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LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

JAMESTOWN, NORTH CAROLINA

38 S B lass:

JAMESTOWN, NORTH

The preparation of this report, was (Inoncially aided through a
Federal grant from the Urban Renewal Administration of the
Housing and Home Finance Agency, under the Urbon Planning
Assistonce Program outhorized by Section 701 of the Housing
Act of 1954, as amended.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2010 with funding from
State Library of North Carolina

http://www.archive.org/details/landdevelopmentpOOjame

PREPARED FOR

TOWN OF JAMESTOWN, NORTH CAROLINA

T . C.
C. P.

Ragsdale, Mayor
Turner, Town Manager

TOWN COUNCIL

Harold E. Hall

Carl R. Smith

Mrs. Sarah K. Stafford

J . Ro y Bull i van

PLANNING BOARD

D. H. Powell
A . P . Fo r tney

E . B . Stafford
W. C. Campbell
A . E . Slate

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FROM

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT

DIVISION OF COMMUNITY PLANNING

George J. Monaghan, Administrator

PIEDMONT AREA OFFICE

*Edward D. Baker, Chief Area Planner
Robert F. Saleeby, Chief Draftsman
Paul L. Trexler, Draftsman II
M. Eileen Antosek, Secretary

*Responsible for project
July, 1964

Price: $1.00

TABLE OF CONTENTS

HISTORY AND SETTING
FRAMEWORK FOR PLANNING

CHAPTER II POPULATION AND ECONOMY

CHAPTER III JAMESTOWN FUTURE LAND USE

Page

Planning for Growth 2

Jamestown Land Development Plan 3

Jamestown of the Future 4

Popu la t ion 6

Income, Education and Housing 15

Existing Land Use 25

COMMUNITY SERVICES AND FACILITIES

Public Utilities 34

The Land Development Plan 38

Sketch Thoroughfare Plan 46

Implementation 51

Planning " A Continuous Function 56

CHART 1 Net Migration, 1950- 1960 Follows 7

Guilford County, North Carolina,
by Age and Sex

CHART 2 Composition of Population by Age, Race

and Sex, 1960 Follows 8

CHART 3 Income Measures Follows 15

TABLES

Number Page

1 Population Trends for Selected Units, 1900=1960 6

2 Net Migration for Guilford County, 1950 to 1960 10

3 Population - Guilford County, 1950=1960 12

4 Population by Minor Civil Divisions - Guilford County 13

5 Jamestown Population Projection 14

6 Educational Data - 1960 - Shown as Percentages 16

7 Housing Conditions for Jamestown and Selected Areas 18

8 Occupation Group of Employed Persons by Sex « 1960 -

by Per Cent 22

9 Industrial Group of Employed Persons 23

10 Labor Force - 1963 24

11 Land Use - Jamestown Town Limits 26

12 Housing Conditions - Jamestown 29

13 Per Cent of Substandard Dwellings 30

MAPS

1 Existing Land Use

2 Substandard Housing

3 Traffic Volume

4 Water and Sewer Service Area

5 Future Land Use and Sketch Thoroughfare

6 Thoroughfare

Follows

Foil ows

HISTORY AND SETTING

Jamestown, located on the hills that rise above Deep River, is a buffer between
the rival towns of Greensboro and High Point. Buffer strip that it is, it is older
than either and claims, with fair accuracy, that both of these rival cities are but
Jamestown's ups tar t— suburbs .

In 1750 George Mendenhall bought up both sides of the then new Salisbury Post Road
and called the settlement Jamestown in honor of his father. It grew to be the metrop-
olis of Guilford County and even up to the Civil War it was a center of industry,
culture and liberalism.

Pennsylvania Quakers dominated the settlement at first, and in their methodical
way built their community. As early as 1812 they had a church and school. In 1816
Jamestown was incorporated and by 1850 Dr , Shubal Coffin had built a pre-medical school,
and George C, Mendenhall taught law students in 1847. A literary society, a debating
society, temperance society, and a newspaper all flourished at this time.

Richard Mendenhall was one of the founders and an active member of the manumission
society, and it is said that this was one of the most successful of the stations on the
"underground railroad."

In 1865 Joseph Ragsdale, a Virginia Confederate, settled in Jamestown and later
bought the old gun factory site which had been converted into a cotton mill. It is now
the Oakdale Cotton Mill, The old Mendenhall Quaker family in Jamestown is now repre-
sented by decendants of Ragsdale, who married into that family.

In 1856, when the railway came, Jamestown's development evolved around the station
in contrast to the old Jamestown that was located up the hill on the other side of Deep
River. There are still a few landmarks of the ancient village -- the church, the old
store, and a few residences.

CHAPTER I
FRAMEWORK FOR PLANNING

PLANNING FOR GROWTH

A major fact in the life of Jamestown is growth. Nestled between High Point and
Greensboro, Jamestown can expect to feel the effect of the spillover of these cities
and by 1980 the population will undoubtedly increase tremendously.

Growth brings problems and opportunities which will become evident in the future
as the pressures for residential, commercial and industrial land increase. Interstate
85 will always be beneficial; however, increased traffic volumes on 29A-70A will be
felt in Jamestown because of its location between two major citiess The opportunities
brought by giowth may not be ab easily noticed. City growth, of course, means economic
benefit for many, and from the standpoint of the whole community it means an opportunity
-'- through sound planning ■- for building an even better environment in which to live,
work, conduct business, and for leisure activities^,

WHAT IS PLANNING? City planning is a continuous process of looking ahead at a
city's prospects, developing policies for guiding growth, and carrying those policies
out. Jamestown needs planning just as much as any industry, business of farm program,
Sound planning, carried on continuously, helps make sure that:

"- land in adequate amounts and proper locations will be available for all
private development needs;

— - the value of investment in private and public development will be
protected;

-— ample rights-of-way will be protected for street and highway purposes;

~- sites for public facilities will be reserved or acquired at reasonable
cost in advance of development.

'.'lie DOES A CITY'S FLANKING? To the fullest extent possible it should be done by
the entire community, by the Town Council, and the Planning Board. The Town of James-
town has established a planning and zoning board and is receiving technical assistance
from the Division of Community Planning, Department of Conservation and Development,
The effectiveness of Jamestown's planning program will depend directly on the degree
to which the public understands the program and participates in it, and on the degree
to which local government officials recognize planning in their day-to-day decisions,

JAMESTOWN LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Jamestown's present planning program consists of the following elements:

=- base mapping

=- population and economic study

= — land use survey

"- land use plan

-- sketch thoroughfare plan

— zoning ordinance

«- subdivision regulations

The Land Development Plan is a general guide for the town's growth- It is the
framework for future, more detailed planning. It is the guide for setting up the long-
range financial program. It is also a guide to landowners and developers, showing them
expected trends of future growth and change.

The Land Development Plan, if ever called complete, is not a final, unchangeable
document, but one which must be revised regularly if it Is to serve effectively as a
guide for town growth. Therefore, the Planning and Zoning Board should review the
plan each year (and the data on which it is based) and recommend needed changes to the
Town Council who should consider any proposed changes. To be most effective this
review should occur just prior to the preparation of the town's annual budget.

_ 3 -

Goals and Principles

Major planning goals on which the Land Development Plan is based Include:

— designation and protection of adequate land to serve
the anticipated needs (residential, public, commercial,
and industrial) for a planning area one mile beyond the
present town limits;

— • more balanced development of Jamestown with greatest

encouragement to growth in those directions which will
be able to utilize the town's water and sewer system
most efficiently;

— . compact development, avoiding large vacant gaps, thus

reducing utility extension costs, road maintenance costs
and the costs of general town government;

— sound standards of development for residential, commercial
and industrial areas, allowing adequate room for parking,
landscaping, privacy, and fresh air.

JAMESTOWN OF THE FUTURE

Planning for the future Jamestown means planning for future industrial, commercial
and residential areas, future streets, parks and playgrounds, and other parts of the
total community. For this planning to be realistic it must be based on informed esti-
mates of future employment and population in the planning area.

In order to have a definite goal in time, 1980 has been selected as the planning
period. Although 1980 may sound far into the future, it is no more distant than the
Jamestown of 1940, and has been selected simply to give perspective to the plan.
Another way of looking at it is that the Land Development Plan represents a stage of
development which is expected to be reached by about 1980, but which could be reached
substantially sooner or later.

The number of people in the Jamestown planning area (one mile beyond the existing
town limits) in 1980 will depend largely on how many people are employed in Jamestown
and how many people employed in Kigu Point and Greensboro will enjoy the suburban living
of Jame s town .

CHAPTER II

POPULATION AND ECONOMY

The population and economy of any community must be analyzed before effective
planning can begin. It, along with existing land use data and community services, is
the basis on which the planning program is formulated since the people and the economy
are the essence of a town's existence. The composition of the population must be
identified since this affects such things as schools, recreation facilities, taxes and
many others. Income levels should be determined since this has a bearing on the commu-
nity's ability to provide facilities and services and it also affects retail activities.
Employment and the industries present in the area often give an indication of the
community's future economic and physical development. There are many more facets of
the population and economy of an area, but these illustrate that an economic and popu-
lation analysis is not only beneficial but necessary in the planning process.

The analysis of the population and economic characteristics of the Town of James-
town is based on unpublished Census data; however, in many cases it was not "possible
to procure data from the Census which applied only to the Town of Jamestown due to the
town's small size. Therefore, in some instances a larger unit was used. In this case
much information refers to Jamestown Census Tract C-0035-B, which is described as that
part of Jamestown Township which is north of U. S. Highways 29 and 70 and includes the
Town of Jamestown. It is contended that information involving the Census Tract is
pertinent enough to draw valid conclusions about Jamestown.

