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25M JAN 54 FORM 2
THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
STATE OF INDIANA
W. A. GUTHRIE, Chairman
STANLEY COULTER
JOHN W. HOLTZMAN
RICHARD M. HOLMAN, Secretary
Publication No. 7
Volume II
RICHARD LIEBER
DIRECTOR THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
N DIANAPOLI S:
Wm. B. Burford, Printer
1 920
LAKE MAXINKUCKEE
A PHYSICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
BY
BARTON WARREN E VERM ANN, A. M., Ph. D.
Director of the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences
AND
HOWARD WALTON CLARK, A. B., A. M.
Scientific Assistant U. S. Bureau of Fisheries
Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa
VOLUME II
PUBLISHED BY
THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
STATE OF INDIANA
1920
Contents
BIOLOGY- Page
The Insects 7
Order Aptera 7
Order Ephemerida 8
Order Odonata 10
Order Orthoptera 27
Order Hemiptera 29
Order Trichoptera 31
Order Coleoptera 33
Order Diptera 35
Order Lepidoptera 37
Order Hymenoptera 39
The Mollusks -H
The Unionidae -11
Lakes and ponds as the home of mussels 41
Origin and character of the Maxinkuckee mussels 42
Distribution of mussels in the lake 44
List of Species 51
Mollusks other than Unionidae 72
The Crustaceans 75
The copepod parasites 79
The crawfishes 83
The Leeches 87
The Protozoans and Ccelenterates 95
The Worms 100
The Sponges 100
The Plankton 105
The plankton scum or wasserbluethe • • HO
The Flora 117
Introduction 117
The Aquatic Flora • • ■ 119
Introduction 119
Uses of the aquatic flora 119
The Land Flora 124
Introduction 124
General Floral Regions 1 -s
Comparisons of Aquatic and Land Floras 133
The AlGjE 138
Introduction ' :;s
Annotated List of Species 141
The Green Algae, etc 141
The Characea? 1 57
The Diatoms, etc 161
The Aquatic Plants of Lake Maxinkuckee 165
The Aquatic Plants of Lost Lake 192
The Ferns, Fern-Allies, and Seed-bearing Plants 197
*
0*$
(6)
THE INSECTS
Introduction
Unfortunately, no entomologist was assigned to the party study-
ing the lake. No special study was, therefore, made of the insects.
This is regretted, because so many species of insects or their larvae
bear an important relation to the life of the lake. The number
of species that enter directly into the menu of the fishes of the
lake is undoubtedly many and the total quantity consumed must
be very great.
Such study of the insects as we were able to make was there-
fore purely incidental and necessarily very disconnected and in-
complete. From time to time examples in various groups were
collected. These were sent to the Bureau of Entomology of the
United States Department of Agriculture, to the specialists of
which we are indebted for their identification. For assistance in
identifying the species in the various orders we are indebted to
several specialists. Professor W. S. Blatchley has helped us with
the Orthoptera, Dr. 0. A. Johannsen with the Diptera, and Mr.
E. P. Van Duzee with the Hemiptera and other groups;
An exception to this general statement may be made in the case
of the Odonata, which were collected and reported upon by Dr.
Charles B. Wilson, who spent a part of two summers at the lake
and secured such species as were to be found during that time.
ORDER APTERA
THE SPRING-TAILS
Snowfleas, probably Achorutes nivicola, were exceedingly
abundant about the edges of the pools and ponds, especially about
the woodland pond near Farrar's. They were very active,
leaping from the moist leaves about the pond into the water or
rather upon its surface. In places they would turn the snow black.
On the occasion of a heavy snowfall late in winter an old inhabi-
tant remarked: ''This snow will remain until the bugs eat it
up." He said that this was common belief and that in parts of
Pennsylvania some of the late heavy snows disappeared, not by
melting, but by being consumed by snowfleas! A curious super-
stition.
The snowfleas as they grow, often shed their skins on the sur-
face of the water, the skin remaining as a thin, white pellicle.
On March 17, 1901, they were abundant on the snow, and on
November 1, 1904, many were seen at the edge of the lake.
D H. HILL LIBRARY **
North Carolina State College!
<7> U,
8 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
ORDER EPHEMERIDA
THE MAY-FLIES
The May-flies are probably the most important insects in rela-
tion to the fishes of the lake. Their eggs are laid in the water,
the larvse are aquatic, and both are fed upon by fishes. The May-
flies themselves, at the close of their brief lives, fall upon the sur-
face of the lake by the millions and furnish a vast amount of food
to many species of fishes.
Early in April the May-fly larvae begin to be conspicuous about
the margins of the lake and in the ponds and quiet streams. They
were first noted in numbers on April 4 (1901), and throughout
the winter they were found more or less frequently in the bottom
dredgings. About the fourth of April, they began to crowd up
near the shore in great numbers with a peculiar wriggling motion.
On April 5 they were found in immense numbers in a ditch and
some small ponds near the Assembly grounds. On April 6, millions
were seen in this ditch and they were very plentiful in many other
places. They continued very abundant until about the fifteenth
when they began to decrease in numbers, but the larvae were noted
on the 19th, 20th, and 22nd. The first May-fly imago was noted
on May 2. The next day many were seen in the woods indulging
in an aerial dance. On the fourth, many were seen in the town
of Culver, dancing in the air. From that date they kept increas-
ing in numbers, while at the same time their larvae casts were more
and more abundant in the water along the shore. By May 17, the
woods were filled with insects on the wing, many of them May-flies,
and the larvae were abundant in windrows at the water's edge.
From May 18 to 21, they were noted by the millions. On May 19
and 20 great numbers of casts and dead adults were observed in
the water and along the shore, and dead or dying adults were
very abundant in the grass and weeds around the lake. On May
22, they began copulating and laying their eggs in the water, at the
same time being caught in great numbers by the various kinds of
fishes. The straw-colored minnows snapped them up greedily.
We caught a number of the May-flies and threw them on the water
where they were promptly seized by the fishes. They continued in
considerable numbers until May 25, when a good many were seen,
but none flying, and all rather numb. Not many were seen on
the 26th. A few were noted in the afternoon of the 27th and 28th,
and on the 29th a few stragglers were seen. On the 28th one was
observed emerging and several noted that had just emerged. In
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 9
the evening a great many were seen flying about and on the grass.
They leave their cast-off skins on the grass a few steps back from
the lake shore. None could be seen on June 4, but on June 22 one
was seen, the last of the season.
All the above applies to a long, blackish, rather robust species
with three long caudal setae.
On June 7, were seen a few of a second species, more slender
than the other and with only two caudal setse.
It is a common belief; about the lake that many fishes die as a
result of gorging themselves with May-flies, but this opinion was
not sustained by the examination which was made of the stomachs
of a considerable number of fishes found dead during May-fly
time.
In addition to the larger May-flies of early summer, a diminu-
tive form of a light brown color, but semitransparent, was present
in immense numbers in autumn, emerging one night, and laying
their eggs on the surface of the water during the next day and
evening. These were present in such numbers that they formed
regular drifts about the base of a large bullseye lamp set on the
pier, the insects flying toward the pier light and becoming tangled
up together by their long and delicate caudal stylets. Although
probably as abundant numerically as the large May-flies of spring,
these minute forms did not attract the attention that the former
did, because of their pigmy size and inconspicuous coloration. The
lisping of the minnows and other little fishes such as skipjacks,
along shore on fine autumnal evenings, was caused by their snap-
ping at these little insects as they deposited their eggs on the water
surface.
A remarkable feature about the May-flies is their habit of
moulting after the wings have formed, and after they have flown a
little distance from the ]ake. It is astonishing how such a thin
transparent membrane as their wings can be shed. The dark,
heavy species alights on the grass to make this last change but a
light transparent species of late summer is often not able to shed
the skin from its caudal stylets, but bears the entire cast-off clothes
on these, and is thus greatly impeded in its flight.
The larvaB of some of the large dark May-flies feed on the
softer portions of old, dead leaves, in the bottom of the water, and
some of them will, in a very short time, completely skeletonize a
leaf, leaving only the delicate lace-work of the veins.
10 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
ORDER ODONATA
THE DRAGON-FLIES
By Charles B. Wilson
Introduction
Like the May-flies, the Dragon-flies are all aquatic and consti-
tute the most important group of insects to be found about the
lake. They are also the most attractive and graceful, in spite of
the obnoxious name of "snake-feeders," which has been bestowed
upon them in the common local vernacular. They have not, of
course, the remotest connection with snakes, nor are they poisonous
or harmful in any way, as is popularly supposed. They are strictly
carnivorous and often cannibalistic in all stages of development,
the larger imagos and nymphs habitually eating the smaller ones.
But they feed chiefly upon other animals such as flies, insect
larvae, small crustaceans, worms, leeches, fish-fry and tadpoles.
They seem to relish especially house-flies and culicids, and thus
become of great economic importance through the destruction of
these pests. That the curse of house-flies and mosquitoes is kept so
delightfully within bounds at Lake Maxinkuckee is very largely
due to the untiring ministrations of the dragon-flies.
Their eggs are either laid in the water or inserted into the
tissues of some water plant or floating fragment.
As soon as the egg is hatched the nymph begins devouring other
animals. Of course, it has to be content at first with very small
ones, but as it increases in size and strength it becomes able to kill
larger and larger ones until finally it includes small fish and tad-
poles among its prey.
The full-grown nymph of one of the larger dragon-flies is fully
two inches in length with a stout muscular body and strong legs.
As soon as it is fully matured the nyi -ph crawls up out of the
water on a rush stem, the leaf of a water plant, a stake, a board,
or other convenient support, usually during the night or very early
in the morning. As soon as it becomes dry the skin splits along
the back, and the fully developed dragon-fly emerges. These old
nymph skins may be found about the lake during the entire sum-
mer, and often in the early morning the newly emerged imago may
be seen perched on the skin or close by. Thirty skins were taken
one morning from the inside of a boathouse on the west side of the
lake.
That the dragon-flies enumerated in the following list play a
very important part in the economy of the fish life of the lake may
be seen from several considerations.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 11
1. They destroy multitudes of insect adults and larvae that
would otherwise serve as fish food ; they are voracious feeders and
they keep at it all their lives.
2. The nymphs of the larger dragon-flies are strong and agile
enough to catch and eat the helpless fry of many of the larger
fishes. They greatly prefer insect larvae but will kill the fish
rather than go hungry.
3. On the other hand, many of the insects destroyed are ob-
noxious to man. This is especially true of the mosquitoes, gnats,
etc., which form the dragon-flies' favorite food.
4. The dragon-flies themselves, both adults and larvae, are
eaten by the fish. The young nymphs when first hatched are
nearly as good fish-food as insect larvae, and are easily overpowered
by the small .fish which frequent the shallow water where they live.
As the nymphs grow larger they become too wary and too power-
ful for these small fishes. At the same time they keep coming
closer and closer to the shore so that the larger fish do not get a
chance to capture them. This explains why so few nymphs were
found in the fishes' food during July and August. During the
winter and in the early spring, when other food is scarce, these
dragon-fly larvae must share with the minnows in supplying food
for the larger fish.
That the adult dragon-flies are eaten by the larger fish is a
matter of both direct observation and inference. Repeatedly in
the effort to capture some of the more wary dragon-flies a speci-
men would be knocked helpless into the water by a blow from the
net. Often on these occasions before it could be picked up there
would come a swirl in the water and it would disappear down some
fish's throat. It was difficult, of course, to identify the fish with
certainty, but Libellula pulchella and L. luctuosa were eaten this
way on several occasions by Large-mouthed Black Bass, while Celi-
themis eponina was taken by the Redeye. Several of the smaller
damsel-flies were taken by smaller fish. Reliable anglers also testify
that they have seen fish following a pair of dragon-flies, like Celi-
themis eponina, which fly about close to the surface over the deep
water, the female repeatedly dipping her abdomen beneath the
water to deposit her eggs, and that the fish often jump for the
dragon-flies.
Again, dragon-flies are constantly getting into the water, par-
ticularly during a high wind and after they have finished deposit-
ing their eggs. A careful watch was kept for such individuals
every day, but in only one instance during the entire summer was
a dragon-fly observed floating on the water. Even this one was.
12 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
swallowed by a fish before it could be picked up ; the inference,
of course, is that the others were similarly disposed of.
5. Dragon-fly nymphs in all probability prey on leeches
amongst their other food, and leeches are the most fatal parasites
that infest the lake, killing numbers of fish annually. Anything
that tends to reduce the number of leeches, therefore, will have
great economic value because they have very few enemies so far
as known.
This relation between dragon-fly nymphs and leeches is worthy
of careful study in the future. The author greatly regrets that the
lateness of the season prevented the acquiring of any positive data
on this point.
Specimens of every dragon-fly mentioned in the following list
were collected and personally identified by the author. . The species
are arranged according to the admirable list of "The Dragon-flies
of Indiana" by E. B. Williamson, as published in the Report of the
State Geologist of Indiana for 1900.
Many additional facts have been taken from this list and the
author also wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. William-
son for valuable criticism and advice given in private correspond-
ence, and for the last four species here reported, which were col-
lected by Mr. Williamson at Lake Maxinkuckee in May, 1900. The
author could not begin his collecting until the middle of July, and
it is practically certain that the months of May and June would
add ten or a dozen more species to the list.
LIST OF SPECIES
1. BOYERIA VINOSA (Say)
A rare species, shy and wary, and a strong flier. It was not
positively identified around any of the lakes visited, but was
thought to have been seen flying over Lost Lake on several occa-
sions. Three pairs were seen along the Tippecanoe River on Sep-
tember 4, the females depositing their eggs in the edge of the weeds
along the banks. One of these pairs was captured.
2. AESCHNA CONSTRICTA Say
A species seen only occasionally during the summer, but becom-
ing more common during the autumn, and finally in the middle of
September congregating in considerable numbers around Hawk's
marsh, which is situated about a quarter of a mile inland from the
west shore of the lake. This species, as noted by Williamson, pre-
fers the shelter of the bushes and rushes, and returns constantly
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 13
to alight on the twigs and branches after roaming about in search
of food. It is very active, a strong flier, and often mounts to a con-
siderable height in pursuit of its prey.
Although the abdomen of the male is seen to be highly colored
with blue on close examination, both sexes appear dull brown when
flying about.
3. PERITHEMIS DOMITIA (Drury)
One of the smallest species, frequenting the lily-pads and pick-
erel-weed, flying close to the water, and habitually keeping below
the larger and stronger species as noted by Needham.
The males congregate on the lily-pads some little distance from
the shore and are difficult to catch because they are very wary.
They can dodge a net with facility, and especially because they
fly so close to the water that it is very hard to manipulate the net.
The females are found closer to the shore and are not nearly so
numerous as the males. Their flight here in Indiana is anything
but "rather weak and a bit clumsy" as Needham records for New
York State. The author spent two hours one afternoon in early
September along the edge of the pickerel-weed at Twin Lakes en-
deavoring to catch some of these females which could be seen occa-
sionally flying about, and finally had to come away without secur-
ing a single specimen. The females seen were always unattended
by a male and deposited their eggs close to the shore amongst the
Chara and Spirogyra. One specimen that had been swept into the
water by the net was seized and eaten by a fish, apparently a War-
mouth Bass.
The adults of both sexes were obtained at Lake Maxinkuckee,
Lost Lake, Bass Lake and Twin Lakes. They were especially com-
mon at Lost Lake around the Outlet where several nymphs were
also obtained August 15, just ready to come forth as imagos.
4. CELITHEMIS EPONINA (Drury)
One of the skimmers and the largest of the genus in the State,
both sexes rust-colored throughout, with large brown spots on the
wings, the male more brightly colored than the female.
This species and Libellula luctuosa were the two most common
dragon-flies at all the lakes visited. They appeared before our
arrival and were still roaming about at the middle of September.
The female of this species is nearly always held by the male when
depositing her eggs, and the two are seen flying about together
more frequently than any other species. Since the eggs are de-
posited in the clean water, often a long distance from any vegeta-
14 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
tion, the species is more conspicuous than most others. Then, too,
both sexes, but especially the male, are inquisitive, and perch on
the very tops of the rushes to watch the intruder. If disturbed
they return again and again to the same spot. This species is also
less dependent on the weather than most others and may be seen
flying about on cloudy days, during a high wind, or even in a driz-
zling rain.
The nymphs of this species are broad and flattened, with the
lateral margins of the last two segments conspicuously serrate.
They prefer a stump, a board, or the post of a wharf for their
final transformation and the dried nymph skins may be found in
such localities and often on the inside of boathouses.
Adults of both sexes were taken at Lake Maxinkuckee, Lost
Lake, Bass Lake, Twin Lakes, Yellow River and Hawk's marsh.
A pair of this species which had been brushed into the water
was immediately seized and swallowed by a large bass, probably
Micropterus sahnoides.
5. CELITHEMIS ELISA (Hagen)
Not as common as the preceding species and considerably
smaller. In the coloration the red is more prominent, particularly
toward the tip of the wings. The sexes do not fly about together
as does C. eponina; the female keeps well out of sight among the
rushes and dense vegetation back from the water's edge.
The male, however, perches on the tips of the rushes and is
nearly as inquisitive and conspicuous as the preceding species.
The nymphs are similar to C. eponina but smaller, and they
prefer a rush stem for their final transformation, and the dried
nymph skins are found in such places.
Adults were obtained at Lake Maxinkuckee, Lost Lake, and
Bass Lake ; the nymphs were obtained from Lost Lake.
6. CELITHEMIS FASCIATA Kirby
A rare species only seen once during the entire summer. . It
can be distinguished at once from the two other species of the genus
by its color, the general tone and the spots on the wings being black
rather than reddish brown. It is about the size of elisa and re-
sembles it in its habits, the female remaining hidden among the
vegetation along shore, while the male roams about in the rushes
over the water.
About a dozen specimens were obtained at Twin Lakes on
August 31, and they were the only ones seen.
Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 15
7. LEUCORHINIA INTACTA (Hagcn)
This is the species commonly known as "whiteface," the desig-
nation expressing the chief peculiarity, a white face sometimes
tinged with yellow but always contrasting strongly with the sur-
rounding dark color. It frequents the marshy flats around the
lake, flying close to the water among the stems of the water plants,
so that it requires some search to find one and more maneuvering to
capture it. The eggs are laid close to the shore and the only fe-
male seen ovipositing was perched on a rush stem with the poste-
rior half of its abdomen beneath the water. The nymphs are
large with an ovate abdomen, the dorsal hooks of which are as long
as the segments which bear them. Found in Lake Maxinkiickee
and Lost Lake.
8. SYMPETRUM VICINUM (Hagen)
This is an autumnal species, not appearing until late in the sum-
mer, and is one of the smallest found. It resembles the following
species closely in size and body color, and the two can be distin-
guished only by the shape and size of the hamulse and abdominal
appendages of the male, and by the structure of the vulvar lamina
in the female. It flies about as much over the shore as it does
over the water, and like the following species has a habit of hover-
ing in the air, holding itself stationary by the rapid vibration of
its wings.
It was found in considerable numbers in Hawk's marsh and
along the Tippecanoe River, and was the last species to be seen
after frost came.
9. SYMPETRUM CORRUPTUM (Hagen)
Very similar to the preceding in coloration, especially after the
original markings have disappeared and the body has become a
dark red. It is considerably larger than vicinum, is a more rapid
flier, and rather more wary; and for these reasons very difficult
to capture.
Only a few specimens obtained from Yellow River late in
August.
10. ERYTHEMIS SIMPLICICOLLIS (Say)
This species has a wide distribution and is especially common
around the swamps and marshes and along shore. Hawk's marsh,
the southern inlet, and Green's marsh between Lost Lake and Lake
Maxinkuckee, swarmed with these dragon-flies during the entire
summer. They usually remain in the shelter of the dense herbage,
and often squat on the ground like Gomphus.
When they alight it is nearly always near the ground or the
16 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
water. They may often be taken pairing in such places, and pre-
fer to lay their eggs in the shallow water along shore, amongst the
yellow algae, where the water is scarcely deep enough to cover them.
They feed largely on Diptera.
Found at Lost Lake, Lake Maxinkuckee, Twin Lakes, Yellow
River, and Tippecanoe River.
11. PACHYDIPLAX LONGIPENNIS (Burmeister)
A very cosmopolitan species found over the whole United
States, Mexico, and the Bahama Islands. Both sexes are swift
fliers, and as the males, which are most in evidence, hover near the
surface of the water and in among the vegetation they are difficult
to catch. The females remain at some distance from the water
when not ovipositing, and so are less difficult to capture. When
ovipositing both sexes fly in and out among the cow-iilies and
arrowheads where it is hard to strike with a net, and when they
do alight it is usually on the sides of the lily stems close to the
water. This species has the curious habit of drooping its wings
and elevating its abdomen when resting, so that the insect ap-
pears to be trying to stand on its head. As Williamson remarks,
this simply furnishes the large Libellulas an excellent mark to nip
at, and the author has repeatedly seen L. luctuosa and L. pulchella
snap at the tip of the elevated abdomen and drive the Pachydiplax
away, but has never seen one of the latter killed.
This species was found during the entire summer in every lo-
cality visited.
12. LIBELLULA LUCTUOSA Burmeister
This was the most abundant of all the dragon-flies, and was
found on all the lakes visited. It seems to prefer the higher and
drier ground and was not usually found near low and swampy places.
It is a strong flier and often pauses and holds itself stationary by
rapid vibration of its wings.
It is also inquisitive, searching into everything, and often re-
turning to the same place when missed by the net. When fishing,
the author has repeatedly seen them snap at the cork float on the
fishing line, both while it was in the air during the casting and
while it was floating on the surface of the water.
When alighting they often prefer the side of a rush stem, or
even the bare ground. The eggs are deposited in the shallow
water near the shore, the female hovering over the spot and re-
peatedly dipping her abdomen beneath the surface in almost the
same place. The black markings of the wings make this species
very conspicuous, especially in the male where they are contrasted
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 17
with white. A male of this species was the only dragon-fly found
during the entire summer floating in the water. On two occasions
when knocked into the water by the net, imagos were seen to be
eaten by Redeyes.
Found on the northern and western shores of Lake Maxin-
kuckee, at Lost Lake, Twin Lakes, and Bass Lake.
13. LIBELLULA INCESTA Hagen
An extremely wary species, the males frequenting the tall reeds
and rushes along shore. They are constantly on the watch and
will not allow the collector to approach near enough to strike them
with the net. They are also easily frightened and at once retire
out of sight and remain hidden. No female was found during the
entire season, and they must have been concealed in the grass
away from the water's edge.
This species was only rarely seen around Lake Maxinkuckee
and Lost Lake, but was fairly common along the Outlet between
the two lakes.
14. LIBELLULA CYANEA Fabricius
Like the preceding, only the males of this species were found,
and they frequented the tall reeds and rushes along the Outlet in
company with incesta. They were not quite so wary and they also
stay closer to the ground, alighting on the sides of the rushes or
on broken stems. The bi-colored pterostigma and the tinges of
color adjacent to it, and also at the base of both pairs of wings,
can be distinguished at some distance and at once separate this
species from any with which it would be likely to become con-
fused. The females kept themselves so closely hidden that not
one was seen during the season.
Found rarely in Lake Maxinkuckee and commonly along the
Outlet in company with incesta.
15. LIBELLULA QUADRIMACULATA Linnams
This beautiful species was the most widely distributed and,
next to L. luctuosa, the most abundant of the large dragon-flies.
It is especially a pond-loving species, but was found also along
the banks of the two rivers visited, along the banks of several of
the cross-country ditches, around pools in the country barnyards,
and even occasionally skimming the fields at some distance from
the water. It is a strong flier and fairly wary. It also alights but
seldom and keeps excellent watch. But it is also quite curious, and
once or twice when the net was held out quietly it flew up near
enough to be caught.
2— 17618— Vol. 2
18 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
A bass, presumably Micropterus salmoides, was seen to rise and
seize an imago of this species which had been knocked into the
Yellow River with a sweep of the net. Another imago was seized
and swallowed under similar conditions in Lake Maxinkuckee by a
fish which could not be distinctly seen.
To these direct observations may be added the fact that, in
spite of their abundance, not a single example was found floating
on the water during the summer. The eggs are deposited near the
shore, by repeated dips of the abdomen beneath the surface at
nearly the same spot, similar to the practice of L. luctuosa.
The sexes are occasionally seen paired, but the female is usually
alone during egg deposition.
Found at all the localities visited but especially abundant along
the west shore of Lake Maxinkuckee.
17. PLATHEMIS LYDIA (Drury)
A large and beautiful species, as strong a flier as the preceding,
and considerably more wary. The old pruinose males are very
conspicuous, their white bodies showing at a very long distance
against the dark background. They also proved to be the most
difficult to capture of any species, and only after repeated trials
and numerous disappointments could one be gotten into the net.
This species seems to prefer the creeks and inlets rather than the
open water of the ponds. The sexes do not pair during ovipositing,
and the female has a curious habit of placing her eggs in the water
on the top of an old lily-pad whose center has become submerged.
The male is a tireless forager and flies back and forth over the
same beat until the supply is apparently exhausted.
Found in the Outlet between Lake Maxinkuckee and Lost Lake,
at the South Inlet, and along several streams emptying into the
Yellow River.
18. CALOPTERYX MACULATA (Beauvois)
This beautiful black damsel-fly does not come out in the open
but sticks to the banks of the small streams where the thick vege-
tation throws always a cool shade. They fly slowly and not very
strongly with a sort of fluttering motion.
Their black wings, unmarked save by the white pterostigma in
the female, and the bright metallic sheen on the abdomen, make
them conspicuous amid the foliage. They congregate in consider-
able numbers, and where conditions are favorable the banks of
the stream will be fairly lined with them.
Their eggs are deposited amid the weeds and loose debris near
the bank, the sexes pairing during oviposition.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 19
A single male was captured on the Outlet between Lake Maxin-
kuckee and Lost Lake. They were found in great numbers on
the Yellow River, Tippecanoe River and in some of the cross-coun-
try ditches to the west of Culver.
19. HETAERINA AMERICANA (Fabricius)
A species that is common around rocky ripples in the streams
and rivers where the water is shallow and the banks are grown
up with the water willow, Dianthera. It stays close to the water's
edge on the leaves of the willow and does not fly far even when dis-
turbed. When flying, the bright red spots at the base of the wings
of the male make it conspicuous but on alighting these spots are
concealed by the folding of the wings. The eggs are deposited
on the willow leaves at the water's edge, and the sexes are paired
during the process. A blind sweep of the net along the willows at
such times will often capture ten or a dozen pairs.
Very common along the Outlet, at Yellow and Tippecanoe
rivers, and in the cross-country ditches to the west of Culver.
20. HETAERINA TRICOLOR (Burmeister)
This species frequents the same localities as the preceding, and
is very similar to it, the chief difference being in the posterior
wings of the male, which are brown instead of red.
It is not therefore as conspicuous when flying as the preceding,
but when at rest the only appreciable difference is one of size,
tricolor being a little the larger. Its eggs, like those of the pre-
ceding species, are deposited in the weeds at the water's edge, the
sexes pairing during oviposition.
Found at Tippecanoe and Yellow rivers, and in a cross-country
ditch close to the Tippecanoe.
21. LESTES UNGUICULATUS Hagen
This species is somewhat smaller and not so dark colored as the
two which follow. The dorsal surface of the abdomen is an iri-
descent, metallic green, turning to pruinose in mature specimens.
The white color at either end of the pterostigma furnishes a good
mark for identification.
It flies swiftly and hides in the dense vegetation around the
marshes and along the shore, coming out only to lay its eggs.
Found in considerable numbers at Hawk's marsh late in Au-
gust and rarely along the Outlet between Lake Maxinkuckee and
Lost Lake.
20 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
22. LESTES FORCIPATUS Rambur
Nearly as large as vigilax, the males with slender and nearly
black abdomens, the pterostigma entirely black in both sexes.
This is also a swift flier and a frequenter of the marshes and
sedges, but it does not seem to remain concealed as persistently as
unguiculatus. Williamson says it is the first of its genus to ap-
pear in spring, and it was found late in August at Hawk's marsh,
where it was taken in connection with the preceding species. It
was not found elsewhere.
23. LESTES VIGILAX Hagen
Notably larger than the preceding species and more brightly
colored, its colors, however, harmonize so well with its environ-
ment as to effectually conceal it. It is a slender and graceful spe-
cies, preferring the rushes and weeds around the lake rather than
along the streams, Its eggs are deposited amid the rush stems
and the sedges, the sexes pairing during oviposition. The male
retains such a firm hold of the female at this time that the two may
not only be taken together but they may be killed and placed in the
preservative still fastened together.
Found in special abundance in Lost Lake around the Outlet and
at the South Inlet of Lake Maxinkuckee and rarely along the west-
ern shore of the latter lake.
24. ARGIA MOESTA PUTRIDA (Hagen)
A large and dull-colored species which frequents the open shore
where there is plenty of sunshine. They do not alight so much
as the other species on the weeds and grasses but upon boards,
sticks, stones, etc. They are not as lively as the other species and
allow a close approach and easy capture.
In every instance observed the eggs were being deposited in
the yellow, filth-laden alg?e close to the shore. The male also, in
these particular instances, held his body suspended above the fe-
male at an angle of about 45° by the rapid vibration of his wings.
He was not seen to be drawn under the female, but the observa-
tions were very limited.
Found only at Aubeenaubee Bay in Lake Maxinkuckee and amid
the pickerel-weed on Lost Lake.
25. ARGIA VIOLACEA (Hagen)
A common species which remains all summer and may be found
along the shores of the lake anywhere. It prefers the dense vege-
tation close to the shore, and is also found along the banks of the
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 21
cross-country ditches. The sexes are usually found paired and the
eggs are deposited in the tissues of decaying weeds and stems float-
ing at the surface. During oviposition the male holds his body
suspended in the air after the manner just described for putrida.
The eggs are large and dark-colored and can be easily found in
the decaying tissues. The violet color of the male shows up plainly
among the blue and red, the orange and the brown of the species
with which it associates, and is a distinguishing character.
Found in all the localities visited.
26. ARGIA SEDULA (Hagen)
This species is found with the preceding in the rank vegetation
along streams and ditches. The males of the two species can be
told at once by their color, violet in viola cea and a deep blue in
sedula. The females can then be told by their association with
the males. The eggs are deposited similarly to those of violacea
in the tissues of decaying matter floating at the surface. This
species is not nearly so common as the preceding and was found in
only two localities, along the Outlet between Lake Maxinkuckee
and Lost Lake and at the South Inlet.
27. ARGIA APICALIS (Say)
This species is similar to putrida but is brighter colored and is
not found in similar localities, preferring the streams and rivers
to the open lake shore. Here it lives amid the rank vegetation,
venturing out only after food or for the purpose of depositing its
eggs. These latter, furthermore, are never deposited in the dirty
algse near the shore but in the clearer water some distance out.
About 20 specimens of this species, including both sexes, were
taken on the Tippecanoe River in September.
28. CHROMAGRION CONDITUM (Hagen)
This species was found in considerable numbers at Hawk's
marsh in company with two species of Lestes. They seemed to
prefer this cool, shaded swamp, and were not seen in the open or
anywhere along the lake shores. They were mating and the fe-
males were depositing their eggs in the few pools near the center
of the water where any water was visible. Of necessity the eggs
were laid in the weeds and lily-pads with which the pools were
nearly choked. Several specimens of both sexes were secured.
29. NEHALENNIA IRENE Hagen
A very small but handsome species found in the damp vegeta-
tion along some stream or ditch. In addition to its small size it is
22 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
bright green in color, and easily overlooked in the green foliage.
The sexes are usually paired and the female deposits her eggs on
the stems of rushes lying in the water. The eggs are pale in color
and fastened on the surface rather than inserted in the substance
of the rush.
Found along the outlet below Lost Lake.
30. NEHALENNIA POSITA (Hagen)
Another tiny species, even smaller than the preceding, living
amongst the cow-lily stems and pads out in the open lake. The
male is usually bronze-black in color, ornamented with bright yel-
low and is much easier to distinguish than Irene. The eggs are
laid similarly on floating vegetation.
Found among the cow-lilies in Lost Lake, and in the South
Inlet of Lake Maxinkuckee, where it is fairly common.
31. ENALLAGMA HAGENI (Walsh)
A brightly marked blue species found in great numbers on the
rushes in shallow water along the shores of Lake Maxinkuckee
and Lost Lake. It was more abundant in July than in August, and
had nearly disappeared by the last of the latter month. The sexes
are nearly always paired and the female seems to prefer depositing
her eggs on a broken or floating rush stem. The eggs are dark in
color and are fastened on the surface of the floating material in
great black patches. The males of this species like those of Argia
have the habit of holding themselves in the air by a rapid beating
of the wings while the female is ovipositing. As many as 50 or
60 couples may often be seen on the same rush stem, literally cov-
ering all the available space. They are quite tame, allowing the
boat to pass so close that one could touch them by extending the
arm.
32. ENALLAGMA CARUNCULATUM Morse
Another bright blue species, a little larger than the preced-
ing and not nearly as common. The two were found associated
on the rushes in Lake Maxinkuckee and cannot be distinguished
with certainty except by an examination of the abdominal ap-
pendages in the male. Their habits of pairing and oviposition are
similar, but the eggs found were not as dark in color as those of
hageni. This species probably occurs on the other lakes but did
not happen to be found on the days when those lakes were visited.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 23
33. ENALLAGMA DIVAGANS Selys
A much darker species appearing almost black when flying- and
found in company with, the two preceding on the rushes in the
open lake. The habits of oviposition are similar but only a few
couples were found and the species appears to be rare.
34. ENALLAGMA EXSULANS (Hagen)
Another of the darker species, the black showing mostly when
flying. It is, next to hageni, the most abundant species among
the rushes, and was also found in the open herbage along the banks
of the Yellow River.
35. ENALLAGMA SIGNATUM (Hagen)
An orange and black species easily recognized by its colors.
The abdomen is noticeably slender, the black markings showing
more prominently in the male while flying, and the orange mark-
ings of the female. When at rest both sexes show the orange
markings plainly enough to distinguish them from the associated
species of the genus. Then, too, they are not common among the
rushes, but prefer the lily-pads at some distance from the shore.
Found in the outlet of Lost Lake and in the South Inlet of Lake
Maxinkuckee.
36. ISCHNURA VERTICALIS (Say)
This is one of the species in which "at the time of imagination
two distinct color types of females appear." In one of these the
black, bluish, or grayish colors predominate, while the other is
brilliantly streaked with orange. Both of these types were found
with the green and black males upon the lily-pads in the outlet of
Lost Lake early in August. Their flight was markedly weak and
there was no trouble in capturing them. They alight, however,
only on the tops of the lily-pads and so the net must be carried
down into the water in order to capture them.
37. ISCHNURA KELLICOTTI Williamson
This species also has both the black and the orange females,
the former seemingly the more abundant. It was not found any-
where around the lake with the exception of a single male taken at
the South Inlet. But it was common at Hawk's marsh and many
specimens of both sexes and of both types of females were secured
there. The bright blue on the upper surface of the pterostigma of
the anterior wings of the male serves to distinguish this species
from the preceding. This is a species first discovered by William-
son and therefore of peculiar interest in the state.
24 Lake Maxinkuckee , Physical and Biological Survey
38. ANOMALAGRION HASTATUM (Say)
This is another genus with two types of female, the orange and
the black. It is found flying about in the shelter of the pickerel-
weed along the shores of Lost Lake and at the South Inlet of Lake
Maxinkuckee, and also at Hawk's marsh. It sticks closely to the
weeds and does not usually venture very far from them even to
get its food. Both sexes alight on the side of a weed stem when
ovipositing and the female then backs down into the water. The
species was fairly common at the places mentioned.
Mr. E. B. Williamson of Bluffton, Indiana, reports the following
species not found by the present writer at Lake Maxinkuckee :
39. Anax Junius, May 24, 1900, two males and one female.
40. Tetragonewia cynosura, May 21 and 25, 1900, two males.
41. Tramea lacerata, May 21 and 25, 1900, two males.
42. Enallagma calverti, May 27, 1900, two males and one
female.
A few of our field notes for May and June, 1901, may be given
here. May 1, first dragon-fly seen; 5th, several dragon-flies; 14th
small dragon-fly; 15th, many small dragon-flies (Agrionids) ten-
erals arise out of grass in damp ponds ; 16th, dragon -flies of various
sorts, mostly slender, as yesterday, some robust forms; all look
pale ; 18th, some large dragon-flies seen ; 20th, dragon-flies come
out of the water, emerging in great numbers ; 22d, some dragon-
flies came out; 23d, a good many dragon-flies seen, both large ones
and slender steel-blue ones; some of the latter copulating; 29th,
one large and one small dragon-fly seen ; 30th, several dragon-flies
seen.
June 3, many slender steel-blue dragon-flies copulating on
rushes ; 6th, great numbers of small dragon-flies in grass near
lake ; 8th, many dragon-flies, a small slender species coming out of
cases at noon ; 12th, dragon-flies, small ones quite abundant. Saw
two large teneral dragon-flies in morning and several larvse in
afternoon ; 17th, multitudes of small blue-green dragon-flies near
Outlet Bay in evening; 20th, dragon-flies laying; 21st, good many
small dragon-flies; 22d, dragon-flies plentiful.
In 1904, a rather slender red-bodied dragon-fly was noted ovi-
positing, and another was seen October 18. They seemed at this
time to be the most abundant species. They were noted copulating
and flying about October 26 and 27 and so on until November first.
Two years after the completion of the above list, another visit
was made to the lake earlier in the season and a number of addi-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 25
tional species were observed. These are probably as common as
many of the original list, but they escaped notice during the first
season, or they may have appeared and disappeared previous to
the beginning of observations.
43. GOMPHUS EXILIS Selys
Common on the banks of the Outlet June 28, 1909, where it
alighted on the grass and on the lily-pads and spatter-docks over
the water. Of nine captured, eight were males, all of which were
feeding on teneral damselflies.
44. GOMPHUS LIVIDUS Selys
Captured at the Gravelpit on the west shore of the lake July 1,
in the grass along shore and back some distance from the water.
Unlike most species of this genus, it alights on trees and bushes
as well as on the ground.
45. GOMPHUS FURCIFER Hagen
A single female was captured at the Gravelpit in company
with the preceding species July 3. She was holding a teneral Tet-
ragoneuria, which was about half eaten.
46. GOMPHOIDES OBSCURA (Rambur)
Common along the sandy beaches on the western side of the
lake June 30. A pair that were mating and several single males
and females were secured. This species has the habit of perching
on the reeds out in the water after the manner of Celithemis, but
it chooses short and stiff reeds rather than tall ones that sway in
the wind. It flies only a short distance from its perch and returns
to the same spot repeatedly. In 1909 these dragonflies were still
common on July 15, but none was seen in other years.
47. ANAX JUNIUS (Drury)
Common around Lost Lake and along- the Otulet on June 26,
but not any seen on Lake Maxinkuckee. Afterward, on July 14,
a single male was secured at Norris Inlet.
48. EPICORDULIA PRINCEPS (Hagen)
Common in Lake Maxinkuckee and Lost Lake June 27, where
they were patrolling the shore after the usual manner of this
species. A single one was seen at Norris Inlet July 14. These are
the only records for the species.
26 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
49. TETRAGONEURIA CYNOSURA (Say)
Common at Lost Lake where it flies about over the water con-
tinually for long periods without alighting. Eight specimens were
secured at the Gravelpit on Lake Maxinkuckee July 3, but the
species disappeared very quickly after that date.
50. LADONA EXUSTA (Say)
A few were seen on the east bank of the Outlet along the edge
of the woods July 4, in company with Libellula incesta and L.
cyanea. Several pruinose males were captured, and the species
was afterward seen along the west shore of Lake Maxinkuckee.
51. LIBELLULA PULCHELLA Drury
Common along the west shore of Lake Maxinkuckee in 1909.
A large and powerful dragonfly which captures and eats many
moths and small butterflies as well as other insects. It is more
watchful and wary than many of the other species, but while eat-
ing, can be approached easily.
52. TRAMEA LACERATA Hagen
A single male captured as it was flying along the shore of
Lake Maxinkuckee. The black bases of the hind wings are very
conspicuous when the insect is on the wing and make it easy to
identify. Many were seen along the west shore, particularly at
the Gravelpit, and it was also noted at Norris Inlet on July 14.
53. SYMPETRUM RUBICUNDULUM (Say)
Several specimens were captured in Hawk's marsh in 1908, and
a single male on the banks of the Outlet in 1909.
54. LESTES CONGENER Hagen
A single pair taken together in Hawk's marsh August 24, 1908.
55. ENALLAGMA GEMINATUM Kellicott
A single pair taken together in Lost Lake August 22, 1908.
56. ENALLAGMA POLLUTUM (Hagen)
Two pairs taken together in Lost Lake on the lily-pads Au-
gust 22, 1908, and a single male on the lily-pads at Norris Inlet
August 25.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 27
ORDER ORTHOPTERA
Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids, etc.
Even if they had nothing to do with the lake and its life, a dis-
cussion of the insects of the region, or, indeed, of the insects of
any region, without mention of the Orthoptera would be, to use
a singularly unhappy but hackneyed simile, like the play of Ham-
let with Hamlet left out; for there is no other group of insects
more prominent, perhaps one could even say so prominent, in the
consciousness of men. What the gaudy butterflies are to the eye,
the Orthoptera are to the ear. Indeed, grouping the various in-
sects according to the sensations caused by the most familiar mem-
bers we might say that we know the Hemiptera by the sense of
smell,* the Diptera by the sense of touch, the Lepidoptera by the
sense of sight, the Hymenoptera through their works and indirectly
by the sense of taste, and the Orthoptera by the sense of hearing.
This group it is that adds to the thought of insect life nearly
all of its lyrical element ; and it is probably on account of this that
the one notable exception is popularly known as the "locust", just
as country boys think of the chimney swift as a "swallow" because
of its general similarity in habits. As will be seen later, how-
ever, one group of these insects is of peculiar interest and bears a
special relation to the life of the lake.
Not all the Orthoptera are choral. There are the cockroaches,
which are, very fortunately, scarce or absent in the houses about
the lake. A wild, or native species was, however, abundant and
nearly ate the bindings off of some books kept in the tent, and the
lank, silent walking-sticks, Diapheromera femorata, were not rare
in woodlands. Of greatest economic importance were the grass-
hoppers.
This group of insects is important because certain species enter
so largely into the food supply of many species of fishes. By all
odds the most popular as well as the most killing bait used by the
anglers who frequent the lake is the grasshopper. It is a choice
bait and always attractive, not only to both species of black bass,
but also to the rock-bass, bluegill and yellow perch, and not wholly
rejected by the warmouth, crappie, calico bass, wall-eyed pike,
pumpkinseed and other sunfishes.
It has been shown elsewhere in this report that the small boys
who sell grasshoppers to the anglers at this lake derive therefrom
an annual income of at least $200.
*\\ e feel mosquitoes, smell bugs, taste honev (ami if reports of Lumber camps are to be believed, some of
the men eat the large black ants for their acid taste and intoxicating effects), see butterflies, and hear
crickets, grasshoppers and katydids.
28 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Fortunately for the angler, grasshoppers of various species are
abundant in the fields, meadows and waste places about Lake Max-
inkuckee. The prairie meadows to the west of the lake have al-
ways been favorite localities for the hoppers, but in season they
are abundant everywhere. They become popular for bait and are
in demand just as soon in the summer as they have attained proper
size and are in sufficient numbers to be secured in large quantities.
This may happen as early as the first week in July ; though usually
the anglers will not be using hoppers exclusively until toward the
latter part of that month.
In 1901, a few anglers began using hoppers as early as July 5,
and with good success. On July 7, grasshoppers were heard sing-
ing in considerable numbers. August is, however, the best month.
It was observed in 1900 and 1903, which were particularly good
fishing seasons, that nearly all the good catches made in that month
were on grasshoppers. They continue to be used just as long as
they can be found, which will ordinarily be until about the last of
September or just before the first frosts have come. In 1900 they
were in use at least as late as October 1.
Several different species are used; the principal one being
Melanophis differ •entialie, a large red-legged species, abundant in
all fields, particularly among ragweeds along the edges of corn-
fields. Another species of the same genus, M. bivittatus, is equally
good, though somewhat less common. Still another is M. femur-
rubrum. Various other species are used ; indeed, almost any kind
of grasshopper appeals more or less strongly to most of our fresh-
water spiny-rayed game fishes.
In September and October when it is difficult to get grasshop-
pers, black crickets (of the genus Gryllus) make good bait, par-
ticularly for bluegills.
Katydids of various species (particularly Pterophylla camelli-
folia and N eoconocephalus robustus) are common. They were
first heard singing July 23. From then on they could be heard
every favorable night.
In 1900 we became especially interested in a particularly musi-
cal, broad-winged katydid (Pterophylla cam elk 'folia) that took up
its station in a large white oak tree near our cottage. We first
took note of it on the evening of July 23. From that date on it
was heard on every suitable quiet night until September 27 when
it missed although the night was a favorable one. The next night
it was heard again and it continued noisy nearly every night for
more than three weeks. About the 18th of October its song began to
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 29
weaken, particularly on the coolest nights, when it would give only
a few very weak calls, usually consisting of "she did" ; sometimes
of "she did, she did," slow, deliberate, and weak. On the night
of October 24 we heard a single low, weak, slowly uttered "she
did," after which it became quiet and we heard it no more.
Crickets, especially the common black field cricket (Gryllus as-
similis lactuosus), were fairly common and musical, especially in
the fall. Our notebooks have many records of their singing, the
earliest entry being May 17. From then on they were heard almost
nightly and often in the daytime, until November 22. Mole crickets
(Gryllbtalpa) are rather common about the lake. Their burrows
may be often seen in the sandy beaches. Their interesting musical
note can often be heard, especially in August. Tree crickets were
abundant, especially in low copses and thickets and, more than
anything else except perhaps the katydids, made the autumn nights
musical.
The following species of Orthoptera have been identified as oc-
curring about Lake Maxinkuckee :
Diapheromera femorata Say
Chorthippus curtipennis Harr.
Dissosteira Carolina Linn.
Melanoplus atlanis Riley
Melanoplus bivittatus Say
Melanoplus diff erentialis Thomas
Melanoplus femur-rubrum DeG.
Melanoplus fasciatus (Barnston-Walker)
Scudderia curvicauda DeG.
Pterophylla camellifolia Fabr.
Neoconocephalus robustus Scudd.
Gryllus assimilis lactuosus Serv.
ORDER HEMIPTERA
Bugs, Cicadas, Aphids, and Scale Insects
Of all the groups of insects found in the lake and in the immedi-
ate vicinity, the least attention was paid to the Hemiptera or bugs.
In the course of seining, raking weeds, taking plankton, etc., vari-
ous forms would attract the attention either because of form, color,
habit or abundance, and these would be preserved for identification.
The Water Boatman, Corisa {Arctocorisa) interrupta Say, ap-
pears in our collection and was probably common in the lake. We
have no special notes concerning it.
30 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
The Back Swimmers, Notonectida?, are represented by Noto-
necta undulata Say, obtained November 25, 1904, in the outlet of
Lost Lake, and N. irrorata Uhl., but we have no special notes.
The Water Scorpion, Ranatra fit sea P. Beauvois, attracted at-
tention by its commonness,' and by the fact that it was usually in
evidence while one was collecting minnows and darters out of the
seine. The queer egg cases, laid in rows in bits of floating sticks
or rushes, with the two long white seta? projecting, had aroused
considerable curiosity which was not satisfied until a Ranatra was
seen ovipositing in Lake Phalen, Minnesota, in 1907.
The Giant Water-bug or "Electric-light Bug" was occasionally
seen. On December 7, 1906, one was observed creeping along on
the under side of the clear ice, and on October 1, 1904, one was
noted in the water near the Monninger cottage. Its smaller rela-
tive, Belostoma flumineum Say, was common in the lake and at-
tracted attention through the habit of the male of carrying the
eggs about on his back. It was obtained in various parts of the
lake, in Aubeenanbee Bay, Aubeenaubee Creek, in Culver Inlet,
and Lost Lake. On August 6, 1906, the young were observed
hatching, the larva? showing red eyes. These bugs as found in
the lake are generally infested, sometimes pretty badly, with sac-
like red objects attached to them, the young of one of the water-
mites. On August 1, 1906, one was found in Lost Lake that had
just moulted.
Peculiar toad-shaped bugs, Gelostocoris oculatus, were abundant
along the sandy shore on the east side of the lake. Some were
collected August 6, 1906.
The common water-strider Gerris (Hygrotrechus) remigis Say,
was common in the creek in Overmeyer's woods and in various
pools in the region about the lake.
The thread-legged bugs were represented by the long legged
Emesa, Emesa longvpes, which was very abundant in the Arling-
ton waiting-room on one occasion, the insects looking a great deal
like walking-sticks and presenting an odd appearance when in
flight.
Individually by far the most abundant bug noted in the region
was the Lace Bug, Corythucha ciliata Say, which was almost al-
ways present — both old and young — on the underside of the syca-
more leaves. They ate the green color cells from the leaves, leav-
ing them an unattractive sickly white in color. Under magnifica-
tion these are the most attractive and dainty of the insects, the
whole creature resembling a frosty lace.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 31
Among the more common, homely bugs, the most abundant
species was Oncopeltus fasciatus Dall, on the milkweed blossoms.
Cicadas, or harvest flies, were conspicuous by their absence.
Throughout Indiana, as in other parts of the country, one of the
characteristic sounds of summer is that of the Dog-day Locust or
Harvest Fly. We have no record of hearing it at the lake. It is
possible that it does not like the sandy soil.
An odd-shaped tree hopper, Enchenopa binotata, was noted in
abundance laying white eggs in masses on twigs of the hop tree,
Plelea trifoliata, August 10, 1906, and examples were collected.
Plant lice were abundant on the pondweed leaves (Potamogeton
natans) in Lost Lake, making a messy looking mass. They were
also present, but in fewer numbers, on the water-lily leaves.
ORDER TRICHOPTERA
The Caddis-flies
The Caddis-flies are among the most interesting of our insects.
Although about 150 species have been described from America,
there are doubtless many remaining undescribed.
The adults are not well known to the general public, in spite
of the fact that at times they appear in myriads. The larvae,
which are aquatic, are much better known. Every one who has
spent any time along mountain streams, or even about other
streams, or lakes, if at all observing, can not fail to have noticed
the cleverly built, often beautiful, cases which these larvaB build
of sand, brightly colored pebbles or bits of wood, held together by
silken threads. As Professor Kellogg has well said:
There is a great variety in the materials used and in the size and shape
of the cases, each kind of Caddis-worm having a particular and constant style
of housebuilding. Grains of sand may be fastened together to form tiny,
smooth-walled, symmetrical cornucopias, or small stones to form larger, rough-
walled, irregular cylinders. Small bits of twigs or pine-needles may be used;
and these chips may be laid longitudinally or transversely and with projecting
ends. Small snail shells or bits of leaves and grass serve for building mate-
rials. One kind of Caddis-worm makes a small, coiled case which so much
resembles a snail shell that it has actually been described as a shell by con-
chologists. * * * An English student removed a Caddis-worm from its
case, and provided it with small bits of clear mica, hoping it would build a
case of transparent walls. This it really did, and inside its glass house the
behavior of the Caddis-worm at home was observed.
Most Caddis-worm cases are free and can be carried about by
the worm as it wishes, but many of them are fastened to rocks,
stones or other objects in the bottom of the stream or lake. When a
32 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Caddis-worm is ready to pupate, the pupa comes out from the
submerged case, crawls up on some support above the water and
there moults, the winged adult (imago) soon flying away. Some
kinds, however, emerge in the water.
The Caddis-flies do not feed and are short-lived. They lay
their eggs in or near the water where they hatch into Caddis-
worms, thus completing the life cycle.
We find among our field notes the following:
October 29. 1900, collected a number of leathery caddis-cases
at the Weedpatch. They were made of bits of shell fastened to-
gether. The larva sticks four legs out of the orifice and is able to
crawl about freely. February 11, 1901, Caddis larva? noted. June
10, Caddis-flies looking like small white moths, also lace flies, flut-
tering in the open woods, making a continuous hum through the
night. June 11, noticed ovipositing in the lake; water full of
larvae casts, especially early in the morning; Caddis-flies very
glaucous, looking like moths at a distance; they stay among the
trees in the shady woods ; collected a number and observed that
their antennae were very long. June 12, about 4 p. m., a strong
southwest wind blew great myriads of Caddis-flies toward the lake ;
the swarm was thick and white and the appearance was that of a
brisk snowstorm. June 13, while passing a maple tree on Long
Point in the morning, an immense swarm of Caddis-flies came out
of it, flying with a peculiar helpless, half-falling flight. June 14
to 17, many Caddis-flies and midges observed. June 22, caddis-
flies laying in the water. October 18 to 29 (1904), Caddis cases
(Helicopsyche?) like small snail shells, very abundant, attached
to rocks and on bottom in Outlet Bay near Holbrunner's, and
along the east side of Long Point. Also a number of empty chim-
ney-shaped cases were seen, and several flatfish ones moving about
making burrows in the sandy bottom near Holbrunner's. October
5 and 10, many fine examples of Helicopsyche on stones, etc., in
shallow water near shore. July 27, collected three of a scute-like
kind while screening sand ; put them in a saucer of water but they
soon died. One species of Caddis-fly was abundant, a frail, glauc-
ous, moth-like insect, the leathery cases of which were abundant
on the stems of Potamogeton, Scirpus, etc., from midsummer until
in the spring when (about June 10) they emerge in great num-
bers, and the next day are busy ovipositing. A peculiar case look-
ing like a snail shell built of pebbles was found in numbers in the
same place.
The caddis-cases that attracted the most interest were the flat
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 33
ones referred to above, found near shore in sandy bottom along
the east shore of Long Point. Just as one species of Caddis-worm
builds a case resembling a snail shell, the case of these bears some
resemblance to a limpet, or to a marine genus of mollusks, Crepi-
dula, showing how similar conditions of life lead to similarity of
form. The caddis-case under discussion is very effectively con-
cealed by its resemblance to the sand on which it is found ; most
were found while screening sand in the search for young mussels.
The central portion of the shell — that is the first part built — is
composed of very minute sand grains; around the margin, either
because the larva has become stronger and can handle coarser ma-
terial, or because they build up more rapidly, coarser bits are used.
When the builder has chosen one sort of material it appears to
make some effort to match it. In some cases the valves of the
shells of a very small bivalve mollusk, Pisidium, were used around
the margins and the cases thus built were especially attractive.
The larva lived in a little arch or compartment below the roof of
the case.
ORDER COLEOPTERA
The Beetles
No special attention was given to the beetles except a few
species found in and about the water. No one could help noticing
the tiger beetles which were present in considerable swarms on
sandy beaches and were conspicuous on hot days, hopping or jump-
ing before one walking along shore. There were two kinds pres-
ent, a brown one and a bright, metallic green.
Whirligig beetles, Dineutes, were common about the edges of
the lake. Some were seen swimming about as late as November 4.
The Predaceous Diving Beetles (Dytiscus) were not especially
common in the lake. We obtained, however, an example of D.
hybridus.
The water-scavenger, Hydrophilus, appeared more common in
pools and ponds than in the lake itself. The egg cases were com-
mon on the under sides of the thallus of Riccia.
Small hemispherical or rather oval red beetles with black spots
(Melasoma interrupta) were exceedingly abundant on the willows
along shore early in the spring of 1901. The adults laid the eggs
on the leaves of the willows and the young which soon hatched
almost defoliated the trees, and the water of the lake was almost
covered with the adult beetles.
The "water penny", the larva of Psephenus lecontei, was com-
mon under pebbles in the lake, its chiton-like form arousing con-
3— 17618— Vol. 2
34 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
siderable interest. The most interesting of the beetles in the lake
is a little creature belonging to the genus Stenelmis that lives in
the masses of lime or marl or algae which grow on the exposed
ends of the freshwater mussels living in the lake. This growth or
deposit is most marked on the shells of Lampsilis luteola which is
the most abundant species of mussel in the lake. These mussels
burrow more or less in the mud or sand, leaving usually one-tenth
to one-fifth of the posterior end exposed to the water. Upon this
exposed portion a mass of lime and alga? slowly accumulates and
finally becomes one-fourth to one-half inch thick. In this mass
the little beetle, recently described as new by Professor W. S.
Blatchley from collections made by us and named by him Stenelmis
sulcatus, is quite common ; a collection of 20 to 30 mussels would
furnish 50 to 100 examples of the species. Specimens have been
found in similar masses on rocks in the lake, and it probably
occurs on other species of mussels though we have found none on
any except Lampsilis luteola.
Click-beetles, especially the large conspicuous eyed Elater, Alaus
oculatus, were seen occasionally. The beautifully phosphorescent
larva of one was obtained at night on Long Point June 28, 1901.
The fireflies or Lampyrids were exceedingly abundant in low
grassy places, flashing everywhere at night. The phosphorescent
larvae were abundant in the grass along the Inlet.
A few stag-beetles were seen on Long Point.
Snout Beetles, especially acorn weevils, were common, and most
acorns were attacked. One was seen on an acorn, and a snout-
beetle was seen June 7, 1901, with patches of eggs, on the tip of
a bulrush.
The only species of beetles represented in our collections are
the following:
Stenelmis sulcatus Blatchley
Dytiscus hybridus Aube.
Ilybius biguttulus Germ.
Acilius fraternus Harris
Tropisternus glaber Herbst.
Photuris pennsylvanica DeG. ; larvae.
Dineutes sp; larvae.
Psephenus lecontei Lee
Cicindella sp.
Melasoma interrupta
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 35
ORDER DIPTERA
The Flies
The genera of dipterous insects found about the lake that pos-
sess most interest to us are Chironomus, Culex, and Anopheles.
Of these the genus Chironomus is economically the most import-
ant. One species occurs at the lake in untold billions. Late in
September and early in October, 1913, one large yellowish, mos-
quito-like species of Chironomus appeared in immense numbers.
They were noted every evening at least from September 21 to
October 5, filling the air at Long Point from near the surface to a
height of 20 or 30 feet, and making it musical with their incessant
humming. They were particularly abundant on the evening of
October 5. They appeared in enormous numbers sometime before
dark and continued late in the night. They literally filled the air ;
a person could not walk about without being annoyed by their
striking him in the face. It was evidently their nuptial flight, and
was kept up for about two weeks during warm quiet evenings.
The flight would usually begin an hour or so before dusk and con-
tinue well into the night. They were in evidence in some numbers
throughout the day, but the great flights always occurred late in
the evening. Various species of birds were observed feeding upon
these insects, among them nighthawks, yellow-billed cuckoos, red-
headed woodpeckers, yellow-rumped warblers, and song sparrows.
The cuckoos, warblers, swallows and sparrows would pick them
from the limbs of trees, while the others took them on the wing.
At the same time, vast quantities of the cast-off skins of the
larva? of these insects were washed up on shore where they could
be seen in great masses along the edge of the water. There they
were fed upon by Wilson's snipes, sandpipers, rusty blackbirds and
even red-winged blackbirds. They were also fed upon by various
fishes such as straw-colored minnows, grayback, top-minnows and
the like. The larvae, known as red worms, are very abundant in
all parts of the lake; they have been dredged up from even the
deepest parts. They are choice food for the fishes and no doubt
constitute an important part of the daily menu of the suckers, min-
nows, darters, sunfishes and the young of the basses and other
spiny-rayed fishes. A 75-pound buffalo-fish contained almost a
bucketful of Chironomus larvae.
About the middle of August, 1906, a mass of eggs of a smaller
species of Chironomus was found and placed in a saucer. The
eggs hatched in a few days into little wrigglers which soon became
worm-like and built for themselves little tubes in which they
36 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
stayed. The tubes varied greatly in size and were probably built
up of the excreta of the wrigglers. These wrigglers would some-
times leave their tubes and swim about near the surface, and fed
greedily upon Spirogyra which was put in the dish. Chironomus
larvae were observed to be abundant throughout the lake during
the winter. They were easily obtained by dredging. They were
either naked or enclosed in gray mud cases. When naked their
bright colors made them very conspicuous. Some that were placed
in a jar with some sticklebacks proved very attractive to the latter
which snapped them up greedily. Some naked larvse placed in a
tumbler of dirty water ever night encased themselves.
Another group of dipterous insects of importance is that of the
mosquitoes. Fortunately for the summer cottagers, however, mos-
quitoes rarely appear in sufficient numbers about the lake to be
much of a pest. While there are several marshy tracts near the
lake which furnish favorable breeding grounds for mosquitoes,
they are, in most instances, sufficiently remote from the cottages,
or else the winds are favorable for keeping them away. They are,
of course, more common in some seasons than in others. Our notes
speak of them as common in certain places November 2, 1902 and
190:], July 3, 1904, September 12, 1907, and September 2, 1913.
They are said to have been rather bad during the summer of 1913.
Unfortunately, very little attention was given to preserving speci-
mens of the various species of insects and our collection contains
but three species of mosquitoes, viz: Anopheles quadrimacidata,
Cidex stiynulans and Culex excrucians. Doubtless others occur.
Corethra larvae are common in the lake, descending into the
deeper waters; they are also common in the woodland ponds.
Following is a list of the species of Diptera represented in our
collections from Lake Maxinkuckee:
Psorophora ciliata Fabr.
Anopheles quadrimaculata Say
Culex stimulans Walk.
Cidex excrucians Walk.
T any pus monilis Linn.
Calliphora erythrocephala Meig; larvae.
Chironomus meridionalis Johan.
Chironomus decorus Johan.
Chironomus cayugsc Johan.
Tipulid, probably the genus Tipula.
Tanytarsus dives.
Ablabcsmyia monilis Linn.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 37
It is worthy of note that the deer-fly, Chrysops, which we found
very annoying at Twin Lakes a few miles north, is not common at
Lake Maxinkuckee. At Twin Lakes where the deer-flies were par-
ticularly pestiferous on one occasion a robber-fly came along and
caught one just about to bite.
ORDER LEPIDOPTERA
Butterflies and Moths
Butterflies are abundant about the lake. The great diversity
of soil, moisture, and vegetation, furnishes conditions very favor-
able to the development of this group of insects. The number of
species is therefore large, and many of them are represented by
numerous individuals during their season.
Perhaps the most conspicuous species and one that may be seen
throughout the greatest number of months is the milkweed but-
terfly (Danaus archippus) . Although not the first to appear in
the spring it nevertheless appears quite early, and it is the species
that may be seen in numbers quite late in the fall. Only a small
amount of sunshine and warmth is sufficient to entice it to wing,
and single individuals and often groups of three or more may be
seen on almost any warm day until late in October or even in No-
vember. It is usually most in evidence, however, during the middle
of summer (July and August) when the common milkweed
{Asclepias syriaca) is in flower. Then about every clump of this
showy plant, so abundant along the railroad and on the borders
of woods, old fields and ill-kept fence rows, these large butterflies
of rich brown and black may be seen in abundance. Late in the
fall, even after the first biting frosts have changed the marshes
and byways from their summer green to the somber browns and
grays of late autumn, several of these butterflies may be seen by
any one who goes afield on the still Indian summer days.
Sometimes remarkable flights of the Milkweed Butterfly occur.
Such a flight was witnessed at noon on September 24, 1907, when
several hundred were seen flying from the direction of the lake
over Arlington station and into Green's woods. They flew against
a strong wind but were able to make good headway. Some of them
were much higher than the telegraph poles, others were lower down
and sailed upward against the wind. At times only two or three
would be in sight, then 20 to 30 would come flying close together.
The flight continued for 15 or 20 minutes.
The common Cabbage Butterfly (Pi ens rapse) is, of course, an
°8 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
o
abundant species. Our notes record it at various dates from April
27 to September 27. The larvae are abundant and doubtless often
drop or wash into the lake.
On October 9 and 10, 1907, the caterpillars of the Cabbage But-
terfly were crawling thickly over the east side of a house on Long
Point and pupating. Many were dead. They had apparently been
stung by ichneumon flies, many of which were seen near the un-
affected ones. Beside the dead caterpillars were clusters of golden
silky cocoons, about 18 in number, probably of ichneumon-flies.
The Southern Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris protodice) is also com-
mon. It was noted throughout the season from June 11 to Octo-
ber 31.
The earliest species to appear in the spring is the beautiful
Mourning Cloak (Aglais antiopa) . As it hibernates through the
winter it may be seen quite early in the spring when the first warm
days revive and bring it forth. Our earliest record is for April
10, but it doubtless appears before then. Our latest record is on
October 30, when one was seen hidden under a hollow log. On
April 26, three were seen on flowers of Bebb's willow.
The Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) is another pretty species
which appears early in the spring and remains until late in the fall.
Our early and late dates are June 7 and October 29. This species
is fairly common.
Hunter's butterfly (Vanessa virginiensis) is another beautiful
but less common species which we have noted from May 3 to Octo-
ber 29.
The genus Polygonia is represented by at least two species
(Polygonia comma and Polygonia interrogationis) . These are
also among the species which appear early in the spring and re-
main later in the fall. They are solitary in their habits ; not often
are more than one or two seen together. Our notes mention Poly-
gonias at various times from April 4 to November 2.
Of the swallowtail butterflies perhaps the most common is the
Black Swallowtail (Papilio troilus) . Our records mention it on
various dates from May 9 to September 27. The zebra or Ajax
Swallowtail (Papilio marcellus) and the large yellow swallowtail
(Papilio gkmcus f. turnus) are apparently not common.
The following is a list of the species of butterflies noted at
Lake Maxinkuckee :
1. Papilio polyxenes Fabr.
2. Papilio troilus Linn.
3. Papilio marcellus Cram.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 39
4. Pieris protodice Bd.-Lec.
5. Pieris rwpx Linn.
6. Eurymus philodice Godt.
7. Eurema euterpe Men.
8. Danaus archippus Fabr.
9. Cissa eurytus Fabr.
10. Satyrodes canthus Linn.
11. Cercyonis alope Fabr.
12. Cercyonis alope Fabr. var.
13. Cercyonis alope nephele Kirby
14. Argynnis cybele Fabr.
15. Brenthis myrina Cram.
16. Phyciodes tharos Drury
17. Polygonia interrogationis Fabr.
18. Polygonia comma Harr.
19. Aglais antiopa Linn.
20. Vanessa atalanta Linn.
21. Vanessa virginiensis Drury
22. Basilarchia archippus Cram.
23. Libythea bachmani Kirt.
24. Heodes hypophlteas Boisd.
25. Heodes theo Boisd.
26. Everes comyntas Godt.
27. Lycsenopsis pseudargiolus Bd.-Lec.
28. Epargyreus tityrus Fabr.
29. Cocceius pylades Scud.
30. Pyrgus tessellata Scud.
31. Thanaos persias Scud.
32. Ancyloxypha numitor Fabr.
33. Callosamia promethea Drury (moth)
34. Scepsis fulvicollis Hubn. (moth)
35. Eubaphe ferruginosa Walk, (moth)
36. Utetheisa bella Linn, (moth)
37. Xanthotype crocataria Fabr. (moth)
ORDER HYMENOPTERA
The Bees
Our notes on the Hymenoptera are very few indeed. These,
the most highly organized of insects, have the least to do with
aquatic life.
Judging from the number and kinds of oak galls on the trees
40 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
about the lake, gall-wasps are abundant and represented by various
species.
Of the Braconids, Microgaster is common, and the parasitized
caterpillars that have fallen a prey to it have been frequently found
about the lake.
Ants are not so common as to be a nuisance. There are, how-
ever, a few large dome-shaped ant hills along the border of the wet
ground near Lost Lake and along its outlet down by Walley's
woods.
The solitary wasps are represented by the potter-wasp, Eu?nenes
frate ma, which builds its exquisite little clay vases on slender
twigs down at the edges of the woods toward the south end of the
lake.
Wasps and Yellowjackets are occasionally seen. Hornet's nests
were rather rare. On November 2, 1902 a big hornet's nest was
seen in a white oak in Walley's woods 30 feet up. It had been shot
into. Another very large nest was found October 24, 1907 beside a
lane west of the ice-houses near the tamarack swamp. It was built
on some wild-cherry sprouts, the nest almost or quite touching the
ground. Some one had torn away a part of one side. Tearing the
nest open it was found that many of the grubs were just emerging
and crawling about. A photo was taken of the nest. Dr. L. O.
Howard says that this hatching in the fall is very unusual.
There is a current popular belief that if hornets build their
nests high in the trees it is a sign of an open winter, while if they
are built close to the ground the winter will be severe.
On October 11, 1913, a fine large nest was seen in a tulip tree
in Overmeyer's woods, south of Farrar's. It was on the end of a
limb about 20 feet from the ground.
Our notes have occasional references to both bumblebees and
honey bees. There is little bee-keeping about the lake (we saw a
few hives on the east side) though the country with its moist low-
lands covered with blossoms from early spring to late autumn
would furnish excellent opportunities.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 41
THE MOLLUSKS
THE UNIONID^]
During the study of Lake Maxinkuckee considerable attention
was given to the mollusks, particularly the freshwater mussels or
Unionidse. This was justified by the rapid and astonishing de-
velopment of the pearl button industry in America which is de-
pendent upon the shells of mussels for its raw material. The
recent discovery by Lefevre and Curtis of methods whereby com-
mercially valuable species of mussels are now successfully propa-
gated artificially, adds special interest to these mollusks. Recent
studies and discoveries relating to the formation and artificial pro-
duction of pearls in freshwater mussels may also be mentioned as
showing the importance of careful study of the taxonomy and life
history of the UnionidaB.
Lakes and Ponds as the Home of Mussels
Generally speaking, lakes and ponds are not so well suited to
the growth and development of mussels as rivers are; the species
of lake or pond mussels are comparatively few, and the individuals
usually somewhat dwarfed. Of about 84 species of mussels re-
ported for the State of Indiana, only about 24 are found in lakes,
not all of these in any one lake, and several of them but rarely in
any. Of the 24 species occasionally found in lakes, but five are
reported only in lakes, and only three or four of the species com-
mon to both lakes and rivers seem to prefer lakes.
In rivers, the essential feature favorable to the development of
mussels is the current; and in the rivers the mussel beds reach
their best development in the riffles, where the current is strong-
est. The importance of the current to the well-being of the
mussels is indicated by the position these mollusks naturally as-
sume in the beds, the inhalent and exhalent apertures of the crea-
tures being directed up-stream against the current. The im-
portance of the current is not merely as a bringer of food ; exam-
inations show that the mussels of the plankton-rich lakes and
ponds usually contain more food material than those of rivers.
The current gives the river-mussels the advantage of a constant
change of water, which means a more abundant supply of oxygen,
and doubtless a more varied supply of mineral matter, from the
various sorts of soil through which the river flows.
The current is also probably of considerable importance in as-
sisting in the fertilization of mussels, one of its functions being
42 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
the conveyance of sperm from mussels in upper portions of the
bed to other mussels below. In places where there is no current,
fertilization must be more largely a matter of chance.
Although the majority of species of mussels prefer a river
where there is a good current, some are more fitted to the quieter
parts of streams, or to ponds. These are chiefly thin-shelled spec-
ies with weakly developed or undeveloped hinge-teeth, best repre-
sented by the genus Anodonta. In some places Anodontas are
known as pond-mussels, as distinguished from the heavier sorts or
river-mussels.
The distinction between lakes and rivers is not constant in de-
gree; we have all sorts of gradations from the extreme form of
lake — isolated bodies without outlet — through lakes with relatively
large, important outlets, to such lakes as are simply expansions of
a river-bed, examples of the latter type being Lake Pepin, Minn.,
of the upper Mississippi, and the former English Lake in Indiana,
an expansion of the Kankakee. As a usual thing, the more fluvia-
tile a lake is, or the larger and more river-like its outlet, the more
river-like will be its mussel fauna, both in abundance and species.
In such lakes the mussels retain a vital continuity with the mussel
beds of the river. In the less fluviatile lakes the mussels are more
isolated, and there is more inbreeding. The large number (24)
of lake-dwelling species recorded for Indiana is due to the fact that
some of the lakes of Indiana are more or less fluviatile, and contain
several species of river shells.
Origin and Character of the Maxinkuckee Mussels
Lake Maxinkuckee, having a long, narrow, winding and rela-
tively unimportant outlet, is a representative of one of the less
fluviatile types of lakes, forming a pretty well marked contrast to
the various lakes cited above, and bearing a pretty close resem-
blance to the neighboring lakes, such as Twin Lakes, Pretty Lake,
Bass Lake, etc.
The Maxinkuckee mussels are doubtless derived from an-
cestors brought up the Outlet from the Tippecanoe River by as-
cending fishes. It is doubtful whether any have been introduced
by the numerous plants of fish in the lake, though such a thing is
possible. During the various times the lake was visited, a few
Tippecanoe River mussels were planted in the thoroughfare be-
tween the lakes, and a few Yellow River and Kankakee mussels
were planted in the main lake.
The Outlet of Lake Maxinkuckee is now a narrow, shallow
winding stream, straightened in places by ditching, and bordered
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 43
on each side by a flat sedgy plain which indicates the former
breadth and importance of the stream. The colonization of the
lake with mussels was probably effected chiefly during the period
when the Outlet was a broad and relatively important stream.
The situation has been carefully considered and seems to show that
the mussels of the river and lake are isolated from each other and
that there is no longer any vital connection between them. The
strongest indication of the independence of the lake and river
mussel faunas is the appearance of the Maxinkuckee mussels them-
selves; these are lake-mussels, easily distinguished for the most
part from river mussels of the same species, and many of them are
ditinguishable also from the mussels of the neighboring lakes.
The Tippecanoe River is fairly well supplied with mussels. Al-
though the number of species is considerably fewer, and the size
of the individuals is generally smaller, than that of the Wabash
into which it flows, it compares very favorably with rivers of its
size. At Delong, Ind., a short distance above the mouth of the
Outlet of Lake Maxinkuckee, were obtained in one bed specimens
representing 24 species of mussels or about twice the number of
kinds found in Lake Maxinkuckee.
Our knowledge of the extent and importance of migrations of
fishes from the Tippecanoe River up to the lake and from the lake
down to the river — a question which has a marked bearing upon
the relationship of the mussel faunas — is not as complete as it
should be, but indications are that they are not important or ex-
tensive. Inasmuch as the geographic distribution of a given
species of mussel is coextensive with that of the species of fish
which serves as its host, this question is worthy of careful consider-
ation. There are several species of fishes of the Tippecanoe River
(Etheostoma camurum, Hadropterus evides, Hybopsis amblops,
etc.) which were not found either in the Outlet or in the lakes, and
other species {Hadropterus aspro, Ericymba buccata, Diplesion
blennioides) which have pushed halfway up the Outlet, but were
found no further up.
In this connection, the mussel fauna of the Outlet is worthy of
consideration, and on various occasions, but especially on a trip
down the Outlet September 30, 1907, particular attention was paid
to this feature.
The Outlet is not particularly well suited to the life and growth
of mussels ; the bottom is either a firm peaty soil or fine shifting
sand ; moreover, the course has been artificially changed in some
places and the stream has naturally shortened its length in others
by making cutoffs. In addition to this the mussel fauna of such
44 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
a narrow shallow stream would be the prey of muskrats, minks,
etc., the entire length and width of the beds.
On the trip mentioned above, about a mile below Lost Lake a
fine example of Lampsilis ms was found. This is the farthest up
stream any species of mussel was obtained, and as this species is
fairly common in both lakes and abundant in the Tippecanoe River,
we have here the nearest approach to a continuous fauna. Some
dead shells but no living examples of Quadrula undulata were
found a little farther down. Farther down stream, from a quarter
to half a mile, a short distance above the second cross-road south of
the lake, was found a small mussel-bed of about 40 or 50 mussels,
the great majority of which were Quadrula undulata. A few liv-
ing Lampsilis iris, two dead Symphynota compressa, one living
Symphynota costata (gravid), and a few dead shells of Quadrula
coccinea, complete the list. Below this point no mussels were
found until near where the Outlet joins the Tippecanoe. Here, a
few rods up the Outlet, a fair bed of Quadrula coccinea was found.
Of the five species of mussel found in the Outlet, only two, L. iris
and Q. coccinea, are found in the lake, the latter but rarely. The
form and general appearance of the Q. undulata of the Outlet is
quite peculiar and they can be picked out at once in collections
from the various rivers of the country. They are unusually elon-
gate, in this respect representing some of the Tippecanoe mussels
but differing from them in being thinner, and in having the fur-
rows between the plicae unusually deep and sharp. The eostse on
the postero-dorsal slope are very marked, and the epidermis jet
black. The umbones are considerably eroded.
Distribution of Mussels in the Lake
In rivers, where there is a great variety of conditions, such as
differences of current, bottom, etc., one finds the different species
of mussels inhabiting different localities and different situations.
In the lakes, where we have comparatively few species of mussels
and not such important differences of environment, the distribu-
tion of the various species is much the same. The same condi-
tions, such as rather shallow water and moderately firm bottom,
are equally suitable for all. A few important exceptions may be
noted ; as for example, the less common species of the lake are often
more or less local in distribution. The only well-marked bed of
Quadrula rubiginosa in the lakes is in the Lost Lake mussel-bed
below the Bardsley cottage, and this is the only place where Lamp-
silis subrostrata can be collected in any considerable numbers.
Lampsilis ylaiis has a marked preference for the shallow water at
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 45
the edge of the thoroughfare between the lakes ; occasional ex-
amples can, however, be picked up almost anywhere along shore,
and it appears to be increasing considerably along shore at Long
Point. Anodonta grandis footiana, which can live in softer bottom
than the other mussels, has a considerably wider distribution, and
was dredged up in deeper water than any of the other mussels.
The mussels are to be found almost anywhere in water from
2 to 5 or 6 feet deep where the bottom is more or less sandy or
marly. The beds are composed chiefly of the three principal spec-
ies of the lake, Lampsilis luteola, Unio gibbosus and Anodonta
grandis footiana, with the less common species sparsely inter-
spersed. Especially good mussel beds occur at Long Point, along
shore by Farrar's and McDonald's, by the Depot grounds, in
Aubeenaubee Bay out from the Military Academy, and in the shal-
low water just beyond the mouth of Norris Inlet. Mussels are
fairly well scattered from Long Point more or less continuously all
the way southward to beyond Overmyer's hill, and from a little
north of the ice-houses all the way around to the Military Academy.
They are quite abundant in the neighborhood of Winfield's in shal-
low water, and occur scattered along the east side of the lake a
little way out from shore. A good mussel bed is found in Lost
Lake along the east shore, extending from a little south of the
Bardsley cottage to where the bulrushes and water-lilies grow
thickly in the soft black muck near shore.
Movements: — Closely connected with the question of distribu-
tion is that of movement. The greater number of mussels of the
lake, especially in the deeper water, spend their lives in a state of
quiescence. Young mussels appear to be more active than older
ones. The mussels retain the power of locomotion during all their
lives, but after they have got well settled down, they only occa-
sionally use this power. The mussels of the shallow water near
shore move out into deeper water at the approach of cold weather,
in late autumn or early winter, and bury themselves more deeply
in the sand. This movement is rather irregular and was not ob-
served every year. It was strikingly manifest in the late autumn
of 1913, when at one of the piers off Long Point a large number of
furrows was observed heading straight into deep water with a
mussel at the outer end of each. The return of the mussels to
shore during the spring and summer was not observed. Many of
them are probably washed shoreward by strong waves of the spring
and summer storms, and some are carried shoreward by muskrats
and dropped there. Occasional mussels were observed . moving
about in midwinter — even in rather deep water. During the
46 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
winter of 1900-1901 an example of Lampsilis luteola, in rather
deep water in the vicinity of Winfield's, was observed to have
moved about 18 inches within a few days. Its track could be dis-
tinctly seen through the clear ice.
As a result of the quiescence of the lake mussels, the posterior
half or % of the shell, which projects up from the lake bottom, is
usually covered by a thick marly concretion which appears to be
a mixture of minute algae and lime. This marly concretion grows
concentrically, forming rounded nodules, its development increas-
ing with the age and size of the shell. This concretion, though
most abundant on shells, is not confined entirely to them, but grows
also on rocks that have lain undisturbed on the bottom. When
growing on shells, it adheres to them very closely; and upon being
pried loose sometimes separates from them much as the matrix
separates from a fossil, and leaves the epidermis of the mussel
clean. In other cases it adheres more firmly and is difficult to
scrape off clean. On this marly growth, colonies of Ophrydium,
much the size, color, and general appearance of grapes with the
skins removed, are often found growing, and in the cavities and
interstices of the marl, a handsome little water-beetle, Stenelmis
nndulatus Blatchley, and its peculiar elongate black larvae, live in
considerable numbers but apparently have nothing to do with the
mussels. Various species of hydrachnids, one of them strikingly
handsome with its green body sprinkled with bright red dots, also
live in the cavities of the marl, and offer some suggestion as to
how the parasitic mite Atax went a step farther and took up its
habitation within the mussel itself.
Food and feeding: — An examination of the stomach and in-
testinal contents of the various species of mussels of the lake
showed no noticeable differences between the food of the different
species. Enough of the bottom mud is generally present to give
the food mass the color of the bottom on which the mussels are
found; thus the stomach-contents of the mussels found in the
black bottom of Lost Lake was usually blackish, while that of
those found in the lighter bottom at Long Point was grayish. In-
termixed, however, with the whole mass was always enough algae
to give it a somewhat greenish tinge, this green being usually inter-
mixed more or less in the form of flakes. A striking contrast be-
tween the stomach contents of mussels inhabiting lakes and those
found in rivers is the much greater preponderance of organic mat-
ter in the food of the lake mussels. The stomach contents of river-
mussels is generally chiefly mud, with a few diatoms, desmids,
Scenedesmus and Pediastrum intermixed, as said above. Those of
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 47
the lake mussels are almost always full enough of algas to be more
or less flecked with green and sometimes the whole mass is de-
cidedly greenish. On being placed in a vial of preserving fluid
(Sc/c formalin was generally used) and shaken, the material from
the river mussels always retains the uniform appearance of mud;
that from the lake mussels separates, the mud settling to the bot-
tom and the organic material settling as a light flocculent mass
above the more solid portion. This top layer is composed of the
various plankton elements of the lake, and was found to vary con-
siderably in different lakes. In the Lake Maxinkuckee mussels it
was found to consist chiefly of such species as Microcystis aerugi-
nosa, Botryococcus braunii, Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, various
diatoms, such as species of Navicula, Rhoicosphenia, Gomphonema,
Cyclotella, and Cocconema, various forms of desmids, especially
Cosmarium and Staurastrum, various forms of Scenedesmus, con-
siderable Peridinium tablulatum, and short filaments of Lyngbya.
Pediastrum, both boryanum and duplex are here, as almost every-
where, rather common objects encountered in the intestines of
mussels. Casts of the rotifier Anuraea cochlearis, and of the small
entomostracan Chydorus, were occasionally encountered. In one of
the Lost Lake mussels, Dinobryon, an exceedingly frequent ele-
ment of the mussel-food in Lake Amelia, Minn., but rare here, was
found.
No opportunities were had to study the stomach contents during
the winter, the mussel work having not been taken up to any great
extent during the earlier part of the survey. Mussels obtained
quite late in the autumn contained much the same material as in
summer. The open and apparently active inhalent and exhalent
apertures noted throughout the winter in some individuals would
indicate that the mussels — at least some of them — do not hiber-
nate, but carry on life processes more or less actively the year
round. The presence of pretty well marked growth-rings would
indicate, however, annual rest periods. As diatoms appear to be
much more abundant in the water during the winter, it is probable
that they enter more plentifully into the mussel's bill-of-fare dur-
ing the late autumn, winter and early spring than during the sum-
mer. In consideration of the mussels as feeders on plankton ele-
ments, it is worth while to investigate whether these are not of
benefit to the lake as the reducers of excessive amounts of such
undesirable elements as Lyngbya, Anabaena and Microcystis, and
whether a considerable increase in the mussel population by means
of artificial propagation would not clear up the lake to a consider-
able extent. The following studies of stomach contents and table
48 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
of mussel food are by no means exhaustive, but represent hurried
examinations and a record of the more easily recognized forms
out of a mass of doubtful material. They are intended to be simply
suggestive.
Closely connected with the question of food and nutrition is that
of the size of mussels. A marked feature of the mussels of Lake
Maxinkuckee as well as of the neighboring lakes, is the dwarfing
of many of the species, and this is rather difficult to explain, when
one considers the large amount of organic material they ingest.
The mussels of a few northern lakes examined were thick-shelled
and large, so this dwarfness may not be necessarily associated with
lake conditions, that is, absence of current. A possible explana-
tion is that of close inbreeding, there being no admixture of new
blood with other distant colonies; such as is possible where the lake
is in close connection with a large river and its mussel beds.
Breeding habits, reproduction, etc.: — The reference to inbreed-
ing above leads to a consideration of breeding and breeding habits.
At first glance it would appear that lakes, having no or only feeble
currents would make fertilization of the ova of the female mussels
largely a question of chance. It is not possible, with the data at
hand, to make precise comparisons between number of gravid fe-
males of the mussels of lakes and rivers during the proper seasons ;
but the general impression gained from having examined the mus-
sels of numerous lakes and rivers through the different seasons is
that there are fewer of the mussels of the lake that succeed in hav-
ing their ova fertilized. Gravid mussels are indeed not rare in the
lake at the proper seasons, but they seem to be much fewer than
one might expect. On October 17, 1907, for example, of 252
Lampsilis luteola examined, 41 were of the characteristic female
form but only 25 were gravid. Likewise of 18 Anodontas exam-
ined on the same date, only 2 were gravid. This is a considerably
lower percentage than one would expect in rivers at that date.
There are other indications that the functions of reproduction are
much less prominent in the lake than in rivers. In the height of
the spawning season certain species of mussels, especially Lamp-
silis ventricosa and L. multiradiata, exhibit, in the neighboring
rivers, a very striking appearance, due to the excessive develop-
ment and high coloration of portions of the mantle near the inhalent
aperture. Though both these species are found in the lake, none
was observed in this condition. In some rivers in densely crowded
beds, moreover, one frequently encounters precocious individuals;
small shells, usually apparently only two or three years old but
gravid and with the characteristic female contour markedly de-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 49
veloped. This is possibly related to opportunities of fertilization
of ova, and is most frequently observed in L. ventricosa and L.
luteola; no such precociously developed mussels were found in the
lakes.
A .large and well developed female Lampsilis ventricosa was
transplanted from Yellow River into Lake Maxinkuckee. On
being examined two years later in the autumn when this species
is usually gravid, it was found to be sterile.
The natural infection of fishes of the lake with the glochidia of
the mussels does not appear to be common. The gills of an im-
mense number of fishes were examined for parasites, but no
glochidia were noted. Some young bluegill and redeye, exposed
to glochidia of L. luteola in the autumn of 1912, took very readily.
Very young mussels were either few, or very difficult to find.
Diligent search was made for them, especially in the sandy bottom
near Long Point, the sand being scooped up and sieved through
fine-meshed sieves. Numerous and varied forms of life were thus
obtained, such as Sphaerium, Pisidium, caddis-cases, etc., and
rather small but by no means minute examples of L. luteola.
These young shells were remarkably brightly rayed. Half-grown
Q. rubiginosa were fairly common in the beds of Lost Lake.
Proportion of various species in the lake: — Of a collection of
340 living mussels collected October 17, 1907, at Long Point, 252
were Lampsilis luteola, 41 L. ventricosa, 21 Unio gibbosus, 18
Anodonta grandis footiana, 5 Strophitus edentulus and 3 Lamp-
silis subrostrata. In deep water U. gibbosus and Anodonta would
have given a higher percentage, and in the Lost Lake beds Quad-
rula rubiginosa would be present in considerable relative abund-
ance.
Parasites, enemies, and diseases: — As a general rule the mus-
sels of lakes, ponds and bayous are more heavily infested with
parasites than those of swiftly flowing rivers, the probable rea-
son being that in still waters the parasites can migrate more
easily from one mussel to another than where there is a swift cur-
rent. The mussels of the lake are not nearly so badly parasitized
as those of the sloughs of the Mississippi, the dead water in the
Maumee above the dams, or those of Twin Lakes a few miles to the
north. The parasites will be taken up more fully in consideration
of the various species of mussels. Cotylaspis insignis and several
species of Atax are the most common parasites. Unlike the mus-
sels of most of oar rivers, the mussels of the lakes are compara-
tively exempt from the ravages of man. A few are killed and
used for bait, and now and then a mild case of pearl fever ap-
4— 17618— Vol. 2
50 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
pears at the lake but is soon cured by the examination of a bushel
or two of mussels. On September 22, 1907, a man was seen at
the south end of the lake with about a peck of shells which he had
opened in a vain search for pearls ; on October 8 of the same year
a pile of about a half bushel of shells, which had evidently been
opened by pearlers, was found in Overmyer's woods. Another
pearler was seen in 1907 who had collected a few slugs of almost
no value. One of the citizens of Culver, in 1906, submitted a small
vial of lake baroques for valuation, but they had no worth what-
ever. The greatest enemy of the lake mussels is the muskrat, and
its depredations are for the most part confined to mussels near
shore. The muskrat does not usually begin its mussel diet until
rather late autumn, when much of the succulent vegetation upon
which it feeds has been cut down by frost. Some autumns, how-
ever, they begin much earlier than others ; a scarcity of vegeta-
tion or an abundance of old muskrats may have much to do with
this. The rodent usually chooses for its feeding grounds some ob-
ject projecting out above the water, such as a pier or the top of
a fallen tree. Near or under such objects one occasionally finds
large piles of shells. The muskrat apparently has no especial pref-
erence for one species of mussel above another, but naturally sub-
sists most freely on the most abundant species. These shell piles
are excellent places to search for the rarer shells of the lake.
On September 24, 1907, about a bushel of shells, recently
cleaned out by muskrats, was found at Long Point where a pier
had been removed not long before. The shells were all of rather
small size and were in about 18 inches of water. About half were
taken and examined. Of these shells 358 were Lampsilis luteola,
167 Unto gibbosus, 6 Lampsilis iris, and 1 Lampsilis multiradiata.
In the autumn of 1913 freshly opened shells of Lampsilis glans
were common along shore at Long Point. The first shells killed
are rather small and are probably killed by young muskrats.
In the winter after the lake is frozen, great cracks through the
ice extend out from shore in various directions, and this enables
the muskrat to extend his depredations some distance from shore
in definite limited directions. During the winter of 1904 a musk-
rat was observed feeding on mussels along the broad ice-crack that
extended from the end of Long Point northeastward across the
lake. The muskrat was about 500 feet from shore. It repeatedly
dived from the edge of the ice-crack, and reappeared with a mussel
in its mouth. Upon reaching the surface with its catch, it sat
down on its haunches at the edge of the creek, and, holding the
mussel in its front feet, pried the valves apart with its teeth and
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 51
scooped or licked out the contents of the shell. Some of the larger
mussels were too strong for it to open, and a part of these were
left lying on the ice. The bottom of the lake near Long Point,
and also over by Norris's, is well paved with shells that have been
killed by muskrats. Muskrats do not seem to relish the gills of
gravid mussels; these parts are occasionally found untouched
where the animal had been feeding.
LIST OF SPECIES
1. FLAT NIGGERHEAD
QUADRULA COCCINEA (Conrad)
Rare at the lake; this is a river rather than a lake shell and
would be expected in abundance only in fluviatile lakes, or lakes
with broad short outlets and vital connection with river faunas.
The few living mussels of this species found in the lake probably
represent a vanishing remnant of a fauna introduced when the
lake had a broader outlet than at present and communication with
the river below was more active. A few dead shells were found
along the north shore of the lake at various times. On October 25,
1907, a shell 1.75 inches long was found near the railroad bridge at
Culver, and in 1909 another small shell was found on the shore at
Aubeenaubee Bay. Some fine large examples brought up from the
Tippecanoe were planted in the Thoroughfare below the railroad
bridge, but they have probably been covered and suffocated by
sand.
2. WABASH PIG-TOE
QUADRULA RUBIGINOSA (Lea)
More common in Lake Maxinkuckee than Q. coccinea, but nev-
ertheless rather rare, only a few dwarfed shells having been
found. In Lost Lake below the Bardsley cottage it was a fairly
common species. None of the shells found was of large size, but
all were well-formed and handsome. The older shells are almost
jet black and peculiarly elongate, with the umbones markedly an-
terior in position. They look considerably unlike those of either
the Tippecanoe or Yellow River, but a form much like the Lost
Lake shells was found in the lower course of the Kankakee. No
gravid examples were found in the lake. Half grown examples
are rather common in Lost Lake beds, but as they are usually
buried considerably deeper in the sand than the older shells, thej
are harder to find. These half-grown shells are of a peculiarly
beautiful golden yellow color with a satiny epidermis, and are
of the same shape as those found in the neighboring rivers —
52 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
that is, the normal or usual shape of the species. The peculiar
elongate form of the adult is therefore evidently the product of
local influences. The young shells are very iridescent and trans-
lucent— much more so than those found in rivers.
Q. rubiginosa is at its best a very fair button shell, but the
lake shells are too small to work up well. This species appears to
be rather rare in lakes. The only lake examples of this species
with which the Lost Lake shells were compared were some obtained
in Lake Erie. The Lake Erie shells were much more dwarfed, but
very solid.
Food: — The following is the result of an examination of the
material found in the intestines of Q. rubiginosa from Lost Lake:
Sample 1. August 2, 1908. Mass fine flocculent rather brown-
ish green material, cohering somewhat in cylinders. Looks as if
chiefly organic ; not gritty to touch. Organisms present : Scen-
edesmus, Fragilaria, Tetraedron, Navicula, Peridinium tabulatum,
Anuraea, and Botryococcus braunii.
Sample 2. August 20, 1908. A large amount of material ; ap-
pearance in vial, bottom black, top a fine flocculent sediment. In
the top material are Teraedron, Scenedesmus, Microcystis aerug-
inosa, and many disassociated minute cells. Black bottom com-
posed of Anuraea, Lyngbya aestuarii, a long filament; Scenedes-
mus, many, Peridinium tabulatum, Tetraedron, Epithemia turgida,
Merismopedia, cast of Cyclops, Melosira crenulata, Gloeocapsa,
Staurastrum, Pediastrum boryanum, Gomphonema, Chaetophora,
Cosmarium, sponge spicule, Gomphosphaeria aponina, and Botry-
ococcus braunii.
Sample 3. August 20, 1908. A small amount of flocculent
brownish material.
Microcystis aeruginosa, Peridinium tabulatum many and a good
many empty cuirasses, Chydorus, Eudorina a few, Scenedesmus
common ; Diatoms, Pediastrum duplex.
Sample 4. August 20, 1908. Fine blue-green flocculent ma-
terial. Lyngbya aestuarii, several filaments; Microcystis aerug-
inosa, common; Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, Peridinium tabu-
latum, very abundant; Chydorus, Anuraea, Botryococcus braunii,
Coelastrum, Staurastrum 1, small, Navacula, several.
Sample 5. August 20, 1908. Fine bluish-green material.
Peridinium tabulatum, abundant; Cymbella cymbiformis, Navi-
cula, a few; Anuraea cochlearis, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chydorus
1 entire, and other fragments ; Pediastrum duplex, Coelosphaerium
kuetzingianum; Cosmarium, Coscinodiscus, Scenedesmus, very
common ; Merismopedia glauca.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 53
Sample 6. August 20, 1908. A small amount of flocculent
grayish material.
Peridinium tabulatum, abundant, agglutinated in masses; Mic-
rocystis aeruginosa, very common ; Navicula, Staurastrum, Cos-
marium, several; Chydorus, fragment; Scenedesmus, small forms,
common; Pediastrum boryanum, Cymbella cymbiformis, Tetraed-
ron, common ; various diatoms ; Rotifer, an elongate species ;
Merismopedia glauca; Coelastrum, desmids.
Sample 7. August 21, 1908. A small amount of rather co-
herent fine flocculent greenish material.
Peridinium tabulatum, very common ; Anuraea cochlearis, a
few; Microcystis aeruginosa, frequent; Lyngbya aestuarii, short
filament; Pediastrum boryanum, diatoms (Cymbella cymbi-
formis; Cymatopleura; Epithemia argus, Gomphonema, Synedra)
Tetraedron, Scenedesmus, occasional ; Dinobryon, Staurastrum,
rather slender form.
Sample 8. August 20, 1908. A small amount of flocculent
bluish-gray material.
Peridinium tabulatum, most abundant; Coelosphaerium kuetz-
ingianum; Pediastrum duplex; Microcystis aeruginosa, Anuraea
cochlearis, sponge spicule, diatoms {Navicula, Cymbella, etc.).
Scenedesmus.
Sample 9. August 20, 1908 ; a fair amount of flocculent gray-
ish-brown material with a greenish cast.
Peridinium tabulatum, most abundant; Microcystis aeruginosa,
Anuraea cochlearis, Staurastrum, Pediastrum duplex, Botryococ-
cus braunii; Tetraedron minimum, Coelosphaerium kuetzing-
ianum; Pediastrumi boryanum, Chydorus, Lyngbya aestuarii,
Gloeocapsa, diatoms — Cymbella cymbiformis, Navicula.
3. SPIKE
UNIO GIBBOSUS Barnes
This mussel, known among clammers as the "spike" or "lady-
finger" is, next to Lampsilis luteola, the most abundant shell in
the lake. It is found wherever the other mussels are; that is, in
sandy or somewhat marly bottom in rather shallow water most of
the way around the lake, and in the shell-bed in Lost Lake below
Bardsley's. In Lake Maxinkuckee one of the best beds is at Long
Point. It is abundant also at Norris Inlet, and by McDonald's
and Farrar's.
No very young of this species were found in the lake; they are,
however, hard to find in numbers anywhere, even in rivers where
54 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey
the species is abundant, except in cases where portions of the river
go almost dry, and this of course never happens to the beds in the
lake. The half-grown examples are solid, rather cylindrical shells,
the same neat form that is known as the "spike" among the clam-
mers. The old shells develop into a peculiar form, being flattened,
arcuate along the ventral border and very thin posteriorly, so that
they usually crack badly in drying; they represent the form de-
scribed by Simpson as var. delicata. In general outline they re-
mind one somewhat of Margaritana monodonta. This form is not
strictly confined to the lake; some similar shells were collected in
the Wabash near Terre Haute.
As found in the lake, Vnio gibbosiis is very constant in its char-
acters, the only noteworthy difference between individuals being
the change in shape already referred to as being due to age. In
rivers this shell exhibits considerable variation in shape, size, color
of nacre, etc., but the shells of the lake are quite constant in almost
every respect. The nacre is a deep purple, never varying to pink
or white as it frequently does in rivers.
Like Lampsilis luteola this species is frequently preyed upon by
muskrats and the cleaned out shells are common where these ro-
dents have had their feasts.
Although U. gibbosiis of the Tippecanoe River near the mouth
of the Outlet is very commonly infested with a distomid parasite
along the hinge-line which brings about the formation of irregular
baroques, this parasite does not occur in the lake so far as known.
Small species of Atax are common parasites of this species in the
lake, and in 1909 one was found affected by the large Atax ingens.
Even the large strong river shells of Vnio gibbosiis have no
value in the manufacture of buttoms because of their purple color
and lack of luster. (The white-nacred shells are sometimes used.)
The only other lake examples with which the Lake Maxinkiickee
specimens of this species have been compared, are some collected in
Lake Erie at Put-in-Bay. The Lake Erie shells are much unlike
the Maxinkiickee specimens, being short, humped and remarkably
solid and heavy. Similar shells to those of Lake Erie are found in
some of the small southern rivers.
We have no notes referring to gravid examples in the lake.
This was probably because the most active work in collecting and
examining mussels was carried on in the autumn, and the breeding
period of this species is in early summer.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 55
4. ALASMIDONTA CALCEOLUS (Lea)
Judging from the dead shells found scattered along shore, this
is not a particularly rare species in the lake. The shells were
found most abundantly along the north shore of the lake, although
they were also found along the east and southeast portion and were
not infrequent between Arlington and Long Point. No living
examples were found. On account of its small size and its habits
this is a rather difficult species to find, even where common, ex-
cept under favorable conditions such as exceptionally low water,
when the mussels move about more or less. Nothing was therefore
learned of its habits in the lake. In the Tippecanoe River near De-
long, Ind., this species was rather common in stiff blue clay near
shore, and it is fairly abundant in Yellow River at Plymouth.
Here, although the dead shells were common, the living examples
were difficult to find until, during a period of very low water, they
began actively moving about and could be tracked down. The
species, which reaches an unusually large size in Yellow River, was
there found gravid in autumn (September and October). The
glochidia are of the Anodonta type, chestnut-shaped or rounded-
triangular in outline, with large hooks at the ventral tips of the
valves.
5. FLOATER
ANODONTA GRANDIS FOOTIANA Lea
Although the genus Anodonta is generally regarded as the
"Pond-mussel" par excellence, the species of which might natur-
ally be expected to be at home in lakes and ponds and thrive in
such places even better than in rivers, the Anodontas of Lake Max-
inkuckee show, along with the river-species proper, the dwarfing
influence of the lake. Moreover, Anodonta is not, as one might
naturally expect, the most abundant mussel in the lake, but is out-
numbered in some beds at least, by both Lampsilis luteola and
Unio gibbosus. Its relative scarcity in some of the shore beds is
in part made up by its wider distribution in the deeper waters of
the lake than the others reach, and on its presence on the isolated
bars, where it was occasionally taken up by the dredge.
On account of the great variability of Anodonta grandis and
the difficulty in distinguishing the various forms, particular atten-
tion was paid to this species as found in the lake, and the lake
specimens were compared with numerous examples<from the neigh-
boring lakes and river. No Anodontas were found in the Tippe-
canoe River near Lake Maxinkuckee Outlet, and we were therefore
56 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
unable to compare our lake specimens with the form that would be
most interesting in this connection.
The mussels of Tippecanoe Lake at the head of Tippecanoe
River were examined in this connection. Blatchley (Indiana
Geological Report for 1900, p. 190) has reported Anodonta
yrandis as common, and the subspecies footiana as frequent in
Tippecanoe Lake. The Anodontas of that lake differ markedly
both in the size and shape of the individuals from those of Lake
Maxinkuckee. The difference in size can be easily explained by
the more favorable conditions in Tippecanoe Lake. This body of
water is more fluviatile than Lake Maxinkuckee, being directly con-
nected with the Tippecanoe River, which is already a fairly large
stream when it leaves the lake, and the mussel beds of the lake
and river are continuous. The upper part of Tippecanoe Lake is
exceptionally favorable for Anodontas ; the living mussels are large
and abundant, and the dead shells almost pave the bottom near
shore, several dead shells often being telescoped within each
other. Some of the shells reached a size not often surpassed in
the neighboring rivers, one example measuring 172.5 mm. long,
95 mm. high and 65 mm. in diameter. A few were thickened with
a tendency to form half pearls, but most were thin. A number
of the shells approached Anodonta corpulenta in general form,
and one flattened, rounded shell resembled A. suborbiculata. The
Anodontas from other lakes of the Tippecanoe River system, such
as Center Lake and Eagle Lake near Warsaw, resembled those of
Lake Maxinkuckee, but were generally smaller and shorter.
The Anodontas of Lake Maxinkuckee were also compared with
those of Yellow River a few miles to the north, and with the various
lakes of the Kankakee system, including Upper Fish Lake, Lake
of the Woods (Marshall Co), Pretty Lake, Twin Lakes, Bass Lake
and Cedar Lake. Some of the Yellow River Anodontas were nor-
mal, oval shells such as are common in the rivers of northern In-
diana ; a few were exceptionally thin and exceedingly inflated, re-
sembling A. corpulenta. Those of Upper Fish Lake — originally a
fluviatile lake containing other fluviatile shells such as Q. undulata
— were large shells like those of Tippecanoe Lake. The Anodontas
of each of the other lakes differed more or less from those of the
others, though all probably had a common origin. The only lake
of this group, the Anodontas of which closely resembled those of
Lake Maxinkuckee, is Bass Lake, and even here the shells were
somewhat different, being smaller and with the epidermis more
deeply stained. Even the Anodontas of Lost Lake differ slightly
from those of Lake Maxinkuckee, being somewhat more inflated
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 57
and with the epidermis rather green than brown, and in having
the shell usually somewhat thinner. Some of the shells near the
outlet of Lost Lake are exceedingly thin, some of them so much
so that ordinary print can easily be read through them; they are
so fragile that it is almost impossible to keep them.
Of the collection from Lake Maxinkuckee, mostly from Long
Point, 26 examples were carefully compared. The smallest meas-
ured 68 mm. long, 38 mm. high and 24.6 mm. in diameter, and the
largest 93.5 mm. long, 50 mm. high and 37 mm. in diameter.
Among variant forms was one female, gravid when collected,
which was unusually elongate, its measurements being 86 mm.
long, 43.5 mm. high and 32.5 mm. in diameter. In outline this
shell closely resembled Anodontoides f erussacianus subcylin-
draceus.
Some of the larger specimens are rather humped and arcuate,
the ventral margin of one being somewhat concave. This is a
variation which is quite likely to occur in old shells of any species.
Although gravid Anodontas were found rather frequently dur-
ing the late autumn, no infected fishes were seen, and no young
were found.
The Anodontas of the lake are fairly free from parasites, a few
Atax and Cotylaspis and occasionally a few distomids on the mantle
next to the umbonal cavity being the only ones present in any
numbers. In some of the other lakes the Anodontas were very
badly infested; a colony found in one of the Twin Lakes being
infested to a remarkable degree by a distomid which formed cysts
in the margin of the mantle.
Food and Parasites of various examples: — The following is the
result of the examination of various examples of Anodontas from
the lake.
Sample 10. Vial containing intestinal contents of Anodonta
grandis footiana, Lost Lake, Sept. 7, 1908. The vial contains a
considerable amount of material (in formalin) which was sepa-
rated into black fine mud below and fine fiocculent light green
above. Upper portion — Microcystis aeruginosa most common;
Peridinium tabulatum some; Pediastrum boryanum; Melosira
crenulata, a few filaments ; Coekistrum microporum, Botryococcus
braunii and Scenedesnius. Bottom layer — Lyngbya aestuarii,
Microcystis aeruginosa very common; Peridinium tabulation,
Anuraea cochlearis, Cymbella cymbiformis and Navicula.
Sample 11. Food of Anodonta grandis footiana, Lake Maxin-
kuckee, near Norris Inlet, Aug. 20, 1908. A good mass of fioc-
culent fine green material ; no mud.
58 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Microcystis aeruginosa most common, .Melosira filament, Oscil-
latoria, short filament; Anuraea cochlearis several; Cijmbella
cymbiformis; Gomphosphaeria aponina; Peridinium tabulatum;
Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, Lyngbya aestuarii, Epithemia
argas, Chydorus, and what appears to be fragments of Ceratium
hirundiriella.
Sample 12. Anodonta grandis footiana, near Norris Inlet,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Aug. 20, 1908; a small mass of flocculent blue
material.
Microcystis aeruginosa most abundant; Lyngbya aestuarii,
Melosira, Epithemia, Anuraea cochlearis, Pediastrum boryanum,
Cosmarium intermedium and a few others, Staurastrum, Spirulina
and Pediastrum duplex.
Sample 13. Anodonta grandis footiana, 97 mm. long. Edge
of Lake Maxinkuckee east of Norris Inlet, Aug. 29, 1908.
Parasites, 9 Atax, free among gills. Mussels gravid, with ante-
rior end of shell indented and with some brown spots on the nacre.
Food mass fine golden brown, abundant in quantity, containing
Anuraea cochlearis many; Microcystis aeruginosa most abundant
element; Lyngbya aestuarii frequent; Scenedesmus, a few; Botry-
ococcus braunii frequent, Cymbella cymbiformis; Staurastrum,
Navicula; Fragilaria; Chydorus, a few; Coelosphaerium kuetz-
ingianum; the diatoms are not abundant.
Sample 14. Anodonta grandis footiana apparently old, 90 mm.
long, near Norris Inlet, Lake Maxinkuckee, Ind., Aug. 29, 1908,
the shell stained somewhat brown inside, with one steel-blue stain
on the right valve anteriorly.
Parasites ; Atax 7, large, full of eggs, one small, one very small,
these all free among the gills ; Cotykispis insignis 1, in axil of gill.
Food abundant; Microcystis aeruginosa abundant, Lyngbya
aestuarii common, Pediastrum duplex, Botryococcus braunii, a few ;
Cosmarium; Anuraea cochlearis several; Scenedesmus; Ankistro-
desmus, and many diatoms, among which are Cocconeis pediculus,
Melosira, Gomphonema, Navicula, Epithemia t'urgida, etc.
Sample 15. Anodonta grandis footiana, 101 mm. long, Lake
Maxinkuckee, near shore, by Norris Inlet, Aug. 29, 1908.
Parasites, 5 Atax, free in gills, some full of eggs, 2 smaller in
size, larval Atax (black) scattered in gills. Cotykispis insignis 2,
axil of inner gill.
A large amount of food material in intestines, very fine, of a
yellowish-brown color.
Microcystis aeruginosa, Anuraea cochlearis, Lyngbya aestuarii,
Botryococcus braunii, Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, Cosmarium,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 59
Navicula, an elongate form, Cymbella cymbiformis, Pediastrum
duplex, P. boryanum; red cysts apparently of Peridinium.
Sample 16. Anodonta grandis footiana, 90 mm. long, sandy
bottom of Lake Maxinkuckee near Norris Inlet. Aug. 29, 1908.
Mussel gravid. Parasites, Atax, 3, free among gills, Atax embryos
scattered through gills.
Food material scarce, fine golden brown in mass, consisting of
Microcystis aeruginosa abundant; CoelosphaeHum kuetzingianum
abundant, Lyngbya aestuarii,. a few filaments; Anuraea cochlearis
and another rotifer ; Botryococcus braunii; Sorastrum, Coelastrum,
Scenedesmus, Pediastrum duplex, Navicula several, Melosira tabu-
late/,, Synedra, Epithemia turgida, Cymbella cymbiformis; other
small diatoms rather numerous; Cosmarium, a few.
Sample 17. Anodonta grandis footiana, 93 mm. long. Sandy
bottom of Lake Maxinkuckee near Norris Inlet, Aug. 28, 1908.
Mussel gravid. Parasites, 1 Atax, free among gills. Intestines al-
most empty. Microcystis aeruginosa one of most abundant ele-
ments, Lyngbya aestuarii, CoelosphaeHum kuetzingianum, Botry-
ococcus braunii; Cosmarium, Pediastrum, Cocconeis pediculus,
Epithemia turgida; Navicula, (1 actively moving) Gomphonema,
Melosira tabulata, Anuraea cochlearis, Chydorus.
Sample 18. Anodonta grandis footiana, 95 mm. long, Lake
Maxinkuckee near Norris Inlet, Aug. 29, 1908. Mussel gravid.
Parasites, 6 Atax free among gills, one a minute red species. Many
young Atax embryos in inner side of mantle, not in gills.
Food material golden brown with some green intermixed, very
fine. Microcystis aeruginosa, common ; Lyngbya aestuarii, a few
filaments; CoelosphaeHum kuetzingianum; Botryococcus braunii;
Pediastrum duplex; Anuraea cochlearis a few; Epithemia turgida;
Navicida, common ; Cymbella cymbiformis; Cocconeis pediculus,
several ; Cosmarium; Chydorus.
Sample 19. Anodonta grandis footiana, Lake Maxinkuckee,
near Winfield's. Mussel gravid. Parasites, young Atax in gills;
distomids on mantle; (a slug pearl near hinge.)
Food : Botryococcus braunii; Microcystis aeruginosa; Lyngbya
aestuarii, CoelosphaeHum kuetzingianum, Pediastrum duplex,
Navicula, Cymbella cymbiformis.
Sample 20. Anodonta grandis footiana, Lost Lake. Young
transparent shell, gravid ; length 77 mm., height 41 mm., diameter
30 mm.; live weight 1 oz., shell £ oz. Parasites, several Cotylaspis
insignis in axil of gills. Food chiefly Microcystis aeruginosa ; con-
siderable Botryococcus braunii.
Sample 21. Anodonta grandis footiana. Lost Lake. Parasites,
60 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
1 young Atax in gill; Cotylaspis insignis in axil of gill. Food
chiefly Microcystis aeruginosa, a little Botryococcusbraunii, Lyng-
bija aestuarii and Pediastrum boryanum.
6. PAPER-SHELL
ANODONTA IMBECILLIS Say
A single specimen.
7. SQUAWFOOT
STROPHITUS EDENTULCS (Say)
Not very common in the lake. Occasional shells can be picked
up along shore, especially between Long Point and Arlington, and
along the north shore. Living examples were also taken in small
numbers from the mussel bed at the mouth of Norris Inlet, and at
Long Point. In a collection of about 300 living mussels collected
at the latter place in the autumn of 1907, only 3 were of this
species.
As found in the various rivers of the country, this is one of the
most variable of shells, and the exact limits of the species and its
various forms are not yet well worked out. The lake examples,
though differing considerably from those of the neighboring rivers
and from river shells in general, do not exhibit a very large range
of variation. They are all markedly dwarfed, the average length
being about 2| inches or 63.5 mm. long. All have a well-developed
rounded posterior ridge. The epidermis is deeply stained, that of
the exposed portion of the shell being a rich yellowish brown,
while the anterior portion — in the living shell buried in the soil
of the bottom — is a deep, shining, brown black. The anterior mar-
gin is not nearly so heavy and produced as one frequently finds
it in river examples. The beaks of the lake shells are not so angu-
lar as they usually are in river shells, and the high wavy ridges
are more numerous and pronounced. In the Maxinkuckee shells,
also, a number of fine hair-like lines or ridges, much like growth
lines, extend along the posterior border of the umbone, parallel
with the posterior ridge of the earlier stages of the shell.
The nacre of the lake shells is a rich rosy salmon. Unlike
the salmon color of "Anodonta salmonia" this is a natural color,
not due to diseased conditions ; the nacre surface is very smooth
and the color extends deeply into the shell. In some cases the
inner nacreous surface appears to be a secondary thickening of
the shell, laid on the older portions like an enamel. Below this
extra nacreous deposit the growth lines are very distinct on the
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 61
inner surface of the shell. The rest periods are distinct black
lines, often plainly visible through the translucent shell when held
up to the light. Rays are always invisible by reflected light in
the lake shells, but in some examples they were visible by trans-
mitted light. The animal has orange-colored flesh. The few liv-
ing examples examined indicate that parasites are common: one
contained three old Atax ypsilophorus, and several young.
One gravid example was found, October 17, 1907. The young-
est example found was 42 mm. long and exhibited four rest periods.
8. LAMPSILIS GLANS (Lea)
Fairly common in the main lake ; dead shells are often found
along shore, and occasionally the living mussels are to be seen in
shallow water at the various mussel beds in the lake. It is quite
abundant along the edges of the thoroughfare joining the lakes,
and is common in Lost Lake. The examples found in the thorough-
fare and Lost Lake were of unusually large size ; this is one of the
few species of mussels which are as large or larger in the lake than
in the neighboring rivers. L. glans appears to prefer shallow water
along shore. A good number of shells recently cleaned out by
muskrats was found near the water's edge at Long Point in the
late autumn of 1913.
In the Tippecanoe River at Delong this was a very abundant
species in the greasy whitish blue clay along shore, and was here
one of the favorite morsels of the muskrat. With the exception
of Micromya fabalis this is the smallest species of mussel found
in the lake. It can be easily recognized by its black epidermis,
small size and purple nacre.
9. RAINBOW-SHELL
LAMPSILIS IRIS (Lea)
Rather common in the lake in shallow water near shore, found
scattered among the other species in the various shell-beds. There
is a good colony in the Lost Lake bed, and it is fairly abundant
off the depot grounds, by Kruetzberger's pier, at Long Point, and
at the bed near the mouth of Norris Inlet.
The lake shells differ markedly from those of the neighboring
rivers, so much so that it is easy to separate the lake and river
shells at a glance. The lake shells are considerably more elongate,
and the epidermis is stained a deep brown, mostly concealing the
rays ; when these are visible they are brownish rather than green,
and the umbones are rather eroded. The shells, indeed, resemble
62 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
somewhat the males of L. subrostrata, with which they are asso-
ciated. The lake shells exhibit a tendency to have their posterior
margin somewhat broader than that of the river shells, and the
shells are flatter at the posterior tip, becoming somewhat produced.
The river shells are more solid and heavy.
Lampsilis iris is one of the few species of mussels which does
not show a marked decrease of size in the lake; indeed, some of
the larger lake examples run actually larger than those from the
neighboring rivers. Some of the largest lake shells examined have
the following dimensions :
No.
Length mm.
Alt. mm.
Diam. mm
1
69.6
37.3
21
2
65.9
34.9
21
o
68.0
34.6
22
4
64.9
35.8
22.7
5
67.0
36.8
20.9
6
67.7
OO . o
21.5
No young shells were found, even the smallest appear rather
old. The smallest three measure :
lgth mm.
Alt. mm.
Diam. mm
41.4
21.2
12.5
38.9
21.5
12.5
37.0
20.0
12.3
For comparison with the lake shells, the dimensions are given
of the largest two shells found in Yellow River:
No.
Length mm.
Alt. mm.
Diam. mm
1
67.0
34.5
22.9
2
64.0
33.5
21.0
Only one gravid example was found ; this was obtained at Lost
Lake bed Sept. 7, 1908.
Of all the species of mussels in the lake, L. iris has the best
connection, through scattered individuals along the Outlet, with the
shells of the Tippecanoe River, a few shells having been found
almost through the whole length of the Outlet. The outlet shells,
like those of the rivers, are brightly rayed. The species is abund-
ant in the Tippecanoe River at Delong. A number of examples
were noted in spawning condition there in late August and early
September in 1908. Observations in the Maumee River would in-
dicate that these species, L. parva and L. multiradiata, do not have
exactly the same breeding season as many other species of Lamp-
silis (luteola, recta, ligamentina, etc.) but are sometimes fertilized
in July, spawning in August and September. Being small and
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 63
an early developing species, it is probable that they have somewhat
different habits : indeed it is possible that they have more breed-
ing seasons per year than the other species.
The Tippecanoe mussels of this species were a favorite food of
the muskrat, and were killed in great numbers every autumn, the
dead shells being thickly strewn along the bank, or piled in heaps
at the bases of rocks which the rodent had used as a feeding place.
Lampsilis iris has a well marked tendency in the lakes and
Outlet to produce pearls and baroques, but these are too small to
be of any value.
10. LAMPSILIS SUBROSTRATA (Say)
Lampsilis subrostrata reaches its best development along the
muddy shores of lagoons, not being perfectly at home either in
swiftly flowing streams or in perfectly quiet lakes, although occa-
sional examples may be found in either. It is considerably more
abundant in Lake Tippecanoe and Upper Fish Lake than in any
other Indiana lakes examined. Along the edges of the Mississippi
sloughs it is fairly common and reaches a large size, often distin-
guished with difficulty from Lampsilis fallaciosa except for the
thinness of the shell and the black epidermis. It is rare in Lake
Maxinkuckee, only a few examples having been obtained from the
mussel bed near Norris Inlet. It is much more common in Lost
Lake in the large bed along shore south of the Bardsley cottage.
Mr. Blatchley, in a short report on the mollusks of the lake, (25th
annual report, Department of Geology and Natural Resources of
Indiana, 1900, p. 250), says of this species: "Not common in the
main lake ; more so in the muck and mud along the margins of Lost
Lake, where a well-marked variety, with a larger and broader beak,
was taken. A specimen of this was sent, among others, to Mr.
Chas. T. Simpson, of the Smithsonian Institution, for verification.
In his reply he says : 'The variety of subrostratus which you send
is, so far as I know, confined to northern Indiana. It is quite re-
markable, and would seem to be almost a distinct species. I have
seen quite a number of specimens of it, and at first thought it a
variety of U. nasutus, but there seem to be intermediate forms con-
necting it with U. subrostratus.' "
With the exception of the differences due to sex, all the Maxin-
kuckee and Lost Lake shells are very uniform in appearance, much
more so than L. luteola, and are hardly distinguishable from ex-
amples from Lake Tippecanoe, LTpper Fish Lake, or a specimen col-
lected in the Wabash River at Terre Haute by Dr. J. T. Scovell.
64 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
They are dark brown in color with very faint rays. The species
appears to be rare in the Tippecanoe River at Delong. One ex-
ample was obtained there, which is somewhat shorter and stouter
than those of the lake, and not so badly stained ; it shows faint
rays posteriorly. The Lost Lake shells are somewhat larger than
those found at the other lakes. No young were found, the smallest
shell obtained being a half-grown example. One gravid specimen
was found at Lost Lake Sept. 7, 1908. The marsupium closely
resembles that of L. iris, being a kidney-shaped mass filling the
hinder portion of the outer gill, this mass being marked into seg-
ments by rather deep radiating furrows. The very edge of the mar-
supium is white beyond the dusky submarginal area, the white
making a chain-like area at the edge of the gill. Like L. iris, this
species has a tendency to form pearls, but they are too small to be
of any value.
Food of individuals: — The following is the result of the exam-
ination of the contents of the intestines of L. subrostrata from Lost
Lake at various dates.
Sample 22, August 20, 1908. A small amount of flocculent
bluish-gray material.
Peridinium tabulatum abundant; Microcystis aeruginosa abund-
ant; Anuraea cochlearis; Pediastrum boryanum; Diatoms — Sy-
nedra, Cymbella cymbiformis.
Sample 23, August 20, 1908. A very small amount of floccu-
lent grayish material.
Peridinium tabulatum a few; Microcystis aeruginosa a little;
Pediastrum boryanum; Cosmarium, Tetraedron minimum, Scene-
desmus, Euglyphia alveolata; Peridinium, a small, sharp-spined
form. Diatoms make up the greater part, including Cymbella
cymbiformis, Navicula, Fragilaria, Coscinodiscus, and Epithemia.
Sample 24, September 7. A large amount of material, black
mud below, greenish flocculent material above. The upper por-
tion contains chiefly Botryococcus braunii and Microcystis aerug-
inosa. Bottom portion — Microcystis aeruginosa common; Botnj-
ococcus braunii; Peridinium tabulatum, Peridinium, a small spined
species; Scenedesmus, frequent. Staurastrum, Pediastrum duplex;
Coelastrum a few; Anuraea cochlearis, Tetraedron, Docidium,
Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, sponge spicule, Lyngbya aestuarii.
Diatoms, — Synedra, Navicula, Gomphonema, etc.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey (>•">
11. FAT MUCKET
LAMPSILIS LUTEOLA (Lamarck)
Lampsilis luteola is the most widely distributed of the Amer-
ican Unionidse, its range extending over nearly all of North Amer-
ica east of the Rocky Mountains. It lives and thrives under a
great variety of conditions, being frequent in both lakes and rivers.
In Lake Maxinkuckee this is the most common mussel, being
found almost everywhere in water from 2 to 5 or 6 feet deep where
the bottom is suitable. It prefers a rather solid bottom with some
admixture of sand or gravel, but occurs also even where the bot-
tom is of a rather firm peaty nature as in some places in Outlet
Bay. It is, however, rather scarce and widely scattered in such
localities. The best beds are found at Long Point, at Farrar's, in
front of McDonald's, by the old Kruetzberger pier, and in
Aubeenaubee Bay off from the Military Academy. In Lost Lake
it was abundant in the large mussel bed below the Bardsley cot-
tage, and a few shells were found in the north end of the lake.
The Lake Maxinkuckee shells are smaller and thinner than
those of the rivers ; they closely resemble those of most of the
neighboring lakes with which they were compared, such as Twin
Lakes, Pretty Lake, Bass Lake, etc. The L. luteola of Upper Fish
Lake are much larger and more like river shells. Compared with
specimens of more remote lakes, those of Lake Erie are much
smaller, more solid and not stained, the rays being quite distinct.
The L. luteola of Lake Pokegama, Minn., are unlike any of those
above cited, being large, thick and heavy, furnishing excellent but-
ton material.
Lampsilis luteola is represented in Lake Maxinkuckee and Lost
Lake by 2 forms ; although these forms are well connected by
intergrades the extremes are pretty markedly distinct.
The colony in Lost Lake is composed of compressed, elongate
shells, almost as large as those found in rivers, but considerably
thinner. It is in the females of this group, and only in part of
them, that the greatest variation occurs. The males are not much
unlike the ordinary well-known form of the neighboring rivers.
The most strongly aberrant females are markedly compressed, and
flare out broadly in the post-basal region. The umbones are far
forward and they remind one somewhat in contour of the marine
species, Modiola plicatula. Some of them closely resemble Lamp-
silis radiata of the Atlantic drainage. The Lost Lake mussels of
this species are stained a peculiar attractive ash-gray which does
not greatly obscure the rays. They are not so heavily encrusted
5— 17618— Vol. 2
66 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
with marl as are those in the Lake Maxinkuckee beds. Typical
Lake Maxinkuckee specimens are dwarfed and stained a deep
brown, which obscures the rays. Most of them are thickly coated
posteriorly with incrustations of marl. It is principally this spe-
cies which has associated with it the little water-beetle, Stenelmis
undulatus Blatchley. At Long Point, where L. luteola is the most
common mussel, examples of the peculiar Lost Lake form are
rather frequent. In comparing sets of shells from the various
mussel beds of the lake — Long Point, Farrar's and the Norris Inlet
beds — it was noted that the mussels of each bed, as one approached
the upper portions of the lake, averaged somewhat smaller.
As regards food, movements, reproduction, etc., L. luteola does
not differ greatly from the other mussels of the lake with the ex-
ception that it appears to be considerably the most active species
in the lake. A few were observed moving about during the
winter of 1900-1901. The deep water individuals rarely move
about at all. In the autumn of 1913 the migration of those near
shore into deep water was strikingly shown by a series of numer-
ous furrows, with a mussel at the deep water end and extending
from shore outward near Long Point.
As with the other mussels of the lake, reproduction is a rather
inconspicuous phenomenon, not attended with the marked display
common in the larger river examples. Of 252 examples collected
at Long Point Oct. 17, 1907, 25 contained glochidia in the gills,
some being very full and much distended. One was found gravid
May 24, 1901, and on August 22, 1906, some in Lost Lake appeared
to be about ready to spawn.
The young of this species were found rather frequently in the
lake, much more frequently, indeed, than any other kind. The
smallest examples were obtained while sieving sand for Sphaeriums
at Long Point. These young mussels live buried in the fine sand
near shore. Specimens up to about a half inch long are very
crinkly, being covered with narrow elevated parallel ridges, gen-
erally 5 in number, each consisting of 2 open loops placed end to
end, the sides of the loops being roughly parallel with the ventral
margin of the shell; the ends where they join form a sharp curve
upward toward the umbone. These double loops are followed by
a number of broken irregular ridges. The markings just described
persist on the umbones of the older shells until eroded away. The
half grown shells are beautifully rayed with green on a whitish
background. As the shells grow older they become gradually
stained a deep uniform brown, obscuring the rays.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 67
Most of the mussels of the lake are slightly parasitized, none
abundantly ; they contain a few examples of a small reddish Atax,
and a few Cotylaspis insignis. A small round-worm, somewhat
like a vinegar eel, was found very active in the intestine of one
specimen ; it was probably parasitic.
Small irregular pearls or slugs are produced but they are of no
value. In some rivers this species produces an abundance of small
round pearls. Some of the pearl-bearing river specimens were
planted in the lake in 1912 to see if they would infect the lake
shells. The Lampsilis luteola of the rivers is a fair button shell,
but the Lake Maxinkuckee shells are too small and thin to have
much value. It is a remarkable fact that in Lake Pokegama,
Minn., L. luteola grows abundantly in shallow bottom among the
weeds, and there produces a handsome thick heavy shell, one indeed
concerning which the pearl button manufacturers are very enthusi-
astic, so much so that the shells at that distant point from the
market brought $22.00 per ton; in the summer of 1912, two car-
loads of these shells were shipped to Europe.
Just why the Lake Maxinkuckee shells are not like the excel-
lent ones of Lake Pokegama remains as yet unanswered, but seems
to be largely a question of breed. It would certainly be worth
while to introduce the Lake Pokegama breed into Lake Maxin-
kuckee.
Following is the result of the examination of various indi-
viduals of the Maxinkuckee and Lost Lake shells :
Sample 25. L. luteola. Lost Lake, Sept. 7, 1908. Mussel
gravid. Length 100 mm., altitude 62 mm. ; diameter 33 mm. Live
weight 3| oz. ; shell If oz. Parasites — 7 free Atax among gills,
young Atax in gills and numerous Atax eggs on interior surface
of mantle. Food chiefly Microcystis aeruginosa, Botryococcus
braunii, Lyngbya aestuarii, Melosira, Navicula.
Sample 26. L. luteola, Lost Lake, Sept. 7, 1908 ; mussel gravid ;
length 95 mm., alt.. 60 mm., diam., 38 mm.; live weight 3] oz. ;
shell 1| oz. Parasites, 7 free Atax in gills, and Atax eggs in the
mantle. Food — chiefly Microcystis aeruginosa, also Botryococc/'s
braunii, Navicula, Lyngbya aestuarii and Anuraea cochlearis.
Sample 27. L. luteola, Lost Lake by Bardsley's, Sept. 7, 1908 ;
live weight 3| oz. ; shell H oz. ; length 97 mm., alt. 54 mm., diam.
33 mm. Parasites — 7 free Atax among gills ; many small red
eggs of Atax on inner surface of mantle. Food chiefly Microcystis
aeruginosa, Botryococcus braunii and Navicula.
Sample 28. Lampsilis luteola, Lost Lake, Sept. 7, 1908. Live
68 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
weight 3,! oz. ; length 104 mm., alt. 54 mm., diameter 33 mm.
Parasites, Ata.r 6, free among gills, eggs of Atax on inner side of
mantle, young in pits on side of foot. Food, Microcystis aerug-
inosa most common. Lyngbya aestuarii, Navicula, Melosira,
Anuraea and Cymbella.
Intestinal contents of two examples of L. luteola obtained in
Lake Maxinkuckee Aug. 27, 1908, near the shore just north of the
ice-office gave the following results :
Sample 29. Microcystis aeruginosa, main mass; Anuraea coch-
lea ris a few; Botryococcus braunii rather common; Cymbella
cymbiformis, one; Lyngbya aesturaii, 1 filament; Navicula, 2 ex-
amples; Synedra, a few.
Sample 30. Microcystis aeruginosa main mass; Botryococcus
braunii, very common; Lyngbya aesturarii, several filaments;
Anuraea cochlearis a few; Synedra some; Navicula one example,
very lively ; Cosmarium one round worm like vinegar eel, very
lively.
Sample 31. Lost Lake, 1908. A good mass of material, black-
ish below, flocculent greenish above.
Lyngbya aesturarii, a few filaments; Microcystis aeruginosa,
quite abundant; Anuraea cochlearis; sponge spicule, Pediastrum
duplex, Staurastrum , Botryococcus braunii, Peridinium tabuhdum,
a few; Peridinium, a small spiny species 1; Pediastrum boryanum;
several diatoms — Navicula, Coscinodiscus, Melosira, Cymbella
cymbiformis; Microcystis is the most abundant element, Peridinium
is rather scarce.
Sample 32. Lake Maxinkuckee, Aug. 27, 1908. A small
amount of brownish green flocculent material.
Anuraea cochlearis, quite frequent ; Lyngbya aestuarii, short
filament; Peridinium tabulatum, a few; Coelastrum microporum;
Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum ; Pediastrum boryanum; Scenedes-
mus, very few; Chydorus fragment. Diatoms, — Epithemia turgida,
Navicula, Cymbella cymbiformis, Gomphonema, Coscinodiscus.
Sample 33. Lake Maxinkuckee, Aug. 27, 1908. A fair amount
of brownish green material, muddy below, flocculent green above.
The green top material consisting chiefly of Microcystis aerug-
inosa; with some Anuraea cochlearis; Lyngbya aestuarii; Micro-
cystis aeriiginosa; Bulbochaete bristle; Coelastrum microporum;
Merismopedia glaaca; Pediastrum boryanum; diatoms — Navicula,
Coscinodiscus, etc.
Measurements: — The following is a series of measurements of
Lost Lake examples:
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
G9
MEASUREMENTS
IN MM
No.
Date, 1908
Remarks
Length Alt.
Diam.
1189
August 20
85
54
32
Fanshaped female.
1260
September 7
97.4
55
31
Fanshaped female, gravid.
1215
August 20
87
46
35.6
Fanshaped female.
1224
August 20
98
56
26
Fanshaped female.
1245
August 20
90
51
32.8
Fanshaped female.
1235
August 20
98
48.9
36.3
Male.
1188
August 20
102
53
36
Male.
1221
August 20
100
51
37
Male.
1223
August 20
96
51 4
34.8
Male.
1228
August 20
102.3
53.7
33
Male.
Most of these shells blistered posteriorly.
The males are fairly like those of river; the females are more fanshaped. Weight of the 10 shells, 15 oz.:
only a few are rayed.
