er ee
attest
Sa
Breer.
3 OL
te >
Eesettets
359%
i
:
fe
i!
ns
BAAS
YS
roy
Poe
Ay Ay
ea mah te
the yO Masta obs An.
6.
An AN Ae
AND NAS A A of
> ie I An No,
AERA INA ce A
eter! :
2 Seger babar ee ao
ore
© wr wy c “ . — ~ oth
ADSAET ee eran "7 rN Sona ytccgn pisces peace penparrmpsenpi nen rage bart tn HEUTE PRINS AAR IE ITER TIANA J ERY RT . . vere eeomeeemereaeermee OTE PEP PARR ITE ae
eR RT
Ay dtdpinreop ees:
oy p-ege es
yeosdehe eel erie
Hibrary of the Museum ee
OF
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
Founded by private subscription, in 1861. |
PIII III OI IOI
Deposited by ALEX. AGASSIZ.
No. // J9 Y
Sipe, 3, [850 .
’
fl x
*
a
ee
}
i Ae Ph ie AL nee
i : ’ u : ‘ (Alia) ete
: : CE 2 SNE
. - ert Jit te iy
¢ ie}
> 5
~
‘
=
'
of
f
_
i
4
‘,
‘ *
in i
! | _ ty
q*
é i
r
4 p
¥
a J
4 va
n'y
‘
aay ye
( .
THE
Se SOCIETY.
INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.
This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the RAY Society for
the Year 1885.
LONDON:
MDCCCLXXXVI.
THE LARVA
OF THE
BRITISH BUTTERFLIES
AND
MOTHS.
BY
(THE LATE)
WILLIAM BUCKLER,
EDITED BY
Heo ST ALN TONG. Ras:
Vou. I.
(THE BUTTERFLIES.)
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.
S“MDCCCLKXXVI.
TISBSET
MCZ LIBRARY
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE. MA USA
PRINTED BY J. E, ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.
PREFACE.
THE origin of the present volume may be briefly
stated as follows:
It is the first instalment of the entomological remains
of the late William Buckler. Wutitam BucKLEeR was
by profession an artist, devoting himself especially to
painting portraits and mainly to miniatures. The
improvements in photography slowly but surely de-
stroyed the occupation of the painter of miniatures,
and William Buckler found when he reached middle
life that what had hitherto been his occupation was at
an end.
In 1857, the artist who had been for some years
depicting the larve of Micro-Lepidoptera for the
‘ Natural History of the Tineina’ abruptly discontinued
that work and it became necessary to find, with as
little delay as possible, a fresh artist.
An urgent appeal was made in the ‘ Entomologist’s
Weekly Intelligencer,’ of July 11th, 1857 (Vol. II, p.
113), and in answer to that call for help William
Buckler replied and offered his services, which were
thankfully accepted. He was then residing near Ems-
worth in South Hampshire (on the very borders of
Sussex), and had been for some years devoting his
attention to entomology.
vl PREFACE.
He continued to labour at his new task of painting
the portraits of the larvee of the Tineina with unremit-
ting energy for about three years, but then begged to
be relieved of the occupation, as he found it interfered
seriously with his time and prevented him from keep-
ing any engagements he might have made with his
friends. |
The amount of pains and close attention he bestowed
on the small larve he was figuring has caused many of
his portraits to be masterpieces of artistic representa-
tation, and had he depicted no other larve than those
of the Tineina his reputation as an entomological
artist would have stood deservedly high.
Before he ceased working for the ‘ Natural History
of the Tineina’ he had begun as far back as 1858
to figure larve of the larger Lepidoptera for his
own amusement, probably at first without any very
definite object, but as the numbers of his figures in-
creased he began to take a special interest in obtaining
larvee which he had not previously seen, and owing to
the exertions which have of late years been made by
many observant entomologists in all parts of the country
to obtain deposits of eggs from any female Lepidoptera
they happened to capture, many species were seen in
the larva state for the first time, and these larvee thus ob-
tained were carefully figured and in many cases minutely
described by William Buckler. JI may here mention
that in the work of description, Mr. Buckler was, so to
speak, self-taught, for living in complete retirement as
he did for nearly the last thirty years of his life, he had
little access to entomological libraries, where therecords
of the labours of former workers afford an advanced
starting-point for those who can avail themselves of
PREFACE. Vil
such help; indeed the increasing mastery he gained
over this part of his work can be seen by comparing his
earlier and later papers ; hence it may be said that at
no time were his labours more valuable oan just when
he was taken away.
It would occasionally happen that in some groups
he had already figured the larve of all the rarer species
before he turned his attention to the commoner kinds,
with regard to which the natural feeling prevailed
that they could be taken up at any time.
For many years past Mr. Buckler had been in the
habit of urging his numerous correspondents to procure
for him this or that larva, and when at last some much-
desired insect was obtained in the egg state it might
chance that a lack of knowledge of the proper food
of the larva led to the loss of the young broods after
their exclusion from the egg. It will be seen at pp.
113, 114 of this volume that the larve of a compara-
tively common butterfly, Polyommatus (Lyceena) Agon,
narrowly escaped starvation from this cause, and to
this day some mystery seems to prevail as to the
proper food of the larva of the rarer Polyommatus
(Lycena) Arion, for though when quite young it eats
readily enough the flowers of thyme it seems at a
certain stage of its growth to require something else
(see p. 190).
Out of the sixty-three species of butterflies which
now occur in this country (for I fear that Chrysophanus
dispar must certainly be looked on as extinct) Mr.
Buckler succeeded in figuring the larva of fifty-eight,
which to all who know the very retired habits of
many of these creatures will seem a very large propor-
tion. ‘or three species of larvee out of the fifty-eight
vill PREFACE.
he was indebted to his Continental correspondents ; it
was only in the two or three last years of his life that
he had ventured to look across the Channel for help,
but it was thus that he obtained the larve of Pieris
Daplidice, Vanessa Antiopa, and Steropes Pamniscus.
The five species of our butterflies of which Mr. Buckler
never succeeded in obtaining any figures of the larve
were Colias Hyale, Argynnis Lathonia, Polyommatus
(Lycena) Acis and Arion, and Pamphila comma; of
these, therefore, there are no figures in this volume.
Mr. Buckler, as will be seen from the letterpress of
this volume, had already published in the pages of the
‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ a number of his |
descriptions of the larve, and these descriptions are
here reprinted. But of many species his observations
were not sufficiently complete to duce him to lay them
before the public, and in this case we have had recourse
to his Manuscript Note-Books, and possibly in some
cases we may have printed matter which he had no
wish should appear in type; this must always be a
difficulty attending any posthumous publication.
When Mr. Buckler died, after a very short illness,
on the 9th of January, 1884, it seemed highly desirable
that the labours of half a lifetime should not be lost to
science, and the Council of the Ray Society entered
into negotiations with Mr. Buckler’s executor, Mr.
James Terry, of Emsworth (with whom he had resided
for many years), for the purchase of the drawings and
MS. notes. These negotiations were happily concluded
and the result is the publication of the first of a series
of volumes in which Mr. Buckler’s figures and descrip-
tions will be reproduced in a collective and systematic
form.
PREFAOH. 1X
Unfortunately, of many comparatively common
species, which had long ago been carefully figured both
in the larva and pupa state by Wiliam Buckler, no
descriptive notes had been published by him, nor were
any found amongst his papers; it was necessary,
therefore, to try and supply to some extent these
omissions.
From the year 1858 down to his death in January,
1884, William Buckler had been in constant correspond-
ence with the Rev. John Hellins, M.A., of Exeter; they
studied the larvee separately, but compared their notes,
and before any of Buckler’s descriptions appeared in
print the manuscript was sent to Mr. Hellins for care-
ful and conscientious revision. The two thus worked
together more than is ordinarily the case; of many
larve Hellins wrote the descriptions and sent them
to Buckler for his critical scrutiny, and they were then
published under the name of John Hellins.
Hence in the body of this volume the authorship of
the descriptions which had been already published
pertains sometimes to Buckler and sometimes to
Hellins.
The letters W. B. or J. H. after each description
indicate the name of the writer; the figures imme-
diately following give the date when the description
was written for publication, and the reference that
_ follows is to the volume and page of the ‘ Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine ;’ thus at page 8, we see “ W. B., 28,
2, 82; H.M.M. XVIII, 244’? which stands for “ Wil-
liam Buckler, 28th February, 1882; ‘ Hntomologist’s
Monthly Magazine,’ vol. xvii, page 244 ;” and at page
19 we see “J. H., 14,12, 69; E.M.M: VI, 282;”
which stands for ‘John Hellins, 14th December,
x PREFACE.
1869; ‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ vol. vi,
p- 232.”
Those descriptions which had not been previously
published bear only the references to Mr. Buckler’s
Note-Books, of which he left four volumes.
To supply the gaps in the present volume, owing to
the omission of Mr. Buckler to prepare descriptions of
many of the larve which he had figured, recourse has
been had to the kind services of his former coadjutor,
the Rev. John Hellins, who, while the printing of the
earlier portion of the volume was in progress, was most
assiduous in collecting from many of his friends a
mass of material which appears in the Appendix (see
pp. 145—198).
In spite, however, of all that Mr. Hellins and his
numerous correspondents could do, descriptions of a
few larve (Aporia Crategi, Melitea Cinaia, Thecla
pruni and T. W-Albwm) are still wanting, though we
give figures of them.
Tam well aware that with Mr. Hellins his work in the
Appendix has been a labour of love, but none the less
do I feel how very, very much we are indebted to him for
his valuable aid.
Till after Mr. Buckler’s death I was not at all
aware that he had ever contemplated the publication
of his numerous drawings (altogether he must have
executed more than six thousand drawings of larvee
and pupze), but it seems from some written instructions
that he certainly had had such a desire, and the wish,
both of Mr. Hellins and myself, has been to render this
posthumous work a worthy memento of one whom we
loved and esteemed in his lifetime. It is in contempla-
tion to issue, as soon as possible, a second volume
PREFACE: X1
treating of the larve of our Sphinges or Hawk-
moths. |
The plates of the larvee have been executed by Mr.
I’. C. Moore, and every attempt has been made to re-
produce the life-like drawings of W. Buckler; those
who know anything of such work will appreciate the
difficulty sometimes felt by our engraver in reproducing
colour-drawings without the help of the instructions of
the artist who made them.
We are much indebted to Mr. G. C. Bignell for the
list of parasites bred from the larve of our British
butterflies which is given at pp. 201, 202.
I have only further to express my thanks to my
friend Mr. R. McLachlan, F.R.S., President of the
Entomological Society of London, for his kind assist-
ance in various stages of my Editorial labours.
In conclusion, I cannot but remark what a stride
has been made in our personal knowledge of the larvee
of our butterflies in this country during the past thirty
years, and must tender my best thanks to all who have
contributed thereto, and must acknowledge the great
amount of pleasure I have derived from their work.
H. T. STAINTON.
‘MoUNTSFIELD, LEWISHAM ;
December 3rd, 1885.
P.S.—In reference to the measurements used in the descriptions,
it is almost unnecessary to add—that
a line = °08333 of an inch.
a millimetre = ‘03937 of an inch.
P
=i
.
& ote aes
emer ea
- = n -
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Papilio Machaon . ie : 5 : 1
Colias Hdusa 9
— Hyale ; : ; ni L6
Pieris rape 6 ; : sie aus,
—napl . : ; ; ; ; aera)
— Daplidice - j : ee: : : call
Leucophasia sinapis ; : ; 226
Lasiommata Aigeria : Se A
Hipparchia Semele : : Pe 28
Erebia Blandina (Medea) . ; : ao)
- — Cassiope (Epiphron) ae: : . 33
Ccnonympha Davus . 3d»
Limenitis Sibylla . ; : . 36
Apatura Iris j : : : : . AQ
Cynthia cardui_. 2 A9
Vanessa Antiopa . ; ; ; 5 ene
— Polychloros. : ; A . ob
— urticz ; : : : : 2. 300
Grapta C-Album . , ; ; : She By
Argynnis Paphia . : é . 68
— Adippe : : 5 : . 65
— Aglaia : ‘ : L ct cbd
— Selene : 3 : = FaRn 7S:
— Huphrosyne . ; S|
Meliteea Athalia . ; : ; Te28K
— Artemis TS 5 t : . 84
Nemeobius Lucina ‘ ; : : i BOD
Thecla rubi E : ‘ : oe Sey)
Chrysophanus Phleas _.. : ; siete d!
Polyommatus rsa eee : : fia 94:
— Alsus. : : . 100
— Arion Fir eet 5 ; : . 105
— Adonis : 5 : . 106
X1V CONTENTS.
PAGE
Polyommatus Alexis : : ‘ s el
— Aigon A : : : 2
— Agestis (Medon) : : : . AG
— — var. Artaxerxes 5 : : : ee (P|
Thymele Alveolus . 3 : ge : . 123
Thanaos Tages. he 2 : : 2 . 126
Steropes Paniseus . : ; : : ee
Pamphila Actzon . : ; ; : 2 #36
— linea . : : : : ; . 139
— sylvanus : ; : ; ‘ . 141
— comma : : : ‘ : . 142
APPENDIX : : : ; : . 143
Gonepteryx rhamni : : ‘ ; ~ 145
Pieris brassicz : : : . 148
— rape : : ; : : . wio2
— napi ‘ : : : : . 156
Anthocharis cardamines ; ; : . 159
Arge Galathea . 5 ; ° - 1 d60
Lasiommata Aigeria . : : : . 163
— Megera . : j : : . 165
Hipparchia Janira ‘ > ; : . 166
— Tithonus . ; : : ; em G7
— Hyperanthus : : : : Ba Ed!)
Erebia Cassiope (Hpiphron) ‘ : : - a7
Ccnonympha Pamphilus : : ‘ pean Wy 4
Cynthia cardui : : : ; . 174
Vanessa Atalanta : : ‘ 3 wo
— lo i : ; : : AE)
— urtice : 5 : : : Bellis!
Grapta C-Album : , : : 2 ylS2
Thecla betule. . : : . . 184
— quercus . 4 5 ; 485
Polyommatus fixer Ar eielks : : . 188
— Arion ; : : ; 5 . 188
— Corydon . : ‘ : ‘ ator
— Alexis ; : : ; ‘ . AL
Steropes Paniscus : : E : . 194
Pamphila linea : : : : . 195
— sylvanus . : ; ; t 21 OG
—comma . ~ 195
List of Parasites bred from es or parte of Buen Badeelies ee
INDEX . 5 , : - : cot
CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECTES
IN THIS VOLUME.
RHOPALOCERA.
Family PAPILIONID AL.
Sub-family PAPILIONIDI.
Papilio Machaon
Sub-family PreRip1.
Gonepteryx rhamni .
Colias Kdusa
» Hyale
Aporia crategi
Pieris brassice .
» rape
(a ailey on ;
5 Daplidice :
Anthocharis Cardamines .
Leucophasia sinapis .
Family NYMPHALIDA.
Sub-family SATYRIDI.
Arge Galathea .
Lasiommata Aigeria
¥ Megeera
Hipparchia Semele .
o Janira
be Tithonus
3 Hyperanthus.
Erebia Blandina (Medea) .
a Cassiope (Epiphron)
Coenonympha Davus
4 Pamphilus.
Sub-family NyMPHALIDI.
Limenitis Sibylla
Apatura Iris
Sub-family VANESSIDI.
Cynthia cardui.
Vanessa Atalanta
29 lo
PAGE
1
145
9
16 ”
No description
PLATE
dl
=r)
oe)
—
ee
Use
Eb
WH ROD od cL
al
=r)
BOD H WN H Wee
<
a
ia
=P)
09g
es
XVl CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES.
PAGE PLATE
Sub-family VANESSIDI (continued)—
Vanessa Antiopa . ‘ :; : od Se VAL ot
i Polychloros : ; ; ~ _ OA aS IDG sires II
a urticee : . 55,181 oy IX, fig. 2
Grapta C-Album oa 82 he IX, fig. 3
Sub-family ARGYNNIDI.
Argynnis Paphia ’ : . we Bc X, fig. 1
= Adippe. os) ae xXite se
i Aglaia* . : eed e X, fig. 3
a Selene : ; ot nes ae D1, iter, A
5 Kuphrosyne_. : ele whe Se XI, fig. 2
Melitza Cinxia. : . No description XI, fig. 3
53 Athalia : : esl noo, XID fies!
. Artemis. , : , eee ie XII, fig. 2
Family ERYCINIDA.
Nemechbius Lucina . “4, 88 ae 2, ies 73
Family LYCAANIDAA,
Thecla betule . . 184 aa XII, fig. 4:
* pruni . : . Nodescription XII, fig. 5
2 W-Album . .. » , No deseription 2etny holt
5 quercus : . 185 ee DUM Ingraifens
4 repo ; 2 88 ne) SE hers
Chrysophanus Phleas_ . : fe oll ae fies
Polyommatus (Lycena) Argiolus . 94, 188 ot, oleic
Es 3 » Aleust 5 = 00) i IV eho 2
a , Arion . 105,188 .e No figure
3: 5 Corydon . 5 SL ine) UXLY, pigs
4, op Adonis. . 106 ne XV, fig. 1
a 93 Alexis 2) LO ei XV, fig. 2
s a Aigon : . JA, cy XV, fig. 3
pe s Agestis(Medon) 116 pete. 6) si ro
- ss ‘s var. Arta-
xerxes 12] Men 2 Ne, Soot aL
Family HESPERID A.
Thymele alveolus . ; . 123 Ba -< el Pan aod
Thanaos Tages : : ek 26 NV fer S
Steropes Paniscus . : - 129, 194 ie 2 VD he 1
Pamphila Actzon . ; : . 185 he ee Val ations 2
y) linea . F : . 139, 195 ie) SEV EEL, hi sed
# sylvanus.. . 141, 196 .. XVID, fig. 4
- comma . ‘ ; . 142, 198 aw, —.Nofigure
* Argynnis Lathonia does not occur in this volume, Mr. Buckler
never having obtained either eggs or larva.
+ Polyommatus (Lycena) Acis does not occur in this volume, for the
same reason above mentioned.
lg
THE LARVAL
OF THE
BRITISH BUTTERFLIES.
Papinto MacnHaon.
Plate I, fig. 1.
In offering my notes on this history of this species, I
know I am going upon ground to some extent already
well trodden, and it is, therefore, not on the plea of
telling anything quite new that I put them forward ;
but, knowing that there is now, more than ever, an
interest felt in obtaining exact information as to the
process of growth or development in the earlier stages
of various forms, and being conscious that I have done
my best in this case, I still hope that my work may
be of use; I only wish I could impart to others any-
thing approaching the pleasure I myself felt im
watching and recording what follows.
In 1868 I had reared the larve from two eggs found
in Burwell Fen by Mr. W. R. Jeffrey, and two more
in 1871 from eggs found by Mr. C. G. Barrett in
Horning Fen, and had taken several figures in either
case, but when, in 1879, Mr. W. H. Edwards, of Coal-
burg, West Virginia, put some questions to me on the
number of moults and other points connected with
them, I found I could not give such positive answers
as I could have wished.
I determined, therefore, if possible, to rear the larva
again, and Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher most kindly helped
to bring my project within range of possibility by
VOL. b. 1
9 . PAPILIO MACGHAON.
sending me three eggs on June 4th, 1880, which he
had found the day before in Wicken Fen, and on the
12th a few more, laid on Peucedanum palustre, but
eventually three of these proved infertile.
What follows is, of course, really the personal his-
tory of the individuals which I watched, and though
for convenience sake I shall generalise, and sometimes
use the present tense and not the past, I wish it to
be understood that I speak only of what I was aware
I saw: I know I made one omission, which will be
noticed in its proper place.
The eggs hatched June 18th—15th, the larve in
every case making their first meal of the empty shell,
and for a day or two I supplied them with garden
carrot, but after that they were fed entirely on Angelica
sylvestris. From first to last each larva was kept
separate, and its changes noted in a separate record.
The larva, on first turning its attention to its food-
plant, scoops out a round cell on the surface of a leaf,
but after a few hours takes the bolder course of eating
quite through from the edge of the leaf. It does not
roam, but continues at the same part till the third or
fourth day, when it moves off to some distance, and on
a stalk or leaf spins a few silk threads for a foot-hold ;
there it waits from two to three days for the first
moult, and when this is accomplished eats the cast
skin all to the head-piece, and soon after goes—appa-
rently by design—back to the spot where it was pre-
viously feeding and attacks the leaf again. At this
stage I noticed that if a larva found a speck of
“‘frass’’ on its food, it would pick it up in its jaws,
stretch out its body, and somehow project the ‘ frass ”’
away from the plant. Again, after feeding three or
four days it retires as before, and prepares for and
accomplishes its second moult, which happens on about
the twelfth day of its life. Similarly the third moult
comes on the sixteenth or seventeenth day, and the
fourth (the last) from the twentieth to the twenty-
third day, the cast skin being alwayseaten. After the
PAPILIO MAOHAON. a
last moult the larva feeds on for ten or twelve days,
consuming a great quantity of food, and making very
rapid growth. I may here note that its usual attitude
in repose is from the very first much lke that of a
Sphine with the neck arched and the head bent down.
The earliest age at which I noticed the curious horns
of the second segment was when I touched the larva
just after its third moult ; they were then much longer
and thinner than they became after the fourth moult, but
there accompanied their protrusion a drop or two of
clear greenish liquid, and a most penetrating odour,
which reminded me of an over-kept decaying pine-
apple. After the fourth moult the horns were of a
shorter and stouter character, but I observed that when
I was holding a larva between my finger and thumb it
had the power to lengthen one horn at the expense of
the other (which became shorter) so as to manage to
touch my finger with it; the horns are extremely soft
and flexible.
When full grown the larva ceases feeding and
rests for a while, and then commences its prepara-
tions for pupation by selecting a stem and spinning
on it from side to side a number of threads to ensure
a good foot-hold; next, lying along these threads head
downwards, it spins at the bottom of them a broad
cone of whitish silk, having a sharpish apex; then,
turning round, it creeps up the stem a little and with
the anal prolegs feels about till they find this cone,
when they are placed close together on the stem but
touching the base of the cone, and a slight pushing
motion is visible by which their circlet of hooks is
fixed in the silk spun on the stem. Its tail end being
thus fixed the larva stretches out its head and front
segments, lifting up at the same time the first and
second pairs of ventral feet, and bends itself back-
wards in a wide sweep from one side of the stem to
the other, as though to be assured there is free room
for its movements. It next—while in this semi-
detached attitude, and with its thoracic legs rigidly
A, PAPILIO MAGHAON,
extended—throws back its head, and in this way
swells out its breast like that of a pouter pigeon,
leaving a deep hollow between the mouth and the first
pair of thoracic legs; then it bends to one side of the
stem and spins a broadish attachment for the first
thread of the cincture, and presently with a slow and
deliberate motion sweeps round as before to the other
side, the head all the while wagging as the silk issues
from the spinneret and is guided along the hollow above
mentioned. As the head approaches the other side the
body swells out still more, as though to stretch the
thread and give it the necessary curvature. As on
commencing the thread, so now on fastening it to the
other side, there is delay for a little and the fastening
seems to be made with a more liquid and glutinous
quality of silk than the rest of the thread. The first
thread thus completed, the larva proceeds in the same
slow and methodical manner, spinning some thirty
threads from right to left, and as many from left to
right, or sixty altogether for the cincture, the time
thus occupied being about one hour and forty-five
minutes ; occasionally the first pair of thoracic legs
seem to be made use of to assist at the fastening of
the ends of the threads. When enough threads have
been spun the larva seems to test their strength by
pulling them quite taut with its projecting breast, two
or three times, and then, apparently satisfied, it bends
down its head to put it under the cincture, and creeps
up inside it till it hangs loosely round its back between
the sixth and seventh segments; next it seems to
relieve itself by stretching upward all the front seg-
ments that had been so engaged during the spinning,
and in a few minutes settles into a quiet posture, with
head bent down and legs brought close to the stem.
Thus it rests, and meanwhile the segments of the
body shorten and their divisions deepen; the head
becomes bent down close to the stem, while the body is
held away from it as far as the cincture allows, drawn
tight as it is into the deep division between the sixth
PAPILIO MACHAON. 5
and seventh segments, so that only the head and tail are
in contact with the stem. At the end of about a day
and a half suddenly the head and front segments are
jerked backwards four or five times in succession, next
the belly is brought close to the stem and the head
held up, and then in about five minutes the skin splits
open behind the head on the top of the back, and the
pupal thorax appears bulging out; presently is dis-
closed the top of the head, then the upper part of the
face, and with a few nodding motions the head is
freed, and the skin slowly but easily slides downwards
from each side (the cincture causing not the least
impediment), and as it goes drags away like little
threads the linings of the spiracles. Presently from
out of the collapsing skin is disclosed the tip of the
tail, and there is just time allowed for the observer to
see that it is quite hollow, when in another moment it
is fitted upon the cone of silk and strongly pressed
down, and with a repeated half-screwing motion the
attachment is made complete; meanwhile the moisture
which exudes from the pupal surface has surrounded
and fairly embedded the cincture at its line of contact
with the back.
The old shrivelled skin now rests in a heap between
the lower part of the abdomen and the stem, but is
presently, by a slight twisting movement on the part
of the pupa, caused to drop off; the head and thorax
gradually develop themselves, the former into two
largish blunt diverging processes, the latter into a
central bluntly projecting eminence, with another on
either side; the larval tubercles remain as small blunt
conical protuberances, the wing-covers form an angular
outline, and the back becomes dull and rough; just
four minutes elapse from the bursting of the larval
skin to the full disclosure.*.
The egg of Machaon is globular, having a depression
at the base in contact with the leaflet on which it
* IT must express my regret that I forgot to look for the connecting
membrane, which was discovered in Pieris and Vanessa by Dr. Osborne,
6 PAPILIO MAOHAON.
adheres; it is of a good size and with apparently
smooth surface, and when first laid is of a greenish-
yellow colour quickly turning green, and soon after
tinged with violet-brownish, gradually deepening to
purplish, and faintly showing the embryo through the
shell, which in a day or two turns entirely purplish-
black, a process of change similar to that shown by a
ripening black currant. The shell next assumes a hight
pearly transparency, and the dark embryonic larva
coiled round within is plainly visible, and in a few
hours hatches.
The newly hatched larva is 3 mm. long, stoutish,
with shining black head and black velvet body with
dark green segmental divisions, and conspicuously
marked with a patch of creamy-white on the seventh
and eighth segments. ‘The pale pinkish tubercles, in
some instances yellowish, rather bristly, are in two
rows down either side, and in about eight hours turn
dark drab, and in a day or so blackish like the third
row beneath, except those on the white patch which
remain white.
After the first moult, in three days the length is 8
or 9 mm., the stoutness in proportion; the head black
and the body velvety-black bearing two orange dots on
the front margin of the second segment; the shining,
rather pointed, black tubercles having their bases red-
dish-ochreous, after being for a day or so green; the
white patch as before, but now bearing black tips on
the tubercles.
After the second moult, the length by the third day
has increased to 14 mm. with increase of stoutness ;
the black shining head is marked on the face with a
yellow chevron, and with pale yellow upper lip and
bases of papille ; the black velvety body has the white
patch yet more conspicuous and encroaching a trifle
on the ninth segment; the front dorsal margin of the
second segment is marked with orange-yellow, and
and described by him in the ‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’
vol, xv, page 59.
PAPILIO MACHAON. Z
minute twin dorsal bright yellow dots are on the third
and fourth, and a faint, narrow, transverse divisional
streak of yellowish or greyish between them; other
similar short streaks occur on the ninth and tenth. Of
the three rows of conical black tubercles on each side
of the body, the two top rows have their upper bases
half ringed with bright orange colour (excepting those
on the white patch, which have pale yellow), the lower
third row have orange bases like slanting slashes; the
anterior lees are whitish, tipped and spotted above
with black, each ventral proleg with a white crescentic
mark above the foot; and there is some white on the
anal flap.
After the third moult, in two or three days the
length is 22 mm. and the thickness in proportion; the
design, now more developed, shows the head yellow
marked with black, and the horns when protruded are
orange-red ; the ground colour is of the palest greenish-
yellow, though it is still white on the seventh and
eighth segments, but showing only in transverse rings
a little wider than the very narrow greenish-yellow
ones round the others ; for the middle of each segment
is transversely banded with velvety-black, but more nar-
rowly on those two with white ground. The segmental
divisions are greyish-black ; the black velvety bands are
intersected by three lines of the ground colour bearing
the orange tubercles with black bristly apices, except
on the thoracic segments, where the black bands are
broadest and only broken below, as on them the upper
tubercles are completely surrounded with black; all
the legs are white marked with black.
After the fourth moult, the length in two days is 31
mm., and in five more days is 46 mm. and very stout;
- its size and beauty of colouring being now at their
ereatest. The thoracic segments swell upwards in a
rounded arch from the fourth which is the largest, and
viewed from above sharply taper thence to the head,
which is the smallest and bends downwards. The colour
of the head is bright yellow with a black oval spot on the
8 PAPILIO MACHAON.
face and two black streaks down either side, the ocelli in
a black patch below, the mouth marked with black in
the centre and on each side, papille whitish. On the
front marginal ridge of the second segment occur two
orange spots and two black spots in front of them close
to the head, and between these pairs of spots is the
concealed orifice whence the retractile soft fleshy horns,
of pinkish-red colour, dart forth when the larva is irri-
tated; and when seen at this period they are uniformly
stout with blunt diverging extremities. The ground
colour of the smooth skin of the body isa very brilliant
pale yellow-green, becoming white on the belly and
ventral feet; the segmental divisions widely banded
with deep purplish edged with velvety black, and across
the middle of each segment is a broad velvety-black
_ band, covered with excessively fine bristly pubescence
and bearing the orange tubercle of the upper row near
the front margin, and sometimes also that of the middle
row; but generally this transverse black band is inter-
rupted by an isthmus (so to speak) of the ground
colour which bears this tubercle; and below there is
always a slanting isthmus of ground colour bearing
the lower tubercle. On the third and fourth segments
the broad bands have only this lower interruption, and
bear the orange warts of the two upper rows (here
diminished in size) in their middle. The anterior legs
are white with black tips and joints; the ventral pro-
legs have each a narrow streak in front, a spot behind,
and a large crescentic mark of black above the white
feet, which have dark hooks. On the anal prolegs this
black mark is purplish in the middle. The spiracles
are of a blackish-slate colour, situate within the lower
parts of the black bands ; the whitish belly has a central
series of blackish blotches and narrow transverse bands
in the deeply-sunk divisions.
The pupa, when come to its full colour, is pale
yellow on the back and abdomen and delicate light
green on the headand wing covers. (W. B., 28, 2,82;
H.M.M. XVIII, 244.)
COLIAS EDUSA. 9
Couias EDusa.
Plate I, fig. 3.
On the 10th of June, 1867, my friend Mr. James
Terry, brought me a fine ? of this species that he had
caught with hishat. It measured 23 inches in expanse
of wings, and had evidently been, before hybernation,
a splendid insect, though it was then in a worn and
ragged condition.
I placed the butterfly on a plant of Dutch clover
(Trifolium repens) and stood it in a window facing the
west, and supplied it with a little honey and water;
two days later I had the satisfaction of seeing ten
egos. The insect was then removed to fresh plants
of clover, but the day following being dull and cloudy,
no eggs were laid; the two succeeding days, however,
proving bright and sunny, she recommenced laying, and
deposited about forty or more eggs. The weather again
becoming dull, there were no additions till the 18th,
when on fresh plants another large batch of eggs was
distributed ; the following day the insect expired, after
depositing the final egg on a spray of Lotus cornicu-
latus, placed with the clover as an experiment.
The eggs were oval, but very sharply pointed at
each end, and were laid on the upper surfaces of the
leaves in an upright position, standing on end. They
were shining and at first whitish-yellow, rapidly turn-
ing darker yellow, changing by the fourth or fifth day
to reddish and in ten days to pink.*
The young larvee were at first of a pale brown and
afterwards dull green; some were bluish-green, and
_ all with a line of whitish along the spiracles, then and
afterwards assimilating well with the clover, of which
they ate voraciously. Probably during my absence the
* At that time being obliged to leave home, I had not the satisfac-
tion of seeing the young larve when first hatched ; but reports of their
progress were duly sent to me, whereby I became aware of their
beginning to hatch out on the 24th of June.
10 COLIAS EDUSA.
supply of food had not been equal to the demand, for
when I saw them, on the 6th of July, their numbers
had greatly decreased and the survivors were cluster-
ing on the bare stems of the plants they had stripped
in the course of the day.
From that time they were abundantly supplied with
fresh food, and though their progress seemed satis-
factory, it soon became evident that they had not been
able to recover the check sustained when young, for
they began to suspend themselves from July 16th, and
change to pupe before attaining the size I had hoped
or.
The first perfect msect came forth on the 6th of
August, and the others followed during about a week.
They were most lovely examples of colour but smaller
than ordinary captured specimens.
After the young larva became green, they so remained
through all their subsequent moultings, and no variety
worth mention occurred in the brood. Their habits
were rather sluggish, especially as they matured. The
size attained by the largest was little more than one
inch and a quarter in length, moderately stout, of
nearly equal size throughout, rounded above and rather
flattened beneath, the head globular and rather smaller
than the second segment. ‘he segments subdivided
by transverse wrinkles or folds into six portions, the
second portion the widest.
The colour was a deep, dull grass-green, the dulness
being caused by their being irrorated with excessively
minute black points; and each point emitting a very
short fine hair, added a velvety appearance to the sur-
face of both head and body.
In some examples a darker dorsal pulsating streak
was visible, though in general hardly noticeable.
The larva was adorned witha whitish or else a
yellow spiracular stripe, which was further embellished
on each segment by a pink or red blotch in the middle
of it and a black spot immediately under it, while a
little in advance of the red was seen the oval whitish
COLIAS EDUSA. ial
shining spiracle. The legs.and ventral surface were
similar to the back.
The pupa was attached by the tail and with a cinc-
ture of silk thread around it close below the thorax,
after the manner of the Pieridi ; the head was generally
upwards, though in some cases a horizontal position,
or nearly so, was chosen.
The pupa is moderately stout; the thorax round and
projecting on the back; the head terminates in a sharp
point; the wing-cases are long and well developed,
projecting below the abdomen. The colour of the
back and body a very pale yellow-green, with a pale
yellowish stripe on each side below the wing-cases
on the abdomen; on the underside, beneath them,
are three minute black dots, followed by a stripe of
dull dark red. The wing-cases of a rather deeper
and yellower green, which a few hours before the
insect emerges become suffused with red. In the
centre of each wing is a minute black dot and a row
of fine similar dots near their lower borders. The
point at the top of the head is dark olive-green above,
sharply contrasted on the underside with pale primrose-
yellow, and both gradually blending into the colours
below. (W.B., 9, 67; H.M.M. IV, 117.)
In the neighbourhood of Hmsworth, Hampshire,
Colias Hdusa appeared in great numbers during the
first fortnight of June, 1877, culminating perhaps on
the llth of the month, when they were seen in all
directions.
The fields of clover and Trifolium in blossom seemed
very attractive to these butterflies, and it was not
uncommon to see them flying at each other; once on
the 11th I saw as many as six together in a confused
. flight, rismg and falling by turns as they seemed
battling together. I also saw one captured by a
swallow. (W.B., H.M.M. XIV, 40.)
On the 12th June, 1877, the Rev. E. T. Daubeny,
of Bedhampton, kindly brought me a female he had
captured, after seeing her deposit a couple of eggs ona
12 COLIAS EDUSA.
spray of Lotus corniculatus, of which I at once had a
small plant potted and the butterfly placed on it and
exposed to the sunshine, when she recommenced
laying eges, and by 5 p.m. had deposited more than
150; the next day was cloudy and none were laid
until 4.30 p.m., when this female and another recom-
menced laying on another plant of Lotus corniculatus.
This individual female seemed certainly worn, never-
theless I strongly incline to the belief that by far the
greater number of those I saw on the wing at this
time must have passed the exceptionally mild winter
in the pupa state.
The two eggs Mr. Daubeny brought me hatched on
the evening of the 16th, those laid on the 12th began
to hatch on the morning of the 18th June.
The newly-hatched larva is olivaceous, suffused with
deep pink, or it may be called pinkish-brown, the head
dark or blackish brown. The young larva remains on
the leaf on which it was hatched, and on which it
begins to feed, only wandering to another leaf when
too many larve happen to be together. It is very
quiet and still and eats white transparent blotches on
the leaf. |
On the 21st of June, those first hatched had just
passed their first moult; their heads now appeared
smaller in proportion to the body, which was longer
and more velvety green, though still showing some of
the pinkish-red tinge.
At the next or second moult, which with the ear-
liest examples commenced on the 25th, the colouring
becomes darkish green, matching very well the colour
of the leaf on which they feed; for a few hours the
head was paler, but soon after it became green like
the body.
By the 5th of July some had moulted the third time
and were now half an inch in length and at first dark
velvety-green, becoming gradually rather lighter green
and showing the pale spiracular line. By the 18th
some had moulted.a fourth, others even a fifth time,
OOLIAS EDUSA. 13
and were from three-quarters of an inch to one inch
in length, whilst others were still small, under half an
inch in length.
On the 19th of July two friends, while gathering
some of the food-plant for me near the shore, found a
larva of Hdusa on it, more advanced than mine reared
from eges in captivity, and this larva had spun up on
the 25th and was a pupa on the 29th.
On Monday the 6th of August, 1877, hearing that
the second brood of Colias Hdusa was flying in great
profusion about the clover fields, | induced a friend
to net me a few of the shabbiest females he could meet
with, and he returned with about a dozen for me and
as many perfect specimens for himself, and amongst
them a lovely specimen of the variety Helice. He
reported them to be in great abundance all over the
field he visited.
On the spur of the moment I utilised a little fresh-
gathered Lotus corniculatus, placed in bottles of water
and covered with glass cylinders, and also a growing
plant on which the larve of the first brood were still
feeding protected by a covering of grenadine. By the
evening I observed one of the best conditioned females
had laid nine eggs on the Lotus in a bottle of water ;
to these she added a few more, and when the larvee
began to hatch these little sprays were placed in the
middle of two fine plants of Lotus growing in pots for
the larve to find their food; these were uncovered
and placed in a window, and between them stood a
small pot of common clover on which the butterfly had
been kept a day or two and deposited several eggs
before she was set at liberty. Without further atten-
tion the larve throve, wandering occasionally from
one pot to the other; sometimes I saw an individual
or two on the window-curtain, on hte sill, or on the
floor, but not often.
Their erowth was very denen the most forward
had completed their last moult by September 21st,
while others were not more than half an inch long.
14 COLIAS EDUSA.
They continued to feed and grow, consuming a great deal
of food, stripping bare the stems of plant after plant,
appearing to be very hardy, not flinching in the least
from any amount of water poured over them when the
plants were being watered, apparently not noticing it
in the least. On the approach of cold frosty nights
they remained stretched out still and passive, seeming
to feed only by day.
On the 15th of October I found that one had changed
to a pupa on the bottom of the window-frame in a
horizontal position; two full-fed larve had also
crawled on to the perpendicular frame of one of the
lower panes of the window, another also on the corre-
sponding frame of the same pane. On looking the
next day I saw that this one was head downward, but
the following day it had its head upward like the other
two larvee, which still remained and were indeed fixed,
their cinctures being distinctly seen.
October 22nd.—I happened during the morning to
look at one of the two spun-up larve above mentioned,
and saw that its head was no longer bent down but
stretched out in a line with the body, and that it was
moving it forwards and from side to side. In a few
seconds the skin broke away from the back of the head
in the centre, and split open down the centre of the
back, from which it slid away down each side, exposing
four segments of the soft yellow-green surface; and
now the head-piece split in two from the crown to the
mouth, each half seemingly pushed aside by a conical
projection growing rapidly out of each cheek. A few
heavings of the front parts soon caused the larval
head-piece to shrink away from the head of the pupa,
still attached to the skin, which kept sliding away
downwards and backwards; after the skin had slid
away from under the cincture on the back, a heave
upwards of the larva caused the cincture to sink in and,
as it were, to become firmly embedded in the yet soft
surface of the pupa. Up to this point the operation
had lasted seven minutes,
COLIAS BDUSA. 15
The hinder segments now continued to heave a little,
which brought the old skin of the larva farther and
farther behind, until at length, with a slight dexterous
twist, it came off the last segment and remained
shrivelled up close to the tail of the pupa. Four
minutes more had now elapsed, and presently the beak
was by degrees developing itself in front of the head,
while the keel of the thorax became more and more
sharply prominent, and the projections previously
noticed at the cheeks took the less prominent and
rounded form of eye-covers; the leg and antenna-
cases, which hung down in high relief at their first
disclosure, were now sunk back, as it were, to the more
level surface of the breast of the pupa; at the same
time the divisions of the upper segments closed up, and
the wing-covers swelling out assumed their proper
contour.
These adjustments and the consolidation of the form
and skin of the pupa occupied an additional twenty
minutes.
Another larva assumed the pupa form the following
day, and by the twenty-seventh eight other larvee had
spun themselves up.
About the 10th of October (1877) Mr. C. G. Barrett
captured a female Hdusa near Pembroke; he placed
her on clover under gauze in his garden, and on the
12th of October she laid some eggs, which I received
from him the following day. These eggs hatched on
the 27th of October. The young larva made its first
meal of the egg-shell it has quitted, leaving only just
the lower end of the shell uneaten. (W.B., Note
Book III, 187.)
16 COLIAS HYALE.
Cottas HyYALe.
(One of the few larve of which there is no figure in
this volume.)
One egg, which had been laid loose, I received Sep-
tember 8th, 1875, from Mr. HE. F. Bisshopp. It was
apparently smooth, but really ribbed and of a pale
canary-yellow colour, reminding one of a canary-seed
in miniature. This egg proved infertile and shrivelled
within twelve days.
Six more eggs were sent me by Mr. Harwood, of
Colchester, on the 16th of September, 1875; they
were laid on a spray of Medicago satwa ; they were in
shape and colour as above mentioned, with longitudinal
ribs; they began to turn pinkish on the 20th, and
three of them scarlet on the 21st, and dark grey a few
hours before hatching on the morning of the 22nd.
The young larva was of an ochreous greenish colour,
with the rough head purplish brown, nearly black;
there was a faintly dark greenish sub-dorsal stripe on
either side of the back.
They fed on the cuticle of the upper side of the
leaves of lucern, forming small transparent blotches,
and it was noticeable that each larva remained on the
identical leaf where it was first placed, and each time
fresh food was given they had to be removed to it.
On the 4th of October they moulted the first time.
On the 12th of October they had grown but little,
and were little more than one-eighth of an inch long,
of a dingy green colour, with a slightly paler greenish
sub-dorsal line and a faintly darker dorsal line, the
spiracular stripe of a paler greenish than the ground
colour, the entire surface sprinkled over with fine
bristly blackish hairs, the head rounded and bristly.
At this time they ate little holes through the leaves
between the veins.
By the 21st of October all three had got over their
second moult, and were of a darker full green than
COLIAS HYALR. 7
before ; the markings much the same, but the dark
bristly hairs more conspicuous. They continued to
feed in the same way as before until November, and
then more and more sparingly until the 18th, when I
found the largest was dead; it was just a quarter of
an inch long and very bristly. Another died Decem-
ber 12th, and the last on the 28th of December, from
mildew on the two hinder segments. (W. B., Note-
Book ITT, 32.)
On the 27th of July, 1882, I received four eggs of
Colias Hyale from Herr Heinrich Disqué, of Speyer,
they were adhering to the leaflets of Trifolium. ‘Two
hatched in the morning of the Ist of August, another
at noon that day, and the fourth two hours later. The
larvee were offered Medicago lupulina and Trifolium
repens, and chose the latter plant, each taking a posi-
tion on the midrib on the upper side of a leaflet, from
which they moved to the right or left occasionally to
feed, at first by eating away small portions of the
cuticle between the veins, and the next day they ate
small holes quite through the leaves between the
veins ; these larvze were as before described. On the
9th I noticed that they had passed their first moult,
the day previously at least, perhaps earlier. The head
was now coloured like the body, which was of a very
deep and dingy green with a faintly darker dorsal
stripe, and the spiracular stripe scarcely paler than the
ground colour, the entire upper surface being thickly
covered with a roughness of minute black bristles; at
this time the length was 43 mm.
On the 11th one was laid up to moult, and on the
14th had moulted during the previous night; on the
15th I observed its head to be rather lighter green
than the body, which was very dark and dingy, relieved
by a yellowish spiracular line; the surface of the skin
was thickly covered by minute, pale, tubercular, glis-
tening specks, each bearing a short, pointed, black
bristle. On the 21st all the larve had been for two
or three days laid up to moult, and in the morning of
VOL. I.
18 COLIAS HYALE.
the 22nd one had moulted for the third time; it was
then of a lighter green, but with other details much
as before; the pale yellowish-white spiracular stripe
was softened above into the green ground colour, but
below it contrasted abruptly with the colour of the
ventral surface; the head and all the surface of the
body were thickly set with short, pointed, black
bristly hairs.
Of the others one moulted a third time on the 28rd,
and another on the 26th. The most forward measured
by the 27th four lines and was thick in proportion, the
spiracular line very pale whitish-yellow, the spiracles
being outlined with black and situated on its lower
edge; other details as before.
All began to hibernate towards the end of Sep-
tember, but after a few weeks’ quiet they one by one
died off.
Of four other larve which had hatched much later
from a second batch of eggs received from Herr Hein-
rich Disqué, which had been kept openly on a potted
plant of Dutch clover, I lost two after their second
moult by their wandering away from the plant; the two
remaining larve were then placed under gauze, and
they in due course moulted a third time and fed away
in October, but first one and then the other died
towards the end of that month.
It seems thus impossible to rear this larva in autumn,
the only chance would be to obtain eggs of an earlier
brood if possible. (W. B., Note-Book IV, 163.)
On the 13th of August, 1868, Mr. A. H. Jones most
kindly sent me more than twenty eggs which he had
obtained from a captured female, and although I failed
with the larve, yet I think my experience may be of
benefit to anyone who may have the same chance
another time.
The larve were hatched August 17th to 20th, first
ate their egg-shells and then settled on Medicago lupu-
lina, in preference to Lotus cornculatus, Trifoliwm
repens and pratense, with all of which I supplied them.
COLIAS HYALE. 19
They grew slowly, dying off one by one, till the three
or four survivors were about one-third of an inch long,
at which size they hybernated, but never began to feed
again in the spring, and so perished in February and
March, 1869. Perhaps the right way would have been
to have kept them in a greenhouse, and fed them up
rapidly without hybernation.
The ege is of a long fusiform shape, one end conical,
the other knobbed or like a bag tied round the neck ;
the shell delicate and glistening, ribbed longitudinally
and with very slight transverse reticulations; the
colour, at first a pale straw, changing to rich apricot
or salmon colour, and lastly blackish.
The newly hatched larva is of a very pale olive
freckled with brownish; head as wide as the body and
blackish; on each segment a transverse row of clubbed
pellucid bristles. After a moult it becomes pale yel-
lowish-green, and after another a full green. And
from this time to their early and lamented death my
larvee remained as follows:
Length about one-third of an inch, stout, cylindrical,
uniform in bulk, head narrower than the second seg-
ment. Colour a dull full green, head slightly tmged
with brown, a whitish spiracular line, the whole skin
covered closely with short black spines or bristles.
(o. E14, 12,69; H.M.M. Vi, 2382.)
PIERIS RAPA.
Plate II, fig. 3.
_A full-grown larva was found on a garden wall, Sep-
tember 17th, 1874. Its length was 1;° inch, tapering
a little behind and a little in front, the head globular.
Its colour was a dull velvety, rather glaucous green on
the upper surface as far as the spiracles, thence becom-
ing rather paler. The dorsal line was of a deep, rather
orange yellow, ending on the twelfth segment, and there
90 PIERIS RAPA.
were two spots of this colour on each segment along
the spiracular region, the spiracle itself being situated
in the middle of the anterior spot ; it was dark red out-
lined with black.
The green surface was thickly sprinkled with minute
black points of two sizes, the smallest required the aid
of a lens to be seen ; these appeared to have no regular
order beyond a tolerably equal distribution (no pale
dots visible). The black dots did not extend very far
below the spiracular region ; each emitted an extremely
fine pale hair; low on the side above the legs the hairs
were paler and longer.
The green head was also thickly set with fine short,
pointed black hairs.
The subdivision of the ordinary seoments was into
six rings, but they were by no means conspicuous.
(W. B., Note-Bock II, 124.)
PIERIS NAPI.
Plate II, fig. 4:
On the 28th of June, 1874, I found larvee of this
species on Hesperis matronalis ; they were then half an
inch long, but they grew very rapidly, and by the 3rd
of July they had attained their full size of one inch and
one line.
The form was cylindrical with the head rounded ;
the skin soft and velvety looking, of a rather deep
glaucous green, with the dorsal surface irrorated as far
as the spiracles, with very minute black points, each
emitting a fine short hair; the usual tubercular dots
(z.e. the trapezoidals and transverse thoracic series of
threes on either side and one on the side of the other
segments above the spiracles) were greenish-white.
Below the spiracles the ground colour is rather paler
than on the dorsal surface, a faintly paler spiracular
line separating the paler from the darker green; on
PIERIS NAPI. 91
this line the black spiracles-are placed, each in a
round, rather tumid, deep yellow spot. Below the
spiracular line there are sprinkled some greenish-white
(or whitish-green) dots with hairs rather longer than
those on the back; the head is of a more yellowish-
ereen than the body and is marked with black above
the mouth, the ocelli black ; the head is covered with
minute black points and some longer pale hairs. The
anterior legs are yellowish-green, the ventral and anal
prolegs are the same colour as the belly but semi-
transparent.
The skin of this larva is really shining, as it affords
a line of bright hght along the body according to the
position in which it is viewed, but the numerous points
and soft hairs produce the velvety look. The dorsal
line is just slightly paler than the ground colour, a
very slender thread showing faintly over a rather
broader and pulsating one beneath.
The black points, it may be noted, are of two sizes ;
the smaller and more numerous are only to be seen
with a powerful lens.
On the 4th and 5th July these larve attached them-
selves and assumed the pupa state on the 6th and 7th.
The perfect insects made their appearance on the 15th
and 17th of July, 1874. (W. B., Note-Book II, 79.)
