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FOR  THE   PEOPLE 

FOR  EDVCATION 

FOR  SCIENCE 

LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM 

OF 

NATURAL  HISTORY 


A  LIST  OF  THE  BIRDS 

OF  ^   g 

NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 


BY 


Glovei'  M.  Allen. 


From  tliE  PrDCEEdings  Df  the  ManchestEr  In- 
stitute Df  Arts  and  Sciences, 
Ynl,  IV,  1BD2, 


MANCHESTER,  N.  H. 

NATURE  STUDY  PRESS. 
1903. 


r-ri  c 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction , 23 

Literature 25 

The  Faunae  Areas  of  New  Hampshire 36 

Migration 54 

Annotated  L,ist  of  the  Birds  of  New  Hampshire 62 

Introduced  Species 187 

Postscript 188 

References  to  Literature 194 

Index • 205 


THE  BIRDS 

OF 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


BY  GLOVER  MORRILL  ALLEN. 


INTRODUCTION. 

In  the  following  pages  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  bring  to- 
gether a  list  of  the  species  of  birds  known  to  have  occurred  with- 
in the  State  of  New  Hampshire  during  historic  times,  together 
with  a  general  account  of  their  distribution,  faunal  position,  times 
of  migration,  and,  in  case  of  the  rarer  species,  a  detailed  list  of 
the  known  instance  of  occurrence.  The  present  list  can  be  at 
best  only  preliminary,  and  there  remains  much  yet  to  be  done 
in  the  way  of  obtaining  more  complete  information  as  to  the  de- 
tails of  distribution  and  migration,  and  particularly  so  in  the  case 
of  the  water  birds. 

In  addition  to  much  that  has  been  already  recorded  in  many 
books  and  periodicals,  a  considerable  body  of  unpublished  facts 
relative  to  the  birds  of  the  State  is  here  included,  based  not  only 
on  the  writer's  personal  observations,  but  also  on  those  of  a  num- 
ber of  ornithologists  who  have  contributed  most  generously  of 
their  notes,  and  to  whom  due  acknowledgment  is  made. 

The  sequence  of  names  and  their  spelling  are  strictly  those  of 
the  American  Ornithologists'  Union,  instead  of  those  used  by  Mr. 
R.  H.  Howe,  Jr.,  and  myself  in  the  "  Birds  of  Massachusetts,  " 
since  it  is  believed  that  the  use  of  the  order  more  commonly 
adopted  will  make  the  list  more  convenient  as  a  working  basis 
for  more  complete  catalogues.     The  distribution  of  the  breeding 

3 


24  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

birds  of  the  State  is  given  so  far  as  possible,  faunally,  the  limits 
of  the  faunal  areas  being  elsewhere  defined.  Extralimital  mi- 
gration dates  are  given  in  parentheses.  Care  has  been  taken  to 
exclude  from  the  list  all  doubtful  records,  or  those  resting  on  an 
unsubstantial  basis,  hence  the  frequency  of  the  words  "  taken  " 
or  "  captured  "  in  connection  with  many  of  the  records.  A  re- 
cent writer  has  deplored  the  killing  of  rare  or  uncommon  birds 
in  order  to  establish  positively  a  "  record"  and,  indeed,  it  is  to 
be  regretted  that  such  a  necessity  exists.  Accuracy,  however, 
demands  that  the  young  ornithologist  or  the  beginner  shall  sub- 
stantiate in  some  acceptable  wa}^  his  often  hasty  identification 
based  on  a  passing  glimpse  of  a  bird  with  which  he  is  perhaps 
quite  unfamiliar.  To  merely  record  one's  belief  that  a  certain 
rare  species  was  observed  is  in  most  cases  of  no  value  whatsoever 
and  should  be  more  carefully  guarded  against  than  is  at  present 
done.  The  trained  naturalist,  who  appreciates  at  what  pains 
facts  are  determined,  is  content  to  leave  unrecorded  that  of  which 
he  is  in  doubt.  Of  much  greater  value  is  it  to  establish  one  new 
fact  in  the  life  history  of  a  common  bird,  than  to  record  the  ac- 
cidental presence  of  a  species  far  from  its  normal  range. 

It  remains. to  express  my  thanks  to  all  who  have  contributed 
to  the  present  undertaking,  and  especially  to  Mr.  William  Brew- 
ster of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  who  has  generously  contributed  a  num- 
ber of  observations  on  water  birds  ;  Dr.  Walter  Faxon  of  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.;  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  of  Hampton  Falls;  Mr.  G.  H. 
Thayer  of  Monadnock  ;  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  of  Webster  ;  Mr.  V. 
D.  Lowe  of  Randolph  ;  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswellof  Charlestown  ;  Dr. 
W.  H.  Fox  of  Washington,  D.C-;  Mr.F.  H.  Allen  of  West  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.;  Mr.  Ralph  Hoffmann  of  Belmont,  Mass.;  Mr.  R.  H. 
Howe,  Jr.,  of  Brookline,  Mass.;  Mr.  H.  W.  Wright  of  Boston, 
Mass.,  for  their  generosity  in  supplying  many  valuable  notes  from 
their  observations  in  various  parts  of  New  Hampshire. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  25 


LITERATURE. 

The  first  printed  reference  to  any  New  Hampshire  bird  appears 
to  be  that  of  John  Josselyn,  in  1672,  in  his  "  New  England's  Rar- 
ities Discovered  In  Birds,  Beasts,  Fishes,  Serpents,  and  Plants 
of  that  Country.  ' '  He  describes  ' '  the  pilhannaw,  or  mechquan, 
much  like  the  description  of  the  Indian  ruck;  a  monstrous  great 
bird;  a  kind  of  hawk, — some  say  an  eagle;  four  times  as  big  as 
a  goshawk;  white-mailed,  having  two  or  three  purple  feathers  in 
her  head,  as  long  as  geese's  feathers  they  make  pens  of.  The 
quills  of  these  feathers  are  purple,  as  big  as  swan's  quills,  and 
transparent.  Her  head  is  as  big  as  a  child's  of  a  year  old;  a  very 
princely  bird.  When  she  soars  abroad,  all  sort  of  feathered 
creatures  hide  themselves;  yet  she  never  preys  upon  airy  of  them, 
but  upon  fawns  and  jaccals.  She  ayries  in  the  woods  upon  the 
high  hills  of  Ossapy,  and  is  very  rarely  or  seldom  seen.  "  It  is 
generally  supposed  that  this  "  princely  bird,  "  whose  home  was 
among  the  Ossipee  hills,  or  higher  peaks  beyond,  must  have 
been  largely  fabulous.  Doubtless,  as  suggested  by  Dr.  Tuck- 
erman,  Josselyn's  bird  was  but  a  confused  conception  of  the  gold- 
en eagle,  the  bald  eagle,  and  the  great  blue  heron.  The  purple 
feathers  are  supposed  to  indicate  the  heron,  and  the  white  head 
and  tail  of  the  bald  eagle  may  meet  the  conception  of  a  "  white- 
mailed  "  bird  ;  the  habit  of  preying  upon  fawns  perhaps  indicates 
the  golden  eagle. 

After  this  brief  mention,  I  have  found  no  further  reference  to 
the  birds  of  New  Hampshire  until  1792,  over  one  hundred  years 
later.  In  this  year  appeared  Jeremy  Belknap's  "  History  of 
New  Hampshire,"  in  the  third  volume  of  which  is  given  an  ac- 
count of  the  natural  products   of  that  portion  of  New  England. 


26  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

Here  is  given  the  first  list  of  New  Hampshire  birds  that  has  ap- 
peared in  print.  One  hundred  and  twenty-two  species  are  list- 
ed by  their  English  and  Latin  names  as  then  used,  and  eight 
other  names  are  included  among  the  addenda,  on  the  authority 
of  one  Mr.  Peck.  Considering  that  this  list  was  prepared  long 
before  the  days  of  the  "  A.  O.  U.,  "  when  there  were  no  popular 
handbooks  nor  guides  beyond  Linnaeus'  Systema  Naturae,  one 
cannot  but  be  impressed  by  the  care  and  accuracy  shown  by  the 
compiler,  here  as  elsewhere  in  the  volume.  Of  these  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  names,  probably  at  least  five  are  but  repetitions, 
and  of  the  rest,  there  are  but  seven  or  eight  whose  identit}-  may 
not  be  guessed  at  with  more  or  less  confidence.  Belknap  con- 
sidered no  less  than  four  of  the  species  he  listed,  to  be  new  to 
science,  and  these  he  distinguished  by  new  specific  names  in  a 
style  of  type  different  from  that  used  for  the  specific  names  of 
the  other  species.  These  four  "new"  birds  were: — "Speck- 
led Woodpecker,  Picus  macu/osus,"  "Large  Spotted 
Plover,  Charadrius  maculatus,"  "  Winter  Sparrow,  Frin- 
gillagrisea"  and  "  Brown  Flycatcher,  Muscicapa  fusca." 

It  is  of  course  impossible  now  to  determine  in  how  far  Bel- 
knap's identifications  were  correct,  and  one  may  reasonably 
question  the  occurrence  in  New  Hampshire,  even  in  those  days, 
of  such  birds  as  the  "  Carolina  Woodpecker,  Picus  carolinus" 
and  the  "  Crested  Titmouse,  Parus  bicolor.  "  It  must  be  borne 
in  mind,  however,  that  great  changes  in  the  ranges  and  relative 
abundance  of  many  birds  must  have  taken  place  since  Belknap's 
day.  No  other  State  list  of  New  Hampshire  birds  has  since 
been  published,  and  because  of  its  unusual  interest  as  a  scrap 
of  earl)'  literature  on  the  subject,  it  is  reprinted  herewith,  verba- 
tim et  literatim,  the  probable  identity  of  each  name  being  indi- 
cated by  the  Latin  combination  in  brackets  following  : — 

"  Of  birds  we  have  a  great  variety.  The  following  catalogue 
is  the  most  full,  which  has  been  collected,  but  cannot  boast  of 
perfection. 

BALD  Jvaci.i;,  Falco     lcucocepludus      [Haliaetus 

leucocephaiuB  l. 


OK  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES. 


^7 


Brown  Eagle. 

Large  Brown  Hawk, 
Hen  Hawk, 

Pigeon  Hawk, 

White  Owi., 
Spkckled  Owi,, 
Barn  Owf„ 
Bird  Hawk, 

King  Bird, 

Crow, 
Blue  Jay, 

Hang  Bird, 
Red-Winged  Black  Bird, 

Goeden  Robin  or  Goed  Finch, 

Crow  Beack  Bird, 

Cuckow, 

Great  Red  Crested  Woodpecker, 

Swallow  Woodpecker, 
Red  Head  Woodpecker, 

White  Back  Woodpecker, 

Carolina  Woodpecker, 
Wooly  Back  Woodpecker, 

White  Tail  Woodpecker, 

Speckled  Woodpecker, 
Nut  Hatch, 
Kingfisher, 
Creeper, 

Humming  Bird, 

Swan, 


Falcofulvus  [Haliaetus  leucoceph- 

alus,  juv.  ]. 
Falco  budsonius  ?     [  Buteo  sp  ?  ]. 
Falco  sparverius?  [Accipitercoop- 

erii  ?  ]. 
Falco  columbarius  |  Falco  sparveri- 
us]. 
Strix  nyctea  [  Nyctea  nyctea  |. 
Strix  aluco  [Syrniu.ni  nebulosum]. 
Strix  passerina "[Megascops  asio]. 
Lanius    canadensis    [  l.anius  borea- 

lis], 
Lanius  tyrannus?  [Tyrantmstyran- 

nus], 
Corvus  corax  [Corvus  americanus]. 
Corvus  cristatus  [  Cyanocitta  crista- 

ta]. 
Oriolus  icterus    [Icterus  galbula]. 
Oriolus  phceniceus  [  Agelaius  phce- 

niceus]. 
Oriolus  baltimore?  [Icterus  galbu- 
la? ]. 
Gracula  quiscula  [Quiscalus  quis- 

cula  seneus]. 
Cuculus     americanus?     [Coccyzus 

erythrophthalmus]. 
Picus  pileatus      [Ceophlceus  pilea- 

tus  abieticola], 
Picus  liirundenaceus  [  ?  ]. 
Picus    erythrocephalus    [Melaner- 

pes  erythrocephalus], 
Picus    auratus       [Colaptes  auratus 

luteus]. 
Picus  carolinus  [  ?  ]. 
Picus  pubescens  [Dryobates  pubes- 

cens  medianus]. 
Picus   villosus?    [Dryobates    villo- 

sus?  ]. 
Picus  maculosus  [  ?  ]. 
Sitta  canadensis  [Sitta canadensis], 
Alcedo  alcyon  [  Ceryle  alcyon  ] . 
Certhia  pinus  ?  [Certhia  familiaris 

americaua], 
Trochilus  colubris    [Trochilus  co- 

lubris]. 
Anas  cygnus    [Olor  columbianus]. 


The  swan  is  the  largest  of  the  aquatic  tribe  which  is  seen  in 
this  country.  One  of  them  has  been  known  to  weigh  36  lb.  and 
to  be  six  feet  in  length  from  the  bill  to  the  feet,  when  stretched. 
Naturalists  have  different  opinions  respecting  the  music  of  the 
swan.  The  tame  swan  of  England  is  said  to  be  silent;  and  Dr. 
Goldsmith  seems  to  think  the  accounts  of  the  music  of  the  wild 
swan  fabulous.      What  is   deemed  fabulous  in  Europe,  is  often 


PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 


realized  in  America.  It  is  certain  that  our  swan  is  heard  to 
make  a  sound  resembling  that  of  a  trumpet,  both  when  in  water 
and  on  the  wing;. 


White  Head  Coot, 

Brown  Coot, 
Black  Duck, 
White  Goose, 

Bluish  Goose, 

Brant  or  Brent, 
Wit.d  or  Black  Goose, 


Anas  spectabilis  [Oidemia  perspi- 
cillata]. 

Anas  fusca  [Oidemia  sp.  female?  ]. 

Anas  nigra  [Anas  obscura?  ]. 

Anas  erythropus  [Chen  hyperbo- 
rea]i 

Anas  cserulescens  [Chen  cserules- 
ct-iis]. 

Anas  bernicla  [Branta  bernicla]. 

Anas  canadensis  [Branta  canaden- 
sis]. 

This  is  the  bird  which  Dr.  Hill  calls  the  Swa?i  goose.  It  is  a 
bird  of  passage,  and  gregarious;  the  form  of  the  phalanx,  when 
on  the  wing,  is  that  of  a  wedge.  By  the  mixture  of  this  with 
the  common  goose,  a  mongrel  breed  is  produced,  which  is  more 
valuable  than  either  of  them  singly.  The  wild  goose,  though 
it  migrates  from  one  part  of  the  continent  to  the  other,  yet  has 
its  local  attachments.  One  of  them,  which  was  caught  in  the 
spring,  and  kept  in  a  farm  yard  with  a  flock  of  domestic  geese, 
when  the  time  of  its  migration  arrived,  took  the  first  opportuni- 
ty to  join  a  flock  in  their  passage  to  the  southward;  but  at  the 
return  of  spring,  came  back  and  alighted  in  the  same  yard  with 
four  young  ones,  which  she  had  produced  in  her  absence. 

The    brant  is  rare  in  New-Hampshire;   but  in  the  bay  of 
Massachusetts,  is  found  in  great  abundance. 


Ska  Duck, 
Dipper, 

Oi.hwiFE, 

QUINDAR, 

Whisti.hk, 
Widgeon, 

Mallard,  or  Sprig-  i 
t ailed  Duck,       J 

Lord  and  Lady,  or  ) 
Sea  Pigeon,        i 

Blue  Winged  Teal, 

Green  Winged  Teal, 
GREY  Wood  Duck, 
Wood  Duck, 


Anas  mollissima  [Somateria  dres- 
sed]. 

Anas  albeola  [Charitonetta  albeo- 
la]. 

Anas  strepera?  [Harelda  hyema- 
lis]. 

Anas  bucephala?  [Clangula  clan- 
gula  americana]. 

Anas  clangula?  [Clangula  clangula 
americana]. 

Anas  penelope?  [Mareca  america- 
na]. 

Anas  acuta     [Dafila  acuta  ?]. 

Anas    histrioiiica?      [Histrionicus 

histrionicus]. 
Anas  discors       [Qucrquedula    dis- 

cors]. 

Anas [Ncttion  carolinensis]. 

Anas  sponsa  [Aix  sponsa]. 

Anas  arborea  |  Aix  sponsa]. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIKNCES. 