12. POCKETBOOK
LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA (Barnes)
Rather common at the Long Point mussel bed; a few found
in the bed by Farrar's and a few in Lost Lake. The species as
found in the lake is markedly dwarfed and quite different in ap-
pearance from the usual river form. There are two types in the
Long- Point bed. One consisting' of females, having the post
basal inflation of the shell characteristic of that sex, not exactly
as in the river form, however, but somewhat more restricted ; this
feature, along with a peculiar stain of the epidermis which con-
ceals the normal coloring of the shell, causes them to very closely
resemble a short female L. luteola. The other type, an oval shell
without the post-basal inflation, was at first taken to represent the
males, but some of them were found to contain glochidia. These,
too, bear a marked resemblance to L. luteola, and the only way to
distinguish the two species, as they occur in the lake, is by an
examination of the umbonal sculpture. This in ventricosa con-
sists of a few coarse parallel ridges ; in luteola the sculpture is of
numerous fine wavy lines.
The lake L. ventricosa was so markedly different from the
species as usually known that it was compared with a large series
of both lake and river forms. Of river shells only a few from
the central part of the Maumee, where for some reason the shells
are markedly dwarfed, bore any close resemblance to it. None
was found in any of the neighboring lakes with which to compare
them. In some of the small lakes of Michigan where Dr. Robert
E. Coker collected, he experienced a similar difficulty in dis-
tinguishing L. ventricosa and L. luteola. He sent sets of criti-
70
Lake Ma.vinkackee, Physical and Biological Sarrcii
cal specimens to Mr. Bryant Walker of Detroit, Mich., who identi-
fied the shells with a few coarse straight undulations on the beaks
as Lampsilis ventricosa canadensis and the others as L. luteola.
The Maxinkuckee specimens were also compared with L. ventri-
cosa from Lake Champlain, and were found to be much like them.
The Champlain examples which were free from staining of the
epidermis more closely resembled in color the ventricosa of the
rivers.
The specimens of L. ventricosa differed considerably in the dif-
ferent beds. Lost Lake examples are usually rather small, and are
stained a peculiar ashy-gray. Those from the near Farrar's are
mostly small and apparently young and are rather well rayed;
they resemble river forms more closely than any others in the lake.
The large oval L. ventricosa of Long Point are the heaviest
shells of the lake. A peculiarity of several of these shells is a
conspicuous rib-like thickening on the inside, extending from near
the umbonal cavity postero-ventrally. The nacre is soft satiny in
luster, and not very iridescent. This oval form of ventricosa
found at Long Point furnishes the only shell in the lake that could
be used to any advantage in the manufacture of buttons, and even
it produces rather inferior material. Some of these shells were
sent to a button factory at Davenport and buttons were made of
them. The following is a set of measurements of these large
shells:
No-
Dite, 1907
Length mm.
Alt. mm.
Diam. mm.
Remarks
1
September 24
114
74.8
53
Female gravid.
2
October 30
107.6
65.5
54.8
3
October 2
105 2
63.7
52.5
4
October 30
92.5
60.4
53.7
Female gravid.
5
October 3 i
103.7
67.3
49 3
Dorsal baroques.
6
October 1 7
98.6
60.2
55.5
Arcuate; baroque found.
7
October 20
101.7
63.6
52.2
8
October 30
94.6
58.4
53 2
Nacre diseased and blistered.
9
October 1 7
95.6
55.7
49
in
October 17
!H 5
60.4
49.5
Although the reproductive phase of L. ventricosa of the lake
is much less conspicuous than in the river mussels, most of them
apparently succeed in reproducing themselves. Most of the fe-
males found later in autumn have more or less numerous glochidia
in the gills. No infected fishes or very young mussels of this spe-
cies were seen.
The most common parasite is Atax, and it is not particularly
abundant. Of six examples collected near Farrar's July 24, 1909,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 71
the first contained 9 of the mites, the second 4, the third 15, with
Atax eggs in the mantle and body, the fourth 12 Atax and nu-
merous eggs of the mite on the inner surface of the mantle, the
fifth 3 Atax with eggs and the sixth 7 Atax with eggs and egg
scars. No other parasites were noted. No pearls were found,
only a few irregular slugs.
In 1906 some of the immense L. ventricosa of Yellow River
were planted in the lake near shore not far from the old ice office.
A few died shortly after planting but near the same place 2 years
later some of the mussels were found alive and apparently thriv-
ing. Two of the large females were killed and examined. Altho
this was at a time when this species is usually gravid, one of these
individuals was sterile, apparently having failed to become impreg-
nated. The influence of its residence in the lake was marked by a
dark stain which covered the exposed portion of the shell. The
other had a few eggs in the gills, and numerous marginal cysts
in the mantle. About 10 Atax among the gills, and numerous dis-
tomids on the outside surface of the mantle in the umbonal cavity.
13. LAMPSILIS MULTIRADIATA (Lea)
Not abundant in the lake; occasional shells are found along
shore, and now and then they are encountered in the piles of shells
where muskrats have been feeding. A few living examples were
found in the mussel bed near the mouth of Norris Inlet and a few
at Long Point bed. In all hardly a dozen living examples were
secured ; of 563 shells taken from a pile left by a muskrat at Long
Point in 1907, only 1 was of this species. This mussel, as it occurs
in the lake, is not nearly so attractive as river specimens, being
dwarfed and so deeply stained that the rays are inconspicuous,
being usually black or dull brown instead of green.
This species was found in unusual abundance in the Tippecanoe
River at Delong, and a considerable number was observed spawn-
ing during the autumn of 1908. While spawning, this mussel is a
very conspicuous spectacle. It lies either on its back, or more
usually with the posterior end directly upward, and the showy
edges of the mantle, which are of a yellowish brown color, and
cross-barred with narrow lines which are continuous with the fine
rays of the epidermis, look a good deal like a small darter lying
on the bottom. Long waving pennant-like flaps, with a showy
black spot at the base of each are developed, and this portion of the
mussel is made still more conspicuous by reason of periodic violent
spasmodic contractions.
72 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
At the Tippecanoe River this is one of the favorite foods of the
muskrat, and it must be difficult for them to hold their own against
that rodent.
14. MICROMYA FABALIS (Lea)
Rare ; previous to 1913 only one shell had been found ; this
was picked up on the north shore of the lake in 1907. In 1913
several shells, recently cleaned out by some animal, probably a
muskrat, were found at the wagon bridge. This species is fairly
common in Tippecanoe Lake and frequent in the Tippecanoe River
at Delong where it was collected in shallow water near shore in
rather stiff blue clay. It is the smallest of our Unionidse. The
white or bluish white nacre has an exceedingly brilliant luster.
Several other species of mussels have been recorded for the
lake, among them Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea), Alasmodonta mar-
ginata Say, Symphynota compressa Lea, Anodontoides ferussaci-
anus (Lea) , Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth), Ob ov aria cir cu-
ius Lea, Lampsilis parva (Barnes) , and Lampsilis gracilis (Barnes) .
We have seen representatives of none of these species from the lake,
and while some, such as A. ferussacianus, are very probably pres-
ent, others are very improbable.
MOLLUSKS OTHER THAN UNIONIDSE
About 116 species of mollusks in addition to the Unionidse are
known to occur in Lake Maxinkuckee or its immediate vicinity.
Specimens of nearly all of these species were collected during our
investigations; others were collected by the late L. E. Daniels.
These collections were referred to Dr. Paul Bartsch of the United
States National Museum for study and report. Other duties have
prevented Dr. Bartsch from completing his full report on these
mollusks. He has, however, supplied the following list of his
identifications. This shows that the Lake Maxinkuckee molluscous
fauna is a remarkably rich one, the total number of species, in-
cluding the Unionidse, being not fewer than 130.
FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS
1. Lymnsea palustris (Miiller)
2. Lymnsea obrussa exigua (Lea)
3. Lymnsea danielsi Baker
4. Lymnsea dalli Baker
5. Lymnsea humilis (Say)
6. Lymnsea desidiosa (Say)
7. Planorbis bicarinatus Say
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 73
8. Planorbis trivolvis Say
9. Planorbis campanulatus Say
10. Planorbis parvus Say
11. Planorbis exacutus Say
12. Planorbis albus M tiller
13. Segmentina armigera (Say)
14. Physa Integra Haldeman
15. Physa heterostropha Say
16. Ancylus tardus Say
17. Ancylus shimekii Pilsbry
18. Ancylus rivularis Say
19. Ancylus kirklandi Walker
20. Viviparus contectoides W. G. Binney
21. Viviparus intertextus (Say)
22. Campeloma decisa (Say)
23. Valvata tricarinata (Say)
24. Valvata sincem simplex Gould
25. Amnicola limosa (Say)
26. Amnicola limosa porata (Say)
27. Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry
28. Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry
29. Angitrema armigera (Say)
30. Pleurocera subidare (Lea)
31. Pleurocera subidare intensum (Reeve)
32. Pleurocera canaliculatum (Say)
33. Pleurocera undidatum (Say)
34. Pleurocera moniliferum (Lea)
35. Goniobasis louisvillensis Lea
36. Goniobasis depygis (Say)
37. Goniobasis livescens (Menke)
38. Goniobasis pulchella (Anthony)
39. Sph&rium tlavnm (Prime)
40. Sphxrium occidentale Prime
41. Sphserium rhomboideum (Say)
42. Sphserium simile (Say)
43. Sphserium solidum (Prime)
44. Sphserium stamineum (Conrad)
45. Sphserium striatinum (Lamarck)
46. Sphserium sulcatum (Lamarck)
47. Sphserium tenuis Sterki
48. Sphserium turn idulum Sterki
49. Sphserium walkeri Sterki
50. MusGulium rosacea m (Prime)
74 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
51. Musculium ryckholti (Sterki)
52. Musculium securis (Prime)
53. Musculium transversum (Say)
54. Musculium truncatum (Linsley)
55. Pisidium mainense Sterki
56. Pisidium medianum Sterki
57. Pisidium milium Haldeman
58. Pisidium nove-boracense Prime
59. Pisidium pauperculum Sterki
60. Pisidium paupercidum crystcden.se Sterki
61. Pisidium sargenti Sterki
62. Pisidium scutellatum Sterki
63. Pisidium splendidulum Sterki
64. Pisidium strengii Sterki
65. Pisidium. tenuissimum Sterki
66. Pisidium walkeri Sterki
67. Pisidium abditum Haldeman
68. Pisidium affine Sterki
69. Pisidium compressum Prime
70. Pisidium compressum Isevigatus Sterki
71. Pisidium idahoense Sterki
72. Pisidium, indianense Sterki
73. Pisidium lacustrinum Sterki
74. Pisidium. virginicum Bourginat
75. Pisidium rotundatum Prime
76. Pisidium variabile Prime
77. Pisidium politum Sterki
78. Pisidium vesicular e Sterki
79. Pisidium subrotundatum Sterki
LAND MOLLUSKS
80. Polygyra hirsuta (Say)
81. Polygyra fraterna (Say)
82. Polygyra monodon (Rackett)
83. Polygyra thyroides (Say)
84. Polygyra thyroides bucculenta (Gould)
85. Polygyra elevata (Say)
86. Polygyra zaleta (Binney)
87. Polygyra profunda (Say)
88. Polygyra midtilineata (Say)
89. Polygyra multilineata algonquinensis Nason
90. Pyramidula alternata (Say)
91. Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry & Ferriss
Lake Maxihkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 75
92. Pyramidula perspectiva (Say)
93. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say)
94. Zonitoides arboreus (Say)
95. Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller)
96. Zonitoides minusculus (Binney)
97. Euconidus fidvus (Miiller)
98. Polita hammonis (Strom)
99. Polita indentata (Say)
100. Vallonia pidchella (Miiller)
101. Vallonia costata (Miiller)
102. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller)
103. Strobilops labyrinthica (Say)
104. Strobilops virgo Pilsbry
105. Strobilops affinis Pilsbry
106. Pupoides marginatus (Say)
107. Papilla muscorum (Linnaous)
108. Gastrocopta armifera (Say)
109. Gastrocopta contractu (Say)
110. Gastrocopta tappaniana (Adams)
111. Vertigo morsei Sterki
112. Carychium exile H. C. Lea
113. Carychium exigunm (Say)
114. Succinea retusa Lea
115. Succinea obliqua Say
116. Succinea avara Say
THE CRUSTACEANS
A comprehensive study of the Plankton was made by Professor
Chancey Juday now of the University of Wisconsin. A similar
thorough study of the Parasitic Copepods was made -by Dr. Charles
B. Wilson whose report is made part of this paper.
Except during the summer of 1899 and 1900 the field work on
Lake Maxinkuckee was nearly all done by one or two investigators
only. This made it impossible to pay equal attention to all the
groups of animals and plants ; indeed, many groups could receive
scarcely more than passing notice, while others had to be wholly
neglected. Among those which received but slight attention air
the worms, polyzoans, protozoans, smaller crustaceans, insects, and
the like. Although considerable collections were made in some of
these groups, insurmountable difficulty was experienced in finding
specialists to work them up. Our reports on several of those
groups are therefore necessarily brief and general in character.
76 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Occasional notes and memoranda were made regarding various
species which we did not have opportunity to observe regularly or
methodically. Such of these as seem to possess some value or in-
terest are given in the following pages.
The list of species contained in the Plankton collections of 1899
and 1900 and a discussion of their abundance, distribution and
habits will be found in Professor Juday's report. A few addi-
tional species were later obtained in the small ponds about the lake.
Of the individual species not much can be said ; our studies were
too general for that purpose.
It may be stated, however, that plankton species of crustaceans
constitute a large part, probably nearly all, of the first food of
young fishes, and much of the food of some species of fishes
throughout their entire lives. The little Stickleback {Eucalia in-
constans) , for example, may be mentioned as one of such species.
Examples of this species kept in an aquarium fed eagerly on any
and all plankton crustaceans which we placed in the aquarium with
them. We observed also that these small crustaceans are captured
and eaten freely by those curious carnivorous plants, the bladder-
worts.
Of the whole group, it can be said that they are present through-
out the year in greater or less abundance. The abundance varies
greatly, however, from time to time, as shown by Juday. On Sep-
tember 6 (1906), peculiar ripples were observed on the surface of
the otherwise smooth lake. Upon cautiously approaching the spot
it was found that the disturbance was caused by large schools of
very young black bass, circling about and feeding voraciously.
Upon drawing a towing-net through the place great quantities of
several species of plankton crustaceans were obtained.
On many occasions the lake surface in large areas was seen to
be covered with a thin scum which, on examination, was found
to consist chiefly of the cast-off skins of minute crustaceans.
On November 5 (1906), Entomostraca were present in such re-
markable abundance at and near the surface of the lake that the
water had the appearance and consistency of thick soup, the little
animals actually crowding each other in the water. The next day
great windrows of these crustaceans were found washed up on
the shore at Long Point. Two days later they were again observed
forming dense clouds at and near the surface of the lake off the
Morris boathouse. A 4-drachm vial was simply dipped into the
water and about 100 of the creatures were secured.
A quantity of plankton collected July 7 (1909), and examined
qualitatively by Professor A. A. Doolittle of the department of
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 11
biology, Washington, D. C, high schools, gave the following
results :
Species. Per cent.
Diaptomus oregonensis Lilljeborg 0.38
Cyclops leu chart i Claus; (edax Forbes) 4.11
Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum Fischer 0.40
Daphnia retrocurva Forbes, var 1.06
Daphnia hyalina Leydig 84.02
99.97
The Copepods (free-swimming species) frequently bear at-
tached Protozoa, sometimes in such numbers as to make them ap-
pear bristly. They seem to be more abundant in winter when the
lake is covered with ice. Whenever holes are cut through the ice
these crustaceans often come crowding to the light and air.
The Cladocera are, generally speaking, the larger and more
showy element of the crustacean plankton. Their stomach con-
tents, which at times forms conspicuous masses, was found to be
composed largely of phyto-plankton elements, especially Botrijo-
coccus b7,(tunii which, because of its color, was easily recognizable.
One of the smaller Cladocera, Chydorus, was found to constitute
an important part of the food of the Unionida? or mussels of the
lake, as it also does of the small fishes.
One of the most notable species of the Zoo-plankton was Lepto-
dora hyalina. This is usually a deep-water species, but on Sep-
tember 2 (1906), it was taken in quantities in a surface tow-net in
Outlet Bay. Though one of the largest of the plankton crusta-
ceans, this species is so transparent as to be quite invisible except
by its movements among the associated individuals of Lyngbya.
Two other species of Entotomostraca not usually classed as
plankton, were noted, namely, the fairy shrimps. One, Branchip-
us serratus, was found dead in large numbers floating on the sur-
face in deep water July 11 (1899) . Later in the same day, consid-
erable numbers were seined in shallow water off Norris Inlet.
Again on August 21 and 31, a few were seen floating.
Another species, Branchipus rernalis, was found abundantly
in small temporary ponds west and south of the lake in the spring
of 1901.
A school of these curious crustaceans of delicate structure and
pearly appearance, apparently usually swimming on their backs,
their numerous gill-feet moving rapidly in the water, makes a
very pretty sight.
The Parasitic Copepods are reported on by Dr. Wilson (pp. 79-
82) . It may be here remarked that, as compared with other bodies
78 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
of water, these forms are comparatively rare in Lake Maxinkuckee.
In certain rivers which we have examined, particularly the Kanka-
kee, Maumee, and the sloughs along- the Mississippi, certain large
species of Lernsea are so abundant during the summer and fall
that they infest most of the rock bass, crappies, and bluegills.
They seemed to be worst on the rock bass, nearly every one of
which was bleeding in one or more places where these parasites had
fastened in their skin. At this season these fishes are said to be
"wormy" and are rejected by anglers and others who chance to
catch them.
The Isopods or Sowbugs are represented at the lake by two
aquatic species, one in the lake proper, the other (Porcellio scaber),
in the woodland ponds and in damp places. The lake species is
abundant all the year round among the Chara, especially in Outlet
Bay. It is one of the most important foods, particularly of rock
bass and bluegills. It sometimes forms the greater part of the
food of those species. Little or nothing was learned of the habits
of the pond species. There are, of course, several land species of
these curious crustaceans.
The Am phi pods are represented by several species in the lake
and the neighboring ponds. A large species was found near shore,
and smaller forms farther out in the lake among the aquatic plants.
The Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) was one of their favor-
ite haunts. Some of our herbarium specimens of this plant were
found full of these beach fleas. Many specimens were obtained
from the plants raked up from various depths. The Amphipods
could be obtained by washing the plants in a tub or bucket of water.
A few were taken at night in the towing-net. Some were found
in stomachs of fishes seined August 3 (1906), south of Arling-
ton station.
The freshwater shrimp (Palaemonetes exilipes) was not com-
mon in or about the lake. Only a few were obtained, one on Au-
gust 2 (1899), one on September 6 (1899), and one on October
23 (1900), all in the Outlet. Two were secured in Lost Lake,
one on August 1, the other September 1 (1900). Another was
taken November 27 (1900), upon a mass of aquatic plants dredged
some distance from shore in the lake. This species therefore ap-
pears to be rather rare at this lake. In Little River near Aboite,
Allen Co., Indiana, immense numbers of this shrimp were found
in masses of Ceratophyllum from which the transparent creatures
jumped with great alacrity when hauled up out of the water. They
were found in great abundance also in Chester River, near Chester,
Md.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 79
THE COPEPOD PARASITES
By Charles B. Wilson, Professor of Biology, State Normal
School, Westfield, Mass.
Three species of Argulus, two of Ergasilus, and one of Ach-
theres were found upon the fish of the lake. The species of A rgu-
lus have all been described elsewhere (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXV,
pp. 709, 715, 718). The life history of one species, A. maculosus,
was obtained in full, and a brief account was published in 1907
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, p. 416). Of the two species of
Ergasilus, one {E. centrarchidarum) has been described by
Wright*. This species is common everywhere on all fishes of the
perch family. The other species was new to science ; it was named
E. versicolor, and a full description with figures was published in
1911 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIX, p. 341: pi. 45).
The single species of Achtheres, A. ambloplitis, has also been
described by Wright, Kellicott, and others, but several details were
here supplied that had hitherto been lacking.
The complete life-history was also worked out for both genera;
that of Achtheres had been partially described before by Claus and
Kellicott, while not a single detail had ever been published for
Ergasilus.
1. ARGULUS CATOSTOMI Dana & Herrick
Found in the gill-cavity of the white sucker, Catostomus com-
mersonii. The discovery of this species in Indiana, together with
those recorded from Lake Champlain and the rivers of Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, and New York, shows the distribution of
this parasite to be identical with that of the host it infests. The
specimens here obtained and those from Lake Champlain include
males, the first of that sex to be recorded for this species.
2. ARGULUS AMERICANUS Wilson
Found on the outside surface of the Dogfish or Bowfin (Amia
calva) . This species does not appear to be very common at Lake
Maxinkuckee, but possibly an examination of a larger number of
fish would show different results. This is the first instance of
the species having been obtained from fish in their native haunts.
3. ARGULUS MACULOSUS Wilson
Found on the outside surface of the Common Bullhead (Amei-
urus neblidosus) , the Yellow Catfish (Ameiurus natalis) , and the
*Proc. Canadian Institute (N. S.), I, p. 243.
80 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Rock Bass or Redeye (Ambloplites rupestris). Only two females
were found on the Redeye ; both were full of ripe eggs ; evidently
they were hunting for a suitable place to deposit them, and were
only using the Redeye as a temporary host.
The Yellow Cat is the true host of this Argulus and nearly half
the fish of that species that were examined yielded specimens of
this parasite.
4. ERGASILUS CENTRARCHIDARUM Wright
Found on the gill-filaments of the Calico Bass (Pomoxis spar-
oides), the Redeye (Ambloplites nipesti^is) , the Warmouth
(Chaenobryttus gulosus), the Bluegill (Lepomis pallidas), the
Small-mouthed Black Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) , the Large-
mouthed Black Bass (M. salmoides) , the Yellow Perch (Perca
fiavescens) , and the Walleyed Pike (Stizostedion vilreum), and
would have been found almost certainly upon the different sun-
fishes, had there been an opportunity to examine them.
As its name rightly implies, it is a family rather than a specific
parasite, and is very widely distributed, as are the hosts upon which
it lives.
5. ERGASILUS VERSICOLOR Wilsan
Found only on the two species of Catfish (Ameiurus nebu-
losus and A. natalis), the latter of which was the more badly in-
fested. This species was not found upon any other fish in the lake
although many hundreds of them were searched for it, nor was
Ergasilus centrarchidarum, so common on the other fish, ever found
on these catfishes.
E. versicolor has since been obtained from the Channel Cat
(Ictalurus punctatus) , and the Eel Cat (Ictalurus anguilla) , in the
Mississippi River.
The species is thus distinctively a Catfish parasite in sharp
contrast to E. centrarchidarum, which is a Perch parasite.
The life history of Ergasilus worked out upon these two Maxin-
kuckee species, was published in vol. 39, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
pp. 313-326, and still stands as the only contribution to the onto-
geny of the entire family.
«. ACHTHERES AMBLOPLIT1S Kellicott
Found on the gill-arches of the Redeye (Ambloplites rupestris) ,
the Bluegill (Lepomis pallidas), the Small-mouthed Black Bass
(Micropterus dolomieu), the Large-mouthed Black Bass (M. sal-
moides), and the Walleyed Pike (Stizostedion vitreum) . It was
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 81
particularly common on the Redeye and the Small-mouthed Black
Bass, two-thirds of the specimens examined being infested with this
parasite. Like the first species of Ergasilus mentioned above, it is
a family rather than a specifis parasite, as its name implies. This
species is as typically American as A. percarum is European, and
is fully as widely distributed.
The life history of this species appeared in vol. 39, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., pp. 194-224, pis. 29-36.
Female Achtheres with ripe eggs were found toward the last
of August, and that may be designated as one of the breeding
seasons of the species.* The nauplius and metanauplius stages
are passed wholly inside the egg and the emerging larva is a fully
developed copepodid larva with an elliptical cephalothorax, three
free thorax segments, a two-jointed abdomen, and two pairs of
swimming legs.
The most striking characteristic of this copepodid larva is its
attachment filament, which can be plainly seen inside the anterior
end of the body. This filament appears at the very beginning of
the nauplius stage; at first it consists of a large mushroom-shaped
body (the future button or disc) which is situated close to the
integument at the very anterior margin of the head, and a straight
stalk or filament passing directly backward from the center of
the disc. This filament is about one-fifth the diameter of the disc,
and its posterior end is slightly enlarged and fastened into the
tissue of the nauplius's body just back of the disc. As development
progresses the filament increases in length and begins to coil so
that just before the nauplius transforms into a metanauplius it
consists of two circular coils, one lying inside the other, the outer
one twice the diameter of the disc. In the free swimming cope-
podid stage there are three large coils instead of two.
This larva shows only traces of a digestive canal, even under
the magnification, and the center of the body is still filled with
large yolk cells of different sizes. It swims about actively with
a motion like that of an adult Caligus, and at once seeks a host.
Like its European relative (A. percarum) it infests the Centrar-
chidae, and fishermen are well acquainted with the fact that our
game fishes belonging to that family are in the habit of catching
their food at or near the surface of the water. This is just where
the parasite larva is waiting for its host, and the two thus come to-
gether. All the larva needs is a chance to get inside the fish's
mouth without being swallowed, and such an opportunity is af-
* For full account and figures see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. Vol. 39, pp. 189-226; pis. 29-36.
6— 17618 — Vol. -1
82 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
forded in the ordinary act of breathing. Once inside the mouth
and swept against the gill-arches by the out-current of water, the
larva secures a firm hold by means of its powerful maxillipeds.
It is noticeable in this connection that those of the Centrarch-
idae which feed most persistently at the surface are the ones in-
fested by this parasite. Even in the hottest weather the redeye
frequents the shallow water along the shore, at least at night. As
a result, its gills are practically certain to yield a goodly number of
Achtheres, and the same is true of the two kinds of black bass,
particularly the small-mouthed.
On the other hand, a fish like the walleye, which frequents
deeper water, does not present as favorable an opportunity and
most of them are free from this parasite.
Once fastened to the gill-arches, the parasite remains there for
life, so that the only chance its enemies have to kill it are while it
is swimming about freely at the surface.
This free swimming period is much shorter than that of the
Ergasilus and Argulus larvae, but the Achtheres larva is larger than
the other two and so offers a more tempting bait. It is a signifi-
cant fact that so many of them were found in the stomachs of the
few minnows and darters that were examined.
In this way they are kept within due bounds and prevented
from multiplying in sufficient numbers to become dangerous to the
larger fish.
7. ACHTHERES MICROPTERI Wright
Found on the gills of Micropterus salmoides and M. dolomieu.
This species is not at all common, and for a long time all the speci-
mens obtained from the two basses were supposed to belong to
the species ambloplitis. The female of this species, however, may
be distinguished from ambloplitis by the large abdomen with its
basal lobes and more distinct segmentation, and by the much
smaller egg-tubes. This distinction may then be confirmed by the
details of the mouth-parts.
The male may be distinguished by its much larger size, and by
the chelae on the tips of the second maxillae.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 83
THE CRAWFISHES
By William Perry Hay, Head of the Department of Biology
and Chemistry, Washington, D. C, High Schools
Crawfishes are quite common in Lake Maxinkuckee and in Lost
Lake; on the land about the lakes they are less frequent. The
truly aquatic species are found chiefly in the shallower depths,
hiding under rocks, sticks, and among Chara and other aquatic
vegetation. But even at their best, not as many will be taken in
the seine as will be secured in similar collecting in sluggish streams.
The greatest number taken in one haul of the seine in Lake Maxin-
kuckee was twenty-two.
In the collections turned over to me for identification and study,
four species are represented, namely : Cambarus blandingi acutus,
C. dio genes, C. propin quits, and C. immunis spinirostris ; or, using
English names instead of Latin combinations, we may designate
these four species as the Pond Crawfish, the Solitary Crawfish, the
Gray Rock Crawfish, and the Rock Crawfish respectively. Of
these, the first three have long been known to occur in northern
Indiana, but C. immunis spinirostris has not heretofore been known
north of Terre Haute. One or two other species probably occur
in the Maxinkuckee region. C. argillicola Faxon, has been re-
ported from several localities north, east and south of Lake Maxin-
kuckee, and C. rvsticus Hagen, has been taken near Mt. Etna,
Huntington Co., Ind.
Beyond doubt, the crawfish fauna of this lake, or of any other,
will repay careful study. The habits and economic importance
of these animals are only poorly known, but it must be that, as a
source of food supply for other animals, or as scavengers, they fill
a field of usefulness.
As the present account is for the general public rather than
for the zoologist, it will be unnecessary to give more concerning
the structural characters of these animals than is absolutely re-
quired for their recognition. The male crawfish may be distin-
guished from the female by the presence of two pairs of rigid
appendages which are attached to the first two joints of the
abdomen or tail, and which, projecting nearly straight forward,
lie in a sort of groove between the basis of the walking legs.
In the female the abdomen is broader than in the male, and the
appendages of the first two joints are slender and flexible like
those which follow. The rostrum is the beak-like projection of the
shell (or carapace) above the eyes.
84 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
1. POND CRAWFISH
CAMBARUS BLANDINGI ACUTUS (Girard)
This species may be at once distinguished by the fact that in
the males the third and fourth pairs of walking legs bear a hook
on the third joint from the base. The rostrum is long and approxi-
mately triangular, with a pair of small teeth quite close to the tip.
The large pincers and the legs which bear them are long, slender,
and roughly granular.
This crawfish is represented in the collection by 2 males and 7
females from Aubeenaubee Creek, one male and one female from
Culver Inlet, 8 males and 2 females from Spangler Creek, and by
2 males and 1 young female from Bruce Lake.
This is the pond crawfish of the region, its home being in wood-
land ponds. Individuals were seen from time to time but they
usually escaped under the leaves. Several dead ones were found
in ponds. Generally speaking, it is not a very abundant species
anywhere. It is occasionally met with in the sloughs of the Mis-
sissippi.
2. THE SOLITARY CRAWFISH
CAMBARUS DIOGENES Girard
This crawfish is an inhabitant of the lake at certain times only.
It visits the water early in the spring for the purpose of produc-
ing its young, but during the remainder of the year each individual
lives alone in a burrow over which it constructs a chimney of mud
pellets. This habit is so peculiar, being shared by only one other
Indiana species, that it alone should be almost enough to distin-
guish the solitary crawfish ; but as some of our readers may wish
to know what the animal is like the following description is given :
The body is high and compressed ; the rostrum is short, thick-
edged, and without teeth near the tip ; the two longitudinal, curved
lines on the back run together throughout the whole part of their
length so that only small triangular spaces are left between them
in front and behind. The color is quite brilliant for a craw-
fish, the claws, rostrum, and the elevations on the shell being more
or less marked with crimson and yellow. Represented by 1 large
female and 7 young from Aubeenaubee Creek. Other examples
were noted in 1901, as follows:
March 31, a good sized female caught in a pool at the birch
swamp; April 1, one dead, in ditch east of railroad, in Green's
marsh ; April 2, remains of several seen in the Outlet ; April 3,
remains of one found in Green's marsh; April 4, two caught, copu-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 85
lating east of the railroad, in Green's marsh, and one caught in
the marsh north of Lost Lake ; April 9, three living ones seen, 2
caught, and remains of great numbers at the drained lake; April
11, one big one caught at mouth of Farrar's Creek, and one at
mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek ; April 15, several seen in creek at
south end of the lake, 2 caught ; April 17, a female with eggs
caught on west side of lake ; April 19, a large one dead at water's
edge just east of the depot; May 3, chimneys abundant east of
Lost Lake outlet; May 17, one caught at edge of Lake Maxin-
kuckee at Long Point, with small young attached to it.
This is a large "meaty" species with heavy pincers, and except
where its natural habitat gives it a muddy flavor, makes an excel-
lent food.
3. THE GRAY ROCK CRAWFISH
CAMBARUS PROPINQUUS Girard
This species may be recognized at once by the fact that the
upper surface of the rostrum has a low median longitudinal ridge.
This is too low to be visible, but may be detected by passing the
tip of one's finger across from side to side, when the elevated
portion may easily be felt. The species is usually an inhabitant
of running water and will probably be found to occur most abund-
antly about the inlets and outlets of the lake. It is represented by
15 males and 29 females from Aubeenaubee Creek, 9 males and 5
females from Lake Maxinkuckee, 7 males and 10 females from
Culver Inlet, 1 male and 1 female from Outlet, and 4 males and
7 females from East Inlet.
This is the common crawfish of the lake. It is found in consid-
erable abundance everywhere among rocks and in the Chara. The
lake form is brownish gray in color. It is too small to be of much
use as human food. This species is also found in Yellow River,
near Plymouth, and appears to be the most common species of the
region. They do not burrow, but hide under rocks or bits of board
or stick under which thej^ may make small excavations. Of many
notes taken the following may be given here:
April 27, 1901, several seen in the bottom, one bluish in color;
two copulating; June 3, a large shed carapace in Outlet Bay; June
7, several caught, they hide under boards ; one very small one with
its mother; June 12, many caught, more seen, almost every blunt-
nosed minnow's nest is watched by one or two ; June 13, a good
many at minnows' nests ; June 16, some caught at minnows' nests ;
June 22, still at minnows' nests. In 1904, October 19, a common
content of fish stomachs. Fisherman reports that they are "the
86 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
best bait now." One angler caught 6 black bass with crawfish
and one with a minnow. October 3, many at the head of the Out-
let, about 8 seen in a small space. One was eating at a dead grass
pike; it stayed there a good while. October 31. one still eating
in the morning at the pike. Very little of the pike eaten. No-
vember 2, still eating at the pike. November 14, one near shore
east of Long Point eating a minnow. November 22, two caught
while copulating. November 25, two caught copulating, east of
Long Point. January 1, 1905, three seen together, 2 smallish,
copulating, and a big one near by.
From numerous observations of the crawfishes of the lake the
following conclusion may be drawn :
There appears to be no special time for mating, and no special
breeding period was observed; nor again, any special time for
moulting. It is probable that in the fairly uniform temperature
of the lake the lives of the crawfishes are not so markedly divided
into seasons as they are in the river crawfishes. Generally, in
rivers heavily populated with crawfishes, one can find immense
numbers of moulted shells at certain periods, usually about the
beginning of July, but in Lake Maxinkuckee, only occasional and
scattered cast-off skins can be found.
The nature of the food was not easily discovered by examina-
tion of stomach contents, as the material was too finely com-
minuted. A few were seen eating dead fishes as mentioned above.
They are usually found in the vicinity of minnow nests, and prob-
ably devour fish eggs to some extent. Various fishes, especially
walleye and bass, eat them at times, and they are one of the prin-
cipal foods of the soft-shelled turtle. The lake species are rarely
used for bait, perhaps because of the difficulty of obtaining soft-
shells or "peelers" in the lake ; river crawfishes are sometimes used.
The crawfishes of the lake often have protozoa attached to the
gills, but this probably does not seriously inconvenience them.
4. THE ROCK CRAWFISH
CAMBARUS IMMUNIS SPINIROSTRIS Faxon
In general form and appearance this species is somewhat like
the last, but it lacks the longitudinal ridge on the rostrum. The
teeth of the rostrum are apt to be very small and, in the males,
the tips of the first abdominal appendages are slender, blade-like,
and recurved.
Represented by 9 males and 8 females from Aubeenaubee Creek,
1 male from Culver Inlet, and 12 young females from Norris Inlet.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 87
THE LEECHES
By J. Percy Moore, Professor of Zoology, University of
Pennsylvania
The leeches form a fairly conspicuous part of the lake fauna.
Although quite abundant, the particular forms which attack human
beings do not seem to be common, and bathers are never troubled
with them. In Winona Lake, near Warsaw, Indiana, which has a
good deal of muddy bottom, there are places where one can not
enter the water and remain long without being attacked by numer-
ous leeches, the bites of which cause severe itching for days. This
condition was not noted at Lake Maxinkuckee except near the
Norris Inlet, where on one occasion (Aug. 1, 1906) the leeches
proved very voracious and troublesome.
There are probably several species present besides those listed
in this paper. The long dark leech with yellowish stripes along
the sides, which is usually found in soft mud, was found in Green's
marsh and in the pond near the elevator. A good many fish-
leeches were obtained from various fishes during the summer of
1906, and appear to be different from those to be found on turtles.
Economically considered, the fish-leeches are perhaps the most
important in the lake. They are especially common on catfishes,
and most catfishes caught have red sore spots on the chin where
the leeches have been attached. They do not appear to be abund-
ant or do much harm, a single fish rarely harboring more than two
or three at a time.
The animals most severely troubled by leeches are the turtles,
almost every one of which has one to several leeches attached.
The turtle-infecting leeches are broad flat animals and "play
'possum" when disturbed. The turtles which are at liberty appear
to be able to keep from being badly enough infected to do them
serious injury. A snapping turtle kept in a livebox, however, was
found to be badly attacked. It was fairly clean when placed in the
livebox, but when taken out ten days later had a great bunch of
leeches — 53 in number — attached to the neck. These leeches oc-
casionally attack mussels, especially Anodontas, and are now and
then found inside the mussel shell, between the mantle and the
foot. A number of recently killed shells found near Norris Inlet
were covered with them; they were probably feeding upon mucus.
Small leeches are probably great enemies of snails, some small
examples of Planorbis were found to be swarming with them. The
leeches of all sorts spend a good deal of time under boards. One
found June 6, 1901, under a board had a good number of round,
88 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
rather large, yellow eggs under her, and on June 8 one was found
under a board covering a number of minute young. On June 11,
a number of very small red ones were found attached to the mother.
The swimming leech of the lake, Dina fervida, is often found
under boards or rocks. When frightened it swims off with great
rapidity, apparently swimming on its side with rapid dorso-ventral
flexions of the body. It is pink in color and bears considerable
resemblance to a fish worm in general appearance, but is flat and
has no ring about the body. It does not appear to be parasitic
but is a scavenger, often being found in considerable numbers on
dead animals (coot, duck, shrews) found at the water's edge. They
are eaten by water-dogs and probably by fishes and appear to be
the principal food of the Wilson Snipe which haunt the stretches of
shore during its autumnal migrations. A prominent citizen of
Culver reported that leeches make the best sort of bait he ever
tried. He had found this out one summer when other sorts of bait
were scarce. All sorts of fish took them eagerly — bass, bluegill,
sunfish, etc. They were "as tough as India rubber so the fishes
could not take them off the hook — often two or three fish could be
caught on the same leech."
The leeches of Lake Maxinkuckee are evidently incompletely
made known herein and further explorations may be expected to
demonstrate the occurrence of at least five or six additional species.
The collections upon which this report is based comprise 11 species.
These are apportioned among three families, as follows : Glossi-
phonida?, seven; Hirudinidaa, one; and Erpobdellidae, three. No
specimens of the Ichthyobdellidse are included, although it is cer-
tain that one and probably two, or perhaps even three, species of
the true fish-leeches occur parasitically upon the skin and fins or
within the gill-chambers of the small fishes of the lake. The Glossi-
phonidae, as the most accessible and easily collected of leeches, are
probably nearly completely represented in the collection. The
same is true of the Erpobdellidae, also. Of the Hirudinidae one or
two additional species of Haemopis may be expected to occur and
the true blood-sueking leech, Macrobdella decora, so ubiquitous
throughout the greater part of the North American continent,
should occur in the plant-grown shallows of the lake, where warm-
blooded animals come to drink or where frogs deposit their eggs
in the spring.
For full descriptions and figures of the several species men-
tioned in this report, as well as for the synonymy and literature
references, the following papers may be consulted : Castle, Some
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 89
North American Fresh-water Rhynchobdellida?, Bulletin Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Vol. XXXVI (1901), pp. 16-64; Moore,
The Hirudinea of Illinois, Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory of
Natural History, Vol. V (1901), pp. 479-547; Nachtrieb, Heming-
way & Moore, The Leeches of Minnesota, Geological and Natural
History Survey of Minnesota, Zoological Series, No. V, 1912, es-
pecially Part III, Classification of the Leeches of Minnesota.
For the determination of the species herein listed the following
Key will serve:
A. Mouth a small pore through which the slender exertile pharyngeal pro-
boscis may be protruded; complete somites usually composed of three
rings, one or more of which may be partially subdivided. Glossiphonidx
B. Eyes all simple, one to three pairs, those of the two sides usually dis-
tinct; form slightly or moderately depressed; cutaneous papillae few and
mostly small or obsolete; gastric caeca small and simple or little branched,
sometimes reduced or absent; no compact pharyngeal glands.
Glossiphonia
C. Eyes one pair, widely separated; genital orifices separated by one an-
nulus; gastric caeca more or less reduced, size small. (Subgenus Helob-
clella. )
1. A brown or yellow cuticular nuchal plate and underlying gland on
dorsum of somite VII ; color pale pink, gray, brownish or greenish ;
gastric caeca three to six pairs, the first two or three pairs always
small; usual length 10 to 15 mm.; slender. G. stagnalis
2. No nuchal plate or gland in adult; more or less heavily pigmented
with brown in longitudinal lines with metameric white spots on middle
annulus of complete segments; generally three longitudinal series of
papillae conspicuously pigmented with dark brown or black; gastric
caeca five or six pairs ; length of G. stagnalis but stouter and more
depressed. G. fusca
CC. Eyes three pairs; genital orifices separated by two annuli; gastric caeca
not reduced, six or seven pairs. (Glossiphonia ss.)
3. Eyes in regular longitudinal series; a pair of dark longitudinal para-
median lines above and below; opaque; length 15 to 25 mm.; robust.
G. complanata
4. Eyes grouped in twos at the angles of a triangle; translucent and
little pigmented, no dark longitudinal lines; length 6 to 12 nun.;
broadest and most depressed of genus. G. heteroclita
BB. A single pair of compound eyes, often united into a common pigment
mass and rarely followed by several pairs of simple eyes; form moder-
ately or greatly depressed; cutaneous papillae usually numerous and con-
spicuous; gastric caeca seven pairs, large and more or less complexly
branched; a pair of compact pharyngeal glands in addition to the dif-
fuse salivary glands. Placobdella
D. Somites I-V much widened to form a distinct head; form little depressed.
5. Dorsum bearing three prominent papillated keels; color usually green
or olive; length rarely exceeds 20 mm. P. montifera
90 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
DD. No distinct enlargement of anterior segments to form a head; form
greatly depressed, foliaceous.
6. Integuments rather opaque; colors in a bold pattern of yellow and
olive green or brown; dorsal papillae low and smooth; length up to
3 inches. P. parasitica
7. Integuments translucent; colors a much broken pattern of mixed
yellow, brown and green; dorsal papillae very numerous, elevated and
rough; length up to 2x/2 inches. P. omgosa
A A. Mouth large; pharynx without protrusible proboscis; complete somites
usually of five annuli, some of which may be subdivided.
E. Pharynx usually provided with three distinct toothed jaws; testes several
metameric pairs; eyes five pairs in as many segments. Hirudinidse
8. 12-16 pairs of coarse teeth on each jaw; genital orifices separated by
five annuli, penis filiform; color usually a mottled pattern of black
or brown and gray, sometimes plain dark green or yellow; usual
length 3-5 inches. Hsemopis marmoratus
EE. Pharynx provided with three longitudinal muscular folds but no toothed
jaws; testes numerous and minute, not metameric; eyes usually three or
four pairs in two groups. Erpobdellidx
F. Last annulus (b 6) of each somite not obviously enlarged or subdivided.
Erpobdella
9. Genital orifices separated by two rings ; eyes three pairs ; color usually
two or four dark longitudinal stripes separated by paler bands; loops
of vasa def erentia reaching to ganglion XI ; length about 2-3 inches.
E. punctata
FF. Annulus b 6 obviously enlarged and subdivided. Dina
10. Genital orifices separated by two rings; eyes three or sometimes four
pairs; pigmentless or dorsum marked with irregular scattered spots;
vasa def erentia not reaching ganglion XI; length 1 to \xk inches.
D. fervida
11. Genital orifices separated by three and one-half (sometimes three)
rings; eyes four pairs; pigmentless or more usually with numerous
small, often confluent, dark spots, sometimes forming a median
stripe; vasa clef erentia as in 9; length seldom in excess of 1 inch.
D. parva
GLOSSIPHONIDiE
1. GLOSSIPHONIA STAGNALIS (Linnseus)
This almost cosmopolitan and usually very abundant species
is very poorly represented in the collection by twenty-two speci-
mens from three localities. In the small meadow ponds and shal-
low lakes that abound throughout the northeastern United States
and contiguous portions of Canada this species occurs in great
numbers. It also occurs in the warm shallow waters of creeks and
rivers, especially in quiet bays overgrown by aquatic vegetation.
These leeches shun the bright light and congregate in great num-
bers under stones and the ensheathing foot-stalks of the leaves of
rushes, Sagittarise, etc.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 91
The most usual food consists of small annelids, insects and
mollusks but blood will be taken from abraded surfaces of all
kinds of living and dead animals whenever opportunity offers,
and for this purpose vast numbers of these little leeches gather
about fishing stations where the bloody offal is thrown into the
water. In turn they form no inconsiderable part of the food of
certain of the larger leeches and of small carnivorous fishes, and,
along the shores of tidal rivers, of snipe and sandpipers.
Like other species of the same family this leech carries its eggs
and young attached to the ventral surface of the parental body,
the margins of which are inrolled, especially when disturbed, to
make a crude sort of temporary brood chamber. Before hatch-
ing, the eggs are enclosed in groups in small mucoid sacs, of which
each leech may bear from eight to fifteen.
The following are the labels attached to the Lake Maxinkuckee
specimens : "Long Point, under stones, Dec. 7, 1904," 1 speci-
men with G. complanata; "E. side knee-deep, Sept. 17, 1906," 20
with G. fusca; "19-I-III," one with G. complanata, G. fusca and G.
heteroclita.
2. GLOSSIPHONIA FUSCA Castle
This pretty little gray leech was taken at a greater number of
stations and is probably more plentiful in Lake Maxinkuckee than
the last. This might have been anticipated as it is generally more
partial to colder and clearer waters than is G. stagnalis. It is a
true snail-leech and, being much more sluggish than G. stagnalis,
confines its attacks almost exclusively to the smaller aquatic species
of these mollusks. In breeding habits this species resembles the
next to be described.
"E. Long Pt., by Holbrunner's, Oct. 29, '04", 1 specimen with
G. complanata and a small Placobdella rugosa; "Long Pt. Nov. 1,
'04," one small example; "Long Pt. Dec. 7, '04, under stones," one
with seven G. complanata; "E. side knee-deep, Sept. 17, 1906," 2
with twenty G. stagnalis; "19-I-III," one with G. complanata and
G. heteroclita.
3. GLOSSIPHONIA COMPLANATA (Linnaeus)
This well-known species is widely distributed throughout
Europe, Asia and North America and is very constantly character-
ized everywhere by the arrangement of the eyes and the pair of
longitudinal dark lines above and below. In the Lake Maxin-
kuckee collections it is the most generally represented of its genus.
The common name of snail-leech given to this species in Eng-
land is equally applicable here as its principal food consists of
92 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
small water snails which its great relative strength enables it to
overcome with ease. Small worms and aquatic insect larvse are
also eaten but it rarely or never partakes of the blood of verte-
brates. Notwithstanding its great strength and activity when
once aroused this is naturally a sluggish leech and is much more
likely than other related species to roll itself into a tight ball and
so remain quiescent for considerable periods of time. The breed-
ing habits closely resemble those of the last species, especially in
the fact that only a small number of capsules, each containing a
large number of eggs, are produced. The length of the breeding
season is also unusually long.
"Aug. 18, '00, B. W. E.," 1 specimen; "Long Pt. Sept. 1, '00,
with five other sorts," one unusually large example ; "E. Long
Point, by Holbrunner's Oct. 29, '04," three specimens with the
brown lines broken into series of dashes, with one G. fusca and
one P. rugosa; "Long Pt., Dec. 7, '04, with others," four small ex-
amples; "Long Pt. Dec. 7, '04," 8 small specimens with G. fusca
and G. stagnalis; "E. side knee-deep, Oct. 17, '06," 4 specimens one
of which is coarsely mottled on the dorsum; "19-I-III," 1 speci-
men with one each of G. stagnalis, G. fusca and H. heteroclita.
4. GLOSSIPHONIA HETEROCLITA (Linnieus)
This is a small leech of very distinctive characteristics which
occurs in Europe and the northern United States. Nowhere in
this country is it plentiful though it is probable that it is frequently
overlooked because of its small size and inconspicuous coloration.
Little is known of its habits. It is found in the same situations as
G. stagnalis and is very sluggish. Its usual food appears to be
the juices and mucus of aquatic snails. Unlike the remaining
species of the genus, the eggs are attached singly to the ventral
surface, more as in Placobdella.
But one specimen occurs in this collection, "19-I-III" with one
each of G. stagnalis, G. fusca and G. complanata.
5. PLACOBDELLA PARASITICA (Say)
This strikingly handsome leech of interesting habits is not only
one of the most abundant but one of the largest and best known of
our North American species.
It is familiar chiefly as a temporary blood-sucking parasite of
the snapping turtle but occurs more rarely upon other species of
aquatic turtles, and also lives during part of its life a free existence
during which it feeds on aquatic worms and other small inverte-
brates. The method of fertilization by means of spermatophores
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 93
attached to the skin, and the habit of carrying the eggs and young
are very interesting but have been frequently described. This is
the largest of the Glossiphonids of the United States, the giants
of the species attaining a length of four inches and a width of one
inch.
Abundantly represented in the collection from the following
stations :
"July 18, '00, B. W. E.," one specimen ; "Nov. 30, '00, picked
from a snapping turtle." numerous specimens presenting much
variation in color pattern, some of them bearing young or attached
spermatophores ;" "musk turtles, April 10, '01," two small ; "Outlet
Bay, under board, June 12, '01, " four specimens with P. rugosa;
"Outlet Bay, Nov. 26, 1904 (13-2)," 1 specimen; "on painted turtle,
between Lakes Lagoon, Dec. 19, '04," five specimens, one of which
bears young; "near Inlet, in Chara, 4-5 ft., Dec. 24. 1904," 1 speci-
men ; "back of snapping turtle, Aug. 28, 1906," one large and three
smaller examples; "Outlet, Aug. 10, 1906," one; "Oct. 29, 1906",
three specimens "on shore on dead turtle and shrew."
6. PLACOBDELLA RUGOSA (Verrill)
This large species is readily distinguished in its ordinary
phases from the preceding by its very rough and translucent in-
teguments and its much broken, mixed color pattern in which
brown usually predominates. Although sometimes associated with
P. parasitica on turtles it is usually free-living and inhabits the
muddy shallows of warm streams and ponds where it is found
abundantly attached to the under surface of driftwood or stones.
The ordinary food consists of worms, insect larva? and other
aquatic invertebrates but blood will also be freely taken. The eggs
are carried in early spring in a layer attached to the underside
of the leech and covered by a delicate membrane. When with eggs
the parent usually attaches itself firmly by both suckers to the
under surface of a stone or other firm object and resists removal
vigorously. When removed the eggs will frequently be found ad-
hering to the foreign object.
"Nov. 30, '00," four specimens ; "Outlet Bay, under board, June
12. '01", four specimens with P. parasitica; "leeches from Kinoster-
non odoratum, Apr. 19, 1901," 2 small; "E. Long Pt., by Hol-
brunner's Oct. 29, '04," one small specimen with G. fusca and G.
complanata; "Long Pt., Nov. 1, 1904". three with attached sper-
matophores; "snapping turtle's back, July 28, 1906", two small
specimens; "III, 1 H. W. C. 19," one; "III, 1 H. W. C. 19-7," 2
small.
94 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
7. PLACOBDELLA MONTIFERA Moore
This species is easily distinguished among the present assem-
blage by the enlarged head disc and strongly keeled back. It is
a solitary leech whose habits are still imperfectly known. Al-
though often found under stones and among plants in shallow
brooks and ponds it is a voracious blood sucker and in pursuit of
its food attaches itself frequently to frogs, toads, mussels and
snails.
A single small specimen from Long Pt., Dec. 7, 1904, under
stone.
HIRUDINID^E
8. H^EMOPIS MARMORATIS (Say)
Along with P. parasitica this was one of the first leeches to be
described from North America by Thomas Say. It is widely
known as the horse leech from its habit of living in the mud of
pasture drinking holes and attacking horses and cattle that come
to its haunts to slake their thirst. It also occurs along the shores
of rivers and lakes where it burrows in the mud in search of earth-
worms, smaller leeches, insect larvse, various small mollusks, etc.,
which constitute its usual food. Its eggs are laid in a mass of
albuminous mucus enclosed in a horny capsule and deposited in the
mud.
This, the only species of Hirudinidse represented in the collec-
tion, was taken at two points only: "Long Pt. June 2, '01." one
specimen; "Green's flat, Apr. 3, '01," two small.
ERPOBDELLIDiE
9. ERPOBDELLA PUNCTATA (Leidy)
A generally very abundant species of fairly wide distribution,
well known for its variability, its activity and its ferocity. It
feeds upon all kinds of small aquatic invertebrates, not excepting
leeches of its own and smaller species, sucks the blood of vertebrates
whenever opportunity offers, and is a great scavenger, collecting in
great numbers wherever waste from slaughter houses is deposited
in streams, and on the shores of ponds upon which the prevailing
winds drive dead fishes and other animals. The egg capsules are
well-known chitinoid flattened capsules attached to the under sur-
face of stones, etc.
"July 5, '99," one unspotted pale specimen ; "Outlet Bay, 1901,"
one small; "Long Pt., Nov. 1, '04, with others," several with D.
parva and D. fervida.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 95
10. DINA FERVIDA (Verrill)
A species mainly characteristic of the lake region of the north-
ern United States and southern Canada, represented in the collec-
tion from several points. The habits so far as known are essen-
tially similar to those of E. punctata.
"Nov. 30, '00," eleven specimens; "Long Pt., Nov. 1, '04," sev-
eral with D. parva and E. punctata, two have four pairs of eyes
like Verrill's type; "near Outlet, Dec. 13, 1904," two specimens;
"near Inlet, in Chara, 4-5 ft., Dec. 24, 1904," two specimens ; "near
Inlet, Dec, 1904", two.
11. DINA PARVA Moore
Little is known of this species, which was first taken in Minne-
sota and appears to be abundant in Lake Maxinkuckee. Nothing
is known of its habits.
"Long Pt., Nov. 1, '04, with others," many specimens with D.
fervida and E. punctata; "Long Pt., Dec. 7, 1904," a large num-
ber, most of which are pigmented ; "on shore on dead turtle and
shrew, Oct. 29, 1906," numerous small specimens.
THE PROTOZOANS AND C'ELENTERATES
No special attention was paid to the Protozoa of the lake ; only
those forms were noted which thrust themselves upon our notice.
The protozoan life of the lake is not conspicuous except for a
few forms which are found in such abundance as to attract atten-
tion.
The list of species identified is a short one, not because these
organisms are rare at the lake, but because no one of the party en-
gaged in the study of the lake was especially interested in or fa-
miliar with them. An attempt was made to collect and preserve
all forms that attracted the attention, but these were naturally only
a small proportion of the species present. It so happened that
the plankton, which should have contained a number of these or-
ganisms, was submitted to two different experts, one interested in
Alga?, the other in Crustacea, with the result that such Protozoa
as there were went by default.
Forms of doubtful affinity, by some placed among Alga? and by
others as animals, such as Peridinium, Ceratium and Volvox, are
included, Volvox especially exhibiting characters which strongly
suggest a position in the animal series.
Following are our notes upon the few species identified:
96 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
1. ARCELLA VULGARIS Ehrenberg
Upon examining the stomachs of a number of tadpoles caught
at the edge of Aubeenaubee Bay in August, 1906, a goodly num-
ber of Arcella vulgaris were obtained. The tadpoles when caught
were busy sucking the surface of weeds and sticks, as is their
habit, and from these they probably obtained the Protozoa. It is
probable that Protozoa form an important part of the food of
young tadpoles. On other occasions we have seen them taking
in large numbers of Paramcecium.
Arcella vulgaris was abundant September 3, 1906, with other
material (Paramcecium) forming a scum over water in a tumbler
where some duckweeds were kept. It was also present in hand-
gathered material obtained at the dam in the Outlet, October 30,
of the same year.
2. ( ENTROPYXIS ACULEATA Stein
Taken occasionally in the summer and autumn of 1906 in gath-
erings in shallow water near shore.
3. EUGLYPHA ALVEOLATA Dujardin
Obtained in collections near shore, summer and autumn of 1906.
4. DINOBRYON sp.
Found occasionally near shore in Lost Lake, but not abundant.
In the small lakes about St. Paul, Minn., where it is very abund-
ant, it furnishes an important item in the food of the fresh-water
mussels.
... ELGLENA VIRIDIS Ehrenberg
Some found in a scum in pools in Green's marsh. The great
amount of vegetation makes the water almost as rich as an in-
fusion. Obtained August 22, 1906. Euglena formed a bright
green scum over the small pools.
fi. VOLVOX AUREUS Ehrenberg
Not found by us at all in the lake, but exceedingly abundant in
Farrar's pond and a pond east of the lake in the spring of 1901,
large swarms being seen there, a single dip of a common dipper al-
ways containing several examples. A large number of examples
obtained from a small pond near the lake April 24, 1901. Its
favorite habitat is shallow pools, easily warmed throughout and
containing in the bottom an abundance of dead leaves or similar
fertilizing matter. This species was exceedingly abundant in the
shallow well-fertilized carp ponds at Washington, D. C, in the
spring of 1906.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 97
7. PERIDINIUM TABULATUM Ehrenbcrg
Taken rather less frequently in the vertical hauls than its rela-
tive, Ceratium macroceras, and apparently not very common. One
might naturally expect it to be more common near shore. It was
not noted often in surface hauls. It is a species of world-wide dis-
tribution, and probably is abundant where conditions are favorable.
There is very little difference between the genera Ceratium and
Peridinium, the horns or projections, which are the distinguishing
characteristics, occurring in all degrees of development.
8. CERATIUM MACROCERAS Schrenk
Common in the vertical plankton hauls, occurring in the great
majority of hauls, but not common in the surface towings. A
similar form, C. tripos, was collected in towing near shore at
Eagle Lake. The long horns or projections of this species are de-
veloped perhaps as much to give buoyancy to the form as for pro-
tection. The Peridinales, represented by this and the 2 preced-
ing species, are claimed by both botanists and zoologists.
9. STENTOR CtERULEUS Ehienberg
While raking up weeds through a hole in the ice at the Weed-
patch, January 15, 1901, it was noted that the water dripping from
the plants turned the snow a vivid green. The snow thus colored
was taken home and examined and the green color was found to be
due to multitudes of green stentors. These were kept in a vessel
for some time. On January 6, they began to gather on sticks, on
snail shells, on the sides of the vessel, and on the under surface of
the water, assuming a globular form. The species was probably
coeruleus.
On February 7, on looking through the ice on Outlet Bay, it
seemed full of a reddish fine material like stirred up mud. Exam-
ination revealed the presence of small diatoms and many green
stentors.
10. STENTOR sp.
Among our notes mention is made of another Stentor, larger
than the green one, brownish and with a large, flat, peristomal disc,
circular, with a side cleft like a water-lily leaf.
On October 14, 1907, it was noted that brown stentors were at-
tached to the under side of lily-pads in Hawk's marsh.
11. VORTICELLA CHLOROSTIGMA EhrenberK
On June 26, 1901, white, fluffy little globules which shrank to
minute size when touched, and which proved upon examination
7— 17618— Vol. 2
98 Lake Maxinkuctcee, Physical and Biological Survey
to be composed of colonies of Vorticella, were found very abundant
on the submersed tips of Ceratophyllum leaves at the Inlet. Late
in the autumn of 1904 (October 31, November 2 and 16), the same
objects were noted, but in considerably longer and larger patches,
on various weeds, such as Myriophyllum, etc., in the vicinity of
Winfield's. Again, in the autumn of 1906, they were exceedingly
abundant in various weeds, especially dying leaves of Vallisneria,
in Outlet Bay. So far as we have observed, these organisms seem
to increase greatly during the autumn. Both white and green
colonies were found, alike in everything except color, and it is
probable that they were the same species under different condi-
tions. The green forms showed distinctly against the dead Val-
lisneria leaves, which had faded to a papery white. It may be it
was common during the summer, but concealed by its green sub-
stratum. June 22, 1906, it was plentiful on the weeds in Lost
Lake.
In a note of June 26, concerning this species occurs the remark :
"This is a larger sort; there are also other smaller isolated ones
present." On July 25, and previously, it was common in both
lakes in weedy, stagnant places, forming a white halo along stems,
not in balls. In addition to these there are minute green Vorti-
cella-like organisms attached to the parasitic copepods on the gills
of fishes, and on August 28, 1908, a number of minute clear Vorti-
cellas were found on the body of a Cyclops. A species of Vorticella
was abundant July 31, 1906, on Anabsena in plankton scum. Small
Vorticellas are found in myriads on objects in Hawk's marsh.
They can be found there more abundantly than anywhere else
about the lake.
12. EPISTYLIS sp.
A species of Epistylis, probably plicatilis Ehrenberg, was ob-
served forming a dense growth on the shells of a small Planorbis,
March 25, 1901, near Chadwick's pier.
The copepods of the same region at that time presented a very
fuzzy appearance, and upon examination were found to be thickly
overgrown with the same or a similar protozoan.
13. OPERCULARIA IRRITABILIS Hempel
Abundant during the summer and autumn of 1906, upon the
lower surface of the shell (plastron) and also on the skin of various
turtles, especially the painted and snapping turtles, making a close,
short, brown, fuzzy growth. The turtles were botanic gardens
above and zoological gardens below. The organisms seemed to do
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 99
them no injury, and were gotten rid of when the turtles shed their
scutes. It sometimes forms a halo about the heads of small turtles,
in which case it was at first mistaken for Saprolegnia. It is usually
the head of the Musk Turtle that is affected. In this case it ap-
pears to do no harm, as the turtles are quite lively.
Something very like this, probably the same thing, was ob-
served abundantly (August 6, 1907) on the shoulders of a dragon-
fly larva.
14. VAGINICOLA sp.
A species of Vaginicola, perhaps gigantea, was rather common
along the shore of the lake by Overmyer's hill, attached to algae,
October 28, 1906. There were at least 6 examples on one small
bunch of algae. The sheath was brownish and transparent. When
jarred, the animal retracted into the sheath, usually doubling up
somewhat into a sigmoid curve.
15. TOKOPHRYA QUADRIPARTATA (Oparede & Lachmann)
Common, intermixed with Opercularia irritabilis, on the ventral
scutes of a Musk Turtle, September 12, 1906. It was also found
to some extent of the back.
16. OPHRYDIUM sp.
By far the most abundant and conspicuous protozoan in the
lake was a species of Ophrydium which formed large blue-green
gelatinous colonies about the size of a hazelnut, or larger. These
semitransparent blue-green balls remain in about the same condi-
tion the year round. They are found abundantly wherever the
carpet chara grows, and are usually attached to it or to pebbles;
or, quite frequently, to mussel shells either alive or dead. Clear
colonies, remarkable for their unusual transparency, were found
on submerged pieces of tile, August and September, 1907. At cer-
tain times, as August 1, 1906, and August 1 and October 12, 1907,
great quantities are washed ashore. The colonies are sometimes
hollow, as were many of those washed ashore August 1, 1907.
17. HYDRA OLIGACTIS Pallas
Not frequently encountered in the lake. On October 31, 1906,
however, multitudes were found under leaves at the water's edge
on the east side, and on November 13 more were found in a similar
position. November 18 one was found attached to floating Wolf-
fiella in Norris Inlet.
100 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
THE WORMS
Our notes on this group are few and very unsatisfactory. We
give here only such of them as may possess some value.
The attention we were able to give to these forms was so little
that we are unable to say much regarding their relative or actual
abundance, their distribution, or their relation to the biology of
the lake.
Flat-worms or Planarians, small, soft, flat objects, gray above,
white below, and oval in outline, were common on rocks and
among weeds in the lake. In certain material (Vorticella, etc.)
obtained near Norris Inlet, they were quite common. They were
often abundant on Ceratophyllum also. They were so soft that
they often pulled apart when attempts were made to remove them
from the rocks.
Small pinkish parasites (probably a species of Distomum), re-
sembling minute leeches, were found quite common in the stom-
achs of fishes, particularly the Straw Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
and the Skipjack (Labidesthes sicadus) . Usually during the
winter the stomachs of these fishes contained little or no food,
but in most cases from one to several of these parasites were found
in each.
Round-worms, resembling Ascaris, are frequent intestinal para-
sites of the snakes of this region, and one small form was found
in the intestine of a mussel.
Tapeworms were almost invariably present in the several shrews
(Blarina brevicauda) examined. They were also common in the
yellow perch and walleyed pike, and practically every dogfish
(Amia calva) examined was heavily loaded with them. Many duck
stomachs examined, especially those of the ruddy duck, contained
from a few to many tapeworms.
Angleworms or fishworms are not abundant in this region.
The country about the lake is chiefly sandy, a soil not favorable to
angleworms. At the edges of ditches, marshes and woodland
ponds, where the soil is a black loam with some admixture of clay
and decaying vegetation, a rather small species of Lumbricus is
fairly abundant. Fishermen who know these places are usually
able to secure all they need for bait. The farmers and farmers'
boys and the boys of the village are the ones who make most use
of fishworms in their angling.
On December 7 (1904), worms which resembled angleworms
were observed in considerable numbers coiled up under a sub-
merged water-soaked board at Long Point, where they evidently
were passing the winter. These worms, however, possessed no
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 101
annular ring. In alcohol they display a fine opalescent iridescence
in reflected light. One seemed to be dividing by a constriction
near the middle.
Some very small worms, resembling fishworms in general ap-
pearance when alive, were seen at the mouth of a ditch April 19
(1901).
Cotylaspis insignis Leidy is a common parasite of the mussels
of Lake Maxinkuckee and Lost Lake. To the naked eye this para-
site looks like a minute yellowish leech. Its position in the mussel
is close up in the axils of the gills. It was found in Lampsilis
luteola and also in Anodonta grandis footiana, from one to several
being found in nearly every example of these species examined Au-
gust 23 (1906). It was also found in mussels taken on September
28 following, in Little River near Fort Wayne.
The so-called Horsehair Snake or worm (Gordius sp.) is very
abundant in and about Lake Maxinkuckee. According to anglers,
many of the grasshoppers used by them for bait are infested with
this parasite. On August 2 (1906), large numbers were seen
writhing about in mud among snails along the Outlet where it had
been suddenly lowered by a dam at the railroad bridge. We sus-
pect that they may be parasitic in this snail also. They were
frequently found in fishes, either free in the lower intestine or
coiled up and encysted in some of the internal organs. The bluegill
appears to be especially liable to infection by Gordius. It may
be that the fish become infected through the grasshoppers they
devour. On August 6 (1906), these worms were noted in con-
siderable numbers in shallow water on the east side of the lake.
A long slender brownish worm, probably a species of Tubifex,
was found in considerable numbers projecting up into the shallow
water from the soft mud bottom of Lost Lake. These were first
observed June 8 (1901), when the bottom near the shore was seen
to be covered with small whitish mounds about the size of buck-
shot, which gave a peculiar mottled or dappled appearance. When
some of this mud was dipped up and examined the small mounds
were seen to be small sand tubes in which the worms were and
from which they waved about in graceful undulations. They were
observed again at the same place on June 15. On June 18, many
were seen in the creek under the railroad bridge and on June 25,
some were noted at the south end of Lake Maxinkuckee. And
finally, on November 4 (1904), numerous burrows were seen in
shallow water near shore in Lost Lake.
Thorn-head worms (Acanthocephali) were found to be common
intestinal parasites of various fishes and turtles. Among fishes
102 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
the redeye appeared to be most affected. The carnivorous turtles
such as the soft-shelled and the snapper were especially subject to
them while the herbivorous species, particularly the painted turtle,
were comparatively free.
Record may here be made of a Bryozoan, Plumatella poly-
morpha, possibly related to the Gephyrean worms. Plumatella
polymorpha is a compound animal, many individuals budding off
from one another, as in plants. The moss-like colonies of this
species were very common in the lake among the Chara and other
plants. They were noted in the Chara near the depot pier, off
Long Point, near Winfield's, and at the south end near the Farrar
cottage. Indeed, it appears to be distributed generally through
the lake wherever there are patches of vegetation. Among the
Charas it forms a brown upright bushy growth. In the Weedpatch
it was common on the leaves of Potamogeton amplifolius. On Oc-
tober 23 (1900), it was found to be abundant on Ceratophyllum
in rather deep water. A week later (October 29) a good deal was
gotten on Myriophyllum. Early in the spring (March 1, 1901),
it was seen growing on Potamogeton robbinsii, and a little later it
was found in abundance in front of Arlington station. It was
often found on Chara and other aquatic plants dredged at various
times. It was also found growing on tile piles September 1
(1906).
During the autumn of 1900, the statoblasts were frequent in
plankton scum along shore, often being present in great abund-
ance. They somewhat resemble floating sand grains but are
lighter in weight, being minute circular brown discs uniform in
shape and size. Under magnification they show series of facets like
the compound eye of insects.
On October 18 (1900), one of the buoys which had been for
some time anchored out in the lake was found to be covered with
a flat creeping growth of this species.
As Plumatella polymorpha occurs in this lake it is highly
worthy of its specific name, as it shows great variation in form
and general appearance.
The leaves upon which it grows are often eaten by fishes, prob-
ably for the sake of the Plumatella. The yellow perch and bluegill
are the species in whose stomachs we found it most abundantly.
The stomach of a bluegill caught at the Weedpatch October 26
(1904), was full of statoblasts. During the autumn of 1904 it
was noted as exceedingly abundant.
So far as we know Plumatella polymorpha is the only Bryozoan
in this lake.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 1< •'!
THE SPONGES
Sponges are not especially abundant in the lake. In some of
the not far distant lakes, as Winona Lake, they frequently form
a thick coating around the submerged portions of bulrushes grow-
ing out in the water, but at Lake Maxinkuckee this was not ob-
served. They are not common on the rocks. On September 9,
1906, some were found forming a coating on submerged rocks on
the east side and some of these were collected a few days later. On
November 5, 1908, some flat ones found on rocks on the east side
were apparently being eaten by insect larvae. On September 22,
1907, Prof. U. 0. Cox of the Indiana State Normal, found some flat
sponges covering a rock where the lake enters the Outlet at the
wagon bridge, and there were more on a rock farther down be-
tween the wagon and railroad bridges. This completes the rec-
ord for the flat sponges.
A long, green string-like form found hanging among the weeds
at the lake, especially at the Weedpatch, was much more com-
mon. This was observed quite frequently and often obtained when
collecting aquatic plants. Occasionally, these long strings were
washed up near shore. On October 27, 1900, these sponges were
observed forming statoblasts on the weeds in Lost Lake.
Occasionally, the sponges form small, blue-green, spherical
masses, like bullets, around the stems of Chara. On January 22,
1901, some of these spherical sponges were observed on carpet
chara about 5 feet out from the Arlington Hotel.
Sponges are quite common in creeks and ponds near the lake.
The long form is common in Twin Lakes. There are long, finger-
like forms in Yellow River, and they were abundant in the Outlet
about the bridge below Walley's.
The sponges were submitted for identification to the late Mr.
Edward Potts, of Media, Pa., who in a letter dated May 24, 1905,
wrote so interestingly regarding the material that we here quote
his letter in full :
Yours with package of material was received by first mail yes-
terday A. M. ; and having nothing important on hand, I examined
the vials at once, with the following results :
First, I must express my pleasure in finding that you had
sent only Sponges; that is, remembering that frequently even
workers in other lines of science are utterly unfamiliar with these
forms, and hence send one gelatinous and otherwise incongruous
articles, I was glad to learn that you know a sponge when you see
104 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
it. The only possible exception is in your No. 5, which as you
supposed, is not a sponge but only a puzzle, which may perhaps
be explained by considering the fibres to be a form of alga, or more
probably, the stems or stipes (as the "Micrographic Dictionary"
calls them) of some, possibly all, those Diatoms now found at the
outer surface of the sub-spheres. I have frequently found Dia-
toms so growing.
No. 1 is Carterius tubisperma Mills, and is, I am sorry to say,
the only sponge in satisfactory condition for safe determination.
Nos. 2 and 4 are, I fully believe, of the same species as No. 1, and
they have plenty of gemmules or statoblasts ; but these are so far
from maturity that, if the same species, the chitinous coat is ex-
tremely thin and it apparently has not yet developed the foraminal
tubules, the granular crust, and protective bisotulate spicules which
should be the determining points. I do not understand why this
should be so with the date given (Nov. 15 and later) ; but I suppose
it possible that cold spring water or its unusual depth may have re-
tarded development to a date later than that with which I have
been familiar. This is further suggested by No. 3 in which I have
failed to find any gemmules and which reminds me of the appear-
ance and condition of forms that I have sometimes called perennial
or evergreen sponges, which apparently continue their growth all
through the winter, at least in deep water .2
No. 3 is clearly a different sponge from the others, as shown
by its shorter and more robust spicules (skeletal) which, as you
will see, are covered with very minute spines. I should have been
much pleased to find the statoblasts of this sponge. The skeleton
spicules suggest Meyenia leidyi Carter, although in that species
they are rarely microscopical. You may meet with it again under
more favorable circumstances.3
Although I fear they are too soft for safe transportation, I pro-
pose to pack with the vials returned, two trial slides, No. 1, show-
ing Carterius tubisperma in which you may see the foraminal
tubules before mentioned and the armature of radial birotulate
spicules, beside the skeleton and dermals; and No. 2, showing sepa-
rated spicules of the same.
2 See my Monograph, pp. 245, 246.
'See fig. 1, plate X, of my Monograph.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 105
THE PLANKTON
By Chancey Juday, University of Wisconsin
Between the 2nd and the 29th of August, 1899, some observa-
tions were made on the plankton of Lake Maxinkuckee as a part
of the field investigations of the U. S. Fish Commission at that
lake.
The net used in making the observations had an opening of
471.5 sq. cm. The filtering cone was made of Dufour's No. 20
bolting cloth. The area of the cone was 3,910 sq. cm., thus making
the ratio of the opening of the net to filtering area 1 to 8.2. Lack
of time prevented experiments for the determination of the coeffi-
cient of the net, as the plankton work was only one of several
duties assigned the writer.
Three main stations were selected. No. I was located just
north of the center of the lake in the deepest part. No. II was in
the southwestern part in a small basin called the Kettlehole. This
basin has a maximum depth of 43 feet (12.8 m.) and is separated
from the main basin of the lake by a considerable area where the
water scarcely exceeds 10 feet (3 m.) in depth. During the time
of these observations, the bottom temperature in the Kettlehole
was lower than the bottom temperature in the deepest part of the
lake. This was selected for the purpose of determining whether
these local peculiarities would have any marked effect on the quan-
tity of plankton. No. Ill was about midway between the other
two stations in water only 20 feet (6m.) deep. For purposes of
comparison in horizontal distribution, one series of hauls was
made at each of five other stations.
In making the hauls, the net was lowered to the desired depth
and then raised to the surface with a velocity as nearly uniform
as possible. The material was washed into the bucket of the net
and then transferred to 95 per cent, alcohol.
Because of the small amount of time available for this work,
the centrifuge method was used in measuring the quantity of
plankton. This method, however, is open to the serious objection
that the material is treated as if it were a homogeneous mass, and
this is obviously not the case. This same objection applies equally
to the gravity method, in which the material is allowed to settle
a certain number of hours. Both must be supplemented by the
counting method in order to show the part played by each species
in the plankton life of a body of water. In settling the material,
the centrifuge was given a speed of 3,000 revolutions per minute
and this speed was continued for a period of one minute.
106 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
In all, 128 hauls were made at the principal stations. Not all
of them are included in the following tables, however, as some
hauls were made at depths not regularly included in each set of
observations. Their omission does not affect the conclusions in
any way. The tables show the quantity of plankton in cubic centi-
meters under each square meter of surface and to the depth indi-
cated, exclusive of a correction for the coefficient of the net. That
is, they show the total quantity taken in each haul multiplied by
21.2®.
In the results given for Station I, those for the first, second, and
fourth weeks are averages of three to five sets of observations
per week but only one set was made the third week. At Station
II, only one series of hauls was made each week. At Station III,
no hauls were made the first week and only one set each during the
second and third weeks. The result for the fourth week is the
average of ten sets of hauls.
STATION I
Depth
First week
Second week
Third week
Fourth week
0—1 m.
0—3 m.
0 — 5 m
0—8 m.
34 55
43.88
49.50
65.40
23.85
37.73
47.27
56.18
22.26
30.21
38.70
50.35
18.65
27 .77
31.67
39.58
STATION II
Depth
First week
Second week
Third week
Fourth week
o—i m.
0—3 m.
0—5 in.
0—8 in.
20.68
37.10
50. SS
56.18
22 . 26
34.45
41.34
54.58
19.08
25 44
30.21
34.98
15.90
23.32
32.33
31.80
STATION III
Depth
First week
Second week
Third week
Fourth week
0—1 in.
32.86
37.10
23 . 85
38.16
39.22
18 65
0—3 m.
26 15
32 65
Decrease: — The above tables show that there was a pronounced
decrease in the quantity of plankton during the four weeks. This
was due to the decline of the phytoplankton. The maximum de-
crease, 46 per cent., was found in the 0-1 meter stratum where
the phytoplankton was most abundant. The hauls from greater
depths showed a minimum decrease of 36 per cent. Most of the
Crustacea were found below one meter and a slight increase of
them partially compensated for the decrease of phytoplankton.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 107
Horizontal distribution: — A comparison of the tables for sta-
tions I and II shows that, with two exceptions, the quantity of
plankton obtained at Station II was smaller than that obtained the
same week and from similar depths at Station I. The differences,
however, are comparatively small, which shows that the local pe-
culiarities at the former had relatively little effect on the plankton.
The hauls made at the five stations in the main basin of the
lake, besides the two regular ones, showed that the plankton was
very evenly distributed.
Vertical distribution: — The plankton was confined almost
wholly to the upper 12 meters. This included the thermocline
which extended from 9 to 12 meters. Undoubtedly the region
below this depth remained almost tenantless because of the chemi-
cal condition of the water. Only Corethra larvae were found regu-
larly below the thermocline.
A little more than 48 per cent, of the entire quantity of plank-
ton was found in the 0-1 meter layer. As might be expected, this
was preeminently the region for phytoplankton. The Crustacea
were represented by a few Cyclops and a considerable number of
nauplii. The 0-3 meter stratum contained 68 per cent, of the en-
tire quantity. Ceriodaphnia lacustris and Diaphanosoma brachyu-
rum were found mainly in the 1-3 meter stratum. Diaptomus
minutus and Daphnia retrocurva seemed to prefer the region be-
tween 3 and 12 meters. Daphnia pulicaria was most abundant
in the region of the thermocline, or between 9 and 12 meters.
Cyclops and nauplii appeared more or less abundantly throughout
the upper 12 meters.
Only one set of observations was made at night. The quantity
of plankton obtained from the 0-1 meter stratum at night was
smaller than that obtained during the previous afternoon but there
was a marked increase in the Crustacea. Epischura lacustris,
Leptodora hyalina and adult Daphnia retrocurva were found in
this stratum at night but never in the day catches. Also there
was a larger number of adult Cyclops than was usually found in
the daytime.
I am indebted to Prof. C. Dwight Marsh for the following list
of Copepoda :
Cyclops leuckarti Claus; Cyclops prasinus Fischer; Diaptomus
minutus Lilljeborg; and Epischura lacustris Forbes.
The following Cladocera were collected: Daphnia pulex puli-
caria Forbes, Daphnia retrocurva Forbes, Ceriodaphnia lacustris
Birge, Sida crystallina (O. F. Miiller), Acroperus harpae Baird,
Pleuroxus procurvatus Birge, Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Lieven)
108 Lake Maxirikuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick, Alona guttata Sars, and Leptodora
hyalina Lilljeborg.
During the summer of 1900, plankton work on the lake was con-
tinued under the immediate direction of Mr. Leonard Young, along
the same lines and with the same apparatus used in the previous
summer. The work extended from the middle of July until the
first of September.
Hauls were made from four stations. Three of these (Nos.
I, II, and IV) were the stations of the previous summer's work. A
fourth (No. Ill) was located on a line between Nos. I and II in 40
feet of water and on the rim of the deep basin of the northern part
of the lake in which No. I was located. No. Ill is separated from
No. II by a ridge (10 feet of water). At these stations hauls
were made from 3, 9, 15, 25, 40, and 80 feet, according to the
depth of the water. Random hauls were made along the shores
near the patches of bulrushes and among them, and also on the
Sugarloaf. The Sugarloaf is a small area of shallow water on
the northwest side of the deep basin of Station No. I. It is about
80 feet in diameter, in water with a minimum depth of 8 to 9 feet,
but surrounded by much deeper water. On the surface of the
mound are beds of Potamogeton, Chara, Nitella, etc.
The temperature of the water at Station No. I was taken at in-
tervals of 5 feet at the time of each observation, except those made
during the night. The temperature of No. II in the Kettle-hole
was taken occasionally for comparison. The temperature of the
bottom was found to be slightly higher (l°-2°) than in the deeper
basin, although it was somewhat lower the summer before. Hauls
were made at various times during daylight hours, and also at
night, both before and after midnight.
The plankton was examined from time to time in order to de-
termine the prevailing forms composing it. The plant forms noted
were: Rivularia, Lyngbya, Anabama, Pediastrum, Protococcus
forms, (Edogonium, Spirogyra, Draparnaldia, and Raphidium. The
animal forms were Daphnia, Cyclops, Diaptomus, Rotifera, Vorti-
cella, and other unknown Protozoa and Crustacea.
In the upper layers of the water in the open lake, the plankton
consisted almost entirely of plant forms. At a depth of about 25
feet a number of entomostracans were found, — a species of Daph-
nia being the most abundant. These remained at that depth until
they disappeared later in the season. In the hauls made near the
shore and among the rushes, the animal forms were much more
numerous than in the surface water in the open lake and were
present in greater abundance. The plant forms here were in
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 109
greater variety than in the open lake and were often present in
much greater quantity. The latter seems to have been due to the
prevailing wind at the time.
In the hauls made in daylight the greater portion of the plank-
ton was found in the upper 10 feet of water, with most of it
in the first three feet. In the hauls made during the night the ver-
tical distribution was somewhat different. There seemed to be a
downward migration of the surface plankton, so that while the
total quantity remained about the same, less of it was in the first 3
feet than during the daylight. During the earlier hours of day-
light it resumed its former distribution. Since the greater portion
of the plankton consisted of plant forms, the absence of the photo-
synthetic processes may have been the cause for this downward
migration.
The total quantity of plankton reached its maximum the last
of July and the first of August. During the last of August the
quantity decreased very considerably, and the water became quite
clear.
During July and the first half of August the prevailing plant
form was a species of Rivularia. A species of Anabama was also
in abundance. During the latter part of August a species of
Lyngbya was the most abundant plant form. Until about the
tenth of August a number of entomostracans were found at a
depth of about 25 feet in the open lake, but at this time they dis-
appeared and could not be found in either deeper or shallower
water.
No uniform difference in the vertical distribution and the total
quantity of the plankton at the various stations in the deeper water
was detected, except thai at Station No. IV in 25 feet of water, the
entomostracans mentioned above were not found. The entomos-
tracans were not so abundant on the Sugarloaf as in water of
equal depth near the shore among the bulrushes. In the shallow
water, near the shore, there was often a greater quantity of plant
forms and always a greater quantity of animal forms than in
deeper water. The greater quantity of plant forms was due to
drifting by the wind.
The quantity of plankton during this summer was less than
half that of the previous summer. The greater portion consisted
of plants during both seasons, but the prevailing form in 1899
was Lyngbya, while in 1900 it was Rivularia. No plankton ob-
servations were made in other lakes during this summer, but in
doing some sounding in Bass Lake, it was noticed that there was
very much more minute vegetation in Bass Lake than in Lake Max-
110 Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey
inkuckee. The coefficient of the net has not been determined, so
that the total quantity of plankton has not been calculated.
As almost the entire volume of plankton was above the thermo-
cline, which is about 35 feet deep, no relation between the vertical
distribution and the change in temperature was noted.
THE PLANKTON SCUM OR WASSERBLUETHE
In addition to the plankton studies carried on at the lake by
Professor Juday in 1899, and by Mr. Young in 1900, reported on
by them in the preceding pages, some attention was given to the
subject by Mr. Clark and Dr. Evermann whenever opportunity af-
forded. Some of their observations are here recorded.
Almost every dweller in a region where lakes abound is familiar
with the annual collection of green scum over the surface or parts
of the surface of the lakes. This phenomenon is known the world
over wherever lakes are found. It is known in Germany as
"Wasserbluethe" and in parts of England as the "Flowering of the
meres." About Lake Maxinkuckee it is spoken of as "the lake
cleaning itself." It is, indeed, the same phenomenon as may be
observed everywhere, wherever there is a stagnant pool or dead
stretch of river.
Time of appearance: — The plankton scum does not appear gen-
eral over the lake until late summer or early autumn. The prime
condition for its appearance, in addition to proper temperature and
favorable environment for the rapid development of the low forms
which compose it, is an unruffled water surface. It accordingly
makes its first appearance in quiet sheltered bays. The following
are brief notes as to dates of occurrence:
September 30, 1900. Air dead calm ; flecks of foam scattered
over the lake, slowly drift shoreward, and are colored green.
October 3. Green scum, mixed in with insect exuvise noted
near shore.
October 5. No scum, though the water is full of diffused
Anabsena near the Deephole.
October 15. At noon, considerable green coating of water near
shore in front of Arlington Hotel.
October 17. Morning calm, with considerable scum ; by noon
nearly as dense as yet seen.
November 2. Some scum on the east side and some on the
surface of the deep water, but none at shore. The lake was calm,
and gave an opportunity to observe the formation of the scum.
The observation was made near the Deephole from a boat. The
water was full of diffused algce (principally Anabama and
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 111
Lyngbya), which have a lower specific gravity than water and
rise slowly, at an angle, to the surface. The Lyngbya is heavier
than the Anabama, and comes up more slowly and not in such large
quantities.
November 3. Clear and smooth ; a large amount of Anabama
and Lyngbya on top arranged in fine parallel lines on the water
surface, the lines being quite near each other and running south-
east and northwest.
December 1. Some Anabsena and statoblasts near shore about
noon.
December 8. Considerable foam tinged green with Anabama
by the icehouses and in the Outlet.
December 10. Some green plankton scum on cast-up foam.
No more scum was seen during the winter or the next spring, until
June 12, when the first plankton scum of the year was seen.
In 1904, from October 17 to the end of the year when the lake
was under observation, no scum was noted.
In 1906, the first scum was observed July 31, and it was noted
every calm day thereafter as long as the lake was under observa-
tion.
August 6, the scum was very abundant along the northeast
shore near the Military Academy, forming a perceptible scum on
the lake.
August 8, abundant among rushes off the Assembly grounds.
August 15, much scum, composed of Anabsena and insect
exuvise in streaks on the water surface. A great scum of Ana-
bsena, insect exuvise and Vallisneria blossoms in Outlet Bay soon
forming a putrescent mass.
August 16, a little scum, and considerable diffused Anabama.
August 28, no scum in the morning but much diffused Anabaana
in clumps rising to the surface and collecting near shore.
August 31, some scum on Twin Lakes, Anabsena and Lyngbya.
September 4, a good lot of scum, chiefly Anabsena, on Zechiel's
pond.
November 15, some green free plankton scum under the ice
south of Winfield's.
In 1908, the lake was visited for only a short time and but
few observations could be made on the plankton. On the morning
of August 22, the following organisms were observed in surface
plankton: Lyngbya, most common, many empty sheaths; Rivu-
laria, a few colonies; Vallisneria flowers, abundant; Anabxna
flos-aquss, a few colonies; Cyclops, a few; Moina, a few; Cypris.
a few; Vorticella, a minute greenish species usually two at the
112 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
end of a slender stalk, attached to detritus ; insect larvae and larvae
casts, and a few small snails. On August 31, a fisherman re-
marked that the lake began "cleaning itself" four weeks ago and
that there was then a much thicker scum than at present. He said
neither he nor any of the residents had seen it act so ("clean it-
self") so early for 15 years. He remarked that fishes bite well
before and after the process of "cleaning" but not during that
time.
Constitution, significance, etc., of plankton scum: — The plank-
ton scum of different lakes differs considerably in its elements. In
all lakes it is principally vegetable, such inert animal products as
exuviae of insect larvae and the statoblasts of bryozoa sometimes
being included in considerable quantities. It is best collected by
skimming or by simply holding the mouth of the collecting bottle
below the surface of the scum and allowing it to run in. Not pre-
cisely the same elements are obtained by drawing a towing net
through the scum, as many of the finer elements readily sieve
through, and Crustacea in the water near the scum, but not a part
of the scum, are captured.
In Lake Maxinkuckee the principal elements of the plankton
scum are Lyngybya zestuarii, Anabsena flos-aquse, Botryococcus
braunii, CozlosphseHum kuetzingianum, statoblasts of Plumatella,
and the staminate blossoms of Vallisneria. Occasionally Vorti-
cella was associated with the Anabaena, but this was only a tempo-
rary association. The most abundant element is Anabsena
flos-aquse; indeed, it is so predominant that the history of the
plankton scum is essentially the history of it. The plankton scum
of some of the surrounding lakes, such as the Twin Lakes north
of Hibbard, and Lake-of-the-Woods northeast of Plymouth, is also
Anabaena, but it is worthy of note that that of some of the neigh-
boring lakes is somewhat different. The principal plankton ele-
ments of Winona Lake appear to be Lyngbya festuarii and Micro-
cystis aeruginosa. Chapman Lake, Kosciusko County, and Bass
Lake, Knox County, have at times a scum composed of Rivularia
echinnlatu colonies. While in one of the Twin Lakes and in
Winona or Eagle Lake some of the quiet lagoons and adjacent parts
of the lake are so thickly overgrown with the little duckweed,
Wolffia, that this might properly be referred to as plankton scum.
In some of the lakes of the upper Mississippi, the principal plank-
ton scum element is Aphanizomenon flos-aquse, a species not yet
found in Lake Maxinkuckee.
The character of the plankton scum varies of course with the
organisms composing it. And the characteristics of Anabaena and
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 113
Microcystis, and, indeed, of most blue-green algse, are such as to
make it undesirable. Upon reaching the surface on hot days the
scum turns white and milky, emits a rank "green-corn" odor and
dies, giving all the water about it a milky tinge. Under such cir-
cumstances it is quite natural that bathers would avoid it. There
is, indeed, a prevalent notion that the plankton scum is irritating
to the skin, producing, in mild form, about the same symptoms as
those of ivy poisoning. Several people were met who claimed that
they had thus been poisoned. Two boys living in Culver claimed
to have so suffered, and another person reported that about 1904
or 1905, he had been badly poisoned by the water of Lake Maxin-
kuckee wherever it had touched him. A doctor diagnosed his case
as "old fashioned prairie itch."
On another occasion, a young man, on being invited to go in
bathing during the period of plankton scum, remarked that he
was afraid of getting poisoned. We have never suffered nor
personally seen any one affected. In many parts of the country
there is a prejudice against going swimming during "dog days."
This probably has some reference to plankton-scum ; for along the
Maumee River at Defiance, Ohio, some boys were noted observing
some scum on the water and remarking: "It's coming dog-days
and we must quit going in swimming."
A very heavy plankton-scum indicates an excess of vegetation
in the plankton. It is a decided nuisance both on account of the
prejudice against it and the uncleanly appearance it gives the
shore. It could, of course, be removed by the addition of sufficient
quantities of copper sulphate, but the use of this kills algae indis-
criminately and should not be attempted except as a last resort.
Minnows of various species (Notropis blennius, N. cayuga, Fundu-
lus diaphanus, Labidesthes sicculus, etc.) and painted turtles eat
some of the plankton. Fresh water mussels, however, are the
heaviest feeders on it, subsisting almost entirely upon it and con-
suming considerable quantities. Their presence in the lake is de-
sirable, and they can easily be propagated in great numbers. Per-
haps the thick-shelled forms of Lampsilis luteola, such as those
found at Lake Pokegama, Minn., could be planted in sufficient
quantities to keep the excess of plankton down, and at the same
time, in due season, furnish a valuable amount of button material
for the markets.
The study of the vertical distribution of the plankton carried
on by Juday in 1899 and by Young in 1900, and reported on by
them, was discontinued in the early autumn of 1900. After that
time efforts were made by whatever suitable means were at hand
8— 17618— Vol. 2
114 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
to obtain examples of the different microscopic forms in and about
the lake. During the winter, while raking up the various weeds
of the bottom through holes cut in the ice, it was observed that
they were thickly populated by various organisms, and by washing
them off a great amount of interesting material was obtained. On
one occasion it was observed that the drippings of Chara raked up
at the Weedpatch stained the snow a bright green, and an investi-
gation showed this to be due to myriads of green Stentors.
During the sounding of the lake in the winter it was noted that
entomostraca (Cyclops) flocked up in considerable numbers to the
openings cut through the ice for soundings.
With the coming of spring it was observed that the ponds and
pools in the region of the lake were teeming with small forms of
life different from those found in the lake. The ponds were too
small and shallow to permit the use of the towing-net, so the water
was dipped up and the various forms strained out and preserved.
From March 25 to June 28, on trips to the Deephole to take
temperatures, the towing-net was usually fastened to the boat and
hauled one way. Usually large catches were obtained. On some
days the hauls would consist chiefly of entomostraca and the mass
had the general appearance of a yellowish jelly. On other occa-
sions it was almost entirely diatomaceous (Asterionella) in which
case it had a peculiar bristling appearance and was hard and
gritty to the touch.
During the summer and early autumn of 1906, beginning about
July 26, when diffused plankton began to show through the water,
frequent hauls were made with the towing-net with the following
results :
July 26, 1:30 p.m., faintly bright and calm; towing in Outlet
Bay, from Chadwick's pier to the ice office, Lyngbya sestuarii,
common ; Diaptomus, small species ; casts of shells of amphipods ;
Botryococcus braunii.
July 27, hauls at morning and again at noon, secured Lyngbya,
only a few filaments ; Botryococcus braunii, a few colonies ; Diapto-
mus, common ; Daphnia, a few.
July 30, haul over the same grounds with the same results. The
Inlet seemed full of suspended algae, which was so fine it strained
through the towing-net.
July 31, in a haul across Outlet Bay was obtained a great mass
of entomostraca ; the water was full of suspended flocculent algse ;
but it escaped the net. By noon the water by the ice-house pier
was full of suspended algse (Anab?ena) and in dips taken with the
finer net, a good many statoblasts were obtained. Plankton scum
first appeared.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 115
On August 1, a haul was taken in Lost Lake, but little was ob-
tained. August 7, a haul from Chadwick's pier across to the ice
office; a calm, cloudy morning after a rain; there was obtained
mostly Botryococcus, some Lyngbya, and a little Daphnia.
On August 21, a visit was made to Winona Lake or Eagle Lake,
near Warsaw, and 2 hauls were taken. It may prove interesting
to mention results for comparison with the plankton of Lake Max-
inkuckee. The plankton mass was blue-green material, turning
brown, and was composed of the following elements:
Lyngbya xstuarii, main mass, longer filaments and more
abundant than at Lake Maxinkuckee; Microcystis aeruginosa,
abundant, taking the place of Anabaena at Lake Maxinkuckee;
Gomphonema aporica, common; rotifers, many; naupilii, common;
Anuria cochlearis, common; Ceratium hirundinella , many; Cem-
tium tripos, a few; Volvox aureus, a few; Cyclops, a few; Daphnia,
a few.
August 28. Outlet Bay in the morning; material fibrous, dirty
brown ; many empty sheaths of Lyngbya ; Botryococcus, Chydorus
and Daphnia. Lyngbya greatly increased by noon, evident to the
eye on the surface, and diffused Anabaena in clumps, rising to the
surface and collecting along shore.
September 5. A haul across Outlet Bay in the morning; mostly
entomostraca (Daphnia), and Lyngbya. The Lyngbya still form-
ing hormogonia. The long spines of the Daphnia projecting from
the net gave the mass a bristly appearance.
Up to November 12, the plankton hauls had been taken occa-
sionally with apparently the same results. On this date the haul
examined showed a marked change; Asterionella, and Tabellaria
fenestrate, two species of diatoms, were abundant; Cyclops, and
naupilii, Anuraea, Microcystis aeruginosa, and a little Anabaena
were present. A filamentous alga not known was abundant, tak-
ing the place of Lyngbya in summer ; there were also a few colonial
rotifers. On November 13, a plankton haul was taken with much
the same results, the material being mainly diatomaceous.
In 1908, a few hauls were made ; one on August 22, which con-
sisted of Vorticella, Lyngbya and a little Anabaena. On the night
of August 26, a haul made in Lost Lake, consisted of many Corethra
larvae, many Cyclops, Daphnia, a few water-mites, some rotifers,
and a little Microcystis.
The marked difference between the plankton of Lost Lake and
that of Lake Maxinkuckee was significant; that of Lost Lake ap-
proaches rather that of Winona Lake. Indeed, from a comparison
of the plankton elements of various lakes it appears that the dif-
ferences in their plankton flora and fauna are not those of isola-
116 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
tion or distance, but the suitability of the lake for certain species.
Closely neighboring lakes may have a different, and far distant
lakes may have a similar, plankton. Shallow lakes, which have
more or less warmth and light to much of the bottom, are more
heavily populated and have both more diffused plankton and plank-
ton scum. A lake resembles an organism in that there must be a
certain ratio of surface to volume to produce maximum results.
Lake Maxinkuckee differs from the neighboring shallower lakes,
such as Bass Lake, Winona Lake, etc., both in the relative quantity
of its plankton and in the organisms composing it. The smaller
lakes have a much greater quantity of plankton, so that the plank-
ton-scum nuisance is much greater in them than at Maxinkuckee.
The plankton elements are most of them easily carried about
from place to place on account of their minuteness and many of
them, such as Microcystis, Anabsena, Aphanizomenon, etc., are of
world wide distribution. They are therefore likely to thrive in any
lake where conditions are favorable. Microcystis, which, after a
little practice, can be easily recognized by the naked eye, the
vacuolated masses resembling minute smoke rings, is more charac-
teristic of warmer, shallower lakes, and Anabsena of deeper, cooler
lakes.
Another point worthy of remark is that of the great abund-
ance of diatoms in the plankton during early spring and late au-
tumn, and their scarcity or absence during the summer.
The following are notes concerning a few plankton hauls made
in 1908:
August 25. No wasserbluethe yet, but one small bit of minute
stuff which soon disappeared; much Lyngbya sestuarii; a few col-
onies of Microcystis aeruginosa; Anabtena flos-aquze, a few col-
onies ; Corethra larva?, common ; some rotifers and entomostraca ;
minute white round worms in some of the plankton, one in a dead
insect larva ; they may be parasitic.
August 31. Minute green Vorticellas clustered about a sphere
of AnabaBiia; Lyngbya sestuarii, common; Microsystis, a few
colonies ; Anabama, 2 or 3 colonies ; Botryococcus braunii; Vallis-
neria flowers ; statoblasts of Plumatella, several ; CEdogonium,
one filament; Ostracods, common; broken off Naias, small snails,
and Amphipods, abundant ; a few Daphnia ; Copepods, a few, not so
common as in night hauls.
September 7. Lost Lake with a fine scum on top near shore,
easily thrown into ripples, composed of fine blue-green grains;
Microcystis aeruginosa, common, forming main mass; Botryoc-
occus braunii, frequent; Anabsena flos-aquse; Lyngbya sestuarii;
a little Daphnia; Navicula, a few; Cypris, a few.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 117
THE FLORA OF LAKE MAXINKUCKEE AND
VICINITY
Introduction
In the beginning- of the investigations it was intended to limit
the botanical studies to the aquatic species of plants and those in-
habiting the marsh ground immediately about the lake. It was
thought that no attention should be given to the purely terrestrial
species. But as the work progressed the difficulty of drawing any
hard and fast lines between aquatic species and land species became
increasingly difficult. And the segregation of the species which
bear a relation to the life of the lake as distinguished from those
which bear no such relation, became quite difficult, if not indeed,
impossible. Species of herbs, shrubs and trees, which at first
thought would not be considered as, by any possibility, exerting
any influence on the fishes or other animals of the lake, were found
upon investigation really to sustain very important relations to the
lake and its inhabitants.
This compelled us to make our studies more and more inclusive
until finally it became evident that all species of phanerogams
should be included. This we have done. We have not only listed
all the species determined as belonging to Lake Maxinkuckee and
its catchment basin, but we have embodied in the report many of
our observations regarding the abundance, distribution, and habits
of the various species.
In order to emphasize the importance of the strictly aquatic-
species it was thought best to treat them in a separate chapter,
and in a special way. This we have done even at the risk of some
repetition.
The relation of the plants of the land to the lake, in the matter
of the trees furnishing a mass of leaves to the lake bottom, pre-
venting erosion, etc., has already been referred to. In addition to
this there are intimate relations of the land flora to the soil and
topography which make a consideration of them necessary to a com-
plete understanding of the lake.
During the survey of the lake an attempt was made to obtain
a complete series of herbarium specimens of the various species
of plants growing therein, and the work thus started, it was the
most natural thing in the world to collect also along the shore and
farther back from the water's edge. Many hundred specimens
representing most of the species were collected and deposited in
the United States National Herbarium.
Collections in the country around the lake were made when
other work permitted, but all seasons of the year were not as fully
118 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
represented as might be desired. Some forms were doubtless over-
looked, but from time to time, additional species were added to the
list on subsequent visits. Listing all the species will serve a mani-
fold purpose :
1. The list will assist materially in helping one to realize the
great varieties of soil and surface, and will form a valuable supple-
ment to the soil survey. For example, the mere mention of the
pitcher-plant will suggest one sort of surroundings, and the men-
tion of the Indian-pipe, another.
2. During the time that has elapsed since the beginning of the
survey, numerous changes have taken place ; some species have dis-
appeared or become scarce, and new forms have come in from time
to time. In the brief infrequent visits and pressure of other work
while at the lake, doubtless a number of the changes have been
overlooked, but such as have been observed have been recorded.
3. As much time as opportunity allowed has been given to the
habits of plants, the time of their leafing, flowering, ripening, dying
and other features. This is an important and generally neglected
subject and it is unfortunate that more time could not have been
devoted to it. It is believed that extended studies along these lines
would lead to important results. Some of the widely diverging
habits of closely related species such as the fact that the whole
process of flowering, fruiting, ripening and germination of seed in
the silver maple requires but a few weeks while in the hard maple
it requires the good part of a year, and the fact that some of the
sassafras trees of a neighborhood will blossom a week or more later
than others, making cross fertilization impossible and the origin
of a new breed possible, are only examples of suggestions that
may be brought to mind by such observations. In the discussion
of the various species an attempt has generally been made to give a
familiar study of each species as seen in many places and under
various circumstances and conditions. The latent possibilities of
many of our species of plants, their wide diversity of form and
feature under different conditions, and the possibility of discover-
ing or developing variations that might prove valuable for use or
ornament, have hardly begun to be realized. A careful study of
many of our common plants, especially where seedlings come in
great abundance, as in the case of silver maples, elms, and syca-
mores, will occasionally discover interesting and curious mutants
which are worth our careful study and contemplation. And, most
important of all in this connection, is the consideration of various
land herbs, shrubs and trees in their many relations as factors in
determining the physical and biological characteristics of the lake.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 119
THE AQUATIC FLORA
Introduction
The entire animal life of any lake is dependent for its sustenance
ultimately upon the plant life of the same lake. The complete de-
struction of the plant life would inevitably result sooner or later in
the total disappearance of all animal life. This general statement
includes, of course, the microscopic as well as the macroscopic flora
and fauna, the diatoms, desmids and all minute forms of plant life,
and all entomostraca and other minute forms of animal life, as well
as all those larger, more conspicuous forms of animal and plant life
which are evident even to the most casual observer.
Without the plants the lake would be uninhabitable and zoolog-
ically, an uninhabited desert. The plants of the lake are as im-
portant to its animals as are the grasses of the plains to the cattle
that range over them. The importance of the microscopic flora is
discussed elsewhere in this report in connection with the subject
of plankton ; we may therefore omit from detailed consideration
at this time the subject of infant fishes and their food, and pass
directly to a discussion of the more conspicuous plant life of the
lake and the more evident phenomena connected with its relation
to the lake's fauna.
Uses of the Aquatic Flora
As oxygenators: — The plants of a lake perform an important
function in furnishing a supply of oxygen to the water. The im-
portance of this function in any lake depends upon its area as com-
pared with its depth ; in other words, upon the ratio between the
surface area where oxygen can be absorbed, and the volume of
water to be oxygenated. In a lake with large area and little depth,
and winds sufficient in strength and frequency to keep the surface
well disturbed, the need of oxygenation by plants is less imperative.
Lake Maxinkuckee, with its considerable areas of deep water and
infrequency of summer storms, needs the assistance of aquatic-
plants to keep up the supply of oxygen. Their presence, provided
there are enough fishes and other animals to use up the oxygen,
makes the lake a large balanced aquarium.
Some idea of the activity of the plants in supplying oxygen to
the water may be obtained by visiting and observing largo, dense
patches of certain water-weeds in clear shallow water on any bright
day. On a bright day in autumn it was observed that the con-
stant breaking of minute bubbles above dense patches of Philotria
120 Lake Maxinkitckee, Physical and Biological Survey
actually gave rise to a musical tinkle, and the water might almost
be said to sing and sparkle like champagne.
Closely associated with supplying oxygen to the water are two
or three other functions of considerable importance. The first of
these is the softening effect which the plants have upon the water.
Certain plants, such as the Charas and the Potamogetons, abstract
considerable quantities of lime from the water. These plants be-
come thickly covered with a coating of carbonate of lime from
which in turn they receive some of their oxygen by reducing the
calcium carbonate. These and other plants also modify the bot-
tom of the lake by the deposition of the lime as marl and also by
the deposition of vegetable debris to form black muck.
As shade: — Some of the plants, such as the water-lilies with
their broad sheltering pads, furnish grateful shade to fishes and
other animals of the lake. Any one who has ever rowed silently
a.long the edge of a patch of spatterdock on a bright summer day
and seen bass and sunfish and other animals resting in the shade
of the broad leaves, can not doubt this value of the plants.
As protection: — The larger aquatic plants offer protection to
the fishes in various ways. They protect the fishes from each
other. The young of many species habitually dwell among the
vegetation until they have attained size and strength to compete
with their larger kin ; and even fishes of considerable size find a
dense patch of hornwort or Potamogeton quite helpful when pressed
by larger fish. The plants also afford protection to the fishes from
the watchful eye of kingfishers, herons, fishhawks, and other fish-
eating birds. Moreover, many an angler has lost many a good fish
because his hook became fouled in the weeds, to the mutual advan-
tage of both fish and angler, in that the fish escaped and the angler
was given the opportunity to report that "the largest one got
away".
As food: — Many of the plants furnish food to the fishes, either
directly or indirectly. So much attention has been given in recent
years to plankton and its importance in the menu of young fishes
and of the adults of some species such as the shad, white-fish, and
shovel-nosed sturgeon, that we are likely to overlook the larger
forms of plant life when considering the food of fishes. As a
matter of fact, during a large part of the year many of the fishes
of the lake obtain a considerable portion of their food from the
more conspicuous plants. With the exception of the skipjack, few
of the small fishes, after they have passed infancy, feed upon
entomostraca. The vegetarian minnows feed upon plants or plant
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 121
fragments of appreciable size, and the carnivorous forms feed
largely on aquatic insects or their larva? which in turn feed on the
plants. The bluegill, which is largely a vegetarian, feeds directly
at times upon the leaves of pond-weeds (Potamogeton) , and at
other times upon the little crustacean, Asellus, which feeds upon
the weeds. Another small crustacean which furnishes consider-
able food to fishes is the beach-flea, which feeds upon the larger
plants and is usually found associated with the hornwort, Cera-
tophyllum. The coarser growths of the lake are used directly by
some fishes and they furnish food or lurking places to a multitude
of small animals — mollusks, insects, insect larvae, crustaceans, etc.,
upon which the fishes feed. And again, the value of aquatic plants
as food for water-fowl must not be forgotten. The quality and
quantity of vegetation in the lake is of prime importance to the
great flocks of ducks and coots which visit the lake every fall.
These birds first feed upon the rich tender stolons of the wild celery,
then upon the tender bases of the leaves. When the wild celery
has become scarce they then begin feeding upon the more suitable
parts of other plants such as the various species of Potamogeton,
and even Philotria, Naias, Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum, and
various species of Chara ; so that, in the season, the total amount of
vegetable food which the ducks, coots and other water-fowl eat at
this lake is very great, indeed. It can safely be said that the
abundance in the fall of water-fowl at this and similar lakes, and
the period of time during which they will tarry, are largely de-
termined by the character and abundance of the aquatic vegetation.
General considerations: — A peculiarity of the lake flora is that
there are very few annual plants, using that term in the sense of
a plant that springs from seed, then flowers, fruits, and dies down
in a single year. They are, indeed, generally like annuals in tex-
ture, herbaceous and weak, but with little wood. We are dealing
with plants growing in a region where it never freezes, and where
there is never any drouth. From this point of view the region
down in the water where the plants thrive may aptly be likened to
a continually moist portion of the tropics.
According to the commonly accepted philosophy of biology,
seed-production among plants is a device for tiding the plant over
unfavorable conditions much the same as the protozoa going into a
resting stage or encysting. Regarded in this light, flowering and
seed-production are unnecessary among the submerged aquatics,
and persist mainly as an inherited habit. Considered from this
point of view, one of the most curious phenomena is the efforts
made by Philotria and wild celery (Vallisneria) to become fertil-
122 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
ized and set seed, the pistillate flower extending on a long peduncle
to the surface of the water and the staminate blossom breaking off'
and floating away. Moreover, where conditions are so favorable
for vegetative propagation one might naturally expect this to be
a common mode. And so it proves to be; nearly all the aquatics
propagate freely by means of special buds or tubers. Some of
them, especially those of Potamogeton pectinatus, are of a remark-
able character.
The peculiarities of the various species in regard to reproduc-
tion, method of dissemination, and distribution, will be taken up
under each species. A few general remarks may be made here,
however, concerning the behavior of the aquatic flora as a whole.
In addition to bearing seeds, most of the aquatics propagate by
means of so-called winter buds, which are merely fragments or bits
of branches sometimes more or less modified. The expression
"winter-bud" is hardly a happy one, as it serves to keep in mind
the notion that the aquatic plants need some special device for sur-
viving unfavorable seasons, and in that it increases the difficulty,
already great enough, of divesting our minds of the notion of severe
changes of season to which we are accustomed and for which the
land plants must provide, but which do not apply to the aquatics.
The propagation buds may be formed at almost any time of the
year during the growing season, many of them during August.
Every one is acquainted with the facility with which many of our
herbaceous plants, such as the geranium, purslane, wild morning
glory, etc., send out roots from cuttings, and how the presence of
water or moisture favors the formation of such roots, so that the
usual way to start some plants, such as the willow, oleander, etc.,
is simply to place the end of a cutting in a vase or bottle of water.
Among the aquatics we have the herbaceous growth and the water
always present. A cause contributing to the formation and de-
tachment of "winter-buds" during the autumn months is that there
is then considerable wind and choppy weather so that the plants
are subjected to unusual stress and strain, and portions are easily
detached. The portions detached drift about hither and yon with
the various movements of the water. They rest during the period
when the lake is covered with ice, but are further disseminated and
scattered by the gales of early spring after the ice has melted.
As a result of the more or less permanent nature of the plants
and plant-patches in the lake, and of the habit of detached portions
rooting and growing wherever they settle or the shifting currents
carry them, the locations of the old plant-patches do not change
much, but new patches spring up here and there. Such influences
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 123
as the removal of protecting trees, opening the lake more to the
sweep of winds, conduce to the dissemination of the under-water
plants. It is perhaps due to this, and perhaps to other less evident
causes, that the lake has become markedly more weedy than it was
at the beginning of our study. To cite a specific example, the
shallow water just off the north shore of Long Point, which was
once over comparatively barren sand, now supports a dense and
luxuriant growth of weeds, especially Philotria. It is quite pos-
sible that another very active contributing cause is to be found in
the increasing scarcity of waterfowl. Formerly, immense flocks of
coots and ducks made great raids on some of the water-plants, —
first on Vallisneria, and then, when that was gone, upon Chara and
other weeds. The birds uprooted the plants before they ripened or
set seed, so that the long, heavily seeded fruits of Vallisneria, once
almost a curiosity in the lake, are now abundant, due, in part at
least, to the greater scarcity of water-fowl. Not only did the
ducks uproot the plants, but they also ate as a choice delicacy the
tender stolons upon which the plant relied for vegetative propaga-
tion, and in the early winter, after the ducks had finished their
raids, little or none of the Vallisneria was to be found.
So conspicuous and apparent is the increased weediness of the
lake that a local report has gained circulation that the "Fish Com-
mission has planted the lake full of weeds for fish-food, and that
as a result the fish are so well fed that they will not bite, much
to the detriment of good fishing" !
As compared with other lakes of the state, Lake Maxinkuckee
is not so weedy as some of the shallower lakes which warm well
to the bottom and have all their bottom area at such depths that
plants can thrive, but it appears to become more weedy year by
year. It is somewhat more weedy than lakes with a smaller area of
shallow water, such as Tippecanoe Lake. Its condition as regards
quantity of vegetation is well expressed by Dr. Scovell who, in
discussing the origin of the marl says : "Out to a depth of 25 feet
the lake abounds in vegetation. Over hundreds of acres the vege-
tation is as rank as in a field of heavy clover, the vegetation con-
sisting largely of different species of Chara and Potamogeton, with
Vallisneria, Philotria, Ceratophyllum, Naias and Myriophyllum in
abundance."
The comparison with a field of clover suggests at once the im-
portance of the vegetation as soil builders of the bottom, but in this
respect it is to some extent misleading, inasmuch as in the case of
the Chara and the other plants in deeper water, the dense patches
seen year after year are the same, not decaying and being annually
124 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
renewed as in the case of the clover, but the same individual plants
persisting year after year.
In the shallower water, indeed, many of the plants, such as
Vallisneria, do die down, or their leaves are pulled off by ducks and
washed up on the shore in great rolls. The rolls of plants which
wash ashore decay into a rich black soil to be again washed down
into the depths of the lake by the undertow. In shallow lakes,
where warmth and sunlight can reach the bottom, doubtless one
of the most important influences in oblitering the lakes is the im-
mense mass of vegetation which grows up and dies down yearly.
The importance or efficiency of water plants in filling shallow
lakes and shallow parts of lakes is well shown in the southeast
part of the lake along Norris Inlet, and along the Outlet where
what was once lake bottom has been built up into flat sedgy
marshes (Green's marsh and Norris Inlet marsh), the lake al-
ready having lost from this cause an area of over 70 acres, along
with its continuity with Lost Lake.
THE LAND FLORA
Introduction
A striking character of some of the small ponds and kettle-holes
about the lake is the sharp division of the vegetation into concentric
zones, so that the ecological aspect of botany is abnormally intensi-
fied. This is the case at Hawk's marsh and at some of the wood-
land ponds in Farrar's and Walley's woods. With Lake Maxin-
kuckee, which is, of course, only a pond on a larger scale, the same
condition might be expected to obtain, but generally speaking, it
is not the case, because the steep shores come close to the water's
edge, making the transition from the high land flora to the lake
flora quite abrupt. It is manifest, however, in such regions as
Norris Inlet and Green's marsh which were once parts of the lake.
It is much more manifest about Lost Lake than in Lake Maxin-
kuckee, and formerly, when the marsh about Lost Lake was more
flooded than at present, and covered with shallow water species of
Chara and Utricularia, it was more marked than at present.
Of course, there are numerous forms, such as the bulrushes,
pickerel-weeds, mud plantain and others, which belong equally upon
the land or in the water, and in other cases there are dimorphic
species having one form adapted to the water and another to the
land, so that it is difficult to tell just where the lake forms end
and land forms begin. But generally speaking, the lake and land
floras are pretty markedly distinct.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 125
While the division line between the lake flora and the land flora
is in most cases pretty sharply drawn, it is not so easy to tell where
the boundary line lies between the plants having some influence
upon the lake and those which have none, if there be any such.
The forests upon the shores of the lake have a marked influence
in sheltering it from strong winds. As everywhere else, their
leaves break the impact of heavy rains, allowing the water to sink
gradually into the soil rather than run directly into the lake car-
rying their burden of soil with them. In this last mentioned func-
tion, indeed, forests some distance back from the lake exercise a
very important influence on the lake. It is known that the lake
derives its chief supply of water from springs and flowing wells,
the waters of which sink into the surface, no one knows just how
far from the lake. Everybody knows how the disappearance of
springs is associated with the removal of forests. Indeed, during
the time that the lake has been under observation there has been
a marked diminution in the force and volume of many of the flow-
ing wells, and some of the marshes, such as Green's marsh and the
Inlet marsh, which at the beginning of the investigations were
miry, quaking bogs, where one could walk only on tussocks, are
now comparatively solid ground and are, indeed, mown meadows.
This change is a consequence of the lowered water-table of the
whole general region, and has taken place in other parts of the
state to such an extent that where cattle once would mire there are
now fields of corn and alfalfa.
The falling leaves from trees near the lake sink to the bottom
of the lake and may be dredged up at all depths. Their decay
forms a black mud, and, although on account of the large area of
the lake, they are not so great a factor as in some of the smaller
lakes, their amount and influence is considerable. In one feature
they are quite important. It is between the leaves, as they sink to
the bottom, that some of the plankton algse, especially Anabsena,
the most abundant, and when in excessive abundance, the most of-
fensive of all the plankton-scum plants, hibernate during the win-
ter. Even the humble grassy covering of the sand-hills about the
lake has a direct bearing upon the latter; for when these are de-
nuded of all vegetation, the sand drifts and blows ; during the year
a considerable quantity is blown into the lake. During the winter,
when there is no protecting snow, the ice is soon covered with a
film of sand. Even the meadows about the lake, with their grasses
and other plants, bear a relation to the lake, in that they furnish a
habitat for various insects, particularly grasshoppers, which in one
way or another enter into the menu of the fishes. As shown else-
126 Lake Maxinl:url:< c, Physical and Biological Survey
where in this report, the quantity of grasshoppers caught in the
vicinity of the lake and used as bait by the anglers is astonish-
ingly large. Moreover, various trees and shrubs leaning over the
lake are the homes of various insects which frequently drop
into the lake. In the spring of 1901 it was observed that the
water-surface was covered with vast numbers of leaf-eating beetles.
It was later discovered that these laid their eggs on the leaves of
the willow trees along shore and that the black larvae which
hatched, defoliated the willows. Moreover, the myriads of midges,
may-flies and caddis-flies which spend the larval period of their
lives in the water and furnish an important part of the food of the
fishes, when they emerge from the water and take their nuptial
flight, run a gauntlet while in the air, and are reduced to a re-
markable degree by the forest-dwelling birds along shore — cuckoos,
warblers, song sparrows, night hawks, etc.
The number of forest and weed seeds that blow into the lake
and float upon its surface is very great. The sycamore seeds
blow out on the ice in great numbers and are washed ashore in
spring. Some conception of the immense amount of seeds, borne
on the surface of the lake can be obtained by a walk along the
beach almost any season of the year. In places there are long rows
of seedling sycamores, in others, seedling elm and willow. In the
autumn of 1913 whole stretches of beach were covered by an almost
continuous mat of little seedlings of Erigeron. These seeds, it is
true, probably never have any important influence on the lake, prob-
ably none of the lake-dwelling animals feeds upon them ; but they
form at times a noteworthy part of the plankton towings, and in-
crease greatly the number of forms the plankton-student has to
puzzle over. If not a part of the actual plankton, as generally un-
derstood, they certainly constitute at times a considerable part of
the plankton catch.
There is another consideration which makes the land flora
worthy of our attention in an attempt to study the lake. Lake
Maxinkuckee was taken at first as a typical glacial lake ; but careful
study proves it not to be such ; at any rate, a large number of small
Indiana lakes are pretty markedly different from it and have a
closer set of resemblances among themselves than it has to any of
them. It is a lake of marked individuality, and this individuality
is indissolubly associated with its surroundngs — the sorts of soil
and accompanying plants and animals. A given association of
plants will at once suggest to the botanist the type of soil, slope,
etc., and soil surveys to be complete, should always be associated
with botanical surveys.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 127
The botanical study here given can therefore be regarded as
complementary to the soil survey of the region. The Miami sand,
which extends from Culver Academy grounds to Murray's, reach-
ing west beyond Culver to the large muck areas, exhibits, in the
main, a different flora from the Miami sandy loam about the south
half of the lake, from Murray's around to Aubeenaubee Creek, and
this again is different from the rich woodlands of the Miami
gravelly sandy loam extending from Aubeenaubee Creek to Culver
Academy grounds. The small intercalated areas of muck along the
Inlet and Outlet, and other soil areas, are also associated with more
or less peculiar floras, so that on the whole the area about the lake
is a veritable botanist's paradise.
Attention is called to the fact that the botanical work about
the lake was done at a time when other duties occupied attention,
and, indeed, was done only when studies of the lake permitted
momentary interruption. While it is believed practically all the
phanerogams of the lake are represented in the list, the same thing
can not be said of the land plants, and there is doubtless a consider-
able number of gaps yet to be filled to make the list complete, a
number of species of the land plants having escaped observation
on account of the pressure of more insistent duties. During only
one year, 1900-1901, was the work carried on without considerable
interruptions. From time to time since then, on short visits to the
lake, attention has been paid to the flora as opportunity permitted.
Although the botanical studies of the lake have been only in-
termittent and fitful, they have extended through a considerable
series of years and have attracted attention to a phase of botanical
study which has not been generally appreciated, namely, the histori-
cal phase.
Of recent years the cataloging of the plants of limited areas
has begun to be looked upon as the lowest form of botanical ac-
tivity, sg thoroughly despised, indeed, in some quarters, that it is
not considered sufficiently worth while to engage the attention of
first-year high-school pupils, and as a corollary to the contempt
with which the "mere systematist" has fallen, the good old habit of
"botanizing" and making herbariums and getting acquainted with
local floras has given way in many places to comfortable indoor
studies, and the study of botany has become a "sedentary occu-
pation." A complete list of the plants of a given area, however,
made as a basis for the study of changes of flora in the progress
of the years, keeping record of forests removed, of wholesale marsh
floras exterminated by drainage and tillage, and of the date of
disappearance of original forms and the entrance of new, would
128 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
be of inestimable value and interest. It was during the period in
which the lake was under observation that several species, such as
the tamarack, pitcher-plant, yellow-fringed orchis, and a few others
wholly disappeared in places where they were once abundant, and
appear on the way to complete extermination in this region. It
was only a few years before the investigations began that the yel-
low and white sweet clovers made their appearance in the region.
The entire-leaved prickly lettuce had just appeared and was repre-
sented only by a few pioneers ; the typical form with incised leaves
had not yet appeared. A few adventurers, like the first colonists
of the new world, attempted and failed. About 1906, the Russian
thistle first made its appearance in the form of a small patch along
the Assembly grounds, but this did not persist. It was the same
year that the tumbleweed or winged tumbleweed, Cycloloma, made
its appearance at the lake, although it had been seen several miles
west of the lake in 1904. It was only in the year 1909 that the
dainty Galinsoga, whose advent had been looked for for some time,
and a red-leaved Oxalis, perhaps 0. rufa, first made their appear-
ance in the railroad grounds, in all probability from seed in soil
brought directly from Sewickley, Pa., the location of the Pennsyl-
vania Railroad's propagating gardens.
General Floral Regions
As has been said, the general floral regions correspond pretty
closely with the soil regions. The following general areas are rec-
ognized in this report : (1) the beach, (2) the lake plains, corres-
ponding to the muck of the soil survey and most marked at Inlet
marsh and the marsh about Lost Lake, (3) low woodland, (4) high
gravelly sandy woodland as at Long Point, (5) upland clay wood-
land, as Overmyer's field, and, back of the Inlet marsh around
beyond Van Schoiack's on the east side, (6) upland sandy wood-
land, as the stretch of forest north of Lost Lake marsh, (7) upland
loamy woodland, as Culver's woods and northeast of the lake, (8)
gullies or creek bottoms such as those along Culver's and Over-
myer's creeks, (9) woodland ponds, (10) sphagnous bogs, and (11)
shifting sand regions.
The beach flora: — The wide beach on the east side is compara-
tively barren, its barrenness being due to its sandy soil, which is
easily moved about by waves. From Culver Academy grounds on
around to Norris Inlet there is on the narrow, sandy, gravelly
beach a pretty well marked flora, the elements of which are cockle-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 129
burs (Xanthium) , Cyperus diandrus, Ve?*besina alba, peppermint,
spearmint, spotted touch-me-not, barnyard grass, germander, water
hoarhound, all pretty well distributed, with the cockle-bur, touch-
me-not, Verbesina and Cyperus most abundant at Long Point, the
Teucrium and water-hoarhound most abundant north of Winfield's.
There are long patches of bulrushes and chairmakers rushes, the
location of which is given in detail under those species, a few
patches of arrow-head and pickerel-weed, also described elsewhere,
garden parsnip in front of Green's, barnyard grass, and Cicuta
bulbifera, the bulb-bearing water hemlock, along the southern
shore of the lake. There was a small clump of sand-bar willows
at Long Point, but these have disappeared, and below Farrar's low
Cornus and Cephalanthus leaned over the shore in places. Where
springs entered the lake and flowed over the sandy shore, as at
Lakeview Hotel, a species of Chara grows on shore, making a beach
plant, and at the entrance of a few creeks watercress grows
luxuriantly at the water's edge. In addition to these there is at
various times a temporary flora of seedlings of all sorts of winged-
seeded plants such as willow, sycamore, elm, Erigeron, etc., but
these always soon disappeared.
Behind the beach in certain places where there is no steep shore,
such as along the low woodland at Overmyer's and from there to
beyond the Norris Inlet marsh and again in front of a small pond
on the southeastern shore of the lake, there is a well-defined ice-
ridge. Although this is a well-defined area, differing markedly
from the land on either side, especially as regards drainage, it can
not on the whole be said to have a distinct flora. The only plum
tree close to the lake grows on the ice-ridge, and the only patch of
running strawberry bush, Euonymus obovahis, about the lake
region was found on the ice-beach in front of Overmyer's low
woods.
The Lake Plains: — These are represented by the Inlet marsh
and Lost Lake marsh, the latter including Green's marsh. The
soil is mucky, and mucky areas along Aubeenaubee Creek and the
Outlet below Lost Lake much of the way down to the Tippecanoe
River are of this character as regards both soil and flora. They
are flat level plains, densely overgrown with various sedges, chiefly
Carex stricta and C. lanuginosa, along with the tall marsh shield-
fern, Dryopteris thelypteris. In the Inlet marsh there are plenty of
cattails, considerable swamp loosestrife, and scattered Comarum
palustre. Green's marsh contains various low shrubs principally
Bebb's willow, red-osier dogwood, and button-bush. There was
9— 17618— Vol. 2
130 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
originally a level flat area much like a lake-plain across the road
at the mouth of Culver Creek which was densely overgrown with
the chair-maker's rush (S. americanus) but these have disappeared
and the area is now a flat meadow.
Low woodlands are represented only by a small area at the
mouth of Overmyer's Creek, and the most prominent characteristic
of this is the abundance of swamp ash.
The upland clay woodland is modified in many places by clearing
and cultivation, a characteristic of it being the presence of the
shellbark hickory which is generally replaced on more sandy areas
by the small fruited hickory, Hicoria niicrocarpa. A clump of red-
bud, Cercis canadensis, the only patch about the lake, is found in
this soil back of Van Schoiack's. In other respects it is much like
the other upland forest.
The high gravelly sandy woodland is represented by the Long
Point forest. This, being near the base of operations, was studied
in some detail. The trees were rather scattered and clumpy.
Within an area of 4 square rods chosen as typical there were 4 trees
of Quercus velutina or black oak, 5 trees of Hicoria microcarpa or
small fruited hickory, and 5 trees of white oak. The largest tree
within this area was a black oak a foot in diameter, and the small-
est a hickory 3.1 inches in diameter. The trees averaged 6 inches
in diameter. There were a few scattered sycamore and willow
along shore, and large-toothed poplar, Poptdus grandidentata, and
occasional elms. The herbage consisted of only a few scattered
spears of grass and much scattered elm-leaved goldenrod. Much
of Long Point had been cleared off so that the original forest was
gone. Green's woods near Lost Lake, a continuation of the same
but perhaps a trifle more sandy, contains numerous patches of
moss near its edges, and usually plenty of scattered toadstools and
occasional Indian pipes in the rich woods mould.
The almost pure sand woodland is exemplified in the forest on
Long Point. This is chiefly of small black oak and contains very
little or no herbage. The accumulated leaf fall of years has not
decayed, but the crisp, dry leaves even in mid-summer lie as thick
and rustling as they do in most woodlands in autumn, and in the
exceeding dryness of the forest floor it reminds one of the dry pine-
needles that carpet a pine forest.
The upland loamy woodland, exemplified by Culver's wood, con-
sists of an exceedingly rich black sandy loam surface soil with a
magnificent forest of immense tulip-trees, sugar, black and white
walnut, beech, coffee-nut, bitter-nut, red oak, elm, white oak, chest-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 131
nut oak or sweet oak (Q. muhlenbergii) , with immense fruitful
groves of papaw, scattered spice brush, and for herbage all the
common plants that grow in rich woods mould, — hepaticas, anem-
ones, pepper-and-salt, in that great variety which delights the
flower lover and botanist. Some notion of the variety produced in
this region may be obtained from the remark, probably not exag-
gerated, of a man who was hauling wood from this region and who
said he had 27 species of wood in one cord.
The gullies have a rich, springy soil usually black and in places
more or less miry. On their sides grow luxuriant but tender
moisture-loving ferns, while in the bottoms flourish patches of
skunk cabbage, large flowered asters of various sorts, lizard's-tail
and the like.
Farrar's woods, Walley's woods and Zechiel's woods along the
south and southwest shores of the lake are mostly rather flat, sandy
but moist woods, in general without salient characters enough to be
characterized briefly except that all contain woodland ponds, and
the two latter are characterized by having plentiful low heaths such
as Gaylussacia baccata, checkerberry, false beech-drops, etc., scat-
tered through them. Holton's woods near Walley's contain the
only clump of river birch in the region, and Walley's woods the only
clump of Princess pine, Chimaphila umbellata.
The woodland ponds are so various that it would prove weari-
some to describe them in detail. Those of Farrar's woods are shal-
low, the bottoms thickly covered with leaves, the water, which is
present only during the wet season of the year, is usually of a tea
color. The plants are few. A few trees of the various-leaved Cot-
tonwood, Popidus heterophylla, Cephalanthus bushes, their bases
skirted with mosses and liverworts, a few herbaceous species re-
markable for their adaptability and variability of form, the water-
parsnip, yellow water-crowfoot and the curious Riccia lutescens
which floats about on the surface like green butterflies and repro-
duces by a division into almost exactly equal parts. All these
herbaceous plants flourish, but assume entirely different forms dur-
ing the dry season. For their fauna they have numerous frogs,
speckled and Blanding's tortoises, both almost entirely absent from
the lake, the slender-pincered crawfish Cambarus blandingi acutus,
not found in the lake, and a remarkable Sphserium which spends
half its life, the dry season, among the moist leaves in a state ap-
proaching suspended animation. They, along with other shallow
pools, contain the fairy shrimp and doubtless various Entomostraca
of unusual habits and characters. Farther down toward Walley's
132 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
woods the woodland marshes are different, usually containing quak-
ing aspen about the margin along with winterberry or black alder
and choke-berry with Sphagnum in the center. One of the circular
woodland ponds studied more in detail consisted of 4 distinct zones
of vegetation, the outer border being the usual high-ground forest,
then a ring of willows and Rosa Carolina, then a ring of sedges,
boneset, smart weed and Erechtites, and in the center a circle of rice
cut-grass. Swamp white oak was common in this pond.
The peat bogs, once extensive west of the lake, have most of
them been greatly changed if not destroyed by drainage, and their
curious faunas exterminated. Most of them contained the tama-
rack as their principal or only tree. Hawk's marsh, on the south-
west corner of Culver, fortunately remains, and it is to be hoped
will long continue in its present state. It is surrounded by an al-
most impenetrable tangle of various low bushes, principally moun-
tain holly, black alder, tall bush huckleberry and poison sumac.
Inside this tangle is a deep, spongy bed of Sphagnum, the outer
border thickly overgrown with tall, erect ferns (Anchistea) and
farther inward evergreen heaths, leather-leaf, marsh-rosemary,
etc., with a sprinkling of pitcher-plants and cotton-grass. Various
orchids, such as the yellow-fringed orchis, are common. At the
inner edge of the Sphagnum are masses of cranberry vines and
spatulate-leaved sundew, while innermost of all is a pond full of
spatterdock and Utricularia.
The shifting sand regions are composed of a somewhat heavier
sand than dune sand and are areas once covered with a growth of
forest, chiefly low scrub oak (Q. velutina) . These sand-hills do
not drift in a mass as do the genuine dunes, but the winds gutter
out the sand in places leaving angular rock fragments. The blown
sand drifts fence corners and forests full and gradually buries them.
The flora is generally a scattered growth of Cyperus filmicuhnis.
Some cacti, said to have escaped from a neighboring cemetery
where they are said to have been planted, are slowly occupying
these hills.