Pieris DAPLIpDICcE.
Plate III, fig. 1.
On the 18th August, 1882, I received from Herr
Heinrich Disqué, of Speyer, thirty-three eggs of this
species (along with the dead parent butterfly) laid on
the flowers, leaves, and stems of a species of Reseda.
The egg is laid standing on end and is about the
same size and red colour as an anther of the flower of
the plant on which it is laid, but can be detected by
29, PIERIS DAPLIDICE.
the glistening of the twelve or fourteen rather promi-
nent ribs which it bears; in shape it is much like that
of an acorn without the cup and is of a bright pinkish-
red colour.
In the afternoon of the 19th of August they began
to hatch ; the newly-hatched larva was red with a black
glossy head and rather glistenmg body, which seen
through a powerful lens showed minute blackish dots
and bristly black hairs; it made its first meal of the
egg-shell, which it consumed more or less immediately
on emerging.
On the 22nd I saw that many had died probably
from too close confinement in combination with the
dampness of the plant; being such exceedingly small
creatures they should have been placed on a potted
plant, but this provision could not be made in time for
them.
The survivors had been feeding, some on the blos-
soms, others on the leaves, in which they made little
holes within twenty-four hours from their quitting the
ego-shell ; these holes they continued to enlarge till
they became conspicuous, and by the end of the third
day (the 22nd) the larve had grown to double their
size when hatched. Though they were still of a reddish
colour there was a yellowish-green tinge showing
slightly through the shining red skin; the head was
still black; there were the same black dots on the
body each with a black hair.
On the 25th of August some of them were laid up
to moult, and on the 27th they moulted the first time.
The twenty survivors now fed well and grew rapidly ;
the head being still black. Along the back was then seen
a broad stripe of grey enclosing a fine whitish dorsal
line ; the subdorsal stripe was yellow, beneath which a
broad grey stripe formed the side and next was a yellow
spiracular stripe ; the belly and legs grey; the tuber-
cular dots black, each dot bearing a short clubbed
hair (as though with a head like a pin); the ground
colour of the second segment was yellow, the dots
PIERIS DAPLIDICE. Ze
rather large in proportion, and these dots as well as the
entire surface rather shining.
On the 31st August the larvee were again laying up,
and on the 1st of September they moulted the second
' time. The head was now greenish-yellow, much spotted
with black and with much black at and above the
mouth ; the body much as before, darkish grey, with
yellow subdorsal and spiracular stripes, much spotted
with black, surface shining, the black tubercular spots
each with a black bristly hair; an excessively fine,
paler whitish-grey thread formed a dorsal line. They
were now feeding ravenously and ate some of the
youngest leaves of Reseda luteola as well as of fi.
odorata.
On the 3rd of September some of the most forward
were already laid up for moulting again, and by the
afternoon of the 4th two had moulted the third time.
By the 6th some were 8 lines or 17 mm. in length and
moderately stout ; the head yellow, spotted with black,
with black hairs; the body above dark bluish-grey
with subdorsal and spiracular stripes of deep yellow ;
the belly green; the warty black spots each bearing a
black hair.
On the 8th and 9th of September some were again
laid up for moulting, and one moulted the fourth time
on the 10th and most of the others on the llth. At
this time the most advanced larva was one inch long,
the others from 10 to 11 lmes. On the 15th some
were 1 inch 3 lines in length, rather slender in pro-
portion, the divisions of the segments and their sub-
divisions being well defined; the yellow head had its
component parts delicately defined with light greyish,
it was very round in shape and thickly covered with
small black dots of two or three sizes, many being
exceedingly minute, each emitting a black hair. The
tubercular black spots on the body were also some
larger than others, all very glossy, and each bearing a
black hair. Low down on the side was another yellow
stripe, but it was not very noticeable from its low posi-
24, PIERIS DAPLIDIOE.
tion, and from being interrupted at each segmental divi-
sion; it passed over each ventral leg. The spiracles
were flesh colour, with paler whitish centre, very incon-
spicuous and situated on the yellow stripe upon the
second subdivisional ring of each segment. The belly
along the middle was glaucous and paler than the green
beneath the spiracular stripe.
These larvee were fond of lying at full length along
the flower spikes, and several crowded together at the
summit in amicable companionship ; often they would
have the head downward, sometimes with the anterior
segments hanging free. Their movements when feeding
were slow and very graceful, as their flexible bodies
accommodated themselves readily to any inequality of
surface over which they glided ; they covered the stems
and other parts with fine silk threads, which proceed-
ing rendered their footing more secure. They seemed
quite as partial to the flowers as to the leaves and thus
varied their food.
On the 28th of September one pupated on the leno-
cover of a cylinder and another a day or two later.
From that period, owing to the setting in of colder
weather, the remaining larve became torpid and
seemed unable to move, and though a few fed a little
occasionally and spun themselves up, yet they only
became abortive pupz, dying in one or two instances
after the larval skin had burst, and whilst the ridge of
the pupal thorax was developing; others dropped off
the stems unable to retain their hold, whilst a few
remained on the stems in their natural positions for
some days after they were dead.
It was evidently proved by this experiment that
Daplidice is quite unsuited to our climate, and is an
insect belonging to a warmer country.
The pupa measures 77 lines in length, being thickest
across the thorax and near the end of the wing covers ;
the head bears a projecting taper-point in front; the
thorax is sharply keeled and humped on the back.
When first disclosed the colour of the pupa is almost
PIERIS DAPLIDIOCE. 25
the same as that of the larva, darkish grey spotted
with black, and showing subdorsal and spiracular
yellowish lines ; the sharply humped keel of the thorax
is traversed by a pale yellow dorsal line; the cincture
appears quite sunk into the substance of the back and
is only visible over the wing-covers. These last are
ereyish, having two darker dusky streaks parallel to
the hind margin.
After some days the grey colouring faded to whitish
with numerous black dots. By the middle of Novem-
ber one of the two pups had turned black and was
dead ; the middle of the abdomen had collapsed, but
the other pupa lived and produced a male butterfly on
the 14th of June, 1883. (W. B., Note-Book IV, 165.)
LLEUCOPHASIA SINAPIS.
Plate ITI, fig. 3.
For eggs of this species I am indebted to the kind-
ness of Mr. C. G. Barrett, and it has been with no
ordinary pleasure that I have watched its transforma-
tions; for the insect has always been a favourite of
mine ever since I began collecting—now some ten
years ago.
The eggs seem to be deposited singly; in shape they
are cylindrical, very long, standing erect on end, the
upper end coming to a point, which is curved a little
to one side (reminding one somewhat of the shape of
a cucumber), ribbed longitudinally—about four ribs
appearing in any one view; colour a glistening yel-
lowish-white.
_ The larva when full grown is about three quarters
of an inch in length; head globular, rather smaller
than the second segment; body cylindrical, tolerably
uniform in bulk, but tapering very gently towards
the tail; anal flap terminating squarely, and under
it two very small blunt poimts appear; the skin
26 LEUCOPHASIA SINAPIS.
wrinkled, with six folds to each segment, covered
uniformly, but not densely, with very fine short whitish
down.
Colour a beautiful green, the front segments minutely
dotted with black; dorsal line darker green, edged with
yellowish-green; spiracular line distinct, of a fine clear
yellow, edged above with darker green ; spiracles indis-
tinguishable ; belly and legs translucent green.
When the larva is about to spin, it fastens itself,
with the head upwards, to a stem of its food-plant by
a little webbing at the head and at the tail, and with a
thread round the fore part of the body. At first it
rests quite flat on the stem, but after some hours it
raises its back, and bends itself into a bow, the head
and tail still fastened to the stem, and the thread round
the body being much stretched; in this position 1
remains about two days, then it casts its skin for the
last time (the threads which fasten down the head
apparently being attached only to the larva skin), and
becomes a pupa. The pupa when arrived at its full
colour is very beautiful. In shape it is slender, very
acutely pointed at the head, not so acutely at the tail;
the wing-cases projecting in a swelling curve to nearly
twice the width of the body, and meeting in a blunt
ridge; the head is thrown back, and the pupa rests
with the wing-cases touching the stem, fastened by the
tail and by the thread round the body.
The skin is semi-transparent, the colour a iovely
delicate green; the abdomen rather yellowish; just in
the spiracular region there runs all round the body a
stout pink rib, enclosing the greenish spiracles; from
this a strong pink line branches off, bordering the outer
edge of each wing-case, and the nervures of the wings
themselves are delicately outlined in pink.
I received some eggs on August 2nd, and again on
September Ist, 1866; the larve appeared on August
8th and September 6th respectively; full fed on Septem-
ber 26th and November 8th; in pupa September 29th
and November 9th. The food chosen was either
LEUCOPHASIA SINAPIS. OY
Vicia cracca or Orobus fuberosus, but not both. (J.
H., E.M.M. III, 210.) The imago emerged on the
9th of May, 1867.
LASIOMMATA AHGERIA.
Plate IV, fig. 1.
On the 23rd of April, 1873, I recerved from the
Rev. John Hellins, of Exeter, three larve that he had
brought through hibernation, having reared them from
egos. They were exactly seven-eighths of an inch
long and slender, thickest in the middle, the head
rounded; in colour a very bright green slightly inclining
to olive, the dorsal stripe darker green, attenuated at
each end, and having a faint paler central line within
it, and margined by a line of greenish-yellow.
They were feeding on cock’s-foot grass (Dactylis
glomerata). By the 28th they were an inch long,
though one of them was barely that length. On the
2nd of May one had become almost without lines, and
paler; May 6th one assumed the pupa state, but one
was still feeding on the 9th of May.
The subdorsal lines are of the same greenish-
yellow, margined above by a fine line of darker green
than the ground colour; a little below run three
parallel undulating fine lines of faint greenish-yellow ;
the spiracles, which are flesh-coloured, being placed on
the lowest of these lines; the space between the two
lowermost is the widest enclosing a faint interrupted
fine line, a little paler than the ground colour. !
The whole surface is very finely pubescent, giving a
soft velvet-like appearance; seen through a lens the
fine tubercular hairs appear black, the rest greenish.
Hach segment is subdivided by transverse wrinkles
into six portions, viz. five of equal width behind and
a broader one in front; on the thirteenth segment are
two blunt whitish or flesh-coloured anal points.
28 LASIOMMATA AIGERIA.
The pupa is half an inch long, very plump, and of
pale yellowish green; on the subdorsal lines, which are
slightly raised, there are raised dots, two of which are
pale yellow on each side of the broadest part of the
back of the abdomen; the surface is smooth, but with-
out gloss; the abdominal segments are scarcely indicated
by any divisions.
The butterfly came forth June 4th, 1873. (W.B.,
Note Book IT, 1.)
HIPPARCHIA SEMELE.
Plate IV, fig. 3.
Hges of this species were obtained -by Dr. Knaggs
in 1864, and were sent to the Rev. J. Hellins July 26th
and August 38rd; some of them hatched August 8th,
and others continuously for three or four days.
The larvee were at first ochreous, with a blackish
interrupted dorsal line; they fed on Triticwm repens,
were very sluggish, often hiding low down amongst the
grass, and hybernated when about four lines in length.
One larva only survived the winter, and this was kindly
presented to me on the 13th of May, 1865, by Mr.
Hellins, to whom I am indebted for the foregoing
account of it.
The larva had shown a partiality for Avra cespitosa
previous to my receiving it, it was therefore placed on
this grass, being then about eight lines in length.
On the 20th of May I chanced to dig up a rather
larger larva of this species from a waste piece of sandy
ground near the sea, amongst Aira precox and other
small grasses, which rendered the task of rearing
doubly interesting, in observing the habits of each,
kept separate and on different foods.
The captured larva on being placed under a glass in
a pot with its native growing food immediately bur-
rowed in the sandy earth, and the few times it was
HIPPAROHIA SEMELE. 29
seen on the grass were always at night, and each
morning brought evidence of its doing well by the
diminished grass.
About the 14th of June these indications ceased,
and on the 23rd I searched for the pupa, and found it
in a hollow space a quarter of an inch below the surface,
the particles of sand and earth very slightly cohering
together, and close to the roots of the grass, yet free
from them. The pupa was obtuse, rounded, tumid
and smooth, the abdominal rings scarcely visible, and
wholly of a deep red mahogany colour. The pertect
insect (a ¢) appeared July 24th.
The larva, reared wholly in captivity from the egg,
always remained on its rigid food, with its head upper-
most when feeding, which at first it did both day and
night till it was an inch long, from which time it fed
only at night, remaining all day at rest on the grass,
with its head downwards, in comparative darkness,
amongst the lower parts of the stems. It never showed
any disposition to burrow, though the soil was supplied
for the purpose, until it was full fed about the middle
of June. The butterfly (a 3) appeared August 5th.
No material difference existed between the two larvee,
excepting that the captured one was rather less bright
and distinct in colour and markings than the other.
The full grown larva is an inch and a half in length,
tapering much to the anal forked extremity, and a little
towards the head, which is globular. The ground
colour of the back is a delicately mottled drab, with
longitudinal stripes broadest along the middle segments,
viz. a dorsal stripe of olive-brown, very dark at the
beginning of each segment, with a thin edging of
_ brownish-white. Along the subdorsal region are three
stripes, of which the first 1s composed of a double
narrow line of yellowish-brown, the second wider of
the mottled ground colour, edged with paler above
and with white below, the third of similar width is
of a dark grey-brown, edged above with black. The
spiracular stripe is broader and of nearly equal width,
a0 HIPPARCHIA SEMELE.
pale ochreous-brown, edged with brownish-white both
above and below; the spiracles black. Belly and
legs drab colour. The head brown, on it the principal
stripes of the body are delicately marked with darker
brown. (W. B., E.M.M. II, 188.)
Hrepia Buanpina (MzDzA4).
Plate VI, fig. 1.
That I am able to offer a complete history of the
transformations of this species is another example of
the proverb, “‘ Union is strength.”
For not to one only, but to several of my friends am
T indebted for help. To Dr. White and Mr. Longstaff
for the eggs, plentifully supplied to myself and Mr.
Hellins; to Mrs. Hutchinson and to Miss Pasley for
sending me the surviving larve reared by them over
the winter, when I had myself entirely lost all my stock.
As far as I can ascertain, only four larve came to
maturity out of the two hundred hatched last year, the
vast majority dying in hibernation and at the first
spring moult; it can well be understood, therefore,
how dear the satisfaction was, won after such loss, of
securing this species.
The eggs were sent to us at the end of August,
1869; the larvee hatched during the first week of Sep-
tember; fed and grew slowly till the winter; hyber-
nated when between two and three lines in length ;
resumed feeding in March or April, and attained full
growth between the end of May and the middle of July.
The food was for the most part Aira precox, but
Mr. Hellins found that A. cespitosa was eaten as
the larva approached maturity. One imago emerged
on July 15th.
The egg may be called large for the size of the insect
and is nearly globular, though somewhat ovate, in
shape, and placed on end; the shell is glistening, and
EREBIA BLANDINA. ol
ribbed, but not deeply, with about thirty longitudina
ribs, and with very shallow transverse reticulations ;
the colour is pale greenish-yellow, afterwards pale
pinkish-grey, speckled with claret-brown.
The larva when small has the head large and rounded,
is stout forwards, and tapers from the middle to the
tail; it is greyish with reddish-brown dorsal, sub-
dorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines, the lateral lines
being broader than the rest ; the spiracles black, with
another brown line below them; the skin covered,
though not very closely, with short, stout, curved
pellucid bristles.
It hybernates when rather over the length of two
lines ; creeping down the blades of grass, and hiding
in the thickest parts of the tufts. Soon after com-
mencing to eat again in spring, the larva assumes
somewhat of a greenish tint, but after a moult the grey
colour returns.
In May one was described which had then assumed
the last dress. It was three-quarters of an inch in
length, stout in proportion, thickest at about the fourth
seoment, the back tapering somewhat in a curve, the
belly flattened, with the prolegs placed well under it ;
the head globular, scarcely narrower than the second
segment; the anal segment bearing two not very promi-
nent blunt points ; each segment bearing on the back
five transverse ridges studded with minute raised warts,
emitting fine short tapering bristles ; the head was also
covered with still more minute bristle-bearing warts.
The ground colour is pale drab, the warts being pale
whitish-brown ; the dorsal stripe is blackish-brown,
most intense on the hinder segments, and enclosed by
two lines of a paler drab than the ground colour;
there is a broad subdorsal stripe of paler drab, growing
narrower as it approaches the anal point, edged above
with a greenish-brown thread, and below with blackish
or brownish dashes, that almost form a continuous
line, the interruptions occurring at the beginning of
each segment; below this come two thin pale lines,
32 : EREBIA BLANDINA.
above the lower of which are situated the circular black
spiracles, each in a little puffed eminence; this lower
line in fact forms a ridge, edged below with an inter-
rupted brown line; the belly and legs are of a some-
what warmer tint of the ground colour of the back.
The larva thus described continued to grow till June
4th, when it was seven-eighths of an inch long, and
stout in proportion, with its back deeper in colour than
the sides; and presently after this its colourmg grew
paler with a pinkish suffusion spread over it, and by
June 22nd it had changed to a pupa, unattached, but
placed in an upright position amongst the grass near
the ground.
Throughout its whole larval life this species is very
quiet and even sluggish.
The pupa is nearly five-eighths of an inch in length,
the wing-cases long, the abdomen plump, thickest in
the middle, tapering to the tail, and ending in a blunt
flat spike; the back of the thorax is rounded, the head
and the eye-pieces prominent.
At first the head, thorax, and wing-covers were semi-
transparent, and of a pinkish-grey tint, the abdomen
ochreous, with dark dorsal stripe and other lines, and
spiracles also as in the larva; but by July 10th the
eyes became black; the thorax, antenna-cases, and
wing-covers, after passing through an opaque cream-
coloured stage, finally changed to a dingy dark pinkish-
brown.
The butterfly, a very fine male, came forth on July
15th; but at the present date (July 19th, 1870) Mr.
Hellins has a larva only just beginning to change.
(W. B., 19, 7, 70; E.M.M. VII, 64.)
a)
Erusta Cassiope (Hprexron).
Plate VI, fig. 2.
On Wednesday July Ist, 1874, I received from Mr.
John Archer, of Workington, six specimens of this
butterfly, which he had captured on the 29th of June,
on the top of Green Gable Mountain at the head of
Buttermere, about twenty-five miles from Workington.
There the soil is peat moss, and very boggy. Some
roots of Nardus stricta also came at the same time,
with a pale kind of moss, amongst which, intermixed,
the grass was growing.
Soon after the insects arrived four of them revived
when placed in the sun, and three hours later a fifth
recovered—so that one only had died during the
journey.
I had the grass at once potted in peat and leaf-
mould, and placed the insects on it, covering them with
some silk net (rather coarse-meshed) to prevent their
escape, and I put them out of doorsinthesun. They -
were supplied with a bit of sponge dipped in sugar and
water, and seemed very lively, fluttering about. On
the morning of Thursday, July 2nd, they were placed
at an open sunny window, and at noon I observed that
one ege had been laid on the net, extruded through
and adhering to the outside; at one o’clock six eggs
had been laid in a similar manner, and by three o’clock
in the afternoon there were in all fifteen eggs laid,
only one of them being on the grass.
The next day proved dull, windy, and sunless, and
no more eggs were laid and three only of the insects
were alive. On the morning of the 4th July all were
dead, and on again counting the eggs I found there
were fifteen on the net and one on the grass, making
a total of sixteen.
The egg of Hrebia Cassiope is rather large for the
size of the insect, elliptical in figure though rounded
VOL, I.
34. EREBIA CASSIOPE.
at the top, rather larger towards the base, which is
also rounded off and a little depressed in the centre ;
it is ribbed. All were laid in a vertical position ad-
hering by the biggest end. When first laid and for a
day after it is a bright canary yellow, and in two days
it changes to a slight tint of pale olive-greenish, but it
is still very shining.
On the fourth day (July 5th) the eges were spotted
over with a faint brown at regular intervals, the next
day they were of a pale brownish tint, spotted with
deeper brown. By the 13th they had become of a
pinkish drab colour, with the upper end or top of the
egg darker than the rest. On the 14th their colour
had assumed a dirty tmge and their hatching seemed
imminent, and by the evening I found that three
young larvee were already disclosed, and other five were
hatched by the following morning.
The newly hatched larve were flesh-coloured, with
ochreous flesh-coloured heads, a faint purplish-grey
tinge showing through the skin of their bodies. The
larvee ate away the tops of their egg-shells, indeed two
or three of them ate about two-thirds of the egg-shells,
which were quite white and very clear and thin.
The young larve were at first offered Festuca ovina, —
Aira fleruosa, and Poa annua; this last bore slight
evidence of having been a little eaten, though they
were generally to be seen on the Aira flewuosa. On
the second day one was found to be dead.
Shortly afterwards I put them on some Nardus
stricta covered with grenadine, but they all escaped
through the meshes, having a fancy to feed on the
summits of the grass leaves, which protruded through
the grenadine. (W. B., Note Book II, 80.)
The pupa of Cassiope is little more than three-eighths
of an inch in length, rather thick in proportion, being
less dumpy in form than Hyperanthus, but more so
than Blandina. The colour of the back of the thorax
and wing-cases 1s a light green, rather glaucous; the
abdomen a pale drab or dirty whitish; a dark brown
EREBIA OCASSIOPE. 3D
dorsal streak is conspicuous on the thorax, and there is
the faintest possible indication of its being continued as
a stripe along the abdomen. The eye-, trunk-, antenna-
and leg-cases are margined with dark brown, and the
wing nervures are indicated by the same colour. The
surface is only slightly glistening. (W. B., MS. 2,
6, 75.)
Ca@nonymMepHA DAvVUs.
Plate VI, fig. 3.
On the 22nd of August, 1864, Mr. Newman kindly
sent me two young larve of this species, which had
been bred from eggs obtained by Mr. Samuel Hudson,*
of Epworth, to whom I have been very greatly indebted
for information concerning them, and their locality,
and also for a plentiful supply of roots of their food-
plant, Rhynchospora alba (the beaked rush), which
kept alive through the winter, though the young larve
did not survive. But again I was indebted to Mr.
Hudson, who sought for the larve on the moors in
the early spring and replaced my loss, having found
several larve feeding, one of which he once observed
to eat a little of Hriophorum (cotton-grass) ; but the
beaked rush is evidently its proper food, from the fact
of both larva and imago being always in the low-lying
boggy parts, where the beaked rush most abounds;
whereas in the higher commons, which are covered
with cotton grass, neither the larva nor the butterfly
has been seen.
The habits of the larve differ much from those of
the allied genera in being particularly active and lively,
travelling much over their food-plant, an allwise pro-
‘vision, enabling them to escape the inundations to
which they are liable. The larva does not change
much after the second moult, and when full grown,
* Mr. Hudson described them as far as the second moult in the
‘ Zoologist’ for 1864, p. 9252.
36 ’ G@NONYMPHA DAVTS.
attains to an inch in length, the head being globular,
and body tapering towards the anal forked extremity.
It is of a bright green with dark bluish-green dorsal
line, edged with pale lemon yellow, the sub-dorsal and
spiracular lines are of the same pale yellow, but the
sub-dorsal is edged above with dark bluish-green, and
between those two lines is an interrupted streak of a
darker colour, posteriorly with a slight tinge of reddish
or pink, and the caudal fork is tipped with pink.
On the 2nd of June a larva was attached to a rush
near the top, and changed to a bright green pupa,
which in a few days showed brown streaks on the
edges and centre of the wing-covers and at the tip of
the tail, so remaining until the morning of June 20th,
when it was wholly dark brown; and at noon the imago
came forth, a fine dark specimen. (W. B., 21, 6, 65;
H.M.M. II, 65.)
Of the variety of C. Davus, known as Typhon,
I received two eggs from Dr. F. Buchanan White
August 18th, 1871, which hatched on the 23rd and
25th. These eggs were large and rather ovate-spheri-
cal, very finely reticulated, their colour pale straw, very
faintly blotched with whity-brown. |
The young larva is of a whity-brown tint, with
bifurcate tail, and having the lines of the ordinary
larva of Davus very faintly marked ; it is rather large
when hatched and big-headed and less sluggish in its
movements than the habit of Davus when more mature.
(W. B., Note Book I, 130.)
LIMENITIS SIBYLIA.
Plate VII, fig. 1.
I am very much indebted to the kindness of Mr.
Barrett, who most obligingly sent me on May 14th,
1867, several examples of the larva of this species,
varying from half an inch to their full growth of one
inch and a quarter in length.
LIMENITIS SIBYLLA. 37
At first they ate the young and tender shoots of
honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum), and then the
lower leaves, reascending to the top of the bare stem
to undergo the process of moulting, with the exception
of one small larva, that spun the edges ofa leaf together
and moulted within it; they then ate their way down-
wards as before, and kept on the sunny side of their
food. They appeared to spin much silk along the stems
during their career, and to partly secure the leaves by
it in a suitable position to steady them during their
repast, and, in consequence, their long spines in front
became, in some of them, clogged and entangled or
tied together by the silk in their twining progress
among the leaves, though they appeared never wholly
to trust themselves from the stem, as their anal pro-
legs at least were always attached to it. As they reposed
along the spiral stem or bent aside to feed they were
very elegant creatures, assuming the most graceful
positions. They seemed to hke the sunshine, and
when exposed to it, appeared to be active and
hungry.
In structure the body is of nearly equal width, the
second and anal segments being the smallest, the
divisions and transverse wrinkles well-defined, the
whole upper surface covered with transverse rows of
minute raised poits, and on the third, fourth, and
sixth segments, a pair of long, tapering, branched,
subdorsal spines; similar pairs, but rather shorter, are
on the eleventh and twelfth, while on each of the other
segments, except the second, are a pair of very short
similar spines, and two minute pairs of them on the
thirteenth ; a row of exceedingly small spines are visible
above the spiracles. The spiracular region is distended,
forming a projecting ridge below, armed with very short
branched spines, arow of short simple spines above the
feet, and a ring of them round each proleg, and on the
ventral surface of each segment a central transverse
row of them. The head has the crown elevated, and
face shightly convex, the whole surface covered with
38 LIMENITIS SIBYLLA.
raised points and simple obtuse spines, with a longer
and sharper pair on the crown.
In colour the back is of a bright full green, blending
eradually into a paler tint at the sides, the minute
raised points yellowish; a white spiracular stripe is
conspicuous from the sixth to the anal segments, with
a central yellow blotch on each segment; the edging
of branched spines white, beautifully relieved by a
crimson or red-brown stripe beneath, beginning on the
sixth, or generally the seventh, and ending on the tenth
segment.
The ventral surface is bluish-green at the divisions,
and grass-green across the centre of each segment, and
whitish-green on the two or three last segments ; the
prolegs are tipped with pinkish.
The head is pale pinkish or greenish, with a crimson
or brown stripe on each side of the face; the mouth
pink, with the mandibles black; the whole face is
thickly studded with yellowish obtuse spines, with a
few black ones, the longest pair on the crown black.
The subdorsal spines are reddish, crimson at the
tips, where they are branched with black, and below
they are yellowish.
When full-fed the larva becomes rapidly paler,
and then suspends itself by the anal prolegs to a
stem* of the honeysuckle or other surface, and hangs
with its body downwards in a sinuous curve, with its
head bent a little upwards facing the abdomen ; it then
remains motionless for three days, becoming whitish
on the abdomen and remaining very pale green on the
thoracic segments.
In the course of the third day the creature seems to
wake up, unbends its head, swings itself to and fro a
* In order to ascertain the natural habitat of the pupa of this species
Mr. C. G. Barrett visited Woolmer Forest on the 14th of June, 1867,
and in the course of several hours’ search found four pupe and two
suspended larve of Limenitis Sibylla. Of these, five were spun up to
leaves of honeysuckle, and one to a leaf of Rhamnus frangula growing
contiguously, and in every case were firmly suspended to a button of
silk on the underside of the midrib of the leaf. Nota single specimen
was found attached to a stem or branch.—H. T. 8. [EH.M.M. iv, 35.]
LIMENITIS SIBYLLA. 39
few times, then stretches itself downwards in a long
attenuated line, which causes a rupture of the skin close
to the head; the skin then is seen slowly to ascend,
exposing the bare and soft shining parts below, from
which a flat and forked pair of horns grow out per-
ceptibly as one beholds this wonderful process; the
skin continues to glide slowly upwards, and as the soft
parts become exposed they are seen to swell out later-
ally and to assume the very singular projections so
characteristic of this chrysalis, the skin of the old head
gliding up the belly marks the progress of the disclosure
as the colour of the oldand new surfaces is at this time
alike, the new being, however, rather more shining
and transparent.
Occasionally during the bulging out of the soft parts,
a kind of convulsive heave or two occurs, but other-
wise it remains still until the creature is uncovered as
far as the ninth or tenth segment, it then curves its
anal extremity by a sudden twist laterally, and in a
moment dexterously withdraws the tip of the anal seg-
ment from the larval prolegs by an opening on the
back of the skin at that part. At this critical moment
one has time to see that the naked shining point is
furnished with black hooks, and to apprehend a fall,
but in another moment the pupa has forcibly pressed
the curved tip with its hooks against the stem close to
the previous attachment of the anal prolegs, and now
it is strongly and securely fixed.
The creature now seems endowed with wonderful
power and vigour, it swings boldly to and fro, and un-
dulates itself as if to gain longer swings, when presently
the old skin that remains is seen to burst away and
fall off, the chrysalis gradually becoming quiescent.
The entire metamorphosis from the first waking to
the last movement, occupied nearly seven minutes.
In sixteen days the perfect insect emerged.
The chrysalis is very angular, and its wing-cases
very projecting, the dorsal surface of the thorax rises
to a prominent ridge, and a little beyond it is a flat,
4.0 LIMENITIS SIBYLLA.
round, and very projecting process on the back, and
from thence to the anal tip the abdomen is slightly
sinuous, and therefore hangs a httle on one side; two
flat-forked processes project from the head. Its colour
at first is a greenish-white, but it gradually darkens,
and in a few days the thorax and wing-cases are deep
olive-green, the centre of the back of the abdomen
bright apple-green, its tip and underside being dark
brown, which forms on the back a broad band, including
the flat circular prominence at its termination: The
hare’s-ear-like projections at the head are also dark
brown, the nervures of the wings can be seen distinctly ;
the portions that at first appeared quite white have now
been transmuted into metallic adornments; a brilliant
golden streak divides the brown colour from the green
of the wings, commencing on each side of the back
of the thorax, and a golden spot is seen on each side the
tip of the tail; three silvery spots decorate the underside
of the abdomen, and the head and its prominences are
embellished both above and beneath with similar spots
and streaks. (W. B., 6, 67; E.M.M. IV, 33.)
Some years ago Limenitis Sibylla was plentiful
enough in the woods in this vicinity, and thinking I
could at any time study its history, I postponed any
attempt to obtain its egg or larva until I should have
worked out other species sent to me from a distance
and which I could not hope to have always at
hand.
But since that horribly cold and wet season of 1860-
61, I have never seen a single specimen; and appa-
rently, as far as this locality is concerned, Sibylla (and
I may add Apatura Iris also) was then exterminated.
However, through the kindness of Mr. C. G. Barrett,
and his indefatigable exertions whilst at Haslemere, I
have been able to study and figure the larva, my notes
on its appearance when full grown, as well as in the
pupa [being those given above], having been already
published (H.M.M. IV, 33), and I would now offer
some account of it at an earlier stage, not as being
LIMENITIS SIBYLLA. Al
able to disclose something entirely new, but as de-
scribing exactly what I have seen.
The hybernaculum which Mr. Barrett sent me was
placed as he describes it, “‘three or four buds down”
from the tip of a twig shooting out from the main stalks
of a great honeysuckle-bine which climbed up a fir-tree ;
the twig chosen for this purpose sloped a little upwards,
but he could not discover any hybernaculum that could
fairly be called pendulous.
The one I have before me is made of a honeysuckle
leaf, which had been first partly bitten through near its
axil, and then securely fixed by its two edges for about
half its length to the twig from which it grew, and across
which its edges were firmly bound with a spimning of
strong silk; the remainder of the leaf curved off from
the twig at an angle of about 40°, being divided along
the mid-rib for about one-tenth of an inch from the
tip—thus forming two little hare’s-ears as it were—and
from them up to the twig, having its two edges firmly
spun together. Just at the point where this half of the
leaf meets the underside of the twig thereis a circular
aperture, apparently designed by the larva for its egress
in the spring.
As the leaf withers, the hybernaculum assumes a
puckered fusiform shape, scarcely more than half an
inch in length, being convex on the upper outline, and
scarcely concave below, with the middle irregularly
swollen, and the little hare’s-ears hanging apart; but I
am sure, from the firmness with which the whole struc-
ture is fixed to the twig, it could not have swung with
an independent motion of its own. Its natural appear-
ance of a small shrivelled leaf clinging to the dry stem
would readily escape ordinary observation.
On waking in April, sooner or later, according to
the season, the little occupant leaves its abode, but
goes no farther than to the upper side of the twig im-
mediately above the aperture it has quitted, and at this
time is about three lines long, spiny, and is wholly of a
reddish-brown colour.
A? LIMENITIS SIBYLLA.
Its first proceeding is now to cast off its winter coat,
and accordingly it attaches itself to a spinning of silk
on the twig, and by degrees crawls out of its old skin,
which is left adhering to the silk, not shrivelled up,
but looking still much like a larva.
It is now a much fresher looking creature, and after
feeding on the just bursting buds of its twig, it is by
the beginning of May half an inch long, brown on the
back, with spines of the same colour, and yellowish-
white along the sides, on which the blackish spiracles
appear very distinct. Just above the ventral legs it
shows a reddish-brown stripe; the legs and belly are
rather paler brown. Ina few days it again moults,
and then assumes a miniature resemblance of the adult
larva already described. (W. B., 1, 69; H.M.M. V,
226.)
APATURA IRIS.
Plate Val fess2:
It is quite as difficult to convey to others a due sense
of my gratification in having been able to observe the
wonderful larva of this imperial species, as it is to
express adequately my grateful thanks to my kind
friend Mr. Doubleday, for the two fine examples of it
sent me on the June 5th, 1867, feeding on sallow—
Saha caprea.
This larva is not slow in its movements, which are
very graceful as it turns and accommodates itself to
the various positions necessary to its progress amongst
the leaves, eating rapidly and voraciously, cutting out
a large portion of a leaf in a few seconds; but it is
easily alarmed, for a touch of the leaf or shght shake
of the spray transforms it into a very different looking
creature.
Its structure cannot be well understood until it is
seen walking or feeding ; then the flexile motions of
the head become apparent, furnished as it is on the
APATURA IRIS. 43
crown with a pair of long forked, tapering horns, blunt
at their tips, curved on their inner sides and concavely
bent a little in front, and covered with raised points on
their front surfaces. They are much like those of a snail,
but not retractile or moveable, though when the head
is rapidly in action, asis the case in feeding, the horns
are displayed perpendicularly, or sloping backwards
and forwards; but they are horizontal when the larva
is at rest or in alarm. The crown is slightly notched
and the face rather flattened above, but a little convex
towards the lower part where it is widest.
When full grown and stretched out the larva attains
the length of two inches, is rounded, and tapering to-
wards both head and tail, the anal segment terminating
in an elongated, rather flattened point, which is, how-
ever, divided and slightly forked at its extremity ; the
prolegs short and thick, with a fringe of short hairs
above them along the sides; the segments are sub-
divided into five portions, the anterior being much the
widest, and all are studded with rows of minute raised
points. 2
When the larva is alarmed the segmental divisions
and deep subdivisions disappear as it suddenly con-
tracts its length, and are all drawn up so closely to-
gether as to make the raised points resemble the pile
of arich velvet; at such times, and when at rest, the
head is bent down, the horns appear in a line with the
body, the back much arched, thickened, and rounded,
remaining a long time motionless, assimilating admir-
ably with the leaf on which it rests. It reposes on a
leat, generally on the under side, but not invariably so,
and spins a quantity of silk, to which it firmly adheres.
In colour the larva isa bright full green on the back
and sides, as far as the sixth segment, then blending
gradually into a yellower green, with the three last
segments much paler; the whole surface is studded
with minute yellow points.
On the back of each horn, and extending along the
second, third, and fourth segment, is a subdorsal stripe
AA APATURA IRIS.
of pinkish or yellowish flesh-colour; and on each side
of the other segments, as far as the tenth inclusive, a
thin oblique stripe of dull yellow, slightly edged with
red, running backwards from the spiracular region of
one segment to the subdorsal region of the next; the
most conspicuous is that which begins on the sixth and
ends on the back of the eighth segment, being longer and
thicker, especially at the end, which is bordered above
by a purplish-brown or crimson mark; the raised
points there bemmg much longer and larger than
those on the other lines, as they also are longer than
those of the green surface. There is a pale yellowish
lateral stripe on the anal segment, extending to the
tips. The spiracles are red, and below them the green
softens into a pale whitish-green, with a fringe of white
silky hairs above the prolegs; these last are of a pale
transparent bluish-green, the ventral surface whitish.
The head behind is the same colour as the back, and
the face a pale, shining, whitish-green ; the horns in
front bluish-green, which colour extends as a stripe
down each side of the face; the tips of the horns
brownish-red, and a little below they have a few raised
black dots.
When full-fed the larva spins a large quantity of silk
on the under side of the leaf, to which it attaches itself
by the anal prolegs, and slightly with the anterior pair
of ventral ones, and remains motionless for about four
days ; it then relaxes its hold by the ventral prolegs and
hangs down, suspended only by the anal pair, and
within an hour the transformation to a pupa is complete.
The form of the pupa is broad and flattened on the
sides, the outline of the abdomen and wing-cases nearly
straight, while that of the back forms a very obtuse
angle, having a thin and rather sharp ridge, projecting
to a point about midway, from which it slopes off to the
anal point and to the head, which has a short, pointed,
and flattened forked pair ofappendages. Seen only from
the back or front it would appear a rather long and
slender pupa in comparison with a side view.
APATURA IRIS. Ad
Its colour is a very pale whitish-green, with whitish
oblique lines on the sides, also nervures on the wing-
cases and dorsal ridge. In three weeks the perfect
insect was disclosed. (W.B., 8,67; H.M.M., IV, 85.)
Since the foregoing account of the full-grown larva
of Apatura Iris was written, I have had opportunities
of observing its development ab ovo.
For the eggs, I have been indebted to the kindness
of Mr. W. H. Harwood, of Colchester, and Mr. EH. F.
Bisshopp, of Ipswich, viz. a single egg from the former,
received the 31st of July, 1875, laid within the three or
four previous days on the upper side of a leaf of Salix
caprea ; and from the last named on the Ist of August,
1875, four eggs laid July 29th on pieces of paper.
The egg, as may be supposed, is of a good size, its
shape cylindrical, of about equal height and diameter,
adhesively fixed in an upright position on its flat base,
domed on the top, its surface strongly ribbed, the ribs
varying in number from twelve to fourteen. All the
egos were alike in colour when I first received them,
viz. of a yellowish olive-green, having near the base a
zone of purplish-black, the green portion semi-trans-
_ lucent, the surface glistening. Those laid on the paper
began to change on the 4th of August, by displacement
of the black zone and the appearance of a blackish spot
within the centre; on the 5th the whole top grew at
first cloudy, then blackish, the lower part paler green
than before; this on the 6th became still paler, and
the ribs whitish, and on that day, about seven o’clock
in the evening, three eggs hatched, and the fourth at
ten o’clock. The egg from Colchester hatched three
days later, after previously passing through similar
changes.
When just hatched the larva has a large rounded
head, and two distinctly separated anal points; its
colour is a light dirty greenish yellow, with three
faintly darker lines down the back, the head is of a dark
chocolate brown.
The day after hatching each larva was resting on’
AG APATURA IRIS.
the tip of a leaf; each leaf thus tenanted showed that,
at a little distance below the larva, a small portion had
been eaten from its edge, on one side, quite through the
whole substance. The larve were now just one-eighth
of an inch long, and on their rough granulous heads,
could be seen, with the aid of a lens, two large, some-
what bright, oval, smooth patches of paler colour, each
with a central dark spot occupying the crown of the
lobes; the body light yellowish-green, faintly showing
a darker dorsal line and slanting side streaks.
When but five days old I found the Colchester
larva lying dead, where it had been feeding on the
edge of a leaf; the cause of this mishap arose from
the state of its food, which could not without risk be
changed the day before, as three of the other larve
just a week old were fixed for moulting, each on a
coating of silk, spun either on the glass cylinder or on
the side or tip of a sallow leaf; the other larva, not
previously visible for a day or two, now made its
appearance again, having already completed its first
moult, furnished with remarkably long and stout horns,
cleft at the dark reddish tips. This I noted as No. 1,
a very lively and active little creature, roaming over
the sallow leaves for an hour or two after its removal
from the rest before establishing its footing on a leaf
point.
; On the tenth day No. 2, which had been fixed on the
cylinder, moulted; on the twelfth day No. 3, on a leaf
tip, had also moulted, both furnished with horns hke
No.1. The remaining larva moulted on the thirteenth
day, but appeared without horns, the head being much
the same as before, though the colouring of the body
was changed lke the others, viz. to a bright green,
with yellowish subdorsal stripes on the six anterior
segments, and yellow slanting limes along the sides of
the others, the points of the tail brought close together
appearing very like one anal point, ringed with red.
This hornless larva fed and seemed very lively and well
up to the twenty-first day, when it spun a layer of silk
APATURA IRIS. 47
on a leaf, on which it remained quietly for a couple of
days, then at intervals struggling and contorting itself
during two more; however, in the course of the follow-
ing day it died with its front segments rigidly curved
backwards.
From the end of August my attention was devoted
to the three survivors, of which No. 1 had moulted a
second time on the 21st of August, a third time on the
28th, and a fourth time on the 5th of September, when
it was a little over one inch in length; on the 11th it
fixed itself for its fifth moult on silk spun upon the
olass cylinder, and measured then one inch and three-
eighths in length; by the 21st it had attained its
greatest length of two inches, and was stout in pro-
portion.
From this date, although continuing to feed well, it
appeared to be getting shorter by slow degrees, and the
few scattered purplish-black points as usual appeared,
and by the 25th had greatly increased, forming dark
blotches on the back of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth
seoments, the general green ground colour becoming
paler. In the afternoon of this day it left its favourite
_ silk-carpeted leaf, where latterly it always returned to
rest after every meal made on other leaves, and took
up a position on a stem, head downwards, the head
and front segments hanging free, but in half an hour
it removed to another stem, where in a similar posture
it remained for about the same space of time. But
here, as previously, it seemed incommoded by too close
proximity with other stems and leaves, for it again
moved off and ascended to one of the upper leaves and
crept beneath it, and there, after resting a few minutes,
it began to spin a coating of silk, leisurely adding to it
at intervals during the evening, and probably during
the night, as I noticed next morning some stout threads
had been spun from the foot-stalk of the leaf to the
main stem, firmly securing the position of one to the
other. The larva now remained quite still, its head and
horns in line with the body towards the stem, and its
43 APATURA IRIS.
tail a little way from the tip of the leaf, the back much
arched, the anal pair of legs securely fixed in a pad of
silk, and the first ventral pair clinging to the silken
carpet, which they dragged off a little from the leaf at
the point of contact. The assimilation in colour to
the under-side of a sallow leaf was very perfect.
Larva No. 2 completed its third moult on the 5th of
September, and was then seven-eighths of an inch long.
After this it was kept apart, feeding well, and attaining
the length of about two inches by the 25th of the
month, and on the 28th it had spun its carpet under a
leaf, and secured itself similarly to the preceding.
Larva No. 3 moulted a second time on the 3rd of
September, when its length was just half an inch;
from this time it fed very sparingly, often changing its
position as its food was changed, until the 25th of the
month, when [ found it was hibernating on the stem
of a twig, the hinder half of its body enveloped in a
mass of silk where it remained immoveable; only by
very gently touching its horns occasionally as winter
advanced could I be sure it was alive.
Beyond keeping them in a room, of which the window
was closed only at night, J was unconscious of any-
thing I had done to stimulate premature development
of the two larvee which so rapidly attained full growth ;
certainly I attended to them carefully, and watched
them with much interest, especially while feeding,
an operation I noticed performed oftener by night than
by day.
After moulting the green colour of the larva was at
first very pale, like the under-side of a sallow leaf,
for a day or two, for which period it would remain on
the underside of a leaf, until its green colour had
become brighter and darker, when it would again rest
on the upper surface of the leaf. After the last moult,
and sometimes before, each larva had a special leaf
spun over the upper surface with silk, on which it
rested in such a position that its head was facing the
foot-stalk, and bent down so as almost to touch the
APATURA IRIS. 49
leaf, the anterior legs drawn in close to the body ;
sometimes all the ventral lees, and sometimes only the
third and fourth pair in addition to the anal pair, had
a footing on the silk. When hungry, the larva would
quit this, make a rapid meal, and return again to rest.
Some leaves were so ravaged that only the mid-ribs
were left. Once I was rather surprised to see the
larva No. 2 eat off a large strip from one side of its
silk-covered resting leaf, together with the silk on it,
but leave the rest untouched.
Towards the end of September, a week of suddenly
severe cold weather killed my two large larvee just as
they seemed about to pupate, and unluckily before I
could remove them toa hothouse; the year had not
ended, when the third smaller larva, of which I had
ereat hopes, as being in a more natural state of
hibernation, died also. (W. B., 3, 4, 76; H.M.M.
Al, 3.)
CYNTHIA OARDUI.
Plate VIII, fig. 1.
The following is the account of a curious variety of
the larva of this species :
On the 17th of July, 1865, Dr. Knaggs sent me
(from Folkestone) a larva he had found feeding on
mallow (Malva sylvestris). It was then half-an-inch
long, with seven rows of spines, all black in colour,
except those in the dorsal and subdorsal rows on the
sixth, eighth, and tenth segments, which were pale
primrose-yellow; the head and upper surface of the
body black, with a double dorsal stripe of pale yellow,
and a stripe of the same colour above the legs; the
belly and prolegs deep olive-brown. Unfortunately, it
died when about to moult, and though at the time I
reported it as an immature C. cardui, yet my figure
remained doubtful in my mind.
VOL, I. 4
50 CYNTHIA CARDUI.
Here there was an enigma, to settle whether this
larva was cardut or not.
In the last week of September, 1868, the Rey. H.
Horton sent me some of a number of larve he had
recently taken, varying considerably in growth, but all
quite similar to the one above described, and found
also on the same food, Malva sylvestris. The mallow
plants were growing chiefly on the top of a hilly grass
field near a hedge, and some in a clover field on the
other side of the hedge, all within a radius of fifty
yards; and Mr. Horton’s attention was arrested by
the mixed-up appearance of certain of the leaves.
On examination, he found the edges of some were
drawn together by threads, into a kind of purse, each
containing a larva; and he noticed that in every case
but one, the larva was eating away the upper surface
of the leaf within the purse. The youngest of those I
had the pleasure to receive from Mr. Horton on the
25th of September, was precisely like the figure taken
in 1865, but had attained nearly an inch in length, and
showed indications of a narrow, short, oblique-yellow
streak, from near each spiracle backwards, and the tips
of the yellow spines were black.
After moulting the change in its appearance was
very great, and its manner of constructing a kind of
tent by spinning three or four mallow leaves together,
with its habit of feeding concealed therein until its
ravages had partly exposed it to view, and then
abandoning its ruined abode and making another with
fresh leaves, reminded me so much of Atalanta, that I
now began to think I had been quite wrong in suppos-
ing the species to be cardw.
The growth was very rapid, the primrose-yellow and
the black spines were replaced by others uniformly of
a dirty greenish-yellow tint; the whole skin of the
upper part of the body was now black, but the extra-
ordinary and puzzling feature now assumed was a dense
covering of pale grey hairs, nearly as long as the
spines, and almost hiding them; such a combination
OYNTHIA CARDUI. Si
I had not seen before, but here I had larve both spiny
and hairy.
I will here confine myself to the details of one, which
will do for all the others:
October 9th, larva full grown, about an inch and
five-eighths long, and moderately stout in proportion.
The second segment bearing only two spines, sub-
spiracular in position; the third and fourth each
bearing four spines, subdorsal and spiracular; but all
the other segments, save the thirteenth, bearing seven
spines, of which the middle or dorsal one stands a
little in advance of the rest, close to the front edge of
each segment. All these spines are branched and
bulbed at the base, and the subspiracular series formed
the centres of fascicles of hairs nearly as long as them-
selves. The body blackish above, with a deep black
dorsal stripe, and a primrose-yellow stripe running
above the legs, but hardly dicated on the thoracic
segments ; the belly and ventral legs deep olive-brown,
marked with golden-ochreous, generally much hidden
from view by the grey hairs diverging from around
_ the base of each sub-spiracular spine, which there
interrupts the yellow stripe before-mentioned ; a little
above the said stripe there is on each segment a slight
streak of yellow, sloping upwards to the segmental
divisions. The spines are dirty greenish in colour,
with their bases showing slightly pinkish.
The spiracles are greenish-grey, with black centres.
The head black, and lke the body covered with pale
orey hairs.
On the 10th of October the larva above-described,
after first suspending itself to the top of its dwelling,
left its cave and crawled to the gauze cover of its
cage, and on the 11th suspended itself there, and
became a chrysalis on the 13th.
The pupa was about an inch in length, moderately
stout, and of the usual Vanessa form; its ground
colour was rather dark brown, the abdominal divisions
bluish, a narrow, interrupted stripe of ash-colour down
59 CYNTHIA OARDUI.
the back of the abdomen, and two broader, pale
ashy stripes along the sides, the superior margin of
each wing-cover pale ash colour, the antenna-cases
and their knobbed tips marked with ashy, an obscure
streak of the same tint on the middle of the wing
covers, the spikelets ashy, but glossed with gold or
silver according to the angle of light. The dark
portions of the wing-cases blackish, the thorax and
abdomen sprinkled with atoms of black.
Harly in the first week of February, 1869, Cynthia
cardui came forth; no doubt prematurely, from being
kept in a warm room. My old puzzle of 1865 is thus
made clear, but now, as Mr. Horton suggested, arises the
question as to the how and why of the larva’s hairy coat.
Had these mallow-eaters become hairy through eating
the downy mallows, whilst the thistle-fed specimens, as
I have seen more than once, are clothed with spines
alone? Or, were they a second brood, thus clothed
for protection against possible cold weather in late
autumn. (W. B., March, 1869; E.M.M. V., 278.)
