name of the tribe is spelled in various ways.
Morehouse, in the article already alluded to, says: "In the 9th volume
of the Kansas Historical Collections Prof. Hay's article on the name
Kansas, prepared in 1882, gives 24 ways of spelling the word. The
editors of volume 9, in a footnote, add some 20 additional forms, and for
several years past I have been gathering similar data coupled with
authority for the same. At present (1907) I have all of the 44 forms
mentioned and twice as many besides, or, in all, over 125 ways used
in the past to spell the name designating this tribe of Indians, the verbal
forerunners of the word Kansas."
Although Marquette's map of 1673 showed the location of the Kansa
Indians, the French did not actually come in contact with the tribe
until 1750, when, according to Stoddard, the French explorers and
traders ascended the Missouri "to the mouth of the Kansas river, where
they met with a welcome reception from the Indians. Their success
in this quarter obliterated from their minds the reverses they had
experienced on the upper Mississippi as likewise the very existence of
the copper mines."
These early Frenchmen gave the tribe the name of Kali or Kaw,
which, according to the story of an old Osage warrior, was a term of
derision, meaning coward, and was given to the Kansa by the Osage
because they refused to join in a war against the Cherokees. Another
Frenchman, Bourgmont (q. v.), who visited the tribe in 1724, called
them the "Canzes," and reported that they had two villages on the
Missouri, one about 40 miles above the mouth of the Kansas and the
other farther up the river, both on the right bank. These villages were
also mentioned by Lewis and Clark nearly a century later. As the
Lewis and Clark expedition ascended the Missouri a daih- journal was
kept, in which were recorded the events of each day as they proceeded.
On June 28, 1804, referring to the Kansas river, the journal states
that :
"This ri^■er receives its name from a Nation which dwells at this
902 CYCLOPEDIA OF
time on its banks & (has) 2 villages one about 20 leagues and the other
40 leagues up, those Indians are not verry noumerous at this time,
reduced by war with their neighbors, &c. they formerly lived on the
south banks of the Missourie 24 leagues above this river in an open
and butifull plain, and were verry noumerous at the time the french
first Settled the Illinois."
The journal for July 2 says: "We camped after dark on the S.
Side above the Island and opposit the ist old village of the Kanzes,
which was Situated in the valley, .between two points of high Land,
and immediately on the river bank, back of the village and on a rise-
ing ground at about one mile." Two days later (July 4) the journal
contains this entry: "The right fork of Creek Independence meander-
ing thro the Middle of the Plain a point of high Land near the river
givs an ellivated Situation, at this place the Kanzas formerly lived,
this Town appears to have cov'd a large space, the Nation must have
beeji noumerous at the time they lived here, the Cause of their moveing
to the Kansas River, I have never heard, nor can I learn," etc.
On Sept. 14, 1806, as the expedition was returning, the journal tells
of a custom of the tribe to rob boats passing up the river. "We have
every reason," says the narrator, "to expect to meet with them, and
agreeably to their common custom of examining every thing in the
perogues and takeing what they want out of them, it is probable they
may wish to take those liberties with us, which we are deturmined
not to allow of and for the Smallest insult we shall fire on them."
George J. Remsburg, who is regarded as an authority on matters
relating to the Kansa Indians, saj's the grand village of the tribe, the
one visited by Bourgmont in 1724, was located where the town of
Doniphan now stands, and was known as "the village of the Twenty-
four." After the Big Knives induced them to remove farther west the
principal village of the tribe was near the southwest corner of Pot-
tawatomie county. In the spring of 1880 Franklin G. Adams, secretary
of the Kansas Historical Society, had the site of this village surveyed.
In his report he states that the old village was "about two miles east
of Manhattan, on a neck of land between the Kansas and Big Blue
rivers. The rivers here by their course embrace a peninsular tract of
about two miles in length, extending east and west. At the point where
the village was situated the neck between the two rivers is about one-
half mile wide, and the village stretched from the banks of the Kan-
sas northward for the greater part of the distance across toward the
Blue."
The 15th annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology
says there was a Kansa village at the mouth of the Saline river,
and that the first treaty between them and the United States was
concluded there. After the treaty of 1825 the tribes mpved east again
and in 1830 had two villages near the mouth of Mission creek a short
distance west of Topeka. The village of American Chief, containing
some 20 lodges and 100 followers, was on the west side of the creek
KANSAS HISTORY 9O3
about two miles from the Kansas river. Hard Chief's village, nearer
the river, had some 500 or 600 inhabitants, and a third village, that of
Fool Chief, was located on the north side of the Kansas, not far from
the present station of Menoken on the Union Pacific railroad.
In 1847 the several remnants of the tribe were ordered to what was
known as the "diminished reserve" at Council Grove. Concerning this
movement on the part of the government of the United States, More-
house says : "It was not only a blunder, but it was criminal after
cheating them out of their Kansas valley homes, to remove them to
Council Grove. Here they were placed near a trading center on the
Santa Fe trail, where their contact with piejene (fire-water), the
whisky of the whites, and other vices, proved far more injurious than
any knowledge of civilization received could overcome. Here they
were totally neglected in a religious way, and only experiments of a
brief nature undertaken for their education."
Among the Kansa the gentile system prevailed. Dorsey reports seven
phratries or tribal subdivisions, and these were still further divided
into sixteen clans or gentes, viz.: Manyinka (earth lodge), Ta (deer),
Panka (Ponca), Kanze (Kanza), Wasabe (black bear), Wanaghe
(ghost), Kekin (carries a turtle on his back), Minkin (carries the sun
on his back), Upan (elk), Khuga (white eagle), Han (night), Ibache
(holds the firebrand to the sacred pipe), Hangatanga (large Hanga),
Chedunga (bufl:"alo bull), Chizhuvvashtage (peacemaker), Lunikashinga
(thundering people).
Ethnologically the Osage were closely allied to the Kansa. Geo-
graphically they were divided into three bands — Pahatsi (great),
Utsehta (little), and the Santsukhdi band which lived in Arkansas.
Dorsey thinks these divisions were comparatively modern in their origin.
Marquette's map of 1675 showed the tribe located on a stream believed
to be the Osage river, and other explorers and writers locate them in
the same place. In 1686 Donay made mention of 17 villages of the
Osage, but Father Jaques Gravier eight years later wrote from the
Illinois mission that the tribe had but one village, the other 16 being
mere hunting camps occupied only at intervals. Iberville, in 1701,
gave an account of a tribe of some 1,500 families living in the region
of the Arkansas river, near the Kansas and Missouri, and like them
speaking a language that he took to be Ouapaw. La Harpe says the
Osage were a warlike tribe which kept the Caddoan tribes in a state
of terror, also the Illinois Indians, though once when the latter were
driven across the Mississippi by the Iroquois they found shelter with
the Osage nation. Friendly relations must have been established
between the Osage and Illinois in the i8th century, as Charlevoix met
some Osages at Kaskaskia in 1721, and Bossu reports some at Cahokia
in 1756.
Early in the i8th century French traders visited the Osage and suc-
ceeded in making peace treaties with the tribe that lasted for years.
In 1714 some of the Osage warriors assisted the French against the
904 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Fox Indians at Detroit, and in 1806 a Little Osage chief named Chtoka
(Wet Stone) told Lieut. Pike that he was at the defeat of Gen. Brad-
dock in 1755, with all the warriors of his tribe that could be spared
from the village. It is said that some of the Kansa Indians also marched
to the assistance of the French on that occasion, but did not arrive
in time to take part in the action. When Dutisne (q. v.) visited the
tribe in 1719 he found on the Osage river a village consisting of about
100 cabins and 200 warriors, while southwest, on the Little Osage was
another village. Dutisne's account was the first mention of the Osage
tribe in the white man's history of America.
Mention has been made of Dorsey's belief that the Osage nation was-
originally one people, and that the division into three bands happened
in at a comparatively recent period. According to Lewis and Clark
about one-half of the Great Osage, under a chief named Big Track,,
migrated to the Arkansas river about 1802 and laid the foundation of
the Santsukhdi band. Two years after this separation Lewis and Clark
found the Great Osage, numbering 500 warriors, in a village on the
south side of the Osage river, and the Little Osage, numbering 250 or
300 warriors, about 6 miles distant on the Arkansas river and one of
its tributaries called the Vermilion river. The present Osage reservation
was established in 1870.
The Indian name of the tribe was Wazhaze, which was corrupted by
the French into Osage. A tribal tradition relates that originally the
nation consisted of two tribes — the Tsishu or peace people, and the Waz-
haze or true Osage. The former lived on a vegetarian diet and kept to-
the left, while the latter, being a war people, ate meat and kept to the
right. After a time the two tribes began to trade with each other. The
Tsishu came into possession of four kinds of corn and four kinds of
pumpkins, which were dropped from the left hind legs of as many dif-
ferent buffalo, and this increased their importance as a tribe. Subse-
quently they met a warlike people called the "Hangda-utadhantse,""
with whom they made peace, and all three were then united under the
general name of Wazhaze. After the consolidation the tribe was divided
into 14 gentes — 7 of the former Tsishu, 5 of the Hangda, and 2 of the
Wazhaze, so that the number of gentes of the peace people and the war
people were equal. In forming their camps it was the custom to locate
the entrance on the east side, to the left of which were the gentes of the
peace people, while the gentes of the war people were on the right, in
harmony with the old tradition.
The Pawnee nation was a confederacy of tribes belonging to the Cad-
doan famih', and called themselves Chahiksichahiks, "men of men." As.
the Caddoan tribes moved northeast the Pawnees separated from the-
main body somewhere near the Platte river in Nebraska, where their
traditions say they acquired a territory by conquest, and where the\
were subsequently found by the Siouan tribes.
There is some question with regard to the origin of the name "Paw
nee." The word Pani, which has become synonymous with Pawnee,.
KANSAS HISTORY
905.
means slave. As it was from this tribe that the Algonquian tribes about
the great lakes obtained their slaves, some writers maintain that the
word Pawnee is equivalent to the word slave, and that the tribal name
resulted from the fact that so manv members of it were subjected to a.
state of bondage. Hamilton says: "As most of the Indian slaves be-
longed to the nation of Panis (English Pawnees), the name Pani was
given in the i8th century to every Indian reduced to servitude." Others,
among whom is Prof. John B. Dunbar, think the name Pawnee was
900 CYCLOPEDIA OF
probably derived from "pariki" (a horn), a term used to describe their
manner of dressing the scalp lock, which they stififened with paint and
grease and bent it into a shape resembling a horn.
The tribal organization of the Pawnees was based on the village
communities, which represented subdivisions of the tribe. Each village
had its name, its hereditary chiefs, a shrine, priests, etc. The dominat-
ing power in their religion was Tirawa (father), whose messengers
were the winds, thunder, lightning and rain. Pawnee lodges were of
two types — the common form of skins stretched over a framework of
poles, and the earth lodge. The latter was circular in form, from 30 to
60 feet in diameter, partly under ground, and its construction was
usually accompanied with elaborate religious ceremonies. Among the
men, the only essential articles of wearing apparel were the breechcloth
and moccasins, though these were supplemented by a robe and leggings
in cold weather or on state occasions. After marriage a man went to
live with his wife's family, though polygamy was not uncommon.
Juan de Onate, in his account of his expedition in 1601, says the
Escansaiques and Quivirans were hereditar}' enemies, and Prof. Dun-
bar has demonstrated almost to an absolute certainty that the Quivirans
mentioned by Onate were the Pawnees, who were also the inhabitants
,of the ancient Indian province of Plarahey. The first Pawnee to come
in contact with the white man was the one whom the Spaniards of
Coronado's expedition (q. v.) called "the Turk." Soon after the expedi-
tion of Oiiate the Spanish settlers of New Mexico became acquainted
with Pawnees through their raids into the white settlements for horses,
and for two centuries the Spaniards tried to establish peaceful relations
with the tribe, but with only partial success. Consequently the Pawnee
villages in the 17th and i8th centuries were so remote from the white
settlements that they escaped the influences generally so fatal to the
aborigines.
In 1702 Iberville estimated the Pawnee population at 2,000 families.
When Louisiana was purchased from France by the United States a
century later the Pawnee country was south of the Niobrara river in
Nebraska, extending southward into Kansas. On the west were the
Cheyerine and Arapaho tribes, on the east were the Omahas, and south
were the Otoes and Kansa. Soon after the Louisiana purchase, the
Pawnees came in contact with white traders from St. Louis. In Sept.,
1806, at the Pawnee village in what is now Republic county, Kan., Lieut.
Pike lowered the Spanish flag and raised the flag of the L^nited States.
(See Pike's Expedition.) In 1838 the number of Pawnees was estimated
at 10,000, but in 1849 the tribe was reduced to about 4,500 by a cholera
epidemic. Five years before this, however, they ceded to the L'nited
States their lands south of the Platte and were removed from Kansas.
Between the years 1873 and 1875 what remained of the tribe were set-
tled upon a reservation in the Indian Territory. At that time there were
about 1,000, representing four tribes of what was once the great Pawnee
confederacy.
KANSAS HISTORY 90/
The Comanches or Padoucas, who inhabited western Kansas in the
early part of the i8th century, were an ofifshoot of the Shoshoni of Wyo-
ming, as shown by their language and traditions. The Siouan name was
■ Padouca, by which they were called in the accounts of the early French
explorers, notably Bourgmont, who visited the tribe in 1724. As late as
1805 the North Platte river was known as the Padouca fork. At that
time the Comanche roamed over the country about the headwaters of
the Arkansas, Red, Trinity and Brazos rivers in Colorado, Kansas,
Oklahoma and Texas. According to a Kiowa tradition, when that tribe
moved southward from the country about the Black-hills, the Arkansas
river formed the northern boundary of the Comanche country. The
hand-book of the Bureau of American Ethnology says : "It must be
remembered that from 500 to 800 miles was an ordinary range for a
prairie tribe, and that the Comanche were equally at home on the Platte
and in the Bolson de Mapimi of Chihuahua."
For nearly two centuries the Comanches were at war with the Span-
iards of the southwest and made frequent raids as far south as Durango.
