Full text of "Kingia"
KINGIA
Volume 1 Number 1
1988
ISSN 0819-1247
Western Australian Herbarium
ISSN 0819-1247
KINGIA
Volume 1 Number 1
1987
54609-1
Western Australian Herbarium
Department of Agriculture, Western Australia
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CONTENTS
Page
Collections of Lawrencia Hook, destroyed by fire, April 1984. By N. S. Lander. 1
Asteraceae specimens collected by Johann August Ludwig Preiss. By N. S. Lander. 9
The distribution of introduced Rumex (Polygonaceae) in Western Australia.
By J. Moore and J. K. Scott 21
Ecology of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park, Western Australia: tloristics and
nutrient status. By W. Foulds 27
Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod. By J. P. Tyler 49
Time between germination and first flowering of some perennial plants.
By B. G. Muir 75
The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia R.Br.
(Goodeniaceae). By D. A. Morrison 85
Editorial Board
J. W. Green (Editor)
G. Perry
B. L. Koch
M. E. Lawrence
K. F. Kenneally
Editorial Assistant
J. W. Searle
Western Australian Herbarium, George Street, South Perth,
Western Australia 6151
KINGIA
This new journal Kingia replaces the former Western Australian Herbarium Research
Notes, of which 12 numbers were issued between 1978 and 1986. Though different in for-
mat and arranged in volumes and parts, Kingia will follow closely the content and edi-
torial policy df its predecessor, containing papers on the flora and vegetation of Western
Australia. Taxonomic contributions should be directed to the Herbarium’s journal
Nuytsia.
The title Kingia was chosen for a number of reasons. Its cover depicts Kingia, an ar-
borescent monocotyledon, endemic in Western Australia; it was drawn by the foun-
dation editor of Research Notes, Dr Roger Hnatiuk, and so provides a link between the
old journal and the new. Kingia was first observed near Albany in 1801 by Robert
Brown, who named it in honour of his friend, the surveyor-explorer Captain Phillip
Parker King, and also in memory of Captain Philip Gidley King, a Governor of New
South Wales who supported botany.
A counterpart of our new journal is the ecological journal of the New South Wales
National Herbarium, Cunninghamia, named in honour of botanist Allan Cunningham
who was Superintendent of the Sydney Botanic Garden in 1837. In view of the associ-
ation of Cunningham with Phillip Parker King on expeditions between 1817 and 1822,
including Western Australia, it is particularly appropriate that the titles of the two
journals should parallel the historic association of King and Cunningham.
Available from
The Information Branch
Department of Agriculture
Baron-Hay Court, South Perth
Western Australia 6151
Kingia 1(1): 1-8 (1987)
1
Collections of Lawrencia Hook, destroyed by fire, April 1984
N. S. Lander
Western Australian Herbarium, George Street, South Perth, Western Australia 6151
Abstract
Lander, N. S, Collections of Lawrencia Hook, destroyed by fire, April 1984. Kingia 1(1): 1-8 (1987), Label
details of specimens of Lawrencia from MEL and HO destroyed in a road accident in April 1984 are provided.
Available data includes locality, date of gathering, collector’s name and field numbers, species identification
and sheet number for each lost specimen.
Introduction
Following the completion of my revision of the genus Lawrencia Hook. (Lander 1985),
collections on loan to PERTH from HO and MEL were destroyed in their entirety on
4th April 1984 when the truck in which they were contained was gutted by fire near
Eucla on the Nullarbor Plain.
In the course of my study, a comprehensive index to specimens examined was main-
tained. Thus it has been possible to provide the following collection details. For each
specimen, the locality, date of gathering, collector’s name and field number (where these
were noted on the original label) as well as the location of duplicates in other herbaria
are recorded. Further, the species identification in accordance with my revision is also
indicated.
Amongst the specimens from MEL lost were several types: namely, two possible
isotypes of Plagianthus berthae F. Muell., an isotype of Lawrencia glomerata Hook.,
seven syntypes of Plagianthus spicatus var. pubescens Benth., two isotypes of
Lawrencia squamata Nees ex Miq., ten syntypes of Halothamnus microphyllus F.
Muell., a svntype of Plagianthus helmsiiF. Muell. & Tate, the holotype of Plagianthus
monoicus Helms ex Ewart. Further syntypes are held elsewhere for all the lost syntypes;
the appropriate lectotypes have been selected in all cases. The single lost holotype has
an isotype at AD which has been designated as a lectotype (Lander 1985).
In the following list, entries are arranged alphabetically by collector’s surname.
Species numbers (the first number appearing in parenthesis) are those used in my re-
vision of Lawrencia: namely,
1. Lawrencia berthae (F. Muell.) Melville
2. Lawrencia spicata Hook.
3. Lawrencia glomerata Hook.
4. Lawrencia viridi-grisea Lander
5. Lawrencia buchananensis Lander
6. Lawrencia cinerea Lander
7. Lawrencia densiflora (E. G. Baker) Melville
8. Lawrencia repens (S. Moore) Melville
9. Lawrencia diffusa (Benth.) Melville
10. Lawrencia squamata Nees ex Miq.
11. Lawrencia chrysoderma Lander
12. Lawrencia helmsii (F. Muell. & Tate) Lander
2
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Specimens Destroyed from the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL)
Mouth of the Glenelg River, Viet., s.dat., W. Alitt, s.n. (2-MEL 98761).
Ooldea, S.A., 1880, Anonymous s.n. (3 MEL 98716).
Shark Bay W.A., Oct. 1877, Anonymous (4 MEL 98704).
Robertsons Brook, Duke of Orleans Bay, W.A.,33° 55’ S, 122° 20’ E, s.dat., Anonymous (10 MEL 98805).
Wimmera, Viet., s.dat.. Anonymous (10 MEL 98775).
S.loc., s.dat. Anonymous (10 MEL 98809).
Murray River, Nov. 1905, Anonymous (10 MEL 98778).
Port Gawler, S.A., s.dat., Anonymous (10 MEL 98807).
Shark Bay W.A., Oct. 1877, Anonymous (7 MEL 98655 and 98657).
S.loc., s.dat.. Anonymous (1 MEL 98642).
Trial Bay, W.A., between the mill lake and the flour mill, s.dat., Anonymous (9 MEL 98762).
Mallagata Inlet, s.dat.. Anonymous (2 MEL 98747).
S.loc., s.dat.. Anonymous (2 MEL 98756).
S.loc., s.dat., Anonymous (3 MEL).
South W.A., s.dat.. Anonymous (10 MEL 98797).
Lake Austin, ca 330 km NE of Geraldton, W.A., 7 Aug. 1970, A. M. Ashby 3705 (12 MEL 98767). Duplicate:
AD.
Eucla, W.A., 1886, J. D. Batt 64 (3 MEL 98715).
Eucla, W.A., 1886, J. D. Batt s.n. (3 MEL 98691).
Eucla, W.A., 1887, J. D. Batt 38 (3 MEL 98707).
Eucla. W.A., 1887, J. D. Batt s.n. (10 MEL 98799).
Eucla, W.A., 1889, J. D. Batt s.n. (10 MEL 98806).
Eucla, W.A.. 1890. J. D. Batt s.n. (10 MEL 98800).
Cobham salt lake, N.S.W.. s.dat.., W. Bauerlen 256 (3 MEL).
Cobham salt lakes, N.S.W., Sept. 1887, W. Bauerlen 254 (10 MEL 98801, 98813). Duplicate: NSW.
Hattah Lakes National Park. Viet., Oct. 1948, A. C. Beauglehole 989 (10 MEL).
Raak Salt Plain, W of Nowingi, Viet., Sept. 1966, A. C. Beauglehole 16088 (3 MEL).
London Bridge area, Port Campbell National Park, Sept. 1966, A. C. Beauglehole 21349 (2 MEL 529353).
Wyperfeld National Park, Rubble Lake, S of Pirro Dune, Viet.. Oct. 1968, A. C. Beauglehole 29357 (3 MEL).
Smaller island near Goat Island, Mallacoota Inlet National Park, Viet.. Dec. 1969, A. C. Beauglehole 31285 (2
MEL 527061).
Goat Island, Mallacoota Inlet National Park, Viet., Dec. 1969, A. C. Beauglehole 32165 (2 MEL 527062).
3.2 km ENE of Mallacoota Post Office, Mallacoota Inlet National Park, Viet., Dec. 1969. A. C. Beauglehole
33027 (2 MEL 527073).
Lake Corangamite, Wool Wool area, Jan. 1964, A. C. Beauglehole 39124 (2 MEL 529352).
Hattah Lakes National Park, NW of Hattah Lake, Viet., Oct. 1960, A. C. Beauglehole 39209 (3 MEL).
Hattah Lakes National Park, Lendrook Plain. Oct. 1960, A. C. Beauglehole 39210 (10 MEL).
Pink Lakes, 16 km NNW of Underbool, ca 48 km W of Ouyen Post Office, Viet.. Sept. 1972, A. C. Beauglehole
40390 (10 MEL).
22 miles NW of Underbool Post Office, 43 miles WSW of Hattah Post Office, Underbool Tank, Viet., Sept.
1972, A. C. Beauglehole 40453 (10 MEL).
Raak salt plains 9 miles NNW of Hattah Post Office, Viet., Oct. 1972, A. C. Beauglehole 40583 (10 MEL
529793).
N. S. Lander, Collections of Lawrencia destroyed by fire
3
Raak Salt Plains, S end near mallee area 10 miles VV of Hattah Post Office, Viet., Oct. 1972, A. C. Beauglehole
40592 (3 MEL).
Little Desert. Watchegatcheca. Viet., Nov. 1949, A. C. Beauglehole 42985 (3 MEL).
Little Desert. Watchegatcheca, Viet,. Oct. 1948, A. C. Beauglehole 42987 (3 MEL).
Little Desert. Watchegatcheca. Viet.. Oct. 1948, ,4. C. Beauglehole 42993, (10 MEL 529363).
North West Mallee Study Area, Towan Plains Flora and Fauna Reserve, ca 26 km SW of Manangatang Post
Office, Viet,, April 1977, A. C. Beauglehole 55731 (3 MEL).
Mallee Study Area. Annuello, ca 23 km NNW of Manangatang Post Office. Viet,, April 1977. A. C. Beauglehole
55867 (3 MEL).
Mallee studv area. Annuello, ca 23 km NNW Manangatang Post Office, Viet.. April 1977, A. C. Beauglehole
55955 (10 MEL).
Mt Conner. N.T., Sept. 1947, J. M. Bechervaise s.n. (3 MEL 98661).
Sources of Thomson River, Qld., 1871, C. W. Birch s.n. (3 MEL 98703).
Between Barring Downs & Muellers Range, W.A., s.dat., C. W. Birch s.n. (3 MEL 98705).
St Helens, Tas., April 1922, R. A. Black s.n. (2 MEL).
Israelite Bay. W.A., 1885, S. T. C. Brooks (as 'S. Brooke’) s.n. (10 MEL 98793).
Israelite Bay. W.A., 1893, S. T. C. Brooks (as 'Mrs Brookes') s.n. (1 MEL 98651).
Israelite Bay, W.A., 1883, Miss Brooks (as 'Miss Brooke’) s.n. (3 MEL 98698).
Israelite Bay, W.A.. 1884. Miss Brooks (as ’Miss Brooke’) s.n. (3 MEL 98697).
Upper Gascoyne River, W.A., 1890, C. D. Brown s.n. (7 MEL 98673).
South Coast, Van Diemans Land (Tas.), 1802, R. Brown 5110 (2-MEL).Duplicates: BM, CANB, K.
Port Arthur, Tas., 1892 and 1893. Rev. J. Button s.n. (2 MEL 98740 and 98734).
Nullarbor Plain, ca 50 miles S of Ooldea towards Colona, near salt lagoons, S.A., 26 Sept. 1955, H. W. Caulfield
146a (3 MEL).
Pink Lake State Park, Purnya reference area, Viet., Dec. 1980, P. D. C. Cheat s.n. (10 MEL 580047).
Palm Valiev. N.T.. 24° 04’ S, 132° 45' E, Sept. 1963, G. M. Chippendale 10611 (3 MEL). Duplicates: AD, BRI,
CANB. K, NSW. PERTH.
Palm Valley. N.T.. 24° 04’ S, 132° 45’ E. Sept. 1963. G. M. Chippendale 10612 (3 MEL). Duplicates: AD.
CANB'. NSW.
SW Australia, s.dat., W. Clarke s.n., (2 MEL 98758).
Lake Eyre. S.A., Aug. 1971, M. G. Corrick 5027 (3 MEL 98815).
Beside Owen Hwy ca 5 km E of Murravville. Viet., 35° 16’ S, 141° 15’ E, 28 Aug. 1979, M. G. Corrick 6239 (1
MEL).
Big Desert, 13 km S of Murravville on Nhill road, Viet., 35° 25’ S, 141° 14’ E, Oct. 1979, M. G. Corrick 6367
(1 MEL).
Big Desert, SE of Murravville on East - West road. 4 km S of Murrayville and 4 km E of junction with Nhill
- Murrayville road, Viet., 35° 17’ S, 141° 14’ E, Oct. 1979, M. G. Corrick 6380 (1 MEL).
Far NW, ca2 km S of Sunset Tank, Viet., 34° 58’ S, 141° 30’ E, April 1980, M. G. Corrick 6656, (10 MEL).
Lake Austin, W.A., 27° 35’ S, 117° 55’ E. April 1978, L. A. Craven 5033 (3 MEL 572424). Duplicates: BRI, NT,
PERTH.
Between W end of Great Australian Bight and Victoria Springs, W.A., s.dat., Crawford 39 (10 MEL 98798).
Between W end of Great Australian Bight and Victoria Springs, W. A., s.dat., Crawford 48, (10 MEL 98802).
Perth, W.A., s.dat., M. D. Crisp 1231 (10 MEL).
Northern Plains 30 km SSW of Mildura, 9 km S of Benetook along Meridian Rd, Viet., 34° 26’ S, 142° 00’ E,
Oct. 1977, M. D. Crisp 3295 (10 MEL). Duplicate: CBG.
Northern Plains, 46 km N of Mildura, Raak Plain. 3 km S of NW corner, Viet., 34° 36’ S, 141° 57’ E, Oct 1977
M. D. Crisp 3417 (3 MEL). Duplicate: CBG.
Between the Upper Blackwood River and Lake Lefroy, W.A., 1893, M. Cronin s.n., (1 MEL 98664 & 98648).
4
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Lake Wagin, W.A., 1890, M. Cronin s.n. (3 MEL 98694).
Lake Weering (as “Lake Waringa’’), Viet., 3 Oct. 1860, J. Dallachy 237 (3 MEL 98687 pro pte.): a syntype of
Plagianthus spicatus var. pubescens Bent.h. [- Lawrencia glomerata Hook.].
Lake Weering (as “Lake Waringa”), Viet., 3 Oct. 1860, J. Dallachy 238 (3 MEL 98685): a syntype of
Plagianthus spicatus var. pubescens Benth. [= Lawrencia glomerata Hook.].
Loutitt Bay, Viet., s.dat., J. Dallachy [as “Dalachi”] s.n. (2 MEL 98743). Duplicate: NSW, PERTH.
Wimmera District, Viet., Oct, 1889, St E. D’Alton s.n. (3 MEL 98679).
Pineplains, Viet,, s.dat., St E. D'Alton 16 (3 MEL 98683).
Swan River, W.A., 1843, J. Drummondbb (3 MEL 98714): an isotype of Lawrencia glomerata Hook. The holo-
type is held at K; further isotypes are at BM and PERTH.
Swan River, W.A., 1845, J. Drummond 208 (10 MEL). Duplicates: BM, K, PERTH.
Swan River, W.A., s.dat., J. Drummond 252 (10 MEL 98808). Duplicates: BM, K.
Port Gregory, W.A., s.dat., J. Drummond s.n. (4 MEL 98692).
S.loc., W.A., s.dat,, J. Drummond s.n. (1 MEL 98649).
S.loc., W.A., s.dat., J. Drummond s.n. (2 MEL 98729, 98730 and 98754). Duplicate: K.
S.loc., W.A., s.dat., J. Drummond s.n. (10 MEL 98772).
S.loc., W.A., s.dat., J. Drummond s.n. (10 MEL 98781).
S.loc., W.A., s.dat,, J. Drummond s.n. (10 MEL 98795).
S.loc., W.A., s.dat., J. Drummond s.n. (10 MEL 98771).
New Haven, Lake Bennett, N.T., 22° 46’ S, 131° 00' E, May 1972, C. Dunlop 2541 (3 MEL). Duplicates: AD,
NT.
Murray River, 1892, J P. Eckert s.n. (10 MEL 98779).
Little River, (location uncertain), s.dat,, I. Filligan 3 (2 MEL 98748).
20 miles W of Emu, S.A., 3 Sept. 1956, N. Forde 479 (3 MEL). Duplicates: AD, NT.
W.A., 18° 16’ S, 122° 04’ E, 1879, A. Forrest s.n. (3 MEL 98706).
Pierre Springs, W.A., 7 June 1874, J. & A. Forrest s.n. (3 MEL 98711).
S.loc., W.A., 28 June 1874, J. & A. Forrest s.n. (3 MEL 98712).
Mt Moore, W.A., 30 June 1874, J. & A. Forrest s.n. (3 MEL 98710).
Minilya (as ’Manilyalya’), N of Shark Bay, W.A., 1882, J. Forrest s.n. (3 MEL 98660).
Altona, Viet,, April 1923, C. French Jnr s.n., (3 MEL).
Lake Eyre, S.A., 1872-74, W. E. P. Giles s.n. (3 MEL 98696).
Great Australian Bight, 1875, W. E. P. Giles s.n. (10 MEL 98796).
Upper Ashburton River, W.A., 1876, W. E. P. Giles s.n. (3 MEL 98695).
Mt Murchison, W.A., 1876, W. E. P. Giles s.n. (3 MEL 98731).
S.loc., W.A., 1876, W.E. P. Giles s.n. (6 MEL 98708).
Near Coolgardie W.A., May 1909, Prof. Gregory s.n. (12 MEL 98766).
Rigby Island S of Kalinina, Viet., 37° 56’ S. 147° 57’ E, Aug. 1928, P.K. Gullan 384 (2 MEL 573090).
E bank of the Swan River, W.A., 1889, M. Heal s.n. (1 MEL 98650).
Fraser Range, W.A., Sept. 1891. R. Helms s.n. (1 MEL 98641).
Hunts Slate Well, W.A., 9 Nov. 1891. R. Helms s.n. (9 MEL 7605542). Duplicates: AD, K.
Lake Deborah, W.A., Nov. 1891, R. Helms s.n. (MEL): the holot.ype of Plagianthus monoicus Helms ex Ewart.
| = Ricinocarpus velutinusF. Muell.]; two isotypes are held at AD from which a lectotype has been chosen.
Lake Lefroy, W.A. 1891, R. Helms s.n. (12 MEL 571607). Duplicate: AD.
Lake Lefroy. W.A., 7 Nov. 1891, R. Helms s.n. ( 12 MEL): a syntype of Plagianthus helmsii F. Muell. & Tate
[= Lawrencia helmsii (F. Muell. & Tate) N. S. Lander], A duplicate of this collection at AD has been
chosen as a lectotype; isolectotypes are held at K and NSW. A further syntype is held at AD.
N. S. Lander, Collections of Lawrencia destroyed by fire 5
Lake Bennet, N.T., 22° 47’ S, 131° 01’ E, Jan. 1972, N. W. Henry 378 (4 MEL 89670).
S.loc, W.A., April 1896, N. 0. Holst s.n. (12 MEL 571605).
Brachina Gorge, Oraparinna National Park, Flinders Range, S.A., Sept. 1971, E. N. S. Jackson 1835, (10
MEL).
Napperby Station N.T., 22° 51’ S, 132° 33’ E, Jan. 1972, P. K. Latz 1971 (3 MEL 98671). Duplicate: CANB.
Dalhousie Springs, S.A., 26° 27’ S, 135° 28’ E, April 1974, P. K. Latz 4797 (10 MEL). Duplicates: AD, BH,
PERTH.
S of Mongrel Downs Station, S.A., 20° 56’ S, 129° 24’ E„ Aug. 1976, P. K. Latz6561 a & b (3 & 4 MEL). Dupli-
cate: NT.
Clarke Island, Tas., 1894, E. Maclaine s.n. (2 MEL 98741).
Lake Neale N.T., 24° 28’ S, 130° 13’ E, Aug. 1973, J. R. Maconochie 1891 (4 MEL). Duplicates: AD, CANB,
CGB, NT.
Lake Neale, N.T., 24° 28’ S, 130° 13’ E, 28 May 1973, J. R. Maconochie 1893 (3 MEL). Duplicates: AD, NT.
Margate, Tas., Sept. 1924, M. D. Maddox s.n. (2 MEL 98753).
Wyperfield National Park, Viet., 1959, J. O. Maroske s.n. (3 MEL 98664).
Gardners River, W.A., s.dat., G. Maxwell s.n. (1 MEL 98635, 98636): possible isotypes of Plagianthus berthae
F. Muell. [- Lawrencia berthae (F. Muell.) Melville]. The holotype is held at K; a further possible isotype
is at M.
Puttingup, W.A., s.dat., G. Maxwell s.n. (10 and 11 MEL 98794).
SW Australia, s.dat., G. Maxwell s.n. (1 MEL 98643). Duplicate: K.
Ca0.5 miles ENE of Southern Cross, around salt pans, Aug. 1952, R. Melville 219 (10 MEL). Duplicate: K.
Salt Lake near Kiatta, Viet., Sept. 1952, R. Melville 988 (10 MEL). Duplicate: K.
14 4 miles N of Kalgoorlie, W.A., July 1953, R. Melville 4011 (3 MEL 98768). Duplicates: AD, BRI, K. NSW,
PERTH.
Near Mt Moore, W.A., 1889, E. Merrall s.n. (8 MEL 98699).
Parkers Range, W.A., 1890, E. Merrall s.n. (1 MEL 98646, 98477).
Parkers Range, W.A., 1890, E. Merrall s.n. (8 MEL 98693).
Parkers Range, W.A., 1892, E. Merrall s.n. (1 MEL 98653).
Junction of the Murray and Darling Rivers Viet. & N.S.W., Oct. 1887, J. Minchin s.n. (3 MEL 98680).
Claremont, W.A., Feb. 1903, A. Morrison s.n. (2 MEL 98765). Duplicates: BM, CANB.
Murray Desert, Viet,, 14 Oct. 1835, F. Mueller s.n., (3 MEL): A syntype of Plagianthus spicatus var. pubescens
Benth. [= Lawrencia glomerata Hook.].
Holdfast Bay, S.A., Dec. 1850, F. Mueller s.n. (2 MEL 98721, 98722, 98723, 98757).
Yarra River, Viet.. Nov. 1852, F. Mueller s.n. (2 MEL 98762).
On the Reedy Lake, Murray River, Jan. 1854, F. Mueller s.n. (3 MEL 98720).
Spencers Gulf. S.A., Oct. 1857., F. Mueller s.n. (10 MEL 98812, 98790, 584132): syntypes of Plagianthus
microphyllus F. Muell. [= Lawrencia squamata Nees ex Miq.].
Spencers Gulf near Port Pirie, S.A., Oct. 1857, F. Mueller s.n. (10 MEL 584133): a syntype of Plagianthus
microphyllus F. Muell. [=• Lawrencia squamata Nees ex Miq.].
Salt bush plain just north of Stirling Range, W.A., Oct. 1867. F. Mueller s.n., (10 MEL 98804).
Shark Bay, W.A., Oct. 1877, F. Mueller s.n. (4 MEL 98704).
S.loc., s.dat., F. Mueller s.n. (3 MEL 98683).
Lake Hindmarsh, Viet., s.dat,, F. Mueller s.n. (3 MEL 98684, 98686, 98687 pro pte): syntypes of Plagianthus
spicatus var. pubescens Benth. [= Lawrencia glomerata Hook.]. A duplicate of this collection held at
NSW has been selected as a lectotype; there is an isolectotype at BM.
S.loc., s.dat., F. Mueller s.n. (3 MEL 98688).
Lake Hindmarsh. Viet., s.dat,, F. Mueller s.n. (3 MEL 98689).
S.loc., s.dat, F. Mueller s.n. (3 MEL 98710).
6
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
S.loc., s.dat, F. Mueller s.n. (3 MEL 98712).
Guichen Bay, S.A., s.dat... F. Mueller s.n. (2 MEL 98725, 98755).
Port Gawler, S.A., s.dat., F. Mueller s.n. (2 MEL 98732).
Mallagata. (location uncertain), s.dat., F. Mueller s.n. (2 MEL 98747).
Lake Victoria, N.S.W., s.dat.. F. Mueller s.n. (2 MEL 98763). Duplicate: K.
S.loc., s.dat., F. Mueller s.n. (10 MEL 98775).
Seaflats on the Murray River, S.A.. s.dat., F. Mueller s.n. (10 MEL 98787): a syntype of Plagianthus
microphvllus F. Muell. [= Lawrencia squamata Nees ex Miq.].
Murray River, s.dat.. F. Mueller s.n. (10 MEL 98788, 98789): a syntype of Plagianthus microphvllus F. Muell.
[- Lawrencia squamata Nees ex Miq.]. A duplicate of this collection at K has been chosen as a lectotype;
there is an isolectotype at BM.
Murray, s.dat., F. Mueller s.n. (10 MEL 98791): a syntype of Plagianthus microphyllusF. Muell. [- Lawrencia
squamata Nees ex Miq.]. Duplicate: K.
Spencers Gulf. S.A.. s.dat., F. Mueller s.n. (10 MEL 98812).
Between Guichen Bay and Lake Albert, S.A.. s.dat., F. Mueller s.n. (10 MEL 584131 pro pt.e.): a syntype of
Plagianthus microphvllus F. Muell. [= Lawrencia squamata Nees ex Miq.].
Guichen Bay, S.A., s.dat., F. Mueller s.n. (10 MEL 584131 pro pte).
Dimboola, Viet., 1947, E. T. Muir A.C.B. 42987 (3 MEL).
Dimboola, Viet., 1947, E. T. Muir A.C.B. 42994 (10 MEL 529364).
Dimboola, Viet., 1948, E. T. Muir s.n, (3 MEL 98678).
Lake, 1 mile W. Central Mt Wedge, N.T., 22° 45’ S, 132° 09’ E, June 1968. .4. O. Nicholls 818 (3 MEL). Dupli-
cates: AD, CANB. K. NT, PERTH.
Port Gregory, W.A., s.dat., A. Oldfield s.n. (4 MEL). Duplicate: K.
45 km SW. of Mongrel Downs Homestead, N.T., Aug. 1970, S. Parker 280 (4 MEL 98667). Duplicates: AD,
K, NT.
Near Lake Hindmarsh, Viet., Nov. 1968, J. D. M. Pearson 2024 (3 MEL).
Gascoyne River, W.A., 1882, J. Polak (as "Pollack") s.n. (3 MEL 98660).
Southern River, Perth, Sept. 1841, J.A.L. Preiss 1231 (10 MEL 584100, 584134): isotypes of Lawrencia
squamata Nees ex Miq.: the holotype is at LD. Southern River is a branch of the Canning River, near pre-
sent day Thornlie.
S.loc., W.A., s.dat., J. A. L. Preiss 2381 (2 MEL).
S.loc., W.A., s.dat., J. A. L. Preiss 2387 (2 MEL).
S.loc., March 1895. F. M. Reader 2 (3 MEL 98702).
Polkemmet near river Wimmera. Viet., Dec. 1895, F. M. Reader 8 (2 MEL 98744, 98745).
Lowan, Viet,., Oct. 1895, F. M. Reader s.n. (10 MEL 98776).
Polkemmet, Viet., Nov. 1898, F. M. Reader s.n. (3 MEL).
NW of Dimboola, Viet., Nov. 1892, J. Reader 5 (10 MEL 98777).
S.loc., March 1895, J. Reader 8 (10 MEL 98774).
Wimmera. N.S.W., March 1895, J. Reader s.n. (3 MEL 98677).
Between Eucla and Fowlers Bay. 1875, T. Richards s.n. (10 MEL 98810).
Near Fowlers Bay, S.A.. 1875, T. Richards s.n. (10 MEL 98811).
Eucla, W.A., 1877, T. Richards s.n. (3 MEL 98709, 98676).