VANESSA ANTIOPA.
Plate VIII, fig. 4.
On the 19th of July, 1883, I received from Herr Ernst
Heyne, of Leipzig, four larve of this species feeding
on birch. The largest proved to be nearly full-grown
and measured one inch nine lines in length, and was
moderately stout and uniformly so, as it tapered a little
only from the third segment to the head and a little
at the thirteenth segment. The head is well notched
on the crown and somewhat heart-shaped, the thoracic
seoments transversely subdivided, with deep wrinkles
as usual in this genus; all the segmental divisions are
deep and likewise the three subdividing wrinkles at
the end of each segment, excepting the twelfth seg-
ment, which has but one, and that is less deep; the
VANESSA ANTIOPA. 53
legs are all well developed; on the third and fourth
segments there are four rows of spines (the second
segment has none), but on all the other segments there
are seven rows, that is, seven spines are planted round
the middle of each segment, viz. a dorsal, which is the
shortest and a little in advance of the others, sub-
dorsal, lateral, and spiracular; these are long and
pointed, branched, and beset rather sparingly with
fine pointed hairs; they have rather a formidable
appearance.
The head is black and slightly glistening, beset with
a few black warts, each bearing a fine hair; the skin
is of a dull velvety black, without any gloss, but this
shows plainly only at the segmental divisions and sub-
divisions, being elsewhere clothed with a shining
pubescence of greyish drab colour, which with the
play of light on it causes the retiring portions to look
quite pale, while the middle appears dark and dingy
after the manner of a velvet surface. A strong lens
discloses the fact that every single hair springs from
a minute wart of the same pale colour; in the middle
of the back of the fourth and each following segment
as far as the eleventh inclusive, is a dorsal mark of
dark red, through which passes the distinct black
dorsal line, though it is narrower in the red marks.
These red marks are smooth and naked; the pubescence
is a little curved and grows in varying directions, so
that the play of light on it is considerable while the
larva is in motion. The spines are black and shining
and not much branched; the anterior legs are black
and shining. ‘The spiracles are black, finely outlined
with brownish-green, and inconspicuous. The ventral
prolegs are wholly reddish-green with a shining plate
above the feet, the anal pair black with reddish-green
feet.
At noon on the 20th of July, the above larva ate
what I thought was its last meal, and in the course of
an hour became quite restless and began to spin threads,
when it was put into a cage and soon ascended to
aA. VANESSA ANTIOPA.
the flat roof, where it began to spin a little and
remained quiet, but the next morning I saw it had
moved and that two pellets of “frass’’ had been
ejected, whereupon it was restored to its food, on
which it at once made a hearty meal, and then slept
on the birch twig, having previously taken the pre-
caution to spin a few threads for a secure foothold.
This larva was finally full-fed on the evening of the
30th July, and spun itself up to the top of its cage, and
the following day hung suspended by the tail; on the
2nd of August it was a pupa. This measured eleven |
lines in length, and in form closely resembled that of
Vanessa polychloros in all respects, except that the
spiky-points were longer and sharper than in V. poly-
chloros ; 1ts colour was avery dark and dingy blackish-
brown.
In the younger larve, which varied in length from
an inch and an eighth to an inch and a quarter, the
pubescence was more dense, almost with a shaggy
appearance, and the naked spots on the back were
darkish green, as were also the ventral prolegs; but
with the increase of growth the black skin showed more
and more between the hairs, which do not grow, and
the larva increases in blackness. These larvee lived only
a few days, probably being diseased from having eaten
the birch leaves in too dry and withered a condition
during their journey hither in a wooden box.
The dorsal row of shorter spines commences on the
seventh segment; there is a subdorsal pair on the front
division of the thirteenth segment, as also on the anal
flap. (W. B., Note-Book IV, 206.)
VANESSA PoLYCHLOROS.
Plate IX, fig. 1.
On the 15th of June, 1870, two full-fed larve on
elm twigs were received from the Rev. J. Hellins;
their length when stretched was two inches.
VANESSA POLYCHLOROS. 55)
Their ground colour is black, but more or less
sprinkled with ochreous-brown freckles on the back,
forming a longitudinal band bounded by the subdorsal
Spines; in the middle of the back is a dorsal line of
black; on the sides the sprinkling of the pale atoms
is more of a greyish tint. Spiracles black, surrounded
with ochreous-brown; the spiracular puffed ridge is
also ochreous-brown ; the prolegs and lower part of
the sides brown marbled with darker brown, the belly
of asmoky black; both are pubescent, especially along
the sides and legs, head, and second segment.
The head is black, studded with black blunt points,
and rather pubescent with greyish-yellow hairs; all
the spines branched, brownish-ochreous, with black
points. The position of the spines is this: none on
the second segment; the third and fourth segments
each bear four, the subdorsal and spiracular; the
fifth to twelfth segments inclusive have each seven
spines, viz. dorsal, subdorsal, spiracular and sub-
spiracular; all the spines are shining and branched.
On the thirteenth segment the upper part above the
flap has two spines, very nearly in a line with the
spiracular row, the flap has also two spiracular spines
pointing backwards; indeed, all have rather a back-
ward inclination by degrees from the thoracic segments.
The anterior legs are shining black. The head is rather
shining.
By the 18th of June these larvee had assumed the
pupa state. (W. B., Note-Book I, 7.)
VANESSA URTICA.
Plate IX, fig 2.
On the Ist of June, 1874, I found a family of the
larve in their last coats amongst stinging-nettles,
Urtica dioica. The first moult appeared to have taken
place on a small group of nettles, at their summits ;
56 VANESSA URTIOR.
the next moult at a second small group two feet distant
from the first; the third moult at another group about
a foot distant, and the fourth moult at about eighteen
inches from the large patch of stinging-nettles where
[ found them; all these were female plants.
On the 3rd of June they appeared full-grown, the
greater part were of the dingy blackish, and dingy
greenish varieties, and a few of the more lively colour-
ing of yellow and black. I secured three examples.
On the 4th I went to look at them, but the nettles were
deserted, only one individual remaining ; their ravages
appeared to be from the tops of the nettles downwards
to within about a foot of the ground, the nettles being
from three to four feet high.
The individual I figured was about one inch and
three-eighths in length; the segments are plump in
the middle and with three transverse wrinkles next the
seomental divisions; the head flattish in front, divided
a little on the crown, and rather attenuated where it
joins the second segment, thickly studded with bristly
points and hairs; the second segment has on each
side of the back a few curved hairs; on the third and
fourth segments are subdorsal and lateral spines, on
all the others, including the twelfth, are dorsal, sub-
dorsal, lateral, and subspiracular spines; at the end of
the twelfth segment is a small, shining dorsal wart, on
the front part of the thirteenth segment are lateral
spines, and also on the hinder part; that is, on each
of segments 3 and 4 four spines, on each of segments
5 to 12 inclusive seven spines, and on the thirteenth
seoment four spines; these spines being bulbous at
the base, tapering to a fine point, and branched with
smaller tapering spines.
In colour the larva, which I figured, had a broad
stripe of pale bright yellow down the back, the dorsal
black line running down the middle of it; the yellow
is followed by a very broad stripe of velvety black,
within the upper boundary of which are the subdorsal
spines. This is followed by a broad yellow stripe within
VANESSA URTIOM. 7
which runs a black edged drab stripe, which widens
out round each spiracle; the spiracle is oval, black,
with a yellow margin situated just under.each lateral
spine ; beneath the yellow the sides and ventral prolegs
are of a yellowish drab colour ; the anal prolegs tipped
with the colour of the others. The anterior legs black
and shining; the belly of the same yellowish-drab
colour as the side, with a central stripe of faint blackish,
interrupted soon after the beginning of a segment. On
the back are scattered minute raised dots, which, by
the aid of a lens are seen each to bear a fine hair.
These are all yellow, and below the spiracles they are
more numerous and coarser and closely resemble the
glandular hairs of the stinging-nettle. The general
appearance of the skin is velvety, the head has a
shining black skin, but is so studded with whitish-
grey bulbous based bristles, that it looks greyish.
The colour of the dorsal spines is yellowish-drab,
tipped and branched with black; the subdorsal are
darker olive, tipped and branched with black; the
lateral and subspiracular spines are yellowish, beset
with black points and branches. A little beneath each
subspiracular spine are two dusky longitudinal short
streaks. The bulbous rooted hairs occur on the
ventral surface on those segments without legs.
The butterflies appeared on June 21st, 22nd, 23rd,
and 24th, 1874. (W. B., Note-Book IT, 66.)
Grapta C—ALBUM.
Plate IX, fig. 3.
On the 26th of April, 1870, received thirteen eggs
from Mrs. Hutchinson, of Leominster, laid on a leaf of
stinging-nettle. _
The egg is somewhat elliptical, standing on end, the
lower end, the largest, is flattened beneath ; it has ten
projecting ribs. In colour it is rather a bluish-green,
De) GRAPTA O—ALBUM.
though some were of the colour of an emerald, bril-
hantly polished, the ribs being paler, of a dull whitish-
green. Altogether, when seen through a strong lens,
it has much of the familiar appearance of a miniature
gooseberry.
They hatched May 5th; the young larve were dark
slaty-green, with black heads and black hairs. (W.B.,
Note-Book II, 137).
ARGYNNIS PAPHTA.
Plate X, fig. 1.
On the 4th of August, 1876, I received from the
Rev. J. Hellins eight eggs which had been laid by a
captured female.
These eggs had been laid July 30th and 31st, 1876;
the larve hatched August 13th and 14th, and were
placed on potted plants of Viola canina; they soon
crept under the leaves, and I did not see them again
till April 6th, 1877, when I detected one, and subse-
quently four others, which had survived the perils of
hibernation. Of these five, one I afterwards lost; one,
when full-grown, was preserved by Lord Walsingham ;
one was sent to Mr. Hellins (who had lost every one
of the larvee he retained during hibernation), and the
imago bred June 30th; and two I kept myself, and
treated with such success, that the pair of butterflies,
which I bred on June 26th and 27th, were larger and
finer specimens than any I possessed before.
The egg in shape is a dumpy cone, laid erect on the
flattened broader end and rounded off at the top; the
shell with about twenty tolerably prominent, longi-
tudinal ribs, some not reaching to the top, where the
others converge on a central embossed space, having
again a spot of finer reticulation in its middle; the
reticulation between the ribs is not very prominent ;
the colour, at first pale greenish-yellow and glisten-
ARGYNNIS PAPHIA. 59
ing, turns paler in about a week, and in the middle of
the second week paler again, with a leaden-grey blotch
near the top showing the place of the larva’s head.
The young larva on hatching breakfasts on the egg-
shell, and is worth describing minutely, because its
appearance changes so much after a moult; it looks
shortish and rather stout.; the ground colour ochreous-
yellow; the head shining blackish-brown, a dingy olive
collar on the second segment; all the usual warts
large, shining, of a deeper tint than the ground colour,
and furnished with stiff bristles ; on the seventh, ninth,
and eleventh segments are a parr of lateral, deep, dull
brownish-ochreous spots, which enclose the hinder trape-
zoidal and the upper lateral warts; on the thirteenth
seoment the four trapezoidals are soldered into a
plate.
On its first appearance in spring the larva is no
more than one-eighth of an inch long, having appa-
rently moulted but once before hibernation ; the special
ornamentation of the seventh, ninth, and eleventh
segments is gone, though the ground colour is still
ochreous; it now moults, and though similar to its
previous ochreous appearance, yet the colours are
fresher and the ground is seen to be varied by a dorsal
line of brown, widening somewhat diamond-fashion
through each segment, and met by oblique lines from
two darker brown subdorsal spots placed at the begin-
ning, and a similar pair of spots at the end of each
seoment; the sides brownish, broken with ochreous,
with a paler subspiracular region, the belly brownish ;
the ochreous pale portions of the colouring are glossy,
the brown parts dull; several series of warts, each
with a bristly hair, indicate the position of the future
spines. ‘The head is black.
After another moult, some time between April 12th
and 20th, the spines appear, they are alike short and
stumpy, pinkish-brown in colour, with black tips and
branches. The head and body are now black, with
double lines of whitish-violet on the back. At this
60 | ARGYNNIS PAPHIA.
time the length of the larva is about three-sixteenths
of an inch.
At the next moult, after an interval of about ten
days, the details and colours are much as before, and
the general appearance is very dark and _ black.
Another moult and the larva soon becomes three-
eighths of an inch long, and shows the two lines on
the back to be ochreous-yellow, and the sides brownish-
ochreous.
From this poimt I shall speak especially of one
individual, the most forward, which I kept apart from
the rest and to which I paid especial attention; this
one moulted again on the 29th of April, when it seemed
much exhausted; it waited four hours before moving
and then hid itself under another leaf, remaining there
without further movement for twenty-nine hours more,
and only beginning to feed again on the Ist of May.
It now ate out small segments of circles from the
edges of the violet leaves, and after eleven days’ steady
feeding and growth, I found its length had increased
to five-eighths of an inch; the spines at this stage
differed in colour, those of the upper row being pinkish-
ochreous with black tips, the first pair blunt, those of
the lower rows black with reddish bases.
The penultimate moult occurred on the 13th of May
and gave the extra length to the first pair of spines
behind the head, with their blunt tips black; all the
- other spines amber-yellow. On the same day, only
three hours later, another individual was well over the
corresponding moult, and to this one also I devoted
especial notice ; of the remaining two larve still kept
together, it will be enough to say here that they showed
the extra length of the front spines on the 15th and
16th of May. The growth of all continued, and in seven
days the first, specially noted above, was a little over
an inch in length, and the second about an inch;
neither appeared up to this time to feed very often,
but each made a good meal twice a day.
I observed the first larva, in preparation for its last
ARGYNNIS PAPHIA. 61
moult, fixed belly upwards to the underside of a leaf on
the 20th of May, and remaining quite still until noon of
the 25th, when I noticed it moving its anterior legs a
little free from the leaf, a circumstance which claimed
my whole attention ; it was but a slight movement and
was repeated at intervals of about half an hour, until
between two and three o’clock in the afternoon, when
it began to stretch its first segments downwards from
the leaf, making the fore part of the back concave, and
then presently gently reversing the movement. It con-
tinued thus at short intervals to increase the stretching
curve of the body so much, that by ten minutes past
three its hold on the leaf was retained only by the fourth
pair of ventral prolegs and the anal pair, when sud-
denly the skin snapped asunder close to the head, with
quite a shock to the larva, which instantly returned
its ventral prolegs to the leaf, while the elastic skin,
relieved of its tension, was itself from the impetus of
the rupture gliding backwards. The anterior legs were
held back until divested, and then returned forwards
to their natural position one after the other, but kept
just free from the leaf, each pair being elevated in
unison for a moment, and let fall, as though to test
their complete freedom; otherwise the larva remained
passive, the skin only continuing to move backwards,
and whilst passing the ventral prolegs, each foot in
turn was lifted up out of it, and then replaced on the
same spot of the leaf, and when the old skin had
shrivelled up together at the end of the body, the
larva, with all the ventral prolegs, took two steps
forwards and drew forth the anal pair free.
At the first breaking of the skin the head became
exposed, with the old head-piece adhering to the parts
around the mouth, but now, at last, the larva gave its
head a sudden twist or two, and the old piece fell off ;
from the rupture of the skin to this final riddance the
operation occupied nearly ten minutes; the spines were
all uncovered in a remarkably small and rudimentary,
wet and flaccid condition, the front pair even smaller
622%. ARGYNNIS PAPHIA.
than the others; but now this pair began gradually to
crow, and in fifteen minutes were far longer than ever,
and in another half hour all the other spines had grown
considerably, both in length and rigidity; after this
the larva remained still for two and a half hours longer.
The second larva gave me an opportunity of verify-
ing these observations on the 27th of May, commenc-
ing its last moult at 5 p.m. on that day, and behaving
in precisely the same fashion ; when I saw the front
legs held back and again dropped forward with the
natural motion of relief, after being freed from the
old skin, I was reminded of the familiar manceuvre of
one’s being helped off from behind with the sleeves of
a tight overcoat. |
The second larva had fixed itself on only a part of
a leaf, too narrow to admit of any stepping forward,
but it knew how to meet this difficulty, for when the
sloughing arrived at the first ventral prolegs, the larva
fidgeted a little with the anterior legs, but finding
nothing they could touch, and remembering that no
advance was possible, it kept its place until the final
moment came, and then disposed of the difficulty by
arching the hinder part of the back convexly down-
wards from the leaf, and with a strong effort pulled
out the anal prolegs by a downward, not a forward
motion.
The largest larva previously noted made enormous
meals for the last ten days, freely exposing itself on
the violet plants; but towards evening, on the 7th of
June, it became restless, and wandered actively over
the plants, the earth, and the protecting glass cylinder,
impatient of confinement, and late at night found its
way to the leno covering at the top. Next morning it
was still there, but much shortened, and engaged at
intervals in adding to a layer of silk already partly
spun ; in the afternoon it turned itself round, so as to
insert the anal proleg hooks in the small tuft of silk
prepared in one spot, deliberately testing the strength
with each foot in turn by a visible pull, the ventral
ARGYNNIS PAPHIA. 63
prolegs holding on to the thinner silk layer spread
before the tuft, but the head and anterior legs quite
free from it; thus it remained for nearly five hours,
and then suspending itself by the anal prolegs only, it
changed to a chrysalis on the 9th of June.
The full-grown larva measures from about one and
a half to one and five-eighths of an inch in length and
is In proportion rather stout. The broadish head has
the lobes produced angularly on the crown by project-
ine tubercles, with stout pointed hairs, the ocelli
prominent; the second segment wider than the head,
and the bulk again increasing to the fifth, decreasing
again from the tenth to the thirteenth ; the spines are
in three rows on either side, bulbous based, pointed,
and branched with finer hair-like spines of varying
lengths ; in position they are subdorsal, lateral, and
subspiracular, six on a segment, except that the thir-
teenth has only four spines, and the three thoracic
seoments have on their sides only two spines, and these
placed on the segmental divisions laterally, i.e. one
between the second and third, and one between the
third and fourth segments. As some compensation,
however, the first pair of subdorsal spines, as already
noted, are of extra length, with blunt tips, and directed
over the head, and there are also on each side of these
segments from three to five wart-like tubercles, each
bearing a pointed bristle; similar bristled warts, in a
transverse series, are seen on the belly of the fifth,
sixth, eleventh, and twelfth, and the intervening seg-
ments have a longitudinal row of four or five just above
the outside of each ventral proleg.
The colour of the head and its numerous hairs is
black and glistening, with a marbling of pale yellow
on the crown, upper lip ochreous. Down the whole
length of the back are two stripes of brilliant yellow,
rather inclining to ochreous and sulphur at either end,
separated only by a black dorsal line ; these stripes are
still more conspicuously relieved by a black, velvet-
like bordering of markings, broad and unbroken, as a
64. _ ARGYNNIS PAPHIA.
spot in front of each subdorsal spine, though finely
edged outwardly with brownish-ochreous, and also
behind the spine with the same colour, and two faint
curving lines of it breaking there the black ; the ground
colour of the sides, just as far as the lowest row of
spines, 1s velvety-brown, adorned along the middle by
a series of rather fusiform, black, velvety marks, one
on each segment, intersected in the middle by the
lateral spine, and finely edged with brownish-ochreous ;
some short rudiments of other fine ragged lines of this
colour occur on parts of the ground, but become very
faint along the spiracular region, where a few freckles
appear of lighter ochreous. The oval spiracles are
black. The spines are of a reddish-ochreous colour,
with their extreme tips and branches black. The
belly is of a dull blackish-brown, abruptly contrasted
with the side, and rather inclining to chocolate-brown
at the segmental divisions ; the warts paler and glisten-
ing, hairs black. The anterior legs black, shining, and
hairy, as are the ventral and anal prolegs above, but
pinkish and smooth below, with a fringe of blackish
hooks on the feet.
The chrysalis, about an inch long, when seen side-
ways is deepest across near the end of the wing-covers,
and the largest projecting poimts; seen in front it is
broadest across the bases of the well-defined wing-
covers, which project laterally in curved ridges from
the thorax-—itself rather sharply keeled in the centre,
—from this is a deep depression, and thence again the
abdomen swells out in a backward tapering curve to
the point by which it is suspended; in the subdorsal
region, on each side of the back, 1s a row of obtuse,
tapering, prominent points, smaller in the depression,
and much smaller still on the thorax; a larger pair at
the head are suggestive of ears. The pupa skin is of
a dull fawn-colour, varied with paler and with fine
brown reticulation. Thereis a line of brown along the
spiracles, and a stripe of a darker brown on each side
beneath the abdomen ; a fine, rather wavy, line of dark-
ARGYNNIS PAPHIA. 65
brown near the margin of the wing-covers, and in the
depression of the back are large glittering, golden basal
spots to the points there, and the tips of the other
abdominal points have a similar golden lustre. (W.
B.; E.M.M. XIV, 252.)
ARGYNNIS ADIPPE.
Plate X, fig. 2.
On the 29th of June, 1867, I received a larva, which
I had no doubt was referable to this species, from the
Rev. EH. Hallett Todd; he had found it a day or two
previously on Viola canina. :
I figured it a second time on the /th of July, when
it had a little increased in size and its colouring was a
trifle darker. But at last this larva showed symptoms
of disease, some part of its interior protruding a little
from the anal flap, and on the 11th of July it died, to
my great mortification and regret.
It had just attained the length of an inch and a half.
(W. B., Note-Book IT, 127.)
On the 20th of August, 1877, the Rev. J. Hellins,
who was then at Chagford, Devon, sent me a female
Argynnis Adippe alive. She was placed on a potted
plant of Viola canina, protected by a glass cylinder,
and by the 25th had laid about twenty-five eggs on the
plant, chiefly on the underside of the leaves and on the
stems, twenty-three eggs on the lower tin hoop of the
cylinder, including two on the glass, and six eggs on
the earth under the plant.
On the 25th I received eight eggs laid by another
9 Adippe ; these had already changed colour. On the
same day I received as many as seventy-eight eggs of
Adippe from Mr. W. H. Ballett Fletcher, of Lynd-
hurst ; these had been laid on green leno, he having
imprisoned three ? Adippe in a cage lined with that
material during his absence in the Forest for a day.
VOL. I.
66. ARGYNNIS ADIPPE.
These eggs were placed as well as a few others on the
leaves of Viola canina and odorata, which were put in
the cage.
The shape of the egg is conical, the base broad having
a central depression, the sides are very boldly ribbed
and reticulated, some ribs being longer than others and
reaching to the apex where they turn down a little.
When first laid its colour is a glistening light ochreous-
green, becoming in three or four days rather pink, after-
wards deepening gradually to a rosy red, the ribs show-
ing paler. At this time the top of the egg between the
ribs soon assumes a deep carmine hue, softening into
light greenish at the base; the egg changes again toa
more dingy pinkish all over, no longer glistening but
very dull.
By the end of September the eggs had grown very
much paler in effect, owing to the ribbed reticulation
becoming rather whitish, but beneath the ribs there now
appeared at the top of the egg a dark grey blotch.
The eges from Mr. Ballett Fletcher were greyish-
green all through the winter, and towards the end of
February, 1878, looked more of a bluish-green than
before, and on the 1st of March the ribs of some few
became whitish and a dark leaden internal blotch was
visible through the shell near the top.
On March 2nd I saw at midnight that five larve
were hatched. March 4th,two moreat5p.m. March
7th, one at midnight. March 21st, one at 5 p.m.
The newly hatched larva does not eat any more of
the egg-shell than the hole at the top for its escape ; it
is rather an active little crawler. At first itis of a
brown colour, with a shining black head, and has a very
small black-brown plate on the middle of the second
segment, and is decidedly hairy. All these larvee excep-
ting one fell a prey to slugs introduced with the plants.
The solitary larva which survived grew very slowly ;
in April it was very small and dark coloured as before,
in May it grew a little and by the end of the month
was about a quarter of an inch long, with blackish
ARGYNNIS ADIPPE. 67
head, and black body, finely marbled with dirty greyish-
whitish, and a stripe of this paler colour above the legs,
the spines all black. By the 7th of June it was half
an inch long, the body still black, finely varied with
minute faint whitish markings; and now for the first
time the spines were pale ochreous-brownish in contrast
to the body. By the 14th of June it was nearly five-
eighths of an inch long and stout in proportion, the
spines all pinkish-ochreous, thickly branched with black ;
head black, and the general appearance of the body was
black, though faintly paler pinkish-grey markings
could be just discerned as follows: the general ground
black, thickly sprinkled with atoms of violet grey; at
the beginning of each segment on the back, in front of
the pair of subdorsal spines, was a crescent or semi-
lunar mark of unfreckled black, velvety by contrast
with the other parts of the skin; these were divided
dorsally by two short fine violet-grey lines, which ended
with them; three lines of the same colour and freckly
character ran along the side longitudinally, interrupted
only by the spines, and a stripe of the same ran along by
the lowest or subspiracular row of spines ; the belly,
~ too, was blackish, freckled with violet-grey ; anterior
legs black, ventral and anal prolegs reddish-ochreous
below, black above; the mouth reddish ochreous.
On the 23rd of June this larva moulted and its spines
became noticeably long in proportion. I figured it on
the 26th, when its length was one inch and an eighth.
On removing it at first it was shy and curled up for
several minutes, then stretching itself out gradually it
set off to run at a pace quite equal to the fastest larva
of Arctia Caja!
The number of its spines was just the same as in A.
Paphia, but the first dorsal pair though directed over
the head were rather shorter than the others; beyond
the thoracic segments each segment had six spines
except the thirteenth, which had only four; a lateral
spine between the second and third, another between
the third and fourth, were the only additions to the
68 ARGYNNIS ADIPPE.
subdorsal spines on those segments, but there were
several warty tubercles at the sides and beneath bearing
hairs, as in Paphia; in colour it was deep reddish-
ochreous, finely freckled with rather paler reddish flesh-
colour and with black ; the dorsal line with the paler
freckles was distinct throughout and passed through
the semilunar black velvety mark at the beginning of
each segment; along the sides were longitudinal triple
sets of ragged black velvety streaks, like slashes in
a doublet (the second row of spines standing in their
midst), and a somewhat v-shaped black mark, wanting
the point, was visible towards the end of a segment ;
the black marks were all most delicately edged with
freckles of the paler colour, the bulbous base of each
spine deep strawberry red; the head red, thickly
freckled with black; the extreme tips of the subdorsal
spines were black, all the others ochreous, the finer
branches black; belly dark red, finely freckled with
ochreous ; anterior legs black. When feeding its meals
were taken in a most rapid or hurried manner.
On the 29th of June the Rev. J. Hellins sent me one
of his larvee of Argynnis Adippe, he having now only
two left, one large and one small. The one he sent
me was about one inch and a quarter in length, quite
of a dingy pinkish-brown, minutely freckled with paler
atoms. Onthe 12th July I figured it when it was an inch
and a half long and stout in proportion, coloured just
as before, the spines pinkish ochreous, the dorsal line
a paler tint of pinkish flesh-colour; the beginning of
a segment had the usual black velvety semilunar mark,
finely edged on either side by pale violet; the segmental
folds were violet ; near them were a few dark freckles
on either side of the dorsal line, and this line was a little
obscured with the brown colouring on the middle of
each segment.
On the 12th of July the Rev. J. Hellins had a larva
of Adippe spin up; on the 17th of July I received from
him the pupa, suspended by the tail. It was a little
more than three quarters of an inch in length and
ARGYNNIS ADIPPE. 69
rather stout in proportion. The thorax keeled on the
rounded swelling back, thence a deep depression, from
which the abdomen swelled out-in a gentle backward
curve, which increased just towards the tip of the tail ;
two rows of rather blunt pointed obtuse projecting
spines represented the subdorsal spines of the larva.
The wing-covers were long and well developed, and by
the side of the thorax their margins stood boldly out-
wards with a prominent ridge, forming the greatest
breadth of the outline in front. The head was some-
what squarish in outline.
At this time the colour was of a pitchy brownish
blackness with a row of dorsal diamond shapes of less
* intensity of colour, the margins of the wing-covers
deep brownish-ochreous, the spiky projections golden
and brilhantly glistening—all the rest of the surface
olistening.
Of the larve previously mentioned, that which I
had received from the Rey. J. Hellins spun itself up
under one of the leaves of its violet plant, and there
died, only partly changed, an aborted pupa. The
other which I reared from the egg died whilst still
in the larva state, on the earth beneath the food-
plant.
The only way I can account for these misfortunes
is In supposing that they were kept too hot in the
sunny window. (W. B., Note-Book III, 210.)
On the 7th of August, 1882, I received from Mr.
W. 4H. B. Fletcher about twenty-six eggs of Argynnis
Adippe, laid upon leno and standing on their bases by
which theyadhered. The shapeof the egg is conical, with
the base rather rounded, it has apparently about fifteen
projecting ribs, some of them shorter than the others,
the longest extend nearly to the apex, but do not quite
meet there, a small central circle being left plain, and
the ribs are beaded or reticulated ; a few are pale straw
colour, but the rest are only this colour at the base for a
short distance, their upper part being rose-red, others
are wholly red, all have a narrow whitish faint zone
70. ARGYNNIS ADIPPE.
not quite completing the circumference a little above
the middle ; in the course of a week or two the colour-
ing changed to a greenish-grey, and by the 13th of
September the ribs were thus coloured and also the
reticulation, which made the whole egg appear of the
same hue; the centre of the top of the egg was a little
depressed. At this date I placed them in a cage out-
of-doors.
With regard to the egg of Argynnis Adippe, Mr.
Fletcher has made the followimg observation: ‘“ I
think that the larva is fully formed in the ege shortly
after it 1s laid, for the egg then takes a purplish tint
which does not change till the larva is hatched. The
fact that I had two eges for at least a fortnight with ~
great holes, through which I could with a lens see the
larva move, which larva hatched when put in a very
warm place, seems to support this view.
At noon on the 14th of February, 1883, four larve
hatched and were put on Viola canina; they were not
very sluggish, and hada blackish head, and very dingy
ereenish body, with a blackish spot on the middle of
the second segment, a very faintly darker dorsal line,
and a row of tubercles of the ground colour bearing
fine hairs on each side of the back and sides from six
rows of tubercles; the colour of the belly was a trifle
paler than the back.
On the 22nd of March I received from Mr. Fletcher
six more larvze of the same brood, two of them had
recently moulted the first time; these measured 24
mm. in length, and were of a deep bright green colour,
the head black and with a few fine, short, black hairs ;
on the second segment across the middle was a narrow
row of dark brown tubercles, all the other segments
showed a dark blackish-brown dorsal y-lke mark at
the end of each segment, these marks were shorter on
the third and fourth segments; they were followed
outside by paler greenish, indicating the subdorsal
line ; the sides were of the ground colour, and above
the legs was a faintly paler greenish line; the rows of
ARGYNNIS ADIPPE. Fel
tubercles were all dark brown and had black short
pointed hairs,
On the 20th of April I observed the same larva
noted above, and suppose it had passed its second
moult, though I am not sure; it seemed to be of a
ereenish-ochreous colour, with a black head, and with
blackish chevrons on the dorsal region and a darkish
patch on the side of each segment; a faintly paler
subdorsal line could be traced and also a spiracular
stripe; hairs or spines black, and a narrow line of
these across the middle of the second segment.
On the 21st of May my larve had all disappeared,
as no larva could be found on either of the plants
which had thriven well. I must say that I much
doubt whether Viola canina be the proper food plant
of Argyuwms Adippe. (W. B., Note-Book IV, 157.)
ARGYNNIS AGLATA.
Plate X, fig. 3.
On the 29th of June, 1867, I had the gratification
of seeing this larva, which was most kindly presented
to me by the Rev. Hallett Todd.
It was found with others after a strict search
amongst Viola canina, and its mode of feeding on the
leaves of that plant was peculiar ; for, when eating, it
kept advancing with every mouthful until it had got
to the end of the leaf, and then quickly walked back-
wards to the point of commencement, and proceeded as
before, always making a quick retrograde movement
before again eating its way forward; and these opera-
tions were performed with such rapidity that half a
large leaf quickly disappeared. When its hunger was
appeased, it usually retreated below the leaves or rested
on the stalks of the plant.
When nearly full fed it measured an inch and five-
eighths in length, and tapered a little towards the head
72 ARGYNNIS AGLATA.
and more towards the anal extremity. It had six rows
of black spines, branched, with short black hairs, viz. on
each side a subdorsal, a lateral, and a subspiracular row,
except as follows: the second, third, and fourth seg-
ments had only the subdorsal and subspiracular rows,
or four spines on each segment, the subdorsal being
rather shorter than the others; and on the second
seoment they were simple spines, leaning over the
head and curved slightly backwards. All the other
segments had six spines in the order before mentioned,
slanting a little backwards, and more so on the two
last.
The head was black, shining, and hairy. The colour
of the body a dark shining violet-grey, thickly marbled
with velvety-black, the grey not very conspicuous,
except at the segmental divisions and along the
spiracular region, where it formed an undulating inter-
rupted line. The slender dorsal line black, expanded
in width near the middle of its course through each
segment, and was bordered on each side with a stripe of
bright ochreous-yellow, which expanded in width just
in advance of the widest part of the black central
dorsal line. The spiracles were black, delicately
margined with grey, and close below each spiracle was
a blotch of bright orange-red, connected below with a
thin line of orange-ochreous, that ran beneath the
lowest row of spines; the belly and prolegs blackish-
brown.
The larva continued to feed until the 9th of July,
when four or five of the rather large leaves at the top
of the plant appeared to be slightly spun together,
forming a kind of square tent-like enclosure, within
which the larva had retired.
After the lapse of a week I broke a few of the silk
threads in turning back part of a leaf so as to obtain
a view of the occupant, and was much interested in
seeing a very singular pupa suspended by the tail to
the underside of a sloping leaf, the surface of which
had been covered with a circular mass of silk, thickest
ARGYNNIS AGLAIA. 73
in the centre, to which the anal hooks of the pupa
were attached in a horizontal position, the back of the
abdomen being so much curved round towards the
leaf as to imitate the upper two-thirds of the letter s.
It had a deep depression on the back below the
thorax, and a square form towards the head ; the wing-
cases were thick, with prominent edges below; the
segmental divisions of the abdomen well defined, and
on its upper surface two rows of blunt conical pro-
jecting points.
The colour of the wing-cases, head and thorax, was
pitchy-black, with some reticulations of brownish-
ochreous, visible chiefly at the margins of the wings.
The abdomen the same ochreous tint, mottled with
brown, the prominent cones blackish, with ochreous
points; spiracles black. Its whole surface shining, as
though highly varnished.
The perfect insect (a ¢) appeared early on the
morning of the 7th of August. (W. B., E.M.M. IV,
155.)
ARGYNNIS SELENE.
Plate XI, fig. 1.
After repeated failures I have at length succeeded in
rearing this species from the egg to the pupa, and am
able to furnish some account of its transformations.
On the 8th of June, 1870, whilst on a visit to Mr.
F. Merrifield, | was taken by him to a locality near
Brighton, where the butterflies were on the wing, and
I was fortunate enough to securea pair in cop. These
I took home with me and placed them the same evening
on a plant of Viola canina, and the next day I noticed
several eggs deposited on the upper and under surfaces
of the leaves, as well as on the stems of the plants.
The larve began to hatch in about eleven or twelve
days, that is about June 20th, and were all out on the
22nd, and after breakfasting on their egg-shells, fed
74, ARGYNNIS SELENE.
away at once on the leaves of the violet; for a time
they kept abreast, all feeding well, and with the view
of trying to procure by artificial means a rapid devel-
opment and so to avoid the dangers of hybernation, I
had a portion of them placed in a hot-house.
I did not, however, confine my attention to this por-
tion alone, but attended to all the larvee carefully, and
by the 18th of July was rewarded by finding one of
those not in the hot-house plainly giving tokens that
he was bent on outstripping his fellows. By the 24th
he had gained a length of half an inch (all the rest,
whether in the hot-house or not, remaining—as I have
found so many broods in former years remain—at the
length of about three-eighths of an inch, and apparently
meaning to hybernate) ; and by the 30th it had attained
its full length of nearly aninch. On the 6th of August
it fixed itself on a bramble-stick, and on the evening of
the 7th became a pupa.
The egg is of a dumpy blunt sugar-loaf shape, with
a thin soft glistening shell, which is ribbed with about
eighteen ribs, and transversely reticulated, but not very
boldly ; its colour at first is a subdued pale yellow, next
becoming more drab; afterwards the lower part of the
ego becomes dirty whitish, and the upper part purplish
black, no doubt from the head of the larva showing
through.
The newly hatched larva is a little pale olive crea-
ture, with shining black head; the pale brownish
tubercles distinct, and bearing each a pale, longish,
jointed bristle. By the time it is about two lines in
length the skin looks translucent, the colour is more
greenish, the tubercles are larger—bearing the long
bristles or hairs as before, and there now appear four
pairs of opaque brown spots placed on the sides of the
fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh segments. By the
time the length of a quarter of an inch is attained there
is another change, for then the fine bristles give way
to black hairy spines; the colour is smoky-olive on
the back, with a paler stripe of almost a dull yellow
ARGYNNIS SELENE. 7
along the side, and a pale spot below each subdorsal
spine, followed again below by a stripe of the darker
colour of the back.
On attaining a length of three-eighths of an inch,
its appearance is again changed ; it then has a broad
dorsal stripe of pinkish-grey, a subdorsal stripe of
blackish-brown, and below it,on the sixth, eighth, tenth
and twelfth segments, are blotches of orange-ochreous ;
below these, on all the segments, there are similar
blotches, forming a somewhat interrupted broad
stripe.
The larve, which are hybernating at this stage of
growth, turned gradually to almost a dull pale orange
colour throughout, the head and spines (all of the same
length) remaining shining black. °
After the next moult there is again seen the previous
arrangement of colours, but rather brighter ; the spines
and head still black as before—the larva being about
five-eighths of an inch in length.
After another moult it assumes the final dress; it is
then three-quarters of an inch long—increasing after-
wards to about an inch—tolerably uniform in bulk, but,
when looked at from above, widest about the fifth and
* sixth segments, and tapering thence very slightly to
the tail; the segmental divisions are well defined.
The head is rather notched on the crown. Of the
six rows of spines the upper (or subdorsal) rows are
rather stouter than the others and the front pair of
this row, which are the only spines on the second seg-
ment, are now rather more than twice as long as the
rest, and after tapering for some distance become
thicker again at their tips, and standing forward a little
apart from each other over the head remind one much
of a pair of snail’s horns; on the third and fourth
segments there are but four rows of spines, and those
finer than the rest ; as a whole the spines may be des-
eribed as conical, thick, fleshy, shining, and semi-
translucent, ochreous in colour, tinged with pink, and
beset with fine-pointed black bristles; those spines on
7 Ome ARGYNNIS SELENE.
the second, third, and fourth segments being excep-
tionally tipped with black, while the two lateral pairs
are whitish at the base.
The ground colour of the full-grown larva is a velvety
smoky-pink; there is a dark brown dorsal line, which
throughout its course expands and contracts twice on
each segment; in front of each subdorsal spine, and
partially enclosing it, 1s a velvety black spot, delicately
edged with whitish, while behind each spine isa blackish
interrupted streak; immediately beneath the whole
row runs a much interrupted dark brown line; broad
black spots are placed also in front of the spines in the
lateral row. ‘The spiracles are black, set in ovals of a
pinkish tint, rather paler than the ground colour; and
below them, bearing on it the subspiracular row of
spines, runs an inflated stripe of pinkish-red paler than
the ground, showing faintly and interruptedly on
segments three and four, but distinctly throughout the
remainder. ‘The belly is of a deep pinkish ground
colour, freckled with dark brown on the sides ; prolegs
pale pink, tipped with blackish-brown; the anterior
legs black and shining.
Most of the lines or streaks are more or less broken
by a sort of warty or granulated texture of the skin in
places, each little wart being of the ground colour,
emitting a minute soft hair, so that the body has a
delicate and scattered pubescence.
The pupa is suspended head downwards ; it is about
half an inch in length, thick, and obtuse in front, the
abdomen thickest in the middle, thinner near the
thorax; on each side of this part the edges of the
wing-cases project, thus forming a cavity; the tip of
the abdomen, viewed in profile, is blunt and rather
abruptly curved back to its point of attachment; the
eye and antenna cases are well developed, but all angles
rounded off; the subdorsal rows of the larva are still
represented by two rows of blunt spikelets—not very
projecting—along the back of the abdomen.
In colour it is brownish-ochreous on the wing-covers,
ARGYNNIS SELENE. TV
brown on the abdomen and thorax, and darker brown
round the concave part of the abdomen ; on the begin-
ning of the keel of the thorax is a black Vv mark pointing
towards the head, with a silvery metallic spot on either
side, and one on each side of the head; other metallic
spots are at the base of the four pairs of spikelets next
the thorax, the first pair the largest: towards the tip
of the abdomen three pairs of the spikelets have a dark
brown curved streak from each, uniting in front, and
pointing forwards. The spiracles are plainly visible
and black; behind them isa stripe of pale brown. ‘The
wing-cases have at their terminal borders two large
blotches of black, another towards the middle, one at
the base of the wing and one on each of the eyes; the
ground colour most delicately reticulated with blackish-
brown.
Unlike its congener Huphrosyne, the larva of Selene
has an aversion to the sun’s rays, and does not at any
stage of its larval existence care to expose itself to
their direct influence, but reposes either on the under-
sides of the leaves of the food-plants, or else on the
stems while shaded more or less by the leaves, and
feeds while young, and indeed nearly up to its last
moult, on the youngest and tenderest leaves of the
violet, but thenceforward has a more accommodating
appetite, and attacks without much choice any of the
mature leaves, eating out large portions of them at a
time, and in a few days making considerable ravages
on the plant. (W. B. 13, 8, 70; H.M.M. VII, 114.)
ARGYNNIS HUPHROSYNE.
Plate XI, fig. 2.
For many years the adult larva of Huphrosyne had
eluded the care and search not of myself only but of
several of my friends.
We did not find any difficulty in getting a female to
lay its eggs, which in due course hatched and produced
oe ARGYNNIS EUPHROSYNE.
the young larve, but the disappoimtment lay in the
hibernation. We never could get a single larva to feed
up in the spring, nor could we, with all our searching
_ In fit localities at that season, ever detect a larva feeding
at large. However, our attempts, though fruitless in
one point of view, made us acquainted with the
earliest stages which I will give before proceeding to
the full-grown larva.
The egg is of a blunt conical shape, with its lower
surface, which adheres to the leaf, flattened, its sides
are ribbed ; at first itis of a dull greenish-yellow colour,
becoming afterwards brownish. Towards the end of
June the larva is hatched, being then of a pale greenish
tint; after its first moult it becomes browner-green,
and about the middle of July it attaches itself to the
plant and ceases to feed.
On one occasion I prevented this early beginning of
hibernation by keeping a larvaina hot sunny window,
and at the end of July I had the satisfaction of seeing
it half an inch long; it was then black and spiny,
with a faint indication of a dull whitish stripe along
the sides above the feet, but unluckily after its hiber-
nation had commenced it was killed by mould settling
upon it; and up to last spring this was all I had to
record.
But on the 1st of April, 1868, I had the indescribable
pleasure of receiving a larva of this species, most kindly
presented to me by Mr. W. H. Harwood, of Colchester,
and which he had found during a walk through a wood ;
his attention having been for a moment arrested
by a leaf of primrose being much eaten, and on turn-
ing it up he detected the larva adhering to it.
From its size and appearance being similar to the
one above mentioned I felt sanguine in having now a
chance of observing and rearing a larva to the perfect
state. When received it was barely half an inch long,
covered with spines and black, except a stripe formed
of whitish freckles running along above the legs; but
on the thoracic segments only were they so thick as
ARGYNNIS EUPHROSYNE. 79
to make the stripethere appear much whiter than on the
others.
A very faint edging of greyish helped to make the
black dorsal stripe visible. The spines and legs were
black, and large in proportion; the prolegs of a dark
smoky tint, inclining to reddish.
It at first refused to eat when placed on growing
plants of dog-violet and primrose, but within twenty-
eight hours it moulted, and then, when the sun shone
on it, its appetite returned. Its pace when walking was
very rapid ; sometimes it fed for a while on the dog-
violet leaves and sometimes rested quite still basking in
the sun’s rays; when these were withdrawn it retired
to the underside of a leaf and there remained, appa-
rently without motion, till the hour (viz. 2 p.m.) of the
next day which brought the sun round to the window
in which its cage was placed, and then at once it came
forth and walked actively about, fed and basked as
before. After a few days it began to appear unwell,
ceased to feed, remained on the earth, and kept out of
sight for about four or five days.
Towards evening of the 12th of April it re-appeared
and greatly rejoiced me by showing itself on the side of
its glass cylinder in a new coat of black velvet, orna-
mented with a subdorsal row of bright greenish-yellow
spines with black tips and branches, all the other spines
being wholly black; the prolegs now appeared dull
pinkish.
By the 16th of April its pale stripe above the legs
had become visible, but greyish in tint, the whitest
portion being on the third and fourth segments, the
whole of the back remaining of a deep velvety-black-
ness. The greyish-white stripe above the legs was
formed by a series of whitish spots with black centres,
and as they were more or less aggregated, so the
appearance was whiter or greyer. The anterior legs
black; prolegs with their tips brownish and semi-trans-
parent ; the ventral surface brownish-black.
Towards the end of April it attained its full dimen-
80 ARGYNNIS EUPHROSYNE.
sions, about an inch long and rather thick when in
repose, but when stretched out and walking one inch
and a quarter in length. As it approached its full
growth the whitish lateral stripe became more and
more visible, and appeared divided into two by a
blackish rather interrupted line running through it
from the fifth to the anal segment; faint indications
appeared of a greyish subdorsal line, especially at the
segmental divisions when stretched out, and the black
dorsal stripe was also made visible by its edging of
greyish ; the subdorsal spines remained greenish-
yellow with black tips and branches to the last, the
front pair slanting a little over the head; the head
itself black, and beset with short obtuse black spines ;
the lateral and subspiracular rows of branched spines
were brownish-black, and all were slanted a little back-
wards.
At the end of the month it seemed rather sluggish,
and on May 38rd it disappeared amongst the leaves of
the dog-violet which had formed its whole sustenance,
with, I believe, only one exception, when I saw it eat
out a small piece from a leaf of primrose.
On May dth it had changed toa pupa, suspended by
the tail to a circular mass of silk spun upon the side of
the glass cylinder, hanging about three-quarters of an
inch from the earth.
The pupa, five-eighths of an inch in length, was
moderately stout and rather sharply pointed, and
curved at the tip of the abdomen, and with a depression
next the thorax; the wing-cases long in proportion
and dull brown in tint, with two rows of pale greyish
dots near their margin; the spiked processes of the
head and the back of the thorax pale greyish; the back
of the abdomen brown, with subdorsal rows of blackish
spikelets, bordered on each side by a stripe of pinkish-
grey, and near the underside of the abdomen another
such stripe.
The butterfly came forth on the morning of the 23rd
of May. (W. B., H. M. M. V, 125.)
MELITMA ATHALIA. 81
Meuitma ATHALIA.
Plate XII, fig. 1.
On the 16th of May, 1871, I received from my friend
Mr. W. H. Harwood, of Colchester, six larvze of Melitea
Athalia, which he had found, along with many more,
feeding on Melampyrum pratense.
As this was not known as a food-plant of the larva,
Mr. Harwood’s discovery is of unusual interest, and it
may be well to record precisely how it took place. On
a warm day in May, 1871, Mr. Harwood was sitting
under a tree, discussing his lunch, when in comphance
with that curious law which, as Mr. Stainton long ago
made us observe (‘ Entomologists’ Weekly Intelli-
gencer, vol. i, p. 118; vol. vii, p. 193), so intimately
connects the entomologist’s al fresco meals with
interesting discoveries in insect economy, his attention
was arrested by the movements of a dead leaf lying
amongst others on the ground before him. Presently
the head of a larva was protruded; a further examina-
tion showed that its owner was engaged in eating a
small plant of Melampyrum pratense, and was but one
of a large colony similarly engaged.
In previous years my friend had captured the imago
of Athalia in this locality, and had been puzzled,
because its generally reputed food-plants, Plantago
major and lanceolata could not be found there; but
now the secret was told, and although I have no doubt
but that, under varied conditions of locality and
climate, the larva feeds on various plants, yet I cannot
help thinking that in many of the English habitats of
the species M. pratense must be its food. Melampyrum
sylvaticum has I know been given in the list, but as
this seems to be a rare plant im Britain, and not to be
known in many places where the butterfly occurs, I am
inclined to believe that a small variety of M. pratense
may have been mistaken for it.
VOL. I. 6
82 MELITMA ATHALIA.
To the larvee which Mr. Harwood sent me I offered
the choice of Melampyrum pratense and Plantago lan-
ceolata, but found the latter plant quite neglected by
them, even when they had finished up their supply of
the former. On the 24th of May they began to sus-
pend themselves to the undersides of the leaves, and
to the sides of their glass cage, and on the 27th they
had all assumed the pupa state.
The perfect insects, of an unusual depth and rich-
ness of colour, and of maximum size, emerged from the
27th to the 30th of June.
The full-grown larva is about one inch in length and
moderately stout ; viewed sideways, it is of about uni-
form bulk throughout, viewed from above, it 1s seen to
taper slightly just towards each extremity ; the head
is indented on the crown, is widest at the sides near
the mouth, and rather flattened in front; the body is
thickly covered with obtuse conical spines, to the
number of 113 as follows: the segments from the fifth
to the eleventh, both inclusive, bear each eleven spines,
arranged in a single transverse row on the back and
sides ; or, if they are regarded longitudinally and col-
lectively, we may say that on segments five to eleven
inclusive there are eleven rows of spines, viz. the dorsal
and on each side the subdorsal, supra-spiracular, sub-
spiracular, lateral, and sublateral; the other segments
have as usuala different arrangement ; the second seg-
ment bears but two spines on each side, which are in a
line with the lateral and sublateral rows; the third seg-
ment has ten spines, the dorsal one only being absent ;
the fourth seement has eight spines, the lateral as well
as the dorsal being absent; the twelfth segment bears
ten spines, the single dorsal being here replaced by
two, t.e. one in front, the other at the hind part of the
seoment, whilst the lateral pair are absent; the thir-
teenth segment has but four spines, which stand two
on each side, in line with the supra-spiracular row of
the rest; of all these spines, those in the two lowest
rows are the most slender and smallest, and those in
the subdorsal rows are rather the largest.