They were generall}- friendly with the Americans, but did not like the
Texans. The Comanche was probably never a large tribe, as they did
not settle down in villages, but lived as nomadic buiifalo hunters, follow-
ing the herds as they grazed from place to place. They were fine horse-
men, the best riders on the plains, full of courage, had a high sense of
honor, and considered themselves superior to the tribes with which they
associated. In 1867 they were given a reservation in southwestern Okla-
homa, but they did not go to it until after the outbreak of the plains
tribes in 1874-75. (See Indian Wars.)
The Cheyennes (people of strange language) belonged to the Algon-
quian group. They are first mentioned in history by the name of "Chaa,"
some of them visiting La Salle's fort on the Illinois river to invite the
French to their country where beaver and other fur-bearing animals
were plentiful. At that time they inhabited the region bounded by the
Mississippi, Minnesota and upper Red rivers. According to a Sioux
tradition, the Cheyenne occupied the upper Mississippi country before
the Sioux. When the latter appeared in that locality there was some
friction between the two tribes, which resulted in the Cheyenne cross-
ing the Missouri river and locating about the Black-hills, where they
were found by Lewis and Clark in 1804. From there the^- drifted west-
ward and southward, first occupying the region about the headwaters
of the Platte and next along the Arkansas river in the vicinity of Bent's
fort. A portion Of the tribe remained on the Platte and the Yellowstone
and became known as the northern Cheyennes.
The Cheyenne have a tradition that when they lived in Minnesota,
before the coming of the Sioux, they lived in fixed villages, practiced
agriculture, made pottery, etc., but everything was changed when the
tribe was driven out and they became roving hunters. About the onl)'
institution of the old life that remained with them was the great tribal
ceremony of the Sun dance.
900 LYCLOPEDIA 01-
In 1838 the Che3'enne and Arapaho attacked the Kiowas on Wolf
creek, Okla., but two years later peace was established between the
tribes, after which the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Comanche and
Apache were frequently allied in wars against the whites. The northern '
Cheyennes joined the Sioux in the Sitting Bull war of 1876. In the win-
ter of 1878-79 a band of the northern Cheyenne was taken as prisoners to
Fort Reno to be colonized with the southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma.
The chiefs Dull Knife, Wild Hog and Little Wolf, with about 200 fol-
lowers, escaped and were pursued to the Dakota border, where most of
the warriors were killed.
In Feb., 1861, the Cheyennes and Arapahoes relinquished their title
to lands in Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado and northwest Kansas, and in
1867 the southern Cheyenne were given a reservation in western Okla-
homa. They refused to occupy it, however, until after the surrender of
1875, when some of their leaders were sent to Florida as a final means
of quelling the insurrection. In 1902 the southern Cheyenne were alloted
lands in severalty. Two years later the Bureau of Ethnology reported
3,300 members of the tribe — 1,900 southern and 1,400 northern.
The Arapaho (our people), a plains tribe of the Algonquian group,,
was closely allied with the Cheyenne for almost or quite a century. They
were called by the Sioux and Cheyenne "Blue sky men" or "Cloud men."
An Arapaho tradition tells how the tribe was once an agricultural peo-
ple in northwestern Minnesota, but were forced across the Missouri
river, where they met the Cheyenne, with whom they moved southward.
Like the Cheyenne, they became divided, the northern Arapaho remain-
ing about the mountains near the head of the Platte and the southern
branch drifting to the Arkansas. In 1867 the southern portion of the
tribe was given a reservation with the southern Che3^enne in Oklahoma.
By 1892 the}' had made sufficient progress to justify the government in
allotting them lands in severalty, the rest of the reservation being thrown
open to white settlement. The northern branch was established in 1876
on a reservation in Wyoming.
Between the years 1825 and 1830, the Kansa and Osage tribes with-
drew from a large part of their lands, which were turned over to the
Lnited States. This gave the national government the opportunity of
establishing the long talked of Indian territory west of the Mississippi.
Congress therefore passed a bill providing that the country west of the
Mississippi, and not included in any state or organized territory of the
United States, should be set apart as a home for the Indians. This In-
dian territory joined Missouri and Arkansas on the west and was annexed
to those states for judicial purposes. During the decade following the
passage of the bill, a number of eastern tribes found what they thought
were permanent homes within the present State of Kansas. Among
them were the Shawnees, Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis, Chippewas, Kick-
apoos, Sauks and Foxes, Wyandots, and a few others of less importance.
The Shawnees (southerners) were the first to seek a home in the new
territorv. The earlv history of the Shawnee tribe is somewhat obscure.
KANSAS HISTORY 909
though it was known to be an important tribe in Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Tennessee, South Carolina, and along the Savannah river in Georgia,
which stream Adair says was named for the tribe. Some writers claim
that the Shawnees were identical with the Eries of the early Jesuits, and
attempts have been made to show that they were allied to the Andaste
or Conestoga of the Iroquois family. Their language was that of the
central Algonquian dialects — similar to that of the Sauks and Foxes —
and the Delawares had a tradition that made the Shawnee and Nanti-
coke one people.
The recorded history of the Shawnee or Shawano begins about 1670,
when there were two bodies, some distance apart, with the friendly Cher-
okee nation between. In 1672 the western Shawnee were allied with
the Andaste in a war against the Iroquois. Twelve years later the Iro-
quois made war on the Miamis because they were trying to form an
alliance with the Shawnees for the purpose of invading the Iroquois
country. About the middle of the i8th century the eastern and western
Shawnees were united in Ohio, and from that time to the treaty of
Greeneville in 1795 were almost constantly at war with the English.
They were driven from the head of the Scioto river to the head of the
Miami, and after the Revolutionar}^ war some of them went south and
formed an alliance with the Creeks, with which tribe Bartram says they
were closely connected, their language being almost identical. Others
joined with a portion of the Delaware tribe and accepted a Spanish invi-
tation to occupy a tract of land near Cape Girardeau, Mo.
In the early part of the 19th century the Shawnees in Indiana and
Ohio, with some of the Delawares, joined the movement of the Shawnee
chief Tecumseh and his brother, Tenskawata (the Prophet), to unite
the tribes of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys in a general uprising
against the whites. The conspiracy was eiifectually crushed by Gen.
Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 4, 181 1. In the war of 1812
some of the Shawnees fought with the British until Tecumseh was killed
at the battle of the Thames. The fall of their great war chief broke
the warlike spirit of the tribe and the Shawnees sued for peace. In
1825 the Missouri Shawnees sold their lands and received a reservation
in Kansas south of the Kansas river and bordering on the Missouri. The
Ohio Shawnees sold their lands near Wapakoneta in 1831 and joined
their brethren in Kansas, the mixed band of Shawnee and Seneca com-
ing in about the same time. Some of the tribe in 1845 withdrew from
the Kansas reservation and went to the Canadian river in Oklahoma.
The_y became known as the "absentee Shawnee." In 1867 those with
the Senecas removed to the Indian Territory, and in 1869 the main body
was incorporated with the Cherokee nation.
The Shawnee tribe consisted of five divisions, which were further
divided into 13 clans, the English names of which were the v^^olf, loon,
bear, buzzard, panther, owl, turkey, deer, raccoon, turtle, snake, horse
and rabbit. Of these the clan of the turtle was the most important, espe-
ciallv in their mythological traditions. About all that is left of this once
9IO CYCLOPEDIA OF
great tribe are the names of rivers and towns that have been adopted
by the white race, such as Chillicothe, Tippecanoe, Shawneetown, Wapa-
koneta, etc.
The Delawares, formerly the most important confederacy of the
Algonquian stock, occupied the entire valley of the Delaware river. They
called themselve the Lenape or Leni-lenape (real men). The English
gave them the name of Delawares, and the French called them Loups
(wolves). Morgan divides the Lenape into three phratries — the Mun-
see, Unami and the Unalachtigo — though it is probable that some of the
bands in New Jersey may have formed a fourth phratry. The Tammany
society in New York, the best known political society in the country,
takes its name from Tamenend, the great chief of the Delawares.
About 1720 the Iroquois assumed authority over the Delawares and
forbade them to sell their lands. This condition lasted until after the
French and Indian war. Then they were gradually crowded westward
by the white men and began to form settlements in Ohio, along the
Muskingum river with the Hurons. Here they were supported by the
French and became independent of the Iroquois. They opposed the
English with determination until the treaty of Greeneville in 1795. Six
years before that treaty was consummated the Spanish government of
Louisiana gave the Delawares permission to settle in that province, near
Cape Girardeau, Mo., with some of the Shawnee tribe. In 1820 there
were two bands — numbering about 700 — in Texas, but by 1835 most of
the Delawares were settled upon their Kansas reservation between the
Kansas and Missouri rivers. Their title to this reservation was finally
extinguished in 1866, and on April 11, 1867, President Johnson approved
an agreement by which the Delawares merged their tribal existence with
the Cherokee nation.
In 1820 there was found an ancient hieroglyphic bark record giving
the traditions of the Delaware tribe. This old record was translated
and published by Brinton in 1885. It gives an account of the creation
of the world by great Manito ; and of the flood, in which Nanabush, the
Strong White one, grandfather of men, created the turtle, on which some
were saved. This book is known as the "Walam Olum."
• The Munsees (where stones are gathered together), one of the three
principal divisions of the Delawares, originally occupied the country
about the headwaters of the Delaware river. By what was known as the
"walking purchase," about 1740, they were defrauded out of the greater
portion of their lands and forced to remove. They obtained lands from
the Iroquois on the Susquehanna, where they lived until the Indian coun-
try was established by the act of 1830, when they removed to what is
now Franklin county, Kan., with some of the Chippewa. The report of
the Bureau of Ethnology for 1885 says the only Munsees then recognized
officially by the United States were "^2, living in Franklin county, Kan.,
all the others having been incorporated with the Cherokee nation.
The Ottawas (traders), according to one of their traditions, were once
part of a tribe to which belonged also the Chippewa and Pottawatomi,
KANSAS HISTORY
all of the great Algonquian family. They moved as one tribe from their
original habitat north of the great lakes, and separated about the straits
of Mackinaw. Another account says that when the Iroquois destroyed
the Hurons in 1648-49, the remnant of the Hurons found refuge with
the Ottawa, which caused the Iroquois to turn on that tribe. The
Ottawas and the Hurons then fled to Green bay, where they were wel-
comed by the Pottawatomi, who had preceded them to that locality.
. The tribe is mentioned in the Jesuit Relations as early as 1670, when
Father Dablon, superior of the mission at Mackinaw, said: "We call
these people Upper Algonkin to distinguish them from the Lower
Alkonkin, who are lower down in the vicinity of Tadousac and Quebec.
People commonly give them the name of Ottawa, because, of more than
30 different tribes which are found in these countries, the first that
descended to the French settlements were the Ottawa, whose name after-
ward attached to all the others."
After a time the Ottawas and Hurons went to the Mississippi and
established themselves on an island in Lake Pepin. They were soon
driven out by the Sioux and went to the Black river in Wisconsin, where
the Hurons built a fort, but the Ottawas continued east to Chaquamegon
bay. In 1700 the Hurons were located near Detroit and the Ottawas
were between that post and the Saginaw bay. The Ohio Ottawas were
removed west of the Mississippi in 1832. The following year, by the
treaty of Chicago, those living along the west shore of Lake Michigan
ceded their lands there and were given a reservation in Franklin county,
Kan., the county seat of which bears the name of the tribe. In 1906 there
were about 1,500 Ottawas living in Manitoulin and Cockburn islands,
Canada ; 197 under the Seneca school in Oklahoma ; and nearly 4,000 in
the State of Michigan.
The Chippewa or Ojibway (to roast till puckered up) formerly ranged
along the shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, extending across
Minnesota to the Turtle mountains in North Dakota. Warren says
that at the time America was discovered the Chippewa lived at La
Pointe, Ashland county. Wis., on the south shore of Lake Superior,
where they had a village called Shangawaumikong. Early in the i8th
century the Chippewa drove the Foxes from northern Wisconsin, and
also drove the Sioux west of the Mississippi. Other Chippewa overran
the peninsula lying between Lake Huron and Lake Erie and forced the
Iroquois to withdraw from that section. Warren says there were ten
principal divisions of the tribe scattered through Michigan, Wisconsin,
Minnesota and North Dakota, and Morgan gives a list of 23 gentes.
Prior to 1815 the Chippewa were frequently engaged in war with the
whites, but after the treaty of that year they remained peaceful. In
1836 what were known as the Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa
sold their lands in southern Michigan and removed to the Munsee
reservation in Franklin county, Kan. In 1905 the Bureau of Ethnology
estimated the number of Chippewa in the Ignited States and Canada at
30,000, about one-half of which were in the United States.
•912 CYCLOPEDIA OF
The Miamis (peninsular people), one of the most important of the
Algonquian tribes, was called by some of the early chroniclers the
"Twightwees." The region over which they roamed was once outlined
in a speech by their famous chief, Little Turtle, who said : "My fathers
kindled the first fiire at Detroit; thence they extended their lines to the
headwaters of the Scioto ; thence to its mouth ; thence down the Ohio
to the mouth of the Wabash, and thence to Chicago over Lake
Michigan."
The men of the Miami tribe have been described as "of medium
height, well built, heads rather round than oblong, countenances agree-
able rather than sedate or morose, swift on foot and excessively fond of
racing." The women spun thread of buffalo hair, of which they made
bags in which to carry provisions when on a march. Their deities were
the sun and the thunder, and they had but few minor gods. Six bands
of the Aliami were known to the French, the principal ones being the
Piankeshaw, Wea and Pepicokia. The Piankeshaw was first mentioned
by La Salle in 1682 as one of the tribes that gathered about his fort in
the Illinois country. Chauvignerie classed the Piankeshaw, Wea and
Pepicokia as one tribe, but inhabiting dift'erent villages. The Miami
were divided into ten gentes — wolf, loon, eagle, buzzard, panther, tur-
key, raccoon, snow, sun and water — and the elk and crane were their
principal totems. Early in the 19th century the Piankeshaw and Wea
were located in Missouri, and in 1832 they agreed to remove to Kansas
as one tribe. About 1854 they were consolidated with the Peorias and
Kaskaskias, and in 1868 the consolidated tribe was removed to a reser-
vation on the Neosho river in northeastern Oklahoma. Numerous
treaties were made between the main bodj- of the IMiamis and the United
States, and in Nov., 1840, the last of the tribe was removed west of the
Mississippi. Six years later some of them were in Linn county, Kan.,
and others had been confederated with the Peorias and other tribes. In
1873 they were removed to the Indian Territory.