Patches or peculiarities of distribution of individual species,
such as the long line of sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) along the edge
of Green's woods and the east bank of the outlet in Walley's woods,
clumps of witch hazel back of Green's and on the east side of the
lake, are best treated in discussing the different species.
In the following discussion of species the various plants are de-
scribed as seen in varied places and times, representing the species
in as many lights as possible.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Stwvey 133
Comparison of Aquatic and Land Floras
Perhaps the most striking difference between the flora of a land
and of a water area is that the land flora lies open to the eye while
much of the flora of a lake, especially of a deep lake, is hidden
from view. It is easy to form a fairly complete mental picture of
a landscape with which we are familiar, but in the case of a flora
at the bottom of a lake the situation is entirely different. In the
case of permanence or persistence of individuals, there are curious
differences. On the land, there are herbs, shrubs and trees — an-
nuals, biennials and perennials — the trees conspicuous landmarks
enduring- year after year, the herbs many of them dying entirely
down with the course of a year. On the other hand, the aquatic
flora is almost entirely herbaceous; the only analogue we have to
trees being the water-lilies and spatterdocks, the thick horizontal
rootstocks of which would, if standing erect, make respectable
saplings. But while the plants under water are all herbaceous and
relatively frail, the phenomenon of annual growths which live but
to produce seed, and perish when that is done, does not obtain
among the aquatic plants. The only case that comes to mind is
that of some of the delicate Charas and Nitellas, and the slender
Naias which grows at the water's edge, and the deeper growing
plants of Naias. In a certain sense, at least so far as plant life is
concerned, the region under water may be described as sub-tropical.
The most important difference between the temperate zone and the
tropics is, not only in a greater amount of heat in the tropics, but
also in the more equable distribution of the heat throughout the
year, and the absence of a freezing temperature at any time ; and
this is just what we have in the waters of the lake everywhere
below the freezing surface. The temperature of the air about the
lake has a range of about 125° F., frequently going considerable
below freezing, while the water under the freezing layer at the sur-
face has a range of only about 55°, or not half as much as that of
the air, and is always exempt from a freezing temperature.
In the region immediately about the lake the lover of beautiful
grounds may wish in vain for the "broad-leaved evergreens", the
holly, the ivy and the rhododendron, but just a little way beneath
the ice the broad green delicate leaves of the pond-weeds retain
throughout the coldest winters almost the freshness of summer
days.
Moreover, in the methods of perpetuating their kind, the aquatic
plants differ considerably from the land plants in that there is
hardly a single species which does not have some effective method
134 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
of vegetative propagation, either by special propagating buds or
by the rooting of broken-off portions. In only a few are seeds
formed in great abundance ; in many, seeds are formed scarcely or
never at all.
In the botanies concerning land plants, there is much about eco-
logical groups, plant societies, halophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes
and the like, and one of the most striking features dwelt upon
is the association of plants in related groups as regards soil, mois-
ture, slope, and the like ; but in the lake bottom no such differences
obtain; the only difference in the amount of moisture is in its
depth, and the drainage is the same everywhere; the only differ-
ences affecting distribution of the plants being those of the depth of
water, the nature of the bottom and the question of previous occu-
pancy by some other species.
Plant patches in the lake: — The positions of the plant patches
of the lake are fairly constant, inasmuch as most of the plants are
perennial or grow from perennial rootstocks. New patches may
of course spring up in various places. The most conspicuous plant
patches are those of aquatics with aerial or emersed leaves and of
these the ones most likely to be remarked are the white and yellow
pond-lilies, Castalia odorata and Nymphsea advena. These species,
though abundant in Lost Lake, are rare in Lake Maxinkuckee, as
there is not enough of the deep soft black mud in which they thrive
best. There is a small patch of both species at the beginning of
the Outlet, and considerable of the Nymphrea but only a little of the
Castalia, in the Norris Inlet region.
Next to the water lilies, the most conspicuous patch-forming
plant is the large-leaved pondweed, Potamogeton amplifolius. This
plant is abundant at the Weedpatch, and forms large noteworthy
patches near Norris Inlet, southwest of the Kettlehole, east of the
Gravelpit, east of Arlington Hotel, and in scattered localities
through Outlet Bay. Along with other pondweeds whose leaves
come in masses near the surface, the resistance which the foliage
of this plant offers to water in motion has a marked calming effect
on small waves, and at times when most of the lake surface is well-
rippled the Potamogeton patches are marked by areas of calm.
Potamogeton natans, like P. amplifolius, forms pretty well-
marked and conspicuous patches. These are all rather close to
shore, consist of only a few plants, and occur most frequently in
the Norris Inlet region. With the exception of the species of
Chara, some of which grow over large areas, and shore plants,
such as bulrushes which will be considered later, these are about
the only plants of the lake which form definite patches. The gen-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 135
eral locality where other species grow will be taken up in discussing
the various species.
While considering the question of permanence and position of
plant-patches in the lake it may not be out of place to refer to un-
attached plants, including the floating duckweeds, and of course,
the alga-masses, but more especially those anomalous forms which
have no roots developed, such as Ceratophyllum and Utricularia.
There is nothing among land plants which is analogous to them.
The tumble-weeds suggest them somewhat, but the disassociation
of the tumble-weed from its roots is for the sake of great motility
and distribution of seeds, while the Ceratophyllums and Utricu-
larias are loggy, hardly affected at all by currents of air and little
by currents of water. They really appear to be forms of im-
mensely overgrown propagating buds, and, although they produce
seeds, are themselves largely propagated by vegetative reproduc-
tion.
In entering upon the discussion of the several species of plants
which inhabit the lakes, it has been thought best to take them in
the order in which they occur, first disposing of the floating forms,
and then beginning with those inhabiting the deeper waters, and
proceeding from thence toward the shallow water. The usual
method of taking plants in the order of their supposed relationships
has been avoided, chiefly because they occur in that order in the
general list accompanying this report, and partly because the ques-
tion of genetic relationship is not here the one primarily under con-
sideration. It was thought best to begin with the center and pro-
ceed centrifugally, because there is no doubt of where to begin
here, while beginning at the shore would leave no definite starting
point. Considering species in the order suggested, moreover, will
present them in the societies in which they occur as nearly as that
can be done.
The floating aquatics, including the rootless phanerogams,
Ceratophyllum, the various species of Utricularia, the minute float-
ing duckweeds, and the unattached algal masses, such as Spirogyra,
Mougeotia and the like, form a class by themselves. Ecologically,
they belong in the group with the plankton. Theoretically speak-
ing, these plants have no local habitation but drift hither and yon
as currents and winds drive them. As a matter of fact, they are
not so continually in motion as one might imagine, the algal masses
often becoming tangled in the tops of the rooted plants, the loggy
submerged Ceratophyllum and Utricularias responding very little
to winds, and the duckweeds occupying nearly the same position
year by year in the sheltered nooks. The duckweeds are always
136 Lake Maxinkuekee, Physical and Biological Survey
found rather near shore, but the other plants are found throughout
the lake at nearly all depths.
The strictly aquatic plants living within the borders of the
lake, being an essential part of the environment of the fishes and
other denizens of the lake, were studied in considerable detail.
During these studies one of the salient facts that impressed itself
continually upon the mind was that the different plants of the lake
were aquatic in different degrees.
Taking the large genus of pond weeds or Potamogetons, for in-
stance, we have among them a number of forms with all the leaves
fitted only to under-water life, and so constituted that upon ex-
posure to the air they crumple up and perish almost as soon as
does a fish out of the water. One of the most pronounced species
of this type is the handsome P. robbinsii, which lies nearly flat on
the bottom, and has become so thoroughly and completely aquatic
that it rarely or almost never even ventures a flower-spike up out
of the water, but depends almost entirely upon vegetative buds for
propagation.
The large-leaved pondweed, Potamogeton amplifolius, on the
other hand, has two well-marked kinds of leaves — thin, almost
transparent submersed leaves, and thick, leathery floating leaves.
It has a well-developed flower-spike which projects prominently
above the surface of the water.
Finally, in Potamogeton natans, we have a form in which the
submersed leaves, though present, are small, undeveloped, and only
temporary, the leathery floating leaves being the most prominent
and functional ones. Indeed, where these plants grow near shore
they are frequently stranded on mud-banks by the receding of the
water, and there develop into mud-plants rather than aquatics,
with stiff aerial instead of leathery floating leaves.
Another case is that of the water star-grass, Heteranthera
dubia. This frequently grows in several feet of water, entirely
submersed, and very closely resembles some of the narrow-leaved
forms of Potamogeton. In this situation it rarely flowers. Sprigs
broken off by the waves and cast ashore, however, quickly strike
root, bear firm aerial leaves, and produce numerous pretty yellow
flowers.
Again, we have one of the species of arrowhead, Sagittaria
graminea, the leaves of which form a close rosette at the bottom
of the water, these leaves being strictly aquatic and the whole
plant, when not in flower, hardly distinguishable from a strict
aquatic in all its relations, the seven-angled pipewort, Eriocaulon
septangular e.
Lake Mqxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 137
Two more noteworthy instances occur to mind. At certain
places along shore there is found growing in the water a plant
which in leaf-form and general habit, resembles Potamogeton
iicdans, but which is really a smartweed bearing pretty spikes of
pink blossoms; and finally in the waters of the lake among the
pondweeds and milfoils one finds a most remarkable plant which
has whorls of dissected leaves and bears a considerable resemblance
to some sort of milfoil or a close resemblance to the aquatic form,
Cabomba. This plant upon blossoming and fruiting proves to be
a species of bur-marigold.
It will occur at once to the reader that the region along the
shore-line is an excellent place to study evolutionary forces at work,
and the question of the possible relations between the shore plants
and the aquatics will at once arise.
In the temporary woodland ponds the changes of form of plants
to suit conditions is much more striking, but not so deep-seated.
Here we have the remarkable water-parsnip, which in early spring
when the pond is full of water, is a rosette of purple; finely-dis-
sected leaves appear, but later as it shoots up, its stalk puts out
leaves more and more nearly entire as it approaches the water-
surface until the aerial leaves of the same plant that bore collaps-
ible submersed leaves below, are firm and almost entire. A water
crowfoot of the ponds changes the shape, texture, and general as-
pect of its leaves so much after the water dries that it looks like an
entirely different plant. And the woodland pond and the lake
edge each has its own species of Riccia that have parallel changes
and land forms entirely different from the floating form.
A contemplation of these facts arouses speculation as to the
relationship and origin of the land and water floras. Conscious-
ness of the great adaptability which plants possess, and the recog-
nition of a greatly modified bur-marigold and smartweed among
the members of the water flora, cause us naturally to expect some
genetic relationship between the plants on land and those in the
lake. In this expectation we are disappointed. With the two ex-
ceptions given above, the aquatic plants belong not only to strictly
aquatic genera but usually also to strictly aquatic families and per-
haps orders. Zoological and botanical systems are so unlike that
it is impossible to make exact comparisons, but, generally speaking,
the plants of the lake are about as far removed in relationship from
the plants of the land as the fishes of the lake are from the animals
of the land. And yet we recognize among the plants tantalizing
similarities.
The flowering plants of the lake evidently arose from terrestrial
138 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
ancestors and stand in the vegetable world much where whales do
in the animal kingdom. The mechanism of fertilization among
the phanerogams is not at all adapted to aquatic life and generally
special devices have to be arranged to bring it about, such as the
breaking off and floating of the staminate flower and elongation of
the flower-stalk or flower-tube of the pistillate flower as in Vallis-
neria and Philotria. Few of the aquatic plants bear conspicuous
flowers, the water-lilies being notable exceptions, and none bears
fruit in the garden or horticultural sense of the term, that of the
water-lilies again being the closest approach to it. The problem
of just how the blossom of the horn wort, Ceratophyllum, is fertil-
ized we have not solved ; probably the plants float at the surface
during the flowering season. Of the phanerogams in the lake,
Naias seems to have solved the problem of under-water fertiliza-
tion, although we do not know how this is accomplished. It is,
therefore, the furthest removed from the land series. Two of its
relatives not found in the lake, Zannichellia and Zostera, flower and
fruit under water, the latter by the development of a peculiar
glutinous, stringy pollen.
THE ALG;E
Introduction
With the exception of the Characeas, which stand rather in a
group by themselves, the algie do not as a whole form a very con-
spicuous part of the flora of the lake, the waters out from shore
being generally pretty free from forms that would attract atten-
tion. This is in keeping with the character of the lake, it having
few capes or bays, relatively little shore and considerable deep
water. A luxuriant algal growth is generally associated with
much shore-line or shore conditions, large areas of shallow water
and rich, muddy or leafy bottom. The various ponds about the
lake in their proper season are richest in algal growths, some of
them so much so that after they have dried in summer their place
is covered by almost a single immense white sheet of paper — the
bleached-out mats of algse which once covered the water surface.
Lost Lake taken as a whole is richer in the coarser forms of algse
than Lake Maxinkuckee. However, in the larger lake, along shal-
low or sheltered stretches of shore with rich bottom, as in the
neighborhood of the Inlet and Outlet regions, Aubeenaubee Bay
and the artificial channel by the Medbourn ice-houses the fila-
mentous forms originally grew in great abundance and very lux-
uriantly, furnishing hiding places and a good deal of food for the
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 139
great number of turtles that dwelt among them. Some of the alga?
are to be found the year round, especially where there are springs
which keep the water abnormally warm. Others as Draparnaldia
(which is rare in the lake) and the diatoms thrive more in cold
water and appear in the greatest abundance during the winter.
The coarser filamentous alga? function in the lake as the higher
plants do, i. e., they help oxygenate the water and serve as food and
shade for fishes. Various insect larva? and probably most of the
smaller herbivorous fishes, as well as some species of turtles, use
them for food. At times they, along with fragments of larger
plants, are washed upon the shore where they decay, forming a
soft black mud.
More important, but generally less conspicuous, are the minute
alga? barely visible to the naked eye and including many of the blue-
green colonial forms, the diatoms, desmids, etc. By far the greater
number of these minute forms, like the coarser alga?, stay near
shore, either because they are attached to or generally more or less
entangled, among other growths, or, to sum up all in one sen-
tence, because they find the best conditions for life there. These
are the so-called limnetic forms. Others, however, stray far out
from shore and are driven hither and thither by the winds, waves
and currents ; these form the vegetable part of the plankton or
phyto-plankton and affect the lake in various ways. They give
the water, in a certain sense, its optical quality, just as minute
specks of dust and motes give the air what might in an artistic
sense be called its "atmosphere" — its blueness or grayness and so
on. Moreover it is upon these plankton alga? that the newly hatched
fish all feed, either directly or indirectly, by feeding upon the small
animals that feed upon it; and again when the plankton alga? be-
come too abundant they rise to the surface and form a disagree-
able and ill-smelling scum which appears to affect some people who
"go swimming in dog days" much as a mild case of ivy poisoning
might. And they render the water of some reservoirs so rank and
unpalatable that they become a nuisance for which dosage of the
affected water with copper sulphate was devised as a remedy.
The free floating forms of alga? were collected by means of va-
rious sorts of plankton nets, one so constructed as to take vertical
hauls showing the vertical distribution of the organisms captured,
the others, towing-nets taking horizontal hauls along the surface.
Many of the alga?, especially the coarser ones, along with attached
or entangled diatoms and desmids were collected by hand along
shore. The charas were all gathered by hand or dredge.
140 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
The alga? obtained by the plankton hauls of 1899 and 1900,
along with a few others collected by hand were identified by Dr.
George T. Moore, then associated with Dartmouth College, later of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, now the Director of Mis-
souri Botanic Gardens, and the originator of the scheme of keep-
ing the algse within bounds by the use of copper sulphate.
A part of the diatoms collected in the plankton hauls of 1901,
as well as various samples of hand gathered material, were identi-
fied by Dr. Albert Mann then of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, now of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Some of
the alcoholic Characea? material sent along with the plankton
were identified by Dr. George T. Moore, while much of the alco-
holic and all the dried Chara material was kindly identified by
the late Prof. C. B. Robinson of the New York Botanic Garden. We
wish here to express our appreciation of the assistance so gener-
ously renedered by these specialists.
During the summer and autumn of 1906 a fair number of tow-
ings and hand collections were made, 113 in all, in all sorts of con-
ditions, chiefly about shore. This material has been very hastily
examined and a number of the more easily recognized forms identi-
fied, leaving a large number of the more critical species untouched.
Much of the coarser algse obtained were unfortunately sterile, and
the species accordingly problematical ; they show a great diversity
of species and suggest a very interesting and fruitful field for col-
lection and research.
The collections taken in the various plankton hauls of 1900 and
1901 are so very similar that a general statement will suffice, leav-
ing any individual peculiarity to be considered in the discussion of
the species.
The following are the most abundant plankton species, having
been taken in almost every haul: Lyngbya aestuarii Liebmann,
Coelosphaerium keutzingianum Naegeli, Anabaena flos-aquae
Brebisson, Eremosphaera viridis de Bary and Ceratium macroceras
Schrenk. Among the less common forms are Pediastrum boryanum
Meneghini, occurring in seven hauls, Oscillatoria tenuis Agardh,
taken once, Peridinium tabulatum Ehrenberg, taken twice, and
Chlamydomonas reticulata Gorosch, taken three times. The spe-
cies represented are rather few in number, and the work of examin-
ing the material may be aptly described as monotonous. In the dis-
cussion of the algae, the plankton forms are not discussed sepa-
rately, but are considered along with other species that do not
enter into the plankton.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 141
ANNOTATED LISTS OF SPECIES
The Green Algje, Etc.
1. CHKOCOCCUS TURGIDUS (Kuetz.)
This is not a plankton alga, and occurs under such circum-
stances that it can not be obtained by wholesale methods. It was
obtained only once, in hand-gathered material along the shore of
the lake, along with such forms as (Edogonium, Bulbochsete, etc.
Its natural habitat is in springs, and it is probably fairly common
about the edges of the lake and the numerous springy places.
2. GLOEOCAPSA MAGMA (Bieb.)
Encountered only occasionally, especially in the stomachs of
mussels obtained along the shore of Lost Lake.
3. GLOEOCAPSA POLYDERMATICA Kuetz.
Forming a crinkled, gelatinous blue-green mass near Culver,
August 30, 1906.
4. MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA Kuetz.
This species, which is excessively abundant in Winona or Eagle
Lake, Kosciusko County, is rather scarce in the plankton of Lake
Maxinkuckee ; a few colonies occasionally found in some of the
towings near shore.
It is probably more abundant in Lost Lake — a shallow lake with
muddy bottom more like Eagle Lake in character. A note of Sep-
tember 7, 1908, says : "It is this which makes an exceedingly fine
granular scum, easily thrown into fine lines ; abundant on Lost Lake
among rushes, and some on sand at the edge of the lake." It is
very abundant in some of the weedy lakes north of Lake Maxin-
kuckee. At the latter lake it is very frequently encountered as an
element of mussel food. This species is, perhaps, more widely
known under the name Clathrocystis, the question of names being
in this case a matter of opinion. West, with whose opinion we
concur, says, "the three genera, Microcystis, Polycystis and Clath-
rocystis, are not sufficiently distinct to warrant their separation.
The differences between them are only differences of degree."
5. GOMPHOSPHAERIA APONINA Kuetz.
Not frequently obtained in towings or hand-gathered material,
but a rather common element of the mussel food. The mussel
makes one of the most efficient substitutes that could be utilized for
a towing-net or plankton collector.
142 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
6. COELOSPHAERIUM KUETZINGIANUM Naeg.
A frequent element in the plankton, occurring in almost every
haul, both the vertical and towing-net hauls. Along with much
of the other plankton algse it was a common element in the food of
the freshwater mussels of the lake.
7. MERISMOPEDIA GLAUCA (Ehren.)
This is not a plankton alga and was usually found not far from
shore. It was occasionally found in material collected in Outlet
Bay not far from shore, and was taken in connection with Oscil-
latoria, (Edogonium, Bulbochaete, etc. This delicate plate-like form
is not well adapted for preservation and is best recognized when
fresh material is studied in the field.
8. APHANOTHECA STAGNINA (Sprengel)
Although very abundant in parts of the lake, this species does
not enter into the plankton but remains lying scattered over the
bottom, especially where it is peaty and firm, in the form of tough
blue-green jelly-like balls about the size of peas or larger. Some
was collected near shore August 29, 1900, and on the northwest
shore of Lost Lake, September 4. When placed in a vial of fresh
water it does not die and decay, as do most of the algse, but re-
tains its bright color and emits no odor.
The colonies remained unchanged through the winter and were
frequently noted through the ice, lying on the bottom. In the bot-
tom of Outlet Bay, a little way out from shore the ground, a tough,
peaty soil, appeared to be covered with small pebbles from the size
of hazelnuts to a trifle larger. Upon scooping them up they proved
to be Aphanotheca. Some of the colonies were dark blue-green,
others more brownish or yellowish. We know nothing of its re-
lationships with the organisms of the lake.
9. RIVULARIA NATANS (Hedw.)
Rare in the lake ; not found in the plankton, and obtained only
once, in hand-gathered material from Outlet Bay, October 12, 1900.
10. RIVULARIA ECHINULA (Smith)
Rare ; a little found tangled up in brown and blue-green fila-
ments obtained from the south end of the lake, August 11, 1906. It
resembles pretty much the Rivularia natans which is so abundant,
free-floating, in Bass and Chapman lakes. One filament in the
colony examined showed the saccate base of "Gloiotrichia" which,
however, was not subdivided. The colony looks much like Apstein's
figure.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 143
11. RIVULARIA DURA Roth
Not a plankton-alga ; obtained from hand-gathered material.
The following is a note on the Weedpatch vegetation, August 28,
1900 : "All these plants are covered thickly with Rivularia, some
in quite large colonies. It was also found on Chara, collected the
same date. On September 12 (1900) sticks in Lost Lake were
thickly covered with globular brownish-black beads of Rivularia
and bright green beads of Chgetophora. A good deal of Rivularia
was noted, attached to Potamogetons at McSheehy's pier, Septem-
ber 20.
Rivularia is one of the most abundant algse in the lake, thickly
dotting stems and leaves of water-plants with brown or blue-green
hemispherical gelatinous masses about the size of a pinhead or
somewhat larger. It is, indeed, at times difficult to find an example
of water plant in the lake which is not more or less thickly dotted
with these colonies. It is found the year round, but is probably
more abundant in summer. It is never found free-floating in the
lake. It is probable that fishes sometimes nibble it off the leaves,
especially off the Chara where it stands out in bold relief. In the
collections it appears associated with (Edogonium, Bulbochaete,
Oscillatoria, etc.
12. RIVULARIA HAEMATILES Agardh
Like the other species, this is not a plankton alga ; it is probably
not common, and was obtained on only two occasions, once Septem-
ber 12, and again on September 29, 1900. We have no notes con-
cerning it except the records of its occurrence.
13. CALOTHRIX FUSCA B. & F.
Not a plankton alga but obtained by hand-gathering along with
Chaetophora, Cladophora, etc., and various desmids. Fairly com-
mon and well distributed near shore.
14. SPIRULINA JENNERI Kuetzing
Very common in a red, gelatinous coating on west shore by
Chadwick's, August 13, 1906, with Anabaena stagnalis and Proto-
coccus. The exceedingly slender filaments have a peculiar spiral
appearance.
15. OSCILLATORIA TENUIS Ag.
Not common ; obtained in one of the vertical plankton hauls and
represented in four other collections. It was probably more com-
mon in the neighborhood of Norris Inlet. Floating, black, slimy
masses, composed of Oscillatoria, may occur now and then in the
lake, one such being observed September 12, 1900.
144 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
As a general thing the Oscillatorias grow on wet ground form-
ing dense mats along the shores of rivers and lakes. With a
sudden rise of the water they are lifted loose and float until they
find suitable resting places. In August, 1906, Oscillatoria, prob-
ably this species, was observed forming a firm bottom stratum on
the bottom where the road north of Green's marsh passes along
the lake shore.
16. OSCILLATORIA MAJOR Vaucher
A large, stiff, straight Oscillatoria, probably this, was abund-
ant (August 6, 1906) on mud at the edge of the lake and in shallow
water, along the northeast shore of the lake where the public high-
way borders the lake.
17. LYNGBYA iESTUARII Liebman
The Lyngbya found at Lake Maxinkuckee is the form described
by Walle as L. obscura, which is regarded as a synonym of
sestuarii. It is an almost constant element in the vertical plank-
ton hauls made at the stations. While not generally conspicuous
in the plankton scum it sometimes collects pretty thickly along shore
in sheltered places, among rushes on calm days. It is not nearly
so common at Lake Maxinkuckee as at Winona Lake near War-
saw, where it was seen diffused through the water in great quan-
tities, resembling stiff hair-clippings.
In addition to being obtained in the vertical hauls, this was
often taken in the towing-net; it was also often simply skimmed
off of the surface of the lake when it formed masses of scum along
shore. In this manner quantities were obtained August 28, 1900,
and again on August 29, the material obtained August 29 being
dark brown in color, due to its condition, the sheaths frequently
projecting beyond the cells, some of the latter having escaped. Au-
gust 31, 1900, large patches of blue-green scum washed up against
the west shore of the lake proved to be composed of this. On the
afternoon of September 1, large, brown filaments of this were found
covered with diatoms. On September 4 there was a brown scum
near Arlington Hotel composed of this, Anabaena, Microcystis and
Statoblasts. A thick scum was also observed September 13 and
18. None was observed during the spring of 1901, it being more
abundant and conspicuous in the autumn. In the late summer and
autumn of 1906, hauls were frequently made with the towing-net
from the Chadwick pier across to the ice-office. On July 26, when
first observed, it was noted as not rare in a scant haul made. It
was actively forming hormogonia, or breaking up into reproductive
fragments, but not present in appreciable quantities in the lake.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 145
On July 28 it was still scarce. By August 8 it was abundant, a
large quantity being obtained in a towing in Outlet Bay. It was
noted again on the 16th. On August 21, on a visit to Winona Lake,
a towing was made and it was observed that filaments there were
longer and more abundant than at Lake Maxinkuckee. On Sep-
tember 28 the plankton taken in Outlet Bay was a dirty brown
fibrous mass, composed mainly of the empty sheaths of the fila-
ments of this species, the interior cells having mostly escaped to
make new independent colonies or filaments. By noon of the same
day the quantity of this species had so greatly increased in the lake
that it was evident to the eye. On September 5 it was still form-
ing hormogonia.
The stomach of a small painted turtle examined in Septem-
ber, 1906, contained Lyngbya in such quantities that it must have
been taken in intentionally, although it is difficult to explain where
the turtle had obtained so much. Examinations of the stomachs of
these turtles have shown that they partake largely of various algae;
indeed, algge seem at times to furnish the turtles' main diet.
The rapid increase of Lyngbya during the late summer and
early autumn months is due to its excessively rapid reproductive
process which is simply the slipping out of short portions of fila-
ments and occasionally single disc-shaped shells from the sheaths of
the old filaments.
We know little about the part this species plays in the economy
of the lake. It never appears, even in its greatest abundance, to
become a positive nuisance. Entomostraca may, and mussels do,
feed upon the shorter filaments, but the longer filaments are un-
handy for most of the plankton-consuming organisms except the
painted turtle.
18. APHANIZOMENON FLOS-AQU^E (Linnaeus)
On August 4, 1906, some was taken with the No. 2 towing-
net in front of the ice-office. Taken also in Lost Lake, but it does
not appear to be common.
This is the most common plankton element in some of the lakes
of Minnesota and is abundant at times in the upper Mississippi.
The waters of reservoirs sometimes seem almost thickened with it.
19. * ANAB^NA FLOS-AQU^E Brebisson
This is the most abundant plankton species of the lake, it
having been taken in almost every haul of the plankton net during
1899 and 1900.
During 1900 and 1901 plankton-scum quite frequently accumu-
10— 17618— Vol. 2
146 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
lated along- the shore in sheltered places, usually in rather small
amounts, however. It was only occasionally collected and only a
few notes were made concerning- it. Anabsena was almost always
present, but apparently did not make up the main mass.
During the summer of 1906 — a calm, dry summer — the plank-
ton-scum was present in unusual abundance and was made up
chiefly of this species. It was frequently examined, so that the
species was under pretty continuous observation for that year,
and its history is nearly the same as that of the scum in general.
On July 30, 1906, on a trip to Norris Inlet it was noticed that
the water of that region was full of diffused minute blue-green
flecks. Hauls were made with the towing-net but nothing was ob-
tained but duckweeds. The fine, flocculent material was probably
Anabsena. It was found later that it readily strained through the
finest towing-net on hand.
The next day the water of the lake seemed full of suspended
algaa. A towing was taken in the morning from Long Point (Chad-
wick's) to the office, and many entomostraca were taken, but the
small algse escaped. At noon the water by the office seemed very
full of the same material and dips were taken with the fine net, but
nothing much was obtained ; the fine algse again escaped. In the
afternoon of the same day a fine blue scum, the first of the year,
was observed in a minnow-box. This was secured by dipping
with a vial, and proved to be Anabaana. About 2 o'clock the scum
was quite pronounced, first in a ditch-like artificial channel (boat
slip) , dug into the shore in the south side of Outlet Bay, the excava-
tion being 15 or 20 feet wide, and 80 to 100 feet long, forming a
calm, sheltered harbor. Somewhat later in the same day, the scum
gathered thickly in front of the office, and was collected and
examined.
In this particular instance the appearance was somewhat dif-
ferent from usual ; the scum was composed of minute dark green
balls in active motion, somewhat resembling minute colonies of
Volvox except for the darker color. On examination the material
was found to be composed of dense balls of tangled Anabaana fila-
ments, almost every ball surrounded by a halo of attached Vorti-
cellas, the contractions of which had caused the motions of the
mass. The appearance of the balls with the radiating, jerking
Vorticellas was quite striking.
From this time on until late autumn, scum composed mainly of
Anabaana, was present in considerable quantities somewhere along
shore every calm day, and on some days covered the whole lake
more or less completely (August 6 and August 7). It frequently
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 147
occurred on the surface ranged in fine parallel lines, into which it
had been thrown by undulations of the water surface.
Anabaena, after having been often seen, can easily be dis-
tinguished in the water by the naked eye, its peculiarities of color
and structure rendering it distinguishable from the other plankton-
algae. Both its appearance in mass and its microscopic appear-
ance differ somewhat under different conditions. Soon after
coming to the surface and forming a scum, especially after forming
a dense scum along shore, it changes in color from dark blue-green
to very pale blue, and the dense, tangled balls disintegrate into
single coiled filaments. In many cases great, thick masses were
formed along shore, especially in the bay southeast of the Academy
along the road, and then the algae apparently died. The water in
the vicinity became whey-like in appearance, and the mass had a
rank vegetable odor, so persistent that it remained after the addi-
tion of considerable formalin to vials containing the specimens. A
vial of the live material placed in the hot sun appeared to die soon ;
the water became decidedly milky and the cells became colorless.
As the alga is known to disappear during the winter, close
watch was kept of the scum during the later part of the season to
observe what became of it. Late in the autumn it was found to
have sunken to the bottom along shore and was being covered up
by the forest leaves which fell into the water and sank to the
bottom.
So far as observations go, it is not known whether this species
furnishes much food to the various animals of the lake or not. It
is a form which would be difficult to recognize in the stomach of
any animal, as the teguments are thin and the cells quickly sepa-
rate from each other, their attachment being weak.
Because it forms a scum on the surface of the lake and along
shore, this plant is to some slight extent a nuisance. Its presence
in great profusion, as well as its unpleasant odor, detracts some-
what from the appearance of the lake. There is a prevalent no-
tion about the lake that the plankton-scum is poisonous, the effect
of it being to produce intense itching where it touches the skin.
No cases were observed, and no unpleasant sensations were ex-
perienced, however, and the few cases heard of which could be
reasonably authenticated might very likely be attributed to some
other cause, or to especial sensibility of the persons affected.
Its exceptional abundance during the summer of 1906 was
followed by an exceptional abundance of entomostraca in the au-
tumn of the same year, and it is possible that there was some con-
nection between the two.
148 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Apstein (Susswasserplankton, p. 136) gives a figure and notes
on the life history of this species. He found it abundant in various
places examined. He says nothing of its being eaten by pelagic
organisms. In his description of its wintering over he says: "At
the end of summer the spores are formed in abundance, which sink
to the bottom and here rest until the next spring. Many are
naturally eaten by the animals of the bottom, since in them the
nutritiveness is much concentrated."
His figure shows numerous Vorticellas intermixed with the fila-
ments ; it is probable that the same relation exists between them
here as above noted.
20. ANAB^ENA STAGNALIS Kuetzing
Common in a red film or scum coating the wet shore by Chad-
wick's, August 13, 1906, along with Spirulina jenneri and Proto-
coccus. Some of the filaments were much knotted and coiled.
21. ANAB^ENA- SACCATA (Wolle)
Off Assembly grounds, August 8, 1906, collected by hand; form-
ing finger-like lobate blue-green masses in great abundance in shal-
low water near shore. Quite unlike the other species of Anabsena,
and put in a different genus by different authors, — West in
Anabama, Wolle in Sph?erozyga, and Bornet and Flahault in the
genus Wollea.
22. NOSTOC VERRUCOSUM Vauchcr
Not a plankton alga, but represented by hand-gathered mate-
rial. Green's marsh and the quaking, boggy plain west of Lost
Lake contained an abundance of Nostoc in the form of beads of
blue-green, at times almost black, firm jelly ranging from the size
of a pinhead up to nearly the size of a hazelnut. On March 23,
1901, a film of this material was noted in Green's marsh, and on
March 25 in the same place old Nostoc balls were noted shrivelled
up, looking much like dried grapes. Almost any time of the year
these globular colonies of Nostoc can be found in abundance near
the moist base of grasses and sedges in the flat, sedgy plains about
the lake.
23. TOLYPOTHRIX TENUIS Kuetzing
Not a plankton alga, and not obtained in the lake, but procured
in the bottom of the woodland ponds, along with Draparnaldia,
Tetraspora, etc., in hand-gathered material. Probably common in
the woodland ponds where algae of many forms luxiuriate on the
bed of old leaves forming the bottom of the pools.
Lake Maxmkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 149
24. BOTRYDIUM GRANULATUM (Linnaeus)
Noted growing abundantly on the surface of cracking, moist
mud at the shore of one of Zechiel's ponds, the plants having the
appearance of small green shot.
25. TRIBONEMA BOMBYCINUM (Agardh)
Abundant along shore and common in numerous shore collec-
tions along with Hydrodictyon, Spirogyra, (Edogonium, etc., prob-
ably helping form the great mass of alga? along the shore near the
Outlet.
26. TETRASPORA LUBRICA (Roth.)
Not found in the lake at all but very abundant in spring in
woodland ponds on the dead leaves which formed the bottom, where
it was collected by hand (April 27, 1901) , along with Draparnaldia,
Tolypothrix and Zygnema. Our material was from a small pond
near Farrar's. It is probably common in parts of the lake at cer-
tain seasons.
27. BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNII Kuetzing
Quite abundant in the plankton scum during the summer and
autumn of 1906. mixed in with a great amount of Anabaena flos-
aquae which formed the main mass. The colonies were of two col-
ors, yellowish green and bright red. On account of its vivid color
and commonness the plant excited an unusual interest and it was
studied somewhat in detail. The following notes were made :
Colonies rather solid, irregularly lobed masses, a rather large colony
measuring 250 x 120 mic. Margin of colony with minute but blunt-
ish, sometimes clavate, projections. In fresh material the structure
of the colony is difficult to make out satisfactorily on account of the
diffiused red color which renders it opaque. A colony of formalin
material was kept in a moist chamber for several days and much
of the coloring matter dissolved out in the form of oil-like orange-
red drops, leaving the margins of the thallus paler.
The thallus was then seen to be a firm mass containing rather
widely separated oval or ovate lacunas (diameter of lacunas 7-10
mic. separated by spaces 7-10 mic. wide) . The vegetable cells had
escaped from the lacunas and were ovoid or pear-shaped, measuring
about 7 mic. across the short axis and 12 mic. along the long axis.
No cilia were visible.
On account of its vivid color this species can be recognized
quickly among heterogenous material. It appears to be eaten in
considerable amounts by various entomostraca, the stomach con-
tents of which are colored red by it.
150 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
28. DI( TYOSPH^ERIUM EHRENBERGIANUM Naegeli
Not a plankton form ; staying near shore and obtained in hand-
gathered material along with Oscillatoria, Rivularia, (Edogonium,
etc. It occurs in only one sample.
29. TETRAEDRON MINIMUM (A. Braun)
Common among material found in the contents of mussel stom-
achs along with Scenedesmus, Pediastrum, etc. On account of its
small size it is easily ingested by the mussels.
30. CHORELLA sp.
Common, associated with Ophrydium, which is one of the most
abundant protozoans in the lake.
31. EREMOSPH^RA VIRIDIS de Bary
A common element of the plankton occurring in most of the
vertical hauls at the established stations. It is said to be "a con-
stant associate of certain desmids" in the British Isles, where it is
especially common in Sphagnum bogs.
32. ANKISTRODESMUS sp.
Various forms of Ankistrodesmus are common elements of the
mussel food. This genus is perhaps better known under the name
Rhaphidium.
33. SCENEDESMUS ABUNDANS Kirchner
Various forms of Scenedesmus, especially abundans and obliquus,
as well as numerous forms for which no descriptions or figures
could be found, were abundant elements of mussel food. Indeed,
along with Pediastrum, they may be regarded as the most charac-
teristic elements of the mussels' bill of fare. They were especially
common in Lost Lake.
34. SCENEDESMUS OBLIQUUS (Turpin)
Common in towings taken near the shore.
35. CRUCIGENIA TETRAPEDIA (Kirchner)
Rare ; only a few colonies seen mixed up in collections of minute
algae. Its striking appearance, a flat plate composed of an aggre-
gation of minute green maltese crosses arranged in regular order,
attracts attention at once.
3(i. SORASTRUM sp.
Not a rare plankton element along the edge of Lost Lake, where
it is occasionally taken in as food by the mussels.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 151
37. CCELASTRUM MICROPORUM Naegeli
Common in plankton hauls along shore, and a frequent element
in the material forming the food of mussels.
38. CCELASTRUM SPHiERICUM Naegeli
Probably common along shore and quite frequently found in the
algal mixtures taken from mussel stomachs.
39. PEDIASTRUM BORYANUM (Turpin)
Occasional but not abundant, occurring in a number of the ver-
tical plankton hauls and now and then in towings along shore.
Usually only one or two taken in a gathering. The mussels are the
best collectors of Pediastrum, almost every stomach examined con-
taining from one to several examples.
40. PEDIASTRUM DUPLEX Meyen
Occasionally taken in towings near shore. Variable in length
of horns, etc. Characterized by the perforate disk. Like the other
Pediastrums it appears to be a favorite food for mussels ; indeed,
the best way to obtain examples of Pediastrum is to examine the
intestinal contents of mussels which almost always have present
representatives of some of the species.
41. PEDIASTRUM EHRENBERGII (Corda)
Not common ; a good example obtained among alga? in the Out-
let near the bridge on July 23, 1906, among the marl-like blue ma-
terial. In general form the example found agrees with Wolle's
figure (Desm. U. S. PI. LIII, fig. 25) of the 4-celled phase of this
species, but differs markedly in the inner cusps of the cells, which
are bluntish. Diameter of the ccenobium 18 mic. It is probably the
young of the variety represented by Wolle's fig. 27. A peculiar
form of what appears to be this species is rather common in the
lake, and reaches a large size. Its most striking peculiarity con-
sists in having the interior cells of the colony retain their horns in
a rudimentary form so that each cell has a markedly concave side.
This form is most frequently found along shore where the bottom
is shallow and the bottom more or less a black mud, as at Norris
Inlet and the Outlet.
42. HYDRODICTYON RETICULATUM (Linnaeus)
Not taken in plankton but represented in a hand-gathering along
with Spirogyra, CEdogonium, etc. Not especially common about the
lake ; indeed, not so common as one might naturally expect, but
152 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
found growing quite abundantly and constantly in the mouth of the
small creek under the railroad bridge at Culver. In its habits of
reproduction one of the most striking of the alga?, not differing in
manner from Pediastrum but on such a large scale that the phe-
nomenon is striking, the whole mass giving birth to minute colonies,
the adult form in miniature. In time of freshets, these minute
new-born colonies may be washed out a considerable distance into
the lake when they become a part of the plankton, but their normal
habitat is near the shore of lakes, although they may cover thickly
the entire surface of small ponds, forming dense masses.
In 1906 (July 21) it was noted as being very abundant near
Chadwick's.
43. GONIUM PECTORALE Miiller
Not common ; one example found in the Outlet, August 13, 1906,
a 16-celled colony. Diameter 38 mic, individual cells 10 mic. in
diameter. Coenobium in active motion when observed.
44. CHLAMYDOMONAS RETICULATA Gorosch
Occasional in plankton hauls in July and August; found in the
plankton far out in the lake.
45. DESMIDIUM SCHWARTZII Agardh
Rare in the lake, obtained only once in a shore gathering of
heterogeneous material.
46. DESMIDIUM QUADRATUM Nordstedt
Common in Hawk's marsh where it grows among other fila-
mentous algae in the form of long filaments. Obtained September
14. 1906. Almost all algal gatherings from Hawk's marsh con-
tained this form in abundance.
47. STAURASTRUM BREBISSONII Archer
Taken in several plankton hauls and evidently found farther out
from shore than most desmids. A fairly common element in mus-
sel food.
Several other forms of Staurastrum were encountered in the
mussel food, but were not identified.
48. COSMARIUM GRANATUM Brebisson
Only a few obtained in shore gatherings of miscellaneous ma-
terial.
49. COSMARIUM LATUM Brebisson
Obtained in a mass of weeds (Naias and Chara) collected at
Long Point, near shore, July 24, 1906.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 153
50. COSMARIUM INTERMEDIUM Dclponte
Found in some fine, fibrous material obtained at the ice-houses,
July 23, 1906, the material being gathered for the rich amount of
diatoms it contained.
51. COSMARIUM SUBCRENATUM Hantzsch
In a mass of tangled Cladophora collected along shore.
52. MISCASTERIAS TRUNCATA SEMIRADIATA Naegeli
A fine example obtained from the south end of Lost Lake, July
30, 1906, along with various diatoms, Pediastrum and Scenedesmus.
An unusually handsome desmid.
53. DOCIDIUM VERRUCOSUM (Bailey)
Apparently rare. Obtained only once, in a collection along
shore.
54. CLOSTERIUM DIAN7E Ehrenberg
Frequent in surface plankton hauls near shore, especially in the
region of Norris Inlet.
55. SPIROGYRA CONDENSATA (Vaucher)
Obtained in several hand collections along shore with Hydro-
dictyon, CEdogonium, Ulothrix, etc. Found in fruit in autumn.
The genus Spirogyra is represented by numerous species in and
about the lake. Sterile filaments could be obtained abundantly at
all times of the year. Lost Lake, the Inlet region, Outlet Bay and
Culver Inlet on the Academy grounds were luxuriantly overgrown
with filamentous alg?e of all sorts, the growth in the Academy
grounds being especially luxuriant. Attempts were made to pro-
cure as many species as possible, but the difficulty of obtaining
fruiting specimens, especially with the pressure of other work and
interests, made it impossible to get a representative collection. The
task of making a complete or anything like a complete collection
of these algse is a great deal different from that of collecting float-
ing forms where such wholesale methods can be used as towing-
nets, etc., and would require the undivided attention of a specialist.
In the economy of the lake, the coarse filamentous algaa belong
rather with the pondweeds than with the plankton. They are prob-
ably eaten to some extent by herbivorous fishes, and certainly fur-
nish a good deal of turtle food, especially to the painted turtles,
which feed upon them to a considerable extent.
There is, perhaps, a darker side to their case. One of the
dwellers of the lake region called them "malaria." We found that
Chironomus larvse eat them greedily and in all likelihood mosquito
154 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
larvae also. Whether their great abundance goes hand in hand
with the prevalence of malaria is a question yet to be investigated.
Sterile filaments were collected with a diameter of 29 mic. and
length of cell of 174 mic; probably Spirogyra quadrata; another
with a diameter of 33 mic. and length of 140 mic. with 3 spiral
bands ; another with the cells measuring 35 x 105 mic. with only 1
spiral band ; a fourth with cells measuring 65 x 205 mic. and 2
spiral bands ; a fifth with cells 80 mic. in diameter and 75 mic.
long and 2 bands ; a sixth with cells measuring 70 x 125 mic. and
4 bands; a seventh with a diameter of 70 mic, cell-length 200
mic. and 3 bands ; an eighth with cells measuring 125 x 220 mic
The coarse Spirogyras of Lost Lake were noted conjugating in
early spring and a special trip was made a few days later to col-
lect them but they had produced spores, disintegrated, and dropped
to the bottom.
Among many forms of Spirogyra noted at the lake which could
not be identified satisfactorily on account of having not been in
fruit, the following may be mentioned :
56. SPIROGYRA MAJUSCULA
Common along shore by the ice office ; frequently left in pools
along the shore by the receding water. The filaments left in the
pools soon conjugated and formed fruit. Found with ripe spores
August 7, 1906.
57. SPIROGYRA MIRABILE Hass
Found conjugating among a lot of fine filamentous algre gath-
ered by hand along the east shore of the lake, August 8, 1906.
58. ZYGNEMA sp.
Zygnema is fairly common in the lake during the summer. Most
of our species are more slender than Spirogyra and form yellowish
green masses floating far out in the lake, and not clinging closely
to shore as most Spirogyras do. It was common in Lost Lake and
abundant in the shallow water near the ice-houses.
None was found in fruit.
59. MOUGEOTIA sp?
This was quite abundant, especially in the shallower portions of
the lake, as in Outlet Bay and Lost Lake. Sometimes it grew
abundantly in great masses in the bottom, attached or rather
tangled up with short plants. Frequently it floated in large yellow-
ish-green, loose masses. It seems to thrive best when the water
is rather warm, though it often persists until late autumn, making
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 155
cloudy masses in the bottom in shallow water. In 1906 (July 24)
considerable was seen in Lost Lake attached to plants, by being
tangled up with them.
60. VAUCHERIA sp.
Abundant, forming thick, dark green, felted masses in the bot-
tom of shallow ditches near the lake, and more especially on the
surface of saturated ground near Overmyer's spring. Not found
in fruit. There may have been several species. Not found in the
lake itself.
61. CLADOPHORA FLOTOWIANA
Collected in the Inlet, July 30, 1906. Fruiting cells large and
clavate.
62. CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (Linnams)
Abundant in the lake, forming dense tufts growing attached
at the base to submersed stones along the shore ; most abundant
along Long Point and off from the Depot pier. The dense tufts
furnish hiding places for numerous small larvae, snails, beach fleas,
caddis-cases, etc. Filaments are frequently thickly beset with the
parasitic diatom Cocconeis pediculus.
63. PRASIOLA PARIETINA (Vaucher)
Found in a single shore collection of miscellaneous material,
such as Utricularia, Conferva, Chaetophora, etc.
64. MICROTHAMNION sp.
A dichotomously branching slender alga, found abundantly in
shallow water around the margin of Lost Lake in the spring of
1901, the basal portion being attached in the mud. It closely re-
sembles West's figure of M. strictissimnm Raben.
65. DRAPARNALDIA GLOMERATA (Vaucher)
Not found in the lake in great quantities but growing thickly
on submerged dead leaves in the bottom of woodland ponds in the
spring. Obtained from a pond near Farrar's, April 24 and 27,
1901. A considerable quantity was seen along a ditch west of the
lake. It thrives best in cold water and for that reason is generally
seen only early in spring. A little was collected in the lake May
25, 1901.
66. MYXONEMA RADIANS (Kuetzing)
Found in Norris Inlet, July 30, 1906, attached to Cladophora.
(As has been pointed out by Hazen, the familiar name Stigeo-
clonium Kuetzing should be replaced by the older name Myxonema
Fries.)
156 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
67. ( H^ETOPHORA PISIFORMIS (Roth)
Abundant in both lakes, attached to dead, submerged sticks,
especially where the bottom is muddy but the water clear, form-
ing little bright-green globules flattened on the attached side, closely
resembling Rivularia with which it is associated, except in color in
which it forms a distinct contrast. As it is an attached form it
does not enter the plankton net.
68. CH^ETOPHORA INCRASSATA (Hudson)
Frequent on mucky or turfy bottom, especially common along
shore in the neighborhood of the Inlet region. A long, irregu-
larly, or dichotomously branching, ribbon-like bright green form
resembling in shape the liverwort, Riccia fluitans. It is found the
year round but is probably more abundant in the spring.
69. SCHIZOMERIS LIEBLEINII Kuetzing
Abundant in the region of Norris Inlet, attached to the sub-
merged parts of bulrushes, water-lilies, pond lilies, etc. It stands
in strong contrast with the other filamentous alga? of the lake by
its complex multicellular structure. To the naked eye it bears a
considerable resemblance to a coarse Spirogyra.
70. ULOTHRIX ZONATA (Webber & Mohr)
Common in a mass of fine blue-green alga? taken from the stems
of the yellow pond lily Nymphsea advena, July 30, 1906.
71. ULOTHRIX TENUISSIMA Kuetzing
Obtained in hand-gathered material along shore August 30,
1900, along with Lyngbya, Spirogyra, and diatoms.
72. COLEOCH0ETE SCUTATA Brebisson
Found abundantly in the lake attached to fragments of drainage
tile that were lying in 18 inches of water a little north of the ice
offices. The plants were observed in August, 1906.
73. BULBOCH^TE PYGM^EA (Pringsheim)
Fairly common in the lake attached to weeds and other algse.
74. CEDOGONIUM BOSCH (Le ( Merc)
One of the most abundant of the attached algse of the lake,
growing abundantly on rocks and pebbles, and attached to sub-
merged plants, forming a dense, lemon-green fine hair-like growth
over the substratum. Although very common, its small size as
compared with the Cladophoras and Spirogyras renders it rela-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 157
tively inconspicuous. It grew very abundantly at Long Point, both
on stones and weeds, and was found attached more sparsely to
weeds in other places, as at Kruetzberger's pier.
At Long Point, after the water had retreated from the rocks
where this alga had been growing, it died and bleached out, leav-
ing a firm, linty covering on the rocks.
The specimens agree very closely with Wolle's figures of lands-
boroughii, but are considerably more slender than given in his de-
scription, the following being the measurements :
Length of cells 62 mic, diameter 22 mic, the younger being
55 mic. long and 20 mic. in diameter. Oogonium, diameter 45 mic,
length 65 mic. Egg cell, diameter 30 mic, length 50 mic. Male
filaments somewhat more slender. Spermogonia usually 7 or 8.
The plants fruited abundantly during the summer, the oogonia
being frequently two or three in succession, green when young, rich
brown when ripe. Terminal cell blunt, opening of oogonium above
the middle.
75. CEDOGONIUM LONGATUM Kuetzing
A dwarf species, common at Long Point, attached to other alga?.
76. CEDOGONIUM LANDSBOROUGHII (Hass.)
Common in filamentous material gathered for diatoms near
Kreutzberger's pier, July 24, 1906. Male plants uusually called
spermogonia common.
THE CHARACEiE
One of the first things to attract the attention of the visitor to
the lake who is interested in the aquatic flora is the abundance and
variety of the peculiar and attractive group constituting the
Characeae. The greater part of the shallow bottom of Lake Max-
inkuckee from a foot or 18 inches to 8 or 10 feet, is covered with a
stout Chara 8 "or 10 inches high, yellowed or browned with an in-
crustation of lime and forming a dense mat over most of the bottom
like a brown, subaqueous meadow.
A visit to Lost Lake but intensified the impression produced by
Lake Maxinkuckee. The subaqueous meadow was lacking, in-
deed, but the shore was lined with various strange forms, some of
them with a silky softness as compared with the harshness of most
common forms, the plants bushy with an abundance of slender,
delicate leaves and glowing with an abundance of red fruit, while
in the depths of the lake, arising from the black mud, were long,
slender, semitransparent forms, and others strong, robust and
158 Lake Maxinkackee, Physical and Biological Survey
bristly. In Green's marsh between the lakes other species throve,
maturing their fruit early in the year in the shallow warm ponds.
The Charas form so important a part of the lake flora that no
labor was spared in an attempt to get an abundance of specimens
of all sorts in fruit. According to ancient custom much of the
material was pressed and made into herbarium material, while
other material was preserved in alcohol and formalin ; which is the
better way, it is, of course, for curators in museums to decide. The
herbarium specimens fit in well with other botanical material and
take up but little room, but some are so brittle that they usually
break to fragments with but little handling.
The Charas are an important part of the life of the lake ; by
their abstraction of the lime from the water they do much to add
to its softness, and by the deposition of that same lime on the
bottom they do much to add to the marly bottom of the lake bed.
They furnish hiding places for various species of fish, the mad-
toms and darters inhabiting them throughout the year, and the
young bluegill, redeye, etc., hiding in them throughout the winter.
A number of important animals used by the fishes for food, such
as beach fleas, Asellus, etc., live among the Chara, and it is among
the Chara patches that the bluegill, perch and various sunfishes
usually stay during the spring months, feasting upon the abundant
life to be found there. The ducks and coots, after the more deli-
cate plants such as wild celery have been exhausted, feed upon the
Chara.
The Characese were submitted to various specialists for identifi-
cation, the herbarium material to the late Dr. C. B. Robinson, and
the alcoholic material along with the plankton to Dr. George T.
Moore. Many of the specimens on account of their variability were
difficult to determine satisfactorily. Indeed, there have been so
few workers in the field and relatively little material collected over
the country generally that classification is exceedingly difficult.
The following notes on the various species are given :
1. CHARA CONTRARIA A. Braun
This is the most common Chara in the lake, forming the ex-
tensive meadows over the bottom. On account of its abundance it
is the most important Chara of the lake. Because of its forming
a brown carpet on the bottom of much of the lake, especially Outlet
Bay, it was referred to in our notes as the "carpet Chara." On
account of its heavy incrustation of lime, this Chara presented much
the same appearance the year round, looking much as if dead. In
the spring it sent up little delicate green shoots from the tips of the
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 159
branches. Its presence is so universal over the lake in shallow
water that details of distribution need not be given, except that it
grew best in a mixture of marl and sand, and was absent from very
mucky or peaty places and from gravel and pure sand, as along the
east shore. According to Dr. Robinson "this is a very polymorphic
form, several of our specimens representing the common American
form, a few being more robust and heavily encrusted, others un-
usually slender, and another form with very short whorls. Again,
one specimen was peculiar in appearing, through hypertrophy of
the secondary rows of cortex, to be triply corticated."
2. CHARA FOLIOLOSA Muhlenberg & Willdencw
On the shore of Lake Maxinkuckee on the west side by Win-
field's, and again extending from Long Point down to about
Farrar's, there occurs in shallow water hardly a foot deep, an
exceedingly handsome bushy Chara which bore fruit in such great
abundance that the whole plant, upon a close inspection, had a red-
dish appearance. On account of this peculiarity we named the
plant the "full-fruited Chara." Perhaps a better known scientific
name for this plant among collectors is Chara gymnopus A. Br. a
name applied because of the absence of cortication in the lower
node. According to Dr. Robinson, Braun's name is preoccupied by
the name given above.
The full-fruited Chara is an annual ; it grows at a depth where
the water freezes to the bottom; and even if it attempted to per-
sist, it would be taken out by the ice. It usually disappears before
ice comes, however, probably having exhausted itself by fruiting.
Various modifications or subspecies of this form, such as Chara
foliolosa macilenta, and another resembling Chara foliolosa con-
jugens, are to be found along the shores of Lost Lake.
3. CHARA FRAGILIS Desv.
This is the identification of a specimen obtained from Long
Point near Scovell's. We have no record of its distribution but it
does not appear to be abundant, and is usually dredged up with
various lake weeds. It bears a considerable resemblance to the
common carpet Chara of the lake, C. contraria, but is a more grace-
ful plant, having longer leaves and a more slender habit.
4. CHARA VULGARIS Linnseus
Represented in our collection by numerous examples. Found
growing in water from 2 to 6| feet deep. Inasmuch as we were
unfamiliar with the various species of Chara at the time our col-
lections were made, we have no details of its distribution.
160 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
5. CHARA GYMNOPITYS A. Braun
Common on the large quaking bog surrounding the north end of
Lost Lake, growing almost out of the water. Rare in Lake Max-
inkuckee, two examples being found near shore in the region of
the green boathouse by Norris Inlet in the autumn of 1900.
This species is heavily branched, and is exceedingly soft and
fine, of a delicate, bright green color. It fruits heavily, and is an
annual, generally disappearing before frost.
6. CHARA SUBVERRUCOSA A. Braun
Occasional in the lake, represented in the collection by several
specimens. Dr. Robinson says of these: "A majority of the plants
appear dioecious, antheridia being very rarely found, but they are
present in a number of cases."
7. NITELLA TENLTSSIMA (Desv.)
An exceedingly dainty little Nitella growing in shallow' water
(1-3 feet) along shore in the neighborhood of Farrar's. The whole
plant grows in rather dense tufts about 25 mm. in diameter. Color
dark green ; rhizoids not conspicuous, main stems many, exceed-
ingly slender, internodes hardly more than 2 mm. long. Leaves in
whorls making a dense, globular mass at each node, so that the
plant looks a good deal like large Rivularia spheres attached to a
slender stalk. These spheroids of leaves, or whorls, are larger and
closer together toward the apex of the plants.
8. NITELLA BATRACHOSPERMA (Reichenbach)
One specimen from Lost Lake. Dr. Robinson says of it: "No.
1576 (578) agrees well both with the description and with named
material in the Allen collection of Nitella batrachosperma (Reichb.)
except that no trace can be seen of mucus in which the fertile
verticils in that species are usually contained. Possibly therefore
it may be N. tenuissima Kuetzing which is very similar, but the
former alternative is greatly preferable."
9. NITELLA MUCRONATA A. Braun
A delicate species growing in the muddy bottom of Lost Lake.
One of the most attractive species of the region. Abundant at
Bass Lake.
10. NITELLA MONODACTYLA A. Braun
Reported from two specimens. We have no record of its dis-
tribution.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 161
The Diatoms, Etc.
One of the first things to strike the attention of any one inter-
ested in the flora of the lake, especially if he happen to visit it
during the cooler season of the year, is the great abundance and
variety of diatoms. The collector of the filamentous algae, such as
Cladophora or Spirogyra or of the various Characeae, will find his
catches overgrown with diatoms, and one of our earliest botanical
notes concering the botany of the lake was, "The charas of Lost
Lake are thickly covered with brown, boat-shaped diatoms." In
the autumn of 1901 it was noted that the bottom of Aubeenaubee
Creek was covered with a brown diatomaceous scum.
The diatoms prefer cold water and in the winter they thrive
luxuriantly in the lake, forming a thick, gelatinous coating over the
weeds.
During the summer, floating diatoms are not especially abund-
ant in the lake, and do not form a conspicuous part of plankton
obtained by surface-towing, this being composed mostly of blue-
green algae, or entomostraca, or both. During the colder portions
of the year, in early spring and late autumn, that is in early April
and late September, the free floating diatoms are much more abund-
ant, largely taking the place of the blue-green algae. On some days
the towing in deep water would be chiefly entomostracan, re-
sembling a soft, jelly mass, on other days they would consist
chiefly of diatoms, and would have a harsh feeling and bristly
appearance. For example, a haul of April 29 was nearly all
diatomaceous. During the autumn of 1906, after towing all Au-
gust, September and October, and getting little vegetable plankton
but blue-green algae, a haul on November 12 contained an abund-
ance of diatoms. It is unfortunate that plankton was not taken by
means of a pump or other device, during the winter; the probabil-
ities are that the plant-plankton would have been almost all or
entirely diatomaceous.
The various diatom gatherings were submitted to Dr. Albert
Mann of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for his identification.
The following are his notes :
"Sample No. 1. [Cladophora glomerata growing on submerged
rocks, November 17, 1904]. Cocconeis pedicidus E; Gomphonema
olivaceum E; Cymbella cymbiformis E; Cymbella macula fa Kuetz-
ing; Cymbella naviculifornns Auerwald (variety) ; Cymatopleura
elliptica W. S., Cymatopleura solea W. S., Epithemia argus Kuetz-
ing; Epithemia gibba Kuetzing; Navicula reinhardti Grim ; Navi-
cida gastrum Ehrenberg; Synedra obtusa W. S., Synedra radians
W. S. (variety) .
11— 17618— Vol. 2
162 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
This gathering is very rich in two species, both rather uncom-
mon, the oval Cocconeis pediculus E., and the minute club-shaped
Gomphonema olivaceum E.
Sample No. 2. [Cladophora glomerata with sponges, Depot
grounds, November 22, 1904]. Cocconeis pediculus E.; Gompho-
nema olivaceum E.; Gomphonema constrictum E.; Cymbella macu-
lata Kuetzing; Epithemia argus Kuetzing; Epithemia gibba Kuetz-
ing; Epithemia zebra Kuetzing; Cymatopleura solea W. S., Navi-
cula gastrum E.; Synedra obtusa W. S., Synedra radians W. S.
Similar to sample No. 1, but inferior in richness of the 2 species
there named.
Sample No. 3. (Spirogyra, Outlet Bay, October 29, 1904).
Amphora ovalis Kuetzing; Cymbella cymbiformis E.; Epithemia
gibba Kuetzing; Cocconeis pediculus E.; Gomphonema constrictum
E.; Melosira various Ag. ; Fragilaria mutabilis (W. S.) ; Navicula
gastrum E. ; Synedra obtusa W. S. ; Synedra radians W. S.
Though this gathering contained species common to Nos. 1 and
2, it is quite different in composition, being particularly rich in
species of Cymbella,, Epithemia and Synedra.
Nos. 4, 5, and 6, unimportant as to contents of diatoms. No.
4. Spirogyra, Depot grounds, November 22, 1904. No. 5. Plank-
ton haul No. 22 along shore off the Gravelpit, April 10, 1901. No.
6. Fine algae near ice-houses, November 28, 1904.)
No. 7. (Blue-green algal mass, for diatoms, near ice-houses,
November 28, 1904.) Amphora ovalis Kuetzing; Cocconeis pedi-
cidus E.; Cymbella cymbiformis E.; Cymbella maculata Kuetzing;
Cymatopleura solea W. S.; Epithemia gibba Kuetzing; Epithemia
zebra Kuetzing; Gomphonema constrictum E. ; Gomphonema oli-
vaceum E. ; Gomphonema acuminatum E. ; Fragilaria mutabilis (W.
S.) ; Melosira varians Ag. ; Navicula rhynchocephaki Kuetzing;
Navicula gastrum E.; Synedra obtusa W. S. ; Synedra radians W.
5. The diatoms make up a considerable per cent of this gathering."
These identifications along with the descriptions of the condi-
tions under which the diatoms were obtained, give a pretty clear
notion as to their occurrence in the lake.
It will be noted that the above collections consist wholly of
shore gatherings, and are composed largely of species which are
usually attached to other algae. The diatom taken most abundantly
in the plankton hauls was a species of Asterionella.
A few brief notes concerning the more striking or characteristic
forms may prove of interest :
1. CYMATOPLEURA ELLIPTICA (Breb.)
This large, handsome diatom was only occasionally encountered,
chiefly in gatherings from Lost Lake.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 163
2. CYMATOPLEURA SOLEA (Breb.)
Occasionally scattered through gatherings near shore.
3. EPHITHEMIA GIBBA Kuetz.
Fairly common, mixed in with other diatoms ; an occasional ele-
ment in mussel food.
4. EPITHEMIA ARGUS (Ehrenb.)
Found in the same conditions as the preceding.
5. EPITHEMIA ZEBRA (Ehrenb.)
Presence simply noted. No notes.
6. AMPHORA OVALIS Kuetz.
Presence simply noted.
7. CYMBELLA CYMBIFORMIS Ehrenb.
One of the most common forms in shore gathering.
8. CYMBELLA MACULATA Kuetz.
9. CYMBELLA PROSTRATA (Berk.)
The shallow water near the ice-houses where the chutes up
which the ice is taken enter the lake, was remarkably rich in fine
brown, short filamentous tufts which covered the submerged stones
and timbers at that place. The material collected here proved
to be especially rich in the jelly-like filaments of this species which,
while not wholly absent from other parts of the lake, appeared to
be nowhere else so abundant as here.
The above list mentions only the most frequently encountered
species or those noteworthy for some particular reason, and is only
a beginning of what might be done at or about the lake by one's
devoting more than only occasional or rare attention to this special
subject.
10. CYMBELLA NAVICULIFORMIS Aucrsw.
11. RHOICOSPHENIA CURVATA (Kuetz.)
Occasional, attached to fixed algae such as Cladophora, etc. A
wedge-shaped diatom closely resembling species of Gomphonema,
but somewhat curved.
12. GOMPHONEMA CONSTRICTUM Ehrenb.
This, along with two other species, was common along shore
in shallow water, particularly near the ice-houses. They are easily
recognized by their wedge-shaped frustules, and all are similar in
habit, being attached by a slender gelatinous stipe which proceeds
from the acute end to other algae such as Cladophora, and even
growing in bunches on rocks. Occasionally they separate from the
stalk and are free-floating.
1H4 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
13. GOMPHONEMA OLIVACEUM Ehrenb.
14. NAVICULA REINHARDTII Giiin.
15. NAVICULA GASTRUM E.
Naviculas of numerous undetermined species were present in
considerable abundance in the food of the mussels of the lakes.
16. COCCONEIS PEDICULUS Ehrenb.
One of the most abundant diatoms of the lake, frequently cover-
ing filaments of Cladophora and Spirogyra like an incrustation,
being closely attached to the filament by one side. Its habit and
appearance, suggesting a nit or louse attached to a hair, makes its
specific name highly appropriate.
17. ASTERIONELLA sp.
A species of Asterionella, probably formosa Hass, was exceed-
ingly abundant throughout the lake in the early spring and again
in late autumn after the water had cooled. It was found not
only near shore but it extended out to the center of the lake. On
some days it formed the main bulk of surface towings. The col-
onies of frustules arranged like the spokes of a wheel are striking
objects under the microscope.
18. SYNEDRA RADIANS W. Sm.
Rather common in gatherings along shore.
19. SYNEDRA LONGISSIMA W. Sm.
20. SYNEDRA OBTUSA W. Sm.
Besides being frequent in gatherings along shore, various spe-
cies of Synedra, some of them elongate, rather needle-like objects,
were frequent in mussel food.
21. MELOSIRA VARIANS Ag.
This is a very common diatom in the lake and is obtained both
in plankton hauls and in hand-gatherings along shore. According
to Apstein (Siisswasserplankton, p. 140) this species furnishes
food for various entomostraca (Chydorus, Daphnia, and Diap-
tomus). The Melosiras are especially interesting as they form
the nearest approach among diatoms to the form of ordinary
filamentous alga?.
22. MELOSIRA CRENULATA (E.)
This, like Melosira varians, is a free-floating form, often taken
in towings and probably also used by entomostraca for food.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 165
The Aquatic Plants of Lake Maxinkuckee
1. hornwort
CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM Linnseus
This plant grows rather abundantly in Lake Maxinkuckee over
mud where the water is shallow, as in Outlet Bay, near Norris Inlet,
and at the Weedpatch. There was a great abundance in the water
off the springy flat on the southwest shore, and it was also plentiful
near the boathouse by Norris Inlet. It grows thickly in Norris
Inlet, where it is very dirty and helps form the great weed-mass
which extends out from the inlet mouth. It has been found grow-
ing thick in 16 feet of water, a little in 18 feet, and has been dredged
up in 24-foot water. Drifts were found cast up by the waves on
the east side of Long Point September 20, 1900, and on September
28, 1900, by the pumping station bridge.
The Hornwort retains its shape and color and also signs of life
through the winter. There is generally above the apices of these
plants under the ice large bubbles frozen in the ice, and toward the
latter part of the winter, crossing and recrossing curves of rows
of fine bubbles like strings of minute beads, suggesting that the
apices of the plants have a gyrating movement, and slowly exhale
small bubbles of gas.
During the early summer these plants are places of attachment
of Rivularia and also great myriads of white globular colonies of
Vorticella, small, white, ball-shaped objects which shrink almost
to nothing when touched.
The Hornwort is one of the most familiar plants to dwellers
about lakes and by many is simply known as "moss". It is the
plant that the inexpert angler on his first visit to the lake drags up
in great masses on his hook, if he attempt fishing near the bottom.
Many of the animals upon which fishes like to feed dwell among
the masses .of Hornwort. One example is the beach flea, and some
of our herbarium specimens taken from the lake were found on
later study to be full of pressed beach fleas. It is among the
tangled masses of Hornwort that the fishes like to lurk. They af-
ford fishes protection in various ways, and anyone who has tried
to seine out a pond full of Hornwort, and had the lead line get full
of the weed and roll up, permitting the fishes to escape, readily
realizes that an abundance of these plants near the shore is about
as good a protection for young fishes as could be devised.
166 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
2. GREATER DUCKWEED
SPIRODELA POLYKHIZA (Linnams)
Abundant, floating on the surface of quiet waters. In general
it thrives best on the surface of calm pools, where the water is per-
manent. When found in lakes at all, it harbors in the quiet shallow
bays. It is usually associated with interesting forms of animal life
such as Hydra, Vorticella, and the like. In the lake it is found near
the Inlet, also in permanent ponds. These, as well as some of the
other duckweeds, seem to form a favorite food for various insects,
as one often finds them badly marred by having portions gnawed
out of the margins of the fronds. The stomach of one duck exam-
ined contained duckweed in abundance.
3. IVY-LEAVED DUCKWEED
LEMNA TRISULCA Linnseus
This is one of the most beautiful and curious of the duckweeds
with its elongate semi-transparent green fronds with their peculiar
manner of branching, a side shoot coming from each side of each
frond at the middle, and forming a very regular but intricate and
complicated branching system where conditions are favorable, and
the fronds tilting at all sorts of angles to avoid interference. Be-
sides the minute and inconspicuous Wolfiella floridana, this is our
only duckweed which will cling together with other plants of the
same species in masses forming coherent tangles. It grows much
more vigorously under leaves in shallow water than in unprotected
places, and hardly looks like the same plant in different situations
although the general form of the fronds is always the same.
Found along the lake shore east of Farrar's (September 24, 1900),
in a dried-up pond southwest of the lake (October 1, 1900), and
by the boathouse near the Inlet (October 2, 1900) . It is abundant
at the southeast end of the lake near Norris Inlet during all sea-
sons when there is no ice. Found also occasionally along shore
among cattails and rushes, as north of Winfield's and at various
other places.
On October 24, 1900, an immense amount of this species was
found drifted in Lost Lake, near the middle of the western shore.
This formed a thick tangled "scum" extending some way from
shore and also making great masses in the bottom. It was also
frequently found growing and thriving well in wet places among
dead leaves in the water, and appears to hibernate in such places.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey H>7
4. LESSER DUCKWEED
LEMNA MINOR Linmeus
Not particularly abundant in the lake ; found mostly among the
great mass of duckweeds at Norris Inlet. On September 24, 1900,
it was found along shore near Farrar's, but not thriving. On Oc-
tober 12, 1900, it was found in the lake opposite the springy flat by
Overmyer's field.
It was found abundantly in flower in pools by the Norris Inlet
June 13, 1901. The blossoms are minute white specks, like bits of
dust.
In general appearance, this duckweed much resembles Spirodela
polyrhiza with which it is usually associated, but differs from
that plant in its somewhat smaller size and in the possession of one
instead of several rootlets.
5. MINUTE DUCKWEED
LEMNA PERPUSILLA Torrey
A small duckweed, resembling L. minor, but somewhat smaller.
Abundant, mixed in with the other duckweeds near Norris Inlet
and in other suitable situations, often associated with Wolfiella
floridana.
6. COLUMBIA WOLFFIA
WOLFFIA COLUMBIANA Karsten
This interesting duckweed represents the smallest of the flower-
ing plants,* the whole plant being a spherical light-green body
about the size of a pinhead. The flowers appear as minute white
specks.
Plants are quite abundant about Norris Inlet, where they help
form the great mass of duckweed-scum at that place. They are
not, however, so abundant nor widely distributed, nor in such clear
cultures as at Eagle Lake, where some of the bayous are completely
covered by them. Besides the great mass at Norris Inlet, a few
plants were found south of Winfield's, sheltered among the rushes.
On October 9, 1900, down at the Inlet, we obtained a large quantity
of these plants, the greater number of which were in flower.
Although W. -punctata was tolerably abundant at Eagle Lake,
not far distant, it has not been recognized at Maxinkuckee. It
differs from W. columbiana in being a trifle smaller, riding deeper
in the water, and having a somewhat flat-topped upper surface.
This little plant is an important portion of the food of certain
small fishes, among which may be mentioned the mud minnow
*The smallest known flowering plant is Wolffia mitroscopica of Asia.
168 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
(Umbra Umi). Dr. Forbes, in 1883, found that forty per cent of
the food of this fish was vegetable matter, chiefly Wolffia.
"Five specimens of the Umbra limi obtained from a pond, cov-
ered in September with a film of Wolffia and other vegetation,
yielded to the dissector stomach contents consisting of sixty per
cent of the Wolffia."
7. FLORIDA WOLFFIELLA
VVOLFFIELLA FLORIDANA (J. D. Smith)
This plant is rather common at Norris Inlet among other duck-
weeds, but it is much less abundant than most of the others, and on
account of its slenderness, and its habit of hiding among other
duckweeds, it is not always easy to obtain in quantities. The
thalli are very slender, somewhat flattened, attenuate, light-green
affairs, sometimes hanging together in quite large stellate masses.
It rides deeper in the water than the other duckweeds, and there-
fore forms the bottom portion of the layer. Sometimes it grows
in thick tangles in the submersed tops of Ceratophyllum.
Besides being found in the Inlet, it sometimes becomes scattered
by south winds to various parts of the shore. A few plants were
seen off the springy flat by Overmyer's field. A few near Farrar's
pier, and some mixed with Wolffia were observed south of Win-
field's.
Stays green all winter. In 1904 (Dec. 20) bright green plants
were noted floating under the ice on the surface of the water.
Probably most of the plants sink to the bottom during the winter,
as not many can be seen through the clear ice. This plant, which
was very common in 1900 and 1901 is now becoming rare and will
probably soon be extinct at the lake.
8. RIGCIA
RICCIOCARFUS NATANS (Linnasus)
Intermediate between the floating plants and plants growing
on shore; exceedingly similar to the duckweeds during its floating
life and behaving much like an ordinary land plant during the other
part of its life, is the curious liverwort, Ricciocarpns nutans. This
plant exhibits in some degree the dimorphism which is generally a
well-marked feature of shore-line plants, but which is intensified
and reaches its highest expression in woodland ponds. R. nutans
is predominantly an aquatic plant and is never found where the
water supply is not permanent. It is a thin heart-shaped form
with prominent masses of rhizoids on the under side, often found
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 169
floating near shore ; or when left on shore, doing very well, creeping
along on the wet mud banks without any marked change of ap-
pearance.
In the temporary woodland ponds near the lake is a remarkable
form, a rather close relative to R. natans, Riccia lutescens, which is
a true aquatic during the wet portion of the year, and a true land
plant, wholly different in appearance during the dry season, which
one cannot forbear mentioning at this place but which space for-
bids enlarging upon.
9. EEL-GRASS PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON COMPRKSSUS (Linnaeus)
According to Dr. Scovell's records this species exceeds any other
of the lake in the depth to which it grows, examples having been
taken at a depth of 26 feet, and the range extending from 26 to
2 feet, the plants being most abundant between 10 and 16 feet. It
does not form dense patches but grows scattered among other
plants. Its rather small size and relatively narrow leaves, together
with its habit of being wholly submerged, make it rather incon-
spicuous. It is most common in the southeastern part of the lake
and seems to prefer muddy bottom. It is pretty easily recognized
by its much flattened stem and grass-like leaves. Although the
plants in shallow water produce flowers and seeds, a very common
form of propagation is by means of peculiar fan-shaped winter
buds in which the 2-ranked flat leaves are closely appressed. Many
such buds were raked up during the winter of 1900 and 1901 and
it is doubtless from such buds being carried to the deeper portions
of the lake that the deeper seated plants owe their origin. The
buds have a habit of becoming very crooked during their early
growth, the delicate internodes perhaps strongly curving toward
the light. Two such very crooked buds were raked up in the spring
of 1901, one on April 18 and the other on May 29. The new leafy
stem springs from the apex of the bud and the roots from the axils
of old leaves.
10. FRIES' PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON FRIESH Ruprecht
This is another pondweed thriving in deep water, being widely
distributed in water from 8 to 25 feet but most abundant in water
from 12 to 16 feet deep. It also grows in shallow water, in which
case it often blossoms and bears fruit. It is also disseminated by
means of propagating buds but these are not formed so frequently
as in P. comyr essus. It was frequently obtained in dredge hauls.
170 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
This pondweed bears some general resemblance to P. compres-
sus from which it can be distinguished by the presence of 2 glands
at the base of each leaf. Some of the propagation buds were col-
lected along shore March 27, 1901. Some was found up Aubee-
naubee Creek on a seining trip September 3, 1900. It does not
grow in patches but is scattered among other plants.
11. SMALL PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON PUSILLUS Linnreus
A small insignificant species, growing scattered among other
plants ; more common in the southeastern portion of the lake, in
deep water ranging from 10 to 24 feet. It also probably grows
occasionally in shallow water. Like all the deep-water Potamoge-
tons it relies largely upon propagating buds for its dissemination.
12. FILIFORM PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON FILIFORMIS Pcrsoon
Very abundant in 10 to 13 feet of water, ranging from 2 to 24
feet. It is occasional along shore in shallow water. It was noted
in flower at Norris Inlet June 24, 1901 and observed in flower
some time earlier in the northern part of the lake. It does not
form dense patches but grows rather scattered.
13. PvOBBINS' PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON ROBBINSII Oakes
Rather common and widely distributed in Lake Maxinkuckee
in depths ranging from 3 to 24 feet, and common in water from
10 to 18 feet deep. Rather common in Lost Lake and in the shallow
waters of Outlet Bay, forming especially fine patches in front of
the Ice-houses. It was dredged at the Weedpatch, and in fact can
be raked up almost anywhere. It prefers rather muddy bottom,
and lies almost prostrate on the ground, never rising to the surface,
even in shallow water, to form flower or fruit. It is one of the
most handsome species of the genus and the large plume-like
branches lying on the bottom, do more than almost any other spe-
cies to add charm to the Chara carpet over shallow bottoms. The
white or yellowish color of the plumes, due to a coating of lime over
the old leaves, makes them all the more conspicuous against the
dark bottom through the clear water.
P. robbinsii retains its form throughout the winter. The lower
leaves assume a brown and somewhat deadish appearance, but the
tips are firm and of a lively purplish-green.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 171
This plant propagates by means of buds which are often formed
as early as the middle of July, and are found from then on through
the winter. They appear to be formed in the axils of the leaves.
They are the shape of a closed fan, the thick flat leaves (quite un-
like the thin wavy vegetative leaves) being packed full of reserve
food material and closely pressed together. During the winter the
plants also put out abundant roots just a little behind the apex and
these may detach themselves and produce new plants.
14. LARGE-LEAVED PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON AMPLIFOLIUS Tuckerman
This is one of the most attractive species of plants in the lake,
the large, gracefully curved delicate green leaves showing up
through the water very handsomely. It prefers rich mucky soil
and water of moderate depth. It is rarely found in water less
than 6 feet deep and is most abundant in water from 8 to 12 feet.
It has been dredged in water 24 feet deep. In shallow water it has
oval smooth floating leaves quite unlike the thin and wavy sub-
mersed ones and much like the floating leaves of P. natans to which
it is closely related. In deep water there are no special floating
leaves. Good-sized patches are common near the Ice-houses, and
throughout Outlet Bay. It is also found in abundance at the Weed-
patch and there is a large fine patch in the neighborhood of Norris
Inlet. There is another large patch off from the green boat-house
in the Inlet region, but there is none along the east side. Chara
and some of the less conspicuous species of pondweed, such as P.
pectinatus, often grow intermixed with it. Where it grows very
densely, however, it conceals or excludes other species.
15. TAPE-GRASS; EEL-GRASS
VALLISNERIA SPIRALIS Linnaeus
Rather abundant and apparently considerably on the increase.
It grows scattered over the bottom at various depths. It has been
dredged at a depth of 24 feet, and from this depth it extends almost
to the water's edge in suitable places. Dr. Scovell has made the
interesting observation that the plants bearing the pistillate flowers
grow in shallow water, none of them having been observed in water
at a greater depth than 2 or 3 feet, while the staminate plants were
most abundant in water from 8 to 18 feet. The higher plants are
of course only indirectly sexual, but this observation suggests ex-
periments along the line of planting seed of Vallisneria at different
depths and observing the effect of depth of water in sex-determina-
172 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
tion. Still more interesting and significant would be the experi-
ment of taking a propagating bud from a pistillate plant and plant-
ing it in deep water and noting the result. The reason for the
peculiar distribution of the staminate and pistillate plants is per-
fectly clear. The pistillate flower is carried to the surface of the
water by a long, slender scape, inasmuch as it is necessary for it
to be fertilized in the air, and there are naturally limits to which
it is practicable to send up this scape. The staminate flower, on
the other hand, breaks loose from the parent plant, rises to the
surface and depends upon chance currents to float it to the pistil-
late plant, which it fertilizes. During August the staminate flowers
are often found floating on the surface in great numbers. They
frequently formed a thick scum in the region of the Outlet in 1906,
and towings from the surface plankton-net consisted mainly of
them. As soon as the pistillate flower is fertilized the flower stalk
coils up into a spiral and draws it beneath the water where it de-
velops into a long cylindrical or obtusely triangular pod full of
mucilage, with an abundance of minute dark seeds and with a
slightly acid taste.
The Eel-grass usually grows rather scattered and a few plants
are often dredged up intermixed with Chara and other weeds.
Some was dredged at the Weedpatch. A very dense little patch was
found growing in a bait-can which had been dropped in the lake.
It frequently makes pretty dense patches not far from shore. It
grows abundantly at the head of the Outlet, at the railroad pier,
and along the west side of the lake east of Long Point. It seems
in general to prefer rich bottom with a good admixture of sand.
During the earlier years of the lake survey this plant did not
appear to be so abundant as it now is. This was probably due
to the raids made upon it by the ducks and coots, which almost
exterminated it every year, but with the growing scarcity of these
birds it seems greatly on the increase. New patches are being
formed, one along the northern shore of Long Point and many in
other places.
This plant is the favorite food of ducks and coot, and it is said
the canvasback duck owes its superior flavor to this plant, upon
which it largely feeds and to which indeed it owes its specific
name, valisineria. During the latter part of September great rolls
of this plant which have all been torn up by the water fowl, are
washed up along the shore of the lake, making long windrows.
The "wild celery" as this plant is known along the Chesapeake,
bears at its base a white pleasant-tasted rootstock which terminates
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 173
in a delicate bud for the next year's plant, and it is upon these
delicate portions that the ducks and coots delight to feed.
The leaves of the plants near shore turn white and decay in
autumn even before freezing weather sets in, but occasional bits
can be raked up, as green as ever, the year round. Among the
numerous dates at which it was observed washed up in conspic-
uous rolls are September 20 and 29, 1903, and October 16, 1913.
16. STOUT NAIAS
NAIAS FLEXILIS ROBUSTA Morong
Very abundant, ranging in depth from 1 to 24 feet, most com-
mon in the northeastern part of the lake. This general statement
includes both forms, the typical species and the subspecies. The
references to the deeper-growing form apply to the subspecies.
Naias flexilis is confined near shore in shallow water, and dies
down every autumn. N. flexihts robusta grows in deeper water,
being common at a depth of 9 feet, and remains green all winter.
It was not found in fruit, and has no special propagating buds, so
that the method of propagation is unknown, unless broken-off frag-
ments of the ordinary stems strike root and grow.
The Coarse Naias was found in considerable quantities in the
stomachs of coots, and it evidently formed an important article
in their diet.
17. FCETID CHARA
CHARA FCETIDA A. Braun
Plant quite long and slender, rather dark green when wet,
white and harsh when dry, on account of the encasing lime. In-
ternodes long (about 2 inches) and quite slender. Branches
cylindrical, rather blunt, mostly unbranched or sometimes abruptly
bent where apparently a branch will appear later on. Branches 8 or
6, and at the top, 2 or 3 in a whorl. No fruit at all (August 28,
1900). An occasional branch arises apparently from the axil of
one leaf in the whorl.
Cortex composed of rather narrow tubes, 6 or 8 seen at the
surface of a leaf, and about the same number on the stem. Small
knobs (stipules) below a node quite conspicuous, just above which
can be seen rather round clear cells in which active protoplasmic
movements are visible.
Leaves with frequent nodes, where there is a round knoblike
cell between each two alternate sinuses of the cortical tubes, and
the ends of the cells, form a ring perpendicular to the long axis of
the leaf. The cortical cells all end somewhat truncately in the
174 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
middle of the internode and make an oblique ring-. The end of the
leaf is peculiar, the corticated portion ending- abruptly with a
circle of knobs, and beyond this extends a curved cone consisting
of 2 or 3 rather large cells diminishing in size from base to apex.
The terminal cell is sometimes cuspidate, more often acutish.
18. WATER-WEED; DITCH-MOSS; WATER-THYME
PHILOTKIA CANADENSIS (Michaux)
Widely distributed in deep waters, having been dredged at a
depth of 22 feet. Abundant in some places in shallow water where
it forms dense patches. There are good patches near the railroad
bridge at Culver and by the pier near the Outlet. It was found
near Norris Inlet and with other weeds forms a dense patch along-
shore by the Culver Military Academy grounds. It seems to be
increasing in the lake and within late years an immense and very
dense patch has formed along the north shore of Long Point, by
Chadwick's pier.
Many of the patches appear to die down completely during the
winter, others remain green. The elongate pistillate flowers are
delicate, curious objects, and are produced throughout the sum-
mer. The floating staminate ones are hard to find and but few
were seen. The plant is exceedingly variable in general form
and compactness, some being quite loose and long-jointed with 3
leaves in a whorl, others quite dense and compact with 4 or 5
leaves in a whorl. Some dense off-shoots probably serve as propa-
gating buds. This plant, which has been introduced into Europe,
is said to be a great nuisance there in rivers and bears the name
of water-pest. It has been reported also that in Europe it propa-
gates exclusively by vegetative propagation, only the pistillate
plants having been introduced.
19. FENNEL-LEAVED PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON PECTINATUS Linnaeus
One of the most common pondweeds in shallow water near
shore, the general fan-shaped arrangement of the narrow, thickly
crowded leaves making it quite attractive. It was frequent to a
depth of 10 feet and was occasionally dredged in 16 feet of water.
It was noted everywhere along the beach, growing in either sandy
or muddy bottom, and in rather dense patches by itself or among
Chara. Among the numerous places where it was noted may be
mentioned Long Point, McSheehy's pier, in front of the Barnes
cottage, off from the Depot grounds and east of there, along shore
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 175
near the green boat-house, by Norris Inlet, etc. A fine patch grew
at the head of the thoroughfare between the lakes, above the wagon
bridge. The plants frequently grew out in long straight rows from
shore, the different stems coming up in line from a white strong
underground rootstock.
20. WHORLED WATER-MILFOIL
MYRIOPHYLLUM VERTICILLATUM Linn<eus
Found growing in both lakes, not deeper than 14 feet. Abund-
ant and widely distributed, growing in rather compact patches
with other plants where there is rich bottom and rather shallow
water (6 to 10 feet), as about the west edge of Outlet Bay, in the
neighborhood of the Ice-houses, about Norris Inlet and most of
Lost Lake. It grows far out in the water at a point in line with
Norris pier and opposite Overmyer's field. It also grows near
Norris Inlet.
The plants retain their form during the winter, but become
very brown and homely, the tips forming rather compact buds
not nearly so neat and well differentiated from the rest of the
plant as those of M. spicatum. Found in flower September 1,
1900. Flowers and fruit, as in others of the genus, inconspicuous.
During April (5th, 6th, 7th, 12th and 13th) a large number of
buds were washed ashore in the neighborhood of Long Point and
Outlet Bay, and became greener and brighter as the days passed.
On April 14 the plants looked much as they had in winter,
only a trifle greener. On April 19 the buds were quite green,
and by April 23 the buds had begun to elongate and were con-
siderably looser than had been noted before.
21. CLASPING-LEAVED PONDWEED
POTAJWOGETON PERFOLIATUS Linnaeus
Not common in general, but fairly abundant in a few localities
in the south part of the lake. More common in water from 8 to
12 feet deep. It does not form patches but is dredged up inter-
mixed with other weeds. Some plants were found growing in
sandy bottom in water about 8 feet deep in the neighborhood of
the Merchants' pier. A good patch was also found, in 1904, near
the Ice-houses.
In form this is one of the most regular and attractive of the
pondweeds ; the broad wavy close-set dark-green leaves in 2 ranks
giving it the appearance of a full plume quite different from the
broad open plume of P. robbinsii. It is not so showy in the water
176 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
as P. robbinsii, as it stands erect and is usually seen only at an
angle. It is quite fragile and easily torn and tattered by handling.
It remains green all winter.
22. LONG-LEAVED PONDWEED; RIVER PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON AMERICANL'S Chamisso & Schlechtendahl
This potamogeton is one of the shallow-water species, rarely
or never growing in water more than 10 feet deep. It is rather
common in the lake, growing in small scattered patches not far
from shore. It has flat, leathery, floating leaves which very closely
resemble those of P. natans except that they are more acute. The
submerged leaves are thinner, and long and narrow. Patches were
observed north of the Barnes cottage not far from shore, near Long
Point, and in Outlet Bay. A healthy patch grows in the bottom
of the Outlet where it joins with the lake, extending on both sides
of the wagon bridge. Here the swift rushing current kept the
leaves in a constant tension and flapping like a flag on a windy day,
and the plant took on a peculiar form. There were no floating
leaves and the submersed leaves were exceedingly long and at-
tenuate as if drawn out by the stress of the passing current. A
patch was noted 2 miles down the outlet below Lost Lake, the
plants being long and slender without many leaves. It grows in
Tippecanoe and Yellow rivers and is the form most frequently
found in rivers.
P. americanus frequently grows on wet sandbanks at the water's
edge wholly out of the water. In this case it is much changed in
appearance, being short and leafy and all the leaves of a firm leath-
ery texture, much in substance like the floating leaves of the aquatic
plant, but firmer. Proceeding from the deeper water plants out-
ward, it is the first of the many plants encountered which are
characteristic of the shore line regions. It has two pretty well
marked forms, one for the water and one for the land, although
the habit of having 2 sorts of leaves, one submersed and the other
emersed, is a step in this direction.
23. SHINING PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON LUCENS Linnaus
Widely scattered in small patches through the lake in shallow
water growing at a depth of from 6 to 8 feet, and usually mixed in
with other pondweeds such as P. amplifolius and the like. It
usually grows in rather small patches of only a few plants each.
There is, however, a fairly large patch of about 500 feet directly
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 111
out from the ice elevator at a depth of 4 or 5 feet. In general form
it resembles P. natans or P. americanus from which it can be distin-
guished by its shining leaves. What was thought to be this species
was seen in flower by Norris Inlet June 24, 1901, although its usual
time of flowering is in September and October. It remains green
all winter, even the floating leaves not decaying in autumn but be-
coming embedded in the ice during the winter.
24. VARIOUS-LEAVED PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON HETEKOPHYLLUS Schcrbcr
Although this species apparently strays out into deep water at
times it is in the main a shallow water plant found rather close to
shore and confined chiefly within the five-foot line. One of the
largest and best known patches is out a little way in front of the
Scovell cottage on Long Point. There are occasional patches or
single plants scattered along the shore of Long Point, and it was
found rather frequently in the northern part of the lake. It keeps
its form all winter, the leaves turning purplish-brown.
25. COMMON FLOATING PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON NATANS Linnams
This, one of the most common and widely distributed of the
pond weeds, does not cover large areas in Lake Maxinkuckee, but is
frequently found in small scattered patches in shallow water near
shore, frequently associated with other pondweeds, especially the
fennel-leaved pondweed, P. pectinahis. It was not noted in water
over 6 or 8 feet deep. Among the localities at which it was noted
are : A few plants near McSheehy's pier, a good patch near Mur-
ray's, a patch south of the old ice elevator, some in lagoons in Long
Point flat (an area now all filled in), a small patch by Darnell's, a
dense thick patch near Overmyer's low woodland, and at the delta
at the mouth of Spangler Creek.
It is common in the shallow water and black muddy bottom at
the upper end of Lost Lake. Here, however, no floating leaves
were produced. Some grew in the thoroughfare between the
lakes.
P. natans grows either in sandy or mucky bottom and retains
its form and green color after the ice has covered the lake, and
probably some plants remain green the whole winter through. It
produces a new growth early in the spring. By May 30 slender
phyllodia had been developed on some of the plants for several
days and the broad floating leaves were beginning to show well.
It was noted in flower July 24.
12— 17618— Vol. 2
178 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
26. INTERRUPTED PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON INTERRUPTUS Kitaibel
A small pondweed much resembling P. pectinatus, growing in
shallow water. Found near the Depot pier in the autumn of 1904.
In the winter the rootstocks are thickened into tuber-like objects
which are often uncovered by the waves which probably function as
agents of dissemination.
27. WATER MARIGOLD
MEGALODONTA BECKII (Torrey)
Rather common in the lake ; of irregular distribution. During
the autumn of 1900, there was a dense and quite large patch near
the Ice-houses, but during the following winter it disappeared.
Some of the plants remain green all winter — the tops break off,
and drift, sometimes into deeper and occasionally into shallow
water. They strike root at the basal end and probably catch and
grow. In plants of such a habit, the patches in the lake have no
permanent position, but may be found in one place one year and
another the next, according to where they have drifted and found
congenial conditions. This is one of the handsomest of our water-
plants.
28. CARPET CHARA
CHARA CONTRARIA A. Braun
A stout species of Chara, growing about 8 inches high, form-
ing a dense mat over marly portions of the lake in water from
5 to 8 feet deep. It forms a covering over most of the bottom of
Outlet Bay out from Long Point, and, indeed, almost everywhere
in the lake where bottom and depth are favorable. It was scarce
or absent in shallow water from Norris pier over toward the eastern
shore, probably on account of the peaty bottom. It is among this
Chara that the small organisms of the lake, insect larvae, Asellus,
and the like find refuge, and here, too. the darters and small fishes
spend much of the winter. On account of the habit of this species
of forming a dense mat over the bottom it is generally referred to
as the Carpet Chara.
29. LARGE YELLOW POND LILY
NYMPH^EA ADVENA Solander
Distribution rather scattered in Lake Maxinkuckee, as it is fond
of shallow water and rich mud, and these places are only occasional
in the lake. It is found in the Outlet below the wagon bridge, along
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 179
the southwest shore of the lake at the beginning of Overmyer's
woods, and some along shore in front of Culver Military Academy
grounds, also in the region of Norris Inlet.
It is very abundant in Lost Lake. Here great masses of roots
occasionally arise to the surface, making a sort of floating island.
They have the appearance of having been lifted by some upheaving
force. Some have attributed these upheavals to the presence of
marsh gas, but it is more probable the soft bottom is unable to hold
down the buoyant mass when it has grown beyond certain dimen-
sions. These great masses, floating on the surface, impede boat-
ing and give a tropical aspect to the sluggish dark water of Lost
Lake. This plant also grows in Green's marsh. It is one of those
plants of tolerably wide range of environment varying from a
marsh plant to one growing in rather deep water with only floating
leaves and flowers exposed, and it exhibits a marked response to
environment, as do most plants of this sort. The swamp plants
have stout stems, with the leaves stiff and firm, standing at an
angle and sometimes with traces of fluting radiating from the
base of the petiole, suggesting that of a palm leaf fan. The stems
of the water forms are flaccid, and the leaves always horizontal,
floating on the surface of the water. The young leaves have a
peculiar rich violet coloration which may serve as a protection from
the rays of the sun.
By April 26, 1.901, the leaves were up and floating quite in sum-
mer fashion, and by May 19, 1901 the plants were in flower in
Green's marsh.
30. WATER-SHIELD
BRASENIA SCHREBERI Gmclin
Rather common in the north edge of Lost Lake, and along near
the Inlet, and by the green boathouse. It does not appear to blos-
som frequently here. The young leaves down close to the rootstock
do not die during winter, but remain ready to come up at once on
the return of spring.
Green leaves washed ashore on east side Lost Lake November
3, 1904.
The floating leaves have a beautiful autumnal coloration, turn-
ing bright red or purplish. The flower, although not showy, is
handsome and attractive. A remarkable feature of the plant is
its gelatinous coating which makes it appear as if enclosed in glass.
The function of this coating is not clear, and it is absent in its near
relatives, the water-lilies.
180 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
31. SWEET-SCENTED WHITE WATER LILY; POND LILY
CASTALIA ODORATA (Dryander)
Rather scarce in Lake Maxinkuckee, only a few plants having
been found, — some at the head of the Outlet, some near Norris
Inlet, a small patch at the culvert north of Winfield's and a few
over near the Academy grounds. It does not thrive nor increase
much in the lake as it does not find there the rich deep mucky
bottom in which it delights.
It is common in Lost Lake, and flowers fairly well, but the flow-
ers are not so large nor so fragrant as those found in Twin Lakes
near Plymouth. Our plant seems indeed to approach more nearly
to C. tuberosa (Paine) Greene, but has the leaves purplish beneath,
which is a characteristic of odorata.
32. FULL-FRUITED CHARA
CHARA FOLIOLOSA Muhlenberg
This, according to Robinson, is the proper name for the species
generally known as gymnopus.
This is the species mentioned in the field notes as the "full-
fruited Chara". A short, very fuzzy, leafy Chara growing in small
clumps just below the water's edge along Long Point, Winfield's,
etc., in sand. It was usually conspicuously red from the great
abundance of fruit. The following are field notes :
"Chara, alcoholic specimen in bottle marked Sp. No. 4, a Chara
growing in dense tufts near the shore. Roots or rhizoids very thin,
numerous, hyaline. Stems much branched from the base, many
branches arising in clumps on a rather stout, short transparent
prostrate stem. Internodes of secondary stems somewhat stout,
all above the first quite rough, the first smooth. Internodes yellow-
ish (lowest) or pale green (upper) about 14 mcn l°n8'> turning
white on drying. Leaves 6 or 7 in a whorl, with a branch bear-
ing fruit and leaves in almost every whorl. Leaves and whole
aspect of plant roughish, the upper leaves densely crowded along
the upper side with small globular orange-red antheridia. Leaves
very rough from rows of "stipules". Whole plant about 2 or 3
inches high. The fruits consist of about 2 or 3 pairs of sex-organs
arranged as follows, counting from below: (1) a dark orange,
red globular antheridium, and above it an oblong light orange
oogonium. The simple lens shows the roughness of the main stem
to be due to small downward-projecting "stickers" or stipules.
On the leaves the same structures are in circles around the leaf
and point upward.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 181
With the low power of the microscope the rhizoids are long
hyaline unicellular hairs. Clear rootstock-like object with large ir-
regular tubercle-like lumps ; perhaps from these lumps the branches
have been accidently removed. Connected with these and without
any intervening septa? is a long tubular uncorticated cell, hyaline
below where there is no coating of material. In this cell very active
protoplasmic streaming may be noted, downward on one side and
upward on the other, each side of a narrow oblique line of rest. A
considerable number of large clear globular bodies like oil-drops,
and innumerable minute granules make up the rapid streaming
mass. Above this cell is encrusted, and movements cannot be ob-
served. At the upper end of this cell is a node where there is a
large number of turgid approximately equiaxial nodal cells. There
was no cortex on the second internode. The third and all following
internodes are corticated in the manner described below.
The cortex extends parallel with the long axis of the internode,
or nearly so, exhibiting very little torsion. The cortical cells are
turgid, cylindrical, about 3 times as long as broad, and there are as
many as 10 or more placed end to end in one internode. In every
third row of cortical cells there is between the ends of any two suc-
ceeding cells, a short rectangular cell of a rich dark-green color.
These cells are at about the same height on the internode, so each
series makes a circle of studs around the central cell. The cortical
cells each side of those furnished with the rectangular stud-cells
are not thus furnished but have their ends in contact at about the
middle point of the stud-cells, so that the series of cortical cells with
the stud-cells breaks ranks with the next pair of series of each side
where there are no intercalations. These intercalated cells prove
on further examination to be optical sections of the base of
trichomes or "stipules" which project from the internode. These
stipules are elongate conical cells, somewhat acute at the apex, and
the fact that they are viewed end on, showing greater depth, makes
them appear much greener than the other cells.
The stipules situated at the base of the internode appear in
general to point upward, those in the upper part downward. Just
below each node these form a long thick fringe which hangs down-
ward.
Antheridia, brick-red globes with shield cells finely displayed
surrounded by a peripheral layer of light clear green cells, are
situated below the oogonium and its subtending leaves.
Oogonium lighter orange-red, barrel-shaped, its investing cells
twisted very strongly. Coronal cells 5, the apex being blunt.
Stems or branches corticated to near the end with a series of
182 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
straight cells, reaching the whole length of the internode. At each
node a whorl of trichomes or stipules of the shape and form already
described. Beyond any cortex is one long cylindrical naked cell
with its chloroplasts apparently in rows. This cell has near its
apex a whorl of short trichomes. The entire series ends in a pyra-
midal acutish apical cell. This plant is frequently covered with
very brown, boatshaped diatoms (Navicula).
Common along the east shore of Long Point in sandy bottom
and shallow water. Found also near Lakeview hotel, and by Win-
field's.
April 30, 1901, and for a few days after, patches were observed
coming up rapidly near shore, probably this. May 30, 1901, a very
dense minute growth probably this, east side, Culver Bay.
33. NITELLA sp.
One of the deepest growing species of plants in the lake is a
charad of which there appears to be considerable difficulty in get-
ting any satisfactory identification. It is found growing at a depth
of 25 feet, its range being from 12-25 feet. Dr. Scovell gives the
following notes concerning it :
"A tall, slender, rank-growing plant, soft and flexible and quite
free from lime. To the naked eye the plant seems made up of
alternating light and dark sections of about the same length, per-
haps one thirty-second of an inch. It was most abundant in water
from 18 to 22 feet in depth, ranging from 12 ft. to 25 ft. It was
especially abundant in the deep hole just east of the Gravelpit
and along the bar running northeasterly from Long Point. Dredg-
ing in over 60 different localities we found this Nitella in 46 local-
ities in water from 18 to 22 feet deep. In 37 localities we found
it between 22 and 24 feet in depth, and in 34 localities we found
it between 16 and 18 feet in depth. It is rather more abundant in
the north, west and south than on the east."
We have no record of having found this species in fruit, and it
is possible that, growing at such depths, it produces fruit but
rarely. It appears to be this species of which Dr. Robinson re-
marks : "The material seems to be entirely sterile and I cannot
match it with anything. It has much in common with the South
American N. monodactyla A. Br., so far as can be told from the
descriptions and from drawings and notes in the Allen herbarium,
but there is no South American material of that species in the col-
lections of the N. Y. Botanical Garden. There has also been pre-
served a copy of a letter from Dr. Allen to some unnamed person,
probably Rev. Thomas Morong, from which it would seem that the
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 183
former had received from his correspondent material from North
America of what he believed was N. monodactyla. This might
well refer to early collections of the present species, but too many
of the present deductions are conjectural to admit of anything- ap-
proaching- certainty. If this species should turn up in fruit, its
study may be of great interest."
34. NITELLA TENUISSIMA Kuetzing
A Nitella growing in rather shallow water, 1-3 feet, in positions
similar to "sp. No. 4 Chara". The specimens were preserved in
alcohol labelled "Sp. No. 5 Nitella".
The whole plant grows in rather dense tufts, about 1 inch in
diameter. Color dark green. Rhizoids not conspicuous. Main
stems many, exceedingly slender, the internodes hardly more
than 1/12 in. long. The branches arise in whorls making a dense
globular mass at each node, so that the plant looks a good deal like
Rivularia spheres attached to a slender stalk. These spheroids of
branches are larger and closer together toward the apex of the
plant.
With low power of the microscope: Rhizoids long, hyaline,
cylindrical tubes with occasional peculiar thickenings. The inter-
node below the whorl is clear, and in it active movements of the pro-
toplasm may be seen. Higher internodes light green. The inter-
nodal cell is expanded like the ball of a ball and socket joint at the
node.
The masses formed by the nodes were quite firm, and had to be
flattened out by compression, before study. A node flattened out
presented the following appearance : From the node on the central
axis radiate several rather stout cells, the basal cells of branches
which branch repeatedly in the manner described above. About
the axis of the tertiary branches are formed the reproductive
organs. Antheridia globular, brick-red, the brick-red portion sur-
rounding clear cells. The shield-cells show up fairly well, but are
not so large as in the Chara just described (foliolosa). All the
internodal cells of whatever order are tolerably short. The final
members of the series or leaves are long slender cylindrical cells
composed of one long slender cell of uniform diameter and a sharp
attenuated conical cell at the apex.
Oogonia from nearby globular to short ovoid, on the same node
as the antheridium and on a level with it. Contents dark in color,
the cells of its investing integument in a close spiral. Crown 2-
celled. In the autumn of 1900 a great deal of this Nitella was
184 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
found in Outlet Bay in water 2 to 3 feet deep and generally asso-
ciated with the shortish very stout hispidulous Chara common in
Lost Lake.
35. CHARA FRAGILIS Dcsvaux
Occasional in the lake, rather similar to Chara contraria but
more slender and with longer leaves. It was occasionally raked
up with other plants but we have no specific knowledge of its
distribution.
3G. SLENDER NAIAS
NAIAS FLEXILIS (Willdcnow)
Common along shore in water from 1 to 4 feet deep, the plant
preferring sandy bottom. Some of the plants have a reddish cast
while others are bright green. The plants, especially those of the
shallow water, die down completely during the winter, reproducing
by minute shining black seeds. Its general habit suggests unusual
methods of fertilization but nothing was found out about how this
takes place. It is a very graceful, attractive plant.
37. GRASS-LEAVED ARROWHEAD
SAGITTARIA GRAMINEA Michaux
Not common in Lake Maxinkuckee, only one patch known, in
the vicinity of the old ice office. There is a fair-sized patch in
Lost Lake below the Bardsley cottage. Unlike any of the other
Sagittarias in habit, the sharp broad leaves form a rosette at
the base, at the bottom of the lake, bearing a considerable re-
semblance to the plant of seven-angled pipewort or a more remote
resemblance to the old-fashioned "hen and chickens". It propa-
gates extensively by runners, and the deeper water plants perhaps
propagate entirely in that manner. The flowers, which are rather
few, are exceedingly pretty, both inner and outer perianth-seg-
ments being petal-like, variously waved and crumped so that the
flower looks somewhat double, the color being a faint delicate pink.
38. SEVEN-ANGLED PIPEWORT
ERIOCAULON SEPTANGULARE Withering
Not very common, except in a few patches. About June 5,
1901, young green leaves were noted in Lake Maxinkuckee; found
in 3 places (1) by Winfield's; (2) southwest side of Outlet Bay
east of the wagon road; and (3) by Norris Inlet. It grows in
shallow water 3 or 4 feet deep, in mud not far from shore. The
plant has a rosette of leaves much resembling that of Sagittaria
graminea. The plants are very common at Bass Lake. The flower
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 185
heads are of a peculiar misty gray, at the same time so quietly self-
obliterating that one turns to a well known patch where he con-
fidently expected them to be with a sense of discovery and surprise.
39. AMERICAN GREAT BULRUSH; MAT-RUSH
SCIRPUS VALIDUS Vahl
This bulrush is the most aquatic species of the genus. It is,
perhaps, on account of its more aquatic habit that it departs more
than a great number of them from the sedge type of stem. For
while it is here cylindrical it is in S. americanus and many of the
land dwelling species actually triangular, and in a number of leafy
species — S. cyprinus, S. lineahis and S. atrovirens, triangular with
blunt rounded angles.
There were many patches about the lake and in the water as
follows: A small patch in a longer and denser patch of S. ameri-
canus at Long Point, and north of the base of Long Point. It is
also in the water near the Outlet, and there is a small patch opposite
elevator pond. Near the Ice-houses it runs out far into the water
in a long sharp point. There is a patch west of Lakeview hotel.
A thin patch runs far out into the lake south of Farrar's on shoals,
and still farther out, south of the pond, along the southwest
shore of the lake, and in front of Farrar's, though no rushes
come to the shore there. At the place where the forest comes to
the shore, on the south side of the lake, a patch of these rushes
begins about 10 feet from shore, and beyond a patch of S. ameri-
canus which fringes the shore. This patch of bulrushes is very
thin. At Overmyer's spring S. validus is thin near the shore, but
is abundant far out. It also grows on the shore here. There is a
great patch in the water opposite the green boat-house and they
grow abundantly far from shore in the Inlet marsh. From Norris
Inlet halfway to Norris's they extend far out into the water. The
eastern shore — on account of its pebbly and rather steep bottom —
is wholly free from them and none is found until the patches in
Culver Bay, south of the Academy grounds. One patch here is
peculiar, very small, glaucus and soft. The scattered patches here
are few, and pretty far out directly in front of the Academy
grounds. Bulrushes also grow about the edges of Lost Lake, es-
pecially at the entrance of Lake Maxinkuckee Outlet, and they are
found in scattered patches on Green's marsh.
Both S. validus and S. americanus occasionally present culms
that grow in the form of a spiral. Because of the absence of mud.
the great bulrush is not nearly so common and thick at Lake Max-
186 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
inkuckee as at many of the small lakes of Indiana. At Eagle Lake
near Warsaw, this plant presented two distinct forms, one soft,
easily crushed and pale glaucus, and the other bright green and
very firm. The soft pale form was very rare at Lake Maxinkuckee,
but appears to be increasing considerably of late years. At Eagle
Lake, too, the bases of the culms were very frequently covered with
green sponges, while this was not at all common at Lake Maxin-
kuckee. The parts of the plants above water seem to die very
slowly and imperceptibly during the winter, and their bases under
water remain fresh, succulent, and green down to the white base.
On April 14, 1901, bases were washed up fresh and green. They
seem to be pulled up somewhat by ice cakes. On April 30 the
old bases were noted thickly coated with a much-branched fine
sort of alga. By May 3, the plants were observed sticking up well
out of the water in Lost Lake. On May 4 they were up and ready
to blossom near the Outlet in Lake Maxinkuckee, and were ob-
served in about the same condition May 10 in Green's marsh. By
May 20 they were in blossom.
The rush-patches offer a retreat for small floating plants, and
the patch north of the Ice-houses contained Wolffia, Spirodela and
Ricciocarpus. This was the only place these plants ventured to
grow in the lake except in the sheltered region near the Norris
Inlet. Muskrats like to keep among rush-patches and use the
stems to some extent in their nests.
40. THREE-CORNERED BULRUSH
SCIRPUS AMERICANUS Persoon
Very common, fringing the lake in patches wherever the condi-
tions were favorable, as about Long Point, in front of the Barnes
cottage, a small patch at Green's pier, a very long patch south of
Green's extending to Murray's, south of the pond or marsh south
of Farrar's, opposite the spongy spring hill on the southwest shore
of the lake, by the green boathouse near Norris Inlet, and from
Norris Inlet to beyond the Norris farm, where a long row of tall
willows comes down to the lake. From this point to Culver Bay
there is none, the descent of land to the water being too sudden. It
begins again in occasional patches where the road comes down to
the lake near Culver Military Academy, and a patch fringes most of
Culver Bay in front of the grounds. It grows east of the Palmer
House, and east of Lakeview Hotel and beginning again at the
railroad pumping station it extends in pretty continuous patches
to the Outlet. It seems to prefer a flatfish bottom of mixed marl,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 187
muck and sand, and rarely extends in water deeper than 18 inches
or two feet. Where the bottom is level and shallow it will extend
out into the lake considerable distances, but where there is more
slope to the shore the belt is narrow. At Long Point a little grows
on the shore; as also south of Green's. It grows in a swamp back
of the ice-beach south of the lake. On the springy hill south of
the lake a little patch grows on land quite a way back from the
lake, while in a low, flat springy field along the lake near the Culver
Military Academy grounds (across the road from the lake) there
is a great continuous patch of this plant. Like the great bulrush,
S. validus, and like the various species of Eleocharis, this plant
spreads by means of rootstocks and proceeds out into the water in
more or less straight rows. In the autumn the part above water
gradually dies and turns brown, but the portion under water stays
green all winter. It had begun to look dead and brown by Septem-
ber 28, 1900.
By May 5, 1901, it began to show in the bottom near shore as
exceedingly short stubble ; it soon showed up well and green at
the edge of the lake; by May 25 the flower buds showed, and by
June 7 it was in flower, though short (6 inches) in the lake.
A large patch of this species was observed on a bar at the edge
of Tuttle's Island in the Auglaize River a few miles above Defiance,
Ohio, all or nearly all of the culms of which were markedly spiral,
and the patch as a whole presented a remarkable aspect quite un-
like anything else that comes to mind, especially when the wind
swayed them slightly and the masses of light and shade ran up
and down them in a fantastic manner. There was something at-
tractively tipsy in the appearance of the group, and this form, if it
remained fixed, would be a valuable addition to parks containing
ponds or lakes.
41. STIFF WHITE WATER CROW-FOOT
BATRACHIUM TRICHOPHYLLUM (Chaix)
Rather common in the lake near shore from the Ice-houses
north to Culver ; also common in Lost Lake near shore south of the
Bardsley cottage. Some also found by the green boathouse. In
flower in Lost Lake, June 8, 1901. The plants are many of them
washed out by the high waves of autumn, but they strike root
again. The leaves stay green all winter. Frequently in late au-
tumn the plants are covered, as are most of the plants of the lake,
by a thick growth of diatoms. Of recent years this species has in-
creased in abundance and is now common along the shore south of
the Ice-houses and in the neighborhood of Chadwick's pier.
188 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
42. TRUE WATER-CRESS
SISYMBRIUM NASTURTIUM-AQUATKUM Linnaeus
Scattered in various places along the lake shore, as, at the
Barnes cottage, along the north side near the Culver pier, and down
near Farrar's. The largest patch was in the mouth of the small
creek which enters the lake near the road, at Culver Bay.
43. KNOTTED SPIKE-RUSH
ELEOCHARIS INTERSTINCTA (Vahl)
This interesting plant is of local distribution in the lakes, there
being several patches in Lake Maxinkuckee as follows :
(1) A large irregular patch north of Winfield's, extending in
a sharp point some distance out into the water.
(2) A patch in the water opposite the hill between the pump-
ing station and depot.
(3) A patch south of Farrar's, opposite the beginning of the
forest.
(4) A good patch out from the hill southwest of the lake where
the high bank comes down to the lake.
(5) Great patches by the green boathouse.
There was also a large patch in Lost Lake along the southwest
shore.
This plant grows in rather dense patches, and projects high
above the water, so the distribution is easily made out. In gen-
eral appearance it resembles an Equisetum. The fruit is a cone-
like affair. In the autumn the plants assume a beautiful golden
color, but the tops quite quickly succumb to the frost and lop over.
The plants showed above the surface of the water by May 30, 1901.
The seeds are shed in autumn before the water freezes. The
plants of this species are extensively used by the muskrats in the
fall in building their winter houses.
44. ANGLED SPIKE-RUSH
ELEOCHARIS MUTATA (Linnaus)
Only one small patch of this spike-rush was found in the lake
and this was in the neighborhood of the green boathouse west of
Norris Inlet. The patch was so mixed in with other weeds — bul-
rushes and arrow-heads — that it was difficult to find. It grows in
shallow water, hardly more than a foot deep, and projects well out
of the water.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 189
45. CREEPING SPIKE-RUSH
ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS (Linnaeus)
This is one of the most variable in size and general appearance
of all the spike-rushes, sometimes being tall and stout, and resem-
bling a small bulrush, and at other times rather small and incon-
spicuous like its smaller relatives. One tall patch was found at
Long Point, along the north side of that cape, and another by the
green boathouse. It was also found at Fletcher Lake, near Logans-
port.
Like the other species of Eleocharis it grows in rather shallow
water, hardly ever over a foot in depth, and never far out from
shore. Like the other species, too, it spreads by means of root-
stalks. It was sticking up well out of the water by May 28, 1901,
at Long Point, and by June 6 was in blossom.
46. ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS GLAUCESCENS Willdenow
This form was found along the beach toward the south end of
the lake.
47. NEEDLE SPIKE-RUSH
ELEOCHARIS ACICULARIS (Linnaus)
One of the most minute of the spike-rushes, common at the
water's edge and in low, damp places, often appearing like a growth
of fine stiff green hairs. The plants grow in straight rows like
drills in every direction in shallow water near shore, forming net-
works. Patches were found in front of the Arlington Hotel ; com-
mon on the west shore of Lost Lake, also at bottom of the Outlet,
far down, and a large amount found at the tamarack swamp west
of Lake Maxinkuckee.
In flower on Green's marsh, May 29, 1901.
48. BROAD-LEAVED ARROWHEAD
SAGITTARIA LATIFOLIA Willdenow
Found scattered along the shore at the water's edge usually in
mud, but sometimes in sandy places, in which case the plants were
small with rather narrow leaves, as at Long Point and at Outlet
Bay, at Winfield's, etc. Usually it grows in mud, as in the region
of Norris Inlet, and here the plants were stout and the leaves broad.
Fruiting about September 28 near Winfield's. For propagation, in
addition to seeds, these plants form large round bluish tubers about
the size of a walnut. These tubers have a rich crisp yellowish in-
terior and a pleasant sweetish taste, and seem to be formed here
only exceptionally. The plants had sprouted well by May 24, 1903.
190 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Leaves of a patch growing in a ditch near Farrar's were orna-
mented with white blotches while some of those growing at the edge
of the lake had the leaves ornamented with dark purple spots.
49. PICKEREL-WEED
PONTEDERIA (OKDATA Linnseus
Quite common in shallow water along muddy shores. Loca-
tions are as follows : Near Long Point ; a large patch in the cut-off
swamp between Farrar's and Overmyer's ; by the Ice-houses, north
of Winfield's; and off Culver Military Academy grounds. South
of the marsh near Overmyer's, extending beyond Norris Inlet is a
nearly continuous patch, the patch being largest in the vicinity of
the green boathouse. Abundant also along Lost Lake outlet.
Pontederia is fond of growing in muddy bottom, from the bank
to where the water is about 10 inches to a foot deep. The leaves
succumb early to frosts in autumn, but the part below water and
young leaves remain green. Cattle do not seem to dislike it, as the
plants by the springy flat near Overmyer's field were neatly
cropped off.
There is a peculiar attractiveness about this plant with its thick
dark green leaves, and spikes of blue flowers with a central spot of
yellow, growing in tropical luxuriance at the water's edge. It
frequently makes a rather narrow zone between the stretch of
Scirpus americanus, growing in water to the depth of 1.5 to 2 feet.
50. GREEN ARROW-ARUM
PELTANDRA VIRGINK A (Linnaeus)
Not very abundant but scattered about in various wet places.
It was most abundant at the Outlet, both at the head and along the
margins. Plants were occasionally seen along the south shore of
the lake, and were pretty abundant near Norris Inlet. They were
also found in marshes west of the lake. In late autumn the fruits
are abundantly scattered along the shore of the Outlet and of Lost
Lake. The seeds, enclosed in a large dark-green spathe and sur-
rounded by a clear jelly-like aril, are said to be a favorite food of
wild geese along the Kankakee, where it is abundant.
51. BRISTLY SEDGE
CAREX COMOSA Boott
This very handsome and well-marked sedge grows in tufts in
the water at the south end of Lost Lake and along by Norris Inlet.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 191
So strongly aquatic is it in habit that it deserves to be placed among
the water plants. The spikes were well developed in swamps by
the Norris Inlet June 22, 1901.
52. BROAD-LEAVED CAT-TAIL
TYPHA LATIFOLIA Limueus
This plant does not form extensive patches here as it frequently
does elsewhere. There are a couple of small patches along the
northwest shore of the lake north of the Ice-houses. There is a
considerable patch along the railroad between Lake Maxinkuckee
and Lost Lake, and another patch, a continuation of this, on the
northeast shore of Lost Lake. The plants grow quite thick in a
patch — the result of its propagating by underground root-stalks.
It likes to grow in rich, soft, mucky soil, from hardly in more than
a few inches of water to where the soil is simply soaked. In its
moister situations it is associated with Scirpi (S. americanus or S.
validus), and in its dryer, with sedges. Where it grows in water
such algaB as Chsetophora attach themselves to the submerged por-
tions of the stem. Various marsh loving birds, as song sparrows,
red-winged blackbirds, and particularly the marsh wrens, find it a
good hiding place, and the latter bird most frequently chooses the
cattail patches for nesting places. Some insects, among them
grasshoppers, like the brown of the fruit, and frequently eat it off
until the seeds are bare and show. The cat-tail generally comes
apart, and the seeds with their fuzzy parachutes are distributed
by the wind. In the autumn the leaves turn light brown and
dead, beginning at the top and drying so gradually that it is
impossible to say just when the stalk is fully dead.
53. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE
DECODON VERTICILLATUS Linnaeus
Common. There was formerly a narrow patch along the south
shore of Outlet Bay, near the Outlet, but this has been removed by
grading and cleaning out the brush at this place. It is common
along the Outlet of Lost Lake but by far the greatest patches are
along the sides of Norris Inlet- where the wide border of these
plants forms an almost impenetrable low thicket particularly hard
to penetrate because of the loops made by the bowed-over plants.
The tips dipping into the water entangle duckweeds and drift of
all sorts, so that this plant is one of the most effective agencies in
extending the domain of the sedgy marsh into the lake. This
192 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
species is remarkable for the great mass of spongy tissue about the
bases of the stems.
In winter the muskrats feed to some extent upon the Decodon
bark.
Aquatic Plants of Lost Lake
The list of aquatic plants given above contains only those to be
found in the larger lake and does not by any means include all that
are to be found in the region. Very closely connected with Lake
Maxinkuckee is a smaller lake known as Lost Lake, Little Lake or
Little Lake Maxinkuckee. This lake, a comparatively shallow body
of water with a rich muddy bottom, contains a remarkable assem-
blage of plants some of which are related to the fish life of the lake
in a more striking manner than any of the plants of Lake Maxin-
kuckee. It is somewhat surprising that some, or most, of these
plants are not found in Lake Maxinkuckee, especially in the vicinity
of Norris Inlet, where conditions are very similar to those of Lost
Lake. The various species of bladderworts are to be found in Lost
Lake, as well as a species of milfoil and several delicate and exceed-
ingly beautiful forms of Chara and Nitella.
In the discussion of the aquatic flora of Lake Maxinkuckee, any
reference to the forms to be found only in Lost Lake has been
sedulously avoided, and the incidental reference to Lost Lake, to
those found growing in both lakes, was a rather unfortunate ne-
cessity, as it was not wished to interrupt the sequence or attract
attention from the unity of the flora of the large lake. The fact
that Lost Lake has some importance as a fishing resort justifies the
addition, in an appendix, of the list of the aquatics to be found in
Lost Lake.
1. RECLINED BLADDERWORT
LECTICULA RESUPINATA (B. D. Greene)
This bladderwort was not found in the region of the lakes until
the summer of 1906. In that summer a dam was thrown across
the Outlet of Lake Maxinkuckee at the railroad bridge, and as a
result the water of Lost Lake drained rapidly away to a large ex-
tent, leaving broad beaches. Upon the broad beach thus formed,
just south of the Bardsley cottage, the Reclined Bladderwort was
found in abundance.
2. PURPLE BLADDERWORT
VESICULINA PURPUREA (Walter)
Found in flower, September 18, 1900, a little way down the out-
let of Lost Lake in shallow water among the dense mixed vegetation
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 103
of Nymphsea advena, Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum.
It had previously been recorded from only one locality in the state,
in Lake County, and was found about the same time by Mr. W. S.
Blatchley in some abundance in Cedar and Mud lakes near South
Bend. Winter buds were collected during the winter of 1900-1901
and a few were found in the same region in the early winter of 1904
and on subsequent occasions. An attempt was made to keep some
of these plants in a small aquarium but they did not thrive. Under
suitable conditions they should do so and would make very desir-
able plants for aquariums. Strictly speaking, this species does not
form winter buds, as most of the bladderworts do. The short
young upper leaves and branches simply coil up circinately after
the fashion of fern buds, or the sundew, and remain in that condi-
tion until the growing season in spring.
This is one of the most graceful species of the genus, the whorled
arrangement of the branches giving it the general appearance of
a charad. The effectiveness of the rather small bladders as animal
traps was not investigated.
3. GREATER BLADDERWORT
UTRICULARIA MACRORHIZA Leconte
Very common in the north end of Lest Lake, making consider-
able masses of vegetation ; abundant also down the outlet of Lost
Lake near Walley's. Common in the shallow ponds and ditches of
Green's marsh, and found in a permanent pond east of the lake
north of the Maxinkuckee road. Not nearly so abundant in the
Lake Maxinkuckee region as in Twin Lakes a few miles farther
north, where they grow in great abundance and most luxuriantly
in one of the lakes.
The plants begin rather early in the autumn (September 17,
1900) to form hibernating buds which vary in size from that of a
pea to that of a good-sized marble. The upper leaves of the plant
coil up into an exceedingly firm ball, the lower leaves are shed, leav-
ing the propagating buds at the end of a long delicate looking
slender string, which looks easy to break but proves exceedingly
tough and strong. The stem decays during the winter. The win-
ter buds are held together by a sort of gluey secretion. They prob-
ably, most of them, sink to the bottom and remain all winter. How-
ever, in the winter of 1904, great numbers were found half sticking
up out of the ice and half buried in it.
Winter buds placed in water in a warm room appear to behave
differently, probably according to whether the bud was taken in its
13— 17618— Vol. 2
194 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
early stages or after it had fully set. Some taken late in the au-
tumn of 1912 were kept all winter in a warm room in a laboratory
tank of still water, but made no signs of opening until spring, and
then never amounted to a great deal.
If the buds, before too well set, are placed in a vessel in a warm
room they open, they will grow rapidly and fill the vessel with sur-
prising quickness. While many of the bladderworts remain a deli-
cate translucent green, in many other cases the bladders develop a
purple or violet color, and this hue in some cases becomes so deep
that the bladders appear jet black or wholly opaque. Such plants,
specially where they can be so arranged as to be compared with the
green form, have a high ornamental value. A plant kept in a jar
developed this rich color. One naturally thinks such bladders are
full of insects or prey, but examination often proves them empty
or nearly so.
In the early spring the buds expand and grow with great rapid-
ity. Though no plants had been noted before April 15, 1901, on
that date plants about two inches long, with bladders of good size,
were observed in Lost Lake and Green's marsh and were of a fine
purple color. By May 19, one flower seen in Green's marsh ; abund-
antly in flower and bud in marsh north of Lost Lake; May 24
many flowers seen, same place.
Many of the bladders were opened and found empty. A num-
ber of bladders were examined in early summer and abundant
remains of copepods and some ostracods were found inside the
bladders.
It appears, indeed, to be in the autumn just before the leaves
drop off and the bud forms for winter, that these bladders are most
active in capturing prey. The structure of the bladder is peculiar,
the whole organ bearing considerable superficial resemblance to a
water flea (Daphnia), the long guides projecting from the mouth
of the bladder resembling much the anterior legs of the crustacean.
The plant probably needs an extra amount of food just before going
into hibernation to store up as well as to get material for the musci-
laginous secretion, and possibly the entomostraca and hydrachnids,
benumbed by the coming winter's cold and seeking a place to hiber-
nate, find a place for a long sleep by snuggling up between the guid-
ing hairs and under the fatal trap door. Some collected in late
autumn in Twin Lakes had the bladders crammed with various
organisms, especially with a red hydrachnid that showed brightly
through the thin membranes of his trap. Concerning the relation
of this plant to fishes, Mr. E. G. Simms, Jr. (Fishing Gazette, May
31, 1884, quoted in Bull. U. S. F. C. IV, 1884, 257-8), speaks of it
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 195
as destroying newly hatched perch and roach by catching them
with its bladders, the fish usually being caught by the tail. As
an example of its destructive powers, he mentioned the fact that
of 150 newly hatched perch placed in a glass vessel only 1 or 2
were alive 2 days subsequently. Under natural conditions it is
not to be supposed that by any means so large a percentage of
fishes would be entrapped. Prof. H. N. Mosely (1. c. 259, 260,
quoted from Nature, May 22, 1884) gives an account of the same
case in fuller detail, and, in a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird (1. c. 261)
gives further interesting notes, ending with : "I have not found
any case of a young fish trapped by any specimen of Utricularia
taken from the pond in which it grows here, although there are
many fish in the pond."
Prof. S. A. Forbes (Bull. U. S. F. C. IV, 1884, 443, quoted from
Forest and Stream of September 4, 1884) speaks of the possible
injury Utricularia may cause by entrapping Crustacea which form
fish food. In 10 bladders of U. macrorhiza taken at random he
found the remains of 93 animals representing at least 28 species, of
which 76 individuals, representing 20 species, were entomostraca,
and he concludes that the plant "habitually and continuously con-
tends with them (young fry) for food, and it may be said to thrive
largely at their expense."
4. FLAT-LEAVED BLADDERWORT
UTRICULARIA INTERMEDIA Hayne
Abundant both in Lost Lake, in the flat meadow north of it, and
in Green's marsh. The water form differed so much from the
land form that it was only by repeated comparisons and study of
the two that their identity was established. The land form lies
prostrate on the ground with conspicuous two-ranked leaves. The
bladders are borne on separate stems ; they appear to be few on the
aquatic plants and in the land forms they grow more or less under
ground. They are larger than those of any other species observed,
and possess no chlorophyl so that they are entirely transparent.
No organisms were observed in any of them, but they have curious
large glands in the interior. The leaves of the water form are
differently arranged and are rather inconspicuous. It makes firm
winter buds which are much smaller than those of U. macrorhiza.
On April 25, 1901, it was observed growing in good shape, with
large bladders, in Green's marsh. Observed again on May 19 when
ill 3 first flower was seen; May 24, many flowers seen.
196 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
5. LESSER BLADDERWORT
UTRK CLARIA MINOR Linnaeus
Found in Lost Lake among the other bladderworts. A small
inconspicuous form. Small buds about the size of pinheads or a
little larger were found in Lost Lake during the winter which ap-
peared to belong to this species.
6. HUMPED BLADDERWORT
LTRK'ULARIA GIBBA Linnsrus
This species grows quite abundantly on the sand on the west
shore of Lost Lake, coming somewhat into shallow water and ex-
tending back a distance into the boggy soil. Here, in early Sep-
tember, 1900, the sprinkling of the numerous yellow flowers made
the patch quite attractive.
7. WEAK-STALKED CLUB-RUSH
SCIRPUS DEBILIS Pursh
Not common. A few plants found on the west shore of Lost
Lake at the water's edge, August 30, 1900. Not found in Lake
Maxinkuckee.
8. SPIKED WATER-MILFOIL
MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM Linnaeus
Not common, except from the south end of Lost Lake and on
down the outlet. A few plants were found in the pools along the
railroad between the lakes. This species is considerably more
graceful than M. verticillatum. In the pools along the railroad and
in the stagnant waters of Lost Lake the plants decay quickly in
autumn, the apex, which assumes the form of a compact pear-
shaped winter-bud of a copper color, alone remaining. Some dis-
tance down the outlet this plant was very abundant, and here,
where the current was rather swift, it did not decay, nor form
these buds, but retained its summer condition.
9. TWIG RUSH
MARISCUS MARISCOIDES (Muhlenberg)
A bulrush-like plant, found among other rushes close to the
water's edge. Found only in a small patch growing along the west
shore of Lost Lake.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 197
The Ferns, Fern-Allies, and Seed-Bearing Plants
In the systematic arrangement of the families and species in
this annotated list of the Ferns, Fem-Allies, and Seed-bearing
Plants of the Lake Maxinkuckee region, we have followed the
second edition of Britton and Brown's "Illustrated Flora of the
Northern United States, Canada, and the British Possessions"
(New York, 1913). We have also endeavored to follow the same
work in the spelling, capitalization, and punctuation of the scien-
tific and vernacular names. This, however, has caused us much
embarrassment, as the "Illustrated Flora" is full of inconsistencies
and absurdities in all these matters.
Although the aquatic species have been fully discussed in the
two preceding lists, it has been decided, for the sake of complete-
ness, to include them in the present chapter.
Family 1. Ophioglossace^e. Adder's-Tongue Family
i. ternate grape-fern
BOTRYCHIUM OBLIQUUM Muhl.
This fern is not common about Lake Maxinkuckee, and indeed,
does not appear to be particularly common anywhere within the
state. It is never found in patches, but usually occurs singly or
two or three individuals scattered here and there in rather open
woods. Examples were found in moist woods near a small pond
on the east side some distance back from the lake. It was also
found growing in damp woods on the Zechiel farm south of the
lake.
This fern is not often found in fruit in the vicinity of the lake.
It sends up from a short erect rootstock only one or two leaves,
which are thick and fleshy. The leaves do not die down in winter,
but take on a rich coppery-red or bronze tinge, a color assumed by
the great majority of our plants with thick persistent leaves (red
cedar, Lonicera, Galax, etc.) A microscopic section of the winter
leaf shows that the chloroplasts are the seat of the red color and
that the redness is probably due to the fact that the chlorophyl has
passed into a resting condition.