29 


Cream  coloured  i 
Shki-i.dkaki:.      1 
Red  Beeeied  SheIvEdrake, 

Pyed  Sheeedrake, 

Penguin, 

Water  Hen,  or  Water  Witch, 

Pelican, 


Mergus    merganser?     [Merganser 

americanus], 
Mergus  serrator?    |  Merganser  ser- 

rator], 
Mergus  castor  ?  (  Lophodytes  cucul- 

latus  ]. 
Alca  impennis  (  Plautus impennis  ]. 
Alcaartica?  [Colymbusor  I'riasp.]. 
Pelicanus  onocrotalus  occidentalis 

fPelecanus  erythrorhynchos]. 


The  Pelican  migrates  from  its  native  country,  the  Missisippi 
[sic],  far  to  the  northward.  It  has  been  seen  in  New-Hamp- 
shire. The  American  Pelican  is  not  a  distinct  species  from  the 
Pelican  of  Asia  and  Africa  but,  a  variety  only. 


Shag, 

Gannet, 
Loon, 

White  Guee, 
Grey  Guee, 

Mackeree  Guee, 

Tee-Arr,  or  Fishing  Guee, 

Crane, 

Stork, 

Beue  Heron, 
Skouk, 

White  Heron, 
Woodcock, 

Wood  Snipe, 

Grey  Cureew, 

Large  Speckeed  \ 
Cureew,         j 
Humility, 
Marsh  Bird, 

Rock  Bird, 

Ox-Bye, 

Beach  Bird, 

Beack  Breasted  Peover, 

KlLDEE, 


Pelecanus  graculus?    [Phalacroco- 

rax  sp.]. 
Pelecanus  cassanus?  [Sula  bassana]. 
Colymbus  immer  [Gavia  imberj. 
Larus  canus  [Larus  argeiitatus]. 
Larus  fuscus  ?     [Larus  argeiitatus 

juv.]. 
Larus  ridibundus     [Sterna  hirun- 

do?]. 
Sterna     minuta       [Sterna    antilla- 

rum?]. 
Ardea  canadensis       [Grus  mexica- 

na]. 
Ardea  ciconia     [Nycticorax  nycti- 

corax  naevius]. 
Ardea  caerulea  [Ardea  herodias]. 
Ardea  viresceus  [Ardea  virescens]. 
Ardea  alba   [Ardea  egretta?]. 
Scolopax    rustica     [Philohela    mi- 
nor]. 
Scolopax  fedoa    [Helodromas  soli- 

tarius?]. 
vScolopax  totauus  [Numenius  bore- 

alis?]. 
Scolopax      lapponica       [Numenius 

hudsonicus]. 
Triuga  interpres  ?    [  ?  ]. 
Tringa  moriuella  ?     [Tringa  macu- 

lata?]. 
Tringa  maculata      [Actitis  macula- 

ria]. 
Tringafulicaria  ?  [Ereunetespusil- 

lus?]. 
Tringa  arenaria  [Calidrisarenaria]. 
Charadrius  hiaticula      [Squatarola 

squatarola]. 
Charadrius  vociferus  ?      [iEgialitis 

vocif  era  ] . 


30  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

Pyed  Plover,  Charadrius   apricarius     [.^gialitis 

semipalmata  ?]. 

Large  Spotted  Plover,  Charadrius  maculatus  [  ?  ]. 

Peep,  Rallus    carolinus      [Porzana  Caro- 

lina?]. 

Wild  Ti'Rkkv,  Meleagris    gallopavo      [Meleagris 

gallopavo  fera]. 

Wild  Ttirkies  were  formerly  very  numerous.  In  winter 
they  frequented  the  sea  shore,  for  the  sake  of  picking  small  fish- 
es and  marine  insects,  which  the  tide  leaves  on  the  flats.  Josse- 
lyn,  who  resided  eight  years  in  the  Province  of  Maine,  and 
wrote  in  1672,  says,  that  he  had  eaten  part  of  one,  which,  when 
prepared  for  the  spit,  weighed  thirty  pounds  ,  and  Wood,  who 
visited  the  country  earlier,  and  wrote  in  1639,  speaks  of  some 
which  weighed  forty  pounds.  They  are  now  retired  to  the 
inland  mountainous  country.  Dr.  Goldsmith  doubts  whether 
any  of  this  breed  have  been  tamed  in  America.  They  certainly 
have  been  tamed  ;  but  they  are  degenerated  in  size  by  their 
domestication,  scarcely  an}-  being  more  than  half  so  heavy  as 
those  above  mentioned.  The  turkey  is  a  rambling  bird,  and 
runs  with  great  speed  on  the  ground.  The  tame  flocks  fre- 
quently wander,  and  cannot  be  fatted  till  the  snow  prevents 
their  excursions. 

Growse,  Tetrao [Cauachites    canaden- 

sis canace]. 

The  growse  is  rarely  seen,  as  there  are  no  dry  heaths  in 
New-Hampshire,  but  on  the  tops  of  the  largest  mountains, 
which  are  seldom  visited  by  man.  This  bird  has  a  red  head, 
is  larger  than  the  partridge,  and  its  flesh,  though  red  and  dry, 
has  a  high  flavour,  and  is  very  tender. 

Quail,  Tetrao  virginiaiius  [Colinus  virgin- 

ianus]. 

PARTRIDGEi  Tetrao  marilandicus  [Bonasa  um- 

bel 1  us  togata]. 

The  partridge  is  very  common  in  our  woods.  Some  of  our 
epicurean  gentry  have  begun  to  fear,  that  its  race  will  be  too 
soon  extinct  ;  hut  there  is  no  danger.  This  bird  is  very  prolific  ; 
it  is  common  to  find  twenty-  of  its  eggs  in  a  nest  ;  and  it  has  sev- 
eral coveys  in  a  season  [  !  ].  QrAii,s  are  equally  prolific.  In 
the  southern  and  middle  vStates,  the  quail  is  called  a  partridge, 
and  the  partridge  a  pheasant  The  true  pheasant  is  not  a 
native  of  our  wilderness.  The  late  Governor  Wentworth 
brought  several  pairs  of  pheasants  from  England,  and  let  them 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  3  I 

fly  in  his  woods,  at  Wolfborough  ;  but  they  have  not  since  been 
seen. 

Wild  Pigeon,  Columba     migratoria     [Kctopistes 

migratorius]. 

Wild  pigeons  come  in  the  spring,  from  the  southward,  in 
great  flocks,  and  breed  in  our  woods,  during  the  summer 
months.  They  choose  the  thickest  parts  of  the  forest,  for  the 
situation  of  their  nests.  Josselyn  says  'they  join  nest  to  nest, 
and  tree  to  tree,  hy  their  nests,  many  miles  together,  on  the 
pine  trees.'  In  the  journal  of  Richard  Hazzeyi,  who  surveyed 
the  Province  line,  in  1741,  there  is  this  remark  ;  'for  three  miles 
together,  the  pigeons  nests  were  so  thick,  that  five  hundred 
might  have  been  told  on  the  beech  trees  at  one  time  ;  and  could 
they  have  been  counted  on  the  hemlocks,  as  well,  I  doubt  not 
but  five  thousand,  at  one  turn  round.'  This  was  on  the  west- 
ern side  of  Connecticut  river,  and  eastward  of  Deerfield  river. 
Since  the  clearing  of  the  woods,  the  number  of  pigeons  is 
diminished. 

Turtle  Dove,  Columba  carolinensis     [Zenaidura 

macroura]. 

Sky  Lark,  Alauda  alpestris    [Otocoris  alpes- 

tris]. 

Marsh  Lark,  Alauda  magna  [Sturnella  magna]. 

Robin,  Turd  us  migratorius     [Merula   mi- 

gratoria]. 

Thrush,  Turdus  rufus  [Hylocichla  sp.  ?]. 

Thrasher,  or  Mock  Bird,  Turdus  orpheus  ?     [Toxostoma  ru- 

fum. 

Cherry  Bird,  Ampelis  garrulus    [Ampeliscedro- 

rum]. 

Cross  Bill,  Loxia  curvirostra  [Loxia  curviros- 

tra  minor]. 

The  cross  bill  is  a  bird  rather  larger  than  the  sparrow  ;  it 
is  common  in  the  western  and  northern  parts  of  the  State. 
The  upper  and  lower  parts  of  its  beak  cross  each  other  like  a 
pair  of  shears,  by  which  means  it  cuts  off  the  stalks  of  wheat 
and  rye,  and  then  lays  the  side  of  its  head  to  the  ground  to  pick 
the  kernels.  The  female  is  of  a  shaded  olive  colour.  The  male 
is  of  the  same,  but  tinged  with  red. 

Snow  Bird,  Emberiza    hyemalis  ?      [Passerina 

nivalis  and  Junco  hyemalis]. 

The  snow  bird  is  smaller  than  a  sparrow,  and  appears  in 
little  flocks,  in  the  winter,  enlivening  the  gloom  of  that  dreary 
season.     They  perch  on  the  tops  of  the  spires  of  dead  grass, 


32 


PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 


above  the  snow,  or  on  spots  of  bare  ground,  or  on  the  bushes 
and  trees.  They  are  seldom  molested,  as  one  of  them  is 
scarcely  a  mouthful  ;  but  they  have  the  same  delicate  taste 
as  the  quail.  Besides  the  snow  bird,  the  crow,  the  blue 
jay,  the  wood  pecker  and  the  partridge,  have  a  degree  of 
hardiness,  equal  to  the  severity  of  our  winters,  and  are  then 
seen  flying;  all  others  avoid  it,  by  seeking  a  timely  retreat. 

Emberiza    oryzivora    [Dolichonyx 

oryzivorus]. 
Tanagra  rubra      [Pirauga  erythro- 

melas]. 


BOBLINCOLN, 
RED^LlNNET, 

Cheeweeh, 


Fringilla    erythrophthalma  ?     [Pi- 

pilo  erythrophthalmus]. 
Friugilla      tristis?       [  Astragalinus 

tristis]. 
Fringilla    grisea     [Spizella  monti- 

cola?] 
Fringilla?  [Spizella  socialis]. 
Fringilla  [Melospiza  mclodia]. 
Fringilla. 
Muscicapa  crinita  [Myiarchus  cri- 

nitus]. 
Muscicapa  canadensis  [  ?  ]. 
Muscicapa    carolinensis       [Galeo- 

scoptes  carolinensis]. 
Muscicapa/w.wtf  [Sayornisphcebe] 
Muscicapa  flaya  [Regulussatrapa]. 
Motacilla  icterocephala   [  ?  ]. 
Motacilla  sialis  [Sialia  sialis]. 
Motacilla  regulus  [Regains  calen- 
dula]. 
Motacilla   trochilus    [Troglodytes 

aedon]. 
Parus  bicolor  [  ?  ]. 
Parus  americanus  [  ?  ]. 
Parus  atricapillus  [Parus  atricapil- 

lus]. 
Parus  virginianus     [Dendroica  co- 

ronata]. 
Parus  pendulinus?     [Vireo   oliva- 

ceus? ] 
Hiruudo  riparia   [Riparia  riparia]. 
Hiruudo  purpurea  [Progne  subis]. 
llirundo  subis     [Hiruudo  erythro- 

gaster]. 

The  SWALLOW  appears  in  April,  and  disappears  in  August. 
It  was  formerly  supposed  to  migrate,  but  the  evidences  of  its 
retiring  to  the  water,  or  marshy  ground,  and  there  remaining 
torpid,  during  the  winter,  are  so  many,  that  this  opinion  is  now 
generally  received. 

Chimney  Swallow,  Hirundo  pelasgia  [Chretura  pelag- 

ica]. 


Yellow  Bird, 

Winter  Sparrow, 

Chipping  Bird, 

Spring  Bird, 

Several  species  of  Sparrows, 

Crested  Flycatcher, 

Hedge  Bird, 
Cat  Bird, 

Brown  Flycatcher, 
Yellow  Crown, 
Grape  Bird, 
Blue  Bird, 
Crested  Wren, 

Common  Wren, 

Crested  Titmouse, 
Blue  Titmouse, 
Tom  Teet, 

Yellow  Rumped  Tom  Teet. 

Little  Hang-Bird, 

Bank  Swallow, 
Black  Martin, 
Barn  Swallow, 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES. 


Whip-Poor-Wiw,, 
Night  Hawk, 


Caprimulgus    europseus 
stomus  vociferus]. 

Caprimulgus    americanus 
deiles  virginiauus]. 


33 

[  Antro- 

[Chor- 


Additions  to  the  zoological  catalogue  by  Mr.  Peck. 


Pigeon  Hawk, 
Fish  Hawk, 

Horned  Owi,, 
Old  Wife, 

Murr, 
Petteril, 

Large  Spotted  Loon, 
Dobchick  or  No  Tail, 


Falco  subbuteo  [  ?  ] 

Falco  haliaetus  [Pandion  haliaetus 

carolinensis]. 
Strix  bubo  [Bubo  virginiauus]. 
Anas    hyemalis    [Harelda    hyema- 

lis]. 
Alca  torda  [Uria  lomvia]. 
Procettaria  pelagica  [Oceanodroma 

leucorhoa  ?  ] . 
Colymbus  glacialis  [Gavia  irnber]. 
Colymbus   podiceps    [Podilymbus 

podiceps]. 


For  nearly  seventy  years  after  Belknap's  list,  we  find  practi- 
cally nothing  on  New  Hampshire  ornithology,  save  a  few  scat- 
tered notes  of  little  importance.     After  this  long  season  of  qui- 
escence, however,  comes  a  period  of  considerable  activity  among 
our  ornithologists.     In  1869  and  1870,  Mrs.  Celia  Thaxter  con- 
tributed a  series  of  articles  to   the  Atlantic  Monthly,  entitled 
"  Among  the  Isles  of  Shoals,"  and  these  contain  much  of  inter- 
est in  regard  to  the  bird  life  of  that  locality.      In  1870,  also,  as 
part  of  the  appendix  to  William  Little's  "  History  of  Warren," 
is  found  a  mainly  nominal  list  of    143  birds,  which,  however, 
appears  not  to  have  been  the  result  of  original  observation,  and 
is  of  no  special  importance.     In  1872,  appeared  the  first  really 
scientific  paper  of  note  upon  the  birds  of  New  Hampshire,  that 
of  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  on  the  Birds  of  Coos  County,  N.  H.,  and 
Oxford  County,  Me.      This  list,  with  its  all  too  brief  annota- 
tions by  the   author,  supplemented  by  a  few  notes  from   Mr. 
William   Brewster,  still   remains  the  only  list  of  birds  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  State.      In  Volume  I  of  Hitchcock's  Geol- 
ogy of  New  Hampshire,  published   in    1874,  is  found  a  list  of 
birds  then  regarded  as  more  or  less  characteristic  of  the  faunal 
divisions  of  the  State,  but  it  is  not  clear  whether  these  are  to  be 
considered  as  birds  actually  observed  in  New  Hampshire.     An 