The Sauks and Foxes, usually spoken of as one tribe, were originally
two separate and distinct tribes, but both of Algonquian stock. The
Sauks, when first met b}' white men, inhabited the lower peninsula of
Michigan and were known as "yellow earth people." At that time the
Foxes lived along the southern shore of Lake Superior and Avere called
the "red earth people." There is a tribal tradition that before the Sauks
became an independent people they belonged to an Algonquian group
composed of the Pottawatomies, Foxes and Mascoutens. After the sepa-
ration the Sauks and Foxes moved northwest, and in 1720 were located
near Green bay, but as two separate tribes. Trouble with the Foxes
led to a division of the Sauks, one faction going to the Foxes and the
other to the Pottawatomies. In 1733 some Foxes pursued by the French
took refuge at the Sauk village near the present city of Green Bay, Wis.
Sieur de Villiers made a demand for the surrender of the refugees, but it
was refused, and in trying to take them by force several of the French
were killed. Gov. Beauharnois, of Canada, then gave orders to make
KANSAS HISTORY 9I3
war on the Sauks and Foxes. This led to a close confederation of the
two tribes, and since then they have been known as the Sauks and
Foxes.
In the early days of the confederacy there were numerous gentes, but
in time these were reduced to 14, viz: trout, sturgeon, bass, great lynx
or fire dragon, sea, fox, wolf, bear, potato, elk, swan, grouse, eagle and
thunder. Black Hawk, the Sauk chief, was a member of the thunder
clan. After several treaties with the United States, the Sauks and
Foxes in 1837 ceded their lands in Iowa and were given a reservation in
Franklin and Osage counties, Kan. In 1859 the Foxes returned from
a bufialo hunt to find that in their absence the Sauks had made a treaty
ceding the Kansas reservation to the United States. The Fox chief
refused to ratify the cession and with some of his trusty followers set
out for Iowa, whither a few of the Foxes had previously returned. They
purchased a small tract of land near Tama City, adding to it by subse-
quent purchases, until the tribe owned some 3,000 acres. From that
time this faction of the Foxes had no further political connection with
the Sauks. In 1867 the Kansas reservation passed into the hands of the
United States government, the Indians accepting a reservation in the
Indian Territor}^ and in 1889 they were allotted lands in severalty.
The lowas (sleepy ones), according to Dorsey, were a southwestern
Siouan tribe belonging to the Chiwere group, composed of the lowas,
Otoes and Missouris, all of which sprang from Winnebago stock, to
which they were closely allied by language and tradition. Old Iowa
chiefs told Dorsey that the tribe separated from the Winnebago on the
shores of Lake Michigan, and at the time of the separation received the
name of "gray snow." After the separation they lived successiveh' on
the Des Moines river, near the pipestone quarry in Minnesota, at the
mouth of the Platte, and on the headwaters of the Little Platte in Mis-
souri. In 1824 they ceded their lands in Missouri, and in 1836 removed
to a reservation in the northeast corner of Kansas. When this reserva-
tion was ceded to the United States the tribe removed to central Okla-
homa, where in 1890 they were alloted lands in severalty.
The Kickapoos, a tribe of the central Algonquian group, is first men-
tioned in history about 1670, when Father AUouez found them living
near the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. Ethnologically
the Kickapoos were closely related to the Sauks and Foxes, with whom
they entered into a scheme for the destruction of Detroit in 1712. When
the Illinois confederacy was broken up in 1765, the Kickapoos had their
headquarters for a time at Peoria. They were allied with Tecumseh in
his conspiracy early in the 19th century, and in 1832 took part in the
Black Hawk war. Five years later they aided the government in the
war with the Seminoles. After ceding their lands in central Illinois,
they removed to Missouri and still later to Kansas, settling on a reser-
vation near Fort Leavenworth. About 1852 a number of Kickapoos
joined a party of Pottawatomies and went to Texas. Later they went
to Mexico and became known as "Mexican Kickapoo." In 1905 the
(I-58)
914 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Bureau of Ethnology reported 434 Kickapoo — 247 in Oklahoma and 167-
in Kansas.
Among the Kickapoos the gentile sj'Stem prevailed and marriage was.
outside of the gens. The principal gentes were water, tree, berry, thun-
der, man, bear, elk, turkey, bald eagle, wolf and fox. In summer they
lived in houses of bark, and in winter in oval lodges constructed of
reeds. They practiced agriculture in a primitive way. Their mythology
was characterized b}' many fables of animals, the dog being especially
venerated and regarded as an object of offering always acceptable to-
the great Manitou.
The Pottawatomies belonged to the Algonquian group and were first
encountered by white men in the vicinity of Green Bay, Wis. They were-
originally associated with the Ottawa and Chippewa as one tribe, the
separation taking place about the head of Lake Huron. Subsequently
the three tribes at time formed a confederacy for offense or defense, and
when removed west of the Mississippi asked to be united again. They
sided with the French until about 1760, took part in the Pontiac con-
spiracy, and fought against the United States in the Revolution. The
treaty of Greeneville put an end to hostilities, but in the war of 1812-
they again allied themselves with the British. Between the years 1836
and 1841 they were removed west of the Mississippi, those in Indiana
having to be removed by force. Some escaped to Canada and this band
or their descendants still live on Walpole island in the St. Clair river.
In 1846 all those in the United States were united on a reservation in
Miami county, Kan. In Nov., 1861, this tract was ceded to the United
States and the tribe accepted a reservation of 30 miles square near
Holton, Jackson county, Kan., where some of the tribe still live. From
government reports in 1908, it is ascertained that there were then about
2,500 Pottawatomies in the United States, 676 of whom were in Kansas..
The 15 gentes of the tribe were the wolf, bear, beaver, elk, loon, eagle,.
sturgeon, carp, bald eagle, thunder, rabbit, crow, fox, turkey and black
hawk. Their most popular totems were the frog, tortoise, crab and crane.
In early days they were sun-worshipers. Dog flesh was highly prized,,
especially in the "feast of dreams," when their special manitou was-
selected.
The Kiowas (principal people) once inhabited the region on the upper
Missouri and the Yellowstone rivers. Next they formed an alliance
with the Crows, but were driven southward by the Cheyenne and'
Arapaho to the country about the upper Arkansas and Canadian rivers,
in Colorado and Oklahoma. They are first mentioned in history by
Spanish explorers about 1732, and in 1805 Lewis and Clark found them
living on the North Platte. About 1840 they formed an alliance with
the Comanches, with whom they were afterward frequently associated'
in raids on the frontier settlements of Texas and Mexico. In 1865 they
joined with the Comanche in a treaty which ceded to the L^nited States
a large tract of land in Colorado, Texas and southwest Kansas, and"
three years later they were put on a reservation in northwest Texas and",
the western part of the Indian Territor}'.
KANSAS HISTORY 915
The Ouapaws, or Kwapa, a southwestern tribe of the Siouan group,
is frequently mentioned by early writers, such as Joutel, Tonti, Du
Pratz, etc. Mention has previously been made of their separation from
other tribes at the mouth of the Ohio river. In 1833 they ceded their
lands in Arkansas, the map of the session showing a small strip in
southeastern Kansas, extending from the Missouri line to the Neosho
river.
The Otoes, one of the three Siouan tribes forming the Chiwere group,
were originally part of the Winnebago, from whom they separated near
Green Bay. Moving southwest in quest of buffalo, the Otoes went up
the Missouri, crossed the Big Platte, and Marquette's map of 1673 shows
them on the upper Des Moines or upper Iowa river. Lewis and Clark
in 1804 found them on the south side of the Platte, 30 miles from its
mouth, where, having become decimated by war and small-pox, they
lived under the protection of the Pawnees. The Otoes were never an
important tribe in Kansas history, though in March, 1881, they ceded
to the United States a tract of land, a small portion of which lies north
of Marysville, Marshall county.
In Jan., 1838, several New York tribes were granted reservations in
Kansas, but they refused to occupy the lands, only 32 Indians coming
from New York to the newly established Indian territory. Some 10,000
acres were allotted to these 32 Indians in the northern part of Bourbon
county. In 1857 the Tonawanda band of Senecas relinquished their
claim to the Kansas reservations, and in 1873 the government ordered
all the lands sold to the whites, including the 10,000 acres in Bourbon
county, because the Indians had failed to occupy them permanently.
By the treaty of New Echota, Ga., Dec. 29, 1835, the Cherokee nation
ceded the lands formerly occupied by the tribe east of the Mississippi
and received a reservation in southeastern Kansas. The tribe never as-
sumed an important status in Kansas affairs, and in 1866 the land was
ceded back to the United States. (See Neutral Lands.) The Cherokee
tribe was detached from the Iroquois at an early day and for at least
three centuries inhabited Tennessee, Georgia, southwestern Virginia,
the Carolinas and northeastern Alabama. They were found by De
Soto in the southern Alleghany region in 1540, and were among the most
intelligent of Indian tribes.
Last but not least of the Indian tribes that dwelt in Kansas at some
period or other were the Wyandots, or Wyandot-Iroquois, who were
the successors to the power of the ancient Hurons. Champlain says
the habitat of the Hurons was on the northern shore of Lake Ontario.
About the middle of the i8th century the Huron chief Orontony, or
Nicholas, removed from the Detroit river to the lowlands about San-
dusky bay. Nicholas hated the French and organized a movement for
the destruction of their posts and settlements, but a Huron woman
divulged the plan. The hand-book of the Bureau of Ethnology says:
"After this trouble the Hurons seem to have returned to Detroit and
Sandusky, where they became known as Wyandots and gradually ac-
quired a paramount influence in the Ohio valley and the lake region."
9l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF
During the French and Indian war the tribe was alHed with the
French, and in the Revolutionary war they fought with the British
against the colonies. For a long time the tribe stood at the head of a
great Indian confederacy and was recognized as such by the United
States government in making treaties in the old Northwest Territory.
At one time they claimed the greater part of Ohio, and the Shawnee and
Delaware tribes settled there with Wyandot consent. In March, 1842,
they relinquished their title to lands in Ohio and Michigan and agreed
to remove west of the Mississippi. On Dec. 14, 1843, they acquired by
' purchase 39 square miles of the east end of the Delaware reserve in Kan-
sas. Connelley says : "They brought with them from Ohio a well
organized Methodist church, a Free Masons' lodge, a civil government,
a code of written laws which provided for an elective council of chiefs,
the punishment of crime and the maintenance of social and public order."
Soon after the Wyandots came to Kansas efforts were made in Con-
gress to organize the Territory of Nebraska, to include a large part of
the Indian countr^^ The Indians realized that if the territory was
organized it meant they would have to sell their lands, notwithstanding
the treaty promises of the government that they should never be dis-
turbed in their possessions, and that their lands should never be incor-
porated in any state or territory. A congress of the Kansas tribes met
at Fort Leavenworth in Oct., 1848, and reorganized the old confederacy
with the Wyandots at the head. At the session of Congress in the winter
of 1851-52 a petition asking for the organization of a territorial govern-
ment was presented, but no action was taken. The people then con-
cluded to act for themselves, and on Oct. 12, 1852, Abelard Guthrie was
elected a delegate to Congress, although no territorial government
existed west of the Missouri. At a convention on July 26, 1853, which
had been called in the interest of the central route of the proposed
Pacific railroad, a series of resolutions were adopted which became the
basis of a provisional territorial government, with William Walker, a
Wyandot Indian, as governor. (See Connelley's Provisional Govern-
ment of Nebraska Territory.)
On Jan. 31, 1855, tribal relations among the Wyandots were dissolved
and they became citizens of the United States. At the same time the
39 sections purchased in 1843 were ceded to the government, with the
understanding that a new survey was to be made and the lands conveyed
to the Wyandots as individuals, the reservees to be permitted to locate
on any government land west of Missouri and Iowa.
In the social organization of the ^^'yandots four groups were recog-
nized— the family, the gens, the phratry and the tribe. A family con-
sisted of all who occupied one lodge, at the head of which was a woman.
The gens included all the blood relations in a given female line. At
the time the tribe removed to Kansas it was made up of eleven gentes
which were divided into four phratries. The first phratry included the
bear, deer and striped turtle gentes; the second was composed of the
black turtle, mud turtle and smooth large turtle gentes; the third
KANSAS HISTORY pi/
included the gentes of tlie hawk, beaver and wolf, and the fourth had but
two gentes — the sea snake and the porcupine.
Mooney says the Wyandots were "the most influential tribe of the
Ohio region, the keepers of the great wampum belt of union and the
lighters of the council fire of the allied tribes." But, like the other
great tribes that once inhabited the central region of North America,
the Wyandots have faded away before the civilization of the pale-face.
The wigwam has given way to the school house, the old trail has been
supplanted by the railroad, and in a few generations more the Indian will
be little more than a memory.
(Works consulted: Beach's Indian Miscellany, Brinton's Aboriginal
American Literature, Cutler's, Hazelrigg's and Prentis' Histories of
Kansas, Kansas Historical Collections, Drake's North American In-
dians, Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies, Lewis and Clark's Journal,
Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Brownell's Indian
Races, etc.)
Indian Brigade. — Although the L'^nited States government had not
always treated the western Indians fairly, at the breaking out of the Civil
war in 1861 most of them promptly took sides with the North. On Jan.
15, 1862, a party of Union Indians was defeated in the Indian Territory
and driven across the line into Kansas. They encamped on Fall river
and later in the year these refugee Indians, with some of those living
in Kansas, were organized into the "Indian Brigade," or, as it was some-
times called, the "Indian Home Guard."
The First Indian regiment was organized at Leroy on Ma\ 22, 1862.
The Second and Third were organized on Big Creek and Five-mile creek
in June and July, and the three regiments were then organized into a
brigade, which was commanded successively by William A. Phillips, A.
Engleman, C. W. Adams and John Edwards. A fourth regiment was
commenced, but was never completed, the men enlisting for service in
it being distributed among the other regiments.
The brigade served in the Departments of Kansas, Missouri and Ar-
kansas, and in the Army of the Frontier. It participated in the opera-
tions about Fort Gibson, Fort Blount and old Fort Wayne ; was at Cane
Hill and the Boston Mountain engagements in Arkansas ; fought at
Newtonia and Honey Springs, and in a number of minor actions, and
about 500 of the Indians were with Col. James M. Williams and his
First Kansas colored regiment at Cabin creek. Much of their service
consisted of scouting, in which they were particularly adept, and
throughout their entire term of service the Indians proved themselves
to be good soldiers. The brigade was mustered out on M^y 31. 1865.