Fowlers Bay, S.A.. 1800, A. F. Richards 4 (3 MEL 98690, 98670).
Pedinga, S.A., 1880, A. F. Richards s.n. (3 MEL 98701).
Fowlers Bay, S.A., s.dat., A. F. Richards s.n. (3 MEL 98674).
Fowlers Bay, S.A., s.dat., A. F. Richards s.n. (3 MEL 98700).
N. S. Lander, Collections of Lawrencia destroyed by fire 7
Lake Reserve Gippsland Lakes, Viet.., Feb. 1960, H. Ritman s.n. (2 MEL 98752).
5.6 km along road which runs W of Sunset Tank * Merrinee road, Viet., 34° 44' S, 141° 38’ E, Sept. 1980, P. S.
Short 1185 (3 MEL). Duplicates: AD, CBG.
10 miles S of Broad Arrow, W.A., Sept, 1966, R. V. Smith 517 (12 MEL 571582).
Barwidge road, 10 miles S of Yelma turn-off. Eremean Province. W.A., 1 Sept. 1958. N. H. Speck 1346 (10
MEL). Duplicates: AD. BRI. K, NSW.
24 miles W of Yelma, Ereamean Province, W.A., 26° 33’ S, 121° 22’ E, 11 Sept. 1958, N. H. Speck 1435 (3
MEL). Duplicates: AD, CANB.
S.loc., Tas., s.dat.. G. F. Sotry s.n. (2 MEL 98742, 584112).
Murchison River, W.A. 1895, V. Streich s.n. (3 MEL 98767).
Wimmera District. Viet., Oct. 1905, C. S. Sutton s.n. (2 MEL 98746).
4 miles W of Ardrossan on Maitland Road, Yorke Peninsula, S.A., July 1879, J. G. O. Tepper 82 (1 MEL
98640).
4 miles W of Ardrossan on Maitland Road, Yorke Peninsula, S.A., July 1879, J. G. O. Tepper 444 (1 MEL
98639).
S.loc., s.dat., J. G. 0. Tepper 756 (2 MEL 98739).
Earles Farm, Kangaroo Island, S.A., s.dat,. J. G. O. Tepper 880 (2 MEL 98735).
Yorke Peninsula, S.A., s.dat., J. G. O. Tepper 916 (3 MEL 98675).
Yorke Peninsula, S.A., 1880, J. G. O. Tepper 932 (2 MEL 98675).
Kangaroo Island, S.A., s.dat., J. G. O. Tepper 1209 (2 MEL 98737).
Maitland Road, Yorke Peninsula, S.A., Jan. 1880, J. G. O. Tepper s.n. (1 MEL 98654).
S.loc., s.dat., J. G. O. Tepper s.n. (1 MEL 98637, 98638).
Ooldea, S.A., 1880, Teitkens s.n. (3 MEL 98716).
Lake Tyers, Viet., April 1977, J. Turner s.n. (2 MEL 537665).
Upper Murchison River. W’.A., 1892, I. Tyson s.n. (7 MEL 98658).
S.loc., 1893, I. Tyson 18 (10 MEL 98792).
St Francis Island, ca 60 km SW of Ceduna, S.A., 11 Jan. 1971, N. M. Wace 219 (3 MEL). Duplicate: AD.
Near Annuello, Viet,, Sept. 1971, R. Wade s.n. (10 MEL 98785).
Rabbit Island, Mallacoota Inlet, Viet., Oct. 1948, N. A. Wakefield 2243 (2 MEL 1509247).
Trial Bay, W.A.. s.dat., Maj. P. E. Warburton s.n. (2 MEL 98724).
Trial Bay. W.A., s.dat.. Maj. P. E. Warburton s.n. (3 MEL): a syntype of Plagianthus spicatus var. pubescens
Benth. [- Lawrencia glomerata Hook.].
Lake Eyre Basin - South, ca 150 km W of Marree on the road to Oodnadata, S.A., June 1968, J. Z. Weber 774
(3 MEL). Duplicate: AD.
Point Cook, Viet., Jan. 1902, G. Weindorfer 222 (2 and 3 MEL 581579).
Murchison River, W.A., 1892, A. Weston s.n. (7 MEL 98656).
Flinders Island, Bass Strait, Tas., Oct. 1966, J. Whinray 17 (2 MEL 521242).
Theringa, S.A., s.dat., C. Wilhelmi s.n. (2 MEL 98738).
Coffin Bay, S.A., s.dat., C. Wilhelmi s.n. (2 MEL 98719).
Port Lincoln, S.A., s.dat., C. Wilhelmi s.n. (10 MEL 98770).
Lake Hamilton, Port Lincoln, S.A., Jan. 1852, C. Wilhelmi s.n. (10 MEL 98814).
8 miles S of White Wells, S.A., Aug. 1947, J. H. Wallis s.n. (10 MEL 98780).
Colona Homestead. S.A.. 50 miles E of Head of Great Australian Bight, Aug. 1947, J. H. Willis s.n. (10 MEL
98782). Duplicate: K.
Gypsum workings, 4 miles SW of Nowingi, Viet., Aug. 1955, J. H. Willis s.n. (3 MEL 98672).
Mildura Viet., Oct. 1932, W.J. Zimmer s.n. (1 MEL 98652).
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Specimens Destroyed from the Tasmanian Herbarium (HO)
Flinders Island, Tas., 1956, Anonymous (2 HO 12972).
Boomer Marsh, Dunalley, Tas., Jan. 1944, W. M. Curtis s.n. (2 HO 12983).
Ralphs Bay Canal, Tas., Jan. 1946, IV. M. Curtis s.n. (2 HO).
Ralphs Bay Canal, Tas., Dec. 1946, W. M. Curtis s.n. (2 HO).
Browns River Kingston, Tas., April 1953, W. M. Curtis s.n. (2 HO 29653).
Ralphs Bay Canal, towards Sandford, Tas., Feb. 1966, IV. M. Curtis (2 HO 29655).
Georges Bay, N of St Helens, Tas., 1893, W. V. Fitzgerald s.n. (2 HO 12974).
Ralphs Bay (43° Of S, 147° 26’ E), Tas., Feb. 1930, F. H. Long 137 (2 HO 12980).
Ralphs Bay, Tas., Jan. 1930, F. H. Long s.n. (2 HO 12979).
Flinders Island, Tas., Feb. 1844, J. Milligan s.n. (2 HO 12977).
Double Creek, on main road between OrfordandTriabunna, Tas., Feb. 1976, J. W. Parham s.n. (2 HO 12976).
Georges Bay, Tas., s.dat. L. Rodway s.n. (2 HO 12978).
Georges Bay, N of St Helens, Tas.. Jan. 1897, L. Rodway s.n. (2 HO 12975).
Coles Bay, Tas., April 1930, L. Rodway s.n. (2 HO 12982). Duplicate: K.
The Neck, South Arm, Tas., Dec. 1960, J. Somerville s.n. (2 HO 12970).
Acknowledgements
I am particularly grateful to Mr R.M. Olive for technical assistance in the compilation
of this list.
Reference
Lander, N. S. (1985). Revision of the Australian genus Lawrencia Hook. (Malvaceae: Malveae). Nutysia 5 (2):
201-271.
Kingia 1(1): 9-19 (1987)
9
Asteraceae specimens collected by Johann August Ludwig Preiss
N. S. Lander
Western Australian Herbarium, George Street, South Perth, Western Australia 6151
Abstract
Lander, N. S. Asteraceae specimens collected by Johann August Ludwig Preiss. Kingia 1(1): 9-19 (1987).
All specimens of Asteraceae collected by J. A. L. Preiss during his visit to West ern Australia from 1838 to 1842
located in herbaria at Lund (LD) and Geneva (G) are listed. For each specimen the original Preiss field collec-
tion number (if cited) and the number under which it is recorded in Lehmann's “Plantae Preissianae are
noted as well as its type status, location and current name.
Of a total of 117 Preiss Asteraceae specimens located at LD, 57 are types of taxa described in “Plantae
Preissianae"’. Of 80 such specimens held at G, 40 are types.
Preiss specimens of Olearia species located at CGE, CO, FL,K,L, MEL, P and WRSL and are also listed.
It is suggested that the extent of Preiss specimens represented at K may be far greater than has hitherto been
realised.
Introduction
In the course of my year as Australian Botanical Liaison Officer at Kew, 1984-5, I
visited several European herbaria, principally in order to examine specimens of Olearia ,
the genus I am currently revising. In herbaria at the Botaniska Museum, Lund (LD) and
the Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneva (G) I am confident that I have located
all, or nearly all of the specimens of Asteraceae collected by the German naturalist
Johann August Ludwig Preiss during his visit to Western Australia from 1838 to 1842.
Since a large proportion of these specimens are types of taxa described in J. G. C.
Lehmann’s “Plantae Preissianae” (1844-8) I present the following list of my findings as
being of general interest.
PREISS
FIELD
NUMBER
PL. PREISS.
NUMBER
(a) TYPE STATUS AND LOCATION
(b) CURRENT NAME
0010
_i
(3) p . „ ,
(b) Olearia axillaris (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
0058
_i
(a) G
(b) Sonchus oleraceus L.
0112
_i
(a) G
(b) Brachycome iberidifolia Benth.
0149
_i
(a) G
(b) Senecio glossanthus (Sonder) Belcher
0151
_i
(a) G
(b) Olearia homolepis (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
0152
_i
(a) G
(b) Helipterum heteranthum Turcz.
0154
_i
(a) G
(b) Podolepis canescens Cunn. ex DC.
10
PREIS!
FIELD
NUMB
0155
0156
0157
0162
0163
0902
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
PL. PREISS. (a) TYPE STATUS AND LOCATION
NUMBER (b) CURRENT NAME
1 (a) G
(b) Podolepis gracilis (Lehm.) Graham
- 1 (a) G
(b) Helipterum tenellum Turcz.
1 (a) G
(b) Helipterum chlorocephalum (Turcz.) Benth.
- 1 (a) G
(b) Myriocephalus nudus A. Gray
- 1 (a) G
(b) Pluchea squarrosa Benth.
- 1 (a) G
(b) Senecio lautus ssp. maritimus Ali
- 1 (a) LD
(b) Senecio ramosissimus DC.
- 1 (a) LD
(b) Waitzia aurea (Benth.) Steetz
- 2 (a)
(b) Brachycome radicans Steetz
- 2 (a) Eurybia aspera Steetz - holo: MEL
(b) Olearia strigosa (Steetz) Benth.
- 2 (a)
(b) Helichrysum macranthum Benth.
- 2>3 (a)
(b) Lagenifera stipitata (Labill.) Druce [as Lagenophora gracilis Steetz]
(a) Pithocarpa major Steetz - type: LD
(b) Pithocarpa pulchella Lindley
- 2 (a)
(b) Schoenia cassiniana (Gaudich.) Steetz [as Schoenia oppositifolia
Steetz
(a) Waitzia acuminata Steetz - syn: LD
(b) Waitzia acuminata Steetz
0001 (a) G. LD
(b) Helichrysum macranthum Benth.
0002 (a) G, LD
(b) Waitzia aurea (Benth.) Steetz
0003 (a) G, LD
(b) Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Andrews
0004 ex parte (a) LD
(b) Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Andrews
0004 ex parte (a) LD
(b) Waitzia aurea (Benth.) Steetz-
0005 (a) G, LD
(b) Waitzia aurea (Benth.) Steetz
0006 (a) Waitzia s teetziana Lehm. - holo: LD, iso: G
(b) Waitzia citrina (Benth.) Steetz
0007
(a) Waitzia sulphurea Steetz - type: LD
(b) Waitzia citrina (Benth.) Steetz
N.S. Lander, Asteraceae specimens collected by Johann August Ludwig Preiss
11
PREISS PL. PREISS.
FIELD NUMBER
NUMBER
(a) TYPE STATUS AND LOCATION
(b) CURRENT NAME
0008
(a) G, LD
(b) Waitzia aurea (Benth.) Steetz
0009
(a) G, LD
(b) Waitzia aurea (Benth.) Steetz
0010
(a) G, LD
(b) Waitzia citrina (Benth.) Steetz
0011
(a) Helipterum niveum Steetz - type: LD
(b) Helipterum niveum Steetz
0158 0012
(a) G, LD
(b) Waitzia suaveolens (Benth.) Druce
0013
(a) G, LD
(b) Waitzia suaveolens (Benth.) Druce
0014
(a) Anisolepis pyrethrum Steetz - type: LD
(b) Helipterum pyrethrum (Steetz) Benth.
0015
(a) Waitzia hrevirostris Steetz - type: G, LD
(b) Waitzia citrina (Benth.) Steetz
0016
(a) G, LD
(b) Helipterum cotula (Benth.) DC.
0017
(a) Helipterum cotula var. simplex Steetz - type: LD
(b) Helipterum cotula (Benth.) DC.
0018
(a) Helipterum simplex Steetz - type: G, LD
(b) Helipterum cotula (Benth.) DC.
0019
(a) Hyalospermum glutinosum Steetz - type: G, LD
(b) Helipterum hyalospermum F. Muell. ex Benth.
0020
(a) Hyalospermum strictum Steetz - type: G, LD
(b) Helipterum hyalospermum F. Muell. ex Benth.
0021
(a) Helipterum citrinum Steetz - type: G, LD
(b) Helipterum cotula (Benth.) DC.
0022
(a) LD
(b) Helichrysum semipapposum (Labill.) DC.
0023
(a) G. LD
(b) Helichrysum semipapposum (Labill.) DC.
0024
(a) Pteropogon spicatus Steetz - type: G, LD
(b) Helipterum spicatum (Steetz) F. Muell. ex Benth.
0025 2
(a)
(b) Helichrysum apiculatum (Labill.) D. Don [as Chrysocephalum
flavissimum (DC.) Steetz]
0026
(a) G, LD
(b) Helichrysum ramosum DC.
0027
(a) LD
(b) Pithocarpa achilleoides P. Lewis & Summerh.
0028
(a) Ozothamnus lepidophyllus Steetz non J.D. Hook. - syn: LD, isosyn:
G (see Burbidge 1958)
(b) Helichrysum lepidophyllum (Steetz) Benth.
0029
(a) G, LD
(b) Helichrysum cordatum DC.
0030
(a) G, LD
(b) Angianthus cunninghamii (DC.) Benth.
12
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
PREISS
FIELD
NUMBER
PL. PREISS.
NUMBER
(a) TYPE STATUS AND LOCATION
(b) CURRENT NAME
-
0031
(a) Leucophyta brownii var. candidissima Steetz - types: G, LD
(b) Calocephalus brownii (Cass.) F. Muell.
'
0032 2
(a)
(b) Calocephalus brownii (Cass.) F. Muell. [as Leucophyta brownii var.
virescens Steetz]
-
0033
(a) LD
(b) Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt
0034
(a) LD
(b) Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt
0035
(a) Pterochaeta paniculata Steetz - type: G, LD
(b) Waitzia paniculata (Steetz) F. Muell. ex Benth.
0036
(a) FI-W, G, LD
(b) Angianthus micropodioides (Benth.) Benth.
0037
(a) Phyllocalymma filaginoides Steetz - isolecto: FI-W, G, LD (see Short
1981a).
(b) Angianthus micropodioides (Benth.) Benth.
-
0038
(a) Skirrhophorus preissianus Steetz - isolecto: G, LD (see Short 1981a)
(b) Angianthus preissianus (Steetz) Benth.
-
0039
(a) Pogonolepis stricta Steetz - isolecto: G, LD (see Short 1968)
(b) Pogonolepis stricta Steetz
0826
0040
(a) G, LD
(b) Siloxerus humifusus Labill.
-
0041
(a) Styloncerus cylindraceus Steetz - isolecto: G, LD (see Short 1981b)
(b) Siloxerus humifusus Labill.
-
0042
(a) Styloncerus suberectus Steetz - isolecto: G, LD (see Short 1981b)
(b) Siloxerus humifusus Labill.
-
0043
(a) LD
(b) Helipterum corymbosum (A. Gray) Benth.
0161
0044
(a) Pachysurus angianthoides Steetz - type: FI-W, G, LD
(b) Calocephalus angianthoides (Steetz) Benth.
-
0045
(a) G, LD
(b) Chrysocoryne pusilla (Benth.) Endl.
-
0046 4
(a)
(b) Gnaphalium [as Gnaphalium involucratum var. undulatum Steetz]
-
0047 4
(a)
(b) Gnaphalium [as Gnaphalium involucratum var. planifolium Steetz]
-
0048 4
(a) G
(b) Helichrysum lindleyi H. Eichler
-
0049
(a) G, LD
(b) Helipterum manglesii (Lindley) F. Muell. ex Benth.
-
0050
(a) G, LD
(b) Podolepis gracilis (Lehm.) R. Graham
-
0051
(a) G, LD
(b) Podolepis gracilis (Lehm.) R. Graham
0052 2
(a)
(b) Podolepis cancescens A. Cunn. ex DC. [as Podolepis aristata var.
chrysantha (Endl.) Steetz]
N.S. Lander, Asteraceae specimens collected by Johann August Ludwig Preiss
13
PREISS
FIELD
NUMBER
PL. PREISS.
NUMBER
(a) TYPE STATUS AND LOCATION
(b) CURRENT NAME
0053
(a) Podolepis rosea var. mollissiwa Steetz - isolecto: G, LD (see Davis
1957)
(b) Podolepis gracilis (Lehm.) R. Graham
-
0054
(a) Podolepis subulata Steetz - syn: LD, isosyn: G (see Davis 1957)
(b) Podolepis canescens A. Cunn. ex DC.
0569
0055
(a) Podolepis rosea Steetz - isolecto: G, LD (see Burbidge 1957)
(b) Podolepis gracilis (Lehm.) R. Graham
- .
0056
(a) G, LD
(b) Podolepis gracilis (Lehm.) R. Graham
-
0057
(a) Podolepis filiformis Steetz - syn: LD, isosyn: G (see Davis 1957)
(b) Podolepis gracilis (Lehm.) R. Graham
-
0058
(a) Podolepis nutans Steetz - isolecto: G, LD (see Davis 1957)
(b) Podolepis nutans Steetz
-
0059
(a) LD
(b) Podolepis lessonii (Cass.) Benth.
-
0060 4
( a )
(b) Podolepis canescens Cunn. ex DC. [as Podolepis aristata Benth.]
-
0061
(a) Podolepis rosea var. mollissima Steetz - lectopara: LD (see Davis 1957)
(b) Podolepis gracilis (Lehm.) R. Graham
-
0062
(a) LD
(b) Angianthus tomentosus Wendl.
0548
0063
(a) CGE, G, K, L, LD, MEL, P
(b) Olearia rudis (Benth.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
-
0064
(a) LD
(b) Microseris scapigera (Sol. ex Cunn.) Schultz - Bip.
-
0065
(a) Athrixia australia Steetz - syn: LD, isosyn: G (see Kroner 1980)
(b) Asteridea pulverulenta Lindley
0545
0066
(a) G, LD
(b) Millotia myosotidifolia (Benth.)
-
0067
(a) Millotia robusta Steetz - syn: LD, isosyn: G (see Schodde 1963)
(b) Millotia myosotidifolia (Benth.) Steetz
-
0068
(a) G, LD
(b) Millotia tenuifolia Cass.
-
0069
(a) Chrysodiscus niveus Steetz - type: G, LD
(b) Asteridea nivea (Steetz) Kroner
0180
0070 4
(a) Senecio cygnorum Steetz - type: G
(b) Senecio ramosissimus DC.
-
0071
(a) LD
(b) Chrysocoryne pusilla (Benth.) Endl.
-
0072
(a) Siemssenia capillaris Steetz - isolecto: LD (see Davis 1957)
(b) Podolepis capillaris (Steetz) Diels
-
0073
(a) LD
(b) Senecio quadridentatus Labill.
-
0074
(a) Eurybia paucidentata var. glabrata Steetz - syn: LD, MEL, isosyn: G, P
(b) Olearia paucidentata (Steetz) Benth.
-
0075
(a) LD, MEL
(b) Oleaiia axillaris (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
14
PREISS
FIELD
NUMBER
0147
0032
PL. PREISS.
NUMBER
(a)
(b)
0076
(a)
(b)
0077 2
(a)
(b)
0078
(a)
(b)
0079
(a)
(b)
0080 ex parte
(a)
(b)
0080 ex parte
(a)
(b)
0081
(a)
(b)
0082
(a)
(b)
0083
(a)
(b)
0084
(a)
(b)
0085
(a)
(b)
0086
(a)
(b)
0087
(a)
(b)
0088 1 ' 2
(a)
(b)
0089
(a)
(b)
0090
(a)
(b)
0091
(a)
(b)
0092
(a)
(b)
0093
(a)
(b)
0094 5
(a)
(b)
0095
(a)
(b)
0096
(a)
(b)
TYPE STATUS AND LOCATION
CURRENT NAME
LD, MEL
Olearia ciliata (Benth.) Benth.
MEL
Olearia ciliata (Benth.) Benth.
LD. MEL
Olearia ciliata (Benth.) Benth
Eurybia lehmaimiana Steetz - syn: MEL, LD, isosyn: CO, FI, FI-W, G,
K. MEL, P, WRSL
Olearia paucidentata (Steetz) Benth.
Eurybia at'finis Steetz - syn: LD, MEL, isosyn: P
Olearia elaeophila (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
Eurybia paucidentata var. subracemosa Steetz - svn: LD, MEL, isosyn:
K. P
Olearia paucidentata (Steetz) Benth.
Eurybia paniculata Steetz - syn: LD. MEL
Olearia elaeophila (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
Eurybia muricata Steetz - syn: LD, MEL, isosyn: G, MEL
Olearia muricata (Steetz) Benth.
Eurybia strigosa Steetz - syn: LD, MEL, isosyn: G
Olearia strigosa (Steetz) Benth.
Eurybia paucidentata var. hispida Steetz - type: K, MEL
Olearia paucidentata (Steetz) Benth.
Brachycome lanuginosa Steetz - isolecto: G. LD (see Davis 1948)
Brachycome ciliaris var. lanuginosa (Steetz) Benth.
Brachycome pusilla Steetz - isolecto: G, LD (see Davis 1948)
Brachycome pusilla Steetz
G, LD
Brachycome ciliaris (Labill.) Less.
LD, MEL
Olearia axillaris (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
Eurybia candidissima Steetz - syn: LD, MEL, isosyn: G, P
Olearia axillaris (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
LD, MEL. TCD
Olearia axillaris (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
G, LD, MEL, P
Olearia axillaris (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
Eurybia axillarisvar. exaltata Steetz - syn: LD, MEL, isosyn: CO, G, K,
L. MEL. P. WRSL
Olearia axillaris (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
G, LD
Brachycome iberidifolia Benth.
Brachycome iberidifolia var. major Steetz - isolecto: G, LD (see Davis
1948)
Brachycome iberidifolia Benth.
Brachycome iberidifolia var. divergens Steetz - isolecto: LD (see Davis
1948)
Brachycome iberidifolia Benth.
N.S. Lander, Asteraceae specimens collected by Johann August Ludwig Preiss
15
PREISS
FIELD
NUMBER
PL. PREISS.
NUMBER
(a) TYPE STATUS AND LOCATION
(b) CURRENT NAME
-
0097
(a) Brachycome iberidifnlia var. alba Steetz - isolecto: LD (see Davis 1948)
(b) Brachycome iberidifolia Benth.
-
0098
(a) Brachycome pusilla Steetz - lectopara: LD (see Davis 1948)
(b) Brachycome pusilla Steetz
0099
(a) Brachycome bellidioides Steetz - isolecto: G, LD (see Davis 1948)
(b) Brachycome bellidioides Steetz
-
0100
(a) Millotia glabra Steetz - syn: LD, isosyn: G (see Schodde 1963)
(b) Milotia myosotidifolia (Benth.) Steetz
-
0101
(a) Gymnogyne cotuloides Steetz - type: LD
(b) Cotula cotuloides (Steetz) Druce
0102 2
(a)
(b) Vittadinia
-
0103
(a) Silphiosperma glandulosum Steetz - isolecto : LD (see Davis 1948)
(b) Brachycome glandulosa (Steetz) Benth.
-
0104 2
(a) TCD
(b) Vittadinia
-
0105
(a) Ixiolaena chry-santha Steetz - type: FI-W, LD
(b) Podotheca chrysantha (Steetz) Benth.
-
0106
(a) LD
(b) Podotheca angustifolia (Labill.) Less.
-
0107
(a) LD
(b) Podotheca gnaphalioides Graham
0108 ex parte
(a) Picris squarrosa Steetz - type: LD
(b) Picris squarrosa Steetz
-
0108 ex parte 4
(a)
(b) Senecia lautus G. Forster ex Willd. [as Senecio carnulentus var.
angustissima Steetz]
-
0109
(a) Senecia carnulentusvar. angustissima Steetz - syn LD, isosyn: G (see
Ali 1969)
(b) Senecio lautus G. Forster ex Willd.
-
0110
(a) Senecio carnulentus var. latiloba Steetz - syn: LD, isosyn: G (see Ali
1969)
(b) Senecio lautus G. Forster ex Willd.
-
0111
(a) LD
(b) Senecio ramosissimus DC.
-
0112
(a) LD
(b) Senecio lautus G. Forster ex Willd.
-
0113
(a)
(b)
-
0114 2
(a)
(b) Senecio lautus G. Forster ex Willd. [as Senecio crithmifolius A. Rich.
0115 2
(a)
(b) Senecio [as Erechtites]
-
0116
(a) LD
(b) Sonchus asper Hill
-
0117
(a) LD
(b) Sonchus oleraceus L.
-
0118
(a) G, LD
(b) Lagenifera huegelii Benth.
16
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
PREISS PL. PREISS.
FIELD NUMBER
NUMBER
(a) TYPE STATUS AND LOCATION
(b) CURRENT NAME
0119
(a) LD
(b) Hypochaeris glabra L.
0120
(a) G, LD
(b) Ixiolaena viscosa Benth.
0121
(a) G, LD
(b) Craspedia sp. [as Craspedia richea Cass.]
0122
(a) LD
(b) Centipeda minuta (L.) A. Braun & Asch.
0123
(a) LD
(b) Senecio ramosissima DC.
0124 1,2
(a)
(b)
0125 2
(a)
(b) Senecio [as Erechtites]
0126
(a) LD
(b) Senecio quadridentatus Labill.
0127
(a) Styloncerus multiflorus Nees - type: LD
(b) Rutidosis multiflorus (Nees) Robinson
0128 4
(a)
(b) Cotula coronopifolia L.
0129 4
(a)
(b) Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns [as Cryptostemma calendulaceum
R. Br.]
0130
(a) Cymbonotus preissianus Steetz - type: LD
(b) Cymbonotus preissianus Steetz
1361
(a) FI-W, LD
(b) Siloxerus humifusus Labill.
2414b
(a) Chthonocephalus pseudevax Steetz - type: LD
(b) Chthonocephalus pseudevax Steetz
2416
(a) Silphiosperma perpusillum Steetz - isolecto G, LD (see Davis 1948)
(b) Brachycome perpusilla (Steetz) Benth.
2427
(a) Calotis erinacea Steetz - isolecto: LD (see Davis 1952)
(b) Calotis erinacea Steetz
1 Specimens not cited in “Plantae Preissianae”.
2 Specimens not located at LD or G.
3 The sole record of this species in Western Australia. Davis (1950) records a possible syntype of Lagenophora
gracilis Steetz [= Lagenifera stipitata (Labill.) Druce] in Melbourne (MEL).
4 Specimens noted by Agardh in his personal copy of Lehmann's “Plantae Preissianae” as present at LD, but
not found there despite an exhaustive search.
5 Burbidge (1948) has incorrectly nominated duplicates of this gathering as lectotype and lectoparatypes of
Brachycome iberidifolia var. huegeliana Steetz. In his notes on this taxon Steetz cites the type of Brachycome
iberidifolia Benth. collected by Huegel. Thus the name Brachycome iberidifolia var. huegeliana Steetz is not
validly published.
N.S. Lander, Asteraceae specimens collected by Johann August Ludwig Preiss
Discussion
An account of Preiss’s activities in Australia has been presented by McGillivray
(1975). General background concerning the specimens at Lund and evidence that they
are in fact from Lehmann’s personal herbarium has been given by Wilson (1983) and
Crisp (1983).