34  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

interesting  article  on  the  Summer  Birds  of  the*  White  Moun- 
tain Region,  by  H.  D.  Minot,  is  found  in  the  American  Nat- 
uralist of  1876.  Herein  are  detailed  notes  on  the  birds  ob- 
served by  him  at  Bethlehem,  constituting  one  of  the  first  impor- 
tant papers  on  the  avifauna  of  the  White  Mountains.  At  about 
this  time,  also,  valuable  lists  of  birds,  with  annotations,  from 
Webster  and  Hollis,  appeared  in  Forest  and  Stream,  the  result 
of  observations  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  and  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  re- 
spectively. During  the  next  decade  much  valuable  data  relat- 
ing to  the  birds  of  the  State  was  contributed  in  the  form  of 
notes  or  short  articles  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Nuttall  Ornitholog- 
ical Club,  notably  by  Messrs.  T.  M.  Brewer,  William  Brewster, 
Ruthven  Deane,  W.  H.  Fox  and  H.  M.  Spelman.  In  1887  ap- 
peared Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne's  Dist  of  the  Summer  Birds  of 
the  Presidential  Range,  followed  the  next  year  by  two  short 
lists  of  summer  birds  seen  at  Holderuess,  Bethlehem  and  Fran- 
conia  by  Messrs.  W.  Faxon  and  J.  A.  Allen,  and  a  third  list, 
in  1889,  of  the  summer  birds  at  Bridgewater  and  Moultonbor- 
ough,  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen.  These  catalogues  were  fairly  com- 
plete and  added  much  to  the  knowledge  of  a  region  but  little 
studied  at  that  time.  In  these  years,  also,  appeared  a  number 
of  short  articles  by  the  lamented  Frank  Bolles,  dealing  in  a  pop- 
ular way  with  the  wood  life  of  the  Chocorua  region.  These 
essays  were  later  brought  together  into  book  form  in  an  attrac- 
tive volume  entitled  "  At  the  North  of  Bear  Camp  Water." 
Since  1884,  a  number  of  delightful  essays  have  appeared  from 
time  to  time,  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Bradford  Torrey.  These  deal  chiefly  with  the  life  of  the  Fran- 
conia  region,  and  have  done  much  to  stimulate  interest  as  well 
as  add  to  our  knowledge  of  the  flora  and  fauna  of  this  part  of 
the  mountains.  These  articles  are  also  to  be  found  collected  in 
several  small  volumes,  such  as  "The  Foot  Path  Way,"  "  Foot- 
ing it  in  Franconia,"  and  others.  An  attempt  has  been  made 
at  Dartmouth  College  to  arouse  interest  in  the  study  of  the  local 
flora  and  fa*ma.  and  to  this  end  there  appeared,  in  1891,  a  List 
of  the  Vertebrates  Found  within  Thirty  Miles  of  Hanover. 
This  seems  to  have   been  intended  only  as  a  preliminary  cata- 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  35 

logue,  and  gives  no  specific  records  or  dates,  while  including  a 
number  of  species  whose  occurrence  in  the  vicinity  is  much  to 
be  doubted.  The  plan  of  mapping  and  studying  the  local 
fauna  is,  however,  a  most  commendable  one  and  well  merits 
further  extension.  Beyond  the  few  occasional  notices  or  short 
articles  dealing  with  New  Hampshire  birds,  published  in  the 
Auk  and  other  journals  or  books,  the  most  important  of  recent 
contributions  to  the  ornithological  literature  of  the  State  are 
mainly  in  the  way  of  local  lists.  Chief  among  these  are  Mr. 
Ned  Dearborn's  Peliminary  List  of  the  Birds  of  Belknap  and 
Merrimack  Counties,  in  1898,  and  the  Preliminary  List  of  Birds 
Observed  in  the  Vicinity  of  Manchester,  by  Messrs.  F.  \V. 
Batchelder  and  E.  H.  Fogg,  in  1900.  The  former  of  these  in- 
cludes 191  species,  is  well  annotated,  and  forms  a  most  welcome 
contribution.  A  number  of  the  less  common  species  are  includ- 
ed 011  the  authority  of  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue,  of  Webster,  a  care- 
ful and  trustworthy  observer.  The  Manchester  list,  though 
meager  in  its  annotation,  is,  in  the  main,  reliable,  and  evidences 
care  in  preparation.  Neither  list  attempts  to  give  exact  dates 
of  migration  or  of  special  records  in  most  cases.  A.  still  more 
recent  contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  the  birds  of  central 
New  Hampshire  is  a  list  of  birds  observed  about  Newfound 
Lake,  prepared  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,  in  1901.  A  few 
other  short  local  lists,  published  here  and  there  by  amateurs, 
attest  to  the  increasing  interest  in  the  study  of 'birds,  though 
the  beginner's  eagerness  to  make  a  "  record,"  or  his  too  hasty 
and  often  erroneous  identifications  frequently  detract  much  from 
the  value  of  such  contributions. 

At  the  end  of  the  present  list  is  given  a  bibliography  includ- 
ing such  references  only  as  have  been  found  of  value  for  the 
purposes  of  the  present  paper.  These,  however,  are  believed 
to  include  practically  all  articles  of  importance  in  this  connec- 
tion, though  a  number  of  minor  titles  are  omitted.  It  has 
not  been  possible,  however,  to  consult,  in  this  connection, 
the  "Hawks  of  New  Hampshire"  {Manchester  Union),  1893, 
and  the  "  Museum  Bulletin  "  (  Weirs),  1886,  of  whose  existence 
the  writer  knows  only  at  second  hand. 


36  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 


THE  FAUNAL  AREAS  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  State  of  New  Hampshire  is  roughly  triangular  in  out- 
line and  stretches  from  the  northeastern  boundary  of  Massachu- 
setts northward  to  Canada.  It  lies  in  central  New  England, 
between  latitudes  42deg.,  40mm.,  N.,  and  45deg.,  i8min., 
23  sec,  N.,  and  includes  a  great  variety  of  country.  In  his  ac- 
count of  the  topography  of  the  State,  Hitchcock  ('74)  distin- 
guishes six  natural  divisions.  At  the  extreme  southeast  is 
what  he  terms  the  Coast  Slope  ;  here  the  land  gradually  rises 
westward  from  sea  level  along  our  limited  shore-line  to  the 
slight  divide  of  from  two  hundred  to  four  hundred  feet,  rimming 
the  Merrimack  basin.  To  this  area  belong  the  Isles  of  Shoals, 
some  of  which  are  politically  a  part  of  the  State  of  Maine. 
Beaches  and  salt  marshes  occur  along  the  coast,  and  numerous 
small  hills  rise  on  the  inland  slope.  The  second  division  is  that 
of  the  Merrimack  basin,  embracing  much  of  the  drainage  area 
of  that  river  from  the  White  Mountains  and  Winnipesaukee 
districts  southward,  and  broadening  out  towards  Massachusetts. 
Its  western  rim  is  the  long  ridge  which  borders  the  Connecticut 
valley  on  the  east,  and  which  is  really  an  extension  of  the  White 
Mountain  region.  This  ridge  culminates  at  the  south  in  Mt. 
Monadnock  (3166  ft.)  but  a  few  miles  from  the  Massachusetts 
line.  The  Connecticut  valley  forms  the  third  district.  The 
river  itself  is  the  western  boundary  of  the  State,  and  much  of 
its  basin  lies  in  Vermont.  Its  broad,  sweeping  meadows, 
hemmed  in  by  the  ridge  on  the  east,  mark  it  off  distinctly  from 
the  rest  of  the  State.     The  source  of  the  stream  is  the  Conuec- 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  37 

ticut  Lakes  in  Coos  County.  A  number  of  side  streams  flow  in 
from  the  east,  the  largest  being  the  Ammonusuc,  whose  source 
is  among  the  White  Mountains.  The  fourth  and  smallest  dis- 
trict is  the  Winnipesaukee  basin.  Lake  Winnipesaukee  is  the 
largest  sheet  of  watei  in  the  State,  and  has  nearly  as  many  au- 
thentic spellings  as  it  has  islands.  Professor  Hitchcock  states 
that  the  district  itself  is  normally  a  plain,  on  which  are  imposed 
four  small  and  isolated  mountain  masses,  viz.:  the  Gunstock 
and  Belknap  mountains,  Red  Hill, 'the  Ossipee  hills^and  Green 
Mountain  in  Effingham.  Much  of  the  land  area  is  of  dry,  sandy 
plains,  supporting  a  considerable  growth  of  pitch  pines  (espe- 
cially about  West  Ossipee)  as  well  as  thickets  of  gray  birch  and 
bear  oak.  These  sandy  plains  stretch  northward  to  the  fifth 
district  or  White  Mountain  area.  This  embraces  the  highest 
peaks  in  the  State,  and  New  England  as  well.  Professor  Hitch- 
cock distinguishes  ten  separate  groups  of  mountains,  of  which 
the  chief  are  :  the  Sandwich  range  on  the  south,  including  the 
peaks  of  Chocorua,  Passaconaway,  Whiteface  and  Sandwich 
Dome  ;  the  Twin  and  Lafayette  group  on  the  west,  with  Moos- 
ilauke  (481 1  ft.)  slightly  apart  to  the  southwest;  the  Carter 
group  on  the  east,  including  a  number  of  peaks_from  North 
Kearsarge  to  Mt.  Surprise  at  Gorham,  and  culminating  in  Car- 
ter Dome  (4860  ft." .  Finally,  there  is  the  great  central  mass 
of  the  Presidential  range.  This  includes  six  peaks  of  over  5000 
feet  altitude,  viz.:  Monroe,  Clay,  Jefferson,  Adams,  Madison 
and  the  majestic  Washington  itself,  towering  up,  6291  feet 
above  sea  level.  Of  the  large  rivers  rising  among  these  moun- 
tains, may  be  mentioned  the  Ammonusuc,  flowing  to  the  Con- 
necticut, the  Pemigewasset,  which  becomes  tributary  to  the 
Merrimack,  and  the  Saco,  which  flows  eastward  outside  our 
boundaries,  crosses  Maine,  and  empties  into  the  Atlantic.  The 
sixth  and  last  topographical  district  is  that  of  the  extieme 
northern  part  of  the  State,  and  includes  most  of  Coos  County. 
It  is  mountainous,  though  peaks  of  over  3000  feet  are  excep- 
tional. Much  of  it  is  yet  primeval  forest,  and  it  is  but  sparsely 
settled.  Two  depressions  enter  this  area  from  the  south.  The 
first   follows    the    Androscoggin    river    up    to    Lake    Umbagog 


38  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

(1256  ft.)  ;   the  second  follows   the  Connecticut  up  to  the  Con- 
necticut Lakes  at  16 19  ft. 

LIFE    ZONES. 

From  the  foregoing,  it  is  at  once  apparent  that  New  Hamp- 
shire offers  unusually  diverse  conditions  of  environment,  from 
the  sand  dunes  and  salt  marshes  on  the  coast  and  the  broad 
valley  bottoms  of  the  southern  and  central  portions,  to  the  con- 
iferous forests  of  the  north  and  the  small,  yet  not  inconsiderable, 
Alpine  areas  on  the  summits  of  its  highest  peaks. 

There  are  represented  by  the  fauna  and  flora  of  the  State  no 
less  than  five  life  zones,  characterized  by  their  peculiar  species 
of  animals  and  plants,  as  follows  : — 

Upper  Austral.  The  slight  trace  of  an  upper  austral  element 
forms  no  stable  part  of  our  fauna,  and  may  be  considered  as  in 
large  measure  fortuitous.  The  White-eyed.  Vireo  (  Vireo  nove- 
boracensis)  is  stated  to  breed  rarely  at  Manchester,  which, 
perhaps,  might  not  be  surprising  when  we  recall  that  this  is  the 
single  location  in  the  State,  according  to  the  chart  given  by 
Hitchcock  ('74).  whose  mean  temperature  during  June,  July 
and  August  is  70  deg.  F.,  the  temperature  which  practically 
limits  the  upper  austral  zone  to  the  north  (Merriam,  '98,  p.  55). 
This  record,  however,  is  open  to  some  doubt.  No  upper  austral 
birds  are  actually  known  to  breed  in  New  Hampshire,  though 
several  have  been  recorded  as  stragglers.  Thus,  on  August  7, 
1880,  a  pair  of  Carolina  Wrens  {Thryo thorns  ludovicianus)  was 
observed  at  Rye  Beach  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Spelman,  and  in  the  Con- 
necticut valley,  near  the  southwestern  border,  the  Orchard  Ori- 
ole {Icterus  spurius)  has  been  recorded  from  Brattleboro,  Yt. 
(Howe,  :02).  New  Hampshire  cannot  be  said,  however,  to  in- 
clude any  considerable  area  of  upper  austral  territory,  and  the 
occurrence  of  species  characteristic  of  this  zone  is  limited  only 
to  such  plainly  isolated  cases. 

Transition.  This  is  an  area  of  interdigitation  and  overlap- 
ping of  the  ranges  of  northern  and  southern  species,  and 
includes  much  of  the  open  valley  land  along  the  courses  of  the 
larger  rivers  up  to  about  the  600-foot  level,  or  even  locally  to 


OF  ARTS  and  SCIENCES.  3y 

1,500  feet  in  favorable  valleys  of  southern  exposure.  In  general, 
it  embraces  the  low  area  along  the  coast,  a  large  tongue  of  low 
country  following  the  Merrimack  and  its  side  valleys,  to  the 
sand  plains  of  Lake  Winnipesaukee  and  the  valleys  which 
penetrate  still  farther  to  the  foot  of  the  White  Mountains. 
The  bottom  lands  of  the  Connecticut  are  also  to  be  included 
within  the  Transition  area  so  far  up  at  least  as  Lancaster,  and 
Transition  species  work  up  the  side  valleys  even  to  the  north 
side  of  the  White  Mountains.  The  Androscoggin  valley  also 
brings  Transition  forms  into  the  low  country  to  the  northeast 
of  these  high  mountains.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state, 
the  Transition  area  is  limited  rather  closely  to  the  flood  plains 
of  the  rivers  and  the  cleared  or  settled  portions  of  their  banks 
near  at  hand,  for  the  sub-Canadian  woods  here  come  down  to  a 
low  altitude.  From  an  examination  of  the  map  illustrating  the 
climatology  of  the  state  in  Hitchcock's  Geology  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, it  is  seen  that  this  area  coincides  in  a  general  way  with 
that  included  by  the  summer  isotherm  of  65  deg.  F.  as  an 
upper  limit,  thus  showing  close  agreement  with  Dr.  Merriam's 
('98)  determination  that  the  isotherm  of  64  deg.  F.  (summer) 
is  the  southern  limit  of  the  Canadian  zone. 

The  effect  of  clearing  off  the  heavy  primeval  forest  by  man 
in  his  progress  up  these  same  valleys  has  doubtless  been  to  ex- 
tend in  great  measure  the  Transition  area.  Thus,  among  the 
White  Mountains,  where,  within  historic  times,  stood  lofty 
forests  on  the  rich  valley  floors,  are  now  broad  meadows  where 
Bobolinks,  Vesper  Sparrows,  Savanna  Sparrows,  Red-winged 
Blackbirds,  and  less  often,  Meadowlarks  find  congenial  surround- 
ings, and  Indigo  Buntings,  Song  Sparrows,  Field  Sparrows, 
Catbirds,  Brown  Thrashers,  Kingbirds,  Least  Flycatchers,  Bal- 
timore Orioles  and  even  Wood  Thrushes  summer  in  the  after 
growth  of  bushes,  or  among  the  open  orchards  and  shade  trees 
about  the  farms.  As  an  instance  of  a  species  which  is  even 
now  clearly  to  be  observed  thus  extending  its  range,  may  be 
noted  the  Chestnut-sided  Warbler  {Dendroica  pcnsylvanica) . 
On  several  occasions  I  have  found  an  isolated  pair  or  two  of 

4 


40  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

these  birds  inhabiting  the  new  growth  of  bushes  and  vines  far 
in  the  forest,  sometimes  within  a  year  or  so  after  the  clearing  of 
a  patch  of  heavy  timber.  The  complete  change  of  the  cleared 
territory  within  a  short  time,  from  a  dense,  damp  spruce  forest 
inhabited  by  a  northern  fauna,  to  a  dry,  sunny,  and  sheltered 
area  of  deciduous  bushes  and  vines,  leaves  it  for  a  time  almost 
unoccupied,  but  the  keen  competition  for  the  available  territory 
of  support  must  soon  force  the  discovery  of  the  new  region  by 
those  organisms  fitted  to  inhabit  it.  Thus  it  is  that  some  birds 
already  living  close  at  hand,  such  as  the  Canadian  Ruffed 
Grouse,  White-throated  Sparrow,  Slate-colored  Junco,  Mag- 
nolia and  Black-throated  Blue  Warblers,  are  quick  to  spread 
into  a  forest  clearing,  while  a  more  southern  species,  such  as 
the  Chestnut-sided  Warbler,  must  take  much  longer  to  discover 
the  spot  and  settle  there  in  any  numbers.  Among  the  White 
Mountain  valleys,  we  sometimes  see  in  the  same  grove,  this 
meeting  of  northern  and  southern  species.  Thus  in  the  Saco 
valley  at  Intervale,  in  a  large  and  rather  open  sugar-maple 
grove,  I  have  found  such  species  as  the  Screech  Owl  and  the 
Wood  Thrush  summering  with  the  Mourning  Warbler  and  the 
Hermit  Thrush.  Here,  evidently,  is  not  a  condition  of  stable 
equilibrium.  In  some  years,  I  have  missed  the  Mourning 
Warblers  from  the  grove  altogether,  while  again  I  have  found 
three  pairs  in  an  area  so  small  that  the  males  of  all  three  might 
be  in  hearing  at  one  time.  The  Wood  Thrush  appeared  for  two 
years  (1899  and  1900),  but  a  hasty  search  in  early  summer  of 
the  third  year  failed  to  reveal  it  again. 