Indian Floats. — (See Floats.)
Indian Treaties. — Prior to the beginning of the 19th century, when
the white settlements were few in number and scattered over a wide
expanse of country, the pressure of the white race upon the domain of
the native population was so slight that the cjuestion of land acquisition
was hardh' considered. While Kansas was a part of the piovince of
9l8 CYCLOPEDIA OF
'Louisiana, the French and Spanish authorities found it expedient to
enter into more or less formal agreements with the various tribes with
which they came in contact, but these early treaties were merely for the
purpose of establishing friendly relations with the natives, the question
of land cession rarely, if ever, entering into the negotiations. Treaties
of this character were made by Iberville, Bienville and Cadillac as gover-
nors of the colony, and by such early explorers as Dutisne and Bourg-
mont, but in many instances the records regarding these treaties are
incomplete.
East of the Mississippi river, it was the policy of the British govern-
ment, especially after the peace of 1763, to prohibit the whites from
settling on the Indian lands, and after the Revolution the same policy
was pursued by the United States for several years, the Federal govern-
ment during this time recognizing the several tribes and confederacies
as quasi-nationalities, devoid of sovereignty, but having a right to the
soil, with power to dispose of the same, etc. But almost immediately
after the acquisition of Louisiana by the L^nited States the government
began the inauguration of a different policy, looking to the removal
of some of the eastern tribes west of the Mississippi. The act of 1804,
which divided Louisiana into two territories, provided for the removal
of those tribes that could be persuaded to make the change, but made
no provision for defraying the expenses of such removals. A few of
the weaker tribes accepted the invitation and removed to their new
domain, but it was not until some thirty years later that the removal
policy assumed an}' considerable proportions. B}' the act of Congress
of May 20, 1834, a large territory, extending from the Platte and Mis-
souri rivers to the Mexican possessions and estimated to contain over
132,000,000 acres, was set apart for the exclusive occupancy of the
Indians. The house committee, in reporting this bill, said:
"The territory is to be dedicated to the use of the Indian tribes for-
ever b}' a guaranty, the most sacred known among civilized com-
munities— the faith of the nation. . . . Our inability to perform
our treaty guarantee [heretofore] arose from the conflicts between
the rights of the states and the L^nited States. Nor is it surprising
that questions arising out of such a conflict, which have bewildered
wiser heads, should not be readily comprehended or appreciated by the
unlettered Indians."
Some removals had been effected before the passage of this act, but
after it became a law the transfer of the Indians was more rapid, and
by 1837 over 50,000 Indians had been located in the domain west of
the Mississippi, a few of them coming into Kansas. Of the treaties
of amity made with the western "tribes by representatives of the United
States, little need be said, as they were generally made for temporary
purposes and were often unofficial, or at least partially so, in their char-
acter. Treaties of this nature were made by Lewis and Clark, Lieut.
Pike, Maj. Stephen H. Long and others. The treaties of cession played
a more important part in the history of Kansas, as it was through
KANSAS HISTORY 9I9
them that tribes east of the A'lississippi were assigned homes in the new
Indian Territory, and in the end the domain was acquired by the gov-
ernment and opened to white settlers. Following is a list of the prin-
■cipal treaties of this character that had an influence upon Kansas lands,
given by tribes in the order, as nearly as possible, in which they were
negotiated.
Osage. — The first cession of Osage lands in Kansas was made by the
treaty of June 2, 1825, at St. Louis, Mo., William Clark, superintend-
ent of Indian afifairs, acting as commissioner for the United States.
By this treat}^ the Great and Little Osage ceded to the United States
all their lands in Missouri and Arkansas, and all lands "west of the
State of Missouri and the Territory of Arkansas, north and west
of the Red river, south of the Arkansas river, and east of a line to be
diawn from the head sources of the Kansas southwardly through the
Rock Saline," except certain reservations, etc. The northern boundary
of the ceded lands was the divide between the Kansas and Arkansas
rivers : the line drawn through the Rock Saline crossed the southern
boundary of Kansas near the western line of Clark county, after run-
ning due south from the Arkansas river not far from Dodge City. In
the treaty the boundaries of the general tribal reservation are thus
described:
"Beginning at a point due east of White Hair's village and 25 miles
west of the western boundary line of the State of Missouri, fronting
on a north and south line so as to leave 10 miles north [south?] and
40 miles south [north?] of the point of said beginning and extending
west, with the width of 50 miles to the western boundary of the lands
ceded and relinquished."
In addition to this general reservation, 42 square miles were reserved
to certain half-breed members of the tribe and 54 square miles were
set apart to be sold and the proceeds used to establish a school fund
for the Osage children. For the lands ceded and relinquished the gov-
ernment agreed to furnish the tribe immediately with 600 cattle, 600
hogs, 1,000 domestic fowls, 10 yoke of oxen, and such farming utensils
as the superintendent of Indian afifairs might direct ; to erect four com-
fortable dwellings for the four principal chiefs at their respective
villages ; and to pay the tribe an annuity of $7,000 for 20 years.
On Aug. 10, 1825, at Council Grove the Osage nation granted a
right of wa}' through the reservation for the Santa Fe trail (q. v.), and
by a treaty concluded at Fort Gibson on Jan. ji, 1839, the tribe ceded
all interest in any reservation claimed by another tribe and reaffirmed
the cession of 1825, the government agreeing to pay them an annuity
of $20,000 for 20 years, erect a saw and grist mill and furnish millers
for 15 years, furnish 1,000 cows and calves, 2,000 hogs, certain farm-
ing utensils, and pay all claims against the Osages for depredations,
not exceeding $30,000, and was given the right to buy the 42 individual
reservations of the Osage half-breeds at a price not exceeding $2 an
acre.
920 CYCLOPEDIA OF
The next treaty with the Osage nation was at Canville, Kan., Sept.
29, 1865. Owing to the fact that the annuities granted by the govern-
ment under the treaties of 1825 and 1839 had expired, the tribe was in
an impoverished condition and readilj^ consented to sell 30 miles off
the east end of their reservation and a strip of 20 miles wide off the
north side of the remainder, the latter to be sold in trust for their bene-
fit. The government agreed to place $300,000 to the credit of the
Osages, that sum being the purchase price agreed upon for the 30
miles off the east end of their lands, and to pay the tribe five per cent,
upon that amount semi-annually, in money or goods as they might
choose. The Indians promptly gave possession of the ceded lands,
but the government was not so prompt in placing the $300,000 to their
credit or in paying the interest. Consequently, in 1877 ^^e Osage nation
employed Charles Ewing, an attorney, to look after their interests in
the matter. On June 16, 1880, President Hayes approved an act of
Congress providing that the sum of $1,028,785 be placed to the credit
of the tribe. Ewing's fee in this case was over $70,000. In the mean-
time Congress had, on July 15, 1870, passed an act providing for the
sale of the remaining Osage lands in Kansas, and on March 27, 1871,
the secretary of the interior was authorized to designate a new reserva-
tion in the Indian Territory.
Kansa. — On June 3, 1825, the day following" the treaty with the Osage
nation, the chiefs and head men of the Kansa tribe entered into a
treaty with William Clark, superintendent of Indian aft'airs, at St.
Louis, Mo., by which the tribe ceded to the United States all claim to
lands in and west of the State of Missouri, the boundaries of the cession
being described as follows : "Beginning at the entrance of the Kansa
river into the Missouri ; thence north to the northwest corner of the
State of Missouri ; thence westwardly to the Nodewa river, 30 miles
from its entrance into the Missouri; thence to the entrance of the Big
Nemahaw river into the Missouri, and with that river to its source ;
thence to the source of the Kansas river, leaving the old village of
the Pania Republic to the west ; thence on the ridge dividing the waters
of the Kansas river from those of the Arkansas to the western bound-
ary line of the State of Missouri, and with that line to the place of
beginning."
This cession included all the northern half of Kansas east of the
Araphoe and Cheyenne lands, excepb a triangular tract of the Pawnee
country lying northwest of the divide between the Prairie Dog creek
and the north fork of the Solomon river, and a reservation "beginning
20 leagues up the Kansas river and to include their village on that river;
extending west 30 miles in width through the lands ceded."
The east line of this reserve was about 10 miles west of the present
city of Topeka, and it included westward from that line townships 8,
9, 10, II and 12, the northern boundary of the reserve being 35 miles
from the Nebraska line. At that time the sources of the Kansas river
were not definitely known, and from government maps of Indian ces-
KANSAS HISTORY 921
sions it appears that the Kansa cession extended no farther west than
the headwaters of the Solomon, the country farther up the Republican
fork belonging to the Pawnees.
A second treaty with the Kansa Indians was concluded at the
Methodist mission in Kansas on Jan. 14, 1846. By its provisions the
tribe ceded 2,000,000 acres ofi the east end of their reserve, the full
30 miles in width and extending west until the designated quantity
of land was obtained. The government agreed, in the event there was
not sufficient timber on the remaining portion of the reservation, to
lay oflf a new reservation near the western boundary of the 2,000,000
acres ceded. Pursuant to this stipulation, when it was found that there
was a scarcity of timber on the diminished reserve, the government
assigned to the tribe an additional tract in the vicinity of Council Grove.
Part of this tract was claimed by the Shawnees, but that tribe
relinquished its claim in 1854, giving the Kansa Indians a clear title.
On Oct. 5, 1859, at the Kansas agency, a treaty was negotiated with
that tribe b}- which the reservation was reduced to a tract 9 by 14
miles in the southwest corner of the reservation near Council Grove
and the remainder of the reserve was ceded to the United States in
trust, to be sold for the benefit of the tribe. x\n act of Congress on
May 8, 1872, provided for the sale of the remaining "trust" lands and
the "diminished reserve," and the removal of the tribe to the Indian
Territory. Another act, approved on June 5, of the same year, con-
firmed a reservation selected in the Indian Territory, and by the act
of June 23, 1874, the lands acquired from the Kansa Indians were
ordered to be sold to actual settlers.
Shawnee. — Contemporaneous with the Osage and Kansa cessions,
which gave to the United States about five-sixths of the present State
of Kansas, other tribes ceded lands in Nebraska, thus giving the nation
a large tract of territory to be set apart for the use and occupancy of
the Indian tribes farther east. And almost immediately upon the
acquisition of these western lands the government began negotiations
for the removal of the eastern tribes to the new territory. On Nov.
7, 1825, at St. Louis, Mo., a treaty was concluded with the Shawnee
tribe living near Cape Girardeau upon a tract of land acquired by
Spanish grant, signed by Baron de Carondelet, governor of Louisiana,
and dated Jan. 4, 1793. By the St. Louis treaty this tract was ceded
to the United States, and the Shawnees were assigned another tract,
equal to 50 square miles, "Commencing 2 miles northwest of the south-
west corner of Missouri ; thence north 25 miles ; thence west 100 miles ;
thence south 25 miles ; thence east 100 miles to the place of beginning."
This tract happened to overlap the Osage lands in the Indian Ter-
ritory and was not acceptable to the Shawnees, who were then assigned
another reservation, "Beginning at a point in the western boundary
of the State of Missouri, 3 miles south of where said boundary crosses
the mouth of the Kansas river ; thence continuing south on said bound-
arv 25 miles: thence due west 120 miles; thence due north until said line
922 CYCLOPEDIA OF
shall intersect the southern boundary of the Kansas reservation ;
thence due east coinciding with the southern boundary of said reserva-
tion to the termination thereof; thence due north coinciding with the
■eastern boundary of said reservation to the southern shore of the Kan-
sas river; thence along said southern shore of said river to where a
line from the place of beginning drawn due west shall intersect the
same."
As thus established the Shawnee reservation included the present
counties of Johnson and Douglas, a little of the northern portions of
Miami, Franklin and Lyon, the northern part of Osage, the southern
part of Shawnee, the greater part of Wabaunsee, and portions of Morris
and Geary, the northwest corner of the reserve being about 3 miles
southeast of Junction City.
By a treaty concluded with the Shawnee chiefs at Washington,
D. C, May 10, 1854, all the above described reservation was ceded to the
United States except 200,000 acres, which also included about 25,000
acres to be allotted to the "absentee Shawnees" upon their return to
the tribe. Many of these never returned and the land was ordered to
be sold to actual settlers by an act of Congress, approved by President
Johnson on April 7, 1869. Another act, approved by President Hayes
on March 3, 1879, provided for the disposition of the entire reserve
and the removal of the Shawnees to a new reservation outside the
state.
Delawares. — As early as Oct. 3, 1818, the Delawares of Ohio, by a
treaty at St. Mary's in that state, ceded their Ohio lands to the United
States and were promised peaceable possession of reservation west
of the Mississippi. The Ohio Delawares first joined their tribesmen
near Cape Girardeau, Mo., but by the treaty of Sept. 24. 1829, the
Missouri lands were ceded to the United States and the tribe was
assigned a reservation "in the fork of the Kansas and Missouri rivers,
extending up the Kansas river to the Kansa line and up the Missouri
river to Camp Leavenworth, and thence by a line drawn westwardly,
leaving a space of 10 miles wide north of the Kansas boundary line for
an outlet," etc. These lands were surveyed the following year, and
by the treaty at Castor Hill, Mo., Oct. 26, 1832, the cession and reserva-
tion were reaffirmed. The Delaware lands in Kansas included the pres-
ent county of Wyandotte, the greater part of the counties of Leaven-
worth and Jefiferson, and small portions of Jackson and Shawnee.
By a treaty concluded at Washington, D. C, May 6, 1854, the Dela-
wares granted the right of way for certain roads and railroads through
their reservation, and ceded to the United States all their reserve
except 39 square miles which had been sold to the Wyandots (q. v.)
and "excepting that part of said country lying east and south of a line
beginning at a point on the line between the land of the Delaware and
half-breed Kansas, 40 miles in a direct line west of the boundary
between the Delawares and Wj'andots ; thence north 10 miles ; thence
in an easterly course to a point on the south bank of Big Island creek.
KANSAS HISTORY 923
Avhich shall also be on the bank of the Missouri river where the usual
high-water line of said creek intersects the high-water line of said
river."