All examples seen at the lake had entire rounded lobes and be-
long to the form known as B. obliquum. As found in some places
there is wide variation in the form of frond-segments, these in
some cases being cut up into finely dissected acute segments. Both
forms are found at Ft. Wayne, Indiana, and both are common about
Washington, D. C.
198 Lake Maxinknckee, Physical and Biological Survey
At Brookland, D. C, a clump of young plants was found, all
apparently offsprings of a single plant, and in all probability of a
mature individual found in their midst. The mature plant was of
the finely dissected form, and of the young (about nine in number)
two were finely dissected and the remainder round-lobed.
The low habit of this plant makes it rather inconspicuous dur-
ing the spring and summer. At this time it cannot compete with
the tall-growing ferns as an ornamental plant, and will never per-
haps grace gardens made to please the popular eye, which demands
flaming azaleas and gorgeous hollyhocks and dazzling Poinsettias.
It has a distinct place, however, in adding to the beauty of the
world. Like the blossom of the last witch-hazel in autumn, or the
hood of the first skunk cabbage in spring, or the red and gray of
the lichen and the green of the saturated moss, it makes a ramble
in the sere and barren woods pregnant with the possibility of a
discovery, and full of hope of the occurrence of a real event.
The plant yields to culture very well, and one planted in a city
dooryard flourished year after year without any especial care. Here
it passed unnoticed during the heydey of summertime, but later in
autumn when flowers were frosted and leaves were fallen and
brown, it was especially attractive ; the bright green of its summer
coloration being tinged with the edge of rose that later spread over
the whole leaf.
The clump of little plants spoken of above, showing variation
in foliage-form, has been potted. Though most of them appear to
be thriving they are as yet too small to tell how they will succeed as
potted in clumps. It appears doubtful, however, whether they will
have the same charm as they exhibit in their native woodlands.
Sometime, perhaps, our larger cities will have winter-parks,
where bittersweet and waxwork and fever-bush, clematis fuzz and
wild yam pods, and Christmas fern, and a dozen other things every
botanist can think of will show their best during the most cheerless
season; and then, in some little nook, the ternate grape-fern will
come to its own.
2. RATTLESNAKE-FERN; VIRGINIA GRAPE-FERN
BOTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Sw.
This species is considerably more abundant than the preceding
and is found scattered in rich shady woods, such as Farrar's and
Walley's. In leaf-texture and habit this plant is in marked con-
trast with the other. It fruits quite abundantly, and the thin leaf,
which withers very quickly upon being plucked, dies down early
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 199
in autumn. The plants were up well by May 24, 1901, in Farrar's
woods. Herbarium specimens collected southwest of the lake June
26, 1901.
Family 2. Osmundacfle. Royal Fern Family
3. royal fern
OSMUNDA KEGALIS L.
This tall handsome fern is quite abundant in Walley's swamp,
where it grows in large tussocks, often to the height of four or five
feet. On September 23, 1900, the ground, or rather peat, of this
swamp was covered in places by prothallia of a fern, doubtless this
species. On May 12, 1901, the plants were well up. The species
was also noted in swamp places in Farrar's woods.
The Royal Fern usually grows in rather deep woods about the
edge of ponds and swamps. It does not closely resemble the other
ferns of the genus or indeed any other fern, and is attractive as
much for its "otherishness" — oddity is not just the word — as any-
thing else. The form of leaf and venation remind one of fossil
forms, rather than common living species.
4. CINNAMON-FERN
OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA L.
This is one of the stateliest and most handsome of our native
ferns, often growing to a height of five feet or more. A great patch
crowned a hillside bordering the southeast side of Lost Lake plain,
and it was generally distributed throughout the flat low forest be-
tween Murray's and Farrar's along the old road that ran near
the shore of the lake.
About the middle of September, 1900, the plants of this species
were observed to be sending up from the base peculiar furry pro-
tuberances, which, from subsequent observations, appear to have
been the buds for the next year's growth. These dense brown
wooly conical buds were observed early the next spring. By April
22 they began to show active signs of growth, and five days later
they were six inches high, but not unfolded. The spores, which are
borne in great abundance in peculiar brown contracted fronds were
nearly ripe by May 12. On September 17, 1900, a large number of
prothallia were found near and under the parent plants.
This fern is frequently planted in city yards but does not ap-
pear to thrive well in such places, as they are usually too dry for it,
and the situation too cramped and crowded.
200 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
In a tamarack marsh near Lake of the Woods, Ind., in 1909,
quite a number of the intermediate fronds, where the foliaceous
fronds are more or less contracted and spore-bearing, were ob-
served.
5. CLAYTON'S FERN
OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA L.
This fern very closely resembles the preceding in general ap-
pearance and habits, and grows even somewhat taller. During the
fruiting season they are easily distinguished. In this species the
spores are borne on some of the middle pinnae of foliaceous leaves,
the pinnae bearing the spores being much contracted and brown.
It does not appear to be so common about the lake as the preceding.
Some plants were found in the low-ground marsh along the road
west of Farrar's.
Family 3. Polypodiace^e. Fern Family
6. sensitive fern
0NOCLEA SENSIBILIS L.
This fern is quite common in the vicinity of the lake, especially
in flat, moist, rather open, places. It grows most abundantly and
bears fruit to the greatest perfection in a swamp at the edge of
Zechiel's field, across the railroad from the birch swamp. It was
also observed in Green's marsh back of Long Point. It was well
up in leaf by May 12. Spores were well ripened by September 18
and dead ripe September 27.
7. BRITTLE FERN
FILIX FKAGIL1S (L.) Underw.
This bright green delicate fern, which is usually quite common
throughout the state in grassy open places at the edges of wood-
lands, is not very common near Lake Maxinkuckee. A few plants
were found at the edge of Culver's woods northeast of the lake,
near where the road approaches the shore.
8. CHRISTMAS-FERN
POLYSTICHUM ACROSTICHOIDES (Michx.) Schott
Not especially common in the neighborhood of the lake. A few
plants occur on a bank in Overmyer's woods. It also clothes the
steep sides of the steep gully northeast of the lake known as the
canon. It appears to have no special time for fruiting, as fertile
fronds can be found through the year.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 201
Among the plants that give grace to the woodland and charm
to the world, the Christmas Fern holds an eminent place. In many
places it is about the only plant that furnishes considerable masses
of green throughout the barren portions of the year, and the only
thing which furnishes both the greenness of summer and the grace
of fern. On account of its commonness, however, it is generally
much undervalued.
In places where landscape gardening can be carried on on a
large scale, especially in the Zoological Park at Washington, D. C,
this plant is becoming much used in the planting of steep banks.
It is worthy of a place in city parks where there are either natural
or artificial terraces. It thrives very well in pot culture and is not
greatly inferior in appearance to the "Boston Fern." There also
frequently occur forms with cut-lobed pinnae, or even bi-pinnatifid
forms which yield considerable variety.
9. NEW YORK FERN
DRYOPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS (L.) A. Gray
One of the most abundant ferns of the region, growing plenti-
fully among grasses and sedges of the flat meadows and lake plains.
The fronds stand rigidly upright, the fertile appearing considerably
contracted after fruiting, due to the fact that the edges of the frond
roll up. Observed coming up finely in marshes May 11, 1901. The
spores ripen in August. It is the abundance of this fern upon the
peaty prairies that gives a pleasant fragrance to the wild prairie
hay. It was common on the flat west of Long Point.
10. MARSH SHIELD-FERN
DRYOPTERIS THELYPTERIS (L.) A. Gray
Not so common as the preceding. Found growing in similar
situations and considerably resembling it in general appearance,
but distinguished by the fact that the lower-most pinnae are nearly
as long as the middle one.
11. CRESTED SHIELD-FERN
DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA (L.) A. Gray
The Crested Shield-fern is not very common about Lake Max-
inkuckee, nor indeed, is it generally abundant in the state. It is
usually found about the edges of woodland ponds, in most cases
growing in the moss that skirts the roots of old trees or stumps,
or covers half sunken logs. It generally prefers deep woodlands,
but is quite persistent where once established, continuing to thrive
202 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
after the removal of timber has greatly changed original condi-
tions. A few plants grew at the edge of Zechiel's pond, and it was
fairly common about a pond on the east side of the lake, back of
Van Schoiack's and about a pond northeast of the lake.
In sheltered locations this fern remains green all winter. It is
so uncommon that stumbling upon a clump in the winter is always
a pleasant surprise and in many parts of the country, it is, during
the winter, the daintiest thing out doors. The stem is very limber
and drooping so that it is not very good as a cut plant. It is doubt-
ful whether it would be satisfactory in parks or landscape gardens.
It harmonizes best with wild landscapes in great tracts.
12. SPINULOSE SHIELD-FERN
DRYOPTEKIS SPINULOSA (Muell.) Kuntze
A finely-cut, shy fern usually found in deep rich woodlands. A
few examples were found scattered through Farrar's woods.
13. BROAD BEECH-FERN
DRYOPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA (Michx.) C. Chr.
A rather common fern throughout the state in dry woods, under
trees and in leaf-mold. Not abundant at the lake; most of the
plants seen were on the east side. It was most common along
gulleys northeast of the lake. It does not grow in clumps but
usually is somewhat scattered, only a few fronds in a place. It is
one of our earliest plants to die down in autumn. At the end of the
growing season the leaves slowly fade to a creamy white before
losing their form. They are particularly attractive at this time,
and during all the summer have a faint pleasant fragrance.
14. VIRGINIA CHAIN-FERN
ANCHISTEA VIRGINICA (L.) Presl.
This tall handsome fern is very abundant in Hawk's marsh,
where it grows in pure peat moss and forms a characteristic zone
outside of the sedge zone, overtopping the low heaths. It grew
also pretty abundantly along the east side of Lost Lake outlet in
Walley's woods, and bordered the islands and banks of the outlet
plain far down toward the Tippecanoe River. The fruit makes
interesting and attractive patterns on the back of the leaf. The
long stout rootstock with the bases of old fronds attached, often
persists along the surface of the ground after the ferns have disap-
peared, and much resembles the trunk of a tree-fern.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 203
15. NARROW-LEAVED SPLEENWORT
ASPLENIUM PYCNOCARPON Sprcng.
This fern is quite rare in the region about the lake, and, indeed,
is very scarce throughout the northern part of Indiana. It usually
occurs in rich deep woods. Our specimens came from northeast
of the lake. A few were found in rich woods near Plymouth which
is about 10 miles north of the lake. It is a thin delicate fern,
bearing some general resemblance in form to the Christmas fern.
It withers quickly on being cut.
16. SILVERY SPLEENWORT
ATHYRIUM THELYPTEROIDES (Mithx.) Desv.
A specimen of this fern was collected by Dr. Scovell in 1900,
probably in Farrar's woods.
17. LADY-FERN
ATHYRIUM F1LIX-FOEMINA (L.) Roth
This delicate, pretty fern is occasional in Farrar's woods, in
moist shady places in rich ground.
18. MAIDEN-HAIR FERN
ADIANTUM PEDATUM L.
This dainty well-known fern is fairly common in some places in
Farrar's woods. A few were found also near a pond back of Cul-
ver's, on the east side of the lake. Some also grew near a pond
by Busart's field. Most of the plants were rather small, and it
does not attain the luxuriance of growth near the lake that is often
observed in moist rich woods. In well protected situations it re-
tains its form, and frequently its color, late into the winter. In
spite of its delicate appearance it does not crumple up at the first
touch of frost, but the fronds frequently ripen and bleach out
gradually after the manner of the beech-fern.
The Maiden-hair Fern is one of the plants to rapidly disappear
before the march of civilization and in many places it is becoming
quite rare. It thrives only in the humid, dusky depths of thick
woodlands, and such changes as pasturage and thinning out of
forests quickly cause it to die out.
19. BRAKE; BRACKEN; EAGLE FERN
PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM (L.) Kuhn
This coarse, well-known fern grows abundantly in the region
of the lake and is particularly common in the open sandy ground
204 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
along the railroad south of the lake. It also grows in low woods
among the brush. It has a world-wide distribution and was orig-
inally described from Europe. It was observed commonly up well
by May 12. The spores ripen in August.
Family 4. Equisetace^e. Horsetail Family
20. field horsetail
EQUISETUM ARVENSE L.
The Field Horse-tail has a very wide distribution, ranging
through the northern part of North America, Europe and Asia. It
is usually found in sandy soils along roads and railroads. Rail-
road embankments form a favorite habitat and on high steep
slopes where the railroad has been graded up considerably the
peculiar pale fertile fronds of this species, looking somewhat like
odd mushroom growths of some sort, make conspicuous patches in
early spring, and are followed later, after these have withered
away, by the symmetrical little conical sterile plants which look
like miniature evergreens. The peculiar distribution of the species
in this country, along the well trodden ways of civilization and
travel, points to the possibility that it may be an introduced species,
the spores perhaps, carried with the dust of trade. At the lake
it was most abundant along the railroad and along the road down
by Farrar's.
The fertile fronds have a rather long season in spring, com-
ing up in favorable localities considerably earlier than in others.
By April 15, 1901, the spores were ripe by Farrar's. By April
17, plants along the railroad by Winfield's were up abundantly, and
by April 26 the spores along the railroad south of the lake were
nearly all shed. The sterile shoots began to appear April 28.
There is considerable difference in the appearance of the indi-
vidual sterile fronds ; some leaves which form the fringing being
absent, so that the node is unfringed. The form in which the
whole plant is nearly prostrate (var. decumbens Meyer) is quite
frequent. On September 28, 1906, some of the green, branching
fronds along the railroad back of the cornfields were observed bear-
ing cones of fruit. These represent the variety serotinum. On
moist mornings in autumn the tips of the branches of the sterile
plants were observed heavily covered with transpiration drops,
showing that physiological activities had been going on quite ac-
tively at the time. The fronds were observed still quite green as
late as November 19.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 205
The fertile fronds bear spores quite abundantly and these can
be collected in fair-sized masses by simply shaking them out of the
spore cone. They are gray-green in color, and are remarkably
sensitive to changes of moisture ; breathing upon a spore mass
causes it to fluff up, while drying causes it to occupy small space.
This change of appearance is due to two long appendages to each
spore which unfold or fold up according as moisture is added or
withdrawn.
Most of our specimens collected represent the form known as E.
pseudo-sylvaticiim.
21. SWAMP HORSETAIL
EQUISETUM FLUVIATILE L.
This smoothish. dark-green horsetail is usually found growing
in the edges of ponds in shallow water. There was a large patch
at the ed^e of the pond bordering the lake just below Farrar's,
and a small patch grew in the edge of the lake below Winfield's.
The plants did not fruit heavily in the region of the lake, and
after fruiting they put out numerous branches in whorls. All
examples collected belonged to the variety verticillatum.
At the opening up of spring, this plant first manifests itself by
the appearance of a pale cone-shaped growing point very near the
surface of the ground. This growing point was noticeable by April
9. By May 14 the plants were quite conspicuous and by May 27
they were in fruit.
A large clump of these plants, heavily laden with sparkling
transpiration drops, on a moist morning, is a sight that lies out of
the beaten paths of travel and worth getting up early and going a
good way to see. Even to those familiar with the great variety
of form exhibited by plant life, it has an out-of-the-way, archaic
appearance and makes one think of pictures of carboniferous
landscapes.
22. STOUT SCOURING-RUSH
EQUISETUM ROBUSTUM A. Br.
The Stout Scouring Rush is fairly common about the lake, grow-
ing quite thickly in patches on the steep slopes which form the bank
of the lake. It grows both in open and rather well wooded situa-
tions, though not usually in dense shade. There was a large dense
patch on the steep bank at Lakeview Hotel, and it was common
all along the bank on the east side of the lake. There were also a
206 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
few scattered small patches on the west side of the lake. It also
grew along shore south of Green's.
These hillside plants were fairly large (about 4 feet high) but
did not attain the immense size recorded for the species — 8 to 10
feet high and an inch in diameter. These gigantic forms are to
be found in the rich black mud along the Missouri River.
This horsetail presents much the same appearance all the year
round, except that it is a brighter green during the summer months
and becomes a brownish green during the winter. Cones of fruit
can be found on the apices of some of the stems the whole year
round. Growth takes place at the nodes in the portion covered by
the sheath and during the growing season the plants can be easily
pulled apart at the joints, but during the winter these parts harden
and it is difficult to pull the plant apart.
In late autumn the hollow joints are filled with water, which
runs out copiously upon pulling the joints apart. This freezes into
a solid core of ice during the winter, but does not burst the stems.
Along the Yellow River near Plymouth in 1909, a peculiar spec-
tacle was exhibited by a patch of these plants which had been coated
by mud during the early part of the year, while the river was in
flood. The plants had grown considerably afterward and displayed
alternating bands of yellow where coated with clay, and green,
the new growth. By completely staining these plants at various
intervals, fruitful studies could be made concerning the rate of
growth.
This plant contains an abundance of silex in its composition, so
much that it has been used for scouring utensils. By soaking the
plants in a mixture of aqua regia, which dissolves out everything
but silex and cellulose, and then by soaking the remaining portions
in cupro-ammonia, produced by placing copper filings in ammonia,
to remove the cellulose, delicate glass skeletons can be formed.
Even the guard-cells of the stomata are silicified.
When these plants are decapitated they frequently put out
slender branches.
23. SMOOTH SCOURING-RUSH
EQUISETUM LAEVIGATUM A. Br.
This species, which was not very common about the lake, is
smaller and smoother than the preceding. It grew along the rail-
road near the lake, and some was found in fruit June 20, 1901.
There was also a thick patch on the hillside south of the Plank
cottage on Long Point.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 207
Family 5. Lycopodiace^e. Club-moss Family
24. bog club-moss
LYCOPODIUM INUNDATUM L.
Although several species of club-moss might be expected in the
region of the lake, only one, the bog club-moss, was seen. It was
quite rare and possibly disappearing. A few plants were found in
a sphagnum bog in Walley's woods.
Family 6. Selaginellace^e. Selaginella Family
25. creeping selaginella
SELAGINELLA APUS (L.) Spring
This dainty little plant is not particularly common about Lake
Maxinkuckee. It is, however, pretty widely spread about the lake
plains. It grows almost entirely in the flat black ground, especially
in springy places, near the lake. A number of patches were found
in the flat north of Lost Lake and there are scattered patches in
a springy flat by Norris's. It is fairly common down the outlet.
It was observed in fruit June 21, 1901, north of Green's marsh. It
is quite abundant about Eagle Lake, Kosciusko County.
It remains green all winter, and on account of its hardiness,
would probably make a very satisfactory pot plant. It is quite as
pretty as many of the forms seen in greenhouses.
Family 7. Pinace^e. Pine Family
26. labrador pine; gray pine
PINUS BANKSIANA Lamb.
This species is not strictly native to the region of the lake, and
has not become established. It is, however, a fact of too much in-
terest to leave wholly unnoticed, that a small pine tree probably of
this species sprang up at the north edge of Lost Lake about 1904,
and grew quite rapidly for several years. The browsing of stock
and whittling of men or boys proved too much for it, and it gave
up the struggle and died about 1908. The place where it grew was
of barren, drifting sand. The native forest, mostly of scrub black
oak, had been cut away and the wind was cutting a great gully
and shearing off the top of the hill, leaving a bald yellow spot con-
spicuous for a great distance away, the surface of the ground being
covered with fragments of rocks too heavy for the wind to carry
away, and wind ripple marks and animal tracks.
208 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
The young pine may possibly have sprung from evergreen trees
of some neighboring farmyard, or it may have been one of the ad-
vance guard of the dune flora advancing on the region. At any
rate, it indicated significantly what might be done to prevent the
blowing of soil away and suggests that an evergreen nursery on the
place might yield profitable results.
27. AMERICAN LARCH; TAMARACK
LARIX LARICINA (Du Roi) Koch.
The Tamarack was once a common tree in the neighborhood of
the lake, but it is now rapidly disappearing, as it is throughout
much of the country, on account of drainage. There are remains
of large tamarack bogs a few miles west of the lake, a few miles
southwest, and some a few miles to the northeast. A few isolated
trees are found about the edge of Inlet marsh, and there are re-
mains of a few trees down the outlet.
The tamaracks, or tamarack bogs, form a feature of the land-
scape quite peculiar and apart. They usually occur in kettle holes
or lake plains where there is little or no drainage. Many of them
occupy the beds of ancient lakes. Lost Lake, which is a sluggish
expansion of the outlet of Lake Maxinkuckee, has patches of
sphagnum growing on the borders of its plain and at the water's
edge, which seems to indicate something like the beginning of a
tamarack marsh. Hawk's marsh, which contains no tamaracks at
present, very closely resembles a tamarack marsh. The tamarack
marsh is usually a peat bog almost impenetrable about the edges on
account of the dense growth of various shrubs — such as poison
sumac, mountain holly, blueberry brambles, and the like, all grow-
ing together in an impenetrable mass. Beneath the tamarack trees
is a region of continual gloom, with springy hummocks of peat
moss, much like immense wet sponges. Just out of the denser
shadows grow the pitcher plants, droseras, and various heaths and
orchids. The perpetual gloom of the tamarack swamp makes it
attractive to shy animals which have elsewhere become scarce or
have entirely disappeared. Owls and hawks are common, and here
the partridge drums or rises in precipitous whirring flight. Few
of our native trees, except the cottonwood, are so vocal. The
tamarack swamp southwest of the lake, consisting of trees of all
heights and ages, each forming a perfect spire and glistening gray
with dew, formed an unusually attractive spectacle in 1906. It
has since been cut out.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 209
The tamarack is one of the earliest of our trees to leaf out in
spring, and one of the latest to shed its leaves in autumn. Before
falling, the leaves turn to a clear bright gold. The trees had begun
to show green by April 27, 1901, and were still quite green Novem-
ber 4, 1906. The wood of the tamarack is very hard and durable
in contact with the soil, and it is valuable for posts. The tree
rarely gets large enough to make into saw timber and is rarely
or never used for that purpose. Wounds in the tree cause the
exudation of a clear resin which dries to a white firm gum that is
very agreeably odorous. The tree bears transplanting to uplands
well. The tamarack swamp northeast of the lake which had been
drained and was being cleared in 1904, differed in some details
in flora from those west of the lake. It contained considerable
sweet-birch and wild red raspberry, and in that particular re-
sembled those of the La ke-of-the- Woods, Ind., region, which be-
longs to the Kankakee system.
The largest tamarack swamp or grove in this part of Indiana,
and so far as we know the most southern one in the state, is a short
distance northeast of Kewanna, about 12 miles south of Lake Max-
inkuckee, on the east side of the Vandalia railroad from which it
may be easily seen. This grove covers many acres. The trees are
unusually large and the grove is very dense and interesting.
28. RED CEDAR
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA L.
A few small Red Cedar trees were found crowning the steep
bank of the lake on the east side a little north of Van Schoiack's.
They were probably seedlings from dooryard trees. Like many
plants whose leaves are persistent, this plant turns quite red in
winter. The red cedar is generally quite scarce in northern. In-
diana and is usually found, when it occurs, in sandy or gravelly
places in the regions about lakes. It is often planted in dooryards.
By far the greater number of trees appear to be staminate. When-
ever a pistillate tree occurs it usually bears heavy crops of blue ber-
ries. These are eagerly eaten by birds, especially house sparrows,
which scatter the seed, so that the woodlands near a house where
a bearing tree is found, are usually well scattered with young trees.
In the southern part of the state the young seedlings are abundant
in woodlands and pastures and are in places almost a nuisance,
forming prickly shrubs something like a permanent thistle.
14— 17618— Vol. 2
210 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 8. Typhace^e. Cat-tail Family
29. BROAD-LEAVED CAT-TAIL
TYPHA LATIFOLIA L.
The most extensive patch of cat-tail about the lake is that
along the north end of Lost Lake. It also grows abundantly in low
ground between the lake and Culver, and fringes the shore of the
lake from the Assembly grounds down to the vicinity of the ice-
houses. There are numerous scattered patches in the marsh about
Norris Inlet. A fringe grows on the west side of Lost Lake, and
it borders the outlet below Lost Lake in places. There is none
along the east or north shores of Lake Maxinkuckee. East of the
lake, up Aubeenaubee Creek, however, there are extensive cat-tail
marshes. Wherever it grows the cat-tail forms dense patches. It
thrives best in a rich soft mucky soil. It rarely grows out in more
than six inches of water, and grows out on shore only as far as the
soil is soft enough and well saturated. The cat-tails growing
farthest out in the lake are associated with bulrushes, while those
growing on drier land are intermixed with sedges. Where it grows
in water, such algaB as Chsetophora are frequently attached to the
submerged portion of the stem. The song sparrows, red-winged
blackbirds and marsh wrens find the cat-tails a good hiding place,
and the wrens almost invariably build their nests in the cat-tail
patches and all the large patches contained the queer globular
nests of this bird.
The muskrats are fond of dwelling in the cat-tail patches, mak-
ing their houses partly of the stalks and sometimes feeding on the
root-stocks. The seeds with their downy covering are said to have
some market value for the purpose of stuffing pillows and on one
occasion the local newspaper had an advertisement of a firm wish-
ing to buy them. The leaves appear from a sharp cone-shaped
bud in early spring. Green leaves were noted by the third of May,
1901, and the plants in Green's marsh were in blossom by the
twelfth of June. With the approach of autumn the cat-tail
gradually turns brown and dies. The heads gradually wear away
during the winter, probably assisted somewhat by the pecking of
birds. They were looking quite ragged by November 2. The seeds
probably germinate, for the most part, in spring. One head,
water-soaked and with most of the seeds all sprouted, was found
at the north end of the lake in autumn, but this was probably an
exceptional case.
Along with the sedge patches, the patch of cat-tails north of
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 211
Lost Lake formed a choice skulking place for rails, and the fishing
or frogging grounds of a great bittern or "thunder pumper" who
found the color of the brown stalks a good match for his own
brown color.
Where the cat-tails grow out into the water, as they do north
of the icehouses, they check the force of waves and form a kind
of harbor where duckweeds and other storm-tossed small organisms
may find refuge. Just at the water's edge they form a favorite
climbing place for the marsh snail, Succinea, and some of the
smaller Polygyras.
Family 9. Sparganiace^e. Bur-reed Family
30. simple-stemmed bur-reed
SPARGANIUM SIMPLEX Huds.
Although the conditions seemed in every way favorable for sev-
eral species of bur-reed, only the above-mentioned species was ob-
served, and it was found only at the mouth of Norris Inlet, in a
shallow pond, and up Aubeenaubee Creek, not far from the lake.
Not seen in fruit, but found in flower in the summer of 1901,
June 26.
Family 10. Zannichelliace^e. Pondweed Family
31. common floating pondweed
POTAMOGETON NATANS L.
This, one of the most common and widely distributed of the
pond weeds, does not cover large areas in Lake Maxinkuckee, but is
frequently found in small scattered patches in shallow water near
shore frequently associated with other pondweeds, especially P.
pectinatus. It was not noted in water over six or eight feet deep.
Among the localities at which it was noted were : a few plants near
McSheehy's pier, a good patch near Murray's, a patch south of the
old ice elevator, some in lagoons on Long Point flat, a small patch
by Darnell's, a dense thick patch near Overmyer's springy flat, and
at the delta at the mouth of Spangler's creek.
It was common in the black muddy bottom at Lost Lake. Here,
however, no floating leaves were produced. Some grew in the
thoroughfare between the lakes.
P. natans grows either in sandy or mucky bottom and retains
its form and green color after ice has formed over the lake, and
probably some plants live the whole winter through. It produces
212 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
a new growth rapidly in spring. By May 30 slender phyllodia had
been developed on the plants in the thoroughfare, and broad float-
ing leaves were beginning to show well. It was noticed in flower
June 24.
32. LARGE-LEAVED PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON AMrLIFOLIUS Tuckerm.
The large-leaved pondweed is one of the most attractive species
in the lake, the large gracefully curved delicate green leaves show-
ing up from under water very handsomely. It prefers rich mucky
soil and water of moderate depth. It is rarely found in water
shallower than about six feet, and is not abundant in water much
deeper than twelve to fourteen feet although it has been dredged
up at a depth of twenty-four feet. In shallow water it has oval
smooth floating leaves, quite unlike the submersed thin and curved
ones, and much like the floating leaves of P. natans, to which it is
closely related. In deep water all the leaves are submersed. Good-
sized patches are common in the vicinity of the icehouses and in
Outlet Bay. It also is found at the Weedpatch and near the Inlet
region. One large patch is present off the green boathouse near
the Inlet. Chara and some of the smaller species of pondweed such
as P. pectinatus, frequently grow intermixed with it. Where it
grows very densely, however, it seems often to exclude other
species.
The large-leaved pondweed makes a shady covert where fishes,
especially perch and bluegills, like to hide. The young of some
species of snail are common on the underside of the leaves. The
Bryozoan, Plumatella, often grows quite abundantly on the leaves
and perch eat the leaves, apparently for the Plumatella. The blue-
gill, which is quite largely a vegetarian, eats abundantly of the
tender leaves.
In the autumn the older leaves grow weak and flabby. They
shed from their surface casts of lime with which, during the grow-
ing season, the leaves have coated themselves. These casts, much
like plaster or cement casts, frequently cover the bottom around
the plants in considerable numbers, and perhaps help considerably
in the formation of marl. The young leaves of the extreme tip of
the plant, and of its branches, remain green and living the winter
through. Rootlets are often put out in late autumn just beneath
the terminal buds. These buds break off and float about until spring
when they find places of attachment. The plants are widely dis-
tributed in this manner.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 213
During the summer the resistance offered by the ample foliage
of this plant to the movement of the water has a pronounced
effect during storms. The water surface over a patch of this
species is often quite calm while the surrounding surface is con-
siderably ruffled.
33. RIVER PONDWEED; LONG-LEAVED PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON AMERICANUS Cham. & Schl.
The long-leaved pondweed is common in small patches about the
lake, especially in shallow water near shore. It thrives well in
sandy bottom. The floating leaves considerably resemble those of
P. natans but are longer and narrower; the submersed leaves are
translucent, and wavy-edged. Among the numerous localities near
shore where this plant was found are, — a patch in sand in front
of the Scovell cottage, and some in a lagoon on Long Point flat. It
grew thickly along shore by the swamp below Farrar's, and there
was a good deal at the beginning of Overmyer's woods, and a large
patch opposite the green boathouse. It was very abundant in the
thoroughfare between the lakes, and here the leaves were exceed-
ingly elongate as if pulled out by the force of the swiftly flowing
water. All the way down the outlet it grew, in dense, leafy patches,
the long-crisped leaves vivid green all winter through and waving
like flapping flags in the passing current. It grows also in Tippe-
canoe and Yellow rivers and is the Potamogeton usually found in
streams and rivers.
P. americanus frequently grows on wet sand banks at the
water's edge, wholly out of the water. In this case it is much
changed in appearance, being short and leafy, and all the leaves of
a firm leathery texture, much in substance like the floating leaves
of the aquatic plant.
34. VARIOUS-LEAVED PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON HETEROPHYLLUS Schreb.
An odd-looking pondweed, rather unlike the others in general
appearance, and confined principally to the shallower water along
shore, although we have a few records of its having been dredged
up in deep water. The most noteworthy patch was out a few hun-
dred feet from the Scovell cottage ; scattered plants were also found
along shore in the shallow water just off Long Point, and it was
frequently found in the northern part of the lake. It keeps its
form all winter, the leaves turning purplish brown.
214 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
35. SHINING PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON LUCENS L.
Potamogeton lucens is widely scattered in small patches through
the lake in shallow water, and is usually mixed in with other pond-
weeds such as P. a mplifolius, P. perfoliatus and the like. It usually
grows in quite small patches with only a few plants to the patch,
although there was a fairly large patch about 500 feet from the ice-
elevator at the depth of 4 or 5 feet. In general form it resembles
P. natans or the still-water forms of P. americanus from which
it can be distinguished by its shining leaves. What was thought
to be this was seen in flower by Norris Inlet, June 24, 1901, al-
though its usual time of flowering is in September and October.
It remains green all winter, even the floating leaves not decaying
in the fall, but becoming embedded in the ice during the winter.
36. WHITE-STEMMED PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON PRAELONGUS Wulf.
This is one of the rarer pondweeds of the lake and is only infre-
quently seen, so that not much is known of its distribution or
habits. Some was dredged up at the Weedpatch August 28, 1900.
On September 29 of the same year some was found washed up on
shore at the depot grounds. On May 30, 1901, some was noted
sending up flowerbuds from a patch of P. amplifolins in the north
end of the lake. On November 9, 1904, some was noted washed
up green at shore near the icehouses. It is one of the species found
in rather deep water, and from occasional bits seen, it is evident
that it remains green all winter.
37. CLASPING-LEAVED PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS L.
This is not a common Potamogeton at the lake and, like P.
praelonyus, is known chiefly from occasional plants, or fragments
seen mixed in with other pondweeds. It is rather common in Eagle
Lake near Warsaw. Some plants were found in Lake Maxin-
kuckee, growing in sandy bottom in shallow water in the northwest
corner of Outlet Bay. A good patch was also found, in 1904, near
the icehouses. In form this is one of the most regular and attract-
ive of the pondweeds, the broad wavy close-set dark green leaves
in two ranks giving it the appearance of a full plume, quite differ-
ent from the broad open plume of P. robbinsii. It is not as showy
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 215
in the water as P. robbinsii, as it stands erect and is usually seen
only at an angle. It is quite fragile and easily torn and tattered
by handling. It remains green all winter.
38. EEL-GRASS PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON COMPRESSUS L.
Quite common; more abundant between 10 and 16 feet, but
ranging from 2 to 26 feet.
One of the less conspicuous pondweeds with a much flattened
stem and rather narrow grass-like leaves. The whole plant is im-
mersed, and it prefers rather deep water. This plant propagates
by the formation of peculiar fan-shaped winter buds in which the
2-ranked flat leaves are closely appressed. A bud was found
washed up April 13, 1901, much crooked as from heliotropism.
Many were raked up during the winter. On May 29, 1901, a bud,
very crooked, was noticed growing. The leafy stem springs from
the apex of the bud and roots from axils of old leaves.
39. FRIES' PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON FRIESII Ruprecht
Widely distributed in water from 8 to 24 feet; more abundant
between 12 and 16 feet. Frequently encountered in dredge hauls;
a little found in a 12-10 foot haul on half section line 22, dragging
from a shore bar toward a lake bar, and still more was found in a
haul in from 14 to 12 feet of water. It occasionally bears winter
buds some of which were obtained March 27, 1901. It does not
grow in patches, but occurs scattered among other plants. Some
was found up Aubeenaubee Creek during a seining trip September
3, 1900.
40. SMALL PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON PUSILLUS L.
A small insignificant species likely to escape notice. More com-
mon in the southeastern portion of the lake in water ranging from
10-24 feet deep. It was also probably somewhat frequent along
shore near the Inlet in shallow water; some very small Pota-
mogetons were observed there but they were thought to be de-
pauperate forms at the time. It is doubtless an inhabitant of shal-
low water at times, as the flowers and fruit are known and de-
scribed in the manuals. It also propagates extensively by propa-
gating buds.
216 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
41. FILIFORM PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON FILIFORMIS Pers.
This, like P. pusillus, is a small, inconspicuous form that would
generally escape notice on account of its small size. It was noted
in flower down by Norris Inlet June 24, 1901, and had been seen
in flower in the northern part of the lake some time before. Scat-
tered plants grow throughout the lake bottom in water ranging
from 2 to 24 feet in depth.
42. FENNEL-LEAVED PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON PECTINATUS L.
This is one of the most common pondweeds in the shallow water
near shore. It was frequent to a depth of 10 feet and was occa-
sionally dredged up in 16 feet of water. It was noted everywhere
along the beach growing in either sandy or muddy bottom and in
rather dense patches by itself or among Chara. Among the nu-
merous places where it was noticed may be mentioned Long Point,
McSheehy's pier, the Barnes cottage, off the Depot grounds, and
east of there, by the green boathouse, by Norris Inlet, etc., and
a fine patch grew at the head of the thoroughfare above the
wagon bridge. The plants frequently grow out in long straight
rows from shore, the different stems coming up in line from a white
strong rootstock.
The individuals of this species which grow close to shore die
down during the winter. In deeper water, though much of it re-
tains its form during the winter, a little handling or raking shows
that the plants have decayed and come apart at a touch; certain
bits, however, perhaps tips of the stems, seem to remain green and
alive and can be found detached now and then.
The fennel-leaved pondweed bears a peculiar propagating tuber
consisting of a series of gall-like starch-containing objects, ar-
ranged one in the axil of the other, and each bearing a rather long
curved beak-like bud. These do not seem to be wintering-over
buds; they are formed even in midsummer by portions of plants
which have been broken off. These buds are, however, seen most
frequently during autumn and winter. Bulbs were observed on
broken off bits October 27, December 1, 1904. and later. They
were frequently observed on fragments washed ashore, or on broken
pieces seen under the ice during the winter.
More than any other of the pondweeds of the lake, this species
becomes the place of attachment of various sorts of organisms.
Throughout the summer the plants are in places almost encrusted
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 217
with the attached little blue-green or brown hemispheres of Rivu-
laria. Vorticella often finds a resting place on the leaves. Vari-
ous slender algae, particularly minute plants of GEdogonium, thickly
clothe the plants near shore, and in late autumn and winter, when
the diatoms are at their best, these plants are often covered so
thickly as to be almost unrecognizable, with fuzzy growths com-
posed of various species. Gathering the plants at such times is
one of the easiest ways of collecting diatomaceous material in
quantities. The plants, covered with a heavy growth in winter,
form a favorite haunt of various aquatic animals, such as may-fly
larvae and beach fleas.
The plants were observed coming up thick and green at Knapp's
pier May 25, 1901.
43. ROBBINS' PONDWEED
POTAMOGETON ROBBINSII Oakes
Potamogeton robbinsii is a fairly common weed in the lake,
growing either in deep or shallow water in rich muddy bottom. It
was dredged in water from 20 to 23 feet deep. Down towards
the Inlet it is found in water from 12 to 16 feet deep, and off
the icehouses it occurs plentifully in some place near shore in
about 3 feet of water.
Although Robbins' pondweed never shows above the surface
(we have not even seen it in flower or fruit at the lake) it is by
no means inconspicuous for all that. It usually lies nearly pros-
trate on the bottom, and the 2-ranked widely-spread leaves, stand-
ing out almost perpendicularly on each side from the main stem,
give the effect of a scattered mass of graceful plumes lying in the
bottom. The whitish or yellowish cast of the plumes, due to a coat-
ing of lime on the old leaves, makes them all the more conspicuous
against the dark bottom through the clear water. This plant,
the graceful P. amplifolius, and the rank Megalodonta beckii and
Myriophyllum which stand up through the water like scared cats'
tails, add more than any of the other plants of the lake to the charm
of the subaquatic landscapes and make one long for a camera that
will take under-water pictures.
P. robbinsii retains its form through the winter; the lower
leaves assume a brown and somewhat deadish look, but the tips are
firm and of a lively purplish green.
This plant propagates largely by buds which could hardly be
called winter buds as they are often formed as early as the middle
of July and from then on through the winter. These buds are
218 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
probably formed in the axils of the leaves. They are the shape of
a closed fan, the thick flat leaves (quite unlike the thin wavy vege-
tative leaves) being packed with reserve food and closely closed
together. The plants also put out abundant roots just a little
below the apex during the winter and it is very probable that this
detaches itself and becomes a new plant.
In the spring the fan-shaped buds unfold, grow rapidly and pro-
duce new plants.
Family 11. Naiadace^e. Naias Family
44. slender naias
NAIAS FLEXILIS (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt
The Slender Naias is fairly common in shallow water of the lake
near shore, especially in sandy bottom. Among the numerous
places it was noted may be cited, the east shore of Long Point from
the Point itself down to Green's pier, in patches south of the pond
below Farrar's, abundantly off shore at Overmyer's field, at the
spring by the green boathouse near the Inlet, and in scant patches
a good way out in the water along the east side of the lake.
Most of the Naias seen in the lake is short and dwarfed. The
zone of growth is a rather narrow belt around near shore. Some
of the plants are quite reddish in color. In some places they form
carpets, softer and more fluffy in appearance than the Chara car-
pets. Nowhere else, however, do the plants form such extensive
patches or reach such large size as they do at Lake Tippecanoe,
where this plant gets almost 2 feet high and forms a conspicuous
feature of the subaquatic landscape.
Staminate plants were difficult to find in the lake, though pistil-
late plants were quite common, and the minute ovate cylindrical
seeds were common along shore. The Naias along shore remained
green as late as October 28. It completely died during the winter.
The patches come up thick and bright, probably from seeds, late
in the spring.
A stout Naias was rather common in the lake in muddy bot-
tom in about 9 feet of water and also near shore by the icehouses
at a depth considerably greater than that in which the slender short
form grows. This plant is much coarser than the near-shore form.
Some of those plants grow at the Weedpatch as well as near the ice-
houses. They differ from the slender form in habit, as they remain
green all winter. This may be the N. flexilis robitsta of Morong.
The coarse Naias was found in considerable quantities in the
stomachs of coots, and apparently forms an important article of
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 219
their diet. In 1906 seeds of Naias were found in the stomach of
a painted turtle, and in 1907 it was again observed that the coots
fed to a considerable extent on this plant.
Family 12. Scheuchzeriace;E. Arrow-grass Family
45. seaside arrow-grass
TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMA L.
Not rare in the grassy plains near the tamarack bog west of
the lake. The plants were observed in flower May 22, 1901.
46. MARSH ARROW-GRASS
SCHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS L.
Rare and local. Found in flower in Hawk's marsh, May 20,
1901.
Family 13. Alismace^e. Water-plantain Family
47. american water-plantain
ALISMA SUBCORDATUM Raf.
Not especially abundant. Most of the plants found were in a
roadside ditch east of the lake, and some was also found on Long
Point flat, between the road and Outlet Bay.
The airy pyramidal panicle of this species has an attractive ap-
pearance after the plants have ripened, somewhat suggesting old
witch grass. The pecularities of structure of flower, fruit and
seed has suggested a probable relationship to the crowfoots.
48. BROAD-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD
SAGITTARIA LATIFOLIA Willd.
The broad-leaved arrowhead was rather common along the
shore of the lake. Occasionally it grew in sandy places, as at
Long Point, and here the plants were rather small, with narrow
leaves. It preferred to grow in deep rich mud, and here the plants
were robust, with large broad leaves. Among the places noted
where it grew was the Outlet, the Inlet, the shore of Outlet Bay.
and the stretch of shore north of the icehouses. Plants were com-
mon in the marshy tract near Culver, and here, August 18, 1906.
were seen magnificent large flowers, the paper-white glistening
thin perianth, and the contrasty green globules of the pistillate,
and waxy yellow center of the staminate, blossoms showing to fine
advantage. The plants were observed with seeds about ripe Sep-
tember 28, 1900, near Winfield's.
220 Lake Maxinkucki e, Physical and Biological Survey
During the winter of 1900-1901 purplish-skinned tubers about
the size of walnuts were frequently found along the shore of the
lake, and upon allowing them to sprout they proved to be propa-
gating offshoots of this plant. The interior was rich yellow in
color, and of a pleasant sweetish taste devoid of the prickly taste
characteristic of so many of our aroids. It is not known how large
a crop of tubers a plant would yield or whether any use could be
made of them. The plants had sprouted up well by May 24. There
was a large robust patch along a ditch beside the road near
Ferrier's lumber yard. The leaves of these were peculiarly
blotched with white splashes, some more than others, but nearly
all thus marked to some extent. Other plants along the shore of
the lake near the Merchants' pier were splashed with purple
blotches on the upper sides of the leaves. Selection among the
most strongly marked plants of both of these series would prob-
ably result in handsome and variegated plants. Even the un-
marked plants are highly worth a place at the borders of orna-
mental ponds. The Chinese use a plant very similar to our broad-
leaved arrowhead as a house plant simply for foliage effects.
49. GRASS-LEAVED SAGITTARIA
SAGITTARIA GRAMINEA Michx.
There was a patch of this plant along the east side of Lost Lake
below the Bardsley cottage, and some in the large lake near Norris
Inlet, and down along the outlet.
The plant varies considerably in appearance and behavior ac-
cording to location. The patch in Lost Lake grew in 2 or 3 feet
of water, and the lower leaves formed attractive close rosettes,
closely resembling those of Eriocaulon. These plants blossomed
but rarely. They propagated by stolons, and the leaves stayed
green under the water all winter. In the winter of 1904, much
was pulled up in Lost Lake and washed ashore. It was probably
pulled up by muskrats. The plants bear spherical tubers which
that animal probably uses for food.
The plants along shore of the lake near the old ice office and in
front of the Assembly grounds bloomed quite profusely in 1906
and in succeeding years. Both circles of the perianth segments
were conspicuous, crisped and crinkled, and of a delicate rosy hue,
so that each blossom looked like a double flower. They were ex-
ceedingly attractive, and well worthy of cultivation.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 221
Family 14. Vallisneriace^e. Tape-grass Family
50. DITCH-MOSS
PHILOTKIA CANADENSIS (Michx.) Britton
The ditch-moss is fairly common in the lake in shallow water.
In rich muddy bottom it forms a rank, thick growth, while in sand
it grows more sparsely and not so large. Among the places where
it was noted growing was in shallow water between the gristmill
and elevator, at the Merchants' pier where it grew quite rank, by
the green boathouse near Norris Inlet, by the icehouses, near
Farrar's, in front of the Assembly grounds, near the head of the
thoroughfare between the lakes, etc. In recent years it has begun
growing in immense dense patches at Long Point near Chadwick's.
This appears to be a new location for it. It also forms dense tall
masses in Culver Inlet in the Academy grounds.
This plant is remarkably variable in form, as regards leaf ar-
rangement and leanness, and bud variations in this respect are
quite common. Although the leaves are usually in 3's and rather
remote on the stem, there are sometimes branches in which the
leaves are closely crowded in whorls of 5 or 6 making a dense cone.
This may function at times as a propagating bud but it does not
appear to be a usual winter bud form as they often form
early in the season and sometimes lengthen again, apparently, be-
fore winter. It seems to be really a different form of the plant,
as some plants once seen in a river were all of this dense form. We
have notes of this having been found in flower as early as June 24.
The blossoms, dainty rose tinted objects on an exceedingly slender,
hair-like long tube, are quite common during the autumn. Al-
though plants near shore appear to die down, the deeper water
patches remain green all winter.
Although this water-weed is a bright, clean-looking, attractive
plant, one of the most ornamental in the lake, nothing appears to
feed on it. It is said to have become a great nuisance in the
streams and rivers of Europe where it is known in places as "water-
pest". Where it grows in great masses it might be raked out and
used as compost, though in drying out it shrivels almost to nothing,
leaving very little substance for the amount of material handled.
Plants noted in the autumn of 1913 had the leaves well coated
with a deposit of lime.
222 Lake Maxinkucki e, Physical and Biological Survey
51. TAPE-GRASS; EEL-GRASS; WILD CELERY
VALLISNERIA SPIRALIS L.
During 1900 and 1901, eel-grass was noted as rather common
in the lake, usually growing in small scattered patches. It grew
lather tall and rank in muddy bottom, and dwarf plants grew
thinly on sand. Among places where it was observed were: the
Weedpatch, a rather thick patch along the east shore of Long
Point as along by McSheehy's, Duen wig's and Darnell's, along the
depot grounds; in front of the Palmer house, by Farrar's, a long
broken patch from the Assembly grounds pier to Kreutzberger's
pier, and at the head of the thoroughfare. It grew in the thor-
oughfare between the lakes and was rather common in Tippecanoe
River into which the outlet of the lakes flows. It was found grow-
ing down to a depth of 9 feet.
It is a favorite food of the coot and ducks ; the rootstock puts
out a delicate white stolon in autumn as a starter for the next year's
growth. It appears to be this portion that the ducks are especially
fond of. Soon after the water-fowl arrive, torn up plants of this
species are washed up in great rolls along shore, they probably
having been pulled up by these birds. During the first years of
the survey but few flowers and no fruit were observed. The
patches nearly all disappeared before the ducks left, and the
plants hardly seemed to be holding their own. Of late years
this species appears to be rapidly gaining and spreading. Blos-
soms of both sexes became very abundant. In 1906 from July
30 to September 6, the surface of Outlet Bay was frequently densely
covered by the staminate blossoms which in places formed a regular
scum. The same phenomenon was noted in succeeding years
(1907, 1908, 1909 and 1913). The blossoms would frequently be
gathered in clumps around floating objects, especially around the
pistillate flowers. Considerable patches of the pistillate plants
were observed in places with their conspicuous light-colored curious
spiral stems as they withdrew into deeper water after being fer-
tilized. The fruits are becoming common objects in the lake. They
are peculiar, elongate, obtusely triangular green pods, very muci-
laginous and with a sprightly acid taste.
In the autumn of 1906, a very narrow but strikingly dense
and long patch was found growing in water five or six feet deep
near the Merchants' pier. Its luxuriant growth and small area ex-
cited our interest, and, upon dredging it up, it was found to be
growing in an old bait-can which had sunk at that place.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 223
Most of the leaves, especially the long- ones, appear gradually
to die in late autumn, first turning reddish and then bleaching out
to a dead white. Some green leaves can be raked up all winter,
however. The green leaves late in the season are frequently coated
with colonies of a small white Vorticella and, oddly enough, the
whitened leaves are similarly coated with a green Vorticella.
The little mollusk Ancylus is frequently found on the leaves of
this plant, especially near the base. The only other place it was
found was occasionally attached to the outside of the shell of
Viviparus.
The increase of this, as well as other plants in the lake, is prob-
ably due to the more active hunting of water-fowl, which gives the
plants a better opportunity to thrive.
Family 15. Gramine^e. Grass Family
52. broom beard-grass
SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM (Michx.) Nash
The broom beard-grass, generally known throughout the state
as broom-sedge, is usually found only on barren sandy slopes. It
is a coarse rough tussocky grass. It hardly attracts attention dur-
ing the summer, but in late autumn its scattered clumpy growth,
the harshness of its outline, and the sereness of its brown re-
lieved only by the feathery tufts of its plumed seed, scattered
scantly along the stem, all unite to make the regions where
it grows especially desert and desolate. There were a few
areas on the slope about the lake where it grew. The hill near
shore south of McOuat's was almost covered with it, and some grew
south of the Plank cottage, a little grew by Murray's, and some
south, along the railroad.
53. FORKED BEARD-GRASS
ANDROPOGON FURCATUS Muhl.
This grass differs considerably in appearance and habits from
the preceding. It is a tall, rather handsome grass, with a stiff
wiry culm, the inflorescence on diverging narrow spikes like those
of the crab-grass, only on a larger scale. Coulter, in his report
on the plants of the state, says that it is "a common form on prairie
soil, either moist or dry, where it furnishes a large amount of hay."
In the neighborhood of the lake it grows in small scattered clumps
in open places in dry soil and is not abundant enough to be made
use of. It occurs both east and west of the lake.
224 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
54. INDIAN-GRASS; WOOD-GRASS
SORGHASTRUM NUTANS (L.) Nash
This tall handsome but rather coarse grass grows in scattered
clumps in rather open places about the lake. The oat-like appear-
ance of the panicle, and the bright shining yellow of the transpar-
ent glumes through which the stamens show, make it an easily rec-
ognizable and attractive grass. In our area it never forms con-
tinuous patches.
55. SLENDER FINGER- OR CRAB-GRASS
SYNTHERISMA FILIFORME <L.) Nash
Rather common in dry sandy soil but not so conspicuous as the
next on account of its small size. It flowers in August and Sep-
tember.
56. LARGE CRAB-GRASS
SYNTHERISMA SANGUINALE (L.) Dulac.
Too common in cultivated fields about the lake. It is not
troublesome in cornfields and meadows, but in low cultivated crops
such as gardens, and particularly in potato fields, the wiry prostrate
stems which root at the nodes soon form a very tough compact sod,
difficult to remove from the soil. It begins blossoming late in
summer, and continues putting out spikes of blossoms until killed
by frost.
57. BARNYARD GRASS; COCKSPUR-GRASS
E( HINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI (L.) Beauv.
This is a well-known grass throughout the state, usually quite
common in rich moist ground. Its favorite habitat is the flat
marshy shores of rivers and creeks, and the corners of neg-
lected barnyards where the seepage from manure piles keeps the
ground moist. In the vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee this plant is
confined mostly to a narrow belt along shore where it is one of the
most common of the beach plants. Very little is found any
distance from the lake on account of the dry sandy nature of the
soil.
The Cockspur Grass never covers extensive areas, even over flat
moist places, but prefers narrow edges along streams. In favor-
able situations it forms a very leafy rank growth and would prob-
ably furnish considerable forage or hay. An enterprising western
seedsman boomed it extensively as "Billion dollar grass", a new and
wonderful "introduction from Japan", but the boom seems to have
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 225
subsided. One of the chief difficulties with the grass is that it is
an annual, producing a single crop to the sowing, and would have
to be handled much like millet.
58. SALT-MARSH COCKSPUR-GRASS
ECHINOCHLOA WALTERI (Pursh) Nash
This is not so common as the preceding, only a few plants hav-
ing been found along the southwestern shore of the lake, inter-
mixed with the other species. It is fairly common along the shore
of Yellow River near Twin Lakes. This species is generally more
robust and of a deeper purple color than E. crus-galli, and usually
has much longer awns. On account of its more robust habit, it
would make a more promising pasture or meadow grass than the
other unless its roughness and beardiness proved a serious draw-
back.
59. WITCH-GRASS; TUMBLE-WEED
PANICUM CAPILLARE L.
While fairly common in places, this grass is not so abundant in
the neighborhood of the lake as in many other parts of the state.
It is rather frequent along the beach, especially by the railroad
bridge at Culver. It was found also on the first and second ter-
races of the beach at Long Point, and along the shore by Scovell's
and Arlington. It was common in cultivated grounds east of the
lake. Most of the plants found in the vicinity of the lake were
small and dwarfed, and it does not form a conspicuous feature of
the landscape.
The old witch-grass thrives most luxuriantly in rich black soil,
either in tilled ground or in meadows and pastures where the sod
has been killed out. A luxuriant patch has a peculiar airy fineness
about it which gives it an unique charm. Before it has ripened, the
rich purple of the fine spray-like heads gives the effect of a distant
haze to landscapes near at hand. A very fine effect of this sort
was observed along the Vandalia railroad several miles above Cul-
ver, where there was a large patch. When ripe and dead, a dense
patch, hiding the ground beneath with its mist-like fineness, gives
the appearance of a cloud; to walk through it gives a sense of in-
security,— it is almost like walking on air. When each of the tiny
sprigs holds a minute drop of dew or fog on a gray morning, the
effect is quite indescribable.
Well developed plants in rich ground form great globular masses
somewhat like the winged pigweed, the cultivated Kochia, or the
15— 17618— Vol. 2
226 Lake Maxinkuckt < , Physical and Biological Survey
Amaranth. Other tumble-weeds of the plains, except the witch-
grass globes, are much finer and more airy. These, after ripening,
break off at the base and scud before the autumn winds like fright-
ened rabbits. The sight of one of these delicately formed globes
rolling before the fitful autumn blasts, scattering seed as it goes, is
another revelation of the attractive and surprising features of this
plant. In some parts of the state, especially the flat rich prairies
along the middle of our western boundary, this species forms
great masses like snow-drifts against fences or hedges, and fills up
open ditches.
60. TALL SMOOTH PANICUM
PANICUM VIRGATUM L.
A rather coarse, leafy grass growing in clumps or tussocks. The
amount of material in a single clump suggests that it might make
considerable forage where abundant enough. Its tussocky habit of
growth, however, is somewhat against it. It is noteworthy for the
deep red color of its pollen. The plants first come into flower about
the latter part of July.
It was not originally common at the lake, only a few clumps
having been noted along the road below the Duenweg cottage at
Arlington. It appears to be increasing considerably of late years,
as numerous clumps now grow along the road between the lake and
Culver. In the particular plant examined the sterile flowers were
rudimentary.
61. BARBED PANIC-GRASS
PANICUM MICROCARPON Muhl.
One of the broad-leaved panicums growing in the sandy soil of
open woodlands, fairly common in the dry soil west of the lake.
This plant is small and compact at the beginning of the flowering
season. It continues to grow all the season, putting out new
panicles from the sheaths of successively lower leaves so that in
the end we have a very diffuse spraggiy plant with empty panicles
from which the seed have been shed, ripening grain in all stages of
development, flowers and buds all at the same time. The grass is
too small and scattered to be of any importance as pasturage.
62. SCRIBNER'S PANIC-GRASS
PANICUM SCRIBNERIANUM Nash
In general habit much resembling P. microcarpon; blossoming
all season and becoming quite diffuse late in autumn. Found in
open sandy soil west of the lake.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 227
63. VELVETY PANIC-GRASS
PANICUM SCOPARIUM Lam.
Not rare in dry open ground on the west side of the lake be-
tween Long Point and Arlington. Collected in flower June 26,
1901. One of the inconspicuous grasses of the region.
64. YELLOW FOXTAIL; PIGEON-GRASS
CHAETOCHLOA GLAUCA (L.) Scribn.
Rather common in waste places, and along the shore of the lake
at the railroad bridge at Culver.
65. GREEN FOXTAIL-GRASS
CHAETOCHLOA VIRIDIS (L.) Scribn.
Somewhat common in waste places, and along the railroad.
Through many parts of the state this is one of our most vexatious
and troublesome weeds. The seeds germinate almost any time dur-
ing the summer. We found it in flower along the railroad June
26, which is unusually early. Where most abundant it usually
springs up in cornfields and potato patches after cultivation has
ceased, and makes the harvesting of these crops difficult. In gen-
eral it is not so prominent in the weedy autumn fields as formerly,
its place having been taken by ranker, broad-leaved weeds.
66. HUNGARIAN GRASS; MILLET
CHAETOCHLOA ITALICA (L.) Scribn.
This is frequently cultivated, and occasionally escapes. It does
not usually persist very long, however. A patch at Long Point at-
tracted various birds and seed-eating mammals to that place. Some
of the 13-lined gophers, which had previously been confined largely
to the Gravelpit along the railroad, found the place attractive and
made their homes there in 1906. A few snow buntings or snow-
flakes appeared to light by chance and, finding good feeding in this
patch of millet, brought others from somewhere, the flock gradually
increasing until there were 25 or 30 birds. They had not been
noted in the vicinity previously.
Besides the Long Point patch, some was also noted east of the
lake.
67. SMALL BUR-GRASS
CENCHRUS CAROLINIANUS Walt.
This is undoubtedly the most pestiferous weed in the neighbor-
hood of the lake. It is frequent along the lake shore and common
along the railroad, but is in neither of these places so abundant as
228 Lake Ma.cinkucka , Physical and Biological Survey
to be a great nuisance. It reaches its maximum abundance in the
sandy fields along the east side of the outlet of Lost Lake, and here
it is abundant enough at times to make passage through the fields
quite vexatious. The grass comes up in spring, handsome and in-
viting, and suggests good pasturage, and the small grain within the
bur is pleasant in taste and texture, somewhat resembling rice; but
even at the best, little good can be said of this plant, and the
principal problem is its extinction. The burs become conspicuous
about the middle of July, but it is after they have ripened that they
are especially obnoxious.
68. WILD RICE
ZIZANIA AQUATIC A L.
With the possible exception of the reed, Phragmites, the wild
rice when well developed, is one of the most handsome of our native
grasses. Its tall stately appearance, the rich golden yellow of its
widely spreading staminate flowers which droop gracefully around
the sides of the panicle, contrasting with the stiff erect pyramidal
heads of pistillate flowers, make the first sight of these plants one
to be long remembered. Each looks like a vegetable fountain, with
a straight silvery jet in the center, the outer circle of spray toward
the base sparkling in the sunlight. It is not very abundant in
the vicinity of the lake. A few tall stately plants, representing the
species at its best, were observed near Norris Inlet in 1900, but
none has been seen in recent years, and it is probable that the wild
fowl gathered all the seed. It is fairly common at Twin Lakes,
several miles to the north, and around pools in the tamaracks west
of the lake.
What was taken for a dwarfed form of Z. aquatica was observed
in the neighborhood of Winfield's, also along the thoroughfare be-
tween the lakes, and along the outlet for nearly its whole length. It
was not noted during the earlier years of the survey, but was first
seen in 1906. In 1907, 1908, and 1909, increasing quantities were
seen and it was becoming quite common, indicating that it was of
recent introduction and was gaining ground. In some places it was
badly affected by ergot. Unfortunately, none of this dwarf grass
was collected. It may possibly have been Zizaniopsis miliacea
Doell & Aschers.
Wild rice is valuable as an attraction to wild ducks and it would
be well worth while to sow an abundance of seed in both the Inlet
region and on Green's marsh, where it would be likely to thrive.
It would add greatly to the appearance of these marshes, beside
furnishing food and cover to ducks and geese.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 229
69. WHITE GRASS
HOMALOCENCHRUS VIRGINICUS (Willd.) Britton
Not common ; a few patches in moist shady places.
70. RICE CUT-GRASS
HOMALOCENCHRUS ORYZOIDES (L.) Poll.
Common in wet open places, as along the south shore of Outlet
Bay. It here formed dense tangled masses, conspicuous on account
of the pale green color. The lax stems support themselves by
clinging to each other and to neighboring plants by means of minute
sharp hooks which are especially numerous about the nodes. These
tangled patches are very difficult to get through, as the plants catch
hold of the clothing and skin with great tenacity and are able to
scratch quite severely. In degree of scratchiness this plant rivals
the tear-thumb. However, as it grows chiefly in unfrequented
places, it can hardly be regarded as a serious nuisance. Its tangles
and seed probably furnish protection and food to wild fowl.
71. REED CANARY-GRASS
PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA L.
A few plants were found along the thoroughfare between the
lakes in the vicinity of the wagon bridge. Somewhat past flower,
June 17, 1901.
72. HOLY-GRASS
SAVASTANA ODORATA (L.) Scribn.
Scattered in moist meadow-like places about the lake. Noted
in the neighborhood of Culver, by Lakeview Hotel, and in Green's
marsh. This grass blossoms quite early in the season, and the rich
yellow of the stamens shining through the translucent glumes,
catches the eye at a distance and makes it an unusually attractive
grass. The whole plant possesses a delightful fragrance. On this
account it is sometimes called vanilla-grass. It remains in blossom
for a considerable time. It would probably prove to be a desirable
grass in meadows.
73. PORCUPINE-GRASS
STIPA SPARTEA Trin.
This tall tufted grass formed a few dense clumps in the sandy
open stretch on Long Point. The greatly lengthened awns, which
are fairly straight when green, have the faculty of becoming much
twisted and bent while ripening or drying, and perhaps aid in the
dispersal of the seed. A few, carelessly thrown down on a blanket,
230 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
wove themselves through and through it in all sorts of directions
and were extricated with some difficulty. The seed was nearly ripe
by June 28.
74. POVERTY-GRASS
AKISTIDA DICHOTOMA Michx.
A small depauperate grass growing scantily in poor soil at Long
Point back of Chadwick's and near the Arlington hotel.
75. ARROW-GRASS; BROOM-SEDGE
ARISTIDA PURPURASCENS Poir.
Common in sandy soil along the railroad south of the lake.
76. NIMBLEWILL; DROPSEED-GRASS
MUHLENBERGIA SCHREBERI Gmel.
A handsome grass, with close purplish drooping racemes, grow-
ing in dry places. At Lake Maxinkuckee it was quite common in
open places. There was a good patch along the railroad by Arling-
ton and in Green's woods opposite. Where plentiful enough it is
a good pasture grass.
77. SATIN-GRASS; WOOD-GRASS
MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA (L.) Trin.
This very pretty, much-branched grass appears to be rare in the
immediate vicinity of the lake, although it is fairly abundant in the
low grounds about Plymouth, Ind. The only plants seen near the
lake were in a thriving clump by the icehouses, along the railroad
track. The seed had evidently dropped from wild hay used in the
packing of ice.
78. WILD TIMOTHY; MARSH MUHLENBERGIA
MUHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA (Michx.) B. S. P.
Not very common. There were a few scattered patches in the
Inlet marsh. A soft, diffuse grass, very good for hay or pasture
where abundant enough.
79. WOOD OR WOODLAND DROPSEED
MUHLENBERGIA UMRROSA Scribn.
Not rare ; scattered through the woodlands about the lake. Col-
lected at the edge of the bank along the east side of Long Point. It
generally forms too scanty growth to be of much importance as
pasture.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 231
80. TIMOTHY
PHLEUM PRATENSE L.
This, the best known and most common of our meadow grasses,
is common about the lake, scattered almost everywhere in open
places. In Hawk's marsh, as is very usual with this species
in wet places, the scales of the head grow out into long leaf-like
projections giving the appearance of the grain sprouting in the
head.
81. MARSH FOXTAIL
ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS L.
This is a rather common grass in woodland ponds in the north-
ern part of the state, not usually abundant anywhere, but widely
distributed. This plant grew rather abundantly in a pond in the
Assembly grounds opposite Davis's.
The heads resemble those of a minature timothy and the leaves
frequently float on the surface of the water. The conspicuous long
filaments of the plant when in flower, and the heavy white glaucous
coating of the stem and leaves, make it a noticeable object. It was
found in blossom in May. Our examples represent the subspecies
aristulatus Torr., which is now regarded by some as a distinct
species.
82. SHEATHED RUSH-GRASS
SPOROBOLUS VAGINAEFLORUS Torr.
An insignificant, starved-looking grass. Found growing scant-
ily in the sand back of Arlington, and rather abundant on the
railroad between the icehouses and the depot. The small secondary
panicles formed in late autumn are concealed within the sheaths
of the leaves.
83. LONG-LEAVED RUSH-GRASS
SPOROBOLUS ASPER (Michx.) Kunth.
A good patch of this grass was found in scattered tussocks on
the dry slope east of the depot, in the autumn of 1904. They had
not been seen in previous years, and bore the appearance of having
been introduced, either by the railroad or in a grass mixture used
in seeding down the grounds. The species is a tall coarse grass,
putting out new panicles from the sheaths of the lower leaves after
the first have ripened.
84. WOOD REED-GRASS
CINNA ARUNDINACEA L.
A common, rather coarse grass found in swampy woodlands
throughout the state, conspicuous for the large amount of seed
232 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
borne in a loosely spreading, drooping panicle. Common in the
low wet woods along the south shore of the lake, by Overmyer's.
Found in flower about the middle of June.
85. RED-TOP
ARGOSTIS ALBA L.
One of the most handsome and valuable of our grasses, usually
growing in scattered patches among sedges and wild grasses of
various species and forming in places the most valuable part of
"prairie-hay." This species is not very common about the lake. A
few patches, however, were seen in the prairie country west of the
lake, and a few specimens were obtained at the edge of Green's
woods by Lost Lake. Where there are unbroken patches it turns
the whole area occupied a purplish red which shows for consider-
able distances.
86. THIN-GRASS; UPLAND BENT-GRASS
AGROSTIS PERENNANS (Walt.) Tuckerm.
A rather inconspicuous, but handsome symmetrical grass. Not
rare at the lake, but scattered. Most frequently seen along shady
woodland paths.
87. ROUGH HAIR-GRASS
AGROSTIS HYEMALIS (Wait.) B. S. P.
A very thin inconspicuous grass, common through dry wood-
lands. It quite closely resembles the preceding. It was plenti-
fully scattered through Green's woods by Lost Lake, and was also
noticed and collected southwest of the lake. It is too small and
scanty to be of any value for pasture.
88. BLUE-JOINT GRASS
CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS (Michx.) Beauv.
This grass is fairly common in the low flats mixed in with other
grasses and with sedges, its tall heads projecting considerably above
the tops of the sedges. It is not so abundant as at near Plymouth,
where it forms large continuous patches in places. It was scat-
tered in Green's marsh and in the sedgy marsh below Overmyer's.
It was quite abundant, mixed with sedges, far down the outlet, and
formed almost the entire flora of the center of a pond in Walley's
woods. It is one of the most valuable of the prairie grasses, and
where abundant enough, is cut for hay.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 233
89. BOG REED-GRASS
CALAMAGKOSTIS INEXPANSA A. Gray
Not very common about the lake. A few plants were seen
along the railroad west of Green's marsh and by the railroad bridge
across the thoroughfare. Some was also collected in the swamp
below Farrar's. A tall handsome grass with a narrow erect
panicle.
90. COMMON WILD OAT-GRASS
DANTHONIA SPICATA (L.) Beam.
A short, unimportant grass, growing scantily on sterile soil. It
ripens early in the year. Small scattered patches were found east
of the lake, and some was collected at Long Point. It ripens and
dies down toward the latter part of July.
91. TALL MARSH-GRASS
SPARTINA MICHAUXIANA Hitchc.
A coarse, tall grass, quite leafy at the base but too tough when
old for hay or pasture. It is not usually found in large patches,
but grows in narrow belts in swamps or moist places. At Lake
Maxinkuckee it grows in scattered clumps along the south shore of
Outlet Bay between the road and the lake, and by the marsh
south of Farrar's.
92. PRAIRIE CHLORIS
CHLORIS VERTICILLATA Nutt.
A coarse, tussocky grass. Late in the autumn of 1904, several
clumps of this species were found scattered in the sward of the
depot grounds. They were of recent introduction and had appar-
ently been brought there in lawn-grass seed. Not previously re-
ported for the state.
93. TALL GRAMA-GRASS
ATHEROPOGON CURTIPENDULUS (Michx.) Fourn.
Only one small scanty patch seen in the neighborhood of the
lake. This was found growing on a bank on the east side of
Lost Lake outlet. This grass seems quite peculiar in distribution.
The only other place where we saw it was on a bank on the
east side of Eagle Lake at Warsaw, in a precisely similar situation.
94. WIRE-GRASS; YARD-GRASS; DOG'S-TAIL GRASS
ELEUSINE INDICA (L.) Gaertn.
Not very common about the lake, only a few plants having been
found by the railroad bridge at Culver. It is generally a pretty
234 Lake Maxinkucki < , Physical and Biological Survey
common grass in cities in yards and lawns. It forms a fiat carpet-
like sward and, when in blossom, is an attractive grass.
95. COMMON REED-GRASS
PHRAGM1TES PHRAGMITES (L.) Karst.
The most handsome and stately of our grasses, not common in
the immediate vicinity of the lake. There was a small patch in
the springy flat by Norris Inlet, and a few plants scattered along
the thoroughfare. Large patches were found in the tamaracks
west of the lake.
This was once a common plant through parts of the state, form-
ing dense patches on the flat marshes. It is now rapidly disap-
pearing before the draining of the country.
Among all our plants, the reed holds peculiarly a place of its
own. It is a plant of small economic importance, and one with
which the commercial world has little to do. It has at times been
made into a sort of rough wattle to protect plants from frost, and
sometimes the plume-like heads are collected and dyed, as pampas
grass is dyed, for ornament, but beyond this it has no relation to
the world of trade. It is somewhat surprising in this day when
wild gardens, especially water gardens, and parks with ponds are
in vogue, that it has not come into favor. Perhaps because it re-
quires a large area to show up at its best. It does not fit in well
with trees or shrubbery but needs as a setting square miles of level
prairie and arching sky, where it can loom and lord it above the
humbler sedges and grasses. And yet a little patch even in
cramped quarters and among shrubs and trees is not at all bad. If
one wants wildness, here it is with a vengeance — the most like a
jungle of anything that can be devised in a region such as this.
The Reed is a plant of wide distribution, being found not alone
in this country but in Europe and Asia as well. It may not have
been the identical plant which figured in Greek mythology, although
it may well have been, and no feature of landscape could be more
easily peopled with creatures of the imagination than a clump of
reeds.
Taking the word reed in a broad sense, and including several
species of grass bearing a general similarity to our own, it is re-
markable what a large place in the world of literature and art is
occupies by a plant used to no great extent for the prime needs
of man — food or shelter. This arises from the fact that the reed,
through its use in primitive wind instruments, became the type of
all seolian music, the fife and flute, and the symbol of joy and the
dance.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 235
Today there are few forms of vegetation so easily peopled by
creatures of the imagination as the thicket of reeds with their tall
erect stems densely grown, and broad waving blades. Here is a
picture* of our own times, describing vividly the reeds :
"All the while the river never stopped running or took breath,
and the reeds along the whole valley stood shivering from top to
toe.
"There should be some myth (but if there is I know it not),
founded on the shivering of the reeds. There are not many things
in nature more striking to man's eye. It is such an eloquent panto-
mime of terror, and to see such a number of terrified creatures tak-
ing sanctuary in every nook along the shore is enough to infect a
silly human with alarm. Perhaps they are only a-cold, and no
wonder, standing waist deep in the stream. Or perhaps they have
never got used to the speed and fury of the river's flux, or the
miracle of its continuous body. Pan once played upon their fore-
fathers, and so by the hands of his river, he still plays upon these
later generations down all the valley of the Oise; and plays the
same air, both sweet and shrill, to tell us of the beauty and the
terror of the world."
The passing of the reed marks, too, the passing of a simpler age
of vast regions of primitive nature, of tinkling cowbells and graz-
ing herds over unbroken prairies.
96. SMALL TUFTED LOVE-GRASS; TUFTED ERAGROSTIS
ERAGROSTIS PILOSA (L.) Beauv.
This does not appear to be common. There is one plant in our
collection and its identification is not certain.
97. PURSH'S LOVE-GRASS
ERAGROSTIS PURSHII Schrad.
Rather common in various places along the beach in sand.
Usually found in dry sandy soils forming diffuse spreading clumps.
98. STRONG-SCENTED LOVE-GRASS
ERAGROSTIS MAJOR Host
A common grass throughout the state, frequently coming up in
cultivated grounds in autumn after cultivation has ceased. Its
purplish-silvery flattened spikes, which are borne in abundance,
make it a handsome grass. Recognizable by its sharp penetrating
odor. In August, 1906, Hawk's field was almost entirely covered
* Robert Louis Stevenson, "Inland Voyage."
236 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
with a heavy growth of this grass. In 1908, a large field was seen
near Walkerton, Ind., which looked as if entirely sown with this,
and the sheen of the spikelets gave the whole area a dull silvered
look.
99. SMOOTH CREEPING LOVE-GRASS
ERAGROSTIS HYPNOIDES (Lam.) B. S. P.
A delicate little grass, each plant insignificant by itself, widely
spreading and forming mats over the ground. It grew most
abundantly on the bottoms of dried-up ponds in open places. Found
southeast of the lake, also in a shallow pond near Zechiel's.
100. TALL EATON'S GRASS
SPHENOPHOLIS PALEENS (Spreng.) Scribn.
Not especially common in the region of the lake. A few plants
were found in flower north of Green's marsh, June 17, 1901.
101. ORCHARD-GRASS
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.
Not common in the region of the lake. A few scattered plants
were observed near the icehouses where seed had probably been
scattered from hay. It was quite conspicuous by May 18 (1901),
and in flower by June 5. It was also found in the depot grounds
in 1904. Plants which had been cut earlier in the season were in
flower in October. Although it has an excellent reputation both as
a hay crop and for pasture, very little seems to be sown in the
state. Rather tussocky in habit of growth.
102. ANNUAL MEADOW-GRASS; LOW SPEAR-GRASS
POA ANNUA L.
Scattered about the lake in moderately dry situations. In
flower at the east shore of Lost Lake by Bardsley's cottage
May 6, 1901. One of the earliest plants to blossom in spring,
where it winters over, and one of the latest to bloom in autumn. At
Washing-ton, D. C, where it is common in parks, especially at the
bases of trees, it is often found in blossom on the first warm days
of early spring, and forms a dense sod in shady places, where it is
quite striking when fully in bloom, forming a continuous silvery
mat.
103. FALSE RED-TOP; FOWL MEADOW-GRASS
POA TRIFLORA Gilib.
Occasional in moist places about the lake. Collected in the
low flat woods near Overmyer's field June 26, 1901.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 237
104. JUNE-GRASS; KENTUCKY BLUE-GRASS
POA PRATENSIS L.
One of the best known and most popular grasses of the state for
lawns and pasture. -It is rather common about the lake but not
so abundant as in places where the soil is more suitable. It was
most abundant on the hill north of the icehouses and along shore
southwest of the lake. Bluegrass sod began to look green in the
neighborhood of the lake by April 8, 1901, and the grass began to
blossom by June 7. This grass grows to large size and very
thickly, forming excellent pasture along Yellow River near Ply-
mouth, north of the lake.
Bluegrass sod is frequently infested with cutworms which cause
the heads to die out some time before they are ready to ripen.
105. WIRE-GRASS
POA COMPRESSA L.
Not very common about the lake. Found on shore by Lakeview
Hotel, September 29, 1900, and seen in flower along the railroad
June 14, 1901. This is a fairly common grass throughout the state
but usually grows in small patches, and very rarely forms a thick
sod, the growth usually being quite scanty. It makes good pasture
where abundant enough. It is rather difficult to mow on account
of the wiry, but yielding, character of the flat stems, and its habit
of closely hugging the ground.
106. NERVED MANNA-GRASS
PANICULARIA NERVATA (Willd.) Kuntze
In moist places about the lake. Found in Farrar's woods, going
out of flower, June 15, 1901.
107. FLOATING MANNA-GRASS
PANICULARIA SEPTENTRIONALIS (Hitchc.) Bickncll
A tall, but not particularly striking, grass, usually growing in
small patches at the edges of mucky or sedge-bordered open ponds,
in about a foot or 18 inches of water. The blades of the lower
leaves float on the surface and the base of the stem is usually flat-
tened and expanded. Found along the eastern shore of Lost Lake,
at the edge of a pool along the railroad, near Green's marsh, and in
Walley's swamp.
238 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
108. SLENDER FESCUE-GRASS
FESTUCA OCTOFLORA Walt.
Scattered, in dry places. Found nearly ripe on Long Point,
June 13, 1901.
109. NODDING FESCUE-GRASS
FESTUCA NUTANS Willd.
Occasional in dry soil about the lake. Found at Long Point and
southwest of the lake. Too much scattered to be of any import-
ance.
110. CHEAT; CHESS
BROMUS SECALINUS L.
This very common and well known grass, which frequently
proves such a nuisance in wheatfields, is common about the lake,
especially along the railroad. There are several other species of
cheat found in the sandy soil about the lake, but when found they
were dead ripe and not in condition to collect.
111. PURPLISH WHEAT-GRASS
AGKOPYRON RIFLORLM (Brignoli) R. & S.
Only one patch seen in the region of the lake. This was in a
dooryard in Culver where it had been probably introduced in lawn-
grass seed.
112. SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS
HORDEUM JUBATUM L.
Previous to about 1900, this grass was unknown to many regions
in the northern part of the state, and the 6th edition of Gray's
Manual gave its range as "sandy seashore, upper Great Lakes and
westward." At about the time mentioned above some influence was
rapidly at work bringing about its dispersal and it soon became a
familiar object in lawns, waste places, roadsides, etc., and there
were some fears entertained that it might become a nuisance. Like
the prickly lettuce and swee>t clover, however, which had preceded
it several years, it soon reached its limit or contented itself with
occupying waste places and not encroaching on cultivated ground.
Its large heads, with long silky, sometimes purplish, awns make it
a pretty and conspicuous grass.
Some was found on June 24, 1901, in head along the street,
where it had been recently introduced.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 239
113. NODDING WILD RYE
ELYMUS CANADENSIS L.
A stout handsome grass growing in fairly dense patches in low
rich ground in various places about the lake. There were good
patches along the railroad between Long Point and Culver, along
the shore between the Culver railroad bridge and depot, and by
Lakeview Hotel. It also grew on the beach south of the Inlet and
near Norris's. Scattered pretty generally along the west and south
sides of the lake.
114. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS
HYSTRIX HYSTRIX (L.) Millsp.
Not very abundant, but widely distributed in rather moist rich
places. Scattered, in the eastern part of Farrar's woods, where it
was seen dead ripe, November 14, 1900.
Family 16. Cyperace^e. Sedge Family
This large and well-marked family is remarkably well repre-
sented in the region about the lake, the great variety of soil and
moisture offer favorable habitats for all sorts of sedges, including
those that prefer dry situations, woodlands, dunes, or moist ground.
Moreover, the flat lake plains or "prairies" are par excellence
the situations adapted to sedge growth and over these great areas
sedges of many sorts, but especially of the genus Carex, form the
predominant, even almost the exclusive type of vegetation. Of the
sedges, especially those of the genus Carex, there was so great an
abundance and variety all coming into fruit about the same time,
and that at a time when fish-spawning, bird migration and other
important activities were at their height, that not nearly all seen
could be collected. All, or nearly all of the species of sedges listed,
are represented by herbarium specimens. Many others such as C.
tucker mani, hystricina, cephalophora, hirti folia, sterilis, wildenovii,
and so on were provisionally identified in the field, but were not
collected. It is probable, indeed, that the great majority of the
81 forms listed for the state by Coulter, are to be found in the
neighborhood of the lake.
11.5. LOW KYLLINGA
KYLLINGA PUMILA Michx.
A dainty little sedge, so inconspicuous as to be easily overlooked,
found growing in moist places. It is delightfully fragrant, both
when green and after being dried. It was found in low places
240 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
along the road on Long Point, where the ridge of the point slopes
down to Green's marsh west of Chadwick's. Found in flower Oc-
tober 8.
116. LOW CYPERUS
CYPERUS DIANDRVS Torr.
This pretty little sedge is one of the most common and constant
of the beach plants, growing on the sandy shore near the water's
edge. A more or less broken stretch extends from Long Point to
about Green's pier. This patch is broad and thick in front of the
Barnes cottage. Toward the south end of the lake it is common
by Farrar's cottage, south of Farrar's pond, and along the springy
flat by Overmyer's. It is fairly abundant by Norris Inlet and on
the beach south of it. It is quite scanty or only occasional on the
east side, but begins again on shore in front of the Military Acad-
emy, from which it extends more or less continuously to the Culver
railroad bridge. It also grows on the slopes of the low ice ridges
facing the lake.
117. AWNED CYPERUS
CYPERUS INFLEXUS Muhl.
One of the prettiest of the sedges but very small and incon-
spicuous. Only a few plants were found. These were in the
birch swamp along the railroad by Walley's, in the bottom of
excavations from which ballast had been taken for the railroad,
and where the sand was moist. It was also found at Fletcher's
Lake.
118. STRAW-COLORED CYPERUS
CYPERUS STRIGOSUS L.
The Straw-colored Cyperus is quite common throughout the
state in rich low ground in open places, sometimes growing in con-
siderable patches. It never or rarely becomes a nuisance, as its
near relative, the nut-grass, sometimes does. The widely-spread-
ing infloresence with straw-colored spikelets makes it a conspicuous
and attractive plant. It usually grows along the edges of ponds,
ditches and streams. At Lake Maxinkuckee it was common along
the lake shore, extending more or less interruptedly from Long
Point to below Arlington. Another broken stretch occurred from
Overmyer's field to beyond Norris's. Along the east shore it was
absent. It began again about the Palmer house, and was abundant
at Lakeview Hotel where there was considerable on the flat beach
east of the hotel. It was also found along the beach near the depot,
and at the railroad bridge.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 241
119. SLENDER CYPERUS
CYPERUS FILICULMIS Vahl
This tall wiry-stemmed sedge is not conspicuous, in spite of the
fact that it is one of the tallest species of the genus. It is found
rather scattered in the neighborhood of the lake, especially in the
grass along the railroad in the region of Murray's. It grows in
dry sterile soil. Over in the dune region where hardly anything
else would grow, it helped form a scanty growth over the shifting
sand.
Its usual period of flowering is from June through August, but
along the railroad where the herbage is usually kept mown down or
burned over, it was found in flower as late as September 27.
120. KNOTTED SPIKE-RUSH
ELEOCHARIS INTERSTINCTA (Vahl) R. & S.
The knotted spike-rush, the most conspicuous species of the
genus, is not rare at Lake Maxinkuckee. It is quite local in distri-
bution, however, and is found in dense patches where it occurs.
There are a few small patches along shore near Overmyer's field and
near the Inlet. Besides this it occurs nowhere else except in 2
large patches, one between Winfield's and the depot and one in
Lost Lake below the Bardsley cottage. In each of these cases the
patch extends from shallow water near shore into long cape-like
extensions into the water. The plant, though it bears abundant
seed, seems to propagate chiefly by rootstocks which accounts for
its occurrence in dense patches and its absence as isolated scattered
plants. The plants were up well and beginning to show conspicu-
ously above the surface of the water by May 30. They bear a
marked general resemblance to the stout scouring-rush, Equisetum.
In autumn the whole patches assume a beautiful golden color. They
were in their autumnal glory on October 21, 1900, and the cones
were full of seeds. They quickly succumb to frost and lop over
into the water.
121. ANGLED SPIKE-RUSH
ELEOCHARIS MUTATA (L.) R. & S.
This spike-rush is rare at Lake Maxinkuckee, only 1 small patch
having been found, intermixed with bulrushes, in the vicinity of
Norris Inlet. At Eagle Lake, Kosciusko County, it was fairly
common. This plant grows in water of about a foot in depth,
and is never found on shore much beyond the water's edge.
16— 17618— Vol. 2
242 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
122. BRIGHT GREEN SPIKE-RUSH
ELEOCHARIS OLIVACEA Torr.
Some of our specimens collected appear to be this species. It
is, in general, a coast species but has been reported for the state
in Gibson and Lake counties.
123. BLUNT SPIKE-RUSH
ELEOCHAKIS OBTUSA (VVilld.) Schultes
Common about the lake on wet sandy shores. Patches were
found at Green's pier, by Overmyer's, on the flat east of Lakeview
Hotel and at Long Point. It was also found at Fletcher's Lake.
A form identified as E. obtusa jejuna was abundant in a kettle-
hole in Green's clover field. Found in fruit October 24, 1900.
124. CREEPING SPIKE-RUSH
ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS (L.) R. & S.
This is one of the most common spike-rushes in the vicinity of
the lake. It grows in moist sandy shore at various places — such
as at Long Point and near Norris Inlet. It grows out for some
distance into the water, the plants in water where the growth is
not thick standing in straight rows as if in drills along the under-
ground rootstock. The plants showed up well above the water by
May 28, and were in blossom by June 6, 1901.
The creeping spike-rush is exceedingly variable in size and gen-
eral appearance.
The form known as E. imliistris glaucescens, a very stout tall
spike-rush, is fairly common about the lake, and was obtained in
Green's marsh, along the shore of Lake Maxinkuckee south of
Green's, and at Lost Lake. As the forms occur at the lake they are
quite distinct without any tendency to vary into each other.
125. NEEDLE SPIKE-RUSH
ELEOCHARIS ACICLLARIS (L.) R. & S.
This is the most minute and slender of our spike-rushes, the
dense short clumps covering the ground where they grow like a
minute bright-green growth of hair. The needle spike-rush grows
in a greater variety of situations and at a greater distance from
the lake than the other species, and varies considerably with the
situation in which it is found. Some grew along the lake shore
south of Arlington hotel, and in the swamp below Farrar's. It
was still green, but being washed out by the choppy waves, at the
edge of Lost Lake on November 2, 1904. On April 2, 1901, it
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 2 l-">
was noticed growing on the bottom of the outlet, a considerable dis-
tance below the lakes ; these plants were very long and slender. On
May 29 of the same year it was seen in flower in Green's marsh.
In the tamarack west of the lake it grew in large dense patches,
the plants being very short.
126. HAIR-LIKE STENOPHYLLUS
STENOPHYLLUS CAPILLARIS (L.) Britton
A slender grass-like sedge found growing scantly on the sandy
soil north of Lost Lake. It is a rather inconspicuous plant, and
easily overlooked.
127. SLENDER FIMBRISTYLIS
FIMBRISTYLIS AUTUMNALIS <L.) R. & S.
Much like Stenophyllus capillaris and found growing with it in
the sandy soil north of Lost Lake.
128. SLENDER COTTON-GRASS
ERIOPHORUM GRACILE Koch
This species is found nowhere about the lake except in Hawk's
marsh. Here it grows in considerable abundance, and appears to
be increasing in density of growth from year to year.
With the possible exception of the tall tickseed sunflower, which
grows over great areas to the exclusion of everything else, and
covers for a brief season great patches with continuous stretches
of unbroken gold, this patch of cotton grass is one of the most
striking bits of scenery of the country.
There are several species of plants, which in the density of
growth and abundance of blossom give their color to the whole land-
scape. There are the blue vervains which in rolling moist clayey
places tone the whole area to a sober blue, and there are the level
moist flats, in some places changed to a dirty white by blossoms of
boneset, or in others almost unbroken delicate pink by the steeple
bush (Spiraea) or others yellow with swamp goldenrods; but the
cotton grass rivals and outshines them all. both in its conspicuous-
ness and the continuance of its season of splendor.
The cotton grass nowhere forms continuous patches, but the
plants grow singly, scattered among the sphagnum and sedges,
which they overtop. One small patch west of the center of the marsh
is almost dense enough to give the appearance of continuity. Gen-
erally, however, the plants are far enough apart to give the outline
of each individual head.
While still in blossom in July and August the cotton grass is
244 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
not at all conspicuous. It is not until the latter part of August, or
the earlier portion of September, when the bristles of the head begin
to develop and show themselves, that it reaches its stage of at-
tractiveness ; then the large white silky heads, each at the top of a
tall slender stalk, appear, when looked at from a level, to be poised
in the air above the marsh. Few bits of nature, except it be the
delicately poised leaves of the aspen, bring to mind so forcibly and
continually a sense of the reality and restlessness of the air. The
heads of the patch are somewhere at all times swaying or bobbing,
and of several attempts to photograph them, none was quite satis-
factory.
As the marsh in which these plants grow is surrounded by an
almost impenetrable thicket and is itself much like a wet sponge
to walk on, the splendor of this attractive patch is unknown to
most of the inhabitants of the vicinity or the people who visit the
lake. The only place where any view at all satisfactory can be
had of it is from one of the hills in Hawk's field which over-
looks the marsh, and here the view is too distant to give an ade-
quate notion of the attractiveness of these plants at close range.
Eriophorum gracile retains its attractiveness until the snow
comes to be its rival. If the plants are collected late in August or
early in September before the seeds ripen, the bristles remain tight,
and it makes an attractive dried bouquet, quite as attractive as pam-
pas grass, and contrasting with it in its compact cottony ball. The
bristles are usually snow-white but sometimes are a rich tawny.
The heads can be collected ever after rains have given them a
bedraggled look, as after drying out they easily can be fluffed up.
In addition to the patch at Hawk's marsh, some was seen in a
tamarack near Fletcher's Lake.
129. TALL COTTON-GRASS
ERIOPHOKUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Roth
Not particularly abundant in the neighborhood of the lake. A
number of plants were seen in the tamarack west of the lake on
May 22, 1901, but none was seen nearer the lake. This cotton grass
does not form as nearly compact patches as E. gracile but the
plants are scattered among other sedges. The bright white of the
delicate drooping tassels takes the eye at a considerable distance
and the effect is more striking than that of most flowers — the ap-
pearance being that of great snowflakes lodged here and there
among the knee-high grass. This sedge is in its glory in the early
part of the season — in the latter part of June or during July — and
during the latter part of the summer. In the autumn these tassels
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 2 15
look worn and bedraggled. The species has a wide range, from the
far north in Alaska south into Georgia, but is comparatively little
known, and its charms attract the sight of but few as it grows in
the remote marshes. In 1907 we saw some in a tamarack bog in
the neighborhood of St. Paul, Minn.
130. WATER CLUB-RUSH
SCIRPUS SUBTEKMINALIS Torr.
Rare in the neighborhood of the lake. Its occurrence is attested
by a single herbarium specimen.
131. WEAK-STALKED CLUB-RUSH
SCIRPUS DEBILIS Pursh
A low rush, looking considerably like a miniature bulrush,
usually growing at the water's edge in wet soil. A few plants
grew along the west shore of Lost Lake on the border of the quaky
shore. It formed fairly large patches at Bass Lake, along the
shore in wet sand.
132. THREE-SQUARE; CHAIR-MAKER'S RUSH
SCIRPUS AMERICANUS Pers.
This is the most common bulrush about the lake. With the ex-
ception of a rather large patch in a flat springy field near the Mili-
tary Academy and back of the row of Lombardy poplars fringing
the road in that region, this plant does not form large patches, nor
extend far from shore either into the water or back on the land,
but it forms a rather narrow fringe along the shore of the lake,
growing on the wet sandy beach or out in the water to the
depth of about 18 inches or 2 feet. Patches occur on shore
about the Military Academy grounds. From the Culver railroad
bridge it fringes the shore with few interruptions to Long Point.
There are only a few scattered plants along the east shore of Long
Point. Below Green's it begins again and extends, with a few un-
important interruptions, to Norris Inlet and in front of Norris's.
Plants grow on shore back from the lake a little way on the springy
hill by Overmyer's and on another springy hill beyond Norris's.
There are no patches along the east shore of the lake from Norris's
to near the Military Academy grounds. Like the other common
bulrush of the lake, and like the various species of Eleocharis, this
plant spreads by means of rootstocks and grows out in the water in
straight rows. In the autumn the part above water gradually dies
and turns brown, but the portion under water remains green all
246 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
winter. The part above water remains during most of the winter,
but gradually breaks off or is removed when the ice melts in spring.
The muskrat frequently uses this plant in the construction of its
winter houses.
The plants were nearly dead by September 28, 1900. By May
5, 1901, the young stalks of the year showed up from the bottom
as green short stubble ; by May 16, the plants were projecting above
the surface of the water; nine days later flower-buds began to
show, and by the first of June, the plants, though only about 6
inches high, were in blossom.
This plant forms extensive patches at Bass Lake where the
water remains shallow a long distance from shore.
133. AMERICAN GREAT BULRUSH; MAT-RUSH
SCIRPUS VALIDUS Vahl
The great bulrush is the most aquatic species of the genus about
the lake. In habits and choice of habitat it quite closely resembles
S. americanus, and both are found in similar situations except that
the great bulrush will grow out in deeper water, and prefers a
soft marly soil, while the three-cornered rush prefers more
sand. Like S. awn ricanus, the great bulrush is found along shore
from the Culver railroad bridge to the north shore of Long Point.
It is rare or absent along the east shore of Long Point. Below
Green's it begins again and extends with occasional interruptions
to Norris's. There is none along the east shore of the lake, but it
begins again where the road comes down to the lake near the Mili-
tary Academy grounds. Opposite the ice-houses, opposite Farrar's
and opposite Overmyer's field, it grows for a considerable distance
out in the lake. By Overmyer's field it grows back from shore
on a springy flat, while in the Inlet marsh it grows back from
shore for a considerable distance. In favorable locations it grows
in w^ater 7 or 8 feet deep, the plants projecting above the water 4
feet, the entire length of these plants being 11 or 12 feet. On
shore it rarely grows more than 7 or 8 feet high and is usually
about 6. Bulrushes are common about the edges of Lost Lake, and
continue more or less interruptedly down the Outlet, patches oc-
curring here and there almost down to the Outlet mouth.
The bulrush stems furnish the muskrat with material with
which to build its house. Masses of filamentous algse frequently grow
attached to the base of submerged Scirpus stems; this was espe-
cially well marked in the region of the Inlet, where various algse,
notably the rank Schizomeris, formed dense skirts about the bul-
rushes, much as mosses and Porella grow about the bases of shrubs
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey 247
in woodland ponds. At Eagle Lake, sponges were very common
about the bulrush stems, forming collars entirely around the stem
at various depths below the surface of the water, but this did not
occur in Lake Maxinkuckee, the forms of sponge in this lake either
growing in flat mats over stones or in long loose strings among
the pondweeds. Various insects lay their eggs in great patches
around the bulrush stems just at the water surface and the patches
off the ice-house were coal black from the layers of eggs deposited
on them. The eggs may be those of some species of damsel-fly, but
we were unable to see any insect depositing them. The little steel
blue damsel-flies of the lake congregate in great numbers on the
rushes, forming long series along one side and presenting a peculiar
appearance. It is up the stems of these plants that most of the
damsel-fly nymphs crawl to the air, and from which they emerge
into the adult form and take their first flight.
There are two well marked forms of the great bulrush — a
slender compact dark green form bearing comparatively few seeds,
and a more loosely built glaucous form, easily crushed between
the fingers and bearing an ample cluster of spikelets. The firm,
dark-green form is the one most common about lakes, especially in
sandy firm soil, and is almost exclusively the form found at Lake
Maxinkuckee. The soft glaucous form is common along stagnant
pools and canals. A patch of this form was found down the Outlet
and others on the north side of Long Point. At Twin Lakes both
forms are quite common, growing side by side and quite distinct,
the glaucous form growing more in compact round patches.
Occasional plants both of Scirpus validus and S. americanus
grow in a sort of open corkscrew spiral. This form was not com-
mon at Lake Maxinkuckee though quite abundant in some other
lakes visited.
134. DARK-GREEN BULRUSH
SCIRPUS ATROVIRENS Muhl.
This plant does not form extensive patches and does not grow
at the edge of the lake, as do the species just mentioned. It is
more common about the edges of small pools and in wet meadows.
A few clumps grew along the road south of Outlet Bay between the
road and lake in the tangled jungle-like mass of vegetation. It
was found also in low ground near Norris Inlet, and in marshy
places on the east side. It was in blossom by June 16, 1901, by
Lakeview Hotel, and dead ripe south of Outlet Bay by Sept. 15,
1900. The plants at this place had been bitten off by stock and on
the culm near the top had produced peculiar bulbs, probably an
248 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
effort to reproduce vegetatively in lieu of seeds. In 1904 a good
deal was found scattered in a flat north of the ice-ridge pond on
the east side, and south of Aubeenaubee Creek.
135. REDDISH BULRUSH
SCIRPUS LINEATUS Michx.
A scirpus considerably resembling the next, which is more com-
mon and better known. The spikelets are cylindrical and narrow,
and rather inconspicuous. This plant is fairly common in low
places about the lake but not on the shores of the lake itself. By
June 11, 1901, it was still very short, but in bloom wherever found.
136. WOOL-GRASS
SCIRPUS CYPERINUS (L.) Kunth
Common throughout the greater part of the country at the edges
of pools and in wet meadows. It rarely grows in large continuous
patches, but forms small clumps or single tussocks. Rather com-
mon in the low flat between the road and lake south of Outlet Bay.
It was also abundant in a marsh west of the dunes. This is the
handsomest of the plants belonging to the genus Scirpus, though
not so showy as several members of the genus Eriophorum in which
it has sometimes been placed. It is a tall, stately plant, the small
spikelets on long slender drooping pedicles, becoming fuzzy with
gray brown bristles, make a large handsome head.
137. COMMON HEMICARPHA
HEMICARPHA MICRANTHA (Vahl) Pax.
A very little sedge, growing in small tufts a few inches high,
the fruit usually 2 minute cone-like spikes placed side by side. It
grows in wet sand and was found along Yellow River a few miles
north of the lake and at Fletcher's Lake. None was found in the
immediate vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee. It was probably pres-
ent, but overlooked.
138. DULICHIUM
DULICHIUM ARUNDINACEUM (L.) Britton
A rather homely, inconspicuous sedge, frequently well inter-
mixed and hidden by the bulrushes near the water's edge. At
Lake Maxinkuckee it grew in the swamp along the edge of the lake
between Farrar's and Overmyer's. It was also seen in the tam-
arack west of the lake. It reaches its fullest development, how-
ever, in the drained sphagnum swamp in Walley's woods, about half
of which it almost completely covers.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 2 19
139. WHITE BEAKED-RUSH
RYNCHOSPORA ALBA (L.) Vahl
We have specimens of this species in our collection, probably
from the swampy flat north of Lost Lake. A rather inconspicuous
rush-like plant.
140. WATER BOG-RUSH
MARISCUS MARISCOIDES (Muhl.) Kuntze
A rather homely rush-like plant found generally near the
water's edge and often hidden among the bulrushes with which it
often grows. Only 1 small patch was found, growing along the
western shore of Lost Lake.
141. LOW NUT-RUSH
SCLERIA VERTICILLATA Muhl.
Fairly common in the flat ground north of Lost Lake. The
white achenes or nutlets are quite conspicuous when ripe, and
when viewed closely, exhibit under magnification an interesting
and attractive sculpture.
142. STELLATE SEDGE
CAREX ROSEA Schk.
A common sedge in dry woodlands such as at Long Point and in
parts of Farrar's woods. A slender, rather inconspicuous sedge,
with a small few-seeded spike, the perigynea radiating at maturity.
Some of our specimens were smooth instead of rough above, and
may have been C. retroflexa Muhl., which has been by some re-
garded as a variety of this. Fruits ripening about the middle of
June.
143. SOFT FOX SEDGE
CAREX CONJUNCTA Boott
Occasional in .moist open places among other sedges, forming
clumps. Collected in Green's marsh on the second of June, 1901,
when the heads were well formed.
144. FOX SEDGE
CAREX VULPINOIDEA Michx.
Common, but rather scattered in low sedgy flats, as between the
road and the south shore of Outlet Bay and in the low grounds west
of Green's marsh; found also by the icehouses. One of the most
common and best known of the sedges with flat perigynea and
lenticular fruit. The fruit was well formed by the middle of June.
250 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
145. LESSER PANICLED SEDGE
CAREX DIANDRA Schrank
Not rare in Green's marsh and various other parts of Lost Lake
plain. Heads well formed by June 2, 1901.
14G. LARGE-PANICLED SEDGE
CAREX DECOMPOSITA Muhl.
Not rare in marshy places. Found in Farrar's woods in a
swamp by Lost Lake and in Green's marsh. Fruit was well formed
by June 17, 1901.
147. AWL-FRUITED SEDGE
CAREX STIPATA Muhl.
This, and a few other closely related and very similar species,
represent a familiar form among the sedges, which grow in low
open flats. It appears to be common. Obtained south of the road
by Outlet Bay on June 7, 1901.
148. BLUNT BROOM SEDGE
CAREX TRIBULOIDES Wahl.
Rather common in open places at the edges of swales and
prairies, and at the borders of swamps. Collected with fruit fairly
well developed in Farrar's woods June 17, 1901.
149. BEBB'S SEDGE
CAREX BEBBII Olney
A specimen identified as this was collected in Farrar's woods
on June 17, 1901.
150. STRAW SEDGE
CAREX STRAMINEA Willd.
This is a common sedge, belonging to a pretty well marked
group having the fruit in rounded or pointed, small head-like
spikes, with several heads in series on the fruiting culm. It is
usually found in dry open places. A form of this species approach-
ing the subspecies mirabilis was collected north of Green's marsh
June 17, 1910.
151. BROAD-WINGED SEDGE
CAREX ALATA Torr.
Not very common. A few plants found north of Green's marsh.
The fruit was well developed by June 17.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 2">1
152. HAY SEDGE
CAREX FOENEA Willd.
We have no notes on this sedge except the fact that it occurs in
our collection.
153. BRISTLE-STALKED SEDGE
CAREX LEPTALEA Wahi.
A tall sedge growing rather scattered among the sedges and
grasses of low flat marshes. Not conspicuous, but rather pretty.
The spikes are rather small, but attractive on account of the color
contrast between the pale or whitish perigynia and green subtend-
ing scale. Color effects of any sort are rather infrequent among
sedges, the entire plant except the scales of the staminate flowers
and the yellow anthers and white pistils being usually about the
same shade of green, but here we have the monotony somewhat
relieved with well marked difference in shade.
Collected in flower over by the tamarack May 22, 1901, and
noted in blossom north of the lake June 18.
154. PENNSYLVANIA SEDGE
CAREX PENNSYLVANIA Lam.
One of the most familiar sedges to be found in open woodlands
and one of the earliest plants to bloom in spring. It usually grows
in scattered tussocks in dry woodlands, but sometimes the tussocks
grow close together forming small patches where it forms a firm
mat over the ground. On account of the curled touseled character
of the leaves, which become brownish when old, it is in some places
known by the suggestive name of dog's hair grass.
The fruit is inconspicuous and scant.
April 6, 1901, nearly in blossom by Farrar's. April 19, nearly
in flower west of the lake ; April 25 fully in flower by Chadwick's ;
April 26 some fully in blossom in Farrar's woods ; April 30 in blos-
som everywhere. It ripens early in the summer. Nearly ripe
fruit was collected June 17.
155. WHITE BEAR SEDGE
CAREX ALBURSINA Sheldon
This sedge is remarkable for its very broad whitish leaves. It
never grows in patches, but is usually found singly and scattered in
deep shade of rich woodlands. The fruit is scarce and inconspicu-
ous. It was found in various places about the lake, principally
in the deep woods on the east side.
252 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
156. MEADOW SEDGE
CAREX GRAM'LARIS Muhl.
Like the majority of sedges, this species prefers flat, open moist
soil like that at the edges of the natural meadows or lake plains.
Specimens were collected southwest of the lake, June 26, 1910.
157. GRAY SEDGE
CAREX GRISEA Wahl.
A dry-ground woodland sedge. Collected south of the lake on
June 26, 1901.
158. GRACEFUL SEDGE
CAREX GRACILLIMA Schwein.
Rather common in moist shady places. Collected in Farrar's
woods, almost dead ripe on June 17, 1901.
159. RIBBED SEDGE
(AREX VIRESCENS Muhl.
A sedge of dry woodlands, growing in somewhat similar situa-
tions as those where C. pennsylvanica thrives. Specimens collected
in Farrar's woods, June 17, 1901.
160. HIRSUTE SEDGE
CAREX COMPLANATA Torr.
A sedge much like this, but with spikes too small to agree with
descriptions of the typical form, was rather common in Farrar's
woods. It was obtained in fruit on June 17, 1901.
161. BROWN SEDGE
(AREX BUXBAUMII Wahl.
Specimens of this sedge were obtained in low ground along the
railroad on June 17, 1901.
162. TUSSOCK SEDGE
CAREX STRICTA Lam.
A common sedge in Green's marsh, and forming much of the
growth back of Green's field east of Lost Lake outlet. A rather
tall wiry sedge, frequently covering great areas of flat ground in
the northwest. Formerly not used except for packing, it has re-
cently become of some economic importance as the raw material
from which "Crex" carpets and mattings are made.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 253
163. NODDING SEDGE
CAREX GYNANDRA Schwein.
Collected June 11, 1901, at the edge of Farrar's pond.
164. WOOLLY SEDGE
CAREX LANUGINOSA Michx.
This appears to be a common sedge in the low flats about the
lake, it and C. stricta forming the main mass of the dense sedge
growth in Green's marsh and about Lost Lake. It propagates ex-
tensively by rootstocks and bears fruit but rarely. The spikes
are small and inconspicuous and are covered with a dense brown
velvety growth of fuzz. It and C. stricta together form the bulk
of ''prairie hay" used at the lake chiefly for filling in the ice-houses,
and in general use for packing.
This sedge was up bright and green by April 13, 1901, along
the railroad between the lakes, north of Green's marsh, and also
north of Lost Lake. It bore well formed fruit by June 8.
165. AWNED SEDGE
CAREX ATHERODES Spreng.
Common among other sedges in Green's marsh. Obtained with
well developed heads on June 10, 1910.
166. BEAKED SEDGE
CAREX ROSTRATA Stokes
Occasional in moist places. Specimens were collected along the
railroad on June 17, 1901.
167. BRISTLY SEDGE
CAREX COMOSA Boott
In shallow water, edge of Lost Lake.
168. HOP SEDGE
CAREX LUPULINA Muhl.
Common in moist places about the lake, growing well in the
shade. Specimens with well formed fruits were obtained in
Farrar's woods by the pond on June 11 and June 17, 1901.
Family 17. Arace^e. Arum Family
169. jack-in-the-pulpit; indian turnip
ARISAEMA TRIFHYLLUM (L.) Ton.
Common in moist rich woodlands. It was found in flower east
of the lake on May 13, and in Farrar's woods May 25, 1901. On
25 1 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
September 9, 1906. much of the dead-ripe fruit was observed in
the woods east of the lake. It varies greatly in size and general
appearance, some of the plants being small with a very dark brown
spathe. These may represent the species pusillum. On account
of their oddity and handsomeness, the Jack-in-the-pulpit, especially
the striped forms, is well worthy of cultivation in wild-flower
gardens. The cells of this plant, as indeed most of our aroids, con-
tain bundles of numerous needle-like crystals or "rhaphides" of
oxalate of lime, and it is probably due to the pricking of these
needles that the intense acrid taste of these plants is due.
170. GREEN DRAGON
ARISAEMA DRACONTIUM (L.) Schott
Not so abundant nor widely distributed as the other, usually
confined to the banks of creeks or borders of ponds. Most of the
plants found were in the low woods by Overmyer's or by swamps
in Farrar's woods. It was in flower by May 25. The fruits, like
red ears of corn, were conspicuous along Yellow River, north of
the lake, in the autumn of 1907.
171. GREEN ARROW-ARUM
PELTANDRA VIRGINK A (L.) Kunth
Not particularly abundant about the lake but pretty well scat-
tered along the shore at various places. There were several plants
in Lake Maxinkuckee at the source of the Outlet, some in front of
Inlet marsh, one plant between the Inlet and Norris's, a few in
the upper end of Lost Lake, and some in the swamps between Over-
myer's and Farrar's. It was quite common in the thoroughfare
between the lakes. The dark-green calla-like leaves are quite at-
tractive. The plants began leafing out by May 3, 1901, and some
of the leaves were fully developed by May 17, and by June 24 some
were in flower. The flower is rather inconspicuous with a bulb-
shaped green base, tipped by a delicate whitish-green spathe undu-
late along one side. The ornamental projection of the spathe soon
drops off, leaving the bulbous portion, which by making a sharp
turn on its stem, buries itself under the surface of the water, where
it ripens. Ripe fruit was found October 25, 1904.
The seeds are covered by a gelatinous material and are said to
be a favorite food for wild geese.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 255
172. SKUNK CABBAGE
SPATHYEMA FOETIDA (L.) Kaf.
Confined to mucky springy places about the lake. Its distribu-
tion is rather peculiar throughout the country. Wherever one finds
mucky or loamy ground of a springy nature — and other peculiar
conditions familiar to every one — he is likely to find the skunk cab-
bage. The plants are thus confined to suitable soil, and often in
wholly isolated patches. It is not likely that the large heavy seeds
are transported by birds. They are, indeed, too hard for most ani-
mals to attempt to eat, though some were once found in what ap-
peared to be a mouse's nest. At the lake the skunk cabbage is
found in Overmyer's low woods, in low springy ground along Cul-
ver Creek northeast of the lake, and in Busart's and Zechiel's ponds
in low woods. There was also a good patch in the flat west of
Lakeview Hotel.
With the exception of chickweed and speedwell, plants which
bloom continuously and can be found in bloom every day in the
year in sheltered situations, the skunk cabbage is by far the earliest
blossom of the year, although in some seasons it has a hard race
with the silver maple.
The skunk cabbage suffers somewhat from a bad name not
wholly merited. Its odor is somewhat garlicky, to be sure. Any
one who will take the pains to compare the odor of a freshly caught
skunk with a skunk-cabbage blossom that has really had oppor-
tunity to become smelly, will admit that the comparison of the odor
of the blossom to that of the animal is altogether too obvious. But
we have other plants that smell worse even when farther away.
The stink-horn is a notorious example.
The skunk cabbage spathes are perfectly formed, and even have
their color developed, in autumn. By digging up the plants about
Thanksgiving time and unfolding the leaves the perfect flowers
can be seen. Some were obtained in Busart's swamp in the au-
tumn of 1904. Under favorable conditions the plants may even
blossom before New Year's. Some were found fully in bloom two
weeks before Christmas.
This plant might rank even among our popular blossoms if it
were not handicapped by a suggestive name. A name heard in
Virginia was "Quick Will", probably referring to the earliness with
which the blossoms appear in spring. A fanciful, but by no means
inappropriate, name given to these plants in the south is "Midas'
Ears." One could hardly imagine a name more fitting, or do better
than follow the seer who first applied it. For if we choose, we can
256 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
find, as many have found, in the first peeping- out of the ground of
this first prophet of spring a sense of delighted surprise. Let those
who choose be simply reminded of skunks, but to those who will it
otherwise there comes a message of new-born spring, and memories
of an ancient tale ; when the rough and boisterous winds of March
play their wild flute music on dead sedge stems, or pipe their shrill
strains among the tall ghosts of last year's reeds, we can find
these Midas' Ears pricked up intent and expectant, to the music of
beloved Pan.
The individual plants bear several blossoms, so that the flower-
ing season extends almost into June, making the season much
longer than that of most of our plants. The blossoms vary
greatly from diminutive deep purple spathes through greenish
more or less pied and striped with lurid splotches of red, much re-
sembling a seek-no-further apple, to a bright, clear greenish yellow.
The hoods vary greatly in shape from short to those with exceed-
ingly long projecting peaks. The flowers, if not close fertilized, are
probably cross-fertilized by the bugs and spiders that take shelter
within them and crawl among them.
The fruit is a peculiar head containing large globular seeds em-
bedded in spongy tissue. It is to be found during the latter part
of summer.
At the market in Washington, D. C, among the negroes' stalls,
these plants are frequently found for sale during their blossoming
season as "swamp lilies" and we have heard that they were at one
time on sale in the New York markets as "rare orchids from the
Philippines."
173. SWEET FLAG; CALAMUS-ROOT
ACORUS CALAMUS L.
Not common ; a few plants along shore near Chad wick's, one
east of Lakeview Hotel, and a few near the grist-mill. The plants
were up well, the spadices showing by April 23, 1901, and it was
in full blossom by June 2. The flower cluster, a green inconspicu-
ous object, projecting laterally from what closely resembles an
ordinary leaf, is a curious object. The pungent aromatic rootstock
is in good repute as a stomachic.
Family 18. Lemnace^e. Duckweed Family
174. greater duckweed
SPIRODELA POLYRHIZA (L.) Schlcid.
Abundant in the neighborhood of Norris Inlet, forming, with
other duckweeds, an extensive scum over the surface. It was also
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 2.17
common in ponds and ditches in Green's marsh. The sheltered
waters near the Inlet seem to be its favorite location. Most other
parts of the lake are open to too much disturbance by winds and
waves for it to thrive. It is occasionally found in sheltered
places among the rushes along shore, as north of Long Point and
the ice-houses, Winfield's and Overmyer's. These are probably
stray plants that have been blown and drifted from the main col-
ony. The numerous holes in the Inlet marsh are also covered by
this plant.
In 1909, the duckweed scum was not so extensive at the Inlet
as formerly, but there was considerable in Aubeenaubee Bay di-
rectly across the lake, and near the Academy grounds. A season
of south winds had probably drifted the mass across the lake.
We have no note of having found this plant in blossom. With
the other duckweeds it sinks to the bottom in late autumn and re-
mains green all winter, reappearing again with the thawing of
the ice.
175. IVY-LEAVED DUCKWEED
LEMNA TRISULCA L.
Not especially common at the lake. Found on the lake shore
east of Farrar's, in a driedup pond southwest of the lake by
the boathouse near the Inlet, and most abundantly in the im-
mediate neighborhood of the Inlet, where it may be found at all
seasons when there is no ice; found also occasionally along shore
among cattails and rushes in the neighborhood of Winfield's. On
October 24, 1900, an immense mass of this species was found
drifted in Lost Lake near the middle of the western shore. This
formed a thick tangled scum extending out some distance from
shore and also making great masses in the bottom. It was also fre-
quently found growing and thriving well in wet places among dead
leaves in the water, and it appears to hibernate in such places.
This little plant, with its elongate semi-transparent green fronds,
and peculiar manner of branching, is one of the most attractive of
the duckweeds. Each frond gives rise to a side-shoot on each side
at its center, resulting in a very regular but intricate and compli-
cated branching system where conditions are favorable, the fronds
tilting at all angles to avoid interference. It grows much more
vigorously under leaves in shallow water than in unprotected situa-
tions and hardly looks like the same plant, being much more robust
but retaining the same general habit.
Not found in flower or fruit. It hibernates in the bottom and
remains green all winter.
17— 17618— Vol. 2
258 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
176. MINUTE DUCKWEED
LEMNA PERPUSILLA Torr.
One of the smallest of the Lemnas; abundant in Norris Inlet,
intermixed with Wolffiella floridana; some collected there Novem-
ber 18, 1904.
177. LESSER DUCKWEED
LEMNA MINOR L.
Not particularly common in the lake. Most of the plants are
found in the great mass of duckweeds near Norris Inlet, the
plants of L. minor scattered more or less among the Spirodela. It
was also found near Farrars and at Overmyer's springy flat. In
1906 it was quite common in the Inlet, back among the weeds.
Along the Kankakee marshes almost pure growths of this plant
cover great areas with an almost unbroken scum.
Found abundantly in blossom by Norris Inlet, June 13, 1901.
The blossoms are minute white specks like bits of dust.
178. COLUMBIA WOLFFIA
WOLFFIA COLUMBIANA Karst.
Not particularly abundant at the lake. There is, indeed, a con-
siderable amount down by Norris Inlet, but it is so intermixed
with other duckweeds, which are more conspicuous and abundant,
that it does not make much of a show. At Eagle Lake, Kosciusko
County, and at Twin Lakes, it covers the entire water surface near
shore for a considerable area, making an almost unbroken scum.
This is one of the most minute of flowering plants, the entire plant
being not much larger than a pin-head. It was noticed in blossom
several times. On October 9, 1900, the plants were in blossom quite
freely. We got a tubful in which many were in bloom. They
were found in flower also on October 24 of the same year. At
Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie, some were noted in blossom about the 19th
of July. The flowers appear like minute white dust specks.
According to Forbes* Wolffia is not unimportant as a food sup-
ply for certain species of fishes, forming in some cases 95% of
the stomach contents of the Buffalo-fish, Ictiobus bubalus, 8% of
the food of the carp sucker, Cavpiodes carpio, and the larger por-
tion of the food of the mud-minnow, Umbra limi.
Plants occasionally drift among the bulrushes along shore at
various parts of the lake, as near Winfleld's, where they hold their
own for some time in the shelter of the rushes, but they do not ap-
pear to increase much.
Nat. Hist. Surv. 111., Ill, Ichthyology.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey 259
179. DOTTED WOLFFIA
WOLFFIA PUNCTATA Griscb.
With the other species, but not so common ; characterized by
smaller size and numerous brown pigment cells. It is the smallest
of our flowering plants, though there is a still smaller species,
Wolffia micros copied, found in Asia.
180. FLORIDA WOLFFIELLA
WOLFFIELLA FLORIDANA (j. D. Smith) Thompson
Rather common at Norris Inlet among other duckweeds. On
account of its slenderness and submerged growth, and its habit of
hiding among other duckweeds and among algse, it is easily over-
looked. The plants usually cohere to form star-shaped bodies. It
often grows thickly tangled in the tops of Ceratophyllum. South
winds frequently drive this with other duckweeds from their ac-
customed haven, and one finds stray bits at various places on
shore. On various occasions a few bits were found at Overmyer's
spring, a few south of Winfield's, and some near Farrar's, but they
do not appear to thrive or multiply in these places. This duckweed
remains green all winter and can be seen under the clear ice.
Plants were thus observed on December 20, 1904, floating along the
under side of the ice over the Inlet.
In 1906 and again in 1909 when the Inlet was visited, this plant
appeared to be growing less common, as if disappearing.
Family 19. Xyridace^e. Yellow-eyed Grass Family
181. slender yellow-eyed grass
XYRIS FLEXUOSA Muhl.
A rather remarkable and peculiar plant, the flowers aggregated
into dense heads on the tips of long slender scapes. Not common.
A few scattered plants were found in the wet sandy marsh near
the birch swamp along the railroad south of the lake. The plant
begins blossoming in early July.
Family 20. Eriocaulace^e. Pipewort Family
182. seven-angled pipewort
ERIOCAULON SEPTANGULARE Willi.
Not common in Lake Maxinkuckee; only a small patch of plants
found on shore near the Assembly grounds. The basal rosettes
of leaves look much like those of Sagittaria graminea, and grow
260 Lake Maxinkucki e, Physical and Biological Surrey
close to the ground at the bottom of the water. It was quite com-
mon at Bass Lake near the ice-houses, forming extensive patches of
scattered plants. On August 14, 1906, these plants were in blos-
som and the sober gray puff-like little heads of flowers floating on
the surface of the water formed an unique and pleasing sight.
They did not look like flowers or aggregations of flowers as usually
understood; the stems were hidden underneath the water, and
they seemed to have simply popped out of the water to cause a sen-
sation of surprise.
Family 21. Commelinace^e. Spiderwort Family
183. VIRGINIA DAY-FLOWER
COMMELINA VIRGINICA L.
Not at all common. The first plants found in the lake region
were in sandy soil along the west side of the thoroughfare joining
the lakes. It had the appearance of having been recently intro-
duced. It was, however, probably native.
184. REFLEXED SPIDERWORT
TRADESCANTIA REFLEXA Raf.
Fairly common, but scattered in sandy soil. Most abundant
along the railroad. The leaves were up well by May 11, 1901, and
it was in flower along the railroad track by June 3, 1901.
Family 22. Pontederiace^:. Pickerel-weed Family
185. pickerel-weed
PONTEDEKIA CORDATA L.
Common along the edge of the lake, especially where the bottom
is somewhat muddy. It grows from shore out to where the water
is about ten inches deep. Noted in numerous places along shore,
such as at Long Point, south of Farrar's, from in front of the
ponds and marshes to beyond Norris's. There was none along the
east side, but it began again in front of Culver Academy grounds.
There was some north of Winfield's and some by the ice-houses.
An interesting and attractive plant, the dark-green delicately
veined smooth leaves growing in tropical luxuriance, and the dark
blue flowers with spots of gold in the center, are very pleasing. In
some places along shore the cattle had browsed off the leaves and
stems. The plant succumbs early to frost, the leaves soon rotting
down after being frozen.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 261
186. WATER STAR-GRASS
HETERANTHERA DUBIA (Jacq.) MacM.
Rather abundant in the lake off from the ice-houses, and in the
thoroughfare between the lakes. The long form growing in water
closely resembles some of the narrow-leaved species of Potamoge-
ton. Fragments break off, drift ashore, and take root in the mud.
These form a short and entirely different looking plant with bright
attractive yellow flowers which, sparkling up from the mud-bank,
draw attention to the plant.
Family 23. Juncace^e. Rush Family
187. common rush; bog rush; soft rush
JUNCUS EFFUSUS L.
Not particularly common ; the only patch in the vicinity was
in a low flat by Farrar's. Over this small area the soft rush grew
abundantly, each plant forming a large clump. These large tufts,
dark green throughout the entire year and drooping gracefully in
every direction, made the flat a pleasing picture, especially during
the barren portion of the year. The internal structure of the
stems, consisting of stellate cells, is beautiful and interesting. The
plants were in blossom by May 25, 1901.
188. TOAD RUSH
JUNCUS BUFONIUS L.
Not very common, and confined to flats where there is consider-
able moisture and more or less sand. In general appearance it re-
sembles a diminutive form of the familiar yard rush, Juncus
tenuis. It clings closely to the ground and is a rather inconspicu-
ous plant. In the lake plain of Lake-of-the-Woods, a few miles
north, it covers almost the entire area in places with a dense
growth. At Lake Maxinkuckee it occurred along the road south of
Outlet Bay, and in the flat marsh north of Lost Lake.
189. SLENDER RUSH; YARD RUSH
JUNCUS TENUIS Willd.
The most common and familiar of our rushes. Like the "yard
grass", Polygonum aviculare, it seems to thrive best in well-trodden
ground. It grows most luxuriantly about the haunts of man and
in this respect acts much like an introduced plant. Its favorite
habitat is along the edge of footpaths. It usually droops over the
pathways more or less and, in later summer after a rain, the pods
262 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
burst and the ripened seeds hang out in conspicuous gelatinous
masses like minute frog-spawn. It is possible that these seed
masses are distributed by passing men and animals.
In flower June 7, 1901, along the road south of Outlet Bay.
Collected also at Long Point June 7.
190. SHORT-FRUITED RUSH
JUNCUS BRACHYCARPUS Engclm.
Not common. Scattered plants were found at the edge of moist
sandy stretches along the railroad near the birch swamp.
191. CANADA RUSH
JUNCUS CANADENSIS J. Gay
Not particularly common. Some plants were collected in the
Long Point region June 17, 1901.
192. SHARP-FRUITED RUSH
JUNCUS ACUMINATUS Michx.
In moist sandy places, especially where the sand is almost con-
tinually saturated. Not very abundant in the neighborhood of the
lake.
193. STOUT RUSH
JUNCUS NODATUS Coville
Scattered, like the others, in low moist sandy places. Not par-
ticularly abundant.
194. COMMON WOOD-RUSH
JUNCOIDES CAMPESTRE (L.) Kuntze
A hairy, grass-like plant forming tufts in both moist and dry
situations at the edge of woodlands and in light shade. It blos-
soms early in spring. Rather common, but not abundant about
the lake. It was noted in Farrar's woods and along the railroad
near the Winter-berry marsh. Noted in blossom May 2, 1901.
Family 24. Liliace^e. Lily Family
195. wild leek
ALLIUM TRICOCCUM Ait.
A lover of deep rich woods, where it frequently grows in
patches. The broad flat handsome leaves have some little resem-
blance to those of the dog-tooth violet, but without their mottling.
The greenish inconspicuous flowers are followed by a 3-lobed ovary,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical' and Biological Survey 263
each lobe containing- a seed much resembling a shot in appearance
and hardness. The bulb has a faint delicate flavor, more like the
thought of an onion than an actual onion. The odor clings to the
breath with remarkable persistency. Its very faintness perhaps,
makes it more tantalizing and unendurable, and few morsels of
which one can partake are followed by such lasting regret.
April 6, 1901, remains of this plant found in woods northeast
of the lake. April 19, well out in leaf.
196. NODDING WILD ONION
ALLIUM CERNUUM Roth
This onion prefers open sunny places. It is not abundant in the
region of the lake. The only plants seen were a few on the bank
at the southeast corner not far from Norris's. The large umbel
of gracefully drooping rosy pink blossoms makes this a very at-
tractive plant when in bloom. Its bulb has an honest well pro-
nounced onion flavor, and a marked pungence of taste, which, while
inferior to that of the cultivated onion, the
"Rose among roots, the maiden-fair
Wine-scented and poetic soul
Of the capacious salad bowl,"
is much more satisfactory in after effects than the flavor of the
wild leek.
197. WESTERN RED LILY
LILIUM UMBELLATUM Pursh
This lily, which deserves the name of Tulip lily, from its habit
of looking upward like a tulip, is one of the most attractive of our
native plants. The long-clawed erect vivid perianth-segments re-
semble flames. The individual flowers are more showy than those
of either of the 2 other species with nodding flowers, L. canadense
or L. superbum, but the blossoms are not borne in so great abund-
ance.
A few plants were found south along the railroad, in sand, in
blossom about July 4. It is rare in the neighborhood of the lake,
but is fairly common about Plymouth and along the Pennsylvania
railroad near Bourbon, Indiana.
198. WILD YELLOW LILY
LILIUM CANADENSE L.
The common yellow lily of the state, generally known as the wild
tiger lily, usually growing in moist meadows. It is becoming much
264 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
less common than formerly on account of the breaking- up of the
ground. It will thrive in grassy unpastured meadows for a long
time, but pasturage or cultivation soon kills it out. Not common
about the lake.
The magnificent turks-cap lily, L. siiperbum, which frequently
bears large panicles of flowers, should be found in the vicinity of
the lake, but so far has not been observed.
199. YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE
ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM Ker
Common in rich woods east of the lake. The leaves were up
by April 12, 1901, and large flower buds almost ready to open by
April 19. It was nearly out of flower by April 30. The bulbs are
deeply buried, and each bulb seems to be more deeply buried than
its predecessor of the year before. The leaves are usually beauti-
fully mottled, but some patches or individual plants have them
with a plain, somewhat silvery luster. The flowers have a pleasing
fragrance. In some parts of the country these plants are known
as "wild tulips."
200. WHITE ADDER'S-TONGUE
ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM Nutt.
Rather common, but not nearly so abundant as the other. A
patch was found in blossom on the east side of the lake on April
30, 1901. It usually begins blossoming considerably later than
the other species. One of the prettiest of our wild flowers, but not
conspicuous.
201. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM
ORMTHOGALUM UMBELLATUM L.
It was somewhat surprising to find this plant, which is usually
associated with closely settled homesteads and old gardens, in close
proximity of the lake. A few plants were found in flower along
the road east of the lake, June 5, 1901.
202. STAR-GRASS; COLIC-ROOT
ALETRIS FARINOSA L.
This was noted as not at all common ; found in dry soil along
the railroad track in 1901. In 1909, it was noted as fairly common
in flat moist sandy places along the railroad.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 265
Family 25. Convallariace^:. Lily-of-the- Valley Family
203. asparagus
ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS L.
A fairly common escape along the railroad, growing in small
patches. Noted in flower May 18, 1901.
204. FALSE SPIKENARD
VAGNERA RACEMOSA (L.) Moiong
A familiar and attractive plant growing in shaded woodlands.
The white raceme of flowers is attractive and fragrant, and the
unripe berries white in color, thickly freckled with red, are pretty.
The ripe berries, consisting of a scarlet pulp enclosing a large white
ivory-like seed, are aromatic, and, to a degree, edible. Found in
flower by Vajen's May 28, 1901, and in Farrar's woods June 4.
Abundant on Long Point where it was collected in blossom June
10. The fruit ripens in autumn at a time when the stem and leaves
die down.
205. STAR-FLOWERED SOLOMON'S SEAL
VAGNERA STELLATA (L.) Morong
This species is much less common than the preceding and is
usually found in rather dense patches on shady banks. Although
the flowers are larger than those of the related species it is not so
attractive a plant. The unripe berries are green with meridional
areas of purple, and the ripened berries are black. Found in flower
May 14, 1901, in Overmyer's woods and collected in blossom on the
north side of the lake May 18.
206. FALSE LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY
UNIFOLIUM CANADENSE (Desf.) Greene
One of the daintiest and most attractive of our wild flowers,
the erect slender stem bearing 2 or 3 leaves and surmounted by a
panicle of creamy fragrant flowers, considerably resembling those of
Vagnera racemosa. The flowers are followed by pink-freckled ber-
ries also resembling those of the above mentioned plant. Scattered
especially in tamaracks and peat-boggy places. Collected in the
tamarack west of the lake May 22 and again on June 2. 1901. In
flower in Hawk's marsh, May 2, 1901.
266 Lakt Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
207. LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT
UVULARIA GRANDIFLOKA J. E. Smith
Though not very conspicuous, the long bell-shaped blossom,
drooping gracefully from the peduncle, makes this a very at-
tractive plant. The 3-angled capsules, which become erect as
they ripen, are pretty and interesting. Rather abundant in rich
woods southwest of the lake, and in Farrar's woods. In flower
May 14, 1901.
208. HAIRY SOLOMON'S SEAL
POLYGONATUM BIFLORUM (Walt.) Ell.
Rather common, growing in scattered patches in open sunny
places. It thrives best in rich leaf mould. Plants were collected
in woods southwest of the lake. Observed in blossom May 14 and
May 20, 1901.
209. SMOOTH SOLOMON'S SEAL
POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM (R. & S.) Dietr.
Not very abundant about the lake. Only 2 patches noted, one
by McSheehey's pier on the bank and one on the north side of the
lake on the bank between the Culver railroad bridge and depot.
This plant grows best in leaf mould and protected places such as
fence corners, where it forms small patches. In suitable soil it
grows very rank and large, and is a graceful plant, though neither
its blossoms nor bluish berries are attractive. Found in blossom
through May and June. The berries at Long Point were badly
pecked, probably by birds, but it was not observed that they took
any.
Family 26. Trilliace^e. Wake-robin Family
210. indian cucumber-root
MEDEOLA VIRGINIAN A L.
Not very common ; a patch of scattered plants was found in
Farrar's woods. It does not blossom the first summer. Both the
sterile plants terminating with a handsome whorl of leaves, and the
slender erect fertile or mature plants with a large basal whorl and
a smaller terminal whorl, are attractive and interesting plants,
though the odd yellowish blossom which turns down under the
leaves is quite inconspicuous. It blossomed at the lake in early
June.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 267
211. PRAIRIE WAKE-ROBIN
TRILLIUM RECURVATUM Bock
Rather abundant, scattered through moist rich shady woodlands.
Most of the plants seen were in Culver's woods. An inconspicuous
and rather homely plant, though the leaves are sometimes prettily
blotched. Well in flower on May 3, 1901. Found also in Over-
myer's woods.
212. ILL-SCENTED WAKE-ROBIN
TRILLIUM ERECTUM L.
Not particularly common. A few plants were found, nearly
out of blossom along Overmyer's creek May 31, 1901. This spe-
cies demands somewhat richer situations than most of the others
and is usually found in deep woodlands in rich mould. Like the
other species, especially T. grandiflorum, it is rapidly disappearing
with the clearing out and pasturing of woodlands. The rather
large flowers, noteworthy for the large, conspicuous, colored
ovaries, are usually hidden beneath the leaves by the curling down-
ward of the flowerstalk.
Family 27. Smilace^e. Smilax Family
213. carrion-flower
SMILAX HERBACEA L.
Rather common about the lake; noted on the hill by the ice-
houses, by the pawpaw grove on the east side of the lake, on the
west shore of the lake, south of the lake, and far down the outlet.