Of  the  Transition  avifauna,  we  may  distinguish  a  number  of 
birds  whose  breeding  area  lies  largely  to  the  south,  but  extends 
northward  into  this  /one  in  New  Hampshire.  Of  these  birds, 
certain  ones  are  more  or  less  common  throughout  the  area, 
breeding  well  up  into  the  valleys  of  the  White  Mountains. 
Such  are  : — Screech  Owl  (A/coascops  asio),  Whip-poor-will  {An- 
trostomus  vociferus) ,  Nighthawk  {Chordeiles  virginianus) ,  King- 
bird {Tyrannus  iyrannus),  Crested  Flycatcher  {Myiarchus  cri- 
nitus),  Phoebe  (Sayornis phoebe) ,  Least  Flycatcher  {Enipidonax 
minimus),  Red-winged   Blackbird  (Agclaius  p/i(V?iicc?is),  Balti- 


OF   ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  41 

more  Oriole  {Icterus galbula) ,  Vesper  Sparrow  {Pocecetes  gram- 
incus),  Chipping   Sparrow   {Spizella    socialts),  Field    Sparrow 
(Spizella pusilla) ,  Indigo  Bunting  {Cyanospiza  cyanea),  Scarlet 
Tanager    {Piranga   erythromelas) ,    loggerhead    (or   Migrant) 
Shrike  {Lanius  ludovicianus) ,  Pine  Warbler  (Deudroica  vigor- 
sit),  Catbird  (Galeoscoptcs  carol itiaisis) ,  Brown  Thrasher  (  Tox- 
ostoma  ruftim),  House  Wren  {Troglodytes  aedon) ,  White-breast- 
ed Nuthatch  {Sitta  carolinensis) ,  and  Bluebird  (Sia/ia   sialis). 
Others  of  these  southern  birds  barely  reach  the  valleys  of  the  low- 
er part  of  the  state,  or  follow  them  up  for  only  a  short  distance. 
Thus  the  Green  Heron    {Ardca   vi reseats)  follows  the  streams 
and  lakes  of  central  New  Hampshire  as  far  as  Winnipesaukee, 
and  a  few  occur  in  the  lake  basin  beyond  to  Ossipee,  but  from 
the  Transition   valleys  of  the    White   Mountains  it  is   absent. 
The  range  of  the  White  Oak  {Quercus  alba)  in  New  Hamp- 
shire nearly  coincides  with  that  of  this  heron.     The  tree  is  one 
of  the  more  southern  varieties  and  its  distribution  in  the  state 
has  been   mapped  in  a  general  way  by  W.  F.  Flint  in  Hitch- 
cock's Report.     It  is  not  uncommon  as  far  north  as  Holcleruess 
and   Ossipee,    and    in    the   Connecticut   valley   slightly  farther 
north  at  Hanover.      Wild   Turkeys  {Meleagris  gallopavo  fcra) 
in  former  times,  and   Bob-whites  {Colintis  virginianus)  appear 
normally  to  find  their   breeding   range  to   the   south   of  L,ake 
Winnipesaukee.     The  Yellow-throated  Vireo  (  Vireo  Havifrons) 
is  another  bird  of  this  class.      It  becomes  rare  in  the   upper 
Merrimack  valley,  and  in  the  central  part  of  the  state  is  not  yet 
known  to  occur  north  of  the  L,ake.     The  single  bird  observed 
by  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  at  Franconia  is  evidently  a  straggler. 
So,  too,  of  the  Grasshopper  Sparrow  {Ammodramus  savanna- 
rum  passerinus) ,  Bartrainiau  Sandpiper  {Bartramia  longieauda) 
and  Cowbird  {Molothrus  ater),  few  seem  ever  to  pass  regularly 
north  of  Lake  Winnipesaukee  in  the  central  and  eastern  parts 
of  the  state,  although  the  broad  Connecticut  valley,  in  the  west, 
carries  several  of  these  species  farther  northward  than  they  oc- 
cur in  the  eastern  regions.     Thus  the  Cowbird  is  common  in 
this  valley  at  least  as  far  up  as  Lancaster,  though  practically 
absent   in   summer  from   the    entire    White   Mountain    region. 


42  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

The  Bronzed  Grackle  is  also  of  regular  occurrence  well  up  the 
Connecticut  and  even  about  Lake  Unibagog,  yet  I  have  no 
knowledge  of  it  in  central  New  Hampshire  north  of  Winnipe- 
saukee.  The  Yellow  Warbler  (Dendroica  cestiva)  is  also  to  be 
added  to  this  category  of  birds  absent  from  the  Transition 
valleys  of  the  White  Mountain  area  but  common  in  southern 
New  Hampshire  and  far  up  the  Connecticut  valley.  The 
Golden-winged  Warbler  {Helminthophila  chrysopterd)  and  the 
Prairie  Warbler  {Dendroica  discolor)  may  be  mentioned  as  two 
Transition  species  whose  breeding  range  barely  extends  to  the 
southern  borders  of  the  slate  in  the  Merrimack  valley. 

Of  the  occurrence  of  southern  plants  in  the  Transition  zone 
of  New  Hampshire,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  Chestnut  (Casta- 
uea)  and  the  Hickory  (Carya)  occur  nearly  as  far  up  the 
valleys  as  does  the  White  Oak  ;  the  Red  Oak,  however,  ranges 
yet  farther,  entering  the  sub-Canadian  zone.  The  Mountain 
Laurel  (Kalmia  latifolia)  also  occurs  locally  as  far  north  as 
Conway.  In  his  chapter  on  the  Physical  History  of  New 
Hampshire,  Professor  Hitchcock  adduces  evidence  indicating 
that  subsequent  to  the  glacial  epoch,  and  probably  within  the 
human  period,  there  was  an  era  when  the  climate  of  New 
Hampshire  was  milder  than  it  now  is.  In  support  of  this  con- 
clusion, is  mentioned,  among  other  things,  the  occurrence  of  a 
few  southern  plants  in  isolated  spots  far  from  their  present  range 
of  abundance.  Thus  the  Rhododendron  maximum  is  reported 
from  Fitzwilliam,  Grantham,  Hooksett,  Hopkinton,  Manchester, 
and  Richmond,  and  its  presence  at  these  places  in  isolated 
swamps  is  taken  as  indicative  of  its  former  abundance  in  inter- 
mediate localities.  At  Manchester,  also,  there  occur  with  the 
Rhododendron,  a  few  Tupelo  trees  (Nyssa  sy/va/ica)  and  from 
Winchester,  in  the  extreme  southwest  corner  of  the  state,  the 
Climbing  Fern  (Lyg odium. palmatuni) ,  a  southern  species,  has 
been  recently  recorded  (Rhodora,  1902,  p.  83). 

An  interesting  bird,  which  seems  to  have  become  adapted  to 
the  small  and  scattered  cold-water  swamps  of  the  Transition 
zone  grown  Up  to  sedges,  and  coarse  grass,  steeple  bushes  or 
hellebore,   is  the  Henslow's  Sparrow  (Ammodtamus  henslowii) 


OF    ^.RTS  AND  SCIENCES.  43 

which  may  perhaps  be  considered  as  peculiar  to  the  Transition 
area  as  any  of  our  birds.  1 1  occurs  locally  in  several  places  in 
the  central  part  of  the-  State,  and  I  found  a  single  pair  even  so 
far  up  as  Wonalancet,  near  the  foot  of  Mt.  Passaconaway,  in  a 
corner  of  a  broad  meadow  which  was  grown  up  to  sedges, 
grass,  and  white  hellebore  with  a  sparse  covering  of  wet  Sphag- 
num moss. 

Of  other  animals  ranging  northward  into  the  Transition  area 
of  New  Hampshire,  may  be  mentioned,  among  mammals,  the 
southern  Flying  Squirrel  {Sciuropterus  volucdla)  which  occurs 
at  least  as  far  as  Lake  Winnipesaukee,  the  northeastern  Gray 
Squirrel  (Sciurus  carolinensis  leucotis)  which  even  among  the 
White  Mountains,  inhabits  the  beech  woods  at  the  lower  alti- 
tudes, and  the  eastern  Cottontail  Rabbitt  (Lcpus  floridanus 
transitionalis)  which  is  reported  from  as  far  as  Webster,  where 
it  appears  to  have  come  within  recent  years.  Among  reptiles, 
the  Box  Tortoise  (Cistudo  caiolina)  has  been  reported  from 
Pelham  and  from  Lee,  in  the  southeastern  corner  of  the  state, 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  Huse  (:oi).  The  same  author  finds  the  Yellow- 
spotted  Tortoise  {Chelopus  guttatus)  common  about  Manchester 
in  the  Merrimack  vallley,  but  I  do  not  know  of  its  occurrence 
north  of  Lake  Winnipesaukee,  and  among  the  White  Mountain 
valleys,  the  Painted  Tortoise  {Chrysemys  picta)  is  the  only  spe- 
cies I  have  ever  seen.  The  Ribbon  Snake  (  Thamnophis saurita) 
follows  the  valley  bottoms  at  least  as  far  up  as  Intervale,  where 
I  have  not  infrequently  found  it. 

A  number  of  more  northern  species  may  also  be  enumerated 
as  finding  their  southern  breeding  limit  within  the  Transition 
zone.  Such  are  the  following  among  the  birds  :  Loon  (Gavia 
imbcr),  Hairy  Woodpecker  (Dryobates  villosus),  Olive-sided 
Flycatcher  {Co?itopus  borea/zs),  Purple  Finch  {Carpodacus pur- 
pureus),  Savanna  Sparrow  (Ammodramus  sandwichensis  savan- 
na), Swamp  Sparrow  {Mclospiza  georgiana)  ? ',  Blue-headed 
Vireo  {Vireo  solit&rius),  Nashville  Warbler  {Helminthophila 
rubricapilla) ,  Black-throated  Green  Warbler  (  Dendroica  virens), 
Chickadee  (Parus atricapillus) ,  and  Hermit  Thrush  (HylocicJila 
guttata  pallasii) . 


44  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

It  is  clear  that  a  "line"  cannot  be  sharply  drawn  between 
the  Transition  zone  and  the  Canadian  zone  directly  above  it,  as 
some  have  attempted  to  do,  but  the  boundaries  of  the  two  over- 
lap and  interdigitate  in  a  most  intricate  manner,  and  much  yet 
remains  to  be  done  towards  the  determination  in  a  precise  way 
of  the  details  of  distribution  of  the  two  areas  in  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

Canadian.  This  fauna]  area  is  very  well  marked  and  em- 
braces much  of  the  forested  area  of  the  state.  Two  divisions  may 
be  distinguished,  the  sub-Canadian  and  the  upper  Canadian. 
The  sub-Canadian  includes  the  white  pine  woods,  the  mixed 
hemlock,  beech,  birch  and  maple  forests  and  occasional  red 
spruce  thickets  of  the  lower  half  of  the  state  from  nearly  the 
600  foot  level  up  to  about  3,000  feet  among  the  White  Moun- 
tains, varying  more  or  less  according  to  slope  exposure  or  local 
condition.  These  woods,  though  in  the  main  rather  dry,  are 
nevertheless  well  watered  by  the  many  little  mountain  brooks, 
which  by  their  coldness,  often  carry  down  along  their  courses 
tongues  of  the  damp,  richer  upper  Canadian  vegetation. 
Among  the  White  Mountains,  these  lower  woods  are  for  the 
most  part  mixed  beech,  hemlock,  canoe  and  yellow  birch,  poplar, 
together  with  more  or  less  red  spruce.  The  forest  floor  is  damp, 
with  an  undergrowth  of  mountain  and  striped  maple,  cornels, 
and  hobble  bushes,  especially  along  the  little  streams,  and  here 
breed  Black-throated  Blue  Warblers  {Dendroica  carulescens) , 
Magnolia  Warblers  {Dendroica  maculosa),  Water-Thrushes 
{Seiunts  rloveboracensis) ,  Mourning  Warblers  (Gcothlypis  Phil- 
adelphia), Canadian  Warblers  (  Wilsonia  Canadensis),  Winter 
Wrens  {OlbiorcJiilus  hicmalis),  Golden-crowned  Kinglets  (Reg- 
nlns  satrapa)  and  Olive-backed  Thrushes  (  Hylociclda  ustitlata 
swainsonii) ,  while  among  the  forest  trees  close  at  hand  live 
Hairy  Woodpeckers  (Dryobates  villosus),  Yellow-bellied  Sap- 
suckers  (Spkyrapicus  varius) ,  Northern  Pileated  Woodpeckers 
{Ceophlceus pileatus  abieticola) ,  Olive-sided  Flycatchers  (Confo- 
p/is  boreaiis),  Blue-headed  Vireos  (Virco  solitarius ,  Blackbur- 
niau  Warblers  {Dendroica  blackburnice) ,  American  Brown 
Creepers    (Cer/hia  familiaris    americand) ,    and    Red-breasted 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  45 

Nuthatches  (Sitta  canadensis}.  At  the  lower  elevations, 
groves  of  White  Pine  occur,  usually  below  800  feet,  though 
scattering  trees  are  to  be  found,  often  of  great  size,  up  to  2,500 
feet  or  slightly  less.  These  pine  groves  are  carpeted  with 
needles,  which  make  a  dry  and  often  rather  barren  floor.  Here 
we  find  such  sub-Canadian  species  as  vSlate-colored  Juncos 
{Junco hyemalis) ,  Myrtle  Warblers  (Dcudroica coronata) ,  Black- 
burnian  Warblers  {Dendroica  blackburnice)  and  Hermit  Thrush- 
es {Hylocichla  guttata pallasii).  A  number  of  these  sub-Cana- 
dian species  are  rather  sharply  limited  in  their  breeding  range 
by  the  upper  Canadian  zone,  and  occur  only  rarely  on  its  lower 
edge.  Such  are  the  Yellow-bellied  Sapsucker,  Olive-sided 
Flycatcher,  Blue-headed  Vireo,  Black-throated  Blue  Warbler, 
Magnolia  Warbler,  Bay-breasted  Warbler,  Blackburnian  War- 
bler, and  Oven-bird.  In  a  general  way,  the  3,000  foot  contour 
marks  the  lower  edge  of  the  upper  Canadian  zone  on  the 
higher  mountains  where  the  slope  exposure  is  to  the  south. 
On  northern,  shaded  slopes,  this  limit  is  some  500  to  1,000  feet 
lower,  and  on  both  north  and  south  slopes  the  cold  mountain 
streams  serve  to  carry  down  with  them  strips  of  the  upper 
Canadian  as  narrow  tongues  into  the  lower  woods.  In  a  region 
still  covered  by  primeval  forest,  the  upper  Canadian  area  is  no- 
ticeably lower  on  the  mountains  than  on  territory  which  has 
once  been  stripped  of  its  heavy  growth.  Thus  in  the  undefiled 
forests  of  the  upper  Pemigewasset,  Canadian  Spruce  Grouse 
{Canachites  canadensis  cauacc)  occur  along  the  stream  at  least 
clown  to  2,000  feet,  though  on  the  mountains  which  have  been 
burned  or  lumbered,  only  deciduous  or  mixed  growth  is  found 
at  this  level,  quite  unsuitable  for  high  northern  species.  An 
interesting  observation  I  have  several  times  made  among  the 
damper,  higher  woods  of  the  sub-Canadian  area  on  the  White 
Mountains,  is  that  the  Lady's  Slipper  {Cypripediutn  acaule) 
growing  from  1,800  to  2,500  feet  or  so,  is  prevailing  white  in- 
stead of  pink.  In  late  June,  1900,  almost  three  fourths  of  the 
numerous  blossoms  seen  on  the  Carter  Notch  and  Nineteen-mile 
Brook  trails,  were  snow  white  or  barely  flushed  with  pink  above 
1,800  feet,  and  again  in  mid-June,  1902,  along  the  same  trail, 


46  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

sixteen  out  of  seventeen  blossoms  seen,  were  white.  Possibly 
the  increasing  dampness  of  the  ground  and  the  air  at  these 
higher  levels  may  be  a  factor  in  bringing  about  this  change. 
Above  3,000  feet  the  plant  does  not  occur.  Unfortunately  no 
record  of  temperatures  for  these  Canadian  woods  is  at  present 
available  for  use  here,  but  Dr.  Merriam  gives  the  limiting  tem- 
peratures (summer)  as  about  57  deg.  to  64  deg.  F. 