By the same treaty 4 square miles were to be confirmed to the
Munsees or Christian Indians upon payment of $2.50 per acre. This
tract was sold by the Christian Indians to A. J. Isaacs and the sale was
confirmed by act of Congress on June 8, 1858.
Under the provisions of the treaty of May 30, i860, which was con-
cluded at Sarcoxieville, on the Delaware reservation, a portion of the
reservation was allotted to them in severalty and the remainder was
sold to the Leavenworth, Pawnee & Western Railroad company. This
sale was confirmed by a treaty at Fort Leavenworth on July 2, 1861,
and by a supplementar)' treaty at the Delaware agency on July 4, 1866,
the entire reservation passed from the hands of the Delawares, whose
tribal existence was at that time merged with the Cherokee nation.
Ottawa. — Two bands of this tribe — the Blanchard's Fork and Roche
de Boeuf — met with representatives of the L^iited States at the JNIiami
bay of Lake Erie, near the city of Toledo, Ohio, Aug. 30, 183 1, and
entered into a treaty by which they ceded their lands in Ohio and
accepted a reservation in Kansas. The Roche de Boeuf band received
40,000 acres and the Blanchard's fork band 34,000 acres. The present
city of Ottawa, the county seat of Franklin county, stands near the
center of this reserve. After the removal to Kansas the two bands
became confederated. On June 24, 1862, the reservation was ceded to
the L'nited States under certain conditions, one of which was that the
tribal relations of the Ottawas were to be dissolved at the end of
five years, when they were to become citizens of the United States
and receive allotments of land in severalty. By a treaty on Feb. 23,
1867, which was concluded at Washington, D. C, a portion of the
reservation was sold to the Ottawa University and the tribe was
assigned lands in the Indian Territory. Thus matters stood until June
10, 1872, when Congress passed a law providing for the sale of the
unsold portions of the Ottawa reserve, including the lands sold to the
Ottawa Universit_y under the treaty of 1867.
Illinois Confederacy. — At Castor Hill, St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 27, 1832,
a treaty was concluded with the Kaskaskias, Peorias and some minor
tribes of the Illinois confederacy, by which they ceded certain lands
in Missouri and Illinois and were assigned a reservation in Kansas, to
consist of 150 square miles of land "to include the present Peoria
village, west of the State of Missouri, on the waters of the Osage river,
to be bounded as follows, to-wit: North by the lands assigned to the
Shawanoes ; west by the western line of the reservation made for the
Piankeshaws, Weas and Peorias ; and east by the lands assigned the
Piankeshaws and Weas."
Prior to the negotiations of this treaty the government had made
preparations for quartering the Piankeshaws and Weas in Kansas, and
some had actually taken up their abode there. On Oct. 29, 1832, a
924 CYCLOPEDIA OF
treaty was concluded with these bands at Castor Hill, whereby they
accepted a reservation "within the limits of the survey of the lands set
apart for the Piankeshaws, Weas and Peorias, bounded east by the
western boundary line of the State of Missouri for 15 miles; north by
the southern boundary of the lands assigned to the Shawanoes; west
by the lands assigned to the Peorias and Kaskaskias, and south by the
southern line originally surveyed for the Piankeshaws, Weas and
Peorias, said tract being intended to include the present villages of the
Piankeshaws and Weas."
The reservation of the tribes of the Illinois confederacy embraced
a tract 14 miles wide by 32 miles long, 250 sections of which were
assigned to the Piankeshaw and Wea bands. The present city of Paola
is not far from the center of the old reservation, the northern boundary
of which is nearly represented by the third standard parallel. By the
treaty of Feb. 23, 1867, these lands were ceded back to the United
States and the confederated tribes were given another reservation in
the Indian Territory.
Kickapoo. — P.y a treat}' concluded with this tribe at Castor Hill on
Oct. 24, 1832, certain lands were ceded to the United States and the
tribe was given a reservation of 1,200 square miles in Kansas. The
boundaries as described in the treaty were not satisfactory to the In-
dians, and on Nov. 26, 1832, a supplementary treaty was entered into
fixing the boundaries as follows : "Beginning on the Delaware line
where said line crosses the left branch of Salt creek; thence down said
creek to the Missouri river; thence up the Missouri river 30 miles when
measured on a straight line ; thence westwardly to a point 20 miles from
the Delaware line, so as to include in the lands assigned the Kickapoo
at least 1,200 square miles."
Near the northeast corner of this reserve as thus established now
stands the little city of Troy, and the city of Hiawatha, the county
seat of Brown county, is very near the north line of the old Kickapoo
reservation. The southern boundary ran from the Missouri river near
Fort Leavenworth in a northwesterly direction to a point not far from
the southeast corner of Nemaha county.
At Washington, D. C, May 18, 1854, a treaty was made with the
Kickapoos b}' which they ceded a portion of their reserve, retaining
150,000 acres in the western part, and they also granted right of way
for roads and railroads to pass through their lands. A further diminu-
tion of the reserve was made by the treaty of June 28, 1862, which was
concluded at the Kickapoo agency in Kansas, and which set apart a
certain tract to be held in common and authorized the sale of the
remainder of the reserve to the Atchison & Pike's Peak Railroad com-
pany. The tract reserved for the Indians is in township 4 south, ranges
15 and 16 east, a little west of the city of Horton. By an act of Con-
gress, approved on July 28, 1882, the sale of the tracts reserved b)^ the
treaty of 1862 for a mill site, mission and agency was authorized, and
by an executive order of Aug. 15, 1883. President Arthur set apart a
Kickapoo reserve in the Indian Territory.
KANSAS HISTORY 925
Quapaw. — A treaty wiih the Ouapaws at Fort Gibson, Ind. Ter., May
13, 1833, assigned that tribe a reservation of 150 square miles "west
of the state line of Missouri and between the lands of the Senecas and
Shawnees not previously assigned to any other tribe." Of this reserva-
tion a strip about half a mile wide in the southeast corner of Kansas
extended from the Missouri line to the Neosho river. It was ceded to
the United States by the treaty concluded at Washington, D. C, Feb.
23, 1867, except 320 acres which were reserved and patented to Samuel
G. Vallier.
Pawnee. — From the time of the Louisiana purchase the Pawnees
never manifested hostilit}- toward the United States, and their lands in
Kansas and Nebraska were acquired with little difficulty. On Oct. 9,
1833, at the Grand Pawnee village on the Platte river, the confederated
Pawnee bands ceded to the nation all right and title to lands claimed
by them south of the Platte river. That portion of the cession lying
in Kansas is a triangular tract, bounded on the north by the line
separating Kansas from Nebraska, on the west by a line running near
the center of range 36 west (near the western boundary of Rawlins
and Thomas counties), and on the south, or southeast, along the divide
between the Solomon river and Prairie Dog creek, extending eastward
to the state line in range 11 west.
Cherokee. — By the treaties of May 6, 1828, and Feb. 14, 1833, this
tribe had been granted lands west of the Mississippi, but in the negotia-
tion of the treaty of New Echota, Ga., Dec. 29, 1835, the Indians set
up the claim that the lands thus granted were insufficient for their use
and the United States assigned to them an additional tract of land
"situated between the west line of the State of Missouri and the Osage
reservation, beginning at the southeast corner of the same and run-
ning north along the east line of the Osage lands 50 miles to the north-
east corner thereof; thence east to' the west line of the State of Mis-
souri ; thence with said line south 50 miles ; and thence west to the place
of beginning."
The tract above described is situated in the southeast corner of
Kansas, embracing approximately the present counties of Cherokee and
Crawford, and was known as the "Cherokee Neutral Lands." By the
treaty of July 19, 1866, the Neutral Lands were ceded in trust to the
LInited States, with the condition that they be sold for the benefit of
the Cherokee nation, and at the same time the Delaware, Chippewa
and other tribes were merged with the Cherokee. The lands were sold
to James F. Joy, and on April 27, 1868, at Washington, D. C, a treaty
with the Cherokees reaffirmed the sale. (See Neutral Lands.)
Chippewa. — Henry R. Schoolcraft, acting as commissioner for the
United States, negotiated a treaty with the chiefs and head men of
the Swan Creek and Black River bands of the Chippewa tribe at Wash-
ington, D. C, May 9, 1836, when these bands ceded their lands in
Michigan, and the government agreed to give them a reservation of
13 square miles west of the Mississippi river or northwest of St
926 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Anthony's Falls, to be located by an agent of the government. The-
reservation selected was situated south of the Shawnee lands, between
the lands assigned the Ottawas and Sauks and Foxes, near the western
line of Franklin county. When the tribal existence of the Chippewa
was merged with the Cherokee nation by the treaty of July 19, 1866,
their reservation reverted to the United States and was opened to white
settlers.
Sauk & Fox. — In most of the treaties made with the Sauk and Fox,
especiall)' the earlier treaties, the Iowa Indians were also interested.
At Fort Leavenworth Sept. 17, 1836, William Clark, superintendent of
Indian afifairs, concluded a treaty with the Sauks and Foxes and lowas,
by which those tribes ceded their lands in Missouri to the United
States. By article 2 of the treaty the United States granted to these
tribes "the small strip of land on the south side of the Missouri river,
lying between the Kickapoo northern boundary line and the Grand'
Nemahar river, and extending from the Missouri back and westwardly
with the said Kickapoo line and the Grand Nemahar, making 400 sec-
tions to be divided between the loways and the Missouri band of Sacks
and Foxes, the lower half to the Sacks and Foxes and the upper half
to the loways."
This reservation included an irregular shaped tract of land in the
northeast corner of Kansas and the southeast corner of Nebraska. The
west line of the reserve was about the middle of range 15 east, and
the city of Hiawatha stands near the southern border. ,
By a treaty concluded at Washington, D. C, May 17, 1854, the lowas
relinquished their title to the reservation established by the treaty of
Sept. 17, 1836, except a tract "Beginning at the mouth of the Great
Nemehaw river, where it empties into the Missouri ; thence down the
Missouri to the mouth of Noland's creek; thence due south one mile;
thence due west to the south fork of the Great Nemehaw river, and
thence with the meanders of said river to the place of beginning."
The tract of land thus excepted from the cession lies partly in Kan-
sas and partly in Nebraska. At the same time a half-section was set
apart for the Presbyterian board of foreign missions, and another half-
section was reserved for John B. Roy.
On Oct. I, 1859, at the Sauk and Fox agency, Kan. Ter., the tribe
reserved 153,600 acres of their lands in Osage and Franklin counties
and ceded the remainder to the United States to be opened to white
settlers. The boundaries of the portion reserved were described in the-
treaty as follows : "Beginning at a point on the northern boundary
line of their reservation 6 miles west of the northeast corner of the-
same ; running thence due south to the southern boundary of the same ;
thence west along the southern boundary 12 miles; thence due north
to the northern boundary of said reserve 20 miles ; thence east along the
said boundary 12 miles to the place of beginning." The city of Lyndon,
the county seat of Osage county, is near the center of this diminished"
reserve.
KANSAS HISTORY P^T"
By a treaty concluded at the Great Nemaha agency in Nebraska on
March 6, 1861, the lowas ceded to the Sauks and Foxes all that part
of the reserve in northeastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska lying
south of Robert's creek, after which the Sauks and Foxes ceded the
reservation to the United States. . Congress, by the act of Aug. 15,.
1876, provided for the sale of 10 sections off the west end of this reserve
— partly in Kansas and partly in Nebraska — and by the act of March
3, 1885, the secretary of the interior was directed to survey and sell
all the Sauk and Fox and Iowa lands in Nebraska and Kansas.
Pottawatomie. — The lands held by this tribe in the State of Indiana
were ceded to the United States by the treaty of Washington, D. C,
Feb. II, 1837, and the Indians agreed to remove to a reservation in
Kansas within three years. The lands assigned to them were situated
between the Shawnee reservation and that of the New York Indians,,
just west of the Miami reserve. The city of Garnett, the county seat
of Anderson county, stands near the center of the original Pottawatomie
reservation. In 1842 the Sauks and Foxes were granted a reserve
which overlapped the Pottawatomie lands. This led to a controversy,
and by the treaties of June 5 and 17, 1846, concluded near Council
Bluffs, the Pottawatomies ceded their claims to lands in Iowa and
were given a new reservation including the southern half of Jacksoni
county, the greater part of Shawnee, the southeastern part of Pot-
tawatomie and the northeastern part of Wabaunsee — a tract 30 miles,
square, embracing the lands in ranges 11 to 15 and townships 8 to 12,
inclusive.
On Nov. 15, 1861, at the Pottawatomie agency in Kansas, was made
a treaty by vi^hich 576,000 acres of this reserve were to be held in com-
mon, 77,357 acres were set apart for the "Prairie Band," a portion was
sold to the Leavenworth, Pawnee & Western Railroad company, and
a portion was allotted in severalty to certain individuals. The part
set apart to be held in common is located in Jackson county, now known
as the Pottawatomie reserve, and is inhabited by what is left of the
Prairie Band. On Feb. 27, 1867, the tribe was assigned a tract 30 miles,
square in the Indian Territory, but with the understanding that this
arrangement was not to affect the rights of those holding their lands
in common under the previous treaty.
New York Tribes.— At Buffalo creek, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1838, the
Oneidas, Tuscaroras, Senecas, Cayugas and some minor tribes entered
into an agreement by treaty to relinquish all their lands in the State
of New York and accept a reservation in Kansas. Accordingly a tract
of land was set apart for their use and occupancy, embracing prac-
tically the counties of Bourbon, Allen, Woodson and the greater part
of Greenwood, but they refused to occupy it. A few of the New York
Indians came to Kansas and were assigned a small reservation in the
northeastern part of the present Bourbon county, but the lands were
all finally sold by order of Congress under the provisions of the acts,
of Feb. 19, 1873, June 23, 1874, and April 17, 1878.
928 CYCLOPEDIA OF
Miami. — At the forks of the Wabash river in Indiana, Nov. ii, 1838,
a treaty was negotiated with the Miamis by which they agreed to
relinquish their claims to certain lands in Indiana and accept in exchange
therefor a reservation in Kansas. The tract assigned to them lay
between the lands of the Illinois tribes on the north and the New York
tribes on the south, extending from the Missouri line to the Pot-
tawatomie reservation, in what is now Linn and Miami counties, and
contained 500,000 acres. By a second treaty at the forks of the Wabash
on Nov. 28, 1840, the reserve was to be held in trust for the chief Me-
shing-go-me-sia and his band, and by the treaty of Washington, D. C,
June 5, 1854, the reservation, except 70,000 acres for the use of the
tribe, 640 acres for school purposes and 50 sections reserved to indi-
viduals, was ceded to the United States. By an . act of Congress,
approved by President Grant on June i, 1872, the reserve was par-
titioned among the members of the band and patents issued in sev-
eralty, and by the act of March 3, 1873, the remainder of the reserve
was ordered to be sold, the Miamis at that time being merged with
the Kaskaskias, etc.