- 5 -

POPULATION

General Growth

Although one of the smaller townships in Guilford County, Jamestown Township
experienced a gain of about 2,032 persons in the last decade. In 1950 the Town of
Jamestown contained 748 persons but increased to a population of 1,247 in 1960. This
was a gain of 66,7 per cent, and proportionately, was a higher growth rate than North
Carolina, Guilford County or the Township (excluding the Town of Jamestown), However;
it should be noted that part of the Township was annexed to Jamestown in 1960.

TABLE 1

POPULATION TRENDS FOR SELECTED UNITS, 1900-1960

1900

1910

Increase for decade

1920

Increase for decade

1930

Increase for decade

1940

Increase for decade

1950

Increase for decade

1960

Increase for decade

North
Carolina

Guilford

C ounty

1,893,810

2,206,287

16.5%

2,559, 123

1 6 . 0%

3, 170,276

2 3.9%

3,571,623

12.7%

4,061,929

13. 7%

4,556, 155
12.2%

39,074

60,
54.

79,
31.

133,
67.

153,
15.

191,
24.

246,
29.

497

272

010

916

057

520
0%

Jamestown Twp.
(excl. Jamestown)

Jame s town

1,578

1,513

-4.1%

1,934

2 7.8%

3,063
5 8 . 4%

4, 174

3 6.3%

4,262
2. 1%

5,795
3 6.0%

748*

1,247**

6 6.7%

* 1950 - Jamestown incorporated in 1947.

**1960 - Parts of High Point Township annexed to Deep River and Jamestown Townships
Parts of Jamestown Township annexed to Town of Jamestown.

- 6 -

Migration by Age, Sex, and Race - Guilford County

It was not possible to obtain Information concerning migration for Jamestown, but
such data was available for Guilford County. The assumption can be made to some degree
that part of the trends which are occurring In the County are also mirrored in James-
town and In most other areas within the County.

A method employed to establish migration patterns is to observe the number of
persons In various age groups by ten-year Intervals. For example. Table 2 shows that
in 1950 there were 11,125 white males in the 35-44 age group, but in 1960 there were
only 10,349 persons In the 45-54 range. Therefore, it seems apparent there has been
outmlgratlon of persons who were from 35 to 44 years of age. Specifically, this age
group lost 776 persons in the last decade.

From 1950 to 1960 approximately 5,538 individuals outmlgrated from Guilford County,
and 3,709 of the total were white males and females. The bulk of the outmlgratlon for
males occurred in the 35-54 age range for for females in the 20-24 and 35-54 age groups.
The non-white population experienced outmlgratlon for males and females in the age range
of 20-54, accounting for about 1,829 people. These s ta teme nts shou Id not, however, give
the impression that the County is not gaining population by in-mlgration because It in-
deed is. Nevertheless, evidence indicates that some age groups are experiencing out-
migration. The data merely implies that Guilford County would have retained over 5,000
individuals had no outmlgratlon occurred.

Some of the outmlgratlon may be explained by the fact that in the High Point area
many people are living In the suburbs of the town, part of which are in Davidson and
Randolph Counties. These people are probably tied economically to Guilford County but
are enumerated in the Census as living outside the County.

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Since specific information is not available it is impossible to present conclusive
evidence to support or disprove whether or not outmigratlon is occurring in Jamestown.
But, by observing various age groups in proportion to the total population, the town
appears to have a rather low percentage of persons from 15 to 34 years of age. It may
be assumed then that outmigratlon has occurred in these age groups. Reasons for this
are varied, but lack of economic opportunity and attraction of other industrial areas
are certainly an influence. Since Jamestown is within easy commuting distance of two
urban areas — High Point and Greensboro — the question may arise as to why persons
in the 15 to 34 age group could not make their residence in Jamestown and work else-
where. The answer to this is probably the lack of housing for individuals in this age
group. In the first place, apartments are virtually non-existent in Jamestown, and
also, there is a high ratio of owner-occupied units. Most of the housing is out of
the price range of these people — many of whom are just beginning to make a living for
themselves and apparently are working and living elsewhere.

Composition of the Population - Town of Jamestown, 1960

As Chart 2 indicates, there is a high proportion of children in the population.
Of the total males, 34.8 per cent are 14 years of age and under; for females this per-
centage is 33.2 per cent. Also noticeable is the fairly low proportion of persons who
are 65 years of age or older. Of the adults, the age groups of 35-44 and 45-54 are,
proportionately, the largest age groups in the population. As was previously mentioned,
the age groups of 15—24 and 25-34 are unusually low in relation to other age groups.
The age group structure of Jamestown fits a suburban pattern. It contains high pro-
portions of children, low proportions of the elderly and a high proportion of persons
from 35-54 years of age. The age group composition of the population has an influence
on every aspect of the town. For example, large numbers of children affect the need
for added school and recreational facilities; a large number of elderly has significance

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in that they must be supported by others and facilities must be provided for them;
large proportions of productive age groups, such as In Jamestown, Influence such things
as housing needs, the tax base, the labor force and many more. The point to be empha-
sized here Is that the age group patterns In the population should be continually watched
and existing trends related to the social and economic needs of the community.

According to the Census, there are about 220 non-whites in the town. This accounts
for 17.6 per cent of the total population. There are about 67 more females than males
in the total population. The age groups containing more women than men are 5-9, 15-24
and 55-64 years of age.

Jamestown Census Tract C-0035-B

White Population

As in the Town of Jamestown, the age group patterns of the Census Tract
also reflect a suburban- type development. Almost 33 per cent of the total
males and 31 per cent of the total females are 14 years of age or less. (See
Table 2). Also, a very large portion of the population is from 30 to 54 years
of age. On the other hand, a relatively small proportion of the population is
from 15 to 29 years of age. Basically, the general age group structure of the
Census Tract is similar to that of Jamestown.

The number of females in relation to the number of males is very equitable
as there are only about 40 more women than men in the population.

Non-White Population

There were, in 1960, 528 non-whites In the Jamestown Census Tract which
accounted for about 16 per cent of the total population. As in the white
population, the number of females to males was almost equal as there were only
18 more women than men.

The age group structure of the non-white population is quite different
from that of the white population. Proportionately, there are many more
children in relation to the total non-whites.

- 9 -

The female non-white population picture forms the typical pattern of a
pyramid with a large base of younger age groups and progressively older age
groups gradually diminishing to form a small top. The male non-white pattern,
however, does not resemble the pyramid form. Major differences are in large
proportions of persons in the 10 to 14, 25 to 29, 45 to 49 and 65 and over
age groups .

NET MIGRATION FOR GUILFORD COUNTY

1950 to 1960

Age Group

Under

in 1950

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

WHITE POPULATION

Males: 1950

8,640

6,743

5,644

5,472

6 ,401

13,242

11,125

8,063

1960

9,305

6,795

5,634

6,772

7 ,468

13,639

10,349

6,928

Per Cent Change

in 1950 Group

7 . 7

0.8

-0.2

23.8

16.7

3,0

-7.0

-14.1

Females: 1950

8, 180

6.603

5, 548

7, 168

8,418

13,952

11 ,938

8,453

1960

8,873

8,529

7 , 862

7, 162

7,831

14,127

11 .344

7 ,852

Per Cent Change

in 1950 Group

8. 5

29.2

41 ,7

-0.1

-7.0

1.3

-5,0

-7, 1

NON-WHITE POPULATION

Males: 1950

2, 145

1 ,692

1,498

1,528

1 ,983

3,114

2,435

1,762

1960

2,554

2,332

2, 157

1,634

1 ,527

3,014

2,434

1,567

Per Cent Change

in 1950 Group

19. 1

37.8

44,0

6.9

-23.0

03.2

-0.04

-11.1

Females : 1950

2,207

1 ,813

1 ,456

1 ,723

2,308

3,450

2,969

1,959

1960

2,624

2,455

2,290

1,747

1,865

3,422

2,664

1,658

Per Cent Change

in 1950 Group

18.9

35.4

56,3

1.4

-19.2

-0,8

-10.3

-15.4

- 10 -

The Future Population

Population projections were not obtainable for the Town of Jamestown, but this data
was available for Guilford County and the townships within the County. From this, per-
haps, some conclusions may be drawn about the future population of Jamestown.

At this point it should be made clear that the following projections are based on
past trends, assuming they will continue into the future. There are many complex factors
which will determine the future population picture. The projections should be employed
only as guideposts in the planning process and revised periodically as the need arises.

Guilford County Population - 1970 and 1980

If past trends continue into the future, the Guilford County population may expect
to increase from 246,520 in 1960 and 313,600 in 1970, to 407,024 in 1980. The future
population will have more children and elderly people. In 1980 almost 41 per cent of
the population will be either 14 years of age and under or 65 years or over. Practically
all of these people do not work and therefore have to be supported by other age groups.
The trend is toward a larger number of persons who must be supported by a smaller pro-
ductive group.

In 1980 there will be a slightly higher proportion of persons in the general age
range of 15 to 34, but the percentage of persons in the age group of 35-64 will decrease
by 1980. This is probably a result of past migration patterns.

- 11 -

TABLE 3

POPULATION - GUILFORD COUNTY, 1950-1980

Age

Gr oups

1950

1960

1970

1980

1950

1960

1970

1980

0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
7 0-74
75+

Total

21,

,172

28.