As can be seen from the above list the representation at Lund of Asteraceae collected
by Preiss is high indeed. Of 142 collections recorded in “Plantae Preissianae” 115 are
represented at Lund. 57 of which are types of taxa described therein, 55 by J. Steetz, the
botanist responsible for the account of Asteraceae, one by Nees and one by Lehmann
himself. Each of these specimens has full details of locality and date corresponding to
those in “Plantae Preissianae”. Furthermore, each has been annotated by Steetz. Thus,
as Crisp (1983) argues, where lectotypification has not yet been made the Lund speci-
mens have equal status with those from Steetz’s own herbarium (now at MEL) and
should be considered when names from “Plantae Preissianae” are lectotypified.
A further two Preiss Asteraceae specimens were found at Lund which lack the num-
bers and collecting details that would allow them to be related to those recorded in
“Plantae Preissianae”.
At the Geneva herbarium a large suite of Preiss Asteraceae specimens was located in
the main collection. A smaller number bearing what appear to be original Preiss field
numbers were found amongst undetermined material at the end of the family. Several
more similarly numbered sheets of Asteraceae were found at other European herbaria
visited. These collections, 23 in all, span the period 17 December 1838 to 8 November
1840, and the numbers are in an irregular chronological order. In some cases these speci-
mens bear details of locality and date which allow them to be correlated with those of
“Plantae Preissianae”; others represent taxa not considered there.
The Preiss specimens at Geneva appear to have come from four independent sources,
namely:
(a) specimens with Plantae Preissianae numbers labelled “in col. Swan River” in an
unknown hand, received in 1843, with separate labels bearing Plantae
Preissianae names;
(b) specimens with Plantae Preissianae numbers and names, and printed labels
reading “Mr L. Preiss, Swan River, 1837-40”;
(c) specimens with Preiss’ original numbers, labelled with full details of locality and
date in an unknown hand, without names, each with a second printed label
reading “Swan-River Colony. - Nouvelle Holland 1839-1840, Preis.”, received in
July 1842;
(d) specimens donated by the Candolle family in 1921 with Preiss’ original num-
bers, labelled “Nov. Holland., Swan River”, without date, without names,
received in 1854, each with “Ferd. Muller 11 crossed out, some with number tags.
Clearly, series (a) and (c) above were distributed not long after Preiss returned to Eur-
ope in early 1842 where the general systematic arrangement of his collections was com-
pleted and the organisation of “Plantae Preissianae” commenced under the guidance
and supervision of Lehmann at Hamburg. It seems likely that the name labels for series
(a) were provided at some later date, perhaps after publication of the relevant parts of
“Plantae Preissianae”.
Of the 80 Preiss Asteraceae specimens located at Geneva, 40 are types of taxa de-
scribed in “Plantae Preissianae”.
In the course of my examination of specimens of Olearia in European herbaria I en-
countered Preiss collections in CGE, CO, FI, K, L and P. These are listed above.
18
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
It is worth noting here that Preiss’ Asteraceae specimens held at Florence (FI) are
labelled "Comm, dal Signore Preiss in Febrio 1846” and bear Plantae Preissianae num-
bers and names. It seems that Preiss himself was distributing material as late as 1846.
This and the preceding observations provide confirmation of Crisp’s (1983) surmise
that material not distributed to the various authors of “Plantae Preissianae” was re-
tained by Preiss and offered for sale.
Burbidge (1972) has catalogued Preiss specimens held at Kew and Missouri (MO). In
her list only a single Olearia collection is noted for Kew. Flowever, I myself encountered
a total of five Preiss Olearia specimens at Kew. The additional four bear Preiss field
numbers which, by virtue of the collection details, can easily be related to those of
"Plantae Preissianae”. Presumably they are from amongst specimens purchased by
William Hooker in London before Preiss continued on to Hamburg. Thus they might be
expected to bear Preiss field numbers rather than those allocated later by Lehmann.
Although this sample is rather small it suggests that the total of Preiss specimens rep-
resented at Kew may be far greater than has hitherto been realised.
All the Preiss Asteraceae specimens at Lund of type status were photographed. Black
and white negatives and prints are lodged at the Western Australian Herbarium
(PERTH).
Acknowledgements
This study was made possible by the travel component of funds provided by the Aus-
tralian Bureau of Flora and Fauna (Department of Home Affairs and Environment)
during my tour of duty as Australian Botanical Liaison Officer, 1984-5. 1 am especially
grateful to Prof. Sven Snogerup and his staff at the Botaniska Museum, Lund, to the
late Prof. Gilbert Boquet and to Dr Manfred Dittrich of the Conservatoire et -Jardins
Botaniques, Geneva for their hospitality and assistance during my visits to their
herbaria. I wish to thank Mr P. G. Wilson for confirming my identification of certain
material borrowed from Geneva.
References
Ali, S. I. (1969). Senecio lautus complex in Australia. V. Taxonomic interpretation. Austral. J. Bot. 17:
161-176.
Belcher. R. O. (1956). A revision of the genus Erechtites (Compositae) with enquiries into Senecio and
Arrenechtites. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 43: 1-85.
Burbidge. N. T. ( 1958). A monographic study of Helichrysum subgenus Ozothamnus (Compositae) and of two
related genera formerly included therein. Austral. J. Bot. 6: 229-294.
Burbidge. N. T. (1972). "Notes on the Preiss collection of Western Australian plants”. Typescript.
Cabrera, A. L. (1949). The genus Lagenophora (Compositae). Blumea 70: 629-632.
Crisp, M. D. (1983). Plantae Preissianae Types at Lund. Austral. Syst. Bot. Soc. Newsletter 36: 4-6.
Davis, Cl. L. (1948). Revision of the genus BraehveomeCass. I. Australian species. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales 73: 142-241.
Davis, G. L. (1950). a revision of the Australian species of the genus Lagenophora Cass. Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales 75: 122-132.
Davis, G. L. (1952). Revision of the genus Calotis R.Br. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 77: 146-188.
Davis, G. L. (1957). Revision of the genus Podolepis Labill. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 81: 245-286.
Green, ,J. W. (1985). “Census of the vascular plants of Western Australia”, 2nd edition. Western Australian
Herbarium, Department of Agriculture. Perth.
Kroner. G. (1980). Systematische studien im unkdreis von Athrixia Ker-Gawler (Asteraceae). Mitt. Bot.
Miinchen 16: 1-268.
N.S. Lander, Asteraceae specimens collected by Johann August Ludwig Preiss 19
Lehmann, J, G. C. (1844-1848). “Plantae Preissianae”. 2 Vols. Meissner: Hamburg.
Lewis, P. and Summerhayes, V. S. (1950). Pithocarpa Lindl. Kew Bull. 1950: 435-440.
McGillivray, D. J. (1975). Johann August Ludwig Preiss (1811-1883) in Western Australia. Telopea 1: 1-18.
Nordenstam, B. (1980). The herbaria of Lehmann and Sonder in Stockholm, with special reference to the
Ecklon and Zeher collection. Taxon 29: 279-291.
Schodde, R. (1963). A taxonomic revision of the genus Millotia Cass. (Asteraceae). Trans. Roy. Soc. South
Australia 92: 27-31.
Short, P. S. (1981a). A revision of Angianthua Wendl., sensu lato (Compositae: Inuleae: Gnaphahinae), 1.
Muelleria 5: 143-183.
Short, P. S. (1981b). A revision of Angianthus Wendl., sensu lato (Compositae: Inuleae: Gnaphalnnae), 2.
Muelleria 5: 185-214.
Short, P. S. (1986). A revision of Pogonolepis Steetz (Compositae: Inuleae: Gnaphahinae). Muelleria 5:
237-253.
Wilson, K. L. (1983). Plantae Preissianae specimens. Austral. Syst. Bot. Soc. Newsletter 34: 5-6.
Kingia 1(1) : 21-26(1987).
21
The distribution of introduced Rumex (Polygonaceae)
in Western Australia
John Moore 1 and John K. Scott 2
1 Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Albany Office, Albany 6330, Western Australia
2 Entomology Branch, Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Baron-Hay Court, South Perth
6151, Western Australia. Present address: CSIRO Biological Control Unite/- Department of Zoology, Uni-
versity of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
Abstract
Moore, John and Scott, John K. The distribution of introduced Rumex (Polygonaceae) in Western Aus-
tralia. Kingia 1(1) : 21-26(1987). The paper records nine alien species of Rumex (R. acetosella L., R.
bucephalophorus L., R. conglomeratus Murray, R. crispus L., R. frutescens Thouars, R. obtusifolius L., R.
pulcher L., R. sagittatus Thunb., R. uesicarius L.) for Western Australia, of which three (R. bucephalophorus,
R. frutescens and R. sagittatus) are considered to be no longer present. A distribution map based on a 1° lat.
x 1.5° long, grid is given for each species.
Introduction
The genus Rumex (Polygonaceae) in Australia consists of eight indigenous and nine
introduced species (Rechinger 1984). The distribution within Australia is given for the
indigenous species by Rechinger (1984) and amongst the introduced species;
R. acetosella L. has been mapped across all states (Archer and Martin 1979), in Victoria
(Churchill and Corona 1972, Willis 1972) and in Queensland (Kleinschmidt and John-
son 1977); R. crispus L., R. conglomeratus Murray, R. pulcher L., R. obtusifolius L. and
R. sagittatus Thunb. have been mapped in Victoria by Churchill and Corona (1972), and
Willis (1972). Rumex vesicarius L. has been noted as occurring in central Australia and
not the northern half of the Northern Territory (Chippendale 1972). In this paper we
give the distribution of the introduced species in Western Australia.
Methods
The methods used to map Rumex followed that of Hnatiuk and Maslin (1980 a&b).
The nine species mapped were arranged alphabetically and the occurrence in a grid cell
were indicated.
The maps are based partly on specimens in the Western Australian Herbarium
(PERTH). As well ground surveys were made covering all the grid cells included in the
area bounded by Carnarvon, Kalgoorlie and Esperance. The ground survey method was
to examine plants seen alongside roadsides and in adjoining farmland. This was done
opportunistically between 1981 and 1984. A questionnaire distributed to farmers
throughout the south west region also gave an indication of where to search. Field
identification of species was based on fruiting plants and Rechinger’s recent survey
(1984). As well surveys were carried out with Rechinger to confirm field
identifications.
22
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Rumex bucephalophorus
Figure 1. Distribution of Rumex species introduced in Western Australia.
John Moore and John K. Scott, Introduced Rumex
23
Figure 1 (continued). Distribution of Rumex species introduced in Western Australia.
24
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Results and Discussion
Figure 1 shows the distribution of Rumex species introduced in Western Australia. All
the introduced species, except R. vesicarius, are restricted to the south west of Western
Australia (Figure 1). In this area R. crispus was the most widespread species, being
found in 22 grid cells. This number is however inflated by single occurrences in the dryer
areas such as for Kalgoorlie where the plants are found near water sources in townships.
Rumex pulcher and R. acetosella were both found in 16 grid cells. The distribution given
here for R. acetosella corresponds with that published in Archer and Martin (1979). The
next most abundant species in the south west was R. conglomeratus which occurred in
nine grid cells, most of which were restricted to the extreme south west corner. Only one
other species, R. obtusifolius, is known to be definitely present in the south west. It is
restricted to two grid cells on the south coast.
The remaining three recorded introduced species in the south west are possibly no
longer extant. All are only known from herbarium specimens. In 1981 both authors
examined the collection area of R. bucephalophorus but no plants were found. This
plant was collected once in 1963. Rumex sagittatus has only been collected from the
urban areas of Perth and Bunbury (Rechinger 1984) and is not known from agricultural
areas. Lastly the only known specimen of R. frutescens was collected by one of us
(Moore) in 1981. Since then visits to the collection site by the authors in 1982 and 1984,
and Rechinger (1984) have failed to find further plants.
Rumex vesicarius will probably prove to be the most widespread species with further
collecting in the centre of Western Australia. At present it is known from 23 grid cells
however at least two, 255 and 274, in the wetter south west area are probably incidental
records.
Only one region, the far north of West ern Australia, has neither introduced nor native
species of Rumex (Rechinger 1984).
In conclusion nine species of Rumex have been recorded as introduced into Western
Australia and six are definitely established. Eight species are found in the south west
while the remaining species occurs mainly in the central dryer areas.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Western Australian Herbarium for access to their collections. We also
thank the Entomology Branch and the Albany Office of the Western Australian Depart-
ment of Agriculture for various assistance. The project was funded in part from a grant
from the Australian Meat Research Committee.
References
Archer, A. C. and Martin, P. M. (1979). The range and status of Rumex acetosella in Australia. “Proceedings
of the 7th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference”, Sydney, pp. 347-350.
Chippendale, G. M. (1972). Checklist of Northern Territory plants. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of
New South Wales 96: 207-267.
Churchill, D. M. and Corona. A. de ( 1972). “The distribution of Victorian plants”. The Dominion Press, North
Blackburn.
Hnatiuk. R. J. and Maslin, B. R. (1980a). The distribution of Acacia (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) in Western
Australia, Part 1. Individual species distribution. Western Australian Herbarium Research Notes No. 4:
1-103.
Hnatiuk, R. J. and Maslin. B. R. (1980b). The distribution of Acacia (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) in Western
Australia, Part 2. Lists of species occurring in 1° x 1.5° grid cells. Western Australian Herbarium Re-
search Notes No. 4: 105-144.
John Moore and John K. Scott, Introduced Rumex
25
Kleinschmidt, H. E. and Johnson, R. W. (1977). “Weeds of Queensland”. Government Printer, Brisbane. 469
pp.
Rechinger, K. W. (1984). Rumex (Polygonaceae) in Australia: a reconsideration. Nuytsia 5: 75-122.
Willis, J. H. (1972). “A handbook to plants in Victoria”, vol. 2, “Dicotyledons”. Melbourne University Press,
Carlton, Victoria. 832 pp.
54609-3
Kingia 1(1): 27-48 (1987)
27
Ecology of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park, Western Australia:
floristics and nutrient status
W. Foulds
Western Australian College of Advanced Education, Claremont Campus, Goldsworthy Road, Claremont,
Western Australia 6010
Abstract
Foulds W. Ecology of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park. Western Australia: tloristics and nutrient status.
Kingia 1(1): 27-48 ( 1987). The floristics and nutrient status of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park, Perth, are de-
scribed, The vegetation was represented by a low, open Banksi& woodland with emergent Kucalyptus
marginata, on neutral yellow sands belonging to the Spearwood Dune System. One hundred and eighty three
plant species were recorded, of which 41 were introduced. The tree canopy comprised five species with Battksm
attenuata dominant. Xanthorrhoea preissii was the most abundant understorey species. Macro- and micro-
nutrient analyses were conducted on soil, plant and litter samples. The soil was found to be deficient in carbon,
phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen, but relatively high in potassium. Species belonging to the Leguminosae fam-
ily contained nearly twice the nitrate nitrogen content in above-ground tissue compared to species in other
families.
Introduction
Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park, occupying an area of 1 1 hectares in the Perth suburb
of Padbury, Western Australia (31° 45’S; 115° 52’E), is a reserve set aside as a cemetery
and recreation area. The Park is situated approximately 2 km from the Indian Ocean on
the Spearwood Dune System (Bettenay et al. 1960). The vegetation consists of low open
Banksia woodland.
The Spearwood dunes have had a complex history, being subjected to both deposition
and later erosion (Seddon 1972). In its natural state the Spearwood System supports a
high open forest of Eucalyptus gomphocephala, E. marginata and E. calophylla. In the
western portion the dunes are generally younger and the shallower soils are referred to
as the Cottesloe Soil Association (Seddon 1972). These soils support a similar species
composition as the deeper Karrakatta soils to the east. E. gomphocephala, however, is
much more common than E. marginata and E. calophylla, and limestone usually occurs
within 2 metres of the surface in the Cottesloe soils. A nearby Banksia woodland at Star
Swamp, which lies within the Cottesloe Association, is dominated by Banksia attenuata,
B. menziesii and B. prionotes, with minor contributions of E. gomphocephala, and
Allocasuarina fraseriana (Bell et al. 1979). The top soil is generally dark grey-brown be-
coming yellowish-brown deeper, with a neutral pH value. In general, the soils of the
Spearwood System are moderately to weakly leached with low calcium levels, high iron
content and weakly acidic pH values (Havel 1976). The Star Swamp understorey in-
cludes Xanthorrhoea preissii, Jacksonia sternbergiana and Dryanda nivea, while the
more common introduced species are Ehrharta longiflora, Avena barbata, Hypochaeris
glahra and Romulea rosea (Bell et al. 1979). The percentage of plant cover from intro-
duced species is 36%.
The study area has a dry Mediterranean climate with average annual rainfalls of ca
740 mm per year. About 80% of the yearly total falls in winter between the months of
May and August. The winters are mild with mean temperatures of: maximum 18.7°C
and minimum 9.9°C, while summers are warm to hot with mean temperatues of: maxi-
mum 29.9°C and minimum 18.6°C.
28
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Methods
Three areas of native woodland within Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park were selected
for this study: 4, 6 and 11 (Figure 1). They were similar with respect to topography and
vegetation. Area 1 1 was burned in 1979, but the fire histories of the other areas were un-
known. The study was conducted mainly in September of 1981 and 1982, although visits
were made each month to record flowering data.
Vegetation
A number of plots, each 10 m 2 in area, were established at each of the three areas and
a list of vascular plants was constructed. The nomenclature followed Green (1985). A
voucher specimen for each plant species was deposited in the Western Australian Her-
barium (PERTH). All perennial species were given a cover/abundance value on the
Braun-Blanquet scale (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 1974). To determine the fre-
quency and percentage cover of herbaceous species aim 2 quadrat was divided into 100
equal subsections. Each occurrence of a plant in a subsection was recorded. This was re-
peated ten times for each area.
Measurements of the tree canopy were made by recording tree height, diameter at
breast height (dbh) and number of stems (i4 cm) within 30 m x 30 m quadrats. Two
such quadrats were sampled in each of the three areas. The biomass of the shrub and
herb layers was determined by collecting above ground living plant material in four ran-
dom 1 m 2 quadrats at each site. The litter retained by a 1 mm sieve was also gathered
from the same 1 m 2 quadrats. The litter and plant material were oven dried at 95°C to
constant weight.
29
W. Foulds, Ecology of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park
The frequency (%) and the relative cover abundance (%) for herbaceous species and
the relative dry weight contribution (%) for the perennial shrub species were calculated
as follows:
F(%) = number of quadrats including a species x 100/total number of quadrats
RCA(%) = total % cover for a species x 100/total % cover for all species
RDW(%) = dry weight of a single species x 100/total dry weight for all species.
Nutrients
Five soil samples from the surface 10 cm were collected at each site and analysed by
C.S.B.P. and Farmers. Spectrophotometric determinations were undertaken on sodium
bicarbonate extractable phosphorus and potassium. The water soluble nitrate-nitrogen
(NO, r N) was calculated with a nitrate specific ion electrode at 30°C. D.T.P.A. extract-
able copper, zinc and manganese concentrations were determined by atomic absorption.
Samples of above ground living plant material were harvested for nutrient analyses in
October. At least ten herbaceous plants and ca 10 cm of new growth (both stem and leaf)
from a minimum of ten shrubs, were collected per sample.
Analyses of the shoot and litter material after acid digestion gave the total P, K and
N as mg g 1 and the Cu, Zn and Mn as p, g g '•
The carbon content was determined by oven drying at 100° C overnight and then heat-
ing to 500° C for eight hours.
Results
Vegetation
The vegetation was a low open Banksia woodland with emergent Eucalyptus
marginata trees. The flora was relatively rich and varied, with 183 species recorded
within 50 families (Appendix 1). There were 69 woody perennial and 114 herbaceous
species. The flora excluded the numerous planted trees and shrubs in the gardens and
10 species associated with a nearby lake (Appendix 2). The herbs included 39 introduced
annual species, but only 2 introduced perennials, Solarium sodomeum and Pelargonium
capitatum.
Table 1. Tree canopy parameters.
Species
No. stems ha 1
Basal area
(m 2 ha' 1 )
Average
height
(m)
Eucalyptus gomphocephala
5.5
9.6
14.2 (30)*
E. marginata
93.6
24.1
9.3 (18)
Banksia attenuata
338.7
22.9
3.0 ( 8)
B. menziesii
51.4
4.8
4.5 ( 9)
Allocasuarina fraseriana
14.8
2.4
4.0 ( 9)
Total
504.0
63.8
* Height of tallest tree in woodland shown in parenthesis.
The tree canopy was made up of five species of which Banksia attenuata was domi-
nant (Table 1 and Appendix 1) with a density of 338.7 stems ha 1 , a basal area of 22.9 m 2
ha 1 , an average height of 3 m, and a frequency of 82%. E. marginata was the next most
common species, while all other species had little influence on the density of the upper
stratum. Banksia menziesii was interesting in that all three flower colour variants (red,
yellow and rusty brown) were present in the park.
30
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Xanthorrhoea preissii was the most abundant understorey species with a frequency
of 100% and a biomass contribution of over 25% for the whole of the lower stratum (Ap-
pendix 1). Other common shrubs included four Daviesia species, mostly with
frequencies greater than 50%, while Daviesia nudiflora contributed 6% of the total
biomass. Members of this genus flowered in winter and a yellow-flowered variant of
D. nudiflora was observed. Three Hibbertia species were recorded, with the ubiquitous
Hibbertia hypericoides contributing 3% of the total dry weight. Another common south-
western Australian species, Bossiaea eriocarpa, was also frequently found.
The predominant herbaceous species in the southern site was Mesomelaena stygia
which contributed 27% of the total biomass, 14% cover and had a frequency of 80% oc-
currence. Loxocarya flexuosa and Restio aff. sphacelatus were dominant in the northern
site, each contributing over 10% of the cover and biomass. The most common intro-
duced species were the two geophytes, Romulea rosea and Homeria flaccida, which were
4.7% and 1% of the total biomass and had frequencies of 50% and 27%, respectively.
They were followed by three annuals, in order of decreasing cover abundance,
Hvpochaeris glabra, Briza maxima, and Trifolium campestre. Introduced species pro-
vided 52% of ground floor cover (Table 2). Although there was a similar number of intro-
duced species at both sites, the northern sites had 30% more cover. The northern sites
had double the dry weight of litter compared to the southern sites (Table 3). This was
probably due to the greater density of Banksia attenuata trees and their consequent leaf
fall, rather than to any small differences in understorey densities.
Table 2. Total number and cover abundance (m 2 ) of native and introduced herbaceous species in the
northern (roadside) and southern sites.
Species
types
Northern site
No. spp. Cover
Southern site
No. spp. Cover
Total Park
No. spp Cover
Native
20 51.5
23
33.6
31 85.1
Introduced
13 45.0
12
24.7
18 69.7
Only those species recorded in quadrat data are
included.
Table 3. Average dry
weight (g m 2 ) of living vegetation and litter of the Northern and Southern
sites.
Species Types
Sites
Northern
Southern
Park Average
Woody perennials
Native herbs
Introduced herbs
Litter
120.6 (4)
96.8 (4)
21.8 (4)
127.3 (7)
159.6 ( 8)
117.6 ( 8)
0.0 ( 8)
63.0 (10)
146.6
110.6
7.3
89.5
Number of samples shown in parenthesis
The main flowering period for most species was early spring (Figure 2). The response to
the winter rains was reflected in the spring flowering winter annuals. Although the dry
summer usually inhibits growth and reproduction, Banksia attenuata, Leucopogon
propinquus, Melaleuca acerosa and Calytrix fraseri of the shrub component and Restio
aff. sphacelatus, Ptilotus caespitulosus, Thysanotus patersonii and Tricoryne elatior of
the herb layer flowered mostly at this time of year. The natives Jacksonia sternbergiana
and Scaevola paludosa and the well adapted exotics Pelargonium capitatum and
Solanum nigrum flowered all year round, while Corynotheca micrantha possessed
flowers for only a few days. Drosera erythrorhiza and Conostylis teretifolia were never
observed to bloom between 1979 and 1983.
W. Foulds, Ecology of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park
31
Month
Figure 2. Number of species flowering during each month of the year. The data summarize observations from
1981 and 1982 (shrubs, hatched; herbs, open).
Mineral Nutrient Status
The soils were neutral yellow sands varying in depth from zero to 11 metres over pin-
nacles of limestone. The carbon content was low compared to darker soils such as sand
heaths (Table 4).
As in the case with most Australian soils there was a paucity of nutrients (Table 4),
particularly phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen, but compared to Quindalup and
Bassendean soils the potassium level was relatively high (24.8pg g 1 ). The low chloride
content of 20/zg g 1 , compared with 261.5^.g g 1 for foredunes, could be attributed to the
distance of the study area from the sea and a decrease in deposition of aerosol salt.
Table 5 shows that the average phosphorus content of the litter, 0.2 mg g 1 , and plant
tissues, 0.08 mgg' 1 , were like the soil, very low compared with other macronutrients
tested such as K, 9.8 mgg' 1 and NO.,-N, 10.3 mgg 1 . Members of the family
Papilionaceae possessed twice the NO -N content compared with other species analysed
(Table 5). The species dominating the ecosystem, Banksia attenuata, was relatively low
in N, P and K. Along with Banksia menziesii and Dryandra nivea it contained massive
quantities of manganese. This rich source of Mn probably accounts for the high levels
recorded in the litter.
32
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
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W. Foulds, Ecology of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park
33
Table 5. Nutrient Status of the more common plant species and the litter layer.
mg g' 1
gg g' 1
P
K
NO,
-N
Cu
Zn
Mn
Litter
0.2
2.0
1.4
8.1
39.5
POACEAE
*Briza maxima
1.2
13.5
7.1
2.6
9.9
49
*Lagurus ovatus
1.0
14.6
5.2
1.8
19.5
23
Stipa compressa
1.1
12.1
5.8
2.2
10.9
21
CYPERACEAE
Lepidosperma gracile
0.4
9.6
5.5
3.3
11.8
41
Mesomelaena stygia
0.5
6.3
5.4
2.4
8.3
25
RESTIONACEAE
Loxocarva flexuosa
0.6
10.7
6.3
2.4
14.2
63
Restio aff. sphacelatus
0.4
7.8
8.0
1.0
8.0
71
XANTHORRHOEACEAE
Xanthorrhoea preissii
0.5
9.5
4.5
1.8
5.1
10
CASUARINACEAE
Allocasuarina fraseriana
0.5
6.8
5.6
2.2
28.6
20
PROTEACEAE
Banksia attenua ta
0.5
4.5
7.6
10.4
11.4
241
Banksia menziesii
0.6
3.2
5.5
4.0
10.2
220
Dryanda nivea
0.6
5.0
4.4
2.7
7.4
135
Petrophile linearis
0.6
5.8
4.7
1.3
10.0
21
PAPILIONACEAE
Daviesia decurrens
0.8
8.5
12.7
5.3
12.5
33
Daviesia divaricata
0.8
4.8
8.4
7.9
6.3
7
Daviesia gracilis
0.5
6.0
10.5
3.1
5.6
28
Daviesia nudi flora
0.8
8.8
14.5
6.2
7.3
15
Hardenbergia eomptoniana
1.2
17.4
15.2
2.4
10.3
20
Jacksonia sternbergiana
1.0
9.2
13.1
2.4
12.8
11
Kennedia prostrata
1.1
13.4
17.9
4.2
21.2
69
Oxvlobium capitatum
0.6
8.2
13.9
2.9
13.1
29
*Trit'olium campestre
1.7
14.8
26.8
5.2
27.8
39
DILLENIACEAE
.
Hibbertia hvpericoides
0.6
7.1
9.9
3.1
10.8
38
Hibbertia racemosa
0.6
7.9
7.9
11.2
23.4
38
MYRTACEAE
Eucalyptus gomphocephala
0.9
6.2
7.1
2.4
11.8
33
Eucalyptus marginata
1.1
5.9
7.5
10.5
15.2
31
GOODENIACEAE
Scaevola canescens
0.7
13.4
8.9
1.6
11.1
15
Scaevola paludosa
0.7
16.9
7.0
2.5
13.0
18
ASTERACEAE
* Hvpochaeris glabra
1.6
23.5
7.8
2.5
32.7
19
Waitzia suaveolens
1.0
13.6
9.2
7.4
29.7
30
MEAN
0.8
9.8
10.3
4.0
14.0
47.1
Naturalized alien species.