The shoots come up in late spring, at first looking somewhat like
asparagus sprouts, and grow with remarkable rapidity, reaching
the height of six or eight feet in a few weeks. The whole aerial
portion of the plant, stem, leaves, and buds, appears to be formed in
an incredibly short space of time. The green blossoms closely
compacted into globular heads are interesting and curious, but of
a disagreeable odor. They are followed by dense balls of black ber-
ries which are rather conspicuous in autumn after the leaves have
fallen. Early in spring the leaves are frequently handsomely
flecked with brown. Early in autumn the leaves turn yellow and
the plant dies. In blossom June 13, 1901.
214. GREENBRIER; CATBRIER
SMILAX ROTUNDIFOLIA L.
Common in thickets, but not so abundant as the other species.
It remains green late in autumn. It was still green after hard
frosts in 1906.
268 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
215. HISPID GREENBRIER
SMILAX HISPIDA Muhl.
Quite common about the lake; some on the beach on the flat
place east of Lakeview hotel, some large vines in the low woods
below Farrar's, some in the low ground north of Overmyer's field
and some on the west shore of the lake not far from Scovell's. In
sheltered woods the leaves remain green far into the winter, mak-
ing verdant bowers in the barren woodlands quite conspicuous in
the deciduous forests surrounding the lake. Although endogenous
in structure, the wood of the stem is perhaps not equalled in hard-
ness by any of our native woods. We have nothing that will ap-
proach it for prickliness and the bristles are very hard and brittle.
Family 28. Amaryllidace^e. Amaryllis Family
216. yellow star-grass
HYPOXIS HIRSUTA (L.) Coville
Quite abundant, scattered through the grass in sandy moist
ground. May 12, 1901, in flower along the railroad. May 22 in
flower almost everywhere in sandy ground, especially near the birch
swamp.
Family 29. Dioscoreace^e. Yam Family
217. wild yam-root
DIOSCOREA VILLOSA L.
Not very common. A small patch on the south shore of the
lake, in a swamp across from Murray's west of the railroad, and
in a swale in Zechiel's woods across the railroad from the birch
swamp. The thin veiny heart-shaped blossoms are inconspicuous
but the pistillate ones are followed by papery 3-angled pods which
droop in graceful racemes, which persist not only through the
winter but until worn away by the weather.
These pods, which are of a fine silky texture and quite various
in shape, elongate or rounded and of various shades of brown, are,
in the wintry season, among the prettiest things outdoors. The
plant is worthy of cultivation on trellisses for the attractiveness of
its fruits.
Family 30. Iridace^e. Iris Family
218. LARGER BLUE-FLAG
IRIS VERSICOLOR L.
Common in marshy open places, especially in the Inlet region,
north of Lost Lake, and along the outlet. It sometimes grows
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 269
abundantly along the edges of marshes, excluding everything else.
There are large patches near Norris Inlet and along the outlet.
219. POINTED BLUE-EYED GRASS
SISYRINCHIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Mill.
Quite abundant, growing in clumps, scattered among grasses in
moist places. Abundant in Green's marsh, and along the railroad.
In flower May 18, 1901. A well-known plant with very pretty
flowers which last only a day, to be followed by others.
Family 31. Orchidace^e. Orchid Family
220. showy ladies'-slipper
CYPRIPEDIUM REGIN^E Walt.
Dr. Hessler:|: reports this as rare "in low grounds on the south-
ern extremity of Lake Maxinkuckee." We have not found it and it
is probably extinct by this time. There are several localities about
the lake favorable for its growth.
This is the most beautiful and remarkable of our native flowers,
and is not excelled by many, if any, of the tropical orchids. It was
formerly quite common in the northern part of the state in suit-
able places, its favorite location being the mucky edges of wooded
bogs, or springy river valleys. On account of the drainage of such
places and the close gathering of these plants wherever found, they
are becoming rare and in many places extinct.
221. SHOWY ORCHIS
GALEORCHIS SPECTABILIS (L.) Rybd.
Rare in rich woods in leaf mould. Only one plant collected.
One of the most beautiful of our native plants. The exquisite pale
pink of the hood, perfect white of the lower half of the blossom,
and the crystalline appearance of the whole plant and the faint
delightful odor of the blossoms, make the whole plant a real gem,
and the finding of it a memorable event. It is hardly a misfortune
that it does not thrive under cultivation. Its best setting and one
to which it is able to do full justice is dense shadowy forests,
ancient and venerable oaks, and acres of odorous mold.
222. YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHIS
BLEPHARIGLOTTIS CILIAR1S (L.) Rydb.
Not rare, and apparently becoming more common. In 1900, a
few plants were noted along the east side of Lost Lake outlet, in
* Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1896, 128.
270 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
swampy ground back of Green's field. In 1906, there was a fine
patch of over a hundred plants, growing pretty closely together,
and gleaming out of the tall ferns and sedges like a small bonfire.
The plants were also quite common in Hawk's marsh but usually
more scattered. They grow in the sphagnum, intermingled with
ferns and sedges. Gray regarded this as "our most handsome
species". In our opinion it does not excel, even if it equals, the
splendid white flowered B. leucophaea. In 1908 and 1909 the yel-
low fringed orchis patches were still existing both by the Lost Lake
outlet and in Hawk's marsh, but in the latter year the patch by the
outlet had diminished somewhat in size. A plant was also found
in the birch swamp.
223. RAGGED OR GREEN-FRINGED ORCHIS
BLEPHARIGLOTTIS LACERA (Michx.) Farwell
A few plants grew in the marshy bay east of the Lost Lake out-
let and back of Green's in the same region where the yellow fringed-
orchis was so abundant. It is, on the whole, rather rare in the
neighborhood of the lake. It is rather common along the railroad
near Plymouth, Ind.
Although not so showy as the preceding species the racemes of
whitish green, peculiarly fringed blossoms of this orchid have a
charm of their own, their pose and shape reminding one of a
swarm of greenish insects about to alight.
224. GRASS-PINK; CALOPOGON
LIMODORUM TUBEROSUM L.
This very pretty orchid was rather abundant in a marshy
stretch along the railroad near the birch swamp. The attractive
purplish pink blossoms scattered through the grasses, showed up
finely on July 4, 1901. It is quite abundant along the railroads
at Plymouth, Ind.
225. NODDING LADIES'-TRESSES
IRIDIUM (ERNUUM (L.) House
The most common and most hardy of our orchids, usually pretty
abundant in sandy moist places, among grass. It also grows in
mucky or peaty soils. It was common in the low ground near
the outlet where the yellow fringed orchis abounds. It was also
found in Walley's woods, and in the tamaracks west of the lake.
There was a fine patch in the marshy natural ampitheater by Lake-
view Hotel. It reaches its greatest abundance, however, along both
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 271
sides of the railroad some little distance north of the birch swamp,
and near the winter-berry swamp by Walley's. Here in the height
of its flowering- season it grows so thickly as to turn the sward
white in places. It was equally abundant far to the north along
the railroad near Plymouth, and to a great distance southward,
the ground along the same railroad being white with it below
Logansport. It usually comes into blossom about the last of
August, and remains in blossom until about the end of September.
By about the 14th of October it is nearly out of flower, the tips
of the spikes still fresh and white but the lower parts brown.
Although not so dainty as its near relative, /. gracile, this is an
attractive and charming plant, well-developed spikes with a marked
spiral being exceedingly pretty. It has a faint delightful fra-
grance, and the flowers under slight magnification exhibit a beauti-
ful crystalline appearance.
226. FEN ORCHIS; LOESEL'S TWAYBLADE
LIPARIS LOESELII (L.) L. C. Rich.
Not common. A few plants grew in the vicinity of Norris
Inlet, and some in Hawk's marsh.
227. PUTTY-ROOT; ADAM-AND-EVE
APLECTRUM HYEMALE (Muhl.) Ton.
Not common. A few plants were found in rich mould in the
heavy forests east of the lake ; noted in flower June 5, 1901. One of
the homeliest in blossom of all the orchids, the dingy flowers with-
out the charm belonging to most members of the family. The me-
chanics of fertilization, however, as is usually the case in this
group, are interesting. The strongly plaited leaves which remain
all winter are handsome, and make up for the plant's ordinary
appearance at blossoming time. To come upon a clump of these
plants in the barren winter is always a pleasant surprise, and
brings a sense of discovery. The name "Adam-and-Eve" is said to
be due to the fact that two plants are always supposed to be found
growing near each other. The mealy mucilaginous conn is one
of the queer things that boys pretend to like the flavor of.
228. SMALL CORAL-ROOT
CORALLORRHIZA ODONTORHIZA (Willd.) Nutt.
Rather rare about the lake, in mould in rich dry woods. An in-
teresting and attractive plant belonging to that rather small group
of phanerogams, including Indian pipe, beech drops and cancer-
root, which are destitute of green color.
272 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 32. Sauruace.e. Lizard's-tail Family
229. lizard's-tail
SAURURUS CERNUUS L.
A rather common plant throughout the state, usually growing
in rich wet soil at the edge of creeks. Flowers odorous, the whole
plant with a spicy fragrance. In the lake region there was a patch
in the low woods next to Overmyer's field.
Family 33. Juglandace^e. Walnut Family
230. black walnut
JUGLANS NIGRA L.
There were very few black walnut trees west of the lake. We
have notes on one tree southwest of the lake, which was observed in
blossom May 25, 1901, and from which blossoming sprays were
collected May 27. On the east side it was quite common along
the road and in the forests back from the lake, where it frequently
attained large size. In certain years, notably in 1906, the trees
bore quite heavy crops of fruit. There were also several trees near
the cemetery west of the Outlet.
231. BUTTERNUT; WHITE WALNUT
JUGLANS CINEREA L.
Rare on the west side of the lake. There was a fine large tree
in a field by the Busart road which usually yielded a good crop
of excellent nuts. It was not uncommon in the rich woods of
the east side, but not abundant. It was quite common farther
north, in rich woods along Yellow River.
232. BITTER-NUT; SWAMP HICKORY
HICORIA ('ORI)IFORMIS (Wang.) Britton
The bitternut is quite rare in the vicinity of the lake. There
arc a few scattered trees on the east side, somewhat back from
the lake in the large forests. Some of these trees are of quite large
size. One small sprout-like tree of this species was found south of
the lake in Farrar's woods. This species can be distinguished
from the other hickories of the region, even in the dead of winter,
by its peculiar narrow yellowish bud scales. After the nuts lie on
the ground over winter they lose something of their intense bitter-
ness, though they are always far from sweet.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 273
233. SHAG-BARK; SHELL-BARK HICKORY
HICORIA OVATA (Mill.) Britton
The shagbark or shellbark hickory is rather rare in the vicinity
of the lake, and none of the trees seen was very large, all being
second-growth, the tallest probably not more than 30 or 40 feet
high, and most had not grown beyond the period of smooth bark.
On the south side of the lake two trees were noted in Overmyer's
field and one in Busart's field. The nuts of these trees were quite
small. The trees were considerably more abundant on the east side ;
there were several about a small pond near Chandler's, and a
small tree near Van Schoiack's bore quite large and excellent nuts.
The shagbark hickory tree varies greatly in the general char-
acter of its fruit. Quite likely it is not in reality more variable
than other trees in this respect, but as the fruit is an object of
particular interest variations are more quickly noted. Every farm-
er's boy who lives in a country where hickories are abundant has
his favorite tree. The highest quality of hickory nut has a thin
paper-like shell and bright yellowish kernels. On some trees, mon-
strosities in the shape of 3-cornered nuts bearing an extra segment
to the kernel, are not especially rare.
The shoots of this species leaf out rather late in spring. When
the buds first unfold the great bud scales of translucent pinkish
green, turn back, forming a rather striking spectacle, especially
on vigorous young shoots. The tender shoots of the year's growth
lengthen rapidly, soon attaining the full size for the season, and
spend the rest of the year ripening the wood.
The long strips of bark, which are easily removed from old
trees, burn and crackle with remarkable brilliance and vigor, scat-
tering about flaming particles as if they were richly charged with
oil. In fact they burn much like some of the mineral coals, and
used to be a favorite fuel, used between the finer kindling and the
wood proper. Hickory wood is itself one of the best of the woods
for fuel, and, in the early days, green hickory was the only wood
to be thought of for use in the smoking of meats.
In sweetness of sap the hickory is altogether without a peer;
the best of the maples are far inferior to it. It does not seem to be
free flowing enough to make the tapping of trees feasible, but from
the end of hickory logs it oozes out in a thick sugary syrup, and
sometimes in white powdery masses of perfectly sweet froth like
frosting on cake. It is a wonder the sapsucker, which often taps
sugar trees, has not discovered the hickory. The insects have,
and hickory which dies or is cut with the sap still in it, is soon, if
18— 17618— Vol. 2
274 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
not protected, bored full of larvae burrows and converted into
powder.
It is to the tough pliable wood of this and other hickories that
we look for axe-handles, and at one time home-made scrub brooms,
and splint bottomed chairs. It was the shoots of hickory that fur-
nished the hickory whistles, braided bark lash whips, and long
strands of hickory bark furnished a ready means of tying up things.
This species blossoms during May ; the tree by the Inlet was nearly
out of flower by May 25, and the nuts ripen with frost.
234. MOCKER-NUT; WHITE-HEART HICKORY
HICORIA ALBA <L.) Britton
Somewhat common on the west side of the lake; there were a
few fair-sized trees on Long Point, none of great size. The nuts
vary considerably in appearance and flavor; all agree in being
rather short and quite thick-shelled. The kernels are not so oily
and rich as those of the shellbark hickory, and are covered with a
rougher, browner coat. Among the trees that yielded nuts of es-
pecially good quality was one on Long Point near Chadwick's, one
in Green's field south of the marsh, one along the railroad back of
Murray's, and one in Busart's field near the Busart road. One of
the trees between Overmyer's and the Inlet has an unusually large
number of leaflets. There was one fine tree on the main street in
Culver.
The buds had begun to swell considerably by April 22, 1901.
The leaves, especially when they come out in spring, but more or
less throughout the summer, emit a pleasant resinous odor, mak-
ing this the most fragrant of the hickories. The trees were in
blossom by May 17. In autumn the leaves turn a rich clear golden
color, making the tree quite conspicuous. By October 4, 1900, the
trees were shedding leaves quite profusely, and by October 11 the
leaves were dead, many from all of the trees, and nearly all from
some of the trees, shed. Children were observed with baskets and
sacks of the nuts on October 29, 1904.
235. SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY
HICORIA MICROt ARPA (Nutt.) Britton
Rather common on the west side of the lake. There are a few
trees at Long Point, one in Green's yard, and one in the yard below
Arlington.
This is generally known in the northern part of the State as
Black Hickory. The nuts are various in form, some being more
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey 275
or less elongate and flatfish, others globose, flattened laterally. The
tree in Green's yard had the nuts in the hulls markedly pear-shaped,
and another on the road beyond Romig's had them more globose.
The hulled nut is usually shouldered at the distal end and sharp-
ened proximally.
The small nuts, though quite sweet, are lacking in nutty flavor,
and the small boy gathers them last and not enthusiastically, the
shagbark being first, then the big king-nut where found, then the
mocker-nut, and finally the little "black hickory". The leaves come
out about the latter part of April. Trees were in blossom by May
13, and the leaves were rich golden, preparatory to dropping by
October 31.
Family 34. Myricace^e. Bayberry Family
236. sweet fern
COMPTONIA PEREGRINA (L.) Coulter
Only one rather small patch of this plant was found in the
vicinity of the lake; this was in sandy ground along the railway
about half-way to Delong. The patch was discovered by Dr. Scull
of Rochester, Indiana. It was quite common along the road on
the way to Bass Lake. Specimens were collected at the first patch
mentioned on November 11, 1900.
Family 35. Salicace^e. Willow Family
237. white or silver-leaf poplar
POPULUS ALBA L.
A few trees near Culver in an old yard. A rather handsome
tree, but too much inclined to send up shoots from the roots, form-
ing; tangly thickets. Young trees closely trimmed into a pyramidal
term and forming dense cones, so much unlike the habit of the
natural tree as to be hardly recognizable, were noticed in a door-
yard north of Plymouth, Indiana. These close-cropped trees were
quite ornamental. The trees at the lake were in blossom by April
9, 1901, and were shedding ripened seeds by May 18, not six weeks
later.
238. BALM OF GILEAD
POPULUS CANDICANS Ait.
A few trees planted at the Vajen cottage on the east side. By
April 27 the staminate catkins were in bloom. By April 30 the
flowers were all gone. The trees were well leaved out by May
10, 1901.
276 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
239. SWAMP OR DOWNY POPLAR
POPULUS HETEROPHVLLA L.
Confined to the borders of woodland ponds where it grows in
shallow water to about 2 feet in depth. In the region of the lake
it grows to the height of 40 or 50 feet. In some ponds its bark is
the favorite habitat of the bearded lichen, Usnea barbata, which
frequently hangs from it in large masses and bears large peltate cir-
cular apothecia. The only place about the lake where this poplar
is found is about the birch swamp. At Twin Lakes it is quite
common about ponds. The birch swamp trees were in flower by
April 23 and shedding ripe fruit by May 16, 1901, a period of a
little over three weeks. The leaves come out late in spring.
240. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN
POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA Michx.
Not especially common. A clump of tall trees on the high bank
overlooking the lake just a little north of Murray's, and some
quite tall trees south of the lake by the Busart road, also a clump
on the west shore of the Outlet on a high bank. These trees are
quite brittle and where protecting trees are removed, break off
easily in high winds. In exposed places a clump of these trees is
usually plentifully intermingled with tall stubs of trees which have
been blown down, and these, on account of their soft wood and quick-
ness of decay by a sort of dry rot, are favorite places for the nest
cavities of the smaller woodpeckers and chickadees. The trees
by Murray's were noted in flower April 23, 1901, both pistillate
and staminate flowers collected. By April 26 they were out of flower,
and by May 16, the fruit was ripe and some of the trees just leafing
out. In the autumn the leaves ripen to a golden yellow and are
shed in a short time. They were yellow and falling by Murray's
on the 25th of October.
241. AMERICAN ASPEN; QUAKING ASP
POPULUS TREMULOIDES Michx.
Rather common in the region of the lake; more abundant in
rather moist sandy places, as about the edges of shallow upland
ponds. It also grows in the high and dry upland. Common, form-
ing a circle about ponds in Walley's woods, and growing on a bank
near Walley's large pond. Noted in flower April 6 ; seeds ripe by
May 16.
Not in one or a few, but in many ways, not in a single season,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 277
but throughout the entire year, the aspen tree is one of peculiar
charm. It is one of the few trees whose leaves appear in spring
with a distinct freshness and newness. Most of our leaves come
out rusty or scurfy or red and wait until the protecting fuzz of
winter wears off before they grow into the green of summer, but
the aspen puts forth young leaves of the brightest, freshest green
imaginable at the very first, and more than any other tree of the
wood, gives a distinct sense of newness to the world.
It would be wasting words to attempt to describe the incessant
dancing of its leaves during the summer. It, even more than the
trembling of the reeds, is "an eloquent pantomime of terror" and,
as in related species, "taking to man's eye" as early as the days
of Homer, and commemorated as a type of variableness in one of
the lines of Scott. The church fathers, perhaps always on the look-
out for symbols, or inventing fairy tales to help keep in memory the
landmarks of faith, invented the tale that it was the wood of this
tree of which the cross was made.
In form and feature, too, it is the most picturesque of trees. Not
alone the details of the snow white bark and fresh clear green are
restful to the eye, but the very outline of the tree, its silhouette
against the sky, has a distinct personality and has an atmosphere of
its own, like one of Corot's paintings.
In the autumn, it is remarkable how, in protected situations, it
retains its leaves with their summer verdure. In this respect they
almost equal the tamarack, and the broad leaves still fluttering
and glancing long after the maples have reddened and shed, and
after the oaks are naked or rustling and sere, one may lie beneath
the green aspens, and, closing the eyes to everything but the white
trunks, the green leaves and the sky, and be transported from late
October to the midst of June.
When at last the leaves prepare to fall, they turn to the purest
gold. And after the leaves have fallen and the trees are bare, noth-
ing fits in so well with the gray days of late autumn — the days of
mist and whirling snow ; they mingle and melt into the scene as if
they were themselves the embodiment of the days.
But they are not wholly barren for long, if ever at all, for
early in winter their catkins peep out of sheaths as if im-
patient of the far-off spring. There is a real furriness about those
gray catkins that the pussy willows, still snugly hidden, can not ap-
proach at their best, and the bud scales about them are odorous
with balsamic fragrance. No other tree that we know is so
entertaining in the depths of winter. With the first touch of
278 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
spring the catkins lengthen, and when abundant, give the tree al-
most as much solidity as foliage. They blossom out and disappear
before the leaves are put out. The fruit on the pistillate trees
ripens shortly afterward.
242. COTTONWOOD; NECKLACE POPLAR
POPULUS DELTOIDES Marsh.
Common, but not abundant in the neighborhood of the lake.
There were a few rather small trees at Long Point, some on
the shore east of the depot and some in Overmyer's flat woods.
There is a large tree near the shore by Edwards' cottage on the
east side of the lake.
One of the most rapidly growing of our trees, reaching a large
size in a few years, and in time reaching a size hardly equalled by
any other of our native trees. The soft light wood is not of great
value. The plants grow well from cuttings and are occasionally
planted for shade trees. In dry uplands the tree is one of the first
to shed its leaves in autumn, these sometimes gradually turning
yellow and falling, one by one, beginning in August. In moist
situations the leaves remain green rather late. The leaves are
much subject to gall-formation. Deciduous branchlets, which are
readily shed during the winter, leaving oval concavities, are com-
mon. The pistillate trees are often nuisances from the great
amount of cottony seed they shed in early spring.
In spite of all its faults, the cottonwood is the most vocal and
companionable of trees. No wonder that it was extensively used
in yards as a shade tree. Not a whole forest of common trees could
be more in evidence, and every little restless movement of the air
all night long becomes transformed into a sound. There were
whisperings and flutterings, sudden stirs as if every leaf awoke
at once, whispered sighs, sounds like the gentle clapping of hands,
and a pattering like the sound of rain upon the roof. One looked
out in the morning surprised to find the world dry. And all of the
sounds were of a cheerful domestic sort, not the howling and wail-
ing like that of the pines which suggest the "howling wilderness"
but the gentler sound of summer woods.
243. BLACK OR SWAMP WILLOW
SALIX NIGRA Marsh.
A tree that appeared to be this species was quite common along
marshy edges of the lake shore. It is the largest willow of the
region, the trees attaining a height of 20 or 30 feet and a diameter
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 279
of about a foot or 18 inches. Common in low ground between the
lake and Culver, near the ice-houses, along by the thoroughfare, and,
formerly, occasional along- the south shore of Outlet Bay to Long
Point. There are a few trees in the rushy flat by Farrar's, and
some on the ice ridges. It was quite irregular as to time of flower-
ing, many trees in full bloom May 13, a few blossomed 10 days
later, and on May 28 a tree on the south shore of Outlet Bay
was just coming into flower. By June 6 the seeds were ripe and
being shed rapidly, covering the surface of the lake at places.
Shortly after leafing out, the trees at Long Point were attacked by
a red, black-spotted leaf-beetle, which laid eggs on the leaves,
which soon hatched into blackish larvse. The larvse soon defoliated
the trees. The lake surface near the trees was covered for a few
days with the adult beetles.
244. PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW
SALIX AMYGDALOIDES Anders.
Somewhat common along the lake shore in low places and in
the moist flats near the grist-mill. In flower May 13, 1901.
245. SHINING WILLOW; GLOSSY WILLOW
SALIX LUCIDA MuW.
The most beautiful willow of the region and recognizable at a
considerable distance by its large handsome glossy leaves. Occa-
sional among other willows along low stretches of the shore.
246. SANDBAR WILLOW; RIVER-BANK WILLOW
SALIX INTERIOR Rowlce
A common willow growing on wet sand in the form of long
slender switches. Found at Long Point, by Farrar's, and all along
the ice-ridge by Norris Inlet. Unlike most of the willows these
shed their leaves rather early in autumn. The clump on Long
Point had shed nearly all its leaves by September 28, 1901, and
by October 1 they were the most naked of all trees. It was in
blossom by June 14, but only the staminate catkins were observed.
On June 14 they were infested badly with long, smooth caterpillars.
247. WHITE OR COMMON WILLOW
SALIX ALBA L.
Rare about the lake. There was one tree on the flat at Long
Point and another small tree by Murray's. The tree grows rapidly
280 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
from cuttings, and is quite handsome. In places it is a favorite
tree for planting. When the forests of early spring are still barren
this, one of the earliest of trees to come into leaf, shows green for
a long distance. It was conspicuously green by April 26, 1901.
248. HEART-LEAVED WILLOW
SALIX (OKI) AT 4 Muhl.
A rather common shrub in low ground. It was formerly quite
abundant in Green's marsh but has been mostly cleared away. It
was in blossom about the end of April.
249. SILKY WILLOW
SALIX SERK'EA Marsh.
Not common. A few bushes were found at Long Point, inter-
mixed with the other willows at that place. Collected April 29 and
30, 1901.
250. BEAKED, LIVID OR BEBB'S WILLOW
SALIX BEBBIANA Sarg.
Common in flat marshy places. It used to be quite abundant
south of Outlet Bay and in Green's marsh, where, with Cephalan-
thus, it formed a pretty dense thicket. It was also common near
Farrar's. The pistillate catkins were in flower along the road at
this place April 12, 1901, and the next day both pistillate and stami-
nate blossoms were out in good shape. By May 10 some seeds had
ripened, and by May 12 the greater number were fully ripe, cover-
ing shrubs with tufts of cotton. The flowers of this willow offer
considerable attraction to honey bees, and large numbers were seen
hovering about the catkins. On April 15 they were particularly
abundant.
Along with the closely related S. discolor, both "Pussy wil-
lows" in the popular sense, this species is very attractive on
account of the silky catkins which begin to show in early
spring as white "pussies", gradually becoming rich red-golden
beneath from the growing stamens, and finally wholly surrounded
by a halo of golden anthers, each terminating a long stiffish fila-
ment. The pussy willows, though native to swampy places, thrive
fairly well in moderately dry situations, and would have consider-
able value as ornamental shrubs, especially in parks. The twigs
force well in the early spring when placed in vases in a warm room,
and are frequently seen in florists' shops.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 281
251. DWARF GRAY WILLOW; SAGE WILLOW
SALIX TKISTIS Ait.
This little shrub which grows in clumps in the form of slender
straight switches about 18 inches or 2 feet high is rather common
in dry sandy soil along the road by the lake between Murray's
and Farrar's. It also grows along the railroad southwest of the
lake. It was in flower April 22, 1901, and continued blossoming
until May. The seeds ripen in May shortly after the blossoming
season is over. The small sessile catkins are so densely crowded
on the switches that they come out before any leaves show. The
pistillate catkins are a silky gray, the staminate a reddish golden.
252. BOG WILLOW
SALIX PEDICELLARIS Pursh
Not common. A few plants were found in the quaking marsh
near Norris Inlet. The seeds were almost ripe May 31. A low
shrub from 1 to 3 feet high, the smallest willow found within the
state. This and other dwarf willows extend up into the arctic
and some, including this, are found also in northern Europe. Here
in the same locality we have among the willows a species which
barely reaches the height of 3 feet, and another attaining a height
of 30 feet.
Family 36. Betulace^e. Birch Family
253. american hornbeam; water-beech
CARPINUS CAROLINIANA Walt.
Not very common. It prefers low moist woods. There was a
tree east of Lakeview Hotel, some on the Overmyer hill, some along
the western shore of the lake, one on the shore between Kreutzberu -
er's and the depot, and a number in the low woods between Farrar's
and Overmyer's. It was noted in flower May 24, 1901, and the
tree east of Lakeview Hotel was heavily loaded with fruit on Sep-
tember 29, 1900. The hop-like racemes of fruit, when well de-
veloped, are peculiar and attractive. The broad bracts probably
act as wings in the distribution of the small seed. The wood is
heavy, white, and very hard.
254. IRON-WOOD; HOP-HORNBEAM
OSTRYA VIRGINIANA (Mill.) Willd.
Rather common about the lake, especially on the east side on
steep banks near the lake. There was one tree in the Caffeen yard
282 Lake Maxinlcuckec, Physical and Biological Survey
on Long Point, one on the north shore of the lake between the rail-
road bridge and depot, and several on the hill by Overmyer's field.
It was nearly in flower on the east side and leafing out well April
30, 1901. The wood, after drying out, is exceedingly hard. In
autumn the fruits, which are composed of hop-like clusters of whit-
ish or yellowish green little sacs, each containing a seed, are often
abundant enough to make a conspicuous object at some little dis-
tance. There are interesting points of resemblance between them
and the fruits of some of the sedges, although the structure is in
reality considerably different.
In the summer of 1909 a remarkably peculiar little tree of this
species was found on Yellow River at Plymouth, Indiana. One
half of each leaf was wholly white while the other half was green
with white splotches and veins. The white portion of each leaf was
so placed that, if the half of the right of the midrib of the first leaf
were white, the left of the next would be white, the right of the
third, and so on.
255. HAZEL-NUT
CORYLUS AMERICANA Walt.
Common in open woods and at the edges of forests on both sides
of the lake. Found south of the lake (Farrar's woods), southwest
of the lake (east of Lost Lake outlet), on Long Point, east of the
lake, and on the ice-ridge below Farrar's. Abundant along roads
a mile or two west of the lake. It does not seem usually to bear
abundantly near the lake, though in 1906 the crop along the roads
just mentioned was exceptionally heavy. Weevils occasionally in-
jure the nuts, and it is said that bluejays sometimes make raids on
patches and entirely strip them of fruit. September 18, 1900, fruit
was found ripe in the clump east of Lost Lake outlet. April 5,
1901, some were fully in flower by the grist-mill and by Green's
orchard, in a gully north of the Gravelpit. This species has a long-
period of flowering ; on April 7, on bushes in Farrar's woods some
of the catkins had blossomed and dried up, some were just in blos-
som, some were just half in bloom, the proximal half golden and
loose, the distal half still compact, and some catkins were still firm
and compact. By April 11, most were out of flower. By April 27, the
leaf buds showed green and three days later the bushes were pretty
well leaved out. Young seedling hazel plants usually have con-
spicuous brown blotches in the middle of the leaf, making them very
attractive, but these do not appear on later leaves.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrca 283
256. RIVER BIRCH; RED BIRCH
BETULA NIGRA L.
An isolated clump of trees along the railroad southwest of the
lake in the direction of Walley's. A few large trees were found a
good way down the outlet, on a bank some little distance from the
stream. It is common along Yellow River to the north. At Bass
Lake it is fairly common, and a row planted along the edge of the
road makes a picturesque bit of scenery. At Lake-of-the-Woods
the old lake plain is thickly covered by them, those on the west
side growing in short squatty clumps, those on the east side all tall
neat trees with branchless trunks for some distance, and all lean-
ing toward the lake, forming pretty vistas. The trees near Lake
Maxinkuckee were in flower and leafing out on May 2, 1901. The
seeds germinate in June and July, and were found sprouting in
great numbers along the Yellow River in 1909 where they covered
the ground. The cotyledons are linear-oblong.
»
257. SOUTHERN YELLOW BIRCH
BETULA ALLEGHANENSIS Britton
The only locality near the lake where this species grows is an
old tamarack northeast of the lake, near the Odd-fellows' cemetery
at Maxinkuckee. Not common in the state. A few trees were
noted in a swamp near Lake-of-the-Woods. The leaves and twigs
have the flavor of aromatic winter-green.
258. LOW BIRCH
BETULA PUMILA L.
A low bog-shrub with obovate coarse-toothed leaves, not much
like the other birches in general appearance. A few bushes were
seen in the marsh near the grist-mill, and it was quite abundant
in the tamarack west of the lake.
Family 37. Fagace^e. Beech Family
259. american beech
FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA Ehrli.
Quite common on the east side of the lake near Maxinkuckee, in
rich woods, the trees quite large, and some years bearing an abund-
ance of fruit. A tree by Rector's was quite heavily loaded with
2s 1 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
nuts in 1907. A few small trees on the west side, one in Farrar's
woods, and one in the low woods by Overmyer's field south of the
lake.
The beech was formerly one of the most important mast trees
in northern Indiana, and hogs were turned out to feed on the de-
licious nuts. In some parts of the state it was very rare to find a
beech of large size that was not hollow. The nuts, although rather
slow to gather, are excellent eating, both raw and roasted.
The young beech has an individuality of its own. It holds its
leaves, which fade to an almost papery whiteness, until winter,
making the tree a conspicuous object for a considerable distance
among the barrenness everywhere. One such tree was noted in
the woods on the east side.
The trees on the east side were out finely in blossom May 24,
1901.
260. RED OAK
QUEKCUS RUBRA L.
Not common. There was one large tree on Long Point which
has since disappeared, and several on the east side, where it is more
common. The wood which is not very durable when exposed to
the weather, and which was once considered of little value, is
coming more into general use in the manufacture of furniture. It
takes a beautiful finish and makes exceedingly handsome furni-
ture. A tree on the east side was past blossoming May 28, 1901,
and acorns were ripe, Long Point, October 25, 1904. Acorns were
abundant in 1906. The acorns are noteworthy for their bitterness.
261. PIN OAK; SWAMP OAK
QUERCUS PALUSTRIS DuRoi
Fairly common in low fiat woods southwest of the lake. Trees
occur at the edges of ponds in Walley's woods, between the wagon
road and Green's marsh south of Outlet Bay, on the east side of the
ice-ridge, at a pond near Daggets', etc. In flower May 16, 1901.
On October 13, the trees down by the birch swamp were in hand-
some autumnal coloration, — just beginning to get red around the
edges.
As usually seen in forests this tree branches rather irregularly
and is by no means a particularly handsome tree ; the older stems
die, leaving short spurs like pins driven into the tree, whence its
common name. Once in a while one sees a tree on a roadside or
in the open of more shapely form.
Planted in the open, as along streets, its grows with remark-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 2s~>
able regularity, so much different from its ordinary habit in for-
ests as to be hardly recognizable, and quite unusual for an oak.
One who has seen them can never forget the remarkable row along
Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C, beyond the old Rock Creek
bridge. These trees, though quite small, bear an abundance of
acorns. The small acorn is rendered attractive by narrow longi-
tudinal stripes of greenish alternating with the brown. Some of
the trees have the branchlets gracefully drooping.
In its native condition, the pin oak shows to best advantage
along the banks of wild, winding rivers with marshy shores,
such as the Kankakee below Baum's Bridge, where it was noted
growing in great abundance and to a splendid degree of develop-
ment. The contour of some of the trees seen was unlike that
noted in any other species, or indeed, in the same species seen else-
where. The branches sloped downward from their origin in stiff
straight lines, there was no suggestion of drooping such as one
finds in weeping trees, and the lines were straight as if laid down
with a carpenter's rule, but stood at just such an angle as to make
the branches appear like a succession of shed roofs. The leaves,
delicately tinted around the edges with the first touches of autumn
and glistening as if varnished, all seemed to form one continuous
sheet or surface like the shingles of a roof. A peculiarity of the
roofs was of course their narrowness from side to side, and one
forked branch which stood out from all the rest like an inverted Y
made a particularly pleasing and permanent impression.
262. BLACK-OAK; QUERCITRON; YELLOW-BARKED OAK
QUERCUS VELUTINA Lam.
The most common oak about the lake, especially on the west side
where it formed over 27% of the forest at Long Point. Common
also on the east side. The trees, which grow chiefly in the dry
sandy soil are rather small and stunted. There are larger trees
on the east side. A rather unhandsome oak, with exceedingly
heavy wood. The timber is of no value except for firewood. Leaf-
buds began to show green about April 26, 1901, and the trees were
in blossom everywhere by May 6. The acorns began to fall Sep-
tember 28, 1900, and soon were falling rapidly. Both the inner
bark and the bitter kernel of the acorn of this tree are deep yellow.
It is quite probable that Q. cocci nea, which much resembles this
tree and is most readily distinguished by the fact that its inner bark
is reddish gray instead of yellow, is present in the lake region, but
we secured no specimens, though they were looked for everywhere.
286 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
263. WHITE OAK
QUERCUS ALBA L.
Rather common about the lake, forming 35$ of the forest at
Long Point, and reaching large size in the heavy forests east of the
lake. Common also in Walley's woods and north of the lake.
Forest trees often show considerable individual variation as to
time of leafing, blooming, etc. The leaves, which come out furry
and pink, began coming out May 3, 1901 ; one tree in Chadwick's
yard which was much behind the majority, began leafing out May
28, 1901. On May 6, trees in Green's woods were in blossom.
Acorns began falling September 18, 1900. and on September 25,
26 and 28 they were falling almost constantly. Some were ob-
served sprouting on September 28. They germinate almost as
soon as they fall. On October 17, 1907, leaves were falling and
the trees were purplish in color. On November 8, 1906, the
leaves were falling rapidly; the fallen leaves were a soft violet
color, and the purple mass made by the trees which still retained
them contrasted beautifully with the rich brown of the black oaks.
The white oak saplings hold their leaves through the winter until
the new leaves begin to appear in spring, so that in some parts of
the country they are called "push oaks". The old trees shed their
leaves in autumn and are barren through the winter.
Although the white oak is not frequently planted for either
shade or ornament, it is one of the comparatively few trees nearly
everybody has a distinct impression of and considerable acquaint-
ance with apart from its being a portion of the forest. There is a
strength and dignity belonging to it that is found in no other tree.
Its habit of sending out rather low massive branches adds to its im-
pressive appearance and makes it more striking than even the bur
oak, which attains larger size and greater height.
In the autumn of 1913 a moderate-sized tree near the Bardsley
cottage bore a good crop of acorns, all or nearly all of which con-
tained two embryos each and sent out two sprouts on germinating.
264. BUR OAK; MOSSY-CUP OAK
QUERCUS MACROCARPA Michx.
Not very common in the immediate vicinity of the lake. Noted
east of Lakeview Hotel, in woods northeast of the lake, along the
north shore west of the depot, several west of the lake toward the
tamaracks, one on the Military Academy grounds. Just to the
Lake Maxinkiwkee, Physical and Biological Survey 287
north of the lake region is a large flat area of ground noted for its
fertility known as Bur-oak flats, the railway station of Burr Oak
commemorating the former abundance of this species in that region.
The trees were just leafing out and in flower northeast of the
lake May 28, 1901, and the acorns were ripe on the tree in the
Academy grounds August 29, 1906. A good many leaves had been
shed by October 3.
The bur oak is the largest and most valuable of our oaks, and
is usually found growing in rich, moist loamy ground. It bears
much the same relation to the white oak that the big king nut does
to the shag-bark hickory. The acorns vary greatly in size and de-
velopment of fringe on the cup. They average the largest in size
of our acorns and are free from all traces of bitterness, but not so
sweet as those of the white oak, having a raw-starch taste. Trees
sometimes come into bearing when small, and bear large crops.
The acorns of the tree on the Military Academy grounds are small,
and have not much of a fringe to the cup.
265. SWAMP WHITE OAK
QUERCUS BICOLOR Willd.
In moist ground at the borders of ponds on both sides of the
lake. Scattered through Farrar's woods and at the ice-beach pond
on the east side; common around ponds in Busart's and Zechiel's
woods. This is said to get very large, larger than the white oak,
but most of the trees we have seen are small. A handsome tree
with leaves whitish underneath and acorns on long stout stems, fre-
quently two or three acorns to the peduncle.
266. CHESTNUT OR YELLOW OAK; CHINQUAPIN OAK
QUERCUS MUHLENBERGII Engelm.
Only one small tree was found on the west side of the lake near
the Meyer cottage. Rather common on the east side back in the
forests. Some of the trees on the east side are very neat and hand-
some. As Mr. Blatchley has pointed out, this species varies greatly
in shape of leaf, some leaves being broad and others very long and
narrow. All the trees about the lake belong to the broad-leaved
form. The acorns are sweet and small, and begin to germinate as
soon as they drop. They are edible to some extent when they first
drop, but become quite hard on drying.
288 Lake Ma.rinkucki e, Physical and Biological Survey
0
Family 38. Ulmace^e. Elm Family
267. american elm; white elm
ULMUS AMERICANA L.
Common about the lake, especially in low flat forests. It formed
about 8 per cent of the trees on Long Point, and is common in Over-
myer's woods. In flower everywhere April 11, 1901. The seeds
showed conspicuously on the trees 16 days later, and a good many
seeds shed prematurely were floating on the lake April 28 and 30.
By May 21 many ripe seeds were seen along shore in rows, washed
up on the north shore of Long Point. By June 7, the seeds had
sprouted and formed thick rows of seedlings a half inch high at
various places on the lake shore, especially north of Long Point.
The young seedlings of the previous year had been noticed on shore
by the Inlet October 8. 1900. Leaves noted falling September 27,
1900.
The seeds of the elm grow and mature quickly after blossoming,
usually showing conspicuously within a few days after the trees
are in bloom, and they are ripe in about six weeks. Few
trees are so prodigal in seeds. They often cover the surface
of woodland ponds and spring up in innumerable multitudes in
rows along the edges of rivers and lakes, but very few survive. It
is a favorite park and street tree, and often in parks its seeds cover
the ground until they can be swept up in windrows. In seeding
habits it bears a remarkable resemblance to the silver maple. In-
dividual trees show a remarkable variety of growth, some drooping,
others pretty stiffly erect. The winter spray shows unusual sym-
metry of the alternating buds which spring out from the horizontal
sides of last year's branches. The typical tree has a feathery ap-
pearance, the smallest branches being fine and pendulous, the fa-
vorite place for the oriole to suspend its nest. The lumber of the
elm is of little value on account of its weakness and very marked
tendency to warp.
268. RED ELM; SLIPPERY ELM
ULMUS FULVA Michx.
Not very common about the lake but a few scattered trees are
found on both sides. There were a few trees in the low woods by
Overmyer's. Noted in flower May 11 and seeds ripe May 28, 1901.
No large trees were seen. The large mucilaginous flower buds
which are conspicuous in early spring form the favorite food of
various birds and squirrels, and in cities the house sparrows often
almost entirely strip the trees. The wood is strong and very light,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 289
not much subject to warping-, and much superior to that of the
white elm.
269. HACKBERRY; SUGAR-BERRY
CELTIS OCCIDENTALS L.
Not especially common ; a large tree noted full of fruit October
25, 1904, on the east side, by the Maxinkuckee road, and a young
tree by the pawpaw grove, farther down. More trees were noted
near a woodland pond back beyond Van Schoiack's. Trees along
Yellow River, where it was rather common, had the leaves mottled
by quadrate white patches, which gave them a peculiar appearance.
The tree is of very little value as a timber tree and irredeem-
ably homely. The berries which resemble small wild cherries in
appearance have an insipid sweetish pulp and remain on the trees
all winter. In early spring they offer great attraction to the birds,
and trees in parks at Washington, D. C, used to be thickly cov-
ered by grackles, cedar-birds, etc., which feed on the fruit.
Family 39. Morace^. Mulberry Family
270. red mulberry
MORUS RUBRA L.
Rather common northeast of the lake and occasional on the east
side. Noted in flower May 28, 1901. Remarkable for its heter-
ophylly, the leaves of young trees being much lobed and divided,
those of middle age being two or three-lobed, somewhat resembling
the leaf of sassafras in outline, and the leaves of old trees being en-
tire. The fruit which varies considerably in size is all pretty much,
alike in flavor, rather insipidly sweet, considerably like figs. It
is superior to that of most Russian mulberry trees, but is little
used. It affords considerable food for birds.
271. RUSSIAN MULBERRY
MORUS ALBA TARTARICA L.
Once planted for ornament or fruit, this plant propagates read-
ily by seed scattered by birds and seedlings. Trees eight feet
high are now fairly common about the lake. Young seedlings
are frequently observed coming up in bunches as if every seed in a
"berry" had germinated. Trees were leafing out and showing
flower buds May 9, 1901, and were shedding leaves rapidly
October 25, 1900. The fruit is quite variable but usually of
poor flavor, much inferior to that of the white mulberry, M. alba.
It continues ripening for a long time and forms a great attraction
for birds.
19— 17618— Vol. 2
290 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 40. CannabinacejE. Hemp Family
272. HOP
HUMULUS LUPULUS L.
Xot common ; a tangle of vines grew in a thicket on the shore
of the lake in front of Green's. They did not seem to be doing very
well, and were probably escapes from cultivation. A number of
thrifty hop-vines bearing a good crop of hops were found in woods
along the outlet near its mouth, which were probably native. Wild
hops grow in considerable abundance and quite thriftily in rich
black moist soil in various parts of the state.
273. HEMP
CANNABIS SATIVA L.
A patch along the railroad near the ice-houses, and a rather ex-
tensive patch southeast of the lake, in somewhat open woodland
bordering the east side of Inlet marsh. In autumn the birds col-
lected in considerable numbers about the patch in the woods, to
procure seed. Coming up and leaved out by the ice-houses May
13, 1901. It is not known how the seed was introduced. Within
recent years, farmers settling in the neighborhood of the extensive
flat prairies of rich black soil near Walkerton, Indiana, observing
these swamps thickly overgrown with tall nettles, tried raising
hemp on them ; the fields seen in 1909 were bearing heavy crops,
and the venture seemed eminently successful.
Family 41. Urticace^e. Nettle Family
274. stinging or great nettle
URTICA DIOICA L.
Not common; found occasionally in waste places. In some
parts of the state it grows abundantly in broken up, flat, mucky
prairies.
275. SLENDER OR TALL WILD NETTLE
URTICA GRACILIS Ait.
Common west of the lake, toward the tamarack, and in a gully
east of the lake.
276. CANADA NETTLE; WOOD NETTLE
URTICASTRUM DIVARICATLM (L.) Kuntze
Quite abundant and unusually tall, in low woods by Overmyer's
field ; also in a gully east of the lake. A low, rather inconspicuous
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 291
plant, capable of inflicting quite painful stings when carelessly
touched.
277. RICHWEEU; CLEARWEEI)
PILEA PUMILA (L.) A. Gray
Not common about the lake, a few scattered plants growing
occasionally near shore ; it grew in cracks in the stone breakwater
near the Caffeen cottage, on shore near Overmyer's field, on a flat
miry place near Overmyer's spring and near Long Point. In many
parts of the state it forms a rank tall growth in rich black ground.
Noteworthy for the translucent clearness of its stems ; in this par-
ticular it excels even the wild touch-me-not. Impatiens. Beekeep-
ers accuse it of producing bitter honey.
278. FALSE NETTLE
BOEHMERIA CYCLINDRKA (L.) Sw.
A rather common weed about the lake ; noted near shore at Long
Point and along the southwest shore of the lake.
Family 42. Santalace^e. Sandalwood Family
279. bastard toad-flax
COMANDRA UMBELLATA (L.) Nutt.
Rather common in grassy places along the railroad, especially
below Murray's. In flower May 12, 1901. It appears rarely to set
fruit. It remains in blossom for a considerable length of time.
Some plants were collected May 23.
280. NORTHERN COMANDRA
COMANDRA LIVIDA Richards
Apparently rare; its presence is evidenced by an herbarium
specimen but we have no notes. The region is probably near the
southern limits of its range.
Family 43. Aristolochiace^e. Birthwort Family
281. wild ginger
ASARUM CANADENSE L.
Occasional in rich woods east of the lake. The leaves were just
beginning to unfold April 11, 1901, and flowerbuds were large and
well developed by April 30 ; it probably bloomed shortly after that.
A well-known odd plant with a long aromatic rootstock terminated
292 Lake Maxinkucket , Physical and Biological Survey
by two large leaves, between which is produced the peculiar dingy
flower with three long pointed sepals.
282. VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT
ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA L.
A few plants seen near a pond, but in dry ground, in Busart's
woods, autumn of 1906. Introduced into cultivation along with
ginseng, Hydrastis, etc., at Plymouth, to supply the drug trade.
Family 44. Polygonace^e. Buckwheat Family
283. red sorrel; field sorrel
RUMEX ACETOSELLA L.
Frequent; some on the hill north of the ice-house, along shore
south of Winfield's, in Overmyer's field, in fields west of the lake
and on a hill near shore near McOuat's on the east side. Some
leaved out May 3, 1901. In flower May 25.
In many parts of the state one of our worst weeds, often form-
ing great patches in pastures and meadows to the exclusion of
everything else, and quite difficult to eradicate. There is a general
belief that it indicates acidity of the soil, and that it can be killed
out by liming. It does not wholly die down during the winter, but
the leaves assume rich red tints.
284. TALL DOCK; PEACH-LEAVED DOCK
RUMEX ALTISSIMUS Wood
Scattered in marshy places south of the lake, as in the sedgy
marsh below Farrar's, and beyond the Busart road, along shore
in front of Overmyer's field, and in the great flat beyond Norris
Inlet. The stalks in fruit are sometimes over eight feet high.
One of the common names is Wild Rhubarb.
285. CURLED OR NARROW DOCK
RUMEX CRISPUS L.
Not very common about the lake, as it does not affect sandy
soil, but prefers heavy clay. Some plants were noted along shore
near the depot grounds and others were seen east of the lake. Well
out in leaf April 27. and in flower June 12. One of the first plants
to shoot up in spring. In wet clay grounds one of the most annoy-
ing of weeds, very difficult to eradicate, and bearing large crops
of seed. It is one of the best of our pot-herbs, the young leaves
making "greens" of excellent quality.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 293
286. BROAD-LEAVED OR BITTER DOCK
RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS L.
Growing in about the same soil and conditions as R. crispus,
but not generally so abundant. Found on the beach between the
depot grounds and Kreutzberger's pier and on the Palmer House
grounds. Leaves well up and large April 9, 1901 ; during mild
winters they remain green all winter. In flower June 12. The
seeds frequently germinate in late autumn ; some young seedlings
were seen October 20, 1907.
287. KNOT-GRASS; DOOR-WEED
POLYGONUM AVICULARE L.
Not common ; a few plants seen. It prefers a heavier soil than
that found about the lake, and in many parts of the state is one of
the most common plants about dooryards forming a dense sod. The
more it is trampled upon the more it seems to thrive, and it grows
where nearly everything else has been trampled out. This and P.
erectum grow together and both species are at times eaten by cattle
with apparent relish.
288. ERECT KNOTWEED
POLYGONUM ERECTUM L.
In general appearance and habits much like P. aviculare but
much larger. Not very abundant ; found at Long Point and on the
east side of the lake. Like P. aviculare it grows in well trodden
dooryards, but, unlike it, it is often found on plowed ground. It
is quite susceptible to mildews in damp seasons; in such cases a
thick patch some distance away has a peculiar appearance much
resembling a dense patch of white blossoms. Found in flower east
of the lake June 5, 1901, and at Long Point June 17. It continues
in blossom until late in autumn.
289. SLENDER KNOTWEED
POLYGONUM TENUE Michx.
Not very abundant, and local in its distribution. Obtained Sep-
tember 29, 1900, by Lakeview Hotel, in dry sand. An example
of pronounced xerophytic habit; the leaves much reduced so that
it considerably resembles Bartonia of the Gentianacea?, which is
found in similar situations.
294 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
290. VIRGINIA KNOTWEED
TOVARA VIRGINIANA (L.) Raf.
Not abundant about the lake; found growing in woods and
shaded situations.
291. WATER PERSICARIA
PERSICARIA AMPHIBIA (L.) S. F. Gray
A few plants noted at Norris Inlet in 1909. The leaves floating
on the water give the plant much the aspect of Potamogeton natans.
The racemes of rose-colored blossoms are rather short, and the
stem long and strong, rooting at the nodes.
292. SWAMP PERSICARIA
PERSICARIA MUHLENBERGII (S. Wats.) Small
Common along the south shore of Outlet Bay and near the Out-
let; a large patch in the pond below Farrar's, and some on the
sedgy flat southwest of the lake.
The dense rose-pink spikes of this species, projecting up from
the surface of the water at the edge of the lake, make this species
one of the most attractive of water plants, and it is well worth
planting for its ornamental value. The blossoms make quite hand-
some boquets. It is quite likely that wild ducks, which often stray
into flat marshes in search of smart-weed seed, find patches of this
plant desirable feeding grounds.
29.3. DOCK-LEAVED OR PALE PERSICARIA
PERSICARIA LAPATHIFOLIA (L.) S. F. Gray
Fairly common along the lake shore in moist places, by the
Monninger and Meyer cottages, south of Green's, north of Long
Point and east of Norris Inlet.
294. PENNSYLVANIA PERSICARIA
PERSICARIA PENNSYLVANIA (L.) Small
A rather common, homely weed along the lake shore and other
moist places, continuing in blossom as late as October 31. Some of
the plants seen were badly -affected by plant lice.
295. LADY'S THUMB; HEARTWEED
PERSICARIA PERSICARIA (L.) Small
A rather coarse, large-leaved smartweed usually common in
waste places and cultivated grounds. A few plants found along the
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 295
road south of Outlet Bay. In flower June 21, 1901. Continues in
blossom until late in autumn.
. 296. SOUTHWESTERN PERSICARIA
PERSICARIA PERSICARIOIDES (H. B. K.) Small
Apparently rare. A herbarium specimen was collected by Dr.
Scovell. The lake region is considerably out of its usual range.
297. MILD WATER PEPPER
PERSICARIA HYDROPIPEROIDES (Michx.) Small
Frequent in low places near the lake; a small patch on a low
flat between the road and south shore of Outlet Bay. Noted in
blossom in September and October.
Some smartweed, perhaps this, made great patches of pink cov-
ering acres of extent in the Kankakee marshes, where it was said to
form the principal food of the mallard duck. In the old channel
of the outlet, a mile below the lakes, there was a continuous bed,
bordered on both sides by sedges, making a winding stream of rosy
among the green ; a remarkable and interesting spectacle.
298. SMART-WEED; WATER PEPPER
PERSICARIA HYDROPIPER (L.) Opiz
Common about the lake; an abundant weed; because of its
greenish blossoms not so handsome as many of the species.
299. DOTTED OR WATER SMART-WEED
PERSICARIA PUNCTATA (Ell.) Small
Common in moist places about the lake. Noted in blossom Oc-
tober 10 and still continuing in bloom October 30, 1900.
300. BUCKWHEAT
FAGOPYRUM FAGOPYRUM (L.) Karst.
Occasional escapes from cultivation were seen about the lake.
Where it has been grown, this plant, unless removed by clean culti-
vation, is likely to persist as a weed, although it never becomes
particularly troublesome.
301. ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB
TRACAULON SAGITTATUM (L.) Small
Growing at Long Point and on both sides of the Outlet. Hardly
as common as one might expect. Common in many parts of the
296 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
state in low shaded situations, where it clambers over brush with
its stiff prickles, forming dense tangles, the terror of the barefoot
boy. Usually known as "sawgrass."
302. HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB
TRACAULON ARIFOLIUM (L.) Raf.
Not nearly so common throughout the state as T. sagittatum, to
which it bears a general resemblance in habit and scratchiness. At
Lake Maxinkuckee a small patch was found in the low woods along
the creek in Overmyer's woods.
303. BLACK BINDWEED
TINIARIA CONVOLVULUS (L.) Webb & Moq.
Not uncommon in open places, cultivated fields and occasionally
along shore. Found in blossom along the road by Green's June 20,
1901, and on Long Point November 23, 1904.
*
Family 45. Amaranthace^e. Amaranth Family
304. green amaranth
AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS L.
Rather common, scattered in waste places. It prefers rich culti-
vated ground. Frequently found along the shore, as at Long Point
and the depot grounds. Exceedingly variable in size. In favor-
able locations the plants reach a height of four or five feet. Among
the pebbles of the shore at the depot grounds were perfect and fruit-
ing plants two inches high or less. According to Britton it some-
times reaches the height of over nine feet.
305. SLENDER PIGWEED; SPLEEN AMARANTH
AMARANTHUS HYBRIDUS L.
An occasional weed of waste places, not nearly so common as the
preceding, probably of more recent introduction. Some reddish or
purplish plants were found in waste places near Culver.
306. PROSTRATE AMARANTH
AMARANTHUS BLITOIDES S. Wats.
A member of the introduced railroad flora, found along the
railroad in front of the Assembly grounds in 1900, later on farther
south, by the icehouses, etc. A prostrate mat plant bearing a
superficial general resemblance to purslane.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 297
Family 46. Chenopodiace^e. Goosefoot Family
307. lamb's quarters
CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L.
Rather common ; found in flower along the railroad by the ice-
houses June 21, 1901. Very abundant in a field north of the lake,
excluding nearly everything else. Frequently used as a pot-herb.
The form collected at the lake was the subspecies viride (L.) Moq.
308, MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT
CHENOPODIUM HYBRIDUM L.
Not especially abundant ; found growing in waste places. Leaf
unusually thin for the genus.
309. FEATHER GERANIUM; JERUSALEM OAK
CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS L.
During 1900 and 1901 only a few scattered plants were seen
along the railroad in front of the Assembly grounds and by Win-
field's. In 1906 and succeeding years it was found quite abundant,
forming considerable patches in a sandy field north of Lost Lake.
An interesting and pretty plant of low growth, compact and slender
but bushy habit, with thick whitish narrow leaves which fall off
early in autumn, leaving a wandlike skeleton, ghostly in effect. The
whole plant has a pleasing fragrance.
310. WINGED PIGWEED
CYCLOLOMA ATRIPLICIFOLIUM (Spreng.) Coult.
A new arrival at the lake, having been first seen in the im-
mediate vicinity in 1909, though in 1906 it was found along a road
several miles west of the lake. It is common on the sand dunes
about Knox, Indiana. The plants at Culver were growing in a row
along the edge of a vacant lot at Culver, where the sod was broken,
leaving naked sand. The plants both here and at Knox formed
almost perfect balls of light green, which, among the barren sand
at the latter place, showed up conspicuously. They are almost as
handsome as the closely related and well known Kochia scoparia
which is coming into general use in flower gardens, but they
do not have the splendid autumn foliage of the latter. Some of
the inhabitants of Culver called them "Kansas tumbleweed." The
form is admirably adapted to rolling over ground and it was prob-
ably by this means that they reached the lake.
298 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
311. HALBERD-LEAVED ORACHE
ATRIPLEX HASTATA L.
Another recent arrival at the lake and not an old resident of the
state. It first appeared in cities, from which it spread along rail-
roads. It was seen in Plymouth in 1900, and in Fort Wayne about
the same year. None was found at the lake at that time. In 1906
it was seen along the railroad by the icehouses, and in 1909 was
common about Culver.
312. RUSSIAN THISTLE
SALSOLA PESTIFER A. Nelson
Another new arrival at the lake. In 1906 a single plant was
noted in barren sand at the end of a slide at the Assembly grounds.
It is hardly more than holding its own. In 1907 there were two
plants at the same place, and in 1909 only one or two plants were
on the same spot. The plants turn quite bright red in the late
autumn. This plant made its first appearance at Fort Wayne in
1909, when a row was found at the foot of a billboard near the St.
Mary's river. So far it has not proved to be a particularly bad
weed in the state.
Family 47. Phytolaccace;e. Poke weed Family
313. POKE-ROOT; POKE-BERRY
PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA L.
One plant found on the shore ; common in woods beyond Busart's
field south of the lake, also plentiful on the east side of the lake
some distance back, also common around Hawk's marsh. It seems
to prefer burned over clearings. The plant continues blossoming
all summer until killed by frost, and is one of our best examples of
plants with an unlimited inflorescence. The root is said to be pois-
onous and is used in making home-made poultices. The young
shoots are sold by negroes on the Washington market for greens.
The berries are a favorite food of many birds.
Family 48. Corrigiolace^e. Whitlow- wort Family
314. slender forked chickweed
ANYCHIA CANADENSIS (L.) B. S. P.
Not very common. A slender inconspicuous plant, easily over-
looked, usually growing in light sand in partial shade of open wood-
lands, among the leaves. Found on the bank in Overmyer's woods
and in Green's woods.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 299
Family 49. Aizoace^e. Carpet-weed Family
315. carpet-weed
MOLLUGO VERTICILLATA L.
A common weed throughout the state in sandy ground, forming
in places a mat over the ground. At Lake Maxinkuckee it was
found east of the Lakeview Hotel, in sandy fields by Hawk's marsh,
in sandy fields east of the lake, and very abundantly in Green's field
east of Lost Lake outlet. It was common in sand along the rail-
road, and formed a part of the sand dune flora among the dunes
southwest of the lake. It continues blooming until killed by frost.
Seen in blossom along the railroad as late as October 25.
Family 50. Portulacace^e. Purslane Family
316. SPRING BEAUTY
CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA L.
Not especially common about the lake. Found growing in open
rich woodlands. Noted in flower on the east side, by Vajen's, from
April 11 to April 30, 1901.
317. PURSLANE
PORTULACA OLERACEA L.
V
Not very abundant about the lake and usually not growing to
a very large size. One of the most common weeds in the state in
rich moist ground, usually coming up after cultivation is finished,
and making rapid growth. It is often affected by a fungus which
makes white pustules on the leaves, and it is eaten by larvae of one
of the sphinx moths, but both of these enemies together do very
little toward keeping it in check.
Family 51. Alsinace^e. Chickweed Family
318. common chickweed
ALSINE MEDIA L.
Not particularly abundant; scattered in waste places. Noted in
flower east of the lake April 11, 1901, and at the depot grounds
April 16. In flower east of Chadwick's November 21, 1904.
One of the hardiest members of our flora, often growing if not
thriving, in the cracks of sidewalks. Blossoming the entire year
through, even throughout the winter in sunny situations.
300 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
319. LONG-LEAVED STITCHWORT
ALSINE LONGIFOLIA (Muhl.) Britton
Scattered in flat moist places. Found in flower along the road
back of the grist-mill June 15. 1901.
320. LARGER MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED
CERASTIUM VULGATUM L.
Scattered in open rather grassy places. Blossoming almost the
entire year through in protected sunny situations. Blossoms were
noted in May and June, 1901, and late into the winter of 1904.
321. THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT
ARENARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA L.
An insignificant plant with the aspect of a small chickweed,
blooming throughout the entire summer. Chiefly a member of the
railroad flora, growing on sand on railroad embankments and be-
tween ties. Seedlings were observed coming up late in the autumn,
October 12, 1907. Noted in flower May 5, 1901, along the railroad
by the icehouses on October 29, 1904, on Long Point and on Novem-
ber 4, 1904, by Arlington.
Family 52. Caryophyllace^e. Pink Family
322. cockle; corn cockle
AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO L.
Fairly common in wheat fields and occasional along the railroad.
323. STARRY CAMPION
SILENE STELLATA (L.) Ait.
Not common ; scattered at the edges of woods and copses ; more
abundant on Long Point hill back of Duenweg's than anywhere
else. In blossom July 26, 1906, and as late as October 27, 1904.
The rather handsome flower looks more like an immense chickweed
than anything else.
324. BLADDER CAMPION
SILENE LATIFOLIA (Mill.) Britten & Rendle
Quite common in patches near where the old Van Schoiack
homestead used to be, the plants having evidently arisen from stray
seed. First noticed in the autumn of 1912.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 301
325. SLEEPY CATCHFLY
SILENE ANTIRRHINA L.
Common, especially in sandy places. Very abundant in the
sandy open flats west of the Assembly grounds.
A most business-like plant. Like many others it has "regular
office hours" during which the flowers are open to insect visitors.
In addition visitors are admitted "only at the office door." "No
admittance" signs in the shape of sticky patches are posted just
beneath each node, and such thieves and robbers among the insects
as try to get in any other way than the proper places are likely to.
get caught. These sticky places, inconspicuous at first, darken with
age, and an old, much-branched plant with its little dark band
of insect "bird lime" at each joint of the stem is an inter-
esting and instructive object. The first man who wrapped cot-
ton or what-not about his plum tree to keep curculios from getting
up had no patent on the process and might have even improved
it by using something sticky.
Where this catchfly grows among tall bluegrass, the swaying
plants often come into contact with each other and the sticky places
of the catchfly gather crops of ripened grass seed.
326. SOAPWORT; BOUNCING BET
SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS L.
Common on banks along the railroad, especially at the ice-
houses; also by the Assembly grounds, along the depot grounds,
and east of Lakeview Hotel. The plants also form a dense patch
along the railroad north of the lake. This plant is usually found
in open sunny places but along Yellow River below Plymouth is a
dense patch in woods. The plants grow in thick patches and form
regular flower-beds, conspicuous for a considerable distance. All
the flowers seen at the lake were single, as is usually the case with
the railroad patches. The plants bloom to some extent until clipped
by frost. This is a favorite flower with humming-birds, which can
often be found in considerable numbers where the patches of bounc-
ing bet are.
327. COW-HEPvB; COCKLE
VACCARIA VACCARIA (L.) Biitton
Collected by Dr. Scovell quite early in the series. Probably
found in waste places.
302 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 53. Ceratophyllace^e. Hornwort Family
328. hornwort
CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM L.
This is one of the most common plants in the lake, and is, in-
deed, one of the most common lake weeds in the state. It also
grows in slow stretches of rivers, or rather bayous, or in old canal
or ditch beds. It often comes up in long tangles attached to fish-
hooks and is popularly called "water-moss." It was found abund-
ant in nearly all lakes visited. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is found
scattered through most parts of the lake in rather shallow water,
and was found near the Weedpatch in water eighteen feet deep. It
grows abundantly by the Inlet. It is also abundant in Lost Lake
and in the Outlet far below the lakes.
The hornwort does not possess roots or any sort of hold-fast
during any part of its existence. From this it might be supposed
that it had no permanent or local habitation in the lake but drifted
here and there according to winds and currents. Such, however,
is not the case. It usually stands more or less upright in the water
but does not come near enough the surface to be caught by winds,
and seems to be so "loggy" that it is very little affected by currents.
The heavy lower part of the plant usually lies on the bottom and
forms a sort of drag-anchor. One rarely or never sees great
masses washed ashore, as is common with Vallisneria, Philotria
and other weeds.
Ceratophyllum varies considerably in appearance, especially in
robustness, in different localities and situations. That far down
the outlet is exceedingly robust and handsome, and it is difficult to
understand how it keeps its place in the good current there. Some
plants found during the summer of 1909 in the mouth of the Des-
plaines River, Illinois, were so exceedingly attenuated that it took
some effort to recognize them as a form of the old Ceratophyllum
demersum.
The winter behavior is slightly different in different situations.
Generally speaking it keeps more or less green all winter and dif-
fers very little in appearance during the different seasons, though
perhaps a little duller in color in winter. The large robust plants
down the outlet retained a bright vivid green during the winter
and had delicate pink tips. In many places what might be called
winter buds were formed by a cessation of growth in late autumn
or early winter of the tip of the stem, and by the rotting away of
the part underneath. These winter buds are wafted about more
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 303
or less by waves, and supplement the work of the seeds in distrib-
uting the plants. Both seeds and flowers are inconspicuous ob-
jects. In spring the buds, when they begin growth, show marked
heliotropism.
Apparently in some places at least, these plants retained more
or less activity, as well as form and color, throughout the winter.
Generally above the apices of the plants under the clear ice there
were large bubbles frozen into the ice, and toward the latter part
of the winter, especially above a patch down by Norris Inlet, there
were crossing and recrossing curves of rows of fine bubbles, like
strings of minute beads, suggesting that the plants had been ex-
haling small bubbles of gas, perhaps oxygen, the winter long and
the moving plant tips, swayed perhaps by moving currents, or in
all probability following the circle of the sun, had left behind a rec-
ord or graph of their gyrations. The hornwort appears to be one
of the most active oxygenators of water we have. In window
aquariums on bright days during winter, when the sun shines in
on these plants, one often sees a rapid succession of minute bubbles
form a line from leaf tips of these plants to the water surface, the
bubbles breaking at the surface in rapid succession with an audible
lisping sound and a minute dash of spray. It is not certain that
all these bubbles are oxygen formed during the ordinary processes
of photo-synthesis in the plant, as in some cases bubbles are given
off rapidly from broken bits of stems.
Family 54. Cabombace^e. Water-shield Family
329. water-shield
BRASENIA SCHREBERI Gmel.
Rare in Lake Maxinkuckee, the only patch in that lake being
near the green boathouse in the vicinity of Norris Inlet. It is
fairly abundant in Lost Lake and there are a few plants in the old
bayou (a remains of the old channel or thoroughfare) west of the
railroad. It blossoms very rarely here. The leaves take on beauti-
ful hues in autumn. The young leaves down close to the rootstock
remain green all winter. It starts up early in spring; small leaves
were seen near the bottom of Lost Lake May 3. 1901. Green leaves
were washed ashore November 3, 1904.
The plant is peculiar in having its stems and flower-stalks
coated in a clear gelatinous substance so that it appears as if en-
cased in glass.
304 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 55. Nymph^ace^:. Water Lily Family
330. large yellow pond lily
NYMPHAEA ADVENA Soland.
This plant is rather scattered in Lake Maxinkuckee, as it thrives
best in shallow water and rich mud and such places are only occa-
sional in the lake. It is found along shore in front of Overmyer's
fiat woods, in the Norris Inlet region and in front of the Academy
grounds. It occurs in the thoroughfare below the wagon bridge
and is very abundant in Lost Lake. Here great masses of roots
occasionally rise to the surface, making a sort of floating island ;
they have the appearance of having been lifted by some upheaving
force. This has by some been attributed to marsh gas, caused by
the disintegration of much organic material in the bottom of the
lake. It is also likely the soft bottom is unable to hold down the
buoyant mass of roots when it has grown beyond certain dimen-
sions. These great masses, floating on the surface, impede boating
and give a tropical aspect to the sluggish dark waters of Lost Lake
and the upper part of its outlet. N. advena also grows in Green's
marsh, and in Hawk's marsh. It is one of those plants of a toler-
ably wide range of environment and exhibits a marked response to
surroundings, as do most plants of this sort. Where it grows in
shallow marshes it has stout stems with the stiff and firm leaves
standing at an angle to the horizon and sometimes with traces of
fluting somewhat like that of a palm-leaf fan, radiating from the
base of the petiole. The petioles of the water forms are compara-
tively flaccid, and the leaves usually horizontal floating on the sur-
face of the water. The young leaves have a rich violet coloration
due to an abundance of cell-sap, and this probably serves as a pro-
tection from the rays of the sun.
While not so handsome as the white water-lily, the half-open
buds of this plant have a certain charm. Both small leaves and
tiny buds remain in the bottom in cold storage during the winter
ready to expand and grow when the water warms up in spring.
There is no formation of winter buds nor anything like the dead
appearance which we are accustomed to in our common deciduous
plants.
The ripened seed pods form a food for the muskrat. It is said
that the Indians roasted and ate the large farinaceous rootstocks,
and they form a favorite food of the moose where that animal is
found. The plant is often badly affected, and its beauty marred,
by a sort of plant louse or leaf hopper which attacks it in great
numbers.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey :;<>.)
N. advena is the only species found about Lake Maxinkuckee;
at Lake Cicott and Bass Lake some plants with much longer nar-
rower leaves were seen, but not collected; they were probably N.
sagittaefolia. At Lake-of-the-Woods, the spatterdocks had a large
globular reddish fruit and were probably N. microphylla.
The following are some of the most important notes taken :
April 26, 1901, leaves up and floating quite in summer fashion.
May 19, 1901, in flower in Green's marsh. October 27, 1900, leaves
of this and Castalia badly covered with plant lice or leaf-hoppers.
November 4, 1904, a flower bud washed ashore east side Lake Max-
inkuckee. November 12, plants frozen in a dry pond. Walley's
woods.
331. SWEET-SCENTED WHITE WATER LILY
CASTALIA ODORATA (Diyand.) Woodv. & Wood
Not common in Lake Maxinkuckee as there is not sufficient
mucky bottom ; there is one small patch near the Outlet, and another
near Norris Inlet. There are large patches in Lost Lake, both near
the Outlet and near the center of the lake. Flowers are kept pretty
well plucked by the cottagers and excursionists. They are not
borne in great profusion and are rather small. Our plants have
the underside of the leaves purplish, in this respect resembling
odorata, but the relatively small flowers are not especially fragrant
and the rootstalks have tuber-like outgrowths. In this respect they
approach C. tuberosa. It is probable the two species are consider-
ably more alike than one would be led to believe from current de-
scriptions.
The water-lilies of Twin Lakes a few miles north are abundant,
much larger and deliciously fragrant, and some have an exquisitely
delicate pink tinge.
Family 56. Magnoliace^e. Magnolia Family
332. tulip-tree; yellow poplar
LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA L.
Not especially common in the immediate vicinity of the lake.
There are no trees directly west of the lake but they are more plenti-
ful toward the south. A good many young trees were noted in
Farrar's woods, and there are several large magnificent trees north
of the lake; there are scattered trees in the woods of the east side
April 30, 1901, leaves beginning to show green. May 25, flower-
buds well developed and of good size. May 28, in flower on the
east side.
20— 17618— Vol. 2
306 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
In the vicinity of Washington, D. C, it was noted that the purple
finches were fond of the tulip tree seed. They attacked the spread
cones during the winter and made seeds fly in every direction. The
seeds germinate in late spring or early summer. Many seedlings
just up were observed near Twin Lakes in June, 1909, and seed-
lings, more fully grown, were common about the lake in the autumn.
The tulip tree is easily queen among our native trees, excelling
all others in beauty of blossom, shapeliness of form, and attractive-
ness of clear bright foliage. It is also one of the most valuable of
our timber trees, and for this reason has disappeared from many
localities where once abundant. A tree full of the bright tulip-
shaped blossoms, greenish with a lurid inverted U at the base of
each petal, is a sight to be remembered.
Although the natural tree is hard to improve on, there are sev-
eral interesting variations, some of them found in parks. There
is a fastigiate form having much the outline of a Lombardy poplar.
In the Agricultural Department grounds at Washington, D. C, is a
tree of which most of the leaves have a white blotch, a peculiarity
which hardly adds to the attractiveness of the tree, as it gives it a
diseased appearance. On the White House grounds is a small,
beautiful specimen with the leaves mottled and clouded with white.
Family 57. Annonace^e. Custard-apple Family
333. PAWPAW
ASIMINA TRILOBA (L.) Dunal
Not generally common in the vicinity of the lake. The only
ones on the south side of the lakes were in a small patch in Over-
myer's woods. These rarely bore any fruit, as they were probably
too young in 1901 ; a few of the trees were coming into bearing dur-
ing the latter part of our stay at the lake. On the east side it was
more plentiful. There was a fine dense grove along the ditch be-
side the Maxinkuckee road. There were also a few trees, prob-
ably planted, in one of the lots east of the lake, not far from the
Maxinkuckee road. There were also a few fine groves in Culver's
woods. A few miles south of the lake along the Tippecanoe River
near Delong, and a few miles north in woods along the Yellow
River, there are magnificent groves. Near Arlington Hotel, about
where we had thrown some seeds in 1901, there were fine large
bushes in 1909, but they had not yet come into bearing.
The pawpaw is, in many respects, among the most remarkable
and interesting of our native shrubs. It usually grows in rather
Lake Maxinkackee, Physical and Biological Survey 307
thick groves in rich ground in deep woodlands. It seems to be a
shade-loving tree, and when the forests around them are greatly
thinned or cleared away, the groves usually soon die. In cities,
where surrounding buildings protect them, they grow and thrive
where it is more or less open. There are two fine trees in the Botan-
ical Garden at Washington, D. C, a tree was observed close to the
house in a dooryard in the same city, and another in Blooming-
ton, Ind. The flowers, which come out just preceding the leaves,
are peculiar in that they expand when still small, and are at first
ordinary leaf-green in color. Finally they grow to full size and
ripen to a rich chocolate brown or brownish purple. Each blos-
som has a cluster of erect ovaries in the center, and these as they
grow heavy and hang down, turn back against the flower-stalk,
so that each bunch or cluster of pawpaws comes from a single
flower. In early autumn, sometimes as early as August, the im-
mense leaves begin to turn a rich yellow, and there are few more
striking sights in the vegetable world than a large grove of these
trees lighting up the dun forest gloom with their great tawny
leaves. One might say to them even more appropriately than to
the dandelion :
"Gold such as thine ne'er drew the Spanish prow
Through the primeval hush of Indian seas,"
for they give a sense of tropical luxuriance rarely equalled in our
native forests.
As a matter of food, the pawpaw appeals to different people
quite differently. The greater number of people appear to dislike
it at first, and among those who like it it seems in most instances
to be an acquired taste. The wood and bark have a peculiar, dis-
agreeable flavor, and this seems to be concentrated in the queer
corrugated kernel of the seed. Much depends upon the condition
of the fruit. A slightly underripe pawpaw is decidedly sickening,
and one can hardly get them too ripe. Most people probably at
first get one a little too green. The dead ripe pawpaw is soft and
usually has an aroma reminding one of guava jelly. Much depends
upon the manner in which the pawpaw is eaten. The habit of
paring them with a knife and trying to eat the solid center as one
would eat an apple, is quite likely to prejudice one against them.
The proper way to do is to gently work up the pulp into a custard
consistency without breaking-'the skin, an art that requires some
practice, and then suck out the semi-liquid pulp through a little
hole bitten in the end. The seeds are something, of a bother at
first but one soon learns to manage them without much difficulty.
308 Lalci Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
The pawpaw nas many points which commend it for experi-
ments in domestication. The bush is one of the most handsome
and striking of our native shrubs. It is by far the largest of our
wild fruits, larger perhaps than the original apple from which
all our modern varieties have sprung. It is at the start far supe-
rior in flavor to the early apple which is said to have been ex-
asperatingly sour. If it could be as greatly improved over the wild
stock as was the apple, we would have one of the most remarkable
fruits, as large perhaps as pumpkins, and of multitudinous flavors
to the rich custard of its fruit.
There is a general opinion among woodsmen that there are
two kinds of pawpaws, a yellow, which is delicious, and a white,
which is inferior in flavor. This is probably due to the fact that
considerable critical attention is paid to the first and minor dif-
ferences are easily noticed. Everybody knows that the persim-
mon is even more variable, and we have summer and autumn per-
simmons, winter persimmons, flat or long, yellowish or reddish, and
sweet or puckery. Any one who pays especial attention to any of
our fruits will find similar wide range of variations.
The following are some of the more important field notes:
September 30, 1900, plentiful by Tippecanoe River; October 11,
a barren grove in Overmyer's woods ; October 3, seen along Yellow
River; May 14, 1901, in flower south of the lake; October 25, 1904,
leaves mostly green. August 16, 1906. leaves beginning to turn
golden. September 18, leaves beautifully golden, and fruits ripe.
October 6 and 14, 1906. still a few found, some fine ones gotten ;
October 30, all gone.
Family 58. Ranunculace^e. Crowfoot Family
334. yellow-root; golden seal
HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS L.
This plant, once fairly common throughout the state, is now be-
coming rare in most places. It is one of the important drug plants
of the country and the root is demanding an increasing price on
the market. It is gradually coming into cultivation in gardens of
medicinal plants. The ginseng-grower at Plymouth, Indiana, had
a fine patch in cultivation. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is not very
common. A few plants were found out of flower along Overmyer's
creek May 31, 1901.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 309
335. MARSH-MARIGOLD
CALTHA PALUSTRIS L.
This attractive flower, generally known through the state as
cowslip, grows quite abundantly some distance up Culver Inlet, also
in marshes west of the lake and along Overmyer's creek. The
leaves are sometimes used for "greens." The fruit, after the car-
pels have opened and discharged the seeds, is a pretty object, al-
most as handsome as the blossom.
In flower along Culver Inlet April 19, 1901 ; April 23, not yet
in flower, west side: April 30, in flower both sides of the lake; May
14, still in flower along creek by Overmyer's. It will be observed
that it has a long blossoming period.
Occasionally it blossoms a second time in the season, late in au-
tumn. On October 28, 1906, plants were found in flower along
Norris Inlet marsh.
336. FALSE RUE ANEMONE
ISOPYKUM BITERNATUM (Raf.) T. & G.
Not especially common. In flower northeast of the lake by Cul-
ver's April 19, 1901.
337. WHITE BANEBERRY
ACTAEA ALBA <L.) Mill.
Occasional in moist woodlands. In flower along Overmyer's
creek May 25, 1901. Fully ripe about the same location October
23, 1904.
338. WILD COLUMBINE
AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS L.
One of the most attractive and interesting of our native flow-
ers; rather common on partly shaded bluffs about the lake; found
on the bluff by Culver railroad bridge, by Lakeview Hotel, and on
Overmyer's hill. It first came up about April 12, 1901, and by
April 19 was growing rapidly — up about four inches high and a
bright purplish green. By May 16 it was in flower north of the
lake. In some places it continues blooming until after July 1. The
peculiar form of the flower has doubtless been evolved to favor cer-
tain insect visitors, and a select sort of visitors they must be that
could alight on the underside of the pendant swaying bolls and in-
sert the proboscis to the very depth of the "horns of plenty" pro-
jecting above. The wise, burglarious bumblebee, however, frus-
trates all this invention and solves the problem easily by nipping
little holes at the apices of the spurs, and sucking the nectar out.
310 Lake Ma.rinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
Oddly enough he appears never to have struck the same plan on
the wild touch-me-not, a blossom similarly built in this respect,
though almost every country child knows the trick with the touch-
me-not but never tries it on the columbine.
339. LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE
ANEMONE CYLINDRICA A. Gray
Not very common; found growing on sandy hillsides. Both
this and the following have the seeds coated with a peculiar wool.
Rather common about Eagle, or Winona Lake, at Warsaw, Indiana.
340. TALL ANEMONE
ANEMONE VIRGIMANA L.
Quite common at edges of woodlands and on open hillsides;
found on the hill between the Culver railroad bridge and the depot,
by Overmyer's, along the railroad by the icehouses where it
was in flower June 21, and on the shore by Walter Knapp's
where it was seen in fruit October 28, 1904. The flowers are
rather large, but inconspicuous and homely. The seeds remain at-
tached to the columella until worn off by age. It is difficult to see
how the dense pinky wool assists in the distribution of the seed
as it offers little surface to the air. It would be very odd, but
not in the least surprising, to find that they depended for distribu-
tion on their chance of being used as a downy lining for the nests
of mammals and birds.
341. WIND-FLOWER; SNOW-DROPS; WILD ANEMONE
ANEMONE QUINQUEFOLIA L.
One of the most dainty members of our flora, growing shyly
in shaded places in woodlands, the face of the sepals white, the
backs a rich purplish pink. April 26, 1901, just coming up,
Farrar's woods ; April 30, in flower, east side ; May 3, a good deal
seen in flower, west side. May 5, a good deal in flower near
Scovell's ; May 16, still in blossom, Farrar's woods.
342. ROUND-LOBED LIVERWORT; ROUND-LOBED LIVER-LEAF
HEPATK A HEPATICA (L.) Karst.
Generally speaking, a rather rare form in the state, though tol-
erably abundant in a few counties. It closely resembles the other,
a well known form through the state, differing principally in the
rounded lobes of the leaf. Rather common about the lake; found
on the east side north of Aubeenaubee Creek, by Overmyer's woods,
and at Long Point. Noted in blossom from April 5 to May 17.
Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 311
343. SHARP-LOBED LIVERWORT
HEPATICA ACUTILOBA DC.
This does not appear to be so common about the lake as the other
species. Throughout the state in general it is common, though be-
coming scarcer from year to year, and is one of the best known
and beloved of early spring flowers. Excepting the snow trillium,
which is rare and local in the state, it is the first of our conspicuous
spring flowers, preceded only by a few such forms as skunk cab-
bage, silver maple and pepper-and-salt. The leaves themselves are
highly ornamental, being beautifully blotched with tracings of
brown. The flowrers, delicate in appearance but firm in stem
and texture, and lasting wrell as cut flowers, have a faint sweet
odor, hardly perceptible with single flowers but in clusters well
marked, but delightfully faint and elusive. The flowers range
greatly in color, from pure white to a deep pink and a deep blue, the
deeper colors found in the more shaded situations. Occasional
noteworthy forms occur. Near Fort Wayne, Indiana, wras found
one plant which had the petalloid sepals white with a decidedly
greenish cast so that it could be called a green flower without, how-
ever, being a structural reversion as many green flowers are ;
another was found bearing delicate pink blossoms fully double to
the center, and of course bearing no seed. This plant was removed
to a dooryard where though neglected utterly, it continued to bear
its double blossoms year after year. In flower east of the lake
April 19.
344. RUE-ANEMONE
SYNDESMON THALICTKOIDES (L.) Hoffmg.
A wrell-known spring flower, somewhat resembling the wind
flower, Anemone quinquefolia, with wmich it is sometimes con-
fused. It is not, however, so pretty a flower. Abundant in shady
pastures throughout the state. It wras found in flower east of
the lake, April 11, 1901, on Overmyer's hill April 15, and was
abundantly in blossom April 18 in Vajen's gulch. It was still in
blossom April 30. Although generally regarded as one of our
early spring flowers it sometimes persists in flowering until June or
July. Flowering specimens were found as late as this in the vicin-
ity of Winona Lake in the summer of 1900.
345. YELLOW WATER-CROWFOOT
RANUNCULUS DELPHINIFOLIUS Ton.
Common in temporary woodland ponds in Farrar's woods, and
common in such situations throughout the state. Like the water-
312 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
parsnip, Riccia, and other forms found growing in places where
it is dry ground part of the year and a good depth of water other
times, this plant is remarkable for its protean changes of form,
and exhibits the remarkable adaptability of organisms to changed
conditions. In winter and spring the leaves, covered with water,
are finely dissected, and with the exception of a few choice forms
like the water parsnip and some of the Potamogetons, which have
exceptional beauty of form, few plants show up so beautifully
through the clear ice of early winter. There are few richer ex-
periences than walking over the clear ice of some shallow pond,
when all the world outside is sere and barren, and looking down at
the green velvety water-meadows of water-crowfoot beneath.
In summer, when the pond is a dry cracked mud-flat, the crow-
foots still persist bright green as ever, but so changed in form as
to be hardly recognizable; instead of the leaves being flaccid and
finely dissected, they are firm of texture and merely lobed.
In spring, after the ice has disappeared, and the plant puts
forth its new growth, bearing floating leaves and flecking the sur-
face of the pond with golden blossoms, we have a vertical variation,
the lowermost leaves being finely fimbriate and flaccid, the success-
ively higher ones less fimbriate, and the floating leaves like those
of the land plant, merely lobed, and rather firm.
346. PURSH'S BUTTERCUP
RANUNCULUS PURSHII Richards
Noted in flower at the tamarack west of the lake May 23, 1901.
347. KIDNEY-LEAVED CROWFOOT
RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS L.
One of our common, homely weeds found scattered in moist
open places, and preferring a heavy clay soil. Quite variable in
size and form, with inconspicuous flowers. Found in flower east
of the lake May 3, 1901.
348. HOOKED CROWFOOT
RANUNCULUS RECURVATUS Poir.
Common in the woods between Farrar's and Overmyer's near
the edge of the pond which joins the lake. Collected in blossom
May 20, 1901. The globose heads with their hooked beaks remind
one somewhat of the fruits of species of Geum of the Rosacea?.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 313
349. BULBOUS BUTTERCUP
RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS L.
Not common; only 1 clump of plants seen. This was found in
flower by the Arlington depot May 24 and June 4. 1901. The
seed was probably brought in by the railroad.
350. HISPID BUTTERCUP
RANUNCULUS HISPIDUS Michx.
Not abundant ; collected on Long Point back from the shore of
the lake; found also near Green's marsh where it was in flower
May 13, 1901.
351. WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT
BATRACHIUM TRICHOPHYLLUM (Chaix) F. Schultz
During the early part of the survey this did not appear to be
a common plant. A few were found by the green boathouse near
Norris Inlet in 1900, and in 1901 a patch was found in flower June 8
in Lost Lake near the east shore. In later years it appears to have
increased a good deal. In 1904 some was found on shore north of
the icehouse, and on November 16 of that year it was still as green
as ever, in Outlet Bay. In 1907 and 1908 there were large patches
along the north shore of Long Point.
The plants remain all winter, and are broken into fragments
along shore by the winds and waves of March and April, each
fragment taking root and growing. The white flowers are rather
small and inconspicuous, giving the water surface a powdery, dusty
appearance.
Frequently, in late autumn, the plants are covered by a dense
growth of diatoms.
352. PURPLISH MEADOW-RUE
THALICTRUM BASYCARPUM Fisch. & Lall.
Probably not common ; only one plant collected and its identifi-
cation somewhat doubtful. We have found in meadows near Fort
Wayne plants that appeared intermediate between this species and
polygamum.
353. EARLY MEADOW-RUE
THALICTRUM BIOICUM L.
Common on the east side on wooded hillsides, also found west of
the Palmer House. Abundant on the hill fronting Overmyer's field.
One of the earliest and most graceful of our spring flowers, but
by no means showy. Noted in blossom April 'Z'), 1901.
314 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
354. FALL MEADOW-RUE
THALICTRUM POLYGAMIM Muhl.
Not very common ; occasionally found in moist, open places.
The masses of rather long whitish filaments make the tall plants,
when in bloom, rather conspicuous objects. Found in blossom
southwest of the lake June 26, 1901.
355. VIRGINIA VIRGIN'S BOWER
CLEMATIS VIRGIMANA L.
Rather uncommon about the lake, and most of the plants seen
were staminate and stunted in growth. There were plants near
McSheehy's and by Lakeview Hotel, and some along the Maxin-
kuckee road some distance back from the lake. The only pistillate
plants seen were those near the Chandler cottage southeast of the
lake.
We have few plants more worthy of cultivation. Pistillate
plants should always be chosen, with perhaps a few staminate ones
to fertilize them. These, in July, cover trellises with a perfect
mass of creamy white blossoms in clusters, to be followed later,
especially after frost, with masses of feathery fruit, giving the
appearance of masses of smoke. The effect on trellises, striking
as it is, is not so remarkable as where the wild plants which grow
very robust in rich black bottom lands trail over brushes and shrubs
and hang down in great festoons; first of blossoms during a com-
paratively flowerless season of the year, and later in smoke, add-
ing their soft hazes to those of mellow Indian summer days.
356. LEATHER-FLOWER
VIORNA VIORNA (L.) Small
Not found in the immediate vicinity of the lake, but common
along Tippecanoe River near Delong and Yellow River near Ply-
mouth. It is also common in Allen County near Fort Wayne, In-
diana. Attractive for trellises, but considerably inferior to C.
coccinea already in cultivation which is much like it in every re-
spect except that it has much more brilliant flowers.
Family 59. Berberidace^. Barberry Family
357. blue cohosh
CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES (L.) Michx.
Occasional on the east side of the lake, where it was found in
flower April 23, 1901. Grows best in the moist rich soil of deep
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 315
woodlands. A coarse rank plant. The large fruit, somewhat re-
sembling a grape is mostly composed of a bullet-like seed which ap-
pears to be composed of vegetable ivory.
358. MAY APPLE; WILD MANDRAKE
PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM L.
Fairly common in rather dry woodlands. Noted in flower in
Farrar's woods May 14, 1901 ; the umbrellas were up in fine shape
by April 19 and the buds had been showing for some time. Near
Bloomington, Indiana, a number of years ago, a clump of remark-
able plants of this species was found ; nearly every flower was
monstrous, the carpel not closing, so that the seeds were borne on
the outside. Plants observed near Washington, D. C, had the um-
brella-shaped leaves richly colored with a regular pattern of purple,
and would be worthy of a place in a flower-garden. On August
12, 1906, one of the inhabitants of Culver was seen with a large
basket full of the ripe fruits — fine large ones, some russetty on
one side, all an exquisitely rich yellow — altogether an unusual sight.
It looked like the garden of the Hesperides had been burglarized.
The fruits are sometimes used to make a jelly.
Family 60. Menispermace^e. Moonseed Family
359. MOONSEED
MENISPERMUM CANADENSE L.
4
Not very common about the lake ; some plants seen on Over-
myer's hill. The blackish berries, which have a peculiar disagree-
able, astringent taste, are eaten by birds. In some places this
plant is known as "Wild Sarsaparilla" (a name also applied to
Aralia nudicaulis) , and a decoction of the long yellow rootstock is
used in the preparation of home-made medicines. Old dead vines
separate along the medulary rays and the segments twist about
each other like the coils of a rope.
Family 61. Laurace^. Laurel Family
360. SASSAFRAS
SASSAFRAS SASSAFRAS <L.) Karst.
Very common about the lake, especially southwest, by Farrar's
and Overymyer's, and back of Walley's. Found on the east side by
the Chandler cottage; also on the depot grounds near shore. In
flower May 6, 1901, and everywhere in bloom May 7. September
316 Lake Maxinkuckee, Phijsical and Biological Surrey
24, 1900, leaves in bright autumnal coloration ; October 28, leaves
nearly all shed, the trees bare.
Interesting on account of the various leaf forms, three forms
being common on the same tree — oval without lobes, mitten-shaped
with a small lobe on one side, and with a small lobe on each side.
In Zechiel's woods opposite Busart's were some young sprouts with
immense, very broad leaves, these frequently bearing five lobes.
In dry sandy soils the sassafras takes an autumn coloration
very early — sometimes in August — the coloration consisting of a
red spotting which finally spreads over the whole leaf. Between
the field fence and heavy forest in Walley's woods was a long patch
of sassafras, which, turning a beautiful red while the forest behind
it was still green, made an attractive sight for the distance of a
half-mile or more. In northern Indiana the sassafras is a rather
small tree, rarely exceeding a diameter of 9 to 12 inches; farther
south it attains a considerably greater diameter. The stump
sprouts badly from the root, and it is difficult to keep down these
sprouts in new fields. This is most easily done by pasturing over
the places where the stumps are.
The wood is very durable in contact with the soil, and is some-
times used for fence-posts. It splits and ignites easily, and there-
fore makes excellent kindling wood; some people believe a super-
stition regarding it which prevents their using it for fuel.
There is a popular belief in some parts of the country that there
are two kinds of sassafras, the red and white, but we know of no
fact or variation upon which this distinction could be based.
The sassafras exhibits considerable individuality in regard to
time of flowering, some trees blooming a week to ten days later
than others in the same neighborhood.
361. SPICE-BUSH
BENZOIN AESTIVALE (L.) Nees
A well known shrub, once common in low rich woods throughout
the state, but disappearing as these are cleared up, drained or
pastured. At Lake Maxinkuckee it was found in Overmyer's
woods and on the east side of the lake. It was well out in flower
by April 30, 1901.
The small yellow flowers, preceding the leaves make this shrub
somewhat attractive, and the spicy fragrance of the crushed
branches and leaves is agreeable. The red elliptical berries are
too few to make much show. The leaves turn to a beautiful golden
in autumn.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 317
Family 62. Papaverace^e. Poppy Family
362. bloodroot; puccoon-root
SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS L.
Common in woodlands, especially on the east side of the lake.
Noted in flower from April 11 to April 30. Some of the flowers
were pretty badly frozen April 19, 1901. The petals are usually
pure white. Some seen near Bloomington, Indiana, had a pinkish
tinge.
Family 63. Fumariace^e. Fumewort Family
363. dutchman's breeches
BICUCULLA CUCULLARIA (L.) Millsp.
Abundant northeast of the lake in Culver's woods. Collected
in flower April 30, 1901.
Family 64. Crucifer^. Mustard Family
364. GOLD-OF-PLEASURE; FALSE FLAX
CAMELINA SATIVA (L.) Crantz
Not common ; a member of the railroad flora, and apparently
of recent introduction. In flower along the railroad in front of the
Assembly grounds May 18, 1901.
365. SHEPHERD'S-PURSE
BURSA BURSA-PASTORIS (L.) Britton
Like the dandelion and English sparrow, one of the hardy emi-
grants found thriving everywhere and at all times and seasons. It
is not so much of a nuisance as the dandelion, however; it is easily
killed out by cultivation and while sometimes annoying in lawns,
it cannot compete with a vigorous growth of grass, and is not so
conspicuous or persistent as the dandelion, being an annual. It is
essentially a plant of waste places. It is usually one of the very
earliest plants to be found in spring, and the latest in autumn. At
Lake Maxinkuckee, it was found everywhere in waste places and
at all seasons.
■u
566. MARSH WATER-CRESS; YELLOW WATER-CRESS
RADICULA PALUSTRIS (L.) Moench
Common in wet places, forming scattered patches. Although
abundant in places it never becomes a bad weed, as it is confined to
grounds too moist to cultivate.
318 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
367. TRUE WATER-CRESS
SISYMBRIl M NASTURTIUM-AQUATICUM L.
Not abundant, and in quite localized patches. It either does
not find conditions favorable for spreading-, or has been only re-
cently introduced. One small patch was found at the edge of the
lake at Barnes's pier and another small patch at Farrar's. It was
pretty well established in a creek entering Culver Bay. In 1904
another small patch was found on the north shore west of the
depot. In flower on the northeast side of the lake June 5, 1901.
In springy places by the Vandalia railroad between Plymouth
and Twin Lakes this plant grows with great luxuriance.
368. HORSE-RADISH
ARMORACIA ARMORACIA (L.) Britton
Not abundant ; in flower in waste places May 20. Several
plants found on the ice ridge at the south end of the lake.
The horse-radish has never been planted to any extent in this
district. In many parts of the state where planted and not kept
within bounds it becomes a great nuisance, especially in rather
moist clay. It does not spread far, as it fortunately produces no
seed, but every fragment of root grows with great tenacity, and
an effort to get rid of the plant by hoeing out the roots is likely only
to increase their number by dividing them.
369. WILD PEPPER-GRASS
LEPIDIIM VIRGINICUM L.
One of the most common and variable of our plants, especially
variable in size and leanness. In spite of its great abundance and
adaptability, it never appears to become a bad weed. Some plants
attain only the height of a few inches, others become a foot or
more high; some have only a rosette of leaves at the base, while
others are leafy throughout, with a rosette of leaves at the top.
The leaves vary considerably in shape. Plants begin blooming
very early in spring — our earliest record is May 13, though they
doubtless bloom much earlier. They continue blooming until killed
by freezing — indeed, in protected situations in mild winters, they
probably bloom all year. Although the growth is usually inde-
terminate, in rich black ground, especially in a dry autumn, the
entire plant ripens, the leaves fall off, leaving a round clump of a
plant with innumerable small pods ; these sometimes of a pleasing
purplish color. They were noted brightly in blossom as late as
November 24. The later flowers are reduced, having only 2 stam-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 319
ens, and the late fruits are often attacked by a fungus which causes
them to blast and turn black. The plants furnish a good deal of
bird food during early winter, and one can frequently notice in
early snows numerous bird-tracks among these plants, and note
where the birds have been pecking. The late autumn seedlings
survive the winter in the form of small rosette plants, ready to
push up a flowerstalk with the advent of spring.
370. HEDGE WEED OR MUSTARD
ERYSIMUM OFFICINALE (L.) Scop.
Common in open waste places. Noted in flower on the east side
May 28, 1901, and in blossom in Chadwick's yard September 13,
1907. It blooms until killed by frost; many of the later blooming
plants are seedlings which have sprung up during the late sum-
mer. There was a good patch near the Bardsley cottage.
' 371. TALL HEDGE MUSTARD
NORTA ALTISSIMA (L.) Britton
Apparently of recent introduction. A number of plants found
in a single patch along the railroad by the icehouses. The plants
had been in flower for some time by June 11, and by this time the
pods were well developed.
372. HAIRY ROCK-CRESS
ARABIS HIRSUTA (L.) Scop.
Rather common in dry ground north and northwest of the lake.
Collected in flower and with the pods somewhat grown May 27,
1901.
373. SMOOTH ROCK-CRESS
ARABIS LAEVIGATA (Muhl.) Poir.
Rather common on the steep rocky bluffs, along the eastern
shore of the lake. In flower May 24 and later. Specimens were
collected May 27, 1901.
374. SICKLE-POD
ARABIS CANADENSIS L.
Rather common in dry gravelly shaded places on both sides of
the lake; noted at Long Point, by Lakeview Hotel, and along the
east side on the high banks. The curved pods resembling the
blade of a scythe in shape or the semi-transparent partitions left
after the valves have fallen, form rather conspicuous objects dur-
ing the winter months. Noted in flower early in June.
320 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
375. MEADOW BITTER-CRESS; CUCKOO-FLOWER
CARDAMINE PRATENSIS L.
One of the most attractive of the cardamines, with its tall stem
and comparatively large white flowers. Common, scattered through
moist open meadows such as the flat west of the grist-mill and
Green's marsh. In flower from May 5 on.
376. PENNSYLVANIA BITTER-CRESS
CARDAMINE PENNSYLVANICA Muhl.
Common in swamps and wet places. Collected in flower near
the shore of the lake, in the low woods by Overmyer's May 25, 1901.
377. PURPLE CRESS
CARDAMINE DOUGLASSII (Ton.) Britton
Rather common, especially on the northeast side of the lake
about the low margins of marshes and in wet woods generally.
It is common throughout the state in wet woods. In early
spring the plant shoots up quickly from a sort of tuber. The flower
buds, first as minute little bells, gradually enlarging and show-
ing glimpses of pink are among the earliest promises of spring
flowers, though several other plants not so prominent in bud, bloom
earlier. In flower April 19, 1901, abundantly in flower April 30.
378. SPRING CRESS; BULBOUS CRESS
CARDAMINE BULBOSA (Schreb.) B. S. P.
Once common throughout the state in rich woods, especially in
wet places, but disappearing as these are drained, cleared or pas-
tured. A very hardy plant, the naked flowerbuds showing ex-
ceedingly early in spring. One of our best known spring flowers.
April 19, 1901, in flower on the east side of the lake. April 30,
abundantly in flower. May 5, collected in Green's marsh.
379. CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT
DENTARIA LACINIATA Muhl.
Not so abundant as the cardamines, but growing in similar
situations; partial to rich leaf-mold. April 11, 1901, in large bud
east of the lake; April 18 in flower in Vajen's gulley; April 19,
27 and 30, still continuing in bloom. It bears yellow fusiform
tubers resembling miniature sweet potatoes. These have a pleasant
mustard-like flavor.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 321
380. CHARLOCK; WILD MUSTARD
SINAPIS ARVENSIS L.
Not common; a member of the introduced railroad flora.
381. RAPE
BRASSICA NAPUS L.
Occasionally cultivated and sometimes escapes. Some plants
grew along the railroad north of the icehouses and had well de-
veloped pods by June 11, 1901.
Family 65. Sarraceniace^e. Pitcher-Plant Family
382. pitcher-plant
SARRACENIA PURPUREA L.
This interesting plant was once quite common in the neighbor-
hood of the lake. They were once quite abundant in the large
tamarack a few miles west of the lake, but with the draining of this
marsh they rapidly disappeared. A few fine plants were seen at
the edge of Lake Maxinkuckee, but they were not seen on the later
visits to the lake, and have probably died out. They still are rather
common in Hawk's marsh, and appear to be thriving there. The
leaves vary somewhat in color, some being nearly uniformly green,
others with deep purple veins. They usually contain the remains
of large insects, such as beetles, grasshoppers and the like. A
small, long-legged mosquito-like insect seems to live, and probably
to breed, in them. It has no trouble rising straight out of the cups.
In many cases insects gnaw their way through, though whether
from the inside or outside has not been determined; many of the
pitchers are empty, with large holes gnawed through the base.
The liquid within the pitchers freezes perfectly solid during the
winter but this never breaks or splits the pitcher, perhaps on ac-
count of their elasticity. The purple blossoms, which appear in
late May and early June, are large and handsome; the large um-
brella-shaped expansion of the style gives them an odd, bald appear-
ance.
Family 66. Droserace^e. Sundew Family
383. round-leaved sundew
DROSERA ROTUNDIEOLIA L.
Not common; found in a few small patches along the northeast
and east shore of Lost Lake; a small patch found also a consider-
21— 17618— Vol. 2
322 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
able distance down the outlet of Lost Lake, at the edge of a high
bank on the west side (1904). The sundew patches were found
growing in patches of various species of mosses, principally
sphagnum, or in wet sand, and the occurrence of little patches of
sphagnum here and there at the edge of Lost Lake is especially
interesting, as it shows the first stage of the conversion of a lake
into a peat bog. The sundew plants grew close to the water's edge,
just at such places as the clouds of midges perform their aerial
dances. The central leaves of the sundews stayed green all win-
ter, rolled up like fern fronds, forming a tiny rosette. By May 27,
1901, the leaves had unfolded and were covered with the remains
of tiny midges they had captured ; the place where they grew
seemed especially favorable for the capture of prey.
The plants, especially when in bloom, with the drops of secre-
tion sparkling and glistening in the sunlight, are remarkably at-
tractive.
384. SPATULATE-LEAVED SUNDEW
DROSERA INTERMEDIA Hayne
Much more abundant than the other species and more confined
to sphagnous bogs. There were small patches in Walley's peat-
marsh and others of considerable extent in Hawk's marsh. Not
so attractive as the other sundew, as the leaves are too narrow to
give much foliage effect. The leaves turn bright red in autumn
and are killed quickly by frost, though the central bud of the plant
persists.
Family 67. Crassulace^e. Orpine Family
385. live-forever
SEDUM TRIPHYLLUM (Haw.) S. F. Gray
A clump found on the lake shore by Murray's and one on
the road to Delong. This species is usually found in the vicinity
of old homesteads, as if at one time planted for ornament. The
rose-colored cymes of flowers are rather pretty, but the plant seldom
blooms, usually propagating by joints. The plants near Lake Max-
inkuckee, growing in the wilds, bloomed profusely. This plant, like
others of the stonecrops, is noteworthy for its abundance of soft
mesophyll. If the leaf-stem is broken off, the leaf may be gently
macerated and the mesophyll squeezed out, leaving the leaf as an
empty bag.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 323
Family 68. Penthorace^:. Virginia Stonecrop Family
386. DITCH OR VIRGINIA STONECROP
PENTHORUM SEDOIDES L.
Common in ditches and swampy places, such as back of Win-
field's, by the railroad bridge, and in Green's marsh. Although the
flowers are small and inconspicuous, the clusters of fruits which
are often reddish in color, are quite attractive.
Family 69. Parnassiace^s. Grass-of-Parnassus Family
387. carolina grass-of-parnassus
PARNASSIA CAROLINIANA Michx.
Scattered in patches in boggy marshes among sedges and
grasses. Found in the Inlet marsh and in low grounds along Out-
let Bay. The creamy flowers are quite attractive, but in spite of
their apparent firmness, wither quickly on being plucked. The
plants frequently continue in blossom until killed by frost. Some
were noted in flower September 27, 1900.
Family 70. Saxifragace^e. Saxifrage Family
388. swamp saxifrage; pennsylvania saxifrage
MICRANTHES PENNSYLVANIA (L.) Haw.
Scattered rather sparingly in swampy places. Found in the
marsh back of the Culver grist-mill and in the tamarack west of
the lake. Noted in flower May 17 and 22, 1901.
389. ROUGH HEUCHERA
HEUCHERA HISPIDA Pursh
Scattered in woodlands in various places about the lake, such
as at Long Point, near Farrar's, and near the depot grounds. The
flowers are inconspicuous but noteworthy for their red stamens
and very red pollen. The leaves remain green all winter. They
frequently assume purple tints in well marked patterns and are
quite attractive when most other leaves are dead and brown. Col-
lected in blossom in early June.
390. TWO-LEAVED BISHOP'S CAP OR MITRE-WORT
MITELLA DIPHYLLA L.
Found in shady ravines on the east side of the lake. One of
the daintiest of our wild flowers, the small white flowers with their
324 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
incised petals resembling- snowflakes. Leaves, scapes and flower-
buds showed well by April 19. Some of the first blossoms were
out April 30, 1901.
Family 71. Hamamelidace^e. Witch Hazel Family
391. witch-hazel
HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L.
Quite abundant, forming a long narrow patch or copse along
the low bluff which borders the east shore of the outlet of Lost
Lake back of Green's. A number of bushes also on the high bank
by McOuat's east of the Lake. It seems to thrive best in a some-
what sandy soil.
Even scattered bushes of the witch-hazel are attractive and in-
teresting, and the habit of putting out blossoms late in autumn
when the leaves are falling or are wholly fallen, when no other
shrubs or even herbs with conspicuous flowers are in bloom, makes
it an especially desirable plant for parks. It is among flowers what
Indian summer days are to the year. It is not so often found in
parks as one might expect; we have never seen it in any of the
Chicago parks ; there are one or two in the Department of Agri-
culture grounds, but in none of the other Washington parks, not
even in the Botanic Garden, though the Japanese witch-hazel, which
blooms in early spring, is there. The individual blossoms are small
and inconspicuous, but on a particularly floriferous bush they grow
in such abundance that they cover the tree with a golden haze, con-
siderably more effective than the Carnelian Cherry, Cornus mas,
which blossoms in early spring, and which we have taken the
trouble to import from Europe for park purposes.
The witch-hazel exhibits a good deal of variation and indi-
viduality, and the more showy individuals should be selected for
planting.
The clump along Lost Lake was really one of the features of the
region, and indicated how it should be planted for the best gen-
eral effects, i. e., in large clumps.
An element that always makes the witch-hazel especially inter-
esting is that of uncertainty as to just what it will do. Blooming
as it does, late in autumn or early winter, when inclement weather
is likely to occur at almost any time, it has to adapt itself to cir-
cumstances. A warm, favorable autumn brings it out more or less
all at once, and the blooming season, though fairly long, is consid-
erably shorter than under more unfavorable conditions. In 1906
the bushes of Lost Lake copse were beginning to be full of bloom
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Sin- raj 325
by September 14. They were beautifully in flower October 15,
18 and so on, continuing until November 22. On October 12, the
blossoming bushes were covered with snow. On such years the
plants are more showy as they have all their blossoms crowded into
the shorter season. When the autumn is full of inclement days,
however, the buds stay closed on bad days, peeping out only on
bright pleasant days, and the flowering period is prolonged, thus
in 1900-1901, the blossoms which were noted fully in flower October
23, continued flowering until after New Year, when one could skate
across the ice of Lost Lake for a bouquet.
The witch-hazel appears to bear its great abundance of flowers
every other year, ripening its fruit in alternate years so that though
every year there will be a few flowers or a little fruit, there will
usually be especially floriferous years when there is little fruit
alternating with especially fruitful autumns when there are few
flowers.
Places not far apart geographically may have the years differ-
ent. In 1909 the bushes at Fish Lakes, Indiana, bore immense
quantities of fruit, while those of Lake Maxinkuckee had many
flowers but little fruit.
The fruit is as interesting as the flowers, each fruit consist-
ing of a pair of woody elastic valves. As these ripen and dry,
they exert a pinch or pressure upon the black shining seed, which
is shot out with some force. The witch-hazel seed is about the
shape of an apple seed and placed in the pod sharp end down so
that it is shot out just as a boy shoots apple seeds by pressing them
between the thumb and finger. The seeds are shot some 20 to 10
feet. By getting a fruitful branch and hanging it up in a room or
placing it in a vase and waiting, the interesting bombardment will
soon begin.
The seeds are edible, but are tedious eating.
The leaves turn to a beautiful gold in autumn. Young leaves
are often purplish, suggesting the possibility of developing a form
with attractive foliage.
Family 72. Altingiace^e. Altingia Family
392. sweet gum
LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA L.
Rare; two trees found in a lot on the east side of the lake,
the larger about twenty-five feet high. They may have been
planted trees, as this is unusually far north for this species in In-
diana. Dr. Stanley Coulter, however, reports the species from the
326 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
neighboring county of Kosciusko. The trees were out of flower by
May 28, 1901. The glossy leaves take on a strikingly rich colora-
tion in autumn and the branches are remarkable for their broad
plates of corky outgrowth.
Family 73. Grossulariace^:. Gooseberry Family
393. wild black currant
RIBES AMERICAN UM Mill.
Infrequent in the vicinity of the lake, though common through-
out the state in low, damp woods. The only plants found were in
the neighborhood of Inlet marsh. Although this plant is consid-
erably inferior in appearance to the Missouri currant, and the blos-
soms lack the spicy odor of that species, the pale yellow tresses of
blossoms are decidedly handsome, and are borne in considerable
profusion. The fruits are rather pleasant eaten out of hand, but
are of too gamy a flavor to be used in cooking.
394. WILD GOOSEBERRY
GROSSULARIA CYNOSBATI (L.) Mill.
Fairly common in woodlands. The earliest of our shrubs to
leaf out in spring, a wild gooseberry bush shows at a distance its
halo of green when the surrounding trees and bushes are still
brown and bare. The blossoms contain an abundance of sweet
nectar which can be obtained by biting off the basal portion. The
berries are sometimes cooked after the spines are rubbed off, but
the fruit is inferior to that of garden sorts. The leaves are quite
resistant to mildew which so frequently plays havoc with cultivated
varieties, and the "currant worm" seems never to trouble them.
Wild gooseberry bushes are occasionally seen growing high on the
top of old stubs of trees.
April 19, 1901, tips of buds show green ; April 22, leaved out so
as to show green for some distance, many leaves entirely unfolded ;
April 30, nearly in flower, east side; May 3, in flower, Walley's
woods.
395. NORTHERN GOOSEBERRY
GROSSULARIA OXYACANTHOIDES (L.) Mill.
Not common ; found in the tamarack west of the lake, also in
the one northeast of the lake. Found in flower May 22, 1901.
The fruit is smaller than that of the prickly gooseberry and borne
rather sparingly. The flowers are markedly different from those
of the preceding species, having a very shallow cup.
Lake Maxlnkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 327
Family 74. Platanace^e. Plane-tree Family
396. sycamore
PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS L.
A fairly common tree in the immediate vicinity of the lake, the
greater number growing rather close to the shore line. No very
large trees were seen.
The sycamore is much more common on the west side of the
lake than on the east, as there is more low level ground there.
Along the west, south and southeast sides of the lake the trees
are scattered along the shore from Long Point to Norris's. Six
trees were found in the Long Point region. Along the top of the
ice-beach near the road in front of Green's occurs a row of syca-
mores from 15 to 20 feet high, bearing fruit. Another row is found
on shore between Murray's and Farrar's, and a third row is found
between the Inlet and Norris's. A large stub of the largest tree
noted remains in the region by the wagon road at Culver Bay.
Small trees are occasional in front of the Assembly grounds.
In some parts of the state this species reaches an immense size,
perhaps exceeding in diameter any other species.
The seeds are shed during the winter, the process continuing
sometimes well on into spring. The ice was sometimes covered
with them in places. The young seedlings germinate in May and
June. As in the case with the elm, seedlings of this species come
up in great numbers along the high-water line of the lake. There
was a long row about two inches high on the sandy beach in front
of Green's, one in the low woods near Overmyer's, and one on
the shore between the Inlet and Norris's. The bearing row of
saplings in front of Green's seems to have been the survivors of
such a row left in a year of unusually high water.
The leaves are not remarkable for autumnal coloration ; they
turn a dull yellow, then brown. The leaves were decidedly brown
by September 27, 1904, and were falling by September 29. Some
trees had leaved out well by May 9, 1901. The sycamore has the
somewhat peculiar habit of having the axillary buds protected i>.\
the leaf-petiole.
The sycamore was once confined chiefly to the edges of water-
courses and ponds throughout the state, but it now often springs up
in cleared places in the upland, where it appears to grow quite
rapidly. This change of habit is perhaps due to the fact that
when the country was well covered with forests and the winds
had not so wide a sweep, the seeds were chiefly carried by water.
328 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
but with the opening up of the country, giving the winds greater
play, the seeds, which are well adapted to wind dispersal, were scat-
tered farther and more widely by it than heretofore.
From the lumberman's and woodman's point of view, the syca-
more has a low value. The lumber is brittle, very liable to wind-
shake, but very difficult to split. The tree has, however, a high
ornamental value. It has a peculiar habit of shedding its bark
every year; this process is sometimes gradual, so that it is not
noticeable in the act; at other places the shedding of the bark is
an active process, which usually takes place in July or August and
occupies only a few weeks, the bark falling in considerable patches
about the trees. The bark from which the old patches have re-
cently fallen is more or less greenish, soon blanching to snowy
whiteness.
The sycamore is said to make a good street tree; many of the
streets of Washington, D. C, are bordered by the oriental species,
which is not so handsome. When grown in the open this tree is
quite regularly pyramidal ; in natural conditions they are quite ir-
regular in growth, like the white-oak. It is in its native setting,
that some gigantic stately old tree of this species, with bark of
snowy whiteness, leaning over some water course and glimpsed
through the distance and through vistas of native trees, shows at
its best — standing like Nausicia the white-armed, at the water's
edge — and the tale of the Persian conqueror's having fallen in love
with a plane-tree and adorning it with necklaces and jewels does
not seem so improbable.
In recent years, both in the neighborhood of Lake Maxinkuckee
and other regions where sycamores abound, it was noticed that the
upper surface of the leaves turned a dead sickly whitish during the
summer. This is due to the presence of a species of lace-bug which
is almost as constant an associate of the sycamore as the potato
beetle of the potato, and both adult and young bugs are usually
abundant on the underside of the leaves during late summer. The
adult bugs winter under the scales of bark. These bugs are among
the most beautiful objects that can be obtained for examination
under a lens.
Near the road by Murray's, a sycamore sprout developed
which was peculiar in having variegated leaves, the leaves having
large splotches of white, with clouded splotches. The leaves came
out this way every year. On the Yellow River is a tree fifteen or
twenty feet high, all the leaves of which are similarly marked and
forming a beautiful and unusual sight. Such a form would be well
worthy of propagation by grafts or cuttings.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 329
Within the area where the mistletoe thrives the sycamore is a
fairly common host of this parasite ; along the Cumberland River
we saw numerous trees thus affected, though it is not so susceptible
as the blue-gum and elm.
The fuzz of the sycamore leaves, when breathed into the nose
or trachea, causes a violent and distressing cough.
Family 75. Rosacea. Rose Family
397. ninebark
OPULASTER OPULIFOLIUS (L.) Kuntzc
Not common ; one plant, which has long since disappeared, grew
on the north shore of Long Point; a small patch was found in a
gully east of Overmyer's; cultivated for ornament on the Culver
Military Academy grounds. Leafed out by May 4, 1901. Just
coming into blossom June 10 at Long Point.
The ninebark is a rather variable plant, sometimes not par-
ticularly attractive, but at its best one of the most attractive shrubs
we have. Indeed, there are few shrubs that can compete with it,
for there are forms ornamental in flower, some in fruit, and some
in foliage. If all of these three forms could be combined into one
the plant would be almost incomparable.
The plants in flower resemble a large-flowered spiraea of the van
houttei type and are borne in numerous many-flowered corymbs.
These are followed by clusters of inflated pods — five pods to each
flower. These pods are frequently green in color, when they have
no especial ornamental value; some growing in a rich mucky swamp
in Allen County, Indiana, had the pods a rich red color ; these were
remarkably handsome, more striking indeed than the flowers. In
the park about the ellipse at Washington, D. C, is a golden-leaved
form, the leaves of which with the glinting of a peculiar golden
shade mingled in with greener portions, give a splendid richness
of color hardly to be equalled in any other style of leaf-coloration.
398. MEADOW-SWEET
SPIRAEA ALBA Du Roi
Scattered through low grounds in the vicinity of the lake, as
about Long Point, near Lost Lake, and in Walley's marsh. A
rather handsome erect shrub with steeple-shaped panicles of white,
slightly fragrant flowers. Leafing out near Long Point, April 29,
1901; in flower by Lost Lake July 26. Much in flower in Walley's
marsh, August 19, 1906.
330 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
399. HARDHACK; STEEPLE-BUSH
SPIRAEA TOMENTOSA L.
Not common in the immediate vicinity of the lake; a few plants
in low places. It thrives best in tamarack and sphagnum bogs,
and in mucky places. More attractive than the other species ; its
purple flowers in dense steeple-shaped erect panicles. On August
14, on the way from Bass Lake, great patches of this species gave
color to the whole landscape at one place.
400. FIVE-FINGER; COMMON CINQUEFOIL
POTENTILLA CANADENSIS L.
Rather common in dry places about the lake but not so com-
mon as to form large patches to the exclusion of everything else
as it is in dry hills about Eagle Lake. In flower along the rail-
road north of the icehouses, May 16, 1911. A common and well
known plant throughout the state. Associated with the roots are
small onion-shaped tubers, astringent to the taste and of great
repute among herb doctors as a remedy for cholera morbus.
401. ROUGH CINQUEFOIL
POTENTILLA MONSPELIENSIS L.
Quite abundant in various waste places. Found in flower along
the south edge of the lake June 12, 1901. It continues blossom-
ing late ; barely out of flower by October 24, 1904. A coarse homely
weed unaffected by the early frosts and freezes.
402. PURPLE OR MARSH CINQUEFOIL
( OMARUM PALUSTRE L.
Scattered; common in marshy places, especially cold sphagnous
bogs. Found in the Inlet marsh, by the Outlet, and along the
northeast shore of Lost Lake. In flower June 3, 1901. The large
purple flowers are quite handsome and so unlike anything else that
they attract attention.
403. WILD STRAWBERRY; VIRGINIA STRAWBERRY
FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA Duchesne
Not very common ; found near Farrar's and along the rail-
road. In flower May 2, 1901 ; ripe June 3. Variable in size and
shape. Some along the railroad were much larger than the others
and were probably escapes from the cultivated berry. Leaves turn
bright red in autumn and persist during the winter.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey :','.', 1
404. SOFT AGRIMONY
AGRIMONIA MOLLIS (T. & G.) Britten
Common on the dry gravelly flat at the north end of Long Point ;
plentiful near shore south of Green's and farther south, beyond
Murray's. North of the Outlet and present in small quantities near
Winfield's. A nuisance on account of its small burrs.
405. MANY-FLOWERED AGRIMONY
AGRIMONIA PARVIFLORA Soland.
Common in rich ground in somewhat open places. Like the
other, its burry seed capsules make it a disagreeable weed. Fortu-
nately, however, it never grows in cultivated ground.
406. WHITE AVENS
GEUM CANAOENSE Jacq.
Scattered in shaded woodlands. Found in Farrar's woods, also
in Culver's woods northeast of the lake some distance back.
407. WILD RED RASPBERRY
RUBUS STRIGOSUS Michx.
Not common ; although the books give its habitat as "dry
rocky situations", the most common situation in which we have
found it is in old drained tamaracks and mucky or peaty soils. As
it is never found in wet or living sphagnum swamps it is probable
that the plants found in the dried up marshes have arisen from
seeds dropped by birds, and having found congenial soil have multi-
plied. In such situations the plants bear fruit rather sparingly.
A few plants were found in the drained tamarack northeast of the
lake January 3, 1905.
408. BLACK RASPBERRY
RUBUS OCCIDENTALIS L.
Once common throughout the state in open woods, about stumps
at the edges of copses and about fields. Not found in deep
woodlands but appearing quickly where lands have been partly
cleared so as to make the forests more open. Its rapid and extens-
ive dissemination in such places is due to birds. It soon disap-
pears from woodlands that have been heavily pastured. In many
parts of the state where it was originally common it has become
rare, due to pasturing.
Not especially common about Lake Maxinkuckee; there1 was a
■ >■>!
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
small patch along the railroad near Green's marsh. Leaved out
well by May 2, 1901. In flower May 19.
409. DWARF RED RASPBERRY
Kl 151 S TRIFLORUS Richards
Not common ; generally found in sphagnous marshes or in mossy
places in woodland ponds, sometimes growing in mucky places.
Found at the border of a pond in Walley's woods and in the tam-
arack marsh west of the lake. In flower May 22, 1901.
A delicate, thin-leaved trailing plant. The white blossoms have
an exquisite, delicate odor. The fruit, which is borne sparingly, is
exceedingly handsome, purplish-red in color and exceedingly good
eating, somewhat sour but with a delicious aromatic flavor.
410. TALL BLACKBERRY
RI'BUS ARGUTUS Link
Rather common in scattered patches ; on the hill north of the
icehouses and in front of the Assembly grounds. A fine large
patch on the side of the slope east of Lost Lake outlet back of
Green's field. Very abundant in Walley's woods where, in 1906,
it bore a great abundance of fruit. Scattered plants through
Farrar's woods.
June 4 to 14, 1901, in flower in Farrar's woods. July 29 to Au-
gust 29, 1906, in fruit in Walley's woods. Leaves very tardily shed
in protected situations in woodlands ; they remained green nearly
all winter in Farrar's woods.
A plant with large long crystal-white fruit, very sweet and de-
licious, was found near Fort Wayne and transplanted from the
woods where found, but it finally died. Another patch with small
yellow berries, which always remained rather sour, was found in
the same woods. "White" blackberries can be told from others
even in the winter, by the paleness of the canes.
411. DEWBERRY; LOW RUNNING BLACKBERRY
RUBUS PROCUMBENS Muhl.
Common in sandy places, along the railroad, in old fields, etc.
The flower buds showed well along the railroad May 10, 1901, and
by May 19 it was fully in flower. In this vicinity it usually yields
rather sparingly but in 1909 there was an immense crop in one of
Green's fallow fields. With a good market, this should prove a
profitable crop in some of the sandy fields. The leaves assume
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey :]:]:}
beautiful coloration in autumn, and were very attractive from Sep-
tember 27 to October 11 and on.
412. RUNNING SWAMP BLACKBERRY
RUBUS HISPIDUS L.
Rather common in low marshy places, especially among sphag-
num. Found on the edge of Lost Lake marsh and on the west
side of Lost Lake outlet. The shining glossy leaves make this
the most attractive in foliage of the dewberries, but the fruit which
is borne quite sparingly is small and sour and altogether worthless.
413. SWAMP ROSE; WILD ROSE
ROSA CAROLINA L.
Common at the edges of swamps; found in the tangle at Long
Point, along the edge of the pond below Farrar's and in swamps
in Walley's woods. In flower at Long Point June 28, 1901. The
flowers of this rose are not particularly handsome; the stems are
very erect and stiff. It comes nearer being a rose-tree than any
other species and might form an excellent stock upon which to graft
attractive varieties to produce standard forms.
414. LOW OR PASTURE ROSE
ROSA VIRGINIANA Mill.
Rather common on railroad embankments ; abundant on the
bank near the icehouse, by McSheehy's pier and on the railroad
embankment between the icehouses and Culver. Leafing out, April
29, 1901. In flower, June 10. Like the common blue violet it has
a second blossoming period in autumn. Some were observed in
flower September 28, 1900. The bushes along the railroad bore an
abundance of very large, flatfish hips like miniature apples, and
these, ripening with one bright pink cheek, were almost as hand-
some as the blossoms.
415. SWEETBRIER
ROSA RUBIGINOSA L.
Not common; one clump found by the Long Point road a little
north of Green's field and another clump in a pasture, close to Lost
Lake outlet, some distance down across the road from Walley's.
Not especially common in northern Indiana; rather common in
the south. The seed is distributed by birds. In spite of its exceed-
ing thorniness, the most delightful of roses, the whole plant, es-
pecially on moist days, exhaling a delicate fragrance, which an-
nounces its presence for several rods.
334 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 76. Malace^e. Apple Family
416. american crab apple
MALUS GLAUCESCENS Rehdcr
Rather common on high ground south of the lake and a tree
or two north of the lake. Nearly past flowering May 22, 1901.
Fruit ripe, rich yellow, October 25.
Well known for the beauty and fragrance of its flowers. In
some locations the fruit remains a dull green when ripe, in others
a dull yellow. Trees in the Botanic Garden at Washing-ton bore
fruit almost twice as large as those at Lake Maxinkuckee which
may be due to cultivation ; however, different trees vary consider-
ably in size of fruit, though they seem to possess the same flavor.
In spite of their sourness cattle seem to be fond of them, and a
cow was once seen under a wild crab tree eagerly nosing out and
picking up the apples.
417. APPLE
MALUS MALUS (L.) Britton
Several wild apple trees are scattered about the lake ; one by the
icehouses, two between Murray's and Farrar's, and some on the
east side. Some trees at the head of a gully in woods on the east
side bore a pleasant but rather acid fruit.
418. RED CHOKEBERRY
AKONIA ARBUTIFOLIA (L.) Ell.
Collected in a swamp near the lake May 16, 1901. Apparently
rare ; this is the only record, and the fruit has not been noticed.
419. BLACK CHOKEBERRY
ARONIA MELANOCARPA (Michx.) Britton
Rather common in sphagnous bogs, near the birch swamp, and
in Hawk's marsh. In flower May 13, 1901. It usually bears fair
crops of fruit which resemble small black juneberries but are too
astringent to eat. At Bass Lake, August 14, 1906, bushes hang-
ing over the edges of the lake were almost broken down with an
abundance of large fruit.
Inasmuch as this bush is quite closely related to the apple, it
might be worth while to graft the apple on to it to see if it would
unite and form dwarf fruit trees.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey 335
420. JUNE-BERRY; SERVICE-BERRY
AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (L.) Medic.
A few trees on the bluff by Overmyer's field south of the lake,
a few on the depot grounds, and several on the bank northeast
of the lake near where the road comes down to the lake. In full
blossom April 30, 1901.
Where it grows in woodlands this tree grows tall and slender,
but in the open it branches out broadly. A tree with its racemes of
long-petalled flowers is exceedingly handsome in blossom, looking
like a great mass of snow in the distance. The flowering season
is short, and is followed in due time by a crop of bluish red berries,
of a tartish, delicious flavor when ripe, and eagerly sought after by
birds. The species is well worthy of cultivation both for flowers
and to attract the birds. The fruit is excellent eating but hard
to get at on account of the limberness of the twigs.
421. SHINING THORN
CRATAEGUS NITIDA (Engelm.) Sargent
A tree thought to be this species grew on the shore of the lake
near the depot grounds. The fruit was glaucous and persisted
until winter. The flesh, as well as the skin, of the fruit of this tree
was deep scarlet, and the flavor inferior.
422. RED HAW; SCARLET THORN
CRATAEGUS COCCINEA L.
Not abundant; a few trees north of the lake, also south of the
lake between Murray's and Farrar's; one or two on the depot
grounds. The fruit is sometimes pretty fair eating, but is likely to
be wormy. It is said to make quite good jelly when procured free
from "worms" or insect larva?. In blossom about the middle of
May.
423. RED-FRUITED OR DOWNY THORN
CRATAEGUS MOLLIS (T. & G.) Scheele
Scattered about the lake; one tree on the east side not far from
shore, and several by a swamp north of Busart's field south of
the lake.
It is perhaps chiefly this haw that one finds in pastures in
various parts of the country, the young trees being trimmed into
symmetrical shapes by grazing cattle. Little haw trees thus
trimmed are familiar to every traveler throughout the regions
where these haws abound and pastures are frequent. In but few
336 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
places is the pruning- carried out to such perfection as near Ply-
mouth, Indiana.
There the citizens had their own delightful wild park, between
the millrace and the river, below the most charming and pic-
turesque dam, and above the picturesque old water mill and by the
big fountain.
Across the millrace, on the townward side, the cows kept their
formal garden — a smooth green velvety lawn billowy with the un-
dulations of the ground, a patriarchal old hawtree in the midst and
around about, scattered over the whole pasture, the numerous
progeny of younger trees.
The hand of no gardener ever clipped box or privet with more
primness or precision than the cattle had trimmed some of the
trees ; here was a perfect pyramid, clipped to a sharp point, the
repeatedly trimmed branches so dense they could hardly be sepa-
rated by the hand, all covered with new rosy leaves ; there was a
perfectly rounded dome, and yonder a clump of three or four form-
ing an irregular but well trimmed group. One tree, trimmed into
a perfect pyramid or rather cone, had escaped from the cattle at
the very tip and formed a tall slender sapling with the skirt about
its base. A row of young haw trees with a few cattle on each side
would soon form a pretty perfect hedge without any trimming by
hands. It was very likely from the work of browsing cattle that
men first got their ideas of trimmed trees, and the haw was our
first hedge tree.
So dense do these cow-trimmed trees grow that we have been
informed that one was observed in New York which bees had been
using for a hive, having built the thick tangle full of comb and
honey.
Family 77. Amygdalace^e. Peach Family
424. wild red plum
PRUNUS AMERICANA Marsh.
Not especially common ; one tree south of the lake, a tree east
of Lakeview hotel, and a number northeast of the lake on hill-
sides and gullies. In flower May 3, 1901. The fruit here is of
little value, being small in size and infested by the curculio.
425. CHOKE CHERRY
PADUS NANA (Du Roi) Roemer
Not common ; a few low bushes on the bluff at the lake shore by
Murray's. It attained a height only of three or four feet. Leafing
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey :\'M
out March 31, 1901. In flower May 16. The fruit, which is often
large and red, and quite handsome, is too astringent to be eaten.
426. WILD BLACK CHERRY
PADUS VIRGINIANA (L.) Mill.
Large trees are rare ; small trees fairly common. One tree on
Long Point hill, a large tree by the Maxinkuckee road, a rather
large tree beyond Murray's, some along the shore west of the depot,
a small tree by MeSheehy's pier, and scattered trees in various
other places. Buds began to show green April 23, 1901, and by
April 30 the trees showed green some distance away. April 27
in flower. On account of its value as a lumber tree, large trees
have nearly all disappeared. The wild cherry is usually disfigured
by nests of the web worm, and in some parts of the state by black
knot.
427. PEACH
AMYGDALUS PERSICA L.
Seedling peach trees were occasional through copses ; a tree
grew in the edge of the woods between Murray's and Farrar's
which had a fine crop. Some trees along shore back of Van
Schoiack's had small fruit but of excellent flavor.