The  upper  Canadian  area  includes  the  thick  fir  and  spruce 
forests  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  on  the  White 
Mountains  from  3,000  to  4,500  feet.  Kxtended  observations  on 
the  temperature  and  humidity  of  this  area  are  not  at  hand,  but 
among  the  White  Mountains  it  is  a  zone  of  much  greater  cold 
than  the  sub-Canadian.  The  forests  are  dense  and  are  kept 
saturated  in  summer  by  the  clouds  which  constantly  settle  over 
them  ;  the  ground  is  densely  carpeted  with  sphagnum  which 
acts  as  a  huge  sponge  to  retain  water  from  the  slowly  melting 
snow  drifts.  Ice  is  often  found  under  sheltered  rocks  into  July, 
and  even  by  the  middle  of  June  snow  drifts  are  hardly  gone  in 
the  woods.  While  on  a  few  days'  camping  trip  into  the  Carter 
Mountains,  June  13  to  16,  we  found  that  the  yellow  pond  lilies 
{Nymplicea  vancgata)  in  the  Carter  Lake  at  3,360  feet,  had  not 
yet  pushed  their  leaves  to  the  surface  of  the  water,  though  in 
the  Transition  valleys  we  had  seen  many  plants  in  blossom 
along  the  way.  Here  the  canoe  birches  were  just  leafing  out, 
five  weeks  later  than  those  in  the  valley  below ;  here  and  there 
were  violets  (  Viola  blanda),  and  White  Hellebore  and  ferns 
were  just  springing  up  from  places  where  the  snow  was  scarcely 
gone.  Clintonias  were  only  in  bud,  though  2,000  feet  below  in 
the  sub-Canadian  woods  they  were  in  full  bloom.  In  the  little 
lake  numerous  toads(  Bufo  Americanus)were  beginning  to  spawn. 
They  are  common  throughout  these  mountain  woods  to  the 
limit  of  timber,  and  numbers  had  repaired  to  this  lakelet  to 
breed.  Some  had  not  yet  begun  to  spawn,  though  others  had 
already  laid  considerable  masses  of  eggs.  In  eastern  Massa- 
chusetts, the  toads  spawn  about  the  20th  of  April  and  the 
young  tadpoles  are  seen  by  the  middle  of  May,  or  even  by  the 
first  of  that  month.     On  a  former  occasion,  I  had  found  great 


OF   ARTS   AND   SCIENCES.  47 

numbers  of  small  tadpoles  in  Carter  Lake  by  the  22d  of  Jul)-. 
The  following  sixteen  breeding  birds  are  characteristic  of  this  up- 
per Canadian  zone  in  New  Hampshire  :  Canadian  Spruce  Grouse 
(  Canachites  canadensis  canace ) ,  American  ( roshawk  (  Accipiter 
atricapillus) ,  Arctic  Three-toed  Woodpecker  {Picoides  arcti- 
cus),  American  Three-toed  Woodpecker  (Picoides  americanus), 
Yellow-bellied  Flycatcher  (Empidonax  jlaviventris) ,  Canada 
Jay  (Perisoreus  canadensis) ,  Rusty  Blackbird  (Scolecophagus 
carolinus),  Canadian  Pine  Grosbeak  (Pinicola  enucleator  leu- 
cura),  White-winged  Crossbill  (Loxia  leucoptet a) ,  Pine  Siskin 
(Spinas  pi  mis),  Tennessee  Warbler  (Helminthophila  peregrind) , 
Cape  May  Warbler  (Dendroica  tigrina),  Black-poll  Warbler 
(Dendroica  striata) ,  Wilson's  Warbler  (  Wilsonia pusilla) ,  Hud- 
sonian  Chickadee  (Parus  hudsonicus),  and  Bicknell's  Thrush 
( Hylocichla  alicice  bicknelli ) . 

Of  mammals  characteristic  of  this  area  are  the  Rock  Vole 
(Microtus  chrotorrhinus)  (?),  Canada  White-footed  Mouse  (Pe- 
rotnyscus  canadensis),  Woodland  Jumping  Mouse  (Napceozapns 
insignis),  Canadian  Red  Squirrel  (Sciurus  hudsonicus  gynvii- 
cus),  Smoky  Shrew  (Sorex fumeus) ,  Water  Shrew  (Sorex  albi- 
barbis),  Canada  Lynx  (Lynx  canadensis),  Sable  (Mustela amer- 
icana),  Pennant's  Marten  (  Mustelta pemianti) . 

In  addition  to  the  species  more  or  less  strictly  confined  to 
each  of  these  two  subdivisions  of  the  Canadian  zone,  may  be 
mentioned  a  few  which  are  common  to  the  area  as  a  whole. 
Such  are  Saw- whet  Owl  (Nyctala  acadica),  Hairy  Woodpecker 
{Dry abates  villosus),  White-throated  Sparrow  (Zonotrichia  albi- 
collis),  Slate-colored  Junco  (Junco  hyemalis),  Nashville  War- 
bler (Helminthophila  rubricapilla) ,  Myrtle  Warbler  (Dendroica 
coronato),  Winter  Wren  (Olbiorchilus  hiemalis),  Red-breasted 
Nuthatch  {Sitta  canadensis),  Golden-crowned  Kinglet  (Regulus 
satrapa),  and  Olive-backed  Thrush  (Hylocichla  ustulata  szvain- 
sonii)  ;  also  the  following  mammals  :  Northern  Virginia  Deer 
(Odocoileus  virginianus  barealis),  Canada  Porcupine  (Erithizon 
dorsatutn),  Eastern  Varying  Hare  (Lepus  americanus  virginia- 
nus), Mink  (Putorius  vison) ,  Black  Bear  (Ursus  americanus) , 
Masked  Shrew  (Sorex  persona/us) . 


48  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

111  passing,  a  word  may  be  added  with  regard  to  the  change 
wrought  among  these  rich  mountain  woods,  by  fire.  Many  of 
the  lower  peaks  and  ranges,  such  as  Kearsarge,  the  Moats,  the 
Rattlesnake  range,  and  others,  have  been  more  or  less  complete- 
ly burned  over  by  forest  fires  during  the  last  century.  Fires 
once  started  in  these  old  forests  are  not  readily  stamped  out,  a 
damp  substratum  offering  but  little  hindrance  to  their  progress. 
The  trees  are  usually  killed  by  the  heat  and  partially  charred, 
but  most  of  them  remain  standing  and  soon  become  withered 
and  exceedingly  hard  and  dry.  The  soil  beneath  is  quite  de- 
nuded of  covering,  and  along  the  ridges  it  soon  washes  away, 
leaving  bare  rocks  and  ledges.  It  is  long  before  such  an  area 
is  again  clothed  with  verdure.  Small  blueberry  bushes  are 
among  the  first  plants  to  spring  up,  and  sparse  grass  and  fire- 
weed  (Kpilobium)  follow.  Eventually  the  old  fire-killed  timber 
falls  from  the  washing  away  of  the  soil  and  decaying  of  the  roots, 
and  a  new  growth  of  birch  and  poplar  slowly  takes  its  place. 
These  trees,  well  adapted  to  a  thin  soil,  serve  to  keep  the  sub- 
stratum from  washing  completely  away,  and  in  time  a  new  for- 
est is  formed,  though  different  from  the  original  one,  while  the 
many  exposed  ledges  and  bare,  rounded  ridges  testify  to  the  ex- 
treme difficulty  of  creating  a  new  soil  in  place  of  that  worn  away 
by  the  exposure. 

Hudsonian.  This  life  /.one  is  not  well  defined  in  New  Hamp- 
shire. In  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  state,  it  is  possible 
that  well  marked  tongues  or  islands  of  this  area  occur,  as  at  the 
Connecticut  Lakes,  where  Woodland  Caribou  (Rangifer  cari- 
bou) occur  about  the  cold  bogs,  and  Pine  Grosbeaks  summer  in 
numbers.  On  the  White  Mountains  the  Huclsonion  zone  may 
be  considered  as  including  the  belt  of  stunted  fir  balsam  and 
spruce  from  about  4,500  feet  up  to  5,000  feet  on  southern  slopes, 
the  lower  limit  dipping  to  perhaps  4,000  feet  on  some  northern 
exposures.  This  is  the  "  scrub  "  of  the  mountaineer,  and  forms 
an  exceedingly  dense  and  stubborn  barrier  to  him  who  tries  to 
force  a  passage  through.  Its  avifauna  is  not  characterized  by 
the  presence  of  any  strictly  Hudsonian  species,  so  far  as  pres- 
ent observations  go,  a  fact  which  is  doubtless  due  to  its  limited 


OF  ARTS  A.ND  SCIENCES.  49 

extent.  The  few  species  of  birds  found  in  it  are  those  common 
to  both  the  upper  Canadian  and  the  Hndsonian  zone.  Doubt- 
less the  upper  Canadian  species  readily  spread  into  it  from  be- 
low and  true  Hudsonian  species,  if  not  crowded  out,  would  at 
least  find  its  area  too  limited  for  regular  occupation.  The  fol- 
lowing birds  are  found  to  occupy  this  area  regularly,  and  doubt- 
less breed  in  it  :  Canadian  Spruce  Grouse  {Canachites  canaden- 
sis canace)^  White-throated  Sparrow  (Zonotrickia  albicollis), 
Slate  colored  Junco  {Junco  hy  emails) ,  Myrtle  Warbler  {Dendroi- 
ca  corona  fa),  Black-poll  Warbler  {Dendroica  striata),  Hudson- 
ian Chickadee  {Pants  hudsonlcus) ,  and  Bicknell's  Thrush  {Hy- 
loclchla  aliciic  blcknelll ) .  A  few  other  species  wander  up  to  this 
height  more  or  less  frequently,  but  probably  do  not  breed  above 
the  upper  Canadian  ;  such  are  Canadian  Ruffed  Grouse  (Bonasa 
umbellus  togata),  White-winged  Crossbill  (Loxia  leucoptera), 
Nashville  Warbler  {Helminthophila  rubrlcapllla)  and  Golden- 
crowned  Kinglet  {Regains  satrapa). 

Mr.  Samuel  H.  Scudder,  in  his  report  on  the  Distribution  of 
Insects  in  New  Hampshire  (Hitchcock,  '74),  refers  to  this  zone 
under  the  name  of  "  sub- Alpine."  He  finds  that  certain  insects 
whose  habits  render  them  more  or  less  local,  are  quite  character- 
istic of  this  division,  and  gives,  as  two  species  which  seem  pecu- 
liar to  this  region  in  New  Hampshire,  a  butterfly  (Brenthis 
niontitins)  and  a  grasshopper  (Podisma  glacialis) . 

Arctic-Alpine.  This  is  the  treeless,  "barren  ground"  area, 
limited  in  New  Hampshire  to  the  summits  of  certain  of  the 
highest  mountains.  In  general,  it  includes  the  peaks  of  the 
Presidential  range  above  the  level  of  5,000  feet,  having  thus  a 
vertical  extent  of  about  1,000  feet  to  the  top  of  Mt.  Washington 
(6,291  feet).  Much  of  it  is  a  region  of  boulder-strewn  slopes, 
though  the  more  level  parts,  or  "  lawns,"  support  a  matted  turf 
of  wiry  sedges,  together  with  a  number  of  alpine  flowering 
plants.  Though  a  small  area,  comparatively  speaking,  it  is, 
nevertheless,  doubly  interesting  because  of  its  peculiar  charac- 
ter and  the  rigorous  conditions  of  environment  which  it  affords. 
From  the  observations  made  at  the  summit  station  on  Mt. 
Washington  by  officials  of  the  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau,  a  great 


50  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

amount  of  valuable  data  has  been  obtained.  In  the  chapter  on 
Climatology  in  Hitchcock's  Geology  of  New  Hampshire  ('74), 
it  appears  that  for  the  }ears  1S53-59,  the  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture at  the  summit  was  28  deg.  F.  The  mean  temperature  for 
the  months  of  October  to  March,  which  there  are  practically 
winter,  was  12.4  deg.  F.,  that  for  the  months  of  April  to  Sep- 
tember being  39.7  deg.  F.  The  months  of  June,  July  and  Au- 
gust, which  may  be  taken  as  the  breeding  period  for  birds  at 
this  height,  averaged  for  the  six  years,  44.5  deg.,  47.9  deg,.  50.7 
deg.  F.  respectively.  These  are  the  three  hottest  months  of 
the  year  at  the  summit,  so  that  the  mean  temperature  for  this 
period  is  47.3  deg.  F.,  with  50.7  deg.  F.  for  the  hottest  single 
month.  This  corresponds  closely  with  Dr.  Merriam's  statement 
('98,  p.  54)  that  the  limiting  temperature  for  the  lower  bounda- 
ry of  the  Arctic  zone  is  probably  50  deg.  F.  for  the  six  hottest 
consecutive  weeks  of  summer.  The  local  conditions  of  this 
mountain  summit,  however,  are  doubtless  somewhat  different 
from  those  of  the  circumpolar  arctic  region.  The  report  on  the 
Climatology  of  the  state  previously  referred  to,  includes  an 
interesting  account  of  certain  phenomena  of  the  rigorous  win- 
ters at  the  summit  of  Mt.  Washington,  describing  among  others, 
the  remarkable  frost  feathers  which  build  out  into  the  wind 
from  any  stationary  object.  In  summer,  cumulus  clouds  from 
the  heated  valleys  below  often  rise  so  as  to  envelop  the  moun- 
tain top,  or  more  often  Mt.  Washington's  head  alone  is 
shrouded  by  a  stationary  cloud.  It  is  stated  that  at  times,  the 
whole  country  westward  is  covered  with  clouds,  but  that  when 
they  have  passed  the  ridge  running  directly  south  from  Mt. 
Washington,  they  are  instantly  dissolved,  never  passing  beyond 
a  certain  point,  though  moving  at  the  rate  of  from  fifty  to  sixty 
miles  an  hour.  The  wind  at  this  altitude  is  frequently  terrific. 
During  periods  of  storm,  the  wind  at  the  summit  is  said  to  in- 
crease steadily  in  velocity  till  it  reaches  its  culmination,  then 
come  lulls,  at  first  only  for  an  instant,  and  these  continually 
lengthen  until  the  storm  ceases.  A  wind  velocity  of  140  miles 
an  hour  has  been  measured,  and  during  one  night,  the  mean  of 
four  observations  is  given  as   128  miles.      Moreover,  it  is  found 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  51 

that  often  a  gale  is  blowing  at  the  summit,  while  below,  the  air 
is  quite  still.  Thus  at  one  observation,  a  wind  of  96  miles  an 
hour  was  blowing  at  the  summit  of  Washington,  while  3,000 
feet  below,  at  the  depot  of  the  Mt.  Washington  Railroad,  there 
was  not  sufficient  air  stirring  to  move  the  anemometer.  The 
winds  of  extreme  velocity,  however,  are  usually  limited  to  the 
winter  season  or  to  periods  of  storm  in  summer.  The  prevailing 
winds  for  the  entire  year  are  west  and  northwest,  a  fact  which 
may  have  some  bearing  on  the  occurrence  at  these  summits  of 
certain  wind-blown  insects,  for  a  large  number  of  species  strag- 
gle up  from  the  surrounding  country.  Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson  has 
collected  considerably  over  a  thousand  species  here  during  a  pe- 
riod of  years,  and  has  not  infrequently  obtained  forms  belonging 
to  distant  parts  of  the  country.  The  tendency  of  insects  to  work 
their  way  up  a  mountain  is  well  known.  The  air  currents  con- 
stantly rise  up  the  mountain  sides,  for  which  reason  the  woods- 
man faces  his  camp  up  hill  to  avoid  the  smoke  of  his  camp  fire. 
Aided  by  these  currents,  multitudes  of  small  insects  may  some- 
times be  seen  streaming  up  from  below,  and  converging  at  the 
summit  in  great  numbers.  Thus,  on  one  occasion,  while  on 
the  crest  of  the  Carter  range  in  mid-June,  I  have  seen  the  fly- 
ing Aphides  coming  up  from  the  forest-clad  country  below  in 
countless  numbers,  wafted  by  the  gentle  upward  current  of  air. 

Observations  of  rainfall  for  a  single  year  on  Mt.  Washington's 
summit  gave  55  inches,  of  which  47  inches  were  in  summer  and 
autumn.  Other  local  conditions  of  this  small  area  incident  on 
altitude  and  latitude  make  it  a  most  interesting  spot  for  careful 
cecological  study. 

The  bird  fauna  of  this  arctic-alpine  region  is  small,  and  in- 
cludes no  species  typical'  of  the  zone.  The  White-throated 
Sparrow  (Zonotrichia  albicollis)  and  the  Slate-colored  Junco 
{Junco  hyemalis)  are  the  only  two  birds  which  breed  here  reg- 
ularly, and  the  former  occurs  only  in  a  few  sheltered  places  on 
the  lower  edge  of  the  zone,  as  at  the  Lakes  of  the  Clouds.  The 
Junco  is  the  only  bird  one  may  feel  confident  of  finding  even  to 
the  summit  of  Washington  in  summer.  A  number  of  lowland 
species  wander  up  to  these  altitudes  irregularly,  however,  dur- 


52  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

ing  the  summer  or  on  migrations.  Thus  Goldfinches  and  Pine 
Siskins  are  often  seen  flying  over,  and  small  hawks,  Red-breast- 
ed Nuthatches  and  Robins  sometimes  alight  in  passing.  On  one 
occasion,  in  mid-July,  I  even  observed  on  two  consecutive  days, 
a  Savanna  Sparrow  (Ammodratnus  sandwichensis  savanna) 
singing  from  a  stone  among  the  sedges,  only  a  short  distance 
from  the  summit  buildings.  The  bird  seemed  perfectly  at  home 
here,  and  was  probably  breeding. 

Of  mammals,  several  species  occur  on  these  arctic  summits, 
but  these  are  chiefly  Canadian  forms.  The  Varying  Hares 
(Lcpus  americanus  virginianus)  seem  even  to  visit  the  tip-top 
buildings  on  Mt.  Washington,  and  Mr.  Thaddeus  Lowe,  of 
Randolph,  tells  me  of  seeing  their  tracks  in  the  snow  about 
these  structures  in  the  late  spring.  Striped  Squirrels  (  Tantias 
striatus  lysteri),  Red-backed  Mice  {Evotomys  gapperi  ockracetis) 
and  even  an  occasional  Canada  Porcupine  (Erithizon  dorsaturri) 
or  Woodchuck  (Arctomys  monax)  have  been  known  to  wander 
up  from  below,  and  the  last  is  sometimes  seen  in  Tuckerman's 
Ravine,  at  over  4,000  feet  on  Mt.  Washington.  The  Little- 
Brown  Weasels  (Putorius  cicognani)  and  Sables  (Mustela 
americana )  are  great  travelers  and  go  all  over  these  high  lev- 
els, even  traversing  the  ranges  from  one  forest  to  another,  as  I 
am  informed  by  Mr.  V.  D.  Lowe. 