Wyandot. — At Upper Sandusky, Ohio, March 17, 1842, the Wyandot
Indians ceded their lands in Ohio, and on Dec. 14, 1843, they pur-
chased 39 square miles off the east end of the Delaware reservation
in Kansas, where Kansas City, Kan., now stands. The purchase of
this tract was approved by act of Congress on July 25, 1848. By the
treaty of Washington, D. C, April i, 1850, the 39 sections were ceded
to the United States for a consideration of $1.25 per acre, and by the
treaty of Jan. 31, 1855, the lands were ordered to be subdivided and
reconveyed to the Wj^andots as individuals. On Feb. 27, 1867. a por-
tion of the Wyandot tribe was assigned lands in the Indian Territory.
Arapaho and Cheyenne. — A few years before the organization of
Kansas as a territory some of the western tribes became involved in
a dispute as to their respective domains. To settle this controversy
and fix definitely the boundaries of the Sioux, Gros Ventres, Mandan,
Blackfoot, Crow, Arickaree, Cheyenne and .Arapaho, a treaty was
arranged with these tribes at Fort Laramie Sept. 17, 1851. By this
treaty the boundaries of the Cheyenne and Arapaho were thus described :
"Commencing at the Red Bute, or the place where the road leaves the
north fork of the Platte river ; thence up the north fork of the Platte
river to its source ; thence along the main range of the Rocky moun-
tains to the headwaters of the Arkansas river ; thence down the Arkan-
sas river to the crossing of the Santa Fe road ; thence in a northwesterly
direction to the forks of the Platte river ; and thence up the Platte river
to the place of beginning."
Within these boundaries lies that portion of Kansas north of the
Arkansas river and west of the cessions of the Osage, Kansa and Paw-
nee tribes. This tract was ceded to the United States by the Cheyenne
and Arapaho in a treaty concluded at "Fort Wise, Kan. Ter., Feb.
18. 1861.
KANSAS IIISTORV 929
Oto and Missouri. — These two tribes never cut much figure in Kan-
sas history. By a treaty concluded at Washington, D. C, March 15,
1854, they were given a reserve consisting of a strip 10 miles wide on
the Big Blue river. About 3 miles of this strip was in the northern
part of Marshall and Washington counties, extending from about the
middle of range 4 to the middle of range 8 east. After several supple-
mentary treaties their reserve was ordered to be sold by act of Con-
gress of ]\Iay 3, 1881, and the Oto and ]\Iissouri Indians were given a
new reserve in the Cherokee nation.
Munsee. — This tribe, known also as the "Christian Indians," was
•allowed to purchase 4 square miles from the Delawares b}- the treaty
of May 6, 1854. (See Delawares.) This tract was sold to A. J- Isaacs
on June 8, 1858, when a new home was found for the Munsees with the
Chippewas a little south of Leavenworth, and on July 16, 1859, the
tribe was merged with the Chippewas.
Comanche and Kiowa. — The United States came into possession of
the lands claimed by these tribes, including that portion of Kansas
west of the Osage reservation as established by the treaty of June 2,
1825, and south of the Arkansas river, by a treaty concluded at a camp
on the Little Arkansas river, Oct. 18, 1865. At the same time the two
tribes were given a reservation in' the Indian Territor}'. With the
exception of the reservations previously established, this was the last
Indian cession of Kansas lands.
Indian Wars. — During the early years of settlement, while Kansas
was a territory, but little trouble with the Indians was experienced.
A few depredations were committed by some of the tribes, but none
of them was of sufficient magnitude to cause serious alarm. Col. Sum-
ner led an expedition into the Indian country in 1857 (see Cheyenne
expedition), and in the spring of 1859 a battle was fought on Crooked
creek, near the southwest corner of the present Ford county. The
action was an incident of the Washita expedition, which was under
command of Maj. Earl Van Dorn, who afterward became a general in
the Confederate army. These two aflfairs were the most important
events in connection with Indian warfare during the territorial period.
Shortly after the outbreak of the Civil war, while the Federal gov-
ernment was engaged in conflict with the so-called Southern Confed-
eracy, the Indians took advantage of the opportunity to harass the white
settlements in the states west of the Mississippi river. The first notable
instance of this character was the Sioux uprising in Minnesota in the
summer of 1862. The following year the Comanches, Cheyennes and
Kiowas became troublesome in Colorado, requiring the presence of
troops to protect the people. On Nov. 27, 1863, Col. Chivington's com-
mand attacked a camp of Cheyennes and Arapahoes on Sand creek and
killed a large number of Indians, for which Col. Chivington was sub-
jected to an investigation. In 1864 Gen. Samuel R. Curtis was sent to
Fort Riley. Kan., by the war department to raise a force of militia for
the relief of some trains corralled on Cow creek on the Santa Fe trail
a-59)
930 CYCLOPEDIA OF
on account of the hostility of the Indians. The same summer Capt.
Henry Booth and Lieut. Hallowell, escorted by their company — Com-
pany L, Eleventh Kansas — while on a tour of inspection, became
separated from their escort and were chased for some distance by a
large body of Indians, but succeeded in escaping. Some of the In-
dians in the Indian Territory acted with the Confederate armies and
caused some apprehension among the settlers of southeastern Kansas.
(See War of 1861-65.)
In the years 1865-66 several expeditions were led against the hostile
Indians of the northwest, the storm centers being at Fort Laramie and
in the Black Hills of Dakota. The massacre by the Sioux at Fort Phil
Kearny in the fall of 1866 increased the prestige of the chief Red Cloud,
who planned a general uprising for Aug., 1867. But by that time the
government was in a position to send sufficient military forces into the
Indian country to forestall the movement. None of these conflicts was
in Kansas, but the successive defeats of the Indians in the northwest
caused the tribes to break up into small bands which gradually worked
their way southward, raiding the settlements as the}^ went.
On June 27, 1867, Gen. W. T. Sherman called upon the governor of
Kansas for volunteers, and on July i Gov. Crawford issued a proclama-
tion authorizing the organization, "as speedily as possible, one regi-
ment of volunteer cavalry, to be mustered into the United States
service for a period of six months, unless sooner discharged." A full
regiment was not organized, but a battalion, known as the Eighteenth
Kansas, was mustered in on July 15, "for the purpose of guarding the
employees on the Union Pacific railroad, the western settlements and
the emigrant trains bound westward." The battalion was commanded
by Maj. Horace L. Moore, formerly lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth
Arkansas cavalry. It consisted of four companies, to-wit: Company
A, Capt. Henry Lindsey ; Company B, Capt. Edgar A. Barker; Com-
pany C, Capt. George B. Jenness ; Company D, Capt. David L. Payne,
the entire battalion numbering 358 officers and enlisted men. It served
in western Kansas until Nov. 15, when it was mustered out. Com-
panies B and C were engaged in a fight with Indians on Prairie Dog
creek on Aug. 21, though the action is known as the battle of Beaver
creek (q. v.).
The summer of 1868 witnessed considerable activity on the part of
hostile Indians. Early in June the Cheyennes made a raid as far as
Council Grove, ostensibly for the purpose of revenging themselves on
the Kansas Indians for injuries received through that tribe the fall
before near Fort Zarah, but they robbed settlers, killed cattle, and com-
mitted other outrages on the whites. On Aug. 4 some 225 Cheyennes,
Arapahoes and Sioux left Pawnee fork and a few days later were on
the Saline river. They repaid the kindness of the white settlers with
treachery, raided the valleys of the Saline and Solomon, captured trains,
killed the escorts and burned the wagons, and carried two women —
Miss White and Mrs. Morgan — into captivity. They finally extended
KANSAS HISTORY 931
their field of operations to within 20 miles of Denver, their numbers
increasing by the addition of other bands until a formidable force
was gathered together. The governors of both Kansas and Colorado
reported the outrages to the authorities at Washington, urging that
something be done with the Indians, and threatening to call out the
state troops. The national government tried to induce the savages to
return to their reservations, and failing in this. Gen. P. H. Sheridan,
commanding the Department of the Missouri, was ordered to take the
field against the Cheyennes under Roman Nose and Black Kettle. It
was in this campaign that Col. George A. Forsyth's band of scouts,
armed with revolvers and repeating rifles, scouted the country about
the headwaters of the Solomon and Fort Wallace, and in September
fought the battle of Arickaree. fSee Arickaree, Battle of.)
On Oct. 9, 1868, Gen. Sheridan called upon Gov. Crawford for a
regiment of mounted volunteers "to serve for a period of six months,
unless sooner discharged, against the hostile Indians on the plains."
The regiment consisted of twelve companies of 100 men each, and was
officered as follows: Colonel, Samuel J. Crawford; lieutenant-colonel,
Horace L. Moore ; majors, W. C. Jones, Charles Dimon, Richard W.
Jenkins and Milton Stewart. On Nov. 4 Gov. Crawford resigned his
office to take command of the regiment, which left Topeka the next
day for the Indian country, under orders to join Gen. Sheridan's com-
mand at Camp Supply. The march took 24 days, and was made on 9
days' subsistence and 7 days' forage, the regiment reaching Camp
Supply on the 29th.
In the meantime, upon the approach of winter, Black Kettle's band
moved southward to the M'ashita river. Gen. George A. Custer was
sent out from Camp Supply in pursuit, and late on Nov. 26 the scouts
came within sight of Black Kettle's village. Bivouac was made for
the night, and at daybreak the next morning his bugles sounded the
charge. With the band playing the Seventh regiment's fighting tune
of "Garry Owen," Custer's men swept like a tornado through the
village. Black Kettle was killed early in the fight and the command
of the Indians fell on Little Rock, a Cheyenne chief afmost as well
known as Black Kettle himself. The village was destroyed, but Custer
soon learned that this band was only one of many, and that there
were in the vicinity about 2,000 warriors — Cheyennes, Arapahoes,
Kiowas, Comanches and a few Apaches. He dismounted his men and
assumed the defensive. The Indians were led by Little Raven (an
Arapaho), Satanta (a Kiowa), and Little Rock. The ammunition ran
low, but the quartermaster, Maj. Bell, charged the line and brought
in a wagon loaded with a fresh supply, after which the Indians grew
more wary and finally began to retreat. Custer threw out flankers and
followed, his object being to make the savages think his command was
but the advance of a large army, until he could withdraw with safety.
The ruse succeeded, and as soon as the Indians were in full retreat
Custer started for Camp Supply, where he arrived on Dec. i, two days
932 CYCLOPEDIA OF
after the Nineteenth Kansas. Official reports give the number of
officers, soldiers and citizens killed during the year 1868 as 353.
From Dec. 18, 1868, to Jan. 6, 1869, the Nineteenth was in camp at
Fort Cobb. It then moved 28 miles southward and. established Fort
Sill. Col. Crawford resigned on Feb. 12, and on March 23 Lieut.-Col.
Moore was made colonel, Maj. W. C. Jones at the same time being
promoted to lieutenant-colonel. On March 2, 1869, the command left
camp at Fort Sill, dismounted, and moved along the southern base of
the Wichita range "to stir up the Cheyennes." Salt fork was crossed
on the 6th, and after a hard march the Indians were overtaken on the
20th. The men of the Nineteenth were ready to open fire, when Col.
Moore received an order from Gen. Custer not to fire. For a short
time there was almost mutiny in the ranks. The men begged, argued,
swore, and some even shed tears in their disappointment, but the prin-
cipal object was to recover the two women (Mrs. Morgan and Miss
White) who had been captured in Kansas the year before. A parley
was held, which resulted in the chiefs Dull Knife, Big Head, Fat Bear
and Medicine Arrow being left with Custer as hostages until the women
were safely delivered to their friends, which was done on the 22nd.
No battles were fought by the Ninteenth, but its presence in the hostile
No battles were fought by the Nineteenth, but its presence in the hostile
regiment was mustered out at Fort Hays on April 18, 1869.
Early in May, 1869, predatory bands of Indians began to lurk around
the settlements on the frontier. On the 21st they attacked a party
of hunters on the Republican river and drove them and the settlers
on White Rock creek, in Republican count}-, down to Lake Sibley.
Five days later B. C. Sanders of Lake Sibley wrote to Adjt.-Gen. W.
S. Morehouse that 6 men had been killed, and that i woman and 2
boys were missing. On the 30th the Indians made a raid on the set-
tlements along the Saline river, killed and wounded 13 persons, and
carried Mrs. Allerdice, Mrs. Weichell and a child into captivity. Mrs.
Weichell was recaptured, but the other prisoners were killed during
a fight between the savages and the white troops under Gen. Carr. For
the protection of the settlers, the adjutant-general mustered a battalion
of four companies — 311 men and officers. Company A. commanded
by Capt. A. J. Pliley, was stationed at a blockhouse on Spillman creek;
Company B, under Capt. W. A. Winsell, was placed on Plum creek;
Company C, commanded by Capt. I. N. Dalr3'mple, was located near
the mouth of Spillman creek, with detachments from Minneapolis to
Fisher creek ; Company D, commanded by Capt. Richard Stanfield. was
stationed near the forks of the Republican river and Beaver creek.
Lieut. Stinson, with 30 men, was placed on Turke}' creek 10 miles from
the mouth. The expense of this battalion was a little over $83,800,
but its presence in the menaced districts held the Indians at bay and
no doubt saved several times the cost in property, to say nothing of
the preservation of human life.
The year 1870 was comparatively quiet. According to the report of
KANSAS HISTORY 933
the adjutant-general, some 20 or 30 Indians early in May attacked the
settlements on Limestone creek, Mitchell county, and killed 3 unarmed
men. These were the only persons killed in the state by Indians during
the year.
No further Indian troubles of consequence occurred in Kansas until
1874. In the spring of that year some roving bands began to molest
the settlers in Ford, Barber and Comanche counties, and Gov. Osborne
sent a small body of state troops into that section. In August about
20 or 30 Osages belonging to Black Dog's and Big Chief's bands came
into Kansas, under pretense of hunting on their old hunting grounds.