Family 78. C^esalpiniace^e. Senna Family
428. red-bud; american judas-tree
CERCIS CANADENSIS L.
Not common; a few trees east of the lake back of the Edwards
cottage.
A handsome tree when in flower, and worthy of cultivation for
ornament. Some wild trees seen which bore reddish pods so that
they were ornamental in fruit as well as in flower. There has
recently appeared in cultivation a white-flowered form.
429. WILD OR AMERICAN SENNA
CASSIA MARILANDICA L.
Occasional, scattered; a few plants found at Long Point in
1900. There is a good patch along the street in Culver near Fer-
rier's lumber yard. Flowers rather homely; the numerous scythe-
shaped pods are often rather striking after the leaves have fallen.
430. SENSITIVE PEA
CHAMAECRISTA NICTITANS (L.) Moench
Rare; a few plants collected along shore near the Farrar cot-
tage in 1900.
22— 17618— Vol. 2
338 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
431. PARTRIDGE PEA; LARGE-FLOWERED SENSITIVE PEA
CHAMAECRISTA FASCICULATA (Michx.) Greene
A few plants were noted near Murray's in 1900, a few of the
later flowers still persisting on September 24. Of recent years it
has increased greatly in abundance, but all at one place, the Gravel-
pit, and north of it, where it makes large dense patches in the
barren gravel. When in bloom, these patches are quite showy.
In some places in the country, especially in dry sandy soils, the
plant is so abundant as to make whole stretches of landscape an
unbroken yellow. The Lake Maxinkuckee plants have stout pubes-
cent stems and appear to belong to the subspecies robusta Pollard,
which is listed as a southern form.
The leaves, though said to be sensitive, are rather feebly so.
There is a peculiar black gland on the base of each leaf-stock.
What the function of this gland is it would be difficult to say.
Ants have been observed to go regularly from one to another,
obtaining food. Whether they are kept from molesting the flowers
by procuring food lower down at the leaf-stalks has not been de-
termined.
432. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE; COFFEE-NUT
GYMNOCLADUS DIOICA (L.) Koch
Scattered in woodlands east of the lake; one tree near the lake
a little north of the Maxinkuckee road. A little distance up the
Maxinkuckee road is the stump of a very large tree, perhaps two
feet in diameter. It is usually a very tall slender tree of too small
a diameter to be of value for lumber. The heart wood is a pleasing
color of brown. Found in flower on the east side of the lake June
5, 1901. The flowers are inconspicuous on account of their green-
ish color, but are remarkably fragrant, and the long corolla tubes
are usually split open by bumblebees or other insects which visit
them. Northeast of the lake some trees were found January 3,
1905, with a remarkably heavy crop of fruit. The coffee-nut tree
is usually found within the flood-basin of creeks or rivers. Both
the green pulp surrounding the seeds and the yellow kernel of the
seeds are reputed to be poisonous.
Family 79. Fabace^e. Pea Family
433. large white wild indigo
BAPTISIA LEUCANTHA T. & G.
Scattered, in dry sandy places. Found by Lakeview Hotel, and
rather common in Green's woods by Lost Lake. In flower in
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Savvey 339
Green's woods June 19, 1901. The plant turns black after frost
and the foliage falls, leaving the naked branch surmounted by the
raceme of large conspicuous pods.
434. WILL) LUPINE
LUPINUS PERENNIS L.
Common in the Culver cemetery where it was noted in blossom
May 18, 1901 ; also scattered in woods near a tamarack marsh near
the dune region. In many parts of the state it is found principally
along railroads.
435. BLACK OR HOP MEDIC
MEDICAGO LUPULINA L.
Rather rare, and apparently of recent introduction ; a few scat-
tered plants found along the north shore of the lake and in grass on
the depot grounds. Frequent in the state along roadsides.
436. WHITE SWEET-CLOVER
MELILOTUS ALBA Desv.
Not so abundantly introduced as in many parts of the state;
at present found in rather small patches along the railroad on a
hill near the depot, on Long Point, and on a roadside east of
the lake. It is one of the earliest plants to put forth green leaves
in spring. In blossom by June 26, 1901. It frequently continues
to blossom after pretty severe frosts, and was still in blossom Oc-
tober 25, 1904.
In most parts of the state this plant is found only in waste
places and along roadsides. It first appears in or about cities,
from which it travels outward along highways and as one goes
out farther and farther into the country the roadside patches
break up and disappear. Although it gives the places where it
grows an unkempt appearance, it does not appear to invade culti-
vated fields and gives no indication that it will ever become a bad
weed. It grows with surprising luxuriance on dry sandy or grav-
elly soils where few other plants will grow at all. Stock of any
kind will not touch it except in exceptional instances, although it
is said they will eat the hay. It makes good bee pasture, and it is
said to inoculate the ground so that alfalfa will thrive where it
has grown. Seed is sold by some seedsmen under the name of
Bokhara or bee clover. It is of considerable value in adding humus
to poor soils and it appears to be one of the few European w< eds
whose introduction is not to be regretted.
3 10 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
437. YELLOW SWEET-CLOVER
MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS (L.) Lam.
A few plants in waste places about Culver. Not nearly so ro-
bust a plant as the other species. It preceded the white sweet
clover a number of- years in its introduction into this country, and
was well known in waste places about cities long before the other
species was ever heard of. It never succeeded in spreading far
into the country and is now rather scarce even in cities, it having
apparently been largely supplanted or crowded out by its more
robust relative and rival.
438. RABBIT-FOOT CLOVER
TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE L.
Not particularly common; only a few plants seen. Found in
dry sandy places and old wornout sandy fields. It seems actually
to prefer barren wornout rocky places and the more eminently
desolate the place may be as to other plants, the better the rabbit's
foot clover thrives. The elongate woolly pink blossoms are among
the prettiest to be found among the clovers.
May 25, 1901, in flower by Arlington; October 25, 1906, finely
in blossom in the Assembly grounds ; November 6, 1904. nearly ripe,
at the edge of Green's marsh.
439. RED CLOVER
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.
Common everywhere in open places along highways, a few
plants scattered along the lake shore. In flower from May 23 until
into November.
440. ALSIKE; ALSATIAN CLOVER
TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM L.
Somewhat common along roadsides and a few plants on the
lake shore near Farrar's. This clover will thrive in black loamy
soils where the red clover freezes out. It, mixed with timothy, is
becoming a favorite hay crop in some parts of the state. Noted
in bloom first blossoms about June 11, abundant in flower June 17.
It should make a good honey plant, flowers exceedingly fragrant,
the odor being soft and bland when compared with that of the white
clover, which is somewhat spicy.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey :} 1 1
441. WHITE CLOVER
TRIFOLIUM REPENS L.
Rather common, but not covering large areas as in many places
in the state. Unlike many of the other legumes, it does not reach
its best development in sandy soil. Where pastured off, it con-
tinues blossoming all summer, especially in wet years, and forms
a long period of bee-pasture. At the lake it was noted in flower
from May 23 until November 9.
442. LEAD-PLANT; SHOESTRINGS
AMORPHA CANESCENS Pursh
Not abundant; a few plants south of the Bardsley cottage, on
the east bank of Lost Lake.
443. CAT-GUT; GOAT'S RUE
CRACCA VIRGINIANA L.
Abundant in a sterile sandy field west of the ice-houses; a few
plants scattered on the east bank of Lost Lake below the Bards-
ley cottage. In flower about the middle of June. The un-
usual combination of yellow and purple in the blossom makes this a
striking and handsome flower.
444. LOCUST-TREE; BLACK LOCUST
ROBINIA PSEUDO-ACACIA L.
Common along a crossroad or by-lane near Culver, also by the
Chandler cottage on the southeast side of the lake. It is not native
about the lake; the trees found were either planted trees or seed-
lings of such.
Said to be durable in contact with soil, and frequently planted
in some parts of the country for fence-posts or railroad ties. A
favorite dooryard tree in many places, noteworthy for the fra-
grance of its attractive white blossoms. The roots bear large
tubercles. It sprouts badly from horizontal roots. In the south
some shoots were seen which were either diseased or bud variations,
all the leaves being dwarfed to a minute size.
445. CAROLINA MILK VETCH
ASTRAGALUS CAROLINIANUS L.
Scattered in dry ground along the border of the lake; not par-
ticularly abundant; noted along the road by Long Point north of
342 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Green's marsh, on the beach east of the Inlet, near Norris's, and
considerable on the hill on the east shore of the lake, especially the
northern half of the shore. It was out well in leaf May 12, 1901,
and in flower by June 18. The leaves bear cold remarkably well.
They were bright and green as late as November 22 and probably
remain green in protected places all winter. The pods are con-
spicuous during the winter months.
446. NAKED-FLOWERED TICK-TREFOIL
MEIBOMIA NUDIFLORA (L.) Kuntze
Common ; scattered through dry woodlands ; some seen in the
drier portions of Farrar's woods. The plant, when barren, closely
resembles that of the hog-peanut. On account of the sparseness of
fruit, this is not so much of a nuisance as most of the tick-trefoils.
417. POINTED-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL
MEIBOMIA GRANDIFLORA (Walt.) Kuntze
Common in woods and thickets and by the spring in Overmyer's
woods.
448. ROUND-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL; PROSTRATE TICK-TREFOIL
MEIBOMIA MICHAUXII Vail
Scattered in shaded woodlands; noted at the edge of Green's
woods near Lost Lake, and along the road through Farrar's woods.
Easily recognized by its prostrate habit and large circular leaves.
On account of its habit its burrs do not frequently have opportu-
nity to catch in clothing as do those of the higher growing sorts.
449. SESSILE-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL
MEIBOMIA SESSILIFOLIA (Torr.) Kuntze
Occasional at the edges of woodlands.
450. LARGE-BRACTED TICK-TREFOIL
MEIBOMIA BRACTEOSA (Michx.) Kuntze
Occasional in thickets ; one of the tallest species of the genus,
the fruit forming a troublesome sticktight. Not abundant enough,
however, to be much of a nuisance.
451. PANICLED TICK-TREFOIL
MEIBOMIA PANICULATA (L.) Kuntze
Occasional at the edge of thickets.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survi y •') 13
452. ILLINOIS TICK-TREFOIL
MEIBOMIA ILLINOENSIS (A. Gray) Kuntze
Occasional in open places.
453. SHOWY TICK-TREFOIL; CANADIAN TICK-TREFOIL
MEIBOMIA CANADENSIS (L.) Kuntze
Common along the railroad between the lakes, especially on the
west bank, and along- railroad cuts. When in full bloom the abun-
dant large red-purple blossoms make this the most handsome species
of the genus ; the flowering season is short, however. The blossoms
turn indigo blue and drop off in a few days, to be followed by the
rapidly growing loments or saw-like pods, which attach themselves
so readily when ripe to woollen clothing.
454. SMOOTH SMALL-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL
MEIBOMIA MARYLANDICA (L.) Kuntze
Occasional, scattered at the edges of open woodlands and in
copses.
455. BUSH-CLOVER
LESPEDEZA VIOLACEA (L.) Pers.
Common in open places, along the shore west of the lake in dry
ground ; also by Lakeview Hotel. The bush-clovers bear a general
resemblance to the tick-trefoils, but lack the disagreeable burrs
of that genus. In the south, some of the tall species, probably in-
cluding this, completely cover the ground in places, and are cut
for hay. Indeed, one of the most important pasture plants of the
south is a small plant, L. striata (Thunb.), the Japanese clover,
belonging to this genus.
456. SLENDER BUSH-CLOVER
LESPEDEZA VIRGINICA (L.) Britton
Occasional in dry places. Similar to the preceding.
457. HAIRY BUSH-CLOVER
LESPEDEZA HIRTA (L.) Hornem.
Occasional in dry places.
458. ROUND-HEADED BUSH-CLOVER
LESPEDEZA CAPITATA Michx.
Very common in dry soil in open grassy places; noted along the
lake south of Green's and in Green's woods near Lost Lake; a largo
344 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
patch on the hill south of the ice-houses and near the road leading
up to Culver. A peculiarity about this patch was that while some
of the plants looked green from a distance, a large number were
whitish, and from a distance appeared as if mildewed. This mil-
dewed appearance, however, was due to the plants being clothed
with dense white silky hairs.
459. VEINY PEA
LATHYRUS VENOSUS Muhl.
One small patch near Walley's birch swamp, on the east side
of the railroad in a flat, marshy stretch of sand. In flower May
23 to June 12. Flowers quite attractive. The plants are quite
leafy and make a good growth after being cut. It is possible they
would make a good hay crop.
460. MARSH VETCHLING
LATHYRUS PALUSTRIS L.
A few plants scattered among grasses and sedges in the north
end of Green's marsh. Noted in blossom June 5, 1901. The pur-
ple flowers are attractive. In low places where it is common this
plant is the most valuable ingredient in prairie or marsh hay.
461. GROUND-NUT; "WILD POTATO"
GLYCINE APIOS L.
Rather common in low rich black ground along the bank of
the lake ; noted at Long Point by McSheehy's pier and in low woods
by Overmyer's. Abundant near the railroad at the Outlet; here
it bore great racemes of its fragrant brownish purple flowers.
This plant is known as "wild potato" in some parts of the
state, because of its tubers which somewhat resemble small po-
tatoes, but are borne differently, being simple swellings of the root-
stock, the "potatoes" being borne in rows like the beads of a rosary
or necklace. In most parts of the state where they have been ex-
amined the tubers reached fair size but the blossoms usually
dropped off without perfecting any fruit. In a marsh near Wash-
ington, D. C, the tubers were very small but the pods, full of beans,
were abundant. The plant is said to furnish good food for pigs.
Some of the tubers were boiled and experimented with as an article
of diet. The majority of persons who tried them did not relish
them, though one might go farther and fare worse. On account
of the food stored up within the tubers the plants come up early in
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 345
spring and grow pretty rapidly. Coming up well along the rail-
road May 12. Blossoms from July till frost. Where it will thrive
this plant is well worthy of cultivation for ornament, and is sold
by some seedmen as the "tuberous rooted wistaria."
462. HOG PEA-NUT; WILD PEA-NUT
FALCATA COMOSA (L.) Kuntze
Rather common in places; a large patch among the willows
down in the Inlet region near the green boathouse; common along
the south side of the road near Outlet Bay, and on the bank of
the lake near the Palmer House.
This is a tall, slender twining vine with thin leaves and purple
blossoms, thriving best in rich black loam. It is an interesting
plant, bearing several kinds of blossoms. The upper blossoms,
which are rather pretty, give rise to thin pods resembling miniature
pea-pods and bearing small bean-like seeds which are prettily lined
and mottled with bluish purple. Underground are borne flowers
that never open, but which produce a brown hairy one-seeded pod
hardly as large as a cultivated pea. In hard ground these under-
ground pods form irregularly, rather resembling a miniature po-
tato in shape ; but in looser ground they are regular in shape, being
round in outline and slightly flattened laterally, that is, thick lens-
shaped. The seed, on being removed from this thin pod, resembles
a pea in shape. A cup-full of them thus shelled has an attractive
appearance, all of them being marked on the thin skin by longi-
tudinal stripings and mottlings which may be either pink or purple.
These peanuts have somewhat the same taste as the raw cultivated
peanuts. They were tried cooked, both roasted and boiled, and
although edible, and perhaps acceptable in times of unusual hunger
or need, formed a rather indifferent dish. They lack the oiliness
of the real peanut. A hog-peanut patch in the rich black soil along
the railroad by Plymouth, Indiana, and one near Fort Wayne, bore
considerable of underground fruit, and a fair quantity could be ob-
tained in a short time. It takes the whole summer to produce the
crop; the peanuts germinating in the spring and the fruit setting
on rather late in the summer. The underground fruit quickly
dries, and will probably not germinate if taken out of the ground
and kept in a dry place. Unlike the aerial pea it needs no resting
period, but if planted in a warm place will germinate and grow at
once. Some were dug in the fall of 1909, placed in a can of moist
earth and taken to Washington. It was found that they had germi-
nated in transit, they were therefore planted in pots and placed in
346 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
a window. They grew rapidly and about Christmas began bear-
ing blossoms ; all the blossoms, though borne above ground, were
cleistogamous ; they resembled the mature fruit from the first and
simply increased in size until they ripened in early spring. It is
probable that plants from the underground fruits have a tendency
to produce cleistogamous flowers, and that by cultivation and selec-
tion from seeds of the same plant, one could soon develop two
strains, one bearing nearly all its fruit under ground and the other
bearing it all overground.
The little beans, produced by the aerial flowers, did not germi-
nate until spring and formed very delicate spindling plants.
In the autumn of 1909 both the aerial and underground seeds
were planted in open ground in a backyard lot at Fort Wayne.
Both germinated about May 10 ; those from the underground nuts
being large robust plants, those from the aerial peas being so small
and inconspicuous as to be easily overlooked.
The tops of the hog-peanut are eagerly eaten by cattle and would
probably make good hay where obtainable in quantity. The roots
of the hog-peanut abound in tubercles and it would undoubtedly
be a good plant to add nitrogen to the soil.
It would be interesting to experiment with the hog-peanut in
cultivation. It would be well to try some of the sorts or strains
bearing an abundance of underground fruit, in connection with
the Jerusalem artichoke. The hog-peanut vines, with the artichoke
tops, would produce an abundance of hay, the peanut plants would
add nitrogen to the growing artichoke crop and artichokes and
hog-peanuts together would furnish an abundant and varied ration
to hogs.
463. TRAILING WILD BEAN
STROPHOSTYLES HELVOLA (L.) Britton
When the investigation of the lake first began, this plant was
not common in the region ; there was one clump on a hill along
the railroad and one in front of the Assembly grounds. It was
probably a recent arrival at the lake. Since then it has spread
rapidly but with the exception of a few plants near Chadwick's
pier, which did not persist, it has confined its spread to the region
along the railroad. It is now common by Arlington and farther
south. A very fine patch of plants was established in 1909 on the
railroad embankment at Plymouth.
The wild bean has very attractive pea-like blossoms, the color
pale pink with the narrow standard deep purple and giving a pe-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 3 17
culiar effect. The flowers are borne on long stiff stems, usually two
on a stem blossoming at a time, finally followed by more, and mak-
ing exceedingly pretty cut flowers. They last only a day and before
the petals drop they assume a creamy white appearance; they are
followed by a long bean pod which develops rapidly and in gen-
eral appearance resembles a garden bean. The pods are rather
tough and have a slightly bitterish taste ; they would probably not
be edible cooked as snaps. It is said, however, that the Indians
ate the beans, which are cylindrical, truncate at each end, and
woolly.
The wild bean appears to reach its best development in a well
drained sandy clay.
A single vine at Plymouth made such a remarkably dense and
extensive covering for the ground, which was by no means good
soil, being a railroad embankment, mostly gravel, that the ques-
tion occurred whether it might not be valuable as a hay plant.
Some was offered to a cow who ate it greedily. The plant would
yield an immense amount of feed per acre if it grew as it did there,
and was as well relished. The particular plants seen were growing
in sunlight and it appears to grow best in the open. Along the rich
black bottom lands of the central Mississippi it grows in great
abundance. It is there called "Gopher-vine", but the same name is
applied to the wild sweet potato {Ipomoea pandurata). In the
barren sand dunes south of Kiethsburg, Illinois, where nothing else
will grow, the wild bean vine thrives, not producing a great amount
of plant but bearing a good crop of seeds. In Tennessee, along
the Cumberland, its distribution was peculiar. It was found only
at the sites of old Indian camps or burying places, and near the
places where they had their clam bakes ; this suggests that its pres-
ence there may be due to seeds left by them.
Apparently in some cases the seeds germinate the same year
thy ripen. In late September, 1913, seedlings just germinated were
observed in the gravel bed of the railroad near Arlington.
The seed of the wild bean requires a resting period before
germinating. Some planted in a pot and kept under growing con-
ditions did not germinate until spring, and then they made a very
rapid growth. The germination is like that of the garden bean,
the cotyledons coming out of the ground, the plumule-leaves simple
and opposite, the later leaves alternate and trifoliate. The roots
of the wild bean bear large nodules about the size of peas, and it
would undoubtedly prove valuable as a nitrogen gatherer.
348 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
464. PINK WILD BEAN
STROPHOSTYLES UMBELLATA (Muhl.) Britton
Occasional, scattered along the railroad, considerably resem-
bling the preceding, but with shorter pods and smaller seeds ; flow-
ers much the same.
465. SMALL WILD BEAN
STROPHOSTYLES PAUCIFLORA (Bcnth.) S. Wats.
Rather common along the railroad a mile or so south of the
lake. Rather more bushy than trailing, the flowers and pods
smaller than those of the preceding species; seeds smooth and
shining.
FAMILY 80. GERANIACE^E. GERANIUM FAMILY
466. WILD GERANIUM; WILD CRANE'S-BILL
GERANIUM MACULATUM L.
Fairly common, but not so abundant as formerly ; once common
throughout the state, but becoming scarce in many localities on
account of woodlands being pastured. It grows in shaded situa-
tions. In flower at Long Point May 6. One of the most attractive
of our native wild flowers. In some places known as "pucker-root"
on account of the astringency of its rootstocks. It has considerable
repute among herb doctors as a medicine.
467. CAROLINA GERANIUM OR CRANE'S-BILL
GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM L.
Abundant in open sandy places, especially in old fields. Es-
pecially abundant in Green's field adjoining Lost Lake outlet; com-
mon along the railroad. The seeds germinate in the fall; they
were noted coming up October 26, and grew quite rapidly for
awhile. In flower May 19, 1901. The flowers are rather small and
inconspicuous, and are much outdone in attractiveness by the bright
orange-red of the autumn leaves, which remain through the winter
and into spring. The plants ripen and are dead by the end of June.
Family 81. Oxalidace^e. Wood-sorrel Family
468. yellow wood-sorrel; sheep-sorrel
XANTHOXALIS STRICTA (L.) Small
Common in open dry places. Begins blossoming in April and
continues until after frosts.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 349
469. YELLOW PROCUMBENT WOOD-SORREL
XANTHOXALIS CORNICULATA (L.) Small
An introduced plant, not common. A few plants were found
near Arlington Hotel in 1900 ; these were quite dwarfed, and had
the appearance of being natives. In the grass about the edge of
the flowerbeds of the depot grounds is a form with deep purple
leaves. These were first noted in 1906 and were probably imported
accidentally with other plants from the railroad company's gardens
at Sewickley, Pa.
The violet wood-sorrel was found along the Tippecanoe River by
Delong, but was not found in the immediate vicinity of the lake.
Family 82. Linace^e. Flax Family
470. flax; linseed
LINUM USITATISSIMUM L.
Occasional along the railroad. It is not cultivated in this
region, and now only rather rarely within the state.
Family 83. Balsaminace^e. Jewel-weed Family
471. spotted or wild touch-me-not
IMPATIENS BIFLORA Walt.
One of the most common members of the flora back of the beach
from Long Point nearly to Norris Inlet. In rich grounds the im-
mense orbicular cotyledons, pale green in color, are one of the first
things to attract attention after the beginning of spring germina-
tion.
472. PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT
IMPATIENS PALLIDA Nutt.
In more shady situations, and not so common as the other.
Flowers more gibbous and larger.
Family 84. Limnanthace^e. False Mermaid Family
473. false mermaid
FLOERKEA PROSERPINACOIDES Willd.
Somewhat common in woods northeast of the lake, in black
ground along streamlets. In blossom April 30. A slender incon-
spicuous plant found growing in patches.
350 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 85. Rutace^e. Rue Family
474. PRICKLY ASH
ZANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM Mill.
Not common; a small thicket south of the lake in Farrar's
woods.
475. HOP-TREE; THREE-LEAVED HOP-TREE
PTELEA TRIFOLIATA L.
Not common ; a few plants noted down the outlet of Lost Lake,
not a great way above the Tippecanoe River, and some by a wood-
land swamp near Busart's field. Common at Plymouth where it
is infested by a very peculiar-looking leaf-hopper which lays its
eggs on the petiole of the leaves. Seed with a peculiar fragrance.
The flat disk-like fruit, papery in texture, remains on the bush
nearly all winter, giving the bush a peculiar attractiveness when
nearly everything else is barren.
Family 86. Simaroubace^e. Ailanthus Family
476. tree-of-heaven
AILANTHUS GLANDULOSA Desf.
Several young trees along the road on the east side of the lake.
Quite persistent where planted, sending up shoots from the roots
and spreading widely by seed. Some of the trees which have
scarlet samaras are quite ornamental in fruit. The winged twisted
seed acts like a boomerang and on being flipped away partly or
wholly returns.
Family 87. Polygalace^e. Milkwort Family
477. cross-leaved or marsh milkwort
POLYGALA CRUCIATA L.
Not common; found in the marsh east of Lost Lake, back of
Green's field.
478. WHORLED MILKWORT
POLYGALA VERTICILLATA L.
Rare; found in dry ground, in open places.
479. FIELD OR PURPLE MILKWORT
POLYGALA VIRIDESCENS L.
Rather common in moist sandy soil southwest of the lake, along
the railroad in the vicinity of the birch swamp. Noted in flower
from July 21 till September 29, the handsome head of flowers re-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey :\~>\
minding one of a globe amaranth in shape, except that it is some-
what longer and narrower.
480. RACEMED MILKWORT
POLYGALA POLVGAMA Walt.
Rather common, but local in distribution. In flower on the
hill near the south end of Lost Lake June 22, 1901. Noteworthy
for the abundance of its odd cleistogamous flowers which are borne
on horizontal underground branches, resembling roots. Aerial
blossoms attractive.
Family 88. Euphorbiace^e. Spurge Family
481. virginia three-seeded mercury
ACALYPHA VIRGINICA L.
Common everywhere about the lake, scattered through woods
and thickets and occasionally open places, frequent on the beach.
A homely, weedish-looking plant, but never a nuisance as it is easily
killed by cultivation. The bracts subtending the blossoms often
turn bright pink in autumn and remain so into the winter, when
they are quite attractive.
482. HAIRY SPREADING SPURGE
CHAMAESYCE HUMISTRATA (Engclm.) Small
Not rare ; found at the end of Long Point and near the depot
along shore.
483. MILK PURSLANE; SPOTTED OR BLOTCHED SPURGE
CHAMAESYCE MACULATA (L.) Small
Along the outlet and on the railroad embankment. This, and
other of the spurges, which resemble it, are reputed to cure warts ;
the manner of applying the remedy is simply to allow the broken
stem to touch the wart, and cover it with the milky secretion.
484. LARGE OR UPRIGHT SPOTTED SPURGE
CHAMAESYCE PRESLII (Guss.) Arthur
Excepting perhaps T. corollata, the most common species about
the lake; common on dry embankments; found in front of the
Scovell cottage, on a hill in the Assembly grounds, on the flat
beach east of Lakeview Hotel, on the beach in front of the Palmer
House, and on a hillside north of the lake. Occasional on the rail-
road embankment.
352 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
485. BLOOMING OR FLOWERING SPURGE
TITHYMALOPSIS COROLLATA (L.) Kl. & Garcke
Quite common in open grassy places. It appears to be making
considerable gains since the investigations of the lake first began.
At first there were only a few plants along the railroad near Mur-
ray's. It is now scattered more or less everywhere in dry ground
about the lake, though there are no dense patches, as there are in
some parts of the state. Its straggly growth gives waysides, where
it thrives, a somewhat unkempt appearance and occasionally, in
sandy neglected fields, it takes the whole area. We saw a field near
Bass Lake white with it. It is not to be dreaded as a weed, how-
ever, as it does not appear to be able to withstand competition with
crops or to endure cultivation. The impression it gives improves
considerably upon acquaintance. When first met, it looks like a
weed ; as acquaintance progresses it becomes more and more like a
flower. It has a long flowering season — from April till October —
and in autumn the leaves, especially the lower ones, turn a bright
orange red, contrasting vividly with the green about them. One
of the cottagers at the lake called attention to the marvelous vari-
ability of this form — in the denseness and arrangement of the
flower clusters, the shape and size of the corolla-like appendages,
etc. A green-flowered plant was found by the elevator in 1909.
Increasingly interesting and attractive at all times as one's ac-
quaintance with it progresses, it always shows best in the summer
twilight when it looms up with peculiar ghostliness.
486. CYPRESS SPURGE
TITHYMALUS CYPARISSIAS (L.) Hill
A patch near the Culver cemetery, from which it had escaped.
In blossom in May. Almost every cemetery of the country has a
few patches of this plant, which soon becomes a nuisance, spread-
ing through lawns and growing extensively from rootstocks. Al-
though it becomes a nuisance in the immediate vicinity where it
was planted it does not spread far. The flowers are odd, and the
whole plant pretty. In autumn coloration it is simply unsurpassed,
the colors of the leaves running from red to violet, changeable in
various lights.
487. TOOTHED SPURGE
POINSETTIA DENTATA (Michx.) Small
This appears to have been a recent arrival at the lake; a few
were noted along the railroad by the Gravelpit in 1909.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 353
Family 89. Anacardiace^e. Sumac Family
488. dwarf black or mountain sumac
KHUS ( ORALLINA L.
Occasional, in clumps in open places. One clump on Long
Point, about a quarter of a mile from the tip of the point, and
another along the road near Farrar's. One of the earliest shrubs
to take on autumn coloration, the dark shining leaves becoming a
rich cherry red, brighter than the other sumacs. The highest
panicles are mostly staminate ; the more perfect flowers are on the
lower panicles.
489. STAGHORN SUMAC
RHUS HIRTA (L.) Sudw.
Common, in clumps in dry places. One clump by Overmyer's;
more common on the east side of the lake ; one clump at the corner
of Culver's, along the road, another back in the edge of the woods,
a third clump along the road on the east side. These latter are of
unusual size, almost trees. The fruit bearing panicles retain
the fruit several seasons, apparently until it actually weathers off
from the parent plant. Some plants noted were defoliated by
insects.
490. SMOOTH UPLAND OR SCARLET SUMAC
RHUS GLABRA L.
Occasional in clumps in hilly places, scattered all about the lake.
A large clump by Overmyer's field, and along the road through the
woods from that place, another patch on the lake shore between
Green's and Murray's, and another north of the ice-houses. A
handsome bush, one of the first shrubs of the season to assume au-
tumn tints, the lower leaves often flaming red by August. The
seeds are scattered by birds, and colonies often become established
along fence-rows and ditches, where it spreads by root, and being
difficult to eradicate, becomes a great nuisance.
491. GREENE'S SUMAC
RHUS ARBUSCULA Greene
A low dwarf form, somewhat resembling Rhus glabra, makes a
small clump in Green's woods near Lost Lake, just below the
Bardsley cottage, this being the type locality, the type and a cotype
having been collected there in 1906. It is distinguished from R.
glabra by its smaller size, fewer and smaller and thinner leaflets
and smaller fruit. In the autumn of 1913 additional localities were
23— 17618— Vol. 2
354 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
found for this species. A patch of staminate plants was found at
the south end of Green's woods along Lost Lake north of the fence
going- down to the lake a little below its middle, another patch in
woods at the north end of Lost Lake, another along the public road
near the railroad crossing, and a fifth patch down by Overmyer's.
492. POISON SUMAC; SWAMP SUMAC
TOXICODENDRON VERNIX (L.) Kuntze
Common in sphagnous bogs; abundant in Hawk's marsh, some
trees near the lake by Farrar's. Remarkable for its brilliant au-
tumnal coloration in which the color of flames — orange and yellow
— predominates. Very poisonous, more so than the poison ivy. The
famous Japanese lacquer is obtained from a tree very like this, and
is procured by making incisions in the bark. The varnished, pearl-
gray berries, which hang down in loose bunches, are rather pretty.
493. POISON IVY; THREE-LEAVED IVY
TOXICODENDRON RADICANS <L.) Kuntze
Rather common in open places and at the edge of woodlands.
Some in Farrar's woods, climbing trees, others growing in the edge
of an old field near by, are stiff and erect, like bushes. The plants
climbing trees put out long horizontal branches. The leaves are
quite poisonous to the touch to some people, but after having been
poisoned a number of times one apparently becomes immune. Ac-
cording to Hough, fluid extract of Grindelia is a certain remedy for
ivy poisoning. The leaves turn flaming yellow in the fall. Various
birds in their fall migrations often flock to the poison ivy vines for
the berries; downy woodpeckers also eat them. On one occasion
seeds of poison ivy were noted coming up thickly on May 26. The
cotyledons are small, ovate-linear, the second leaf being charac-
teristic and giving the clue to the species.
Family 90. Ilicace^e. Holly Family
494. WINTERBERRY; VIRGINIA WINTERBERRY; BLACK ALDER
ILEX VERTICILLATA (L.) A. Gray
Common, in patches in low wet grounds, as along the northwest
shore of Lost Lake, in the swamp near the lake between Murray's
and Farrar's ; in Hawk's marsh, etc. ; some remarkably fine plants
grew in shallow water in a permanent pond along a road northeast
of the lake. One of the best patches west of the lake is around a
swamp in a field along the railroad a little above the birch swamp.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 355
There is another fine patch near the lake-shore between Murray's
and Farrar's. The berries begin to ripen in September and remain
on the bushes all winter. They make a very handsome appearance
after the leaves have fallen. The patch at the head of Lost Lake
glowed in the distance as a patch of scarlet all winter and was very
conspicuous a quarter of a mile away. Birds do not appear to relish
the berries, at least until spring, when the cedar waxwings seem
fond of them. Twigs with berries on them are often found at
flower stores of larger cities. There was considerable variation
noted in the size and distribution of the berries on these plants.
The species is well worthy of cultivation if in its cultivated state
it could approach the beauty it displays when wild. It blossoms
about the middle of June, but the flowers are small and incon-
spicuous.
495. MOUNTAIN HOLLY; WILD HOLLY
NEMOPANTHUS MUCKONATA (L.) Trelease
Common in Hawk's marsh; going out of flower May 20, 1901.
Fruit showy in August and September. When full of fruit this
is a very attractive shrub.
Family 91. Celastrace^e. Staff-tree Famiiy
496. running strawberry bush
EUONYMUS OBOVATUS Nutt.
Not common ; only a few plants seen, on the low ice-beach by
Overmyer's. In flower May 31, 1901. The small blossoms are
dingy and inconspicuous, but rather attractive. The rough coated
fruit is very pretty but borne too sparsely to make much of a show.
497. BURNING BUSH; WAHOO
EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS Jacq.
Rare about the lake ; rather common in the state in low rich bot-
toms. Usually a shrub with us; farther south it attains the di-
mensions of a small tree. Attractive when in fruit, but usually
rather sparsely fruited. Often grubbed up by gatherers of medic-
inal plants.
498. SHRUBBY OR CLIMBING BITTERSWEET; WAXWORK
CELASTRUS SCANDENS L.
Common about the lake in high ground; at Long Point, at Wil-
son's on the east side, along shore by the depot grounds, by Over-
356 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
myer's field and by Busart's, etc. Our only native vine that fre-
quently strangles trees to death. One occasionally finds various
forest trees that have grown over the strangler forming a screw-
shaped crease, and apparently strangling the vine. These vines
rather rarely twist about each other forming vegetable ropes (a
habit rather common with the Dutchman's pipe farther south) . On
the depot grounds is an umbrella-shaped trellis grown over by this
vine, and this shows how admirably it can be used as an orna-
mental plant if used rightly. The leaves remain a bright green
until most other leaves are gone, then they turn to a pale lemon
yellow and drop.
Family 92. Staphyleace^e. Bladder-nut Family
499. american bladder-nut
STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA L.
Not common ; a few shrubs in woods near Busart's field, near a
woodland pond. The bushes were tall and handsome. Well worthy
of cultivation, especially in parks, more attractive than the Euro-
pean species one often finds in parks ; the flowers are not so showy,
but are more graceful, and are succeeded by the bladdery pods
which remain well through the winter and give the plant an orna-
mental value when nearly everything else is barren. The hard,
globose seeds which loosen from the pod easily after ripening make
a very effective rattle. There is a good deal of variation in the
shape and hue of the pods. They are sometimes elongate with
three long apices, and sometimes short and globose. They are
usually green, turning brown at maturity, but a bush near Ply-
mouth had pink roundish bladders, and some in Tennessee had a
black mixed in with pale green in such a manner as to give the
appearance of high-lights and shadows, with a highly decorative
effect.
Family 93. Acerace^e. Maple Family
500. SILVER MAPLE; WHITE OR SOFT MAPLE
ACER SACCHARINUM L.
Scattered in low places; on the depot grounds, in the swamp
between Farrar's and Overmyer's. Most of the trees in the vicin-
ity of the lake are of only small or moderate size ; along the Tippe-
canoe River about four miles away, some of the trees are immense.
One of the first of our plants to flower, running a close second to
skunk cabbage and harbinger-of-spring ; trees in the streets of large
cities blossom earlier than those in forests, perhaps on account of
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey :\~u
plenty of sun, and the protection of surrounding houses. They
seem able to endure considerable cold after blossoming. Noted in
blossom April 5, 1901, the seeds developing rapidly after fertiliza-
tion, and ripe and falling by May 21. The period between flowering
and fruiting is remarkably brief, almost as brief as in the case of
the elm, so that only a small part of the plant's time is occupied by
the reproductive period, the blossoming period is over and the fruit
often well grown before the tree leafs out fully. The haste in ma-
turing seed, as in the case of the elm, seems to be to get them on
the ground before the high spring floods have subsided, for the
seeds are disseminated as much by water as by wind, or rather
much more so, for although they have a large well expanded wing,
the embryo is heavy, and they are usually observed falling on calm
days. The tree is very prolific and the seeds can be observed fall-
ing in great numbers. They drop almost directly to the ground,
the whole fruit whirling rapidly at an angle about the heavier end,
so that the appearance is much like a lot of butterflies falling. The
embryo is prepared for rapid germination and growth, being large,
heavy, and provided with chlorophyl and starch. These seedlings
have a starchy, slightly bitterish taste, and though full of food ma-
terial, nothing appears to eat them, perhaps because of the peculiar
flavor. The seed-coat is very thin and fragile, almost like paper,
and the seeds germinate very soon after reaching the ground.
Along the high-water mark of ponds and rivers one often finds
young silver maples by the millions, thick as they can be sown.
They grow rapidly, forming straight, handsome little trees nine
inches to a foot high by midsummer. Practically all these little
trees die, and the characteristic growth along river banks is not
chiefly maples or elms, as the springtime promises, but willows. In
parks the fruits are often found gathered into bundles, the seeds
buried in the ground, the wings projecting from the ground. The
appearance presented suggests that fishworms have burrowed up
under the seeds which have sunken into the burrow.
The silver maple is a favorite street and park tree on account
of its rapid growth and handsome appearance. It is exceedingly
variable in many respects, including especially leaf-form and gen-
eral habit, and a glance down an avenue of these trees in winter
will reveal different peculiarities in almost every tree. Some are
fairly stiff and erect, and from this form we have different degrees
of drooping habit until there are pretty well developed weeping
forms. There are, again, all degrees of laciniation of leaf, and, as
in the case of the Japanese maples, the cut-leaf usually accompanies
358 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
the weeping habit. There is an actual "cut-leaved" form (Wier's
cut-leaved Maple) and it has a decidedly weeping habit. In some
of these cut-leaved maples all the leaves are well laciniated, others
approach the typical form.
Another peculiarity of habit of some trees is the tendency to
have the leaves compactly crowded close to the main branches.
This oddity had reached its perfection in a tree seen on an island
of the Cumberland River a few miles above Nashville, the leaves
all clustering so closely and compactly to the branches that the
appearance of the tree was that of a lot of ropy festoons — much the
effect that the tree might have presented if wholly dead, and cov-
ered densely over, the minutest branches and all, with a closely
growing vine of ivy. Although this particular tree was surrounded
and backed by other trees of the same species, so great was its con-
trast in form, that it could be distinguished from the growth
about it as far as the eye could see it at all. Such an unique tree
would be well worthy of an attempt to perpetuate if possible for use
in parks ; either standing by itself or in mass backed with the com-
mon form, it would produce a striking spectacle unlike that of
any other tree.
The silver maple has not as beautiful autumnal coloration as
the red and hard maples; sometimes the leaves turn red, some-
times pale yellow. In open places, the top leaves are shed first,
leaving the lower boughs still leafy. The trees were shedding their
leaves rapidly in the latter part of October.
It is not rare to find silver maples with leaves red or purplish
red all summer. This color is characteristic of the young leaves
when they first appear, and seems to be due to an abundance of cell-
sap ; its continuance through the summer appears to be due to a
sort of prolonged youthfulness of the leaves, and is especially likely
to happen in saturated or acid soils. In some cases it appears to
be an individual peculiarity of certain trees, and one planted in
the sandy soil near Long Point retained its brilliant foliage all sum-
mer. By paying especial attention to this peculiarity we could
probably develop strains of silver maples with colored foliage and
in due time accomplish with our arboreal maples as astonishing re-
sults as the Japanese have done with their shrubby species.
The sap of the silver maple has a much lower sugar content
than the sugar maple, but the tree yields a much larger supply.
It makes an excellent maple syrup or sugar.
In its use as a street or shade tree the silver maple is more ad-
mirable for its possibilities than for what has as yet been accom-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 359
plished. The charm that first took men's eyes, of great masses up-
turning their leaves to the wind and forming rounded mass after
mass like looming thunder heads, is one that cannot be reproduced
on the narrow limits of a small estate. It is one of those fugitive
charms of wild things which cannot be transplanted, and in the case
of the silver maple most will be accomplished by paying attention to
the individual tree, and by propagating especially choice forms.
Along the streets of Defiance, Ohio, one tree was noted with the
more or less festoony habit described above ; another with exquisite
pink color of the younger leaves, making all the branches pink-
tipped.
Along various rivers — the Mississippi for example — the great
crops of seeds falling on the water float to shore, where they are left
by the receding waters. There they come up in thickly sown rows
extending for miles. One can in a short time examine innumer-
able examples of seedlings and note the variations; the most com-
mon variation is for the young plant to have three seed leaves and
its subsequent leaves arranged in whorls of three instead of op-
posite. There are indications that this habit has a tendency to
right itself. It certainly does in some cases, and very likely the
majority if not all secondary branches will be normal. Another,
but rare, tendency is the production of splashed leaves; whether
this is permanent remains to be seen; some such trees are now
being reared.
A clump of the young seedlings at a favorable location near the
water's edge was under daily observation during the spring of
1913. When the water rose, saturating the ground where they
grew, the leaves changed to a purplish red, giving the mass of
plants all the gayety and attractiveness of a posy bed. When the
waters receded and the soil dried out the leaves returned more
nearly to their normal green.
501. RED MAPLE; WATER MAPLE
ACER RUBRUM L.
Not so common as the preceding; most of the trees indeed are
planted trees along the road back of the cottages at Long Point : a
few trees found also on the east side. It usually blooms somewhat
later than the preceding, and the flowers are a trifle more showy.
In blossom April 11 ; seeds ripe May 23. The flowers offer a great
attraction to bees, and the trees in blossom were humming like
hives. The leaves turn brilliant red in autumn. They were in the
height of their splendor about October 21.
360 Lake Maxinkuekee, Physical and Biological Survey
At Lake-of-the-Woods, Marshall County, Indiana, an unique and
beautiful tree of this species was noted. It was a small tree about
five inches in diameter. The stem, after reaching a height of about
fifteen feet, abruptly terminated in a number of slender weeping
branches, quite or almost as markedly weeping as the weeping
willow. The leaves were not laciniate, as is usual with weeping
maples, but were of the usual form.
Near Cumberland Falls, Ky., some remarkably beautiful trees
of this species were seen, the green leaves being brilliantly veined
with red.
502. SUGAR MAPLE; SUGAR-TREE; HARD MAPLE
ACER SACCHARUM Marsh.
Rather common on hills and along gullies on the east side
of the lake, but not abundant enough to make the manufacture
of syrup a local industry; a few trees on the southwest side
of the lake, near Overmyer's. The buds showed green by April
27. In flower April 30. The yellowish green blossoms on long
drooping hairy pedicels, while not so striking in appearance as
those of the red maple, have a peculiar grace and attractiveness.
The seeds which ripen and drop in autumn (they were falling Sep-
tember 26 to October 7), lie over all winter and germinate in the
spring. Seedlings were noted coming up April 3. The forest floor
of a large woods near Maxinkuekee on the east side was almost
carpeted with young sugar trees about two inches high in the au-
tumn of 1904. The preceding year's crop of seed must have been
unusual.
The autumn colors are gold, splashed and touched with red, mak-
ing it one of the most attractive of our autumn trees, especially as
the colors flame from distant hillsides.
503. BOX ELDER; ASH-LEAVED MAPLE
ACER NEGUNDO L.
It is not certain whether the box elder is native to the region
immediately surrounding the lake, as most of the trees scattered
about are rather young, and may have sprung from the seed of
trees planted in the Military Academy grounds. There are a few
trees, all of small size, along shore in front of Green's and some on
the east side of the lake. This species is fairly common in some
parts of the state in low ground along streams. It is frequently
planted as a shade-tree in dooryards and parks and, where pistil-
late trees are planted, spreads rapidly by seed and soon becomes
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey :;<>!
established. In addition to the ordinary form, there is a variegated-
leaved variety in cultivation.
The box elder has the peculiar habit of shedding the first-
formed leaves early in the year, the leaves turning golden and
often covering the ground about the base of the tree, making an
autumn in springtime. The staminate trees can be distinguished
from the pistillate even before they bloom, as the buds are single,
long and pointed, while those of the pistillate trees are rounded and
in bunches of three. Bees come in great numbers about the stami-
nate trees, filling the air with a continuous hum, but appear wholly
to neglect the pistillate trees. The tree yields a fair abundance of
sweet sap which boils down to an excellent maple syrup or to a
sugar, which unlike the sugar of the hard maple, is white instead
of brown. As the box elder grows quite rapidly in good ground
the establishment of a sugar camp by planting this species would
be a matter of comparatively few years.
The seeds are borne in great profusion, and remain on the tree
late in the winter or until spring, making the tree picturesque
throughout the winter. The seedlings come up in May — very ro-
bust little trees — the first set of leaves single, so that the tree looks
very much like the other maples at this stage.
Family 94. Aesculace^e. Buckeye Family
504. buckeye
AESCULUS GLABRA Willd.
Not common about the lake ; a few trees found on the east side
by Vajen's. The earliest of our trees to leaf out in spring, the
trees showing green when everything else is bare. By April 19,
1901, the leaf-buds had swelled and the leaves were nearly out, the
trees showing a rich purplish green some distance away. April
27 the leaves out, and the flower-buds showing. May 3, in flower.
September 26, 1906, fruit ripening.
As it is the earliest tree to leaf out in spring, so it is the earliest
to assume autumn tints and shed its leaves, carrying the autumn
forward into the summer. In a trip on the Maumee River and an-
other on the Cumberland, early in August, the buckeye tr<
which were sprinkled among the other forest trees on the hills and
bluffs, could be picked out a half-mile away as patches of rod
among the surrounding green, and on the trip last mentioned, about
the middle of August, some trees were seen wholly naked except
for the heavy crop of buckeyes. The fruit of the buckeye occa-
sionally poisons cattle.
362 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 95. Rhamnacete. Buckthorn Family
505. new jersey tea; red-root
CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS L.
Not very common ; a few plants scattered in dry ground about
Long Point, along the railroad by Arlington and in Green's woods
near the northeast part of Lost Lake. In flower June 24, 1901.
The leaves sometimes stay green far into the winter. They were
still green, but dried up considerably, December 18, 1904.
Family 96. Vitace^e. Grape Family
506. NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE; PLUM-GRAPE
VITIS LABRUSCA L.
Occasional in sandy places west of the lake. There is a good
vine clambering over an old fence and low bushes beside the road
between Murray's and Farrar's ; this is generally fruitful ; another
vine, not so fruitful, climbs the tall poplars farther down along
the road. There are two low vines, generally pretty fruitful, in
the woods where the birch swamp is located. The species reaches
its best development in Walley's woods along the edge of a long
narrow swamp. Here it forms a remarkable wild arbor, the vines
climbing tall trees or forming a thick canopy over low bushes or
the tops of fallen trees. Saplings and small trees, bent over by the
weight of the vines, formed graceful arches. The year 1906 was
an unusually fruitful year, and this arbor, hanging thick with
clusters of the ripened grapes, many of them larger than the culti-
vated Concord, formed a scene of great attractiveness. The
grapes, though tough, were sweet and pleasant when ripe, and were
soon cleaned up by birds in their autumn migration. There are
several fine arbors far down the outlet.
507. SUMMER GRAPE
VITIS AESTIVALIS Michx.
Common in woods west and south of the lake and occasional
on the east side. The most common grape of the region.
508. DOWNY GRAPE
VITIS CINEREA Engetm.
Rather rare, a few vines west of the lake.
509. BLUE OR WINTER GRAPE
VITIS BKOLOR LeConte
Occasional in thickets west and south of the lake.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 363
510. SWEET SCENTED GRAPE; RIVERSIDE GRAPE
VITIS VULFINA L.
Rather common near shore on banks along the west shore,
as on Long' Point, and along the road on the east side of the lake.
The term "sweet-scented" was probably intended to refer especially
to the blossoms, which have a pleasant, spicy, far-reaching fra-
grance. The large glaucous fruit is sometimes flattish. The taste
is usually insipid, especially when the fruit is dead ripe, so that
it is generally the poorest in quality of all our wild grapes.
Some vines which appeared to be of this species grew at the
edge of Busart's pond, and bore an abundance of large, excellent
fruit.
511. FROST GRAPE; CHICKEN GRAPE
VITIS CORDIFOLIA Michx.
Scattered about the lake, at Long Point, along the railroad, in
Green's and Walley's woods, etc. In flower along the railroad May
26. The smallest of our grapes, quite sour but with a rather agree-
able flavor. The seedlings come up in May and have rather ovate
pale cotyledons. The first pair of leaves are rhomboidal in form,
reminding one of leaves of the dogwood.
512. VIRGINIA CREEPER
PARTHENOCISSUS QUINQUEFOLIA (L.) Planch.
Rather common in woodlands; common along the east shore of
Long Point.
One of the most brilliant of our plants in autumn coloration,
and most effective when forming a close carpet-like growth about
old dead stubs. It is used on the railroad grounds to cover dome-
shaped trellises, and here it is very effective, especially in autumn
when in brilliant coloration. It is occasionally used to screen
porches, a use to which it is very well adapted. It attains its
brightest coloration about the middle of September. The leaves
have, under different conditions, various peculiarities in coloring;
sometimes part of the leaflets of a leaf will turn red, while the re-
mainder are still green. One by the Fish Commission cottage was
peculiarly and beautifully colored, the leaves red, flecked with small
quadrate patches of green. The young leaves come out in spring
with a beautiful purplish color much like the purple beech in ton*'.
Delightful as the Virginia creeper is in northern Indiana, no
one fully realizes its possibilities or full attractiveness until he
sees it where it attains its most perfect development, which is
probably along the Cumberland River.
364 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Here it clothes the trees along the river, dead and living alike,
with a dense carpet-like growth, often extending over small limbs,
and all apparently to no detriment of the tree. At other places
it thus carpets the faces of the vertical limestone cliffs, and even
creeps down over the mud banks of the river, growing downward
instead of upward. Along the Caney Fork, however, where it grew
on the sycamores and other trees along the river's edge, it outdid
itself. Here, after it had occupied all available space on the tree,
it hung down from horizontal boughs in great swinging festoons,
some of them 10 or 15 feet long and 6 inches in diameter.
Where the vines grew in such profusion, leaves were ripening
and reddening all summer long, so there were patches of red here
and there throughout the growing season. On the upper Cum-
berland one vine was noted with purple foliage; like that of some
of the Japanese maples.
Family 97. Tiliace^e. Linden Family
513. bass-wood; american linden
TILIA AMERICANA L.
Rather common along the lake shore. One of the landmarks
on the shore of Long Point near the Scovell cottage was a tree
leaning far out over the water. Large trees occur in the low
ground near Overmyer's field. Part of a large forest on the east
side, near Peebles, is composed mainly of this species, some of
the trees being unusually large and fine. A large tree in full
bloom is a regular dome of fragrance and a forest of linden will
scent the air about it for a mile. In close proximity, the odor
of the waxy blossom is rank, but tempered by distance it is one
of the most delightful odors, and the linden is famous as a pro-
ducer of delicate-flavored honey. The young seedlings come up
in early spring (May) and are noteworthy for their lobed, hand-
shaped cotyledons.
Family 98. Malvaceae. Mallow Family
514. common mallow; cheeses
MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA L.
This well known plant is common in waste places about Culver.
Although common in waste grounds it never appeared to venture
into cultivated grounds or lawns and become a weed until within
recent years. It is very hardy and withstands a great deal of tramp-
ing and rough treatment. It begins blossoming rather early in the
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 365
spring- — some noted in blossom near the Assembly grounds May
25, and it has often been noted in blossom earlier than this — and
it continues blossoming until severe frosts. Some was noted in
flower October 27 west of the depot. In common with several
other plants of the family, the seeds and green fruit are notably
mucilaginous.
515. EUROPEAN MALLOW
MALVA ALCEA L.
A favorite in old-fashioned gardens, resembling a hollyhock
with small single blossoms like a larger edition of the M. rotundi-
folia, but red or pink. A few plants which had escaped from seed
of some old garden near Culver.
516. PRICKLY SIDA; INDIAN OR FALSE MALLOW
SIDA SPINOSA L.
A rather slender, inconspicuous weed with pale yellow flowers,
rather common in grassy places along walks on Long Point near
Scovell's and neighboring cottages.
517. VELVET LEAF; BUTTER-PRINT
ABUTILON ABUTILON (L.) Rusby
Not abundant west of the lake ; evidently brought in by the rail-
road as most of the plants were found along the railroad by the
ice-houses. Exceedingly abundant. 1904, in a field northeast of the
lake. This native of India has found congenial soil in many parts
of our country and in some places has become one of the worst of
our weeds. It seems queer to think of this rank weed with rather
inconspicuous yellow flowers as once thought of as ornamental ; it
is from gardens that it, like its pestiferous but much prettier rela-
tive, the ten o'clock, has spread. It prefers rich black loam. It is
an annual but bears an immense crop of seeds and these will germi-
nate any time during the summer when the ground is stirred, and
in places whole fields become a mass of these plants. It is mark-
edly heliotropic, and a densely grown field from a few inches to
knee high or higher, all pointing eastward with one accord in the
morning, and nodding heavily westward toward the setting sun in
the evening, makes a striking sight. Young plants can spring up
late in summer and hurry through the life cycle soon enough to
leave plenty of seeds by autumn. The velvet-leaf has a rather
strong shreddy bark when dead, but not strong enough to make it
of any value as a fiber plant.
366 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
518. HALBERD-LEAVED ROSE-MALLOW
HIBISCUS MILITARIS Cav.
A few clumps down toward the mouth of the Outlet, not far
from the Tippecanoe River; not found in the immediate vicinity of
the lake ; abundant along the Kankakee River.
Although large insects, such as bumblebees, frequently visit the
flowers of this plant, probably for pollen, the nectaries are hidden
in the little tent formed about the base of the column which bears
the stamens, the only entrance to this tent being the five narrow
clefts between the lobes of the corolla. This tent is usually in-
habited by a large number of minute beetles which are able to enter
the clefts.
519. BLADDER KETMIA
HIBISCUS TRIONUM L.
A few plants found along the north shore of the lake, near
Morris's boathouse. This low herb with its conspicuous creamy
black-eyed blossoms was a favorite in old fashioned gardens. It
has escaped, and in many parts of the state is becoming one of the
most pestiferous weeds. A well developed plant bears an enormous
number of seeds. These have great germinating power and will
spring up in cultivated ground almost at any time during the sum-
mer even after the cultivation for the year is over and rapidly pro-
duce seed. The seeds are easily distributed through hauling hay,
manure, etc.
Family 99. Hypericace^e. St. John's-wort Family
520. round-podded st. john's-wort
HYPERICUM CISTIFOLIUM Lam.
Occasional on wet banks about the lake.
•".21. VIRGATE OR COPPER-COLORED ST. JOHN'S-WORT
HYPERICUM VIRGATUM Lam.
Specimens were obtained in moist grounds about the lake.
522. SPOTTED ST. JOHN'S-WORT
HYPERICUM PUNCTATUM Lam.
A few plants found along the lake shore south of Green's.
Rather common throughout the state in moist soil.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 367
523. DWARF ST. JOHN'S-WORT
HYPERICUM MUTILl M L.
Common along the edges of ponds; very abundant along the
northeast shore of Lost Lake. Notwithstanding the small size of
plant and flower, this plant with its coppery blossoms is very
pretty and more attractive than some of the more showy species.
It was seen in blossom as late as October 25, and the leaves had
before this time assumed beautiful reddish tints.
524. ORANGE-GRASS; PINEWEED
SAROTHRA GENTIANOIDES L.
A member of the xerophyte flora on the dry bank along the east
shore of Lost Lake; an inconspicuous plant, the leaves reduced to
mere scales so that the plant looks strikingly naked. It has a close
general resemblance to Bartonia virginica, a member of the Gentian
family.
525. MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT
TRIADENUM VIRGINICUM (L.) Raf.
Scattered, in the marsh near Norris Inlet. This plant, with its
rather broad clasping glaucous leaves and rather large dark-purple
blossoms, does not much resemble its close relatives, the upland
St. John's-worts, and though not nearly so showy, is in a way more
attractive than any of them. Attractive, in the secondary sense
of the word. The impression the plant gives is rather that of bein.u
unusual. There is nothing else it reminds one of, and it is seen
only by those who venture into the marshes. Tamarack bogs are
one of its favorite habitats.
Family 100. Cistace^e. Rock-rose Family
526. long-branched frostweed
CROCANTKEMUM CANADENSE (L.) Britton
Rather common in sandy soil, especially north and east of Lost
Lake. Found also by Murray's and by the ice-houses. The thin-
petalled, bright yellow flowers, about an inch in diameter and fur-
nished with a brush of numerous yellow stamens, have a peculiar
charm. It is after the first hard freezes of autumn. how( ver, that
the plant is most striking. The bark at the base of the plant cracks
open and sparkling crystals of ice emerge, the result el' the freez-
ing of the sap. Plants noted in bloom early in June.
368 Lake Maxinkuekee, Physical and Biological Survey
527. THYME-LEAVED PIN-WEED
LECHFA MINOR L.
Rather common in the dry sandy ground north of Lost Lake,
associated with Crocanthemuvi canadense ; some plants in front of
the Military Academy and some on the beach beyond Norris Inlet.
Flowers inconspicuous. The prostrate runners or stolons with
their leaves arranged symmetrically, are the most attractive fea-
tures of the plant, especially in winter when the leaves turn bronze
red. The leaves persist throughout the winter. Noted in flower
about the middle of August.
Family 101. Violace^e. Violet Family
528. bird's-foot violet
VIOLA PEDATA L.
Found only along the ridge on the east side of Lost Lake and
its outlet, back of Walley's woods, and along the railroad. Its
distribution is peculiar and interesting. Its range covers a large
area, occupying most of the eastern United States, but within that
range it is only where some favored sandy or sandy clay hill
suitable to its growth occurs, that this plant is to be found. There
may be whole counties without a plant of this species, and in
Indiana it is usually found in only small patches, though abundant
within the limited areas in which it occurs. It (especially the bi-
color form) is the largest and in some respects the most handsome
of the violets. It has two flowering seasons, one in late spring
when it blossoms abundantly, and one in late autumn when it pro-
duces only a few flowers. In flower May 2 and later along the rail-
road southwest of the lake. In blossom October 24 and 25 along
Lost Lake outlet ; in 1900, some buds, overtaken by cold, remained
all winter, but did not blossom in spring. In 1907, flowers were seen
September 11 and 29 by the birch swamp along the railroad, and
on October 14 they were still abundantly in flower.
We did not find any of the bicolor form with the upper petals
black and velvety. It is likely to occur, however, wherever the
other form is found.
529. EAELY BLUE VIOLET
VIOLA PALM AT A L.
Common in dry shady places, also on dry banks along the rail-
road. One of the early spring flowers which continues blossoming
for a month or more.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 369
530. MEADOW OR HOODED BLUE VIOLET
VIOLA PAPILIONACEA Pursh
The well-known "Johnny-jump-up" of the country. Abundant
in various places, especially where moist. Commonly blue but
variable in color, sometimes entirely white, sometimes white with
a purple or blue eye, and sometimes curiously mottled and blotched.
Found most abundantly on the east side of the lake. Noted abund-
antly in flower April 30, 1901. It has a second flowering season
late in autumn. In flower plentifully along the railroad October
27 and 28, 1906.
531. SOUTHERN WOOD VIOLET
VIOLA HIUSUTULA Brainerd
Collected in blossom at Long Point May 14, 1901. Probably
rare.
532. OVATE-LEAVED VIOLET
VIOLA FIMBRIATULA J. E. Smith
Rather common in flat ground about the lake, especially south-
ward along the railroad. Collected in flower May 23, 1901.
533. SWEET WHITE VIOLET
VIOLA BLANDA Willd.
Rather common, but not abundant, in low flat places, such as
Green's marsh and the low flat fields west of the grist-mill, and in
woodland ponds east of the lake among moss. One of its favorite
habitats is on the moss growing on submerged logs in ponds. It
prefers constantly saturated ground. The daintiest and smallest
of our violets, with a delightful fragrance. Blossoms in April and
May, most abundantly in May. It also blossoms again somewhat
sparsely, in autumn. Some were found in blossom along the Out-
let, opposite Zechiel's, September 29, 1907.
534. LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET
VIOLA LANCEOLATA L.
Quite abundant on both sides of the railroad southwest of the
lake, and near Walley's where the ground was saturated. Com-
mon also at the edge of the marshes surrounding Lost Lake. Fre-
quently growing at the bases of low willows at the edges of swamps.
In flower from the beginning to the end of May. probably longer.
24— 17618— Vol. 2
370 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
535. HAIRY OR DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET
VIOLA PUBESCENS Ait.
One of the best known forms in the state, commonly abundant
in dry woodlands. Common in Farrar's woods, also in woodlands
east of the lake.
536. LONG-SPURRED VIOLET
VIOLA ROSTRATA Pursh
One of the least common of our violets, and noteworthy for the
long slender spur. Not abundant anywhere in the state. In
flower about the end of April on the east side of the lake in shaded
places. Flowers of an attractive gray color.
Family 102. Cactace^e. Cactus Family
537. western prickly pear
OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA Raf.
Abundant in sand dunes wrest of the lake. They are said to
have escaped from an old cemetery, and are now fairly abundant
in old deserted fields in the dune region. Young erect "pears"
were abundant August 16, 1906. mostly green, but all full-sized;
few were ripening and one flower bud was seen. The plant be-
haves much like a native.
Observation on prickly pears, probably of this species, in an-
other section of the country, showed some interesting developments.
Sometimes the "pears" bore "joints" and these in turn bore blos-
soms and fruit.
The plant is very tenacious of life. Joints laid on a table will
put forth buds, which will grow for some time.
Family 103. Thymeleace^e. Mezereum Family
538. leather-wood; moose-wood
DIRCA PALUSTRIS L.
Local ; rather abundant in a deep rich gully northeast of the
lake, which is known in the country round about as "the canyon".
In flower April 30, 1901. It does not appear to be a common plant
in northern Indiana, and usually grows along ih\ slopes of gullies.
Family 104. Lythrace.e. Loosestrife Family
539. swamp loosestrife
DECODON VERTICILLATl S (L.) Ell.
Common in swampy portions of the shore, as at the edges
of Norris Inlet and Norris Inlet marsh; formerly common on
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 371
the south shore of Outlet Bay; also along the outlet of Lost
Lake. The densest patch is a long stretch along the margin of
Norris Inlet, where the plants form a broad border on each side for
some distance, the plants curving down with their tips in the water,
and forming an almost impenetrable thicket. The plants arc
rather showy when in blossom, the flowers reminding one some-
what of the crepe myrtle of which this plant is a relative; the
leaves and fruiting calyces, which turn red in autumn, are also
showy. The plant forms a mass of peculiarity spongy tissue
around the submerged parts. The bark of the plant is one of the
favorite foods of muskrats in winter.
540. WING-ANGLED LOOSESTRIFE
LYTHRUM AI^ATUM Pursh
Common in low grounds about the lake, such as Green's marsh.
In places it grows so thickly that the purple blossoms give their
color to extensive areas. It is a common plant in low grounds about
various lakes of the state.
Family 105. Melastomace^e. Meadow-beauty Family
541. meadow-beauty ; deer-grass
RHEXIA VIRGINICA L.
Not common; one small patch on the bank of the thorough-
fare between the lakes and north of Lost Lake and another south
along the railroad near the birch swamp. In flower from early
August to the latter part of September. The flowers are quite
handsome and striking; it is indeed one of the most attractive
plants in the region. The charm of the plant does not vanish when
the blossom dies. The pods, surrounded by the globularly-swollen,
cylindrical-necked calyces, are attractive, vase-like objects.
Family 108. Onagrace^e. Evening-primrose Family
542. marsh purslane
ISNARDIA PALUSTRIS L.
An inconspicuous little creeping plant, quite common in the
bottoms of ditches, and dried up or nearly dried up ponds. What
are usually the conspicuous parts of a flower — septals, petals, sta-
mens and pistils — are in this plant greatly reduced and inconspicu-
ous, while the pod or fruit is the most evident part. Found at
Winfield's and near Chadwick's, also at the bottom of dried up
puddles along the railroad near the birch swamp.
372 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
543. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE; MANY-FRUITED LUDWIGIA
LUDWIGIA POLYCARPA Short & Peter
Not common ; in moist ground opposite Overmyer's field"; also
in wet soil by the birch swamp. An inconspicuous plant.
544. SEED-BOX; RATTLE-BOX
LUDWIGIA ALTERNIFOLIA L.
Scattered, in marshy places ; near the birch swamp and north
of Lost Lake. The plants when in flower are quite conspicuous,
the bright yellow blossoms, which drop their petals when shaken
or shocked, catching the eye for a considerable distance. The plant
is an attractive object in autumn when the leaves and sepals turn
red, and in the dead of winter when the shapely seedboxes with the
square lid, arranged orderly on the stalk, project above the snow.
545. LINEAR-LEAVED WILLOW-HERB
EPIEOBIUM LINEARE Muhl.
The presence of this species is attested by an herbarium speci-
men collected by Dr. Scovell August 26, 1900. No definite record
can be given of its occurrence, as the species of willow-herb are not
especially conspicuous and are difficult to recognize in the field.
546. PURPLE-LEAVED WILLOW-HERB
EPILOBIUM COLORATUM Muhl.
A few plants along the lake shore near Green's, mixed in with
cockleburrs and grasses. Abundant in a low swale near Murray's,
almost wholly occupying the central portion. Common in low open
places. More conspicuous in fruit than in blossom, the silky seeds
escaping from the pods producing a cottony effect. On a trip to
Bass Lake August 14, 1906, whole stretches of landscape in low
grounds were whitened by the seed-silk of these plants.
547. COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE
OENOTHERA BIENNIS L.
An occasional beach plant, as at Long Point near the Barnes
cottage and beyond Norris Inlet. A few plants on the depot
grounds near the lake. The greater number of plants, however,
grow back from the lake in dry ground. There are good patches
in open lots on Long Point, and the old sandy fields about the lake
bear numerous scattered plants. Common on the east side by
McOuat's.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 373
Although the evening primrose is common through fields, it is
not a bad weed, as it is easily killed out by cultivation and prefers
to grow in waste situations, especially in sandy soil. It is our most
common representative of the family to which the cultivated
Fuchsia belongs, and a comparison of the evening primrose with
a 'fuchsia blossom will at once reveal the similarity.
The seeds of the evening primrose germinate during the sum-
mer and live throughout the winter, forming an attractive green
or purplish rosette, the exposed portion of the leaf being purplish,
the hidden parts green. The plants begin blooming about mid-
summer and continue until killed by frost; small secondary blos-
soms are formed late. In early summer, in sandy dry places, even
before the plants have bloomed, the leaves, which vary considerably
in shape, assume a bright red "autumnal coloration" ; this is the
first in the procession of plants to assume the vivid livery of the
fall.
A noteworthy feature of the evening primrose is the rapidity
with which its buds open. Shortly after dusk, in the midst of the
growing season they open within a remarkably short space of time ;
and it is doubtful if any other flowers open with such rapidity as
in some of the cultivated forms similar to this. The eye is hardly
quick enough to watch the unfolding bud, and as a number of blos-
soms open on one plant it is almost like watching corn popping.
The moon-flower, well known for the rapidity of its blooming, is
behind in the race with this. The newly opened blossoms emit a
delightful fragrance, and the pollen grains, which under magnifica-
tion are seen to be curiously 3-angled, are hung together by a
mass of cobwebby threads. A peculiarity of the evening prim-
rose is the tendency of the stem to grow out into a broad flat
blade. The dead stalks with their multitude of close-set pods are
a feature of the winter landscape. During the winter the gold-
finches stay about these plants quite constantly pecking about for
seed, and in autumn and spring the downy and perhaps hairy wood-
pecker spends a great deal of time on this plant and the mullein,
seeking either seeds or the larva? of insects.
548. SMALL SUNDEOPS
KNEIFFIA PUMILA (L.) Spach
A very pretty evening primrose-like plant, rather uncommon in
the vicinity of the lake. Found near the birch swamp, along the
railroad ; in blossom June 17, 1901.
374 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
549. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE
( IR( AEA LUTETIANA L.
Common in shady places. Quite frequent in Farrar's woods
near the pond; also east of the lake. An inconspicuous little plant,
the small flowers with the two heart-shaped petals and two stamens
presenting an odd appearance. The clubshaped bristly fruit ad-
heres closely to clothing, but is too small and scattered to make it
much of a nuisance as a burr.
Family 107. Haloragidace^e. Water-milfoil Family
550. mermaid-weed
PROSERPINACA PALUSTRIS L.
Rather common in ditches in Green's marsh and along the rail-
road near the old thoroughfare. The flowers and fruit are incon-
spicuous but the gracefulness and adaptations of the plant make it
attractive. The submerged leaves, like those of the water-parsnip,
are finely dissected, while those of the aerial stems show more
and more solid expanse and substance to the blade, until they are
merely serrate. The leaves persist all winter under the ice in the
bottoms of pools, and assume a purplish pink hue, which, with their
lake-like form and symmetry of arrangement, makes them very
pleasing, especially when nearly everything else is barren.
551. SPIKED WATER-MILFOIL
MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM L.
Of the two species of milfoil found in the Lake Maxinkuckee
region this is much less common. It is not found in the large
lake at all, but occurs in the ponds along the railroad between the
lakes, and is abundant in the extreme south end of Lost Lake and
far down the Outlet.
M. spicatum is the more delicate and graceful of the two found
here. Not much was found in flower. A few plants were seen in
blossom September 1, 1900, and on September 18 it was found in
fruit.
In autumn, in the still water of the lake and lagoons, the termi-
nal portion forms elongated very compact conelike winter buds,
the apical portion being rounded or hemispherical, the lower part
gradually tapering to a long point. These buds are copper-
colored or reddish. The plant below them becomes fragile, breaks
up or decays. In early spring the bud elongates rapidly and forms
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey 375
a new plant. In the Outlet, where there is a good current, no winter
buds are formed, but the plant remains entire the year through.
The tips, however, become reddish.
552. WHORLEU WATER-MILFOIL
MYRIOPHYLLUM VERTIC ILLATUM L.
A very common plant in both lakes and distributed everywhere
where the water is not too deep. It grows in rather compact
patches, usually mixed with other plants. It flourishes in depths
ranging from 6 to 23 feet, and usually in bottom where there is
some mud. Unlike the horn-wort (Ceratophyllum) this plant pos-
sesses roots, and attaches itself to the bottom. It seems to grow-
best on sloping bottom. Among the most noteworthy patches in the
lake are those about the west edges of Outlet Bay, off from the ice-
houses, off from Overmyer's field, and out from the Gravelpit. It
is common throughout most of Lost Lake. It grows far out from
shore at a point in line with Norris pier and opposite Overmyer's
field and in the vicinity of Norris Inlet.
This plant retains its form pretty well during the winter, but
the old leaves assume a brownish tinge. The growing tips of
plants form rather compact, elongate, winter buds — one could
hardly call them that either ; they seem rather the first step toward
the formation of winter buds and are the result of a cessation of
elongate growth of the plant's axis, and are not nearly as well dif-
ferentiated as those of M. spicatum.
In early spring the waves break some of these tips loose, wash
them ashore, or scatter them generally. Such buds were noted as
pretty abundant during the latter part of March and all of April.
By April 23 the buds had loosened up pretty well from their winter
compactness and started to grow. Plants were noted in flower the
first of September. Both flowers and fruits are inconspicuous.
The Whorled Milfoil is rather more conspicuous than M. spica-
tum, but not so conspicuous as several other species. It is not so
attractive or interesting as M. hetrophyllum which is. oddly enough,
absent at Lake Maxinkuckee, although common in Bass Lake and
other lakes near by. As an aquarium plant for ornamental pur-
poses it is far inferior to the imported and cultivated M. proserapi-
nacoides or Parrot's feather.
This plant is very little used as food by any of the fishes of the
lake. One of its principal functions is in affording a place of attach-
ment for other organisms. Rivularia frequently grows thickly all
over the plants, and it is the favorite habitat of some of the species
376 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
of Vorticella. As furnishing a haunt for amphipods and other
crustaceans, however, it is far inferior to Ceratophyllum.
Myriophyllum can be studied excellently through the ice, es-
pecially as regards distribution. Whenever, in going over clear ice,
one comes to a place where the water deepens rather suddenly and
the bottom, a moment before visible, slopes rather abruptly to a
black abyss, a thick fringe of this plant is pretty sure to show, and
the last glimpse of vegetation to be seen is the tops of the milfoils
projecting up out of the dark depths. One patch of this sort was
found notheastward from the ice-houses and northward from
Chad wick's, and another off the Gravelpit about 1,000 feet out
from shore.
Family 108. Araliace^e. Ginseng Family
553. american spikenard
ARALIA RACEMOSA L.
Not common about the lake, but found scattered through wood-
lands. Once common throughout the state, but disappearing in
many places on account of woodlands being thinned out and used
for pasturage. It thrives best in rich leaf- or wood-mold, and
reaches its greatest development at the base of old rotten stumps.
A well-grown plant is one of the most tropical looking, stately ob-
jects to be found in our woodlands, and the species might prove
of value as an ornamental plant in parks if it could be induced to
thrive. The black spicy berries somewhat resembling elderberries
in appearance grow in a handsome cluster. The thick spicy root is
used in some places as an ingredient in home-made salves.
554. WILD, OR VIRGINIAN SARSAPARILLA
ARALIA NUDICAULIS L.
Not common ; a few plants were seen on Long Point back of the
Jenks cottage. Leaves well up by May 10. This plant thrives
best in leaf -mold, and is usually seen about the head of gullies and
on steep slopes, especially where there is a thick layer of old dead
leaves. It is not an especially striking plant. The long rootstocks
have some medicinal repute.
555. GINSENG
PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM L.
Rare; only one plant found northeast of the lake in a gully in
the corner of Culver's woods. Once common throughout many
\
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey :577
parts of the state, but now mostly cleaned out by "Sang-" diggers
and by pasturing. It is not rare about Plymouth and some wild
plants were seen quite full of fruit. There is a "ginseng" farm at
Plymouth where the plants thrive and attain a good size and yield
profitable returns. Some fine plants, one about a foot high, were
found north of Hibbard.
556. DWARF GINSENG OR GROUND-NUT
PANAX TRIFOLIUM L.
A good patch of scattered plants found near a pond on the east
side, among partridge-berries and other out-of-the-way plants.
The compact globe of little white blossoms is quite striking and the
tuber-like globular root is quite different from that of the other
species. In flower April 30, 1901.
Family 109. Ammiace^e. Carrot Family
557. rattlesnake-master; button snakeroot
ERYNGIUM AQUATICUM L.
A few plants bordering the marsh on the east side of Lost Lake
outlet, in the large meadow-like flat. A rather thick patch was
also found in the border of Farrar's woods near a field. Its
favorite situation is in flat wet grassy or sedgy places. The re-
semblance of this plant in leaf and general habit to some of the
yuccas, as indicated by its old specific name is quite remarkable,
all the more so as the yuccas usually grow in high and dry situations
and the button snakeroot usually is found where it is wet. The
reduction of the cyme to a close head is another interesting feature
558. SANICLE; BLACK SNAKE-ROOT
SANICULA MAKYLANDICA L.
Fairly common in moist shady places. In flower on Long Point
June 8, 1901. A weedy-looking plant of rich soil.
559. WOOLLY SWEET-CICELY; HAIRY SWEET-CICELY
WASHING! ONIA CLAYTONI (Miclix.) Britton
Rather common in woodlands. Frequent on the east side of the
lake in shaded ravines. In flower by Vajen's May 28, 1901. The
delicate fern-like woolly leaves of this plant give it a graceful ap-
pearance. When ripe the long slender seeds function as burrs
which readily stick through cloth and are thus carried about.
378 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
560. SMOOTHER SWEET-CICELY
WASHINGTONIA LONGISTVLIS (Ton.) Britton
Not nearly so common as the preceding-, and much like it, but
smooth. The roots are very spicy having the odor of sweet anise.
We have never noted the roots of this plant being disturbed by
small mammals, though the oil of sweet anise (which these roots
resemble in odor) is one of the principal scents used by trappers to
attract fur-bearing animals.
561. HONEWORT
DERINGA CANADENSIS (L.) Kunlzc
A rather low, homely plant with inconspicuous flowers and thin
leaves, growing in patches in shady places. Frequent in Farrar's
woods where it was noted in blossom June 11.
562. WILD PARSNIP
PASTINACA SATIVA L.
Abundant along the shore of the lake in front of Green's. It
appears to have escaped from trains or from seeds dropped
from some passing wagon. It was found also near Farrar's.
The seeds, which mature in late summer, or early fall, germinate
almost at once and pass through the winter as little rosettes ; some
were noted just leaving the seed September 20, 1900. They stay
more or less bright and green all winter. As the broadly winged
seeds are borne in considerable numbers and are easily carried by
wind, this plant tends to become a weed in waste places. It is a
remarkable fact that the roots of this plant which has been culti-
vated for food for years, become poisonous after a generation or
two of wildness, and the eating of them is liable to be followed with
serious if not fatal results.
563. COW-PARSNIP
HERACLEUM LANATUM Michx.
A few plants along the west side of the lake near Winfield's;
rather abundant on the cast side in the marshes fringing Aubeenau-
bee Creek; occasional about the edges of Norris Inlet marsh. This
tall plant with its large hollow stem and immense leaves is one of
the most striking and stately of our native plants. The flowers
are rather peculiar in that the outer petals forming the border of
the corymb are considerably enlarged and elongate, like the blos-
soms of candytuft and a few other peculiar plants.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 379
564. GREAT HIGH OR PURPLE-STEMMED ANGELICA
ANGELICA ATROPURPl REA L.
Rather frequent in swampy places.
565. COWBANE
OXYPOLIS RIGIDl S (L.) Raf.
This species did not come under frequent observation, and we
have no note concerning it. Its presence in the vicinity of the lake
is attested by an herbarium specimen.
566. HAIRY-JOINTED MEADOW PARSNIP
THASPIUM BARBINODE (Michx.) Nutt.
Rather common on Long Point in McSheehy's and neighboring
yards near the road. A rather tall, stately plant, without any
particular attractiveness of flower.
567. CUT-LEAVED MEADOW-PARSNIP
THASPIUM PINNATIFIDUM (Buckl.) A. Gray
Occasional in dry shady places. The small light yellow flowers
have no special attractiveness, but the shapely dissected leaves are
pretty.
568. YELLOW PIMPERNEL
TAENIDIA INTEGERRIMA (L.) Drude
A clump found growing on a clay bank by the lake between
Kreutzberger's and the depot pier. A tall parsnip-like plant with
not particularly showy yellow flowers. Fruit had begun to de-
velop pretty well and plants were collected, by May 18, 1901.
569. EARLY MEADOW-PARSNIP
ZIZIA AUREA (L.) Koch
Occasional in level moist places. A small patch grew along
the railroad back of Green's field on Long Point, on a slope near
the railroad fence. In blossom during May and June. Some of
the fruit was pretty well matured by June 7. Like most of the
parsnips, not a particularly showy plant, the golden yellow flowers
being small and inconspicuous.
570. HARBINGER OF SPRING; PEPPER-AND-SALT; TURKEY-PEA
ERIGENIA BULBOSA (Michx.) Nutt.
Common in the woods northeast of the lake. This was for-
merly rather common throughout most of the state, nowhere abund-
380 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
ant, but forming little patches about the roots of trees in the rich
earth-mold. In many places it has disappeared, owing- to the
pasturage of woodlands, to which the vanishing of many members
of our native flora is due.
This plant is popularly known and loved as the "first flower of
the spring." The skunk cabbage in the swamps and the silver
maple blossoms in the trees may precede it by a few days, but they
escape common observation ; and, anyway, no one thinks of making
bouquets of them; but this little flower, or rather flower cluster,
with its modest prettiness — the dainty little petals besprinkled with
the red stamens — and with its fresh delightful odor, appeals to
everyone. The flower clusters precede the leaves and are rapidly
followed by fruit, the plant having a very short growing season.
In blossom from April G to April 19 ; by April 30 the fruit was
pretty well grown. The round tuber-like roots of this plant are
eaten by children ; it is from these that the name "turkey pea" is
due.
571. HEMLOCK WATER-PARSNIP
SIUM CICUTAEFOLIUM Schrank
Not abundant about the lake; occasionally found in shallow
swamps ; some was found in the Norris Inlet marsh, back of the ice-
beach, some in the swamps adjacent to the lake between Farrar's
and Overmyer's, and some in a permanent pond east of the lake.
Among the most interesting of our plants are those that grow
in temporary ponds or at the edge of lakes where they are at times
submerged and at other times left high and dry. It is such vicissi-
tudes of alternating drouth and flood that have produced in Riccia
lutescens a floating and a creeping form, and the whole legion of
plants with two or more sorts of leaves, one floating, firm in texture,
another kind submerged, thin or dissected, etc. Such forms im-
press upon us most forcefully the influence of environment in
developing new forms, and the mutability, not of species merely,
but of individuals.
Among these amphibious plants with variously-shaped leaves
to suit different conditions, none is more striking than the water-
parsnip.
The lower, radicle leaves, which are usually covered by water,
form a large circular rosette of the most lacy, fairy-like texture
imaginable. These leaves usually turn purplish during the winter,
and there are few prettier sights than one of these fluffy, dainty
masses at the bottom of a clear pool. It shows to especially fine
advantage when one, standing on clear ice, can look down on these
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 381
plants underneath him. The plants remain in this condition until
some time after the ice has melted and the water warmed up,
gradually greening up with the progress of the spring. The deli-
cate plant taken out of the water collapses into a wilted-looking
shapeless mass.
With the progress of spring the plant puts forth a stout club-
like stem which finally becomes hollow; the lower stem leaves are
rather finely serrate, but much coarser than, the radicle ones. As
the stem mounts higher and higher out of the water and into tin-
air, the leaves take on increased firmness and simplicity of outline
until the uppermost are simply shallow-toothed or almost entire.
The flowers are not remarkable, being simply small white blos-
soms of the usual parsley style in an umbel.
572. WATER HEMLOCK; MUSQUASH ROOT
CICUTA MACULATA L.
Rather common in places ; a few plants along shore south of the
ice-houses, in front of the Assembly grounds, and south of Win-
field's. A few along the road in low wet places. Well up and
in leaf by May 9. Still in blossom as late as October 24. In many
low meadows this is one of the most persistent and annoying weeds,
and many swampy places are, in the height of the flowering season,
almost white with them. The delicate white umbel of blossoms has
won for the plant in some places the name of "lace plant" or "Queen
Anne's Lace" a name which belongs rather to the wild carrot,
Daucus carota. The roots, somewhat resembling dahlia roots, con-
tain a deadly poison. It is by the scattering of these tuber-like
roots by the plow that the plants are disseminated through low-
fields.
573. BULB-BEARING WATER HEMLOCK
CICUTA BULBIFERA L.
Common about Lost Lake, on the low swampy shores of Lake
Maxinkuckee, in the Norris Inlet, and the outlet region. Flowers
and fruit are very rare, only one plant being found in fruit. Tiny
bulblets are borne in great numbers in the axils of leaves; these
drop off into the water and are carried by waves to various
places along shore, and form a very efficient means of propaga-
tion. A few plants grew on Long Point near Scovell's, many in
low ground by Overmyer's, and formerly it was common at the tip
of Long Point, from which it has disappeared on account of changed
conditions.
382 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 110. Cornace/e. Dogwood Family
574. silky cornel
CORN US AMOMUM Mill.
Rather common along- low parts of the lake shore, forming
low thickets. Found in the flat south of Outlet Bay, in the
swamp by Farrar's, and by the green boathouse near the south
end of the lake. The fruit, which is not borne in great abund-
ance, is remarkable for being of a beautiful pale blue shade, one
of the rarest of colors among fruits. It is not at all a showy color,
and it is only by focussing attention somewhat narrowly on a
bunch of ripened fruit that one can properly appreciate it. It is
one of those objects that do not readily take the casual glance,
but whose charms grow and increase under close scrutiny. We
have not seen birds feeding on the berries of this particular species,
although they probably do so to some extent. At the south end of
the lake we found an old empty bird's nest well filled with the
seeds of a species of Cornus, probably this. The shell had been
gnawed through and the kernels eaten out, probably by mice.
575. RED-OSIER DOGWOOD
CORNUS STOLOMFERA Michx.
Common, forming dense clumps in low flat places in black
ground. Found along the low border of the lake by Green's, be-
tween Farrar's and Overmyer's, and by Norris Inlet; also found
at the tamarack swamp. Not a very conspicuous plant during the
growing season, chough the flat corymbs of small white flowers
and the white berries when ripe are mildly attractive. The plant
shows at its best during the winter, especially when there is snow,
when the bright red of the bark of the young shoots shows con-
spicuously. In landscape gardening and laying out of parks where
each season has to be considered and provided for, this plant, or a
species that is closely related, usually C. tartar ica, is used for the
mass of color the red bark gives to winter landscapes. In flower
about the lake during the middle and latter part of May.
576. PANICLED CORNEL
CORNUS FEMINA Mill.
Not very common about the lake ; a patch noted on the east side
of Long Point near McSheehy's, and another southward not far
from Farrar's. Not so much a lover of wet swamps as the last
two species, it grows best and most extensively on flat loamy
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Sun-en :;*:;
soil where there is considerable moisture; it will also grow
on high clay hills, and thrive well in neglected fence corners.
In some of the northern parts of the state this species is known
among old settlers as "Pigeon-oak." In flower, stem and leaf, this
shrub is rather inconspicuous; but the clusters of white fruit, or
reddish stems, in the shape of dense corymbs, are very conspicuous.
They form a favorite food for birds. Cedar waxwings were noted
feeding their young in September on the berries of this or a similar
species, and the flocks of southward migrating birds clean up the
entire crop in a few days in some seasons and localities. Whenever
any are left late enough they form a favorite food of the tree-
sparrow upon its return from the north. In blossom at the lake
by the middle of June.
577. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD
CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA L. f.
Uncommon ; only a few trees seen ; two or three in the low
ground in Overmyer's woods and one or two on the east side some
distance back in the forest. Intermediate in size between the vari-
ous species of bushy cornels and the flowering dogwood. It is the
least attractive species of the genus, usually growing in the form of
a large crooked straggling shrub or small tree.
578. FLOWERING DOGWOOD
CYNOXYLON FLORIDUM (L.) Raf.
Not common ; a few trees along the northeast shore of the lake,
more abundant farther back, in Culver's woods. There used to be
a popular saying in some parts of the state that when the dogwood
blossoms were large and abundant it would be a good year for corn.
This notion probably arose from some reminiscence of the name.
Cornus or Cornel, applied to the tree, although it is always spoken
of as dogwood. In flower along the lake shore May 27. Attractive
not only when in blossom, but in the splendor of autumn foliage
and fruit.
579. BLACK OR SOUR GUM
NYSSA SYLVATICA Marsh.
Confined pretty closely to Lost Lake and its outlet. A row of
trees borders the edge of Lost Lake marsh just west of the railroad
near Arlington. These trees form a narrow row at the very edge
of the marsh. The shining leaves, glistening as if varnished, arc
always attractive but become particularly so in early autumn.
384 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
They are among the first of the trees to color up in the fall, closely
succeeding the buckeye, and surpass it by their vivid glistening red.
At first a stray leaf reddens here and there ; finally the whole tree
becomes scarlet. From September 23 to October 27, 1900, these
highly colored trees formed a conspicuous landmark, the long patch
of low-bush huckleberries making a duller flame about their roots.
Trees are more or less scattered along the east side of Lost Lake
outlet back of Green's and Walley's woods. The young trees down
along the outlet put out their branches in a horizontal direction,
and in late autumn, winter and spring, when the boughs are barren,
the bark, on bright days shimmers with a satiny effect and gives
a peculiar effect like that of a multitude of immense low horizontal
spider-webs. In the southern states this tree is a favorite host
of the mistletoe.
Family 111. Pyrolace^e. Wintergreen Family
580. shin-leaf
PYROLA ELLIPTICA Nutt.
Scattered through dry woodlands. It was observed more com-
monly in Zechiel's woods than elsewhere. It is never found in much
abundance but usually in small patches on shady slopes. The waxy
blossoms are rather pretty, but the odor, though not unpleasant in
quality, is so intense as to be disagreeable.
581. PIPSISSEWA; PRINCE'S PINE
CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA (L.) Nutt.
Rare; only one patch, but this was a fair-sized compact patch,
found in Walley's woods on the east side of Lost Lake outlet.
A delightful little plant, its trim habit, firm evergreen leaves, and
cluster of waxy fragrant blossoms are all attractive features.
Family 112. Monotropace^e. Indian-Pipe Family
582. indian pipe; corpse-plant
MONOTROPA UNIFLORA L.
Rather common compared with its abundance in most parts
of the state, growing in rich sandy woodlands on both sides of the
lake; occasional in Green's woods, but most abundant on the east
side of the lake in the large woods about Aubeenaubee Creek.
Sometimes only one or two plants are found together, but more
commonly the plants grow in large clumps. The plant is in some
Lake Maxinknckce, Physical and Biological Survey 385
cases at least perennial, and one can often find yOung plants in early
summer at the base of last year's stalks. The roots form a queer
tangled mass. An attempt was made to grow the plants in a
flower-pot from a mass of roots with the young shoots, but it was
unsuccessful. The single plants mentioned above are probably
young plants and the clumps older, the clumps probably increas-
ing in size from year to year. It is remarkably independent of
seasons, individual clumps coming up at almost any time during
late spring, all summer and during autumn until frosts. On ac-
count of its waxy whiteness and attractive form it is always a
pleasure to find a clump of these odd plants. The transparence
of its tissues makes it an exceptionally good subject in which to
study the embryo sac. It is unfortunate that these plants turn
black on drying, as this prevents them from making attractive
herbarium specimens, and they do as badly in alcohol and formalin.
An attempt to preserve the natural colors by killing with boiling
water met with slight success.
Although it bears its minute seeds in large numbers, apparently
very few germinate, else it would be a much more common plant.
The peculiar habit of the plant's straightening up immediately
after flowering, so that the vase-like pods stand erect, is evidently
a device for securing the wide distribution of the seed. These
escape from pores or chinks in the upper part of the pod, and are
probably distributed by wind, for which their minute size adapts
them.
583. FALSE BEECH-DROPS; HAIRY PINE-SAP
HYPOPITYS LANUGINOSA (Michx.) Nutt.
A few patches on each side of the lake; some magnificent
clumps were found in the big woods along Aubeenaubee Creek,
on a dry hill. There is a fine large patch consisting of many
clumps in Walley's woods on the low bluff at the edge of the outlet
marsh. This patch persisted and appeared to be increasing in
size from year to year. It was discovered in 1906 and was still
thriving in 1909. The plants vary considerably in coloration, some
being rather pale. Those at Lake Maxinkuckee are usually bril-
liantly colored; the lemon-colored blossoms and coral-red stems
along with its velvety surface, make it an unusually attractive
plant, but, like the Indian pipe, it turns black in drying. It has a
long flowering season, from June to October, but this does not refer
to the same clump, but to different clumps and localities. All we
have found at the lake were rather late in blossoming, from the
beginning to the middle of September.
25— 17618— Vol. 2
386 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
Family 113. Ericaceae. Heath Family
584. LEATHER-LEAF; DWARF CASSANDRA
CHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA (L.) Moench
Common in Hawk's marsh, as a low shrub forming a zone be-
tween the tall shrubs and the grasses. Found also at the tamarack
west of the lake, but not so abundant. Passing out of flower by
May 20.
Although not so handsome or striking as Pieris floribunda, a
relative that has found a well-deserved place in landscape gardens,
this little shrub has many charms and a place of its own in the
scheme of decoration of the swamps. It is an exceedingly hardy
plant, growing as far north as Newfoundland and Alaska; still it
is what the landscape gardener calls a "broad-leaved evergreen,"
a group represented by the holly, box, and the like, and usually liv-
ing in only mild climates. In addition to its graceful sprays of
foliage, consisting of leaves becoming gradually smaller and smaller
toward the tips of the branches, and which become purplish in win-
ter, one of its greatest charms is its racemes of flower buds which
are conspicuous throughout the winter, so well advanced in develop-
ment that they seem ready to bloom at any time.
585. WILD ROSEMARY; MARSH HOLY ROSE; MOORWORT
ANDROMEDA POLIFOLIA L.
Rather abundant among the sphagnum of Hawk's marsh. A
low, rather inconspicuous evergreen shrub. The leaves curl up
strongly along the margins, especially in cold weather.
There is an air of refinement and daintiness about the marsh
rosemary, with its whitish rolled-up leaves and chaste, drooping
vase-shaped blossoms, that makes the finding of it an unusual pleas-
ure. It is a hardy plant so far as temperature and rigorous winters
are concerned, growing as far north as Alaska and British Colum-
bia. It is a pity it does not grow in our marshes and swales as
well as in the cold tamarack bogs. Noted in blossom in Hawk's
marsh about the middle of May (May 20).
586. TRAILING ARBUTUS; MAYFLOWER
EPIGAEA REPENS L.
Rare; only a few plants found in a sandy woodland near some
tamaracks southwest of the lake. Generally speaking this is a rare
species in the state, being found only in a few of the northern
counties and in Monroe county, where it is abundant in one locality.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Star, y 387
587. SPICY OR CREEPING WINTERGREEN
GAULTHERIA PBOCUMBENS I..
Common in woods west and south of the lake, as Green's, Wal-
ley's and Zechiel's; abundant along the railroad by the birch
swamp; plentiful west of the dunes; and abundant in a small but
dense patch at the edge of a sandy wood about a mile down the
outlet. The spicy berries, which are one of the most delicious
morsels which the woodlands afford, are an uncertain crop. They
are never markedly abundant about the lake, and one sometimes
can find but few where a good crop might reasonably be expected ;
then again one may find a good crop in some unexpected spot.
Family 114. Vacciniace;e. Huckleberry Family
588. black or high-bush huckleberky
GAYLUSSACIA BACCATA (Wang.) K. Koch
Common ; scattered through rather open sandy woodlands, es-
pecially common at the edges of woods. Common along the east
side of the outlet of Lost Lake, and forming a pretty thick fringe
of the marsh about the head of the lake. Leafing out well April
26. In flower by May 14. Fruit ripe from July 27 to the latter
part of August. The fruit is sweet and of a spicy flavor but full
of hard seeds. The fruits are borne scattered and sparsely.
589. LOW BLUEBERRY; BLUE HUCKLEBERRY
VACCINIUM VACILLANS Kalm
Rather rare; a few plants were found on the brow of a gentle
slope at Long Point, at the end of the forest near Chadwick's pier.
The whole region here has been changed and cleared out and they
are now gone. A few were also found along the continuation of
the same ridge by Lost Lake among the Gaylussacias. The berry
is considerably superior in flavor to that of Gaylussacia.
590. LARGE CRANBERRY; AMERICAN CRANBEKKY
OXYCOCCUS MACKOCARPUS (Ait.) Pursh
A few straggling plants occur in a gully in Walley's woods east
of Lost Lake outlet; they were never seen in fruit. A patch
formed a broken ring next to the water in the center »>t' Hawk's
marsh. These plants grew quite densely in the wet sphagnum.
They bore very little fruit during the early part of the survey, but
in later years, 1904, 1906, and later, bore rather profusely and
seemed to be increasing in productiveness. It was reported that
388 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
there were originally large and profitable cranberry patches in the
county, as in the bogs of several other counties of northern Indiana,
but, owing to drying out of swamps, these have mostly disappeared.
Family 115. Primulace^e. Primrose Family
591. water pimpernel; brookweed
SAMOLUS FLORIBUNDIS H. B. K.
A few plants found in wet ground south of the lake. A com-
mon plant throughout the state in wet places, with thin leaves and
an abundance of minute white blossoms.
592. WHORLED LOOSESTRIFE
LYSIMACHIA QUADRIFOLIA L.
Scattered through dry woodlands ; some along the Long Point
road ; some seen in woods south of the lake. A rather inconspicu-
ous plant, both in leaf and flower.
593. BULB-BEARING LOOSESTRIFE
LYSIMACHIA TERRESTRIS (L.) B. S. P.
We have no notes on this species, but its presence at the lake
is attested by an herbarium specimen collected by Dr. Scovell. It
is not a conspicuous plant, and on that account probably escaped
frequent observation. It usually grows in wet places, as at the
margins of swamps and lakes, and thrives best in black loamy soil.
It usually bears an abundance of elongate starchy tubers, somewhat
resembling a miniature sweet potato in shape.
594. FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE
STEIRONEMA CILIATUM (L.) Raf.
Common in low flat ground scattered among grasses; noted in
the flat marsh south of Outlet Bay and in the low ground along
Aubeenaubee Creek. A fairly well-known coarse herb, bearing
rather large but homely yellow flowers which are shed about a day
after blossoming, or at the slightest touch, soon after they have
opened.
595. PRAIRIE MONEYWORT
STEIRONEMA QUADRIFLORUM (Sims) A. S. Hitchc.
We have no notes on this species and it was probably not com-
mon. A specimen was collected by Dr. Scovell, and its identifica-
tion is not absolutely certain. It has been reported from neighbor-
ing counties.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey 389
596. TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE
NAUMBURUIA THYESIFLORA (L.) Dnby
Not very common; a few plants nearly in flower on the east
side of the lake along Aubeenaubee Creek, May 28, 1901 ; noted at
the same place on subsequent occasions. The dense head of golden
yellow flowers, forming a compact ball, makes this a rather strik-
ing plant when in bloom.
597. STAR-FLOWER; CHICKWEED WINTERGREEN
TRIENTALIS AMERICANA Pursh
Rather rare; only a few plants found in sphagnum in Hawk's
marsh, where it was in bloom May 20, 1901. A rather incon-
spicuous, but attractive, shapely little plant.
598. SHOOTING STAR; AMERICAN COWSLIP
DODECATHEON MEADIA L.
A few plants found in flower north of the lake near the shore,
on a hill near Lakeview Hotel, also a few plants west of the lake.
In 1909 a large patch was found on the west side of the railroad
about two miles south of the lake. It is plentiful in woods near
Twin Lakes. The dense cluster of rosy pink blossoms, which in
their general shape remind one somewhat of a cyclamen, makes
this one of the most attractive plants of the region. In flower near
the lake May 21, 1901.
Family 116. Oleace^e. Olive Family
599. white ash
FRAXINUS AMERICANA L.
Rather uncommon on the west side of the lake where the
soil is too sandy for it to thrive well. Scattered through wood-
lands on the east side. One of the most valuable trees of the region.
Trees sometimes vary considerably in time of blossoming; of two
neighboring trees one may bloom nearly two weeks ahead of the
other. One of the latest, if not the very latest, of our native trees
to put out leaves in spring. The leaves are retained until rather
late in the fall when they turn yellowish and purple. Trees about
the lake still retained their leaves October 7.
600. RED ASH
FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANIA Marsh.
We have no notes on this species; a specimen was collected by
Dr. Scovell, probably in low woods south of the lake. It is not
an especially common form within the state.
390 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
601. BLUE ASH
FRAXINl S QUADRANGULATA Michx.
One small tree found near a pond north of the lake January 3,
1904. Probably a diligent search in that region would reveal more
trees as it is a well distributed species in Indiana. It usually grows
in the upland forest. A farmer living east of the lake reported
that he had three kinds of ash on his farm, white ash, water ash
and blue ash.
602. BLACK ASH; HOOP ASH
FRAXINUS NIGRA Marsh.
Common in swamps and low ground on both sides of the lake.
Abundant in the low woods south of the lake between Farrar's
and Overmyer's, and east of the lake near Vajen's. Formerly a
common tree throughout the state in swamps and woodland ponds.
The tree reaches a large size and the wood is in most cases of a
remarkably straight grain, splitting easily into thin slabs. This
makes it especially desirable for the manufacture of barrel staves.
The trees by Overmyer's swamp usually bore a great abundance
of fruit, and this, which blows off the trees during the winter,
sometimes covers the ice of the lake in the immediate vicinity. We
have, however, never seen young ash seedlings along shore in great
numbers as one often sees sycamore, maple and willow. The black
ash is subject to the attacks of various fungi and some of the trees
had the younger branches greatly distorted, resembling witches'
brooms.
Family 117. Gentianace^e. Gentian Family
603. PvOSE-PINK
SABBATIA ANGULARIS (L.) Pursh
Not common about the lake; a small patch in the sandy soil
north of Lost Lake and some along the railroad by the birch swamp.
All the plants seen at Lake Maxinkuckee were a rich" pink, but in
a large patch in a sandy flat marsh near Knox, Indiana, in 1909,
there were several plants bearing white flowers. The flowers are
very handsome and showy, and a well-grown plant of either color
in bloom, attracts the eye for a considerable distance. Flowers
in July and August.
604. FPJNGED GENTIAN
GENTIANA CRINITA Froel.
Fairly common in moist or wet sedgy places about the lake,
but usually scattered, not forming compact patches. Found by
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey .">'.»]
Lakeview Hotel, along1 Long- Point, Lost Lake marsh, Green's
marsh, east border of Lost Lake outlet, and common along the
edges of a sedgy meadow about three-fourths of a mile down the
outlet. The same patches persisted year after year in Green's
marsh, and probably in other places. This well-known and at-
tractive flower is somewhat remarkable for its inconspicuousness
until in full bloom. The stiffly erect stems and buds make almost
no show whatever until the flower has actually burst into bloom.
At the lake it begins blooming about the middle of September <>y
a little before, and in sheltered locations continues until after frost
has cut down all less hardy plants.
605. STIFF GENTIAN; AGUE-WEED
GENTIANA QUINQUEFOLIA L.
Rare about the lake; only one small clump of plants found; this
was at the base of the bank near the lake shore, on the east side
north of McOuat's. This was noted in blossom October 9, 1900.
The patch still persisted in 1906 when it was noted in flower Oc-
tober 28. Flowers small, but numerous.
606. SOAPWORT GENTIAN; BLUE GENTIAN
DASYSTEPHANA SAPONARIA (L.) Small
Common in flat level places; the most abundant gentian about
the lake; common among the cranberries and wintergreen in Wal-
ley's woods east of the outlet. Abundant along the railroad track
about half-way to Delong and forming a big patch of blue when in
flower along by the holly swamp west of the railroad. Frequent
also in Walley's woods by the birch swamp. Not quite a "closed
gentian" but half closed, opening up a little during the middle of
the day and showing the pale plaits between the corolla lobes
proper, but the rest of the day closed tightly. Prettier, in a way,
than the closed gentian. It is fertilized, partly at least, by bumble-
bees that crawl down into the sac-shaped bloom; when the bee
comes out of the flower it always closes the flower; this may be an
accident, due to his clumsy getting out, but looks as if it were most
carefully and deliberately done, and the flower seems to remain
closed afterward. Field notes mention chrysalises in the pods but
the note is too brief to recall fully the situation. In flower from
September 28 until October 24.
392 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
607. YELLOW GENTIAN
DASYSTEPHANA FLAVIDA (A. Gray) Britton
Probably not common in the immediate vicinity of the lake, as
we have no notes concerning it. There is, however, one herbarium
specimen in the collection obtained by Dr. Scovell in 1900. It has
been reported from neighboring counties.
Family 118. Menyanthace^e. Buckbean Family
g08. buckbean; marsh or bean trefoil
MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA L.
Scattered on Hawk's marsh among the sphagnum, where it was
noted in blossom May 20, 1901. It was also abundant east of
Norris Inlet, where it was seen ripe June 22.
Family 119. Apocynace^e. Dogbane Family
609. blue myrtle; periwinkle
VINCA MINOR L.
A patch found near Culver cemetery, from which it had es-
caped. It was once a general favorite for planting on sloping
banks and on graves, which it soon covers densely to the exclusion
of everything else. The glossy dark green leaves are rather at-
tractive, and the plant, though it spreads in large dense patches
and might easily become a nuisance on lawns, is not so much so
as the ground ivy or the moneywort which one finds in similar situa-
tions. The plant has become too common to be especially desir-
able, and is rarely or never planted now.
610. SPREADING DOGBANE; HONEY-BLOOM
APOCYNUM ANDROSAEMIFOLIUM L.
Not especially common nor widely distributed in the neighbor-
hood of the lake. The blossoms, which somewhat resemble those
of the lily-of-the-valley in shape, and ornamented with pink stripes,
are quite pretty. One of our two common species of dogbane. Is
occasionally a great nuisance in cultivated fields, each section of
root cut off sending up a tall shoot, like an asparagus shoot, the
next clay. Persistent cultivation, however, finally eradicates it. In
flower south of the lake June 27, 1901.
One of the most brilliantly colored of our insects, a little beetle
with bright metallic green coloration, feeds on this plant.
Lake Ma.rinkurkee, Physical and Biological Survey 393
611. INDIAN HEMP
APOCYNUM CANNABINUM L.
Not very common about the lake. The small greenish flowers
are not handsome like those of the other species. Found growing'
on a hill by Murray's and in flower along- the railroad by the ice-
houses June 21.
Family 120. Asclepiadace^e. Milkweed Family
612. butterfly-weed; pleurisy-root
ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA L.
Quite abundant about the lake, and during the flowering season
one of the most conspicuous members of the native flora, the
plants growing in clumps. Large clumps in blossom make a glow-
ing mass.
On account of their great range of colors and the oddity of
shape, the milkweeds form an interesting and ornamental group
of plants; not on the whole adapted to the uses of the florist and
dealer in cut flowers, however, on account of various peculiarities,
such as the rapidity with which they wither, the sticky, milky
juice, etc. We have orange, purple, white and various other shades
represented. Some of the white flowered forms with chaste blos-
soms on long slender pedicels, though much less showy than the
typical butteryfly-weed, are very attractive.
The butterfly-weed has an advantage over the other milkweeds
in that it has not a milky juice. Most of the plants have orange
flowers, but two near the lake, one by Arlington and one south of
the birch swamps, had lemon yellow flowers.
This species has been introduced into seedmen's catalogues and
has already obtained some recognition of its value as an ornamental
plant. The blossoms vary somewhat in richness of color: one
clump seen in Tennessee was unique in that the blossoms deepened
in intensity of color as they grew older, so that while the younger
heads of flowers were orange yellow the older bunches on the same
plant were an intense scarlet. Such an individual would surpass
the common form as an ornamental plant. The blossoms of this,
as well as of the other milkweeds, abound in small insects (thrips) .
which hide about the recesses of the flowers, though they probably
have little to do with their fertilization.
This species begins flowering toward the end of July and con-
tinues during the summer. The fruit seems to be borne rather
scantily considering the abundance of flowers.
394 Lake Maxinkuchee, Physical and Biological Survey
613. DECUMBENT BUTTERFLY-WEED
ASCLEPIAS DECUMBENS L.
Quite similar to the preceding, but with spreading stems and
opposite leaves. Rather common on the railroad embankments,
along with A. tuberosa.
614. SWAMP MILKWEED
ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA L.
Rather common in wet places ; on shore near Long Point ; abund-
ant south of Outlet Bay, and on the shore in front of the As-
sembly grounds, near the depot, near Winfield's, along shore south-
west of the lake, and still farther on in an old field. In flower by
Scovell's cottage June 28. Some pods yet unopened October 24 on
the south shore.
G15. BLUNT-LEAVED MILKWEED
ASCLEPIAS AMPLEXICAULIS J. E. Smith
Not common ; the only plants seen were a few forming a patch
near the turn of the road where it crosses the railroad track near
the thoroughfare. The plants grew in the light sand just at the
edge of the rise which forms the broad hill back of the ice-houses.
This plant is a lover of dry sands, and, in the great stretches of
sand in counties north of Marshall, was observed to be fairly abund-
ant. It is by far the earliest of the milkweeds to bloom, coming so
long before them that it has usually finished its year's work, and
its winged seeds are wrestling for their escape from the ripened
gaping pod by the time the others come into bloom. Going out of
bloom at the lake by June 13, 1901.
616. POKE MILKWEED; TALL MILKWEED
ASCLEPIAS EXALTATA (L.) Muhl.
A slender, woodloving form ; one of the most attractive and
graceful of the milkweeds, with drooping heads of white or creamy
flowers. In flower near Overmyer's woods during the latter part
of June; also in the clump of woods along the east shore of Lost
Lake outlet.
617. COMMON MILKWEED; SILKWEED
ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L.
The most common and well known milkweed in the state ; found
everywhere in dry ground about the lake. Although so common it
Lake Maxinkuckee, Pln/sical and Biological Survey 395
does not generally become a nuisance as it confines itself pretty
well to waste places. There is a good deal on the north side of
the lake, north of Edwards' south fence, near the mouth of Aubee-
naubee Creek and southward. Rather abundant on the railroad em-
bankment north of the lake; patches near Scovell's and in front of
the Barnes cottage.
In flower, one of the least attractive of the milkweeds. Sonic
plants, which bear immense numbers of flowers, and large dense
heads of blossoms in all stages of development, offer a pleasing
view when seen at a distance, but the flowers are of a neutral gray-
purple, soon turning yellowish, and of a peculiar rank odor. Plants
along the railroad between the lakes bore astonishingly large crops
of flowers.
This milkweed, like the others, has a complicated mechanical
device for effecting fertilization ; the pollen masses are borne in
pockets and united in pairs by a hair-like connective, and it ap-
pears to be necessary for some insect to trip on the hairs to pull out
the pollen masses in order to secure fertilization. This plant seems
to be a sort of drug shop among the insects; one frequently finds
around it flies and bees which have been entangled and perhaps
stupefied by the juices of the plant. It is also frequented by red
long-horn beetles of a carnivorous nature, which attack and decapi-
tate flies; they may haunt the plant for the insects which visit it.
The milkweed butterfly is another well known visitor.
The mechanism by which fertilization is brought about seems
to be a case of over-inventiveness. A remarkably small number of
flowers produce any fruit, and a hundred flowers will rarely pro-
duce as many as a half-dozen pods. Some of the plants along the
railroad were exceptionally fruitful.
In autumn, when the pods open, many of the seeds of the lower
part of the pod escape soon but many toward the tip of the pods
are held fast in some manner by the tips of the bristles, so that they
project, waving and fluttering in every breeze and loosening
one by one, making a dense clump of these plants in late autumn
one of the most picturesque bits of scenery to be encountered.
The silky bark or fiber of this plant is one of the materials
which the oriole uses to build its nest.
618. WHORLED MILKWEED
ASCLEFIAS VERTICILLATA L.
Not common. Occasional plants are found on banks along the
railroad; more were found along the Assembly grounds hill than
396 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
anywhere else. The narrow leaves, arranged in whorls, give it a
shapeliness and symmetry which makes it rather attractive. The
flowers, while not conspicuous, are rather pretty. The pods are
quite slender and elongate. Noted in flower in the latter part of
August.
619. GREEN MILKWEED
ACEKATES VIRIDIFLORA (Raf.) Eaton
Rather rare in the vicinity of the lake ; a few plants found along
the railroad track a little south of the Outlet bridge. It occurs
more abundantly by the railroad track in the vicinity of Plymouth,
though it is by no means common there. It is usually found in a
dry sandy soil. The dense heads of blossoms which are green are
so symmetrically and evenly arranged that the different parts of
the flowers usually fall in line, making circles of light and dark or
fulness and openness, which gives a pleasing sense of symmetry
and an impression of unity, so that one does not notice the
peculiarities of the individual flowers so much as that of the umbel
as a whole. Flowering late in June.
620. FLORIDA MILKWEED
ACERATES FLORIDANA (Lam.) A. S. Hitchc.
Our only record of this plant is that of an herbarium specimen
collected by Dr. Scovell. It should be fairly common, as conditions
and range are well satisfied by the area about the lake. It is found
about lakes in neighboring counties.
Family 121. Convolvulace^e. Morning-glory Family
621. man-of-the-earth; wild potato vine
IPOMOEA PANDURATA (L.) Meyer
A few vines in blossom seen along a fence west of the lake.
Vines of what appeared to be this species were pretty common on
the east side of Long Point, but they did not seem to thrive in the
soil there, and did not blossom. It does not appear to be a bad
weed in the vicinity of the lake.
In many parts of the country this plant is a great nuisance.
The vines shoot up quickly in spring, and, fed by an enormous
root, grow rapidly and twine about and smother growing crops.
The root, wThile it contains considerable starch, is hard and woody;
one was cooked a whole day to discover whether it would in any
way resemble the sweet potato, to which it is closely related, but
it remained as tough as a bit of wood.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survi y 397
622. HEDGE BINDWEED
CONVOLVULUS SEPIUM L.
The most common of the wild morning-glories about the lake.
It is not a nuisance in this region, as it is confined mainly to the
railroad embankment, where it grows in the ballast, trailing over
the bank or twining about other herbs. It begins flowering in early
June and continues throughout the summer.
623. UPRIGHT BINDWEED
CONVOLVULUS SPITHAMAEUS L.
A rather small dwarfed bindweed, found somewhat frequently
along the railroad track, especially in the neighborhood of the
Outlet bridge where it grows in the ballast on each side of the
track. Though fairly common in parts of the state, it is neither
so abundant nor of such rank growth as to become as great a
nuisance as several of the other species occasionally do.
Family 122. Cuscutace^e. Dodder Family
624. field dodder
CUSCUTA ARVENSIS Beyrich
During the early years of the survey this was not an especially
common plant; occasional plants were found on clover in Green's
meadow. Of late years it has increased considerably, and in 1909
clover fields near Culver were badly infested, the masses of dodder
showing in the distance as great yellow patches. Where it has
gained a foothold it threatens to become a bad weed and difficult
to control or eradicate.
625. COMMON DODDER; LOVE VINE
CUSCUTA GRONOVII Willd.
Rather common on herbs and low shrubs such as golden-rod
and willow along the shore of the lake. Found along the south
shore of Outlet Bay and in the strip of marsh by the lake below
Farrar's. Not an especially conspicuous plant. Young willows
are occasionally killed by it. As it confines its attention to unculti-
vated plants, it does not assume the economic importance that the
field dodder does.
626. GLOMERATE DODDER
CUSCUTA PAKADOXA Raf.
Not noted about the lake until 1909, when a large patch was
found some distance down the outlet. The plant had here obtained
398 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
foothold among tall rank weeds, such as wild sunflowers and the
like, and had attacked them so successfully that a large patch of
the plants had been killed out, and it appeared as if the area had
been blighted or frosted ; much of the dodder had ripened or nearly-
developed its fruit, while much was still in flower in September.
This is the most conspicuous and handsome of the dodders; a
mass of the waxy white flowers almost as large as the fist or a heavy
rope-like spiral encircling the solid stem of the weed, like flowers
springing directly out of the trunk, is both odd and attractive. As
this dodder confines its attentions to wild weeds there is no likeli-
hood of its ever becoming a nuisance.
Family 123. Polemoniace^e. Phlox Family
627. downy phlox
PHLOX PILOSA L.
Quite abundant in sandy places along the railroad, especially
some distance south of the birch swamp. The plants frequently
grow in such close pafches as to give the impression of flower beds.
Begins flowering in April. Noted in flower near the tama-
racks west of the lake May 22, 1901. Not so attractive nor fra-
grant as the wild blue phlox, but has a much longer flowering sea-
son, blooming more or less through summer until autumn.
628. WILD BLUE PHLOX
PHLOX DIVARICATA L.
Scattered through woodlands, especially on the east side of the
lake back some distance from the shore. In flower northeast of
the lake in border of woods and in woodlands April 30, 1901, and
in Farrar's woods May 27. It continues blooming through May
and June. The blossoms have not the body nor firmness of some
of the other phloxes, but their delicate texture and faint fragrance
make them one of the best loved wild flowers of the state, where a
common name is sweet william. Although the flowers are usually
some shade of blue or purple, forms with pure white flowers
rarely occur; in such cases the whole plant is usually lighter in
color. Easily transplanted and often found in dooryards and wild
gardens.
In addition to the flower-bearing plant there are sterile ones
with broad leaves, so unlike the narrow-leaved flower-bearing
plants that they are hardly recognizable.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 399
629. BLUE-BELL; GREEK VALERIAN
POLEMONIUM REPTANS L.
Found south along the railroad ; possibly more common than our
notes would indicate as it is generally common throughout the state
in damp places. The lower leaves remain green all winter.
Family 124. Hydrophyllace^e. Water-leaf Family
630. virginia water-leaf
HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM L.
Rather common, especially in shady rich gullies on the east side
of the lake. Found in flower in Vajen's gully May 28, 1901. It
has a long flowering period, continuing in blossom until well into
the summer. The pale flowers are conspicuous. The curiously
mottled leaves which come up in early spring are intei'esting and
attractive.
631. APPENDAGED WATER-LEAF
HYDROPHYLLUM APPENDICULATUM Michx.
Common in moist shaded places, in rich ground on the east side
of the lake. Found in flower in Vajen's gully May 28, 1901. Quite
similar to the preceding species in habits and distribution. The
leaves were showing well by March 31.
Family 125. Boraginace^e. Borage Family
632. hound's-tongue
CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE L.
Common, especially in rather dry soils in open places on the
east side of the lake. It seems especially fond of growing on
rather gently sloping gully sides. Young leaves shoot up early
in the spring soon after the frost is out of the ground ; it begins
blooming in May, and continues to produce flowers and burrs
throughout the summer. The burr-like seeds remain on the plant
late into winter or until they are swept off by some passing animal.
Often a nuisance in pastures, the burrs becoming entangled in the
wool of sheep.
633. BURSEED
LAPPULA LAPPULA (L.) Karst.
An introduced weed becoming rather common in waste places
in some parts of the country, especially on the east side of the lake.
Some plants found in blossom along the railroad June 26, 1901.
400 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
634. BEGGAR'S-LICE; VIRGINIA STICKSEED
LAPPULA VIRGIMANA (L.) Greene
Quite common in rich thick woods on the east side of the lake,
so that one can hardly pass through without getting well loaded
with the burrs. Found also in the low woods south of the lake, by
Overmyer's field. The plants do not grow in deep shady wood-
lands, but as soon as enough clearing is done to let in sunlight they
frequently spring up in great numbers, especially in rich mold,
about brushpiles, etc. One of the worst of our burrs, the little
nutlets catching and clinging to wool, clothes and hair in great
numbers and with much tenacity. Fortunately the plant does not
appear to thrive well in cleared, well-sodded pastures or in culti-
vated ground.
635. SPRING SCORPION-GRASS
MYOSOTIS VIRGINICA (L.) B. S. P.
A few plants found in flower back of the Scovell cottage, during
the month of May. Later on it was found in blossom almost every-
where about the lake in dry ground.
636. CORN GROMWELL
LITHOSPERMUM ARVENSE L.
Quite common; found almost everywhere on the hill west of
the ice-houses, and along the railroad, also about the cottages on
Long Point. The plant is becoming quite widely scattered in waste
places and fields. In flower by the cottages the last of April.
Later on it was found north and northwest of the lake on dry hills.
It continues blooming until late in summer.
637. HAIRY PUCCOON
LITHOSPERMUM CAROLINENSE (Walt.) MacM.
Quite common in sandy ground; found on the bank by the As-
sembly grounds and north of the lake. The rather large golden yel-
low flowers, which are quite fragrant, make it a very conspicuous
and handsome plant.
638. HOARY PUCCOON
LITHOSPERMUM CANESCENS (Michx.) Lehm.
Found in the same situation as the preceding, but it blossoms
earlier and has a smaller and scentless flower. Noted in blossom
May 2, 1901. It continues in blossom well into summer, but the
later flowers are fewer and more scattered in the cluster.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 401
Family 126. Verbenace^e. Vervain Family
639. white or nettle-leaved vervain
VERBENA URTICIFOLIA L.
Scattered in waste places ; the least common species about the
lake excepting V. bracteosa. It grows in situations similar to those
occupied by V. hastata except that it does not grow in such damp
places. It closely resembles that species except that it is much
more delicate in habit and paler throughout, and corresponds in
many respects to hastata as the "white blackberry" and white
flowered red clovers do to the more common forms. Plants with
purplish flowers are occasionally found. This species is said to
hybridize with all the other common forms.
640. BLUE OR WILD VERVAIN
VERBENA HASTATA L.
Common in the region surrounding the lake. Scattered along
shore by Duenweg's, on the flat beach east of Lakeview Hotel,
between the breakwater and shore by the Palmer House, along
shore near Overmyer's woods, and beyond Norris Inlet. It grows
most thickly on flat moist tracts of country, where it is often so
abundant as to turn the whole landscape a sober blue in early
autumn. In moist years it is especially subject to mildew, and one
often sees great areas where this plant is abundant, whitened by
the mildewed leaves of the Vervain.
641. HOARY VERVAIN; MULLEIN-LEAVED VERBENA
VERBENA STRICTA Vent.
Not very common ; in waste places along the railroad near
Culver. A little found near Long Point road back of the Miller
cottage. It grows best in dry rather sandy ground. The dense
spike of deep purple flowers is more striking than the slender
spikes of most of the other species.
642. LARGE-BRACTED VERBENA
VERBENA BRACTEOSA Michx.
Not common ; the first plants were found near an old homestead
south of Culver, where they were found in blossom early in
June. Later it was found along the railroad, where it was becom-
ing rather common. Probably native, as the lake region lies well
within its range. Its behavior and distribution about the lake,
however, are much like those of a plant recently introduced.
26— 17618— Vol. 2
402 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 127. Labiate. Mint Family
643. american germander; wood sage
TEL'CRIUM CANADENSE L.
Very common along the beach, scattered among the various
other beach plants, and somewhat above high-water mark. Most
common on the west and south sides of the lake, extending from
the old pumping station nearly to Norris Inlet; found also on the
east shore.
644. MAD-DOG SKULLCAP
SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA L.
Scattered in moist places about the lake. Found at Long Point,
near Farrar's, along shore by McSheehy's and Duenweg's, near
Overmyer's, and on the beach beyond Norris Inlet.
645. MARSH SKULLCAP
SCUTELLARIA GALERICULATA L.
Rather common in marshy places about the lake.
646. WHITE HOARHOUND
MARRUBIUM VULGARE L.
Scattered in waste places. Found by Green's, and south of the
lake on the way to Delong. The leaves show very early in spring ;
probably some leaves remain green all winter. Originally a garden
herb, it has become a weed on rather barren slopes and thin pas-
tures, but never disturbs cultivated soil.
647. CATNEP; CATNIP; CATMINT; GIANT-HYSSOP
AGASTACHE NEPETOIDES (L.) Kuntze
Not common. Some plants were seen on the east side along
the Maxinkuckee road. Occasional in open woodlands. One of
the largest and most robust of the mints.
648. CATNEP; CATNIP; CATMINT
NEPETA CATARIA L.
Rather common, scattered ; on a bank near the railroad bridge
at Culver and on a hill north of the lake; common also on a hill-
side in Green's woods. It is rather surprising how this introduced
plant which has no special means of distributing its seeds (unless
the wind carries them while enclosed in the light dry calyx) , is now
to be found everywhere in the country, sometimes rather remote
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 403
from dwellings. In spite of its powers of distribution, it never
becomes a bad weed, but is content with waste places and fence
corners. About Lake Maxinkuckee it shows a marked preference
for slopes.
The plant is quite hardy ; the leaves stay green all winter, even
during- very severe winters, and are apparently unhurt by freezing.
Seedlings come up thickly about the old plants either in autumn
or early spring. The blossoms, which are a favorite with honey
bees, are present from July until frost, and a great number of
seeds are produced.
649. GROUND IVY
GLECOMA HEDERACEA L.
Occasional in waste places ; a small patch along the shore near
the Morris boathouse, east of the depot grounds ; another patch near
Knapp's ; found growing on a bank in woods along the Tippecanoe
River.
An introduced plant, common about old homesteads. As in the
case of the catnep its broad distribution is rather hard to account
for; one sometimes finds it on banks in open woodlands far from
any dwelling. Small fragments of the plant, however, will root
and spread, and the plant is often a nuisance in swards and grassy
places as it soon crowds everything else out. It and the money-
wort or yellow myrtle are very much alike in this respect.
There is a variegated-leaved form in cultivation which is more
attractive ; but this species needs discouragement rather than en-
couragement everywhere. Noted in blossom by Knapp's about the
middle of May. The small blue flowers are borne abundantly
throughout the spring — from March until the end of May.
650. HEAL-ALL; SELF-HEAL
PRUNELLA VULGARIS L.
Common about the lake in both dry and moist grounds. Be-
gins blooming in May, and continues, especially in moist grounds,
until after frosts have killed most other flowers. Noted in flower
as late as October 25. Found on each side of the lake, east of Lost
Lake, and especially common on the ridge south of the road along
the shore of Outlet Bay. As its popular name suggests, it was once
in great repute among herb doctors and was a famous ingredient
of homemade salves. Common in fields and open woods every-
where, so familiar and apparently native that it is difficult to think
of it as an introduced plant.
404 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
651. DRAGON-HEAD
DRACOCEPHALUM VIRGINIANUM L.
Quite common along the railroad between the two lakes, on the
bank west of Lost Lake outlet, and in Green's and Walley's woods ;
found also in a swamp west of the railroad south of Murray's. One
of the most striking of our plants when in flower, the dense spikes
of rather large pale-purple flowers catching the eye at a distance.
Known in some places as obedient plant; according to Britton the
corolla temporarily remains in whatever position it is placed. The
plant is well worthy of cultivation for its ornamental value.
652. MOTHERWORT
LEONURUS CARDIACA L.
Scattered in waste places about the lake, both on the east and
west sides. In flower near the old Keen homestead June 13. It
remains blooming through the summer, into September. A hardy
plant, the radicle leaves remaining green all winter. Like so many
of our mints, an importation from Europe. The exceedingly
prickly calyx teeth may help, by sticking to fur or clothing, to dis-
tribute the seed. They are, however, without barbs, and prick
rather than cling.
653. HEDGE NETTLE
STACHYS PALUSTRIS L.
Common along the shore of the lake, occupying much the same
locations as does Teucriwm canadense, to which it bears consider-
able general resemblance; found at the tip of Long Point, by
Darnell's, and at the Barnes cottage. Noted in blossom from June
27 to September 30.
654. HORSE-MINT; WILD BERGAMOT
MONARDA FISTULOSA L.
Scattered, in dry soil. A common plant, usually found in quite
thick patches in fence corners in many parts of the state but ap-
parently not so abundant about the lake. There was a good patch
by McSheehy's pier, and some on Long Point hill. One of the
early plants to shoot up and put forth leaves in spring ; from then
on scarcely noticeable among the abundant greenness until its
clusters of blossoms, forming lines of somber gray along roadside
fences, and hovered over by butterflies and heavy clumsy bumble-
bees, usher in the autumn days. The old heads, like small round
sponges, or perhaps more like miniature inverted wasps nests, show
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 405
conspicuously above the snow during the winter days, and in a
sense and reality that only a few select other plants do, stand as
memorials of a vanished autumn and give a definite character, an
almost piquant personality to featureless stretches of snow.
655. HORSE-MINT
MONARDA PUNCTATA L.
Found only on the wide sandy stretch back of the icehouses and
between the lake and Culver. Here it was quite common. The
lurid mottled flowers and showy white or purplish bracts make it
an unusually conspicuous plant. It thrives best in dry shifty sand.
656. PENNYROYAL
HEDEOMA PULEGIOIDES (L.) Pers.
Common in woodlands, as on Long Point and Green's woods by
Lost Lake. Patches of this plant are perhaps more conspicuous
in winter than at any other time when the leafless, fruit bearing
stems project above the snow, still retaining something of the
pleasant odor which the plant possesses in summer.
657. MOUNTAIN-MINT
KOELLIA VIRGINIANA (L.) MacM.
Rather common about low flat plains like those about the Inlet
and by Lost Lake. Found south of Winfield's and in flat ground
near the tamarack west of the lake. Rather pleasantly fragrant.
658. NARROW-LEAVED MOUNTAIN-MINT
KOELLIA FLEXUOSA (Walt.) MacM.
We have no notes on this species, and it did not come frequently
under observation. However, we have an herbarium specimen,
and it is rather abundant along the railroad about one and a half
miles north near Hibbard. It is probably rather common in dry
hills some distance back from the lake.
659. CUT-LEAVED WATER HOARHOUND
LYCOPUS AMERICANUS Muhl.
Rather common along the west shore of Lake Maxinkuckee and
other moist places, as about the edge of Lost Lake on the east
side. The plant is quite conspicuous in winter when the leafless
stalks are surrounded by the globular clusters of calyces enclosing
the fruit.
406 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
660. SPEARMINT
MENTHA SPICATA L.
Found in patches on the beach on each side of the lake, on
shore by Murray's, and on the beach beyond Norris Inlet. On
the east shore there is a long continuous patch on the sandy beach.
One of the most delightfully fragrant of the mints.
661. PEPPERMINT
MENTHA PIPERITA L.
Patches of this plant are found in various places along the shore
of the lake, both on the east and west sides. A large patch was
found growing in low ground in waste places some little distance
northeast of the lake. Found growing at Long Point, north of
the icehouses, near the Culver railroad bridge, etc. Has a long
flowering period, from July to September, and propagates freely
by underground runners.
In some parts of the state, about the small lakes, this is becom-
ing an important crop. The black soil of the flat lake plains which
are too low to drain, and which are for this reason unsuitable for
any other crop, yields good financial returns when set out to pep-
permint. We saw such peppermint fields around small lakes north
of Maxinkuckee and were told they were profitable. When the
peppermint has reached its growth, the distiller comes around with
a portable still and distils out the oil, which brings good prices.
The refuse left after distilling is said to make good hay, keeping
horses sleek and glossy and in excellent condition.
Some of the moist waste places about the lake might yield profit-
able returns if this plant were cultivated on them.
662. AMERICAN WILD MINT
MENTHA CANADENSIS L.
Common in moist ground along the shore of the lake, on both
sides, as Long Point and near the Maxinkuckee road. Plentiful
by McSheehy's pier, back of Winfield's, near the Culver railroad
bridge, on the flat east of Lakeview Hotel, in the marsh south of
Farrar's, at the edge of Overmyer's woods, and along the beach
below Norris Inlet. One of the few native species of the genus,
nearly all our members of this genus having been brought over
from Europe.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 407
Family 128. Solanace^e. Potato Family
7 hairy ground-ce
PHYSALIS PUBESCENS L.
Of sparing, irregular occurrence. It comes up usually in rich
new ground after the first plowing, and is found especially in the
new ground of cornfields or potato patches, where it grows up
rather tall and then spreads extensively like a miniature tree.
Late in autumn before frosts have killed the plants they may be
found with ripe fruit close to the center of the plant and on the
ground underneath, hidden by the leaves, while as one advances
toward the peryphery of the broadly spreading plant he encounters
fruit in all stages of development, and possibly a few flowers. The
fruit is delicious, when dead ripe a clear translucent yellow, a mass
of perfect sweetness with little or no night-shade flavor.
On October 24, 1904, several of these plants were found pretty
full of fruit, in a cultivated field (new ground) by Hawk's marsh.
664. TALL HAIRY GROUND-CHERRY
PHYSALIS PRUINOSA L.
We have no notes on this species ; it is, however, represented
by an herbarium specimen collected in the vicinity of the lake. The
ground cherries are so difficult of identification that it is almost im-
possible to keep field notes concerning them without devoting a
great deal of attention to the group.
665. PRAIRIE GROUND-CHERRY
PHYSALIS LANCEOLATA Michx.
In flower along the railroad June 4, 1901. In the late autumn
of 1904 a plant, which was probably this species, was noted on the
bank of the lake near McSheehy's. The plant was rather tall,
and bore yellow berries which, while not wholly free from the rank
odor and taste so common among members of this genus, were much
better eating than most of them.
666. VIRGINIA GROUND-CHERRY
PHYSALIS VIRGINIANA Mill.
Occasional about the lake. We have an herbarium specimen but
no specific records or notes.
667. BLACK NIGHTSHADE; DEADLY NIGHTSHADE
SOLANUM NIGRUM L.