For  characteristic  arctic  animals  of  this  region,  we  must  look 
to  the  insects,  of  which  a  number  of  high  northern  species  are 
known  to  occur.  The  most  conspicuous  of  these,  at  its  season, 
is  doubtless  the  Barren-ground  Butterfly  Chiofiobas  setnided), 
which  is  very  closely  confined  to  this  treeless  alpine  area.  Its 
caterpillar  feeds  on  the  Carex  rigida  bigelovii  which  grows 
abundantly  at  these  heights. 

Of  typical  arctic  plants  may  be  mentioned  in  addition  to  two 
or  three  carices  and  dwarf  willows,  the  Diapensia  lapponica,  al- 
pine azalea  (Loiseleuria procumbens) ,  Rhododendron  lapponicum, 
Cassiope  kypnoides,  all  blossoming  in  June;  also  the  handsome 
Peck's  Geum  (Gcum  radiatum peckii) ,  found  plentifully  in  July, 
and  the  Greenland  Sandwort  (Arenaria groenlandicd) .  A  num- 
ber of  other  flowering  plants  occur  on  these  summits,  of  which 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  53 

nearly  fifty  are  stated  to  be  strictly  alpine,  and  many  of  these 
are  found  also  on  alpine  summits  in  Europe.  Extended  lists  of 
the  plants  occurring-  in  the  arctic-alpine  /.one  of  the  White 
Mountains  are  to  be  found  as  indicated  by  the  following  refer- 
ences : — 

1874.  Hitchcock's  Geology  of  New  Hampshire,  vol.  r,  p. 
392,  394,  568,  572. 

1895.  Miller,  G.  S.  Proc.  Boston  Society  of  Natural  His- 
tory, vol.  26,  p.  178-179. 

1900.     Among  the  Clouds,  vol.  24,  no.  13,  p.  3. 


Summary.  From  the  foregoing  it  is  seen  that  the  principal 
faunal  areas  of  New  Hampshire  are  the  Transition  and  the  Can- 
adian, the  former  including  most  of  the  valley  land  of  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  state  up  to  about  600  feet,  as  well  as  long  tongues 
of  country  in  the  Connecticut  and  the  White  Mountain  valleys  ; 
the  Canadian  comprising  much  of  the  wooded  area  of  the  state 
from  about  600  feet  up  to  about  4,500  feet  on  the  mountains.  A 
mere  trace  of  an  Upper  Austral  fauna  is  sometimes  observed  in 
the  lower  valleys,  and  on  the  coast  at  our  southeast  border,  but 
forms  no  stable  element  of  the  fauna.  The  Hudsonian  zone  is 
limited  to  a  narrow  belt  of  stunted  fir  and  spruce  growth  on  the 
White  Mountains  from  about  4,500  feet  to  5,000  feet,  and  may 
also  include  a  few  small  areas  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of 
the  state.  Its  avifauna,  so  far  as  known,  consists  only  of  such 
species  as  are  common,  also  to  the  upper  Canadian  zone.  Final- 
ly on  the  extreme  summits  of  the  higher  White  Mountains, 
above  5,000  feet,  is  a  "  barren  ground  "  arctic-alpine  zone,  pos- 
sessing no  large  characteristic  animals,  but  yet  supporting  a 
number  of  small  arctic  plants  as  well  as  high  northern  insects. 


54  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 


MIGRATION. 

Certain  phases  of  bird  migration  in  New  Hampshire  are  per- 
haps of  sufficient  interest  to  warrant  a  few  remarks  in  addition 
to  the  notes  given  under  the  several  species  in  the  following 
list. 

The  coastwise  migration  of  many  of  the  smaller  land  birds  is 
worthy  of  much  further  study.  Mrs.  Celia  Thaxter  ('70,  p. 
581,  et  seq.)  has  given  a  short  account,  written  in  her  charming 
way,  of  the  land  birds  occurring  during  the  migrations,  at  the 
Isles  of  Shoals.  Here,  at  some  six  or  seven  miles  off  the  coast 
of  Rye,  she  writes  that  about  the  27th  of   March  "the  islands 

are  alive  with   song  spirrows Robins  and   blackbirds 

\_Agelaius  phivniais^  appear  with  the  sparrows  ;  a  few  black- 
birds appear  and  remain  ;  the  robins,  finding  no  trees,  flit  across 
to  the  mainland.  Yellow-birds  \_Dendroica  (estiva]  and  king- 
birds occasionally  build  here,  but  very  raiely By  the 

23rd  of  April  come  the  first  swallows  and  flocks  of  mar- 
tins [Progne  subis],  golden-winged  and  downy  woodpeckers, 
the  tiny  ruby-crowned  wren  \Regulus  calendula],  and  troops  of 
many  other  kinds  of  birds  ;  kingfishers  that  perch  on  stranded 
kellocks,  little  nuthatches  that  peck  among  the  shingles  for  hid- 
den spiders All  these  tarry  only  awhile  in  their  passage 

to  the  mainland Now  and  then  a  bobolink  pays  us  a  fly- 
ing visit,  and,  tilting  on  a  blackberry  spray,  pouis  out  his  in- 
toxicating song  ;  some  morning  is  heard  the  fairy  bugling  of 
an  oriole  ;  a  scarlet  tanager  honors  the  place  with  half  a  day's 
sojourn."  These  migrants  may  very  likely  be  cutting  across 
the  curve  of  the  coast  to  strike  the  Maine  shores  farther  north, 
and  in  fall  there  seems  to  be  a  somewhat  similar  movement  in 


OF  ARTS  A XI)  SCIENCES.  55 

the  reverse  direction.  Mr.  A.  A.  Eaton,  of  Seabrook,  writes 
me  that  one  day  in  October,  a  few  years  since,  as  he  lay  off 
shore  in  a  boat,  great  numbers  of  small  birds,  mostly  Myrtle 
Warblers,  were  noted  coming  in  from  the  northeast,  as  if  cross- 
ing from  the  Maine  coast,  and  the  beach  itself  was  swarming 
with  them.  This  day  was  clear,  but  a  storm  arose  during  the 
following  night.  Capt.  H.  L.  Spinney  ('98)  in  an  interesting 
account  of  the  migrations  at  Seguin  Island,  off  the  month  of 
the  Kennebec  River,  Maine,  states  his  belief  that  many  of  these 
small  birds  are  actually  blown  out  to  sea,  and  struggle  back  to 
land  as  opportunity  allows.  He  says,  "  I  have  been  out  many 
mornings  in  a  boat  some  half  a  mile  or  more  from  the  island, 
waiting  for  the  ducks  to  come  to  my  decoys,  when  the  day  be- 
fore and  during  the  night  the  wind  had  blown  very  strong  from 
the  north  or  northwest,  and  about  sunrise  the  small  birds  would 
begin  to  fly  in  from  sea  in  numbers,  from  one  to  three  or  four  in 
sight  at  one  time.  This  they  would  continue  to  do  until  noon. 
Many  of  them  would  be  seen  to  drop  in  the  water  so  exhausted 
that  even  when  within  a  few  yards  of  the  island  they  would 
have  to  succumb ;  others  would  just  reach  the  shore  at  the  edge 

of  the  water Although  I  have  seen  man)-  of  them 

drop  in  the  water,  I  have  seen  but  one  rise  out  of  it.  This  was 
a  sparrow,  which,  rising  three  times  in  succession,  finally 
reached  the  island." 

At   the   Isles  of  Shoals,   Mrs.  Thaxter   observes    that   "the 

lighthouse is    the  destroyer   of    birds The 

keeper  living  at  the  island  three  years  ago  told  me  that  he 
picked  up  three  hundred  and  seventy-five  in  one  morning  at  the 
foot  of  the  lighthouse,  all  dead.  They  fly  with  such  force 
against  the  glass  that  their  beaks  are  often  splintered.  The 
keeper  said  he  found  the  destruction  greatest  in  hazy  weather 
and  he  thought  '  they  struck  a  ray  at  a  great  distance  and 
followed  it  up.'  Many  a  May  morning  have  I  wandered  about 
the  rock  at  the  foot  of  the  tower,  mourning  over  a  little  apron 
brimful  of  sparrows,  swallows,  thrushes,  robins,  fire-winged 
blackbirds,  many-colored  warblers  and  flycatchers,  beautifully 

5 


56  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

clothed  yellow  birds,  nuthatches,  catbirds,  even  the  purple  finch 
and  scarlet  tanager  and  golden  [Baltimore]  oriole  and  many 
more  beside."  Captain  Spinney  finds  "warm,  cloudy  nights, 
very  dark  with  little  wind  if  any  ' '  the  most  favorable  for  a  large 
flight  of  birds  at  his  lighthouse,  or  when  the  atmosphere  has  be- 
come smoky  from  forest  fires  and  there  is  a  clear  night  with 
light  southwest  wind  ;  but  "  should  rain  or  strong  winds  come 
suddenly,  all  but  a  few  individuals  will  leave  at  once,  or  settle 
down  on  the  ground."  In  foggy  weather,  he  has  rarely  noted 
birds  about  the  light. 

Away  from  the  coast,  the  main  routes  of  migration  are  natur- 
ally the  north  and  south  trending  valleys.  One  has  only  to 
spend  a  few  weeks  of  late  August  and  early  September  in  a  lo- 
cality not  in  such  a  valley  to  realize  how  few  birds  are  moving 
through  his  territory  in  comparison  with  the  hosts  along  the 
large  rivers.  In  the  White  Mountain  valleys  most  of  the  small 
birds,  as  warblers,  kinglets,  vireos  and  sparrows  of  various  spe- 
cies, sooner  or  later  collect  in  the  valley  bottoms  ;  the  robins 
and  cedar  birds  gather  in  large  numbers  about  the  wild  cherry 
trees  by  the  river,  and  the  bobolinks  swarm  over  the  weed- 
grown  fields.  The  main  flight  of  swallows  and  nighthawks  is 
confined  in  great  measure  to  the  river  basins,  notwithstanding 
the  far  roving  habits  of  the  birds,  and  apart  from  such  localities 
one  sees  but  few  of  the  migrants.  A  number  of  waterfowl  seem 
to  pass  down  the  Connecticut  valley  with  more  or  less  regulari- 
ty, even  such  salt-water  species  as  Scoters  of  three  sorts,  Old- 
squaw  and  American  Golden-eye  Ducks,  Red-throated  Loons, 
Horned  Grebes,  and  even  an  occasional  cormorant  (P.  dilo- 
phus).  Bonaparte's  Gulls  often  stray  across  the  state  in  late 
summer,  and  several  species  of  sandpipers,  as  the  Least  and 
Semipalmated,  migrate  in  numbers  down  the  larger  water 
courses.  Mr.  William  Brewster  (:02)  states  his  belief  that 
many  of  the  Red-legged  Black  Ducks,  such  as  occur  in  early 
October  at  Lake  Umbagog,  after  leaving  their  breeding  grounds 
in  the  interior  about  Hudson's  Bay,  strike  for  the  Atlantic  coast 
by  the  shortest  possible  route,  thus  crossing  northern  New  Eng- 
land in  their  passage.     It  would  seem  not  improbable  that  other 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  57 

waterfowl  and  shore  birds  pursue  a  somewhat  similar  course, 
and  on  reaching  our  large  lakes  and  rivers  often  stop  to  feed  or 
rest. 

A  number  of  special  cases  might  be  mentioned  as  of  interest. 
Thus,  as  stated  elsewhere,  there  seems  to  be  a  more  or  less  well 
defined  migration  of  Brunnich's  Murres  across  the  lower  part  of 
the  state  in  late  fall,  main-  birds  seeming  to  make  a  cross  cut 
from  the  Maine  coast  to  the  Connecticut  valley.  Certain  north- 
ern warblers,  as  the  Tennessee,  Cape  May,  Bay-breasted  and 
Mourning  Warblers,  seem  to  pass  over  the  southern  part  of  the 
state  in  their  spring  flight,  and  are  rarely  seen  there  though 
common  in  the  White  Mountains  or  to  the  north  of  them  in 
summer.  The  fall  migration  of  the  Black-poll  Warblers  (Den- 
droica  striata)  is  of  more  than  usual  interest  as  observed  among 
the  White  Mountains.  These  birds  breed  commonly  in  the 
balsam  forests  of  the  upper  Canadian  zone  mainly  above  3,000 
feet  on  southern  exposures,  and  down  to  2,000  feet  on  the  north- 
ern slopes.  During  September  they  swarm,  in  migration,  over 
the  low  country  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state  and  beyond, 
but  in  the  valley  bottoms  among  the  mountains  are  usually  un- 
common, if  not  rather  rare.  Here  they  migrate  mainly  at  the 
upper  levels  and  along  the  mountain  tops.  Thus  at  Intervale, 
a  careful  search  in  the  lower  valleys  and  woods  from  the  Saco 
up  to  some  1,500  feet  on  the  neighboring  mountains  will  fre- 
quently fail  to  discover  more  than  a  scattered  individual  or  two 
among  the  flocks  of  other  small  warblers  and  chickadees,  but 
higher  up  along  the  tops  of  the  lower  mountains  they  are  fair- 
ly common.  Thus,  on  September  10,  1900,  I  went  up  Mts. 
Bartlett  and  Kearsarge  (northern),  the  latter  3,260  feet,  and  on 
reaching  the  more  open  ledges  of  the  former,  at  about  2,200  feet, 
at  once  noticed  the  numbers  of  Blackpolls  that  were  passing. 
Many  single  birds  flew  by  overhead  at  short  intervals  and  at  no 
great  distance  above  the  mountain;  most  of  them  were  going 
northward  in  the  face  of  a  light  wind,  but  a  number  stopped 
among  the  clumps  of  small  spruces,  balsams  and  birch  which 
grew  among  the  ledges.  A  few  also  were  seen  in  company  with 
small  flocks  of  chickadees  and  on  all  sides  was  heard  their  fine 


58  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

insect-like  note.  On  my  descent  again  into  the  valley,  they 
were  practically  left  behind  after  I  had  passed  below  the  2,000 
foot  level.  A  few  days  later,  on  September  13th,  among  the 
deeper  forests  of  the  Carter  mountains,  they  were  found  to  be 
common  in  small  flocks.  "We  had  noticed  a  few  scattered  indi- 
viduals along  the  valley  road,  but  on  entering  the  upland  woods 
at  about  2,000  feet,  they  became  at  once  numerous.  The  fol- 
lowing day  we  found  them  in  numbers  among  the  higher  forests 
on  Carter  Dome  and  the  mountains  beyond.  They  seemed  to 
be  merely  roving  through  the  trees  in  loose  flocks,  or  flying 
about  from  one  place  to  another  in  a  restless,  aimless  way.  We 
camped  that  evening  at  the  Carter  Lakes,  and  arose  early  on 
the  morning  of  the  15th  of  September  after  a  clear,  cold  night. 
The  altitude  at  the  lakes  is  3,360  feet,  and  on  either  side  tower 
the  walls  of  the  Carter  Notch,  a  great  rift  in  the  mountain  with 
a  valley  opening  out  towards  the  north  and  another  to  the  south. 
Shortly  after  the  sun  had  begun  to  creep  down  the  farther  wall 
of  the  Notch,  there  commenced  a  large  flight  of  Black-poll  and 
Myrtle  Warblers.  By  singles,  pairs,  threes,  or  in  small  flocks 
of  from  four  to  six  birds,  these  warblers  came  flying  in  from  the 
south,  high  in  the  air,  making  straight  for  the  Notch.  Many, 
on  reaching  this  point,  kept  on  over  the  divide  to  the  north- 
ward. Others  wavered  at  the  height  of  land  (3,460  feet)  but 
still  kept  on  till  out  of  sight,  while  yet  others,  and  these  mainly 
the  Myrtle  Warblers,  turned  to  alight  among  the  trees  on 
the  mountain  side,  or  about  the  lakes.  This  flight  contin- 
ued from  4:30  or  5  o'clock  a.  m.,  for  over  two  hours,  during 
which  time  .several  hundred  birds  passed,  by  actual  count.  Of 
these,  about  one  quarter  were  Myrtle  Warblers,  the  rest  Black- 
polls.  By  9  a.  m.,  only  an  occasional  bird  or  two  was  observed, 
and  the  flight  was  practically  over.  It  seemed  as  if  the  Black- 
poll  Warblers  from  all  the  forests  immediately  to  the  south  were 
moving  north  in  a  concerted  manner  to  the  pass  through  the 
Notch  and  off  beyond.  Possibly  they  were  heading  for  the  Am- 
monoosuc  Valley  to  continue  thence  down  the  Connecticut ;  this 
would  be  a  natural  course,  and  one  cannot  suppose  that  their 
northward  flight  at  this  season  could  have  been  more  than  some 
such  local  movement. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  59 