Capt. Ricker, with some 40 men, was occupying a stockade near Kiowa,
Barber county. Knowing that the Indians were off their reservation
without permission or authority, he marched out to their camp to learn
their intentions. The chief came out and met him a short distance
from the camp. AVhen Ricker told him to order the others to come
up the chief gave orders in the Osage language to fire upon the whites.
Lieut. Mosely understood the order. He promptly seized the chief
and informed him that any more evidence of treachery would result in
his having the top of his head blown off. The action of the leader
probably incensed Ricker's men to a degree that made them more
vindictive than they would otherwise have been in dealing with the
Indians. The camp was broken up, the ponies and camp equipage car-
ried off by the whites, and in the fight that ensued 4 of the Osages were
killed. • Edward P. Smith, Indian commissioner, wrote to the interior
department that Ricker acted without authorit)\ but that after the out-
rage, as he called it. Gov. Osborn had the company mustered as militia
and the order of muster antedated, in order to make it appear the act
was committed by authority of the state. Gov. Osborn commissioned
Capt. Lewis Hanback to investigate the affair and report. The con-
clusion reached by Capt. Hanback was that "The attempt made by the
Indian authorities to fasten the charge of murder and robbery on the
whites, is wholly and utterly without foundation. It arises either from
a misconception of the facts, or a willful desire to malign and mis-
represent." (See Osborn's Administration.)
Following this event came four years of peace, and then came the
last Indian raid in Kansas. That raid has been deemed sufficiently im-
portant to receive separate treatment in this work. (See Chevenne
Raid, 1878.)
Industrial Schools. — John Howard, who died in 1790, was the first
man to advocate a system of prison reform that would separate young
persons, convicted for the first time, from hardened criminals — a sys-
tem that has since found expression in the establishment of reform
schools. As early as 1803, Edward Livingston, while mayor of New
York city, suggested legislation in favor of such separation, and in
1821 he incorporated his ideas in the Louisiana code. The first organ-
ized effort for the reformation of juvenile offenders was in England
934
CYCLOPEDIA OF
of Refuge" in what is now known as Madison square ; Boston followed
with a similar institution in 1826, and Philadelphia opened a reform
school in 1828. In 1900 there were 56 such schools in the United
States.
m-- ^smti
4^ F f if
-f-
nft ? ^"'
, ''fi^
^f^s"'
ii
■m^m
i MAIN BUILDING, BOYS' INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Kansas has two schools of this character, Viz. : the "State Industrial
School for Boys," at Topeka, and the "State Industrial School for
Girls," at Beloit. The former was established under the provisions of
an act passed by the legislature of 1879, which appropriated $35,000
for the erection of buildings, etc. The control and supervision of the
school was placed in the hands of the board of trustees of the state
charitable institutions, which was directed to select a site within 5
miles of the state house, provided the city of Topeka would donate a
tract of not less than 160 acres of land for the purpose. Shortly after
the passage of the act, the board appointed Dr. J. L. Wever, A. T.
Sharpe and C. E. Faulkner as a committee to visit other states and
examine into the workings of their reform schools. The committee
reported in favor of founding an institution that should be educational
rather than penal; that cells, bolts and bars should be omitted; that
none over sixteen years of age should be admitted ; that forms of trial
in making commitments should be omitted as far as possible, and that
there should be a complete separation of the sexes. The report was
adopted and the school was founded upon that basis. It is located 3
miles north of the capitol building, on a tract of 170 acres which was
KANSAS HISTORY
935
given by the city of Topeka, and to this has been added 70 acres by
purchase. The west wing of the main building was completed in time
to open the school on June i, 1881, with J. G. Eckles as superintendent.
Mr. Eckles was succeeded on March i, 1882, by J. F. Buck, who served
to the close of the fiscal year on June 30, 1891. Since then the superin-
tendents have been as follows: W. E. Fagan, 1891-92; E. C. Hich-
cock, 1893-94; W. H. Howell, 1895-96; J. M. Hart, 1897 to May i, 1899;
W. S. Hancock, May i, 1899, to Jan. i, 1902; H. W. Charles, Jan. i,
1902 .
In his report for the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1900, Supt. Han-
cock stated that upon assuming the management of the institution he
found a number of boys whose conduct merited a discharge, but could
not be discharged because they had no suitable homes to which they
could go. He consulted with Gov. Stanley and the board of trustees,
with the result that the parole system was adopted. That year 31
boys were sent out on parole and only two came back. They were
again sent out — to different places — and that time remained. Since
then the parole system has been made a permanent feature of the
institution.
GIRLS' INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, BELOIT.
On Feb. i, 1888, the Women's Christian Temperance Union of Beloit
opened a school of a reformatory character for girls. This school was
kept up by private contributions until the meeting of the legislature
936 CYCLOPEDIA OF
in 1889, when a law was passed appropriating $25,000 for the estab-
lishment of a reform school for girls at Beloit, provided that city would
"secure a suitable tract of land, without cost to the state, not less than
40 acres, within 3 miles of said city, as a site for said school," the site
to be approved by the state board of charitable institutions. The people
of Beloit donated a tract of 80 acres within half a mile of the city, and
on March 18, 1889, the state took over the school that had been started
the 3'ear previous by the Women's Christian Temperance Union. A
building capable of accommodating 100 inmates was erected, and the
first commitment was from Butler county on May 10, 1889.
The act creating the school gave courts of record and probate courts
the power to commit: i. Any girl under the age of sixteen years wha
might be liable to punishment by imprisonment under any existing
law of the state. 2. Any girl under sixteen, with the consent of her
parent or guardian, against whom any charge of violation of law might
have been made, the penalty for which would be imprisonment. 3. Any
girl under sixteen who is incorrigible and habitually disregards the
commands of her father, mother or guardian, and who leads a vagrant
life, or resorts to immoral places or practices, and neglects or refuses,
to perform labor suitable to her years, and to attend school. Every
girl so committed to the institution was required to remain until she
reached the age of twenty-one, unless sooner discharged upon the
superintendent's recommendation, though girls might be apprenticed
or dismissed upon probation, to be returned to the school if they
proved untrustworth)-. Biennial reports have been made by the super-
intendents as follows: Mary Marshall, 1890; Martha P. Spencer, 1892;
Tamsel F. Hahn, 1894; Mrs. S. V. Leeper, 1896; Phoebe J. Bare, 1898;
Hester A. Hanback, 1900; and since that time to 1910 by Airs. Julia B.
Perry.
The aims and objects of the industrial schools are to surround way-
ward boys and girls with an atmosphere of refinement and morality
which will aid in their reformation, and to teach them the rudiments
of some useful employment that will place in their hands the means of
supporting themselves after being discharged from the institution. The
boys are taught tailoring, shoe and harness making, woodworking of
various kinds, baking, printing, etc., and the girls are taught sewing,
weaving, cooking, gardening and horticulture, wood carving, clay
modeling, and the general duties of the household. Music is taught in
both schools, which are provided with libraries. A printing press has-
been installed in the boys' school, and a monthly paper called the
"Boys' Chronicle" is issued and circulated throughout the state and
mailed to similar schools elsewhere.
Industry, a village in Clay county, is located on Chapman creek, 16
miles south of Clay Center, the county seat, and 9 miles southwest of
Wakefield, the postoiifice from which it receives its mail. There are
several business establishments, among which are 2 flour mills. The
population in 1910 was 250.
KANSAS HISTORY 937"
Ingalls, a little town in Gray county, is located in the township of
the same name, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 6 miles
west of Cimarron, the county seat. There are a number of stores, tele-
graph and expres? offices, and a money order postoffice. The popula-
tion, according to the census of 1910, was 250. Ingalls was one of the
candidates for county seat in the latter '80s, and at one time had the
county offices.
Ingalls, John James, United States senator, was born at Middle-
town, Mass., Dec. 29, 1833, a son of Elias T. and Eliza (Chase) Ingalls.
He was a descendant of Edmond Ingalls, who, with his brother Francis,,
founded the town of Lynn, Mass., in 1628. In 1855 h^ graduated at
Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., and two years later was admit-
ted to the bar in his native county of Essex. In 1858 he came to Kan-
sas; was a member of the Wyandotte constitutional convention in 1859;
and was secretary of the territorial council in i860. While secretary
of the state senate in 1861, at the first session of the state legislature,
he submitted a design for a state seal (see Seal of State), and in 1862
was elected to the state senate. During the Civil war he served as
judge advocate on the staff of Gen. George W. Deitzler, with the rank
of lieutenant-colonel, and in 1864 was nominated for lieutenant-governor
on the "Anti-Lane" ticket. Mr. Ingalls married Miss Anna L. Cheese-
borough of Atchison, Kan., in 1865, and in 1873 was elected to the
L^nited States senate to succeed Samuel C. Pomeroy. He was twice
reelected and served in the senate for 18 years, part of that time being
the presiding officer. He was a great reader, a close student of men
and events, a fine parliamentarian, and was probabl)^ the readiest man
in debate that ever represented Kansas in the upper house of Con-
gress. Senator Harris of Tennessee said of him : "Mr. Ingalls will
go down in history as the greatest presiding officer in the history of
the senate." Mr. Ingalls was possessed of fine literary talent, and had
he turned his attention in that direction instead of entering politics,
his name would no doubt have been among the great writers of the
country. His poem entitled "Opportunity," which has been widely
quoted, is a classic. He died at Las Vegas, New Mex., Aug. 16, 1900.
The writings, including essay's, addresses and orations of Mr. Ingalls,
were published in 1892 by Mrs. Ingalls. The book is dedicated to the
people of Kansas.
Inman, one of the important little towns of McPherson county, is
located on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 11 miles south-
west of McPherson, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly news-
paper (the Inman Review), telegraph and express offices, and an inter-
national money order postoffice with four rural routes. The population,
according to the census of 1910, was 484. Inman is one of the newer
towns of the county, and was named in honor of the famous pioneer
character. Henry Inman'. It is on the route of the old Santa Fe trail.
Inman, Henry, soldier and author, was born in the city of New York
on July 3, 1837, of Dutch and Huguenot ancestry. In 1857 he was.
938 CYCLOPEDIA OF
commissioned second lieutenant in the United States army and was
sent to the Pacific coast. On Oct. 22, 1861, he married Eunice C. Dyer
of Portland, Me., where her father, Joseph W. Dyer, was a well known
ship builder. During the Civil war Lieut. Inman served as an aide on
the staff of Gen. George Sykes, and on Feb. 11, 1869, was brevetted
lieutenant-colonel. After the war he won distinction as a magazine
writer. In 1895 he published ''The Old Santa Fe Trail," which was
widely read. This was followed by "The Great Salt Lake Trail," "The
Ranch on the Oxhide," and the '"Delahoyd Boys." For several years
before his death Mr. Inman was in feeble health and he left a number
of unfinished manuscripts. He died at Topeka, Kan., Nov. 13, 1899.
Insane Asylums. — The three Kansas institutions for the care and
treatment of persons of unsound mind are the "Topeka State Hospital,"
the "Osawatomie State Hospital," and the "Epileptic Hospital," each of
which is treated under its own title.
Internal Improvements. — Section 8, Article XI, of the state constitu-
tion of Kansas, reads : "The state shall never be a party in carrying
on any works of internal improvements."
By this provision Kansas escaped the heavy burden of indebtedness
that fell on some of the Western and Southern states through the
adoption of a so-called "liberal policy" in the construction of railroads,
canals, etc. But, while the state as a unit was thus prohibited from
aiding in the work of internal improvement, the legislature has repeat-
edly given authority to county commissioners and to municipal authori-
ties in incorporated cities to issue bonds for internal improvements.
The General Statutes of 1868 (Chapter 52) provides the method in
which counties and cities might issue bonds for building bridges and
erecting buildings for public purposes, said bonds to be made payable
in not less than ten nor more than twenty years, but before being issued
the question was to be submitted to a vote of the people.
Since that time there has been scarcely a session of the general
assembly at which bills have not been introduced providing for bond
issues by counties or municipalities for bridges, school houses, court-
houses, waterworks, electric light plants, poor houses, jails, etc. Many
of these bills have become laws, and much of the improvement of Kan-
sas counties and cities is due to such legislation.
Invasion of the 2,700. — Early in the forenoon of Sept. 14, 1856, a mes-
senger rode into Lawrence and announced that a large body of Mis-
sourians, which had been in camp on the Wakarusa, were advancing
on the town. They were the territorial militia called into service by the
order of acting Gov. Woodson, and the plan was to destroy Lawrence
before any contrary instructions could be received from the newly ap-
pointed governor, Geary. Brinton W. Woodward, in his address before
the Kansas Historical Society in 1898, said : "The actual number of
the enemy was unknown to us, but we had reason to believe that it
was overwhelming in comparison with our depleted remnant. There
has always been some latitude in its estimate — whether 2,500 or 2,800;
KANSAS HISTORY 939
but supplied as they were with the best of arms, 4 pieces of cannon,
officered by the men of most military experience among our bitter foes,
and led by John W. Raid, ex-colonel of the Mexican war, there were
surely enough of them to wipe us out utterly."
Including all the defenders, old and young, there were probably
not more than 200 men in Lawrence. The three forts located near
Vermont, Massachusetts and Rhode Island streets, bearing east and west
from each other in a line coinciding to that of Henry street, were first
manned. These earthworks were rudely constructed and about 4 feet
high. A second detachment, about 40 in number, was stationed in the
fort on Mount Oread, south of where North College now stands. It
occupied a commanding position but without cannon was in no condition
to put up a strong defense, yet some historians believe that this fort
had much to do with saving Lawrence. John Brown was among the
defenders, and while he had no command gave the defenders council and
advice. Anxiety increased as the day wore on and no news or relief
came from Gov. Geary. At length — between 4 and 5 o'clock p. m. — the
enemy was seen advancing toward Franklin, about 3 miles southeast of
Lawrence, having fired Stroup's mill on the way. The defenders realized
that the enemy must be repulsed or they would all perish in the city.
Col. O. E. Learnard, who had been commanding a little force of horse-
men, left the town with what few men he could gather, and started
down the road toward Blanton's bridge. Two other parties were also
sent out, one under Capt. Cracklin, but the leader of the second party,
sent out by John Brown, is not known. The party in command of Col.