,858

36,748

51,

,828

11,

, 1

11,

11.

, 7

12,7

16,

,851

26,

,221

28,992

40,

,910

10.

10.1

1^1

,155

23,

,356

31,956

40,

,784

10.

10.0

15,

,891

20,

,111

31,419

34,

,836

10.

8.6

19,

,110

17,

,943

29,639

41,

,026

10,

10.1

18,

,033

17,

,315

21,912

34,

,203

7 ,

8.4

15,

,725

18,

,691

17,396

28,

,674

7.0

15,

,132

18,

,228

17,508

22,

,085

5.4

13,

,335

15,

,974

18,982

17,

,676

7 ,

4,3

11 1

,122

1^,

,316

17,249

16,

,561

4.1

,115

12,

,475

14,937

17,

,754

. 1

4,4

,674

lOi

,330

13,297

16,

,031

3.9

,077

,675

10,512

12,

,564

3.1

,173

,994

9,307

12,

,002

2,9

,706

,248

6,442

,841

, 1

2.2

,786

,785

7,304

11,

,249

2.8

191,

,057

246,

,520

313,600

407,

,024

100,

100.

100,0

Jamestown Township Population - 1970 and 1980

Table 4 shows that the Township population will experience an Increase from 7,042
in 1960 to 9,094 and 11,397 in 1980. In 1960 the Township contained 2.8 per cent of
the total County population and projections indicate that this percentage will remain
about the same in 1970 and 1980. So, although the Township will have future growth, it
will not be any larger in relation to the rest of the County since other townships will
also experience growth.

- 12 -

TABLE 4

roPUL/

iTION SY

MINOR CIV

'IL DIVISI

;OKS - GUILFORD COUN

Per

Townsh Ip

1950

Cent

1960

Cent

1970

Cent

1980

Cent

Bruce Twp,

2,602

1.4

3,158

1,3

3 ,449

1, 1

4,070

1,0

Center Grove

1,796

0.9

3,471

1.4

6, 586

2.1

12,211

3,0

Clay

1,992

1.0

2,152

0,9

2,509

0.8

2,442

0.6

Deep River

2,476

1.3

3,812

lo5

5,018

1.6

7,326

1,8

Fentress

3,408

1 ,8

4,831

2,0

6,586

2,1

8,548

2.1

Fr lendshlp

3,954

2. 1

6,979

2,8

11,290

3.6

17,502

4.3

Gilmer

44,397

23.3

48,885

19,8

50,803

16.2

51,285

12.6

Greene

1,659

0.9

1,765

0.7

1,881

0,6

1,628

0,4

High Point

50,662

26.5

62,063

25.2

72,442

23,1

81 ,812

20.1

Jame s town

5,010

2.6

7,042

2.8

9,094

2,9

11 ,397

2,8

Jefferson

2,523

1.3

6,676

2,7

16,934

5.4

41,516

10,2

Madison

1,797

0.9

1,871

0.8

2, 195

0,7

2,035

0.5

Monr oe

3,506

1.8

7,574

3.1

15,994

5. 1

32,562

8,0

Morehe ad

52,728

27,6

70,689

28.7

90,003

28,7

111,118

27,3

Oak Ridge

2,775

1.5

3,346

1.4

4,077

1.3

4,477

1.1

Rock Creek

3,705

2.0

3,946

1.6

4,077

1.3

3,663

0.9

Summer

4,471

2.3

6,402

2.6

8,781

2.8

11,804

2,9

Washington

1,606

0.8

1,858

0,7

1,881

0.6

1,628

0,4

Total

191,057

100,0

246,520

100.0

313,600

100.0

407,024

100.0

Projections as They Relate to Jamestown

Since projections are not attainable for the Town of Jamestown, some
assumptions will have to be made. Generally, we may assume that as the
County and Jamestown Township experience new growth, the Town of Jamestown
will follow accordingly this pattern, but this still does not reveal an
actual numerical projection.

One method which gives an estimation of the population in 1970 and
1980 is to calculate the ratio of the town population to that of the town-
ship's for 1950 and 1960 and assume this ratio will continue, within limits,
to 1970 and 1980, This is about the only course to follow with the infor-
mation which is available. Table 5 shows that by employing the 1960 ratio

- 13

TABLE 5

JAMESTOWN POPULATION PROJECTION*

1960
1970
1980

Actual Township
Population

Based on Ratio of
Town to Township
1960 (17.7%)

7,042

9,094

11 ,397

1,247 (actual)

1,610

2,017

Based on Average Ratio
of 1950 and 1960 Town
to Township (16.3)

1,482
1,858

*Assuming : 1 ) 1960 ratio of Town to Township; 2) average ratio of 1950 and 1960
of Town to Township,

and

Jame

and

accu

1970

assu

for

d is a

For

to b

the

for

shou

ar is

extend
s town
ca 1 cu 1
rate p
and 1
me the
the ne
d van ta
examp 1
e res i
town d
Jame s t
Id be
es .

ing for 1
is 1,610
a t ing an
ic cure .
,858 for

town ' s p
X t twe n t y
ge to t h i
e , If the
dential ly
e ve 1 oped
own are o
used as g

970

and

a ver

Us in

1980

opu 1
yea

s ap
pe o
or i

indu

n ly

u ide

and 1
2.017
age r
g thi
At
a t i o n
r s ma
pr oac
pie o
e n ted
stria
e s t im
1 ine s

980

resp
a t io
s me c
this
rati
y or
h, F
f Jam
, the
lly.
a tes
wat

the projection for 1970 and 1980 for
ectively. Going back to 1950, however,
for 1950 and 1960 may give a more
hod gives a projection of 1,482 for

point it should be made clear that to
o to the township will remain the same
may not be valid. This is the major
urure growth hinges on many factors,
estown want their community to continue
future population may be less than if
It may be seen then that the projections
based on certain assumptions. They
ched closely, and revised as the need

- 14 -

INCOME, EDUCATION AND HOUSING

iertinent to any population and economic study is an analysis of income levels,
educational attainment and housing conditions of the community* Income levels are a
measure of purchasing power and indicate the ability of the community to pay for facil-
ities and services. Housing conditions often reflect income levels, and of course,
good housing is an asset to any town. Education, the key to higher income and better
housing, is very important to the people of any community- Our society is becoming
more and more complex and Increased education is necessary to earn an adequate income.

Income

Chart 3 shows income measures for Jamestown Tract C-0035-B and indicates that
income levels in the area are very high, which again is characteristic of a suburban-
type community. Family mean and median and per capita income is above Urban United
States, Urban North Carolina, Greensboro, High Point and Guilford County.

The difference between family mean and median income indicates how well income
is distributed, and in the Jamestown Census Tract this span was greater than any com-
parable area. This means that a large amount of income is concentrated in the hands
of a few and is not distributed evenly throughout the population,

Educa tion

Table 6 indicates that the median school years completed for persons 25 years of
age and older in the Jamestown Census Tract was 10.5 in 1960. This was below the Urban
United States and Greensboro median, about equal with Urban North Carolina and Guilford
County, and above that of High Point. Education levels in the Jamestown Census Tract
are very similar to those of Urban North Carolina. About 41 per cent of the adults have

- 15 -

•

• •

•
CD

•

—

■0

O
3J

-»

a»

•

C-

>
m

z
o
o

C/)

c
7

TABLE 6

EDUCATIONAL DATA - 1960 - SHOWN AS PERCENTAGES

o Cll OO t

Enr o 1 Imen t

Urban

N, C.

State Guilford

Urban County Greensboro

nign
Point

Ba 1 ance
Gu i 1 f or d
County

Jame s town

Tract

C-0035-B

Total Enrolled:
5 to 34 years
K inder gar te n
E lemen tary :

1 to 8 yrs.
High School:

1 to 4 yr s .
College

100

5.8

1.8

1,8

2.3

2,2

0,8

2.3

64.0

60,7

66.3

61.1

71,9

71.4

70.1

21.6

20.9

20,0

18.6

19,2

23.2

23.6

8.6

10.6

11.9

18.0

6,7

4.6

4.0

Years of School Completed:
Persons 25 yrs. old and over

100

No School Years

Com pie ted

2.7

E lementary :

1 to 8 yrs.

10.

19.

37,

11,

10,

9.4

5 to 7 yrs.

12,

19.

21,

16,

25.

25,

19.0

8 yrs .

16,

10,

10.2

High School:

1 to 3 yrs.

19,

12.

18,

17,

18,

17,7

4 yr s .

25.

, 7

20,

21,

17,

21.

21.2

College :

1 to 3 y r s .

10,

13,

8.5

4 yrs. or more

12,

11.3

Median School

Yr s . C omp le ted

11.

10.

10,

11,

10.5

Less than 5 y r s ,

Completed

11.

13,

12<

12.0

4 yrs. High

School or better

44.

40,

, 7

40.

48,

31.

33,

41.0

- 16

something less than a high school education, but on the other hand, 41 per cent have
four years of high school or better. Actually, educational attainment of residents
in the Jamestown area is above many other towns and communities within the State,

Rous ing

In 1960 almost 35 per cent of all dwelling units in the Jamestown Census Tract
were substandard -- that is, they were lacking some plumbing, deteriorating or dilapi-
dated. A field survey made by the Division of Community Planning of housing conditions
in Jamestown shows that the condition of housing is much better alone than when the
rural area is considered. Nevertheless, the median value of owner-occupied units in
the Jamestown Census Tract is $10,000 which is above that of Urban North Carolina,
Guilford County or High Point. This may be due to the large amount of new construc-
tion which tends to pull up the median value.