34
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Discussion
The Banksia community at Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park was similar to the nearby
woodland at Star Swamp (Bell et al. 1979) which was dominated by Banksia species and
with minor contributions by Eucalyptus gomphocephala and Allocasuarina fraseriana.
However, the frequency of Eucalyptus marginata in Pinnaroo Park was much greater
and the understorey layer also showed local variations. Xanthorrhoea preissii was pre-
dominant and although the ubiquitous Hibbertia hypericoides was commonly seen, the
shrub canopy was dominated by the four Daviesia species.
Pinnaroo Park was floristically similar to other Banksia communities found in
Spearwood sand north of Perth, e.g. Type D of Havel (1976), but lacked certain shrub
species such as Svnaphea polymorpha. The Banksia woodland described by Milewski
and Daridge (1981) at Jandakot Airport occupies deep, highly leached white over yellow'
sand between the Bassendean and Spearw-ood Dune Systems, and differs mainly in the
composition of the shrub stratum. At that site Beaufortia elegans and Leucopogon
kingianus are common, but both are absent at Pinnaroo. In areas where yellow sand
reached the surface mutually common components were Mesomelaena stygia, Hibbertia
racemosa and Daviesia nudiflora.
The Pinnaroo woodland had a typical Western Australian ground floor vegetation,
with few grasses and the ground cover predominantly Mesomelaena stygia and two
species of Restionaceae.
Degradation of vegetation, similar to that seen at Star Swamp, is evident from the
high frequency of introduced ‘weedy’ species and the presence of pyrogenic grasses, typi-
cal of often-burnt vegetation. This was particularly true in the case of the northern sec-
tion of the Park where secondary succession was occurring faster than in the southern
areas. Here a new floristie composition is evolving, caused by the introduction of alien
species. In this altered community there was no regeneration of Eucalyptus
gomphocephala , although young Banksia and E. marginata saplings were common.
The woodland community, which developed in mildy leached soils, contained a large
number of species. Areas where severe conditions prevail are reported to support fewer
species (Bell 1980). The presence of Xanthorrhoea preissii suggested a relatively moist
habitat w'hereas the presence of Hibbertia hypericoides, Mesomelaena stygia and
Petrophile macrostachya indicated a substratum of a weakly leached sandy soil, typical
of the Spearwood Series (Havel 1976). This was confirmed by the level of soil nutrients
which although well below that of coastal sand dune areas had more than double the
amount of macronutrients (PKN) of the leached Bassendean sands ( Table 4).
The plant tissues that had been shown to act as a means of storage of nutrients in
woodland communities, (Ovington 1962) were relatively low in P but did possess larger
quantities of other minerals. Legume species were a common component of the
understorey and with their high nitrogen content, the soil N should be maintained.
Excessive leaching of the nutrients through the permeable sandy, humus-depleted soil
by the winter rains may be prevented by the Banksia trees acting as reservoirs. Slow
growing species, gradual leaf fall and low' litter component caused a slow recycling of nu-
trients, although fire probably speeds up the turnover to some degree.
Nutrient input by clearfall rain w r as low compared to that in a nearby coastal
heathland area located at Ocean Reef (Foulds unpublished data). Although the July K
recording was the same. 1.2 kg ha ’, no phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen or trace elements
were found.
Estimates of canopy nutrient leaching from tree leaves and stems by throughfall rain
in Eucalypt forests (Smith 1974) suggests that some mineral replacement in the Banksia
woodland would occurr in this manner. This is probably true for manganese which was
W. Foulds, Ecology of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park
35
present in extremely large quantities in the shoots of Banksia menziesii and
B. attenuata. The accumulation of ions, such as Mn, by indigenous plants from nutrient
deficient soil suggests a specialised adaptation. In the case of the Banksias and Dryanda
nivea , which contained a high amount of Mn, their success may have been due to the
presence of proteiod roots (Lamont 1974).
Acknowledgements
I am extremely grateful to the C.S.B.P. and Farmers for soil, plant and water analyses
and the Bureau of Meteorology, Perth for climatic data.
Thanks are also due to the staff of Western Australian Herbarium, and Mr
P. McMillan, for taxonomic assistance and for checking plant names. I am indebted to
Mr K. Vickery and students of the Western Australian College of Advanced Education
for field and laboratory assistance, and to the Warden of Pinnaroo, Mr English for sup-
plying a map of the area as well as other useful local information.
I also wish to thank an anonymous referee for improvements to the text and Mrs I.
McMath for typing the manuscript.
References
Bell, D. T. (1980). Gradient trends in the streamside forest of central Illinois. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club
107: 172-180.
Bell. D. T., Loneragan, W.A. and Dodd. J. (1979). Preliminary vegetation survey of Star Swamp and vicinity;
Western Australia. Western Australian Herbarium Research Notes No. 2: 1-21.
Bettenay. E.. McArthur, W. M. and Hingston. F. L. (1960). "The soil associations of the Swan Coastal Plain,
Western Australia". CSIRO Division of Soils, Soils and Land Use Series No. 35.
Green, J. W. (1985). “Census of the vascular plants of Western Australia", 2nd edition. Western Australia Her-
barium. Department of Agriculture. Perth.
Havel, J.J. (1976). The potential of the northern Swan Coastal Plain for Pinus pinaster Ait. plantations, West-
ern Australia. Western Australian Forests Department Bulletin 76.
Hopkins. E. R. (1980). The fertilizer factor in Pinus pinaster Ait. plantations on sandy soil of the Swan Coastal
Plain, Western Australia. Western Australian Forests Department Bulletin 68.
Lamont. B. (1974). “Proteoid Roots". Thesis, (Botany), University of Western Australia.
Milewski, A. V. and Daridge, C. (1981 ). The physical environment, floristics and phenology of a Banksia wood-
land near Perth. Western Australia. Western Australian Herbarium Research Notes No. 5: 29-48.
Mueller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, E. ( 1974). “Aims and Methods in Vegetation Ecology”. Wiley, New York.
Ovington, -J. D. (1962). Quantit.iative ecology and the woodland ecosystem concept. Advanced Ecological Re-
search 1: 103-192.
Seddon, G. (1972). “Sense of Place”. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, Western Australia.
Smith, M. K. (1974). Throughfall, stemflow and interception in Pine and Eucalvpt forests. Australian For-
estry 36: 190-197.
Appendix 1. Name, family, type, origin, frequency, cover and biomass of species in the woodland area of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park
W - Woody perennial; H - herb; n - native; i = introduced; F = frequency; RCA = Relative cover abundance (herbs); RDW = dry weight contribution;
EC A - estimated cover abundance (shrubs) [o = occasional plant; r = rare (0.1%); f = few (0.1-1%); c = common (1-5%); ab = abundant (5-25%)] nf = no flowers.
36
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
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Pink Fountain Trigger Plant
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Dotted Trigger Plant
46
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W. Foulds, Ecology of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park
47
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River Clubrush
Kingia 1(1) 49-74(1987)
49
Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
J. P. Tyler
Dampier Salt (Operations) Pty. Limited, P.0. Box 285, Dampier, Western Australia 6713
Abstract
Tyler J, P. Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod. Kingia 1(1): 49-74 (1987). The vegetation adjacent to
Lake MacLeod was assessed and documented from 1980-1984. A total of 269 flora species were collected from
the area and are currently housed in the Dampier Salt Research Laboratory at Dampier.
The dynamics of the vegetation were assessed using permanent quadrats in four vegetatively distinct areas.
For convenience of study, the vegetation was classified in three categories, namely herbs, shrubs less than 1
metre high, and shrubs greater than 1 metre high. The herbs exhibited a distinct annual pattern, with peak
numbers of individuals and species occurring in early spring. The number of small shrub species fluctuated
with rainfall regardless of the season. Large shrubs exhibited very slow growth rates and few recruitments or
deaths.
The impact of grazing animals was assessed using exclosed and unexclosed areas. No significant grazing
pressure was found. The Lake MacLeod shrublands were found to regenerate very slowly if degraded by fire.
This is due to the inherently slow growth rates of the shrub species.
Introduction
Lake MacLeod is a 2000 km 2 natural coastal salina some 40 km north of Carnarvon.
It is separated from the Indian Ocean to the south by a thirty metre high ridge of white
sand dunes called the Bejaling Dunes. These are around 2 km wide. To the west of Lake
MacLeod lies the Quobba Ridge, a barrier separating Lake MacLeod from the Indian
Ocean. The red sand dunes of the Quobba Ridge run parallel to the coast and merge with
the Bejaling Dunes. The dunes of the Quobba Ridge overlie limestone which is fre-
quently exposed as rocky outcrops.
Lake MacLeod is in an arid region with an average rainfall of around 200 millimetres
per year. It occurs in the major soil zone called desert-steppe. These soils show no
characteristic profile due to an absence of leaching and high wind action, and are red to
reddish-brown in colour (Prescott 1952). The scrub with associated saltbush, typical of
these soils, is in evidence near Lake MacLeod.
There are few published accounts on the vegetation near Lake MacLeod and the area
has not been extensively surveyed. This study concerns itself with the vegetation of the
Quobba Ridge and the Bejaling Dunes. Both of these areas lie within the Quobba Station
pastoral lease and are used as grazing land for sheep. The area also contains feral goats,
rabbits and kangaroos.
The purpose of the study is to document the vegetation and floristics, and to assess
the impact of grazing animals.
50
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Materials and Methods
1. Vegetation classification
The vegetation was classified into three categories for convenience of study.
These were as follows:
(a) Shrubs greater than one metre high
These were well established shrubs and trees.
(b) Shrubs less than one metre high
These were distinctly woody plants less than one metre high. This category in-
cluded a number of species such as Stemodia grossa, Solatium lasiophvllum and
Acanthocarpus preissii which even when well established did not reach one
metre in height. It also included woody annuals such as Ptilotus and Olearia
and the seedlings of all the larger shrubs.
(c) Herbs
This category included all annual species with soft non-woody stems and all the
grasses.
2. Permanent Quadrats
Three permanent quadrats were established in visually-assessed distinctive veg-
etation zones on the Quobba Ridge. A fourth was established in the Bejaling Dunes (Fig-
ure 1). The 20 m x 20 m permanent quadrats were pegged in July 1980 using surveyors
pegs and marking tape.
Quadrat 1 Environs
Quadrat 1 was located on the Quobba Ridge, adjacent to the old salt haulage road pre-
viously used by Dampier Salt (Operations) Pty Ltd. This road was no longer in use and
the area was remote from salt field activities. The quadrat was situated in an area of
dense Acacia scrub. There were no sheep in the area due to a lack of drinking water,
although goats and kangaroos had been sighted. The red sandy soils had a pH around
6.9.
Quadrat 2 Environs
Quadrat 2 was located in the Bejaling Dunes. The vegetation was mainly salt bush
( Atriplex and Rhagodia spp.) interspersed with Acacia spp., Banksia ashbyi and
Thryptomene baeckeacea. The white sandy soils were alkaline with a mean pH of 8.0.
Sheep, feral goats and rabbits were present in the Bejaling Dunes.
Quadrat 3 Environs
Quadrat 3 was situated on the Quobba Ridge, north of the present salt haulage road
from the Lake MacLeod mine site to Cape Cuvier. Like quadrat 1, some twenty kilo-
metres to the north, it had neutral soils of pH 7.0. The vegetation was open Acacia scrub
and Triodia grassland. A bore about a kilometre from the quadrat provided water for
sheep and feral goats, which were plentiful in the area.
J.P. Tyler, Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
51
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 1. Locality map showing study areas.
52
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
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Table 2. Number and change in number of shrub species greater than 1 m high recorded in 20 x
20 m permanent quadrats from 1980 to 1982.
J.p. Tyler, Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
53
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Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Quadrat 4 Environs
Quadrat 4 was situated less than fifty metres from quadrat 3, but on the southern side
of the salt haulage road. A fire in 1979 only burnt the area south of the haul road. The
soil and vegetation type were similar to those of quadrat 3, but with far fewer shrubs. A
number of plant species common on the north side of the road in a good season, had not
been sighted in the previously burnt area. These included Thysanotus speckii,
Dichopogon sp. and Dianella revoluta.
The following information was recorded once monthly for 26 months.
(a) The area covered by shrubs greater than one metre in height was mapped onto
graph paper. The positioning of the shrubs and their sizes were obtained by
pacing. The maps illustrate recruitment and death of shrubs.
(b) A list of all shrubs species less than one metre high in the quadrat was compiled.
(c) All herb species present in the quadrat were listed.
3. Exclosure Experiments
One chicken wire exclosure 3mx3mxlm was established in each survey area adjac-
ent to the 20 m x 20 m permanent quadrat. Unexclosed control quadrats were pegged ad-
jacent to the exclosures. A once monthly survey of all quadrats was undertaken. The
area covered by shrubs greater than one metre high was mapped. Shrub species less than
one metre high and herb species were listed and quantified.
4. Flora List
A list of all flowering plants present on the Quobba Ridge and the Bejaling Dunes was
compiled over four years from 1980 to 1984. Plants were mainly collected on the
monthly quadrat survey, but extra surveys were undertaken following any period of
heavy rain. Occasional specimens were collected on daily journeys to and from the salt
field. A habit photograph of most species was taken and pressed specimens of each
species are housed in the company herbarium. Specimens were identified using pub-
lished keys, with doubtful identifications being verified at the Western Australian Her-
barium (PERTH). All plant species are listed in Appendix 1. Nomenclature follows
Green (1985).
Table 3. Presence of shrubs greater than 1 m high over the whole study period (1980-1982) and
similarity of the four permanent quadrats based on species presence.
Quadrat
12 3 4
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex aff. cinerea
Rhagodia baccata
Goodeniaceae
Scaevola crassifolia
Scaevola spinescens
Scaevola tomentosa
Mimosaceae
Acacia coriacea
Acacia ligulata
Acacia sclerosperma
Acacia tetragonophylla
Myrtaceae
Thryptomene baeckeacea
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
-
J.P. Tyler, Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
55
Table 3 (continued). Presence of shrubs greater than 1 m high over the whole study period (1980-
1982) and similarity of the four permanent quadrats based on species presence.
1
Quadrat
2 3
4
Proteaceae
Banksia ashhyi
Grevillea wickhamii
+
+
Santalaceae
Exocarpos aphyllus
Santalum lanceolatum
+ +
Sapindaceae
Dodonaea amblyophylla
Heterodendrum oleaefolium
+
+
Solanaceae
Solanum orbiculatum
+
Surianaceae
Stvlobasium spathulatum
+
Tiliaceae
Corchorus walcottii
+
Thymelaeaceae
Pimelea microcephala
+ +
Total Number Per Quadrat:
8
13 10
1
All species with the exception of Rhagodia baccata and Scaevola tomentosa in Quadrat 2 were present in
the quadrats for the whole of the study period.
Similarity index = Number in common x 2 x 100
total number m both
The maximum possible similarity between two samples is 100%
Quadrat 1/Quadrat 2 - 38.1% Quadrat 2/Quadrat 3 - 52.2%
Quadrat 1 /Quadrat 3 - 44.4% Quadrat 2/Quadrat 4 - 14.3%
Quadrat 1 /Quadrat 4 = 22.2%- Quadrat 3/Quadrat 4 = 18.2%
Table 4. Presence of shrubs less than 1 m high over the whole study period ( 1 980- 1 982) and similarity
of the four permanent quadrats based on species presence.
Quadrat
1
2
3
4
Amaranthaceae
Ptilotus obovatus
+
+
+
+
Ptilotus villositlorus
Ptilotus sp. 1 (J.P.T. 133 Dampier)
+
+
Ptilotus sp. 2 (J.P.T. 134 Dampier)
+
Asteraceae
Olearia imbricata
+
Boraginaceae
Halgania preissiana
+
Caesalpiniaceae
Cassia oligophylla
+
+
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium desertorum
Einadia nutans
+
-
Enchylaena tomentosa
C8m
C9m
Cl2m
Maireana tomentosa
+
Rhagodia baccata
+
+
+
+
Salsola kali
+
56
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Table 4 (continued). Presence of shrubs less than 1 m high over the whole study period (1980-1982)
and similarity of the four permanent quadrats based on species presence.
Quadrat
12 3 4
Dasypogonaceae
Acanthocarpus preissii
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia atoto
Goodeniaceae
Dampiera incana
Scaevola crassifolia
Scaevola restiacea
Scaevola spinescens
Scaevola tomentosa
Scaevola sp. (J.P.T. 235 Dampier)
Loranthaceae
Amyema sp. (J.P.T. 157 Dampier)
Malvaceae
Abutilon geranioides
Hibiscus drummondii
Mimosaceae
Acacia coriacea
Acacia ligulata
Acacia tetragonophylla
Myrtaceae
Thryptomene baeckeacea
Phormiaceae
Dianella revoluta
Proteaceae
Grevillea wickhamii
Hakea stenophylla
Santalaceae
Exocarpos aphyllus
Santalum lanceolatum
Sapindaceae
Diplopeltis eriocarpa
Dodonaea amblyophylla
Heterodendrum oleaefolium
Scrophulariaceae
Stemodia grossa
Solanaceae
Solatium Iasiophyllum
Solatium orbiculatum
Surianaceae
Stylobasium spathulatum
Thymelaeaceae
Pimelea microcephala
Tiliaceae
Corchorus elachocarpus
Corchorus waleottii
Total Number per Quadrat
Cl3m
C +
+
+
+
+
C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
c
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
c
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cl5m
C9m
C9m
C6m
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
C7m
+
+
+
C
C
19
24
22
21
J.P. Tyler, Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
57
Species designated C were present in the quadrat continuously since the beginning of the study.
Species designated Cxm were present continuously for the final x months of the study.
c- .. . , Number in common 0 1fin
Similarity index = ■ : — ; — - six 100
total number in both
The maximum possible similarity between two samples is 100%
Quadrat 1 /Quadrat 2 - 55.8% Quadrat 2/Quadrat 3 = 56.5%
Quadrat 1 /Quadrat 3 - 53.7% Quadrat 2/Quadrat 4 - 48.9%
Quadrat 1 /Quadrat 4 = 50.0% Quadrat 3/Quadrat 4 = 69.8%
Table 5. Presence of herbs over the whole study period (1980-1982) and similarity of the four
permanent quadrats based on species presence.
1
Quadrat
2 3
4
Aizoaceae
Disphyma crassifolium
+
Anthericaceae
Dichopogon sp. (J.P.T. 98 Dampier)
+
Apiaceae
Trachymene pilosa
+
+
Asteraceae
Angianthus cumringhamii
+
Brach ycome iberidi folia
+
+ +
Brachvcome latisquamea
+
+ +
+
Calocephalus brownii
+
Gnephosis gvnotricha
+
+
Helipterum bumboldtianuni
+
Podotheca angustifolia
+
Senecio lautus
+ +
Sonchus oleraceus
+
Waitzia acuminata
+
+
Boraginaceae
Heliotropium paniculatum
+
Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium irio
+
Campanulaceae
Wahlenbergia gracilis
+
Chenopodiaceae
Dysphania plantaginella
+
+
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia drummondii
+ +
+
Gentianaceae
Centaurium tenuiflorum
+
Geraniaceae
Erodium cygnorum
+
+
Goodeniaceae
Goodenia berardiana
+
Lauraceae
Cassytha aurea
+
Lobeliaceae
Lobelia heterophylla
+
+
+
54609-5
58
Kingia Vol. 1) No. 1 (1987)
Table 5 (continued). Presence of herbs over the whole study period (1980-1982) and similarity of the
four permanent quadrats based on species presence.
Quadrat
1
2
3
4
Papilionaceae
Glycine clandestina
Glvcine tabacina
+
4-
+
Indigofera georgei
+
Lotus australis
+
Swainsona kingii
+
Poaceae
Aristida contorta
+
+
+
Cenchrus ciliaris
+
+
+
Eragrostis australasica
+
+
+
Eragrostis eriopnda
+
+
Eragrostis japonica
+
+
+
+
Eulalia fulva
+
+
Sorghum plumosum
+
+
+
Triodia basedowii
+
+
+
Triodia pungens
Triodia sp.
+
+
+
+
Triraphis sp. (J.P.T. 109 Dampier)
+
+
Portulacaceae
Calandrinia polyandra
+
+
+
Solanaceae
Nicotiana simulans
+
+
+
Stackhousiaceae
Stackhousia sp. 1 (J.P.T. 159 Dampier)
+
Zygophvllaceae
+
Zvgophyllum fruticulosum
+
+
Total Number per Quadrat
14
24
24
22
Similarity index = Number in common x 2 x 100
total number in both
The maximum possible similarity between two samples is 100%
Quadrat 1/Quadrat 2 = 26.3% Quadrat 2/Quadrat 3 = 45.8%
Quadrat 1 /Quadrat 3 = 47.4% Quadrat 2 /Quadrat 4 = 47.8%
Quadrat 1/Quadrat 4 = 38.9% Quadrat 3/Quadrat 4 = 69.6%
Table 6. Changes in number of shrubs less than 1 m high in exclosed and unexclosed quadrats from
spring, 1983 to summer, 1984.
(a) Site 1
06.09.83 15.02.84
Species Exclosed Unexclosed Exclosed Unexclosed
Acanthocarpus preissii
Corchorus walcottii
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
Ptilotus sp. (J.P.T. 133 Dampier)
23
11
0
0
Unknown sp.
1
1
1 (dying)
1
0
New emergent
1
0
0
Total
27
14
2
2
J.P. Tyler, Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
59
(b) Site 2
Species
06.09.83
Exclosed Unexclosed
Exclosed
15.02.84
Unexclosed
Enchylaena tomentosa
1
5
dying
dying (clump
Rhagodia baccata
0
% cover
of quadrat
0
% cover
of quadrat
Salsola kali
1
3
0
3
Stemodia grossa
9
4
3
3
Total (excluding Rhagodia)
11
12
5
6
(c) Site 3
Species
06.09.83
Exclosed Unexclosed
Exclosed
15.02.84
Unexclosed
Enchvlaena tomentosa
1
0
2
2
Ptiiotus obovatus
3
2
0
0
Rhagodia baccata
3
0
1
1
Scaevola tomentosa
1
1
0
0
Stemodia grossa
1 (large
clump)
0
1 (large
clump)
0
Total
9
3
4
3
(d) Site 4
06.09.83
15.02.84
Species
Exclosed
Unexclosed
Exclosed
Unexclosed
Acacia iigulata
0
1
0
0
Corchorus eiachocarpus
0
1
0
1
Dampiera incana
4
9
6
8
Diplopeltis eriocarpa
1
1
1
1
Melaleuca cardiophvila
1
0
2
0
Scaevola restiacea
0
2
0
1
Solanum lasiophvllum
3
0
2
0
Unknowns
3
0
2
0
Total
12
14
11
11
Table 7. Changes in number of herbs
in exclosed and unexclosed quadrats from spring, 1983 to
summer, 1984.
(a) Site 1
Species
06.09.83
Exclosed Unexclosed
Exclosed
15.02.84
Unexclosed
Calandrinia polvandra
43 32
0
0
Goodenia berardiana
1 0
0
0
Gnephosis gvnotricha
2 11
0
0
Lobelia heterophylla
11 4
0
0
Sonchus oleraceus
0 1
0
0
Triodia pungens
8 6
9
5
Total
65 54
9
5
60
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
(b) Site 2
Species
06.09.83
Exclosed Unexclosed
15.02.84
Exclosed Unexclosed
Calandrinia polyandra
17
7
0
0
Calocephalus brownii
90
60
0
0
Eragrostis japonica
Sparse
Sparse
0
0
covering
covering
Ptilotus villosiflorus
15
4
0
0
Total (excluding Eragrostis)
122
71
0
0
(c) Site 3
06.09.83 15.02.84
Species
Exclosed
Unexclosed
Exclosed
Unexclosed
Brachycome latisquamea
9
4
0
0
Cenchrus ciliaris
80%
20%
dying
absent
cover
cover
Gnephosis g\'notricha
5
0
0
0
Nicotiana simulans
3
0
0
0
Sonchus oleraceus
0
1
0
0
Sorghum plumosum
0
7
0
0
Triodia pungens
4
4
0
0
Triodia wiseana
0
0
8
10
Zygophyllum fruticulosum
0
3
0
0
Total (excepting Cenchrus)
12
19
8
10
(d) Site 4
06.09.83
15.02.84
Species
Exclosed
Unexclosed
Exclosed
Unexclosed
Eragrostis eriopoda
0
4
0
0
Euphorbia drummondii
0
4
0
0
Gnephosis g\-notricha
11
3
0
0
Indigo f era georgei
4
1
0
0
Lobelia heterophvlla
1
1
0
0
Triodia pungens
3
0
5
0
Triodia wiseana
23
25
35
30
Zygophyllum fruticulosum
1
1
0
0
Total
43
39
40
30
Results and Discussion
Quadrat 1 was situated in an area of dense Acacia scrub. Grazing pressure in this area
was very low due to alack of nearby drinking water. Low grazing pressure was confirmed
by the exclosure experiment which showed no obvious changes in the vegetation of the
unexclosed plot without corresponding changes within the exclosure (Tables 6 and 7).
The species diversity of the large shrubs within Quadrat 1 increased by 1 during the
study period, and the number of individual shrubs increased by 3 (Table 2). There was
no appreciable change in the area covered by any of the large shrubs, illustrating very-
slow growth rates (Figure 2).
J.P. Tyler, Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
61
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62
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
J.P. Tyler, Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
3
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64
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
£
a
• 2
5
O
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Figure 5. Location and size of shrubs greater than lm high in permanent quadrat 4 during August, 1980 and October, 1982.
J.P. Tyler, Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
65
Quadrat 2 was situated in the Bejaling Dunes. Sheep, goats and kangaroos were all
seen near the quadrat during the study, but grazing pressure remained low. With the ex-
ception of a sheep trail through the unexclosed plot near Quadrat 2, there was no obvious
influence of grazing animals on the vegetation. Changes within the unexclosed plot par-
alleled those within the exclosure (Tables 6 and 7). Five individual shrubs were recruited
into the large shrub category in Quadrat 2 over the study period (Table 2). These in-
cluded Scaevola tomentosa and Rhagodia baccata, species which were not previously
present in the large shrub category. The growth rates of large shrubs in the Bejaling
Dunes were slow (Figure 3).
Quadrat 3 was subjected to intermittent grazing pressure due to the proximity of
water. This grazing pressure affected the herbaceous plants, such as Cenchrus ciliaris
but not the shrubs (Tables 6 and 7). All the Cenchrus ciliaris within the unexclosed plot
disappeared within three months, while the floor of the exclosure had an 80% covering
of this species. There was no evidence of grazing pressure on shrubs over the study
period, and an additional three individual large shrubs became established within Quad-
rat 3 (Table 2). Quadrant 3 also demonstrated very slow growth rates for large shrubs
(Figure 4).
Quadrat 4 was situated less than 50 metres from Quadrat 3, but on the other side of
the road. A fire in 1979 had destroyed all but one of the large shrubs in this area. There
was no recruitment of large shrubs within this quadrat during the study period despite
the presence of seedlings of many of the larger shrub species, e.g. Acacia ligulata,
Pimelea microcephala , Dodonaea amblyophylla and Exocarpos aphyllus (Tables 2 and
4). The area was 70% similar to Quadrat 3 in the category of shrubs less than 1 metre
high. The slow rate of recovery can be considered a function of the slow growth rates of
the shrubs (Figure 5). The only evidence of grazing in this area was on soft spinifex
( Triodia pungens) (Table 7). This was completely absent from the unexclosed plot but
there were five plants within the exclosure.
The number of shrub species less than 1 metre high fluctuated broadly with rainfall
regardless of the seasons (Table 1, Figures 6 and 7). Some of the plants were woody
annuals such as Olearia and Ptilotus which would germinate, flower and set seed very
quickly following rain, and then die off in the drier weather. The majority of the peren-
nial small shrub species that were present continuously in the quadrats were rep-
resented by individuals that were well established from the start. These included
Acanthocarpus preissii and Thryptomene baeckeacea in Quadrat 2; Corchorus walcottii
in Quadrat 3; and Acanthocarpus preissii, Corchorus walcottii, Dampiera incana and
Hibiscus drummondii in Quadrat 4. As only the presence and absence of species was
noted, it is not possible to ascertain whether any new individuals of these species became
established during the study period. A number of other perennial shrubs species were
present continuously for six months or more at the end of the study. These included
Acanthocarpus preissii in Quadrat 1; Enchylaena tomentosa in Quadrats 1, 2 and 3;
Corchorus elachocarpus in Quadrat 2; Solanum lasiophyllum in Quadrats 3 and 4;
Solanum orbiculatum in Quadrat 3; and Stemodia grossa in Quadrat 2.