Learnard went about 2 miles from town, and finding no enemy in that
direction, turned eastward and joined the other parties upon an elevated
ridge of land which commanded the road from Franklin, where they
intercepted the advance of the Missourians about 300 strong. The free-
state men, seeing that the southerners were attempting to cut them off,
began to retreat up the road toward town, keeping up a running fire
for some distance. When the Missourians had advanced some distance
they left the road, approached much nearer the town and circled around
northward on the prairie. It is thought the pro-slavery men believed
that there was a cannon in the fort on Mount Oread, and that this idea
prevented them from making a dash into the town, as the men in the fort
deployed in a manner to present quite a formidable array. The Missouri
force evidently concluded that they had not sufficient strength to take
the town and retired to their main body. That evening Gov.
Geary arrived with the United States troops, the crisis was passed and
Lawrence was saved from the sack, burning and plunder which was some
few years later to be her fate. (See Geary's Administration.)
lola, the seat of justice and largest city of Allen county, is situated a
little northwest of the center of the county, at the junction of the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas, and the Mis-
souri Pacific railways. Duncan's History of .A.llen County says that a
meeting was held in Jan., 1859, at the residence of J. C. Clark, near the
94° -eYCLOPEDIA OF
mouth of Deer creek, to locate a new town with a view to making it the
county seat. A town company was organized with John W. Scott,
president; John Hamilton, vice-president; J. M. 'Perkins, secretary: and
James McDonald, treasurer. The town was named for Mrs. Tola Col-
born, the wife of J. F. Colborn, who erected the first frame house, a
log house having been previously put up by Bolivar B. Bayne. In i860
James Faulkner and Aaron Case removed their stores from the old town
of Cofachique to lola. Little progress was made during the war, but in
the few years immediately following the growth was more rapid. In
1866 W. H. Johnson began the publication of the Neosho Valley Regis-
ter, which was the first newspaper. The first bank was started by the
King Bridge company, but when the bridge company went out of busi-
ness the bank also ceased to exist. L. L. Northrup then started a private
bank, which later developed into the present Northrup National bank.
The city also has two state banks and a savings bank. lola is well
equipped with paved streets, a good waterworks system, electric lights,
a street railway system, a fire department, gas for both heating and
illuminating purposes, an opera house, two daily and three weekly news-
papers, a public library, five fine graded public schools and a high school,
and various religious denominations are represented by handsome houses
of worship. Eight large cement factories turn out about 25,000 barrels
a day, employing about 3,000 men ; the 9 zinc smelters produce about
one-third of the world's supply; and a large spelter employs some 1,800
persons. There are also flour mills, brick and tile works, iron works,
planing mills, ice factory and cold storage plant, rug factory, bottling
works, creamery, broom factory, and a number of smaller manufacturing
enterprises. lola is connected by an electric railway with La Harpe, the
line passing through the gas field, with branches to Bassett and Con-
crete. On Feb. 28, 1870, lola was incorporated as a citj- of the second
class by an act of the legislature. The population in 1910, according to
the U. S. census, was 9,032, and the city was at that time composed of six
wards. Four rural delivery routes emanate from the lola post-
ofifice and supply mail to a large agricultural district and a number of
smaller villages.
Ionia, a village of Jewell county, is located in Ionia township, 12 miles
southwest of Mankato, the county seat, and 9 miles west of Jewell City,
on the middle branch of Limestone creek and the Smith Center and
Jewell City road. It has banking facilities, postoffice and telegraph. It
was homesteaded in 1869 and settled in 1870. The population in 1910
was 250.
Iowa Point, an old town in Doniphan county, is located on the Mis-
souri river and the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy R. R. in Iowa town-
ship 14 miles northwest of Tro}', the county seat. It has express and
telegraph ofifices and a money order postoffice. The population in 1910
was 150. This is one of the important towns of the count}^ historically.
It was founded in I855 by H. W. Forman, J. W. Forman and J. S. Pem-
berton on land formerly belonging to Rev. S. M. Irwin, the missionary.
KANSAS HISTORY , 941
The first two buildings were erected by members of the town company
in 1854. The first store was occupied by Beeler & Wilhams. A hotel
was opened by B. Beeler. The first drug store was opened b}" Leigh &
Brown, the former being the first physician. In 1856 the town took a
decided boom. Fine brick buildings went up, among them a $10,000
hotel, a sawmill and a grist mill. One of the earliest Masonic lodges
in the state was moved to the town in 1857, and the first lodge of Good
Templars was organized. The town soon out-stripped Atchison in size
and became second in the state in point of population and first in busi-
ness. Several wholesale houses were in operation by 1858, a brick yard
was started, and a ferry boat was put in operation on the Missouri. With
the beginning of the war the citizens promptly organized a company of
militia under Capt. C. J. Beeler, which took part in the war during the
entire four years. In 1862 a company of the Eighth Kansas was
stationed at Iowa Point for the protection of the river front. In that
year a great fire destroyed the main part of town (the big hotel had
already been burned), the ferry boat sunk, and the newspapers sus-
pended. The town never recovered from the effects of these disasters.
It was southern in its sympathies and the only slave ever offered for
sale was sold at auction in the street in 1857.
Irene, a country postoffice in Hamilton county, is located in Bear
Creek township, 15 miles southwest of Syracuse, the county seat. It
has mail tri-weekly. The principal occupation in the vicinity is farm-
ing and stock raising. The population in 1910 was 25.
Ironquill. — (See Ware, Eugene F.)
Irrigation. — In the late '70s and early '80s a general interest in irriga-
tion spread throughout the western states. The settlers of western
Kansas realizing the extreme fertility and richness of their soil, if only
sufficient moisture could be obtained, received the irrigation idea with
enthusiasm, which resulted in much speculation about the possibilities
of irrigating from the Arkansas river, and its ultimate trial. One com-
pany, organized at Garden City in 1879, dammed a channel in the river
between an island and the main land. From the reservoir thus formed
was dug a ditch 8 feet wide, 2 feet deep and 10 miles long. This was
successful enough to induce many other companies to organize irriga-
tion projects, and in 1883, not less than five large ditches had been con-
structed in that vicinity. All of these ditches when first made had an
ample flow of water from the river and would, if the flow had been unin-
terrupted, have supplied water for all of the lands below the ditches.
About 1887 and 1888, Colorado people began an extensive system of
irrigation from the Arkansas river. The great area watered from the
stream diverted so much water, that by 1891-92 the ditches in the Kan-
sas valley were practically abandoned. Litigation between Kansas and
Colorado followed in the supreme court of the LInited States. The case
was settled somewhat indefinitely, but practically against Kansas.
In 1895 the state took up the question, created a board of irrigation
and defined its object and duties, as is seen in Section 5, Chapter 162,
942 CYCLOPEDIA OF
the Session laws of 1895, which reads: "In order that there may be
made a practical test of the water supply on the uplands of western Kan-
sas for irrigation purposes said board shall cause to be constructed
twenty irrigation wells and pumping stations, or more if possible under
this appropriation, not more than one of which shall be located in the
same count}^ which shall be constructed and operated under the direc-
tion of said board in such manner that correct data of the depth of
wells, quality of water supply, kinds of pumps and power employed,
and the capacity of each of said wells, and said board are hereby em-
powered to make a practical test of the so-called underflow water for
irrigation purposes, to make a fine and complete examination of said
underflow water as they may be enabled to do with the means placed
at their command, to demonstrate the best method of raising water to
the surface and storing it for irrigation purposes, making as full and
complete report of their investigation in detail." etc.
Full provision was made in the bill for directing all phases of the work
and an appropriation of $30,000 was made to carry it on. This law is
supplemented in Chapter 21, Session laws of 1897, by "an act relating
to forestry and irrigation." combining both lines of investigation under
one commissioner, manner of appointment, length of time, defining
duties of said commission, and disposing of irrigation plants established
by the state irrigation commission. In 1900 the commissioner reports
that owijig to lack of water and too heavy machinery, the irrigation
plant at Ogallah station had not been as successful as had been hoped.
The irrigation plants in Kansas had not met with the results anticipated
when F. H. Newell, of the U. S. geological survey, reviewed the condi-
tions in western Kansas and recommended wells as the best solution
of the water supply problem.
In April, 1905, the United States geological survey announced to the
public that preparation was being made to install an irrigation plant
near Deerfield, Finney count}', Kan., Prof. Schlichter, an engineer of
the reclamation service, having demonstrated that there is a great
underflow at that point which, by the use of pumps, could be utilized for
irrigation. This plant was immediately constructed at a cost of $250,-
000 and used water from wells and from the Arkansas river for its
canals. Up to this time the idea of irrigating from wells had existed in
a limited way, but the discovery of an inexhaustible supply of under-
ground water in Finney and other western counties along the Arkansas
river, which can be found at a depth of 16 to 200 feet, created a system
of windmill irrigation that is both extensive and successful. The water
is pumped b}' the windmill into reservoirs, and from these it is car-
ried by ditches leading to diiTerent fields. One windmill and one reser-
voir 75 by 150 feet and 6 feet deep will irrigate from 10 to 20 acres.
While irrigation in the valley of the Arkansas river is the most exten-
sive and important, there are other sections where different modes of
irrigation have been employed advantageously. As early as 1877 a Mr.
Allman, who supplied Fort Wallace with provisions, felt the necessity
KANSAS HISTORY 943
of artificial watering of crops, and built a satisfactory ditch from the
Smoky Hill river, which ditch has been in continual use since that time.
In Scott county, a Mr. Jones has a fully developed system of hillside
•irrigation, the water being obtained from springs. Mr. Warner, in the
same county, has installed a system of flumes through which to convey
spring water to his fields. In many parts of western Kansas are never
failing springs, from which individual irrigation may be made. As
they are located at different elevations, sometimes on the bed of an
arroyo, at other times on the side of a high bluff, different engineering
methods have to be used to control the water. In Meade county is an
artesian area of about 20 miles in length by 6 miles in width. In this
area wells have been drilled from 50 to 250 feet in depth. The flow
of these wells varies from a pailful in five minutes to over 1,000 gallons
per minute. (See Artesian Wells.) The water obtained is used for
irrigation purposes. The accessible water supply of western Kansas
has been of untold value, not only to its immediate territory', but to
Kansas as a whole.
Irrigation, State Board of. — This board was created by the legislature
of 1895 to be known as a board of Irrigation Survey and Experiment,
and to be composed of five members, the geologist of the State Univer-
sity at Lawrence, the president of the agricultural college at Manhattan,
and three others to be appointed by the governor. (See Irrigation
ante.) The men appointed on this board were George T. Fairchild,
president of the Agricultural College, Erasmus Haworth, professor of
geology in the State L'niversity, D. M. Frost, of Garden City, M. B.
Tomblin, of Goodland, and William B. Sutton, of Russell. The board
organized March 13, 1895, with D. M. Frost as president and William
B. Sutton as secretary. The board considered it impossible to accom-
plish all the act embraced with the appropriation made, but deter-
mined to carry out the principal provisions of the law as far as was
practicable. As a preliminary step the territory to be investigated was
divided into three districts under the supervision of Mr. Tomblin, Mr.
Sutton and Mr. Frost. Stations were located in Rawlins, Sherman,
Rooks, Trego, Logan, Wallace, Greeley, Wichita, Lane, Hodgeman,
Hamilton, Grant, Haskell, Gray, Ford and Seward counties. In 1897
the legislature reorganized the irrigation work, created the office of
commissioner of forestry and irrigation, thus doing away with the
board of irrigation. In this act relating to irrigation all stations estab-
lished by the state irrigation commission were ordered to be sold.
Irvin, Samuel M., an early missionary and teacher to the Sac and Fox
Indians, was born in Pennsylvania in 1812. In 1835 the Presbyterian
foreign board appointed him missionary to the Iowa Indians, or rather
to act as superintendent of the mission, which was established in April,
1837, on what is known as the "Platte Purchase," in northwestern Mis-
souri. The next year it was moved across the Missouri river and
located near the present town of Highland, Doniphan county, Kan.
Here Mr. Irvin and his wife continued their labors until the mission
•944 CYCLOPEDIA OF
was discontinued, after wliich he was for several years connected with
the Highland University. At the time he came to Kansas the nearest
postoffice was at Liberty, Mo. On Feb. 12, 1879, Mr. Irvin delivered an
address before the Kansas State Historical Society. He died in 1887.
Irving, an incorporated city of Marshall county, is located in Blue
Rapids township 15 miles south of Marysville, the county seat, at the
junction of the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads, and on the
Big Blue river. All lines of business enterprise is represented. There
are good banking facilities, a weekly newspaper, telegraph and express
offices, graded schools, public library, churches of all denominations, and
three rural routes extend from the Irving postofifice. In 1910 the popu-
lation was 403.
Irving County, which has disappeared from the map of Kansas, was
created by the act of Feb. 2^, i860, and named in honor of Washington
Irving. The territory included in the county was taken from Hunter,
and it was bounded as follows : "Commencing at the point where the
guide meridian crosses the 5th standard parallel, between ranges 8 and
9; thence due west 36 miles; thence due south 24 miles; thence due east
to a point due south of the first named point; thence north to the place
of beginning." The territory included within these boundaries now
embraces the southern part of Butler county, the northern tier of Con-
gressional townships of Cowley, a little of the southwest corner of
Greenwood, and the northwest corner of Elk count_v.
Isabel, an incorporated town in Barber count}', is located on the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 13 miles north of Medicine Lodge,
the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Herald), over
a score of mercantile establishments, express and telegraph ofhces, and
a money order postofifice with one rural route. The population in 1910
was 222.
Island, an inland hamlet of Neosho county, is located in Lincoln town-
ship, about 12 miles southeast of Erie, the county seat, and about 8
from St. Paul, from which place it receives daily mail by rural route.
luka, an incorporated city of the third class in Pratt county, is located
in the township of the same name on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 5 miles
north of Pratt, the county seat. It has a bank, 2 elevators, a hotel, a
number of mercantile establishments, churches and schools, express and
telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice with one rural route.
The population in 1910 was 223. The town was settled in 1877, and
was at one time the county seat. (See Pratt County.)
Ivanhoe, a hamlet in Haskell county, is located 6 miles north of Santa
Fe, the county seat, and 7 miles northwest of Jean, the postoffice from
which its mail is distributed by rural route.
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