Within the Town of Jamestown, the average value of housing is $13,000, which is
very high. Although not comparable with median values, Jamestown ranks seventh out of
118 towns in North Carolina with populations of 1,000 to 2,499 in average value of
housing. Here again, this is attributable to the new construction of homes in the
town .

In summary, it may be said that Jamestown possesses exceptionally high income
levels, although not too well distributed, good housing, and above-average educational
attainment of its people.

- 17 -

HOUSING CONDITIONS FOR JAMESTOWN AND SELECTED AREAS - 1960

Balance Jamestown
Urban Guilford High Guilford Census Tr .
N. C . County Greensboro Point County C-0035-B

All Housing Units :

Number

551,

,225

72,

,726

35,508

18,615

18,603

1,188

Standard Housing:

Number

392,

,478

51,

,608

28,272

12,634

10,702

778

Sound , with All
Plumb ing :

Per Cent 71.2 71.0 79.6 67.9 57.5 65.5

Substandard Housing:
Number
Per Cent

158,747
28.8

21,
29.

,118
.0

7,
20,

,236
,4

5,
32,

,981

7,
42!

,901
.5

410

34.5

Sound, but Lacking
Some Plumbing

32,446

,017

,633

,631

,753

De ter i or a t ing

90,282

10,

,771

,128

,210

,433

221

Dilapidated

36,010

,330

,475

, 140

,715

104

Economy

Economically, Jamestown is tied very closely with High Point and Greensboro because
many people live in Jamestown but work in these cities. Jamestown, however, does have
industry of its own and the major ones are textiles and paper plus a bakery. It is true
that some Jamestown residents work in these industries, but it is submitted that they
also employ persons who live in the Township or elsewhere in the County.

- l;

Employment by Occupations - Jamestown Census Tract

Male

Census data indicates that 49,3 per cent of the employed males are
employed as craftsmen, foremen, operatives and kindred workers due
to the predominance of manufacturing employment. Also, about 11
per cent are employed as managers, officials and proprietors which
reflect retail activities to some extent.

Female

The highest proportion of females is employed as operatives and
kindred workers (35.8 per cent). A significant percentage of women
is employed as clerical and sales workers, and since opportunities
In these occupations are not available in Jamestown it Is obvious
these women work elsewhere. Finally, about 13 per cent are employed
as professional, technical, or kindred workers.

Employment by Industry - Jamestown Census Tract

Almos
f ac tu
429,
compa
25 pe
produ
in te
It is
segme
Na t lo
due t
re f le
be com
the a
large
f u tur

t one
ring
or 53
ring
r cen
cts .
xtile

not
nt of
na 1 ly
o me c
cted
e acu
f f ect

degr
e, A

-hal
acti

per
this
t ar

The
s is
a pa

the
, th
hani
at 1
te 1
s .
ee ,
t an

f of

vitl

cen

wit

e en

pro

hlg

r t i c

lab

e te

zatl

ocal

n th

It 1

but

y ra

the
es .
t, w
h th
gage
por t
her
u lar
or f
xtll
on a

lev
e te
s no
it 1

total
Of tho
or k in
e total
d in th
ion of
than mo
ly des i
o r c e d e
e Indus
nd othe
els , S
xtile 1
t sugge
s s ome t
the Tow

emp 1 oye
se who
textile
employ
e manuf
workers
St comp
r ab le s
penden t
try is
r facto
hould a
ndus try
sted th
hlng th
n shou 1

d per s o
are emp
s and a
ed 1 1 m
ac tur In

employ
arable
Ituatio

upon a
in a s t
r s , and
rea emp
, James
at this
at coul
d be aw

ns a
1 oy e
ppar
ay b
8 of
ed 1
area
n to

sin
a te

thl
1 oym
town

Is
d po
are

re engaged in manu-
d in manufacturing,
el products . In
e noted that almost

textiles and apparel
n manufacturing and
s. (See Table 8.)

have such a large
gle Indus try.
of employment decline
s trend Is being
ent declines ever

will certainly feel
now occurring to a
ssible happen in the
of the fact.

Jamestown could attract its own Industry, but it should be of a high
growth nature. However, if It is not the goal of the Jamestown
people to develop the town industrially, it must depend upon other

- 19 -

cities for their employment.

The second largest manufacturing industry, but far behind the textiles
in terms of employment is furniture, lumber and wood products. Of the
total number of persons employed in manufacturing, 145 or almost 18
per cent are employed in this industrial group.

Approximately 14 per cent of the total employed in the Census Tract are
engaged in activities involving retail trades and services. This per-
centage is somewhat below Urban North Carolina, Guilford County or
Greensboro. It is assumed that many of these people work in some city
other than Jamestown since retail activity is rather small in the town.

Unemployment for women in 1960 was higher than male unemployment as 4,5
per cent of the total females in the labor force were unemployed. This
was higher than Guilford County or Greensboro, but was below High Point
and Urban North Carolina,

Retail Trades and Services

20 -

OCCUPATION GROUP OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY SEX

1960 - BY PER CENT

Balance Jamestown Census
N. C. Guilford Greens- High Guilford Tract
Urban County bor o Point County C-0035-B

Prof., tech. & kin, wkrs.

Farmers & farm mgrs.

Mgrs.,off.,& prop.

(excl. farm)

Cler. & kin. wkrs.

Sales wkrs.

Craf ts . , f ore . , & kin.

wkrs .

Operatives & kin. wkrs.

Private h'hold wkrs.

Serv. wkrs. (excl.

prlv. h'hold)

Farm lab. & farm f ' me n

Lab. (excl. farm & mine)

Occupation not reported

FEMALE

Prof., tech. & kin. wkrs»

Farmers & farm mgrs.

Mgrs , , of f . ,& prop.

(excl. farm )

Cler, 6c kin, wkrs.

Sales wkrs .

Craf ts ., fore , , & kin.

wkrs .

Operatives & kin. wkrs.

Private h'hold wkrs.

Serv. wkrs. (excl.

prlv, h'hold)

Farm lab. & farm f'raen

Lab. (excl, farm & mine)

Occupation not reported

10. 1

5.0

0.2

0.3

14.6

11.4

8.2

5.6

11.1

9.7

17.1

20.2

18.4

30.6

0.4

0.09

6.6

4.9

0.3

0.2

7.3

6.5

5.7

5.6

13.1

8.4

0.04

0.07

3.1

2.3

27.8

19.8

6.0

4,9

1.2

1,4

20.5

41,3

12.1

8,2

10.0

8,9

0. 1

0,04

0,6

0.4

5,5

4,3

5.1
10,5

8.4
5, 1
5.6

23.4
25.7
0.09

7.8
0.9

2. 1

21,9

5.2

1.9

38.6
7,9

6,2
1,8
0,6
5,1

6.9
2.6

14.9

2.7
10.8

27.5

21.8

0.3

3.2
0.3
5.7
3.3

12.6
0.0

2.0

21.2

1.9

1,3

35o8

9.4

7.2
0.0
0,0
8.6

TABLE 9

INDUSTRIAL GROUP OF EMPLOYED PERSONS

N. C.
Urban

Guilford
County

Greens-
boro

High
Point

Ba lance
Gui If ord
C oun ty

James town
Census Tr,
C-0035-B

Agrl. , f or . ,f ish. 6,942

Mining 695

Construction 39,388

Manufacturing 221,802

Fur n . , lum , 6twood prod. 22,259

Prim. & pre-fab.met. 5,134

Machinery 19,774_

Mtr. veh. & equip. 883)

Trans, equip. 1,514^)

Other durable goods 5,197

Food & kin. prod, 16,320

Tex. & app. prod. 109,014

Print. , pub. ,&al lied pr. 9 , 2 9_2

Chem.6< allied prod. 6.631)

Other non-dur. goods )

(incl. not specified) 25,784)

RR & rwy . exp . service 7,052^

Trucking 12,301)

Other transportation 5,7 2_1_)

Communications 8,445)

Utilities & san. serv. 8,606^)

Wholesale trade 25,985)

Food & dairy prod, stores 18,436^)

Other retail trade 78,438

Eating & drinking places 16,397

Business & rep, serv. 13,760

Private h'holds 41,272

Other pers. serv. 27,599

Hospitals 19,676

Educational servs 44,842

Other prof. & rel, serv, 26,198

Public administration 26,447

Industry not reported* 60,569

Total Employed 719,571

3,032
147
6,395
39,287
5,798
1,378
2,955

281

1, 167

2,412

19,161

1,570

4,565

569
2,404

1,836

4,026

12,831
1,814
1,911
4,577
3,077
1,399
5,568
3,204
3,380
8,968

104,425

321

165

,546

, 124

,298

,973

,969

,602

,716

334

,655

809

494

582

302

,670

351

934

226

535

239

393

398

484

530

302

736

123

930

380

260

2,271

385
1, 106

1, 103

2,328
6,914

5,552

949

52
600

418

970
2,882

1,819

1,345

132
698

315

728
3,035

999

510

305

945

471

495

778

976

823

591

1,118

368

860

372

167

568

957

1,043

044

680

480

075

622

683

1,597

37
0

68
810
145

429

16
35

188
18
33
60
36
9
74
44
39

158

50,721 27,520 26,184

1,724

*Including Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, Entertainment, Recreation,

23 -

TABLE 10

LABOR FORCE

1963

Jame s town

N. C.

Guilford

Gr eens-

High

Census Tr

Urban

County

bor o

Point

C-0035-B

MALES

Labor force as a per
cent of male population
14 years of age and over

77.9

81.3

11.4

83.4

84.4

Per cent of civilian

labor f or ce :

Employed
Unemp loye d

96.2
3.8

97,7
2.3

97.7
2.3

97.2
2.8

97.5
2.5

FEMALES

Labor force as a per
cent of female
population 14 years
of age and over

44.3

46,2

46.1

50.3

44.1

Per cent of civilian

labor f or ce :

Emp 1 oyed
Unemp 1 oyed

94.0
6.0

96.6
3.4

97.1
2.9

94.6
5.4

95.5
4.5

Per cent of married
women in relation to
total females in the
1 abor for ce

57.3

60,8

54,1

62.1

76,7

- 24 -

EXISTING LAND USE

Land use planning determines the approximate amount of land that will be needed
for various purposes of the future Jamestown. This planning seeks to make sure that
ample land will be provided for every requirement and at the same time avoiding the
designation of excessively great amounts of land for certain purposes such as commer-
cial and industrial. Land use planning helps make sure that land of various types will
be located properly with respect to one another.