The number of herb species in the permanent quadrats fluctuated seasonally with
maximum numbers occurring around September (Figures 6 and 7). About 25% of the
herb species were composites and most of these, presumably for similar reasons to those
found by Mott (1972), would only germinate and flower during winter. About 25% of the
herb species were grasses. These would germinate at any time of the year following rain.
They were the major component of the summer herb population following rain and, with
the composites, formed the major component of the winter population of herbs. Unlike
the Murchison area examined by Mott (1972), there was no obvious winter dormancy
exhibited by the grasses. One possible reason was the higher winter temperatures of the
area around Lake MacLeod. Most of the remaining species were also winter annuals.
QUADRAT 1 QUADRAT 2
SHRUBS i m THAN CHE METRE HICH SHRUBS LESS THAN ONE METRE HIGH
66
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
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QUADRAT 3 QUADRAT 4
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Figure 7- Number of shrub species less than lm high and herb species recorded in permanent quadrats 3 and 4 from August, 1980 to October, 1982.
68
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
One exception was Lobelia heterophylla which would germinate and flower between
September and December each year. Another exception was Zygophyllum fruticulosum
which would quickly appear following uniform light rain, and was often the only herb
species present, in the quadrats during dry summer periods.
The lower than normal number of herb species in the 1982 winter period was probably
due to the exceptionally dry weather. July had no rain at all and all other months had
rainfall below the monthly average (Table 1). The minimum water requirement for the
germination of many of the winter annuals did not seem to have been reached.
A comparison of species similarity between quadrats is included in Tables 3, 4 and 5.
The highest similarity in both the small shrub and herb categories occurred between
Quadrats 3 and 4 which had about 70% similarity in both these categories. This is to be
expected as the quadrats were very close to one another geographically and shared simi-
lar soils. These quadrats, however, show a low similarity with respect to large shrubs be-
cause of a recent fire at the site of Quadrat 4.
Over one third of all small shrub species (8) occurred in all four quadrats at some stage
during the study, although very few of these became established (Table 4). These shrubs
largely accounted for the 50% similarity obtained between all quadrats in this vegetation
category with the exception of Quadrats 3 and 4. The similarity indices for the large
shrub category, with the exception of Quadrats 2 and 3 which also had around 50% simi-
lar, tended to be lower than for the small shrub category.
The herb category exhibited the greatest variation in similarity indices, with geo-
graphical separation apparently playing a major role. Quadrats 3 and 4 were adjacent
and had a similarity index of 69.6% whilst the widely separated Quadrats 1 and 2 were
only 26.3% similar
A large number of species in all vegetation categories were present in Quadrat 2 but
were not found in any other quadrat. This is possibly a function of the alkaline, white
sandy soils in Quadrat 2 which were of more recent origin than the reddish neutral soils
of Quadrats 1, 3 and 4 on the Quobba Ridge.
In general undisturbed Acacia shrublands are stable areas and only slightly suscep-
tible to erosion. Once this type of vegetation is degraded it is slow to recover, and serious
erosion can occur (Condon 1972). Very little regeneration has occurred in western New
South Wales where large areas of mulga (Acacia aneura) have died due to overgrazing,
coupled with tree lopping during drought.
This study demonstrated that the Lake MacLeod shrublands regenerate very slowly
if degraded by fire. This is due to the inherently slow growth rates of the shrub species.
There was no evidence of overgrazing in the study areas but recovery rates are likely to
be slow if this should occur.
References
Condon. R. W. (1972). Soil erosion in the dry land Australia. In: “The uses of trees and shrubs in the dry coun-
try of Australia". Australia Government Publishing Services, Canberra.
Green, J. W. (1985). “Census of the vascular plants of Western Australia”, 2nd edition. Western Australian
Herbarium. Department of Agriculture. Perth.
Mott, J. ,J. (1972). Germination studies on some annual species from an arid region of Western Australia.
Journal of Ecology 60: 293-304.
Prescott, J. A. (1952). “The soils of Australia in relation to vegetation and climate”, 2nd edition. C.S.I.R.O.
Bulletin No. 52.
J.P. Tyler, Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
69
Appendix 1. Tentative list of plant species
* denotes introduced species
Aizoaceae
* Carpobrotus aequilaterus (Haw.) N.E.Br.
* Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.
Amaranthaeeae
Alternanthera sp.
Amaranthus palliditlorus F. Muell.
Ptilotus alexandri Beni
Ptilotus exaltatus Nees
Ptilotus obovatus (Gaudich.) F. Muell.
Ptilotus spathulatus (R.Br.) Poiret
Ptilotus villosiflorus F. Muell.
Ptilotus sp. 1 (J.P.T. 133 Dampier)
Ptilotus sp. 2 (J.P.T. 134 Dampier)
Anthericaceae
Dichopogon tyleri N.H. Brittan
Murchisonia volubilus N.H. Brittan
Thysanotus speckii N.H. Brittan
Apiaceae
Daucus glochidiatus (Labill.) Fisher, C. Meyer & Ave-Lall.
Trachymene pilosa Smith
Asclepiadacae
Sarcostemma australe R.Br.
Asphodelaceae
*Asphodelus fistulosus L.
Asteraceae
Angianthus cunninghamii (DC.) Benth.
*Aster subulatus Michaux
Asteiidea aff. athrixioides (Sonder & F. Muell.) G. Kroner
Brachycome iberidifolia Benth.
Brachycome latisquamea F. Muell.
Brachycome sp. (J.P.T. 240, 245 Dampier)
Calocephalus angiantlwides (Steetz) Benth.
Calocephalus brownii (Cass.) F. Muell.
Calotis aff. multicaulis (Turcz.) Druce
Cephalipterum drummondii A. Gray
Chthonocephalus pseudevax Steetz
Craspedia sp. (J.P.T. 277 Dampier)
Gnephosis brevi folia (A. Gray) Benth.
Gnephosis gynotticha Diels
Helipterum corymbosum (A. Gray) Benth.
Helipterum humboldtianum (Gaudich.) DC.
Helipterum hyalospermum F. Muell. ex Benth.
Helipterum involucratum (F. Muell.) Benth.
Helipterum slrictum (Bindley) Benth.
Helipterum splendidum Hemsley
Helipterum sp. (J.P.T. 263 Danipier)
Lagenifera huegelii Benth.
Millotia myosutidifolia (Benth.) Steetz
Olearia axillaris (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
Olearia imbricata (Turcz.) Benth.
Olearia sp (J.P.T. 219 Dampier)
Pluchea squarrosa Benth.
Podolepis auriculata DC.
Podolepis canescens Cunn. ex DC.
Podolepis gardneri G. Davis
Podolepis lessvnii (Cass.) Benth.
Podolepis sp. (J.P.T. 87 Dampier)
Podothcca angustifolia (Labill.) Less.
Podotheca pygmaea A. Gray
Schoenia cassiniana (Gaudich) Steetz
Senecio glossanthus (Sonder) Belcher
Senecio lautus G. Forster ex Willd. subsp. maritimus Ali
Senecio lautus G. Forster ex Willd. subsp. dissectifolius Ali
70
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Sonchus oleraceus L.
Streptoglossa liatroides (Turcz.) C.R. Dunlop
Waitzia acuminata Steetz
Waitzia sp. 1 (J.P.T. 130 Dampier)
Waitzia sp. 2 (J.P.T. 297 Dampier)
Avicenniaceae
Avicennia marina (Porsskal) Vierh.
Boraginaceae
Halgania preissiana Lehm.
Heliotropium paniculatum R.Br.
Heliotropium undulatum M. Vahl
Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R.Br.
Brassicaceae
* Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.
Lepidium aff. rotundum (Desv.) DC.
* Sisymbrium irio L.
Sisymbrium sp. (J.P.T. 54, 55 Dampier)
Caesalpiniaceae
Cassia oligophylla F. Muell.
Cassia sturtii R.Br.
Labichea eremaea C. Gardner
Campanulaceae
Wahlenbergia gracilis A. DC.
Capparaceae
Capparis spinosa L.
Caryophvllaceae
* Spergularia rubra (L.) J.S. Presl & C. Presl
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex aff. cinerea Poiret
Atriplex nummularia Bindley
Atriplex paludosa R.Br.
Atriplex spongiosa F. Muell.
* Cbenopodium ambrosioides L.
Chenopodium desertorum (J. Black) J. Black
Didvmanthus roei Endl.
Dysphania plantaginella F. Muell.
Einadia nutans (R.Br.) A..J. Scott
Encbylaena tomentosa R.Br.
Eriochiton sclerolaenoides (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex A.J. Scott
Halosarcia halocnemoides (Nees) Paul G. Wilson
Halosarcia indica subsp. bidens (Nees) Paul G. Wilson
Halosarcia pruinosa (Paulsen) Paul G. Wilson
Maireana appressa (J. Black) Paul G. Wilson
Maireana plan i folia (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson
Maireana polypterygia (Diels) Paul G. Wilson
Maireana sclernptera (J. Black) Paul G. Wilson
Maireana tomentosa Moq.
Rhagodia baccata (Labill.) Moq.
Rbagodia crassifolia R.Br.
Rhagodia lati Iblia (Benth.) Paul G. Wilson
Salsola kali L.
Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.) A.J. Scott
Sclerolaena eurotioides (F. Muell.) A.J. Scott
Sclerolaena aff. forrestiana (F. Muell.) Domin
Sclerolaena tridens (F. Muell.) Domin
Sclerolaena uniflora R.Br.
Sclerolaena sp. (J.P.T. 334 Dampier)
Sclerostegia disarticulata Paul G. Wilson
Suaeda australis (R.Br.) Moq.
Chloanthaceae
Pitvrodia loxocarpa (F. Muell.) Druce
Colchicaceae
Wurmbea odorata T.D. Macfarlane
J. P. Tyler. Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
71
Convolvulaceae
Porana sericea (Gaudich.) F. Muell.
Crassulaceae
Crassula colorata (Nees) Ostenf.
Cucurbitaceae
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roemer
Cyperaceae
Cyperus sp. 1 (J.P.T. 21 Dampier)
Cyperus sp. 2 (J.P.T. 22 Dampier)
Cyperus sp. 3 (J.P.T. 123 Dampier)
Cyperus sp. 4 (J.P.T. 106 Dampier)
Dasypogonaceae
Acanthocarpus preissii Lehm.
Euphorbiaceae
Adriana tomentosa Gaudich
Euphorbia atoto G. Forster
Euphorbia drummondii Boiss.
Phyllanthus sp. 1 (J.P.T. 199 Dampier)
Phyllanthus sp. 2 (J.P.T. 317 Dampier)
Frankeniaceae
Frankenia ambita Ostenf.
Frankenia pauciflora DC.
Gentianaceae
* Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch ex Janchen
* Centaurium tenuiflorum (Hoffsgg. & Link) Fritsch ex Janchen
Geraniaceae
Erodium cygnorum Nees
Goodeniaceae
Dampiera incana R.Br.
Goodenia berardiana (Gaudich.) Carolin
Scaevola aff. collaris F. Muell.
Scaevola crassifulia Labill.
Scaevola glandulifera DC.
Scaevola restiacea Benth.
Scaevola spinescens R.Br.
Scaevola tomentosa Gaudich.
Scaevola sp. (J.P.T. 235 Dampier)
Gyrostemonaceae
Codonocarpus cotinifolius (Desf.) F. Muell.
Gyrostemon sp. (J.P.T. 222 Dampier)
Juncaginaceae
Triglochin calcitrapa Flook.
Lauraceae
Cassytha aurea J.Z. Weber
Lobeliaceae
Lobelia heterophylla Labill.
L.oranthaceae
Amyema sp. (J.P.T. 157 Dampier)
Lysiana exocarpi (Behr) Tieghem
Malvaceae
Abutilon geranioides (DC.) Benth.
Abutilon leucopetalum (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
Gossypium australe F. Muell.
Hibiscus drummondii Turcz.
Hibiscus sturtii Flook.
Lawrencia densiflora (E.G. Baker) Melville
Lawrencia glomerata Flook.
Sida intricata F. Muell.
Sida sp. (J.P.T. 268 Dampier)
72
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Mimosaceae
Acacia bivenosa DC.
Acacia coriacea DC.
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.
Acacia gregorii F. Muell.
Acacia idiomorpha Cunn. ex Benth.
Acacia ligulata Cunn. ex. Benth.
Acacia linophylla W. Fitzg.
- Acacia morrisonii Domin
Acacia murrayana F. Muell. ex Benth.
Acacia pvri folia DC.
Acacia ramulosa W. Fitzg.
Acacia sclerosperma F. Muell.
Acacia spathulifolia Maslin
Acacia tetragonophylla F. Muell.
Acacia victoriae Benth.
Acacia xiphophylla E. Pritzel
Acacia sp. (J.P.T. 340 Dampier)
+ may be conspecific with A. pvrifolia DC.
Moraceae
Ficus platypoda (Miq.) Cunn. ex Miq.
Myoporaceae
Eremophila glabra (R.Br.) Ostenf.
Eremophila mackinlayi F. Muell.
Eremophila opposit.ifolia R.Br.
Eremophila subfloccosa Benth.
Myoporum apiculatum A. DC.
Myrtaceae
Calothamnus chrysantherus F, Muell.
Calytrix brevifolia (Meissner) Benth.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
Eucalyptus coolabah Blakely & Jacobs
Eucalyptus foecunda Schauer
Melaleuca cardiophylla F. Muell.
Melaleuca leucadendra ( L. ) L.
Pileanthus limacis Labill.
Thrvptomene baeckeacea F. Muell.
Najadaceae
Najas marina L.
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia sp. (J.P.T. 33 Dampier)
Commicarpus australis Meikle
Papaveraceae
* Argemone ochroleuca Sweet
Papilionaceae
Brachysema aphyllum Hook.
Clianthus formosus (G. Don) Ford & Vick.
Crotalaria cunninghamii R.Br.
Daviesia divaricata Benth.
Glycine clandestina Willd.
Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.
Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa (Lindley) J. Black
Indigol'era brevidens Benth.
Indigofera georgei E. Prtizel
Lotus australis Andrews
Swainsona kingii F. Muell.
Phormiaceae
Dianella revaluta R.Br.
Plumbaginaceae
Muellerolimun salicorniaceum (F. Muell.) Lincz.
Poaceae
Aristida browniana Henrard
Aristida contorta F. Muell.
J. P. Tyler, Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod
73
* Avellinia michelii (Savi) Pari.
* Axonopus sp. (J.P.T. 20 Dampier)
* Cenchrus ciliaris L.
* EhrhSeta longiflora Smith
Enteropogon acicularis (Lindiey) Lazarides
Eragrostis australasica (Steudel) C.E. Hubb.
Eragrostis brownii (Kunth) Nees ex Steudel
* Eragrostis curvula (Schrader) Nees
Eragrostis eriopoda Benth.
Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin.
Eriachne aff. aristidea F. Muell.
Eulalia fulva (R.Br.) Kuntze
* Lolium perenne L.
Sorghum plumosum P. Beauv. ex Roemer & Schultes
Stipa elegantissima Labill.
Themeda australis (R.Br.) Stapf
* Trachynia sp. (J.P.T. 122 Dampier)
Triodia basedowii E. Pritzel
Triodia pungens R.Br.
Trirapbis sp. (J.P.T. 109 Dampier)
Polygonaceae
* Emex australis Steinh.
Muehlenbeckia sp.
Polygonum sp. (J.P.T. 13 Dampier)
Portulacaceae
Calandrinia granulit’era Benth.
Calandrinia polyandra Benth.
Portulaca oleracea L.
Potamogetonaceae
Ruppia sp.
Primulaceae
Samolus junceus R.Br.
Proteaceae
Banksia ashbyi E.G. Baker
Grevillea eriostachya Lindiey
Grevillea stenobotrya F. Muell.
Grevillea wickhamii Meissner.
Grevillea sp.
Hakea stenophylla Cunn. ex R.Br.
Santalaceae
Exocarpos aphyllus R.Br.
Santalum acuminatum (R.Br.) A.DC.
Santalum lanceolatum R.Br.
Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC.
Sapindaceae
Diplopeitis eriocarpa (Benth.) Hemsley
Dodonaea amblyophylla Diels
Dodonaea ptarmicaefolia Turcz.
Heterodendrum oleaefolium Desf.
Scrophulariaceae
Stemodia grossa Benth.
Stemodia viscosa Roxb.
Solanaceae
Anthocercis gracilis Benth.
Anthocercis littorea Labill.
Lycium australe F. Muell.
* Nicotians glauca Graham
Nicotiana occidentalis Wheeler subsp. occidentalis
Nicotians si mala ns N. Burb.
Solanum esuriale Lindiey
Solanurn lasiophyllum Dunal ex Poiret
* Solanum nigrum L.
Solanum orbiculatum Dunal ex Poiret
54609-6
74
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Stackhousiaceae
Stackhousia sp. 1 (J.P.T. 159 Dampier)
Stackhousia sp. 2 (J.P.T. 203 Dampier)
Surianaceae
Stvlobasium spathulatum Desf.
Thymelaeaceae
Pimelea ammocharis F. Muell.
Pimelea microcephala R.Br.
Tiliaceae
Corchorus elachocarpus F. Muell.
Corchorus walcottii F. Muell.
Tremandraceae
Tetratheca hirsuta Lindley
Zygophyllaceae
Tribuius terrestris L.
Zygophyllum fruticulosum DC.
Zygophyllum glaucum F. Muell.
Kingia 1(1): 75-83 (1987)
75
Time between germination and first flowering of some
perennial plants
B.G. Muir
Department of Conservation and Land Management, Murdoch House, 5 The Esplanade, Mt. Pleasant,
Western Australia 6153. Present address: Dames & Moore, Consulting Engineers, 26 Lyall St., South Perth,
Western Australia 6151.
Abstract
Muir, B. G. Time between germination and first flowering of some perennial plants. Kingia 1(1); 75-83
(1987). Time elapsed between germination and first flowering is presented for 198 plant species from the
south-west of Western Australia. About 12% of the species examined required six or more years after germi-
nation before they first flowered. This has significance for the long term survival of such species in areas where
the bushland is burnt in regular cycles of five years or less.
Introduction
The opinion is held by some land management agencies and a section of the public,
that vegetation in the south-west of Western Australia should be burned as often as it
will support fire. The reasoning behind this philosophy is generally that frequent burn-
ing is necessary to reduce fuel loads to levels which will not allow fierce wildfires to de-
velop during the hot, dry, summer months.
The apparent fire tolerance of the vegetation is reflected in its rapid post-fire regener-
ation, increased flowering in some species following fire, and the lush look of new growth
compared to the straggly appearance of older bushland. These factors give the layman
the impression that recently burned bush “looks better”, therefore frequent burning
must be better for both flora and fauna. My own observations indicate that although
many plants are fire tolerant they are not necessarily fire dependent. Evidence exists
which indicates that burning too frequently can permanently alter floristic richness
(Connell 1978, Westman 1975, Baird 1958). Similarly, physiognomy may be altered
(Muir 1977, Cochrane 1966, Gill 1975), weed invasion may be exacerbated (Road Verge
Committee Report 1970, Muir 1977) or fire-sensitive species mav be removed (Wallace
1966).
In order for native plant species to persist and to maintain the full potential of their
gene pool, adequate seed set and plant regeneration must occur between fires. Frequent
burning may destroy plants before flowering and seed set have occurred. Thus species
which are obligate seed regenerators and flower within a year or two of being burned may
be disadvantaged compared, for example, to species growing from rootstocks. Even
seedstocks stored in the soil may be progressively depleted if seedlings are continually
being burned before having the opportunity to flower and set further seed. Ultimately
therefore, species may be lost from certain vegetation types as a consequence of too fre-
quent burning.
Studies on vegetation and flora in the Western Australian wheatbelt (Kitchener 1976,
Muir 1978-79) by the author, and at other localities, generated numerous observations
on the time between germination and first flowering. It was considered that information
on the period of time between germination and first flowering would be of assistance in
76
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
estimating the minimum period necessary to allow successful propagation of some plant
species. It is also possible that first flowering may be poor, that the seed set in the first
one or two years of flowering may be sterile, e.g. Dryandra sessilis; or such small num-
bers of seeds may be set that all succumb to predators. If so, many fire-free years may
be necessary to ensure the survival of even a single new plant. It should be borne in mind
that the intervals between germination and first flowering listed in this paper may be
atypically long or short depending on particular soils and climatic conditions during the
study period (1975-84). Nonetheless, field observations are considered a fairly reliable
guide to the time taken from germination to first flowering, at least of some plants. Data
from cultivation, by contrast, are probably less reliable than field observations, but as
all records reported here are from one site, the data provide a valid comparison.
Methods
Data on the time between germination and first flowering were collected during field
studies in the Western Australian wheatbelt (Kitchener 1976, Muir 1978-79), and else-
where in south-western Australia. Other studies and casual observations have been
made during preparation of publications including Morris and Muir (1975), Muir (1979)
and Muir (1983). Most field observations were based on studies of vegetation of various
ages since fire. The presence of flowers or recent fruits on a plant was considered as indi-
cating potential seed set although, as mentioned above in the case of Dryandra sessilis,
this may not always be true. The age of the plant since fire was then noted. Care was
Map 1. Location and areas referred to in Appendix 1.
B. G. Muir, Time between germination and first flowering
77
taken to ensure that all observations were made on plants arising from seed and not
suckers or rootstocks. Fire age was determined from Local Authority records, infor-
mation from farmers and from interpretation of aerial photographs.
Because of the wide range of distribution of some species the approximate geographic
location of the field observations is presented in Appendix 1 and shown on Map 1. Data
on time to first flowering in cultivation were recorded from plants grown in the author’s
garden. All cultivated specimens were grown from freshly collected seed planted at a
single location at Boya, about 18 km east of Perth on the edge of the Darling Scarp. All
were planted in sandy loam, loam, clay loam or sandy clay soils in May or June following
initial germination in sand in pots. Hard seeds of Acacia were abraded with sand paper,
but all other seeds were untreated. After planting, all were watered twice per week in
their first summer and once per week in the second. During following years all plants
were unwatered unless they showed signs of stress. No fertilizers were applied.
For the purpose of this paper “light” soils are those classed as sand (0-10% clay) to
sandy clay loam (20-30% clay) and “heavy” soils range from clay loam (30-40% clay) to
heavy clay (greater than 50% clay) (Northcote 1971).
Each species record presented in Appendix 1 is based on at least three separate field
and/or cultivation observations, except those recorded as “wheatbelt” which are based
on a minimum of five observations. The presence of at least two flowering individuals
was taken as evidence of possible seed set within any stand of young plants.
Results and Discussion
Data collected on 198 species of plants are presented in Appendix 1. Minimum re-
corded number of years to first flowering and percentage of species which flowered for
the first time in that year are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Minimum recorded number of years to first flowering and percentage of species which
flowered for the first time in that year.
Minimum recorded years
to first flowering
% of total number
of species
1
1.5
2
12.1
3
20.7
4
34.3
5
17.7
6
10.6
7 or more
2.0
Although many species flowered within five years of germination, over 12% required
six or more years before flowering. The presence of even one or two species of this type
in a stand of vegetation points to a corresponding minimum frequency at which deliber-
ate control burning can be carried out if species are not to be lost. Any additional con-
straints such as poor first flowering, sterile seed or excessive seed predation would
necessitate even longer between-fire intervals to permit the build up of a sufficient seed
store to permit survival of the species.
The difference in time to first flowering was compared between those species where
data were available from both the field and cultivation. These results are presented in
Table 2.
78
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Table 2. Source of data, mean time to first flowering in years, the standard deviation (SD) within the
groups and number (n) of observations.
Source
Mean time to
first flowering (yrs)
SD
n
Field
4.35
3.51
152
Cultivation
3.46
1.15
178
Although the means are not significantly different there is a suggestion that most
plants flower slightly earlier in cultivation. With water supplements over summer, a
higher rainfall than inland areas of Western Australia, less competition and some pred-
ator control this is not unexpected, but further research is required.
Observations on species which were recorded on both light and heavy soil types were
compared. Where a species was recorded in each soil type in the field, preference was
given to this data rather than to cultivation data (if it was available).
Twenty-seven species provided data for flowering in both light and heavy soils. Of
these 10 species showed no difference in time to first flowering. A further 14 species
showed that flowering occurred earlier in light soils, while 4 species showed earlier
flowering on heavy soils. Although no results were statistically different there was some
suggestion of a trend to earlier flowering in some species on lighter soils, perhaps be-
cause of easier establishment of root systems.
References
Baird, A. M. ( 1958). Notes on the regeneration of vegetation of Garden Island after the 1956 fire. Journal of
the Royal Society of Western Australia 41: 102-107.
Cochrane, G. R. (1966). Bushfires and vegetation regeneration. Victorian Naturalist 83: 4-10.
Connell, J. H. (1978). Diversity in tropical rainforests and coral reefs. Science 199: 1302-1310.
Gill, A. M. (1975). Fire and the Australian flora: a review. Australian Forestry 38: 1-25.
Gill, A, M. (1981). Adaptive responses of Australian vascular plant species to fires. Chap. 11. “Fire and the
Australian biota”. Australian Academy of Sciences Canberra, pp. 243-271.
Kitchener. D. J. (1976). Preface to the biological survey of the Western Australian wheatbelt. In: Biological
survey of the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No.
2: 3-10.
Morris. K. and Muir, B. G. (1975). Vegetation: In: “A Spring, 1975, biological survey of the proposed Mussel
Pool Complex and recommendations for its future development”. Western Australian Museum report to
the Metropolitan Regional Planning Authority.
Muir, B. G. (1977). Vegetation and habitat of Bendering Reserve. In: “Biological survey of the Western Aus-
tralian wheatbelt”. pt. 2. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 3: 3-142.
Muir, B. G. (1978-79). “Some nature reserves of the Western Australian wheatbelt". Parts 1-28, Perth: De-
partment Fisheries and Wildlife Reports.
Muir. B. G. (1983). Drainage, swamp structure and vegetation succession at Melaleuca Park, northern Swan
Coastal Plain. Western Australian Herbarium Research Notes No. 9: 27-39.
Northcote, K. H. (1971). “A factual key for the recognition of Australian soils”. C.S.I.R.O./Rellim.
Road Verge Committee Report (1970). “Conservation of road verges”. W. R. Wallace, Chairman.
Wallace, W.R. (1966). Fire in the Jarrah forest environment. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Aus-
tralia 49: 33-44.
Westman, W. E. (1975). Pattern and diversity in swamp and dune vegetation. North Stradbroke Island. Aus-
tralian Journal of Botany 23: 339-354.
B. G. Muir, Time between germination and first flowering
79
Appendix 1 . List of species with time to first flowering (in years) as determined from observations
in the field and under cultivation.
Soil types are shown as L (light: sand to sandy clay loam) or H (heavy: clay loam to heavy clay). The location
of the seed source refers to the areas shown on Map 1.