MELITMA ATHALIA. 83
The ground colour of the back is black, becoming
gradually blackish-olive on the sides, the belly olive-
brown, the anal flap and also the segmental divisions
olive; all the skin is thickly covered with whitish
spots that are very slightly raised, giving it a tesse-
lated appearance, except that a dorsal stripe of the
black ground is left. The spots on the back are some-
what transversely oblong, but rather irregular in shape,
and are disposed partly in three transverse rows
between the spines of one segment and those of the
next, and partly round the bases of the spines; on the
sides the spots are rounder and smaller, and are chiefly
congregated round the spines and spiracles; there is a
lateral series of three large irregular spots on each
segment beneath the spiracles, which almost forms a
broadish longitudinal stripe. The head is black, with
a transverse whitish stripe just above the mouth, and
a group of whitish spots on the crown of each lobe,
which, as does the rest of the head, emit fine black
bristly hairs ; on the front of the second segment is a
narrow, raised, semicircular plate of greyish fiesh-
colour, also emitting black bristly hairs; the colour
of the spines of the dorsal and subdorsal rows is
orange-ochreous, growing whitish at the tips and of
the dorsal row also rather pale at the base; those in
the supra-spiracular row are of a paler ochreous tint,
with more of their tips whitish; the three other rows
below the spiracles are all whitish; all the spines are
thickly set with straight, short, pointed black bristles
at an acute angle, and for the most part each white
spot on the body emits a fine, short black hair; the
spiracles are black, ringed with whitish; the anterior
legs black, the ventral prolegs of a pellucid drab colour
tipped with darker drab hooks.
The pupa is half an inch in length, very plump, with
the usual angles much rounded off; the abdominal
rings bear little rounded eminences—traces of the larval
spines ; the tip of the abdomen is bent back at nearly
a right angle, and there is a slight depression between
84 MELITHA ATHALIA.
the abdomen and thorax, which is broad and rounded.
The wing-covers are well defined and rather prominent ;
the warmish white colour and texture of the pupa skin
may be compared to that of biscuit-china; each abdo-
minal ring is adorned with a transverse brownish-
orange bar, having on its hinder edge squarish black
spots, or sometimes a black bar with orange spots, and
followed by a row of tiny black dots. The back of the
thorax is marked with triangular streaks of black,
outlined with orange; the antenna-cases and wing-
nervures are faintly marked with orange-brown, and
the wing-covers and the eye- and leg-pieces with strong
black blotches and dashes. (W. B., 3, 72; H.M.M.
VIII, 258.)
Meuitaa ARTEMIS.
Plate XII, fig. 2.
I received eggs of this species from Mr. Joseph
Merrin, of Gloucester, on the 12th of June, 1871.
Mr. Merrin wrote that he secured some pairs of these
butterflies 7 cop. and put the females on growing
plants of Scabiosa succisa (Devil’s bit scabious) in
pots. “ The eggs are laid in heaps of a hundred or so
on the face of a leaf.’ The eggs which I received
were in two clusters and a few single ones.
In shape the egg is ovate, v.e. largest below and
smallest above, truncated at the top, and slightly
flattened at the bottom, ribbed from the top for about
half their length, and the rest smooth. They shine
much as though varnished, and are of a pale brown
colour. (W.B., Note-Book I, 110.)
On the 23rd of April, 1883, I received from Mr.
Stainton four larve of Melitea Artemis, which had
been sent to him for determination from Swindon, in
Wiltshire. They were of different sizes, ranging from
five to eleven lines in length. They were velvety-
black with black spines, short and blunt tipped, with
MELITHA ARTEMIS. 85
short, radiating, black and pointed hairs. The belly
and ventral prolegs green. There being no white
band along the spiracular region they appeared wholly
black above ; nevertheless, with a strong lens I could
descry minute leaden-coloured warts glistening in the
spiracular region, forming as it were a band of white
specks. These also had on the black head a green
transverse streak above the upper lip.
These larvee fed very sparingly on leaves of Scabiosa
succisa and of honeysuckle. By the lst of May one
had died whilst comparatively small, but the three
survivors had consumed many whole leaves of the
scabious, and were very active in crawlmg whenever
the sun shone on them. This they seemed greatly to
enjoy, and to like each other’s company, as they kept
constantly together night and day.
The two largest had now their black velvet coats
relieved by the minute, round, whitish, glistening
warty spots, which were numerously sprinkled over
the dorsal surface as far asthe subdorsal spines. The
sides were generally without any until close on the
spiracular region, where they were still more thickly
ageregated, and formed a lateral band of shining
specks, of which as none were confluent the effect was
greyish. The spiracles were oval and black, margined
with whitish. There were nine rows of black spines,
viz. dorsal, subdorsal, supra-spiracular, spiracular,
and sub-spiracular, the dorsal row standing a little in
advance of the others . . . (W. B., Note-Book
IV, 37.)
Nemeosius LucIna.
Plate XII, fig. 3.
On the 8rd of June, 1870, having captured two
butterflies of this species, I put them on cowslip.
Four days afterwards I found that they were dead,
but on removing the cylinder which protected them
86. NEMEOBIUS LUOCINA.
one or two eggs were to be seen laid on the underside
of the cowslip leaves.
The plant was put aside and forgotten for three
weeks or so when I brought it out to inspect, and
found that the eggs had hatched. A cylinder was
then placed over the plant, and the next day three
larvee were to be seen making holes in the leaves.
At this time they certainly seemed rather of an onisci-
form shape, but this form soon began to disappear,
and as they approached their full growth the ravages
they made on the leaves of the plant were very great.
By the 18th of July they were about three-quarters
of an inch long, rather thick in proportion, the head
smaller than the second segment, and the second a
little smaller than the third, the outline of the back a
little convex in shape, and the last three segments
tapering a little.
The colour of the head was pale orange-brown, that
of the back as far as the spiracles of a deep ochreous-
brown, the surface being composed of warty swell-
ings, which on the back especially, though rather less
so on the sides, were covered with a fine down or
shagey pubescence, and in addition each wart emitted
a fascicle of stout, bristly, rather curved hairs.
Below the spiracles the colour was of a paler brown,
sometimes greyish. The warts above the legs were
furnished with pale, whity-brown, curved hairs, form-
ing a complete lateral fringe, the prolegs equally pale.
The dorsal stripe was only visible as a black spot
towards the anterior part of each segment. The
spiracles were of the ground colour strongly outlined
with black. (W. B., Note-Book I, 40.)
On the 29th of May, 1879, the Rev. J. Campbell
Parson brought me a pair of this species taken 7m cop.
They. were placed on the 3lst on some potted plants
of cowslip. The male lived nine days and the female
fifteen.
On the twelfth day five eggs were visible laid on
the upper surface of a leaf, some near the middle of the
NEMEOBIUS LUOINA. 87
midrib ; another was visible on the underside of another
leaf near the lower edge. On withdrawing the grenadine
cover after the death of the female and examining the
undersides of some broken leaves several little groups
of egos came into view. Altogether I counted fifty-
two.
In a few days two of them appeared infertile as
they remained colourless like clear glass. The others
from the first were of a very pale greenish-yellow,
becoming in a few days less transparent, but the
shells very glossy as at first. On the 16th of June
those first laid on the upper surface of a leaf changed
to a pinkish-erey colour, and were marked with a very
delicate black diamond-shaped reticulation; a black
spot showed also on one side of the egg. The shape
of the egg was globular, the shell smooth-surfaced
and highly polished.
In the evening of June 16th two of the eggs showed
a central circular cap gone from the top of the shell,
and a shght movement was perceptible of the appa-
rently glistening brownish skin of the imprisoned
larva. The next morning those five eggs were
hatched, and one of the larve was eating away round
the circumference of the shell it had quitted, the
others having evidently breakfasted in a similar way,
as the clear glassy shells were so much eaten down.
The larva at this early time being of light-brown
colour, with a shiny clear brown head, with distinct
black ocelli, and with longish black hairs on the back
and sides of the body, these characters explained the
reticulated appearances on the egg, and the shining
head was what had appeared through the top of the
shell. The head is rather large in proportion to the
body, but not remarkably so.
On the 18th June they had each eaten a small
round cell or hollow in the upper skin of the leaf
close to the remains of the egg-shells, in the vicinity
of which they still continued.
On the 19th they had eaten small deep holes,
88 NEMEOBIUS LUCINA.
piercing in some instances quite through the leaf,
over the surface of which they were then more dis-
persed. ‘Two or three other larvee make their appear-
ance on other leaves, but at this time their powers of
locomotion were very feeble.
On the 20th their bodies appeared rather trans-
parent, but with an internal, dingy, greenish, opaque,
thick dorsal vessel showing through the skin. By
the 27th they had grown double the size, with much
the same colouring; shining, lightish warm brown
heads, faintly purplish-brown bodies; black hairs on
the back, paler ones below on the sides; the belly
lighter than the back; a shining brown narrow plate
on the second segment; the body less glstening and
transparent than before. By the 8th of July the
most advanced were two-tenths of an inch in length;
the head and plate as before, but the body was more
drab colour, with a darkish grey-brown dorsal line.
They were now in their third moult, and increasing
daily in size and in depth of colouring. The leaves of
the plant were quite riddled with holes. By the 14th
of July the colour was more of a drab like dingy-
green, with pale brown head and small narrow plate
on the second segment and a dark dorsal line.
At the next moult the larva becomes of a dingy-
green and rather velvety looking, and measures when
about to moult again nearly seven-sixteenths of an
inch. By the 26th of July the ground colour was a
dirty yellowish olive-green, with a dark purplish
dorsal line showing faintly on the thoracic segments,
but on all the others as a purple spot on the middle of
each of them. The head light warm glossy brown,
the hairs above black, those above the legs of a light
drab. At this date one had already moulted again
and attained a length of half an inch; the head still
brown and shining, but the skin of the body no longer
visible, being so densely clothed with light soft brown
hair. On each segment on the back was a triangular
mark of blackish-brown hairs, the base of the triangle
NEMEOBIUS LUCINA. 89
being at the end of each segment, and there was an
undulating subdorsal line of similar blackish-brown
hairs, and another, scarcely so dark, above the spira-
cles. The spiracles were of the brown ground colour,
circular, finely ringed with black. A little below them
was a fringe of bristly hairs, which were either cream
coloured or very pale brown. Slight fascicles of
longer black hairs diverged from each tubercle of the
body; the head also bore a few blackish hairs.
(W. B., Note-Book III, 266.)
THECLA RUBI.
Plate XIII, fig. 3.
The larva of this species had long been a desideratum
to me, even after all the other British species of the
genus, some of which are very much scarcer in the per-
fect state, had been duly figured. Perhaps the reason
was that I and my friends tried to take it from the
bramble only ; but although diligent search was made
for it on that plant in localities where the butterflies
absolutely swarm, no one could find it for me; nor
would butterflies shut up in a glass cylinder, with
bramble buds and flowers, deposit their eggs on them.
Doubtless the larva has been found on bramble buds,
as Albin’s account of it fully testifies, still I can now
give two other food-plants for it, which I cannot help
fancying are more to its taste.
On the 25th of June, 1868, Mr. W. H. Harwood, of
Colchester, who had made acquaintance with the larva
during the previous year, kindly sent me some fine
full-crown examples, beaten from broom. I lost not
a moment in depicting them, and no sooner were they
done, than on the following day I received others from
Mr. C. G. Barrett, then at Haslemere, he having, quite
by accident, discovered them on Genista tinctoria, and
most fortunately he was able to send me four in dif-
90 HEOLA RUBI.
ferent stages of growth. These from the Genista were
not so briluant in markings as those from broom, but
otherwise identical; and from both sets of larve the
perfect insects came forth from the 25th of April to
the 9th of May, 1869, very lovely specimens.
The full-grown larva is about five-eighths of an inch
in length, and gains nearly an eighth of an inch when
stretched out in walking; thick in proportion and
somewhat onisciform in shape, flattened beneath; the
head very small and retractile; the second and third
segments rounded above; the others to the tenth
inclusive have a dorsal hollow with an eminence on
each side of it, which slopes thence to the lateral ridge ;
the last three segments are rather flattened above.
The ground colour is a bright yellowish olive-green,
the hollow of the back is a darker full green, and down
its centre runs the pale olive-green dorsal line, which
eradually widens and suddenly contracts on each seg-
ment throughout its course, and becomes darker on
the last three segments, and is there bordered by a
yellowish stripe on each side; from each eminence on
the other segments a thick bright yellow streak slants
backwards and downwards, bounded beneath by an
equally thick streak of deep full green, most intense
at its begimning on each segment; the lateral ridge
has a stripe of yellow, beginning at the third segment
and running continuously round the anal extremity ;
parallel to this and above the spiracles is a faint indi-
cation of a stripe a little yellower than the ground
colour. The head is pale brown with darker brown
round the mouth; the appearance of the larva is
velvety, caused by minute raised points bearing fine
short bristles.
The larva, when younger, has the yellow markings
less distinct, and in two of the examples found on the
Genista they scarcely appeared even to the last.
The larva enters the earth, but only just beneath
the surface, to undergo its change.
The pupa is very short and thick, especially about
THEOLA RUBI. 9]
the middle of the abdomen, rounded, and blunt at
the anal tip; the wing-cases nowhere projecting, but
smooth and large in proportion, and, like the rest of the
surface, unpolished. In colour it is of a dark, dull
purplish-brown, and it is thickly clothed with short
dark-brown bristles, excepting only the wing-covers,
which are blackish-brown and have no bristles. Its
appearance would assimilate very well to pellets of
earth. (W. B., H.M.M. VI, 38.)
CHRYSOPHANUS PHImAS.
Plate XIII, fig. 4.
On the 4th of July, 1876, I received from the Rev.
J. Hellins a larva of C. Phleas, which he had reared
to about the length of a quarter of an inch on Rumewx
acetosa. It continued to feed well on sorrel, and by
the 10th of July had attained the dimensions of five-
eighths of an inch in length, and was thick in propor-
tion, somewhat onisciform, but without any dorsal
ridges or hollows; the back curved, sloping on the
sides and at each end where it tapers a little. The
second segment is rather longer than the others and
bilobed at its front margin, the sides dilated a little
below the spiracular region; the segments very well
defined by close and moderately deep divisions ; the
belly flat or rather hollow; the head very small and
hidden beneath the projecting lobes of the second
segment, as are all the legs beneath the body.
It is not easy to see the head even when the larva
is crawling or feeding, as the bilobed anterior margin
of the second segment projects so far over the head ;
the notch in the margin of the second segment seems
well adapted to receive and steady the edge of a sorrel
leaf whilst the larva is feeding.
In colour the head is pale brown, with a darker
brown spot at the base of the papille, and just above
92 CHRYSOPHANUS PHLAAS.
the mouth a thin streak of darker brown runs across ;
the skin of the body is green and velvety, irrorated
with minute flesh-coloured dots, each emitting a light
brown, shortish fine bristle; there is a faint appear-
ance of a brownish dorsal line, the spiracles are flesh-
coloured and tolerably distinct ; on the second segment
is a flesh-coloured dorsal fine line, rather sunk between
the lobes; all the legs and prolegs are pinkish flesh
colour.
On the 14th of July, after feeding well in the interval,
it appeared to be full fed, and the next day took up
its position under the lid of a tin box and then appeared
somewhat shorter and thicker, more spherical in form,
and on the 17th it was apupa. On my lifting the lid,
I saw the pupa lying at the bottom; it had been fixed
by a triple thread round the body behind the thorax,
which had broken away from the pupa, being touched
by the side of the box when the lid was removed.
I figured the pupa on the 24th of July. It was
seven-sixteenths of an inch long, and a quarter of an
inch in diameter in the thickest part of the abdomen ;
it was very thick and dumpy in shape, much like a
Polyommatus (Lyccena) ; the depression between the
thorax and the abdomen is but shght; the wing-cases
are rather long, but not in the least projecting; the
abdomen turned down near the blunt tip; all the parts
about the head rounded off.
Its colour is hght brown, very much freckled with
darker brown, there is a blackish-brown freckled dorsal
stripe, on which is a black dot on each segment of the
abdomen; the thorax is rather broadly margined with
blackish, with a black dot at each side; on each side
of the abdomen are three rows of black dots, of which
the middle row is the largest; the oval spiracles are
pale flesh colour with a row of small black dots
between them ; the wing rays are pale brownish, with
blackish freckles between them; the leg- and antenna-
cases covered with finer freckles ; the eye-covers black
and glistening. The wing-cases and leg-cases are
CHRYSOPHANUS PHL@AS. 93
smooth, but the thorax and abdomen are covered with
a short bristly pile of pale flesh-colour, only visible
with a strong lens. (W. B., Note-Book III, 118.)
On the 11th of August, 1876, I received from the
Rey. J. Hellins seventeen eges of this species laid with
others most freely on Rumew acetosella by a female in
captivity. The egg is a good size considering that of
the butterfly, it is circular in shape, rather flattened,
though convex, of a light cream colour, very coarsely
reticulated with whitish raised net-work. These eggs
became greyish on the 14th, and on the evening of the
15th three of them hatched, and the others the next
day. The young larve were not at all onisciform ;
they had their small heads well in front of the second
segment, the body thickest at the third, fourth, and
fifth segments, from thence slightly tapering to the
rounded anal end.
In colour they were rather a dingy pinkish green,
with a darker dorsal vessel, just visible, and on each
side of the back one row of fine and longish black
hairs. The larva is sluggish, though it occasionally
eats holes through the leaves, it more generally makes
a little channel on the under surface just the width of
its body, and about its length, so that the larva hes
sunk in this channel about on a level with the surface
of the leaf. It then either quits this to make another
similar hollow in which to rest, or else it continues to
lengthen the channel already made always keeping to
the under surface of the leaf, eating the green cuticle
there, which is much thicker than that on the upper
surface of the leaf.
On the 21st the larvae were very light greenish in
tint, a little thicker than before; by the 24th they had
all moulted, and were again a little thicker and more
uniform in bulk than previously; the most forward
individual one-eighth of an inch in length, already
showed a distinct darker dorsal line, rather brownish
on its light green skin ; four other longitudinal faintly
darker lines appeared on either side, and between
94, CHRYSOPHANUS PHLAAS.
them small warty tubercles; the hairs blackish, appa-
rently more numerous than before; the belly flattened.
When this is seen by turning the larva over on its
back, the head can only be seen as though sunk in a
hood formed by the overlapping margin of the second
seoment.
By the 15th of September some had grown to be a
quarter of an inch long, and two individuals were
broadly marked with deep purplish rose-pink all round
the lateral margin, the dorsal line was also of the same
colour. (W. B., Note-Book ITI, 138.)
Potyommatus (Lycmna) ARGIOLUS.
Plate XIV, fig. 1.
In the spring of 1862 I had a few eggs laid by a
captured female on the foot-stalks of flowers of holly
(Ilex aquifolium); the larve hatched during the last
two days of May, fed first on the flower-buds of the
holly, and afterwards on the young green berries, and
by June 29th, that is, in about thirty days, had changed
to pupe.
I had been anxious to work out the question of a
second brood of this species, but as no butterfly ever
appeared from any of these pupz, my attempt at that
time came to an unsuccessful end.
On the 20th of June, 1875, I received two full-crown
larvee, feeding on tender young leaves of holly; they
had been taken by beating, a day or two previously, by
Mr. G. F. Mathew, R.N.; one of them had already
ceased to feed and had changed colour; the other was
still feeding well, and I watched it eating a large piece
out of a freshly gathered tender leaf. The next day
this also rapidly changed colour, and on June 25th and
26th, both successively became pups. One fixed with
its head downwards on the upperside of a leaf, the
other with its head upwards on the underside. From
POLYOMMATUS (LYOMNA) ARGIOLUS. 95
the second of these two pups, after eighteen days,
there came a female butterfly on July 14th; the first
pupa remained over till May 25th, 1876, when it pro-
duced an ichneumon.*
After this, on the 5th of August, 1875, I received
from Mr. HE. F. Bisshopp, of Ipswich, who had taken
creat pains to secure some female butterflies of the
second or summer flight, a batch of seven or eight
egos, laid just beneath the flower heads of an umbel of
ivy (Hedera helix) ; unfortunately, only two of them
proved fertile, and I had the further misfortune to kill
one of the larve whilst changing its food, but in the
very same process was afterwards lucky enough to find
compensation for its loss. For, early in September I
found I had unconsciously gathered with a head of ivy
flower buds, resting on one of the flower stalks, a larva
in its third moult; and being thus led to look for
more, | afterwards found two others in similar
situations.
The dates for the changes of the larva, which I suc-
ceeded in carrying through from the egg, and which,
from the first, ate tender ivy leaves rather than flowers,
are as follows: hatched August 8th; moulted by the
12th, a second time by the 16th, and a third time by
the 20th; after that I have recorded a moult between
September Ist and 5th; by the.10th it was mature, on
the 13th it fixed itself for changing, and on the 17th
became a pupa; thus passing just forty days in the
larva state; the butterfly, a male, appeared on the 6th
April, 1876 (202 days having been passed in the pupa
state), but perhaps its emergence had been somewhat
hastened by its being kept sheltered indoors.
In a general way, therefore, the year’s history may
be divided as follows: the first flight of the butterflies
is at the end of April andin May; the larve from these
are hatched at the end of May, and feed on holly
* Unfortunately this ichneumon got damaged before the Rev. T. A.
Marshall saw it; hence, though he was able to refer it to the genus
Limneria, he was not able to identify the species.
96 POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ARGIOLUS.
flowers and young leaves, or on young ivy leaves
through June (Mr. Harwood of Colchester informs me
that he has also found them on the flowers of Rhamnus
Jrangula) ; the second flight of butterflies is in July ;*
the second brood of larve feed in August and Sep-
tember on the flower buds and young leaves of ivy;
the winter is passed in the pupa state.
The egg of Argiolus is very much like that of Alewis,
except that itis rather larger, being circular, flattened,
and rather depressed in the centre; the whole surface
—except just a central spot—is overlaid with raised
reticulation, with little knobs at the angles; the shell
is pale bluish-green, with the raised reticulation whitish.
The larva escapes by making a hole near the centre of
the upper surface. f
The young larva in the spring is something like that
of a Zygena in shape, plump and hairy (as was noticed
both by Mr. Hellins and myself), even while quitting
the egg-shell, with a greenish-white body and dark head
and very slow in its movements ; but the summer larva
I found for the first few hours to be very active, walk-
ing about with almost a looping progression, and much
more slender than that of any Polyommatus (Lyccena) at
present observed.t The head moderately large, rough
and prominent, of a chocolate-brown colour; the body
shining, very pale translucent-greenish, and apparently
naked. Looking at this unusual form for a newly
hatched Zycceena larva, one tried to account for it from
the heat of the weather, and by thinking it was better
fitted to pierce the hard buds of the ivy just formed,
than if it were at first more the shape of its congeners.
* [Or August.—H. T. 8.]
+ [Knowing the very great care and attention which were used by
Mr. Buckler in his studies of growing larve, I feel a certain amount of
hesitation in saying that I think he here made a mistake. This
account of the young summer larva was drawn up from one example,
and I believe this must have been the larva of some Tortrix introduced
with the food. Subsequent investigations, as shown in the text, failed
to discover any difference between the newly-hatched larve of the two
broods of Argiolus, although when this was pointed out to Mr. Buckler
his confidence in the observation he had recorded remained unshaken.
—J. H., 28, 7, 85. ]
POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ARGIOLUS. 97
After the first moult, it became stouter in figure, pale
ochreous-green in colour, and clothed with unusually
long, whitish, soft, silky hairs, and was very sluggish,
no longer differing from larvee-of the spring brood.
When about a fortnight old, it attains the length of
three-sixteenths of an inch, and becomes of the usual
Lyceena shape, with smooth glistening skin and with
the colour similar to that of the young ivy buds; in
about three weeks it is five-sixteenths of an inch long
and stout in proportion, showing a paler streak on
the ridges of the back, thin double slanting lines on
the sides, and a margin of yellowish-white along the
sub-spiracular region.
In about five weeks it is full fed, and then reaches
the length of three-eighths of an inch, and sometimes
more when stretched out in crawling ; the figure some-
what onisciform; the head very small and retractile
into the second segment beneath; the second segment,
which is the longest, is but slightly convex above, the
others are arched on the back, the third, fourth and
fifth being the highest, and thence the others slope a
very little to the tenth. These eight segments (from the
third to the tenth inclusive) are crested with two ridges
of humps, between which hes the sunk dorsal space,
broad and hollow on the third and fourth, and flattened
and narrowing gradually to the tenth; on these seg-
ments the divisions are deeply cleft through the ridges,
thus producing the appearance of humps; segments
eleven, twelve, and thirteen are simply convex, and
slope towards the anal end ; the sides although sloping
outwards, become almost concave near the projecting
rounded sub-spiracular ridge, which continues round
the anal segment, overlapping all the short prolegs.
The belly is flattened.
In colour there seem to be several varieties; one, a
bright yellowish-green, with paler lines as above, the
head purplish-brown, but looking almost black by con-
trast, and with an ochreous streak above the mouth
and at the base of the papillee, the spiracles round and
VOL. I. 7
on POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ARGIOLUS.
flesh-coloured, the whole skin of the body velvety, with
its surface thickly covered with yellowish warty
granules, each bearing a minute bristly white hair.
Another variety, of the same yellowish-green ground
colour, has dashes of deep rose-pink on each humped
ridge of the back and in the dorsal channel continued
to the anal end, and an additional dash on each side
of the fifth sezment ; along the sides, fine double lines
of pale greenish-yellow, edged with darker, slanting
backwards ; the sub-spiracular ridge itself of a whitish-
flesh colour, but deepening above and below with a
narrow border of full rose-pink, which again melts
into the green ground.
Another variation, which from the too rapid develop-
ment of the example exhibiting it, was but imperfectly
noted, is of a very pretty mixture of green and black ;
the ground colour green as before, a transverse bar of
black across the middle of the second and beginning
of the third segments, a dorsal series of thick dashes
from the third to the tenth; the eleventh with a dash
on either side enclosing the green ground as an inter-
ruption, with the dorsal marking again occurring on
the twelfth and thirteenth seements; on each ridge of
the back 1s a row of roundish spots, and a little lower
on the side, a row of squarish spots and lower again,
in the spiracular region is a row of roundish spots
placed at the segmental divisions; on the fifth segment,
the upper markings are thicker and run together.
About four or five days before changing the larva
ceases to feed, becomes of a dingy olivaceous-pink or
mouse colour, and spins a fine layer of silk as a foot-
hold and a stout thread as a cincture, crossing the
front of the third segment, and strengthened near the
base on either side by two other short threads joining
it, thus forming triple moorings.
In each instance I found the operation of changing
to a pupa had brought the cincture away from its
resting place on the larva to below the thorax of the
pupa, so that this thread, at first slanting forwards
;
POLYOMMATUS (LYOHNA) ARGIOLUS. 99
from the base over the larva, slanted now a little back-
wards over the pupa.
The pupa is about five-sixteenths of an inch in
leneth, and three-sixteenths in width, of a dumpy figure,
thickest atthe middle of the abdomen, with the head and
thorax rounded, and the latter very slightly keeled; a
depression occurs between the thorax and abdomen,
where the cincture passes which holds it secure; thence
the abdomen swells out full and arched towards the
bluntly rounded anal end ; the wing-covers are long in
proportion, but not at all projecting.
In colour itis pale brownish-ochreous, with a black-
ish-brown thin dorsal line marking the thoracic keel,
and on the abdomen a series of rather blotchy arrow-
head dorsal dashes, and a subdorsal series of larger
dark brown blotches, that nearest the thorax being the
more conspicuous from the next segment being without
one. The thoraxis marked with oblique rows of brown
freckles directed from the sides of the head towards
the end of the keel at the depression ; the eye-covers
are blackish, the wing-covers pale greyish with rays
of brown freckles, and outlined with a thin brown
edging, their surface smooth, rather more glistening
than the other parts, which are thickly studded with
fine, short, brownish bristles.
It may be worth mentioning that during the month
of May, 1876, eggs were laid by a female Argiolus, in
captivity, on holly and also on young shoots of ivy, and
that both Mr. Hellins and I find that the larve eating
ivy are more advanced than those feeding on holly.
Ove Be F205 70 > HM. XIIL. 29)
Since the above was written some further variations
of the larva may be mentioned ; they occurred amongst .
a recent brood, reared from eggs, which were brought
successfully through to the pupa state, both by Mr.
Hellins and myself.
Severalindividuals were olive-green, strongly marked
with crimson on the dorsal region and along the sides,
and deeply suffused with this colour on the thoracic
100 POLYOMMATUS (LYCAINA) ARGIOLUS.
seoments, while in the midst of this suffusion there
appeared a pale yellowish-olive semi-lunar patch, situ-
ated transversely on the back at the hinder part of the
second segment.
Another variety was coloured with deep rose-pink
on the three thoracic and the last three segments, while
the middle segments of the body were hght green.
The plain green varieties included individuals of
greenish-yellow and others of olive-green.
Some further enlightenment as regards the food of
this species has been given me by Mr. G. F’. Mathew,
R.N., who kindly informed me that on the 22nd of last
June some flowers of Hscallonia were brought to him
to look at, when on one of them was detected a larva
of Argiolus, about a quarter grown.
No doubt other food will also be found to have nou-
rished thisspecies, and thus a good deal of the old puzzle
as to the appearance of the butterfly in localities where
no holly grew is done away with. (W.B., 7, 76;
H.M.M. XIII, 62.) :
It may be interesting to mention that during last
month (August, 1876) Mr. Hellins obtained a number
of egos of Argiolus, and sent a portion of them to me,
and that all the larvee on hatching were found to be
exactly like those of the spring brood, in being fur-
nished with hairs and in moving slowly. (W. B., 22,
9,76; H.M.M. XIIT 1388.)
Potyommatus (Lyca@nNa) ALsus.
Plate XIV, fig. 2.
The observations made by Mr. J. Gedge (‘ Entomo-
logist’s Monthly Magazine,’ vol. i, p. 205), that the
female of this butterfly deposits her eggs on the heads
of Anthyllis vulneraria had for some time been tempting
Mr. Buckler and myself to try and rear it from the
egg, and we have now succeeded in rearing the larvee
to their full size.
POLYOMMATUS (LYOHNA) ALSUS. 101
I received several specimens of the butterfly, which
had been captured by Mr. Buckler in Hampshire about
June 15th, 1870. Iplaced them ona plant of Anthyllis
vulneraria in a large cylinder, and although they died
off rapidly, one female at least survived to lay about a
dozen eggs between the 16th and 18th of June. The
larvee began to hatch on the 21st, and at once took to
the flowers of Anthyllis, either eating a hole through
the downy calyx, and then through the corolla to the
immature seed-vessel, or else beginning by eating the
lip of the corolla, and then going down to the base of
the style.
From first to last the seed certainly was the part
preferred, and whilst the larvee were small they fed on it
hidden within the corolla; when they had attained some
size they pierced the side of the calyx and corolla, and
thrust in the forepart of their bodies to get at the
seed-pod with its single seed, leaving their hinder parts
outside, but still well hidden among the dense bunch
of flowers which formed each head.
By July 1st they were barely half-grown, but in the
next fortnight they developed rapidly, some of them
by the 13th having attamed the length of a quarter of
an inch, and soon after this the most advanced were
full-grown ; others, captured in the locality from which
the imagos came, were not so far advanced, but most
of these also had ceased feeding by the end of July;
they then placed themselves about on the gauze covers
of their cages, or on the underside of anything in the
cages that would hide them, and we expected to see
them change to pups. However, up to the date of
writing this (November 9th, 1870) no such change had
taken place, but those larvee which have not died are
waiting on quietly, and I suppose will not now turn to
pupe till spring.
The egg seemed generally to be deposited low down
on the calyx of the Anthyllis flowers, and though thus
_ hidden from casual observation, it may be easily de-
tected on a careful search; it is, as might be expected,
102 POLYOMMATUS (LYCHINA) ALSUS.
very small, shaped like the eggs of its congeners, that
is, round, but more flattened than globular, with a
central depression on the upper surface; this depres-
sion is the only place in which the pale green ground
colour of the egg can be well seen, because the rest of
it is closely covered by a raised white network of
rhomboidal meshes, which, when viewed in profile are
seen to stand out boldly from the shell.
The larva escapes by an irregular hole in the middle
of the upper surface of the egg, and is a mite of a
fellow to look at, dirty whitish-green in colour, witha
little black head, a dark place on the second segment,
and the tubercles bearing longish hairs; after a day or
two the colour becomes somewhat reddish, and at the
end of a week pale brown, with browner dorsal and
subdorsal lines. After this there begins to be a little
variation in colour in different individuals, some being
more of a pinkish-brown, others more of a chocolate
colour, the distinct dorsal stripe being of a deeper tint
than the ground colour, and commencing as a broad
triangular mark on the third segment and becoming
gradually narrower up to the eleventh, where it widens
out into a lozenge shape, contracting again to a narrow
stripe on the twelfth and thirteenth ; the tubercles show
paler than the rest of the ground, because the brown
hairs on them being divergent allow more of the paler
skin to be seen.
Just below the second row of tubercles comes the
subdorsal line, which in fact is composed of a series of
dark brown dashes, one on each segment sloping back-
wards and downwards so as to let the tubercle stand
out in high relief; along the edge of the lateral ridge
runs a whitish stripe, which is continued round the
anal extremity ; the belly and legs of the same colour
as the back.
The whole skin is studded with short bristles of a
dark brown colour; the head is black and polished,
but with a streak above the mouth, and also the base of
the papillee, yellow.
POLYOMMATUS (LYOMNA) ALSUS. 103
After this there is no change of appearance, save
that of growing paler and more unicolorous (perhaps,
as the bulk increases, more of the paler skin shows
between the dark bristles), until some specimens are of
an ordinary flesh-tint, and others of a brownish flesh-
colour, and at this point the larvee assimilate well with
the changing colour of the corolla of their food-plant.
After they cease feeding they turn off to a faint green-
ish-yellow.
When full-grown the larva is about one-third of an
inch long, and may be roughly compared to a mode-
rately sized grain of wheat cut in half, the back being
arched in a curve and the belly flat with the legs placed
well under it. Or it may be compared to a very tiny
tortoise, the head being very small and retractile, and
a lateral ridge running all round, and giving the appear-
ance of an upper shell. The second segment is the
longest and has a sort of triangular plate on its middle,
and the last three segments are slightly depressed.
The inner rows of dorsal tubercles are rather projecting,
and thus form between them a sort of dorsal hollow ;
the second row I have already mentioned as affecting
the subdorsal line. (J. H., 9, 11, 70; E.M.M. VII,
186.)
On the 5th of June, 1873, I received from the Rev.
J. Hellins a pupa of this species. The larva with
several others of its kind had been full fed in July,
1872, and soon afterwards Mr. Hellins had reported
they were beginning to hibernate; the change to the
pupa state not taking place until June 3rd, 1873!
This pupa, which I figured, was three and a half lines
in length and one and a half lines in diameter, mode-
rately plump in appearance, the head and thorax well
defined, the tip of the abdomen blunt and rounded.
When viewed in front its general form is that of a
narrow ellipse, but when seen sideways the prominent
swelling of the thorax and the tip of the abdomen bent
under, with the long wing-cases give the usual appear-
ance of the pupe of this genus.
104 POLYOMMATUS (LYOMNA) ALSUS.
It was neither suspended by the tail nor had it any
silken cincture, and it might very well be passed over
as a stony particle on the chalky soil of its habitat on
Portsdown Hill.
The colour of the pupa is dirty whitish-grey
approaching to drab, palest on the back of the abdo-
men, greyish on the head and thorax, both of which
are marked with a black dorsal stripe, which is a little
interrupted ; on either side is a subdorsal row of short
slanting black dashes. The pale ground colour is
sprinkled with some very minute black specks. The
wing-nervures are well defined by the spaces between
them being filled up with dark grey. The head, thorax,
and abdomen are hairy with bristly whitish hairs, of
which there are none on the wing-, leg-, and antenna-
Cases.
The butterfly made its appearance June 24th, 1873,
at 10 o’clock in the morning. (W. B., Note-Book
II, 12.)
The whole year’s history of this species comes to this :
Hee laid about the middle of June.
Larva hatched within a week; full fed and fixed
motionless about the end of July. So continuing for
ten months till the beginning of next June.
Pupa state then lasting for some two or three weeks,
and the 2
Imago living but a short time to perpetuate the
species.
The long continuance in the larva state after being
full fed seems very remarkable. (J. H., 14, 6, 73;
H.M.M. X, 43.)
POLYOMMATUS (LYCMNA) ARION. 105
Potyommatus (LicmNa) ARIoN.
(One of the few larve of which there is no figure in
this volume.)
On the 15th of June, 1869, I had the great pleasure
to receive from Mr. Herbert Marsden, a g and 3
Polyommatus (Lycena) Arion alive; they had been cap-
tured by him together ; he also sent me at the same time
two small plants of Thymus serpyllwm in blossom.
These plants were potted separately and the insects
put on one of them under a glass cylinder. During a
gleam of sunshine the ¢? certainly appeared to me to
deposit an egg among the flowers, but the weather
being cold and cloudy I deferred further observation
until the following day, when I again saw her deposit
an egg as before.
After dark I removed the butterflies to the second
plant in order that I might closely inspect the first on
which they had been for two days; nor was I dis-
appointed, for on the morning of the 17th, on looking
over the blossoms with a strong lens, I detected six
egos, all laid on the calyces between the heads of the
flowers, but not one on either stalk, stem or leaf.
The egg of Avion is round, smooth, and depressed
on the top, pale greenish-blue in colour. Although
the eggs hatched both with Mr. Merrin and myself,
yet we have failed to detect the young larve on the
plants at present, but we believe they must be very
small, hiding away somewhere, and that they will
most likely hibernate. (W. B., 13, 8, 69; E.M.M.
NE OL)
On the 15th of June, 1870, I received a pair of these
butterflies captured in cop. by Mr. Merrin, junr., and
kindly sent me by his father. They were at once
placed on Thymus serpyllum, and on the 17th were
removed to another plant of thyme; the male was
then dead. I now counted the eggs and found six-
106 POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ARION.
teen, a few being laid on the stems and others on the
corolla of the flowers. No doubt there were more
egos which I did not at the time detect.
These eggs hatched on Thursday night, the 23rd of
June, 7.e. on the seventh or eighth day after they were
laid, but I could not detect the young larve. After a
careful inspection of the plants I telegraphed to Mr.
Hellins, to whom I had previously sent eleven eggs,
and his reply informed me that his were hatched and
that he could see one larva feeding.
During the following week he reported them to be
looking like very small pinkish-brown maggots. .. .
On the 17th of June, 1870, I received from Mr.
Herbert Marsden a pair of Lycena Arion, said to have
been taken in cop. They were placed directly on Thymus
serpyllum, and the female laid nearly a dozen eggs, but
they proved to be infertile and soon shrivelled up.
Another female kindly sent me by Mr. Marsden on
the 20th June, 1870, yielded no egg and died the
following day. (W. B., Note-Book II, 187.)
Potyommatus (Licmna) ADONIS.
Plate XV, fig. 1.
On the 30th of August, 1873, Mr. A. H. Jones most
kindly sent me two living females of this species
which he had just captured at Folkestone. These I
placed at once under gauze on a plant of Hippocrepis
comosa, and during the three or four days they
remained alive they laid about twenty eggs. The
larvee I believe hatched towards the end of September,
but as [ kept them on a growing plant out of doors, I
could not see them hatching. In October I found the
leaflets of the vetch marked with little whitish dots;
these were caused by the larve tunnelling into the
underside, and eating out the inner surface for a small
space, leaving the upper skin untouched, which then
turned white.
POLYOMMATUS (LYOHNA) ADONIS. 107
I kept their cage in a garden-frame without bottom
heat, but in a warm situation, and thus sheltered them
through the winter, and on sunny days the larve
could be seen enjoying the heat, stretched out—if that
term may be applied to such diminutive dumpy crea-
tures—along the midrib on the upper side of a leaflet.
Up to December they remained less than one-sixteenth
of an inch in length, but in January, 1874, some were
erown to nearly one-twelfth of an inch, and were not
only marking the leaflets with larger blotches, but were
also beginning to nibble their edges.
About the middle of March I noticed that they had
increased somewhat in length, and considerably in
stoutness, and that they were now eating the leaflets
in the usual way; and by April Ist they were quite
one-eighth of an inch long, and could eat a whole
leaflet at a meal. Through this month they grew
rapidly, the warm weather suiting them well, and they
ate voraciously, till, by the 30th, several of the most
advanced in growth had hidden themselves under the
loose soil for pupation. After waiting eight or ten
days they changed, and finally the butterflies came out
between June 2nd and loth.
Mr. H. Terry, of St. Marychurch, Torquay,
informs me that he finds the first flight of Adonis on
the wing by May 20th, and the second about the
middle of August; the two broods, therefore, taking
respectively nine and three months out of the twelve
to complete all their transformations.
The egg of Adonis resembles those of its congeners,
being small, round, and flattened in figure, the shell
covered with raised reticulation, having prominent
knobs at the angles; the central portion of the upper
surface looks sunk, being covered with finer reticula-
tion with no knobs. ‘The colour is a light dull grey,
the reticulation and knobs white.
The larva escapes through an irregular and rather
large hole in the upper surface of the egg, and the
empty eggshell looks whitish ; the young larva is pale
108 POLYOMMATUS (lLYCHNA) ADONIS.
whitish-green, soon becoming a full but dull green;
all the warts furnished with hairs which produce a
downy appearance. During the winter months the
green is replaced by reddish-brown, and again in the
early spring the larva becomes pale purplish-brown,
with the dorsal humps and the subspiracular ridge
showing pale ochreous-brown. After a moult, about
the end of March, the dull greenish hue comes back,
the paler marks becoming yellowish, and the hairs
black. |
The full-grown larva is about five-eighths of an
inch long, and a quarter of an inch wide, onisciform,
with the head small and retractile beneath the second
segment; the segments deeply divided. There is a
double dorsal row of eight humps or segments three to
ten inclusive, enclosing a shghtly hollow space, which is
broadest on three, and thence tapers gradually to ten ;
the side spreads out to a rounded ridge running round
the body, and hiding the legs from view when the larva
is at rest.
In colour, the head is very dark brown; the body
is deep full green, covered with tiny black specks, bear-
ing little black bristles, which are longest on the dorsal
humps and sub-spiracular ridge; on the top of each
of the eight pairs of dorsal humps is a deep bright
yellow longitudinal dash, somewhat wider behind than
in front; these dashes form in effect two yellow stripes
interrupted by the deeply sunk segmental divisions ;
along the rounded edge of the sub-spiracular ridge is a
stripe of bright and very deep yellow going all round,
save a slight interruption on the sides of the second
segment; on the second are two yellow dots just
above the head, and above them again two small
black spots; on the third there is a very faint yellowish
dot half way between the dorsal and sub-spiracular
stripes ; just above the feet is a row of yellow longi-
tudinal dashes, brightest on the feet-bearing segments,
and in one example these dashes were curved upwards,
and united at the end of each segment to the yellow
POLYOMMATUS (LYCMNA) ADONIS. 109
ridge above. In some specimens the ventral prolegs
are also marked with yellow; the spiracles are con-
spicuous, being round and black; the pulsating dorsal
vessel is rather deeper green than the ground colour.
Some of my larve buried themselves about half an
inch deep in the loose soil, and formed a weak sort of
cocoon ; others, not having been supplied with soil
that could be easily penetrated, retired under the
stems of their food-plants, and in angles formed by
the branching stems spun a few weak threads to keep
themselves in place.
The pupa is barely half an inch long, dumpy in
figure; the profile of the back swells out at the
thorax, drops in again at the waist, and the abdomen
slopes off in a curve to the rounded anal end; the
ventral profile is much straighter, though still with a
slight curve; the wing-cases reach more than two-
thirds of the whole length, and the widest part is just
where they end. The thorax and wing-cases are
shehtly glossy, the abdomen granulated; there are
some very small hairs scattered all over; the colour
is at first greenish on the wing-cases, greenish-brown
on the rest of the body ; afterwards ochreous all over,
and finally turning very dark the day before the imago
emerges.
On comparing the larvee of Adonis, which I had sent
him, with figures of Corydon made some years ago,
Mr. Buckler could detect no point of difference except
a somewhat different tint in the green ground colour ;
this made us very anxious to see the larva of Corydon
again, and our wish was very soon gratified in an
unexpected manner.
My friend had sent me a great many plants of Hip-
pocrepis comosa for my larve, and upon one of these
that had not been wanted for their use, I found on
June 8th, a half-erown Lycena larva, which had evi-
dently travelled to me out of Hampshire with its food.
I had been told that Corydon occurred at the place
whence the plants were procured, but not Adonis, yet
110 POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ADONIS.
this larva was so like those I had lately reared that
I felt quite puzzled. It luckily happened that Mr.
Buckler and I had just been comparing the notes we
had made of Adonis, and so, seeing in this larva all
that I had seen in Adonis, except that its bristles were
brown instead of black, I sent it on to him at once,
drawing his attention to a little point which I had
wished him to notice in Adonis. Thus with every
incentive to exactness, he examined and figured it
most carefully, finding nothing to notice but the tint
of the ground colour and the hue of its hairs, and then
kept it apart, waiting to see what the imago would
prove to be, till on the 31st of July there appeared a
fine Corydon.
As far, therefore, as our means of comparison have
gone—our materials to work upon being some dozen
and a half larves of Adonis on the one hand, and this
one larva of Corydon, and figures of others taken in
1862 on the other—we can say that the two species
resemble each other in the larval state in every par-
ticular of form and ornamentation except these two
points :
Adonis has its ground colour deeper green, with the
hairs or bristles black, while Corydon has the ground
colour of a lighter, brighter green (a green with more
yellow in its composition), and the hairs light brown.
I have been thus minutely circumstantial in relating
what was done by us because the result we have
arrived at is not altogether in agreement with what
we have been able to find already published. Thus,
in ‘Stainton’s Manual’ there are descriptions from
Freyer, which, according to our observations, rightly
distinguished between the green of Corydon and the
deep green of Adonis, but err in making the number of
yellow dorsal streaks different, for Adonis certainly
has but eight in a row, and not twelve.
The only other author accessible to us, Boisduval,
speaks of “le grand rapport qu’il y a entre cette
chenille (Corydon) et celle d’ Adonis,” and gives every
POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ADONIS. 11]
point of figure and marking as identical, but goes on
to say that Adonis “est d’un vert trés pale un peu
jaimatre,” and calls its “tubercles” not black but
“bruns;” while Corydon ‘se distinguera toujours
assez facilement au premier coup d’ceil par sa couleur
d’un vert foncé, et par la petitesse de ses stigmates ;”’
yet this is directly contrary to what we saw in our
examples, viz. the deep green in Adoms, and the yel-
lowish-green in Corydon, and the spiracles of the same
size and form in both. (J. H., 11, 8, 74; E.M.M.
peri 13:)
Potyommatus (Lycm@na) ALEXIs.
Plate XV, fig. 2.
On the 7th of September, 1880, near the shore, I
dug up a small plant of Lotus cornmiculatus, and potted
it the same evening. The next day I observed a
couple of empty egg-shells of a Lycena on the plant,
one appearing quite fresh as though the young larva
had only just left it. The hole at the top by which
the larva had made its exit seemed wet and darkish
green. ‘The exterior of the shell was very rough with
projections, and precisely similar to the egg of gon,
and of the same round-flattened shape, its colour of a
very faint greenish-white.
Two days later, on the 9th, I detected the little
larva on an adjoining leaf on the upper surface, a few
grains of black ‘“frass”’ having guided my eye to
detect its presence. The larva matched well with the
dull bluish-green leaf, it was of a sausage-like form,
and a strong lens enabled me to discern two rows of
minute black dots down the back. Its mode of
feeding on the cuticle of the leaf caused little pale
transparent blotches to appear, and I could see from
these indications that it had been on other leaflets
adjoiing.
112 POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ALEXIS.
Towards the evening of the 11th I lost sight of it,
and did not again see it till the afternoon of the 13th.
It was then close by the side of the egg-shell, having
moulted whilst out of sight. It was much grown,
and appeared of rather a pinkish colour, and was
hairy. I soon afterwards planted in the same pot a
root of Ormthopus perpusillus.
On the 18th of March, 1881, I saw that the larva
had been making transparent blotches on the Lotus,
and also on the leaves of the Ornithopus. Under the
leaves of the latter plant I soon detected the little
fellow; it had grown considerably, and was nearly a
quarter of an inch long. It was of a green colour
beneath, but much tinged with purplish pink on the
sides, and especially on the back. ‘The paler sub-
dorsal and spiracular lines were plainly visible, proving
it to be the larva of Alewis.
A week later I could not find it, the Lotus cornicu-
latus had died, and the larva must have made its
escape. (W. B., Note-Book IV, 47.)
Potyommatus (Lycmna) ANGON.
Plate XV, fig. 3.
On the 31st July, 1867, Mr. C. G. Barrett, then at
Haslemere, most kindly sent to Mr. Hellins and
myself some eggs of Mgon, which, by an ingenious
contrivance he had induced a ? to deposit on twigs of
heather.
Being in doubt as to the proper time for their
hatching I kept those I had in an ordinary room for
daily inspection until the approach of winter.
On the 28rd of February, 1868, Mr. 8. Hudson
obligingly forwarded me three eggs, part of a small
batch he had obtained from a ? during the previous
summer near Epworth, accompanied by the welcome
intelligence that he had satisfied himself by experi-
POLYOMMATUS (LYOAINA) MGON. 113
ment that the larve were alive and stirring within
the shells, and that he expected them shortly to
hatch.
I immediately removed all I had to a cooler place
than they had previously been in, so as to retard their
progress until something could be learned about their
proper food.
Considering the small size of the butterfly the ege
is rather large in proportion. It is white in colour,
of a circular form, flattened and depressed in the
centre both above and below, covered with raised
white reticulation, all except the top.
The egg does not change colour, but retains its
pure dead-white appearance even after the exit of the
larva; a small hole showing like a black spot on the
side of the shell alone betraying the escape of the
little creature.