The beginning point for planning future land use is a careful inventory of present
land use. A detailed survey on the existing use of land in the Jamestown planning area
was made in the Summer of 1962. Existing land use is shown in generalized form on the
"Existing Land Use" map.

The land use information has been divided into seven broad categories as follows:

Undeveloped Land

Developed Land

Res identlal

C ommer c la 1

Public and Semi-Public

Parks and Playgrounds

Indus tr lal

Streets and Railroads

Undeveloped Land

There are approximately 692 acres in Jamestown chat are void of urban development
and in the one mile area beyond the corporate limits of the town there are 3,929 acres.
This means that roughly 72 per cent of the land within Jamestown, and 87 per cent of
the land beyond the town limits lie idle or in agriculture use at the present time.
This undeveloped land provides the town with a tremendous reserve for future expansion.

- 25 -

TABLE 11

LAND USE

JAMESTOWN TOWN LIMITS

Per Cent of
Total Land

Per Cent of
De ve 1 oped Land

Vacan t
Residential

Sing le-Faml ly

Two-Fami ly

C ommer c la 1

Public & Semi-Public

Parks & Playgrounds

Indus trial

Streets

Ra 1 Ir oads

Total

Vacant
Residential

Single-Family

Two-Fami ly
C ommer c ia 1

Public & Semi-Public
Parks Si Playgrounds
Indus tr ia 1
S tree ts
Ra i Ir oads
Water

Total

691.75

71.79

163.05

16.92

59.99

157

16.

.22

.92

14.31

1.47

5.23

7.68

0.80

2.83

6.10

0.63

2.24

11.4 2

1.19

4.20

56.47

5.87

20,78

12.86

1.33

4.73

963.54

100.00

LAND USE -

JAMESTOWN

- ONE

MILH

PERIMETER

3,929.28

87.08

49.77

1. 10

16,93

0,44

0.01

0,15

57.59

1,28

19.60

18.51

0.41

6.30

154.73

3.43

52,64

12,86

0.28

4,38

289.21

6,41

4,512.39

100.00

- 26 -

Assuming a balance of land uses similar to that existing today, and based on
existing population density, there appears to be more than ample land available to
satisfy Jamestown's needs for the next twenty years.

Developed Land

Large towns and small towns seemingly have in common a full complement of land
uses. Contrasted to High Point or Greensboro, Jamestown may not have all of the fine
breakdowns in each use category; however, it does have the seven basic uses. The
accompanying table shows how the use of developed land is distributed in Jamestown
and the area one mile beyond.

Residential Land Use

Land classified as being used for residential purposes contains housing facilities
for one or more families or households. Therefore, as may be expected, residential
uses occupy the major share of Jamestown's developed area. Approximately 60 per cent
(163.05 acres) of the developed area within Jamestown's corporate boundaries are allo>=
cated for residential use; however, this is not the case in the one mile perimeter
area where only 49,77 acres (16,93 per cent of the developed area) are used for resi-
dential purposes. This points up the fact that within and beyond the corporate limits
a huge acreage is available for housing.

The largest residential concentration is bounded by High Point Lake on the west,
the town limits on the north, and by Main Street on the east and south. The next
largest concentration of housing is located on Robbin, Hearns and Scientific Streets
which is predominantly non=white in nature.

New residential development will, in all probability, transpire between the

- 27 -

northern town limits and the new subdivision just within the one-mile area also to the
north and focused between Guilford College Road and High Point Lake.

Variety of housing resources in Jamestown is very limited. Of the 160.05 resi-
dential acres in Jamestown and the 49.77 residential acres in the one-mile perimeter
area used for this purpose, only 5,22 and 9 acres respectively are devoted to two-
family use with little or none allocated for multi-family living. It has been the
observation that very few rental units are available. This also points up the need to
expand the variety of housing in Jamestown and its environs. Contractors and real
estate agents in larger towns in the nation have had remarkable success in building
apartments that would then be sold "apartment by apartment" to individual families.
This could lead to the attraction of those people living in High Point and Greensboro
who desire suburban living at its finest.

Housing Conditions

The condition of housing in the planning area has been evaluated and recorded on
Map 2, This information was obtained from an external survey which graded each resi-
dential structure on the basis of apparent structural condition, maintenance and en-
vironment. Residential dwellings were rated as follows;

Conserve : average housing which is in good condition and
needs only to maintain its present status.

Minor Repair : average housing which needs to have a few
minor repairs made.

Major Repa Ir : housing which needs rehabilitation action

to prevent its decline into a state of advanced
deterioration and blight. Extreme repair work
will be necessary to upgrade this type of housing.

Dilapidated: housing which has advanced into a stage of

extreme blight and needs to be destroyed. Housing

c» oo

receiving this classification is considered to
have deteriorated beyond the point where repair
is feasible.

Table 12 indicates the number and per cent of housing in each category for both
Jamestown and the area one mile beyond the corporate limits^ For the purpose of this
report, any dwelling which is dilapidated or in need of major repair will be termed
as substandard.

Table 13 illustrates towns, large and small, in North Carolina and compares the
percentage of substandard dwellings contained in each.

TABLE 12

HOUSING CONDITIONS

JAMESTOWN

C onse r ve
Minor Repair
Major Repair
Dilapidated

Number of Structures

184
122

18 388

Per Cent

100

ONE-MILE BEYOND JAMESTOWN

Conse r ve
Minor Repair
Major Repair
Dilapidated

65
85
27
10

187

100

Based on Table 12 Jamestown appears to be just about average in the percentage of
substandard dwellings. This is not necessarily good. The town should be striving to
attain a lower percentage of substandard housing. This could be realized through good
code enforcement. The preponderance of substandard dwellings is located in the non-

29 -

white area which is seemingly the case in most communities. This could be explained
in part by the lower standard of living which is either enjoyed or not enjoyed by these
people as well as the social problem of educating the Negro to the extent that he has
the same pride of ownership or occupancy held sacred to the majority of the white
population in Jamestown.

Of the 388 residential dwellings in Jamestown, 122 are in need of minor repair.
Jamestown's citizens should be aware of this situation and initiate a conservation
program to upgrade this type of housing now — even if it is merely a coat of paint
that is necessary. Continuous neglect will eventually lead to unfavorable blight.

TABLE 13 PER CENT OF SUBSTANDARD DWELLINGS

Rockingham 27.90

Wilson 31.20

Mt. Airy 19,00

Pilot Mountain 15.63

Wilkesboro 15,74

Madison 33,02

Dobson 28,00

Elkin 3.94

JAMESTOWN 22.00

AVERAGE 21,82

Commercial Land Use

The commercial use of land refers to that land which contains establishments
supplying commodities and related financial transactions to the general public.

Jamestown's commercial activity is both new and old. Some 14 acres, or 1.4 per
cent of the total acreage of Jamestown, are allocated for commercial use. This per-
centage is very low; however, when one considers the close proximity of Jamestown to
its neighbors High Point and Greensboro it is understandable why the acreage is low
in commercial usage.

Commercial areas are confined to two locales. One is at the western extremity
of the town limits; the other is in the area of Town Hall. The most commendable aspect
of the commercial enterprises is that they have been confined to the two areas and
have not been allowed to stretch out in a "ribbon" or "strip" fashion along Highway
29A-70A. This condition should prevail Into the future because --

First: Strip commercial activities decentralizes
commercial development;

Second: It destroys customer comparison shopping;

Third: It impedes the safe, efficient movement of
vehicular traffic on heavy traffic-carrying
h Ighway s .

Industrial Land Use

Industrial land may be classified as all land containing facilities for the
mechanical or chemical transformation of organic or inorganic substances into new
products including services relating to their manufacture.

- 31 -

Only 11,42 acres, or A. 20 per cent of the developed land, are being used for
industrial or related manufacturing services. These industrial uses are not located
in one vicinity but are scattered about. However, no industrial concern appears to
be incompatible with surrounding land uses. The limited amount of land allocated for
industrial manufacturing or service is indicative, as are the few acres of commercial
land use, of a "bedroom" or "dormitory" community. The Population and Economic Section
of this report pointed out that Jamestown is a town of commuters. If Jamestown can,
in the future, subsist on the tax base of a residential town, this is fine; on the
other hand, if it cannot, a new diversified industrial program is in order.