Species
Age at flowering
and substrates
Field Cultivated
Source area
Acacia
acuminata
5L5H
5H
wheatbelt
aneura
4H
3H
Mt. Jackson
assimilis
6H
wheatbelt
blakelyi
2L
wheatbelt
brachyclada
6L
wheatbelt
celastrifolia
3L
wheatbelt
dauiesioides
4L
5L
wheatbelt
drummondii
2L
2L
Leeuwin-Naturaliste
ericifolia
3L
3L
wheatbelt, Jurien Bay
filifolia
3H
2L
wheatbelt
glaucaptera
3H
2L
Ravensthorpe
gonophylla
4L
wheatbelt
hemiteles
3H
2L
w'heatbelt
lasiocalyx
3L
3H
w'heatbelt
ligustrina
3L3H
2L
wheatbelt
mackeyana
5H
w'heatbelt
merinthophora
6L
wheatbelt
microbotrya
4H
2H
wheatbelt
multispicata
5H
5L
wheatbelt
myrtifolia
2L
5L
wheatbelt
pentadenia
5L
Northcliffe
pulchella
2H
2L
wheatbelt, Northcliffe
rostellifera
3L
Swan Coastal Plain
saligna
3L
3L
Sw'an Coastal Plain, wheatbelt, Northcliffe
signata
6L
wheatbelt
stenoptera
3L
wheatbelt
tetragonophylla
5H
4L
wheatbelt, Kalgoorlie
truncata
5L
wheatbelt
willdenowiana
3L
wheatbelt
Actinodium
cunninghamii
2H
Stirling Range
Adenanthos
meisneri
3L
2L
Darling Scarp
Agonis
flexuosa
5L
4H
Leeuwin-Naturaliste
juniperina
4L
2L
Northcliffe
marginata
4L
Darling Scarp
Allocasuarina
acutiualvis
5L
4L
wheatbelt
campestris
3H
4H
wheatbelt
corniculata
4L
w'heatbelt
drummondiana
4L
5L5H
Jurien Bay
fraseriana
3L
2L
Swan Coastal Plain
huegeliana
4H
4H
w'heatbelt. Darling Scarp
humilis
2L3H
2L
Darling Scarp, wheatbelt
microstachya
4L
3L
wheatbelt
pinaster
5L
wheatbelt
Alyogyne
hakeifolia
2L
2H
Fitzgerald River National Park
Anigozanthos
bicolor
3H
2L
Darling Scarp
flavidus
3L
Albany
humilis
2L
2L
wheatbelt, Darling Scarp
manglesii
2L
2L
Swan Coastal Plain
pulcherrimus
3L
wheatbelt, Jurien Bay
rufus
3L
Stirling Range
viridis
3L
2L
Swan Coastal Plain
80
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Species
Age at flowering
and substrates
Field Cultivated
Source area
Astartea
ambigua
3L
Stirling Range
fascicularis
4L6H
4L
Darling Scarp, Northcliffe
heteranthera
3H
2L
wheatbelt
Baeckea
camphorosmae
4L
Darling Scarp
muricata
4H
4L
wheatbelt
Banksia
ashbyi
3L
Fitzgerald River National Park
attenuate i
4L
3L
Jurien Bay, Swan Coastal Plain
baueri
4L
3L
wheatbelt. Stirling Range
baxteri
4L
Fitzgerald River National Park
caleyi
5L
Stirling Range
grandis
5L
4L
Darling Scarp
media
5L4H
3L
Esperance
menziesii
3L
Swan Coastal Plain
prionotes
4L
4L
Jurien Bay, wheatbelt
sceptrum
4L
4L
Geraldton
sphaerocarpa
4H
3H4L
Jurien Bay, wheatbelt
Beaufortia
decussata
4L
Stirling Range
elegans
4L
Swan Coastal Plain, Esperance
heterophylla
4L
Kalgoorlie. Ravensthorpe, Stirling Range
micrantha
6H
wheatbelt
sparsa
4L
4L
Stirling Range. Northcliffe
Boronia
alata
4L
Stirling Range, Northcliffe
crenulata
1L
Northcliffe, Darling Scarp, Stirling Range
heterophylla
4L
4L
Northcliffe
megastigma
2L
2L
Northcliffe
Bossiaea
eriocarpa
4L
wheatbelt
Brachvchiton
gregorii
8H
6H
Mt. Jackson
Brachysema
aphyllum
5H
4L
wheatbelt
celsiana
4L
wheatbelt
daviesioides
4H
wheatbelt, Kalgoorlie
Bursaria
spinosa
4L
wheatbelt
Callistemon
phoeniceus
4H
4H4L
wheatbelt
speciosus
5L
5L5H
Albany
Calothamnus
blepharospermus
4L
wheatbelt, Geraldton
chrvsantherus
4H
3L4H
wheatbelt
gilesii
4L
wheatbelt, Kalgoorlie, Mt. Jackson
gracilis
4L
Fitzgerald River National Park
lateralis
2L
2L
Northcliffe
longissimus
5L
Jurien Bav
oldfieldii
4L
Geraldton
planifolius
5L
3L
Stirling Range
quadrifidus
3L
4L
wheatbelt, Darling Scarp
sanguineus
3L
2H3L
Darling Scarp, Stirling Range
villosus
2L
Swan Coastal Plain, Darling Scarp
B. G. Muir, Time between germination and first flowering
81
Species Age at flowering Source area
and substrates
Field Cultivated
Calytrix
angulata
5L
fraseri
3L
3L
stipulosa
5L
Cassia
nemophila
5H
4L
pleurocarpa
3L
Casuarina
obesa
5H
4H
Chamelaucium
axillare
3L
ciliatum
5H
5L
megalopetalum
4L
3L
uncinatum
2L
2H
Darwinia
citriodora
2H
3L2H
Dianella
revoluta
3L5H
4L
Dodonaea
attenuata
4H
2L4H
inaequifolia
3H
3L
Dryandra
carduacea
4H
4H
cirsioides
6L
fraseri
3L
nobilis
5H
5H
polycephala
4H
3L
proteoides
6H
5H
sessilis
3L2H
2H
Eremaea
beaufortioides
3L
3L
fimbriata
4L
pauciflora
4L
4L
violacea
4L
4L
Eremophila
clarkei
2L
decipiens
2L3H
1H
glabra
4H
3H
Eriostemon
deserti
6H
Eucalyptus
burdettiana
4L
caesia
5H
calophylla
2H
2H
cylindriflora
4H
3H
erythrocorys
5H
7H
gardneri
5H
5H
loxophleba
4H
4H
macrocarpa
3L
3L
platypus
4H
3H
salmonophloia
5H
4H
tetragona
3L
3L
torquata
2H
2H
Darling Scarp
Swan Coastal Plain
wheatbelt
wheatbelt
Mt. Jackson, Kalgoorlie
Swan Coastal Plain
Esperance
wheatbelt, Stirling Range
Fitzgerald River National Park
Geraldton
Darling Scarp
Swan Coastal Plain, Darling Scarp, wheatbelt
wheatbelt
wheatbelt
wheatbelt
wheatbelt
wheatbelt
wheatbelt
wheatbelt
wheatbelt
wheatbelt. Darling Scarp, Swan Coastal Plain,
Jurien Bay
Swan Coastal Plain, Jurien Bay
Swan Coastal Plain
wheatbelt, Jurien Bay
Jurien Bay
Mt. Jackson, wheatbelt
wheatbelt
wheatbelt
wheatbelt, Kalgoorlie
Fitzgerald River National Park
wheatbelt
Darling Scarp
wheatbelt
Jurien Bay
wheatbelt
wheatbelt
w'heatbelt
Stirling Range
wheatbelt, Kalgoorlie
Fitzgerald River National Park, Esperance
wheatbelt
82
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Species
Age at flowering
and substrates
Field Cultivated
Source area
Greuillea
bipinnatifida
2H
2H
wheatbelt
didymobotrya
6H
wheatbelt
“excelsior”
4L
3L
wheatbelt
nematophylla
4L
3L
wheatbelt
paniculata
4H
4L
wheatbelt
Hakea
adnata
5H
6H
wheatbelt
bucculenta
3L
Geraldton
coriacea
6L
wheatbelt
cucullata
4L
Albany, Stirling Range
falcata
6H
3L
wheatbelt
incrassata
3L4H
wheatbelt
laurina
3H
3H
wheatbelt, Fitzgerald River National Park
multilineata
5L
4L4H
wheatbelt
petiolaris
4L
3H
wheatbelt
platysperma
5H
4H
wheatbelt
scoparia
3L
3L
wheatbelt
subsulcata
6L6H
4L5H
wheatbelt
victoria
4L
4L
Fitzgerald River National Park
Hypocalymma
angustifolium
4L
5L
Swan Coastal Plain, Jurien Bay, wheatbelt
robustum
4L
4L
Jurien Bay, Swan Coastal Plain
Kunzea
baxteri
4H
4L
Esperance
pulchella
3L
2L3H
wheatbelt
recurva
4L
Northcliffe
vestita
4L
4L
Swan Coastal Plain
Lechenaultia
biloba
2L
2L
Darling Scarp
formosa
1H
1L
wheatbelt
Lepidosperma
drummondii
6L6H
wheatbelt
pubisquameum
6H
wheatbelt
Leptospermum
erubescens
4L
4L
wheatbelt, Darling Scarp
Melaleuca
acuminata
4H
4L
wheatbelt
conothamnoides
2L
wheatbelt
cordata
6L
wheatbelt
cymbifolia
4H
4H
wheatbelt, Kalgoorlie
diosmifolia
7L
6L
Northcliffe
elliptica
5H
4H
Fitzgerald River National Park, wheatbelt
fulgens
4H
4H
wheatbelt
lanceolata
3L
3L
Leeuwin -Naturaliste
lateritia
5H
4L5H
Swan Coastal Plain, Leeuwin-Naturaliste
laxiflora
6L
3L
wheatbelt
oldfieldii
4L4H
3L
wheatbelt, Geraldton
pungens
6L
4L
wheatbelt
radula
3H
4L2H
Jurien Bay. Geraldton, wheatbelt
scabra
6L
5L
wheatbelt. Fitzgerald River National Park
subtrigona
6H
5L
wheatbelt, Fitzgerald River National Park
uncinata
6L
4L
wheatbelt
Olearia
axillaris
4L
4L
Leeuwin-Naturaliste, Northcliffe
B. G. Muir, Time between germination and first flowering
83
Species
Age at flowering
and substrates
Field Cultivated
Source area
Paraserianthes
lophantha
2H
2L
Darling Scarp
Pelargonium
australe
1L2H
1L1H
Swan Coastal Plain, Jurien Bay
Petrophile
ericifolia
5L
3L
wheatbelt
serruriae
4H
3H
Darling Scarp, wheatbelt
Phyllanthus
calycinus
2H
2H
Darling Scarp
Pimelea
physodes
4H
2L
Fitzgerald River National Park
Pittosporum
phylliraeoides
7H
7H
wheatbelt
Regelia
ciliata
5L
5L
Swan Coastal Plain
megacephala
3L
3L
Jurien Bay
velutina
5H
5L
Fitzgerald River National Park
Santalum
acuminatum
8H
wheatbelt
Templetonia
retusa
4L
3L
Swan Coastal Plain, Leeuwin-Naturaliste,
Verticordia
chrysantha
6H
4L
Northcliffe
wheatbelt
multiflora
3L
3L
Stirling Range, Fitzgerald River National
roei
5L
5L
Park
Darling Scarp, wheatbelt
Xanthorrhoea
nana
5L6H
wheatbelt
Kingia 1(1): 85-133(1987)
85
The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of
Lechenaultia R.Br. (Goodeniaceae)
David A. Morrison
John Ray Herbarium, Botany Building (A12), University of Sydney, N.S.W, 2006. Present address: Depart-
ment of Applied Biology, New South Wales Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, N.S.W. 2007.
Abstract
Morrison, D.A. The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia R.Br.
(Goodeniaceae). Kingia 1(1): 85-133 (1987). Distribution maps for each of the 25 known species of
Lechenaultia are presented for 0.5“ lat. x 0.5° long, grid cells, along with discussions of the habitat, flowering
period, morphology, and conservation status. Nineteen of the species are endemic (or nearly endemic) to
south-western Western Australia. An isoflor map of this region indicates a high node of species-richness on
the northern sandplains, with a band of moderate species-richness running south-eastwards to the southern
sandplains. This species- richness band follows the 400 mm annual rainfall isohyet, and corresponds with the
kwongan heathlands and the wheatbelt.
Ordination, cluster and discriminant function analyses of the distribution of these 19 Lechenaultia species
suggests that there are five biogeographic regions:- one area on the far northern sandplains, one on the
northern sandplains and northern part of the w'heatbelt, one in the jarrah woodlands and karri forests, one
on the southern sandplains and southern part of the wheatbelt, and one in the inland mallee area.
Discriminant function analyses of the distribution of these 19 Lechenaultia species among the
phytogeographic regions of Beard and Barlow indicate that they are both accurate reflections of the
Lechenaultia distributions.
Similarity coefficients of species presence among the phytogeographic regions of Beard indicate that the
Irwin, Darling and Avon Botanical Districts are more similar to each other than they are to the Eyre and Roe
Botanical Districts; while cladistic analysis of endemic species indicates that the Irwin, Roe and Eyre Districts
have a more similar history. This suggests that there has been fairly widespread dispersal of some species in
recent times.
Lechenaultia laricina is considered to be an endangered species, with L.juncea.L. longiloba and L. pulvinaris
vulnerable, and L. acutiloba and L. superba rare; L. chlorantha and L. ovata are too poorly known for the
conservation status to be known. Only three of these species are confidently known to be represented in
conservation reserves, with two of the others thought to be present.
Introduction
The Goodeniaceae are well-represented in the flora of Western Australia (Marchant
1973), and they are one of the commonly encountered families in the heathlands of the
south-west (George et al. 1979, Lament et al. 1984). W T ithin this family, Lechenaultia
R.Br. is one of the most interesting genera. It is restricted to Aust ralia and New Guinea,
with all of the 25 recognised species occurring in Australia (Morrison 1986). Nineteen
of the species are endemic (or nearly endemic) to south-western W T estern Australia, with
one species on North-West Cape, two species in arid western Central Australia, one in
arid eastern Central Australia, one restricted to a small area of the Northern Territory,
and one species widespread across tropical northern Australia and extending to the
southern coast and off-shore islands of New Guinea.
86
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Most of the species are small perennial sub-shrubs or herbs, with only Lechenaultia
acutiloba, L. divaricata and L. linarioides becoming shrubs over 1 m high. The plants are
widespread but never dominant components of the flora of south-western Western
Australia, occurring in woodland, forest, and especially heath (George et al. 1979, Specht
1981, Lamont et al. 1984).
This paper provides previously unpublished notes on the ecology, morphology, and
conservation status of all of the species, as well as presenting the distribution data. The
phytogeography of the South-West Botanical Province of Western Australia is also
analysed in relation to the distribution and phylogeny of Lechenaultia.
Methods
The data presented were obtained from the herbarium collections housed at AD, BRI,
CANB, CBG, LD, MEL, NT, PERTH and SYD, plus the type collections of CGE and
S (codes as in Holmgren et al. 1981), supplemented by field observations of some 70%
of the species (all from south-western Western Australia). The taxonomic scheme used
was that of Morrison (1986).
The distribution of each species was recorded on a map of Australia subdivided into
a 0.5° latitude by 0.5° longitude grid, corresponding to the 1:100,000 topographic survey
maps of the Division of National Mapping, Commonwealth Department of Natural
Resources.
Within the Lechenaultia distribution, only the South-West Botanical Province of
Western Australia contains enough species for the analysis of phytogeographic patterns
in detail. Consequently, the phytogeographic analyses concentrated on this area.
Two species-richness (isoflor) maps of the South-West Botanical province were
derived from the distribution data. The first presented the species distribution based
solely on validated herbarium records. However, as this is presumably an incomplete
record, due to sparse collecting in some areas and land clearance in others, a second map
presented the distributions as they could be conservatively inferred from the recorded
distribution. For most species, this second map differed from the first only in one or two
grid cells; and this second map was assumed to be superior to the first as a true
represent ation of the species’ distributions. It was therefore these inferred distributions
that were used in the phytogeographic analyses.
The pattern of variation among the distributions of the 19 Lechenaultia species
present in the South-West Botanical Province was analysed simultaneously using an
ordination technique, detrended correspondence analysis (Hill 1979a), on the presence
or absence of the species in each of those 130 grid cells that occur in the South-West
Botanical Province. This non-linear technique is reported to be superior to the
traditional linear ordinations (Gauch et al. 1977, Hill and Gauch 1980, Gauch et al.
1981), and this appears to be true for the data sets for which I have made comparisons.
The pattern of variation among the 130 grid cells was analysed by ordinating the
presence or absence of each of the 19 Lechenaultia species in each cell.
The clust ering pattern of the 130 grid cells was investigated using a clustering strategy,
two-way indicator species analysis (Hill 1979b), on the presence or absence of the 19
Lechenaultia species in each grid cell. This polythetic divisive technique is reported to
be superior to traditional agglomerative techniques (Gauch and Whittaker 1981), and
this appears to be also true for the data sets that I have used.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia. 87
The predictability of the phytogeographic clusters formed by this analysis was tested
using discriminant function analysis (Klecka 1975). This technique derives a small
number of linear functions that weight the original discriminating variables (in this
case, presence or absence of each of the 19 Lechenaultia species) so as to maximise the
separation of the total scores of a set of reference samples summed over all of the
variables. In this case, the reference samples consisted of each of the 0.5° x 0.5° grid cells
that make up a particular phytogeographic cluster. Each of the grid cells was then
individually re-classified using the discriminant functions derived from the original
analysis, to see if the they were correctly classified into the particular phytogeographic
region to which they were originally assigned. This technique effectively weights the
species by constancy within groups (ie. minimal within-group variance and maximal
between-group variance), and this approach to assessing classifications has been
suggested by several people (Farris 1966, Johnson 1982).
The relationships between the Lechenaultia species distributions and the
phytogeographic regions of Beard (1980d) and Barlow (1985) that cover the South-West
Botanical Province (see Figures 6a and 6b) were also analysed using discriminant
function analysis. For the Barlow (1985) regions, assigning each of the 131 grid cells to
a particular region was straightforward, as this system is based on a 1° x 1° grid; while
for the Beard (1980d) regions, which are based on vegetation physiognomy, those grid
cells near the boundaries of the regions were assigned to the region that occupied the
greatest portion of the cell. Once again, each of the grid cells was then individually
re-classified using the discriminant functions to see if the they were correctly classified
into the particular phytogeographic region to which they were originally assigned. A
comparison was also made between the original Barlow (1984) regions and the modified
regions of Barlow (1985), to see if there was any significant improvement in the
predictivity of the modified regions compared to the original.
The relationships among the five south-western phytogeographic regions of Beard
(1980d), as related to Lechenaultia, were analysed in two ways. Firstly, the overall
superficial similarity was assessed using two similarity indices:- the Jaccard Coefficient
and the Simple Matching Coefficient (Hubalek 1982).
Secondly, the historical relationships among the regions were analysed by converting
the Lechenaultia morphological cladogram of Morrison (1987) into an area cladogram.
This was done by simply superimposing the phytogeographic regions of Beard (1980d)
onto the cladogram (cf. Nelson and Platnick 1981). Unfortunately, the cladogram as it
stands (Figure 7a) is uninformative (or falsely informative; Platnick 1981) as far as the
phytogeographic regions are concerned, because too many of the species occur in several
of the regions. Therefore, the area cladogram was reduced to only those 11 species that
are endemic to one of the phytogeographic regions plus those 3 species that are more
characteristic of only one region (Figure 7b). While this potentially results in the loss of
information (Platnick 1981), it does allow the cladogram to be resolved to a simple
informative fwe-area cladogram. Those species excluded from the analysis were L.
biloba, L. floribunda, L. formosa, L. macrantha and L. tubiflora, which are all widespread
generalist species, while L. acutiloba was considered typical of the Eyre region and L.
linarioides and L. stenosepala typical of the Irwin region.
The predominant geographical modes of speciation shown by Lechenaultia in
Australia were investigated by studying the distributions of pairs or groups of closely
related species, as defined by the taxonomic system of Morrison (1986).
88
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Results and Discussion
The distribution maps, and the notes on morphology, ecology, and conservation status
are presented in Appendix 1. The species present or presumed to be present in each of
the 0.5° x 0.5° grid cells of south-western Western Australia are listed in Appendix 2.
Most of the south-western species occur in shrubland of some sort, although several
species also occur in woodland or mallee. Only L. biloba is known from forests. The
inland species usually occur in open grassland or woodland. All of the species occur in
freely-draining sand or lateritic gravelly soils, except for L. expansa, which occurs in
permanently wet areas. All of the species apparently have woody rootstocks, some of
which can spread laterally. This may allow them to regenerate vegetatively after a fire
or a dry spell.
The main flowering period for the genus is October and November, as shown in Figure
1. However, many of the species flower sporadically throughout the year, perhaps only
after rain or a fire.
Figure 1. Number of Lechenaultia species flowering per week in south- western Western Australia. Data from
Appendix 1.
Table 1 summarises the conservation status for those species considered to be at risk.
Six of the species (24%) are thought to be under threat, all of them from the South-West
Botanical Province of Western Australia. A further two species are too poorly known for
their conservation status to be accurately determined. Three of the species are thought
not to occur in conservation reserves, while two others have not been recently confirmed
as present in them. Rye et al. (1980) and Burgman and Hopper (1982) report only two
of these species to be exploited in the wild by the wildflower industry, although 32% of
the total number of Lechenaultia species are exploited. Nearly all of this exploitation is
for the nursery trade.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
89
Table 1. Summary of the conservation data for the Lechenaultia species considered to be at risk.
Conservation Category *
Leigh et al. (1981) +
This study -f
Extinct (X)
Endangered (E)
L. longiloba (C)
L. pulvinaris
L. laricina
Vulnerable (V)
L. juncea
L. juncea
L. longiloba (C?)
L. pulvinaris (C)
Rare (R)
L. acutiloba (C)
L. superba (C)
L. chlorantha (C)
L. acutiloba (C)
L. superba (C)
Poorly Known (K)
—
L. chlorantha (C?)
L. ovata
* See Leigh et al. (1981) for a detailed explanation
+ C - species known from conservation reserves. ? - not recently confirmed to be present
The two maps of the species-richness isopleths are shown in Figures 2a and 2b. The
isoflor map of Figure 2b indicates a high node of species richness on the northern
sandplains, with over 44% of the species occurring in a grid cell south-east of Eneabba.
This is in accord with the comments of George et al. (1979), who consider Lechenaultia
to be characteristic species of the floristically rich heathland between the Moore River
and Dongara. A band of moderate species-richness then runs south-east through the
wheatbelt, and then extends eastward along the southern sandplains past Esperance.
The kwongan heathlands predominate on both the northern and southern sandplains of
this species-rich area, with eucalypt and banksia woodlands occupying the intermediate
wheatbelt. The Jarrah, Marri and Karri forests of the extreme south-west are relatively
species-poor, as are the woodlands and shrublands of the inland area.
This band of species richness roughly follows the 400 mm annual rainfall isohyet, with
the 800 mm isohyet defining the transition to the species-poor area of the south-western
forests and the 300 mm isohyet defining the eastern limit of Lechenaultia distribution.
This distribution appears to be a recurrent pattern at the generic level in the flora of
south-western Australia, with many examples appearing in a wide range of families (eg.
Haemodoraceae, Proteaceae, Rutaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae; see Hopper 1979,
Lamont et al. 1984). This has resulted in the recognition of three species-richness zones
in south-western Australia:- one in the Eneabba-Mt Lesueur area, one in the Stirling
Ranges, and one near the Fitzgerald River (George et al. 1979). it is therefore interesting
to note that Lechenaultia does not appear to have the expected node in the Stirling
Ranges.
One of the apparent reasons for the high species richness in the kwongan heathlands
is the high number of localised endemics compared to the wheatbelt and the
species-poor areas. There are three extremely localised endemics (L. chlorantha, L.
juncea and L. longiloba) in the northern kwongan and another three in the southern
kwongan (L. acutiloba , L. heteromera and L. superba), while the wheatbelt only has two
localised endemics (L. laricina and L. pulvinaris ) and the other areas none.
A comparison of Figures 2a and 2b highlights several apparently sparsely collected
areas in the South-West Botanical Province. The only species with any large remaining
disjunctions in its distribution is L. formosa (Morrison 1986); the other gaps in the
species distributions are therefore presumably the result of under-collection or the
destruction of populations due to agricultural clearance. The most obvious
under-collected area is the eastern half of the Roe Botanical District, This is an area of
mallee that has only recently become easily accessible to botanical collectors, and it
54609-7
90
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
from Appendix 2.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
91
I
• brevifolia
0 papillata
^heteromera
• superba
^acutiloba
formosa
•
pulvinaris
•
tubif lora
•
•
laricina
expansa
•
• biloba
stenosepala
•
0 • floribunda
juncea
• linarioides
• hirsuta
n
• chlorantha
macrantha 0
• longiloba
Figure 3. Projection of the Lechenaultia species onto axes representing the first two components from the
detrended correspondence analysis of the distribution data. The eigenvalues associated with these
two components were 0.786 and 0.360 respectively.
92
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Figure 4. Projection of the 0.5° x 0.5° grid cells onto axes representing the first two components from the
detrended correspondence analysis of the distribution data. The eigenvalues associated with these
two components were 0.786 and 0.360 respectively. The five phytogeographic groups from the clus-
ter analysis are also shown.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
93
appears to be an area relatively rich in uncollected species. For example, the two newly
described Lechenaultia species from south-western Australia are from this area
(Morrison 1986). The other apparently poorly collected area is the northern tip of the
Irwin Botanical District and the Shark Bay area, another area that has received only
relatively recent botanical inspection. The area between Collie and Mt Barker in the
south-west also shows gaps in many of the species distributions, but this is more likely
to be a result of clearing for agriculture.
The ordination of the species distributions (Figure 3) indicates three main groupings
of species. Those species that are restricted to the Roe and Eyre Botanical Districts (L.
acutiloba, L. brevifolia. L. heteromera, L. papillata, and L. superba) ordinate together,
as do most of those species common in the northern kwongan (L. biloba, L. chlorantha ,
L. floribunda. L. hirsuta. L. juncea, L. linarioides, L. longiloba, L. macrantha and L.
stenosepala). The two endemics of the Avon District ( L . laricina and L. pulvinaris ) form
the third group. The sole endemic of the south-western forests (L. expansa) and the two
widespread species (L. formosa and L. tubi flora) do not fit into any of the groups.
The first axis of this ordination accurately separates the north-western species from
the south-eastern ones, while the second axis appears to reflect the rainfall gradient
away from the coast. The distribution of the individual species thus also appears to be
strongly influenced by rainfall, as well as the generic distribution.
The ordination of the grid cells (Figure 4 ) does not reveal any obvious clusters, indicat-
ing that there are no clear-cut groupings of regions within the South-West Botanical
Province as far as Lechenaultia is concerned. Once again, the first axis separates those
grid cells in the north-west from those in the south-east, while the second axis separates
the coastal grid cells from the inland ones.
The clustering analysis reveals five main groupings of the grid cells (Figures 5a and 5b);
and the re-classification of the grid cells in the discriminant function analysis of the
clusters indicates that only 3.1% of the grid cells were incorrectly classified. This
suggests that the cluster pattern has a high level of predictability. However, while the
projection of these clusters onto the ordination (Figure 4) shows that they are non- over-
lapping, they are nonetheless somewhat arbitrary clusters in a continuum of variation.
These grid cell clusters correspond fairly closely to the biogeographic areas tradition-
ally recognised in south-western Western Australia:- Groups 1 and 2 occur in the
kwongan of the northern sandplains, with Group 2 extending into the northern part of
the wheatbelt, Group 3 occurs in the kwongan of the southern sandplains and extends
into the southern part of the wheatbelt. Group 4 occurs in the jarrah and marri
woodlands and karri forests of the south-west, and Group 5 occurs in the inland mallee
area. However, the cluster analysis fails to unite the wheatbelt as a single unit, and the
northern sandplains are clearly divided into two areas. This latter pattern seems to be
the result of a large number of localised endemics that are restricted to only one of these
two areas. Finally, the analysis also suggests that the southern areas are more similar to
each other than they are to the northern areas (Figure 5a).
The results of the re-classification of the grid cells in the discriminant function analy-
ses (Tables 2 and 3) indicate that the phytogeographic regions of both Beard (1980d)
and Barlow (1985) are reasonably accurate reflections of the distribution of the
Lechenaultia species. The discriminant functions correctly re-classihed approximately
85% of the grid cells in both cases (87.0% for the Beard regions and 83.2% for the Barlow
regions), and those grid cells incorrectly re-classified were usually around the bound-
aries of the regions (Figures 6a and 6b).
94
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
1 igure 5. Dendrogram (Figure 5a) and map (Figure 5b) of the five phytogeographic groups resulting from the
clustering analyses of the distribution data.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
95
Table 2. Results of the re-classification of the grid cells of the Beard (1980d) phytogeographic
regions using discriminant function analysis.