Mr. Hudson informed me of one of his larvae being
hatched on the 29th February, which was followed by
others on the 3rd of March. All were placed on
various little plants from the locality where the parent
butterfly had been taken, but from want of the right
food and partly by accidents they were starved or
lost. |
On the 28th February Mr. Hellins reported that
one larva had hatched, and that it soon after died;
and another on the 6th March, which was placed on
heather, Lotus corniculatus, and one or two other
vetches, but with no success.
On the 18th of March two of my eggs hatched, and
the larvee were placed with a variety of food, but they
died without eating, and others soon followed in the
same way, with Mr. Hellins and myself. Shortly
afterwards, however, Mr. Hellins acquainted me with
the fact of his having distinctly seen one eat a tiny
hole in the leaflet of a small vetch, Hrvum tetra-
spermum, growing in his garden, and he sent me one
of the plants, and upon this for some days the larve
as they were hatched were placed; but instead of
VOL. I. 8
114 POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) GON.
eating they wandered away, or fell off on to the earth
below, where it was impossible to find them.
Meanwhile we had not been idle in ventilating the
subject among our friends, in what seemed a forlorn
hope of obtaining a clue to the proper food-plant,
when fortunately at this critical juncture, Mr. Double-
day kindly gave us the benefit of his excellent memory
and observation, in recalling the fact of his having
seen, twenty years ago, this little butterfly in some
place flitting over Genista anglica and Ornithopus
perpusillus, and that on the latter plant he had noticed
females alight.
In the midst of my trouble at losing the young larvee
daily, and being unable to find the desired Ornithopus,
I fortunately happened to mention the subject to Dr.
F. B. White, of Perth, and he with great good nature
and promptitude despatched mea tin full of the plants.
These were at once potted and sprinkled with water,
the remaining six or seven eggs put on them in a
sunny window, and in a day or two, by aid of a lens,
the young larve were soon detected. By the 38rd of
May some small transparent blotches were visible on
the leaflets on which they had fed, and from that time
all went well; after Mr. Hudson’s attention had been
directed to Ornithopus perpusillus, he satisfied himself
that in his locality the butterfly did not occur away
from that plant; so it seems there is little doubt of its
being the natural food.
When first hatched the larva was about three-fourths
of a line long, thick in proportion, of equal bulk, and
rounded at either end, hairy and of a dull bluish-green
colour, its powers of locomotion of the very feeblest
description.
By the 3rd of May they had become rather more
than a line in length, of a drab colour, and hairy lke
the leafets on which they were feeding. By the 29th
of May they were from a quarter to three-eighths of
an inch in length, but still did not eat through the
leaflets, but only devoured the green cuticle. At this
POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) MGON. 115
time they were of a deep yellowish-grey, and the
dorsal stripe blackish-olive edged with whitish, and a
whitish line along the lateral ridge above the legs;
the subdorsal stripe was triple, consisting of two lines
of blackish-olive with a whitish-grey one between them.
The surface generally studded with minute blackish
points, each bearing a fine short hair.
By June 11th to 15th they had all assumed their last
coats.
The full-grown larva is about seven lines long, thick
in proportion, and of the usual onisciform or Lycena-
shape.
The head small, and retracted when at rest or
alarmed ; the second segment the longest, rounded, and
very slightly flattened above, the others as far as the
tenth with raised prominences on each side of the back,
and a dorsal hollow between them; the sides sloping
to the lateral ridge, the ventral surface rather flattened,
the legs all placed well underneath. The last three
segments without dorsal ridges, and sloping gradually
to the sides and anal extremity, their sides rather con-
cave, avery prominent wart on each side of the twelfth ;
the segmental divisions not observable on these last,
but well cut on all the others.
In colour the larva is now a bright yellow-green,
with the dorsal stripe blackish-brown edged with
whitish from the beginning of the third to the end of
the tenth segment; it 1s widest on the third and fourth,
being on them of a rather rounded lozenge form, with
a whitish dot near the edge on each side; a dull dark-
brown small plate in front of the second segment, and
a broad semilunar shaped blotch of the same colour a
little behind, divided in the middle by a fine line of
the green ground-colour. ‘The dorsal stripe on the
eleventh segment becomes broad and squarish, but
resumes its linear shape on the twelfth and _ thir-
teenth. 7
The subdorsal line is visible from the beginning of
the third to the end of the eleventh segment as a
116 POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) EGON.
greenish-yellow line running between two green ones
darker than the ground colour.
At the bottom of the sides along the lateral ridge is
a whitish line commencing on the third segment and
continued round the anal extremity. Between the
dorsal and subdorsal lines on segments three to ten
are faintly paler oblique lines of yellow-green, viz. one
on each segment sloping downwards and backwards ;
the warts on the twelfth segment are very often sud-
denly projected considerably, and then a circle of fine
short hairs is visible on their extremities. The surface
of the body is also clothed with similar hairs. The
head is black, having the base of the papille and a
streak across above the mouth of buff colour.
They had all turned to pupz by the 24th of June,
one of them being slightly attached to a stem of the
plant by the anal extremity, and lying, like the others,
amongst a few loose threads at the very bottom of the
stems and partly in the earth.
The pupa is about five lines long, smooth, but with-
out polish, the top of the head shghtly projecting, the
thorax rounded, the abdomen plump, curving on the
back outwards and backwards towards the tip, which
is hidden in the larva skin, the wing-cases prominent
and long in proportion. It is of a dull green tint,
with a dark brown dorsal line of arrow-head marks.
The butterflies appeared July 5th to 17th. (W.B.,
2, 69 5° HMMS Vs i240)
Potyommatvus (Lycmna) Acrstis (Mzpon),
Plate XVI ng. ded laa
When Professor Zeller in 1867 published his most
interesting history of this species in the ‘ Entomo-
logist’s Monthly Magazine’ (vol. iv, pp. 73-77), he
stated it to be generally accepted that Lycena Arta-
weraes 18 Only a variety of Medon, Hufnagel (Agestis,
Ochs.) ; and yet it appeared to him extremely impro-
POLYOMMATUS (LYOHNA) AGHSTIS. LZ
bable that the larva of Medon should habituate itself
to the food-plant of Artawerzes.
I am now able to offer the following evidence that
the larva of this species really does nourish itself on
the same species of food-plant in England as in
Scotland.
On the 3rd June, 1877, Mr. J. H. Robson, of
Hartlepool, while searching Helianthemum vulgare
erowing near the coast in his locality, found five larvee
of a Lycena, and at once very kindly forwarded them
to me; on comparing them with the figures I had
taken of larvee of Artawerves in 1868, I found them to
be in every respect precisely alike. These larvae soon
fed upon Helianthemum, protected by a glass cylinder,
and they duly changed to pupeze; two of them were
unfortunately attacked with mould, but the other three
disclosed three differently marked butterflies, viz. on
July 2nd, 5th, and 7th. These appeared to be respec-
tively Salmacis, Artaxerzes, and Agestis above, but to
partake most of Salmacis beneath.
After this result, [ became more than ever desirous
of seeing larvee of the typical Agestis from the southern
downs, and it was not many weeks before Mr. Wm. R.
Jeffrey most kindly put me in the way of making their
acquaintance from the egg onwards, by his capturing
several typical females as they were flying over and
alighting upon Helianthemum vulgare, on a Kentish
chalk down. They readily deposited their eggs on
sprays of the plant, and I had the pleasure to receive
a share of them from my friend on the 138th of
September, when I found them all laid on the under-
sides of the leaves to which they firmly adhered,
singly, and in little groups of twos, threes, or more
together. |
The egg is smaller than that of Afgon, though very
hke it in form and sculpture, being circular, flattened,
with a central depression on the upper surface, the
shell covered with a coarse, prominent reticulation,
gradually becoming finer towards the nearly smooth
118 POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) AGESTIS.
depression ; its colour, a pale greenish-drab, continues
to the last. A hole in the shell betrays the escape of
the larva, which is a very sluggish little creature, not
inclined to leave the underside of the leaf where it is
hatched, even when the leaf has become dry ; indeed,
all the leaves on which the eggs were laid had curled
and shrivelled so much when the larva were hatched,
as to make their detection and rescue while alive
rather difficult.
I observed the first three larvee on the 19th of
September, one of them already dead, and on the 22nd,
eighteen more, with some of them apparently dead or
dying.
A month previously I was provided with a very large
pot of turf cut from a chalk hill, and amongst grasses,
Leguminose, and other low plants, some fine shoots of
Hehhanthemum vulgare were also growing ; on these
last the young larve were placed. Next morning,
about half of them lay dead, and the others had dis-
appeared. But after a day or two I began to detect
signs of the survivors, by small flesh-coloured spots
appearing on the upper dark green surface of a few of
the leaves; these spots gradually increased in size to
blotches of irregular figure, and turned of a rusty pale
brown colour; when seen from beneath against the
light, they appeared semitransparent and colourless,
and sometimes then the tiny larve appeared as a dark
object against the luminous blotch.
By the 20th of October a few leaves had their lower
cuticle almost entirely eaten away, and their upper
surface turned brown, but so slow was the growth of
the larve that they had only attaimed one line in
length by the 3rd of November, and though they feda
little at imtervals, and crept from one part of their
food to another up to the end of the month, yet they
were never seen on any of the other plants around
them, but only on the under surface of the leaves of
Helianthemum, where they became eventually fixed for
hibernation.
POLYOMMATUS (LYCEHNA) AGESTIS. 119
The pot containing the larvee and the various plants
was kept entirely uncovered inside a window of
western aspect; the grasses were much grown by the
7th of March, 1878, when I could only see two larve
on a new shoot of their food, and on the 14th only one,
whereupon I began to cut down the grass (a blade at
a time) carefully, so as to lay bare the few new scat-
tered shoots of Helianthemwm, which were from one to
two, or three inches above ground, and very near the
margin of the pot. On the 21st, the second larva was
again visible on a little shoot close to the earth, and
two more larvee, less advanced, on other small shoots,
were seen on April 14th.
Here it may be proper to state the fact, that after
hibernation, neither of the larve fed at all on any of
the mature sprays of the plant, which seemed appa-
rently healthy and vigorous, but pertinaciously sought
the young tender shoots, eating a portion from under
a leaf, then a little from another leaf, or moved away
entirely, creeping over the ground and through all
impeding growths, until, with wunerring instinct,
another shoot, sooner or later, was reached; thus I
was continually losing sight of one or more of the
larvee often for days together, but only to find them
again by the aid of new blotches appearing to betray
them.
Towards the end of April they ravaged so recklessly
the small stock of their food remaining in the pot,
never staying to clear the whole underside of a leaf,
but changing their quarters so often that I began to
fear they would desert the pot and escape altogether.
At that time I was unable to obtain a fresh supply of
their food, and to make sure of completing my obser-
vations of the larva when full grown, I confined the
two largest individuals in a bottle, and supplied them
with cut portions of their food, on which they throve,
and therein attained their full growth of barely half an
inch ; and on the 15th of May one fixed itself for pupa-
tion by a cincture across the back of the fourth seg-
120 POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) AGESTIS.
ment, on a bit of linen, the second followed in the
same way on the 16th, and on the 21st and 24th they
changed to pup. The two remaining larve soon after
fixed themselves, but died unchanged, probably the
effect of insufficient food.
The newly-hatched larva is very minute, with a glis-
tening blackish head, stoutish body, of a light drab-
green colour, velvety and hairy ; its size is doubled in
eight days, and when a month old it is of the usual
Lyceena-shape, one line in length, thick in proportion,
with small retractile head, the body of a dull pinkish-
brown colour, with darker dorsal stripe, and rather
hairy.
On waking up in spring it is of a dingy slaty-green
colour, and early in March it moults, when the old
skin is left attached to the plant like an empty shell,
not in the least shrivelled, but split open laterally along
the ridge above the legs. The larva now becomes quite
pale green on the back, broadly pinkish along the lateral
ridge, and still hairy. Harly in April it is nearly an
eighth of an inch long, of greenish flesh colour, palest
on the second segment and dorsal eminences, pinkish
in the dorsal hollow, and also beneath the spiracular
region, the long whitish hairs closely resembling those
of the food-plant.
The last moult occurs about the 21st of April, when
it is three-sixteenths of an inch long, and attains its
full growth of barely half an inch early in May ; during
this interval of course the larva shows all its charac-
teristic details, which are just like those of the local
Northern variety (Artazerwes) (as described ‘ Entom.
Monthly Mag.,’ vol. v, p. 176), and all I can say of the
type form is that the green colour is more lively and
full, and the pink along the lateral region is darker,
inclining to purplish.
It only remains for me to state that my experiments
have proved to me the truth of what Zeller long ago
suspected, and since then Newman and others have be-
lieved that Artaweraes, Salmacis, and Agestis (Medon)
POLYOMMATUS (LYCAHNA) AGESTIS. 121
are but one species.* (W. B., 4, 2, 79; H.M.M. XV,
24:1.)
Potyommatus (Lycmna) Acustis (Mzpon), var.
ARTAXERXES.
Plate XVI, fig. 1 (12, 1c, 1d, 1e, 19).
On the 8th May, 1868, Mr. Doubleday kindly pre-
sented me with the larve of Artaxerxes, about halt
grown, which had been sent to him by Mr. Wilson, of
Edinburgh, who found them on Helianthemum vulgare.
They fed well on this plant, and were always on the
undersides of the leaves, to which they assimilated so
well as to be difficult of detection. °
The larva is of the usual Lyceena shape, somewhat
onisciform, short and thick, being arched on the back,
sloping on the sides, the spiracular region swollen
and projecting laterally much beyond the ventral
prolegs. The segments appear deeply divided, espe-
clally on the back, down which are two rows of rather
peaked cone-like eminences, with a dorsal hollow
between them; the second segment simply rounded
above, and rather longer than the others, and tapering
a little near the head, which is very small and retrac-
tile; the anal segment tapers very little, is rounded
behind and hollowed above on the sides; the twelfth
segment has a small but prominent wart on each side.
The half-grown larva is from three to four lines in
length, pale green in colour, and clothed with very
fine and short whitish bristles. The dorsal line
beginning on the fourth and ending on the twelfth
segment is of a faint brown, though wider and more
strongly marked just at the beginning of each seg-
ment, and widest at its termination on the penulti-
mate.
* [The elaborate notice of the two reputed species by the late George
Wailes, in his “ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northumberland and
Durham,” published in the ‘ Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’
Field Club for 1858,’ vol. ii, part 4, p. 189, should here be noted.—H.T.S. |
122 POLYOMMATUS (LYCMNA) AGESTIS.
On the sides of the fifth to the tenth segments are
double oblique lines slanting backwards and down-
wards, of paler green in front and darker green
behind than that of the ground colour. At this stage
of growth the lateral projecting ridge of swellings
broadly pink, with scarcely an indication of a central
paler stripe; the belly and ventral prolegs pale
yellowish-green ; the anterior legs flesh colour. The
head black, the base of the papillee flesh colour, and a
streak of the same above the mouth.
On approaching full growth its length is about half
an inch; the oblique stripes gradually disappear, and
its green colour becomes rather darker; a pinkish-
white stripe runs along the lateral prominences,
broadly bordered above by a stripe of rose-pink, and
beneath by a broader stripe of still darker pink. The
spiracles are flesh colour, situated im the upper pink
stripe, very minute and inconspicuous. The ventral
prolegs green, the anterior legs pinkish, spotted with
brown.
Two changed to the pupa state on May 21st, and
a third a week later, all in nearly perpendicular posi-
tions, amongst, and slightly attached to, the stems of
the Helianthemum by a few silk threads near the
eround.
The pupa is about four lines in length, smooth, and
without polish, rather thick in proportion, the head
rounded and prominent, the thorax rounded above,
the abdomen plump and curved a little backwards, its
extremity being hidden in the shrivelled larva-skin
which adheres to it. The colour of the head, thorax,
and wing-cases blue-green, a black curved streak
obliquely placed on each side of the head; the abdo-
men yellowish-flesh colour, a deep pink stripe at the
sides enclosing a central white one, which can also be
seen showing through part of the wing-covers.
Two of the butterflies appeared on June 13th and
14th. (W.B.; E.M.M. V, 176.)
THYMELE ALVEOLUS. 133
THYMELE ALVEOLUS.
Plate XVI, fig. 2.
At the end of May and beginning of June, 1874, I
captured a score or more of these butterflies and shut
them up in a glass cylinder with bramble sprays; they
would not, however, spare me more than seven or
eight egos, which were laid on June 2nd or 3rd. The
larvee began to hatch on June 12th, and by the 18th
four had come out; the rest died in the egg, having
begun, but not being able to complete their liberation.
Three also of the four larve, that had been safely
hatched, soon died; but the survivor throve and
erew, by July 9th it was one-sixth of an inch long, by
the 17th nearly half an inch long. About the Ist of
August it moulted for the last time, and soon attained
its full length of about five-eighths of an inch, after-
wards increasing only in stoutness. After the end of
August it remained apparently dormant for days
together, eating only at intervals; and about NSep-
tember 20th 1t became a pupa.
Meanwhile, on July 29th, I had found another larva
in the locality where I took the imago, which very
nearly corresponded in growth with my bred example,
but it unfortunately died without changing.
Throughout, observation of their appearance was
very difficult, owing to their habit of living in conceal-
ment, and in fact, I believe the mortality which pre-
vailed among my small stock was owing to disturbance
caused by attempts at peeping, measuring, We.
Probably, in freedom, the perfect insect has some
constant method of depositing her eggs; but the few
I had, having been laid in confinement, seemed to be
placed indifferently on the upper or under sides of
leaves, or on stems; however, I think the newly
hatched larva chooses the upper surface of a small leaf
for its habitat (unless, perhaps, as I have lately
thought on reflection, it may prefer the blossom), and
124, - THYMELE ALVEOLUS.
settling itself along the midrib, at once spins several
silken threads overhead for a covering, under which it
feeds by eating away the upper cuticle; and when it
has made a blotch of some little extent, it moves away
and repeats the process on another leaf; as it grows
bigger, still choosing the upper surface of a leaf for its
standpoint, it forms its covering by drawing down
another leaf over it, fastening the edges here and there
with stout threads, and feeds away in the cave thus
formed ; when, however, it has attained some size I
think it must come out of its cave and eat the neigh-
bouring leaves in the usual way, but I only once or
twice saw either of my larve thus exposed of its own
choice ; the habit throughout the larval state is to be
very sluggish, and a great part of the time must be
passed by the larva in resting with its head curled
round sideways towards its tail. |
In the very limited time I could devote to searching
for larvee, I found numbers of deserted caves, but only
one tenanted, and this seemed to prove that my
examples in confinement acted pretty much as they
would have had they been at large. As mentioned
above, I gave the butterflies bramble sprays to lay on,
and I searched brambles for the larvae, and came to
the conclusion that stunted bushes with small leaves had
the preference, the large juicy leaves of strong bushes
apparently offering no temptation.
I did not omit to look for the other plants on which
the larva has been said to feed; in the same locality
were some half dozen plants of mallow (Malva mos-
chata), but I am positive they bore no traces of larve,
and there was not one plant of teazle. The wild
strawberry (fragaria vesca) has been suggested also
as a likely plant, and I think it would probably occur
wherever the butterfly is seen; but, as far as I feel
justified in giving an opinion, I do not think there is
any veed to look for anything more than the bramble
(Rubus fruticosus).*
* I fear I was too positive here as to bramble being the usual food
THYMELE ALVEOLUS. 125
The egg is globular, with base rather flattened ; the
shell ribbed rather irregularly with about eighteen ribs,
and transversely reticulated with very even fine lines,
which do not stop at the ribs, but cross them, giving
their edges a rough appearance which 1s not real, but
only caused by the ribs, otherwise translucent,
becoming opaque where the lines cross; as usual a
small space on the top of the egg is covered only with
very fine concentric reticulation; the colour is very
pale green all over.
The young larva makes its escape by cutting a large
round hole through the top of the egg; in colour it is
very pale green, with head and collar shining black ;
every tubercular dot bears a pale bristle, longish and
straight on the head and thirteenth segment, but on
the other segments bifid, with the tips curved on either
side like an unbarbed double fish-hook. When about
a sixth of an inch long the colour is pale purplish-pink,
the head still black; when nearly half an inch long it
is pale green again, the whole skin now thickly set
with short straight hairs; the bifid bristles have been
parted with, I imagine, at the first moult.
When full-grown, the length is rather over five
eighths of an inch, the figure very stout, the head
horny, globular, and stuck like a knob on the second
seoment, which, however, is not so strikingly narrow
as in Thanaos Tages; the skin granulated in appear-
ance; the head and whole body covered thickly with
short fine pale hairs; the general colour a pale
ochreous-green, the second segment pinkish, and a
faint reddish tinge over the back of the other front
segments; a thin dorsal, and somewhat broader sub-
dorsal line, not easy to be seen, of the ground colour,
and a faint spiracular line; the spiracles not much
darker than the ground colour ringed with the same
tint as the lines; the belly freckly; the head
of the larva; Mr. W. H. Harwood has discovered that it feeds more
commonly on Potentilla fragariastrum (the barren wild strawberry or
strawberry-leaved cinquefoil).—J. H.
126 THYMELE ALVEOLUS.
and collar very dark purplish-brown, the upper lip
paler.
The pupa is enclosed in a cave between two or three
leaves, similar to that in which the larva lives, but
fastened with stouter silk, and the openings protected
by a loose pale yellow webbing. Its length is not quite
half an inch, the figure thick and stumpy; the eyes
prominent, the wing-cases well developed; the whole
skin rather rough; the middle of the head, the eyes,
and the back set with short stiff hairs, the ground-
colour reddish-grey, the wing-cases pinkish-grey ; the
abdomen tinged with brownish-red along the back ; on
the centre of the head, on the eyes, and on either side
of the thorax above the wing-cases, are some blackish-
brown marks; there are smaller marks in pairs down
the middle of the thorax, and there are transverse
rows of spots on the segments of the abdomen, the
largest and darkest being next the wing-cases; the
hairs are light brownish-red; the anterior spiracle is
black, the others of the grey ground-colour, ringed
with black, and placed within the largest dark blotches.
(J. H., 11, 2,753 BM, xe 236)
I hardly know if it is worth recording that a larva,
reared from an egg deposited by a butterfly of the type
form, has resulted in an imago of the variety lavatere,
Haw. .d. E47; Al, vos EM)
THANAOS TAGES.
Plate XVI, fig. 3.
On the 28th of May, 1868, I happened to meet with
this species on the wing in a thicket and brought home
with me three specimens alive; and luckily having a
plant of Lotus corniculatus potted, I covered it with a
elass cylinder and placed them therein.
After a few days I saw that two of the butterflies
were dead, whilst the third still looked lively, and
fortunately proving to be an impregnated female, she
THANAOS TAGES, DA
deposited on the leaflets of the plant a few pale greenish
pellucid eggs, of a somewhat elliptical figure standing
on end.
About the middle of June I noticed the egg-shells
were empty, but I could not see the young larve either
then, or for some time subsequently, until June 28th,
when at last I detected them, three in number, they
had been all the while feeding in little caves, formed by
drawing together three leaflets with silken threads,
and it was the glistening of these threads in the sun
that first caught my eye. Hach cave was formed by
the two outer leaflets being drawn almost close together
(leaving space enough for the ejection of “frass’’),
and the middle one being bent over them like a curved
roof; all this was managed quite naturally, so that the
cave passed easily for a leaf not quite expanded.
Some of these caves had already served their turn
and been abandoned for newer ones, and it appeared
that the larvee had been feeding on the inner surface
of the leaflets; in the others I was able by the help of
a lens to detect through the interstices somewhat of
the fat form of their tenants.
On the 30th of June I turned one out for figuring ;
it was then nearly three-eighths of an inch long, with
a prominent dark purplish-brown head, covered with
minute pale greenish points; the body rounded above,
a little flattened underneath, plump, and tapering a
little at each end; the second segment much smaller
than the third, especially in the part just behind the
head; the colour of the body a pale rather bluish-
green, somewhat paler still on the sides and belly, a
distinct dorsal line of darker green, a subdorsal line
faintly paler than the ground colour; the whole sur-
face of the back and sides irrorated or shagreened with
exceedingly minute greenish-white points.
These most interesting little fellows continued to
feed and grow, and as they began now to eat away the
whole thickness of the leaflets forming their caves,
their ravages exposed their bodies to light, and as soon
123. - THANAOS TAGES.
as this happened they moved off to new habitations ;
this change of residence always took place at night,
though from the slow and deliberate pace at which
they moved, it could hardly be called a “ flitting.”
Throughout July these larve consumed a great
quantity of food, so that I had frequently to renew my
plant of Lotus, but still they hid themselves, and kept
quiet so persistently, that I no longer wondered how
it was that no one had ever found this common species
for me, even though its food-plant was known.
After various moultings I secured three more figures
of them at intervals, and by July 31st they had attained
their full growth. At this time the larve is nearly
three-quarters of an inch in length, with the back a
little arched and the belly rather flattened, being just
of the same form as when younger; the body is very
plump, and thickest in the middle segments, the seg-
mental folds distinct, each segment also subdivided
into five portions, the broadest one in front; the head
is somewhat heart-shaped and flattened on the face;
the colour of the body is rather more of a yellowish-
ereen than before, the minute raised points blackish,
the dorsal line a darker green, and the subdorsal paler
stripe delicately edged above and below with a fine
faintly darker line; the anterior pair of tubercular
dots just perceptible on each segment, but only with a
strong lens; the spiracular region forming a slight
ridge of paler whitish-green, the spiracles very small
and red in colour; the head is purplish-brown as
before, but with the addition of an ochreous streak
from the crown down the front of each lobe, united
below by another broad transverse streak at some
distance above the mouth, and also of a spot of the
same colour on each cheek.
Having sent one to Mr. Hellins, I found my two
remaining larvee had, early in August, fairly left their
hiding places, and were ascending the sides of the
cylinder, first one and afterwards the other ; presently
having gained a footing on the green leno cover at the
THANAOS TAGES. 129
top, they began to spin threads of silk and to pucker
up the leno into a fusiform shape; the foundation
threads were very strong and thick, spun parallel to
each other, in a little transverse series at each end of
the retreat. The larva that was first on the leno con-
trived to complete its hybernaculum; but the other,
after spinning the two bundles of parallel threads to
form the two ends of its intended winter quarters, was
unable to find the leno slack enough for puckering
into the required shape, and began again the next day
at another part, but was again defeated, and finally
relinquished its attempt on the leno, and went below
among the plants. Some weeks afterwards I found it
on the earth killed by mildew. The same fate befel
the one which I had sent to Mr. Hellins.
The other slumbered safely through the winter, until
early in April, 1869 a ray of sunshine reached it, and
I saw the larva coming out as though in distress to
escape either the warmth or the strong light; where-
upon I shifted the glass to a pot containing a violet
plant, and the larva crawled down the sides till it found
the violet leaves, and then selecting two near the
bottom in a shady position, in an hour it had spun a
retreat between them as they lay horizontally one below
the other. butI suppose this operation exhausted its
strength, for when, after waiting in vain for the
butterfly to appear at the proper time, I pulled the
leaves asunder, I found it had died without having
become a pupa. (W.B.,1, 70; H.M.M. VI, 2383.)
STEROPES PANISCUS.
Plate XVIT, fig. 1.
On the 7th of June, 1883, I received from Herr
Heinrich Disqué, of Speyer, a batch of eggs laid by a
female butterfly of this species on Glechoma hederacea.
Why he had given her this plant on which to lay, I
cannot say. ‘The shape of the head is hemispherical,
VOL. I. | 9
130 STEROPES PANISCUS.
with flat base, its colour white and shining, like porce-
lain. On the 11th of June some few showed a dark
spot at or near the top, and on the 12th this had
spread to a large, dingy-greyish blotch, and sullied the
entire surface as the shells became more transparent.
On the 13th this dark central blotch seemed to change
to a blackish round spot, and on the 14th was perfectly
black and shining, when it soon became evident it was
the naked head of the larva eating its way through the
shell; and in the course of another hour or two the
larva crept out of this hole in the top of the shell, on
which it made its breakfast, eating away the sides of
it until but very little remained.
The newly-hatched larva has a largish head and
uniformly cylindrical body, which is velvety white ;
the head is black and shining, and there is a shining
black linear plate on the second segment.
Various plants were put with the three larvee first
hatched besides grasses, and in the evening I[ had the
satisfaction of seeing a small notch was eaten quite
through the edge of a leaf of Brachypodiwm sylvaticum,
and a larva lying along the leaf close by.
After feeding a couple of days the colour of the body
changes from white to avery faint tint of bluish-green ;
the larva crawls very slowly and keeps near to that
part of the leaf it has attacked, showing no disposition
to wander away.
The hatching continued, but in a desultory way,
being evidently delayed by the cold north winds at this
time. On the 19th three or four seemed to have made
their arrangements for moulting, by drawing the tips
of the leaves together, so as to form little cylindrical
retreats ; these were securely fastened by spinnings of
silk. In two instances these retreats were made near
the middle of the leaf with a portion curled round and
fastened, this process being made practicable by the
larva having previously eaten out a notch from the edge
both above and below the part that was curled round.
By the 22nd they had doubled their length, but
STEROPES PANISOUS. 131
some accidental deaths having occurred, I put out the
remaining six or seven on a growing tuft of the grass,
and presently watched one creep up to near the top of
a leaf and make cross ties of silk, which drew that
part of the leaf together in a somewhat tubular form,
an occupation which lasted four hours, before the little
creature retired within to rest from its labour. The
next morning I could see where it had eaten a piece
out from the edge of the leaf half an inch below its
residence, and could then detect the similar abodes of
five others. By the next evening the tip of the leaf
had become very much more attenuated, and formed
quite a cylindrical long point as far down as the notch
at the edge.
By the 30th of June this individual had become
whitish-green on the body, with a decided bluish-green
soft dorsal line, faintly bordered with a paler whitish
stripe ; a whitish subdorsal line was also just visible ;
the head brilliantly black and shining, and also the
linear plate on the second segment. This segment
seemed not to have grown, and now appeared short.
After some time their tubular residences became
more conspicuous, and the leaves on the top of which
they were formed became more ravaged below them,
and by the 20th of July most of them were bitten
through at the midrib and had fallen away empty, and
larger tubes were made on fresh leaves. On opening
one of these on the 3rd of August I found the larva
waiting to moult; it was exactly 6 lines long, of a
delicate light, rather bluish, green, with a dorsal line of
slightly darker green, edged with a fine soft whitish
line ; a broad very pale bluish-green stripe of the back
follows, then a line of darker green like the dorsal line,
followed by a stoutish line of whitish; the head black
and rough; the linear transverse plate on the second
segment is interrupted on either side by the green
ground separating a small part of the black; an
unbroken black rough plate is on the anal segment.
On the 6th of August I took a larva from its tube,
132 STEROPES PANISOUS.
or rather, I should say, that in attempting to tear away
a small strip from the tube the larva took fright and
leaped nimbly out of it, then remaining, without a
movement, perfectly still for nearly two hours. It was
of a green colour, very soft and velvety-looking, the
lines on the body as above described; the head dark
green, marked with black on each lobe and between
them on the crown, a black spot on each side of the
face, ocelli black ; on the very short second segment
is a black transverse mark in the middle and a black
spot close outside the subdorsal line, and another
smaller lower down; these are the development of
the former linear plate; the anal segment is very pale
green, with a dorsal mark of black on the flap. The
subdorsal line is the palest and is well relieved above
and below by the darkish full green, which it runs
through; beneath this are two extremely faint fine
paler lines, only just perceptible. The length at this
time was 6% lines. The general green colour is a trifle
deeper than that of Pamphila linea.
On the 18th of August I saw a larva two-thirds of
an inch long and very slender, commencing to make a
new tube for itself. On the 24th I saw a larva in the
act of leaving its case, after all the leaf at either end
had been eaten away to the midrib, by which alone it
was supported. I cut it off and then figured it with
the larva upon it, deliberately advancing towards the
stalk to find another leaf to construct a fresh dwelling.
This larva measured exactly 9 lies long and was in
all details as above described, except that the remains
of the black lmear plate on the second segment were
now only a dorsal spot and a fine dot. well below the
subdorsalregion. The anal flap was a trifle concave on
its surface, tapering to a rounded-off point beyond the
anal prolegs; it bore a broadish black dorsal rough
stripe. The segments behind the thoracic were all sub-
divided by transverse wrinkles into five rings, of which
the first rg was the widest, the second nearly as wide,
and the other three very much narrower.
STEROPES PANISOUS. 133
On the same day whilst putting this larva back on
the grass I saw another of exactly the same dimensions,
but 1t looked paler and as though it had quite recently
moulted; it was gliding at an almost imperceptible
pace in quest of a fresh leaf, which it soon found, and
in the course of an hour or two it was domiciled, as
was also the larva I had laid upon a leaf after
figuring it.
On the 29th of August I saw one larva 9 lines
long laid up waiting for a moult, partly on the edge
and partly on the -inderside of a leaf, with the head
downwards ; in this condition the second segment was
longer and larger than the third. About this time
several larvee showed themselves as they quickly
devoured their cases, first eating the lower part of the
leaf below their tube all but the midrib, then devouring
the top of the leaf above the tubular part, and lastly
the tube itself, until by degrees it became too short to
shelter them, when they deserted it and cut through
the midrib, which caused the tubular remains to fall
away, after which they glided off to select a fresh leaf
for the construction of another tubular abode.
On the Ist of September the larva that had laid up
since the 29th of August moulted during the night, and
had made itself a tube.
On the 4th of September I picked up two larve
deserting the grass; I then cut off all the remaining
tubes and found that I had seven or eight larvee ; two
only had black markings as in my earlier figure, the
others had moulted them away; that which I had
ficured on the 24th of August had moulted since the
lst of September, and was now 10 lines long and with
a plain paler green head, and hinder plate of the same
. colour as the belly, the ocelli black, and the finest
possible line of black at the junction of the lobes on
the crown.
On the 23rd of September I observed one on the
stick used to prop up the grass, it was lying along the
stick at full length, which gave me a good opportunity
134 STEROPES PANISCUS.
for measuring it, when I found it to be exactly one
inch.
It is a very timid larva, as, when at all disturbed, it
coils itself up ina moment, and so remains for an hour
or more.
On the 27th of September I observed another just
an inch long. It had the upper lip yellowish, the
mouth blackish, the ocelli black; the primrose-yellow
subdorsal line was relieved, both above and below, by
a line of deeper green than the ground colour, followed
beneath by a soft paler line; lower, again, the trachea
showed through the skin as a faintly paler fine line,
on which were the reddish spiracles; all the rest as
before mentioned.
By the 6th of October all had attained the length
of one inch and were of a very pale yellow-greenish
tint, with all the details of the lines as before, only
fainter; the next day I found one 13% limes in
length. Most of them now made very imperfect tubes
and seemed content to he along the underside of a
leaf, the top of which they soon devoured.
On the 10th of October one had spun itself up by
drawing a leaf round itself as it lay on the underside.
The leaf not being broad enough, the two edges did
not quite meet and the interstice had been well
covered with whitish silk, forming a complete cylin-
drical silk-lined hybernaculum ; other larve seemed
ready to follow this example.
On the 18th of October I noticed one larva lying
under a leaf which it had caused to hang down by its
having eaten out a portion from one side of the leaf
close to the midrib about an inch from the stem, anda
smaller wedge-shaped portion from the other side of
the leaf. The weight of the larva made it hang down
gently at an angle, and as the larva was thus lying
with its head downwards towards the tip of the leaf,
when hungry it advanced to the tip and ate it away,
and, having satisfied its hunger, moved backwards
towards the bend of the leaf. (W. B., Note Book IV,
196.)
PAMPHILA ACTAON. 135
PAMPHILA AOTAON.
Plate XVII, fig. 2.
On the 11th of June 1873, Mr. Thomas Parmiter,
of Kimmeridge, Dorset, very kindly sent me four
larvee of this species found by him on brachypodium
sylvaticum, a grass growing abundantly along the
downs facing the sea, where the subsoil is of chalk or
limestone, from Swanage to Weymouth. Along this
region the detached haunts of Actcon are scattered,
each locality being within one or two hundred yards or
so of the shore, having a southern aspect, and well
sheltered from the north by a hill. In these favoured
spots Actwon is plentiful.
I found these larve take readily to Triticum
repens, which was potted for them, and their habit
of feeding was as follows: ascending high up the
blades of the grass they began eating out a wedge-
shaped portion from the side which cut off the
pointed top, leaving an oblique edge above, and either
fed there on the upper edge for a little, or proceeded
to eat away large wedge-shaped pieces from the side
of the blade; when tired of feeding, they removed
lower down to the middle of the blade, and there spun
a coating of white silk from one side to the other,
causing the two edges of the blade to draw together
a little, and then in the silk-lined hollow they
would rest for awhile, coming out again to feed. ues
a time, I placed one of the larve on Triticum pungens,*
a stouter and tougher grass, with which it seemed
perfectly contented, and behaved in all respects as it
had before on T’. repens.
These larvee had attained their full length by the
time they reached me, but continued to increase
somewhat in bulk till June 20th, and by the 23rd they
had ceased to feed, and were beginning to fasten
* Triticum pungens is not British; probably T. junceum, which grows
on sandy coasts, is here meant.—H. T S.
186 PAMPHILA ACTON.
themselves within more closely constructed retreats,
formed where two blades of the grass obliquely crossed
each other ; however, a few days later, probably from
the grass not being quite free from mould, two of them
abandoned their places, and found others suitable to
themselves, where they pupated in horizontal positions
under a projecting ledge that supported the glass
superstructure of the cage. One of the individuals that
remained spun up on the grass and pupated there, with
its head uppermost in nearly a perpendicular position.
The butterflies appeared on July 14th, 17th, and
18th, viz. two females and a male; in each case the
imago came forth at night, the insect being ready for
flight in the morning.
The full-grown larve were from six-eighths to
seven-eighths of an inch in length, and in figure
(leaving out the head) tapered a little to each end, the
second segment being the smallest and very short.
The head swells out again beyond the size of the second
seoment, but not to such an extent as in some others
of the genus.
But, in justice to Professor Zeller, I will here quote
from his admirable observations and account of this
larva from the egg to full growth, which were published
in 1862 in ‘The Weekly Entomologist,’ vol. I, pp.
10—12.
«c*# * * When full grown they seek for a retired
shelter, which they find in a corner between some
leaves, of which they form a spacious habitation by
spinning in the open parts a thin wall of whitish silk
web, with large and very irregular meshes; the
resting place being thickly covered with whitish silk,
but most thickly where the tail of the larva is to rest.
In four or five days it changes into the pupa.
‘This larva is of the general form of Pamphila, ‘i.e.
cylindrical, tapering towards the tail and head, the
latter being large and, as it were, separated from the
trunk by a string. It is of a pale greyish-green, with
the dorsal vessel darker, and edged with a slender pale
PAMPHILA ACTON. 137
yellow line on either side, and enclosing a pale longi-
tudinal line along its middle. A narrow yellowish line
runs above on the side and a broader one below. The
two dorsal lines are prolonged as far as the middle of
the head, and run to the end of the flat anal shield,
which is narrowly edged with pale yellow. The
transverse folds of the skin are yellowish. The head
is rounded, with inflated cheeks, the brownish mouth
sunk deep between them. ‘The colour of the head is
brown in the young larva, paler in the older ones, with
the two yellowish lines very distinct and exteriorly
edged with brown,—greenish in the oldest ones, with
lines stouter and paler, without darker edges. The
legs are very short and greenish, the ventral ones
having usually a longitudinal yellowish stripe. The
two snow-white patches on the underside of the tenth
and eleventh segments are conspicuous as in P. lineola,
sylvanus, and comma, and appear to be a peculiarity of
the whole genus. This white substance is spread out
at the tail end of the larva of P. Actcon, when it has
formed its chrysalis case.”
As regards my four larvee, but little can be added to
the foregoing,—merely that the spiracles were pale
flesh-colour, situated on a fine and faint pale line, which
touched them in front and vanished behind each
spiracle ; that the lower pale stripe was inflated, and
rather overlapped the ventral prolegs; that the surface
of the head and the body was slightly roughened with
minute granulations, especially on the thoracic and
three last segments, which bore a number of minute
black points, that the rest of the upper surface was
faintly freckled with rather darker green than the pale
ground ; that the ocelli were black, and the anal shield
fringed with afew fine hairs ; and that as they matured
their glaucous tint gave way to a paler and more
yellowish- green.
The slender pupa is three-quarters of an inch in
length, two lines across the arched thorax, where it ig
widest, though the head, with its large prominent eyes,
138 PAMPHILA ACTON.
is almost as wide; the top of the head is a trifle
flattened, and has a beak-like process projecting
forwards of a flattened triangular shape, its base lying
across the head between the eyes; the abdomen tapers
very gradually towards the anal portion, which ends
in a prolonged and blunt flattened tip, furnished with
a circlet of exceedingly minute recurved hooks. The
wings, antenne, and legs are plainly developed, and
the proboscis is extended at full length down the
abdomen, from which it lies wholly free towards its
extremity.
Its colouring at first, and up to within four days of
the advent of the imago, closely resembles that of the
last larval period, viz. a very pale and delicate yellowish-
green, on which all the lines of the larva, though faint,
are distinctly to be seen. The first indication of its
approaching change is a gradual suffusion of pink over
the thorax, which, with the wing covers, in twenty-
four hours becomes of a dingy greyish-purple hue, the
back of the abdomen a light brownish-olive tint, the
divisions appearing as paler rings, the beak and tail
purplish-grey. In this advanced stage the change of
colour is considerable even in an hour or two; it grows
by degrees deeper olive on the back of the abdomen
with a dingy purple dorsal stripe; as the body and
thorax darken to purplish-black, so in proportion do
the frontal and caudal projections fade away to a
oreyish ashy paleness, and become semi-transparent, as
though empty ; finally, the surface becomes as though
covered generally with a misty reddish-grey bloom. It
is in the purple-blackish stage of colour that the fine
cincture, drawn tight round the front of the thorax,
and secured a little behind to each side of its abode by a
thickening of the silk, is most plainly seen by its
whiteness; the few stout threads that cross over the
pupa at each end, more or less obliquely, do not touch
it at all, but serve as security for its habitation, and
possibly as protective outworks while it lies fastened on
its silken carpet. (W. B., 22,7, 73; E.M.M. X, 86.)
PAMPHILA LINEA. 139
PAMPHILA LINEA.
Plate XVII, fig. 3.
Of this long wished for larva I had the great pleasure
to receive six fine examples on the 11th June, 1882,
from Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, who, most kindly mind- -
ful of my desiderata, when finding himself at their
locality in the eastern division of Sussex, on the even-
ine of the 9th, succeeded in sweeping them from
Holcus lanatus, a very soft pubescent grass, with which
they assimilated both in colour and texture most
remarkably well.
They had evidently done moulting, and continued
feeding well on the above-mentioned grass from seven
to fourteen days, and seemed rather to prefer it to
Brachypodiwm sylvaticum, another soft-haired grass,
which they also ate freely enough for a time; the
experiments of trying them with this latter grass
suggested itself to me from the circumstance of my
having, a few years ago, gathered some of it, quite by
chance, which contained a spun-up pupa, that shortly
afterwards produced this butterfly.
Their movements were very sluggish, and after eat-
ing a considerable quantity of food, they very slowly
began one after another to enclose themselves within
two, or sometimes three leaves of the grass, joined
together longitudinally by lacing or spinning, with
white silk, the edges more or less close to each other,
and became completely hidden; the earliest spun itself
up on the 18th of the month, another on the 20th, and
the others during the next three days.
The perfect insects, full-sized specimens, were bred
on the 15th and 16th of July following.
The full-grown larva is 10 lines in length, its
general figure of moderate substance, stoutest in the
middle of the body, tapering a little from the thoracic
segments towards the head, which is globular and
projecting, larger than the second segment, which is
140 PAMPHILA LINEA.
remarkably small and short ; it tapers also gradually on
the last four or. five sezments when seen from above,
and when viewed sideways the back then appears
slightly arched and sloping gradually to the anal flap,
and this is a trifle flattened and rounded off behind;
the belly is flat and the legs are all well beneath it and
rather short ; the segmental divisions are very delicately
defined, also most particularly the subdividing trans-
verse wrinkles, which by no means arrest attention,
but have to be diligently sought for.
In colour the head is of rather a deeper green than
the body, and rough with minute points, the upper lip
of a pinkish hue, is smoother and deeply channelled, the
ocelli black ; the body above is of a tender and delicate
hght green ground-colour, without any gloss, and on
the thoracic segments the skin is besprinkled with
black points of extreme fineness, so that they do not
affect the delicate colouring of the green ground; the
dorsal stripe is the darkest marking of green and is
very narrow on the second segment, and thence
uniformly wider until near the end, where it becomes
very gradually attenuated on the anal flap. This dorsal
stripe is of a darker, rather bluish-green, having a
stoutish line of paler green running through the
middle, and bordered outside in stronger contrast by a
stout line of green still paler than the ground; the
subdorsal line is of the same pale green, but thinner ;
below, at a little distance, the trachea shows partly
through the skin and on it can be discerned the rather
prominent reddish flesh-coloured spiracles, below these
again, at a little distance, follows an inflated paler
stripe of almost creamy-whitish, extending round the
anal flap, which often hides the belly and legs from view
when the larva is in repose, but at other times, when
examined beneath, these are seen to be wholly green
excepting a transverse patch of white on the front of
the ventral surface of the eleventh and twelfth
segments. ene
On tearing open the coarse reticulation of white silk
PAMPHILA LINEA. 141
which held the leaves together, and formed a lining to
the oblong puparium an inch and a quarter long, I
found the pupa itself to be of the length of 8% lines
and very similar in form to that of its congener
Acton, having the end of-the trunk lying free from
the abdomen, held in position, head upward, by an
oblique cincture behind the thorax, and the anal tip
secured by a fan-like spread of fine hooks at the ex-
tremity fixed in the silk lining, but the head had the
frontal tapering beak shorter and more bluntly pointed.
The colour then was the same hight green as that of the
larva, of which the paler lines could still be faintly
traced. (W. B., 10, 8, 83; H.M.M. XIX, 24:4.)
PAMPHILA SYLVANUS.
Plate XVII, fig. 4.
I have reared this insect from a larva found feeding
on Luzula pilosa, nearly full grown, on May Ist, 1862.
It continued to feed for four or five days and then
spun a silken lining in a cylinder previously formed by
uniting the edges of a leaf of Luzula, in which it
changed to a pupa—the perfect insect appearing on
the 8th of June. |
‘The larva was very slow in progression ; cylindrical
above, flattish beneath; the body pale bluish-green,
an indistinct dorsal line of darker green, and a paler
line above the feet, which are small. The head large
and singularly prominent—of a crimson-brown colour.
The thoracic segments taper towards the head, giving
it a strangulated appearance. (W. B., 9, 9, 62; ‘ Weekly
Hutomologist’ I, 45.)
142 PAMPHILA COMMA.
PAMPHILA COMMA.
(One of the few larve of which there is no figure in
this volume.)
On the 6th of September, 1880, I received five eggs
of this species laid in a chip-box and adhering to the
lid, side, and bottom. These were laid by the female
butterfly at Geneva, about the 1st of September (the
butterfly had been captured on the 28th of August by
the Rev. John Hellins by the Mer de Glace, near
Chamounix, in Switzerland.)
The egg is dome-shaped, with a small circular de-
pression on the summit, the surface apparently smooth,
colour creamy white, though in three instances ap-
pearing more or less speckled from some dark scales
from the parent adhering to them. On the 10th of
September, without growing darker, their colour
became of the faintest possible tinge of bluish-green.
On the 18th of December I sent one egg to Mr.
Hellins to examine with his microscope, and he re-
ported that the dark spot in the central depression at
the top of the egg (which was then visible in all the
egos, though not when I first had them) to be com-
posed of minute black scratches or irregular lines.
The shell is of the shape of a button or drop,
broadest at the base, where it is about 3g of an inch
wide, top rather flattened, about 5 of an inch across ;
the height is about 3's of an inch; the shell slightly
roughened all over, very much like the shell of a hen’s
egg; colour dead white, with a slight blue tinge.
Unfortunately none of these eggs hatched, though I
kept them for more than a year. (W. B., Note-book,
IV, 46.)
elemte be eX
[Tux following pages contain notes and descriptions
of larvee prepared this year (1885), by the Rev. John
Hellins, with the view of supplying some of the gaps
which occur amongst the descriptions left by the late
Mr. William Buckler.—H. T. §.]
These notes consist partly of extracts taken from
my diaries, partly of descriptions made purposely this
summer. I am painfully aware how much they fall
short of the excellence of my late friend’s work, and
only offer them as stop-gaps.—J. H.
GONEPTHERYX RHAMNI. 145
GoONEPTERYX RUAMNI.
Plate I, fig. 2.
My notes on this species are as follows :—In 1871,
July 8rd, I found several larve feeding on Lhamnus
frangula; on July 18th, three of these had become
pup, whilst some remained quite small. In 1874,
I bred the imago on July 11th.
This year (1885) I have had larvee sent to me by
Mr. W. R. Jeffrey, June 16th; by Mr. Holland, of
Reading, June 26th; by Mr. Bignell, July 2nd ; and
by Mr. Harwood, July 15th. On June 17th, I searched
some bushes of buckthorn near Exeter, fal on one
stunted bush, growing in a sheltered nook on the side
of a hill, [ found five eggs and four larve; and on the
same bush I continued to find eggs and larve till the
end of the month, my last find being dated June 30th.
How long the egg state lasts I cannot say, not many
days I imagine; I had some larvee hatch on June 19th,
which moulted June 28th, July 4th, and July 6th; were
full fed July 13th to 15th; became pupz July 16th to
17th; and the butterflies appeared July 29th to 30th.
I fancied there was a moult on June 23rd, but on
testing this pomt with another larva hatched June
28th, I found it did not moult till July 6th, so I con-
clude the larva moults but three times; the skin seemed
in almost all cases to be eaten. Several of the larve
which I found, or received from friends, had been
stung; of the survivors the first became an imago July
26th, the last on August 3rd.
The duration of the three stages of ege, larva, and
pupa, must be limited to something less than two
months; the remainder of the year is passed in the
perfect state.
The ege is laid singly, generally on a rib of the
under side of a leaf of Rhamnus frangula;* but one
* T have met with the larva on Rhamnus catharticus.—H.T. S.
VOL. I.