Public and Semi-Public Land Use

Public and seml-publlc land has facilities that provide mental, spiritual, civic,
and physical development for the community.

Land devoted to education, recreation, religious, governmental, health and welfare
account for some 13 acres, or 1.43 per cent of the total developed land. This is not
the ideal situation when you delete the semi-public lands because the rule of thumb for
recreational and public facilities Is one acre per hundred people. Indeed, it is for=
tunate to have High Point's park adjacent to Jamestown, but this should not be con=
strued as being Jamestown's park and thus satisfies the town's needs. It would be wise
for the City Fathers to look to the future and acquire additional land for park and
recreational facilities.

Streets and Railroads

There are 56.47 acres of land devoted to streets and 12.86 acres are occupied by
railroads. Streets in Jamestown account for the second largest user of land -~ 20,78
per cent of the developed land. The generally accepted standard for land allocated

- 32 =

/y,

■zi'

for street purposes Is 20 to 25 per cent of the developed area of a community. James-
town is completely free of the grid system of street design which is largely responsi-
ble for the percentage of land appearing on the low side of the standard percentage
range. Good land development practices that undoubtedly must have prevailed in the
past are evidenced today in Jamestown, A continuance of past land development pro-
cedures is not only necessary from a utility and pavement cost viewpoint, but also
because aesthetics have become an increasingly important part of man's life. Home
buyers are more conscious than ever of good land subdivision practices.

COMMUNITY SERVICES AND FACILITIES

PUBLIC UTILITIES

The public in any urbanized area has come to expect of its environment certain
services that provide for their comfort, safety, and convenience. These include water
and sewerage facilities. The availability or lack of these utilities are prime deter-
minants of the character and intensity of land development.

Water Supply

Water supply is one of the most important factors influencing community develop-

ment. Without an adequate supply, community growth is limited. There are two sources

of water supply -- surface water and ground water, and two methods of distribution ~-=
through public facilities and from individual wellss The largest percentage of James=

town's population is supplied with surface water which is processed and distributed by

the town. From the standpoint of land use, almost 100 per cent of Jamestown's developed
acreage receives benefits of pubLic water supply.

The amount of water required by any community Is determined by its domestiCa commer-
cial and industrial demands and by requirements for public uses such as fire protection.
Total demand is normally related to population and is expressed as gallons per capita
per day (GPCD)- In designing a water supply system an average of 150 GPCD is generally
accepted as an average for total consumption. Domestic usage varies considerably from

one community to another. Average use per person in an American home ranges between 20

2
and 80 gallons per day. Commercial and industrial water requirements are dependent

upon the nature of the activity located in the community.

International City Managers' Association, Local Planning Administration, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, Cushing Malloy, Inc., 1959
2

U, S. Department of the Interior, A Primer on Water 3

„ 34 ~

Map 4 identifies the area of coverage within Jamestown which secures water from
the public supply system. The water distribution system is capable of supplying
500,000 gallons per day. In 1963 a maximum daily usage of 350,000 gallons was re-
corded» A pumping station located along Deep River delivers water from the Deep River
to the filtration plant owned by Oakdale Cotton Mill.

Major difficulties in the past have generally involved two areas of conflict:
(1) demands for public water supply in isolated subd iv is ions, and (2) financing the
Installation of major service lines. The first of these problems has been nearly
conquered. The second problem has been rectified for the most part by monies gained
from the operation of Jamestown's ABC store.

Sanitary Sewage Disposal

There are two general classifications of sewage treatment and disposal facilities.
On=site is the method whereby the entire disposal process occurs on the same site as
the building to be served. In the public sewage system, raw sewage is conveyed through
a collection system to a central treatment facility-

The septic tank is the most common type of on-site disposal system. It is normally
considered only an interim method of sewage disposal until an adequate public sewerage
facility can economically be provided- Since final treatment of the effluent is obtained
from percolation through the soil, the effectiveness of the septic tank is dependent
upon the characteristics of the soil. Knowledge of the drainage characteristics of the
soil, position of the water table, and topography collectively determine whether on-site
sewage systems will function properly. Well-drained soils in the Piedmont are relatively
scarce. Even in areas with well-drained soils, the effectiveness of the soil is signi-
ficantly reduced when extensive development takes place, Ultimately, on-site disposal
becomes completely unsuitable. As a general rule, the use of septic tanks is only

- 35

acceptable in rural areas where public facilities cannot be provided economically and
where large leach fields permit safe decomposition of the effluent.

In addition to the potential health hazards accompanying on-site sewage disposal,
there are also economic disadvantages) Initial installation costs and maintenance over
a period of years generally exceed the cost of public sewerage facilities. Furthermore
due to the large lots that must be provided for on-site dewage disposal, conversion
from septic tanks to public sewers becomes much more costly.

Jamestown is in the process of completing an extensive sanitary sewer program and

as shown on Map 4, the majority of the urban uses within the corporate limits are now

being served with sanitary sewer. There are some areas where growth is anticipated

that must be served in the future; however, voids and gaps that may occur in future

development should be discouraged on the basis of having developable land served by

sanitary sewer and the possible unf e as ib lene s s of serving areas beyond this develop-
able land .

Sanitary wastes from Jamestown's trunk sewers are carried to the new treatment
plants located close to fleep River, with a capacity of 1,000,000 gallons per day.
Natural drainage flows into the Deep River and Bull Run Creek. Sanitary sewage norm-
ally depends upon gravity flow and these drainage ways will influence largely the
location of sewerage trunk lines.

S t orm Dr a inage

The need for an adequate storm drainage system becomes more apparent as urban

development occurs. Urbanization greatly increases the amount of impervious surface

by building over areas that were formally moisture-holding, vacant land and natural

drainage courses. Consequently, unless a drainage system is provided storm water is

often retained on the surface endangering property and creating health hazards, or

- 36 -

it infiltrates the sanitary sewerage system and overloads these facillties>

Few Jamestown residents are directly served by storm sewers. Most rely on
natural drainage ways for collection of storm water, Jamestown should undertake an
extensive storm sewer program to accommodate existing development. Jamestown's sub-
division regulations will insure that developers in the future will provide new sub-
divisions with storm sewers.

37 -

CHAPTER III

JAMESTOWN FUTURE LAND USE

THE LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The general background for planning, including basic research, was described in
Chapters I and II. Chapter III describes the principles, standards and methods used
in preparing the Land Development Plan.

Land for Future Development

The approach that was adapted in the preparation of the Land Development Plan was
essentially as follows —

— the probable future demand for land in each category
wa s est ima ted;

— principles for land use planning were prepared;

— the indicated amounts of land were assigned to various
parts of the planning area in accordance with the
principles.

The proposed land use areas shown on the Land Development and Sketch Thoroughfare
Plan are generalized to a considerable degree -- that is, they do not attempt to show
land use in the same detail or precision as is shown on a zoning map.

Industrial land proposals will be discussed first because of the importance of
industry to the economy and because of the locational considerations for industrial
land. Land shown on the plan designated for residential purposes was assigned next,
and land for commercial use and recreation was assigned last. In nearly every case
more land has been designated for each use than is likely to be needed by 1980; however,
the excess allows for flexibility of choice and recognizes the fact that some land in

each of the categories may not he entirely suitable for development or may not be
available for development during the planning period.

Industrial Areas

The amount of Industrial land shown on the Land Development Plan was estimated on
the basis of Jamestown's potential to attract industry that would have the opportunity
to expand and still be close to High Point and Greensboro's labor market. It was im-
possible to determine an exact amount of land that would be needed or used based on the
existing and projected population due to the fact that the town is largely a "bedroom"
community (one that houses its inhabitants but has not enough jobs available to employ
them). Therefore, attempting to devise a mathematical formula for the probable number
of workers wfio would be employed on each acre of industrial land by 1980 was by-passed.

It is Jamestown's goal to attract industry that will not only supplement the eco-
nomic base but, by being quite selective, will further enhance community appearance.
Land use planning principles observed in the allocation of land for Industrial purposes
considered the following:

Access: new industrial areas should be so located that they
will have access to major highways, particularly
interstate routes and/or railroads-
Nuisances: modern, per formance- type zoning has been designed
to control the location of industries on the basis
of their characteristics; industries that are of such
a nature that nuisance factors could not be completely
eliminated have been designated on the plan and zoning
map so as to be a minimum detriment to other land uses.

Buffers: buffers, man-made and natural, should be used whenever
possible to separate industrial areas from residential
areas .

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Tr af f ic : industrial districts should he so located that it
is not necessary to route the traffic generated by
the industries through residential concentrations-

Site Characteristics: land designated for industry should be

of such size to provide for a variety of tracts within
the area; it should have good drainage and soil load
bearing characteristics; it should be relatively level
with a maximum slope not exceeding 5%.

Shape of Districts: industrial land should ordinarily be

designated in several sections of the planning area
based on the above principles and information gained
from the Department of Conservation and Development,
Commerce and Industry Division. Long shallow ribbons
designated for industrial use are thus avoided.

Applying these principles in the preparation of the Land Development Plan as
shown on Map 6, an estimated 96 acres in excess of the existing land used for indus-
trial purposes was determined to be more than adequate for future development through
1980.