Phytogeographic region
Phytogeographic region
of Beard
Total no.
predicted from the
of grid
discriminant function
Irwin
Avon
Darling
Roe
Eyre
cells
Irwin
18
1
0
0
0
19
Avon
1
24
5
7
0
37
Darling
0
1
32
0
0
33
Roe
0
0
0
22
0
22
Eyre
0
1
1
0
15
17
Table 3. Results of the
re-classification of
the grid cells
of the
Barlow (1984)
and (1985)
phytogeographic regions using discriminant function analysis.
Phytogeographic region Phytogeographic region of Barlow Total no.
predicted from the of grid
discriminant function Bencubbin Leeuwin Esperance cells
Barlow (1984)
Bencubbin
28
7
3
38
Leeuwin
2
32
2
36
Esperance
5
2
50
57
Barlow (1985)
Bencubbin
38
7
6
51
Leeu//in
3
32
2
37
Esperance
2
2
39
43
For the Beard (1980d) regions, most of the incorrectly re-classified grid cells were in
the complex boundary area of the Avon, Darling, Eyre and Roe Botanical Districts to
the north of the Stirling Ranges (Figure 6a). In particular, the analysis indicates that
most of this area should be correctly classified as part of the Avon Botanical District.
However, such a result is not unexpected, as the regions were originally based on veg-
etation physiognomy rather than floristies (Beard 1980d), and there is thus no a priori
reason to assume that they should accurately reflect the distribution of any one particu-
lar genus.
On the other hand, the incorrectly re-classified grid cells for the analysis of the Barlow
(1985) regions are around the boundaries of most of the regions (Figure 6b). In particu-
lar, the analysis indicates that most of the boundaries are displaced by 0.5° of latitude
or longitude. This is in fact a very suggestive result, as the regions were originally based
on a 1° grid, and the analysis thus indicates that the regional boundaries are actually
correctly placed at this scale. The Barlow (1985) regions appear to be slightly less predic-
tive than the original Barlow ( 1984) regions, as the original regions were 84.4% correctly
re-classified by the discriminant function analysis (Table 3).
The similarity coefficients among the phytogeographic regions of Beard (1980d)
(Table 4) indicate that the Irwin, Avon and Darling Botanical Districts are superficially
very similar, as are the Roe and Eyre Botanical Districts. On the other hand, the reduced
area cladogram (Figure 7c) indicates that the Irwin Botanical District has a more similar
history to that of the Roe and Eyre Botanical Districts. The history thus unites the
northern and southern kwongan areas, even though they are now spacially separated.
Such a relationship has been noted for other genera as well, based on the distribution
of vicarious species pairs and disjunctions in the distributions of species (see Nelson
1981, Lamont et al. 1984). The current disjunction between the kwongan vegetation
areas has been post ulated to be the result of disruption of a previously continuous range,
96
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Figure 6. The South-West Botanical Province phytogeographic regions of Beard (1980d) (Figure 6a) and
Barlow (1985) (Figure 6b). showing those grid cells incorrectly re-classified by the discriminant
functions.
D.A. Morrison. The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultici.
97
a
Avon, Eyre, Irwin, Roe
f ormosa
Irwin
chlorantha
Darling, Irwin
linarioides
Eyre
superba
Eyre, Roe
ac utiloba
Avon, Darling, Eyre, Irwin
t u b if 1 o r a
Irwin
1 o n g i 1 o b a
Avon, Irwin
mac r a ntha
Irwin
h i r s u t a
Avon
laricina
Roe
p a p i 1 1 a t a
Avon, Darling, Irwin
f loribunda
Avon
p u 1 v ina r i s
Darling
e xpansa
Avon, Darling, Irwin, Roe
b i 1 o b a
Darling, Irwin
stenosepala
*
f ilif ormi s
*
o vata
Irwin
juncea
Roe
bre vif olia
*
striata
Eyre
heteromera
*
lutescens
*
d i va rica ta
*
subcymosa
c
Irwin
Roe
Eyre
Avon
Darling
Figure 7. Area cladogram of all of the Lechenaultia species (Figure 7a), those Lechenaultia species that are
endemic to only one Botanical District of the South-West Botanical Province (Figure 7b) and the
reduced area cladogram from Figure 7b (Figure 7c), showing the Botanical Districts of the South-
West Botanical Province, in which they occur. * Not in South-West Botanical Province.
98
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Table 4 . Percentage similarity of the phytogeographic regions of Beard (1980d). The upper half of
the similarity matrix contains the Simple Matching Coefficient while the lower half contains the
Jaccard Coefficient.
Phytogeographic Region
Irwin
Phytogeographic region
Avon Darling Roe
Eyre
Irwin
57.9
63.2
36.8
36.8
Avon
38.5
—
63.2
57.9
57.9
Darling
50.0
27.3
—
52.6
52.6
Roe
14.3
20.0
20.0
—
68.4
Eyre
14.3
20.0
20.0
25.0
this continuous range itself being the result of colonisat ion of the whole area by laterite-
tolerant species after the area was subjected to lateritisation during the Miocene
(Marchant 1973, Lamont et al. 1984). The cause of the disjunction is postulated to be
the onset of more arid conditions during the Holocene (Nelson 1981, Hopkins et al.
1983. Lamont et al. 1984). The expansion of the drier regimes would have resulted in the
extinction of the kwongan species, leaving the upland areas as refugia and subsequent
centres of speciation. The current superficial floristic similarity of the northern
kwongan with the forests of the south-west and the woodlands of the wheatbelt could
thus be the result of very recent dispersal of species into these regions, particularly from
the north.
Figure 7a indicates that L. subcvmosa , which occurs on North West Cape and the
Shark Bay islands, is closely related to the arid zone species (particularly L. divaricata),
and is only more distantly related to the south-western species. Thus, this does not sup-
port Burbidge and George’s (1978) use of this species as an example of the close taxo-
nomic affinity of the Shark Bay area with that of the South-West Botanical Province
rather than with that of the Eremaean Province. This area should indeed, as they
suggest, be part of a “transitional zone”.
The analysis of the geographical dist ributions of the groups of closely related species
reveals that within the South-West Botanical Province the congeners are frequently
allopatric, sometimes sympatric, and rarely parapatric (Table 5). This suggests that, in
this area, geographical isolation has probably played a major role in speciation within
Lechenaultia ; and a similar pattern has been found for Acacia (Hopper and Maslin
1978). Outside this region, most of the congeners are allopatric, which is in contrast to
the finding of Maslin and Hopper (1982) that sympatry and allopatry are about equally
common in central Australia.
Table 5. Geographical relationships of the closely related species groups of Lechenaultia.
Species group
Geo
Allopatric
graphic distribution
Parapatric Sympatric
Sect. Patentes
L. biloba and L. stenosepala
4-
L. expansa and pulvinaris
+
L. floribunda and L. papillata
+
Sect. I.atouria
L. heteromera and L. lutescens
+
L divaricata and L. subcvmosa
+
L. brevifolia. /.. juncea and L. striata
+
L. t'iliibrmis and L. ovata
+
Sect. Lechenaultia
L. hirsuta. L. laricina and L. superba
+
L. longiloba and L. macrantha
+
L. acutiloba and L. tubitlora
+
L. chlorantha and L. formosa
+
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
99
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the Directors and Curators of the herbaria consulted for the use of their
specimens; to Chas Chapman, Neville Marchant, Ken Newbey, Sue Patrick, and Rae
Paynter for all their help in Western Australia; to Ken Newbey for his time and help in
improving the distribution data; to Malcolm Ricketts for help with the figures; to Kerri
Gallagher for helping throughout; to the A.S.B.S. Sydney Chapter for helpful dis-
cussions on this work; and to Tony Auld, Roger Carolin, Peter Myerscough and Peter
Weston for kindly commenting on an earlier version of this manuscript. The research
was funded by the University of Sydney, the Linnean Society of N.S.W. (through the
Joyce W. Vickery Scientific Research Fund), and the Australian Biological Resources
Study.
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D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
103
Appendix 1. Notes on the distribution, ecology, morphology and conservation status of Lechenaultia
species
The morphological notes are based on personal observation of the herbarium
collections, supplemented by field observations of the species. Distributional and
ecological data are from details on the herbarium labels, also supplemented by personal
field observations. References which contain more details of some of these aspects (eg.
more detailed descriptions of specific habitats) are also cited. Distributional data were
derived from the point distributions of the specimens examined, and are mapped for
grids of 0.5° lat. x 0.5° long. The distributions are also recorded for the standard
botanical regions currently used by each of the state herbaria, and also for the more
recent Australian phytogeographic regions of Barlow (1985). The conservation status of
each species is expressed using the scheme of Leigh et al. (1981), supplemented where
necessary by more detailed observations; and the number of specimens examined is
given, to provide some measure of species abundance. The most widely-used common
name is also recorded, where known; and a list of checked illustrations is provided, to aid
with the identification of the species.
Lechenaultia acutiloba Benth., FI. Austral. 4:41 (1868)
Distribution (Figure 8)
Western Australia: Roe and Eyre Districts, between Ravensthorpe and Ongerup.
Esperance Region.
Ecology
A small shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker. It occurs in sand or sandy
gravel, usually in damp soil near river banks or occasionally swamps. It is found in open
floodplains or heath, where it is never very common. Flowering is from mid September
to late December.
Notes
Closely related to L. tubitlora , from which it can be readily distinguished by the
shrubby habit, larger green flowers, and wingless corolla lobes.
Specimens Examined
18.
Conservation Status
2RC, as it is geographically localised (Marchant. and Keigherv 1979. Rye 1981) and
restricted to a specific habitat. The river banks along which it usually occurs are, in
many cases, parts of water conservation reserves; but these reserves are all extremely
small, and are thus of only limited use as flora conservation areas. The species may also
occur in Fitzgerald River National Park, but this has not been confirmed. It is exploited
for the nursery trade (Rye et al. 1980), and is known to be in cultivation (Rye 1981).
Newbey (1968) and Fairall (1970) discuss its cultivation requirements.
Common Name
Wingless lechenaultia.
104
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Lechenaultia biloba Lindley, Sketch Veg. Swan R. 27 (1839)
Distribution (Figure 9)
Western Australia: Irwin, Avon, Darling, and Roe Districts.
Bencubbin, Leeuwin. and Esperance Regions.
Ecology'
A sub-shrub or small shrub with a woody rootstock (cf. Majer 1981). It has been
recorded from white, grey, yellow, orange and light brown sand, or sandy loam (Muir
1976, 1977), often over laterite (Griffin and Hopkins 1985), as well as from gravel. It
occurs in a wide range of heaths (Beard 1976d. 1979a, 1980b, 1980c, Muir 1979. Beadle
1981. Hopkins and Hnatiuk 1981, Brown and Hopkins 1983, Griffin et al. 1983, Griffin
and Hopkins 1985), scrubs (Beard 1976e, 1980b), mallee (Muir 1976. 1977, Beard
1980b), woodlands (Beard 1979a, 1979b), and (mainly Jarrah and Marri) forests
(Williams 1932. Majer 1981), usually occurring in open patches or even disturbed areas
(Muir 1977). It is- often locally common in the western part of its range, but it usually
occurs as scattered plants in the inland areas. Flowering is usually from early August to
mid November (cf. Majer 1981, Milewski and Davidge 1981): and it has been recorded
to flower in the first season after a March fire (Majer 1981). In the Jarrah forests, the
roots show a high level of infection by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (Lamont 1984).
Variability
Flower and leaf size as well as flower colour vary greatly (see Morrison 1986), but these
characters do not appear to be correlated.
Notes
Closely related to L. expansa and L. stenosepala, from which it can be readily
distinguished by the (usually) darker blue flowers with much broader wings and a more
hairy floral tube. In inland areas it can look similar to L. brevifolia, which has a
distinctly scapigerous flowering habit and much reduced wings on the superior lobes of
the flowers.
Specimens Examined
343.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and common throughout South Western Australia. It
is exploited for the nursery and seed trades (Rye et al. 1980, Burgman and Hopper 1982).
Common Name
Blue lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Anon. (1965) Aust. PI. 3:141; Morcombe (1968) p.12; Newbey (1968) pp. 112-3, 125;
Baglin and Mullins (1969) p.89; Beard (1970) pl.xxxi; Fairall (1970) p.181; Morcombe
and Morcombe (1970) p.80; Baker (1971) p.19; Hodgson and Paine (1971) p.89; Anon.
(1973) Aust. PI. 7:115; Blomberv (1973) p.190: Holliday (1973) p.16; Grieve andBlackall
(1975) pl.v; Green & Wittwer (1976) Aust. PI. 8:329; Gardner (1978) pp.5,130; Mullins
and Baglin ( 1978) pi. 75; Erickson et al. ( 1979) p.46; A.P.S.G. ( 1980) between pp. 176-7.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia. 105
Lechenaultia brevifolia D.A. Morrison, Brunonia 9:18 (1987)
Distribution (Figure 10)
Western Australia: Coolgardie and Roe Districts.
Leonora, Bencubbin, and Esperance Regions.
Ecology
A sub-shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker. It has been found on deep yellow
or shallow red sand, usually in low scrub or heath (Beard 1969, as L. sp. inedit.). Plants
are usually scattered, but are sometimes common in patches. Flowering is from late
October to early December.
Variability
There is some variablity in flower and ovary size between populations, but this does
not seem to be significant.
Notes
Closely related to L. heteromera, from which it can be readily distinguished by the
distinctly scapigerous flowering stems and much darker flowers, and to L.juncea and L.
striata, which have much longer leaves and paler flowers.
Specimens Examined
27.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and relatively common throughout the south-eastern
mallee of South Western Australia.
Lechenaultia chlorantha F. Muell., Fragm. 2:20 (1860)
Distribution (Figure 11)
Western Australia: Irwin District, near the mouth of the Murchison River.
Bencubbin Region.
Ecology
A sub-shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker. Little data exist on the habitat
of this species, but it has been recorded from exposed red sandstone breakaways, where
it is apparently uncommon. Flowering specimens have been collected in August and
September.
Notes
Closely related to L. formosa and to L. linarioides, from which it can be readily
distinguished by the green corolla.
Specimens Examined
7.
Conservation Status
2KC. as it is very geographically localised (Rye 1981) and not locally common, and it
is currently known from only one small population. It has also been recorded from
Kalbarri National Park (Beard 1976c): but it is not known how extensive these
54609-8
106
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
populations are, and the species has not been recently confirmed to be present. This
species is very poorly collected (Marchant and Keighery 1979), and much more needs to
be known before the conservation status can be accurately assessed. If a viable
representation in a conservation area is demonstrated then it would be more accurately
classified as 2RC. It is not known to be in wide cultivation (cf. Rye 1981), but see also
A.P.S.G. (1980).
Lechenaultia divaricata F. Muell., Fragm. 3:33 (1862)
Distribution (Figure 12)
Northern Territory: Central Australia North and Central Australia South Regions;
Queensland: Gregory North and Gregory South Districts; South Australia: Lake Eyre
Basin Region; New South Wales: North Far Western Plains Sub-division.
MacDonnell, Thomson, Simpson, Cooper, and Torrens Regions.
Ecology
A small shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker (Maconochie 1982). The fruit
is woody and often persistent for several years. It has been recorded from deep red sand
dunes (where it occurs on the upper slopes and crests; Buckley 1981b), sandplains,
alluvial soils, or sometimes in flood-plains (Boyland 1970), swales, or other periodically
wet depressions. It occurs in open grassland, low open woodland (Boyland 1970), or open
mulga (Cunningham et al. 1981). It usually occurs as scattered bushes, but is sometimes
locally common. The plants appear to have high drought tolerance (Buckley 1982). It
apparently flowers sporadically throughout the year.
Variability
Throughout its range, there is considerable variability in flower colour and size, but the
species nevertheless remains distinctive. However, specimens are often mis-identified
(eg. Buckley 1983, who records this species off the Western Australian coast), often in
confusion with, for example, Scaevola depauperata or S. spinescens. Within any one
individual plant the number of articles per pseudocapsule (and hence pseudocapsule
size) varies greatly, unlike any other species except L. liliformis.
Notes
Closely related to L. subcvmosa and L. lutescens, from which it can be readily
distinguished by the divaricate almost leafless habit.
Specimens Examined
125.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is apparently common and widespread throughout arid eastern
Central Australia. Specht et al. (1974) report it to be rare in South Australia, but this
does not appear to be the case. However, Melville (1973) and Specht et al. (1974) list it
as a relict species that has retained primitive morphological features, and that is
therefore worthy of particular attention.
Common Name
Tangled lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Cunningham et al. (1981) p.636; Jessop (1981) p.360; Jessop & Toelken (1986) p.1407.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
Lechenaultia expansa R.Br., Prodr. 1:581 (1810)
107
Distribution (Figure 14)
Western Australia: Darling District.
Leeuwin Region.
Ecology ’
A sub-shrub with a woody rootstock. It has been recorded from sand or peaty sand,
where it usually occurs in swamp heath, around the edge of paperbark swamps, or in
other permanently damp or seasonally waterlogged areas (Speck and Baird 1984). It is
sometimes locally common. Flowering is from late October to mid January.
Variability
Flower and pseudocapsule size are very constant, but leaf size can vary considerably
between populations.
Notes
Closely related to L. floribunda and often confused with it, particularly in the area
around Perth where the two distributions overlap. However, L. expansa has larger and
often minutely pitted leaves, a more densely hairy floral tube, smaller and almost equal
corolla wings, a more thickly hairy indusium, and smaller pseudocapsules with fewer and
ovoidal articles.
Specimens Examined
96.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and apparently common throughout the Jarrah and
Marri forests of South Western Australia. It is exploited for the nursery trade (Rye et
al. 1980).
Lechenaultia filiformis R.Br., Prodr. 1:581 (1810)
Distribution (Figure 13)
Western Australia: Gardner, Fitzgerald, and Hall Districts; Northern Territory:
Victoria River, Darwin and Gulf, and Barkly Tableland Regions; Queensland: Burke,
Cook, and North Kennedy Districts. Also Papua-New Guinea, along the south-eastern
coast.
Kimberley, Arnhem, Barkly, Carpentaria, Tanami, and Cape York.
Ecology
A herb or sub-shrub that probably grows annually from a woody rootstock. It is usually
found in sand or sandy loam near water-courses or other low-lying areas, but it
sometimes occurs on sandstone plateaux or granitic pebble hillsides. It is usually found
in Triodia grassland under Eucalyptus or Melaleuca woodland, where it usually occurs
as scattered plants. The plants apparently flower sporadically throughout the year,
perhaps only after rain.
Variability
Flower size and colour is very variable, and this apparently correlates with longitude,
as plants with the larger flowers predominate in the western part of the distribution and
plants with the smallest ones predominate in Queensland and New Guinea (see
Morrison 1986).
108
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Notes
This species and L. ovata can be readily distinguished from all of the other members
of the genus by the fruits, which do not develop articles at the ends, and by the
distinctive prolongation of the superior calyx lobe compared to the inferior ones. L.
filifonnis has longer and thinner leaves than L. ovata.
Specimens Examined
85.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and common throughout tropical Northern Australia.
Lechenaultia floribunda Benth., in Endl., Enum. PI. 70 (1837)
Distribution (Figure 15)
Western Australia: Irwin, Avon, and Darling Districts.
Bencubbin and Leeuwin Regions.
Ecology
A sub-shrub or small shrub with a woody rootstock (Baird 1977, Dodd et al. 1984). It
has been recorded from white or grey sand or loamy sand, where it occurs in heath
(Beard 1976d, 1979a, Beadle 1981), thicket (Beard 1979a), or Banksia/Eucalyptus
woodland with a heath understorey (Baird 1977, Milewski and Davidge 1981). It is often
locally common. Flowering is from late August to mid December.
Variability
Leaf length, flower size, and flowering habit are all very variable, apparently with a
morphocline running from north to south, with many of the northern populations
having plants with smaller flowers, larger leaves, and a more densely-branched flowering
habit than the southern plants (see Morrison 1986).
Notes
Closely related to L. expansa, from which it can be distinguished as above, and to L.
papillata, which has papillate leaves, sepals, ovaries, and pseudocapsules.
Specimens Examined
108.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and common throughout the northern sandplains of
South Western Australia. It is exploited for the nursery and seed trades (Rye et al. 1980,
Burgman and Hopper 1982).
Common Name
Free-flowering lechenaultia.
Lechenaultia formosa R.Br., Prodr. 1:581 (1810)
Distribution (Figure 16)
Western Australia: Irwin, Avon, Roe, Eyre, and Eucla Districts.
Nullarbor, Bencubbin, Leeuwin, and Esperance Regions.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
109
Ecology '
A sub-shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker (Gardner 1944). It has been
recorded from sand and sandy soils, often over laterite or granite, as well as from clay
and gravelly clay. It occurs in a variety of heaths (Beard 1972, 1973b, 1980c, Beadle
1981) . scrubs, mallee (Beard 1973a, 1973b, 1976a, 1979c), and woodlands (Beard 1979c,
1980c), where it is often locally common. Flowering apparently occurs sporadically
throughout the year, but it is most prolific from early August to late October.
Variability
Flower and leaf size as well as flower colour and habit vary greatly. Large-flowered
prostrate plants occur throughout the geographical range, but the smaller-flowered
more erect forms are confined to the coastal strip between Albany and Cape Le Grande
(see Morrison 1986).
Notes
Closely related to L. chlorantha, from which it can be readily distinguished by the red
and orange flowers, and to L. linarioides, which is a much larger more tangled plant.
Specimens Examined
302.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and common throughout South Western Australia.
However, Specht et al. (1974) recognise the conservation importance of the disjunct
relict populations on the coastal sand sheets of the Great Australian Bight.
It is exploited for the nursery and seed trades (Rve et al. 1980, Burgman and Hopper
1982) .
Common Name
Red lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Baglin and Mullins (1969) p.91; Fairall (1970) p.182; Hodgson and Paine (1971) p.89;
Blombery (1973) p.190; Holliday (1973) p. 1 7; Grieve and Blackall (1975) pl.v; Gardner
(1978) p.5.
Lechenaultia heteromera Benth., FI. Austral. 4:43 (1868)
Distribution (Figure 17)
Western Australia: Eyre District, between Starvation Boat Harbour and West Mt
Barren.
Esperance Region.
Ecology
A sub-shrub with a woody rootstock. It is usually found in deep white sand, where it
occurs in heath (Beard 1973a, Beadle 1981, as L. stenosepala , Beard 1976a, as L.
stenomera), open scrub, or Banksia woodland. It is usually infrequent. Flowering is from
late August to Late November.
Variability
This is a relatively constant species, varying only moderately in flower colour, leaf
density, and the degree to which the leaves are reflexed.
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Notes
Closely related to L. brevifolia, L. juncea, and L. striata, from which it can be readily
distinguished by the non-scapigerous flowering habit and scattered, thicker, recurved
leaves. It is also sometimes confused with L. biloba, which has subequal wings on all of
the petal lobes.
Specimens Examined
45.
Conservation Status
Although it has a restricted distribution it is common throughout its range, and is
therefore probably not at risk. It is represented in Fitzgerald River National Park.
Common Names
Claw lechenaultia (Erickson et al. 1979); Hook-leaf lechenaultia (Grieve and Blackall
1975).
Lechenaultia hirsuta F. Muell., Fragm. 6:9 (1867)
Distribution (Figure 18)
Western Australia: Irwin District. Bencubbin and Leeuwin Regions.
Ecology
A herb or sub-shrub with a woody rootstock. It occurs in white or light brown sand or
lateritic sand, where it is commonly found in low open heath (Beard 1976c, 1976d,
Hopkins and Hnatiuk 1981). It is often frequent, especially when regenerating after fire.
Flowering is from early September to mid December.
Variability
This is a very distinctive and relatively constant species, but it does vary somewhat
within populations in leaf size and density.
Notes
Closely related to L. superba and to L. laricina, from which it can be readily
distinguished by the extreme hirsuteness.
Specimens Examined
56.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and common on the northern sandplains of South
Western Australia. It is exploited for the nursery trade (Rye et al. 1980, Burgman and
Hopper 1982).
Common Name
Hairy lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Morcombe (1968) p.110; Morcombe (1970) p.98; Morcombe and Morcombe (1970)
p.81; Baker (1971) p. 19; Blombery (1973) p. 19 1 ; Grieve and Blackall (1975) pl.vi;
Gardner (1978) p.5; Erickson et al. (1979) p.98; Grafter (1983) Aust. PL 12:56.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
Lechenaultia juncea E. Pritzel, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 35:553 (1905)
ill
Distribution (Figure 19)
Western Australia: Irwin District, between Three Springs and Gunyidi. Bencubbin
Region.
Ecology
A herb or sub-shrub with a woody rootstock. It occurs in sand or sandy gravel, in heath
(Beard 1976d, Beadle 1981, as L.juncoides). It is usually infrequent, and usually growing
amongst the branches of other plants. It is now only recorded in fields, and along road
margins. Flowering is usually from late November (sometimes earlier) to mid December.
Notes
Closely related to L. brevifolia, which has much darker-blue flowers and shorter leaves,
L. striata , which has much thinner more crowded leaves and larger flowers and
pseudocapsules, and L. beteromera, which does not have the scapigerous flowering
habit. This species has also been confused with L. subcymosa, from which it can be
distinguished by the more upright junciform habit and the much longer sepals.
Specimens Examined
8.
Conservation Status
2V, as it is geographically localised (Rye 1981), and currently known only from a few
roadside verges and relatively undisturbed fields in farmland. This species is very poorly
collected (Marchant and Keighery 1979), and it is not known from any conservation
reserves or known to be in cultivation (cf. Rye 1981 ) . This species would be classified as
2E, except that there are a couple of good populations in protected areas in farmland
that will hopefully become conservation reserves in the near future (cf. Beard 1976d).
Common Name
Reedy lechenaultia.
Lechenaultia laricina Lindley, Sketch Veg. Swan R. 27 (1839)
Distribution (Figure 20)
Western Australia: Avon District, between Meckering and Clackline, and between
Kukerin and Moulyinning. Bencubbin and Leeuwin Regions.
Ecology
A small shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker. In the past, this species has been
recorded from sand or occasionally gravelly loam, usually in woodland. It is now known
only from disturbed areas in farmland. Flowering is from late October to late December.
Variability
This species is relatively constant morphologically, but it does vary somewhat in
flower colour, with some populations being less scarlet than others. As well, some
variation exists between the tw'o disjunct groups of populations of this species, the
southern group being much more prostrate plants, with greyish bark and somewhat
smaller flowers.
Notes
Closely related to L. hirsuta, from which it can be readily distinguished by the glabrous
habit, and to L. superba, which has a more upright habit, longer leaves, and yellowish
flowers with a broader tube. However, this species is apparently persistently and
112
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
frequently confused with other species (see Morrison 1986), usually resulting in the
identification of other species (often L. formosa ) as L. laricina. This has, in the past,
suggested that L. laricina occurs over a much larger area than it really does (cf. the map
in Rye et al. 1980) and that it has been collected much more frequently. It was
apparently this confusion that caused Marchant and Keigherv (1979) and subsequent
workers to overlook this species as an endangered taxon.
Specimens Examined
17.
Conservation Status
2E. This species was once apparently common in the area between Meenaar,
Meckering, and Northam (Gardner 1978), but in this area it is now known from only two
populations in farmland. Both of these populations are currently being protected, but
this relies entirely on the goodwill of the people concerned, and one of the populations
appears to have contracted recently. The only other reliable collection localities are near
Kukerin, where it has not been found recently. It thus seems that this species is under
immediate threat, especially as no populations have been reported in conservation
areas. Gazettal as protected flora is therefore essential. The species is reported to be
exploited for the nursery trade (Rye et al. 1980. Burgman and Hopper 1982), but the
collection locality given by Burgman and Hopper (1982) suggests that many of these
reports may be mis-identifications (see above). Fortunately, it is apparently in wide
cultivation, as this would seem to be critical for the continued survival of the species.
Fairall (1970) discusses its cultivation requirements.
Common Name
Scarlet lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Fairall (1970) p.183; Grieve and Blackall (1975) pl.v; Gardner (1978) p.5.
Lechenaultia linarioides DC.. Prodr. 7:519 (1839)
Distribution! Figure 21)
Western Australia: Irwin and Darling Districts, and Carnarvon District on the Shark
Bay peninsulas. Murchison, Bencubbin, and Leeuwin Regions.
Ecology r
A small shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker. It occurs in deep white or
yellow sand, where it is found in open-heath (Beard 1976c, 1976d, 1979a, 1979'b,
Burbidge and George 1978. Bell et al. 1979, Bridgewater and Zammit 1979, George et al.