The  periodical   abundance  of  certain  northern  birds,  such  as 
Pine  Grosbeaks,   Redpolls,    Pine  Siskins,    and  Crossbills,  is  a 
phenomenon   of    no   small  interest.     Such   incursions  we  look 
upon  as  irregular  and  of  haphazard  occurrence,  for  no  other  rea- 
son, perhaps,  than  because  we  are  quite  ignorant  of  the  condi- 
tions which  bring  them  about.       During  the  fall  and  winter  of 
1899- t 900    a  notable   incursion  of    Red  and  of    White- winged 
Crossbills  took  place  not  only  over  New  Hampshire,  but  over 
most  of  New  England,   and  the  coast  regions  farther  south. 
The  Red  Crossbills  appeared  first,  and  were  already  quite  com- 
mon among  the  hills  of  New  Hampshire  during  June  and  July, 
1S99.     During  the  two  mouths  following  they  passed  through 
Massachusetts  and  made  their  way  to  Washington  and  even  to 
Virginia.     The  White-wings  followed  closely  in  their  wake  and 
during  the  last  of  October  were  common  in  eastern  Massachu- 
setts, passing  through  during  November  and  December  to  the 
states  farther  south,   reaching  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and 
Ohio.     It  may  be  of  value  to  place  on  record  a  few  facts  relative 
to  this  flight  as  observed  among  the  White  Mountains   during 
the  summer  of  1899.     On  June  18,  1899,  when  I  reached  Inter- 
vale, in  the  Saco  Valley,  the  Red  Crossbills  were  at  once  no- 
ticed as   abundant.       Usually  they  are  present  here  in   small 
numbers  during  summer,  but  on  this  occasion  their  numbers 
were  abnormally  large.     During  the  remainder  of  June  and  ear- 
ly July,  flocks  of  from  seven  to  twenty  were  often  observed,  us- 
ually flying  southward  down    the  river  valley  in   loose  order. 
After  the  first  week  or  so  of  July,  although  they  were  still  pres- 
sent  in  about  the  same   numbers,  no  large  flocks  were  noticed, 
but  at  the  most  little  companies  of  from  four  to  six  birds,  groups 
of  three,   and  many  pairs   and    singles.     In  most   cases  which 
could  be  determined,  the  paired  birds  seemed  to  be  adult  males 
and  females  ;   the  former  were  in  bright  red  plumage  and  fre- 
quently were  observed  singing  as  they  flew  about  on  fluttering 
wing  or  perched  among  the  tree  tops.     They  seemed  to  feed  to 
a  considerable  extent  on  the  seeds  of  the  paper  birch,  and  many 
were  also  found  feeding  among  elm  trees  or  upon  hemlock  seeds 
in  the  hemlocks.     On  two  trips  into  the  nearby  mountains  from 


6o  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

July  20  to  25,  it  was  plain  that  most  of  the  Red  Crossbills  were 
in  the  valleys,  below  1,500  or  2,000  feet.  In  course  of  a  trip 
from  Intervale  over  the  Presidential  Range  from  August  2  to  5, 
the  same  fact  was  again  observed,  that  practically  all  the  Red 
Crossbills  were  left  below  us  when  the  woods  at  2,000  feet 
were  reached,  though  numerous  pairs  and  a  few  single  birds 
were  found  along  the  Glen  road  nearly  to  this  altitude.  At 
about  this  same  time,  Red  Crossbills  were  common  in  the  low- 
lands just  north  of  the  great  range,  which  they  must  have  passed 
by  following  through  the  various  notches  and  valleys.  The  first 
White-winged  Crossbills  were  noted  on  the  20th  of  July,  when 
a  small  flock  of  six  birds  was  found  feeding  among  the  spruces 
at  some  2,400  feet  on  Mt.  Bartlett,  and  on  the  following  day  sev- 
eral were  heard  as  they  flew  past  overhead  while  we  were  going 
through  mixed  woods  at  over  2,000  feet  on  the  Carter  Notch 
trail.  A  single  bird  was  seen  on  July  22d  at  Carter  Notch 
(3,360  feet),  but  there  seemed  to  be  only  a  few  scattering  birds 
on  the  upper  levels  at  this  date.  About  the  middle  of  August 
the  number  of  Red  Crossbills  seemed  to  be  falling  off  in  the  val- 
leys, and  at  the  same  time  small  flocks  began  to  gather  in  the 
lower  woods  to  feed  on  the  ripening  seeds  of  the  red  spruce  and 
hemlock.  This  gathering  into  flocks  continued  during  August, 
and  by  the  first  of  September  numbers  of  small  bands  of  from  3 
to  a  dozen  birds  were  found,  with  sometimes  a  White-winged 
Crossbill  or  two  among  them.  One  or  two  small  flocks  of  the 
latter  had  already  appeared  in  the  valley  also.  From  Septem- 
ber 4  to  6  was  again  spent  in  the  higher  woods  of  the  Carter 
mountains,  the  greatest  elevation  being  the  summit  of  Carter 
Dome  (4,860  feet).  Throughout  the  lower  country,  a  fair  num- 
ber of  Red  Crossbills  was  seen  on  our  trip  in,  but  after  getting 
above  2,000  feet  or  so.  White-winged  Crossbills  became  com- 
mon in  flocks  of  from  seven  to  fifty  birds,  to  the  complete  exclu- 
sion of  the  Red  species.  It  will  be  remembered  that  on  the  pre- 
vious trips  to  these  upper  levels  in  late  July  and  early  August, 
only  a  very  few  White-wings  were  seen,  while  now  they  were 
abundant.  They  were  extremely  restless,  and  Hocks  were  con- 
stantly in  sight  or  hearing,  now  pitching  down  into  a  spruce  or 


OF  ARTS  ANT)  SCIENCES.  6  I 

birch  tree  to  feed  on  the  seeds,  then  whirling  away  over  the 
mountain.  From  early  September  on,  the  White-wings  were 
present  in  the  river  valley  in  small  numbers,  but  not  in  the 
abundance  seen  on  the  higher  parts  of  the  mountains,  above 
2,500  feet.  During  the  rest  of  September,  both  Red  and  White- 
winged  species  were  daily  seen  flying  southward  down  the  river 
valley,  but  after  the  20th  I  was  unable  to  make  further  observa- 
tions on  them  there.  The  cause  of  such  an  unusual  incursion 
is  doubtless  more  or  less  complex.  One  factor  may  be  the  food 
supply,  of  which  there  was  that  year  an  abundance,  since 
spruce,  hemlock  and  birch  trees  bore  heavily,  and  apparently 
with  unusual  luxuriance.  The  exceedingly  dry  spring  and 
summer  may  have  had  an  indirect  influence  in  producing  the 
large  crops  of  seeds  in  the  case  of  these  trees,  for  the  pollen 
would  have  escaped  being  wetted  down,  and  thus  a  greater  num- 
ber of  the  fruiting  parts  may  have  been  fertilized. 


62  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 


ANNOTATED  LIST  OF  THE  BIRDS  OF  NEW  HAMP- 
SHIRE. 

1.  Colymbus  holboellii  (Reinh.).    Hoebceee's  Grebe. 

Inland,  a  rare  spring  and  fall  migrant  ;  on  the  coast,  it  doubt- 
less occurs  also  as  an  uncommon  winter  resident.  In  the  spring 
of  1876,  several  were  taken  at  Webster,  and  one  so  late  as  June, 
of  that  year  (Goodhue,  '77a,  p.  146).  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98, 
p.  3)  records  one  in  breeding  plumage  taken  at  Alton  where  it 
was  picked  up  in  a  field  exhausted  ;  and  another  shot  in  the  fall 
at  Lake  Winnisquam. 

2.  Colymbus  auritus  Linn.     Horned  Grebe. 

A  regular  autumnal  migrant  to  the  larger  water  courses  and 
ponds. 

Dates  :  October  to  November  20  (Winter  on  coast?). 

3.  Podilyinbus  podiceps  (Linn.).  Pied-bileed 
Grebe. 

An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  a  rare  local  sum- 
mer resident.  At  Webster,  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('77,  p.  146) 
used  to  find  it  in  summer  and  it  doubtless  still  occurs  in  the 
breeding  season  on  some  of  the  lakes  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state.  In  the  fall  migration,  it  is  not  infrequently  found  in  the 
Connecticut  valley,  and  Mr.  William  Brewster  has  formerly 
found  it  in  small  numbers  at  Rye  Beach  in  fall. 

Dates  :   March  to  October  4. 

4.  G-avia  imber  (Gunn.).     Loon. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident  along 
the  coast,  and  common  inland  in  migrations  on  the  larger  bod- 
ies of  water  ;    a  few  still  breed  about  the  lakes  in  the  southern 


OK  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  63 

part  of  the  state,  and  in  the  less  disturbed  regions  to  the  north 
they  are  yet  fairly  common  summer  residents.  "  Twenty  years 
ago,"  writes  Mr.  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  3),  "  they  bred  every  sum- 
mer at  one  or  more  of  the  headwaters  of  the  Suncook  river." 
They  still  breed  at  Winnipesaukee  and  Asquam  Lakes.  Mr. 
G.  H.  Thayer  writes  me  that  a  pair  nests  annually  at  Breed's 
pond  near  Chesham,  and  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  states  that  a  pair  bred 
in  1899  at  Dake  Sunapee.  They  were  known  to  breed  also  at 
Bow  pond,  Strafford,  some  15  years  ago  (W.  K.  Jenkins,  '84,  p. 
23).  Off  the  coast,  at  Rye  Beach,  Mr.  William  Brewster  tells 
me  that  barren  birds  were  observed  to  pass  the  entire  summer 
on  the  ocean,  while  the  flight  from  the  north  began  soon  after 
September  1st.  During  September  and  October  they  are  com- 
mon as  migrants  on  the  wind-swept  lakes  and  along  the  coast. 

5.  Gavia  lumme  (Gunn.).     Red-throated  Doon. 
Inland,  a  rare  fall  migrant  ;  along  the  coast,  it  should  occur 

as  a  winter  resident.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('77a,  p.  146)  records 
one  taken  at  Webster,  in  the  fall  of  1S76,  and  there  is  also  a 
specimen  in  the  Acworth  Public  LJbrary  taken  at  Alstead,  No- 
vember 4,  1886.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  has  noted  it  as  a  rare  au- 
tumn visitant  to  Dublin  Pond. 

6.  Fratercula arctica  (Linn.).    Puffin. 

A  winter  visitant  off  the  coast.  Mrs.  Celia  Thaxter  (370,  p. 
210)  records  the  "  sea  parrots  "  as  found  in  winter  about  the 
Isles  of  Shoals. 

7.  CepphuB  grylle  (LJnn.).     Black  Guieeemot. 

A  winter  visitant  off  the  coast.  Mr.  A.  A.  Eaton  of  Seabrook 
writes  me  of  one  taken  near  there  in  December,  1888.  Mrs. 
Celia  Thaxter  ('70,  p.  210)  also  mentions  it  as  a  winter  bird  at 
the  Isles  of  Shoals. 

8.  TJria  iomvia  (Iyinn.).    Brunnich's  Murre. 

A  common  winter  resident  along  the  coast,  and  of  occasional 
occurrence  inland,  whither  it  is  sometimes  blown  by  easterly 
winds.  Thus  Prof.  William  Patten  writes  me  of  one  captured 
in  an  exhausted  condition  by  a  farmer  within  two  or  three  miles 


64  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

of  Hanover  in  February  or  March  of  1894.  A  second  bird  was 
said  to  have  been  taken  there  at  the  same  time.  An  interesting 
and  apparently  unusual  incursion  of  these  birds  into  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  state,  took  place  during  the  last  week  of  Novem- 
ber, 1899,  when  more  than  two  dozen  were  taken,  as  follows  : 
Antrim,  one  sent  in  to  Mr.  J.  P.  Melzer,  Nov.  25  ;  Charlcstown, 
one  shot  Nov.  30,  and  a  second  Dec.  1,  on  the  Connecticut  riv- 
er ;  Fra7icestow7i ,  one  sent  in  to  Mr.  Melzer  on  Nov.  27  ;  Frank- 
lin Falls,  one  captured  in  a  brush  heap,  about  the  last  of  Novem- 
ber, according  to  Mrs.  Ellen  E.  Webster;  Lake  Winnisquam, 
several  specimens  were  taken,  reports  from  Eaconia,  Winni- 
squam and  Tilton  probably  leferring  to  the  same  birds.  Mere- 
dith Neck,  Mrs.  Ellen  E.  Webster  (:00a)  writes  that  three 
were  shot  on  Winnipesaukee,  the  locality  being  as  above  ;  Nash- 
ua, one  found  '•  near  a  pond,"  and  sent  to  Mr.  J.  P.  Melzer  on 
Nov.  27  ;  NortJificld,  one  taken  alive  on  Bean  Hill  according  to 
Mrs.  Webster  {in  Uteris)  ;  Tilton,  two  sent  to  Mr.  C.  F.  Good- 
hue, were  shot  here.  In  addition  to  these  captures,  Mr.  A.  A. 
Eaton  writes  me  of  two  taken  at  Seabrook,  on  the  coast,  at 
about  the  same  time.  Outside  of  New  Hampshire,  Messrs.  Fax- 
on and  Hoffmann  (:  00,  p.  53)  record  a  specimen  killed  Nov.  30, 
1899,  on  Onota  Lake,  Berkshire  Co.,  Massachusetts,  and  also 
give  two  other  records  for  the  bird  in  the  county  for  previous 
years;  Mr.  R.  O.  Morris  (:  02,  p.  6)  took  one  at  Springfield, 
Mass..  Nov.  30,  1899,  and  states  that  during  the  last  five  or  six 
years  the  bird  has  occurred  at  that  place  a  number  of  times ; 
one  was  also  taken  in  1901.  Mr.  H.  S.  Hathaway  (:  00)  records 
a  specimen  taken  at  Point  Judith,  R.  I.,  Nov.  26,  1899,  and 
adds  that  he  had  seen  "  six  recently  "  (i.e.,  before  Dec.  19, 
'99)  taken  off  the  Rhode  Island  coast.  Finally,  Mr.  H.  B. 
Bigelow  tells  me  that  he  shot  a  single  bird  of  this  species  on 
Nov.  29,  1899,  at  Broad  Water  Bay,  Virginia.  Evidently  there 
was  a  large  migration  of  Brunnich's  Murres  about  the  last  of 
November.  1899,  extending  so  far  southward  as  Virginia,  and 
in  the  course  of  this  migration  a'  number  of  the  birds  on  an  over- 
land flight  seem  to  have  become  exhausted  and  constrained  to 
seek  the  ground,    alighting  wherever  they  might,    at  various 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  65 

points  over  southern  New  Hampshire  and  western  Massachu- 
setts. Apparently  there  was  no  meteorological  disturbance  at 
this  time  of  sufficient  severity  to  have  forced  the  birds  inland, 
and  we  are  obliged  to  look  for  another  explanation  of  this  phe- 
nomenal flight.  May  it  not  be  that  a  general  migration  of  the 
Mnrres  along  the  Nova  Scotia  shores  had  taken  place  at  this 
time,  and  in  their  southward  flight  the  birds  had  followed  the 
trend  of  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  on  reaching  southern  Maine,  a 
number  of  them,  instead  of  turning  to  skirt  about  the  out-jutting 
coast  of  Cape  Ann  and  eastern  Massachusetts,  had  continued 
straight  on  in  their  southwesterly  course,  and  so  have  crossed 
southern  New  Hampshire  and  reached  the  Connecticut  Valley, 
down  which  some  may  have  continued,  and  so  reached  the  ocean 
waters  off  New  York  ?  A  glance  at  the  map  shows  that  if  a 
straight  course  parallel  to  the  Maine  coast  were  thus  followed, 
it  would  lead  necessarily  over  the  route  indicated.  We  may 
suppose  that  those  birds  which  were  found  to  have  come  to  earth 
at  the  various  localities  mentioned,  were  either  exhausted  or 
bewildered,  or  had  reached  the  end  of  a  first  stage  of  migratory 
flight.  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,  further  contributes  the  inter- 
esting fact  that  on  November  30,  1901,  Mr.  H.  T.  Winchester 
observed  numbers  of  small  flocks  of  Murresou  Newfound  Lake, 
about  100  birds  in  all.  At  sundown  they  began  "  peeping," 
each  flock  to  flock,  and  gradually  gathered  on  some  rocks  along 
the  south  shore  of  the  lake.  They  were  very  wary,  and  with 
some  difficulty  Mr.  Winchester  shot  two,  one  of  which  is  in  the 
mounted  collection  of  Camp  Pasquaney  at  Bridgewater,  Future 
observations  may  show  that  this  crosscut  is  not  seldom  taken 
by  these  birds  on  their  southward  flight. 