Residential Areas

Planning the residential areas was based on the assumption that there will be
four average densities of single-family residential developments and one average den-
sity for multi-family development. It was further assumed that in all probability
the entire planning area concerned with residential development would not be developed
wholly by 1980} therefore, single-family residential growth anticipated by 1980 has
been shown in solid yellow on the Land Development Plan and the cross-hatched yellow
indicates land to be held in reserve should the need arise. Delineating land for
residential growth considered the availability of public water and sanitary sewer in
delimiting these areas. The residential densities that have been assumed for single-
family residential development are as follows:

- 40 -

-- Land beyond the town limits would, by necessity, need at

least half-acre lots for single-family development because
of the lack of public water and sanitary sewer service in
this area.

— Land within the town limits that has been planned for better
than average residential development is bound by the town
limits on the north and we s t ^ by the railroad on the south
to a property line just east of Main Street thence north
along this property to U. S. 2 9A and 70A, thence west to
Guilford College Road, thence north to a property line just
north of Mendenhall Road westward to the town limits, and
on the west by the town limits to the point of beginning.
This area has a proposed minimum lot area of 15,000 square
fee t .

~- Remaining s ing le- f ami ly proposals within the town limits

shown on the Land Development Plan could hold higher popu-
lation densities because of ready availability of public
utilities. These densities would be 8,000 and 10,000 square
foot lot areas.

-- The multi-family area that has been proposed for the James-
town planning area is outside the corporate limit line shown
on the Land Development Plan- It is an area that will hope-
fully be developed as a group project containing high quality
garden apartments for individuals and small families to enjoy
suburban living centrally located between High Point and
Gr ee nsbor o .

Principles observed in locating residential land included the following:

Access: residential areas should be so located that they

facilitate travel between them and places of major
employment such as industrial districts.

Variety: the plan should recognize the need for residential

areas of a variety of densities to meet various needs
and incomes. Ordinarily, the areas of highest density
will be closest to existing and proposed commercial

and industrial uses, but some variety should be avail-
able in all parts of the planning area. Density, once
established through the plan, and zoning should serve
as the basis for planning community facilities such as
schools, streets and public utilities.

Size and Shape : residential areas may vary considerably in size
but should be homogeneous in character and ordinarily
should be bounded by major streets or non-residential
uses.

Tr af f i c : fast, through traffic should be kept out of residential
areas. This can be done through the enforcement of sub-
division regulations and by insulating residential areas
from heavy tr af f ic— carry ing streets on the boundaries of
the residential areas.

Commercial Areas

A major intent of the Land Development Plan is to discourage the uncontrolled
expansion of local and highway commercial activity and consolidate these uses so they
have an integrated function without disrupting or causing negative influences on
surrounding land uses. The areas of commercial use designated on the plan establish
a relationship within the town devised to provide convenient commercial areas in close
proximity to major residential concentrations^

Justifiably, the bulk of consumer shopping is carried on within the urban centers
of High Point and Greensboro. Existing and future retail commercial outlets should
be oriented toward serving everyday convenience needs. With this in mind the two areas
delineated on the plan provide Jamestown with the necessary strategically located and
limited amount of retail commercial activity to serve the convenience needs of the
citizenry.

- 42

Principal features of this element of the plan are:

1. Allowing for expansion of existing commercial enterprise;

2. Room to provide for new structures and off-street parking
and loading and unloading areas;

3. Cluster development versus strip-ribbon development which
will alleviate incompatible land usage in the future;

4. A step-down transitional zoning ordinance has been prepared
and adopted to reflect harmonious grouping of land uses.
Those uses that are locally oriented commercial convenience
activities should be permitted as prescribed by the zoning
or d inance .

Public and Semi-Public Areas

The degree to which the well-being of a community is enhanced is directly depen-
dent upon the extent and quality of community services offered its citizens. Conse-
quantly, future public and semi-public buildings and lands are of prime importance in
creating a better environment for the populace of Jamestown.

Parks and Recreation

While parks are popularly accepted as a very desirable asset for any community
to possess few people realize the important function park and recreation areas can
play in maintaining the desirability of both existing and new residential areas.
Studies across the nation have shown that lowest value areas of cities are, among
other things, synonymous with the lack of adequate park and play facilities. As can
be seen on the existing land use map, Jamestown has a very small amount of land (6.1
acres) devoted to parks and playgrounds; however, an interesting association can be
made. Residential property in the vicinity of this park land is extremely well-
maintained with no signs of deterioration. Jamestown is in its infancy compared to

- 43 -

High Point and Greensboro and has a unique advantage in having time to plan for future
increases in population. Now is the time for policy formulation for the future Jamestown,
Most cities and towns have found from experience that planning for really adequate sites
for schools and desirable sites for neighborhood or community play space separately
usually results in very little actually being done. Acquisition and development costs
for duplicated open space areas are high. Twice as much property is taken off the tax
rolls and maintenance costs are almost double. Progressive towns and cities are recog-
nizing daily that every tax dollar must do a maximum job in providing necessary commu-
nity facilities to make it competitive, and that while City Councils and Boards of
Education are separate bodies, it is possible to completely coordinate money spent for
play areas so that available open space can be utilized for all people in the planning
area 365 days a year instead of just during school hours. A firm policy is recommended
for a complete joint use of every possible school and park area. Admittedly, in James-
town's case there will be jurisdictional problems, but the potential of such a program
should be utmost in the minds of the people when weighing the disadvantages that may
be encountered -- especially when more play areas could be utilized immediately with a
lesser financial burden.

Another way the town can hope to acquire more park and playground land is by en-
couraging developers in the area to dedicate land in sufficient quantity to provide
play space for the inhabitants of new subdivisions. Not only does this enhance the
town in general, it also provides the subdivider with more desired and salable lots.

Still another area that may be explored by industrial, commercial and residential
uses is the development of "buffer parks." The boundary line between the working-
shopping areas and living areas of most towns and cities is a "fuzzy" no man's land
so far as use is concerned (unless separated by natural barriers). In such areas,
industry usually has not been allowed to expand toward residential development because

owners of the residential property have demanded zoning protection against industry.
On the other hand, zoning does not build buildings and banks and mortgage companies,
and these lending institutions have been reluctant to invest in homes at the edges of
industrial districts. Consequently, the few homes which located in this no-man's
land are usually the type which will not be an asset to the preservation of the resi-
dential property values of the area. It would be wise to recognize that there is a
problem at the edges where one district changes to another. Where transitional zoning
cannot effectively eliminate this condition entirely the establishment of a positive
program of buffer park areas should be initiated. The most important development
factor in buffer parks is the psychological impact of assurance that land reserved
for industrial or commercial use can be fully utilized for these purposes without
damaging the residential areas and without Inciting antagonism against these uses,
and even more Important is the assurance to people and to financing and mortgage com-
panies that the residential areas are clearly defined and adequately protected.

- 45 -

SKETCH THOROUGHFARE PLAN

A community's thoroughfare plan is one of the most important factors affecting the
future since its function involves provision of methods to better relate the physical
and social elements of that community. In an expanding suburban area such as Jamestown
consideration must be given to the development of a major arterial system to transport
the largest volumes of intra and inter-community traffic. Along with the major arterial
system emphasis was also given to the development of an efficient network of collector
or minor thoroughfare streets to serve the potential residential areas.

Principles

In formulating the thoroughfare proposals contained in this section, the following
basic principles were considered. Through their proper application a consistent basis
and policy are available to the town for regulating future thoroughfare planning and
development. Though general in nature, these principles should help promote public
safety, access, convenience and economy.

1. Thoroughfare development should conform to and encourage
planned use as established in the Land Development Plan.

2. The thoroughfare plan should afford convenient access between
all major residential, commercial and industrial areas within
the planning area and tie in with thoroughfare proposals in
High Point and Greensboro.

3. Provision and maintenance of a paved street system is a vital
and integral feature of sound community development and every
effort should be made to establish and maintain such a policy.
The subdivision regulations will partially enact such a policy
for future development.

4. Improvement of existing and construction of new thoroughfares
must anticipate future traffic demands.

- 46 -

5. Although the primary purpose of existing and proposed
thoroughfares is to provide access and promote development,
existing topography must be utilized to gain the greatest
physical and aesthetic advantages.

6. Even though thoroughfares are designed in such a manner so as
to promote the type of development intended, caution must

also be exercised to avoid creating inaccessible pockets of land.

Thoroughfare Classification

The classification of thoroughfare use is based upon recognition of the various
types and volumes of traffic movement. Naturally, vehicular movement is characteristic
of the land use areas served and may include home- t o-wor k , h ome- t o-shopp i ng , home-to-
recreatlon or community service movements in addition to postal delivery, school buses
and delivery trucks. From these existing and anticipated movements, as determined from
the Land Development Plan and geographical location, the following terms and descrip-
tions establish the primary functions of the proposed sketch thoroughfare system:

EXPRESSWAY.

This class of facility is devoted entirely to the task
of moving large volumes of traffic and performs little
or no land service function except at interchanges. It
is characterized as having a large degree of access
control- This classification should be reserved for
multi-lane divided roads with no intersections at grade

MAJOR ARTERIAL, Major arterials carry traffic to and from the express-
way and serve major movements within or through the areas
not served by expressways. Although the prime function
of this type of road is to move traffic it performs a
secondary function of land service. The average length
of trip for facilities of this type normally exceeds
three miles.

- 47 -

COLLECTOR. This class of road serves the internal traffic movement

within the Jamestown Planning Area and connects developed
areas with the major arterial system. They do not
accommodate long through trips and are not continuous
for any appreciable length. The principal difference
between collector and major arterial roads is the length
of trip accommodated. The collector is intended to
simultaneously supply abutting property with the same
degree of land service as a local street and serve local
traffic movement.