146 GONEPTERYX RHAMNI. |
leaf, which I picked, had two eggs on the under side
and one on the upper; the shape of the egg is flask-
like, cylindrical, set on end, about 1°3 mm. high, ‘4 mm.
in diameter at the base, °5 mm. at the widest, narrow-
ing to ‘15 mm. at the top; the shell is very delicate
and glistening, with twelve longitudinal ribs or flutings,
and fine intermediate parallel lines; colour silvery green
at first, turning at last to yellow. The larva makes its
escape from the egg by a large irregular hole in its
side, leaving the neck and top perfect, and does not
eat the empty shell.
The newly-hatched larva is nearly 2 mm. long, the
head being the widest segment, and the body tapering
backwards to the tail; the skin shining, in colour dull
yellowish, sparsely sprinkled with tiny black dots, but
there is a dorsal line of the ground colour left clear of
these dots; the usual trapezoidal and lateral warts are
blackish dots, but distinguishable by having a clear
space round each; and each bears a short pellucid -
knobbed bristle. In five days’ time the larva is 43 mm.
long, the body has become green, but the head has a
yellowish-brown tinge, the whole surface of the back
set with tiny black dots; but the trapezoidal and lateral
warts are larger black dots surrounded by clear spaces.
After the moult on the eighth or ninth day the length
is 8 mm., the head is green set with black dots, the
rest of the description much as before. After the next
moult the length is 15 or 16 mm., the colour becomes
a fuller green, the white spiracular line appears, the
trapezoidals still have clear surrounding spaces, there
are more black dots, and some more bristles. The
length just after the last moult is 20 mm.; the full-
crown larva is 34 mm. long, in shape having the back
rounded but the ventral surface more flattened, the
body stoutest from the third to sixth segments, the
second tapering rapidly to the head, which is rounded,
the hinder segments taper gradually, the thirteenth
rapidly, the anal flap ends squarely ; the six subdividing
rings of each segment well defined, the subspiracular
GONEPTERYX RHAMNI. 147
lateral ridge rather sharply edged; the second and
third pairs of true legs are set upon stout bases, the
ventral prolegs also powerful; the colour of the back
is a uniform dull glaucous green, melting at the
spiracles into a greyish-white broad stripe, which
reaches to the subspiracular ridge and is there pure
white, except on segments 2 to 4 where it has a
yellow tinge; the spiracles inconspicuous, being yel-
lowish-white; the belly of a more tender green than
the back, but becoming glaucous down the middle;
the head and all the back finely set with tiny black
dots of uniform size, each emitting a short pale bristle;
on the pale stripe the dots are whitish, below this the
dots are dark, but not so black or so numerous as
on the back. As the larva matures the trapezoidals
become indistinguishable, and the pulsating dorsal
vessel becomes visible as a faintly darker line.
For pupation the larva fixes itself head upwards,
with a belt of silk round the body, and then bends the
body in a curve outwards; but I never saw the actual
change.
The pupa, the difficulties of whose description Albin
got over by calling it ‘‘ odd-shaped,” is about 25 mm.
in extreme length, and 9 mm. in width across the wing-
cases ; the general outline is pointed at either end, the
back of the thorax humped in a short curve, the abdo-
men rising again a little from the waist, and con-
tinuing nearly straight to its tip, with a very slight
keel along the centre; the shoulders angulated, a
lateral ridge thence to the anal tip; the wing-cases are
produced in front to a narrow edge until quite half
their depth projects beyond the line of the belly, from
this projection the abdomen curves gently to its tip,
which is a bluntly-triangular spike, flattened, the
ventral side covered with curved spines (none on the
back); the tongue-case forms the edge of the projecting
wing-cases, but stops some little distance before reach-
ing the abdomen. ‘The colour of the pupa generally is
a bluish-green, the wing-cases more grass-green, the
148 GONEPTERYX RHAMNI.—
sharp point at the head yellow, tipped with purplish-
brown; a purplish-brown spot on the shoulder; a
faintly deeper green line down the back; a subdorsal
row of faint dusky spots; the lateral ridge yellowish,
edged above with deeper green; the wing-cases and
their nervures softly marked with freckles ; a purplish
line down the belly. As the imago matures the
antenna-cases show red, and the wings and body
become yellowish. (J. H., 19, 9, 85.)
PIERIS BRASSICA.
Plate II, fig. 2.
The sight of the caterpillars of this species feeding
on cabbages, and their unpleasant odour when plucked
off and crushed under foot, are among my very earliest
recollections; and I suppose the disgust which they
inspired has ever since kept me from caring to know
much about them. And so, with the solitary exception
of a memoranduin about a variety of the pupa, I have
no notes of an earlier date than the past summer (1885),
when I did what I could to atone for past neglect, and
braved the unpleasant smell of cabbages for weeks
continuously. I could get no butterflies of the first
flight, nor eggs from them; but Mr. Bignell, at Ply-
mouth, kindly hunted for larve, and sent me two
batches of youngsters, on July 8th and 14th; most
of these were already stung, and I got from them only
two pups, luckily varieties, and I bred the butterflies
on August 13th and 16th, being of course examples
of the second flight. Females of this second flight
were captured by Mr. Jeffrey and myself, and laid eggs
on August 12th and 16th; the larve hatched August
18th and 22nd, were full fed about September 10th,
and the last had become a pupa by September 15th.
Meanwhile Mr. Bignell found eggs and sent them to
me on September Ist, and again on September 29th,
PIERIS BRASSIOA. 149
and I found eggs in my garden on September 15th ;
these later dates might seem to indicate a third flight
of butterflies, and a third laying; however, I have not
bred a single imago in confinement from the pupz
of the second brood, so I must attribute the late ovi-
position to butterflies which had by some means been
delayed in their development. The eggs of September
1st produced the larve next day, and these had turned
to pup by October 10th; the eggs found by me on
September 15th produced larve September 25th and
26th, many of these were killed by frost and rain, and
the survivors are now, November 3rd, feeding out-ot-
doors on Tropewolum majus, but are not more than 12
mm. long, so their chance of becoming pupz seems
small; the larve from the eggs of September 29th
were hatched on October 10th, but I did not keep
them. One brood, that sent me by Mr. Jeffrey, I
watched carefully, and noted the date of each change ;
egos laid August 12th, larve hatched August 18th;
first moult, larve 4mm. long, August 22nd; second
moult, larve 8 mm., August 26th; third moult, larvee
12 mm., August 3lst; fourth moult, larve 20 mm.,
September 3rd; all had become pupz by September
12th, thus completing this portion of their changes
during the warmer weather, in the space of a month:
the cast skins were never eaten. I fed my larve on
cabbage and horse-radish leaves, and noticed that
they certainly preferred the former. I found the eggs
laid on T'ropwolum majus, and have seen the larvee on
that plant frequently, but in their cage they would not
eat its leaves if they could get cabbage. Mr. W. H. B.
Fletcher tells me he has seen larve on turnip leaves,
and Mr. W. H. Harwood mentions in addition charlock
and mignonette. Though of course feeding and living
openly, the larvee do a good deal of spinning for their
foothold; they are quite social in their habits, and
feed in company, and rest in rows side by side most
fraternally. |
To speak first of the egg laying, the eggs are laid
150 PIERIS BRASSICA.
on end in batches, but without linear arrangement, on
either surface of the leaf; the females in confinement
deposited little groups of six, or eight, or a dozen; but
those we found at large were in much larger companies.
I found two batches of fifty or sixty each, and Mr.
Bignell sent me at one time sixty-five, and at another
time more than one hundred all grouped together; the
egg is flask-shaped or skittle-shaped, standing on end,
rather more than 1 mm. in height, and more than 4
mm. in diameter below, and about ¢ mm. across the top,
with from 15 to 17 longitudinal ribs, and delicate even
transverse reticulation ; in colour dull yellow. Shortly
before the larva is hatched the ege shows three coloured,
the narrow neck and top being white and empty, then
just at the shoulder a black spot, being the head of the
larva, and all below yellow, the colour of the body of the’
larva. The young larva eats the empty eggshell ; itis
over 2 mm. in length, with large black head, the body
pale greenish-drab, the usual warts large and black, the
front pair of trapezoidals being largest, each carrying
a long hair; on the second segment a pair of large
black square spots separated by a pale line, the back
for the width of the space between the front trape-
zoidals pale with a dusky thread through the middle,
a large black plate on thirteenth segment. As the larva
grows, before the first moult, some tiny black specks
begin to show; when through the first moult, the
length being 4 mm., the body is yellowish-green, the
dorsal line distinctly yellower, the warts grown larger
and blacker than before, the hairs still long and stiff ;
when through the second moult, 8 mm. long, the colour
yellow with a green tinge on the front segments, black
head and warts as before; after the third moult, 12
mm. long, the middle of the back and lower part of the
sides more yellow, the subdorsal region greyish-green,
head and spots black ; after the fourth moult, 20 mm.
long, the head becomes pale, and this seems the great dis-
tinction of the final skin. The full grown larva is about
42, mm. in length, rather slender, cylindrical, tapering
PIERIS BRASSIOCA. Tou
slightly from about the middle towards the head and
tail, the head rounded, narrower than the second
seoment, the skin at last shining, the usual warts
sharply prominent, the whole body sparsely set with
short hairs; the colour of the back is a light greyish
or bluish green (the blue tint predominating in some
examples and the yellow in others), the dorsal line deep
rich yellow, the spiracular region paler and duller
yellow, the belly more greenish ; the lobes of the head
bluish-grey, finely powdered with small black dots
bearing short light hairs, and broadly margined all
along their front edges with black; the space between
these black borders pale yellow, the upper lip blue-grey,
the mouth black; the usual warts black and shining,
surrounded by large dull black spots, the largest of
which is that which surrounds the lateral wart, the
rest of the backis set with black spots of two or three
magnitudes, arranged on the subdivisions of the seg-
ments. All the legs yellowish with black marks; the
black shining plate on the second segment divided
by the dorsal line, which also enters the black plate on
the thirteenth segment for half its length; below the
spiracles only smail and pale black spots occur; the
spiracles indistinct, pale with black rings.
The larva for pupation fixes itself head upwards or
horizontally on a flooring of silk, witha belt round the
middle, and a holdfast for the anal legs. The pupa is
26 mm. long, well proportioned and stout, somewhat
angulated, the head with central spike or horn, the
back keeled throughout, the keel rising very high on
the thorax in two steps to a bluntish point, and then
falling in the same way to the waist; the abdomen not
so prominently keeled, at the end the keel bifurcates
forming the two sides of the spike; the shoulders
angulated, from these a subdorsal ridge angulated
along the wing-cases with two prominences, the
second being the higher. There is a variety in which
this second prominence becomes quite a spike. (Dr.
Jordan sent me a specimen in 1874, and the two
ie PIERIS BRASSICH.
pups I obtained this summer from Plymouth had this
spike.) The outline of the belly a gentle curve from
the head to the end of the wing-cases, where the tongue-
case projects free for 1 mm. (but not so prominently
as in the engraving, Plate II, fio. 2a; Mr. Buckler seems
to have been the first to notice this projection, no pre-
viously published figure shows it); thence the abdo-
men goes in a second and gentler curve to the tail ;
the anal spike flat, almost square, being made up of
the two outside ridges with a triangular piece between,
and set on the ventral surface with many short spines
curved at the tip and then spreading into broad edged
hooks. There are two or three varieties of colour, the
most common is very pale greenish-white; the head
spike blue at the base and yellow at the tip; dorsal
keel, shoulders, and spiracles yellow; the whole skin
sparingly freckled with tiny black dots; the dorsal
and subdorsal ridges marked with larger black spots,
and several of intermediate size set in patterns on the
sides; the tip of proboscis blackish. Another variety
is bluish-green all over, with yellow ridges and spiracles,
with the black spots much smaller and fewer in number.
Another variety 1s mottled with the green and white
tints. ‘These varieties were developed side by side in
the same cage. Ela, ioo)
PIEBRIS RAPH.
Plate II, fig. 3.
(See Mr. Buckler’s brief notice at p. 19.)
This was the first species I looked out for this year,
in order to obtain eggs, but the early flight was so
scanty in its numbers that I failed to catch an egg-
laying female; however, one must have visited my
garden, for after a good deal of searching I found five
larvee (and no more) during the first week in July;
PIERIS RAPA. 153
these became pupz between July 15th and 23rd, and
the butterflies were bred between the 21st and 27th; at
this last date there came plenty of females of the second
flight, and I found eggs from time to time up to Sep-
tember 8th; and from the earhest of these eges, found
at the end of July, I reared the larve and bred several
butterflies at the end of September and through October,
thus obtaining a partial third flight ; the greater part
of my pups, however, remain over for next spring.
During the warm weather the larva seems to be hatched
about six days after the egg is laid; the moults are
not easy to detect because the change of colour is
slight and the larva eats the cast skin, but I believe
there are four moults at intervals of about four or five
days each, and the pupais developed in five or six days’
time from the fourth moult. I have found the eggs on
Tropeolum majus and canariense, cabbage, charlock,
mignonette, and horse-radish; to these plants Mr.
Harwood adds hedge mustard (Sisymbriwm officinale)
and watercress.
The egg is laid singly (sometimes a leaf in a favourite
corner will get three or four eggs left on it, but each
deposited separately), standing on end, and is flask-
shaped or skittle-shaped, being just 1 mm. in height,
rather more than + mm. wide and about 4 mm. across
the top; with eleven, twelve, or thirteen longitudinal
ribs, coming up evenly and neatly to the apex (one of
the distinctions between this species and nap7), with
delicate even transverse reticulation. The colour at
first is very pale greenish-yellow, afterwards becoming
more yellow, some even orange-yellow. The young
larva eats the empty shell, and in several cases I
found larve, which had hatched in my pill boxes,
after eating their own eggshells attacking and
devouring their neighbours who were yet unhatched ;
of course this was done in the absence of proper food,
and would hardly occur in nature, but I do not remember
to have seen such a thing among all the hundreds of
other species I have reared from the egg. I have seen
154 PIERIS RAPE.
other young larve eat one another, but not attack their
brothers yet in the egg; however, after proper food
had been supplied I noticed no more cannibalism with
rape. ‘The newly hatched larva is not quite 2 mm. in
length, slender, in colour yellow all over, head and all,
the usual dots looking lke small raised warts and each
bearing a longish pale bristle; as it feeds it becomes
greenish and tiny black specks begin to show. When
the larva is 4 mm. long the head is brownish, the body
shining green, the usual warts are prominent and
white, but the bristles are black and look knobbed ;
when the length of 7 mm. has been attained the whole
larva is green, the warts as before white, each set with
a stiff black bristle, the back powdered with black
dots of two sizes, and with fine downy pale hairs, the
dorsal line is distinct by being free from dots, but there
is no difference of colour, and as yet there is no spirac-
ular line; when the larva is 11 mm. long, after I
believe the third moult, the yellow dorsal line is dis-
tinct, but there is no yellow yet in the spiracular line,
the warts and dots as before; when the larva is through
the next (and last) moult and is 15 mm. long, the
yellow spots appear in the spiracular line, and the
black dots multiply. The full grown larva is 28 or 29
mm. long, cylindrical, tapering slightly from the middle
towards either end, the general colour a dull green, a
thin yellow dorsal line, a faint yellow spiracular line,
which carries a row of yellow spots, namely, one apiece
on segments 3 and 4; from 5 to 12 there are two spots
on each segment, namely, one immediately in front of
the spiracle and touching it and the other some little
distance behind ; the spiracles are pale in black rings ;
there is no yellow spot on segment 13. The trape-
zoidal and lateral warts are small but somewhat promi-
nent, and are white in colour but with dark bristles ;
the whole skin set with small black dots down to the
legs, more thickly on the back, and these dots emit fine
hairs; the legs are whitish-green; the belly glistening
whitish-green. As the larva matures there becomes
PIERIS RAPA. 155
apparent on the back of the ninth segment a pale
square spot, apparently caused by an internal organ
showing through, but the dorsal line is not interrupted
by it.
"Whe larva fixes itself head upwards, or horizontally,
by the anal legs, and a belt round the body, for pupa-
tion. The pupa is about 20 mm. long, angulated, the
head with a sharpish central horn, the back keeled to
the tail, the keel rising up quickly on the thorax to a
blunt point, then falling to the level of the abdomen,
which goes off in a long curve to the tail; the
shoulders slightly angulated ; a subdorsal ridge begins
with two points (the second being highest), below the
waist, and continues in a slight curve to the tail; the
belly nearly straight ; the anal spike short, flattened,
almost square, the ventral side of the tip set with
curled spines. The colour seems very varied, but as all
the varieties occurred side by side on the cover of the
tin box in which my larve were reared, I could not
account for their difference; the commonest variety I
have is dusky drab, finely powdered over the back with
black, the dorsal and subdorsal ridges inclining to
yellowish, and dotted with black, the horn on the head
lined with black; the wing nervures drab, with
blackish spaces between; the tongue-case (the tip of
which projects free for a short distance) and antenna-
cases blackish; a few are darker than this, looking
quite smoky, and the pale lines not so clear; on the
other hand, some are much lighter, of a pale drab,
scarcely with the faintest freckling of black, and a few
black spots along the ridges; and some again having
either a rosy pink, or else a dull green tinge suffused
allover them. (J. H:, 5, 11, 85.)
156 PIERIS RAPI.
PIERIS NAPT.
Plate I, fig. 4.
(See Mr. Buckler’s brief notice at p. 20.)
I saw a few butterflies on the wing in May and
June of this year, but could not capture a female; in
the beginning of August I was im a locality where the
second flight was out in numbers, and on the 10th I
captured two females, which on the 12th began to lay,
and in a short time deposited a large number of eggs.
The larve were hatched in six days’ time, on the 18th;
in four days passed their first moult, August 22nd ; four
days afterwards came the second moult, August 26th ;
and in three days more the third moult, August 29th ;
and in four days more the last moult, September 2nd.
The first pupa was developed September 8th, and the
last September 14th; none of them have so far dis-
closed the imago, and no doubt are lying over for the
first flight in next year. Mr. C. G. Barrett kindly
sent me some eggs from Belfast August 25th, and the
larve appeared next day. I saw the butterfly on the
wing up to September 9th.
{ have never seen the larva at large, but I fed those
I have reared this season on horse-radish, which they
seemed to like very well, eating the leaves and the
stout leafstalks voraciously. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher
tells me he has found it on Nasturtiwm officinale, and
abundantly on a small cress growing in ditches in the
New Forest, which he took to be Barbarea vulgaris ;
Mr. W. H. Harwood believes he has found it on Cakile
maritima.
The egg is laid singly, on end, and is flask-shaped,
being 14 mm. in height, nearly $ mm. wide, and about
@ mm. across the top, with (generally) fourteen longi-
tudinal ribs not meeting very neatly, and with regular
delicate transverse reticulation ; colour at first pale
ereen, afterwards becoming more pale and silvery;
thus, although much lke the egg of rape, it is longer,
PIERLIS NAPI. P57
not so neat at the apex, and always greener in colour.
The young larvee eat their empty eggshells, but I saw
no attempt to eat other eggs. The newly-hatched
larva is all but 2 mm. long, with the head large, and
the body stoutest in front, the skin shining, the colour
(paler than in rape) being pale yellowish-white, head
and all, the internal vessels showing through of a
darker yellowish-drab tint; all the warts prominent,
though not so distinct as in rape, each with a long
very pale hair; after the larva begins to feed the
colour soon becomes a full green. After the first
moult, when the larva is 3; mm. long, the colour is
pale yellowish-green, with the front part of the body
much deeper in tint, the warts whitish, the hairs from
them darker than before, and the small dark dots with
short hairs appear. The cast skin is eaten. After the
second moult the length is 6 mm., the head shining,
clear yellowish-green, the body glaucous green, espe-
cially in front; the warts white, a few of the small
dots black. After the third moult the length is 10
mm., the colours as before, but many more small black
dots have come; there is a dorsal line formed simply
by the absence of these black dots; there is a dusky
green spiracular line, on the lower edge of which is
now a row of round yellow spots, each enclosing the
black spiracle. After the fourth moult the length is
16 mm., and the last skin appears; the full-grown
larva is about 26 mm. in length, cylindrical, the head
rounded, narrower than segment 2, the body stoutest
at segment 7, tapering thence slightly forwards, and
more rapidly towards the tail; the usual warts sharply
prominent, and the whole skin including the head set
with sharp points, all furnished with short hairs; the
colour a full green, head rather paler, the dorsal line
shows rather deeper green, the dorsal and ventral
colours are sharply separated by the yellowish green
indistinct spiracular line, on which come the black
spiracles, each in a round yellow spot; the belly is of
a paler greyer green, all the legs are green; on the
158 PIERIS NAPI.
back of the ninth segment isa pale square spot, caused
by an internal organ showing through; the trape-
zoidal and lateral warts are whitish, but all the other
points and dots are black of three or four sizes,
arranged on the subdivisions of the segments; but
there are no black spots below the spiracular line; all
the little raised points below that are white.
This larva is much lke that of rape, but can be
known from it by its lighter green, by the absence of
a yellow dorsal line, by the single yellow spot in each
segment enclosing the spiracle, and by the absence of
black dots below the spiracular line.
The pupa is fastened by the anal hooks, and a belt
of silk round the body; it is about 20 mm. in length,
angulated, the head with a single horn, the back keeled
throughout, the keel rising quickly to a blunt point on
the thorax, then falling to the level of the abdomen
and continued but not prominently to the anal spike,
where it bifurcates to form its sides; the wing-cases
a little angulated, from below the waist a subdorsal
ridge, which begins with two raised points, and goes
on to the tail; the outline of the belly much straighter,
the tip of the tongue-case just standing free, the eyes
somewhat prominent; anal spike flat, nearly square,
the under side of the tip set with curved and clubbed
spines. In colour there are two chief varieties, the one
of a light tender green, the other of a very pale pink
buff; some of the green ones are almost without
markings, except that the prominent parts—the horn,
dorsal and subdorsal ridges—are dull yellow, and the
wing-cases tinted with yellowish ; but the greater pro-
portion of the green ones have the prominent parts
dull yellow, and a number of spots purple brown vary-
ing in depth of tint; these are placed on the sides of
the horn, on the thoracic eminence, three or four large
ones on the upper edge of the wing-cases, and a row
of small ones at the segmental divisions on the dorsal
and subdorsal ridges of the abdomen. There is nearly
the same difference between lightly and darkly-spotted
PIERIS NAPT. | 159
examples of the buff variety, but this variety has the
largest and darkest development of these purple-brown
spots, and has the wing nervures marked out also.
Geal,6, 11; 85%)
ANTHOCHARIS CARDAMINES.
Plate III, fig. 2.
In 1864, July 5th, I had a larva sent to me on
Hesperis matronalis, the imago from which appeared
8th May, 1865. On 1dth July, 1885, Mr. W. H.
Harwood kindly sent me two larve just come to full
erowth, and gave me the information that he is
accustomed to find the larva principally on Sinapis
arvensis, which he considers its chief food, also on
Cardamine pratensis, Sisymbrium officinale, Alliaria
officinalis, and seeds of garden rocket.* My two larvee
became pup on July 18th and 19th, and I had the
pleasure of seeing the change in each case; the time
from the opening of the slit in the back of the larva
skin to the clearance of the anal tip was about seven
minutes.
The full-crown larva is about 27 mm. in length,
rather slight in figure, nearly cylindrical but with a
subspiracular ridge, stoutest at the sixth segment,
thence tapering each way, the head rounded, about as
wide as the second segment, which is narrower than
the third, anal flap ending bluntly; the larva looks
wrinkled, each segment having six subdividing rings,
with apparently some complication at the folds; the
skin is thickly set with fine raised dots of two sizes,
bearing fine pubescence; the colour is a uniform dull
glaucous green on the back, passing through grey
green into the pure white spiracular stripe; the belly is
of a more tender green than the back ; the dots on the
back are black placed on greyish little warts ; on the
* T have found the larva on Turritis glabra and on the flower-stems
of horse-radish.—H. T. 8.
160 ANTHOCHARIS CARDAMINES.
belly they are not so numerous; the spiracles are
inconspicuous being whitish, but not so white as the
stripe on which they are placed.
The larva fastens itself for pupation by the anal legs,
and with a belt of silk, and soon assumes an arched
posture, and becomes a pupa in less than two days ;
the beaked head-piece when first disclosed hangs
down limp, like the tassel of a man’s old fashioned
night-cap, and the wing-cases project at first but little ;
in a short time, however, the form fully develops, and
the pupa skin hardens. The pupa is 20 mm. long, very
slender, and very attenuated at either end; the general
outline of the back from end to end is concavely arched,
and it is much flattened, though the thorax swells out
just a little; the head ends in a long beak or horn ;
the tail has no spike, but the tip is set with rounded
knobs and small bristles (under the microscope
reminding one of the appearance of a raspberry); on
the ventral side the wing-cases swell out to a somewhat
acute point just at the middle of the body; along the
spiracular region is a ridge dividing the dorsal and
ventral surfaces; the colour at first 1s a dull deep
green. Oneof my pup in about ten days became pale
grey tinged with pink, darker on the back with a pale
dove-grey middle line and a broad stripe of dove-grey
on each side, the edge of the lateral ridge pinkish-
white, the nervures of the wings paler than the ground ;
the other pupa has retained its green colour to the
date of my present writing, and has the anal tip pink.
Ge, 2279780)
ARGE GALATHEA.
Plate III, fig. 4.
In 1861 I received eggs of this species from Dr.
Knages, July 27th, and the larvee were hatched August
18th, but I have no further notes of their progress.
In 1863 I again had eggs, and on March 31st, 1864,
ARGE GALATHEA. 161
I noted that I had a larva 6 mm. long, and feeding
after hibernation; by May 14th this larva was more
than 12 mm. in length; it was full fed before the
middle of June, and the imago was bred July 22nd.
In the month of May, 1866, I had a quantity of various
larvee sent to mefrom Torquay for naming, and among
them I found several of this species. During July,
1876, I captured some of the butterflies, and obtained
eggs; and the larve were hatched on July 31st.
On June 20th, 1885, Mr. G. C. Bignell kindly sent me
two larve, which had been lately taken in the New
Forest; they became full fed in two or three days, and
hid themselves in moss for pupation on June 25th and
27th. On July 24th [bred one imago; the other died
in the pupa, probably having been injured by me when
examining it for description. On August 13th Mr.
W. R. Jeffrey sent me some eggs, and the larve were
hatched on August 29th, and are now apparently
growing very slowly. From my own observation, and
the information given me by my friends, I conclude
that the parent butterfly simply drops her eggs in
rough grassy spots, without attaching them to any
object; the young larva eats up its eggshell almost
entirely, and thenceforward feeds on grasses; it seems
sluggish in its movements. I do not know on what
kinds of grass it has been taken, but I find it will eat
any of the common grasses from my garden; and I
have noted Dactylis glomerata in particular. It hiber-
nates when very small, becomes full fed in June, and
changes to a pupa without suspending itself in any
way, or making a cocoon; I think it would hide itself,
as my examples did; I found they had got among the
thick moss, with which I had furnished the bottom of
their cage, and apparently made little hollows for
themselves by turning round. Mr. Buckler’s figure
(Plate III, fig. 4d) shows the cast larva skin at the
tail of the pupa, but its attitude must not be taken as
indicating suspension.
The egg is large and plump, stumpy ovate in outline,
VOL. I, 1]
162 ARGE GALATHEA.
being 1 mm. in height, and nearly 1 mm. in its widest
diameter, but about 2 mm. across the top, and the
same at the base which is cupped. ‘The shell looks like
dull bone-white china, and is covered all over with
very shallow rhomboidal network, with very tiny knobs
at the knots, and with a central patch of finer meshes
on the top. The young larva is about 25 mm. long,
squat looking, with large head, and body tapering
thence to tail; the skin not shining, the usual warts
round and prominent, each bearing a longish stiff
curved bristle; the head granulated and set with some
hairs rising from round warts; colour a whitish buff,
with yellowish-brown dorsal, and rather broader sub-
dorsal, lines; the warts whitish, the head brownish
with whitish warts. At the length of 6 mm. the larva
-+has not changed its appearance much. The full-grown
larva is about 30 mm. in length, stout in figure, cylin-
drical, tapering from the fifth segment both to the
head and to the tail; the head is proportionally small,
almost globular; the anal flap ending bluntly, and
furnished with two short spines pointing backwards ;
the skin dull, finely set all over (head included) with
short hairs; all the legs are small and short, and are
placed well together. In colour this species is variable,
the variety of which I have seen most examples has the
eround colour buff, and the lines more or less brown ;
but I can now describe in full only the variety I have
seen this summer, with the ground colour of very pale
yellowish-green, the dorsal line very dark green but
beginning paler on segments 2 to 4; in the sub-
dorsal region comes a stripe of paler yellower tint
than the ground, edged with darker green, faintly
above, but more strongly below, these edgings most
distinct about the middle of the body; the spiracles
small, round, black; there is a subspiracular line paler
than the ground but not distinct; the head pale pinkish-
brown, anal spikes pink; belly much the same colour
as the back; the true legs faintly brownish, the ventral
prolegs green; the pubescence pale.
ARGE GALATHEA. 163
The pupa is very stout and plump, 15 mm. long and
7 mm. at the widest, just where the wing-cases end ;
the head-piece slopes from the shoulders but ends
squarely, the back of the thorax swells up roundly,
falling in a little at the waist, whence the abdomen
swells out again in a round curve to the tail, the seg-
ments being very slightly marked; the ventral outline
is gently curved; the wing-cases rounded; the abdomen
ends in a square piece, on which is placed a short blunt
spike set at the end with two httle groups of short
straight spines. The general colour is pale putty-white;
the wing-cases and antenna-cases freckled with pale
brown, the abdomen with a more yellowish tinge, the
segmental rings marked with deeper. yellow, and there
is a broadish yellow stripe down the middle; the
spiracles in one specimen were large, and ringed with
brown ; the pair of spiracles at the shoulders large and
dark brown in colour, thus being conspicuous on the
pale ground; the anal spike chestnut-brown. (J. H.,
25, 9, 85.) |
| LasiomMaTa AXiGERIA.
Plate IV, fig. 1 (see ante, p. 27).
Mr. Buckler having spoken of the larva after hiberna-
tion, | may give dates for the summer brood: June
26th, 1885, 1 captured a female, which laid a good
many eggs the same day; the larve were hatched
July 5th, full fed about July 27th, and had all become
pupe by August 2nd, and the butterflies were bred
between August 11th and 17th. I saw examples of
this second flight at large up to September 24th.
The egg is laid on its end upon a blade of grass, in
form it is dumpy, not globular, but with upright sides
and round top, just 1 mm. high, and slightly less than
1 mm. wide; it has no ribs, the shell is very glossy,
covered all over with fine irregular raised network,
164: LASIOMMATA AIGERIA, |
stoutest on the top; the colour at first pale whitish-
green, in about a week a dingy cloudiness comes in the
colour, and just at last at the top of the egg the black
head of the larva shows through. The young larva
eats up its empty eggshell, and is just 2 mm. long,
with large, brilliant, jet black head, the body all over
very pale greenish-white, the usual dots darker and
shining, with pale long curved hairs; some black
bristles on the head. The first moult came in five days,
when the larva was 5 mm. long and the head became
green, the general colour pale green, a deeper green
dorsal and a whitish subdorsal line appeared, and the
bristles increased in number, and the pink anal points
were developed. The second moult came in five days
from the first, when the larva was 7 or 8 mm. long;
the green colouring became more vivid, and the hairs
more numerous. The third moult came in another
five days time, when the larva was 13 mm. long, and
this was apparently the last; the full fed larva was
23 mm. long.
The pupa was formed about six days after the last
moult; the pupa is about 12 mm. long, stout and
squat in figure, the head notched at an obtuse angle,
the back of the thorax swelling up in a steep curve,
aud falling in gradually at the waist, the abdomen
swelling in a bold curve to the tail; the under side of
the thorax nearly straight, the abdomen curved ; the
anal spike short and stout, though somewhat flattened,
the ventral side of the tip crowded with curved spines,
which hold most tenaciously to the silken pad spun by
the larva. ‘The colour varies, some being pale green
tinged with whitish yellow, the wings outlined in
brown; onthe abdomen a short subdorsal row of three
small whitish-yellow spots; others had the ground
colour green, but covered all over with very fine
smoky freckles. (J. H., 9, 11, 85.)
LASIOMMATA MEGZERA. 165
LASIOMMATA MrcGara.
Plate IV, fig. 2.
On July 9th, 1864, I received a larva from Mr.
Buckler, who must have been at that time rearing the
species ; the imago emerged July 23rd. In May, 1874,
I obtained ova, and took a description on the 25th ;
the larvee began to hatch on June 3rd and moulted for
the first time on June 10th, by June 24th they were
about 8 mm. long, and I bred the butterflies July 20th,
and following days; these had gone through all their
stages in about two months. About the end of March,
1881, I captured two larve on grass; about the middle
of April these became pups, and the butterflies ap-
peared May 13th and 21st; these had come from eggs
laid in the previous July or August, and had hibernated
as larvee. ‘he dates given above mark the times of
the two broods.
The egg is deposited singly on grass blades; in
shape it is dumpy conical, somewhat truncated, with
the top rather rounded ; the shell is glistening, covered
with rows of shallow reticulation on the sides and all
over the top, with a central spot of very small reticu-
lation ; colour at first pale green, then whitish, at last
dull greenish- white, with some dark purplish spots on
the top.
The newly hatched larva has the head globular and
large, half as wide again as the second segment, with
the body tapering from 11; all the usual dots promi-
nent, and each carrying a long curved bristle ; colour
ereyish, with a brownish dorsal line which widens in
the middle of each segment, and contracts at the folds,
two finer lateral lines ; the head shining pale olive with
little black warts carrying black bristles, the dots on
the back ringed with brownish. At the first moult the
colour is changed ; it becomes dull green all over, the
head bright green, the dorsal line of a green rather
deeper than the ground, but edged with paler lines;
166 HIPPARCHIA JANIRA,
in the subdorsal region comes a darker thread, followed
below—first by a paler line, then a dark one again, and
then another pale one; the spiracular line is more
yellowish-green. The full-grown larva is green,
with darker dorsal line, and paler subdorsal and
spiracular lines.
The pupa is suspended by the tail, and has two
varieties of coloration, green and a very dark brown.
It has a short, stout, flattened anal spike, the tip of
which is thickly set with pale, curled spines; leading
up to it on the ventral side is a sort of scutcheon, but
not prominent, bearing on its higher edge two tiny
knobs ; the tip of the proboscis, though lying close to
the abdomen, is really free from it for about the length
of limm. (J. H., 12, 10, 85.)
HIPPARCHIA JANIRA.
Plate V, fig. 1.
I have bred this species, but have nothing that I
can say for certain about it, except that it hibernates
in the larval stage; I have several times taken the
larvee feeding upon grasses in the spring. ‘The full-
grown larva is full green, with darker dorsal line, and
the two anal points pink.
For pupation the larva suspends itself by the tail;
at the change the shrivelled skin remains enveloping
the tail of the pupa, and supporting it. The pupa is
stout, the head with two little horns; the tail ends in
a short, stout curved spike, on the tip of which are a
few straight feeble bristles, quite unfit for suspending
it; on the ventral surface close to this spike is a
scutcheon of a somewhat rounded form, with a central
cicatrice, and on the front edge two little projecting
knobs, which with the spike no doubt keep a hold on
the cast larva skin. The colour is green, with some
brown spots and lines. Boisduval has figured the
HIPPARCHIA JANIRA. 167
pupa suspended by the naked anal spike, but I do not
think this can be correct.
Mr. G. F. Mathew informs me that he has watched
the female of this species dropping her eges at random,
as she fluttered above some coarse grass. (J. H., 7,
11, 85.)
Hipparcuta 'TITHONUS.
Plate V, fig. 2.
On 21st August, 1873, I captured some butterflies,
which at once laid eggs; the larve hatched September
15th ; they moulted about the middle of October. On
January 21st, 1874, they were about 35 mm. in
length, on March 16th about 6 mm.; by April 25th
they had grown to 12 mm.; June 4th, some measured
19 mm., and were full grown ; the first imago was bred
August 18th. In 1885, June 20th, Mr. Bignell sent
me a larva taken with some Galathea larvee in the New
Forest ; it was then 18 mm. in length, and in a day or
two became 19 mm.; on July Ist it suspended itself
by the tail for pupation, became a pupa on July 5th,
and the imago appeared July 26th. Ifed the larve on
Poa annua, Dactylis glomerata, and other common
OTAasses.
The egg is cylindrical, standing on end, the top flat,
but rising in two shallow steps, the sides with sixteen
ribs separated by wide grooves, the ribs continued over
the top to an irregularly-shaped central spot filled with
reticulation, the transverse lines shallow but regular,
the shell ghstening, at first all over very pale yellow,
becoming in four or five days whitish with light chest-
nut brown blotches; of these there is a large central
one on the top, and a strong band of them round the
ego near the top; the rest are scattered. Just before
the larva is hatched the egg becomes pale purplish, on
which the markings are darker but not plain.
168 HIPPARCHIA TITHONUS.
The young larva eats the empty eggshell ; it has the
head large and globular, the usual dots large, each with
a stiff hair; the ground colour is whitish-grey, with
rusty yellow dorsal and subdorsal lines; along the
spiracles are two fine lines connected on each segment,
and so looking like a row of squarish patterns, the head
yellowish, the dots brown, the hairs whitish ; the front
segments show the internal vessels. In October, after
the first moult the larva becomes green, with brownish
head; in January it is noted as being of a vivid full
green, with a few blackish hairs, the head pale
greenish; in March it is 6 mm. long, in colour full
green, with dark green dorsal line, yellowish-green
subdorsal line, and whitish-green spiracular line; head
pale green, tinged with brownish, the skin with a few
blackish hairs. In April it is about 12 mm. long, in
colour greenish-grey, with dark dorsal, indistinct
ereenish-white subdorsal, and whitish spiracular line,
head pale greenish-brown. At the end of April it
moults for the last time, in June it becomes full fed.
The full-grown larva is about 19 mm. long, stoutest at
about the seventh segment, thence tapering to either
end, the back rounded, and the slope towards either
end falls in a curve; the belly is flatter, the head wider
than the second segment, and flattened in front, the
face being rather wider below than above; the sub-
dividing rings give a wrinkled look to the skin; the
whole body, head included, is closely set with fine short
pale bristles; the anal flap with two short spines
pointing backwards. ‘The colouring varies a little,
generally the ground is pale ochreous freckled closely
on the back with reddish-brown; the head freckled
rather darker than the body, and the lobes outlined
with a dark line; the dorsal line dusky, widening on
the middle segments; the subdorsal line a little paler
than the ground, edged especially above with some dark
freckles ; the subspiracular stripe pinkish-white edged
above with brown freckles, and followed below by a
yellow tinted stripe, belly like the back; the spiracles
HIPPARCHIA TITHONUS, 169
very small, black; the anal spikes pale drab. Some
examples are rather darker than this, and some paler
with a greenish-grey tinge.
The larva suspends itself by the tail for pupation.
The example I had this summer did not get rid of the
cast larva skin, but the pupa hung with its tail still
enveloped. The pupais about 10 mm. long, and 45 mm.
across the wing-cases, stumpy in figure; the head
ends squarely whether looked at sideways or from
above; viewed from below the corners are angulated
almost like little horns; the shoulders of the wing-
cases are also sharply angulated ; the back of the thorax
rises in a short curve, and drops in at the waist, the
abdomen swells out in a longer curve, the segmental
divisions marked by projecting edges; the wing-cases
bluntly rounded off below, the ventral outline shghtly
curved; the anal tip is furnished with two extremely
short points, one can scarcely call them spikes, which
seem to have no hooks, and on the ventral surface
there is a sort of scutcheon, on the anterior edge of
which are set two knobs, each with a little curved
Spine pointing backwards, and the use of this arrange-
ment seems to be for retaiming hold on the cast
shrivelled larva skin, and so suspending the pupa
safely, a task for which the little anal blunt spikes
are wholly unfitted. The general colour of the pupa
I had this summer was pale drab, the antenna-cases
tipped with brown, the wings outlined a little with
brown, the abdomen had a more ochreous tint, and its
rings on the upper side were edged whitish, and with
brown streaks interrupted by a middle pale stripe,
spiracles brown. The general effect rendered this pupa
an inconspicuous object.
I have, however, an example or two of my 1874
pup, which are marked with much more contrasting
tints; the head and wing-cases are ochreous, marked
and lined with dark brown, and the back has a middle
stripe of drab with a broad dark brown stripe on either
side of it, and then a subdorsal drab stripe bordered
170 HIPPARCHIA TITHONUS.
again with dark brown; and there seems to be a good
deal of variation in the distribution of the dark mark-
ings. (J. Hs 26; 95 85:)
HipparcHIA HYPERANTHUS.
Plate V, fig. 3.
In 1861, July 27th, I received eggs from Dr. Knaggs,
the larve from which hatched August 18th, and I must
have carried them through the winter, and sent some
to Mr. Buckler in the spring of 1862, but I made no
further notes. On July 28th, 1885, I captured a
butterfly, and confined her with plenty of growing
grass, Dactylis glomerata, Poa annua and others; next
day, July 29th, she laid a great many eggs, but without
attaching them toanything ; they were simply dropped
and I found them on the bottom of the cage. The
larvee hatched August 19th, and moulted about the
end of September ; they are now about 5} mm. long,
sluggish, but feeding a little on Triticum repens. This
species hibernates in the larva stage, and feeds up in
May.
The ege is dumpy, conical in shape, with rounded
top, about *7 mm. high, more than -8 mm. at its
widest, and about ‘6 mm. over the top; the shell
shining, faintly reticulated (or pitted) in rows; this
ornamentation is so slight that 1t cannot be compared
to ribs. The colour at first yellowish-white; this soon
turns to pale brownish, but the shell remains clear and
shining, and in about three weeks time the head of the
larva shows brown with two small black dots of eyes.
The young larva has a large head, and a stumpy body
tapering to the tail, about 1°7 mm. long, the usual dots
large, and each bearing a stiff, curved, ragged bristle ;
there are no anal points till after a moult; colour pale
drab, the head horny, warm brownish, the dorsal and
subdorsal lines yellowish-brown, the dots slightly
darker than the ground. When between 5 and 6 mm.
HIPPARCHIA HYPERANTHUS., rel
long, the larva is greenish-erey, the head pale brown,
the strong dorsal line dark, the subdorsal line paler
than the ground but edged with darker, the spiracular
line whitish with dark edges, the space between the
subdorsal and spiracular lines 1s slightly darker than
the back; the two anal points short but distinctly
formed. Of the full- -grown larva after hibernation I
have no notes, nor of the pupa, except that it is very
dumpy in figure. (J. H., 12, 10, 85.)
EREBIA Cassiope (HprpHron).
Plate VI, fig. 2 (see ante, p. 33).
For three years following, 1874-75-76, I obtained
egos through the kindness of Mr. W. i. Harwood ;
these eggs came to me in the first or second week of
July, the larve hatched between July 15th and 20th.
I got them to feed on Aira precox and A. cespitosa,
they seemed to thrive through the autumn, and by the
beginning of October they attained the length of
10 to 12 mm.; then they would hibernate till towards
the end of next February, when they began to move
again, but after that every year they died off, so that I
never brought one to full growth.
The egg is laid singly, standing on end, upon grass
blades, and is in shape cylindrical, twice as long as wide,
its top diminishing in two steps, its centre plain, the
sides with eighteen broad shallow flutings, neither
clearly defined nor quite straight, with delicate and
regular transverse reticulation, the shell slightly
glossy ; the colour at first, for about twenty-four hours,
bright yellow, afterwards duller; m three or four
days pale dull yellow, blotched pretty evenly all over
with circular patches of small pale brown dots, the
centre of each patch densely spotted; in about ten
days the whole colouring grows duller, and there is
not so great a contrast between the ground and the
2 EREBIA GASSIOPE.
spots; in about a fortnight the larva is fully formed,
and can be plainly seen through the transparent shell,
and it then soon eats its way out at the top of the
ego, and makes its first meal of the empty shell. The
young larva is dumpy in figure, stoutest in front, with
round head ; in colour it is very pale grey, the front
segments with a purplish tinge from the internal
organs showing through; a rich yellow dorsal line,
two yellow lines on the side, and another just above
the spiracles ; the head brown, granulated all over ; the
usual dots jet black, furnished with very short
bristles; spiracles black. In about ten days it seems
to have moulted, and has become green all over, with
darker green dorsal line, subdorsal line paler than the
ground colour, and the spiracular line yellowish, the
head brown. When the larva is about 9 mm. long its
figure is stout, with the back swelling in a curve which
is highest about segment 7; the head globular,
rather narrower than the second segment; the tail set
with two short spines; the colour all over grass green,
the dorsal line darker green finely edged with
yellowish; subdorsal line yellow edged with dark
green, followed by a finer yellow line, then the green
spiracular line, and a broad well-defined whitish-yellow
subspiracular stripe; the spiracles brown. This colora-
tion continued nearly unaltered as long as any of my
larvee lived, except that in the spring the yellowish
lines grew more whitish, and the head was green.
(J. H., 24, 10, 85.)
CHENONYMPHA PAMPHILUS.
Plate VI, fig. 4.
I have reared this species more than once, but can
find no more record of its changes than the following
notes made in 1874.
The eggs were laid by captured females 28th May,
CANONYMPHA PAMPHILUS. 173
1874, but I do not know when the larve were
hatched. August 11th one larva had become a pupa,
and the rest were about 7 mm. in length. August
22nd the butterfly appeared, whilst the rest of the
brood were still larve, and just then passing through
a moult; and these hibernated in the larva state, for
on February 13th, 1875, I noted the fact that one of
them was sunning itself on the covering of its cage.
It seems the knowledge that Mr. Buckler had figured
the larva in previous years more than once, kept mein
this case, as well as in so many others, from making
full notes. J may add that in ‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,’ vol.
VI, p. 223, there is a note to the effect that Von
Prittwitz found Pamphilus to be one of the species
which pass the winter in the egg state; my record
above does not seem to agree with this view, but then
I have no note of eggs laid by the second flight of the
butterflies in August.
The egg is somewhat bucket-shaped, with flattish
base and top, and upright sides, broader at the base
than above; the sides with nearly fifty small irregular
ribs, and faint transverse reticulation, the top thimble-
pitted all over, the shell glossy, pale green at first,
turning in a day or two to whitish, freckled and
ringed with pale yellowish-brown. The full-grown
larva is about 20 mm. long, with rounded head, the
body more tapering backwards than in front, the last
segment with two short poimts; the colour a clear
ereen, with darker green dorsal stripe, and a spira-
cular stripe not so dark; the anal points pink. The
pupa is rather over 11 mm. in length, plump, but with
the headpiece somewhat squared ; the abdomen ending
in a short, stout, rather flattened and curved spike, the
tip of which is thickly set with curled spines, well
adapted for holding on to the silk pad; the colour
mostly green. (J. H., 9, 11, 85.)
The following very short note on the pupa of
C. Pamphilus occurs in one of Mr. Buckler’s jon
Books (I, p. 70) : :
174 CHNONYMPHA PAMPHILUS. ~
Pupa a little more than three eighths of an inch in
length, smooth and plump, very slightly ridged or
keeled on the back of the thorax, the superior margins
of the wing-cases project on each side as a rather
sharp ridge; the head rather square in outline, the
back of abdomen bent round in a curve to the anal
tip.
Colour a delicate pale rather yellowish-green, with
a faintly darker green dorsal stripe, the edge of the
projecting wing-covers on each side whitish, outlined
with a streak of reddish-brown ; the abdomen freckled
very delicately with paler green; the tip of the anal
point, with a short streak of brownish red on each side ;
the wing-cases faintly marked with darker green
nervures.
This pupa was received April 16th, 1871, from Miss
Pasley; having assumed the pupa state on the dth of
that month, suspended to a blade of glass.
CYNTHIA CARDUT.
Plate VIII, fig. 1 (see ante, p. 49).
In 1877, July 21st, Dr. T. A. Chapman kindly sent
me an ege, which he had found on a thistle, after
watching the parent butterfly settle on it for oviposi-
tion ; unfortunately after taking a description I injured
the egg, and so lost the chance of seeing the young
larva. In 1885, July 21st, I had the pleasure to
receive from Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing, six
larvee nearly full grown; they were feeding on
Onopordon acanthiwm, the leaves of which they fast-
ened together by some tough silken threads, and they
seemed to eat out the thick fleshy parts of the leaves
very voraciously. ‘The first became a pupa on July 21st
and the rest within a week; the butterflies appeared
between lst and 4th of August. On August 17th
Mr. Fletcher wrote that he had lately seen two pairs
OYNTHIA CARDUI. Le
of the butterfly in cop., so that no doubt there has
been a second brood, or partial brood, this year. Mr.
Fletcher also informed me that he has found the larva
feeding on flowers of Hcehiwm vulgare.
The egg is stout and somewhat barrel shaped, with
sixteen sharp edged, longitudinal ribs coming over the
edge of the top, in the centre of which is a large
circular plain spot; the transverse reticulation crosses
the ribs and knobs them; the colour of the shell is
dark green, the ribs are pellucid. The full-grown
larva is about 32 mm. long, stout, with large horny
head set with bristles, the face being rather long.
There are seven rows of short, bluntish spines set with
bristles, and they are arranged as follows: eight in
the dorsal row on segments 5 to 12, ten in the sub-
dorsal row on segments 3 to 12, eleven in the lateral
row on segments 3 to 13, and nine in the subspiracular
row on segments 5 to 13; there are also fascicles of
hairs on segments 2, 3, and 4, and a row of them just
above the legs ; the body generally is sparsely set with
hairs. As to colour I had two varieties, the darker
having the ground colour blackish, shghtly freckled on
the back with yellowish, the dorsal line, which is
interrupted by the dorsal spines,is in colour velvety
black edged with sulphur yellow; there is a sort of
subdorsal pale lme made by the small freckles being
set closer together in that part, then comes a black
space edged below with a waved yellow line; next
comes a slightly freckled black line bearing the
spiracles which are black ringed with yellow, and
below that is a clear, broad yellow line; thereis a black,
shining plate on segment 13; the spines on segment 3
black, all the others pale yellowish, set with blackish
bristles, the other hairs pale ; the belly dark grey with
a reddish streak above each leg, all the legs reddigh-
brown ; the paler variety had the ground colour of a
dull greyish drab, the dorsal line of the ground colour
on a more yellowish band, the lateral lines more
distinct, the spines pinkish with whitish tips.