Quite common everywhere in open places in moderately dry
ground. Quite variable in size. On the shore it was found near
408 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
the icehouses, between the railroad bridge and depot, and in front
of the Palmer house. On October 24 and 25, 1904, many small
plants about two inches high were found in flower both in culti-
vated ground near Hawk's marsh and east of the lake. It was im-
possible to say from their appearance whether they were young or
dwarfed plants. The plant has a long flowering season, from July
until killed by frost, and bears ripe fruit, green fruit and blossoms
at the same time; in fact, it really acts much like a miniature
tomato. It is probable the fruit that ripens early which gives rise
to plants bearing fruit later on in the same season. Some of the
plants, growing on almost bare rock, bore flowers and fruit when
they had only three or four leaves.
This is often called "deadly nightshade", and is supposed to be
virulently poisonous by many people, and a gentleman residing in
Culver credited it with poisoning his lambs. On the contrary the
fruit is said by others to be entirely harmless, and to be used in
some sections of the country for making pies.
G68. HORSE-NETTLE
SOLAN I M CAROLINENSE L.
Rather rare ; a few plants along the railroad. Occasionally
found in fields, where it is a great nuisance. This is rather far
north in the state for it. Rather common from the central part of
the state southward.
669. BITTERSWEET; BITTER NIGHTSHADE
SOLANUM DULCAMARA L.
Found October 24, 1900, in the tamarack northwest of the lake.
Found also at Fletcher's Lake. Introduced into the country as an
ornamental plant, its abundance of scarlet berries being showy.
Seed, distributed by birds, grow abundantly in moist places in
some parts of the state. It is common in peaty bogs about Ply-
mouth, and bears two distinct colors of flowers, some plants bear-
ing pale, almost white flowers, and others deep blue.
670. THORN-APPLE; JIMSON-WEED
DATURA STRAMONIUM L.
Along shore at Arlington and in the Fish Commission station
yard. Not common. Once a common weed of barnyards, this
plant seems to have become much less so of late years.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 409
Family 129. Scrophulariace^e. Figwort Family
671. great mullen
VERBASCUM THAPSUS L.
Quite common in open dry ground everywhere about the lake;
exceedingly abundant in old pastures and neglected fields. The
first plant found in blossom in 1901 was on the railroad, on June
29. Seen in blossom at the tamarack on October 24, 1904. The
downy woodpecker is fond of pecking at the heads of these plants
in autumn, perhaps for larvse, perhaps for seed.
672. BUTTER-AND-EGGS
LINARIA LINARIA (L.) Karst.
Represented by a specimen taken near the Lakeview hotel, Au-
gust 25, 1900. Apparently once a favorite in gardens, now fre-
quently found marking the sites of old homesteads or old flower
gardens. Here it maintains itself year after year, glowing in the
distance like a patch of gold. It does not appear ever to spread
much and become a nuisance, but remains in the same place with-
out much increase. It continues blooming after heavy frosts, and
seems to have an unusual degree of resistance to cold. A favorite
old-fashioned name is golden candlestick.
673. BLUE OR WILD TOAD-FLAX
LINARIA CANADENSIS (L.) Dumort
Found going out of flower back of Smith's west of the ice-
houses May 25, 1901. This is the only place it was found, but it
was rather plentiful there.
674. MARYLAND FIGWORT
SCROPHULARIA MARYLANDICA L.
Our records show one herbarium specimen of this species.
675. HARE FIGWORT
SCROPHULARIA LEPORELLA Bicknell
Quite common in rather dry ground all about the lake; among
numerous places noted it was found in Green's woods, at Long
Point, and on the hill by McSheehy's pier. Noted in flower May 28,
1901, by the railroad in front of the Assembly grounds. The
branching form and numerous seed capsules make it and the pro-
ceeding noticeable species and easily recognized plants in winter.
When in blossom it is a favorite resort of hummingbirds.
410 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
676. SNAKE-HEAD
CHELONE GLABRA L.
Occasional in wet, somewhat shady places. Found near Over-
myer's hill, October 2, 1900, where it was well in leaf May 12, 1901 ;
in Green's flat; by Chadwick's; and in Walley's woods. Abund-
antly in flower north of the lake along the railroad, August 19,
1906. Sometimes called "wild snap dragon."
677. BLUE-EYED MARY; INNOCENCE
COLLINSIA VERNA Nutt.
Noted in flower in the woods northeast of the lake June 5, 1901,
in moist shaded places. It is one of the daintiest of our wild
flowers. Sometimes the lower part of the corolla is pinkish in-
stead of blue. The contrastive coloration of the flower is striking
and the plants generally grow in masses suggesting flower-beds.
678. SQUARE-STEMMED MONKEY-FLOWER
MIMULUS RINGENS L.
Local in distribution ; there was quite a number of plants in the
bayou or excavated channel by Winfield's. A specimen collected
June 25, 1900, was labelled, "in marsh near Culver." It is gen-
erally rather common throughout the state in moist places and
along woodland streams.
679. CLAMMY HEDGE-HYSSOP
GRATIOLA VIRGINIANA L.
Found in flower in damp places along the Long Point road near
Chadwick's. Noticed first in flower June 13, 1901, specimens col-
lected June 17. It is commonly found about the edges of shallow,
dried up pools in clayey ground, and the whole plant possesses a
delicate, pleasant fragrance.
680. LONG-STALKED FALSE PIMPERNEL
ILYSANTHES DUBIA <L.) Barnhart
Found at the edges of pools, usually in muddy places, much the
same situations as those in which Gratiola virginiana occurs. It
somewhat resembles G. virginiana in habit, but has long-stemmed
purplish blossoms, and lacks the fragrance of that species.
681. WATER SPEEDWELL; PIMPERNEL
VERONICA ANAGALLIS-AQUATICA L.
Found along ditches on the east side of the lake in the neighbor-
hood of Aubeenaubee Creek.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 411
682. MARSH OR SKULLCAP SPEEDWELL
VERONICA SCUTELLATA L.
Probably not abundant. We have an herbarium specimen, but
no notes. Generally reported as not abundant in the state.
683. THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL
VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA L.
Common throughout the state in the grassy borders of wood-
lands. Not generally common about the lake ; a few fine little
patches in a grassy place by Hawk's fence northwest of Lost
Lake where the bank slopes down to the lake plain. A plant of
wide distribution, said to be found in Europe, Asia and South
America. Although so modest a plant that it usually escapes ob-
servation, it is in several ways full of attractiveness and charm.
The trailing stem, with its orderly arranged leaves, remaining
green and fresh the year round, and the dainty blossoms, so small
that they require slight magnification to make them show up at
their best, are both features that make the finding of it a pleasure.
But its chief charm is its constancy of blossoming. In this respect
no other plant, not even the chickweeds, which bloom more or less
during the winter, can quite compare with it. It is usually pos-
sible to find it in blossom at least every bright day in the year.
It has been found blooming out doors, in sheltered locations both
Christmas and New Years in northern Indiana. Each individual
flower lasts only a short time to be followed by a heart-shaped pod.
684. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL
VERONICA PEREGRINA L.
Scattered in grass on Long Point near the Plank cottage, where
it was in flower May 5. Found also south of the lake. A thick-
leaved, homely plant, common in cultivated ground, especially in
heavy clay soils.
685. CORN SPEEDWELL
VERONICA ARVENSIS L.
Common in pastures and swards ; a rather inconspicuous plant
with minute dainty blue flowers. In flower May 5, at Maxinkuckee
Assembly entrance and near the hill by the Outlet. An introduc-
tion from Europe which has spread rather rapidly over the country,
but which will probably never become a very great nuisance.
412 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
686. CULVER'S-ROOT
LEFTANDRA VIRGINICA (L.) Nutt.
A few plants found at the open edges of woods. Some found
in 1904 in woods at the south end of the lake a little beyond the
corner of Busart's field. The symmetrical form of this tall plant
with its whorled leaves and dense spike of whitish flowers, makes it
a stately and attractive plant. In flower during July and August,
sometimes continuing until late in autumn.
687. FERN-LEAVED. FALSE FOXGLOVE
DASYSTOMA PEDICULARIA (L.) Benth.
Rather common, scattered through dry woods north of Lost
Lake. Noticed in flower during the month of September, 1900.
688. DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE
DASYSTOMA FLAVA <L.) Wood
Not so abundant as some of the other species of the genus;
found scattered through dry, rather open, woods near Lost Lake.
689. ENTIRE-LEAVED FALSE FOXGLOVE
DASYSTOMA LAEVIGATA Raf.
We have no notes on this species, but its presence is attested by
an herbarium specimen collected in July, 1900.
690. SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE
DASYSTOMA VIRGINICA (L.) Britton
Found near the Lakeview Hotel, a little way from the lake.
A very handsome, conspicuous species ; the large golden-yellow
flowers glow through the woodland shadows with a brightness that
attracts the attention for a considerable distance.
691. SMALL-FLOWERED AGALINIS
AGALINIS PAUPERCULA (A. Gray) Britton
Common in the low marshy flats surrounding Lost Lake ; noted
especially in low ground east of Lost Lake outlet near Wal-
ley's. Forming large patches in grassy ground at the northern
end of Green's marsh where it gave its color in August and Septem-
ber to a considerable area, looking much like a large flower-bed.
Individual plants with their numerous slim erect branches, narrow
leaves, and fair-sized rose-purple blossoms on slender pedicels have
a peculiar airiness and grace.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 413
692. SCARLET PAINTED-CUP; INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH
CASTILLEJA COCCINEA (L.) Spreng.
Several specimens found in blossom with bright lemon-yellow
bracts, at the edge of Inlet marsh, October 19, 1904. The ground
had been mown over where the plants were found, and this
probably explains why they were in blossom at this season.
The brilliant scarlet erect bracts, concealing the blossom of this
plant, make it an interesting oddity as well as an attractive ob-
ject, and render "paintbrush" a very appropriate name. It is
usually a spring flower with us, its proper flowering season being
from May until into July.
693. SWAMP LOUSEWORT
PEDICULARIS LANCEOLATA Michx.
In flower back of Winfield's at the edge of the lagoon-like chan-
nel, August 31 and September 28, 1900 ; also near the Lakeview
Hotel ; found also southeast of the lake where a specimen was col-
lected August 22, 1900. A good deal was noted in flower in
marshes by the tamarack on September 22, 1907. Grows in quite
damp places.
Our two species of Pedicularis are interesting in that one is an
early spring flower and the other is better known as a flower of the
fall. This species continues blossoming until into October.
The chief attractiveness of the latter perhaps is that it is a re-
minder of the blossom of the spring.
694. LOUSEWORT; WOOD BETONY
PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS L.
Fairly common in woodlands; began to peep up out of the
ground, the buds bright purplish pink, April 7, 1901. In flower,
Walley's woods, May 2. One of the early spring flowers, its dense
spike of pale yellow blossoms rather attractive.
Family 130. Lentibulariace^e. Bladderwort Family
695. purple bladderwort
VESICULINA PURPUREA (Walt.) Raf.
Rather common in the south end of Lost Lake near its outlet.
Noted in flower September 18, 1900. The most symmetrical plant
of the genus — its leaves whorled so that in general shape it re-
sembles a Chara or a Nitella. It has numerous large bladders and
handsome purple flowers. With the progress of autumn (October
414 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
27 and later) it falls to the bottom and curls up in a peculiar
fashion, the leaves coiling up circinately, like fern-leaves, and it
thus winters over. It grows among a dense vegetation of spatter-
dock, milfoil and hornwort.
696. HUMPED BLADDERWORT
UTRICULARIA GIBBA L.
Frequent in sand along the shore on the west side of Lost Lake.
A small, inconspicuous species. Noted in flower August 2, 1906.
697. FLAT-LEAVED BLADDERWORT
UTRICULARIA INTERMEDIA Haync
Among the numerous bladderworts found in Lost Lake marsh
a few thought to be this were found close to shore. They were
quite rare, and did not reach the fine development noted in plants
collected at Eagle Lake in an adjoining county, where the species
reached great perfection. The Lost Lake plants were dwarfed and
not well developed. The plants are exceedingly variable in appear-
ance, the aquatic form with slender, inconspicuous leaves, the creep-
ing land form with broader, firmer, more conspicuous leaves, ar-
ranged symmetrically on each side of the stem. The bladders are
larger than in any others we have noted, and are white in color,
borne on leafless stems and usually along or under ground. We
never found any animal remains in them. The interior is beset
with large peculiar glands.
April 25, 1901, growing in good shape, with large bladders, in
Green's marsh; May 19, first flowers seen; May 24, abundantly in
blossom.
This species makes firm winter buds, much smaller than those
of macrorhiza.
698. LESSER BLADDERWORT
UTRICULARIA MINOR L.
Abundant in the north end of Lost Lake and in the flat marsh
north of it. A small inconspicuous species. Noted in flower the
latter part of May and on through the summer. Winter buds
small, about the size of pinheads or a little larger.
699. GREATER BLADDERWORT
UTRICULARIA MACRORHIZA LeConte
Common in Lost Lake, especially in the upper end, but not
growing in such great masses as in one of the Twin Lakes farther
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 415
north. Common in the ponds and ditches in Green's marsh ;
abundant also in the outlet of Lost Lake near Walley's. It
forms considerable masses of vegetation in the lake, some of the
plants being over three feet long with numerous long branches.
It was found also in a permanent pond east of the lake north of
the Maxinkuckee road. The great number of bladders make it a
curious object. The bladders are usually light green, like the rest
of the plant, but in some cases they are dark purple, in which case
they are especially conspicuous. They are sometimes so deep a
purple as to be entirely opaque.
The bladder is a curious contrivance bearing a remarkable re-
semblance in general outline to a water-flea (Daphnia), the long
bristles reaching out from the mouth resembling the anterior ap-
pendages of the crustacean. These bristles probably act as guides
to the trapdoor which rises easily to let small creatures through
but drops down after they have entered.
700. RECLINED BLADDERWORT
LECTICULA RESUPINATA (B. D. Greene) Barnhart
Not common; a small patch found by the water's edge on
the east shore of Lost Lake below the Bardsley cottage. A dainty
little plant with attractive purple flowers noted in flower from the
middle to the latter part of August, 1906.
Family 131. Orobanchace^e. Broom-rape Family
701. squaw-root
CONOPHOLIS AMERICANA (L. f.) Wallr.
A plant of this species was seen in a gully northeast of the lake,
April 11, 1907. The yellowish, thick, cone-like growth forming
a dense spike of flowers and rising directly out of the root of an
oak, was a striking object. In some parts of Tennessee where this
plant is common it is known as "Devil's popcorn."
702. BEECH-DROPS
LEPTAMNIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Raf.
Found quite abundantly on the east side of the lake, both in the
spring of 1901, April 6 and 11 (old last year's plants), and in
the winter of 1904.
416 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
Family 132. Bignoniace^e. Trumpet-creeper Family
703. trumpet-creeper
BIGNONIA RADICANS L.
Found growing wild in a flat rich level field east of the lake
near Maxinkuckee. It was also found near the mouth of the
outlet of the lakes. In some parts of the state the plant is a general
nuisance, and is known as "Devil's shoestring." Planted for orna-
ment in some parts of the state.
704. CATALPA; LARGER INDIAN BEAN
CATALPA SPECIOSA Warder
Although this tree is planted quite frequently and now and then
a seedling is seen, it could hardly be said to be established. Seed-
lings are, however, becoming somewhat more abundant, and are
occasionally seen in waste places and along the railroad. There
are several trees on Long Point.
Family 133. Phrymace^e. Lopseed Family
705. lopseed
PHRYMA LRPTOSTACHYA L.
Rather common in Green's woods and probably common in other
dry woods about the lake. A tall weed with a good deal the aspect
of a smartweed. Upon blossoming, the head bends downward
against the stalk, as the common name suggests. The plant with
its reflexed fruit looks quite burry, and the seeds are distributed
somewhat by catching in fur and clothing. It is not, however, a
bad bur.
Family 134. Plant aginace^e. Plantain Family
706. RUGEL'S PLANTAIN
PLANTAGO RUGELII Dene.
Rather common in open grassy places. Abundant along the
railroad near Winfield's. This, along with Plantago major, is one
of the most pestiferous weeds we have, often obtaining foothold in
meadows and crowding out grass and clover. In such situations it
increases and spreads with great rapidity, and is quite difficult to
eradicate. It is often obtained in dirty clover seed.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey All
707. RIBWORT; ENGLISH PLANTAIN
PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L.
Not very common ; a few plants along the railroad north of the
ice-houses, also near the Lakeview Hotel ; apparently of recent in-
troduction. Noticed in flower May 24, 1901, and June 12. More
common in the vicinity of railroads. In some parts of the state
spreading and becoming a bad weed.
708. LARGE-BRACTED PLANTAIN
PLANTAGO ARISTATA Michx.
Not common; and probably of recent introduction. Only two
patches found, one by the Gravelpit and the other by Murray's. In
flower June 17 and later. A conspicuous plant when in fruit.
FAMILY 135. RUBIACE^E. MADDER FAMILY
709. BLUETS; INNOCENCE
HOUSTONIA COERULEA L.
Rather common in one place on the west side of the rail-
road in an open grassy area, near a swamp southwest of Murray's.
Rather scattered in distribution in the state, but it is sometimes
present in large patches. One of the most attractive of our spring
flowers and easily transplanted to the garden or flowerpot where it
continues to thrive and blossom for some time.
710. BUTTON-BUSH
CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS L.
Quite common about the edges of the lake where the shore is
swampy, as on the south shore of Outlet Bay, and south of
Green's ; also in the swamp adjacent to the lake between Farrar's
and Overmyer's. Button-bushes also form the borders of woodland
ponds, both south of the lake (Zechiel's, Farrar's and Walley's),
and, the numerous woodland ponds, east of the lake. They gener-
ally grow in such tangles that the form of the individual bush is not
noticeable, but down in the neighborhood of the Busart road, some
little distance from the lake, a clump of these bushes which had
reached the dimensions of small trees (15 or 20 feet high) grew
in a level flat which had no underbrush and did not appear at
any time to be a pond. Here the exceedingly crooked trunks.
giving the impression of immense age and dwaifishness, had a
peculiarly grotesque effect. Usually the bases of the bushes when
in ponds are skirted by long moss, and among moss in such situa-
27— 17618— Vol. 2
418 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
tions one often finds the very handsome leafy liverwort Porella
pinnata. None of this, however, was found at Lake Maxinkuckee.
A local and very appropriate name is "Pincushion", the stigmas
and styles resembling pins stuck into a cushion. It is also called
bear wallow and many of the old settlers say that the bushes grow
where bears used to wallow.
The bushes frequently have branches in 3's. The fragrant and
attractive heads of blossoms are much frequented by honeybees.
711. PARTRIDGE-BERRY; TWIN-BERRY
MITCHELLA REPENS L.
Rare; two small patches found northeast of the lake in woods
by ponds a little way from the lake ; these patches bore a good
many fine berries. Another patch was found in 1907 on an island
down the outlet, a rounded hill rising above the flat level plain.
Another patch was found north of Plymouth on the bank of Yel-
low River. Not at all common so far north in Indiana.
This little evergreen creeping vine is, in a quiet unobtrusive
way, one of the most attractive members of our flora that gives
much delight many days in the year. Through June and July the
pretty blossoms, borne in pairs, and almost velvety inside — odd from
the fact that some have the stamens projecting and others the pis-
tils— are present and add to the attractiveness of the plant. There
is hardly a day in the year when the pretty scarlet, two-eyed berries
are not present, the berries of autumn remaining until July and
sometimes through the entire summer. The berries grow rather
scattered, and it is difficult to find a patch thickly enough beset to
make much display.
On the Washington market the negroes have the berries for
sale in bunches. These can be obtained during the autumn, and by
placing them in a proper vessel, such as a glass fish globe, and pre-
venting evaporation, they will keep until far into the next year.
If it could be induced to thrive and bear heavily this would be
one of the most desirable plants to introduce into cultivation, es-
pecially for florists, for the production of bouquets or cut flowers.
It would be admirable for clothing mossy banks.
712. CLEAVERS; GOOSE-GRASS
GALIUM APARINE L.
Found along the railroad in front of the Assembly grounds, in
flower May 18, 1901. Not particularly common. In general it
is to be found in rich, moist black ground. The lower shoots of
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 419
the plant stay green all winter, and after the snows have gone
one of the earliest bits of green to catch the eye is its dainty whorl
of leaves. The seed is a peculiar structure, a horny cellulose
hemisphere hollowed on the side. Both the bristly fruit and
prickly bits of stems adhere to clothing like burrs, and make a
tangle of this plant unpleasant to walk through.
713. VAILLANT'S GOOSE-GRASS OR CLEAVERS
GALIUM VAILLANTII DC.
Found in the marsh between Farrar's and Overmyer's. It ap-
peared to be rather common in this place.
714. HAIRY BEDSTRAW
GALIUM PILOSUM Ait.
We have no notes on this species but have a herbarium speci-
men. It is usually found growing in dry sandy soil.
715. WILD LIQUORICE
GALIUM CIRCAEZANS Michx.
Found common in woods south of the lake. It is rather com-
mon through the northern part of the state, scattered in woodlands,
especially on gentle slopes in dry wooded hillsides. Collected June
26, 1901.
716. NORTHERN BEDSTRAW
GALIUM BOREALE L.
Dr. Hessler (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1896, 123), reports this spe-
cies as "common on the southern edge of Lake Maxinkuckee." We
have no notes concerning it.
717. WILD MADDER; STIFF MARSH BED-STRAW
GALIUM TINCTORIUM L.
Not rare. In flower June 7, 1901, along the railroad between
the lakes. Noted also in the tamarack swamp west of the lake.
718. SMALL BEDSTRAW
GALIUM TRIFIDUM L.
Found along Lost Lake August 1, 1900. In flower in the tama-
rack marsh west of the lake May 22, 1901.
719. CLAYTON'S BEDSTRAW
GALIUM CLAYTONI Michx.
We have no notes on this species, but it was collected by Dr.
Scovell in the region of the lake.
420 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
720. SHINING BEDSTRAW
GALIUM CONCINNUM Ton. & Gray
Found in woods near the lake; in flower June 26, 1901, also col-
lected in 1900. A mass of this plant in flower, while not especially
conspicuous, has a charm and attractiveness in its own way diffi-
cult to find among any other of our native plants. The delicate
fluffy tangle of slender stems and dainty foliage beset with in-
numerable little white blossoms, gives a lightness and airiness of
effect something like that produced by a favorite of old gardens
brought over from Europe for this same feature, and fancifully
named "baby's breath."
Family 136. Caprifoliace^e. Honeysuckle Family
721. american elder
SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS L.
Not especially common, but occasional clumps are found in
moist places. It does not seem to attain very large size in this
region. One clump was noted at a swamp between Murray's and
Farrar's, and it is probably found scattered in other places. In
this latitude the lower leaves, when protected by dead leaves or
snow, remain green all winter. It comes out into leaf early ; some
plants noted out well in leaf by May 2. Berries were observed on
some of the plants as late as October 25.
The plant is occasionally affected by a fungus which produces
abnormal swellings and a curving of the stem ; from these diseased
portions pustules full of yellow spores arise in great numbers.
A plant of numerous uses ; not always fully appreciated.
722. MAPLE-LEAVED ARROW-WOOD
VIBURNUM ACERIFOLIUM L.
Common in Farrar's and Overmyer's woods near the lake, in
dry ground. Particularly attractive when in its purplish autumnal
coloration.
723. SHEEP-BERRY; BLACK-HAW
VIBURNUM LENTAGO L.
Not particularly common. A few trees scattered through
woods by Farrar's and by the Inlet. Some fine fruit found by
Lost Lake, Green's woods, in 1904. Commonly known through
the state as "Black-haw." The fruit is superior in size to that of
the real black-haw, V. prunifolium, and is borne in great abund-
ance. The contents of the seeds is bitter and exceedingly astrin-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 421
gent. The leaves of the trees in the vicinity of the lake are usually
very badly mildewed.
724. FEVER-WORT; HORSE-GENTIAN
TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM L.
Scattered through dry woodlands. Found in flower at Long-
Point June 10, 1901. It is probable that both this and T. auran-
tiacum Bicknell are present about the lake as they have been only
recently separated, and both were once regarded as different forms
of the same species. The coarse leafy herb with inconspicuous
dingy brown flowers is not very striking until in autumn when its
brightly colored berries, forming a circle around the stem at each
joint, serve to attract attention.
725. SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE
LONICERA OBLONGIFOLIA (Goldie) Hook.
Rather rare; one plant found on the south shore of the lake.
Throughout the tamarack swamps of northern Indiana one comes
frequently across a honeysuckle which is probably this species.
Family 137. Valerianace^e. Valerian Family
726. edible valerian; tobacco-root
VALERIANA EDULIS Nutt.
Rare in the state; Dr. Hessler found it "common in a wet
meadow on the southeast edge of Lake Maxinkuckee." (Proc. Ind.
Acad. Sci., 1896, 123.)
Family 138. Cucurbitace^e. Gourd Family
727. wild cucumber; wild balsam apple
MICRAMPELIS LOBATA (Michx.) Greene
Occasional, scattered along the shore of the lake. The largest
patch is at the ice-houses where a mass of vines covers a clump
of shrubs ; found also on the ice-beach near Norris Inlet and near
Norris's, and on the east side of the lake near McOuat's boat-
house. Seedlings noted about May 6. Up well by May 13, 1901.
This species is occasionally planted as an ornament and the flowers
on summer evenings scent the air with a heavy but pleasant odor
much like that of sweet alyssum. In low rich soils it often clam-
bers over low shrubs, making in the midst of the flowering season,
great arbors of snowy blossoms. The calyces, after being weath-
ered and the seeds dropped, become a peculiar dainty lacework.
422 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family 139. Campanulace^e. Bellflower Family
728. harebell; blue bells of scotland
CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA L.
Occasional on the lake shore, especially where high banks come
down to the water's edge, as at Murray's, between Kreutzberg-
er's pier and the depot, along the east side on slopes, near the
Gardiner cottage, etc., also on the railroad embankment by Green's.
Found abundantly in flower June 22, 1901. It flowers quite late in
the autumn, long after frosts. Noted in flower through the autumn
of 1904 until as late as November 7. This plant was found thriv-
ing on almost bare rocks in the summer of 1908, at Put-in-Bay,
and would seem to be a very desirable plant to put on slopes. It
added greatly to the attractiveness of the railroad embankment
along the road.
729. MARSH OR BEDSTRAW BELLFLOWER
CAMPANULA APARINOIDES Pursh
Scattered in wet grassy places, as in Green's marsh and the
Inlet marsh; probably quite common. The plant, though it grows
two feet high, is inconspicuous and easily overlooked, even when
the dainty flowers are fully open. The delicate plant clambering
over stiff sedges or supporting itself by half-climbing low willows,
reminds one somewhat of one of the bedstraws. The white blos-
soms, though not large, strike one as rather large for the plant.
730. TALL BELLFLOWER
CAMPANULA AMERICANA L.
Rather common in woodlands east of the lake. A well known,
tall, rather graceful plant, remaining in blossom until frost.
Hardly a "bellflower" in the strictest sense; though the wheel-
shaped corollas are not unlike the drooping graceful bells of the
other species, they stick to the side of the stem more like targets.
731. VENUS' LOOKING-GLASS
SPECULARIA PERFOLIATA (L.) A. DC.
Very abundant in sand in Green's field east of Lost Lake out-
let. Seen in flower along Long Point road June 14, 1901.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 423
Family 140. Lobeliace^. Lobelia Family
732. cardinal-flower
LOBELIA CARDINALIS L.
Although the conditions seem in every way favorable, this plant
does not appear to be particularly abundant. Some plants, how-
ever, were seen on the east side of the lake. In the neighborhood
of some of the small Indiana lakes, and along the Kankakee, this
species forms large, showy patches in autumn.
733. GREAT LOBELIA; BLUE CARDINAL-FLOWER
LOBELIA SYPHILITICA L.
Abundantly growing in low places, such as Green's marsh, along
the railroad by Winfield's, south of Farrar's, in the Academy
grounds, on the southwest shore of the lake, Overmyer's woods,
and on the beach beyond Norris Inlet. It begins blooming a
little after the middle of August and continues until after
pretty heavy frosts. The latest we have it noted is October
7. Some of the books credit it with a long flowering period, from
July to October, but with us it is essentially an autumn flower, and
when occuring in considerable abundance, it makes quite showy
patches of bloom. It is usually dark blue, but varies through faint
pink to white.
734. SPIKED LOBELIA
LOBELIA LEPTOSTACHYS A. DC.
Occasional in dry sandy places. A slender, graceful form with
rather small blue flowers. One of the earliest of our lobelias to
blossom, and with those accustomed to think of lobelias as flowers
of the fall, one of the first forerunners of the autumn.
735. KALM'S LOBELIA
LOBELIA KALMII L.
Somewhat common ; scattered in fiat wet meadows such as that
surrounding Lost Lake. A tall, slender species bearing rather
small flowers, much like leptostachys in general habit.
Family 141. Cichoriace^e. Chicory Family
736. carolina dwarf dandelion
KRIGIA VIRGINICA (L.) Willd.
Found somewhat abundantly on the sandy hill west of the ice-
house. Found in bloom May 24, 1901. A good many plants past
flowering at that date, some still in flower.
424 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
737. CYNTHIA; VIRGINIA GOATSBEARD
CYNTHIA YIRGINICA (L.) I). Don
Scattered about the edges of woodlands ; collected at Long Point
June 7, 1901. First noted in flower May 20. A well known plant
throughout the state, growing scattered through shady woodlands.
It has a long flowering period, from May to October, and was ob-
served in flower on the east side of the lake September 26, 1907.
738. DANDELION
LEONTODON TARAXACUM L.
Common, but not so abundant about the lake as to become a
nuisance. In many parts of the state, especially about large cities,
it has become a bad weed; with the city as a center it invades
the country districts, and may obtain such a foothold in pastures or
meadows as to crowd out almost everything else. It blossoms al-
most the whole year round in favorable situations, and both at
Ft. Wayne and Chicago it has been found blossoming under the
snow. In Jackson Park, Chicago, plants were noticed flowering
and fruiting almost the whole winter through, but the fruit formed
under snow was not usually perfected so that it would grow, though
a small proportion was. The buds under the snow would not fully
expand, but remain closed, as they do in summer on cloudy days.
At the ice-house, in the depot grounds, and on the east side of the
lake were the places of its greatest abundance in the region about
Maxinkuckee. The latest date on which it was noted in blossom
was December 9.
739. SPINY SOW-THISTLE
SONCHUS ASPER (L.) Hill
Quite common, scattered in waste places. In flower June 21,
1901, along the railroad near the ice-house, and some seeds nearly
ripe. One plant east of the depot near the shore, and some at the
Military Academy grounds. In flower as late as November 7, 1904,
between Kreutzberger's pier and the depot.
740. PRICKLY LETTUCE
LACTUCA VIROSA L.
Somewhat common in waste places and along shore, as at Long
Point, north of the Barnes cottage, on the hills near the depot
grounds, etc.
This plant seems to have entered the state about 1891 or 1892,
when it was first noticed in cities and in waste places. From the
j^,ake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 125
cities, where it was for a year or two one of the most conspicuous
members of the flora on account of its abundance, it proceeded out
along the country roads in every direction, and fears were enter-
tained that it would become a noxious and abundant weed. After
a year or two of general abundance, however, it disappeared from
nearly everywhere except dumping grounds and waste places,
where it is still found in tolerable abundance. The type form of
virosa first appeared near the lake about 1908, and during that
and the following year was still confined to the railroad. This
plant has the compass-plant habit markedly developed, the major-
ity of the leaves turning on the edge and pointing roughly north
and south. Found north of the Barnes cottage, by Darnell's, by
Lakeview Hotel, and in numerous other places. Noted in flower
as late as October 30.
741. HAIRY OR RED WOOD-LETTUCE
LACTUCA HIRSUTA Muhl.
Uncommon ; found in rather dry places.
742. HAIRY-VEINED BLUE LETTUCE
LACTUCA VILLOSA Jacq.
Occasional at the edges of woodlands, especially where moist.
743. TALL BLUE LETTUCE
LACTUCA SPICATA (Lam.) Hitchc.
A tall slender form growing in the rich moist borders of wood-
lands. Rather scattered ; only occasional plants seen.
744. CANADA HAWKWEED
HIERACIUM CANADENSE Michx.
Scattered in dry sandy woods north of Lost Lake, and in similar
situations about the lake.
745. HAIRY HAWKWEED
HIERACIUM GRONOVTI L.
Along shore in dry soil near the Barnes cottage.
746. WHITE LETTUCE
NABALUS ALBUS (L.) Hook.
Found growing along the edge of Long Point hill near Chad-
wick's, autumn of 1900. In flower late in September. Rather
common at the edges of dry woodlands, as some portions of Farrar's
woods.
426 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
747. TALL RATTLESNAKE-ROOT
NABALUS TRIFOLIOLATUS Cass.
Occasional along the edge of the forest in Green's woods by
Lost Lake.
748. GLAUCOUS WHITE-LETTUCE
NABALUS RACEMOSUS (Michx.) DC.
Found in flower at the outer edge of the marsh on the east side
of Lost Lake outlet, September 18, 1900. There were several plants
at that place.
Family 142. Ambrosiace^e. Ragweed Family
749. horseweed; great ragweed
AMBROSIA TRIFIDA L.
Not very common ; a few plants seen west of the lake near
the railroad, in waste ground south of Culver. A common plant
in mucky flats in many parts of northern Indiana. In some
parts of the country it reaches an immense size and grows so
thickly that it is difficult to make one's way through the dense
patches. It thrives especially on prairie soils and rich black land
along rivers. Various birds, among them chickadees and English
sparrows, feed on the seeds during the winter.
750. RAGWEED
AMBROSIA ELATIOR L.
Common ; scattered almost everywhere except in forests and
sedgy lake plains. One of the most common plants of the state.
Although botanists in general speak of it as a "pernicious weed"
farmers in general regard it with indifference, probably because it
is an annual which requires the whole summer to mature, and gives
way readily to cultivation. It is only in wet years, when maize and
other crops cannot be cultivated well, that it seriously affects culti-
vated grounds. It is generally most abundant in crops and stubble
of wheat where there has been a poor stand, and in young clover
fields and meadows, especially in autumn. Here it is an unmiti-
gated nuisance, because cattle eat it, causing the milk to have a
decidedly bitter and sickening flavor. Its habit of growing in fal-
low ground is regarded by some farmers as a point in its favor, as
it shades the ground and a heavy crop of ragweeds is looked upon
as a desirable crop to plow under. The woody stems furnish much
more humus to the soil than straw.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 427
751. WESTERN RAGWEED
AMBROSIA PSILOSTACHYA DC.
Noted in one place only, on the west side of the railroad em-
bankment between the lakes, or a little south of the Outlet of Lake
Maxinkuckee. Probably introduced by the passing of trains. In
1904 there was a good patch in the same place. This is a rare
plant in Indiana, and was first reported in the state by Dr. Robert
Hessler, who found it in Marshall County, very likely the identical
patch referred to here, and from Marion County. There is another
long patch along the Baltimore and Ohio railroad between Lapaz
and Bremen, Indiana.
752. AMERICAN COCKLEBUR
XANTHIUM AMERICANUM Walt.
The most common and abundant plant at the base of the ice
beaches and along the sandy shore on the west side of the lake.
Not nearly so common on the east side of the lake, and not noted
on the shore of Lost Lake at all ; not common back from the lake.
It was also found in Walley's marsh along the railroad. In many
parts of the state this is one of the most pernicious weeds, es-
pecially where sheep are pastured. The seeds germinate almost
any time through the summer until killing frosts in autumn. In
the spring the seeds begin germinating early in June. Each burr
bears two seeds, and it is a common opinion among farmers that
one of the seeds germinates one year and the other the next. Occa-
sionally one sees plants of the same age from a single burr, but
this is not commonly the case. The burrs or seeds are often eaten
by fox squirrels and perhaps by other rodents.
Family 143. Composite. Thistle Family
753. tall iron-weed
VERNONIA ALTISSIMA Nutt.
Rather common in moist ground near the lake, as along the
shore of Outlet Bay, etc. They were still in blossom September
28, and where it had been mown along the railroad back of Win-
field's. Here it made a second growth and bloomed much later than
its ordinary season.
754. WESTERN IRON-WEED
VERNONIA FASCICULATA Michx.
In flat moist ground, among the other species (altissima) but
apparently more abundant. Although quite common here the ver-
428 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
nonias are not so conspicuous a part of the flora as in many parts
of the state, and nearly all are confined to moist or wet ground. Ill
some places iron-weeds grow in upland pastures and become a nuis-
ance but this is not the case about the lake. In flower from July
26 to September 13; seeds ripening by September 22. Some of
the plants had galls formed at the bases of the flowers.
755. JOE-PYE WEED; TRUMPET-WEED
EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM L.
Quite common ; noted on the grassy marshy flat south of Outlet
Bayj west of the Palmer House, on the marshy shore south of the
lake, in the low woods by Overmyer's field, and in Farrar's woods.
In some parts of the state this plant is so abundant that the
patches, where they grow in low flats, form a single mass of purple
in early autumn.
Though sober in hue of blossom, this tall stately plant, hand-
some in the symmetry produced by its large whorled leaves and the
mass of flowers in its ample corymb, adds to the attractiveness of
the landscape on autumn days. When it grows in clumps of half
a dozen stalks, each reaching to the height of 10 to 15 feet and
topped with a large flat-topped cluster of flowers, it is one of the
most conspicuous features of the landscape. It is becoming less
common as lands are being drained and pastured.
756. BONESET
EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM L.
Quite common in low flat places where not too sedgy. Noted
in Green's marsh, back and north of Winfield's, in the flat east of
Lakeview Hotel, between the wall and water line at the Palmer
House, on the Academy grounds, on Overmyer's springy hill,
and by Norris Inlet. Common on the way to Hibbard. In the
height of the flowering season about August 19; going out of
flower by September 13. Often so abundant on the flat moist
prairies as to give the dingy gray color of its blossoms to the whole
landscape. "Boneset tea" is a famous remedy in parts of the
country for malaria and other indefinite and vague disorders going
under that name.
757. WHITE SNAKE-ROOT
EUPATORIUM URTICAEFOLIUM Reichard
In low woods south of the lake, a rather common but widely
scattered plant in shady woodlands ; one of the daintiest of our
autumn flowers.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 429
758. PRAIRIE OR HAIRY BUTTON-SNAKEROOT
LACINARIA PYCNOSTACHYA (Michx.) Kuntze
Scattered among the grasses and sedges on low grounds east of
Lost Lake outlet. Common on the way from Lake Maxinkuckee
to Bass Lake where in places it was so abundant as to give its
color to the entire landscape, August 14, 1906.
759. LARGE BUTTON-SNAKEROOT
LACINARIA SCARIOSA (L.) Hill
A few plants found in dry ground near the Lakeview Hotel. One
of the handsomest plants of autumn. Rather abundant on a hill-
side along the outlet. The plants growing here were remarkably
well developed and handsome, forming large pyramids of bloom.
The corymbs sat almost on top of the ground. These plants were
richly worthy of a place in any garden.
760. DENSE BUTTON-SNAKEROOT
LACINARIA SPICATA (L.) Kuntze
In low wet places, similar to those in which L. pycnostachya is
found. Neither of the plants is particularly abundant. The wand-
like stems, towering straight and tall above the surrounding level
sea of grasses and sedges, are very striking. The plants were
found scattered in low grounds east of Lost Lake outlet.
761. BLUE-STEMMED OR WREATH GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO CAESIA L.
Found on the hill by the ice-houses, in flower September 28,
1900, also on the ice-beach by a pond south of the lake (between
Farrar's and Overmyer's) , and high on a hill by Overmyer's field.
One of the most graceful and delicate of our golden-rods. It
grows best in moist shady places. It was noted out finely in blos-
som October 4, 1906. A perfect but miniature plant only four
inches high was noted in flower at Long Point in 1907.
762. BROAD-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO FLEXICAULIS L.
Specimens were collected in the vicinity of the lake. It is a
rather well distributed form throughout the state, often found in
considerable abundance on the shady banks. Its delicate zigzag
stem and thin, toothed leaves, overtopped with a small delicate
panicle, give it a delicate gracefulness not common among golden-
430 Lake Maxinkuchee, Physical and Biological Survey
rods, which despite its comparative commonness, makes the stum-
bling upon it one of the most pleasant of woodland surprises.
763. HAIRY GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO HISPIDA Muhl.
Occasional in dry places. It was noted rather common at Twin
Lakes.
764. BOG GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO ULIGINOSA Nutt.
Occasional in swamps and wet places about the lake.
765. SHOWY OR NOBLE GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO SPECICSA Nutt.
A common species in dry sandy ground along the road at Long
Point and the railroad south of the lake. Peculiar narrow-panicled
specimens were found back of Lakeview Hotel. Collected in
flower near Chadwick's September 25, 1900. Leaves well up by
May 7, 1901. The upright panicle of this species is not so grace-
ful as that of the horizontal panicle of many species, but the rich
clear yellow of the flowers makes it one of the most handsome and
clean-looking of our golden-rods. The upright taper of the panicle
reminds one of a torch or flame.
In flower from August 14 until after September 29. Abundant
along the Erie Railroad at Plymouth.
766. WRINKLED-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO RUGOSA Mill.
A very rough-leaved coarse-looking golden-rod, somewhat re-
sembling S. ulmifolia. Occasional in dry open places.
767. ROUGH-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO PATULA Muh!.
Not common ; scattered in grassy or sedgy marshes, sometimes
in woodlands; one plant by the ice-houses September 28, 1900; a
small patch on shore near the green boathouse. A coarse homely
species. In blossom in late September.
768. ELM-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO ULMIFOLIA Muhl.
One of the most common species ; very abundant on Long Point,
where it grew in the shady woodlands thick enough to give almost
a mass effect when in bloom; found also between Kreutzberger's
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 431
pier and the depot pier. The time of greatest abundance of flowers
was about September 29, 1900. Leaved out finely by May 10, 1901.
Individually it is not a showy species, the branches of the racemes
being too narrow to give much display.
769. EARLY OR SHARP-TOOTHED GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO JUNCEA Ait.
The earliest and one of the most attractive of our golden-rods,
coming into flower in midsummer and continuing well into autumn.
Occasional at the edges of copses and on hillsides, giving an autumn
touch to summer landscapes. Occasional on the open spaces about
the cottages on the south end of Long Point.
770. CANADA GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO CANADENSIS L.
One of the most widely distributed and best known golden-rods
of the state. Quite variable in size and fulness of flowering. The
dense plume-like panicle and its fragrance make it one of our most
handsome golden-rods, though the stem and leaves are coarse and
weedy. Scattered about the lake, usually in moist but not wet
situations. Considerable on the flat area southwest of Outlet Bay,
some on the hill by the ice elevator, near Winfield's, and by Over-
myer's springy hill. Some east of the lake between Aubeenaubee
Creek and the Maxinkuckee road. Between Lake Maxinkuckee
and Bass Lake this species along with S. riddellii was so abundant
as to turn whole landscapes yellow. The flower clusters are often
attacked and eaten by black beetles and frequently it is difficult,
late in the year, to find racemes not thus marred. Found blossom-
ing as late as October 26, by Green's marsh in 1904.
771. LATE GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO SEROTINA Ait.
A few plants near Norris Inlet, by the green boathouse, in moist
soil. Found blossoming October 2.
772. GRAY OR FIELD GOLDEN-ROD; DYER'S WEED
SOLIDAGO NEMORALIS Ait.
Common on Long Point near the Plank cottage. A rather
short, dense flowered, very brilliant species, becoming common
along roadsides in some parts of the state. The numerous achenes
crowned with white pappus make it rather conspicuous when in
fruit.
432 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
773. WESTERN ROUGH GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO KADILA Nutt.
Rare ; a few plants found east of the lake. Dr. Hessler has also
reported this species from Lake Maxinkuckee.
774. STIFF OR HARD-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO KIGIDA L.
A few plants found on Long Point. The individual flowers are
much larger than any other of our golden-rods but they are rather
few in number and the plant as a whole is too stiff and awkward
to be particularly attractive. The plant is to be found chiefly along
roadsides and railroads.
775. RIDDELL'S GOLDEN-ROD
SOLIDAGO RIDDELLII Frank
A few plants back of Winfield's and a small patch on shore
near Norris Inlet. There was a large patch in a sedgy flat down
the outlet and some by the tamarack. On the way to Bass Lake
this species in places gave color to whole landscapes. In flower
from August 14 to September 22. Easily recognized by the ar-
rangement of its leaves which give the general impression of being
3-ranked ; an approximation in general habit to the sedges among
which it grows. The flat-topped corymb of flowers, though rather
small, is quite handsome, the blossoms having a peculiar clearness
and translucence.
776. BUSHY OR FRAGRANT GOLDEN-ROD
EUTHAMIA GRAMINIFOLIA (L.) Nutt.
Scattered along the beach at Long Point, at Green's, and east
of Lakeview on a flat beach. A very homely weed, but the flowers
are fragrant. The leaves are often marked with oval black spots,
probably the result of the attack of some fungus. Noted in blos-
som during September.
777. SLENDER FRAGRANT GOLDEN-ROD
EUTHAMIA TENUIFOLIA (Pursh) Greene
Less common than E. graminifolia; scattered along Long Point
beach. In flower during the latter part of September.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 133
778. LARGE-LEAVED ASTER
ASTER MACROPHYLLUS L.
Not at all common ; a few plants found in the damp shaded
woods near the lake, near Overmyer's. In blossom October 11,
1900.
779. SKY-BLUE ASTER
ASTER AZUREUS Lindl.
Quite common on dry hillsides on both sides of the lake, and
along the railroad. In flower on the bank by Murray's, September
20. September 29, found between Kreutzberger's pier and the
depot pier, and by Lakeview Hotel. A very beautiful species.
In flower quite late (November 13) along the railroad, 1904. Al-
though not so large as some of our asters, this, with its graceful
habit and delicate coloring, is one of the most attractive asters we
have.
780. COMMON BLUE WOOD ASTER
ASTER CORMFOLIUS L.
Very abundant in places, in dry open woodlands on each side
of the lake; on September 28, 1900, the base of Long Point was
nearly blue-white from a little distance, due to the abundance of
these asters. October 9, plenty on the east and southeast side
of the lake in wooded places. One of the commonest and prettiest
of our species. The flowers, though rather small, are borne in such
abundance that the plant makes considerable display. In freshly
opened flowers the disk flowers are yellow, but they soon turn to
purple. Although the flowers are quite firm they wither quickly on
being cut, so that they are much better admired on the stalk. Some
dwarf plants only four inches high, but perfect and in blossom,
were collected on the east side. Noted in flower from August 3 to
October 28.
781. LATE PURPLE ASTER
ASTER PATENS Ait.
Not at all abundant, but well scattered in favorable situations.
It grows best in rather moist open ground. Found south of Win-
field's in front of the Assembly grounds, and in other low places.
Found also near shore on the depot grounds, on the springy flat
south of the lake near Overmyer's and by the green boathouse.
One of the largest and most attractive of our asters, and nowhere
very common. Well worthy of cultivation, especially in nooks of
wild gardens. First noted in blossom as early as August 19, a
rather uncommonly early date; remaining in bloom until October
2. Often continues blooming until after light frosts.
28— 17618— Vol. 2
434 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey
782. PURPLE ASTEPv; NEW ENGLAND ASTER
ASTER NOVAE-ANGLIAE L.
Rather common in patches in a few moist places, near Win-
field's, along the moist ground west of that place, a considerable
patch in the gully-like depression by Lakeview Hotel, by the green
boathouse, and across the railroad from the birch swamp. This
plant has considerable variation ; a small form was collected, and
the rose-colored form was present but quite rare. This species,
especially the rose-colored form, is one of the most beautiful of our
autumn flowers. A common name in some parts of the state is "Fall
Rose" which is markedly inappropriate. Aster novae-angliae is
well worthy of cultivation and its variability suggests that it would
yield readily to attempts to produce various forms, as the Japanese
have done with the chrysanthemum.
783. RED-STALK OR PURPLE-STEM ASTER
ASTER PUNICEUS L.
Found on the east shore of the lake, in the vicinity of the ice-
beach pond south of Van Schoiack's. It is a large handsome spe-
cies which continues blooming until quite late in autumn.
784. SMOOTH ASTER
ASTER LAEVIS L.
Occasional on the west side of the lake in dry ground along
the railroad. A rather handsome species.
• «
785. RUSH ASTER
ASTER JUNCEUS Ait.
Occasional in wet places about the lake.
786. SMALL WHITE ASTER
ASTER VIMINEUS Lam.
At the railroad bridge near Culver ; abundant in flat woods south
of the lake by Overmyer's, and beyond these farther east; east of
Norris Inlet, along shore. Noted in flower from September 28 to
Ocotber 8.
787. WHITE HEATH ASTER; FROST-WEED ASTER
ASTER ERICOIDES L.
Rather common ; found near shore at Long Point, abundant in
the prairie-like flat by the ice-house, at the south and west of Win-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 435
field's, on shore in front of the flat south of the lake, at the begin-
ning of the flat woods south of the lake by Overmyer's, on the
beach east of Norris Inlet, and common about Lost Lake. While
the individual flowers are not particularly handsome, the mass ef-
fect where many dense plants grow together is quite attractive.
This is one of the most variable of our asters in form, abundance of
flowers, size of plant and in almost every other respect. In many
parts of the state it is common along dry roadsides and in old fields.
Some plants are very showy, looking like great masses of snow.
In flower about the lake from September 13 until November 12.
788. POOR ROBIN'S PLANTAIN
ERIGERON PULCHELLUS Michx.
Scattered on moist banks ; not very common. Found in Green's
marsh and on Long Point ; found in flower May 20 to June 10. The
earliest of our fleabanes to blossom, and an exceedingly pretty plant
when in flower, with delicate pink-tinted daisy-like flowers. Un-
like most of its relatives it is riot abundant enough to become
a nuisance, and does not invade meadows to any great extent.
789. PHILADELPHIA FLEABANE
ERIGERON PHILADELPHICUS L.
Scattered in open places, near the edge of the lake. In flower
north of Green's marsh and on the lake shore May 18, 1901.
Flowers pretty ; smaller and more delicate than those of the pre-
ceding. This plant, too, is too scarce to become a nuisance.
790. WHITE-TOP; SWEET SCABIOUS
ERIGERON ANNUUS (L.) Pers.
Scattered in open places ; very abundant in cultivated fields. In
blossom from June 15 until October 28, and the rosettes rather
conspicuous during the winter. Occasional along the beach, by
Norris Inlet and Green's.
This, along with its close relative, E. ramosus, is one of our
most pestiferous weeds. It does not trouble cultivated crops to
any great extent, but often appears in great abundance in meadows,
crowding out timothy and clover, making ragged unsightly fields,
making the crop valueless, and filling the air with flying seeds
which are more irritating when they fill the nostrils and eyes than
even those of the butterweed (Erechtites) .
436 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
791. DAISY FLEABANE
ERIGERON RAMOSUS (Walt.) B. S. P.
Quite similar to E. annuus and of the same distribution, but
more often found along* the edges of woodlands. Apparently not
so common as the preceding.
792. HORSE-WEED; CANADA FLEABANE
LEPTILON CANADENSE (L.) Britton
Common along shore and elsewhere; often almost completely
occupying old neglected fields. Fields full of these weeds were
found on both sides of the lake, but it does not appear to be a bad
weed. One of the most variable in size of our plants, perfect speci-
mens ranging from about three inches to nearly six feet high. It
occurs on shore all around the lake. Like the other common eri-
gerons the young plant passes the winter in the form of a rosette,
the most attractive stage of the plant, for during autumn and
spring this rosette usually assumes a rich purple color. It some-
times continues blossoming quite late in autumn. In 1904 they
were noted in flower as late as November 13.
793. TALL FLAT-TOP WHITE ASTER
DOELLINGERIA UMBELLATA (Mill.) Necs
Quite common in flat open places south of Farrar's along the
road, in moist ground. A tall homely weed.
794. STIFF-LEAVED ASTER
IONACTIS LINARI1FOLIUS (L.) Greene
Found only on the bank east of Lost Lake south of the Bardsley
cottage, where it was quite abundant.
795. PLANTAIN-LEAF EVERLASTING
ANTENNARIA PLANTAGINIFOLIA (L.) Richards
Rather common, in patches in various open dry situations.
April 9, buds show well. April 22, nearly in flower southwest of
the lake along the railroad. April 30 some in flower north of the
lake. May 4, fully in blossom. Found also back of Lakeview
Hotel.
An interesting feature of this species is the fact that the plants
of a patch are usually either all pistillate or all staminate, each
patch having arisen from one or a few plants by means of under-
ground stolons. The plants are exceedingly variable in size and
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 1:57
general appearance and occasionally have purplish bracts. In some
places called "Indian tobacco."
796. BROAD-LEAVED CAT'S FOOT
ANTENNARIA CALOPHYLLA Greene
Not common ; we have no notes. A specimen, however, was col-
lected by Dr. Scovell. A small patch was found at Long Point,
near Chadwick's.
797. FRAGRANT LIFE EVERLASTING; SWEET BALSAM
GNAPHALIUM OBTUSIFOLIUM L.
Quite common on dry hillsides, though by no means so conspicu-
ously abundant as in many parts of the state; found on the hill
north of the ice-houses and along the shore of the lake, and on
Long Point. In some parts of the country it has a high medicinal
repute; the dried plants are smoked, like tobacco, as a remedy for
catarrh.
798. ENTIRE-LEAVED ROSIN-WOOD
SILPHIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM Michx.
Rather common in fiat prairie-like areas ; frequent along the
railroad south of the lake.
799. PRAIRIE DOCK; PRAIRIE BURDOCK
SILPHIUM TEREBINTHINACEUM Jacq.
On the hill between Kreutzberger's pier and the depot pier, also
tolerably abundant in the sedgy flat up by Lakeview Hotel. Rather
abundant along the railroad in moist spots. A patch of more than
an acre down along the outlet was well grown over with this plant.
When wounded, it yields a copious supply of whitish resin.
800. AMERICAN FEVER-FEW
PARTHENIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM L.
Not common; a few plants observed along the railroad some
distance south of the lake in the autumn of 1912. An odd flown-
for a composite; at some distance the inflorescence reminds one
somewhat of that of the mountain mint.
801. OX-EYE; FALSE SUNFLOWER
HELIOPSIS HELIANTHOIDES (L.) Sweet
Common in small patches at the edges of copses or in fence
corners. Except for the deeper orange hue of its blossoms, it
438 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
bears a very close general resemblance to some of the numerous
wild sunflowers of the region, and the name "False Sunflower",
is very appropriate.
802. YERBA DE TAJO
YERBESINA ALBA L.
A very abundant beach plant along the east shore of Long Point,
and found occasionally down as far as beyond the Inlet, and by the
Palmer house, by Lakeview hotel and the railroad bridge near
Culver. It is found just a little back of the waterline. Not much
found on the east shore of the lake. In some parts of the state
this plant is rare or absent; in others common. Although it is said
to be a weed in warm regions, it never becomes obnoxious in In-
diana, as it is usually of rather small size and is generally confined
to the margins of rivers and lakes or ponds. With us it has a
long flowering season — from July to October — and a large plant will
produce a great number of seed. Although rather inconspicuous,
it is, when attentively considered, an attractive plant, the blossoms
being very neat and dainty. Late in autumn, especially in rather
barren and infertile sandy spots along shore, exceedingly dwarfed
plants frequently occur tipped with a single blossom. One was
noted only one-half inch in height, with seven leaves and one blos-
som. The plant remained in bloom as late at October 30, 1900.
803. BLACK EYED SUSAN
RUDBECKIA HIRTA L.
Rather common, both in dry and wet ground; blossoms quite
late sometimes, until killed by frost; found in flower south along
the railroad June 15, 1901 ; several plants noted in flower October
24, 1904, some along the road by Romig's, some toward the tama-
rack marsh.
One of the most attractive of summer and autumn plants ; fre-
quently found in dry meadows, but never abundant enough to be-
come a nuisance.
804. TALL CONE-FLOWER
RLDBECKIA LACINIATA L.
Occasional in moist places; but not so common as in many parts
of the state where it usually thrives in small clumps in moist shady
places. A cultivated double-flowered form is the well-known
Golden Glow of gardens.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 439
In addition to the rudbeckias above mentioned another, prob-
ably subtomentosa, grew along the southwest shore of the lake
between Murray's and Farrar's, but it was seen on a hurried trip
in that region and no herbarium specimens were secured.
805. GRAY-HEADED CONE-FLOWER
RATIBIDA PINNATA (Vent.) Barnhart
Not common ; noted along the railroad east of the depot and
near the lake September 29, 1900. Although this species is ap-
parently indigenous it has a habit in many parts of the country
of growing usually on roadsides, as if introduced.
806. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER
ECHINACEA PURPUREA (L.) Moench
Not common ; only one patch found on a hill some distance down
the outlet in 1909. This was not found during the preceding years
of the survey and had somewhat the appearance of having arisen
recently from perhaps a single stray seed of a few years before;
one plant could easily have been the parent of the entire colony.
Although the leaves are coarse and homely, giving a weed-like as-
pect to the plant before blooming, the flower-head, with its long
drooping purple rays and spine-like orange-colored disk flowers, is
a striking object.
807. COMMON SUNFLOWER
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.
An occasional escape from cultivation near Culver.
808. FEW-LEAVED SUNFLOWER
HELIANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS Riddell
Not particularly common ; a few plants were found scattered
along the hill east of Lost Lake outlet, near Green's field, and a
few south along the railroad. Leaved out well by May 12, 1901.
It grows in dry sandy soil.
809. TALL OR GIANT WILD SUNFLOWER
HELIANTHUS GIGANTEUS L.
Found by Lakeview Hotel in the sedgy flat September 29, 1900.
Rather common in moist places in rich ground. Common between
Culver and Hibbard.
440 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
810. ROUGH OR WOODLAND SUNFLOWER
HELIANTHUS DIVARICATUS L.
Not rare ; noted on shore in front of the Palmer House grounds.
Leaved out well and growing finely May 10, 1901.
811. HAIRY SUNFLOWER
HELIANTHUS MOLLIS Lam.
Found on a bank on the east side of Lost Lake, also in open
places between the lakes. Noted in flower September 19, 1900.
Common on the bank back of Green's field at the beginning of Lost
Lake outlet, growing in the dry sandy soil.
812. PALE-LEAVED WOOD SUNFLOWER
HELIANTHUS STRUMOSUS L.
Occasional in dry places west of the lake.
813. STIFF-HAIRED SUNFLOWER
HELIANTHUS HIRSUTUS Raf.
Represented by an herbarium specimen. No special notes were
made, the numerous species of sunflowers about the lake resembling
each other so closely that it was difficult to recognize them in the
field.
814. WING-STEM
RIDAN ALTERNIFOLIUS (L.) Britton
Scattered in fair abundance on the east side of the lake back
from shore, in rather open woodlands, generally in gullies or on
their sides.
815. TALL TICKSEED
COREOPSIS TRIPTERIS L.
Found south along the railroad; up well and leaved out finely
by May 12, 1901. Usually growing in small scattered clumps at
the edges of thickets. The heads are not especially showy, com-
ing as they do at a time of year when sunflowers, black-eyed
susans and the like are in full sway. Unlike most flowers of the
sunflower group, those of this plant are decidedly fragrant.
81G. STIFF TICKSEED
COREOPSIS PALMATA Nutt.
East side of Lost Lake outlet, on a dry sandhill. Up well May
12, south along the railroad. Not very common ; it seems to be con-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 441
fined to the localities just mentioned. It seems to be increasing
somewhat along the railroad, and in 1904 was found on the bank
of the lake near the depot grounds. Occasional along the railroad
northward.
817. LARGER OR SMOOTH BUR-MARIGOLD
BIDENS LAEVIS (L.) B. S. P.
Occasional on the west shore of the lake. In general it is
usually found in wet places, as on edges of the lakes and
streams. Abundant by Winfi eld's, and by the low woods near
Overmyer's. Found by McSheehy's pier, by Darnell's, north end
of Long Point, by the Assembly grounds, and by Norris Inlet. It
does not appear to be so much of a nuisance as some other mem-
bers of the genus.
818. SMALLER OR NODDING BUR-MARIGOLD
BIDENS CERNUA L.
One of the most abundant of the bur-marigolds ; found scattered
along the west shore of the lake; most abundant about the edges
of the flat marshes, a belt surrounded Green's marsh and the marsh
about Lost Lake, and the borders of the marshy region along Lost
Lake outlet ; also, along the edges of Inlet marsh. In these places,
after the plants had ripened and turned brown, it formed a very
conspicuous marginal belt. It was still in blossom October 24, al-
though the older heads had begun nodding by September 26. In
addition to the large, more conspicuous blossoms, the plant has very
minute flower-heads in the axils of the leaves, consisting of only a
few florets apiece. The nodding habit of the fruiting head is rather
peculiar; it may be an adaptation to enable the seeds to attach
themselves to the backs of small mammals running through the
grass.
819. PURPLE-STEMMED SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS
BIDENS CONNATA Muhl.
Quite common in marshy places and along the west shore of the
lake. Also on shore at the Academy grounds and behind the ice-
beach east of the Inlet. Common at Long Point, behind the ice-
beach beyond Norris Inlet, and south of the Scovell cottage. Al-
though not so great a nuisance as some of the forms which grow
in cultivated grounds, this species with its numerous bristling seeds
is very undesirable.
442 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
820. BEGGAR-TICKS; STICK-TIGHT
BIDENS FRONDOSA L.
Rather common along shore and in moist places, as at Long
Point on the north shore, at Lakeview Hotel, by Overmyer's
woods, and by Norris Inlet. It is not so abundant as one
might naturally expect, and does not appear to be very much of a
nuisance in cultivated grounds about the lake, as the sandy soil is
not well suited to its best development. In many parts of the state,
especially in moist rather heavy or loamy soils, this broadly branch-
ing plant is one of the greatest nuisances. It does not crowd out
and choke down other plants as badly as many of our other weeds,
is easily uprooted by cultivation, and, so far as its effect on crops
is concerned, is not nearly so bad as ragweed, dogbane and numer-
ous other common weeds which readily occur to mind. Its chief
objectionable feature is its numerous bristling seeds which catch
in large masses to clothing. It is especially common in low-ground
cornfields and in patches of buckwheat.
821. SPANISH NEEDLES
BIDENS BIPINNATA L.
Abundant near Delong, but none found close to the lake during
the early years of the survey. In 1906, however, a patch was
found by the ice-houses, evidently newly introduced. In the north-
ern part of the state this does not appear to be a native plant, but
usually makes its appearance first along railroads, and in some of
the northern counties appears to be largely restricted to such loca-
tions.
822. TALL TICKSEED-SUNFLOWER
BIDENS TRICHOSPERMA (Michx.) Britton
A few plants scattered along the west shore of the lake. Where
protected it blossoms quite late. A few plants were found still in
flower along Lost Lake and the tamarack marsh October 24, 1904.
In low flat prairies in some parts of the state these plants grow in
great numbers, and when in flower in autumn, form continuous
and immense patches and belts of solid gold massed together, that
can be seen for several miles.
In 1900 a few plants were seen along shore by McSheehy's and
by the Monninger and Meyer cottages. In 1906, on the way to
Bass Lake, considerable patches were seen, also on the way to
Hibbard. Of recent years it appears to be increasing rapidly by
Hawk's marsh. In 1908 and 1909 it formed an unbroken patch of
Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey 1 l:>
about an acre which made a continuous bed, forming one solid blaze
of yellow. It was also found at Long Point and by the ice-houses;
most of the plants about the lake probably came from prairie hay
used at the ice-houses.
We are so accustomed to see this plant in masses that we rarely
think of the individual plant. A well grown plant in rich muck
is one of the most striking objects, the plant branching from the
very base, making a broad cone, which when in full bloom is almost
a solid mass of gold. One of the plants near the ice-house showed
this effect to perfection and revealed the possibilities of the plant
as an ornament.
823. WATER MARIGOLD
MEGALODONTA BECKII (Torr.) Greene
In 1900 this was common in the lake off from the ice-houses,
and scattered elsewhere through the lake as off from the Gravel-
pit, by the green boathouse near Norris Inlet, and in Lost Lake.
It was one of the most conspicuous and attractive plants found in
the large patch by the ice-houses, the plants sticking up from the
bottom like cattails in their dense cylindrical form and rounded
ends. The species grows in water to the depth of twelve feet.
With the advent of cold weather the green tips break off and
drop to the bottom, where they sweep about hither and yon as
currents drive them. With the coming of spring these tips, which
remain a fresh lively green all winter, put out rootlets from the
nodes, strike into the soft mud at any suitable place and start their
new growth. Bits are often washed ashore during spring storms.
This plant is a remarkable instance of adaptation and con-
vergence. In plant form it resembles Myriophyllum, which it is
a good deal like in habit, more than anything else. Cabomba, a
plant of the water-lily family, is also strikingly like it in general
appearance. The emersed leaves, however, approach more nearly
the normal form.
The seeds have long holdfasts, three to six in number, usually
four, and it would appear at first thought that these were useless
as they would be likely to catch only on such animals as muskrats,
which would carry them to places on shore where they would not
be likely to survive.
However, in the summer of 1909, we saw at Lake-of-the- Woods,
Indiana, a large snapping turtle, "mossback," with the long hairlike
algae of its carapace stuck full of beggar ticks, possibly of this spe-
cies. It is possible that the plant relies to some extent on such
turtles for the distribution of its seed.
444 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
824. GALINSOGA
GALINSOGA PARVIFLOKA Cav.
This dainty little plant made its arrival at Lake Maxinkuckee
about 1909, where it was found on the depot grounds near the
flower-beds. The seed had probably been brought with other
plants from Sewickley, Pa., where the railroad company keeps its
nurseries. The plant is comparatively new to the state; it is not
mentioned in Dr. Stanley Coulter's list of Indiana plants published
in 1899. Some plants were seen along streets of Fort Wayne in
1901. The delicate thin leaves and minute daisy-like blossoms,
which bloom from early summer until frost, make the plant rather
attractive to the attentive eye, though so inconspicuous as to be
easily overlooked. The plant is a native of tropical America and
has spread from the east coast, where it was first introduced, al-
most entirely across the continent. In some parts of North Caro-
lina it has almost "taken the country," covering densely all broken
ground such as flower-beds, etc. It is there a decided nuisance and
generally known as "Rabbit Tobacco."
825. YARROW
ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L.
Rather common ; scattered, usually in dry ground and along
roadsides. It is not so conspicuously abundant here as in many
parts of the state. The leaves stay more or less green all winter,
and the new leaves are among the first bits of bright green to ap-
pear in spring. It begins flowering early in summer and continues
late in the autumn, even after the lighter frosts. Seen in flower
near the lake as late as November 21, 1904. In many parts of the
state this species takes possession of old orchards and unfilled open
land, such as old pastures. Pink- and rose-colored flowers occa-
sionally occur, and there is a red-flowered form in cultivation. Al-
though tough-rooted this plant yields readily to cultivation, and
never becomes a bad weed.
Being an introduced plant, usually associated with dooryards,
it suggests humanity, and home-likeness wherever it is found.
826. MAYWEED; FETID CAMOMILE
ANTHEMIS COTULA L.
Not conspicuously common in this region. A good sized patch
was seen by the Bardsley cottage near Lost Lake, which continued
in flower until killed by heavy frosts. Still in flower November
13, 1904.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 445
Once very common along roadsides, forming a fringe on each
side, and in trampled places, especially in schoolyards, and neg-
lected dooryards. In dooryards where it has gained foothold it is
an exceedingly annoying weed, very difficult to keep down and giv-
ing a very sorry appearance to any region it infests. It occa-
sionally is to be found in meadows, but it does not persist in culti-
vated ground.
827. OX-EYE DAISY
CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM L.
A few plants south of the lake along the railroad. One of the
handsome plants of our region, although often a nuisance in
meadows where it has obtained a foothold.
828. TANSY
TANACETUM VULGARE L.
A good-sized patch along the road near Culver. Noted in
flower as late as November 12, 1904. It seems to spread by roots
rather than by seed, and is generally not found far from houses.
829. TALL OR WILD WORMWOOD
ARTEMISIA CAUDATA Michx.
Common along the ridge east of Lost Lake outlet near the
boundary line between Green's and Walley's. Not found elsewhere
to any extent.
830. FIRE-WEED
ERECHTITES HIERACIFOLIA (L.) Rat.
Scattered; quite common along shore, not abundant elsewhere;
quite variable in size. Some on the Academy grounds, some be-
tween Kreutzberger's and the depot, and near the water's edge at
Long Point; growing in cracks in Howe's stone wall, and near
Overmyer's field.
Interesting in its occurrence. Generally a not frequently seen
weed, but as soon as a forest is cleared out these plants spring up
in great patches, bearing immense crops of seed, and filling the air,
and incidentally the eyes and noses of those who live in the region,
with the pappus. The plant has a peculiar rank smell which it
gives off at a touch, so one can hardly pass through a patch where
these plants grow without becoming aware of their presence. When
the plants die down in autumn they burn like tinder, and may be
the cause of more or less extensive conflagrations. The plant re-
ceives its name from the fact that it springs up abundantly where
446 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
ground has recently burned over, although this does not occur in
places where large areas have burned off but rather after small
fires in brush piles. After a few years of tillage this plant disap-
pears or becomes rare. It thrives best in rich forest mould after
the trees have been removed.
831. PALE INDIAN PLANTAIN
MESADENIA ATRIPLIC IFOLIA (L.) Raf.
Found in damp places east of Lost Lake outlet.
832. TUBEROUS INDIAN PLANTAIN
MESADENIA TUBEROSA (Nutt.) Britton
Occasional in moist prairies about the lake.
833. BALSAM GROUNDSEL
SENECIO PAUPERCULUS Michx.
Scattered ; not very common ; up and nearly in flower along the
road west of Chadwick's May 8, 1901. In flower, collected May 23.
834. COMMON BURDOCK
ARCTIUM MINUS Schk.
On a hill near the ice-house, and by the old ice elevator; Sep-
tember 29, 1900, seeds sprouting by railroad bridge near Culver.
The seeds usually sprout in the spring, but also frequently germi-
nate in autumn. Disagreeable and unsightly as a patch of bur-
docks is, it never becomes a bad weed in fields or meadows but
thrives only in neglected and waste places about dwellings. No
other plant has better means of distributing seed, which is by both
burr and pappus ; still it is not generally distributed except in the
places above mentioned. It may be that it requires unusually rich
soil for its development; at any rate the soil in a burdock patch is
usually black and rich, and other plants are usually killed out by
the shade of the broad leaves.
835. COMMON BUR THISTLE
CIRSIUM LANCEOLATUM (L.) Hill
Somewhat common, but not particularly abundant, in old fields,
pastures, etc. ; noted in flower October 25, 1904, west of the lake.
In some regions in pastures it is a bad weed, but is generally
not hard to eradicate, as it usually dies after the crown has been
cut off. The seed is the favorite food of the goldfinch, and birds
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 447
perched on old heads of this plant, sending silken parachutes a-fly-
ing, is in many parts of the state a characteristic bit of autumn
scenery.
836. TALL OR ROADSIDE THISTLE
CIRSIUM ALTISSIMUM (L.) Sprcng.
A few plants found on the east side of the lake, along the road
in moist places north of Aubeenaubee Creek and at the springy flat
near Overmyer's field. Noted in blossom as late as October 25,
by Aubeenaubee Creek. A rather handsome plant, and never com-
mon enough to become a nuisance. The tall stem is hollow, form-
ing a large tube, but it splits rather easily.
837. SWAMP THISTLE
CIRSIUM MUTICUM Michx.
Found by the Lakeview Hotel and in the springy flat near Over-
myer's field. Scattered generally in swamps. A harmless plant,
not very persistent and only weakly prickly, with handsome flowers.
838. CANADA THISTLE
CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) Scop.
Growing along the shore by Long Point, only a few plants;
quite abundant in an old field northeast of the lake along the wagon
road, and along a ditch on the way to the drained lake. The most
pernicious weed in our area, rapidly spreading and very difficult
to eradicate.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey I 19
MAXINKUCKEE BIBLIOGRAPHY
The literature of Lake Maxinkuckee is considerable. We have been
able to consult at least 90 papers, articles, etc., which relate to the lake
in oneway or another. The following is a list, arranged in chronological
order, of the titles :
1880. "Fritz." Maxintuckee. <Forest and Stream, Vol. XV, No. 6'
p. 109.
1886. Thompson, W. H. Marshall County. < 1 5th Ann. Rept. Ind.
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Hist, 1886, pp. 177-182.
1886. Thompson, W. H. and Lee, S. E. Maxinkuckee. <15th Ann.
Rept, Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Hist. 1886, pp. 182-186.
1887. Jordan, D. S. and Evermann, B. W. The Food Fishes of Indiana.
Rept. Ind. State Board of Agri. 1886, pp. 156-173.
1889. Evermann, Barton W. and Jenkins, Oliver P. Notes on Indiana
Fishes. <Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XI, 1888, pp. 43-58.
1890. Jordan, David Starr. Report of Explorations Made During the
Summer and Autumn of 1888, in the Alleghany Region of
Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee, and in Western
Indiana, with an Account of the Fishes Found in each of the
River Basins of those Regions. <Bull. LT. S. Fish Com.,
Vol. VIII, 1888, pp. 97-173, pis. XIII-XV.
1892. Blatchley, W. S. A Catalogue of the Butterflies Known to Occur
in Indiana. < 17th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept, Geol. and Nat.
Res. 1891, pp. 365-408.
1892. Hay, Oliver Perry. The Batrachians and Reptiles of the State
of Indiana. < 17th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat.
Res. 1891, pp. 409-602.
1893. Blatchley, W. S. The Locustidse of Indiana. <Proc. Ind. Acad.
Sci. 1892, pp. 92-165.
1894. Eigenmann, Carl H. and Beeson, Charles H. The Fishes of Indiana.
<Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1893, pp. 76-108.
1894. Hay, O. P. The Lampreys and Fishes of Indiana. <19th Ann.
Rept, Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat, Res. 1894, pp. 147-29(i.
1896. Call, R. Ellsworth. Second Contribution to a Knowledge of
Indiana Mollusca. <Proc, Ind. Acad. Sci. 1895, pp. 135-146.
1896. Hay, W. P. The Crawfishes of the State of Indiana. <20th
Ann. Rept, Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat, Res. 1895, pp. 175-507.
1896. Scovell, J. T. Kettle Holes at Maxinkuckee. <Proc. Ind. Acad.
Sci. 1895, pp. 55-56.
29— 17618— Vol. 2
450 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
1897. Blatchley, W. S. Notes on Some Phanerogams New or Hare
to the State. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1896, pp. 130-143.
1897. Hessler. Robert. <Notes on the Flora of Lake Cicott and Lake
.Maxinkuckee. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1896, pp. 116-129.
IN! 16-1900. .Jordan, David Starr and Fverinann, Barton Warren. The
Fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Pts. I-IV, pp. 1-3528, pis. 1-392.
1898. Scovell. J. T. Lake Maxinkuckee Soundings. <Proc. Ind. Acad.
Sci. 1897, pp. 56-59.
1898. Butler. Amos W. The Birds of Indiana. <22d Ann. Kept.
Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1897, pp. 515-1181.
1898. Smith, Hugh M. Statistics of the Fisheries of the Inland Waters
of the United States. <Rept. LT. S. Fish Com. 1896, pp.
498-574.
IN!)!). Fvermann, Barton Warren. The Fish of Lake Maxinkuckee.
< Indianapolis News, September 12, 1899.
IN!)!). Fvermann, Barton Warren. The Fish Investigations at Lake
Maxinkuckee. < Marshall County (Ind.) Independent, Septem-
ber 22, 1899.
1899. Scovell, J. T. Lake Maxinkuckee. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.
1898, p. 70.
1900. Call, Richard Ellsworth. A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue
of the Mollusca of Indiana. <24th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept.
Geol. and Nat. Res. 1899, pp. 335-535, pis. 1-78.
1900. Coulter, Stanley. A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and of
the Ferns and their Allies Indigenous to Indiana, <24th
Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. (icol. and Nat. Res. 1899, pp. 553-1002.
1900. Evermann. Barton Warren. <Some Observations Concerning
Species and Subspecies. Science, N. S., Vol. XI, pp. 451-455.
1900. Fvermann, Barton Warren. Descriptions of two New Species
of Darters from Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana. <Rept. U. S.
Fish Com. 1899, pp. 363-367, pi. 17.
1900. Fvermann, Barton Warren. The Fishes of Lake Maxinkuckee.
<Culver City Herald, August 3, 1900.
1900. Williamson. I-:. B. The Dragonflies of Indiana, <24th Ann.
Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1899, pp 229-333.
1901. Blatchley, W '. S. The Fishes of Lake Maxinkuckee. <25th
Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1900, pp. 252-258.
1901. Blatchley, W '. S. A List of the Mollusca known to occur in Lake
Maxinkuckee. <25th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat.
Res. 1900, pp. 248-251.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 1.1 1
1901. Blatchley, W. S. Notes on the Turtles and Batrachians of Lake
Maxinkuckee. <25th Ann. Rept. In<l. Dept. Geol. and Nat.
Res. 1900, pp. 258-261.
1901. Bowers, George M. Report of the Commissioner. <Rept. U. S.
Fish Com. 1900, pp. 5-24.
1901. Coulter, Stanley. Additions to the Flora of Indiana. <Proc.
Ind. Acad. Sci. 1900, pp. 136-143.
1901. Scovell, J. T. The Flora of Lake Maxinkuckee. <Proc. End.
Acad. Sci. 1900, pp. 124-131.
1901. Scovell, J. T. Lake Maxinkuckee. <25th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept.
Geol. and Nat, Res. 1900, pp. 233-247.
1901. Williamson, E. B. Additions to the Indiana List of Dragonfiies
with a Few Notes. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1900, pp. 173-178.
1902. Blatchley, W. S. Lake System of Indiana. <Bien. Rept. End.
Com. Fisheries and Game. 1901-1902, pp. 282-284.
1902. Coulter, Stanley. Contributions to the Flora of Indiana. <Proc.
Ind. Acad. Sci. 1901, pp. 297-303.
1902. Evermann, Barton Warren. The Feeding Habits of the Coot
and other Water Birds. <The Osprey, Vol. I (New Series),
pp. 57-64.
1902. Evermann, Barton Warren. Bait Minnows. <6th Ann. Rept.
Forest, Fish and Game Comm. New York, 1900. pp. 307-352,
and plates.
1902. Hay, O. P. The Lampreys and Fishes of Indiana. <Bien. Rept.
Ind. Comm. Fisheries and Game, 1901-1902, pp. 62-119.
1902. Smith, Hugh M. Report on the Inquiry Respecting Food-fishes
and the Fishing-grounds. <Rept, LT. S. Fish Com. 1901,
pp. 111-140.
1902. Sweeney, Z. T. Statement of Fish Deposited in Waters of the
State of Indiana by the United States Commission of Fish
and Fisheries. <Bien. Rept. Ind. Com. Fisheries and Game.
1901-1902, pp. 282-284.
1903. Blatchley, W. S. The Orthoptera of Indiana. <2(ith Ann. Rept.
Ind. Dept, Geol. and Nat. Res. 1901. pp. 123-471.
1903. Blatchley, W. S. and Daniels, L. Iv On Some Mollusca known to
occur in Indiana. <26th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat.
Res. 1901, pp. 577-628.
1903. Daniels, L. E. A Check-List of Indiana .Mollusca. with Localities.
<26th Ann. Rept, Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1 DO I , pp.
629-658.
452 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
1904. Bennett, Prank and Ely, Charles \Y. Soil Survey of Marshall
County, Indiana. <Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils,
L904, pp. 689-706, with map.
1904. Evermann, Barton Warren. How to Study a Lake. <Sports
Afield, August, 1904. pp. L26-128.
1905. Blatchley, W. S. The Clays and Clay Industries of Indiana.
<29th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1904, pp.
13-057 .
L905. Blatchley, W. S. Lake System of Indiana. <Bien. Rept. Ind.
Com. Fisheries and (Same, 1903-1904, pp. 200-252.
1905. Eigenmann, Carl H. and Beeson. Charles H. The Fishes of
Indiana. <Bien. Rept. Ind. Com. Fisheries and Game, 1903-
1904, pp. 113-157.
1905. Evermann, Barton Warren. The Bluegill as a Game Fish.
<Shields' Magazine, Vol. I. Xo. 7, October, 1905, pp. 335-336.
1905. Evermann, Barton Warren. Wolves in Northwestern Indiana.
<Shields' Magazine, Vol. I. Xo. 7, October, 1905, p. 342.
1905. Evermann, Barton Warren. Report on Inquiry Respecting Food-
fishes and Fishing Grounds. <Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1904,
pp. 81-120.
1905. McDonald, Daniel. History of Lake Maxinkuckee. Published
by the Lake Maxinkuckee Association, 1905, pp. 1-61.
1905. Sweeney, Z. T. Indiana Summer and Tourists' Resorts. <Bien.
Rept. Ind. Com. Fisheries and (lame, 1903-1904, pp. 254-312.
1906. Baker, Frank Collins. Lymnsea danielsi sp. no v. <Nautilus,
Vol. XX, 1906-1907, p. 55.
1906. Bowers, George M. The Propagation and Distribution of Food
Fishes in 1905. <Rept. U. S. Fish Comin. 1905, pp. 1-64.
1906. Evermann, Barton Warren. Muskrat Houses in Strange Places.
<Shields' Magazine, Vol. II, Xo. 4, April, 1906, pp. 262-263.
1906. Greene, Edward L. A Study of Rhus glabra. <Proc. Wash.
Acad. Sci., Vol. VIII, 1906-1907, pp. 167-196.
1906. Newman, H. H. The Significance of Scute and Plate "abnor-
malities" in Chelonia. < Biological Bulletin, Vol. X, 1905-
1906, pp. 68-114.
1906. Newman, H. H. The Habits of certain Tortoises. < Journal
Comparative Neurology and Psychology, Vol. XVI, 1906, pp.
126-152.
1906. Sweeney, Z. T. Statement of Fishes deposited in Waters by U. S.
Government in 1905. <Bien. Rept. Ind. Com. Fisheries and
Game, 1905-1906, pp. 231-235.
Lake Maxinkuckee ^Physical and Biological Surrey 453
1906. Ward,L.C. Roads and Road Materials of the Northern Third of
Indiana. <30th Ann. Kept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res.
1905, pp. 161-274.
1907. Evermann, Barton Warren. The Large-mouth Black Bass.
<Shields' Magazine, Vol. IV, No. 3, March, 1907. p. L96.
1907. Evermann, Barton Warren. Buffalo Fish in Lake Maxinkuckee
<Shields' Magazine, Vol. IV, No. 5, May, 1907, p. 332.
1907. Hahn, Wralter L. Notes on Mammals of the Kankakee Valley.
<Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1907, Vol. XXXII, pp. 455-466.
1908. Butler, Amos W. The Hawks and Owls of Indiana. <Bien. Rept.
Ind. Com. Fisheries and Game, 1907-1908, pp. 1003-1060.
1908. Sweeney, Z. T. The Lakes of Indiana. <Bien. Kept. Ind. Corn-
Fisheries and Game, 1907-1908, pp. 217-283.
1909. Hahn. Walter Louis. The Mammals of Indiana. <33d. Ann.
Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1908, pp. 417-654.
1910. Capps, Stephen R. The Underground Waters of North-Central
Indiana. U. S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 254,
1910.
1911. Birge, Edward A. and Juday, Chancey. The Inland Lakes of
Wisconsin. Bull. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey.
XXII, Sci. Ser. No. 7, pp. 93-95.
1911. Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark. Howard Walton. Notes
on the Mammals of the Lake Maxinkuckee Region. <Proc.
Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. XIII, 1911, pp. 1-34.
1911. Wilson, Charles Branch. North American Parasitic Copepods
belonging to the family Ergasilidse. <Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus..
Vol. XXXIX, pp. 263-400, pis. 41-60.
1913. Butler, Amos W. Further Notes on Indiana Birds. <Proc.
Ind. Acad. Sci. 1912, pp. 59-65.
1913. Deam, Charles C. Plants not hitherto Reported from Indiana.
<Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1912, pp. 81-8!.
1915. Evermann, Barton Warren. Number of young produced by the
common Garter Snake. <Copeia, No. 18, p. 8, May 15, 1915.
1915. Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark, Howard Walton. The
Snakes of the Lake Maxinkuckee Region. <Proc. Ind. Acad.
Sci. 1914, pp. 337-348.
1916. Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark, Howard Walton. The
Turtles and Batrachians of the Lake Maxinkuckee Region.
<Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1915, pp. 172-5 IS.
!•" I Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
1916. Pipal. F. J. A List of Plant Diseases of Economic Importance
in Indiana with Bibliography. <Proc. End. Acad. Sci. L915,
pp. 379-413.
1916. Wilson, Charles Branch. Copepod Parasites of Fresh-water
Fishes and their economic Relations to Mussel Glochidia.
<Bull. Bur. Fisheries. Vol. 34. L914 (June 28, 1916), pp. 331-
371. pis. 60-74.
L917. Deam. Charles C. Plants New or Rare t<> Indiana. <Proc. Ind.
Acad. Sci. L916, pp. 315-322.
1917. Evermann, Barton Warren. A Century of Zoology in Indiana,
1816-1916. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1916, pp. 189-224.
1917. Osner, ( ieo. A. Additions to the List of Plant Diseases of Economic
Importance in Indiana. <Proe. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1916, pp.
327-332.
1017. Wheeler, William Morton. A list of Indiana Ants. <Proc. Ind.
Acad. Sci. 1916, pp. 460-468.
10 IS. Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark, Howard Walton. The
Unionidae of Lake Maxinkuckee <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917,
pp. 251-285.
1919. Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark. Howard Walton. The
Crustaceans of Lake Maxinkuckee. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.
1918, pp. 225-235.
1919. Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark, Howard Walton. Notes
on Certain Protozoa and Other Invertebrates of Lake Maxin-
kuckee. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1918, pp. 236-244.
1919. Evermann, Barton Warren. Naub, the Split-Rock Bass.
<American Angler, Vol. IV, No. 2, pp. 57-62, June, 1919.
<Indianapolis News, Monday, July 14, 1919.
<The Culver Citizen, September 10, 1919.
1919. Evermann, Barton WTarren. Voices of the Night which one may
hear at Lake Maxinkuckee. <Indianapblis News, August 2,
191'.).
Index to Volume II
abditum, Pisidium, 74.
Ablabesmyia monilis, 36.
Aboite, Ind., 78.
abortivus, Ranunculus, 312.
abundans, Scenedesmus, 150.
Abutilon abutilon, 365.
Acalypha virginica, 351.
Aceraceae, 356.
Acer negundo, 360.
rubrum, 359.
saccharinum, 356.
saccharum, 360.
Acerates floridana, 396.
viridiflora, 396.
acerifolium, Viburnum, 420.
acetosella, Rumex, 292.
Achillea millefolium, 444.
Achorutes nivicola, 7.
Achtheres, 79.
Achtheres ambloplitis, 79, 80.
micropteri, 82.
percarum, 81.
acicularis, Eleocharis, 242.
Acilius fraternus, 34.
Acorus calamus, 256.
Acroperus harpae, 107.
acrostichoides, Polystichum, 200.
Actaea alba, 309.
aculeata, Centropyxis, 96.
acuminatus, Juncus, 262.
acutiloba, Hepatica, 311.
acutus, Cambarus blandingi, 84.
Adam-and-Eve, 271.
Adder's-Tongue Family, 197.
White, 264.
Yellow, 264.
Adiantum pedatum, 203.
Admiral, Red, 38.
advena, Nymphaea, 178, 304.
aeruginosa, Microcystis, 141.
Aeschna constricta, 12.
Aesculaceas, 361.
Aesculus glabra, 361.
aestivale, Benzoin, 316.
aestuarii, Lyngbya, 144.
affine, Pisidium, 74.
affinis, Strobilops, 75.
Agalinis, Small-flowered, 412.
paupercula, 412.
Agastache nepetoides, 402.
Aglais antiopa, 38, 39.
Agrimonia mollis, 331.
parviflora, 331.
Agrimony, Many-flowered, 331.
Soft, 331.
Agropyron biflorum, 238.
Agrostemma githago, 300.
Agrostis hyemalis, 232.
perennans, 232.
Ague-weed, 391.
Ailanthus Family, 350.
Ailanthus glandulosa, 350.
Aizoaceae, 299.
Ajax Swallowtail, 38.
Alasmidonta calceolus, 55.
alata, Carex, 250.
alatum, Lythrum, 371.
Alaus oculatus, 34.
alba, Actaea, 309.
Argotis, 232.
Hicoria, 274.
Melilotus, 339.
Morus, 289.
Populus, 275.
Quercus, 286.
Rynchospora, 249.
Salix, 279.
Spiraea, 329.
tartarica, Morus, 289.
Verbesina, 438.
albidum, Erythronium, 264.
album, Chenopodium, 2!>7.
viride, Chenopodium, 297.
albursina, Carex, 251.
albus, Nabalus, 425.
Planorbis, 73.
alcea, Malva, 365.
Alder, Black, 354.
1455)
456 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Aletris farinosa, 264.
Algae, 138.
Introduction to, 138.
algonquinensis, Polygyra multiline-
ata, 74.
Alismaceae, 219.
Alisma subcordatum, 219.
alleghanensis, Betula, 283.
Allen Co., Ind., 329.
Allium cernuum, 263.
tricoccum, 262.
Alona guttata, 108.
alope, Cercyonis, 39.
nephele, Cercyonis, 39.
Alopecurus geniculatus, 231.
Alsatian Clover, 340.
Alsike, 340.
Alsinaceae, 299.
Alsine longifolia, 300.
media, 299.
alternata, Pyramidula, 74.
Alternate-leaved Dogwood, 383.
alternifolia, Cornus, 383.
Ludwigia, 372.
alternifolius, Ridan, 440.
Altingia Family, 325.
Altingiaceae, 325.
altissima, Norta, 319.
Vernonia, 427.
altissimum, Cirsium, 447.
altissimus, Rumex, 292.
alveolata, Euglypha, 96.
Amaranthaceae, 296.
Amaranth Family, 296.
Green, 296.
Prostrate, 296.
Spleen, 296.
Amaranthus blitoides, 296.
hybridus, 296.
retroflexus, 296.
Amaryllidaceae, 268.
Amaryllis Family, 268.
Ambloplites rupestris, 80.
ambloplitis, Achtheres, 79, 80.
amblops, Hybopsis, 43.
Ambrosiaceae, 426.
Ambrosia elatior, 426.
psilostachya, 427.
trifida, 426.
Amelanchier canadensis, 335.
Amelia Lake, Minn., 47.
Ameiurus natalis, 79, 80.
nebulosus, 79, 80.
American Aspen, 276.
Beech, 283.
Bladder-nut, 356.
Cocklebur, 427.
Cowslip, 389.
Crab Apple, 334.
Cranberry, 387.
Elder, 420.
Elm, 288.
Fever-few, 437.
Germander, 402.
Great Bulrush, 185, 246.
Hornbeam, 281.
Judas-tree, 337.
Larch, 208.
Linden, 364.
Senna, Wild, 337.
Spikenard, 376.
Water Plantain, 219.
Wild Mint, 406.
americana, Campanula, 422.
Conopholis, 415.
Corylus, 282.
Fraxinus, 389.
Hetaerina, 19.
Phytolacca, 298.
Prunus, 336.
Tilia, 364.
Trientalis, 389.
Ulmus, 288.
americanum, Erythronium, 264.
Ribes, 326.
Xanthium, 427.
Zanthoxylum, 350.
americanus, Argulus, 79.
Ceanothus, 362.
Lycopus, 405.
Potamogeton, 176, 213.
Scirpus, 186, 245.
Amia calva, 100.
Ammiaceae, 377.
Amnicola limosa, 73.
limosa porata, 73.
lustrica, 73.
walkeri, 73.
amomum, Cornus, 382.
Amoracia amoracia, 318.
Amorpha canescens, 341.
amphibia, Persicaria, 294.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 157
Amphipods, 78.
Amphora ovalis, 163.
amplexicaulis, Asclepias, 394.
amplifolius, Potamogeton, 171, 212.
Amygdalaceag, 336.
amygdaloides, Salix, 279.
Amygdalus persica, 337.
Anabaena flos-aquae, 145.
saccata, 148.
stagnalis, 148.
Anacardiaceas, 353.
anagallis-aquatica, Veronica, 410.
Anax Junius, 24, 25.
Anchistea virginica, 202.
Ancyloxypha numitor, 39.
Ancylus kirklandi, 73.
rivularis, 73.
shimekii, 73.
tardus, 73.
Andromeda polifolia, 386.
Andropogon furcatus, 223.
androsaemifolium, Apocynum, 392.
Anemone cylindrica, 310.
quinquefolia, 310.
virginiana, 310.
False Rue, 309.
Long-fruited, 310.
Tall, 310.
Wild, 310.
Angelica atropurpurea, 379.
Great High, 379.
Purple-stemmed, 379.
Angitrema armigera, 73.
Angled Spike-rush, 188, 241.
anguilla, Ictalurus, 80.
angularis, Sabbatia, 390.
angustifolium, Eriophorum, 244.
Sisyrinchium, 269.
Ankistrodesmus, 150.
Annonacese, 306.
annua, Poa, 236.
Annual Meadow-grass, 236.
annuus, Erigeron, 435.
Helianthus, 439.
Anodonta, 42.
Anodonta grandis footiana, 45, 55,
101.
Food and parasites of, 57.
Anodonta imbecillis, 60.
salmonia, 60.
Anomalagrion hastatum, 24.
Anopheles, 35.
quadrimaculata, 36.
Antennaria calophylla, 437.
plantaginifolia, 436.
Anthemis cotula, *444.
anthonyi, Pyramidula cronkhitei, 74.
antirrhina, Silene, 301.
antiopa, Aglais, 38, 39.
Anychia canadensis, 298.
aparine, Galium, 418.
aparinoides, Campanula, 422.
Aplectrum hyemale, 271.
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, 145.
Aphanotheca stagnina, 142.
Aphids, 29.
apicalis, Argia, 21.
apios, Glycine, 344.
Apocynaceae, 392.
Apocynum androsaemifolium, 392.
cannabinum, 393.
aponina, Gomphosphaeria, 141.
Appendaged Water-leaf, 399.
appendiculatum, Hydrophyllum, 399.
Apple Family, 334.
Apple, American Crab, 334.
May, 315.
Wild Balsam, 421.
Aptera, Order, 7. %
apus, Selaginella, 207.
Aquilegia canadensis, 309.
aquilinum, Pteridium, 203.
Aquatic Flora, 119.
General considerations, 121.
Introduction to the, 119.
Uses of the, 119.
as Food, 120.
as Oxygenators, 119.
as Protection, 120.
as Shade, 120.
Aquatic and Land Floras compared,
133.
Aquatic Plants of Lost Lake, 192.
of Lake Maxinkuckee, 165.
aquatica, Zizania, 228.
aquaticum, Eryngium, 377.
Arabis canadensis, 319.
hirsuta, 319.
laevigata, 319.
Araceae, 253.
Araliaceae, 376.
Aralia nudicaulis, 315, 376.
I .-is
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Aralia racemosa, 376.
arboreus, Zonitoides, 75.
arbuscula, Rhus, 353.
arbutifolia, Aronia, 334.
Arbutus, Trailing, 386.
Arcella vulgaris, 96.
archippus, Basilarchia, 39.
Danaus, 37, 39.
Arctium minus, 446.
Aictocorisa interrupta, 29.
Arenaria serpyllifolia, 300.
Argia apicalis, 21.
moesta putrida, 20.
sedula, 21.
violacea, 20.
argillicola, Cambarus, 83.
Argostis alba, 232.
Argulus, 79, 80.
americanus, 79.
catostomi, 79.
maculosus, 79.
argus, Ephithemia, 163.
argutus, Rubus, 332.
Argynnis cybele, 39.
arifolium, Tracaulon, 296.
Arisaema dracontium, 254.
triphyllum, 253.
Aristida dichotoma, 230.
purpurascens, 230.
aristata, Plantago, 417.
Aristolochiacese, 291.
Aristolochia serpentaria, 292.
armigera, Angitrema, 73.
Segmentina, 73.
armifera, Gastrocopta, 75.
Aronia arbutifolia, 334.
melanocarpa, 334.
Arrow-arum, Green, 190, 254.
Arrow-grass Family, 219.
Arrow-grass, 230.
Arrow-grass, Marsh, 219.
Seaside, 219.
Arrowhead, Broad-leaved, 189, 219.
Grass-leaved, 184.
Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb, 295.
Arrow-wood, Maple-leaved, 420.
Artemisia caudata, 445.
Arum Family, 253.
arundinacea, Cinna, 231.
Phalaris, 229.
arundinaceum, Dulichium, 248.
arvense, Cirsium, 447.
Equisetum, 204.
Lithospermum, 400.
Trifolium, 340.
arvensis, Cuscuta, 397.
Sinapis, 321.
Veronica, 411.
Asarum canadense, 291.
Asclepiadaceae, 393.
Asclepias amplexicaulis, 394.
decumbens, 394.
exaltata, 394.
incarnata, 394.
syriaca, 37, 394.
tuberosa, 393.
verticillata, 395.
Ash, Black, 390.
Blue, 390.
Hoop, 390.
Prickly, 350.
Red, 389.
White, 389.
Ash-leaved Maple, 360.
Asimina triloba, 306.
Asparagus, 265.
Asparagus officinalis, 265.
Asp, Quaking, 276.
Aspen, American, 276.
Large-toothed, 276.
asper, Sonchus, 424.
Sporobolus, 231.
Asplenium pyconocarpon, 203.
aspro, Hadropterus, 43.
assimilis lactuosus, Gryllus, 29.
Aster azureus, 433.
cordifolius, 433.
ericoides, 434.
junceus, 434.
laevis, 434.
macrophyllus, 433.
novae-angliae, 434.
patens, 433.
puniceus, 434.
vimineus, 434.
Common Blue Wood, 433.
Frost-weed, 434.
Large-leaved, 433.
Late Purple, 433.
New England, 434.
Purple, 434.
Purple-stem, 434.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey I .">«.)
Aster, Red-stalk, 434.
Rush, 434.
Small White, 434.
Smooth, 434.
Sky-blue, 433.
Stiff-leaved, 436.
Tall Flat-top White, 436.
White Heath, 434.
Asterionella, 164.
Astragalus carolinianus, 341.
atalanta, Vanessa, 38, 39.
Atax ypsilophorus, 61.
atherodes, Carex, 253.
Atheropogon curtipendulus, 233.
Athyrium felix-foemina, 203.
thelypteroides, 203.
atlanis, Melanoplus, 29.
Atriplex hastata, 298.
atriplicifolia, Mesadenia, 446.
atriplicifolium, Cycloloma, 297.
atropurpurea, Angelica, 379.
atropurpureus, Euonymus, 355.
Auglaize River, 187.
aurantiaceum, Triosteum, 421.
aurea, Zizia, 379.
aureus, Volvox, 96.
autumnalis, Fimbristylis, 243.
avara, Succinea, 75.
Avens, White, 331.
aviculare, Polygonum, 261, 293.
Awl-fruited Sedge, 250.
Awned Cyperus, 240.
Sedge, 253.
azureus, Aster, 433.
baccata, Gaylussacia, 387.
bachmani, Libythea, 39.
Baird, Prof. S. F., 195.
Balm-of-Gilead, 275.
Balsam Apple, Wild, 421.
Balsam Groundsel, 446.
Balsaminacese, 349.
Balsam, Sweet, 437.
Baneberry, White, 309.
banksiana, Pinus, 207.
Baptisia leucantha, 338.
barbata, Usnea, 276.
Barbed Panic-grass, 226.
Barberry Family, 314.
barbinode, Thaspium, 379.
Barnyard Grass, 224.
I
Bartonia, 29."..
Bartonia virginica, 367.
Bartsch, Dr. Paul, 72.
Basilarchia archippus, 39.
Bass, Calico, 80.
Large-mouthed Black, 11, 80.
Small-mouthed Black, 80.
Straw, 100.
Warmouth, 80.
Bass Lake, 13, 14, 17, 42, 56, 65, 112,
116, 184, 245, 260, 275, 283, 305,
330, 334, 352, 372, 431, 442.
Bass-wood, 364.
Batrachium trichophyllum, 187, 313.
batrachosperma, Nitella, 160.
Baum's Bridge, 285.
Bayberry Family, 275.
Beach Flora, 128.
Beaked Sedge, 253.
Willow, 280.
Beaked-rush, White, 249.
Bean, Larger Indian, 416.
Pink Wild, 348.
Small Wild, 348.
Trailing Wild, 346.
Bean Trefoil, 392.
Bear Sedge, White, 251.
Beard-grass, Broom, 223.
Forked, 223.
Bearded Lichen, 376.
bebbiana, Salix, 280.
bebbii, Carex, 250.
Bebb's Sedge, 250.
Willow, 280.
beckii, Megalodonta, 443.
Bedstraw Bellflower, 422.
Bedstraw, Clayton's, 419.
Hairy, 419.
Northern, 419.
Shining, 420.
Small, 419.
Bed-straw, Stiff Marsh, 41!).
Beech Family, 283.
Beech, American, 283.
Beech-drops, 415.
Beech-drops, False, 384.
Beech-fern, Broad, 202.
Bees, 39.
Beetles, 33.
Diving, 33.
Snout, 34.
460 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Beetle*, Whirligig. 33.
Begger-lice, 400.
Begger-ticks, 442.
Begger-ticks, Purple-stemmed Swamp,
441.
bella, Utetheisa, 39.
Bellflower Family, 422.
Bellflower, Bedstraw, 422.
Marsh, 422.
Tall, 422.
Bellwort, Large-flowered, 266.
Belostoma flumineum, 30.
Bent-grass, Upland, 232.
Benzoin aestivale, 316.
Berberidacese, 314.
Bergamot, Wild, 404.
Bet, Bouncing, 301.
Betony, Wood, 413.
Betulacese, 281.
Betula alleghanensis, 283.
nigra, 283.
pumila, 283.
Bibliography, 449.
bicarinatus, Planorbis, 72.
bicolor. Quercus, 287.
Vitis, 362.
Bicuculla cucullaria, 317.
Bidens bipinnata, 442.
cernua, 441.
connata, 441.
fondosa, 442.
laevis, 441.
trichosperma, 442.
biennis, Oenothera, 372.
biflora, Impatiens, 349.
biflorum, Agropyron, 238.
Polygonatum, 266.
Big King-nut, 275.
Bignoniacese, 416.
Bignonia radicans, 416.
biguttulus, Ilybius, 34.
Billion dollar grass, 224.
Bindweed, Black, 296.
Hedge, 397.
Upright, 397.
binotata, Enchenopa, 31.
bipinnata, Bidens, 442.
Birch Family, 281.
Birch, Low, 283.
Red, 283.
River, 283.
Birch, Southern Yellow, 283.
Birds feeding on insects, 35.
Bird's-foot Violet, 368.
Birthwort Family, 291.
Bishop's Cap, Two-leaved, 323.
biternatum, Isopyrum, 309.
Bitter Dock, 293.
Bitter Nightshade, 408.
Bitter-cress, Meadow, 320.
Pennsylvania, 320.
Bitter-nut, 272.
Bittersweet, 408.
Bittersweet, Climbing, 355.
Shrubby, 355.
bivittatus, Melanoplus, 28, 29.
Black Alder, 354.
Ash, 390.
Black Bass, Large-mouthed, 11, 80.
Small-mouthed, 80.
Black Bindweed, 296.
Cherry, Wild, 337.
Chokeberry, 334.
Currant, Wild, 326.
Eyed Susan, 438.
Gum, 383.
Hickory, 274.
Huckleberry, 387.
Locust, 341.
Medic, 339.
Nightshade, 407.
Raspberry, 331.
Snake-root, 377.
Sumac, Dwarf, 353.
Swimmers, 30.
Walnut, 272.
Willow, 278.
Black-Fern, Broad, 202.
Black-haw, 420.
Black-oak, 285.
Blackberry, Low-running, 332.
Running Swamp, 333.
Tall, 332.
White, 401.
Bladder campion, 300.
Ketmia, 366.
Bladder-nut Family, 356.
Bladder-nut, American, 356.
Bladderwort Family, 413.
Bladderwort, Flat-leaved, 195, 414.
Greater, 193, 414.
Humped, 196, 414.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
461
Bladderwort, Lesser, 196, 414.
Purple, 192, 413.
Reclined, 192, 415.
blanda, Viola, 369.
blandingi acutus, Cambarus, 83, 84.
Blarina brevicauda, 100.
Blatchley, Professor W. S., 7, 34, 56,
63, 193, 287.
blennioides, Diplesion, 43.
Blephariglottis ciliaris, 269.
lacera, 270.
leucophaea, 270.
blitoides, Amaranthus, 296.
Bloodroot, 317.
Blooming Spurge, 352.
Bloomington, Indiana, 317.
Blotched Spurge, 351.
Blue Ash, 390.
Blue Bells of Scotland, 422.
Cardinal-flower, 423.
Cohosh, 314.
Grape, 362.
Huckleberry, 387.
Lettuce, Hairy-veined, 425.
Lettuce, Tall, 425.
Myrtle, 392.
Phlox, Wild, 398.
Toad-flax, 409.
Vervain, 401.
Violet, Early, 368.
Violet, Hooded, 369.
Violet, Meadow, 369.
Wood Aster, Common, 433.
Blue-bell, 399.
Blue-eyed Grass, Pointed, 269.
Blue-eyed Mary, 410.
Blue-flag, Larger, 268.
Blue Gentian, 391.
Blue-grass, Kentucky, 237.
Blue-joint Grass, 232.
Blue-stemmed Golden-rod, 429.
Blueberry, Low, 387.
Bluegill, 80.
Bluets, 417.
Blunt Broom Sedge, 250.
Spike-rush, 242.
Blunt-leaved Milkweed, 394.
Boatman, Water, 29.
Boehmeria cyclindrica, 291.
Bog Club-moss, 207.
Golden-rod, 450.
Bog Reed-grass, 233.
Rush, 261.
Willow, 281.
Bog-rush, Water, 249.
bombycinum, Tribonema, 149.
Boneset, 428.
Borage Family, 399.
Boragincaese, 399.
boreale, Galium, 419.
boryanum, Pediastrum, 151.
boscii, GCdogonium, 156.
Botrychium obliquum, 197.
virginianum, 198.
Botrydium granulatum, 149.
Botryococcus braunii, 77, 149.
botrys, Chenopodium, 297.
Bottle-brush Grass, 239.
Bouncing Bet, 301.
Box Elder, 360.
Boyeria vinosa, 12.
brachycarpus, Juncus, 262.
brachyurum, Diaphanosoma, 107.
Bracken, 203.
Braconids, 40.
bracteosa, Meibomia, 342.
Verbena, 401.
Brake, 203.
Branchipus serratus, 77.
vernalis, 77.
Brasenia schreberi, 179, 303.
Brassica napus, 321.
braunii, Botryococcus, 77, 149.
brebissonii, Staurastrum, 152.
Breeches, Dutchman's, 317.
Breeding habits and reproduction of
Mussels, 48.
Brenthis myrina, 39.
brevicauda, Blarina, 100.
Bridge, Baum's, 285.
Bright Green Spike-rush, 242.
Bristle-stalked Sedge, 251.
Bristly Sedge, 190, 253.
Brittle Fern, 200.
Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora
by, 197.
Broad Beech-fern, 202.
Broad-leaved Arrowhead, 189, 219.
Cat's Foot, 437.
Cat-tail, 191, 210.
Dock, 293.
Golden-rod, 429.
462 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Broad-winged Sedge, 250.
Bromus secalinus, 238.
Brookland, D. C, 198.
Brookweed, 388.
Broom Beard-grass, 22"..
Broom-sedge, 230.
Broom-rape Family, 415.
Brown Sedge, 252.
Bruce Lake, 84.
Bryozoan, 102.
bubalus, Ictiobus, 258.
buccata, Ericymba, 43.
bucculenta, Polygyra thyroides, 74.
Buckbean Family, 392.
Buckbean, 392.
Buckeye Family, 361.
Buckeye, 361.
Buckthorn Family, 362.
Buckwheat Family, 292.
Buckwheat, 295.
Buffalo-fish, 35.
bufonius, Juncus, 261.
Bug, Electric-light, 30.
Lace, 30.
Bugs, 29.
Bulb-bearing Loosestrife, 388.
Water Hemlock, 381.
bulbifera, Cicuta, 381.
Blubochaete pygmeae,' 156.
bulbosa, Cardamine, 320.
Erigenia, 379.
bulbosus, Ranunculus, 313.
Bulbous Buttercup, 313.
Cress, 320.
Bullhead, Common, 79.
Bulrush, Dark-green, 247.
Reddish, 248.
Three-cornered, 186.
Bur Oak, 286.
Thistle, Common, 446.
Bur-grass, Small, 227.
Bur-marigold, Larger, 441.
Nodding, 441.
Smaller, 441.
Smooth, 441.
Bur-oak flats, 287.
Bur-reed Family, 211.
Bur-reed, Simple-stemmed, 211.
Burdock, Common, 446.
Prairie, 437.
Bureau of Entomology, 7.
Burning Bush, 355.
Burr Oak Station, 287.
Bursa bursa-pastoris, 317.
bursa-pastoris, Bursa, 317.
Burseed, 399.
Bush, Burning, 355.
Bush-clover, 343.
Bush-clover, Hairy, 343.
Round-headed, 343.
Slender, 343.
Bush, Running Strawberry, 355.
Butter-and-eggs, 409.
Buttercup, Bulbous, 313.
Hispid, 313.
Pursh's, 312.
Butterflies, 37.
Butterfly, Cabbage, 37.
Southern Cabbage, 38.
Hunter's, 38.
Milkweed, 37.
Butterfly-weed, 393.
Butterfly-weed, Decumbent, 394.
Butternut, 272.
Butterweed, 435.
Butter-print, 365.
Button-bush, 417.
Button Snakeroot, 377.
Button-snakeroot, Dense, 429.
Hairy, 429.
Large, 429.
Prairie, 429.
buxbaumii, Carex, 252.
Cabbage Butterfly, 37.
Southern, 38.
Cabbage, Skunk, 255.
Cabombacese, 303.
Cactaceae, 370.
Cactus Family, 370.
Caddis-flies, 31.
Csesalpiniaceae, 337.
caesia, Solidago, 429.
Calamagrostis canadensis, 232.
inexpansa, 233.
calamus, Acorus, 256.
Calamus-root, 256.
calceolus, Alasmidonta, 55.
Calico Bass, 80.
Calliphora erythrocephala, 36.
Callosamia promethea, 39.
calophylla, Antennaria, 437.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 463
Calopogon, 270.
Calopteryx maculata, 18.
Calothrix fusca, 143.
Caltha palustris, 309.
calva, Amia, 100.
calverti, Enallagma, 24.
calyculata, Chamaedaphne, 386.
Cambarus argillicola, 83.
blandingi acutus, 83, 84.
diogenes, 83, 84.
immunis spinirostris, 86.
propinquus, 83, 85.
rusticus, 83.
Camelina sativa, 317.
camellifolia, Pterophylla, 28, 29.
Camomile, Fetid, 444.
Campanulacese, 422.
Campanula americana, 422.
aparinoides, 422.
rotundifolia, 422.
campanulatus, Planorbis, 73.
Campeloma decisa, 73.
campestre, Juncoides, 262.
Campion, Bladder, 300.
Starry, 300.
camurum, Etheostoma, 43.
Canada Fleabane, 436.
Golden-rod, 431.
Hawkweed, 425.
Nettle, 290.
Rush, 262.
Thistle, 447.
canadense, Asarum, 291.
Crocanthemum, 367.
Geum, 331.
Hieracium, 425.
Leptilon, 436.
Lilium, 263.
Menispermum, 315.
Teucrium, 402, 404.
Unifolium, 265.
canadensis, Amelanchier, 335.
Anychia, 298.
Aquilegia, 309.
Arabis, 319.
Calamagrostis, 232.
Cercis, 337.
Deringa, 378.
Hydrastis, 308.
Juncus, 262.
Linaria, 409.
Meibomia, 343.
Mentha, 406.
Pedicularis, 413.
Philotria, 174, 221.
Potentilla, 330.
Sambucus, 420.
Sanguinaria, 317.
Solidago, 431.
Canadian Tick-trefoil, 343.
canaliculatum, Pleurocera, 73.
Canary-grass, Reed, 229.
candicans, Populus, 275.
canescens, Amorpha, 341.
Lithospermum, 400.
Caney Fork, Ky., 364.
Cannabinaceffi, 290.
Cannabis sativa, 290.
cannabium, Apocynum, 393.
canthus, Satyrodes, 39.
capillare, Panicum, 225.
capillaris, Stenophyllus, 243.
capitata, Lespedeza, 343.
Caprifoliacese, 420.
Caprinus caroliniana, 281.
Cardamine bulbosa, 320.
douglassii, 320.
pennsylvanica, 320.
pratensis, 320.
cardiaca, Leonurus, 404.
Cardinal-flower, 423.
Cardinal-flower, Blue, 423.
cardinalis, Lobelia, 423.
Carnelian Cherry, 324.
Carex albursina, 251.
altata, 250.
atherodes, 253.
bebbii, 250.
buxbaumii, 252.
comosa, 190, 253.
complanata, 252.
conjuncta, 249.
decomposita, 250.
diandra, 250.
foenea, 251.
gracillima, 252.
granulans, 252.
grisea, 252.
gynandra, 25.",.
lanuginosa, 2">::.
leptalea, 251.
lupulina, 253.
464 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
pennsylvanica, 251.
rosea, 249.
rostrata, 253.
stipata, 250.
straminea, 250.
stricta, 252.
tribuloides, 250.
virescens, 252.
vulpinoidea, 249.
Carolina Crane's-bill, 348.
Dwarf Dandelion, 423.
Geranium, 348.
Grass-of-Parnassus, 323.
Milk Vetch, 341.
Carolina, Dissosteira, 29.
Rosa, 333.
carolinense, Lithospermum, 400.
Solanum, 408.
caioliniana, Caprinus, 281.
Parnassia, 323.
carolinianum, Geranium, 348.
carolinianus, Astragalus, 341.
Cenchrus, 227.
carota, Daucus, 381.
Carp Sucker, 258.
Carpet Chara, 178.
Carpet-weed Family, 299.
Carpinus caroliniana, 281.
carpio, Carpiodes, 258.
Carpiodes carpio, 258.
Carrion-flower, 267.
Carrot Family, 377.
Carterius tubisperma, 104.
carunculatum, Enallagma, 22.
Carychium exiguum, 75.
exile, 75.
Caryophyllaceae, 300.
Cassandra, Dwarf, 386.
Cassia marilandica, 337.
Castalia odorata, 305.
tuberosa, 305.
Castilleja coccinea, 413.
Cat, Channel, 80.
Eel, 80.
Cat-gut, 341.
Cat-tail, Broad-leaved, 191, 210.
Cat-tail Family, 210.
Cat's Foot, Broad-leaved, 437.
Catalpa speciosa, 416.
cataria, Nepeta, 402.
Catbrier, 267.
Catchfly, Sleepy, 301.
Catfish, 80.
Catfish, Yellow, 79, 80.
Catmint, 402.
Catnep, 402.
Catnip, 402.
catostomi, Argulus, 79.
caudata, Artemisia, 445.
Caulophyllum thalictroides, 314.
cayugae, Chironomus, 36.
Ceanothus americanus, 362.
Cedar Lake, 56, 193.
Cedar, Red, 209.
Celastracese, 355.
Celastrus scandens, 355.
Celery, Wild, 222.
Celithemis elisa, 14.
eponina, 11, 13.
fasciata, 14.
Celtis occidentalis, 289.
Cenchrus carolinianus, 227.
Center Lake, Ind., 56.
Centrarchidae, 82.
centrarchidarum, Ergasilus, 79, 80.
Centropyxis aculeata, 96.
Cephalanthus, 280.
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 417.
Cerastium vulgatum, 300.
Ceratium macroceras, 97.
Ceratophyllaceae, 302.
Ceratophyllum, 375.
Ceratophyllum demersum, 78, 165,
302.
Cercis canadensis, 337.
Cercyonis alope, 39.
alope nephele, 39.
Ceriodaphnia lacustris, 107.
cernua, Bidens, 441.
cernuum, Allium, 263.
Ibidium, 270.
cernuus, Saururus, 272.
Chaenobryttus gulosus, 80.
Chaetochloa glauca, 227.
italica, 227.
viridis, 227.
Chaetophora incrassata, 156.
pisiformis, 156.
Chain-fern, Virginia, 202.
Chair-maker's Rush, 245.
Chamaecrista fasciculata, 338.
fasciculata robusta, 338.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 465
Chamaecrista nictitans, 337.
Chamaedaphne calyculata, 386.
Chamaesyce humistrata, 351.
maculata, 351.
preslii, 351.
Champlain, Lake, 70, 79.
Channel Cat, 80.
Chapman Lake, 112.
Characeae, 157.
Chara contraria, 158, 178.
fcetida, 173.
foliolosa, 159, 180.
fragilis, 159, 184.
gymnopitys, 160.
subverrucosa, 160.
vulgaris, 159.
Carpet, 178.
Fcetid, 173.
Full-fruited, 180.
Charlock, 321.
Cheat, 238.
Cheeses, 364.
Chelone glabra, 410.
Chenopodiaceae, 297.
Chenopodium album, 297.
album viride, 297.
botrys, 297.
hybridum, 297.
Cherry, Carnelian, 324.
Choke, 336.
Wild Black, 337.
Chess, 238.
Chester, Md., 78.
Chester River, Md., 78.
Chestnut Oak, 287.
Chicago parks, 324.
Chicago, Jackson Park, 424.
Chicken Grape, 363.
Chickenweed Wintergreen, 389.
Chickweed Family, 299.
Common, 299.
Larger Mouse-ear, 300.
Slender Forked, 298.
Chicory Family, 423.
Chimaphila umbellata, 384.
Chinquapin Oak, 287.
Chironomus, 35.
Chironomus cayugae, 36.
decorus, 36.
meridionalis, 36.
Chlamydomonas reticulata, 152.
Chloris, Prairie, 233.
verticillata, 233.
chlorostigma, Vorticella, 97.
Choke Cherry, 336.
Chokeberry, Black, 334.
Red, 334.
Chorella, 150.
Chorthippus curtipennis, 29.
Christmas-fern, 200.
Chrococcus turgidus, 141.
Chromagrion conditum, 21.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 445.
Chrysops, 37.
Cicadas, 29, 31.
Cicindella, 34.
Cicott, Lake, 305.
Cicuta bulbifera, 381.
maculata, 381.
cicutaefolium, Sium, 380.
Cichoriaceae, 423.
ciliaris, Blephariglottis, 269.
ciliata, Corythucha, 30.
Psorophora, 36.
ciliatum, Steironema, 388.
cinerea, Juglans, 272.
Vitis, 362.
Cinna arundinaceae, 231.
cinnamomea, Osmunda, 199.
Cinnamon-fern, 199.
Cinquefoil, Common, 330.
Marsh, 330.
Purple, 330.
Rough, 330.
Circaea lutetiana, 374.
circaezans, Galium, 419.
Cirsium altissimum, 447.
arvense 447.
lanceolatum 446.
muticum, 447.
Cissa eurytus, 39.
Cistaceae, 367.
cistifolium, Hypericum, 366.
Cladocera, 77, 107.
Cladophora fiotowiana, 155.
glomerata, 155.
Clammy Hedge-hyssop, 410.
Clasping-leaved Pondweed, 175, 214.
Claus and Kellicott, 79.
Claytonia virginica, 299.
claytoni, Galium, 419.
Washingtonia, 377.
30— 17618— Vol. 2
466 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
elaytoniana, Osmunda, 200.
Clayton's Bedstraw, 419.
Fern, 200.
Clearweed, 291.
Cleavers, 418.
Cleavers, Vaillant's, 419.
Clematis coccinea, 314.
virginiana, 314.
Climbing Bittersweet, 355.
Cloak, Mourning, 38.
Closterium dianae, 153.
Clover, Alsatian, 340.
Japanese, 343.
Rabbit-foot, 340.
Red, 340.
White, 341.
Club-moss Family, 207.
Club-moss, Bog, 207.
Club-rush, Water, 245.
Weak-stalked, 196, 245.
Cocceius pylades, 39.
coccinea, Castilleja, 413.
Clematis, 314.
Crataegus, 335.
Quadrula, 44, 51.
Quercus, 285.
Cochlicopa lubrica, 75.
Cockle, 300, 301.
Cockle, Corn, 300.
Cocklebur, American, 427.
Cockspur-grass, 224.
Cockspur-grass, Salt-marsh, 225.
Coelastrum microporum, 151.
sphaericum, 151.
Coelenterates, 95.
Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, 142.
coerulea, Houstonia, 417.
cceruleus, Stentor, 97.
Coffee-nut, 338.
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 338.
Cohosh, Blue, 314.
Coker, Dr. Robert E., 69.
Coleochoete scutata, 156.
Coleoptera, Order, 33.
Colic-root, 264.
Collinsia verna, 410.
coloratum, Epilobium, 372.
Columbia Wolffia, 167, 258.
columbiana, Wolffia, 167, 258.
Columbine, Wild, 309.
Comandra livida, 291.
Comandra umbellata, 291.
Northern, 291.
Comarum palustve, 330.
comma, Polygonia, 38, 39.
Common Blue Wood Aster, 433.
Bullhead, 79.
Burdock, 446.
Bur Thistle, 446.
Chickweed, 299.
Cinquefoil, 330.
Dodder, 397.
Evening-primrose, 372.
Floating Pondweed, 177, 211.
Hemicarpha, 248.
Mallow, 364.
Milkweed, 394.
Reed-grass, 234.
Rush, 261.
Sunflower, 439.
Wild Oat-grass, 233.
Willow, 279.
Wood-rush, 262.
Commelinaceae, 260.
Commelina virginica, 260.
commutatum, Polygonatum, 266.
comosa, Carex, 190, 253.
Falcata, 345.
complanata, Carex, 252.
Glossiphonia, 91.
Composite, 427.
compressa, Poa, 237.
Symphynota, 44.
compressum, Pisidium, 74.
laevigatus, Pisidium, 74.
compressus, Potamogeton, 169, 215.
Comptonia peregrina, 275.
comyntas, Everes, 39.
concinnum, Galium, 420.
condensata, Spirogyra, 153.
conditum, Chromagrion, 21.
Cone-flower, Gray-headed, 439.
Purple, 439.
Tall, 438.
congener, Lestes, 26.
conjuncta, Carex, 249.
connata, Bidens, 441.
Connecticut Ave., Washington, D. C,
285.
Conopholis americana, 415.
constricta, Aeschna, 12.
constrictum, Gomphonema, 163.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
467
contectoides, Viviparus, 73.
contracta, Gastrocopta, 75.
contraria, Chara, 158, 178.
Convallariaceae, 265.
, Convolvulaceae, 396.
Convolvulus sepium, 397.
spithamaeus, 397.
convolvulus, Tiniaria, 296.
copallina, Rhus, 353.
Copepod Parasites, 79.
Copepoda, 107.
Copepods, 77.
Copepods, Parasitic, 77.
Copper-colored St. John's-wort, 366.
Coral-root, Small, 271.
Corallorrhiza odontorhiza, 271.
cordata, Pontederia, 190, 260.
Salix, 280.
cordifolia, Vitis, 363.
cordifolius, Aster, 433.
cordiformis, Hicoria, 272.
Coreopsis palmata, 440.
tripteris, 440.
Corisa irtterrupta, 29.
Cornaceae, 382.
Corn Cockle, 300.
Gromwell, 400.
Speedwell, 411.
Cornel, Panicled, 382.
Silky, 382.
corniculata, Xanthoxalis, 349.
Cornus alternifolia, 383.
amomum, 382.
femina, 382.
mas, 324.
stolonifera, 382.
tartarica, 382.
Corpse-plant, 384.
Corrigiolacese, 298.
corruptum, Sympetrum, 15.
Corylus americana, 282.
Corythucha ciliata, 30.
Cosmarium granatum, 152. %
intermedium, 153.
latum, 152.
subcrenatum, 153.
costata, Symphynota, 44.
Vallonia, 75.
Cotton-grass, Slender, 243.
Tall, 244.
Cottonwood, 278.
cotula, Anthemis, 444.
Cotylaspis insignis, 101.
Coulter, Dr. Stanley, 223, 325, 444.
Cow-herb, 301.
Cow-parsnip, 378.
Cowbane, 379.
Cowslip, American, 389.
Cox, Prof. U. O., 103.
Crab Apple, American, 334.
Crab-grass, Large, 224.
Slender, 224.
Cracca virginiana, 341.
Cranberry, American, 387.
Large, 387.
Crane's-bill, Carolina, 348.
Wild, 348.
Crassulacese, 322.
Crataegus coccinea, 335.
mollis, 335.
nitida, 335.
Crawfish, Gray Rock, 85.
Pond, 84.
Rock, 86.
Solitary, 84.
Crawfishes, 83.
Creeper, Virginia, 363.
Creeping Selaginella, 207.
Spike-rush, 189, 242.
Wintergreen, 387.
crenulata, Melosira, 164.
Cress, Bulbous, 320.
Purple, 320.
Spring, 320.
Crested Shield-fern, 201.
Crex, 252.
Crickets, 27, 28.
Crickets, Mole, 29.
crinita, Gentiana, 390.
crispus, Rumex, 292, 293.
cristata, Dryopteris, 201.
Crocanthemum canadense, 367.
crocataria, Xanthotype, 39.
cronkhitei, anthonyi, Pyramidula. 74:
Cross-leaved Milkwort, 350.
Crowfoot Family, 308.
Crowfoot, Hooked, 312.
Kidney-leaved, 312.
Stiff White Water, 187.
cruciata, Polygala, 350.
Cruciferae, 317.
Crucigenia tetrapedia, 150.
468 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
crus-galli, Echinochloa, 224.
Crustaceans, 75.
crystalense, Pisidium pauperculum,74.
crystallina, Sida, 107.
Cuckoo-flower, 320.
cucullaria, Bicuculla, 317.
Cucumber, Wild, 421.
Cucumber-root, Indian, 266.
Cucurbitaceas, 421.
Culex, 35.
Culex excrucians, 36.
stimulans, 36.
Culver's-root, 412.
Cumberland Falls, Ky., 360.
Cumberland River, 361.
Curled Dock, 292.
Currant, Wild Black, 326.
curtipendulus, Atheropogon, 233.
curtipennis, Chorthippus, 29.
Curtis and Lefevre, 41.
curvata, Rhoicosphenia, 163.
curvicauda, Scudderia, 29.
Cuscutaceae, 397.
Cuscuta arvensis, 397.
gronovii, 397.
paradoxa, 397.
Custard-apple Family, 306.
Cut-grass, Rice, 229.
Cut-leaved Meadow-Parsnip, 379.
Toothwort, 320.
Water Hoarhound, 405.
cyanea, Libellula, 17, 26.
cybele, Argynnis, 39.
cylindrica, Boehmeria, 291.
Cycloloma atriplicifolium, 297.
Cyclops edax, 77.
leuckarti, 77, 107.
prasinus, 107.
Cymatopleura elliptica, 162.
solea, 163.
Cymbella cymbiformis, 163.
maculata, 163.
naviculiformis, 163.
prostrata, 163.
cymbiformis, Cymbella, 163.
cylindrica, Anemone, 310.
Cynoglossum officinale, 399.
cynosbati, Grossularia, 326.
cynosura, Tetragoneuria, 24, 26.
Cynoxylon floridum, 383.
Cynthia, 424.
Cynthia virginica, 424.
cyparissias, Tithymalus, 352.
cyperinus, Scirpus, 248.
Cyperaceae, 239.
Cyperus, Awned, 240.
Low, 240.
Slender, 241.
Spurge, 352.
Straw-colored, 240.
diandrus, 240.
filiculmis, 241.
inflexus, 240.
strigosus, 240.
Cypripedium reginse, 269.
Dactylis glomerata, 236.
Daisy Fleabane, 436.
Ox-eye, 445.
dalli, Lymnaea, 72.
Danaus archippus, 37, 39.
Dandelion, 424.
Carolina Dwarf, 423.
Daniels, L. E., 72.
danielsi, Lymnaea, 72.
Danthonia spicata, 233.
Daphnia, 415.
Daphnia hyalina, 77.
pulicaria, 107.
pulex pulicaria, 107.
retrocurva, 77, 107.
Dark-green Bulrush, 247.
dasycarpum, Thalictrum, 313.
Dasystephana flavida, 392.
saponaria, 391.
Dasystoma flava, 412.
laevigata, 412.
pedicularia, 412.
virginica, 412.
Datura stramonium, 408.
Daucus carota, 381.
Day-flower, Virginia, 260.
Deadly Nightshade, 407.
debilis, Scirpus, 196, 245.
decisa, Campeloma, 73.
Decodon verticillatus, 191, 370.
decomposita, Carex, 250.
decorus, Chironomus, 36.
decumbens, Asclepias, 394.
Decumbent Butterfly-weed, 394.
Deer-fly, 37.
Deer-grass, 371.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 469
Defiance, Ohio, 113, 187, 359.
Belong, Ind., 43, 55, 61, 62, 64, 71, 72,
275, 314, 322, 402.
delphinifolius, Ranunculus, 311.
deltoides, Populus, 278.
demersum, Ceratophyllum, 78, 165,
302.
Dense Button-snakeroot, 429.
Dentaria laciniata, 320.
dentata, Poinsettia, 352.
Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, D. C, 7, 324.
depygis, Goniobasis, 73.
Deringa canadensis, 378.
desidiosa, Lymnaea, 72.
Desmidium quadratum, 152.
schwartzii, 152.
Devil's Popcorn, 415.
Dewberry, 332.
dianae, Closterium, 153.
Diatoms, 161.
diandra, Carex, 250.
diandrus, Cyperus, 240.
Diaphanosoma brachyurum, 107.
leuchtenbergianum, 77.
Diapheromera femorata, 27, 29.
Diaptomus minutus, 107.
oregonensis, 77.
dichotoma, Aristida, 230.
Dictosphaerium ehrenbergianum, 150.
differentialis, Melanoplus, 28, 29.
Dina fervida, 95.
parva, 95.
Dineutes, 33, 34.
Dinobryon sp., 96.
diogenes, Cambarus, 83, 84.
dioica, Gynmocladus, 338.
Urtica, 290.
dioicum, Thalictrum, 313.
Dioscoreacese; 268.
Dioscorea villosa, 268.
diphylla, Mitella, 323.
Diplesion blennioides, 43.
Diptera, Order, 35, 36.
Dirca palustris, 370.
discolor, Salix, 280.
Dissosteira Carolina, 29.
Distomum, 100.
Distribution of Mussels in the Lake,
44.
Ditch Stonecrop, 323.
Ditch-moss, 174, 221.
divagans, Enallagma, 2').
divaricata, Phlox, 398.
divaricatum, Urticastrum, 290.
divaricatus, Helianthus, 440.
dives, Tanytarsus, 36.
Diving Beetles, 33.
Docidium verrucosum, 153.
Dock, Bitter, 293.
Broad-leaved, 293.
Curled, 292.
Narrow, 292.
Peach-leaved, 292.
Prairie, 437.
Tall, 292.
Dock-leaved Persicaria, 294.
Dodder Family, 397.
Dodder, Common, 397.
Field; 397.
Glomerate, 397.
Dodecatheon meadia, 389.
Doellingeria umbellata, 436.
Dog-day Locust, 31.
Dog's-tail Grass, 233. "
Dogbane Family, 392.
Dogbane, Spreading, 392.
Dogfish, 100.
Dogwood Family, 382.
Dogwood, Alternate-leaved, 383.
Flowering, 383.
Red-osier, 382.
dolomieu, Micropterus, 80, 82.
domitia, Perethemis, 13.
Doolittle, Prof. A. A., 76.
Door-weed, 293.
Dotted Smart-weed, 295.
Wolffia, 259.
douglassii, Cardamine, 320.
Downy False Foxglove, 412.
Grape, 362.
Poplar, 276.
Phlox, 398.
Thorn, 335.
Yellow Violet, 370.
Dracocephalum virginianum, 404.
dracontium, Arisaema, 254.
Dragon-flies, 10.
Introduction to, 10.
List of species of, 12.
Dragon-head, 404.
Draparnaldia glomerata, 155.
470 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Dropseed, Wood, 230.
Woodland, 230.
Dropseed-grass, 230.
Droseraceae, 321.
Drosera intermedia, 322.
rotundifolia, 321.
Dryopteris cristata, 201.
hexagonoptera, 202.
noveboracensis, 201.
spinulosa, 202.
thelypteris, 201.
dubia, Heteranthera, 261.
Ilysanthes, 410.
Duckweed Family, 256.
Duckweed, Greater, 166, 256.
Ivy-leaved, 170, 257.
Lesser, 167, 258.
Minute, 167, 258.
dulcamara, Solanum, 408.
Dulichium, 248.
arundinaceum, 248.
duplex, Pediastrum, 151.
dura, Rivularia, 143.
Dutchman's Breeches, 317.
Pipe, 356.
Dwarf Black Sumac, 353.
Cassandra, 386.
Dandelion, Carolina, 423.
Ginseng, 377.
Gray Willow, 281.
Red Raspberry, 332.
St. John's-wort, 367.
Dyer's Weed, 431.
Dytiscus hybridus, 33, 34.
Eagle Fern, 203.