LOCAL. The local street's function is to provide access to immediately
adjacent land. They generally represent a fairly large
percentage of the total mileage but carry only a small
proportion of the vehicle-miles traveled dally.

Development Standards and Proposed Improvements

The Jamestown Subdivision Regulations that have been adopted offer minimum street
development standards and should be followed in all cases. The only modifications that
should be permitted would be dependent upon extenuating factors such as extreme topo-
graphic conditions, excessive property damage, prohibitive costs and the current policy
of the North Carolina Highway Commission.

Major Thoroughfare Proposals

Although it is realized that some of the thoroughfare proposals contained in this
section may be currently impractical they are considered attainable goals in the long-
range context of the plan. These proposals and their eventual realization are based
upon anticipated development and the concepts relating to the aforementioned land use
pr oposa 1 s .

- 48

Expressway - Existing

Only a short length of U. S. 29 and 70 traverses a portion of
the planning area and is presently acting as temporary Interstate
85. Since it does not now meet Interstate standards it is un-
certain what plans the State Highway Commission has for this
facility. The road now provides a direct link between High Point
and Greensboro (short distance travel) and beyond (Gastonia to
Durham ) .

Major Arterial - Existing and Proposed

Main Street (U. S. 29A and 70A) carries traffic within Jamestown
and between High Point and Greensboro. It is not used for long
distances beyond Jamestown's neighboring cities because of the
congestion encountered along the highway.

Vickery Chapel Road, beginning east of SR 1357 and proceeding
in a northwesterly fashion to U. S. 29A and 70A, then along a
proposed new alignment to tie into SR 1545, then on SR 1545
intersecting at SR 1536, provides a new avenue for traffic that
must now use other roads to gain access to SR 1536.

SR 1357 (Mills Road), beginning at U. S. 29A-70A southward,
then along new alignment to SR 1355 (Harvey Road), then south-
westerly along SR 1355 to the proposed new alignment shown
intersecting with SR 1113, likewise eases traffic movement for
the future and provides another means of access to High Point.

Penny Road (SR 1536), beginning at U. S„ 29A-70A, thence north-
ward to the second bend in the road, then diverting northeasterly
along alignment as shown, provides the motorist with an ultimate
connection with Guilford College Road (SR 1546) and eliminates
the need to travel Main Street to reach Guilford College Road.

SR 1113 provides access to High Point from Jamestown via a new
proposal as shown and points east via U. S. 29-70.

49 -

■0

-D

■n

—

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-t

Collertor System

By definition, the collector street is designed to supply abutting
property with the same degree of land service as the local street
in addition to accommodating local traffic movement. The remaining
streets shown on the Sketch Thoroughfare Plan have been designated
with this thought in mind. These roads are along both new and
existing alignment. The street system described above will provide
the Jamestown of the future with radials and partial circumferential
streets that will ease and speed traffic movement within the planning
area and beyond.

The findings and recommendations of this section are generally correlated to the
anticipated long-range needs of the town. Some of the recommended improvements are the
direct responsibility of the town while others are dependent upon State cooperation
and initiat ive .

- 50

TMPLFMFINTATTON

The previous portions of the Land Development Plan analyzed the facets of commu-
nity life in the Jamestown Planning Area. From a study of existing conditions and
anticipated future requirements, it has been possible to formulate both specific and
general recommendations intended to satisfy community needs. This Plan cannot foresee
all future developments and eventualities; it does, however, provide direction to the
future growth of the planning area-
There is always the possibility that through indifference or misunderstanding the
benefits will not be achieved. A Land Development Plan has value to a community only
to the extent that it is effectively carried out. In small communities such as James-
town, where it is not practical to have a permanent planning staff as a continuing
town function, the responsibility for the effectuation reverts to the citizens in
general and to the community leaders in particular. The degree to which individuals
and organized groups assume their obligations will dictate the success or failure of
the Plan and the planning program.

The Planning Board

The Jamestown Planning and Zoning Board has, perhaps, the greatest
responsibility in the effectuation of the Land Development Plan,
It is this body that should further analyze the recommendations of
the Plan and channel them to the Town Council for appropriate action.
In some instances it may be advisable for the Board to survey opinion
and conduct public hearings in order that their recommendations will
be, for the most part, in harmony with the desires of the citizens
as well as in the best interest of the entire community.

An attitude of confidence and cooperation that prevails between the
Planning and Zoning Board and the Town Council should be strengthened
and further developed. While the duties of the Planning and Zoning

- 51 -

Board is largely advisory in nature it should be able to relieve some
of the burdens now confronting the Town Council.

Each member of the Board may be assigned a specific phase of the Plan
by the Chairman to work toward and explore to the utmost. Bending
every ear available will propagate the elements of the Plan,

Town Council

The Town Council is responsible for a vital role in the effectuation
of a Land Development Plan and continuing planning programs. By North
Carolina law the function of a Planning and Zoning Board is advisory
only and many of the planning proposals require the legislative action
of the Town Council for final effectuation; therefore, it is necessary
that an attitude of mutual respect and cooperation be continued.

Jamestown's Town Council and the Planning and Zoning Board should keep
each other informed at all times on matters of mutual interest and
concern. This is important during all stages of the planning program
in order that Council may have some knowledge of the long-range objectives.
The Council will undoubtedly be confronted on various occasions with the
situations requiring the advice and recommendations of the Planning and
Zoning Board .

Citizen Participation

Planning objectives as established by the Plan will directly influence
the citizenry through the betterment of their homes, commercial activity,
industrial development and the entire tax base= It, therefore, becomes
apparent that the citizens have a responsibility to themselves and future
generations to demonstrate interest in the planning program and take an
active role in its effectuation. However, individuals are generally
reluctant to provide their support or criticism. For this reason it may
often be necessary for the Planning and Zoning Board to stimulate public
interest through promotional activity-
Promotion is an educational process and is important since the realization
of planning objectives based on sound principles can be accomplished and

- 5;

supported only if they are thoroughly understood. In many communities
the criticism of the planning program is often voiced by those who are
unfamiliar with the background and basis of specific projects and
ob je c t i ve s .

Legal Tools

Planning objectives, no matter how well formulated, may never achieve fulfill-
ment if legal controls are not provided. Development plans must be accompanied by
jurisdictional guides if future growth is to occur in a manner compatible with the
aims and goals of the Land Development Plan.

The following is a summary of the codes, ordinances and documents that are
needed for plan implementation. All of these are essential for the legal control
of future development.

Subdivision Regulations

Subdivision regulations provide one of the most important methods
of plan implementation. It is not enough to merely identify areas
suitable for particular types of development and assume that when
it occurs it will be an asset to the community. Experience has shown
that such is not always the case. Subdivision regulations, if properly
prepared and enforced, help to provide the assurance that development
will be sound. These regulations provide the minimum standards and
specifications for the subdivision of open landi Application procedures
are provided whereby developers are encouraged to consult with the
Planning Board on an informal basis and discuss their plans before
incurring the expense of formulating detailed plans. In addition,
legal means are provided whereby the regulations may be enforced-

53 -

Hous Ing C ode

np
liabilities

This document establishes minimum standards for housing units. It
provides for periodic inspections to determine violations. The
property owner is notified if violations are present and is given a
reasonable opportunity to make improvements. This code is particu-
larly useful in arresting or removing spot blighting conditions.

Zoning

Program Scheduling - Public and Capital Improvements

A Public Improvements Program should be prepared that will identify and list
all public capital improvements that are required during the planning period to
implement the recommendations of the Land Development Plan. Such a program would
describe those improvements needed in reasonable detail and show their relation-
ship to present and anticipated development. A recommended order of priority
would be set forth as would the justification behind the order of priority.

- 54 -

As a method of scheduling and proposing means of financing those parts of the
Public Improvements Program that can be realized during a six-year period, a Capital
Improvements Budget should be prepared- This would involve estimating the municipal-
ity's operating expenditures and debt service costs as well as income that can be
anticipated for each of the six years and what amounts can ordinarily be expected to
be available for public improvements. The costs of these public improvements would
then be estimated and a schedule would be established for the improvements that
could be realized in these six years. The public improvements that would be necessary
would be taken from the Public Improvements Program and scheduled to minimize public
expe nd i t ur e s .

Programming of permanent improvements is important for many reasons —

— it helps to put first things first and make sure funds are available
for necessities when they are needed;

— it helps carry out the plan by providing for improvements in various
areas of town and the fringe area;

— it helps avoid conflicts among programs and projects by focusing
attention on all needed improvements at one time instead of piece-
meal 5

— it helps make sure that necessary time is allowed for land acqui-
sition and plan preparation;

— it helps the public to see the whole financial situation, making
it easier to under s tand why locally-desired improvements cannot
always be provided as quickly as their proponents wish;

— - it helps the Town Council and other public bodies to maintain an
overall view of public and capital improvement needs.

- 55

PLANNING -- A CONTINUOUS FUNCTION

The Land Development Plan is intended to provide a flexible guide for the future
development of the Jamestown Planning Area^ The Plan is flexible since it is not
possible to foresee all circumstances which will affect future growth. Consequently,
it may be necessary to modify the goals and objectives of the Land Development Plan.

In addition to this, the scope of this plan provides for only a certain level of
planning. When actual projects are undertaken, it will be necessary to provide a more
detailed evaluation, particularly in view of time intervals involved.

56 -

STATE LIBRARY OF NORTH CAROLINA

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3 3091 00747 6922

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