176 CYNTHIA CARDUI.
The pupa is suspended by the tail, it is about
22 mm. in length, stout, and though following the
usual Vanessa pattern, more rounded in its form; the
head has a pair of very short, blunt horns, the back of
the thorax swells up in a round curve, with a short
blunt spike in the middle, and falls in at the waist; the
abdomen swells out a little and then curves away
regularly to the tail; the belly outline is much less
curved, the anal spike is like a short curved leaf-stalk
ending abruptly, and is set round with a ring of hooked
spines; down the back there is a middle row of six
blunt knobs, and a subdorsal row of nine on each side.
I had two varieties of coloration ; the darker variety
had the back pale dusky brown finely dotted with black,
down the middle of the back an interrupted stripe of
pale pinkish grey glossed with gold, the subdorsal knobs
golden, and outside them on the abdomen a stripe of
pinkish grey; on the under side the wing-cases
brownish somewhat marked with the pinkish-grey tint,
the antenna-cases darker and more smoky, the abdomen
mostly pinkish, but with central and lateral stripes
more smoky ; on the under side of the head a pale,
square spot, and short pale lines running out to the
short horns; the paler variety had all these same
markings, but the dusky portions much less extensive,
and the general colouring greenish with a golden
olossing or lustre. (J. H., 28, 10, 85.)
VANESSA ATALANTA.
Plate VIII, fig. 2.
I have not many records of this species; perhaps
one of my most pleasant entomological memories is
that of seeing the butterfly in good condition flying
about during a gleam of sunshine on the morning of
Christmas day, 1866; at last it settled on a child’s
shoulder, and was an object of admiration for some
ad
VANESSA ATALANTA. G77
time. In 1883 I found some larve in their caves
formed by drawing together the leaves of Urtica dioica,
but I have not the exact date of this, or of similar
finds in other years. On July 25th, 1885, Mr. W. H.
B. Fletcher kindly sent a number of the larve of
various sizes, feeding on nettle (Mr. Fletcher informs
me he has before now found the larva on Parietaria
officinalis); a large proportion of them developed
ichneumons when rather more than half grown, but
several became pupz between July 28th and August
10th; the first butterfly emerged August 8th, and the
rest during the month. The smaller larve were mostly
black, but so many were killed by ichneumons that
I got but few notes of them. The full-grown larva is
over 30 mm. long, stout, the head horny, with a flat
face, much larger than the second segment, which is
both short and narrow; the body is set with seven
rows of branched spines (longer than those of C. cardu,
but not so long as those of V. Jo), arranged as follows:
eight dorsal on segments 5 to 12, ten subdorsal on
segments 3 to 12, twelve lateral on segments 3 to 13
(there are two pairs of lateral spines on 13), and eight
subspiracular on segments 5d to 12; the head set with
olistening warts; and there are some on the second
seoment, and a few hairs all over the body. The colour
seems very variable. [I had some examples which I
called black—the ground colour being blackish, freckled
and dotted with white, with two pale yellow lateral
stripes, the upper one being much narrower than the
lower; the spines on segment 3 black, on segment
4 yellow with black tips, all the other spines pale
yellow; the thoracic legs black, ventral prolegs reddish-
brown, anal prolegs black with yellow feet; the spiracles
indistinct, being black ringed faintly with yellow on
black ground, below them a stout waved yellow line;
the belly black speckled with whitish. Another variety
was soft grey in general colour, with the spines buff;
another, grey freckled with yellowish-green, with darker
marks along the subdorsal region, and a yellow sub-
Woe low 12
178 VANESSA ATALANTA.
spiracular stripe; others again were dark-brownish,
with the dorsal and subdorsal spines pale, and the rest
black; and some dark ones had all the spines black ;
one dark variety had the ground colour sooty brown,
lighter at the segmental folds, and darker in rings as
it were on the ridges of the segmental subdivisions,
with minute pale yellow dots, the bases of all the
spines clear ruddy brown, the spines and bristles
olistening black; the spiracles blackish, inconspicuous,
the subspiracular yellow stripe reduced to a series of
yellow blotches just at the segmental folds, so that
half of each blotch was on one segment and half on
the next, no other lines; the head sooty brown with
olistening black warts; thoracic legs shining black,
ventral and anal prolegs brown, the feet pink.
The larva suspends itself for pupation in its cave ;
the pupa, suspended by the anal spike, is about 24
mm. long, stout, of the Vanessa figure but somewhat
‘rounded ; the head with a pair of very short horns,
the back of the thorax rising to a point and then fall-
ing in rather sharply to the waist, the abdomen swel-
ling out in a bold curve to the tail; there is a dorsal
row of six very small knobs, and a subdorsal row of
nine knobs, not so blunt as in C. cardui ; the shoulders
of the wing-cases rising into two angulated points ;
the contour of the belly nearly straight, but the
abdomen curves in a little, the anal spike stout like a
leaf stem, alittle flattened, curved under, the flat tip set
with a mass of very short, hard, black curved bristles ;
the colour is a uniform soft grey, most delicately
freckled with a darker tint, and somewhat glossed with
golden; the dorsal knobs are golden but small, the
subdorsal knobs are larger spots of gold, the largest
being those at the waist; there is a large golden spot
on each side of the belly of the segment in which the
wing-cases end, the anal spikedark, the narrow spiracles
pale brownish. Albin, who must have been lucky with
parasites, says he found some of these pup gilded
all over, and that they produced a brood of small but
VANESSA ATALANTA. 179
very beautiful ichneumons; all my examples that
became pup produced butterflies. As mentioned above
it was when about half grown the larve were killed off
by parasites. (J. H., 29, 10, 85.)
Vanessa Io.
Plate VIII, fig. 3.
On July 7th, 1881, I took some larve on stinging
nettle, Urtica dioica, which moulted for the last time
July 10th, and became pup July 16th—20th. In
1885, July 4th, | found some larve as yet without
spines, but they presently moulted before I took any
notes of their appearance. On July 6th I found another
family just passed the same moult; after this they
moulted twice, viz. July 7th and Sth, and July 12th
—14th; they became pups July 20th—22nd, and I
bred the butterflies August lst—3rd. I know nothing
of the egg, but the whole batch must be deposited
together, for the larve are found feeding together in
families ; they are irritable when disturbed, both walk-
ing quickly and flinging about their heads, and ejecting
from their mouths a dark greenish fluid. When the
larva is about 13 mm. long, before the last moult but
one, it has the full complement of six rows of spines,
but they are very short, the spiracular and subspiracu-
lar rows being scarcely more than high warts ; the skin
is shining, dingy brown, showing reddish at the seg-
mental divisions, with faint indications of the white
dots. With the last moult but one the spines grow
much longer and stronger, and the colour becomes
velvety black, and the transverse rows of little white
dots become distinct. When about 22 mm. long the
larva moults for the last time, but does not then change
its appearance much; the full-grown larva is about 36
mm. long, rather slender, the segments well marked,
head wider than the second segment, and set with
180 VANESSA I0.
warts ; the spines are quite 3 mm. long, pointed and
set with bristles, in the subdorsal row there are ten on
segments 3 to 12, in the spiracular row eight on seg-
ments 5 to 12, in the subspiracular row seven on seg-
ments 6 to 12, and on 13 there are two pairs placed
nearly in line with the subdorsal rows; the general
colour is velvety black, the dorsal line and the seg-
mental folds are dead black, the head, the plate on
seement 2, and the anal plate, are all shining black,
there is also a small dorsal plate on segment 12; the
subdividing rings of the seements have on them trans-
verse rows of white dots, the two hinder rings of each
segment bearing more than the others, the spines are
black (immediately after a moult they are whitish,
and being strongly contrasted with the dark skin are
easy to count), the fine hairs on the head and back
are pale, those lower down are brown; the true legs
are black, the ventral prolegs are pale purplish with
the feet yellowish, the anal prolegs black with pale
feet; the spiracles large, but being black are incon-
Spicuous.
For pupation the larva suspends itself head down-
wards from a little pad of silk, and hangs for a couple
of days in a curved posture, but at length straightens
itself ; the actual change is the more interesting to
watch from the contrast between the green of the new
pupa skin, and the intense black of the old skin of the
larva: When matured the pupa is over 25 mm. long,
stout, and mostly cylindrical, though a little angulated,
the skin wrinkled; on a side view the back outline is
much curved, the beliy much less so; the head has two
triangular diverging horns, the back of the thorax
rises in an abrupt curve, and has in the middle a short
spike ; it falls in at the waist, whence the abdomen goes
in a long curve to the tail, and is set with subdorsal
rows of six spines on each side, the first blunt, and the
other five sharp; the shoulder of the wing-case has a
short spine, and there is another lower down on the
edge of the wing-case; the abdomen ends in a long
VANESSA IO. 181
stem-like spike, the sides of which are ribbed and
thicker than the middle, and its tip is set all round
with a great number of tiny hard black bristles curved
hke hooks, and which radiate regularly outwards in
every direction. In colour I had two varieties, one pale
greenish-yellow, the other pale grey, but freckled all
over with smoky black and so looking dingy ; in both
varieties the inner sides of the horns, the tips of the
spines, and the sides of the anal spike, are outlined in
black, and the lower parts of the spines are tinged with
reddish; there is a metallic lustre, especially in the
pale variety, on the first blunt pair of the subdorsa
spikes, and on two pairs of blunter humps on either
side of the thoracic dorsal spike. ‘he wing-cases and
antenna-cases in both varieties are marked out by lines
of freckles. Albin says he found pupz gilded all over,
which produced small ichneumons, but I have not
myself found any of this species so infested. The
winter is passed by this species in the butterfly state,
and the eggs are laidin May. (J. H., 6, 10, 85.)
VANESSA URTICA.
Plate IX, fig. 2.
(See ante, p. 55.)
I have nothing to add about this species, except the
fact that I have occasionally found its pupa gilded
nearly all over, and looking very brilliant, but as far
as I know this appearance is caused by the presence
of parasites.
I have carefully described the egg of this species,
and also that of its congener Polychlorvs, in the ‘ Ent.
Monthly Mag.,’ vol. VIII, p. 53. (J. H., 6, 10, 88.)
182 GRAPTA O-ALBUM.
Grapta C-ALBUM.
Plate IX, fig. 3.
(See ante, p. 57.)
With this species in its earlier stages I had no ac-
quaintance until this autumn, when on September 18th
Mrs. Hutchinson kindly sent me a pupa, and next day
Miss Preston Decie sent me two larvee feeding on hop ;
and this small supply was obtained with difficulty,
some enterprising collector having circulated adver-
tisements in the local papers of the hop-growing
districts in Herefordshire and Worcestershire, as well
as posting placards in the villages, to offer to take all
the larvee and pupz the hop-pickers could find, at a
certain rate! The two larve became pupex on Sep-
tember 25th and 26th respectively. At the time of
my present writing all three pupz show signs of the
butterfly being nearly ready to appear. Mrs. Hutchin-
son tells me the latest date for its emerging which she
has known is November 5th. (Onexamining the cage
again I find one butterfly just cut.)
The full-grown larva is about 34 mm. long, cylin-
drical, the segments well cut; the head 1s horny with the
face quite flat, each lobe armed with a short horn, the
tip of which is set with hard warts; the second seg-
ment about as wide as the head, with a transverse row
of bristle-bearing warts ; the other segments bear seven
rows of branched spines in the following order: eight
dorsal on segments 5 to 12; twelve subdorsal on
segments 3 to 138, both pairs on 13 may be said to
belong to this row; ten lateral on segments 3 to 12,
and eight spiracular on segments 0 to 12; the dorsal
spine on each segment is in advance of, and the sub-
spiracular spine behind the others. The ground colour
is black dotted with red, the head black; the second
seoment has a fine red dorsal line; segments 3 to 6
have each a transverse red patch on the back, and the
GRAPTA C-ALBUM, 183
subdivisions lined in red, and their dorsal and sub-
dorsal spines red ; then comes on segments 7 to 11 a
broad dorsal band of white, with a dusky blackish
dorsal line, and some short black streaks ; here the
dorsal and subdorsal spines are white; on 12 this
white band ends in a wedge shape; 13 is black but its
spines are white; the lateral row of spines all red, the
subspiracular row pink ; the spiracular region is marked
with an upper and lower waved red line, with a red
slanting streak behind each spiracle connecting the
two; the spiracles are conspicuous, being black ringed
with white; belly blackish with some red-brown marks,
legs blackish. The larve suspended themselves for
pupation from the under side of a hop leaf; the pupa,
suspended by the tail, is 20 mm. in length, and very
contorted in figure; the head is rather flat, and has
two straight horns, 1 mm. long, pronged at their tips ;
the back of the thorax rises up sharply to a thin squared
central projection, and then falls in again abruptly ;
the waist hollowed; the abdomen rising in a bold
curve to the tail, with its centre line marked more by
colour than prominence ; there is a subdorsal row of
nine small knobs, of which the two below the waist are
the highest; the wing-cases are prominent, their
shoulders angulated with two flattened projections, and
their lower ends humped, and standing up from the
abdomen ; the belly contour is straight from the head
to the end of the wing-cases, where it falls in, and the
abdomen follows the curve of the back to the anal
spike ; this is long, stem-like, and a good deal curved
under, the tip thickly set with curled spines. The
colouring reminds one of the wings of Plusia gamma.
and tota, being purple brown with a pink tinge; there
is a pinkish-grey line down the middle of the back of
the abdomen, and on six of its segments slanting marks
forming v's with their points towards the tail; in the
waist three pairs of silver spots, the first with a dark
dot in the silver; the other subdorsal knobs tipped
with reddish ; along the spiracles a rich brown stripe,
184, GRAPTA C-ALBUM.
narrowing towards the tail; a pair of dark dashes on
the under side of the thorax, and a dark diamond
pattern down the abdomen; the spike outlined in pink
and brown lines. The pupa received from Mrs.
Hutchinson was darker than the others, but seemed
to have been injured. (J. H., 31, 10, 85.)
THEecLtA BETULA.
Plate XII, fig. 4.
Tkis species is not at all so common in the neigh-
bourhood of Exeter as Th. Quercus, and although I
have for several years taken the larva in May and June,
yet all the examples I have seen if put together would
not equal the numbers of Quercus taken in a single
season of average productiveness; its food-plant, the
blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), does not ordinarily grow
except in hedges, and no doubt the clipping and trim-
ming it there receives keeps down the number of larvee
that come to perfection. This year (1885) I could
not find an example, but Mr. G. C. Bignell worked
very hard for me in the neighbourhood of Plymouth,
and at last obtained one larva, which reached me on
June 12th; it was then not quite 9 mm. long, 3 mm.
wide, and its colouring not very different from the
final appearance, but the skin was more glossy though
covered with fine pubescence. On June 18th it
moulted; the cast skin was not eaten. After this it
seemed to thrive fora time, and grew larger, but I do
not think it attained perfect growth, and at last it began
to shrink again, and died about the middle of July.
On June 29th, whilst it was still thriving, I described
it as follows: length about 14 mm., greatest width 44
mm., namely, at the fifth segment, where it also
measured 4: mm. in depth from the dorsal ridge to the
belly, at that segment a transverse section would be
triangular ; the belly flat, through segments 5 to 13 the
sides slope from the dorsal ridge down to the subspira-
THECLA BETULA. 185
cular ridge like the roof of a house, from segment 4
forwards the back widens out, the segments deeply cut,
the head dark, small, and quite retractile under the
second segment; the skin generally dull, but shining
along the middle of the back, thickly covered with very
short pubescence ; along the dorsal ridge a double row
of longer stiffer bristles, and a single row of them along
the subspiracular ridge; the colour generally a bright
light green; two lines of pale yellow, being in fact two
rows of short streaks, commence on segment 2, where
they are widest apart, drawing nearer through 38 and 4,
and from thence running parallel along the back; the
subspiracular ridge has a yellow line edging it, which
goes all round the anal flap, but on 2 stops where it
meets the dorsal yellow lines; on each segment from
5 backwards are two rows of small yellow streaks
slanting downwards and backwards; on 4 there is only
the upper streak, none on 2 and 3; about the middle
of the streak in the lower row comes the oval spiracle
outlined with brown on a raised round whitish spot ;
belly and legs more whitish green ; the hinder pairs of
trapezoidal dots can be detected, not easily, being paler
than the ground; the coloration gives the effect of a
double dorsal ridge, but this is not so really. I have
no account of the pupa. (J. H., 1, 10, 85.)
THECLA QUERCUS.
Plate XITTI, fig. 2.
Ever since I began to collect I have been accustomed
to get larvee of this species from oaks in May and June,
but never from any other tree, although I have seen
the butterflies sporting about and settling upon the
ash. In 1877 Mr. Bignell sent me an egg which he
had watched the butterfly deposit on a sallow leaf. I
suppose the larva is hatched in spring, but am not
sure; it is full fed (according to the character of the
season) from the end of May to near the end of June,
186 THECLA QUERCUS.
and the date of my first imago varies I see from 23rd
June (1865) to 15th July (1867) ; this year (1885), after
a great deal of hard work, I got one larva on June 9th,
just in its last moult, and Mr. Bignell beat out two on
June llth. We were disappointed at not getting more,
but the early summer was very cold and backward, and
many larve must have been killed; two of these larvee
hid themselves for pupation June 14th to 18th, and I
bred the perfect insects July 14th to 16th. The egg
is of the shape common to the Lyccenide, only larger
than that of any of our Blues; for instance its wide
diameter compared with that of the ege of Argiolus is
as 4 to 3, and this of course indicates a considerable
increase of bulk; itis round in outline, flattened, and,
with the exception of a central depression on the upper
surface, covered with irregular oblong reticulation, the
lines of which, much more prominent on the top than
with any of the Blues, on the sides become so exagge-
rated that at the knobs they stand out like spines, and
the egg looks quite like a rough Hcehinus in miniature ;
the under surface, which rests on the leaf (or stem), is
only granulated; the shell under the reticulation
apparently has a very pale pinkish-brown tinge; the
lines of the reticulation are whitish.
The smallest larva of which I have any notes was 8
mm. long, just at the time of its last moult. I could
not find the cast skin and thought it had been eaten.
The full-grown larva was 16 mm. long, and not quite
5 mm. wide; its figure is generally called onisciform,
but I know Mr. Buckler had come to reject this term
except for the larva of C. Phileas; he thought the
flattened lateral ridge rendered the similitude inexact.
The head is small, rounded, and entirely retractile into
and under the second segment; viewed from above the
second segment is the longest and tapers to the head ;
the width is almost even from segment 3 to 12, but-12
is a little narrower than the rest, 13 1s much narrower
and tapers off roundly in almost a circular curve;
viewed sideways the back arches in a curve, highest at,
THECLA QUERCUS. 187
segments 5 and 6; the segments are strongly divided,
each sloping forward so that the back edge of the next
rises like a notch, except between 2 and 3, for 3 rises
higher than 2 at its front edge; 11 and 12 are also
less distinctly divided. Below the spiracles each seg-
ment is produced into a flattened ridge, thus causing
the great proportional width; the belly is flat; a
transverse section of the larva would be almost trian-
gular; all the legs are short and well under the body,
the motion is even, almost gliding; the general colouring
is brown; the centre of the back is fawn colour, with
a dark-brown dorsal line bordered with yellowish, which
looks like a groove; the second segment 1s edged with
yellowish, and has a central brown spot in front with
a greyish patch ; the third has a semicircular brown
patch with its curve behind; the fourth has a similar
patch, but smaller; on each of segments 3 to 10 there
is in the subdorsal region a pale streak slanting down-
wards and backwards edged below with very dark
brown, growing wider and more intense backwards ;
these streaks map off ‘the centre of the back; below
them the side is darker than the back, the edge of the
ridge is yellowish; some way above the ridge are the
round, small, dark brown spiracles, placed ina hollow.
On segments 11 and 12 the centre of the back is brown,
the sides yellowish, the hinder part of 12 chestnut ;
13 has a small squarish chestnut patch at the tip,
bordered with yellowish-white; the colour under the
ridge is reddish-brown, just above the legs is a pale
line; centre of the belly blackish; truelegs black and
shining, with a fringe of bristles along them on the
outside, the prolegs soft pale brownish-ochreous.
For pupation the larva spins a few threads, making
a frail sort of cocoon just on the surface of the earth,
or availing itself of the shelter of a fallen leaf; the
pupa is stout and rounded in outline, about 9 mm.
long and rather more than 4 mm. at its widest, the
back rounded, the belly more flattened, the abdomen
not extending more than 3 mm. beyond the wing-cases,
188 THECLA QUERCUS.
which are rounded off short, the tail rounded off with-
out any knob or spike; the skin a little roughened but
glossy, on both sides of the abdomen the skin is set
with tiny short bristles with flat heads, like old-
fashioned flat-headed pins; the colour mahogany-red
on the back, freckled with darker, and the dark slanting
marks on the side of the larva seem retained, the wing-
cases paler and not much freckled, under side of the
abdomen reddish without freckling. (J. H., 30, 9, 85.)
Potyommatus (Lycmna) ARGIOLS.
Plate XIV, ne. i.
(See ante, p. 94.)
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher informs me he has taken the
larva of this species on flowers of Cornus sanguinea at
Worthinge.. (J. H., 29; 10; 35.)
Potyommatus (Lycaina) ARION.
(See ante, p. 104); one of the few larvee of which there
is no figure in this volume.
Mr. Buckler’s notes on this species having been
given, perhaps I may as well add the little I can to his
account, in order to give all the help possible towards
the full discovery of its habits.
On 28th June, 1858, I captured ten butterflies,
having started for their habitat at 3 a.m. and getting
home again about 10.30 p.m., the longest entomological
excursion I ever made; at that time I had no thought
of rearing anything from the egg, and took no pains
to watch the movements of the females; however, on
July 6th and 8th, 1865, some local collectors obtained
egos, and sent them to me, but I find no note about the
larvee, and believe that when they hatched I gave them
POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ARION. 189
various vetches, which of course they would not eat,
and must have soon died. In March, 1869, Professor
Zeller told us in the‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’
vol. VI, p. 10, what his experience had been, and set
us right as to the food-plant, Thymus serpyllum; so
next year (1870), when Mv. Buckler forwarded me some
egos, June 21st, both of us felt confident the way was
clear to a full knowledge of the life-history. The larvee
hatched on June 24th, and were placed on wild thyme
flowers, and fed away most satisfactorily; several of
them got through one moult, and then about the
middle of July they all ceased feeding and died off.
On 26th July I visited a locality for the species, and
found traces of the larve having fed on several heads
of thyme flowers, but could find no larvee either on the
plants or under them.
In 1872, July Ist, Mr. Merrin sent me eggs, and the
larvee hatched in two or three days, but they must
soon have died, for I find nothing more noted about
them; I noticed, however, on the thyme flowers a
small coleopterous larva not unlike them in colour and
figure. June 24th, 1873, Mr. Merrin again sent me
egos, and the larve began to hatch immediately, and
were placed for a day or two on flowers of garden
thyme, and again L noticed a little beetle larva; on
July lst came more eges from Mr. Merrin, and by this
time I had wild thyme ready for them, planted in a
large flower-pot, and full of bloom; on this some of
the larvee lived till July 28th, when they were seen to
be restless as if in search of something | had not given
them, and after that I could note no more. On 28rd
May, 1875, Mr. G. F. Mathew searched carefully the
thyme plants in the haunts of last year’s butterflies,
but found only beetle larve, by this time black in
colour, and similar larve were found by a local col-
lector; on July 6th and 22nd, Mr. Bignell and Mr.
Mathew sent me living butterflies, some of which laid
eggs, but I was able to add nothing more to the notes
made in previous years.
‘0° POLYOMMATUS (LYCENA) ARION.
All these failures puzzled us much ; after three weeks’
feeding on the thyme flowers the larvz seemed to
want something else—what could it be? We thought
of furze blossoms and ‘tried them, but to no purpose.
The localities in which the butterfly occurs differ very
much in situation, some being inland, and some close
to the sea, and Professor Zeller’s note mentions moist
open meadows at the foot of hills, and also lofty fir
forests, the only point of agreement being the occur-
rence of Thymus serpyllwm in all of them, except, per-
haps this other characteristic, that they are all places
of rather troublesome access, and therefore not easy
to be thoroughly searched. Of late years too, the
butterfly seems dying out in Hngland, whatever may
be the cause. Professor Zeller had not long before
his death promised Mr. Buckler he would make an ex-
pedition purposely to search for the larva in spring,
but that hope was doomed to disappointment ; we must
wait till someone can devote time to the investigation
in situ of the problem whether the larva feeds up before
winter (like P. Argiolus) or not till after hibernation
(like P. Adonis), and whether there is any real ground
for our surmise that there is any migration from thyme
to another food-plant.
The egg seems to be deposited among the flowers of
Thymus serpyllum, it is circular in figure, and flattened,
covered all over, except a central depressed spot on
top, with fine raised, irregular reticulation, which in
profile stands out strongly; colour of shell the blue-
ereen of a hedge-sparrow’s egg, the reticulation trans-
parent white; I have no measurements noted, only the
comparison that it is thrice the bulk of the ege of P.
Alsus.
The newly-hatched larva is a stumpy, plump little
fellow, with small head ; at first dull greenish, but soon
pinkish-brown, head black; after a moult I found it
about 4 mm. long, and more purpleincolour. (J. H.,
05 10,89.)
POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) CORYDON. 1941
Potyommatus (LicmNa) CorypDon.
Plate XLV, fig. 3.
All that I know of this species is given in the
account of Adonis, see ante, p. 109, and I can only
repeat here that both Mr. Buckler and myself took
the utmost pains to examine and describe the larve of
Adonis and the single one of Corydon there mentioned.
Potyommatus (Lycmna) ALEXIS.
Plate XV, fig. 2.
(See ante, p. 111.)
On 29th April, 1865, I found a nearly full-grown
larva on Lotus cornculatus, and sentit to Mr. Buckler,
and on 27th July of the same year Mr. H. Doubleday
sent me several larve on Ononis arvensis, from which
I bred the butterflies August 15th to 19th. On
August 25th, 1875, I watched a number of the butter-
flies laying their eggs on Lotus corniculatus, the axil
of a leaf being the spot generally selected, and some of
these eggs I secured; the larve began to appear
August 30th and fed away through the next month,
and I have a note that on February 5th, 1876, I had
one larva more than half grown, but this afterwards
died, its companions apparently having died previously
to the date of that note. On June 10th, 1885, I
caught a ? butterfly, and enclosed her in leno over a
plant of Lotus corniculatus, and on the 12th, finding
she had laid a few eggs, I let her go again. The
larvee were hatched June 23rd, and were all kept on
their food-plant out-of-doors; three or four of them
outstripped the rest in growth, and moulted at the
beginning of July, and again on July 12th. I could
not be certain of the dates of further moults, but there
was one about July 20th; these larvee became full fed
IAs POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ALEXIS.
about July 27th, and by the 29th two had become
pupee, and two others a day or two later, and I bred
the butterflies on August 15th; meanwhile the other
larve, though treated just in the same way, had grown
much more slowly, and were not half grown when
these butterflies appeared; afterwards one of them
erew more quickly and became a pupa, September
22nd, in which state it now remains; the rest died.
These notes are meagre enough, but they seem to
show that the winter is passed in the larva stage, and
that through the summer the succession of broods may
be irregular. The egg is much like those of all our
Blues which I have been able to examine, circular,
rather flat, being just § mm. in width, and less than
half that measurement in height; the shell is dull,
covered on the sides and just over the edge of the
upper surface with raised reticulation, having project-
ing knobs at the knots; this reticulation becomes finer
and less prominent on the upper surface, which has a
central depressed spot; this spot is green, while the
general ground colour is greenish-white, and the
reticulation glistening white. The larva makes its
escape by eating a large round hole in the centre of
the upper surface of the egg, but leaves the rest of
the shell untouched, and for some days in feeding only
eats into the substance of a leaf of Lotus corniculatus,
either from the upper or the under side, leaving the
opposite skin as a white spot, but it can eat the flower
entirely. The newly hatched larva is not quite 1 mm.
in length, of dumpy figure, the head very small, the
second segment as wide as, and longer than, any of
the others, and having a semicircular plate with its
rounded edge in front, down the back a row of trans-
verse pits on the front edge of each segment; the
general colour grey with purplish tinge, the segmental
divisions green, the belly yellowish; the usual dots
black on grey warts, and furnished each with a rather
long, curved, glistening bristle ; the whole skin besides
is finely sprinkled with tiny black dots; the head
POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ALEXIS. 193
shining black, the plate on the second segment rather
darker than the ground; the spiracles black. When
about 14 mm. long it passes the first moult, not eating
the cast skin, and is now pale olive drab all over, the
usual dots paler than before, only outlined in black ;
the bristles have increased in number, some being short
and pale, others longer and darker. The larva is
about 24 mm. long before the next moult, and its
colour is dull pale green, with a paler double dorsal
line, and paler subspiracular line; after this moult the
back is pale greyish-green, with the lines on the dorsal
ridges rather paler ; the spiracles round, pale brownish,
inconspicuous; the skin set with a number of small
warts ; along the dorsal and subspiracular ridges are
rows of long bristles, and on the sides some shorter
ones. When 9 mm. long the larva is dull full green in
colour, with the subspiracular ridge yellowish, the belly
and legs yellowish-green, the head shining black, the
spiracles green, indistinct, the bristles very pale
brownish. The full grown-larvais 12 or 13 mm. long,
and nearly 4 mm. wide, the head small, and under the
second seoment, which is flattened, the other segments
slope from the subspiracular ridge up to the double
dorsal ridge, the last three sloping down also to the
tail ; the segmental divisions deeply cut, the whole skin
finely set with tiny hairs; the colour a dark full green
all over, the dorsal ridges paler, the subspiracular
ridge yellowish, the sunken spiracles pale green, the
head shining black. None of my larve have spun
any girdle for supporting themselves in pupation,
although they went up to the cover of their cage
for that change ; and when it took place the cast larva
skin remained fixed, whilst the pupa had fallen down.
The pupa is nearly cylindrical though rather wider
than deep, rounded at the ends, 10 mm. long and
4. mm. wide across the abdomen; the back of the
thorax rises with a round curve, and drops a little at
the waist, the abdomen going in a curve to the tail ;
the wing-cases rounded, the pupa skin, especially at
e
194 POLYOMMATUS (LYCHNA) ALEXIS.
the wing-cases, very delicate and shining; colour
generally pale green, head pale brownish, wing-cases
with a very faint brown tinge, a dark green line down
the middle of the back of abdomen, the spiracles
whitish, a few short bristles scattered on the skin.
(Gn labs 715 0) 8d,)
Dr. R. C. R. Jordan informs me that he often
found this species hibernating as a larva when he was
in Devonshire; specially on one occasion when, in
company with Mr. Stainton, he was searching for cases
of Coleophora discordella on Lotus cormculatus. I am
the more glad of this corroboration because Alexis has ,
been said to hibernate in the egg, and again as a
pupa; and Dr. Jordan thinks that in colder localities
this last view represents the true state of the case.
(J. H., 31, 10, 1885.)
STEROPES PANISCUS.
Plate XVII, fig. 1 (see ante, p. 129).
The larvee, which Mr. Buckler figured and described,
came into my possession in February, 1884; I found
them hibernating in their silken caves among the
oerowing blades of the plant of Brachypodiwm sylvaticum,
on which he had reared them, and for the purpose of
taking them with me I was obliged to cut off these
caves and put them in a tin box, and in so doing I
may have disturbed their rest. On bringing them
home I placed the caves on a fresh plant of the grass,
which stood in my window enclosed in a glass cylinder,
and before long the larve left them and walked
about the grass, until they all got to the top edge of
the cylinder or its gauze covering, and there, after
doing a little spinning, they fastened themselves by
their tails, and with a silken belt round the middle, and
became pupze during the second and third weeks of
March. I suppose this may be their natural habit,
STEROPES PANISCUS. 195
but as I never saw the larve eat anything, I doubted
whether they ought to have left their winter quarters
at all, and whether they should not have turned to
pupe in their caves. The first butterfly appeared on
April 30th.
The length of a larva after hibernation was about
20 mm., the ground colour pale creamy white, dorsal
line pale reddish-brown, subdorsal line yellowish
edged on each side wiih reddish-brown, the spiracular
line also of the same colour; the small spiracles dis-
tinct brown; the head slightly tinged with blackish,
the mouth dark brown. |
The pupa is 15 mm. long, slender, nearly cylindrical,
the head blunt and the eyes rather prominent, with a
sharp spike more than 1 mm. long between them ; the
back swelling up on the thorax with a gradual curve,
and falling away again in the same manner, so that
the back of the abdomen is almost hollow, but curving
up again at the tail; the wing-cases reaching about
two-thirds of the full length; the anal end rounded,
but with a flat spike set at the tip with a dozen or
more curled spines of different lengths; the colour on
the back creamy white, with a very dark brown thin
central line from the head spike nearly to the tail, a
subdorsal line of pale buff bordered with reddish-brown,
and then a shorter buff line edged below again with
reddish-brown ; the wing-cases and ventral surface pale
flesh colour faintly tinged with dusky, the straight
tongue-case dark brown. (J. H., 10, 11, 85.)
PaMPHILA LINEA.
Plate XVII, fig. 3 (see ante, p. 139).
In 1865, July 29th, Dr. Knages sent me eggs of
this species laid in a row in folded grass, but how he
managed to get the butterfly to lay them I do not
know; the larvee hatched on August 12th; most of
196 . PAMPHILA LINEA.
them soon disappeared, but one survived till the middle
of November ; it was then only about 2 mm. in length,
so | must have mismanagedit. In July and August of
1875 and 1876 I caught a number of the butterflies,
and confined them, but could not induce them to part
with a single egg; at last in 1876 I took some recently
dead butterflies and carefully squeezed the eggs through
their ovipositors, and in each case the egg which first
came out proved fertile, but no more. The larve
began to hatch on August 15th, they soon spun little
ropes of silk across the blades of grass, and made little
web coverings for themselves, but they would not feed,
and an accident soon after befel their cage, and | saw
them no more.
The egg is not at all like that of P. sylvanus, but 1s
considerably smaller, of a long oval figure, half as long
again as wide, the shell glistening, devoid of ribs or
reticulation ; at first white, then turning dull yellowish,
and at last paler again with the dark head of the larva
showing through. The young larva eats part of the
empty egg-shell; in shape it is slender, cylindrical,
even in bulk, the head longer than the second segment
but scarcely wider; the skin very smooth, no bristles
except on segments 2 and 13, and some very short
ones on the head ; colour pale dull yellow, with a faint
dorsal vessel; head dull pale brown, and a faint
brownish crescent-shaped collar on the second segment.
(J. H., 25, 9, 85.)
PAMPHILA SYLVANUS.
Plate XVII, fig. 4 (see ante, p. 141).
In 1875, June 26, I caught and confined several
butterflies, some of which laid eggs about July 1st,
and the larvee were hatched July 13th; they chose
cock’s-foot grass tor food, and rested in the middle of
a blade, fastening its edges across with five or six dis-
PAMPHILA SYLVANUS. 197
tinct little ropes of white silk. August 5th two of
these larvae were about 12 mm. long, and were then
feeding on couchgrass; of these I have no further
record. In 1876, July 13th, butterflies were again
caught, and soon laid eggs, the larve from which
hatched on July 26th. On August 13th a larva was
measured, it was about 12mm.long. On August 23rd
the larvee had not increased in length, but were grown
stouter, and were spinning hiding places for them-
selves among the grass blades. On November 16th they
were found to be all resting in close fitting, long and
narrow, tough silken hibernacula; the larvae, which had
been put upon garden riband-grass, spun among the
withered blades, but those, which had been living on
narrower grasses, spun in folds of the leno covering of
their cage. May Jith, 1877, I found the larve
moulting for the last time, and I believe the full fed
larvee were sent to Mr. Buckler.
In confinement the butterflies laid their eggs openly
and singly, but I suppose in freedom would lay them
within a grass sheath. The ege is large, nearly
globular with flattened base, some examples a little
depressed on top ; the shell is dull and finely granulated,
and covered all over with extremely faint blunt hexa-
gonal reticulation, with finer reticulation just on the
top ; colour dull white, afterwards tinged with yellow.
The young larva eats all the empty eggshell but the
base. I have no note of its size, but its skin is rather
puckered, the head large and smooth, stuck on like a
large flattish button; the usual dots very small, set
with the very shortest bristles I ever noticed in a
young larva, giving the larva a very bare look; the
colour is pale yellowish, the dots black, the head and
a narrow collar on the second segment are brilliant jet
black; no anal plate; the four bristles on the 13th
segment are somewhat longer than the rest. At the
end of three weeks the larva is about 12 mm. in
length, colour now dull green, head and a thin curved
collar shining black. At this time it spins together the
198 PAMPHILA SYLVANUS.
edges of the grass blades, and makes an opaque web
not much bigger than itself for a hiding place. After
hibernation, in May, its size is noted as 25 mm. in
length, the figure viewed from above nearly even in
width, tapering a little at segments 2 and 13,
but viewed sideways it tapers in a curve considerably
from segment 8 to 13, which last is. flattish, and
forward again to 2, which is the smallest seg-
ment; the head is like a knob, but the lobes are
divided; the ventral surface is flat. Altogether the
appearance is plump. The colour is now pale green,
the skin thickly covered with very short dark brown
bristles, the head dirty white, with dark brown stripe
down the outer edge of each lobe, the neck whitish-
ereen. I have no notes of the fullgrown larva or
pupa. Gi. 1525, 9; Son)
PAMPHILA COMMA.
(One of the few larvee of which there is no figure ©
in this volume, see ante, p. 142.)
On 24th August, 1867, Mr. Brown, of Cambridge,
sent me a few eges of this species. I kept them out-
of-doors, and on 27th March 1868, I found the larva
eating his way out of one of them. He was so slow
about it, that I had to attend to something else before
he got out, and when I was able to attend to him again
he had managed to disappear. The only value of
this note therefore lies in this, that it indicates the
habit of the species to hibernate in the egg. (J. H.,
12; 11,85)
PARASITES. 199
The following list of parasites, bred from the larvee
or pupe of British Butterflies, has been kindly for-
warded by Mr. G. C. Bignell, F.H.S.—H. T. 8.
Host. PARASITE. By whom Bred.
Gonepteryx rhamni |! Limneria vulgaris, Tschek......... G. C. Bignell.
* Mesochorus gracilentus, Brischke Bignell.
Pieris brassice...... 3 Hemiteles fulvipes, Gravenhorst... Bignell.
4 Mesochorus aciculatus, Bridgman Bignell.
5 Ananteles glomeratus, Linné ... Bignell and
others.
SP REDON eh ass Hemiteles fulvipes, Gravenhorst... Bignell.
Mesochorus aciculatus, Bridgman Bignell.
Apanteles glomeratus, Linné ... Bignell and
others.
6 Avnanteles rubecula, Marshall...... Bignell.
7 Pteromalus puparum, Swed. ...... Bignell.
Bignell,
8 Hxorista vulgaris, Fallen......... J.E. Fletcher
» Daplidice ...|° Anomalon wanthopus, Schrank ... | G.F. Mathew.
Hipparchia Janira| Apanteles nothus, Reinhard......... Bignell.
5 Tithonus| Rhogas tristis, Wesmael ............ Bignell.
Cynthia cardui ...| Limneria eaxareolata, Ratzeburg... Bignell.
Pimpla diluta, Ratzeburg ...... Seid
Bracon variator, Nees...........006 F. N. Pierce.
1 This parasite forms its cocoon within the larva, and so constructs
it that the skin of the larva is made to do duty for an extra protection.
2 Hyperparasite on Limneria vulgaris.
3 and * are hyperparasites on A. glomeratus.
5 The young larve of P. brassice are often attacked before the first
moult, ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xviii, p. 326. 142 bred from one larva,
‘Ento.,’ vol. xvi, p. 263.
6 A solitary parasite on larva not half grown.
7 One of the Chalcidide bred from the pupa.
8 A dipteron, sometimes escaping from the larva, at others forming
a pupa within the pupa of the victim.
9 Pupa from Baklar, Turkey. The parasite has been captured in
Devonshire by Bignell, and bred from a Noctua by Bridgman.
200
Host.
Cynthia cardwi......
Vanessa Atalanta
» Urticce
Grapta C-Album ...
Argynnis Paphia...
Melitea Artemis...
Thecla betule ......
» W-Album ..,
Polyommatus Alsus
PARASITES.
PARASITE. By whom Bred.
Apanteles emarginatus, Nees...... Pierce.
Amblyteles armatorius, Forster,
dle
iapisetee teeta kainate eae a eran T. A. Marshall.
Hemiteles fulvipes, Gravenhorst... |J.B. Bridgman.
H. M. Golding-
Inmneria cursitans, Holmgren Bird,
Mrs. Norgate.
'0 Mesochorus sylvarum, Haliday ... Bignell.
(|H. M. Golding-
| Bird,
Microgaster subcompletus, Nees + | Mrs. Norgate,
J. Hellins,
|| and others.
LInimneria unicincta, Gravenhorst Bignell.
Apanteles spurius, Wesmael ...... Bignell.
Pieromalus puparum, Swed. ......|R. M. Sotheby.
Pimpla flavonotata, Holmgren ... W.H.Harwood.|
Pteromalus puparum, Swed. ...... Harwood.
Amblyteles homocerus, Wesmael... Bignell.
1 Hemitelesmelanarius,Gravenhorst| F.C. Lemann.
'2 Apanteles Bignellit, Marsh......... Bignell.
Bignell,
Apanteles spurius, Wesmael ... Robson,
and others.
A grypon flaveolatum, Gravenhorst Bignell.
Campoplex pugillator, Linné...... T. Kedle.
Campoplex ewrynotus, Forster, A. Eedle.
Perilitus scutellator, Nees ......... V.R. Perkins.
W. 4H. B.
LIimneria sordida, Gravenhorst i Bletoher
Mesochorus confusus, Holmgren,..| Fletcher.
10 Hyperparasite on M. subcompletus.
11 This is often a hyperparasite.
In this instance it was a direct
parasite, and 2 ¢ and 169 were bred from a pupa.
12 The larve from which these were br. ed were found by a gentleman
at Ebberly, near Roborough, N. Devon, 43
z miles from Great Torrington.
INDEX.
PAGE
Acis, Polyommatus (Lyczena)
foot-note xvi
Actzon, Pamphila . . 135
Adippe, Argynnis . ! . 65
Adonis, Polyommatus ay:
cena) . 106
Algeria, Lasiommata a7, 163
Aigon, Polyommatus (Ly-
cena) . = US
Agestis, Polyommatus "(Ly-
cena) . . 116, 121
Aglaia, Argynnis : ; ral
Alexis, Polyommatus (Ly-
cena) . 5 ull aig
Alsus, Polyommatus (Ly-
cena) . ‘ . 100
Alveolus, Thymele . 123
Antiopa, Vanessa . 52
Argiolus, Polyommatus (Ly-
cena) . . 94, 188
Arion, Polyommatus (Ly-
cena) . ‘ . 105, 188
Artaxerxes, Polyommatus
(Lyceena) : : seal
Artemis, Melitza . ; . 84
Atalanta, Vanessa . . 176
Athalia, Melitea . : toile
Betulez, Thecla : . 184
Blandina, Hrebia . : . 320
Brassice, Pieris 148
C-Album, Grapta . . 567, 182
Cardamines, Anthocharis 159
Cardui, Cynthia . . 49, 174
Cassiope, Hrebia_. . 30, 171
Cinxia, Melita, figured Plate
XI, fig. 3; but no descrip-
tion.
Comma, Pamphila . . 142, 198
VOL. I.
PAGE
Corydon, Be ants (Ly-
cena) . 191
Crategi, Apori ia, fisured Plate
II, fig. 1; but no descrip-
tion.
Daplidice, Pieris . : 5 Pall
Davus, Cenonympha . . 35
Dispar, Chrysophanus, only
mentioned in Preface, p. vil.
Edusa, Colias . s ; Pega
Epiphron, Erebia . 39, 171
Kuphrosyne, Argynnis . 77
Galathea, Arge . 160
Hyale, Colias . ; . 16
Hyperanthus, Hipparchia . 170
Io, Vanessa 3 3 . 179
Iris, Apatura . : ; . 42
Janira, Hipparchia . 166
Lathonia, Argynnis, foot-note xvi
Linea, Pamphila . 139, 195
Lucina, Nemeobius i . 85
Machaon, Papilio . St
Medea, Hrebia f : eraO
‘Medon, Polyommatus (Ly-
cena) . ; , . 116, 121
Megzra Lasiommata . 165
Napi, Pieris 20, 156
Pamphilus, Cenonympha__—_... 172
Paniscus, Steropes . 129, 194
Paphia, Argynnis . : . 08
Phileas, Chrysophanus . gk
14
202 INDEX
PAGE PAGE
Polychloros, Vanessa. 54 | Sibylla, Limenitis . j . 36
Pruni, Thecla, figured Plate Sinapis, Leucophasia . oes
XII, fig. 5; but no descrip- Sylvanus, Pamphila . 141, 196
tion.
Tages, Thanaos . 126
Quercus, Thecla . 185 | Tithonus, Hipparchia . 167
Rape, Pieris . . dO a2 y
Rhamni, Gonepteryx . . 145 | Urtice, Vanessa 55, 18]
Rubi, Thecla . : : > os)
W-Album, Thecla, figured
Selene, Argynnis . 3 aie Plate XIII, fig. 1; but no
Semele, Hipparchia Remi sete 40) description.
PRINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.
- <3
“ie Pry ae es
i
ae
PACA ele
Papitto MAcHAON.
1, larva after first moult; 1 a, after second moult;
1 b, after third moult; 1c, 1d, 1 e, after fourth moult;
I f, pupa.
See pp. 1—8.
(JONEPTERYX RHAMNI.
2, 2a, larvee when nearly full grown; 25, pupa
attached to leaf.
See pp. 145—148.
Cotias Epvsga.
3, larva after second moult; 3a, after third moult;
3b, 3c, 3d, after fourth moult; 3 e, pupa.
See pp. 9—15.
Pisce,
3
W.BUCKLER del. West Newman & C? imp.
EC. Moore lith.
v
=
ee a)
ov
PLATE II.
APORIA CRATAGI.
1, larva after third moult; 1a, 1 6, after fourth
moult ; 1d, young gregarious larva after first moult ;
le, after second moult; 1c, pupa.
There is no description of this in the volume.
PIERIS BRASSICA.
2, full-grown larva; 2 a, pupa.
See pp. 148—152.
PIERIS RAPZ.
3, full-crown larva; 3a, pupa.
See pp. 19, 20, and 152—155.
PIERIS NAPI.
A, full-crown larva; 4.4, pupa. ~
See pp. 20, 21, and 156—159.
late I.
et Oa ith. j West,N: or ;
F.C, Moore ith WBUCKLER es ewman & C° imp
)
. ‘) 7 -
o - x
eS". - (
~ +s ° * -
4.
: ;
J 4 ¢, ’
4
a «
5
yaa -
» 4 P
/
£ wer :
J : ¥ ri A F
indi LGA |
~ : ; 4 oe oly oe : 7
e > (
¥ f
’
4
:
/
e
ay .
oh H
r
‘
é - : ae, ! =i Wilke ;
ae es = ; at ieee Fes re ~<
Po 2° te sare a ee nas 4 ire ed ‘1 ;
ga ee a sc: iy REEL ie esi Awe F.
— 7 dy Wal ars - —s eS : d “9
os 5 , 7 Fi ope P
« } ued -> vans? oS Pin
* a! .
f , a .
a’
ae ‘ on ae aa ; tt Le PP - , 4 vin a. eae yi eS
Tae. a j
ea! ’ oe : 7 a . (a iy, r + a. .
we le ’ i en , eno, = f i Tee % PAI cee eB eg ee ; ‘ 2
ons \ =a ee, el" : re ‘ ' heir ; bea . ety Py fs a8 og: be
7S prargaliin ab e\ 2 ‘7
al
tate!
i 4
mann
PLATE III.
Preris DAPLIDIOE.
1,1 a, larve after fourth moult; 1b, magnified view
of a segment, the arrow indicating the direction of
_ forward motion, and consequently which is the ante-
rior part of the segment ;, 1 ¢, pupa.
See pp. 21—25.
ANTHOCHARIS CARDAMINES.
2, full-grown larva; 2 a, pupa.
See pp. 159, 160.
LEUCOPHASIA SINAPIS.
3, larva after fourth moult; 3a, full-grown larva ;
3b, pupa.
See pp. 25—27.
ARGE GALATHEA.
4a, larva after third moult; 4, 406, 4c, after fourth
moult ; 4d, pupa.
See pp. 160—163.
Plate Il.
EC. Moore Lith. West Newman & C° imp.
W.BUCKLEHR del.
PLATE IV.
LASIOMMATA AYGERIA.
1, 1 6, larva just after hibernation; la, 1c, full-
grown larva; 1d, pupa.
See pp. 27, 28, and 163, 164.
LasiommMaTta Mic@ra.
2a, larva after fourth moult; 2, 26, full-grown
larva; 2c, pupa.
See pp. 165, 166.
HIPPARCHIA SEMELE.
8, 3a, 3b, 3c, larva after fourth moult, nearly full
erown; 3d, the subterranean pupa.
See pp. 28—30.
Plate IV.
F.C. Moore lth. West Newman & CP imp.
W.BUCKLER de.
iy
Clear
Ba fees is) =
i Pl os
it,
PLATE V.
HIPPARCHIA JANIRA.
1 a, larva after third moult; 1, full-grown larva;
1 b, pupa.
See pp. 166, 167.
HIpPpARCcHIA 'TITHONUS.
2, 2a, larva after second moult; 2 6, 2d, after third
moult; 2c, 2e, after fourth moult; 2 f, pupa.
See pp. 167—170.
Hipparcuia HyYPERANTHUS.
8, 3a, larva after fourth moult; 3 b, pupa, front
view and side view.
See pp. 170, 171.
Plate V.
FE C.Moere lith. West Newman & C° imp.
W- -BUCKLER. det.
PLATE VI.
Hrepia Bianpina (Mzpez4).
1, la, 10, larva after fourth moult; 1 ¢, pupa.
See pp. 30—32.
Hrepia Cassiope (HprezRon).