1979, Beadle 1981), scrub (Beard 1976c, 1976d. Beard and Burns, 1976), or occasionally
woodland (Bell et al. 1979). It is often locally common. Plants apparently flower
sporadically throughout the year, but flowering is mainly from early August to early
December.
Variability
Stature, leaf and flower size, and flower colour are all very variable. The isolated group
of plants near Shark Bay are taller and more densely shrubby with thicker branches
than the southern ones, which tend to be more sprawling. Flower size and colour varies
considerably between populations, and the flowers themselves also apparently become
redder with age.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
113
Notes
Similar to L. formosa and L. chlorantha, from which it can be readily distinguished by
the thicker stems with downcurved branchtips and more scattered leaves, as well as by
the larger flowers.
Specimens Examined
135.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and common throughout the northern sandplains of
South Western Australia. It is exploited for the nursery and seed trades (Rye et al. 1980,
Burgman and Hopper 1982).
Common Name
Yellow lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Morcombe and Morcombe (1970) p.80 (as L. linaroides)- Hodgson and Paine (1971)
p.91; Blombery (1973) p. 191 ; Grieve and Blackall (1975) pl.v; Gardner (1978) p.131.
Lechenaultia longiloba F. Muell., Fragm. 6:10 (1867)
Distribution (Figure 22)
Western Australia: Irwin District, between Mullewa and Dongara. Bencubbin Region.
Ecology '
A sub-shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker. It has been recorded in deep
white or grey earthy sand, in open heath (Beard 1976d). It was apparently once common
in Banksia heath (especially if regenerating after fire), but it is now more commonly
found along disturbed roadsides. Flowering is usually from late July to early October, but
it sometimes continues sporadically until early December.
Variability
This is a relatively constant species, but there is some variability between populations
in flower colour (varying from red to yellowish) and flower size.
Notes
Closely related to L. hirsuta, from which it can be easily distinguished by the glabrous
habit, and to L. macrantha, which has longer leaves (which are characteristically held
to one side of the branch), larger wings, and a shorter broader corolla tube.
Specimens Examined
30.
Conservation Status
2VC, as it is geographically localised (Rye 1981), and is now known from only a few
populations along roadsides in farmland (see Leigh et al. 1984 for a more detailed
discussion), and from one population in an ”A Class” conservation reserve (Beard and
Burns 1976). Gazettal as protected flora would seem to be appropriate, and it may be
necessary to manage the roadside verges specifically to maintain this species (cf. Scott
1981). Hartley and Leigh (1979) report it to have been subject to heavy commercial
exploitation in the wild, but this has not been confirmed (cf. Rye et al. 1980). It is not
known to be in wide cultivation (Leigh et al. 1984), and horticultural propagation would
seem to be essential to ensure the continued survival of this species.
114
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Common Name
Irwin lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Baglin and Mullins (1969) p.91; Grieve and Blackall (1975) pl.v; Erickson et al. (1979)
p.107; Crafter (1983) Aust. PI. 12:57; Leigh et al. (1984) between pp. 192-3.
Lechenaultia lutescens D.A. Morrison & R.C. Carolin, Brunonia 9:15 (1987)
Distribution (Figure 26)
Northern Territory: Central Australia North, and Central Australia South Regions;
Western Australia: Mueller, Giles, Carnegie, and Helms Districts. Gibson, Tanami,
MacDonnell, and Victoria Desert Regions.
Ecology
A herb or sub-shrub with a woody rootstock. It has been recorded from deep red sand
dunes, sandy loam plains, or around the gravelly edges of lateritic breakaways. It occurs
among mallees, desert oak, open Triodia grassland, or Spinifex open scrub, where it is
often locally common. Flowering apparently occurs sporadically throughout the year,
perhaps only after recent rain.
Variability
This species varies somewhat between populations in leaf size, and flower size and
colour, but this does not seem to be significant.
Notes
Closely related to L. heteromera , from which it can be readily distinguished by the
yellow flowers and shorter calyx lobes. It has also been confused with L. striata, which
has a distinctly scapigerous flowering habit and ridged rather than grooved articles.
Specimens Examined
21 .
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and common throughout arid western Central
Australia.
Lechenaultia macrantha K. Krause, Pflanzenr., IV. 54:100 (1912)
Distribution (Figure 23)
Western Australia: Irwin and Avon Districts; and one isolated collection in Irwin
District, near Nerren Nerren station, and one in Austin District, near Boolardy station.
Murchison and Bencubbin Regions.
Ecology
A herb or sub-shrub that grows annually from a woody rootstock (Erickson et al. 1979).
It occurs in yellow sand or, more usually, red gravelly soil, in open areas near heathland
(Beard 1976e), or along road margins or other disturbed areas. It is usually locally
common. Flowering is from mid August to late October.
Variability
Leaf size, and flower colour and size vary considerably between plants. Much of this
variability appears to be latitudinal, with the more northern inland plants having the
larger organs.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
115
Notes
Closely related to L. longiloba, from which it can be readily distinguished by the
wreath-like flowering habit, longer leaves and sepals, and larger petals with broader
wings.
Specimens Examined
40.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is relatively widespread and common on the inland red gravels of
northern South Western Australia. Both Specht et al. (1974) and Hartley and Leigh
(1979) consider the species to have suffered marked depletions in distribution, but as it
apparently responds well to disturbance this is probably not as big a problem as was first
thought. Hartley and Leigh (1979) record the species as occurring in conservation
reserves. They also report it to have been subject to heavy commercial exploitation in
the wild, but this has not been confirmed (cf. Rye et al. 1980).
Common Name
Wreath lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Morcombe (1968) p.31; Newbey (1968) p.125; Baker (1971) p.19; Blombery (1973)
p.191; Grieve and Blackall (1975) pl.v; Gardner (1978) pp. 131-2; Erickson et al. (1979)
p.118; Crafter (1983) Aust. PI. 12:56.
Lechenaultia ovata D.A. Morrison, Telopea 3: in press
Distribution (Figure 26)
Northern Territory: Darwin and Gulf Region. Arnhem Region.
Ecology
A herb that probably grows annually from a woody rootstock. It has been collected
from short sedgeland in a sandy depression on a sandstone plateau. The specimen was
flowering in February.
Notes
This species can be readily distinguished from all of the other members of this genus
by the ovate leaves.
Specimens Examined
1 .
Conservation Status
IK, as it is known only from the type collecion (see Morrison 1987). The population
is apparently fairly large, but the locality is just outside Kakadu National Park.
Intensive searches need to be made in the area to correctly ascertain the status of this
species.
Lechenaultia papillata D.A. Morrison, Brunonia 9:12 (1987)
Distribution (Figure 24)
Western Australia: Roe District. Esperance Region.
116
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Ecology
A sub-shrub or small shrub with a woody rootstock. It has been recorded from yellow
or white sand, loamy sand, and gravelly loam. It usually occurs in heath (Beard 1969,
Beadle 1981, as L. expansa), low open scrub, or eucalypt scrub mallee, where it may be
locally common. Flowering is usually from late October to late November.
Variability
Flower size is somewhat variable, but the species nevertheless remains distinctive.
Notes
Closely related to L. floribunda, from which it can be readily distinguished by the
shorter more crowded leaves, the papillate leaves, sepals, ovaries and pseudocapsules,
and the much more hairy floral tube.
Specimens Examined
14.
Conservation Status
Although poorly collected, this species occurs in an area that is sparsely collected in
general. Given the large area over which collections have been made, the species is
probably not at risk. It is represented in Frank Hann National Park.
Lechenaultia pulvinaris C. Gardner, J. Roy. Soc. W. Austral. 47:63 (1964)
Distribution (Figure 25)
Western Australia: Avon District, between Corrigin and Wagin, and near Beverley.
Bencubbin and Leeuwin Regions.
Ecology'
A sub-shrub with a woody rootstock. It occurs in deep white sand on plains or gentle
slopes, sometimes near low-lying seepage areas. It only grows in open patches in low
scrub, becoming absent as the vegetation becomes more dense with age. It is often locally
common. Flowering is from mid October to early December.
Notes
Closely related to L. expansa , from which it can be easily discerned by the dense
pulvinate habit, like that of L. tubiflora. It can be readily distinguished from L. tubiflora
by the hispid foliage and calyx lobes.
Specimens Examined
12 .
Conservation Status
3VC, as, although it is not geographically localised (but see Rye et al. 1980), it occurs
only in open patches in the vegetation. It is known from only a few apparently disjunct
areas (see Leigh et al. 1984), and. although only rediscovered and described in the early
1960s, it was in fact collected late last century. It has been recently reported to occur
around the edges ot a number of small “A Class” conservation reserves, but it appears
to become absent from the vegetation as the vegetation becomes more dense with age.
Much more needs to be known about its biology before it can be decided how widespread
the species is and whether it is adequately conserved (and therefore more appropriately
categorised as 3RC). Hartley and Leigh (1979) report it to have been subject to heavy
commercial exploitation in the wild, but the species is now protected as gazetted rare
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
117
flora (Patrick and Hopper 1982). However, it should be introduced into cultivation to
ensure the long term survival of the species, and Newbey (1968) discusses its cultivation
requirements.
Common Name
Cushion lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Anon. (1981) between pp.12-3; Rye and Hopper (1981) p.145; Leigh et al. (1984)
between pp. 192-3.
Lechenaultia stenosepala E. Pritzel, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 35:552 (1905)
Distribution (Figure 28)
Western Australia: Irwin and Darling Districts. Bencubbin and Leeuwin Regions.
Ecology
A herb or sub-shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker. It is found in yellow or
white sand or sandy gravel, where it is usually recorded from low open heath (Beard
1976d, Hopkins and Hnatiuk 1981), often in damp depressions or valley floors. It is
often locally common, especially as regrowth after fire. Flowering is from early October
to mid December.
Variability
Leaf and flower size vary considerably, and this apparently correlates with latitude,
the largest leaves and flowers only occurring on plants in the northern part of the
distribution, and the smallest leaves and flowers only occurring in the southern part (see
Morrison 1986).
Notes
Closely related to L. floribunda, from which it can be readily distinguished by the
longer sepals, and to L. biloba, which has flowers of a much deeper blue and with much
larger corolla wings.
Specimens Examined
51.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and common on the northern sandplains of South
Western Australia.
Common Name
Narrow-sepaled lechenaultia.
Lechenaultia striata F. Muell., Fragm. 8:245 (1874)
Distribution (Figure 27)
Northern fl eriitory. Central Australia South Region; South Australia: North-western
Region; Western Australia: Giles, Canegie, Helms, and Austin Districts. Gibson,
MacDonnell, Leonora, and Victoria Desert Regions.
118
Kingia Vol. 1, No. (1987)
Ecology
A herb or sub-shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker (Maconochie 1982). It is
found on deep red sand dunes, where it is characteristic of the mid and upper slopes
(Buckley 1981a). It occurs in open Triodia grassland or Spinifex open scrub, where it is
often locally common, especially after recent rain. Plants appear to have only a
moderate drought tolerance (Buckley 1982). Flowering apparently occurs sporadically
throughout the year (perhaps only after recent rain), but it is usually from late August
to mid November.
Variability
This species varies considerably between plants in leaf, flower and pseudocapsule size,
and somewhat less in flower colour. None of this variation appears to be correlated.
Notes
Closely related to L. brevifolia . from which it can be readily distinguished by the longer
leaves, and to L. lutescens, which does not have the scape-like flowering stems.
Specimens Examined
34.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and common throughout arid western Central
Australia. Specht et al. (1974) report it to be rare in the Northern Territory, but this
does not appear to be the case.
Common Name
Striate-stemmed lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Jessop & Toelken (1986) p.1407.
Lechenaultia subcymosa C. Gardner & A.S. George, J. Roy. Soc. W. Austral 46' 134
(1963)
Distribution (Figure 29)
Western Australia: Carnarvon District, on North West Cape and on the Shark Bay
islands. Murchison Region.
Ecology
A herb or sub-shrub with a woody rootstock. It has been recorded from sand or loam
over limestone (Burbidge and George 1978) or in red sand dunes, where it occurs with
scattered low shrubs. It is often found in very dense stands regenerating after fire.
Flowering apparently occurs sporadically throughout the year (perhaps only after a
recent fire), but it is usually from late July to early October.
Notes
Closely related to L. divaricata, from which it can be readily discerned by the larger
leaves, smaller flowers, and non-moniliform pseudocapsule.
Specimens Examined
15.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
119
Conservation Status
Although poorly collected, this species occurs in an area that is sparsely collected in
general. As it is apparently common where it does occur, the species is probably not at
risk.
Common Name
Wide-branching lechenaultia.
Lechenaultia superba F. Muell., Fragm. 6:10 (1867)
Distribution (Figure 30)
Western Australia: Eyre District, at the eastern end of the Barrens. Esperance region.
Ecology
A small shrub with a woody rootstock. It only occurs in quartzite soils on rocky
hillsides or in open gullies, where it is found in open patches in thick scrub. Plants are
sometimes locally common. Flowering is usually from September to October, but
flowering plants have been recorded at other times.
Notes
Closely related to L. hirsuta, from which it can be readily distinguished by the glabrous
habit, and to L. laricina, which has a low spreading habit.
Specimens Examined
19.
Conservation Status
2RC, as it is geographically localised (Rye 1981) and restricted to a specific habitat.
Almost the entire known distribution is within Fitzgerald River National Park, but the
number of known plants is very small (Rye 1981). It is known to be in cultivation (Rye
1981, Rye and Hopper 1981), and Fairall (1970) discusses its cultivation requirements.
It is also protected as gazetted rare flora (Patrick and Hopper 1982).
Common Name
Barrens lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Erickson et al. (1979) p.92; Anon. (1981) between pp.12-3; Rye and Hopper (1981)
p.147.
Lechenaultia tubiflora R.Br., Prodr. 1:581 (1810)
Distribution (Figure 31)
Western Australia: Irwin, Avon, Darling, and Eyre Districts. Bencubbin, Leeuwin, and
Esperance Regions.
Ecology
A sub-shrub with a woody rootstock that may sucker (Gardner 1944). It has been
recorded from deep yellow or white sand, where it usually occurs in open patches in
mixed heath (Beard 1973a, 1979c, 1980a, Beadle 1981), or Eucalyptus or Banksia
woodland. It is often locally common, especially on bare ground. Flowering appears to
occur sporadically throughout spring and summer, but it is mainly from late September
to early December.
120
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Variability
Apart from flower colour and leaf size, which can vary considerably within a single
population, this species is apparently differentiated into coastal and inland forms (see
Morrison 1986).
Notes
Closely related to L. acutiloba , from which it can be readily distinguished by the
smaller flowers and winged corolla lobes. The prostrate habit is similar to that of L.
pulvinaris, which has hispid leaves and calyx lobes.
Specimens Examined
153.
Conservation Status
Not at risk, as it is widespread and common throughout South Western Australia.
Common Name
Heath lechenaultia.
Illustrations
Beard (1970) pl.xxxi; Morcombe (1970) p.110; Walton (1970) Aust. PI. 5:248; Wrigley
(1970) Aust. PI. 5:241; Blombery (1973) p.191; Holliday (1973) p.16; Grieve and Blackall
(1975) pl.iv; Erickson et al. (1979) p.84; Wrigley and Fagg (1979) pp. 128-9; Elliot and
Jones (1982) p.185.
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
121
Figure 9. Distribution of L. biloba
Figure 11. Distribution of L. chlorantha
34609-9
122
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Figure 13. Distribution of L. filiformis
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
123
Figure 14. Distribution of L. expansa
Figure 15. Distribution of L. floribunda
1 1 5°E ' ' ’ 120° e' ' ' 125*E'
L
>■ /
r
X
WEST
20°S
ERN AUSTRAL
A
S
j
JL
4
s'
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U
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1 L- . 1 A
°E 12
5°E
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120
Figure 17. Distribution of L. heteromera
124
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
1
1 5*E
20*E 1
25*E
L
-v
r*
r v
► r
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ERN AUSTRAL
IA
c
r-
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°E 12
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Figure 18. Distribution of L. hirsuta
1 5*E
20* E 1
25’E
r-
WEST
20*S
ERN AUSTRAL
A
C
c
fC
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_
i/
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if
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u
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11
3*E
120
°E 12
j*E
Figure 19. Distribution of L. juncea
Figure 20. Distribution of L. laricina
Figure 21. Distribution of L. linarioides
D.A. Morrison. The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
125
Figure 24. Distribution of L. papillata
Figure 25. Distribution of L. pulvinaris
126
Kingia Vol. 1, No. (1987)
Figure 27. Distribution of L. striata
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
127
Figure 28. Distribution of L. stenosepala
Figure 29. Distribution of L. subcymosa
1 1 5"E ' ' ' 120* E 1 2 5'E
, ,r
WEST
ERN AUSTRAL
A
£
r
r
JL
1/
J
>
- -
l r
4
u
i
1
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.
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‘E 12
5*E
1 1
5*E
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Figure 30. Distribution of L. superba
Figure 31. Distribution of L. tubiflora
128
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
Appendix 2. Lechenaultia species recorded (or considered likely) to occur in 0.5° lat. x 0.5° long,
grid cells of South Western Australia and adjacent areas. Occurrences not represented by a her-
barium specimen are in brackets. The grid cell numbers and names are those of the Division of
National Mapping’s coding system for the 1:100.000 topographic maps.
1446 QUOIN
(L. linarioides )
L. subcvmosa
1547 DORRE
L. subcvmosa
1546 DENHAM
L. linarioides
(L. subcvmosa)
1545 EDEL
L. linarioides
L. subcvmosa
1646 SHARK BAY
L. linarioides
1645 PERON
L. linarioides
1743 C00LCURDA
L. hirsuta
(L. linarioides)
1742 KALBARR1
L. chlorantha
L. floribunda
L. hirsuta
L. linarioides
1741 HUTT
L. tloribunda
L. linarioides
1844 WANNOO
L. floribunda
1843 NERREN NERREN
L. floribunda L. hirsuta
L. linarioides
L. macrantha
1842 A.JANA
L. floribunda
L. hirsuta
L. linarioides
L. macrantha
1841 NORTHAMPTON
L. floribunda L. hirsuta
L. linarioides
1840 GERALDTON
L. floribunda
(L. hirsuta)
L. linarioides
L. longiloba
1839 DONGARA
L. floribunda
(L. linarioides)
1838 BEAGLE ISLANDS
(L. biloba) (L. floribunda)
L. linarioides
1837 GREEN HEAD
(L. biloba) (L. floribunda)
L. linarioides
1830 CLAIRAULT
( L . biloba)
( L . expansa)
1829 TOOKER
(L. biloba )
(L. expansa)
1942 COOLCALALAYA
(L. macrantha)
1941 MUNGO
L. floribunda
L. macrantha
1940 INDARRA
L. tloribunda
( L . hirsuta)
L. linarioides
L. longiloba
L. macrantha
1939 MINGENEW
L. floribunda
L. hirsuta
L. linarioides
L. longiloba
L. macrantha
1938 ARROWSMITH
L. biloba L. floribunda
L. hirsuta
L. linarioides
L. stenosepala
1937 HILL RIVER
L. biloba
L. floribunda
L. hirsuta
L. linarioides
L. stenosepala
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
129
1936 WEDGE ISLAND
L. bilnba L. floribunda
L. linarioides
L. stenosepala
1935 LEDGE POINT
(L. biloba ) (L. floribunda )
L. linarioides
(L. stenosepala)
1930 BUSSELTON
L. biloba L. expansa
1929 LEEUWIN
L. biloba L. expansa
2041 TALLERING
L. floribunda L. macrantha
2040 MULLEWA
(L. floribunda) L. macrantha
2039 YANDANOOKA
L. floribunda L. hirsuta
L. linarioides
(L. macrantha)
2038 CARNAMAH
L. biloba L. floribunda
L. linarioides L. stenosepala
L. formosa
( L . hirsuta)
L. juncea
2037 BADGINGARRA
L. biloba L. floribunda
L. linarioides L. stenosepala
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
L. hirsuta
(L. juncea)
2036 DANDARAGAN
L. biloba L. floribunda
L. linarioides
L. stenosepala
L. tubiflora
2035 GINGIN
L. biloba L. floribunda
L. linarioides
L. stenosepala
L. tubiflora
2034 PERTH
L. biloba L. expansa
L. floribunda
L. linarioides
L. tubiflora
2033 FREMANTLE
L. biloba L. expansa
L. floribunda
L. linarioides
2032 PIN.JARRA
L. biloba L. expansa
2031 BUNBURY
L. biloba L. expansa
2030 DONNYBROOK
L. biloba L. expansa
2029 DONNELLY
L. biloba L. expansa
2028 MEERUP
( L . expansa)
2141 WURARGA
L. floribunda
2140 MELLENBYE
L. macrantha
2139 PEREN.JOR1
L. macrantha
2138 CARON
L. biloba L. juncea
L. linarioides
L. macrantha
2137 WATHEROO
(L. biloba ) L. floribunda
L. juncea
L. linarioides
L. stenosepala
2136 MOORA
L. biloba L. floribunda
(L. formosa)
L. linarioides
( L . stenosepala)
2135 CHITTERING
L. biloba L. floribunda
L. formosa
L. linarioides
L. stenosepala
2134 WOOROLOO
L. biloba L. expansa
L. tubiflora
L. floribunda
L. formosa
L. linarioides
2133 JARRAHDALE
L. biloba L. expansa
L. floribunda
L. linarioides
2132 DWELLINGUP
L. biloba L. expansa
130
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
2131 COLLIE
L. biloba L. expansa
2130 BRIDGETOWN
L. biloba L. expansa
2129 MANJIMUP
L. biloba L. expansa
2128 NORTHCLIFFE
L. expansa
2244 BOOLARDY
L. macrantha
2238 MONGERS
L. macrantha
2237 DALWALLINU
L. biloba
2236 WONGAN
L. biloba L. floribunda
2235 GOOMALLING
L. biloba
L. floribunda
2234 NORTHAM
L. biloba
L. floribunda
L. formosa
L. laricina
L. tubiflora
2233 BEVERLEY
L. biloba
( L . floribunda)
L. formosa
L. pulvinaris
2232 CROSSMAN
L. biloba
2231 DARKAN
L. biloba
2230 DINNINUP
L. biloba
2229 TONEBRIDGE
L. biloba L. expansa
2228 DEEP RIVER
L. expansa
2227 RAME HEAD
L. expansa
2338 MOUNT GIBSON
L. macrantha
2336 KOORDA
L. biloba
2335 DOWERIN
L. biloba L. floribunda
2334 CUNDERDIN
(L. oiloba)
L. floribunda
L. formosa
L.
tubiflora
2333 BROOKTON
L. biloba
L. floribunda
( L . formosa)
L.
tubiflora
2332 NARROGIN
L. biloba
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
2331 WAGIN
L. biloba
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
2330 KOJONUP
L. biloba
L. formosa
L.tubiflora
2329 FRANKLAND
(L. tubiflora)
2328 DENMARK
L. expansa L. tubiflora
2327 PARRY INLET
L. expansa
2434 KELLERBERRIN
L. biloba L. formosa L. tubiflora
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
131
2433 CORRIGIN
(L. biloba ) (L. formosa) L. tubiflora
2432 YEALERING
(L. biloba) ( L . formosa)
L. pulvinaris
L. tubiflora
2431 DUMBLEYUNG
L. biloba (L. formosa)
L. laricina
L. pulvinaris
( L . tubiflora)
2430 KATANNING
L. biloba L. formosa
( L . tubiflora)
2429 TAMBELLUP
L. formosa L. tubiflora
2428 MOUNT BARKER
L. expansa L. formosa
L. tubiflora
2427 ALBANY
L. expansa L. formosa
L. tubiflora
2534 BRUCE ROCK
L. biloba (L. formosa)
2533 NAREMBEEN
L. biloba
2532 KULIN
L. biloba
L. formosa
2531 KUKERIN
L. biloba
( L . formosa)
L. tubiflora
2530 NYABING
L. acutiloba
L. formosa
( L . tubiflora )
2529 BORDEN
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
2528 MANYPEAKS
L. expansa
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
2527 BREAKSEA
L. expansa
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
2634 MUNTADGIN
( L . formosa)
2633 HYDEN
L. formosa
2632 PEDERAH
( L . formosa)
2631 BURNGUP
L. biloba
L. formosa
2630 JERRAMUNGUP
L. acutiloba L. formosa
( L . tubiflora)
2629 PALLINUP
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
2628 CHEYNE
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
2735 SOUTHERN CROSS
L. brevifolia
2734 HOLLETON
(L. brevifolia )
L. formosa
2733 O'CONNOR
L. brevifolia
(L. formosa)
2732 HURLSTONE
(L. formosa)
2731 NEWDEGATE
L. biloba L. formosa
L. papillata
2730 JACUP
L. acutiloba
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
2729 BREMER
L. formosa
L. heteromera
L. tubiflora
2728 CAPE KNOB
(L. formosa)
( L . tubiflora)
132
Kingia Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987)
2835 YELLOWDINE
L. brevifolia
2834 CHERITONS FIND
(L. brevifolia)
2833 HOLLAND
( L . brevifolia)
L. formosa
L. papillata
2832 IRONCAP
L. brevifolia
( L . formosa)
(L. papillata)
2831 KING
L. brevifolia
L. formosa
L. heteromera
L. papillata
2830 COCANARUP
L. acutiloba
L. formosa
L. heteromera
L. superba
2829 HOOD POINT
L. formosa
L. heteromera
L. superba
L.
tubiflora
2935 BOORABBIN
(L. brevifolia)
2934 LAKE PERCY
(L. brevifolia)
2933 ROUNDTOP
(L. brevifolia)
2932 HOPE
L. brevifolia
L. formosa
L. papillata
2931 MOOLYALL
( L . brevifolia)
L. formosa
L. papillata
2930 RAVENSTHORPE
L. formosa L. heteromera
L. superba
L.
tubiflora
3035 WOOLGANGIE
L. brevifolia
3034 DIAMOND ROCK
(L. brevifolia)
3033 JOHNSTON
(L. brevifolia )
3032 TAY
L. brevifolia
L. papillata
3031 NORTHOVER
(L. brevifolia)
(L. formosa)
L. papillata
3030 OLDFIELD
L. formosa
L. heteromera
L. tubiflora
3132 PEAK CHARLES
(L. brevifolia ) ( L . papillata)
3131 LORT
(L. brevifolia)
L. formosa
( L . papillata )
3130 STOKES INLET
L. formosa L. tubiflora
3232 DUNDAS
(L. brevifolia)
L. formosa
(L. papillata)
3231 SCADDAN
L. brevifolia
L. formosa
(L. papillata)
3230 ESPERANCE
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
3332 COWALINYA
(L. brevifolia)
(L. papillata )
3331 BURDETT
(L. brevifolia)
L. formosa
(L. papillata)
3330 MERIVALE
L. formosa
L. tubiflora
3432 MOUNT ANDREW
(L. brevifolia) ( L . papillata)
3431 BEAUMONT
L. brevifolia
L. papillata
(L. tubiflora )
D.A. Morrison, The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia.
133
3430 HOWICK
L. formosa L
3531 BURAMINYA
L. papillata
3530 SANDY BIGHT
L. formosa L
3630 MALCOLM
L. formosa L
. tubiflora
. tubiflora
. tubiflora
54609/5/87—1 M — L/4290
GARRY L. DUFFIELD, Government Printer, Western Australia
CONTENTS
Page
Collections of Lawrencia Hook, destroyed by fire, April 1984. By N. S. Lander. l
Asteraceae specimens collected by Johann August Ludwig Preiss. By N. S. Lander. 9
The distribution of introduced Rumex (Polygonaceae) in Western Australia.
By J. Moore and J. K. Scott 21
Ecology of Pinnaroo Valley Memorial Park, Western Australia: floristics and
nutrient status. By W. Foulds 27
Vegetation surveys near Lake MacLeod. By J. P. Tyler 49
Time between germination and first flowering of some perennial plants
By B. G. Muir 75
The phytogeography, ecology and conservation status of Lechenaultia R.Br.
(Goodeniaceae). By D. A. Morrison 85
DATE OF PUBLICATION
The date of publication of Kingia 1 ( 1 ) is 1988 as indicated on front cover, not 1987 as shown elsewhere.
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