Eagle Lake, 56, 115, 141, 207, 233,
241, 258, 310, 330, 414.
Early Blue Violet, 368.
Golden-rod, 431.
Meadow-parsnip, 379.
Meadow-rue, 313.
Violet, 368.
Eaton's Grass, Tall, 236.
Echinacea purpurea, 439.
Echinochloa crus-galli, 224.
walteri, 225.
echinula, Rivularia, 142.
edax, Cyclops, 77.
edentulus, Strophitus, 60.
Edible Valerian, 421.
edulis, Valeriana, 421.
Eel Cat, 80.
Eel-grass, 171, 222.
Pondweed, 169, 215.
effusus, Juncus, 261.
ehrenbergianum, Dictosphserium, 150.
ehrenbergii, Pediastrum, 151.
Elater, 34.
elatior, Ambrosia, 426.
Elder, American, 420.
Box, 360.
Electric-light Bug, 30.
Eleocharis acicularis, 242.
interstincta, 188, 241.
mutata, 188, 241.
palustris, 189, 242.
palustris glaucescens, 189.
obtusa, 242.
olivacea, 242.
Eleusine indica, 233.
elevata, Polygyra, 74.
elisa, Celithemis, 14.
elliptica, Cymatopleura, 162.
Pyrola, 384.
Elm Family, 288.
Elm, American, 288.
Red, 288.
Slippery, 288.
White, 288.
Elm-leaved Golden-rod, 430.
Emesa longipes, 30.
Enallagma calverti, 24.
carunculatum, 22.
divagans, 23.
exsulans, 23.
geminatum, 26.
hageni, 22.
pollutum, 26.
signatum, 23.
Enchanter's Nightshade, 374.
Enchenopa binotata, 31.
English Lake, Ind., 42.
Plantain, 417.
Sparrow, 317.
Entire-leaved False Foxglove, 412.
Rosin-wood, 437.
Epargyreus tityrus, 39.
Ephemerida, Order, 8.
Ephithemia argus, 163.
gibba, 163.
zebra, 163.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 471
Epicordulia princeps, 25.
Epigaea repens, 386.
Epilobium coloratum, 372.
lineare, 372.
Epischura lacustris, 107.
Epistylis, 98.
eponina, Celithemis, 11, 13, 14.
Equisetacae, 204.
Equisetum arvense, 204.
fluviatile, 205.
laevigatum, 206.
robustum, 205.
Eragrostis hypnoides, 236.
major, 235.
pilosa, 235.
purshii, 235.
Tufted, 235.
Erechtites, 435.
Erechtites hieracifolia, 445.
Erect Knotweed, 293.
erectum, Polygonum, 293.
Trillium, 267.
Eremosphsera viridis, 150.
Ergasilus, 79, 81.
centrarchidarum, 79, 80.
versicolor, 79, 80.
Ericaceae, 386.
ericoides, Aster, 434.
Ericymba buccata, 43.
Erie Lake, 65.
Erigenia bulbosa, 379.
Erigeron annuus, 435.
philadelphicus, 435.
pulchellus, 435.
ramosus, 436.
Eriocaulaceae, 259.
Eriocaulon septangulare, 184, 259.
Eriophorum angustifolium, 244.
gracile, 243.
Erpobdellidae, 94.
Erpobdella punctata, 94.
Eryngium aquaticum, 377.
Erysimum officinale, 319.
Erythemis simplicicollis, 15.
erythrocephala, Calliphora, 36.
Erythronium albidum, 264.
americanum, 264.
Etheostoma camurum, 43.
Eubaphe ferruginosa, 39.
Eucalia inconstans, 76.
Euconulus fulvus, 75.
Euglena viridis, 96.
Euglypha alveolata, 96.
Eumenes fratei-na, 40.
Euonymus atropurpureus, 355.
obovatus, 3-").").
Eupatorium perfoliatum, 428.
purpureum, 428.
urticaefolium, 428.
Euphorbiaeeae, 351.
Eurema euterpe, 39.
European Mallow, 365.
Eurymus, philodice, 39.
eurytus, Cissa, 39.
euterpe, Eurema, 39.
Euthamia graminifolia, 432.
tenuifolia, 432.
Evening-primrose Family, 371.
Evening-primrose, Common, 372.
Everes comyntas, 39.
Everlasting, Fragrant Life, 437.
Plantain-leaf, 436.
evides, Hadropterus, 43.
exacutus, Planorbis, 73.
exaltata, Asclepias, 394.
excrucians, Culex, 36.
exigua, Lymnaea obrussa, 72.
exiguum, Carychium, 75.
exile, Carychium, 75.
exilipes, Palaemonetes, 78.
exilis, Gomphus, 25.
exsulans, Enallagma, 23.
exusta, Ladona, 26.
Fabaceae, 338.
fabalis, Mictomya, 72.
Fagaceae, 283.
Fagopyrum fagopyrum, 295.
fagopyrum, Fagopyrum, 295.
Fagus grandifolia, 283.
Falcata comosa, 345.
Fall Meadow-rue, 314.
fallaciosa, Lampsilis, 63.
False Beech-drops, 385.
Flax, 317.
Foxglove, Downy, 412.
Foxglove, Entire-leaved, 412.
Foxglove, Fern-leaved, 412.
Foxglove, Smooth, 412.
Lily-of-the-valley, 265.
Loosestrife, 372.
Mallow, 365.
472 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
False Mermaid Family, 349.
Mermaid, 349.
Nettle, 291.
Pimpernel, Long-stalked, 410.
Red-top, 236.
Rue Anemone, 309.
Spikenard, 265.
Sunflower, 437.
Family, Aceraceae, 356.
Aesculaceae, 361.
Aizoacese, 299.
Alismaceae, 219.
Alsinaceae, 299.
Altingiaceae, 325.
Amaranthaceas, 296.
Amaryllidaceae, 268.
Ambrosiaceae, 426.
Ammiaceae, 377.
Amygdalaceae, 336.
Anacardiaceae, 353.
Annonaceae, 306.
Apoeynaceae, 392.
Araceae, 253.
Araliaeeas, 376.
Aristolochiaceae, 291.
Asclepiadaceae, 393.
Balsaminaceae, 349.
Berberidacese, 314.
Betulaceae, 281.
Bignoniaceae, 416.
Boraginaceae, 399.
Cabombaceae, 303.
Cactaceas, 370.
Caesalpiniaceae, 337.
Campanulaceae, 422.
Cannabinaceae, 290.
Caprifoliaceae, 420.
Caryophyllaceae, 300.
Celastraceae, 355.
Ceratopbyllaceae, 302.
Chenopodiaceae, 297.
Cichoriacese, 423.
Cistacea?, 367.
Commelinaceae, 260.
Compositae, 427.
Convallariaceae, 265.
Convolvulaceae, 396.
Cornaceae, 382.
Corrigiolaceae, 298.
Crassulaceae, 322.
Family, Cruciferae, 317.
Cucurbitaceae, 421.
Cuscutaceae, 397.
Cyperaceae, 239.
Dioscoreaceae, 268.
Droseraceae, 321.
Equisetaceae, 204.
Ericaceae, 386.
Eriocaulaceas, 259.
Euphorbiaceae, 351.
Fabaceae, 338.
Fagaceae, 283.
Fumariaceae, 317.
Gentianaceaa, 390.
Geraniaceae, 348.
Gramineas, 223.
Grossulariaceas, 326.
Haloragidaceae, 374.
Hamamelidaceae, 324.
Hydrophyllaceae, 399.
Hypericaceae, 366.
Ilicaceae, 354.
Iridaceae, 268.
Juglandaceas, 272.
Juncaceae, 261.
Labiatae, 402.
Lauraceae, 315.
Lemnaceae, 256.
Lentibulariaceae, 413.
Liliaceae, 262.
Limnanthaceae, 349.
Linaceae, 349.
Lobeliaceas, 423.
Lycopodiaceae, 207.
Lythraceae, 370.
Magnoliaceae, 305.
Malaceae, 334.
Malvaceae, 364.
Melastomaceae, 371.
Menispermaceae, 315.
Menyanthaceae, 392.
Molaceae, 334.
Monotropoceae, 384.
Moraceae, 289.
Myricaceae, 275.
Naiadaceae, 218.
Nymphaeaceae, 304.
Oleaceae, 389.
Onagraceae, 371.
Ophioglossaceae, 197.
Orchidaceae, 269.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 473
Family, Orobanchaceae, 415.
Osmundaceae, 199.
Oxalidaceae, 348.
Papaveraceae, 317.
Parnassiaceae, 323.
Penthoraceae, 323.
Phrymaceae, 416.
Phytolaccaceae, 298.
Pinaceae, 207.
Platanaceae, 327.
Plantaginaceae, 416.
Polemoniaceae, 398.
Polygalaceaa, 350.
Polygonaceae, 292.
Polypodiaceas, 200.
Pontederiaceae, 261.
Portulacaceae, 299.
Primulaceae, 388.
Pyrolaceae, 384.
Ranunculaceae, 308.
Rhamnaceae, 362.
Rosaceae, 329.
Rubiacas, 417.
Rutacea?, 350.
Salicaceae, 275.
Santalaceae, 291.
Sarraceniaceas, 321.
Saururaceae, 272.
Saxifragaceae, 323.
Scheuchzeriaceae, 219.
Scophulariaceae, 409.
Selaginellaceae, 207.
Simaroubaceae, 350.
Smilaceae, 267.
Solanaceae, 407.
Sparganiaceae, 211.
Staphyleaceae, 356.
Thymeleaceae, 370.
Tiliaceae, 364.
Trilliaceae, 266.
Typhaceaa, 210.
Ulmaceae, 288.
Urticaceae, 290.
Vacciniaceae, 387.
Valerianaceae, 421.
Vallisneriacea?, 221.
Verbenaceae, 401.
Violaceae, 368.
Vitaceae, 362.
Xyridaceas, 259.
Zannichelliaceae, 211.
Family, Adder's-tongue, 197.
Ailanthus, 350.
Altingia, 325.
Amaranth, 296.
Amaryllis, 268.
Apple, 334.
Arrow-grass, 219.
Arum, 253.
Barberry, 314.
Bayberry, 275.
Beech, 283.
Bellflower, 422.
Birch, 281.
Birth wort, 291.
Bladder-nut, 356.
Borage, 399.
Broom-rape, 415.
Buckbean, 392.
Buckeye, 361.
Buckthorn, 362.
Buckwheat, 292.
Bur-reed, 211.
Cactus, 370.
Carpet-weed, 299.
Carrot, 377.
Cat-tail, 210.
Chicory, 423.
Chickweed, 299.
Club-moss, 207.
Crowfoot, 308.
Custard- apple, 306.
Dodder, 397.
Dogbane, 392.
Dogwood, 382.
Duckweed, 256.
Elm, 288.
Evening-primrose, 371.
False Mermaid, 349.
Fern, 200.
Figwort, 409.
Flax, 349.
Fumewort, 317.
Gentian, 390.
Geranium, 348.
Ginseng, 376.
Gooseberry, 326.
Goosefoot, 297.
Gourd, 421.
Grape, 362.
Grass, 223.
Grass-of-Parnassus, 323.
474 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Family, Heath, 386.
Hemp, 290.
Holly, 354.
Honeysuckle, 420.
Hornwort, 302.
Horsetail, 204.
Huckleberry, 387.
Indian-pipe, 384.
Iris, 268.
Jewel-weed, 349.
Laurel, 315.
Lily, 262.
Lily-of-the-valley, 265.
Linden, 364.
Lizard's-tail, 272.
Lobelia, 423.
Loosestrife, 370.
Lopseed, 416.
Madder, 417.
Magnolia, 305.
Mallow, 364.
Maple, 356.
Meadow-beauty, 371.
Mezereum, 370.
Milkweed, 393.
Milkwort, 350.
Mint, 402.
Moonseed, 315.
Morning-glory, 396.
Mulberry, 289.
Mustard, 317.
Naias, 218.
Nettle, 290.
Olive, 389.
Orchid, 269.
Orpine, 322.
Pea, 338.
Peach, 336.
Pickerel-weed, 260.
Pine, 207.
Pink, 300.
Pipewort, 259.
Pitcher-plant, 321.
Phlox, 398.
Plane-tree, 327.
Plantain, 416.
Pokeweed, 298.
Pondweed, 261.
Poppy, 317.
Potato, 407.
Primrose, 388.
Family, Purslane, 299.
Ragweed, 426.
Rock-rose, 367.
Rose, 329.
Royal Fern, 199.
Rue, 350.
Rush, 261.
Sandalwood, 291.
Saxifrage, 323.
Sedge, 239.
Selaginella, 207.
Senna, 337.
Smilax, 267.
Spiderwort, 260.
Spurge, 351.
St. John's-wort, 366.
Staff-tree, 355.
Sumac, 353.
Sundew, 321.
Tape-grass, 221.
Thistle, 427.
Trumpet-creeper, 416.
Valerian, 421.
Vervain, 401.
Violet, 368.
Virginia Stonecrop, 323.
Wake-robin, 266.
Walnut, 272.
Water-leaf, 399.
Water Lily, 304.
Water-milfoil, 374.
Water-plantain, 219.
Water-shield, 303.
Whitlow-wort, 298.
Willow, 275.
Wmtergreen, 384.
Witch Hazel, 324.
Wood-sorrel, 348.
Yam, 268.
Yellow-eyed Grass, 259.
farinosa, Aletris, 264.
fasciata, Celithemis, 14.
fasciatus, Melanoplus, 29.
Oncopeltus, 31.
fasciculata, Chamaecrista, 338.
robusta, Chamaecrista, 338.
Vernonia, 427.
Fat Mucket, 65.
Feather Geranium, 297.
Feather, Parrot's, 375.
felix-foemina, Athyrium, 203.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 17->
femina, Cornus, 382.
femorata, Diapheromera, 27, 29.
femur-rubrum, Melanoplus, 28, 29.
Fen Orchis, 271.
Fennel-leaved Pondweed, 174, 216.
Fern Family, 200.
Fern, Brittle, 200.
Clayton's, 200.
Eagle, 203.
Maiden-hair, 203.
New York, 201.
Royal, 199.
Sensitive, 200.
Sweet, 275.
Fern-leaved False Foxglove, 412.
Ferns, Fern-allies, and Seed-bearing
Plants, 197.
ferruginosa, Eubaphe, 39.
fervida, Dina, 95.
Fescue-grass, Nodding, 238.
Slender, 238.
Festuca nutans, 238.
octoflora, 238.
Fetid Camomile, 444.
Fever-few, American, 437.
Fever-wort, 421.
Few-leaved Sunflower, 439.
Field Dodder, 397.
Golden-rod, 431.
Horsetail, 204.
Milkwort, 350.
Sorrel, 292.
Figwort Family, 409.
Figwort, Hare, 409.
Maryland, 409.
filiculmis, Cyperus, 241.
Filiform Pondweed, 170, 216.
hliforme, Syntherisma, 224.
filiformis, Potamogeton, 170, 216.
Filix fragilis, 200.
Fimbristylis autumnalis, 243.
Fimbristylis, Slender, 243.
fimbriatula, Viola, 369.
Fireflies, 34.
Fire-weed, 445.
Fish Lakes, Ind., 325.
Fishes eat plankton scum, 113.
fistulosa, Monarda, 404.
Five-finger, 330.
Flag, Sweet, 256.
Flat Niggerhead, 51.
Flats, Bur-oak, 287.
Flat-leaved Bladderwort, 195, 414.
Flat-top White Aster, Tall, 436.
Flat-worms, 100.
fiava, Dasystoma, 412.
flavescens, Perca, 80.
flavida, Dasystephana, 392.
flavum, Sphanium, 73.
Flax Family, 349.
Flax, False, 317.
Fleabane, Canada, 436.
Daisy, 436.
Philadelphia, 435.
Fletcher Lake, 189, 240, 244, 248, 408.
flexicaulis, Solidago, 429.
flexilis, Naias, 184, 218.
robusta, Naias, 173.
flexuosa, Koellia, 405.
Xyris, 259.
Flies, 35.
Flies, Harvest, 31.
Floater, 55.
Floating Manna-grass, 237.
Floerkea proserpinacoides, 349.
Flora of Lake Maxinkuckee and vicin-
ity, 117.
Flora, Beach, 128.
High gravelly sandy woodland, 130.
Lake plains, 129.
Land, 124.
Low woodlands, 130.
Gullies, 131.
Peat bogs, 132.
Sand woodland, 130.
Shifting sand regions, 132.
Upland clay woodland, 130.
Upland loamy woodland, 130.
Woodland ponds, 131.
Floral Regions, General, 128.
floribunda, Pieris, 386.
floribundis, Samolus, 388.
Florida Milkweed, 396.
Wolfiella, 168, 259.
floridana, Acerates, 396.
Wolffiella, 168, 259.
floridum, Cynoxylon, 383.
flos-aqua?, Anabaena, 145.
Aphanizomenon, 1 15.
flotowiana, Cladophora, 155.
Flowering Dogwood, 383.
of the meres, 110.
476 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Flowering Spurge, 352.
flumineum, Belostoma, .'30.
fluviatile, Equisetum, 205.
Fly, Harvest, 31.
Fly-honeysuckle, Swamp, 421.
foenea, Carex, 251.
foetida, Chara, 173.
Spathyema, 255.
foliolosa, Chara, 159, 180.
Food and feeding of mussels, 45.
Food and Parasites of Anodonta
grandis footiana, 57.
Food of Lampsilis luteola, 67.
Lampsilis subrostrata, 64.
Quadrula rubiginosa, 52.
footiana, Anodonta grandis, 45, 55,
57, 109.
Forbes, Dr. S. A., 168, 195, 258.
forcipatus, Lestes, 20.
Forked Beard-grass, 223.
Chickweed, Slender, 298.
Fort Wayne, Ind., 197, 298, 311, 314,
332, 345, 424, 444.
Fox Sedge, Soft, 249.
Fox-grape, Northern, 362.
Foxglove, Downy False, 412.
Entire-leaved False, 412.
Fern-leaved False, 412.
Smooth False, 412.
Foxtail, Marsh, 231.
Yellow, 227.
Foxtail-grass, Green, 227.
Fowl Meadow-grass, 236.
Fragaria virginiana, 330.
fragilis, Chara, 159, 184.
Filix, 200.
Fragrant Life Everlasting, 437.
Golden-rod, 432.
Golden-rod, Slender, 432.
fraterna, Eumenes, 40.
Polygyra, 74.
fraternus, Acilius, 34.
Fraxinus americana, 389.
nigra, 390.
pennsylvanica, 389.
quadrangulata, 390.
Freshwater Mollusks, 72.
Shrimp, 78.
Fries' Pondweed, 169, 215.
friesii, Potamogeton, 169, 215.
Fringed Gentian, 390.
Fringed Loosestrife, 388.
frondosa, Bidens, 442.
Frost Grape, 363.
Frost-weed Aster, 434.
Frostweed, Long-branched, 367.
Full-fruited Chara, 180.
fulva, Ulmus, 288.
fulvicollis, Scepsis, 39.
fulvus, Euconulus, 75.
Fumewort Family, 317.
furcatus, Anodropogon, 223.
furcifer, Gomphus, 25.
fusca, Calothrix, 143.
Glossiphonia, 91.
Ranatra, 30.
Galeorchis spectabilis, 269.
galericulata, Scutellaris, 402.
Galium aparine, 418.
boreale, 419.
circaezans, 419.
claytoni, 419.
concinnum, 420.
pilosum, 419.
tinctorium, 419.
trifidum, 419.
vaillantii, 419.
Gallinsoga parviflora, 444.
Gastrocopta armifera, 75.
contracta, 75.
tappaniana, 75.
gastrum, Navicula, 163.
Gaultheria procumbens, 387.
Gaylussacia baccata, 387.
Gelostocoris oculatus, 30.
geminatum, Enallagma, 26.
geniculatus, Alopecurus, 231.
Gentianaceae, 390.
Gentian Family, 390.
Gentian, Blue, 391.
Fringed, 390.
Soapwort, 391.
Stiff, 391.
Yellow, 392.
Gentiana crinita, 390.
quinquefolia, 391.
gentianoides, Sarothra, 367.
Gephyrean worms, 102.
Geraniacese, 348.
Geranium Family, 348.
Geranium, Carolina, 348.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 477
Geranium, Feather, 297.
Wild, 348.
carolinianum, 348.
maculatum, 348.
Germander, American, 402.
Gerris remigis, 30.
Geum, 312.
Geum canadense, 331.
Giant Wild Sunflower, 439.
Water-bug, «80.
Giant-hyssop, 402.
g'ibba, Epithemia, 163.
Utricularia, 196, 414.
gibbosus, Unio, 45, 53.
giganteus, Helianthus, 439.
Ginger, Wild, 291.
Giliad, Balm of, 275.
Ginseng Family, 376.
Ginseng, 376.
Dwarf, 377.
githago, Agrostemma, 300.
glaber, Tropisternus, 34.
glabra, Aesculus, 361.
Chelone, 410.
Rhus, 353.
glandulosa, Ailanthus, 350.
glans, Lampsilis, 44, 61.
glauca, Chaetochloa, 227.
Merismopedia, 142.
glaucescens, Eleocharis palustris, 189.
Malus, 334.
glaucus turnus, Papilio, 38.
Glaucous White-lettuce, 426.
Glecoma hederacea, 403.
Gloeocapsa magma, 141.
polydermatica, 141.
glomerata, Cladophora, 155.
Dactylis, 236.
Draparnaldia, 155.
Glomerate Dodder, 397.
Glossiphonidae, 90.
Glossiphonia complanata, 91.
fusca, 91.
heteroclita, 92.
stagnalis, 90.
Glossy Willow, 279.
Glycine apios, 344.
Gnaphalium obtusifolium, 437.
Goat's Rue, 341.
Goatsbeard, Virginia, 424.
Gold-of-pleasure, 317.
Golden-rod, Blue-stemmed, 429.
Bog, 430.
Broad-leaved, 429.
Bushy, 432.
Canada, 431.
Early, 431.
Elm-leaved, 430.
Field, 431.
Fragrant, 432.
Gray, 431.
Hairy, 430.
Hard-leaved, 432.
Late, 431.
Noble, 430.
Riddell's, 432.
Rough-leaved, 430.
Sharp-toothed, 431.
Showy, 430.
Slender Fragrant, 432.
Stiff, 432.
Western Rough, 432.
Wreath, 429.
Wrinkled-leaved, 430.
Golden Seal, 308.
Gomphoides obscura, 25.
Gomphonema constrictum, 163.
olivaceum, 163.
Gomphosphaeria aponina, 141.
Gomphus exilis, 25.
furcifer, 25.
lividus, 25.
Goniobasis depygis, 73.
livescens, 73.
louisvillensis, 73.
pulchella, 73.
Gonium pectorale, 152.
Goose-grass, 418.
Vaillant's, 419.
Gooseberry Family, 326.
Northern, 326.
Wild, 326.
Goosefoot Family, 297.
Maple-leaved, 297.
Gopher-vine, 347.
Gordius, 101.
Gourd Family, 421.
Graceful Sedge, 252.
gracile, Eriophorum, 243.
Ibidium, 271.
gracilis, Urtica, 2!H>.
478 Lake Maxinkuckcc, Physical and Biological Survey
gracillima, Carex, 252.
Grama-grass, Tall, 233.
Graminea?, 223.
graminea, Sagittaria, 184, 220, 259.
graminifolia, Euthamia, 432.
granatum, Cosmarium, 152.
grandidentata, Populus, 276.
grandiflora, Meibomia, 342.
Uvularia, 266.
grandiflorum, Trillium, 267.
grandifolia, Fagus, 283.
grandis footiana, Anodonta, 45, 55,
101.
granulans, Carex, 252.
granulatum, Botrydium, 14!).
Grape Family, 362.
Grape, Blue, 362.
Chicken, 363.
Downy, 362.
Frost, 363.
Riverside, 363.
Summer, 362.
Sweet Scented, 363.
Winter, 362.
Grape-fern, Ternate, 197.
Virginia, 198.
Grass Family, 223.
Grass Family, Yellow-eyed, 259.
Grass, Barnyard, 224.
Blue-joint, 232.
Bottle-brush, 239.
Dog's-tail, 233.
Hungarian, 227.
Pointed Blue-eyed, 269.
Slender Yellow-eyed, 259.
Squirrel-tail, 238.
Tall Eaton's, 236.
White, 229.
Yard, 261.
Grass-leaved Arrowhead, 184.
Sagittaria, 220.
Grass-of-Parrtassus Family, 323.
Grass-of-Parnassus, Carolina, 323.
Grass-pink, 270.
Grasshoppers, 27.
Gratiola virginiana, 410.
Gray Golden-rod, 431.
Pine, 207.
Rock Crawfish, 85.
Gray Sedge, 252.
Willow, Dwarf, 281.
Gray-headed Cone-flower, 439.
Gray's Manual, 238.
Great Bulrush, American, 185, 246.
High Angelica, 379.
Lobelia, 423.
Nettle, 290.
Ragweed, 426.
Greater Bladderwort, 193, 414.
Duckweed, 166, 256.
Greek Valerian, 399.
Green Algae, List of Species of, 141.
Green Amaranth, 296.
Arrow-arum, 190, 254.
Dragon, 254.
Foxtail-grass, 227.
Milkweed, 396.
Mullen, 409.
Greenbrier, 267.
Hispid, 268.
Greene's Sumac, 353.
Grindelia, 354.
grisea, Carex, 252.
Gromwell, Corn, 400.
gronovii, Cuscuta, 397.
Hieracium, 425.
Grossulariaceae, 326.
Grossularia cynosbati, 326.
oxyacanthoides, 326.
Ground Ivy, 403.
Ground-cherry, Low Hairy, 407.
Tall Hairy, 407.
Prairie, 407.
Virginia, 407.
Ground-nut, 344, 377.
Groundsel, Balsam, 446.
Gryllotalpa, 29.
Gryllus, 28.
Gryllus assimilis lactuosus, 29.
gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 80.
Gum, Black, 383.
Sour, 383.
Sweet, 325.
guttata, Alona, 108.
Gymnocladus dioica, 338.
gymnopitys, Chara, 160.
gynandra, Carex, 253.
Hackberry, 289.
Hadropterus aspro, 43.
evides, 43.
haematiles, Rivularia, 143.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 479
Haemopis marmoratus, 94.
hag-eni, Enallagma, 22.
Hair-grass, Rough, 232.
Hair-like Stenophyllus, 243.
Hairy Bedstraw, 419.
Bush-clover, 343.
Button-Snakeroot, 429.
Golden-rod, 430.
Ground-cherry, Low, 407.
Ground-cherry, Tall, 407.
Hawkweed, 425.
Pine-sap, 385.
Puccoon, 400.
Rock-cress, 319.
Solomon's Seal, 266.
Spreading Spurge, 351.
Sunflower, 440.
Sweet-cicely, 377.
Wood-lettuce, 425.
Yellow Violet, 370.
Hairy-jointed Meadow Parsnip, 379.
Hairy-veined Blue Lettuce, 425.
Halberd-leaved Orache, 298.
Rose-mallow, 366.
Tear-thumb, 296.
Haloragidaceae, 374.
Hamamelidaceae, 324.
Hamamelis virginiana, 324.
hammonis, Polita, 75.
Harbinger of Spring, 379.
Hard Maple, 360.
Hard-leaved Golden-rod, 432.
Hardhack, 330.
Hare Figwort, 409.
Harebell, 422.
harpse, Acroperus, 107.
Harvest flies, 31.
hastata, Atriplex, 298.
Verbena, 401.
hastatum, Anomalagrion, 24.
Haw, Red, 335.
Hawkweed, Canada, 425.
Hairy, 425.
Hay Sedge, 251.
Hay, Prof. William Perry, 83.
Hazel-nut, 282.
Heal-all, 403.
Heart-leaved Willow, 280.
Heartweed, 294.
Heath Aster, White, 434.
Heath Family, 386.
Hedeoma pulegioides, 405.
hederacea, Glecoma, 403.
Hedge Bindweed, 397.
Mustard, 319.
Mustard, Tall, 31!).
Nettle, 404.
Weed, 319.
Hedge-hyssop, Clammy, 410.
helianthoides, Heliopsis, 437.
Helianthus annuus, 439.
divaricatus, 440.
giganteus, 439.
hirsutus, 440.
mollis, 440.
occidentalis, 439.
Helicodiscus parallelus, 75.
Helicopsyche, 32.
Heliopsis helianthoides, 437.
helvola, Strophostyles, 346.
Hemicarpha, Common, 248.
micrantha, 248.
Hemingway and Moore, 89.
Hemiptera, Order, 29.
Hemlock, Bulb-bearing, 381.
Water, 381.
Water-parsnip, 380.
Hemp Family, 290.
Hemp, 290.
Indian, 393.
Heodes hypophlagas, 39.
theo, 39.
Hepatica acutiloba, 311.
hepatica, 310.
hepatica, Hepatica, 310.
Heracleum lanatum, 378.
herbacea, Smilax, 267.
Hessler, Dr. Robert, 269, 427.
Hetaerina americana, 19.
tricolor, 19.
Heteranthera dubia, 261.
heteroclita, Glossiphonia, 92.
heterophylla, Populus, 276.
heterophyllum, Myriophyllum, 375.
heterophyllus, Potamogcton. 177.
heterostropha, Physa, 73.
Heuchera hispida, 323.
Rough, 32::.
hexagonoptera, Dryopteris, 202.
Hibbard, Ind., 112, .S77, 405, 439,^442.
Hibiscus militaris, •"><'><:.
trionum, 366.
480 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Hickory, Black, 274, 275.
Shell-bark, 273.
Small-fruited, 274.
Swamp, 272.
White-heart, 274.
Hicoria alba, 274.
cordiformis, 272.
microcarpa, 274.
ovata, 273.
hieracifolia, Erechtites, 445.
Hieracium canadense, 425.
gronovii, 425.
High Angelica, Great, 379.
High-bush Huckleberry, 387.
hirsuta, Arabis, 319.
Hypoxis, 268.
Lactuca, 425.
Polygyra, 74.
Hirsute Sedge, 252.
hirsutula, Viola, 369.
hirsutus, Helianthus, 440.
hirta, Lespedeza, 343.
Rhus, 353.
Rudebeckia, 438.
Hirudinidae, 94.
Hispid Buttercup, 313.
Greenbrier, 268.
hispida, Heuchera, 323.
Smilax, 268.
Solidago, 430.
hispidus, Ranunculus, 313.
Rubus, 333.
Hoarhound, Cut-leaved Water, 405.
White, 402.
Hoary Puccoon, 400.
Vervain, 401.
Hog Pea-nut, 345.
Holly Family, 354.
Holly, Mountain, 355.
Wild, 355.
Holy Rose, Marsh, 386.
Holy-grass, 229.
Homalocenchrus oryzoides, 229.
virginicus, 229.
Home of mussels, Lakes and ponds as
the, 41.
Honewort, 378.
Honey-bloom, 392.
Honeysuckle Family, 420.
Hooded Blue Violet, 369.
Hooked Crowfoot, 312.
Hoop Ash, 390.
Hop, 290.
Medic, 339.
Sedge, 253.
Hop-hornbeam, 281.
Hop-tree, 350.
Three-leaved, 350.
Hordeum jubatum, 238.
Hornbeam, American, 281.
Hornet, 40.
Hornwort Family, 302.
Hornwort, 78, 165, 302, 375.
Horse-gentian, 421.
Horse-mint, 404, 405.
Horse-nettle, 408.
Horse-radish, 318.
Horsehair Snake, 101.
Horsetail Family, 204.
Horsetail, Field, 204.
Swamp, 205.
Horseweed, 426.
Horse-weed, 436.
Hounds-tongue, 399.
Houstonia coerulea, 417.
Howard, Dr. L. O., 40.
Huckleberry Family, 387.
Huckleberry, Black, 387.
Blue, 387.
High-bush, 387.
humifusa, Opuntia, 370.
humilis, Lymnsea, 72.
humistrata, Chamaesyce, 351.
Humped Bladderwort, 196, 414.
Humulus lupulus, 290.
Hungarian Grass, 227.
Hunter's Butterfly, 38.
hyalina, Daphnia, 77.
Leptodora, 77, 107, 108.
Hybopsis amblops, 43.
hybridum, Chenopodium, 297.
Trifolium, 340.
hybridus, Amaranthus, 296.
Dytiscus, 33, 34.
Hydra oligactis, 99.
Hydrastis canadensis, 308.
Hydrodictyon reticulatum, 151.
Hydrophyllaceae, 399.
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, 399.
virginianum, 399.
Hydrophyllus, 33.
hydropiper, Persicaria, 295.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 481
hydropiperoides, Persicaria, 295.
hyemale, Aplectrum, 271.
hyemalis, Agrostis, 232.
Hygrotrechus remigis, 30.
Hymenoptera, Order, 39.
Hypericacese, 366.
Hypericum cistifolium, 366.
mutilum, 367.
punctatum, 366.
virgatum, 366.
hypnoides, Eragrostis, 236.
hypophlaeas, Heodes, 39.
Hypopitys lanuginosa, 385.
Hypoxis hirsuta, 268.
Hystrix hystrix, 239.
hystrix, Hystrix, 239.
Ibidium cernuum, 270.
gracile, 271.
Ictalurus anguilla, 80.
punctatus, 80.
Ictiobus bubalus, 258.
idahoense, Pisidium, 74.
Ilex verticillata, 354.
Ilicaceae, 354.
illinoensis, Meibomia, 343.
Illinois Tick-trefoil, 343.
Ill-scented Wake-robin, 267.
Illustrated Flora, Britton and
Brown's, 197.
Ilybius biguttulus, 34.
Ilycryptus spinifer, 108.
Ilysanthes dubia, 410.
imbecillis, Anodonta, 60.
immumis spinirostris, Cambarus, 86.
Impatiens biflora, 349.
pallida, 349.
incarnata, Asclepias, 394.
incesta, Libellula, 17, 26.
indentata, Polita, 75.
Indian Bean, Larger, 416.
Cucumber-root, 266.
Hemp, 393.
Mallow, 365.
Paint-brush, 413.
Indian-pipe Family, 384.
Pipe, 384.
Plantain, Pale, 446.
Plantain, Tuberous, 446.
Turnip, 253.
Indian-grass, 224.
indianense, Pisidium, 74.
31— 17618— Vol. 2
indica, Eleusine, 233.
Indigo, Large White Wild, 338.
inexpansa, Calamagrostis, 233.
infl.exus, Cyperus, 240.
Innocence, 410, 417.
Insects, 7.
Insects, Birds feeding on, 35.
Introduction to, 7.
Scale, 29.
insignis, Cotylaspis, 101.
intacta, Leucorhinia, 15.
integerrima, Taenidia, 379.
integra, Physa, 73.
integrifolium, Silphium, 437.
Parthenium, 437.
internum, Pleurocera subulare, 73.
interior, Salix, 279.
intermedia, Drosera, 322.
Utricularia, 195, 414.
intermedium, Cosmarium, 153.
interrogationis, Polygonia, 38, 39.
interrupta, Arctocorisa, 29.
Corisa, 29.
Melasoma, 33, 34.
Interrupted Pondweed, 178.
interruptus, Potamogeton, 178.
interstincta, Eleocharis, 188, 241.
intertextus, Viviparus, 73.
inundatum, Lycopodium, 207.
Ionactis linariifolius, 436.
Ipomoea pandurata, 347, 396.
irene, Nehalennia, 21.
Iridacese, 268.
Iris Family, 268.
Iris versicolor, 268.
iris, Lampsilis, 44, 61.
Iron-weed, Tall, 427.
Western, 427.
Iron-wood, 281.
irritabilis, Opercularia, 98, 99.
irrorata, Notonecta, 30.
Ischnura kellicotti, 23.
verticalis, 23.
Isnardia palustris, 371.
Isopods, 78.
Isopyrum biternatum, 309.
italica, Chaetochloa, 277.
Ivy, Ground, 403.
Poison, 35 1.
Three-leaved, 354.
Ivy-leaved Duckweed, 166, 257.
482 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Jack-in-the-pulpit, 253.
Jackson Park, Chicago, 424.
Japanese Clover, 343.
jenneri, Spirulina, 143.
Jerusalem Oak, 297.
Jewel-weed Family, 349.
Jimson-weed, 408.
Joe-pye Weed, 428.
Johannsen, Dr. O. A., 7.
Johnny-jump-up, 369.
juhatum, Hordeum, 238.
Judas-tree, American, 337.
Juday, Chancey, 76, 105, 113.
Juglandaceae, 272.
Juglans cinerea, 272.
nigra, 272.
Juncaceae, 261.
juncea, Solidago, 431.
junceus, Aster, 434.
Juncoides campestre, 262.
Juncus acuminatus, 262.
brachycarpus, 262.
bufonius, 261.
canadensis, 262.
effusus, 261.
nodatus, 262.
tenuis, 261.
June-berry, 335.
June-grass, 237.
Juniperus virginiana, 209.
Junius, Anax, 24, 25.
kalmii, Lobelia, 423.
Kalm's Lobelia, 423.
Kankakee marshes, 258, 295.
Kankakee River, 42, 51, 56, 78, 285,
366.
Kansas Tumbleweed, 297.
Katydids, 27, 28.
Keithsburg, 111., 349.
Kellicott, Claus and, 79.
kellicotti, Ischnura, 23.
Kellogg, Prof. Vernon L., 31.
Kentucky Blue-grass, 237.
Coffee-tree, 338.
Ketmia, Bladder, 366.
Kewanna, Ind., 209.
Kidney-leaved Crowfoot, 312.
King-nut, Big, 275.
kirklandi, Ancylus, 73.
Kneiffia pumila, 373.
Knot-grass, 293.
Knotweed, Erect, 293.
Slender, 293.
Virginia, 294.
Knotted Spike-rush, 188, 241.
Knox, Ind., 297, 298, 390.
Kochia scoparia, 297.
Koellia flexuosa, 405.
virginiana, 405.
Krigia virginica, 423.
Kuetzingianum, Coelosphaerium, 142.
Kyllinga, Low, 239.
pumila, 239.
Labiatas, 402.
Labidesthes sicculus, 100.
Labrador Pine, 207.
labrusca, Vitis, 362.
labyrinthica, Strobilops, 75.
Lace Bug, 30.
Plant, 381.
Queen Anne's, 381.
lacera, Blephariglottis, 270.
lacerata, Tramea, 24, 26.
Lacinaria pyconostrachya, 429.
scariosa, 429.
spicata, 429.
laciniata, Dentaria, 320.
Rudbeckia, 438.
lacustrinum, Pisidium, 74.
lacustris, Ceriodaphnia, 107.
Epischura, 107.
Lactuca hirsuta, 425.
spicata, 425.
villosa, 425.
virosa, 424.
lactuosa, Libellula, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18.
lactuosus, Gryllus assimilis, 29.
Ladona exusta, 26.
Lady-fern, 203.
Ladies'-slipper, Showy, 269.
Ladies'-tresses, Nodding, 270.
Lady's Thumb, 294.
laevigata, Arabis, 319.
Dasystoma, 412.
laevigatum, Equisetum, 206.
laavigatus, Pisidium compressum, 74.
laevis, Aster, 434.
Bidens, 441.
Lake Amelia, Minn., 47.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
!<xf5
Lake, Bass, 13, 14, 17, 42, 56, 65, 112,
116, 184, 245, 260, 275, 283, 305,
330, 334, 352, 372, 431, 442.
Champlain, 70, 79.
Chapman, 112.
Cedar, 56, 193.
Center, 56.
Cicott, 305.
County, Ind., 193.
Eagle, 56, 115, 141, 207, 233, 241,
258, 310, 330, 414.
English, 42.
Erie, 65.
Fletcher, 189, 240, 244, 248, 408.
Pepin, Minn., 42.
Phalen, 30.
Pokegama, Minn., 65, 113, 167.
Pretty, 42, 56.
Tippecanoe, 62, 72.
Upper Fish, 56, 63.
Winona, 310, 311.
Lake-of-the-Woods, 56, 112, 200, 209,
261, 283, 305, 360, 443.
Lakes and ponds as the home of Mus-
sels, 41.
Lakes, Fish, 325.
Twin, 13, 14, 16, 17, 37, 42, 49, 56,
65, 111, 112, 180, 247, 258, 276,
305, 318, 376, 414.
Lamb's Quarters, 297.
Lampsilis fallaciosa, 63.
glans, 44.
iris, 44, 61.
luteola, 34, 45, 46, 48, 65, 101, 149.
luteola, food of, 67.
multiradiata, 48, 71.
subrostrata, 44, 63.
subrostrata, food of, 64.
ventricosa, 48, 49, 69.
Lampyrids, 34.
lanatum, Heracleum, 378.
Lance-leaved Violet, 369.
lanceolata, Pedicularis, 413.
Plantago, 417.
Viola, 369.
lanceolatum, cirsium, 446.
Land Flora, 124.
Introduction to, 124.
Land Mollusks, 74.
landsboroughii, (Edogonium, 157.
lanuginosa, Carex, 253.
lanuginosa, Hypopitys, 285.
lapathifolia, Persicaria, 294.
Lappula lappula, 399.
virginiana, 400.
lappula, Lappula, 399.
Larch, American, 208.
Large Blue-flag, 268.
Button-snakeroot, 429.
Crab-grass, 224.
Cranberry, 387.
Panacled Sedge, 250.
Spotted Spurge, 351.
White Wild Indigo, 338.
Yellow Pond Lily, 304.
Large-bracted Plantain, 417.
Tick-trefoil, 342.
Verbena, 401.
Large-flowered Bellwort, 266.
Sensitive Pea, 338.
Large-leaved Aster, 433.
Pondweed, 171, 212.
Large-mouthed Black Bass, 11, 80.
Large-toothed Aspen, 376.
Larger Bur-mai-igold, 441.
Indian Bean, 416.
Mouse-ear Chickweed, 300.
laricina, Larix, 208.
Larix laricina, 208.
Late Golden-rod, 431.
Purple Aster, 433.
lateriflora, Scutellaria, 402.
Lathyrus palustris, 344.
venosus, 344.
latifolia, Sagittaria, 21!).
Silene, 300.
Typha, 191, 210.
latum, Cosmarium, 152.
Lauracese, 315.
Laurel Family, 315.
Lead-plant, 341.
Leaf, Velvet, 365.
Leather-flower, 314.
Leather-leaf, 386.
Leather-wood, 370.
Lechea minor, 368.
lecontei, Psephenus, 33, 34.
Leeches, 87.
Leek, Wild, 262.
Lecticula resupinata, 415.
Lefevre and Curtis. 41.
leidyi, Meyenia. 10 1.
484 Lake Maxinkiickee, Physical and Biological Survey
Lemnaceae, 256.
Lemna minor, 167, 258.
perpusilla, 167, 258.
trisulca, 166, 257.
lentago, Viburnum, 420.
Lentibulariaceae, 413.
Leontodon taraxacum, 424.
Leonurus cardiaca, 404.
Lepidium virginicum, 318.
Lepidoptera, Order, 37.
Lepomis pallidus, 80.
leporella, Scrophularia, 409.
leptalea, Carex, 251.
Leptamnium virginianum, 415.
Leptandra virginica, 412.
Leptilon canadense, 436.
Leptodora hyalina, 77, 107, 108.
leptostachya, Phryma, 415.
leptostachys, Lobelia, 423.
Lespedeza capitata, 343.
hirta, 343.
striata, 343.
violacea, 343.
virginica, 343.
Lesser Bladderwort, 196, 414.
Duckweed, 167, 258.
Panicled Sedge, 250.
Lestes congener, 26.
forcipatus, 20.
unguiculatus, 19.
vigilax, 20.
Leticula resupinata, 192.
Lettuce, Hairy-veined Blue, 425.
Prickly, 424.
Tall Blue, 425.
White, 425.
leucantha, Baptisia, 338.
leucanthemum, Chrysanthemum, 445.
leuchtenbergianum, Diaphanosoma,
77.
leuckarti, Cyclops, 77, 107.
leucophaea, Blephariglottis, 270.
Leucorhinia intacta, 15.
Libellula cyanea, 17, 26.
inccsta, 17, 26.
lactuosa, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18.
pulchella, 11, 16, 26.
quadrimaculata, 17.
Libythea bachmani, 39.
Lichen, Bearded, 376.
liebleinii, Schizomeris, 156.
Life Everlasting, Fragrant, 437.
Liliacese, 262.
Lilium canadense, 263.
superbum, 263, 264.
umbellatum, 263.
Lily Family, 262.
Lily Family, Water, 304.
Lily, Large Yellow Pond, 178, 304.
Pond, 180.
Sweet-scented White Water, 180,
305.
Turks-cap, 264.
Western Red, 263.
Wild Yellow, 263.
Lily-of-the-valley Family, 265.
Lily-of-the-valley, False, 265.
limi, Umbra, 258.
Limnanthacese, 349.
Limodorum tuberosum, 270.
limosa, Amnicola, 73.
porata, Amnicola, 73.
Linacese, 349.
Linaria canadensis, 409.
linaria, 409.
linaria, Linaria, 409.
linariifolius, Ionactis, 436.
Linden Family, 364.
Linden, American, 364.
Linear-leaved Willow-herb, 372.
lineare, Epilobium, 372.
lineatus, Scirpus, 248.
Linseed, 349.
Linum usitatissium, 349.
Liparis loeselii, 271.
Liquidambar styraciflua, 325.
Liquorice, Wild, 419.
Liriodendron tulipifera, 305.
Lithospermum canescens, 400.
carolinense, 400.
Little River, 78.
Live-forever, 322.
Liver-leaf, Round-lobed, 310.
Liverwort, Round-lobed, 310.
Sharp-lobed, 311.
livescens, Goniobasis, 73.
Livid Willow, 280.
livida, Comandra, 291.
lividus, Gomphus, 25.
Lizard-tail Family, 272.
Lizard's-tail, 272.
lobata, Micrampelis, 421.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 185
Lobeliacese, 423.
Lobelia Family, 423.
Lobelia cardinalis, 423.
kalmii, 423.
leptostachys, 423.
syphilitica, 423.
Great, 423.
Kalm's, 423.
Spiked, 423.
Locust, Dog-day, 31.
Locust-tree, 341.
loeselii, Liparis, 271.
Loesel's Twayblade, 271.
Logansport, Ind., 189, 271.
longatum, GCdogonium, 157.
Long-branched Frostweed, 367.
Long-fruited Anemone, 310.
Long-leaved Pondweed, 176, 213.
Rush-grass, 231.
Stitchwort, 300.
Long-spurred Violet, 370.
Long-stalked False Pimpernel, 410.
longifolia, Alsine, 300.
longipennis, Pachydiplax, 16.
longipes, Emesa, 30.
longissima, Synedra, 164.
longistylis, Washingtonia, 378.
Lonicera oblongifolia, 421.
Looking-glass, Venus', 422.
Loosestrife Family, 370.
Loosestrife, False, 372.
Bulb-bearing, 388.
Fringed, 388.
Swamp, 191, 370.
Tufted, 389.
Whorled, 388.
Wing-angled, 371.
Lopseed Family, 416.
Lopseed, 416.
Lost Lake, Aquatic Plants of, 192.
louisvillensis, Goniobasis, 73.
Lousewort, 413.
Swamp, 413.
Love Vine, 397.
Love-grass, Pursh's, 235.
Small Tufted, 234.
Smooth Creeping, 236.
Strong-scented, 234.
Low Blueberry, 387.
Birch, 283.
Cyperus, 240.
Low Hairy Ground-cherry, 407.
Kyllinga, 239.
Nut-rush, 249.
Rose, 333.
Spear-grass, 236.
Low-running Blackberry, 332.
lubrica, Cochlicopa, 75.
Tetraspora, 149.
lucens, Potamogeton, 176.
lucida, Salix, 27!).
luctuosa, Libellula, 16.
Ludwigia alternifolia, 372.
polycarpa, 372.
Many-fruited, 372.
Lupine, Wild, 339.
Lupinus perennis, 339.
lupulina, Carex, 253.
Medicago, 339.
lupulus, Humulus, 290.
lustrica, Amnicola, 73.
luteola, Lampsilis, 34, 45, 46, 48, 49,
65, 101.
lutescens, Riccia, 380.
lutetiana, Circaea, 374.
Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus, 39.
Lycopodiacese, 207.
Lycopodium inundatum, 207.
Lycopus americanus, 405.
lydia, Plathemis, 18.
Lymnaga dalli, 72.
danielsi, 72.
desidiosa, 72.
humilis, 72.
obrussa exigua, 72.
palustris, 72.
Lyngbya sestuarii, 144.
Lysimachia quadrifolia, 388.
terrestris, 388.
Lythracese, 370.
Lythrum alatum, 371.
macrocarpa, Quercus, 286.
macrocarpus, Oxycoccus, 387.
macroceras, Ceratium. 97.
macrorhiza, Utricularia, 193, 414.
maculata, Caloptcryx, 18.
Chamarsyce, 351.
Cicuta, 381.
Cymbella, 163.
maculatum, Geranium. 348.
maculosus, Argulus, 79.
486
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Mad-dog Skullcap, 402.
Madder Family, 417.
Madder, Wild, 419.
magma, Gloeocapsa, 141.
Magnolia Family, 305.
Magnoliacea?, 305.
Maiden-hair Fern, 203.
mainense, Pisidium, 74.
major, Eragrostis, 235.
Oscillatoria, 144.
Plantago, 416.
majuscula, Spirogyra, 154.
Malacese, 334.
Mallard, 295.
Mallow-Family, 364.
Mallow, Common, 364.
European, 365.
False, 365.
Indian, 365.
Malus glaucescens, 334.
malus, 334.
malus, Malus, 334.
Malvaceae, 364.
Malva alcea, 365.
rotundifolia, 364.
Man-of-the-earth, 396.
Mandrake, Wild, 315.
Mann, Dr. Albert, 140, 161.
Manna-grass, Floating, 237.
Nerved, 237.
Many-flowered Agrimony, 331.
Many-fruited Ludwigia, 372.
Maple Family, 356.
Maple, Ash-leaved, 360.
Hard, 360.
Red, 359.
Silver, 356.
Soft, 356.
Sugar, 360.
Water, 356.
White, 356.
Maple-leaved Arrow-wood, 420.
Goosefoot, 297.
marcellus, Papilio, 38.
marginatus, Pupoides, 75.
Marigold, Water, 178, 443.
marilandica, Cassia, 337.
mariscoides, Mariscus, 196, 249.
Mariscus mariscoides, 196, 249.
maritima, Triglochin, 219.
marmoratus, Haamopis, 94.
Marrubium vulgare, 402.
Marsh Arrow-grass, 219.
Bed-straw, Stiff, 419.
Bellflower, 422.
Cinquefoil, 330.
Foxtail, 231.
Holy Rose, 386.
Milkwort, Cross-leaved, 350.
Muhlenbergia, 230.
Purslane, 371.
Shield-fern, 201.
St. John's- wort, 367.
Skullcap, 402.
Speedwell, 411.
Trefoil, 392.
Vetchling, 344.
Water-cress, 317.
Marsh, Prof. C. Dwight, 107.
Marsh-grass, Tall, 233.
Marsh-marigold, 309.
Marshes, Kankakee, 295.
Maryland Figwort, 409.
marylandica, Meibomia, 343.
Sanicula, 377.
Scrophularia, 409.
mas, Cornus, 324.
Mat-rush, 185, 246.
Maumee River, 49, 62, 78, 113, 361.
Maxinkuckee Mussels, 42.
May Apple, 315.
May-flies, 8.
Mayflower, 386.
Mayweed, 444.
meadia, Dodecatheon, 389.
Meadow Bitter-cress, 320.
Blue Violet, 369.
Sedge, 252.
Meadow-beauty Family, 371.
Meadow-beauty, 371.
Meadow-grass, Annual, 236.
Fowl, 236.
Meadow-parsnip, Cut-leaved, 379.
Early, 379.
Hairy-jointed, 379.
Meadow-rue, Early, 313.
Fall, 314.
Purplish, 313.
Meadow-sweet, 329.
Medeola virginiana, 266.
media, Alsine, 299.
medianum, Pisidium, 74.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 487
Medic, Black, 339.
Hop, 339,
Medicago lupulina, 339.
Megalodonta beckii, 443.
Meibomia bracteosa, 342.
canadensis, 343.
grandiflora, 342.
illinoensis, 343.
marylandica, 343.
michauxii, 342.
nudiflora, 342.
paniculata, 342.
sessilifolia, 342.
melanocarpa, Aronia, 334.
Melanoplus atlanis, 29.
bivittatus, 28, 29.
differentialis, 28, 29.
fasciatus, 29.
femur-rubrum, 28, 29.
Melasoma interrupta, 33, 34.
Melastomaceag, 371.
Melilotus alba, 339.
officinalis, 340.
Melosira crenulata, 164.
varians, 164.
Menispermacese, 315.
Menispermum canadense, 315.
Mentha canadensis, 406.
piperita, 406.
spicata, 406.
Menyanthaceae, 392.
Menyanthes trifoliata, 392.
Mercury, Virginia Three-seeded, 351.
meridionalis, Chironomus, 36.
Merismopedia glauca, 142.
Mermaid Family, False, 349.
Mermaid, False, 349.
Mermaid-weed, 374.
Mesadenia atriplicifolia, 446.
tuberosa, 446.
mexicana, Muhlenbergia, 230.
Meyenia leidyi, 104.
Mezereum Family, 370.
Micasterias truncata semiradiata,
153.
michauxiana, Spartina, 233.
michauxii, Meibomia, 342.
Micrampelis lobata, 421.
micrantha, Hemicarpha, 248.
Micranthes pennsylvanica, 323.
microcarpa, Hicoria, 274.
microcarpon, Panicum, 226.
Microcystis aeruginosa, 141.
Microgaster, 40.
Micromya fabalis, 72.
raicrophylla, nymphaea, 305.
microporum, Ccelastrum, 151.
micropteri, Achtheres, 82.
Micropterus salmoides, 14, 18, 80, 82,
100.
dolomieu, 80, 82.
microscopica, Wolffia, 259.
Microthamnion, 155.
Midas' Ears, 255.
Mild Water Pepper, 295.
miliacea, Zizaniopsis, 228.
militaris, Hibiscus, 366.
milium, Pisidium, 74.
Milk Purslane, 351.
Vetch, Carolina, 341.
Milkweed Family, 393.
Milkweed, 37.
Blunt-leaved, 394.
Butterfly, 37.
Common, 394.
Florida, 396.
Green, 396.
Poke, 394.
Swamp, 394.
Tall, 394.
Whorled, 395.
Milkwort Family, 350.
Milkwort, Cross-leaved, 350.
Field, 350.
Marsh, 350.
Purple, 350.
Racemed, 351.
Whorled, 350.
millefolium, Achillea, 444.
Millet, 227.
Mimulus ringens, 410.
minimum, Tetraedron, 150.
minor, Lechea, 368.
Lemna, 167, 258.
Vinca, 392.
Utricularia, 196, 414.
Mint Family, W2.
Mint, American Wild. 106.
minus, Arctium, 446,
minusculus, Zonitoides, 75.
Minute Duckweed, 1<;7, 258.
minutus, Diaptomus, 107.
488 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
mi labile, Spirogyra, 154.
Mississippi River, 49, 80.
Mississippi sloughs, 63, 78.
Missouri River, 206.
Mitchella repens, 418.
Mitella diphylla, 323.
Mitre-wort, Two-leaved, 323.
Mocker-nut, 274, 275.
moesta putrida, Argia, 20.
Mole Crickets, 29.
mollis, Agrimonia, 331.
Crataegus, 335.
Helianthus, 440.
Mollugo verticillata, 299.
Mollusks, 41.
Mollusks, Fresh-water, 72.
Land, 74.
other than Unionidse, 72.
Monarda fistulosa, 404.
punctata, 405.
Moneywort, Prairie, 388.
moniliferum, Pleurocera, 73.
monilis, Ablabesmyia, 36.
Tanypus, 36.
Monkey-flower, Square-stemmed, 410.
monodactyla, Nitella, 160.
monodon, Polygyra, 74.
Monotropaceae, 384.
Monotropa uniflora, 384.
monspeliensis, Potentilla, 330.
montifera, Placobdella, 94.
Moonseed Family, 315.
Moonseed, 315.
Moore, Dr. George T., 87, 89, 140,
158.
Moorwort, 386.
Moose-wood, 370.
Moracese, 289.
Morning-glory Family, 396.
Morong, Rev. Thomas, 182.
morsei, Vertigo, 75.
Morus alba, 289.
alba tartarica, 289.
rubra, 289.
Mosely, Prof. H. N., 195.
Mossback, 443.
Mossy-cup Oak, 286.
Motherwort, 404.
Moths, 37.
Mougeotia, 154.
Mt. Etna, Ind., 83.
Mountain Holly, 355.
Sumac, 353.
Mountain-mint, 405.
Narrow-leaved, 405.
Mourning Cloak, 38.
Mouse-ear Chickweed, Large, 300.
Movements of Mussels, 45.
Mucket, Fat, 65.
mucronata, Nemopanthus, 355.
Nitella, 160.
Mud Lake, 193.
Mud-minnow, 258.
Muhlenbergia, Marsh, 230.
mexicana, 230.
racemosa, 230.
schreberi, 230.
umbrosa, 230.
muhlenbergii, Persicaria, 294.
Quercus, 287.
Mulberry Family, 289.
Mulberry, Red, 289.
Russian, 289.
Mullein-leaved Verbena, 401.
Mullen, Great, 409.
multilineata, Polygyra, 74.
algonquinensis, Polygyra, 74.
multiradiata, Lampsilis, 48, 71.
muscorum, Pupilla, 75.
Musculium rosaceum, 73.
ryckholti, 74.
securis, 74.
transversum, 74.
truncatum, 74.
Musk Turtle, 99.
Musquash Root, 381.
Mussels, Breeding habits and repro-
duction of, 48.
Food and feeding of, 45.
Lakes and ponds as the home of, 41.
Distribution of the lake, 44.
Movements of, 45.
Origin and character of, 42.
Parasites, enemies, and diseases, 49.
Mustard Family, 317.
Mustard, Hedge, 319.
Tall Hedge, 319.
mutata, Eleocharis, 188, 241.
muticum, Cirsium, 447.
mutilum, Hypericum, 367.
Myosotis virginica, 400.
Myricacese, 275.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 189
myrina, Brenthis, 39.
Myriophyllum heterophyllum, 375.
proserapinacoides, 375.
spicatum, 196, 374, 375.
verticillatum, 175, 375.
Myrtle, Blue, 392.
Myxonema radians, 155.
Nabalus albus, 425.
racemosus, 426.
trifoliolatus, 426.
Naiadaceae, 218.
Naias Family, 218.
Naias flexilis, 184, 218.
flexilis robusta, 173.
Slender, 184, 218.
Stout, 173.
Naked-flowered Tick-trefoil, 342.
nana, Padus, 336.
napus, Brassica, 321.
Narrow Dock, 292.
Narrow-leaved Mountain-mint, 405.
Spleenwort, 203.
nasturtium-aquaticum, Sisymbrium,
188, 318.
natalis, Ameiurus, 79, 80.
natans, Potamogeton, 31, 177, 211,
294.
Ricciocarpus, 168.
Rivularia, 142.
Naumburgia thyrsiflora, 389.
Navicula gastrum, 163.
reinhardtii, 163.
naviculifornis, Cymbella, 163.
nebulosus, Ameiurus, 79, 80.
Necklace Poplar, 278.
Needham, Dr. J. G., 13.
Needle Spike-rush, 189, 242.
Needles, Spanish, 442.
negundo, Acer, 360.
Nebalennia irene, 21.
posita, 22.
Nemopanthus mucronata, 355.
nemoralis, Solidago, 431.
Neoconocephalus robustus, 28, 29.
Nepeta cataria, 402.
nepetoides, Agastache, 402.
nephele, Cercyonis alope, 39.
nervata, Panicularia, 237.
Nerved Manna-grass, 237.
Nettle Family, 290.
Nettle, Canada, 290.
False, 291.
Great, 290.
Hedge, 404.
Slender Wild, 290.
Stinging, 290.
Tall Wild, 290.
Wood, 290.
Nettle-leaved Vervain, 401.
New England Aster, 434.
New Jersey Tea, 362.
New York Fern, 201.
nictitans, Chamaecrista, 337.
Niggerhead, Flat, 51.
Nightshade, Bitter, 408.
Black, 407.
Deadly, 407.
Enchanter's, 374.
nigra, Betula, 283.
Fraxinus, 390.
Juglans, 272.
Salix, 278.
nigrum, Solanum, 407.
Nimblewill, 230.
Ninebark, 329.
Nitella, 182.
batrachosperma, 160.
monodactyla, 160.
mucronata, 160.
tenuissima, 160, 183.
nitida, Crataegus, 335.
nitidus, Zonitoides, 75.
nivicola, Achorutes, 7.
Noble Golden-rod, 430.
nodatus, Juncus, 262.
Nodding Bur-marigold, 441.
Fescue-grass, 238.
Ladies'-tresses, 270, 271.
Sedge, 253.
Wild Onion, 263.
Wild Rye, 239.
Norta altissima, 319.
Northern Bedstraw, 419.
Comandra, 291.
Fox-grape, 362.
Gooseberry, 326.
Nostoc verrucosum, 148.
Notonectidas, 30.
Notonecta irrorata, 30.
undulata, 30.
novae-angliae, Aster, 434.
490 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
noveboracensis, Dryopterus, 201.
nove-boracensis, Pisidium, 74.
nudicaulis, Aralia, 315, 376.
nudiflora, Meibomia, 342.
numitor, Ancyloxypha, 39.
nutans, Festuca, 238.
Sorghastrum, 224.
Nut-rush, Low, 249.
Nymphaeaceae, 304.
Nytnphaea advena, 178, 304.
mici'ophylla, 305.
sagittaefolia, 305.
Nyssa sylvatica, 383.
Oak, Bur, 286.
Chestnut, 287.
Chinquapin, 287.
Jerusalem, 297.
Mossy-cup, 286.
Pin, 284.
Push, 286.
Red, 284.
Swamp, 284.
Swamp White, 287.
White, 286.
Yellow, 287.
Yellow-barked, 285.
Oat-grass, Common Wild, 233.
obliqua, Succinea, 75.
obliquum, Botrychium, 197.
obliquus, Scenedesmus, 150.
oblongifolia, Lonicera, 421.
obovatus, Euonymus, 355.
obrussa exigua, Lymnaea, 72.
obscura, Gomphoides, 25.
obtusa, Eleocharis, 242.
Synedra, 164.
obtusifolium, Gnaphalium, 437.
obtusifolius, Rumex, 293.
occidentale, Sphaerium, 73.
occidentalis, Celtis, 289.
Cephalanthus, 417.
Helianthus, 439.
Platanus, 327.
Rubus, 331.
octoflora, Festuca, 238.
oculatus, Alaus, 34.
Gelostocoris, 30.
Odonata, Order, 10.
odontorhiza, Corallorrhiza, 271.
odorata, Castalia, 305.
odorata, Savastana, 229.
Oenothera biennis, 372.
QSdogonium boscii, 156.
landsboroughii, 157.
longatum, 157.
officinale, Cynoglossum, 399.
Erysimum, 319.
officinalis, Asparagus, 265.
Melilotus, 340.
Saponaria, 301.
Oleaceae, 389.
oleracea, Portulaca, 299.
oligactis, Hydra, 99.
olivacea, Eleocharis, 242.
olivaceum, Gomphonema, 163.
Olive Family, 389.
Onagraceae, 371.
Oncopeltus fasciatus, 31.
Onion, Nodding Wild, 263.
Onoclea sensibilis, 200.
Opercularia irritabilis, 98, 99.
Ophioglossaceaa, 197.
Ophyrydium, 99.
Opulaster opulifolius, 329.
opulifolius, Opulaster, 329.
Opuntia humifusa, 370.
Orache, Halberd-leaved, 298.
Orange-grass, 367.
Orchard-grass, 236.
Orchidaceae, 269.
Orchid Family, 269.
Orchis, Fen, 271.
Green-fringed, 270.
Ragged, 270.
Showy, 269.
Yellow-fringed, 269.
Order, Aptera, 7.
Coleoptera, 33.
Diptera, 35.
Ephemerida, 48.
Hemiptera, 29.
Hymenoptera, 39.
Lepidoptera, 37.
Odonata, 10.
Orthoptera, 27.
Trichoptera, 31.
oregonensis, Diaptomus, 77.
Origin and character of Maxinkuckee
Mussels, 42.
Ornithogalum umbellatum, 264.
Orobanchaceae, 415.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey l'.»l
Orpine Family, 322.
Orthoptera, Order, 27.
oryzoides, Homalocenchrus, 229.
Oscillatoria major, 144.
tenuis, 143.
Osmundaceae, 199.
Osmunda cinnamomea, 199.
claytoniana, 200.
regalis, 199.
Ostrya virginiana, 281.
ovalis, Amphora, 163.
ovata, Hicoria, 273.
Ovate-leaved Violet, 369.
Oxalidaceae, 348.
Ox-eye, 437.
Ox-eye Daisy, 445.
oxyacanthoides, Grossularia, 326.
Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 387.
Oxypolis rigidus, 379.
Pachydiplax longipennis, 16.
Padus nana, 336.
virginiana, 337.
Paint-brush, Indian, 413.
Painted-cup, Scarlet, 413.
Palaemonetes exilipes, 78.
Pale Persicaria, 294.
Plantain, 446.
Touch-me-not, 349.
Pale-leaved Wood Sunflower, 440.
pallens, Sphenopholis, 236.
pallida, Impatiens, 349.
pallidus, Lepomis, 80.
palmata, Coreopsis, 440.
Viola, 368.
palustre, Comarum, 330.
palustris, Caltha, 309.
Dirca, 370.
Eleocharis, 189, 242.
glaucescens, Eleocharis, 189.
Isnardia, 371.
Lathyrus, 344.
Proserpinaca, 374.
Quercus, 284.
Radicula, 317.
Scheuchzeria, 219.
Stachys, 404.
Panax quinquefolium, 376.
trifolium, 377.
pandurata, Ipomoea, 347, 396.
Panic-grass, Barbed, 226.
Panic-Grass, Scribner's, 226.
Velvety, 227.
Panicled Cornel, 382.
Tick-trefoil, 342.
Panicularia nervata, 237.
septentrionalis, 2:!7.
paniculata, Meibomia, 342.
Panicum capillare, 225.
microcarpon, 226.
scoparium, 227.
scribnerianum, 226.
virgatum, 226.
Tall Smooth, 226.
Papaveracese, 317.
Paper-shell, 60.
Papilio glaucus turnus, 38.
marcellus, 38.
polyxenes, 38.
troilus, 38.
papilionacea, Viola, 369.
paradoxa, Cuscuta, 397.
parallelus, Helicodiscus, 75.
Parasites, Copepod, 79.
Enemies and diseases of Mussels,
49.
Parasitic Copepods, 77.
parasitica, Placobdella, 92.
parietina, Prasiola, 155.
Parks, Chicago, 324.
Washington, D. C, 324.
Parnassiacese, 323.
Parnassia caroliniana, 323.
Parrot's Feather, 375.
Parsnip, Hairy-jointed Meadow. 379.
Wild, 378.
Parthenium integrifolium, 437.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 3<>".
Partridge Pea, 338.
Partridge-berry, 418.
parva, Dina, 95.
parviflora, Agrimonia, 331.
Galinsoga, 444.
parvus, Planorbis, 73.
Pastinaca sativa, 378.
Pasture Rose, 333.
patens, Aster, 433.
patula, Solidago, 430.
pauciflora, Strophostyles, 348.
paupercula, Agalinis, 412.
pauperculum, Pisidium, 7 1.
crystalense, Pisidium, 74.
492 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
pauperculus, Senecio, 446.
Pawpaw, 306.
Pea Family, 338.
Pea, Large-flowered Sensitive, 338.
Partridge, 338.
Sensitive, 337.
Veiny, 344.
Pea-nut, Hog, 345.
Wild, 345.
Peach Family, 336.
Peach, 337.
Peach-leaved Dock, 292.
Willow, 279.
Pear, Western Prickly, 370.
pectinatus, Potamogeton, 174, 216.
pectorale, Gonium, 152.
pedata, Viola, 368.
pedatum, Adiantum, 203.
Pediastrum boryanum, 151.
duplex, 151.
ehrenbergii, 151.
pedicellaris, Salix, 281.
pedicularia, Dasystoma, 412.
Pedicularis canadensis, 413.
lanceolata, 413.
Peltandra virginica, 254.
peltatum, Podophyllum, 315.
Pennsylvania Bitter-cress, 320.
Persicaria, 294.
Saxifrage, 323.
Sedge, 251.
pennsylvanica, Cardamine, 320.
Carex, 251.
Fraxinus, 389.
Micranthes, 323.
Persicaria, 294.
Photuris, 34.
Pennyroyal, 405.
Penthoraceae, 323.
Penthorum sedoides, 323.
Pepin Lake, Minn., 42.
Pepper, Mild Water, 295.
Water, 295.
Pepper-and-salt, 379.
Pepper-grass, Wild, 318.
Peppermint, 406.
Perca fiavescens, 80.
percarum, Actheres, 81.
Perch, Yellow, 80, 100.
peregrina, Comptonia, 275.
Veronica, 411.
perennans, Agrostis, 232.
perennis, Lupinus, 339.
Perethemis domitia, 13.
perfoliata, Specularia, 422.
perfoliatum, Eupatorium, 428.
Triosteum, 421.
perfoliatus, Potamogeton, 175, 214.
Peridinium tabulatum, 97.
Periwinkle, 392.
perpusilla, Lemna, 167, 258.
persica, Amygdalus, 337.
Persicaria amphibia, 294.
hydropiper, 295.
hydropiperoides, 295.
lapathifolia, 294.
muhlenbergii, 294.
pennsylvanica, 294.
persicaria, 294.
persicaroides, 295.
punctata, 295.
Dock-leaved, 294.
Pale, 294.
Pennsylvania, 294.
Southwestern, 295.
Swamp, 294.
Water, 294.
persicaria, Persicaria, 294.
persicaroides, Persicaria, 295.
persius, Thanaos, 39.
perspecta, Pyramidula, 75.
pestifer, Salsola, 298.
Phalaris arundinacea, 229.
Phalen Lake, Minn., 30.
Philadelphia Fleabane, 435.
philadelphicus, Erigeron, 435.
philodice, Eurymis, 39.
Philotria canadensis, 174, 221.
Phleum pratense, 231.
Phlox Family, 398.
divaricata, 398.
pilosa, 398.
Downy, 398.
Wild, 398.
Photuris pennsylvanica, 34.
Phragmites phragmites, 234.
phragmites, Phragmites, 234.
Phrymaceae, 416.
Phryma leptostachya, 416.
Phyciodes tharos, 39.
Physa heterostropha, 73.
integra, 73.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey l'.i.;
Physalis lanceolata, 407.
pruinosa, 407.
pubescens, 407.
virginiana, 407.
Phytolaccacese, 298.
Phytolacca americana, 298.
Pickerel-weed Family, 260.
Pickerel-weed, 190, 260.
Pieris floribunda, 386.
protodice, 38, 39.
rapse, 37, 39.
Pig-toe, Wabash, 51.
Pigeon-grass, 227.
Pigweed, Slender, 296.
Winged, 297.
Pike, Walleyed, 80, 100.
Pilea pumila, 291.
pilosa, Eragrostis, 235.
Phlox, 398.
pilosum, Galium, 419.
Pimpernel, 410.
Pimpernel, Long-stalked False, 410.
Water, 388.
Yellow, 379.
Pin Oak, 284.
Pin-weed, Thyme-leaved, 368.
Pincushion, 418.
Pinaceas, 207.
Pine Family, 207.
Pine, Gray, 207.
Labrador, 207.
Prince's, 384.
Pine-sap, Hairy, 384.
Pineweed, 367.
Pink Family, 300.
Pink Wild Bean, 348.
pinnata, Porella, 418.
Ratibida, 439.
pinnatifidum, Thaspium, 379.
Pinus banksiana, 207.
Pipe, Indian, 384.
piperita, Mentha, 406.
Pipewort Family, 259.
Pipewort, Seven-angled, 184, 259.
Pipsissewa, 384.
Pisidium abditum, 74.
affine, 74.
compressum, 74.
compressum lsevigatus, 74.
idahoense, 74.
indianense, 74.
Pisidium Lacustrinum, 74.
mainense, 74.
medianum, 74.
milium, 74.
nove-boracense, 74.
pauperculum, 74.
pauperculum crystalense, 74.
politum, 74.
rotundatum, 74.
sargenti, 74.
scutellatum, 74.
splendid ulum, 74.
strengii, 74.
subrotundatum, 74.
tenuissimum, 74.
variabile, 74.
vesiculare, 74.
virginicum, 74.
walkeri, 74.
pisiformis, Chaetophora, 156.
Pitcher-plant Family, 321.
Pitcher-plant, 321.
Placobdella montifera, 94.
parasitica, 92.
rugosa, 93.
Planarians, 100.
Plane-tree Family, 327.
Plankton, 105.
Plankton, Decrease in, 106.
Distribution of, 106.
Plankton Scum, 110.
Condition of, 112.
Significance of, 112.
Plankton-net, Description of, 105.
Planorbis albus, 73.
bicarinatus, 72.
campanulatus, 73.
exactus, 73.
parvus, 73.
trivolvis, 73.
Plant Lice, 31.
Plant patches in the lake, 134.
Plantaginacea?, 416.
plantaginifolia, Antenna via, 136.
Plantago aristata, 117.
lanceolata, 117.
major, 116.
rugelii, 416.
Plantain Family, 416.
Plantain, English, 417.
Large-biacted, 417.
494 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Plantain, Pale Indian, 446.
Poor Robin's, 435.
Rugel's, 416.
Tuberous Indian, 446.
Plantain-leaf Everlasting, 436.
Platanaceae, 327.
Platanus occidentalis, 327.
Plathemis lydia, 18.
Pleurisy-root, 393.
Pleurocera canaliculatum, 7:!.
moniliferum, 73.
subulare, 73.
subulare intensum, 73.
undulatum, 73.
Pleuroxus procurvatus, 107.
Plum-grape, 362.
Plum, Wild Red, 336.
Plumatella polymorpha, 102.
Plymouth, Ind., 55, 112, 203, 206, 230,
237, 270, 271, 275, 282, 292, 298,
301, 308, 318, 345, 346, 347, 350,
377, 430.
Poa annua, 236.
compressa, 237.
pratensis, 237.
triflora, 236.
Pocketbook, 69.
Podophyllum peltatum, 315.
Poinsettia dentata, 352.
Pointed Blue-eyed Grass, 269.
Pointed-leaved Tick-trefoil, 342.
Poison Ivy, 354.
Sumac, 354.
Poke Milkweed, 394.
Poke-berry, 298.
Poke-root, 298.
Pokegama Lake, Minn., 65, 67, 113.
Pokeweed Family, 298.
Polemoniacese, 398.
Polemonium reptans, 399.
polifolia, Andromeda, 386.
Polita hammonis, 75.
indentata, 75.
politum, Pisidium, 74.
pollutum, Enallagma, 26.
polycarpa, Ludwigia, 372.
polydermatica, Gloeocapsa, 141.
Polygalacese, 350.
Polygala cruciata, 350.
polygama, 351.
verticillata, 350.
Polygala viridescens, 350.
polygama, Polygala, 351.
polygamum, Thalictrum, 314.
Polygonaceae, 292.
Polygonatum biflorum, 266.
commutatum, 266.
Polygonia comma, 38, 39.
interrogationis, 38, 39.
Polygonum aviculare, 261, 293.
erectum, 293.
tenue, 293.
Polygyra elevata, 74.
fraterna, 74.
hirsuta, 74.
monodon, 74.
multilineata, 74.
multilineata algonquinensis, 74.
profunda, 74.
thyroides, 74.
thyroides bucculenta, 74.
zaleta, 74.
polymorpha, Plumatella, 102.
Polypodiaceas, 200.
polyrhiza, Spirodela, 166, 256.
Polystichum acrostichoides, 200.
polyxenes, Papilio, 38.
Pomoxis sparoides, 80.
Pond Crawfish, 84.
Lily, 180.
Lily, Large Yellow, 178, 304.
Pondweed Family, 211.
Pondweed, Clasping-leaved, 175, 214.
Common Floating, 177, 211.
Eel-grass, 169, 215.
Fennel-leaved, 216.
Filiform, 170.
Fries', 169, 215.
Interrupted, 178.
Large-leaved, 171, 213.
River, 176, 213.
Robbins', 170, 217.
Shining, 176, 214.
Small, 170, 215.
. Various-leaved, 177, 213.
White-stemmed, 214.
Pontederiaceae, 260.
Pontederia cordata, 190, 260.
Poor Robin's Plantain, 435.
Popcorn, Devil's, 415.
Poplar, Downy, 276.
Necklace, 278.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 495
Poplar, Silver-leaf, 275.
Swamp, 276.
White, 275.
Yellow, 305.
Poppy Family, 317.
Populus alba, 275.
candicans, 275.
deltoides, 278.
grandidentata, 37G.
heterophylla, 276.
tremuloides, 276.
porata, Amnicola limosa, 73.
Porcellio scaber, 78.
Porcupine-grass, 229.
Porella pinnata, 418.
Portulacaceas, 299.
Portulaca oleracea, 299.
posita, Nehalennia, 22.
Potamogeton americanus, 176, 213.
amplifolius, 171, 212.
compressus, 169, 215.
filiformis, 170, 216.
friesii, 169, 215.
heterophyllus, 177, 213.
interruptus, 178.
lucens, 176, 214.
natans, 31, 177, 211, 294.
pectinatus, 174, 216.
perfoliatus, 175, 214.
praelongus, 214.
pusillus, 170, 215.
robbinsii, 170, 217.
Potamogetons, 312.
Potato Family, 407.
Potato, Sweet, 347.
Wild, 344.
Vine, Wild, 396.
Potentilla canadensis, 330.
monspeliensis, 330.
Potter-wasp, 40.
Potts, Edward, 103.
Poverty-grass, 230.
praelongus, Potamogeton, 214.
Prairie Burdock, 437.
Button-snakeroot, 429.
Dock, 437.
Chloris, 233.
Ground-cherry, 407.
Moneywort, 388.
Wake-robin, 267.
prasinus, Cyclops, 107.
Prasiola parietina, 155.
pratense, Phleum, 231.
Poa, 237.
Trifolium, 340.
preslii, Chamaesyce, 351.
Pretty Lake, 42, 56, 65.
Prickly Ash, 350.
Lettuce, 424.
Pear, Western, 370.
Sida, 365.
Primrose Family, 388.
Primulaceae, 388.
princeps, Epicordulia, 25.
Prince's Pine, 384.
procumbens, Gaultheria, 387.
Rubus, 332.
Procumbent Wood-sorrel, Yellow, 349.
procurvatus, Pleuroxus, 107.
profunda, Polygyra, 74.
promethea, Callosamia, 39.
propinquus, Cambarus, 83, 85.
Proserpinaca palustris, 374.
proserpinacoides, Floerkea, 349.
Myriophyllum, 375.
prostrata, Cymbella, 164.
Prostrate Amaranth, 296.
Tick-trefoil, 342.
protodice, Pieris, 38, 39.
Protozoans, 95.
pruinosa, Physalis, 407.
Prunella vulgaris, 403.
prunifolium, Viburnum, 420.
Prunus americana, 336.
Psephenus lecontei, 33, 34.
pseudargiolus, Lycamopsis, 39.
pseudo-acacia, Robinia, 341.
psilostachya, Ambrosia, 427.
Psorophora ciliata, 36.
Ptelea trifoliata, 31, 350.
Pteridium aquilinum, 203.
Pterophylla camellifolia, 28, 2!».
pubescens, Physalis, 407.
Viola, 370.
Puccoon, Hairy, 400.
Hoary, 400.
Puccoon-root, 317.
pulchella, Vallonia. 75.
Goniobasis, 73.
Libellula, 11, 16, 26.
pulchellus, Erigeron, 435.
pulegioides, Hcdeoma. 405.
496 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
pulex pulicaria, Daphnia, 107.
pulicaria, Daphnia, 107.
pumila, Betula, 283.
Kyllinga, 239.
Kneiffia, 373.
Pilea, 291.
punctata, Erpobdella, 94.
Monarda, 405.
Persicaria, 295.
Wolffia, 259.
punctatum, Hypericum, 366.
punctatus, Ictalurus, 80.
puniceus, Aster, 434.
Pupoides marginatum, 75.
Pupilla muscorum, 75.
Purple Aster, 434.
Aster, Late, 433.
Bladderwort, 192, 413.
(inquefoil, 330.
Cone-flower, 439.
Cress, 320.
Milkwort, 350.
Purple-leaved Willow-herb, 372.
Purple-stem Aster, 434.
Purple-stemmed Angelica, 379.
Beggar-Ticks, 441.
Purplish Meadow-Rue, 313.
Wheat-grass, 238.
purpurascens, Aristida, 230.
purpurea, Echinacea, 439.
Sarracenia, 321.
Vesiculina, 192, 413.
purpureum, Eupatorium, 428.
purshii, Eragrostis, 235.
Ranunculus, 312.
Pursh's Buttercup, 312.
Love-grass, 235.
Purslane Family, 299.
Purslane, Marsh, 371.
Milk, 351.
Speedwell, 411.
Push Oak, 286.
pusillus, Potamogeton, 170, 215.
Pussy Willows, 280.
Put-in-Bay, 54, 258, 422.
putrida, Argia moesta, 20.
Putty-root, 271.
pycnocarpon, Asplenium, 203.
pycnostachya, Lacinaria, 429.
pygmsea, Bulbochaete, 156.
pylades, Cocceius, 39.
Pyramidula alternata, 74.
cronkhitei anthonyi, 74.
perspectiva, 75.
Pyrgus tessellata, 39.
Pyrolaceae, 384.
Pyrola elliptica, 384.
quadrangulata, Fraxinus, 390.
quadratum, Desmidium, 152.
quadriflorum, Steironema, 388.
quadrifolia, Lysimachia, 388.
quadrimaculata, Anopheles, 36.
Libellula, 17.
quadripartata, Tokophyra, 99.
Quadrula coccinea, 44, 51.
undulata, 44.
rubiginosa, 44, 51.
rubiginosa, Food of, 52.
Quaking Asp, 276.
Queen Anne's Lace, 381.
Quercitron, 285.
Quercus alba, 286.
bicolor, 287.
coccinea, 285.
macrocarpa, 286.
muhlenbergii, 287.
palustris, 284.
rubra, 284.
velutina, 285.
Quick Will, 255.
quinquefolia, Anemone, 310.
Gentiana, 391.
Parthenocissus, 363.
quinquefolium, Panax, 376.
Rabbit Tobacco, 444.
Rabbit-foot Clover, 340.
Racemed Milkwort, 351.
racemosa, Aralia, 376.
Vagnera, 265.
racemosus, Nabalus, 426.
radians, Myxonema, 155.
Synedra, 164.
radicans, Bignonia, 416.
Toxicodendron, 354.
Radicula palustris, 317.
radula, Solidago, 432.
Ragged Orchis, 270.
Ragweed Family, 426.
Ragweed, 426.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survi y 497
Ragweed, Great, 426.
Western, 427.
Rainbow-shell, 61.
ramosus, Erigeron, 436.
Ranatra fusca, 30.
Ranunculaceae, 308.
Ranunculus, abortivus, 312.
bulbosus, 313.
delphinifolius, 311.
hispidus, 313.
purshii, 312.
recurvatus, 312.
rapae, Pieris, 37.
Rape, 321.
Raspberry, Black, 331.
Dwarf Red, 332.
Wild Red, 331.
Ratibida pinnata, 439.
Rattle-box, 372.
Rattlesnake-fern, 198.
Rattlesnake-master, 377.
Rattlesnake-root, Tall, 426.
Reclined Bladderwort, 192, 415.
recurvatum, Trillium, 267.
recurvatus, Ranunculus, 312.
Red Admiral, 38.
Ash, 389.
Birch, 283.
Cedar, 209.
Choke-berry, 334.
Clover, 340.
Elm, 288.
Haw, 335.
Lily, Western, 263.
Maple, 359.
Mulberry, 289.
Oak, 284.
Plum, Wild, 336.
Raspberry, Dwarf, 332.
Raspberry, Wild, 331.
Sorrel, 292.
Wood-lettuce, 425.
Red-bud, 337.
Red-fruited Thorn, 335.
Red-osier Dogwood, 382.
Red-root, 362.
Red-stalk Aster, 434.
Red-top, 232.
Red-top, False, 236.
Reddish Bulrush, 248.
Redeye, 11, 80, 81.
Reed Canary-grass, 22'.».
Reed-grass, Bog, 'I'-VA.
Common, 234.
Wood, 231.
reflexa, Tradescantia, 260.
Refiexed Spiderwort, 260.
regalis, Osmunda, 1 '.»'.».
reginae, Cypripedium, 269.
reinhardtii, Navicula, 163.
remigis, Gerris, 30.
Hygrotrechus, 30.
repens, Epigaea, 386.
Mitchella, 418.
Trifolium, 341.
reptans, Polemonium, 399.
resupinata, Leticula, 192.
reticulata, Chlamydomonas, 152.
reticulatum, Hydiodictyon, 151.
retrocurva, Daphina, 77, 107.
retroflexus, Amaranthus, 296.
retusa, Succinea, 75.
Rhamnaceae, 362.
Rhexia virginica, 371.
Rhoicosphenia curvata, 163.
rhomboideum, Sphaerium, 73.
Rhubarb, Wild, 292.
Rhus arbuscula, 353.
copallina, 353.
glabra, 353.
hirta, 353.
Ribbed Sedge, 252.
Ribes americanum, 326.
Ribwort, 417.
Riccia, 168, 312.
Riccia lutescens, 380.
Ricciocarpus natans, 168.
Rice Cut-grass, 229.
Rice, Wild, 228.
Richweed, 291.
Ridan alternifolius, 440.
ri.ldellii, Solidago, 432.
Riddell's Golden-rod, 432.
rigida, Solidago, 432.
ringens, Mimulus, 410.
River, Chester, 78.
Cumberland, 361.
Kankakee, 42, 51, 56, VS. 285, 366.
Maumee, 49, 62, 78, 361.
Mississippi, 49, so.
Missouri. 206.
St. Mary's, 298.
32— 17618— Vol. 2
498
Lake Ma.vinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Tippecanoe, 15, 16, 19, 21, 43, 44,
51, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 71, 72, 306,
308, 314, 349, 356, 366.
Wabash, 43, 63.
Yellow, 15, 16, 18, 19, 42, 49, 51, 55,
56, 71, 272, 282, 283, 306, 308,
314.
Birch, 283.
Pondweed, 176, 213.
River-bank Willow, 279.
Riverside Grape, 363.
Rivularia dura, 143.
echinula, 142.
haematiles, 143.
natans, 142.
rivularis, Ancylus, 73.
Roadside Thistle, 447.
Robbins' Pondweed, 170, 217.
robbinsii, Potamogeton, 170, 217.
Robinia pseudo-acacia, 341.
Robinson, Prof. C. B., 140, 158, 159,
160, 182.
robusta, Chamaecrista fasciculata,
338.
Naias flexilis, 173.
robustum, Equisetum, 205.
robustus, Neoconocephalus, 28, 29.
Rochester, Ind., 275.
Rock Crawfish, 86.
Creek, 285.
Rock-cress, Hairy, 319.
Smooth, 319.
Rock-rose Family, 367.
Root, Musquash, 381.
Rosacese, 329.
Rose Family, 329.
Rosa Carolina, 333.
rubiginosa, 333.
virginiana, 333.
rosaceum, Musculium, 73.
Rose, Low, 333.
Marsh Holy, 386.
Pasture, 333.
Swamp, 333.
Wild, 333.
Rose-mallow, Halberd-leaved, 366.
Rose-pink, 390.
rosea, Carex, 249.
Rosemary, Wild, 386.
Rosin-wood, Entire-leaved, 437.
rostrata, Carex, 253.
rostrata, Viola, 370.
rotundatum, Pisidium, 74.
rotundifolia, Campanula, 422.
Drosera, 321.
Malva, 364.
Smilax, 267.
Rough Cinquefoil, 330.
Golden-rod, Western, 432.
Hair-grass, 232.
Heuchera, 323.
Sunflower, 440.
Rough-leaved Golden-rod, 430.
Round-headed Bush-clover, 343.
Round-leaved Sundew, 321.
Tick-trefoil, 342.
Round-lobed Liver-leaf, 310.
Liverwort, 310.
Round-podded St. John's-wort, 366.
Round-worms, 100.
Royal Fern Family, 199.
Royal Fern, 199.
Rubiaceae, 417.
rubicundulum, Sympetrum, 26.
rubiginosa, Quadrula, 44, 51.
Rosa, 333.
rubra, Morus, 289.
Quercus, 284.
rubrum, Acer, 359.
Rubus argutus, 332.
hispidus, 333.
occidentalis, 331.
procumbens, 332.
strigosus, 331.
triflorus, 332.
Rudbeckia hirta, 438.
laciniata, 438.
Rue Family, 350.
Rue Anemone, False, 309.
Goat's, 341.
Rue-anemone, 311.
rugelii, Plantago, 416.
Rugel's Plantain, 416.
rugosa, Placobdella, 93.
Solidago, 430.
Rumex acetosella, 292.
altissimus, 292.
crispus, 292, 293.
obtusifolius, 293.
Running Blackberry, Low, 332.
Strawberry Bush, 355.
Swamp Blackberry, 333.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 199
rupestris, Ambloplites, 80.
Rush Aster, 434.
Rush Family, 261.
Rush, Bog-, 261.
Canada, 262.
Chair-maker's, 245.
Common, 261.
Sharp-fruited, 262.
Slender, 261.
Soft, 261.
Stout, 262.
Toad, 261.
Twig, 196.
Yard, 261.
Rush-grass, Long-leaved, 231.
Sheathed, 231.
Rushy Golden-rod, 432.
Russian Mulberry, 289.
Thistle, 298.
rusticus, Cambarus, 83.
Rutacese, 350.
ryckholti, Musculium, 74.
Rynchospora alba, 249.
Sabbatia angularis, 390.
saccata, Anabaena, 148.
saccharinum, Acer, 356.
saccharum, Acer, 360.
Sage Willow, 281.
Wood, 402.
sagittaefolia, Nymphaea, 305.
Sagittaria graminea, 184, 220, 259.
latifolia, 219.
Grass-leaved, 220.
sagittatum, Tracaulon, 295.
St. John's-wort Family, 366.
St. John's-wort, Copper-colored, 366.
Dwarf, 367.
Marsh, 367.
Round-podded, 366.
Spotted, 366.
Virgate, 366.
St. Mary's River, 298.
St. Paul, Minn., 96, 245.
Salicaceae, 275.
Salix alba, 279.
amygdaloides, 279.
bebbiana, 280.
cor data, 280.
discolor, 280.
Salix interior, 27'J.
lucida, 271).
nigra, 278.
pedicellaris, 281.
sericea, 280.
tristis, 281.
salmoides, Micropterus, 14, 18, 80, 82,
100.
salmonia, Anodonta, 60.
Salsola pestifer, 298.
Salt Marsh Cockspur-grass, 22.1.
Sambucus canadensis, 420.
Samolus floribundis, 388.
Sandalwood Family, 291.
Sandbar Willow, 279.
Sandwort, Thyme-leaved, 300.
sanguinale, Syntherisma, 224.
Sanguinaria canadensis, 317.
Sanicle, 377.
Sanicula marylandica, 377.
Santalaceae, 291.
saponaria, Dastystephana, 391.
Saponaria officinalis, 301.
sargenti, Pisidium, 74.
Sarothra gentianoides, 367.
Sarracenia purpurea, 321.
Sarracenicaceae, 321.
Sarsaparilla, Wild, 315.
Wild Virginian, 376.
Sassafras, 315.
Sassafras sassafras, 315.
sassafras, Sassafras, 315.
Satin-grass, 230.
sativa, Camelina, 317.
Cannabis, 290.
Pastinaca, 378.
Satyrodes canthus, 39.
Saururaceae, 272.
Saururus cernuus, 272.
Savastana odorata, 22'. I.
Saxifragaceae, 323.
Saxifrage Family, 323.
Saxifrage, Pennsylvania, 323.
Swamp, 323.
Say, Thomas. 94.
scaber, Porcellio, 78.
Scabious, Sweet, 435.
Scale Insects, 29.
scandens, Celastrus, 355.
scariosa, Lacinaria, 429.
Scarlet Painted-cup, 413.
500 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Scarlet Sumac, 353.
Thorn, 335.
Scenedesmus abundans, 150.
obliquus, 150.
Scented, Grape Sweet, 363.
Scepsis fulvicollis, 39.
Scheuchzeriaceae, 219.
Scheuchzeria palustris, 219.
Schizachyrium scoparium, 223.
Schizomeris liebleinii, 156.
schreberi, Brasenia, 303.
Muhlenbergia, 230.
schwartzii, Desmidium, 152.
schribnerianum, Panicum, 226.
Scribner's Panic-grass, 226.
Scirpus americanus, 186, 245.
cyperinus, 248.
debilis, 196, 245.
lineatus, 248.
subterminalis, 245.
validus, 185, 246.
Scleria verticillata, 249.
scoparia, Kochia, 297.
scoparium, Panicum, 227.
Schizachyrium, 223.
Scorpion, Water, 30.
Scorpion-grass, Spring, 400.
Scouring-rush, Smooth, 206.
Stout, 205.
Scovell, Dr. J. T., 171, 295, 372, 385,
392, 396, 419, 437.
Scrophulariaceae, 409.
Scrophularia leporella, 409.
marylandica, 409.
Scudderia curvicauda, 29.
Scull, Dr., 275.
Scum, Plankton, 110.
scutata, Coleochoete, 156.
Scutellaria galericulata, 402.
lateriflora, 402.
scutellata, Veronica, 411.
scutellatum, Pisidium, 74.
Seal, Golden, 308.
Seaside Arrow-grass, 219.
secalinus, Bromus, 238.
securis, Musculium, 74.
Sedge Family, 239.
Sedge, Awl-fruited, 250.
Awned, 253.
Beaked, 253.
Bebb's, 250.
Sedge, Blunt Broom, 250.
Bristle-stalked, 251.
Bristly, 190, 253.
Broad-winged, 250.
Brown, 252.
Fox, 249.
Graceful, 252.
Gray, 252.
Hay, 251.
Hirsute, 252.
Hop, 253.
Large Panicled, 250.
Lesser Panicled, 250.
Meadow, 252.
Nodding, 253.
Pennsylvania, 251.
Pvibbed, 252.
Stellate, 249.
Straw, 250.
Tussock, 252.
White Bear, 251.
Woolly, 253.
sedula, Argia, 21.
Sedum triphyllum, 322.
sedoides, Penthorum, 323.
Seed-box, 372.
Segmentina armigera, 73.
Selaginellaceae, 207.
Selaginella Family, 207.
Selaginella apus, 207.
Creeping, 207.
Self-heal, 403.
semiradiata, Miscasterias truncata,
153.
Senecio pauperculus, 446.
Senna Family, 337.
Senna, American, 337.
Wild, 337.
sensibilis, Onoclea, 200.
Sensitive Fern, 200.
Pea, 337.
Pea, Large-flowered, 338.
sepium, Convolvulus, 397.
septangulare, Eriocaulon, 184, 259.
septentrionalis, Panicularia, 237.
sericea, Salix, 280.
serotina, Solidago, 431.
serpentaria, Aristolochia, 292.
serpyllifolia, Arenaria, 300.
Veronica, 411.
serratus, Branchipus, 77.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey .">oi
Service-berry, 335.
Sessile-leaved Tick-trefoil, 342.
sessilifolia, Meibomia, 342.
Seven-angled Pipewort, 184, 259.
Sewickley, Pa., 128, 349, 444.
Shag-bark, 273, 275.
Sharp-fruited Rush, 262.
Sharp-lobed Liverwort, 311.
Sharp-toothed Golden-rod, 431.
Sheathed Rush-grass, 231.
Sheep-berry, 420.
Sheep-sorrel, 348.
Shell-bark Hickory, 273.
Shepherd's-purse, 317.
Shield-fern, Crested, 201.
Marsh, 201.
Spinulose, 202.
shimekii, Ancylus, 73.
Shin-leaf, 384.
Shining Bedstraw, 420.
Pondweed, 214.
Thorn, 335.
Willow, 279.
Shoestrings, 341.
Shooting Star, 389.
Short-fruited Rush, 262.
Showy Goldren-rod, 430.
Ladies'-slipper, 269.
Orchis, 269.
Tick-trefoil, 343.
Shrews, 100.
Shrimp, Freshwater, 78.
Shrubby Bittersweet, 355.
sicculus, Labidesthes, 100.
Sickle-pod, 319.
Sida crystallina, 107.
spinosa, 365.
Prickly, 365.
signatum, Enallagma, 23.
Silene antirrhina, 301.
latifolia, 300.
stellata, 300.
Silkweed, 394.
Silky Cornel, 382.
Willow, 280.
Silphium integrifolium, 437.
terebinthinaceum, 437.
Silver Maple, 356.
Silver-leaf Poplar, 275.
Silvery Spleenwort, 203.
Simaroubaceae, 350.
simile, Sphaerium, 7".
Simms, E. G., 194.
Simple-stemmed Bur-reed, 211.
simplex, Sparganium, 211.
Valvata sincera, 73.
simplicicollis, Erythemis, 15.
Simpson, Chas. T., 63.
Sinapis arvensis, 321.
sincera, simplex, Valvata, 7.;.
Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum,
188, 318.
Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 2fi9.
Sium cicutaefolium, 380.
Skipjack, 100.
Skullcap, Mad-dog, 402.
Marsh, 402.
Speedwell, 411.
Skunk Cabbage, 255.
Sky-blue Aster, 433.
Sleepy Catchfly, 301.
Slender Bush-clover, 343.
Cotton-grass, 243.
Crab-grass, 224.
Cyperus, 241.
Fescue-grass, 238.
Fimbristylis, 243.
Finger-grass, 224.
Forked Chickweed, 298.
Fragrant Golden-rod, 432.
Knotweed, 293.
Naias, 184, 218.
Nettle, 290.
Pigweed, 296.
Rush, 261.
Wild Nettle, 290.
Yellow-eyed Glass, 2-~>!».
Slippery Elm, 288.
Sloughs of the Mississippi, 78.
Small Bedstraw, 41!).
Bur-grass, 227.
Coral-root, 271.
Pondweed, 170, 215.
Sundrops, 373.
Tufted Love-grass, 234.
White Aster, 134.
Wild Bean, 348.
Small-flowered Agalinis, 412.
Small-fruited Hickory, 254, 274.
Small - leaved Tick-trefoil, Smooth.
343.
Small-mouthed Black Bass, 80.
502 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Smaller Bur-marigold, 441.
Smart-weed, Dotted, 295.
Water, 295.
Smilacea?, 267.
Smilax Family, 267.
Smilax herbacea, 267.
hispida, 268.
rotundifolia, 267.
Smooth Aster, 434.
Bur-marigold, 441.
Creeping Love-grass, 236.
False Foxglove, 412.
Bock-cress, 219.
Scouring-rush, 206.
Small-leaved Tick-trefoil, 343.
Solomon's Seal, 266.
Upland Sumac, 353.
Smoother Sweet-cicely, 378.
Snake-feeder, 10.
Snake-head, 410.
Snakeroot, Black, 377.
Button, 377.
Virginia, 292.
White, 292.
Snap Dragon, Wild, 410.
Snapping Turtle, 443.
Snipe, Wilson, 88.
Snout Beetles, 34.
Snow-drops, 310.
Snowfleas, 7.
Soapwort, 301.
Soapwort Gentian, 391.
Soft Agrimony, 331.
Fox Sedge, 249.
Maple, 356.
Rush, 261.
Solanaceae, 407.
Solanum carolinense, 408.
dulcamara, 408.
nigrum, 407.
solea, Cymatopleura, 163.
Solidago caesia, 429.
canadensis, 431.
flexicaulis, 429.
hispida, 430.
juncea, 431.
nemoralis, 431.
patula, 430.
radula, 432.
riddellii, 432.
rigida, 432.
Solidago rugosa, 430.
serotina, 431.
speciosa, 430.
uliginosa, 430.
ulmifolia, 430.
solidum, Spbaerium, 73.
Solitary Crawfish, 84.
Solomon's Seal, Hairy, 266.
Smooth, 266.
Star-flowered, 265.
Sonchus asper, 424.
Sorastrum, 150.
Sorghastrum nutans, 224.
Sorrel, Field, 292.
Red, 292.
Sour Gum, 383.
Southern Cabbage Butterfly, 38.
Wood Violet, 369.
Yellow Birch, 283.
Southwestern Persicaria, 295.
Sowbugs, 79.
Sow-thistle, Spiny, 424.
Spanish Needles, 442.
Sparganium simplex, 211.
sparoides, Pomoxis, 80.
Sparrow, English, 317.
spartea, Stipa, 229.
Spartina michauxiana, 233.
Spathyema foetida, 255.
Spatulate-leaved Sundew, 322.
Spear-grass, Low, 236.
Spearmint, 406.
speciosa, Catalpa, 416.
Solidago, 430.
Specularia perfoliata, 422.
Speedwell, Corn, 411.
Marsh, 411.
Purslane, 411.
Skullcap, 411.
Thyme-leaved, 411.
Water, 410.
sphaericum, Ccelastrum, 151.
Sphaerium flavum, 73.
occidentale, 73.
rhomboideum, 73.
simile, 73.
solidum, 73.
stamineum, 73.
striatinum, 73.
sulcatum, 73.
tenuis, 73.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey :><>:;
Sphaerium tumidulum, 73.
walkeri, 73.
Sphenopholis pallens, 236.
spicata, Danthonia, 233.
Lacinaria, 429.
Lactuca, 425.
Mentha, 406.
spicatum, Myriophyllum, 196, 374, 375.
Spice-bush, 316.
Spicy Wintergreen, 387.
Spiderwort Family, 260.
Spiderwort, Reflexed, 260.
Spike, 53.
Spike-rush, Angled, 188, 241.
Blunt, 242.
Bright Green, 242.
Creeping, 189, 242.
Knotted, 188, 241.
Needle, 189, 242.
Spiked Lobelia, 423.
Water-milfoil, 196, 374.
Spikenard, American, 376.
False, 265.
spinifer, Ilyocryptus, 107.
spinirostris, Cambarus immunis, 86.
spinosa, Sida, 365.
spinulosa, Dryopteris, 202.
Spinulose, Shield-fern, 202.
Spiny Sow-thistle, 424.
Spiraea alba, 329.
tomentosa, 330.
spiralis, Vallisneria, 171, 222.
Spirodela polyrhiza, 166, 256.
Spirogyra condensata, 153.
majuscula, 154.
mirabile, 154.
Spirulina jenneri, 143, 148.
spithamaeus, Convolvulus, 397.
Spleen Amaranth, 296.
Spleenwort, Narrow-leaved, 203.
Silvery, 203.
splendidulum, Pisidium, 74.
Sponges, 103.
Sporobolus asper, 231.
vaginaeflorus, 231.
Spotted St. John's- wort, 366.
Spurge, 351.
Spurge, Upright, 351.
Touch-me-not, 349.
Spreading Dogbane, 392.
Spreading Spurge, Hairy, 351.
Spring Beauty, 299.
Cress, 320.
Harbinger of, 270.
Scorpion-grass, 400.
Spring-tails, 7.
Spurge Family, 351.
Spurge, Blooming, 352.
Blotched, 351.
Cypress, 352.
Flowering, 352.
Hairy Spreading, 351.
Large Spotted, 351.
Spotted, 351.
Toothed, 352.
Upright Spotted, 351.
Square-stemmed Monkey-flower, 410.
Squawfoot, 60.
Squaw-root, 415.
Squirrel-tail Grass, 238.
Stachys palustris, 404.
Staff-tree Family, 355.
Stag-beetles, 34.
Staghorn Sumac, 353.
stagnalis, Anabama, 148.
Glossiphonia, 90.
stagnina, Aphanotheca, 142.
stamineum, Sphaerium, 73.
Staphyleaceae, 356.
Staphylea trifolia, 356.
Star, Shooting, 389.
Star-of-Bethlehem, 264.
Star-flower, 389.
Star-flowered Solomon's Seal, 265.
Star-grass, 164.
Water, 261.
Yellow, 268.
Starry Campion, 300.
Staurastrum brebissonii, 152.
Steeple-bush, 330.
Steironema ciliatum, :!SS.
quadrilorum, 388.
stellate, Silene, 300.
Vagnera, 265.
Stellate Sedge, 249.
Stenelmis sulcatus, 34, 46.
Stenophyllus capillaris, 243.
Stentor cceruleus, 97.
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 2:W\
Stick-tight, 442.
Stickleback, 76.
Stiff Gentian, 391.
504 Lake Maxinkackee, Physical and Biological Surrey
Stiff Golden-rod, 432.
Marsh Bed-straw, 419.
Tickseed, 440.
White Water Crow-foot, 187.
Stiff-haired Sunflower, 440.
Stiff-leaved Aster, 436.
stimulans, Culex, 36.
Stinging Nettle, 290.
Stipa spartea, 229.
stipata, Carex, 250.
Stitchwort, Long-leaved, 300.
Stizostedion vitreum, 80.
stolonifera, Cornus, 382.
Stonecrop, Ditch, 323.
Stout Naias, 173.
Rush, 262.
Scouring-rush, 205.
straminea, Carex, 250.
stramonium, Datura, 408.
Straw Bass, 100.
Sedge, 250.
Straw-colored Cyperus, 240.
Strawberry Bush, Running, 355.
Virginia, 330.
Wild, 330.
strengii, Pisidium, 74.
striata, Lespedeza, 343.
stiiatinum, Sphasrium, 73.
stricta, Carex, 252.
Verbena, 401.
Xanthroxalis, 348.
strigosus, Cyperus, 240.
Rubus, 331.
Strobilops affinis, 75.
labyrinthica, 75.
virgo, 75.
Strong-scented Love-grass, 234.
Strophitus edentulus, 60.
Strophostyles helvola, 346.
pauciflora, 348.
umbellata, 348.
strumosus, Helianthus, 440.
styraciflua, Liquidambar, 325.
subcordatum, Alisma, 219.
subcrenatum, Cosmarium, 153.
subrostrata, Lampsilis, 44, 63.
subrotundatum, Pisidium, 74.
subterminalis, Scirpus, 245.
subulare, Pleurocera, 73.
intensum, Pleurocera, 73.
subverrucosa, Chara, 160.
Succinea avara, 75.
obliqua, 75.
retusa, 75.
Sucker, Carp, 258.
Sugar Maple, 360.
Sugar-berry, 289.
Sugar-tree, 360.
sulcatum, Sphserium, 73.
sulcatus, Stenelmis, 34, 46.
Sumac Family, 353.
Sumac, Dwarf Black, 353.
Greene's, 353.
Mountain, 353.
Scarlet, 353.
Smooth Upland, 353.
Staghorn, 353.
Swamp, 354.
Summer Grape, 362.
Sundew Family, 321.
Sundew, Round-leaved, 321.
Spatulate-leaved, 322.
Sundrops, Small, 373.
Sunflower, Common, 439.
False, 437.
Few-leaved, 439.
Giant, 439.
Hairy, 440.
Pale-leaved Wood, 440.
Rough, 440.
Stiff-haired, 440.
Tall, 439.
Wild Giant, 439.
Woodland, 440.
superbum, Lilium, 263, 264.
Susan, Black-eyed, 438.
Swallowtail, Ajax, 38.
Zebra, 38.
Swamp Beggai'-ticks, Purple-stem-
med, 441.
Blackberry, Running, 333.
Fly-honeysuckle, 421.
Hickory, 272.
Horsetail, 205.
Lousewort, 413.
Loosestrife, 191, 370.
Milkweed, 394.
Oak, 284.
Persicaria, 294.
Poplar, 276.
Rose, 333.
Saxifrage, 323.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey 505
Swamp Sumac, 354.
Thistle, 447.
White Oak, 287.
Willow, 278.
Sweet Balsam, 437.
Fern, 275.
Flag, 25G.
Gum, 325.
Potato, 347.
Scabious, 435.
Scented Grape, 363.
White Violet, 369.
Sweet-cicely, Hairy, 377.
Smoother, 378.
Wooly, 377.
Sweet-clover, Yellow, 340.
White, 339.
Sweet-scented White Water Lily, 305.
Sweetbrier, 333.
Swimmers, Black, 30.
Sycamore, 327.
sylvatica, Nyssa, 383.
Sympetrum corruptum, 15.
rubicundulum, 26.
vicinum, 15.
Symphynota compressa, 44.
costata, 44.
Syndesmon thalictroides, 311.
Synedra longissima, 164.
obtusa, 164.
radians, 164.
Syntherisma filiforme, 224.
sanguinale, 224.
syphilitica, Lobelia, 423.
syriaca, Asclepias, 39, 394.
tabulatum, Peridinium, 97.
Taenidia integerrima, 379.
Tajo, Yerba de, 438.
Tall Anemone, 310.
Bellflower, 422.
Blackberry, 332.
Blue Lettuce, 425.
Cone-flower, 438.
Cotton-grass, 244.
Dock, 292.
Eaton's-grass, 236.
Grama-grass, 233.
Hairy Ground-cherry, 407.
Hedge Mustard, 319.
Iron-weed, 427.
Tall Marsh-grass, 233.
Milkweed, 394.
Rattlesnake-root, 426.
Smooth Panicum, 226.
Sunflower, 139.
Thistle, 447.
Tickseed, 440.
Tickseed-sunflower, 112.
White Aster, 436.
Wild Nettle, 290.
Wormwood, 445.
Tamarack, 208.
Tanaceum vulgare, 445.
Tansy, 445.
Tanypus monilis, 30.
Tanytarsus dives, 36.
Tape-grass Family, 221.
Tape-grass, 171, 222.
Tapeworms, 100.
tappaniana, Gastrocopta, 75.
tardus, Ancylus, 73.
taraxacum, Leontodon, 424.
tartarica, Cornus, 382.
Morus alba, 289.
Tea, New Jersey, 362.
Tear-thumb, Arrow-leaved, 295.
Halberd-leaved, 296.
tenue, Polygonum, 293.
tenuifolia, Euthamia, 432.
tenuis, Juncus, 261.
Oscillatoria, 143.
Sphferium, 73.
Tolypothrix, 148.
tenuissima, Nitella, 160, 183.
Ulothrix, 156.
tenuissimum, Pisidium, 74.
terebinthinaceum, Silphium, 437.
Ternate Grape-fern, 197.
Terre Haute, 63, 83.
terrestris, Lysimachia, 388.
tessellata, Pyrgus, 39.
Tetraedron minimum, 150.
Tetragoneuria cynosura, 21. 20.
tetrapedia, Crucigenia, 150.
Tetraspora lubrica, 149.
Teucrium canadense, 402, 104.
thalictroides, Caulophyllum, 31 1.
Syndesmon, 311.
Thalictrum, dasycarpum, 313.
dioicum, 313.
polygamum, 313, "l l.
506 Lake Maxinkuckee , Physical and Biological Survey
Thanaos persius, 39.
thapsus, Verbascum, 40!).
tharos, Phyciodes, 39.
Thaspium barbinode, 37!).
pinnatifidum, 379.
thelypteris, Dryopteris, 201.
thelypteroides, Athyrium, 203.
theo, Heodes, 39.
Thin-grass, 232.
Thistle Family, 427.
Thistle, Canada, 447.
Common Bur, 446.
Roadside, 447.
Russian, 298.
Swamp, 447.
Tall, 447.
Thorn-apple, 308.
Thorn-headed Worms, 101.
Thorn, Downy, 335.
Red-fruited, 335.
Scarlet, 335.
Shining, 335.
Three-cornered Bulrush, 186.
Thi-ee-leaved Hop-tree, 350 .
Ivy, 354.
Three-seeded Mercury, Virginia, 351.
Three-square, 245.
Thyme-leaved Pin-weed, 368.
Sandwort, 300.
Speedwell, 411.
Thymeleaceae, 370.
thyroides, Polygyra, 74.
Polygyra bucculenta, 74.
thyi'siflora, Naumburgia, 389.
Tick-trefoil, Canadian, 343.
Illinois, 343.
Large-bracted, 342.
Naked-flowered, 342.
Round-leaved, 342.
Panicled, 342.
Pointed-leaved, 342.
Prostrate, 342.
Sessile-leaved, 342.
Showy, 343.
Smooth Small-leaved, 343.
Tickseed, Tall, 440.
Stiff, 440.
Tickseed-sunflower, Tall, 442.
Tiliacese, 364.
Tilia americana, 364.
Timothy, 231.
Tiniaria convolvulus, 296.
Tippecanoe Lake, 62, 64, 72, 123.
Tippecanoe River, 15, 16, 21, 42, 43,
44, 51, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 71,
72, 213, 306, 308, 314, 349, 350,
356, 366.
Tipula, 36.
tinctorium, Galium, 419.
Tithymalopsis corollata, 352.
Tithymalus cyparissias, 352.
tityrus, Epargyreus, 39.
Toad Rush, 261.
Toad-flax, Bastard, 291.
Blue, 409.
Wild, 409.
Tobacco, Rabbit, 444.
Tobacco-root, 421.
Tokophyra quadripartata, 99.
Tolypothrix tenuis, 148.
tomentosa, Spiraea, 330.
Toothed Spurge, 352.
Toothwort, Cut-leaved, 320.
Touch-me-not, Pale, 349.
Spotted, 349.
Wild, 349.
Tovara virginiana, 294.
Toxicodendron radicans, 354.
vernix, 354.
Tracaulon arifolium, 296.
sagittatum, 295, 296.
Tradescantia reflexa, 260.
Trailing Arbutus, 386.
Wild Bean, 346.
Tramea lacerata, 24, 26.
transversum, Musculium, 74.
Tree-of-heaven, 350.
Trefoil, Bean, 392.
Marsh, 392.
tremuloides, Populus, 276.
Triadenum virginicum, 367.
Tribonema bombycinum, 149.
tribuloides, Carex, 250.
tricarinata, Valvata, 73.
trichophyllum, Batrachium, 187, 313.
Trichoptera, Order, 31.
trichosperma, Bidens, 442.
tricoccum, Allium, 262.
tricolor, Hetaerina, 19.
Trientalis americana, 389.
trifida, Ambrosia, 426.
trifidum, Galium, 419.
triflora, Poa, 236.
triflorus, Rubus, 332.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey .",117
trifolia, Staphylea, 356.
trifoliata, Menyanthes, 3i>2.
Ptelea, 31, 350.
trifoliolatus, Nabalus, 426.
Trifolium arvense, 340.
hybridum, 340.
pratense, 340.
repens, 341.
trifolium, Panax, 377.
Triglochin maritima, 219.
Trilliaceae, 266.
Trillium erectum, 267.
grandifiorum, 267.
recurvatum, 267.
triloba, Asimina, 306.
trionum, Hibiscus, 366.
Triosteum perforatum, 421.
aurantiacaum, 421.
triphyllum, Arisaema, 253.
Sedum, 322.
tripteris, Coreopsis, 440.
tristis, Salix, 281.
trisulca, Lemna, 166.
ti'ivolvis, Planorbis, 73.
troilus, Papilio, 38.
Tropisternus glaber, 34.
True Water-cress, 188, 318.
truncatum, Musculium, 74.
Trumpet-creeper Family, 416.
Trumpet-creeper, 416.
Trumpet-weed, 428.
truncata semiradiata, Micasterias,
153.
tuberosa, Asclepias, 393.
Castalia, 305.
Mesadenia, 446.
tuberosum, Limodorum, 270.
Tuberous Indian Plantain, 446.
Tubifex, 101.
tubisperma, Carterius, 104.
Tufted Eragrostis, 235.
Loosestrife, 389.
Tulip-tree, 305.
tulipifera, Liriodendron, 305.
Tumble-weed, 225.
Tumbleweed, Kansas, 297, 298.
tumidulum, Sphaerium, 73.
turgidus, Chrococcus, 141.
Turkey-pea, 379.
Turks-cap Lily, 264.
Turnip, Indian, 253.
turnus, Papilio glaucus, 38.
Turtle, Marsh, 99.
Snapping, 443.
Tussock Sedge, 252.
Twayblade, LoeselV, 271.
Twig Push, 196.
Two-leaved Bishop's Cap, 323.
Mitre-wort, 323.
Twin Lakes, 13, 14, 16, 17, 37, 42, 49,
56, 65, 111, 112, 180, 247, 2
276, 305, 318, 376, 414.
Twin-berry, 418.
Typhaceae, 210.
Typha latifolia, 191, 210.
uliginosa, Solidago, 430.
Ulmaceaa, 288.
ulmifolia, Solidago, 430.
Ulmus americana, 288.
fulva, 288.
Ulothrix tenuissima, 156.
zonata, 156.
umbellata, Chimaphila, 384.
Comandra, 291.
Doellingeria, 436.
Strophostyles, 348.
umbellatum, Lilium, 263.
Ornithogalum, 264.
Umbra limi, 258.
umbrosa, Muhlenbergia, 230.
udulata, Quadrula, 44.
Notonecta, 30.
undulatum, Pleurocera, 73.
unguiculatus, Lestes, 19.
uniflora, Monotropa, 384.
Unifolium canadense, 2(>.">.
Unio gibbosus, 45, 53.
Unionidss, 41.
List of species of, 51.
Upland Bent-grass, 232.
Sumac, Smooth, 353.
Upper Fish Lake, 56, 63.
Upright Bindweed, 397.
Spotted Spurge, 351.
Urticaceas, 290.
Urtica dioica, 290.
gracilis, 290.
urticaefolium, Eupatorium, l_s.
Urticastrnm divaricatum, 290.
urticifolia. Verbena, 401.
Uses of the Aquatic Flora. 1 L9.
usitatissimum, Linum, 349.
Usnea barbata, 276.
508 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Utetheisa bella, 39.
Utricularia gibba, 196, 414.
intermedia, 195, 414.
macrorhiza, 193, 414.
minor, 196, 414.
Uvularia grandiflora, 266.
Vaccaria vaccaria, 301.
vaccaria, Vaccaria, 301.
Vaccinaceae, 387.
Vaccinium vacillans, 387.
vacillans, Vaccinium, 387.
vaginaeflorus, Sparobolus, 231.
Vaginicola, 99.
Vagnera racemosa, 265.
stellata, 265.
vaillantii, Galium, 419.
Vaillant's Cleavers, 419.
Goose-grass, 419.
Valerianaceae, 421.
Valerian Family, 421.
Valerian, Edible, 421.
Valeriana edulis, 421.
validus, Scirpus, 185, 246.
Vallisneriaceae, 221.
Vallisneria spiralis, 171, 222.
Vallonia costata, 75.
pulchella, 75.
Valvata sincera simplex, 73.
tricarinata, 73.
Van Duzee, E. P., 7.
Vanessa atalanta, 38, 39.
virginiensis, 38, 39.
vaiiabile, Pisidium, 74.
varians, Melosira, 164.
Various-leaved Pondweed, 177, 213.
Vaucheria, 155.
Veiny Pea, 344.
velutina, Quercus, 285.
Velvet Leaf, 365.
Velvety Panic-grass, 227.
venosus, Lathyrus, 344.
ventricosa, Lampsilis, 48, 49, 69.
Venus' Looking-glass, 422.
Verbascum thapsus, 409.
Verbenaceas, 401.
Verbena bracteosa, 401.
hastata, 401.
stricta, 401.
urticifolia, 401.
Large-bracted, 401.
Mullein-leaved, 401.
Verbesina alba, 438.
verna, Collinsia, 410.
vernalis, Branchipus, 77.
vernix, Toxicodendron, 354.
Vernonia altissima, 427.
fasciculata, 427.
Veronica anagallis-aquatica, 410.
arvenis, 411.
peregrina, 411.
scutellata, 411.
serpyllifolia, 411.
verrucosum, Docidium, 153.
Nostoc, 148.
versicolor, Ergasilus, 79, 80.
Iris, 268.
verticalis, Ischnura, 23.
verticillata, Ascelepias, 395.
Cbloris, 233.
Ilex, 354.
Mollugo, 299.
Polygala, 350.
Scleria, 249.
verticillatum, Myriophyllum, 175, 375.
verticillatus, Decondon, 191, 370.
Vertigo morsei, 75.
Vervain Family, 401.
Vervain, Blue, 401.
Hoary, 401.
Nettle-leaved, 401.
White, 401.
Wild, 401.
vesiculare, Pisidium, 74.
Vesiculina purpurea, 192, 413.
Vetch, Carolina Milk, 341.
Vetchling, Marsh, 344.
Viburnum acerifolium, 420.
lentago, 420.
pi-unifolium, 420.
vicinum, Sympetrum, 15.
vigilax, Lestes, 20.
villosa, Dioscorea, 268.
Lactuca, 425.
vimineus, Aster, 434.
Vinca minor, 392.
Vine, Love, 397.
Wild Potato, 396.
vinosa, Boyeria, 12.
Violaceas, 368.
Viola blanda, 369.
fimbriatula, 369.
hirsutula, 369.
lanceolata, 369.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Phijsical and Biological Survey 509
Viola palmata, 368.
papilionacea, 369.
pedata, 368.
pubescens, 370.
rostrata, 370.
violacea, Argia, 20.
Lespedeza, 343.
Violet Family, 368.
Violet, Bird's-foot, 368.
Blue, 368.
Downy Yellow, 370.
Early, 368.
Early Blue, 368.
Hairy Yellow, 370.
Hooded Blue, 369.
Lance-leaved, 369.
Long-spurred, 370.
Meadow Blue, 369.
Ovate-leaved, 369.
Southern Wood, 369.
Sweet White, 369.
Viorna viorna, 314.
viorna, Viorna, 314.
virescens, Carex, 252.
Virgate St. John's-wort, 366.
virgatum, Hypericum, 366.
Virginia Chain-fern, 202.
Creeper, 363.
Day-flower, 260.
Goatsbeard, 424.
Grape-fern, 198.
Ground-cherry, 407.
Knotweed, 294.
Snakeroot, 292.
Stickseed, 400.
Stonecrop Family, 323.
Stonecrop, 323.
Strawberry, 330.
Three-seeded Mercury, 351.
Virgin's Bower, 314.
Water-leaf, 399.
Winterberry, 354.
Virginian Sarsaparilla, Wild, 376.
virginiana, Anemone, 310.
Clematis, 314.
Cracca, 341.
Fragaria, 330.
Gratiola, 410.
Juniperus, 209.
Koellia, 405.
Lappula, 400.
Medeola, 266.
virginiana, Ostrya, 281.
Padus, 337.
Physalis. K>7.
Tovara, 294.
virginianum, Botrychium, !
Dracocephalum, 404.
Hydrophyllum, 399.
Leptamnium, 4 1.",.
virj>inica, Acalypha, 351.
Anchistea, 202.
Bartonia, 367.
Claytonia, 299.
Commelina, 260.
Cynthia, 12 1.
1 >asystoma, 412.
Krigia, 423.
Leptandra, 412.
Lespedeza, 343.
Myosotis, 400.
Peltandra, 254.
Rhexia, 371.
viiginicum, Lepidium, 318.
Pisidium, 74.
Triadenum, 367.
virginicus, Homalocenchrus. 229.
virginiensis, Vanessa, 38, •".'.».
Virgin's Bower, Virginia, 31 I.
virgo, Strobilops, 75.
viride, Chenopodium album, l!:>7.
viridescens, Polygala, 350.
virdiflora, Acerates, 396.
viridis, Chaetochloa, 227.
Euglena, 96.
Eremosphaera, 1">0.
virosa, Lactuca, 424.
Yitaceae, 362.
Vitis aestivalis, 362.
bicolor, 3<>2.
cinerea. 362.
cordifolia, 363.
labrusca, 362.
vulpina, 363.
vitreum, Stizostedion, v".
Viviparus contectoides, 7"..
intertextus, 7-'!.
Volvox aureus, '."!.
Vorticella chlorastigma, '.'7.
vulga re, Marrubium, 402.
Tanacetum, 1 15.
vulgaris. Arcella, 96.
Chara, L59.
Prunella, in"..
510 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
vulgatum, Cerastium, 300.
vulpina, Vitis, 363.
vulpinoidea, Carex, 249.
Wabash Pig-toe, 51.
River, 43, 63.
Wahoo, 355.
Wake-robin Family, 266.
Wake-robin, Ill-scented, 267.
Prairie, 267.
Walker, Bryant, 70.
walked, Anmicola, 73.
Pisidium, 74.
Sphaerium, 73.
Walkerton, Ind., 236, 290.
Walking-sticks, 27.
Walleyed Pike, 80, 100.
Walnut Family, 272.
Walnut, Black, 272.
White, 272.
walteri, Echinochloa, 225.
Warmouth Bass, 80.
Warsaw, Ind., 56, 87, 144, 310.
Washington, D. C, 77, 197, 236, 256,
285, 289, 298, 306, 307, 315, 324,
328, 329, 334, 344, 418.
Washingtonia claytoni, 377.
longistylis, 378.
Wasserbluethe, 110.
Wasserbluethe, Time of appearance
of, 110.
Water Boatman, 29.
Bog-rush, 240.
Club-rush, 245.
Hemlock, 381.
Hemlock, Bulb-bearing, 381.
Hoarhound, Cut-leaved, 405.
Lily Family, 304.
Lily, Sweet-scented White, 180, 305.
Maple, 359.
Marigold, 178, 443.
Penny, 33.
Pepper, 295.
Pepper, Mild, 295.
Persicaria, 294.
Pimpernel, 388.
Plantain, American, 219.
Scorpion, 30.
Smartweed, 295.
Speedwell, 410.
Star-grass, 261.
Water-beech, 281.
Water-bug, Giant, 30.
Water-cress, Marsh, 317.
True, 188, 318.
Yellow, 317.
Water-crowfoot, White, 313.
Yellow, 311.
Water-flea, 415.
Water-leaf Family, 399.
Watei'-leaf, Appendaged, 399.
Virginia, 399.
Water-milfoil, 374.
Spiked, 196, 374.
Whorled, 175, 375.
Water-moss, 302.
Water-parsnip, Hemlock, 380.
Water-plantain Family, 219.
Water-scavenger, 33.
Water-shield Family, 303.
Water-shield, 179, 303.
Water-striders, 30.
Water-thyme, 174.
Water-weed, 174.
Waxwork, 355.
Weak-stalked Club-rush, 196, 245.
Weed, Dyer's, 431.
Hedge, 319.
Joe-pye, 428.
Weevils, 34.
Western Iron-weed, 427.
Prickly Pear, 370.
Ragweed, 427.
Red Lily, 263.
Rough Golden-rod, 432.
Wheat-grass, Purplish, 238.
Whirligig Beetles, 33.
White Adder's-tongue, 264.
Ash, 389.
Aster, Small, 434.
Aster, Tall Flat-top, 436.
Avens, 331.
Baneberry, 309.
Beaked-rush, 249.
Bear Sedge, 251.
Blackberry, 401.
Clover, 341.
Elm, 288.
Grass, 229.
Heath Aster, 434.
Hoarhound, 402.
Lettuce, 425.
Maple, 356.
Oak, 286.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Iliolotjlcal Sum y :>i l
White Oak, Swamp, 287.
Poplar, 275.
Snake-root, 428.
Sweet-clover, 339.
Vervain, 401.
Violet, Sweet, 369.
Walnut, 272.
Water-crowfoot, 313.
Water Lily, Sweet-scented, 305.
Wild Indigo, Large, 338.
Willow, 279.
White-heart Hickory, 274.
White-lettuce, Glaucous, 426.
White-stemmed Pondweed, 214.
White-top, 435.
Whiteface, 15.
Whitlow-wort Family, 298.
Whorled Loosestrife, 388.
Milkweed, 395.
Milkwort, 350.
Water-milfoil, 175, 375.
Wild Anemone, 310.
Balsam Apple, 421.
Bean, Pink, 348.
Bean, Small, 348.
Bean, Trailing, 346.
Bergamot, 404.
Black Cherry, 337.
Black Currant, 326.
Blue Phlox, 398.
Celery, 222.
Columbine, 309.
Crane's-bill, 348.
Cucumber, 421.
Geranium, 348.
Ginger, 291.
Gooseberry, 326.
Holly, 355.
Indigo, Large White, 338.
Leek, 262.
Liquorice, 419.
Lupine, 339.
Madder, 419.
Mandrake, 315.
Mint, American, 406.
Mustard, 321.
Nettle, Slender, 290.
Nettle, Tall, 290.
Onion, Nodding, 263.
Parsnip, 378.
Pea-nut, 345.
Pepper-grass, 318.
Wild Potato. 344.
Potato Vine, 396.
Red Plum, 336.
Red Raspberry. 331.
Rhubarb, 292.
Rice, 228.
Rose, 333.
Rosemary, 386.
Rye, Nodding, 239.
Sarsaparilla, 315.
Senna, 337.
Snap Dragon, 410.
Strawberry, 330.
Sunflower, Giant, 439.
Timothy, 230.
Toad-flax, 409.
Touch-me-not, 349.
Vervain, 401.
Virginian Sarsaparilla, 376.
Wormwood, 445.
Yam-root, 268.
Yellow Lily, 263.
Williamson, E. B., 12, 16, 23, 24.
Willow Family, 275.
Willow, Beaked, 280.
Bebb's, 280.
Black, 278.
Bog, 281.
Common, 279.
Dwarf Gray, 281.
Glossy, 279.
Heart-leaved, 280.
Livid, 280.
Peach-leaved, 279.
River-bank, 279.
Sage, 281.
Sandbar, 279.
Shining, 279.
Silky, 280.
Swamp, 278.
White, 27!>.
Willow-herb, Linear-leaved, 372.
Purple-leaved, 372.
Wilson, Dr. Charles B., 7. 10, 75, 77.
79.
Wilson Snipe, 88.
Wind-flower. 310.
Wing-angled Loosestrife, 371.
Wing-stem, l 10.
Winged Pigweed, '_:>7.
Winona Lake. 87, 103, 11-. 115, I
Ml. 1 11. 310. 311.
512
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Winter Grape, 362.
Winterberry, 354.
Winterberry, Virginia, 354.
Wintergreen Family, 384.
Wintergreen, Chickenweed, 389.
Creeping, 387.
Spicy, 387.
Wire-grass, 233, 237.
Witch-grass, 225.
Witch Hazel Family, 324.
Witch-hazel, 324.
Wolffia columbiana, 167, 258.
Wolffia, Dotted, 259.
Wolffia microscopica, 259.
punctata, 259.
Wolfiella, Florida, 168, 259.
floridana, 168, 259.
Wood Aster, Common Blue, 433.
Betony, 413.
Dropseed, 230.
Nettle, 290.
Reed-grass, 231.
Sage, 402.
Sunflower, Pale-leaved, 440.
Violet, Southern, 369.
Wood-grass, 224, 230.
Wood-lettuce, Hairy, 425.
Red, 425.
Wood-rush, Common, 262.
Wood-sorrel Family, 348.
Wood-sorrel, Yellow, 348.
Yellow Procumbent, 349.
Woodland Dropseed, 230.
Sunflower, 440.
Wool-grass, 248.
Woolly Sedge, 253.
Sweet-cicely, 377.
Worms, 100.
Worms, Gephyrean, 102.
Thorn-headed, 101.
Wormwood, Tall, 445.
Wild, 445.
Wreath Golden-rod, 429.
Wrinkled-leaved Golden-rod, 430.
Xanthium americanum, 427.
Xanthotype crocataria, 39.
Xanthoxalis corniculata, 349.
stricta, 348.
Xyriclacese, 259.
Xyris flexuosa, 259.
nor emt ubMIT
UC Stat* Collet
Yam Family, 268.
Yam-root, Wild, 268.
Yard Rush, 261.
Yard-grass, 233, 261.
Yarrow, 444.
Yellow Adder's-tongue, 264.
Yellow Birch, Southern, 283.
Catfish, 79, 80.
Foxtail, 227.
Gentian, 392.
Lily, Wild, 263.
Oak, 287.
Perch, 80, 100.
Pimpernel, 379.
Pond Lily, Large, 304.
Poplar, 305.
Procumbent Wool-sorrel, 349.
River, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 42, 49, 51,
53, 56, 71, 213, 225, 237, 248, 272,
282, 283, 289, 301, 306, 308, 314.
Star-grass, 268.
Sweet-clover, 340.
Violet, Downy, 370.
Violet, Hairy, 370.
Water-cress, 317.
Water-crowfoot, 311.
Wood-sorrel, 348.
Yellow-barked Oak, 285.
Yellow-eyed Grass Family, 259.
Slender, 259.
Yellow-fringed Orchis, 269.
Yellow-root, 308.
Yellow jacket, 40.
Yerba de Tajo, 438.
Young, Leonard, 108, 110, 113.
ypsilophorus, Atax, 61.
zaleta, Polygyra, 74.
Zannichelliacese, 211.
Zanthoxylum americanum, 350.
zebra, Ephithemia, 163.
Zebra Swallowtail, 38.
Ziza aurea, 379.
Zizania aquatica, 228.
Zizaniopsis miliacea, 228.
zonata, Ulthrix, 156.
Zonitoides arboreus, 75.
minusculus, 75.
niticus, 75.
Zoological Park, Washington, D. C,
201.
Zygnema, 154.
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