2, 2a, young larvee.
See pp. 33—35, and 171, 172.
CanonympHa Davvus.
3, 3 a, larve after fourth moult; 30, pupa.
See pp. 35, 36.
C@NONYMPHA PAMPHILUS.
4a, larva after third moult; 4, 406, after fourth
moult; 4c, pupa.
See pp. 172—174.
Plate VI.
FE C. Moore lith. West, Newman & CP imp.
W.BUCKLER del.
A
s
_ =
Ts
Ps
a
te pene Se
ae rs
-* Sad
PLATE: VL;
LIMENITIS SIBYLLA.
1c, twig of honeysuckle, beneath which is the
hybernaculum in which the young larva has passed
the winter ; above is the empty skin of the hybernated
larva, and the larva as it appears after that moult;
1, la, 106, full-grown larva represented in three
different positions ; 1d, pupa.
See pp. 36—42.
APATURA IRIS.
2, larva after first moult; 2a, 26,2 c, after fourth
moult; 2d, 2f, 29, 2h, 2%, after fifth moult, in dif-
ferent positions ; 27, pupa, front view and side view.
See pp. 42—49.
Plate VIL.
¥F. C.Moore lith. West Newman & Co imp.
W.BUCKLER del.
PLATE VII.
CYNTHIA CARDUI.
1, 1a, the ordinary thistle-feeding larva full grown ;
1 b, pupa (see pp. 174—176) ; 1c, 1 d, the hairy mallow-
feeding larva (noticed pp. 49 to 52) after the fourth
moult; 1 e, pupa.
VANESSA ATALANTA.
2, 2a, larva when full grown; 26, pupa.
See pp. 176—179.
Vanessa lo.
3, 8a, larva when full grown; 30, pupa.
See pp. 179—181.
VANESSA ANTIOPA.
-4, 4a, larva after fourth moult.
See pp. 52—64.,
Plate VIIL.
F.C. Moore lith. West Newman &C° imp.
W.BUCKLER adel.
ee) 8
2 ee
~
PLATE IX.
VANESSA POLYCHLOROS.
lc, larva after third moult; 1, 1 a, 1, after fourth
moult; 1d, pupa.
See pp. 54, 55.
VANESSA URTICA.
2, yellow variety of larva; 2a, 2 0, other larve, all
nearly full grown; 2c, pupa.
See pp. 55—57 and p. 181.
GRAPTA C-ALBUM.
3, 3a, 3b, full-grown larva; 3c, pupa.
See pp. 57, 58, and pp. 182—184.
F.C Moore lth.
o
a
y
gb Pw PIU es
Fgh REE Te,
ocean!
Plate IX.
W.BUCKLER
id
AS
11?
ba
in ea
tm -
ra |
*
“fe
—
PLATE X.
ARGYNNIS PAPHIA.
1, la, 10, 1c, 1d, larva after last moult; 1 e, pupa.
See pp. 58—65.
ARGYNNIS ADIPPE.
2, 2a, 26,2¢c, 2d, 2e, larva after last moult; 2f,
pupa.
See pp. 65—71.
ARGYNNIS AGBLAIA.
3, 3 a, larva after last moult; 3 b, pupa.
See pp. 71—73.
lente Is,
F.C. Moore lith. W.BUCKLER 7 West Newman &Co.imp.
PLATE XI.
ARGYNNIS SELENE.
1, larva after second moult; 1 a, after third moult ;
1b, le, 1d, le, after fourth moult; 1/f, pupa, side
view ; 1g, pupa, front view.
See pp. 738—77.
ARGYNNIS HUPHROSYNE.
2, larva after second moult; 20, after third moult ;
2a, 2c, after fourth moult; 2 d, pupa.
See pp. 77—80.
Meuit#a CInxtA.
3, larva after last moult ; 3 a, pupa.
There is no description of this in the volume.
Pilecce Jol,
1a
F.C.Moore Jith. We 3
oore WBUCKLER de. est, Newman & Co.imy
a
Fav weet eG
y eee te
Hae ee
3 Tiesia
pre Peek
es
re, ae
ee
hw s
agll
eee
rates
ah 3
*
PLATE XII.
Meuitaa ATHALIA.
1, 1a, larva after last moult; 16, pupa.
See pp. 81—84.
Meuit#a ARTEMIS.
2, larva after last moult ; 2a, pupa.
See pp. 84—85.
Nemeosius LUcIna.
3, 3a, 3b, larva after last moult; 3c, pupa.
See pp. 85—89.
THECLA BETULA.
4, 4a, larva after last moult; 46, pupa, side view
and back view.
See pp. 184, 185.
THEOLA PRUNI.
5, 5a, 5b, larva after last moult; 5c, pupa.
There is no description of this in the volume.
Plate a,
Ee
5e @ 5a
W.BUCKLER deb.
F.C Moore bith. West Nevaman &Coimp
aa 5
-
a .
.
Ry
*
P+ >
“4 .
I
‘ mle
<
i
* vr
i ’
i
ae
7, .«
> tr
“oy : -
A »
ety
it i oe
as ‘ .
PLATE XIII.
TsurctA W-ALBUM.
1, larva after third moult; la, 10, after fourth
moult; 1c, pupa, side view and back view.
There is no description of this in the volume.
THECLA QUERCUS.
2, 2a, larva after last moult; 26, pupa.
See pp. 185—188.
T'HECLA RUBI.
3, 30, larva after last moult, from broom; 3a,
larva after last moult from flowers of furze; 3 c, pupa.
See pp. 89—9].
CHRYSOPHANUS PHLAAS.
A, 4a, 4b, larva after last moult; 4c, pupa.
See pp. 91—94.
Bd >
3 3
+ ms
4
:
! ze
“ : a : :
Py M
oO
: 1)
ie
:
F.C.Moore lith.
PLATEH XIV.
Potyommatus ARGIOLUS
1, La, 1}, larva after last moult, from holly ; 1c, 1d,
larva after last moult, from ivy; 1 e, pupa, from holly.
See pp. 94—100 and 188.
Potyommatus ALSUS.
2, larva before last moult; 2a, 26, 2c, 2d, 2e,
after last moult; 2, pupa, side view and back view.
See pp. 100—104.
Potyommatus CoRyYDON.
3, 3a, 3b, larva after last moult; 3c, pupa.
Noticed under P. Adonis see pp. 109, 110, 111, and 191.
Pilate XIV
1b
te
Zh
2d
x
F.C.Moore hth. W.BUCKLER ; West, Newman &Co nny.
'
)
X
>
}
:
t
+
¢
J
Pig
ij
‘
i
a
‘
at .
mu el A
it A
Oe ;
ee ame hae |
fe et ail
i
PLATE XV.
PoLtyommatus ADONIS.
1, larva before last moult; 1a, 16, 1¢,1d,1le,1f,
after last moult; 1g, pupa.
See pp. 106—111.
PotyomMatTus ALEXIS.
2, 2a, 2b, larva after last moult; 2c, pupa.
See pp. 111, 112, and 191—194.
Potyommatus ZHGON.
3, larva before last moult; 3a, after last moult;
3b, pupa.
See pp. 112—116.
Plate AV.
E.C.Moore lith. W.BUCKLER dea. West, Newman&Coimp.
PLATE XVI.
Potyommatus Acsstis (Mzpovw.)
1, la, larva after last moult, of the typical form ;
Lf, pupa; 16, le, 1d, le, larva after last moult of
the northern form or variety Artaxerxes ; 1 g, pupa of
the variety Artaxerues.
See pp. 116—122.
THYMELE ALVEOLUS.
2, 2, larva after last moult; 2b, pupa.
See pp. 123—126.
THanaos TAGsEs.
3, larva after second moult; 3 a, after third moult;
3 b, 3c, after fourth moult.
See pp. 126—129.
Plee XV 1.
Be Moore Eis W.-BUCKLER West Newman &Co.imp
‘
A
PLATE XVII.
STEROPES PANISCUS.
1, larva after second moult; lc, after third moult;
1 a, 10, after fourth moult.
See pp. 129—134 and 194, 195.
PaMPHILA ACTON.
2, 2a, larva after last moult ; 2b, 2c, pupa.
See pp. 1385—138.
PAMPHILA LINEA.
3, 3a, 30, larva after last moult ; 3¢ pupa.
See pp. 189—141 and 195, 196.
PAMPHILA SYLVANUS.
4, 4a, 46, larva after last moult; 4c, pupa; 4d,
folded leaf of Luzula pilosa containing a pupa.
See pp. 141 and 196—198.
Plate XVII.
West Newman & Co imp.
W. BUCKLER de.
FE. C. Moore hth.
RAY SOCIETY.
INSTITUTED 1844.
FOR THE PUBLICATION OF WORKS ON
NATURAL HISTORY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION ONE GUINEA.
oe Eee a 8
OF
COUNCIL, OFFICERS, LOCAL SECRETARIES,
AND MEMBERS,
TOGETHER WITH THE
TITLES OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY
CORRECTED TO NOVEMBER, 1885.
¥ -
.
i im,
ci .
E | t 3
* ae k
re
ss
-
a 7.
;
fs ‘ aa
He
LN ‘
%
2 ) ate
ie RSH a
Council and Oftcers of the Aay Society,
Elected 18th June, 1885.
President,
Str JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.
Dr. BRAITHWAITE, F.L.S.
G. Busk, Esq., F.R.S.
J. DEANE, Esq., F.L.S.
C. H. Garry, Esq., F.L.S.
F. D. GopMAN, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
F. Grout, Esq., F.L.S.
Dr. GUNTHER, F.R.S.
EK. Harrzis, Esq., F.L.S.
H. Lee, Esq., F.L.S.
R. M’Lacutay, Esq., F.R.S.
A. D. MIcHAEL, Esq., F.L.S.
Council.
Dr. J. MILuAR, F.L.S.
W. K. PaRKeER, Esq., F.R.S.
F, P. Pascog, Esq., F.L.S.
Dr. P. H. Pyz-Smita, F.L.S.
H. T. Stainton, Esq., F.R.S.
Capt. C. Tver, F.L.S.
Dr. E. Hart VINEN, F.L.S.
J.J. WEIR, Esq., F.L.S.
O. SALVIN, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
Lord WatsineuaM, M.A., F.L.S.
Crevsurer.
Dr. 8. J. A. SALTER, F.R.S., F.L.S., Basingfield, Basingstoke, Hants.
Secretary.
Rev. Prof. THOMAS WILTSHIRE, M.A., F.L.S., 25, Granville Park,
Lewisham, S.E.
LIST OF LOCAL SECRETARIES.
Bath
Birmingham
Leeds ...
Liverpool
South Devon
Norwich
Warrington
R. H. Moore, Esq.
W. R. Hughes, Esq.
L. C. Miall, Esq.
Isaac Byerley, Esq.
G. C. Bignell, Esq.
F. W. Harmer, Esq.
T. G. Rylands, Esq.
LIST. OF SUBSCRIBERS.*
Aberdeen, University of.
Adkin, R., Esq., Wellfield, Lingards road, Lewisham, S.E.
Adlard, J. E., Esq., Bartholomew close, E.C.
Alderson, Mrs., Park House, Worksop, Notts.
Allen, E. S8., Esq., Shepherds Green, Chiselhurst.
Allman, Professor, F.R.S., &c., Ardmore, Parkstone, Poole, Dorset.
American Institute, New York.
Anderson, J., Esq., junr., Alre Villas, Chichester.
Andrews, Arthur, Esq., Newtown House, Blackrock, Dublin.
Angelin, Professor, Stockholm.
Argyll, Duke of, F.R.S., Argyll Lodge, Kensington, W.
Armstrong, Sir W. G., F.R.S., The Minories, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Army and Navy Club, 36, Pall Mall, S.W.
Ash, Rev. C. D., Cocking Rectory, Sussex.
Asher, Messrs., 13, Bedford street, W.C,
Ashmolean Society, Oxford.
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 57, Park street, Calcutta (per Messrs.
Tribner).
Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
Aubrey, Rev. H. G. W., Rectory, Hale, Salisbury.
Babington, Professor Charles C., M.A., F.R.S., Cambridge.
Baer, Herr J., Frankfort.
Bailliére, Messrs., 20, King William street, W.C.
* The Subscribers are requested to inform the Secretary of any errors or
omissions in this List, and of any delay in the transmission of the Yearly Volume.
6
Baker, Alfred, Esq., 59, Hagley road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Balfour, Prof. J. B., Botanic Gardens, Oxford.
Baltimore, Peabody Institute.
Bankes, Rev. E. R., The Rectory, Corfe Castle.
Barrett, C. G., Esq., 68, Camberwell Grove, S.E.
Bastian, Dr. H. C., F.R.S., F.L.S., 20, Queen Anne street, W.
Bath Microscopical Society, care of C. Terry, Esq., 6, Gay street,
Bath.
Beaufoy, Mark, Esq., 87, South Lambeth, S.
Becker, W., Esq., Hill House, Southwell, Nottinghamshire.
Belfast Society for Promoting Knowledge, Linen Hall, Belfast.
Belfast, Queen’s College.
Bergen, Museum of, Norway.
Berlin Royal Library.
Bignell, G. C., Esq., M.E.S., 7, Clarence place, Stonehouse, Plymouth.
Billups, T. R., Esq., 20, Swiss villas, Coplestone Road, Peckham, S.E.
Binks, J., Esq., Wakefield. |
Bird, G. W., Esq., Hurley Lodge, Honor Oak Park, S.E.
Birmingham, Free Library.
Birmingham, Mason College.
Birmingham Old library.
Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. __
Birney, H. W. V., Esq., May Villa, New Park road, Bedford.
Blatch, W. G., Esq., Small Heath,
Blomefield, Rev. L., F.Z.S., 19, Belmont, Bath.
Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A., Guestling, near Hastings.
Blundell, E., Esq., Moulton Lodge, The Crescent, Luton.
Bostock, E., Esq., Stone, Staffordshire.
Bostock, F., Esq., jun., Northampton.
Boston Public Library, U.S.A.
Boswell, Dr. J. T., Balmuto, Kirkcaldy, N.B.
Brabant, Monsieur E., Chateau de |’ Alouette, Escaudceuvres, France.
Bradford Naturalists’ Society, J. Hastwood, Esq., Hon. Sec., 22,
Whites terrace, Bradford.
Bradley, R. C., Esq., Raleigh buildings, 69, Snow hill, Birmingham.
Brady, H. B., Esq., F.L.S., Hillfield, Gateshead.
Brady, W. E., Esq., 1, Queen street, Barnsley, Yorkshire.
Braithwaite, Dr. R., F.L.S., The Ferns, Clapham rise, S.W.
Brevoort, Dr. J. Carson, New York. ,
Briggs, C. A., Esq., 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.
Bright, P. M., Esq., Roccabruna, Bournemouth.
i
Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society, Brighton.
Bristol Microscopical Society, E. B. L. Brayley, Esq., Hon. Sec.,
13, Burlington road, Clifton.
Brockholes, Mrs. J. Fitzherbert, Clifton hill, Garstang, Lancashire.
Brodrick, W., Esq., Little hill, Chudleigh, South Devon.
Brook, Geo., Esq., jun., Fernbrook, Huddersfield.
Broome, C. E., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Elmshurst, Batheaston, Bath.
Browell, E. M., Esq., Feltham, Middlesex.
Browne, Dr. Henry, Woodheys, Heaton Mersey, Manchester.
Buckton, G. B., Esq., F.R.S., Weycombe, Haslemere, Surrey.
Burn, Dr. W. B., Ecclesbourne, Bedford hill road, Balham, S.W.
Burney, Rev. H., Wavendon Rectory, Woburn.
Burton, John, Esq., Lee terrace, Blackheath, S.E.
Busk, Professor G., F.R.S., 32, Harley street, Cavendish square, W.
Byerley, I., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Seacombe, Cheshire.
Cambridge, Rev. O. P., Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham.
Cambridge, University Library.
Cambridge, University Museum of Zoology.
Cambridge, Downing College.
Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College.
Cambridge, St. Catharine’s College.
Cambridge, Sidney-Sussex College.
Cambridge, Trinity College.
Campbell, F. M., Esq., Rose hill, Hoddesdon.
Canterbury, Philosophical Institute of, New Zealand.
Capper, S. J., Esq., Huyton Park, Huyton, near Liverpool.
Capron, Dr. E., Shiere, near Guildford, Surrey.
Carpenter, Dr. A., Duppas House, Croydon, S.
Carus, Dr. Victor, Leipsic.
Cash, W., Esq., Union Banking Company, Halifax.
Chapman, E., Esq., Frewen Hall, Oxford.
Cheltenham periment Library, Cheltenham.
Chicago Library, Chicago.
Chichester and West Sussex Natural History Society, C. T. Halstead,
Esq., Hon. Treas., Chichester.
Christiania, University of.
Church, Dr. W. S., 130, Harley Street, W.
Cincinnati Public Library.
Cleland, Professor, 2, The College, Glasgow.
8
Clermont, Lord, Ravensdale park, Newry, Ireland.
Colman, Jeremiah J., Esq., M.P., Carrow House, Norwich.
Cooke, N., Esq., Gorsey Hey, Liscard, Cheshire.
Cooper, Colonel E. H., 42, Portman square, W.
Cooper, Sir Daniel, Bart., 6, De Vere gardens, Kensington Palace, W.
Coppin, John, Esq., Kingfield House, by Corbridge-on-Tyne, R.S.O.
Cork, Queen’s College, Cork.
Cornwall, Royal Institution of, Truro.
Crallan, G. E., Esq., Cambridgeshire Asylum, Fulbourn, near Cam-
bridge.
Craven, Alfred E., Esq., 65, St. George’s road, S.W.
Cregoe, J. P., Esq., 9, Headland Park, Plymouth.
Cresswell, Mrs. R., Teignmouth, Devon.
Crisp, F., Esq., B.A., LL.B., V.P. and Treas. L. S., 6, Old Jewry, H.C.
Croft, R. Benyon, Esq., R.N., F.L.S., Farnham Hall, Ware, Herts.
Crowley, Philip, Esq., Wadden House, Croydon, S.
Cruickshank, Alexander, Esq., LL.D., 20, Rose street, Aberdeen.
Dale, C. W., Esq., Glanville Wootton, Sherborne, Dorset.
Darwin, F., Esq., Wychfield, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge.
Dawson, Sir J. W., F.R.S., F.G.S., M‘Gill College, Montreal.
Decie, Miss A. Prescott, Bockleton Court, Tenbury.
Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter.
Devonshire, Duke of, F.R.S., 78, Piccadilly, W.
Dickinson, Wm., Esq., 3, Whitehall place, 8. W.
‘Dickson, Professor Alexander, 11, Royal circus, Edinburgh.
Dobree, N. T., Esq., Beverley, Yorkshire.
‘Dohrn, Dr. Anton, Stazione Zoologica, Naples.
Douglas, J. W., Esq., Long Room, Custom House, H.C.
Douglas, Rev. R. C., Manaton Rectory, Moreton Hampstead, Exeter.
Douglas, W. D. R., Esq., Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.
Dowsett, A., Esq., 54, Russell street, Reading.
Drewitt, D. O., Esq., Jarrow Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Drosier, Dr. W. H., Cambridge.
Dublin, National Library.
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy.
Dublin Royal College of Science.
Dublin, Royal College of Surgeons.
Dublin, Trinity College.
Dublin, Hon. Society of King’s Inn.
9
Ducie, Earl of, F.R.S., F.G.S., 16, Portman square, W.
Dunning, J. W., Esq.. M.A, F.LS., 12, Old square, Lincoln’s
Inn, W.C.
East Kent Natural History Society, Canterbury.
Edinburgh, Royal College of Physicians.
Edinburgh, Library of University of.
Edinburgh, Museum of Science and Art.
Edinburgh, Royal Society of.
Edinburgh, Royal Physical Society, 40, Castle street, Edinburgh.
Edwards, S., Esq., Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.
Elisha, Geo., Esq., 122, Shepherdess Walk, City road.
Ellison, 8. T., Esq., 2, Balhousie street, Perth, N.B.
Elphinstone, H. W., Hsq., F.L.8., 2, Stone Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn,
W.C.
England, Bank of, Library, London, E.C.
England, Royal College of Surgeons of, Lincoln’s-inn-fields, W.C.
Enniskillen, the Earl of, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S., 65, Eaton place, S.W.
Essex Field Club, per A. J. Lockyer, Esq., Stanley road, Woodford,
Hissex.
Evans, H. A., Esq., United Services Cottage, Westward Ho, Bideford,
N. Devon.
Fenn, C. E., Esq., Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E.
Ffarington, Miss M. H., Worden Hall, near Preston.
Fildes, J., Esq., 37, Brown street, Manchester.
Fitch, E. A., Esq., F.L.S., Sec. Ent. Soc., Maldon, Essex.
Fitch, Fred., Esq., F.R.G.S., Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.
Fletcher, W. H. R., Esq., 6, The Steyne, Worthing, Sussex.
Flower, W. H., Esq., F.R.S., British Museum (Natural History), S.W.
Foster, C., Esq., Thorpe, Norwich.
Freeman, F. F., Esq., M.E.S., 8, Leigham terrace, Plymouth.
Friedlander & Son, Messrs., Berlin.
Fuller, Rev. A., Pallant, near Chichester,
Galton, Capt. Douglas, F.R.S., 12, Chester street, Grosvenor place,
S.W.
Gatty, C. H., Esq., F.L.S., Felbridge Park, East Grinstead, Sussex.
Geological Society, London, W.
10
Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, per Messrs. Tribner.
George, Frederick, Esq., Fairholme, Torquay.
Gibson, Mrs. G.S., Esq., Hill House, Saffron Walden, Essex.
Glasgow, Philosophical Society of.
Glasgow, University of.
Godman, F. D., Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square,
W., and South Lodge, Horsham.
Goode, J. F., Esq., 3, Regent place, Birmingham.
Gordon, Rev. George, LL.D., Manse of Birnie, by Elgin, N.B.
Gottingen, University of.
Graham, W., Esq., F.R.M.S., Ludgate hill, Birmingham.
Green, R. Y., Esq., 11, Lovaine crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Grieve, Dr. J., care of W. UL. Buchanan Esq., 212, St. Vincent street,
Glasgow.
Grut, Ferdinand, Esq., 9, Newcomen street, Southwark, S.E.
Giinther, Dr., F.R.S., British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell
road, South Kensington, S.W.
Hackney Microscopical and Natural History Society, per J. A. Clark,
Esq., Treasurer, 48, The Broadway, London fields, Hackney, H.
Haeckel, Professor, Jena, Prussia.
Haggerston Entomological Society.
Hailstone, Edward, Esq., F.S.A., Walton Hall, Wakefield.
Hamilton, Dr. E., F.L.S., F.G.S.,9, Portugal street, Grosvenor square, W.
Hancock, John, Esq., Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Harbottle, A., Esq., 6, Gibson terrace, Sunderland.
Harley, Dr. J., 39, Brook street, Grosvenor square, W.
Harmer, Sidney F., Esq., B.Sc., King’s College, Cambridge.
Harris, Edw., Esq., F.G.8., Rydal Villa, Longton Grove, Upper
Sydenham.
Harris, Dr. F., F.L.S., 24, Cavendish square, W.
Harris, J. T., Esq., Burton Bank, Burton-on-Trent.
Harrison, F., Esg., Junior United Service Club, S.W.
Harvard College, Cambridge, U.S.A.
Havers, J. C., Esq., Wood Lea, Bedford hill, Balham, S.W.
Hawkins, Dr. B. L., Woburn, Beds.
Hawkshaw, J. C., nee 33, Great George street, Westminster, S.W.
Hellins, Rev. J., The Close, Exeter.
Hepburn, Sir T. B., Bart., Smeaton, Preston Kirk, N.B.
Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, Watford.
11
Hicks, Dr. John B., F.R.S., 24, George street, Hanover square, W.
Hicks, Dr. J. Sibley, 2, Erskine street, Liverpool.
Hilher, J. T., Esq., 4, Chapel place, Ramsgate.
Hilton, James, Esq., 60, Montagu square, W.
Hinchliff, Miss Katharine M., Worlington House, Instow.
Holdsworth, E. W. H., Esq., F.L.S., 84, Clifton hill, Abbey road, N.W.
Hooker, Sir J., C.B., M.D., F.R.S., Kew, W.
Hope, the Rt. Hon. A. J. Beresford, Esq., M.P., Arklow House, Con-
naught place, W.
Hopkinson, John, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.8., Wansford House, Watford.
Horley, W. L., Esq., Stanboroughs, Hoddeston.
Houghton, Rev. W., F.L.S., Preston Rectory, Wellington, Salop.
Hovenden, F., Esq., Glenlea, Thurlow Park, Dulwich, S.E.
Howden, Dr. J. C., Sunnyside, Montrose.
Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society, S. L. Mosley, Esq., Hon. Sec.,
Beaumont Park Museum, Huddersfield.
Hughes, W..R., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Wood House, Hands-
wood, Birmingham.
Hughes, W. Rathbone, Esq., 3, Princes Gate, Princes Park, Liverpool.
Hull Subscription Library.
Hunt, John, Esq., Milton of Campsie, Glasgow.
Hutchinson, Miss E., Grantsfield, Leominster.
Hutchinson, R., Esq., 29, Chester street, Edinburgh.
Huxley, Professor T. H., F.R.S., Science Schools, South Kensington.
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Janson, E. W., Esq., 35, Little Russell street, Bloomsbury.
Jenner, Charles, Esq., Easter Duddingsten Lodge, Portobello, Edin-
burgh.
Jones, Albert, Esq., Shrublands, Eltham.
Jordon, Dr. R. C. R., 35, Harborne road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
_ Kane, W. F. de V., Esq., Sloperton Lodge, Kingstown, Co. Dublin.
Kays, J. H., Esq., 33, Wimpole street, Plymouth.
Keays, Lovell H., Esq., F.R.S., L.S., 26, Charles street, St. James’,
S.W.
12
Kenderdine, F., Esq., Morningside, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Kenrick, G. H., Esq., Whetstone, Somerset road, Edgbaston, Birming-
ham.
Kent, W. Saville, Esq., Government Offices, Hobart Town, Tasmania.
Kilmarnock Library, Kilmarnock.
King, A., Esq., Aspley Guise, Woburn, Bedfordshire.
Kitson, J., Esq., Elmete Hall, Leeds.
Lascelles, A. A., Esq., 7, Stanley terrace, Plymouth.
Laver, H., Esq., Colchester.
Laxton, H., Esq., 41, Harpur street, Bedford.
Lee, Henry, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.8S., Renton House, 343, Brixton road,
S.W.
Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.
Leicester, Alfred, Esq., Lynwood, Harbord street, Waterloo, near
Liverpool.
Leicester Free Library, Wellington street, Leicester.
Leipzig, University of.
Leman, F.C., Esq., M.E.S., Blackfriars House, Plymouth.
Lendy, Major A. F., F.L.8., F.G.8., Sunbury House, Sunbury.
Liastow, W. G., Esq., 79, Union street, Plymouth.
Lidstone, W. G., Esq., 79, Union street, Plymouth.
Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.
Lister, Arthur, Esq., F.L.S., Leytonstone.
Liverpool, Athenzeum.
Liverpool, Royal Institution.
Liverpool Library, Lyceum, Liverpool.
Liverpool Medical Institution.
Liverpool Microscopical Society.
Liverpool Free Library.
Lloyd, A., Esq., The Dome, Bognor, Sussex.
Lobley, J. Logan, Esq., F.G.S., New Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall.
Longstaff, G. B., Esq., Southfield Grange, West Hill road, Wands-
worth, S.W.
London Institution, Finsbury circus, E.C.
London Library, 12, St. James’s square, 8. W.
Loven, Professor, Stockholm.
Lubbock, Sir J., Bart., M.P., F.L'S., R.S., President, 15, Lombar
street, B.C.
Lol
13
Marlborough College Natural History Society, Marlborough.
McGill, H. J., Esq., Aldenham Grammar School, Elstree, Herts.
McGregor, J., Esq., West Green, Culross, N.B.
McIntosh, W. C., M.D., F.L.S., 2, Abbotsford crescent, St. Andrew’s
N.B.
M’Lachlan, R., Esq., F.R.S., West View, Clarendon road, Lewisham,
S:E.
McMillan, W. S., Esq., 17, Temple street, Liverpool.
Maclagan, Professor Douglas, M.D., F.R.S.E., 28, Heriot row, Edin-
burgh.
Madras Government Museum, Madras.
Major, Charles, Esq., Red Lion Wharf, 69, Upper Thames street, E.C.
Manchester Free Public Library.
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.
Mansell-Pleydall, J., Esq., Whatcombe, Blandford.
Martin, G. M., Esq., Red Hill Lodge, Compton, Wolverhampton. _
Mason, P. B., Esq., Burton-on-Trent.
Mathew, G. F., Esq., R.N., F.L.S., Z.S8., &c., Instow, N. Devon.
Mathews, W., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., 15, Waterloo street, Birmingham.
Medlycott, Sir W., 6, Pulteney buildings, Weymouth.
Meiklejohn, Dr. J. W. S., 105, Holland road, Kensington, W.
Melbourne Public Library.
Mennell, H. T., Esq., F.L.S., 10, St. Dunstan’s buildings, Idol lane,
B.C.
Michael, A. D., Esq., F.L.S8., Cadogan Mansions, Sloane square, S.W.
Microscopical Society, Royal, King’s College, Strand, London.
Millar, Dr. John, F.L.S., F.G.S., Bethnall House, Cambridge road, N.E.
Millett, F. W., Esq., Marazion, Cornwall.
Mitchell Library, the, Glasgow.
Mivart, Prof. St. George J., F.R.S., 71, Seymour street, Hyde park, W.
Moore, Mrs. E. T., Sheffield.
Moseley, Sir T., Rolleston Hall, Burton-on-Trent.
Munich Royal Library, Munich.
Murdock, J. Barclay, Esq., F.R.Ph.S.E., Barclay, Langside, Glasgow.
Museum of Economic Geology, London, S.W.
Neave, B. W., Esq., Lyndhurst, Queen’s road, Brownswood park, N.
Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Newman, T. P., Esq., 54, Hatton garden, E.C.
Noble, Capt. Jesmond Dene House, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
14
Noble, Wilson, Esq., 1, Queensberry place, S.W.
Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution, Norwich.
Norman, Rev. A. Merle, M.A., F.L.S., Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses,
Durham,
Nottingham Free Library.
Nottingham Naturalists’ Society, per Levi Lee, Esq., 26, Drury hill,
Nottingham.
Oldfield, G. W., Esq., M.A., 30, Ladbroke gardens, W.
Owens College, Manchester.
Oxford, Magdalen College.
Paisley Philosophical Society, Paisley.
Paris National Library, per Messrs. Longmans.
Parke, Geo. H., Esq., Infield Lodge, Barrow-in-Furness.
Parker, W. K., Esq., F.R.S., Crowland, Trinity road, Upper Tooting,
S.W.
Pascoe, F. P., Esq., F.L.S., 1, Burlington road, Westbourne Park, W.
Pearce, W. G., 187, Caledonian road, King’s Cross, N.
Peck, R. Holman, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Elmfield, Penge lane, S.E.
Peckover, Algernon, Esq., F.L.S., Wisbeach.
Peel Park Library, Salford, Lancashire.
Penny, Rev. C. W., Wellington College, Wokingham.
Penzance Public Library.
Perthshire Society of Natural Science, Museum, Tay street, Perth.
Phené, J. 8., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., 5, Carlton terrace, Oakley street, S.W.
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, U.S.A.
Pierce, EF’. Nelson, Esq., 143, Southdown lane, Liverpool.
Plymouth Institution, Athenzeum.
Pole-Carew, Miss C. L., 3, South place, Rutland gate, S.W., and
Antonie House, Torpoint, Devonport.
Porritt, G. T., Esq., Greenfield House, Huddersfield.
Potchett, Rev. C., M.A., Vicarage, Ryhill, Stamford.
Power, H., Esq., 374, Great Cumberland place, Hyde Park, W.
Preston Free Public Library.
Preston, T. A., Esq., The Green, Marlborough.
Pumphrey, C., Esq., Southfield, King’s Norton, near Birmingham.
Pye-Smith, Dr. P. H., 54, Harley street, Cavendish square, W.
a
15
Quekett Microscopical Club, University College.
Radcliffe Library, Oxford.
Radford, D., Esq., Park House, Mount Radford, Exeter.
Ramsay, Sir Andrew C., F.R.S., 15, Cromwell crescent, S.W.
Rashleigh, J., Esq., 3, Cumberland terrace, Regent’s park, N.W.
Reader, Thomas, Esq., 39, Paternoster row, E.C.
Reading Microscopical Society, 110, Oxford road, Reading.
Rigby, Samuel, Esq., Fern Bank, Liverpool road, Chester.
Ripon, Marquis of, F.R.S., F.L.S., 1, Carlton gardens, S.W.
Robinson, Rev. F., Front street, Seaton Carew, W. Hartlepool.
Robinson, Isaac, Esq., The Wash, Hertford.
Robson, J. E., Esq., 15, Northgate, Hartlepool.
Roper, F. C. S., Ksq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Palgrave House, Eastbourne.
Rose, Geo., Esq., Queen street, Barnsley.
Ross, J. G., Hsq., Bathampton Lodge, Bathampton, Bath.
Rothery, H. C., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., 94, Gloucester terrace, Hyde Park, W.
Royal Institution, Albemarle street, W.
Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 53, Berners street, W.
Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W.
Rowe, J. B., Esq., Plympton Lodge, Plympton, S. Devon.
Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, High Fields, Thelwall,
near Warrington.
Salter, Dr. S. J. A., F.R.S., Treasurer, Basingfield, near Basingstoke,
Hants.
Salvin, Osbert, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square.
Samson and Wallin, Wiscere London.
Sanders, Alfred, Esq., F.L.S., Milton, Sittingbourne, Kent.
Sanford, W. A., Esq., F.G. S., Nynehead Court, near Wellington,
Somersetshire.
Sang, J., Esq., 33, Oxford street, Darlington.
Science and Art Department, South Kensington.
Sclater, P. L., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., R.S., 11, Hanover square, W.
Sharp, I., Esq., F.G.S., Culverden hill, Tunbridge Wells.
Sharpus, F. W., Esq., 30, Compton road, Islington, N.
Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society.
Shuttleworth, Edmund, Esq., 6, Hall road, Hamilton terrace, St.
John’s Wood, N.W.
16
Sion College Library, London Wall, E.C.
Slack, H. I., Esq., F.G.S., Ashdown Cottage, Forest row, Sussex.
Sladen, Rev. C. A., Burghclere, Newbury.
Slatter, T. J., Esq., F.G.S., Evesham.
Sloper, G. E., Esq., Devizes.
Smart, Robert B., Esg., 176, Waterloo place, Oxford road, Manchester.
Smith, Basil Woodd, Esq., F.R.A.S., Branch hill, Hampstead, N.W.
Smith, F. W., Esq., Hollywood, Lewisham hill, 8.E.
Smith, S. P., Esq., 4, Dane’s inn, W.C.
Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society, Taunton.
Sotheran, Messrs., 136, Strand, W.C.
South London Entomological Society, care of Edw. Step, Esq., 37,
Charland road, Putney, S.W.
South London Microscopical Club, care of J. Guardia, Esq., Helston
House, Rozel road, Clapham, S.W.
South, R., Esq., 12, Abbey gardens, St. John’s Wood, N.W.
Southport Free Library.
Spicer, Messrs., Brothers, 19, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, E.C.
St. Andrew’s University Library, St. Andrew’s.
Stainton, H. T., Esq., F.R.S., L.S., Mountsfield, Lewisham, S.E.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Ephraim Lodge, The Common, Tunbridge
Wells.
Stephenson, J. W., Esq., Equitable Assurance Office, Mansion-house
street, E.C.
Stewart, C., Esq., F.L.S8., Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn
Fields, W.C.
Stockholm Royal Academy, Stockholm.
Stowell, Rev. H. A., Breadsall Rectory, near Derby.
Strasbourgh University Library.
Stroud Natural History and Philosophical Society, Stroud.
Stubbins, J., Esq., F.G.S., R.M.S., Inglebank, Far Headingly, Leeds.
Sunderland Subscription Library.
Swanston, W., Esq., F.G.S., 50, King street, Belfast.
Thornewell, Rev. C. F., The Soho, Burton-on-Trent.
Toronto, University of, Canada.
Torquay Natural History Society, Museum, Babbacombe road, Torquay.
Townsend, F., Esq., M.A., Honington Hall, oars Stour.
Triibner & Gal Messrs., London.
Turner, Professor W., F.R.S.E., University of Edinburgh.
1
Tyler, Captain Charles, F.L.S., F.G.8., 317, Holloway road, Hollo-
way, N.
University College, London.
Upsala, University of, Sweden.
Vass, M., Leipzig.
Vicars, John, Esq., sen., Seel street, Liverpool.
Vicary, William, Esq., The Priory, Colleton crescent, Exeter.
Vinen, Dr. E. Hart, F.L.S., 17, Chepstow villas, Bayswater, W.
Waldegrave, Earl, 13, Montague place, Bryanstone square, W.
Walker, Alfred O., Esq., Chester.
Walker, Rev. Dr. F. A., 33, Bassett road, Notting hill, W.
Walsingham, Thomas de Grey, Lord, M.A., F.L.S., Z.S., Merton Hall,
Thetford, Norfolk.
Warden, Dr. Charles, Greenhurst, 44, Calthorp road, Edgbaston, Bir-
mingham.,
Warrington Museum and Library, Warrington.
Warwickshire Natural History Society, Warwick.
Washington Library of Congress, U.S.A.
Watkinson Library, Harford, Con., U.S.A.
Weightman, J., Esq., 30, Grove street, Liverpool.
Weir, J. J., Esq., Chirbary, Copers Cope road, Beckenham, Kent.
Wells, J. R., Esq., 20, Fitzroy street, Fitzroy square, W.C.
Wesley, E. F., Esq., A.K.C., 28, Essex street, Strand, W.C.
West Kent Natural History Society, Lewisham, S.E.
Wheeler, F. D., Esq., Paragon House School, Norwich.
White, A., Esq., F.L.S., West Drayton.
Whittle, F. G., Esq., 2, Cambridge terrace, Lupus street, S.W.
Wills, A. W., Esq., F.C.S., Wylde Green, Erdington, Birmingham.
Wilson, Owen, Esq., Cwmffrwd, Carmarthen.
Wiltshire, Rev. Professor T., M.A., F.L.8., Treas. G.S., Secretary,
25, Granville park, Lewisham, London, S.E.
Wollaston, G. H., Esq., 4, College road, Clifton, near Bristol.
Wood, J.C., Esq., M.B., Torrington, Ledbury.
Woodd, B. T., Esq., Conyngham Hall, Knaresborough, Yorkshire.
Wright, Professor E. P., F.L.S., Trinity College, Dublin.
b
18
Yale College, New Haven, U.S.
Yeoman, T. P., Esq., 4, St. Hilda’s terrace, Whitby.
York Philosophical Society, York.
Zoological Society, 11, Hanover square, W.
LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES
OF THE
RAY SOCIETY.
FROM THEIR COMMENCEMENT, IN 1844, TO
JANUARY, 1886.
Ped
REA
Tat ie
nl
res ke
Rte
v:
Pee
LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ISSUED
BY THE RAY SOCIETY.
For tHe First Year, 1844.
I. Reports on the Progress of Zoology and Botany. Trans-
lated by H. E. Strickland, Jun., M.A., F.R.S., E. Lan-
kester, M.D., F.R.S., and W. B. Macdonald, B.A. 8vo.
If. Memorials of John Ray: consisting of the Life of John
III.
Ray, by Derham; the Biographical Notice of Ray, by
Baron Cuvier and M. Dupetit Thouars, in the ‘ Biographie
Universelle ;’ Life of Ray, by Sir J. E. Smith: the Itine-
raries of Ray, with Notes, by Messrs. Babington and
Yarrell. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.
A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part I. Ten Plates.
_ Imp. 4to.
For tHE Sseconp YeEar, 1845.
I. Steenstrup on the Alternation of Generations. Translated
from the German, by George Busk, F.R.S. Three Plates.
Svo.
II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part II. Thirteen
Plates. Imp. 4to.
22. LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES
IIT. Reports and Papers on Botany, consisting of Translations
from the German. Translated by W. B. Macdonald, B.A. ;
G. Busk, F.R.S.; A. Henfrey, F.R.S.; and J. Hudson,
B.M. Seven Plates. 8vo.
For tHE Toirp Yrar, 1846.
I. Meyen’s Geography of Plants. Translated from the German
by Miss Margaret Johnston. 8vo.
II. Burmeister on the Organization of Trilobites. Translated
from the German, and edited by Professors T. Bell and
K. Forbes. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.
III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part III. Hleven
Plates. Imp. 4to.
For tHE FourtH Year, 1847.
I. Oken’s Elements of Physio-philosophy. Translated from
the German by Alfred Tulk. 8vo.
II. Reports on the Progress of Zoology. Translated from the
German by Messrs. Geo. Busk, A. H. Haliday, and A.
Tulk. 8vo.
III. A Synopsis of the British Naked-eyed Pulmograde Meduse. »
By Professor E. Forbes, F.R.S. Thirteen Plates. Imp.
Ato.
For tHe Firra Year, 1848.
T. Bibliographia Zoologiz et Geologiz. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. I. 8vo.
ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. OS
II. Letters of John Ray. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D.,
F.R.S. Two Plates. 8vo.
III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part IV. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.
For THE SixtH Yurar, 1849.
I. Reports and Papers on Vegetable Physiology and Botanical
Geography. Edited by A. Henfrey, F.R.S. Three Plates.
8vo.
II. A Monograph of the British Entomostracous Crustacea.
By W. Baird, M.D., F.R.S. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.
For tHe SreventH YEAR, 1850.
I. Bibliographia Zoologiz et Geologiz. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. II. 8vo.
II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
' By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part V. Fifteen Plates.
Imp. 4to.
For tHe E1ieutuH Year, 1851.
I. A Monograph of the British Angiocarpous Lichens. By the
Rev. W. A. Leighton, M.A. Thirty Plates. 8vo.
II. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,
M.A., F.R.S. Vol. I. Ten Plates. 8vo.
24, LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES
For tHE Ninto Year, 1852.
I. Bibliographia Zoologiz et Geologie. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. III. 8vo. |
II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VI. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.
For THE TENTH Year, 1858.
I. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,
M.A., F.R.S. Vol. II. Thirty Plates. 8vo.
II. A Volume of Botanical and Physiological Memoirs, in-
cluding Braun on Rejuvenescence in Nature. Six Plates.
Svo.
For tHe EveventH Year, 1804.
Bibliographia Zoologize et Geologie. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. IV. 8vo. (Completing the work.)
For tHE TwretrtH YEAR, 1855.
A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By
Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VII. Nine Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)
For THE THIRTEENTH YrAR, 1856.
A Monograph of the British Fresh-water Polyzoa. By Pro-
fessor Allman, F.R.S. Eleven Plates. Imp. 4to.
ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. D5
For tHe FourtEENtH YEAR, 1857.
A Monograph of the Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain.
By Professor Williamson, F.R.S. Seven Plates. Imp. 4to.
For tHE FirtrentH Year, 1858.
The Oceanic Hydrozoa. By Professor Huxley, F.R.S. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.
For THE SIxTEENTH YEAR, 1859.
A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
John Blackwall, F.L.S. Part I. Twelve Plates. Imp.
Ato.
For THE SEVENTEENTH YeEarR, 1860.
An Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. By W. B.
Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., F.LS., &c., assisted by W. K.
Parker, F.R.S., and T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S. Twenty-
two Plates. Imp. 4to.
For tHE EIGHTEENTH YEAR, 1861.
On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the
Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the
Conifere. By Dr. Wilhelm Hofmeister. Translated by
Frederick Currey, M.A., F.R.S., Sec. L.S. Sixty-five
Plates. 8vo.
26 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES
For tHe NINETEENTH YEAR, 1862.
A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
John Blackwall, F.L.S. Part II. Seventeen Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)
For THE TwentTiETtTH YEAR, 1863.
The Reptiles of British India. By Albert C. L. G. Gunther,
M.D., F.R.S. Twenty-six Plates. Imp. 4to.
For THE Twenty-First YEAR, 1864.
A Monograph of the British Spongiade. By J. 8S. Bowerbank,
LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. I. Thirty-seven Plates. 8vo.
For THE TwEnTy-sEconD YEAR, 1865.
I. The British Hemiptera Heteroptera. By Messrs. J. W.
Douglas and John Scott. Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.
II. A Monograph of the British Spongiade. By J. S. Bower-
bank, LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.
For THE TWwENTy-THIRD YEAR, 1866.
I. The Miscellaneous . Botanical Works of Robert Brown,
D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. I, containing Geographico-botanical,
and Structural, and Physiological Memoirs. Edited by
J. J. Bennett, F.R.S. 8vo.
ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. PAP)
TI. Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea.
Reinhardt, and Lilljeborg.
By Professors Eschricht,
F.R.S. Six Plates.
Edited by W. H. Flower,
Imp. 4to.
III. Nitzch’s Pterylography, translated from the German.
Edited by P. L. Sclater, F.R.S. Ten Plates. Imp. 4to.
For THE ''wentTy-FouRTH YEAR, 1867.
I. A Monograph on the Structure and Development of the
Shoulder-girdle. By W. K. Parker, F.R.S. Thirty Plates.
Imp. 4to.
II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,
D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.
—————d
For THE TweEnty-FiIrTH YEAR, 1868.
I. Vegetable Teratology. By M. T. Masters, M.D., F.L.S.
8vo.
II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,
D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. III. Thirty-eight Plates. Imp. 4to.
(Completing the work.)
For tHe T'wenty-sixtH Yrar, 1869.
A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.
By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part I. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.
For THE TWENTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1870.
A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.
By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part II. Eleven Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)
28 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES
For tHE TwENTY-EIGHTH YxEAR, 1871.
A Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. By Sir J.
Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. Seventy-eight Plates. 8vo.
For THE TWENTY-NINTH YEAR, 1872.
A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W. C. McIntosh,
M.D., F.R.S.E. Part I. Ten Plates. Imp. 4to.
For tHe THirtreEtTH YEAR, 1878.
A Monograph of the British Annelids. By W.C. McIntosh,
M.D., F.R.S.E. Part I. continued. Thirteen Plates.
Imp. 4to.
For THE THIRTY-FIRST YEAR, 1874.
A Monograph of the British Spongiade. By J.S. Bowerbank,
LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. III. Ninety-two Plates. 8vo.
an eeeeenel
For tHE THIRTY-SECOND YEAR, 1875.
A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S. Vol. I. Forty-two Plates. 8vo.
For tHE THIRTY-THIRD YEAR, 1876.
A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. 8S. Brady,
M.D.,F.L.S. Vol. 1. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.
“~
ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 29
For tHe THirty-FouRTH YzEAR, 1877.
A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S. Vol. II. Fifty Plates. 8vo.
For THE TuHirty-FirtH YEAR, 1878.
A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,
M.D., #.L.8. Vol. Il. Forty-nine Plates. 8vo.
For THE THIRTY-SIXTH YEAR, 1879.
I. A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,
M.D., F.L.S. Vol. III. Eleven Plates. 8vo. (Com-
pleting the work.)
II. A Monograph of the British Spongiade. By the late
J. S. Bowerbank, LL.D., F.R.S. Edited, with additions,
by Rev. A. M. Norman, M.A., F.L.S. Vol. IV. Seven-
teen Plates. 8vo. (Completing the work.)
For tHE THIRTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1880.
A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S. Vol. Ili. Twenty-eight Plates. 8vo.
For tHE THIRTY-EIGHTH YEAR, 1881.
A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera.
By P. Cameron. Vol. I. Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.
30 LIST OF VOLUMES ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY.
For tHe THIRTY-NINTH YEAR, 1882.
rake Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
F.R.S. Vol. IV. Twenty-seven Plates. 8vo. (Com-
pleting the Work.)
For THE FortietH Year, 1883.
“British Oribatide. By A. D. Michael, F.L.S. Vol. I.
Thirty-one Plates. 8vo.
For tHE Forty-rirst YEAR, 1884.
Vv
A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera. By
P. Cameron. Vol. II. Twenty-seven Plates. 8vo.
For tHE Forty-seconp YeEAR, 1885.
¥
The Larve of the British Butterflies and Moths. By the late
W. Buckler, edited by H. T. Stainton. Vol. I. The |
Butterflies. Seventeen Plates. 8vo.
PRINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE,
Speke ppt We
esis oe
; - ~é
Shy 4 “wypescyey
+ pb reed gol
~,
pest ape pee nin eer
“a
EXE
KE
Sesecese
SeSeye
PePar gry oF
At NR ROR:
eee
eS SeheSES
eseresesene
; Ese :
Deas,
~.
ee
coe
es :
Le
bt
yay,
a
SUS
eek S48
org as
tat
pee
Ne ATS A A RO
ww
-~
PAPAIN Me AE BOR
AP
re
SRW, ib Eee Ceara eer eee
ees
KARA
AAA ALO
see Gag
“
xy
x AK
SANA AS
AKA
Av Anan AP
sane
seca
LPP Pa
Lt ot
abe
<i
ne
Ce
.
SOS
53 P39 4 4 (<
CA, CHK ‘3
Sb e545< 4 4x2 hehe
CSR Ses eeseSecSeee
4525
KAA,
s
Re ERI TEE PETE TA PN Re ns TONSIL AS IMPURE DHE Ne opt ny ESSENINNNE: paseenen eyes suretarer Pah yte tees picped hited per peu tit bes ah sui phepae ny tb
abs bal RL demteeer st bet oN
5 5) BOY
BEERS oti
S¢ $e345¢
SSeS $35
ti >
<
6566 oer oe
¢ 2
NIN Ds, oh oe ae
AA ANI ARIE
s OPPO
peshitetreotetatien
heme re 1A eel ee ed me wtenee: parete
<~ae
SEN
~ ty,
ae ee ee en or or en a
nat ones bar oPp ties: Danie
See te ee ee na an we nk
»
‘
:
P
tS iF
3
i i
<4 i.
Pas Hf
.
4
Cee
.
OE
RSs SRR
acces esese
\ is .
<
4
So ae eR a a a a a
90 TAayenages sense 1 ou gla pem tegen:
tire
E
Fae
&-
rf
=
rr ee tt ae
etme s ghsgtay see ZL MtS ater
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11