9.     Plautus  impennis  (Linn.).     Great  Auk. 
In  former  times  this  bird  doubtless  occurred  on  our  shores, 
and  is  mentioned  by  Belknap  in  1792  as  the  "  Penguin." 

10.     Alle  alle  (Linn.).     Dovekie. 

A  not  uncommon  winter  visitant  off  the  coast ;  inland,  it  is  of 
casual  occurrence,  being  driven  in  by  storms.  Thus,  specimens 
have  been  obtained  at  Concord,  where  after  a  severe  storm,   one 


66  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

was  shot  late  in  the  year,  some  time  since  ;  Milford,  where,  as 
Mr.  J.  P.  Melzer  writes  me,  five  or  six  which  had  been  blown 
inland,  were  obtained  some  twenty  years  ago  ;  Warren,  a  speci- 
men is  recorded  by  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  5)  as  having 
been  taken  at  this  place. 

11.  Stercorarius  parasiticus  (Linn.).  Parasitic  Jae- 
ger. 

A  visitant  off  the  coast  in  [spring],  late  summer  and  fall. 
Mr.  A.  A.  Eaton  has  a  specimen  taken  at  Seabrook,  September 
2,  1897,  and  writes  that  it  is  "  quite  common  during  Septem- 
ber." 

12.  Rissa  tridactyla  (Iyinn.).    Kittiwake. 
A  common  winter  resident  off  the  coast. 

13.  Larus  glaucus  Brunn.     Glaucous  Gull. 

A  rare  winter  visitant.  Mr.  William  Brewster  kindly  con- 
tributes a  record  of  a  bird  shot  at  Hampton,  and  which  came 
into  the  possession  of  Mr.  N.  Vickary,  the  late  taxidermist, 
about  Feb.  20,  1886. 

14.  Larus  marinus Linn.    Great  Black-backed  Gull. 
A  common  winter  resident  on  the  coast. 

15.  Larus  argentatus  Brunn.     Herring  Gull. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident  along 
the  coast,  and  occasional  inland,  where  after  a  hard  blow,  stray 
birds  are  seen  on  the  large  lakes,  as  at  Chocorua  Lake  (Bolles, 
'93d)  P-  129)  ;  Concord,  one  seen  April  7,  1889,  after  a  southerly 
gale  ("  P.  C",  '89,  p.  275)  ;  Dublin  Lake,  noted  in  small  flocks 
in  the  fall,  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  {in  Uteris)  ;  East  Tilton,  one 
seen  at  Little  Bay  in  October,  1896,  and  another  recorded  from 
Webster  Lake  by  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  5)  ;  Newfound 
Lake,  two  seen  on  September  3,  1901,  and  another  at  Squam 
Lake  on  Sept.  6,  1902,  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior.  These 
birds  often  follow  up  the  larger  rivers  to  a  considerable  distance 
inland.  Thus  on  Feb.  10,  1900,  I  saw  two  so  far  up  the  Merri- 
mack as  Nashua  Junction,   soaring  about  over  the  liver,  which 


OK  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  67 

was  frozen  except  in  places  where  the  current  was  rapid.  Mrs. 
Celia  Thaxter  ('70,  p.  211)  in  writing  of  the  sea  birds  in  sum- 
mer at  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  mentions  that  "  the  little  yellow  gulls, 
just  out  of  the  egg,  ran  tumbling  about  among  the  stones,"  and 
it  is  not  unlikely  that  they  formerly  bred  there. 

Note:  Larus  delawarensis  Ord.    Ring-billed  Gull. 

Mrs.  I'..  E.  Webster  (  :oob)  has  recorded  as  of  this  species  a  bird  cap- 
tured at  Caniptou  Village  in  November,  1898.  I  am  informed,  however, 
that  the  identification  is  in  doubt,  and  the  species  is  therefore  without  a 
positive  record  for  the  state,  though  it  should  unquestionably  occur  on 
the  coast. 

1(>.  Larus  Philadelphia  (Ord).  Bonaparte's  Gull. 
A  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident  on  the 
coast,  where  it  is  probably  more  common  than  the  few  observa- 
tions might  seem  to  indicate  ;  occasional  inland  on  the  larger 
bodies  of  water.  Records  are  at  hand  from  the  following  locali- 
ties :  Charlestown ,  where  an  immature  bird  was  taken  on  the 
Connecticut  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell,  August  3,  1897  ;  Milford, 
single  birds  several  times  taken,  as  Mr.  J.  P.  Melzer  writes  me; 
Plymouth,  a  flock  of  about  100  birds  noted  in  May,  1877,  by 
"  PI.  B.  E."  ('77,  p.  345)  ;  Portsmouth,  a  male  is  in  the  Bryant 
collection,  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  taken  Oct.  20,  1885;  Rye  Beach, 
Mr.  William  Brewster  tells  me  that  he  found  it  common  during 
migration  in  late  summer  ;  Scabrook,  Mr.  A.  A.  Eaton  writes  me 
of  a  specimen  which  he  mounted  Feb.  15,  1890;  Sunapee  Lake, 
Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  writes  me  that  an  immature  bird  was  shot  in 
August,  1880;  Webster,  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  writes  me  of  two  tak- 
en on  a  pond,  one  about  1890,  the  other  during  the  last  of  Aug- 
ust, 1897. 

Dates  :  May ;  August  3  to  October  20.     Winter. 

1H.  Sterna  liiruiido  Finn.  Commom  Tern. 
A  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  formerly  a  summer  resident 
on  the  coast,  where  Mrs.  Celia  Thaxter  ('70,  p.  211)  records 
that  they  used  to  breed  on  Duck  Island  among  the  Isles  of 
Shoals.  She  mentions  that  the  natives  called  them  "  med- 
rakes.  "  The  "  tee-arr  or  fishing  gull,  Sterna  mimita,  " 
mentioned  by  Belknap  (1792,  in,  p.  169)  may  also  have  been 


68  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

this  species.  Individuals  are  of  occasional  occurence  inland, 
on  the  larger  lakes  ;  thus  at  Winnepesaukee,  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue 
saw  a  pair  on  June  10,  1878,  at  Forty  Islands,  and  at  Ossipce 
Lake,  Frank  Bolles  ('93b,  p.  129)  records  one  shot  Aug.  30, 
1890. 

18.     Sterna  dougalli  Montag.     Roseate  Tern. 

Formerly  a  summer  resident  at  the  Isles  of  Shoals  (Baird, 
Brewer  and  Ridgway,  '84,  vol.  2,  p.  305). 

10.     Sterna  fnligiiiosa  Gmel.     Sooty  Tern. 

An  accidental  visitant  from  the  south.  There  is  but  one  val- 
id record,  that  of  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  5)  really  referring  to  the 
Black  Tern,  viz.:  at  Newmarket,  where  "  a  fine  adult  male, 
taken  ....  about  September  14,  1878,  by  Mr.  D.  C.  Wig- 
gin,"  is  recorded  by  Mr.  Ruthven  Deane  ('78b,  p.  195). 

20.    Hydroclieliclou  nigra  surinamensis     (Gmel.). 
Black  Tern. 

An  occasional  summer  and  fall  migrant  to  the  coast ;  casual 
inland.  The  following  are  the  only  actual  records  for  the  state 
which  have  come  to  my  notice:  Chocorua,  one  remained  half  a 
day  on  a  small  lake,  September  30,  1889,  according  to  Frank 
Bolles  ('93b,  p.  129).  This  was  probably  the  bird  mentioned 
in  the  same  work  (p.  36)  as  seen  on  "  one  bright  October  morn- 
ing '';  Lake  Winnepesaukee ',  one  was  seen  June  10,  1878,  by  Mr. 
C.  F.  Goodhue.  Mr.  Goodhue  writes  me  that  through  a  lapsus 
on  his  part,  this  bird  was  given  as  Sterna  fuliginosa  in 
Dearborn's  list  ('98,  p.  5).  Newfound  Lake,  an  immature  bird 
was  shot  by  Mr.  H.  T.  Winchester,  on  September 9,  1902,  and 
is  now  in  the  collection  of  Camp  Pasquauey.  as  I  am  informed 
by  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior.  Rye  Beach,  Mr.  William  Brews- 
ter records  ( 'Sib)  that  a  flock  of  about  forty  of  these  birds  was 
seen  August  24,  1880,  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Spelman.  The  birds 
stayed  several  clays  about  a  small  pond  of  brackish  water,  and 
four  were  collected.  Mr.  Brewster  also  examined  a  specimen 
shot  here  on  Sept.  1,  1868. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  69 

31.     yEstrelata  hasitata  (Kuhl) .      Black-capped  Pet- 
rel. 

An  accidental  straggler  from  the  south  Atlantic.  A  single 
specimen  was  captured  at  Pittsfield,  in  Merrimack  County,  in 
August,  1893,  and  beyond  an  anonymous  paragraph  in  the  Bos- 
ton Sunday  Herald  ('93),  appears  not  to  have  been  recorded. 
The  bird  is  now  in  the  mounted  collection  of  Mr.  William 
Brewster,  No.  46,076,  catalogued  under  date  of  August  30,  1893. 
Doubtless  the  bird  was  blown  up  the  coast  by  the  tropical  hur- 
ricane of  the  last  week  of  August  in  that  year.  A  second  spec- 
imen was  taken  on  the  same  date,  and  "two  days  after  the 
storm,"  at  Blacksburg,  Montgomery  County,  Va.,  about  200 
miles  from  the  coast,  as  recorded  on  p.  361  of  volume  X  of  the 
Auk. 

22.  Oceanodroma  leucorhoa    Vieill.).   Reach's  Pet- 
rel. 

A  common  summer  and  autumn  visitant  off  the  coast,  and  of 
casual  occurrence  inland,  where  it  has  been  captured  at  Alstead, 
a  single  specimen,  September  29,  1897,  now  in  the  mounted  col- 
lection at  the  Acworth  Public  Library  ;  Lancaster,  two  seen  and 
one  of  them  shot,  October  1,  1897,  on  a  small  pond,  by  Mr.  F. 
B.  Spaulding  ('9Sa,  p.  50)  ;  Manchester,  one  shot  near  the  mill- 
dam  at  Lake  Massabesic,  October  4,  1899,  according  to  Mr.  F. 
W.  Batchelder  (  :oo,  p.  123). 

23.  Oceanites  oceanicus  (Kuhl).     Wilson's  Petrel. 
A    common    summer   visitant   off   the    coast.       Mr.    William 

Brewster  ('83b,  p.  402)  has  recorded  them  as  being  numerous 
offshore  between  Cape  Ann  and  Cape  Sable  in  June,  1881, 
and  also  informs  me  that  he  found  them  in  great  abundance  be- 
tween Portsmouth  and  the  Isles  of  Shoals  on  July  11,  1874. 

24.  Sula  bassana  (Ivinn.).     Gannet. 
A  spring  and  fall  migrant  off  the  coast. 

25.  Phalacrocorax    diloplms    (Swains.).       Double- 
crested  Cormorant. 

A.  spring  and  fall  migrant  on  the  coast.    Casual  inland,  where 


70  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

it  has  been  taken  on  the  Connecticut  at  Hartlaud,  Vt.,  in  Octo- 
ber, 1897,  as  recorded  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior  (  :02,  er- 
rata). 

P.  carbo  doubtless  occurs  on  the  coast,  but  no  definite  rec- 
ords are  at  hand. 

2G.    Pelecanus   erythrorhynchos   Gmel.     American 
White  Pelican. 

The  only  record  for  this  species  in  the  state  is  that  of  Belknap 
(1792,  III,  p.  168)  who  affirms  that  it  has  been  seen  in  New 
Hampshire.  Doubtless  in  his  time  the  bird  was  more  likely  to 
wander  to  New  England  than  now,  when  it  is  but  of  accidental 
occurrence. 

21.     Merganser americaims  (Cass.).    American  Mer- 
ganser. 

A  rather  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  less  common 
winter  resident  in  our  inland  waters  ;  a  not  uncommon  summer 
resident  about  the  ponds  and  streams  from  the  White  Mountain 
region  northward.  At  Intervale,  in  the  Saco  valley,  I  have  ob- 
served partly  grown  young  swimming  in  the  river  so  early  as 
June  23d.  They  appeared  unable  or  at  least  unwilling  to  fly, 
and  when  suddenly  frightened,  would  skim,  rapidly  over  the 
surface,  the  swiftly  moving  wings  serving  only  to  partially  lift 
the  body  from  the  water.  Eater  in  the  summer,  during  August 
and  September,  flocks  of  as  many  as  a  dozen  are  occasionally 
seen.  In  feeding  they  delight  to  work  their  way  up  stream 
along  the  shores  of  some  rock-strewn  river,  half  swimming,  half 
wading,  now  splashing  frantically  to  one  side  in  pursuit  of  an 
escaping  minnow,  or,  with  head  and  neck  submerged,  plough- 
ing straight  ahead,  exploring  as  they  go.  Ever  alert,  however, 
on  the  intimation  of  danger  they  stop,  and  swim  slowly  away, 
but  if  actually  alarmed,  all  turn  about  and,  half  flying,  half 
paddling,  beat  a  precipitate  retreat  down  stream  often  not  stop- 
ping until  the}'  have  gone  half  a  mile  or  more.  Both  Mr.  C.  J. 
Maynard  ('72)  and  Mr.  William  Brewster  (:oo)  note  it  as 
breeding  at  Lake  Umbagog.  In  November,  as  observed  by  Mr. 
Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  5)  they  appear  in  numbers  on  the  lakes 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  7 1 

in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  and  many  winter  on  the  rivers 
where  open  water  is  to  be  found.  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior, 
('99,  p.  40)  has  recorded  a  single  bird  at  Shelburne,  on  the  An- 
droscoggin River,  so  late  as  December  20,  1897,  but  I  do  not 
know  of  the  birds  wintering  north  of  Lake  Winnepesaukee. 
Mr.  Dearborn  finds  them  wintering  on  the  Winnepesaukee  and 
Merrimack  Rivers.  ur.  W.  H.  Fox  writes  me  of  a  pair  noted 
at  Hollis,  on  our  southern  border,  in  July,  1876,  and  it  is  not 
impossible  that  they  may  have  bred  in  the  neighboring  region. 
Dates:  (Southern  N.  H.)  November  1  to  April  15  (July);  (Northern 
N.  H.)  April  to  November  (December). 

28.  Merganser serrator  (Linn.).  Red-breasted  Mer- 
ganser. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident  on  the 
coast;  occasional  inland.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  me  that  it  is 
an  irregular  fall  visitant  to  Dublin  Pond. 

Dates:  November  to  April. 

29.  Lophoclytes  cuciillatns   (Linn).     Hooded    Mer- 
ganser. 

An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  in  the  northern 
parts  of  the  state,  a  summer  resident.  Thirty  years  ago,  ac- 
cording to  Mr.  C.  J.  Mayuard  ('72)  it  bred  "not  uncommonly" 
at  Lake  Umbagog,  and  Mr.  William  Brewster  (:oo,  p.  208) 
states  that  it  still  breeds  there  in  hollow  trees. 

Dates  :  March  to  November. 

30.  Anas  bosclias  Linn.     Maeeard. 

A  rare  spring  and  fall  migrant.  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  writes 
me  that  one  was  shot  on  a  pond  near  Lancaster  in  the  spring  of 
1888  or  '89.  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  6)  states  that  he  knew 
of  but  three  to  have  been  shot  in  fifteen  years  on  the  Winnipe- 
saukee  River,  the  last  one  being  in  October,  1895.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1900,  there  seems  to  have  been  a  flight  of  Mallards  in  south- 
ern New  England,  and  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  writes  me  that  on  the 
8th  of  that  month  he  observed  a  flock  of  eight  at  Hampton  Falls, 
two  or  three  birds  011  the  9th,  and  five  on  the  nth,  of  which 
two.  an  old  drake  and  a  duck,  were  shot.     Mr.  H.  C.  Sargent 

6 


72  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

also  obtained  a  male  and  a  female  at  Elliot  Pond  near  Chocorua 
on  November  9,  1900,  from  a  flock  of  about  10,  and  states  that 
the  bird  seemed  to  be  unknown  to  the  residents  there. 

31.  Anas  obscura  Gmel.     Black  Duck. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  state  a  rare  summer  resident,  though  breeding  not  un- 
commonly in  the  more  northern  areas.  According  to  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Brewster  (:  02)  it  still  breeds  plentifully  at  Lake  Umbagog. 
In  the  country  about  Intervale,  although  a  few  birds  are  to  be 
found  here  and  there  throughout  the  summer,  it  is  not  until  the 
last  of  August  that  they  appear  in  any  numbers.  Near  Monad- 
nock,  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  has  found  it  a  rare  summer  resident. 
During  September  and  October  flocks  of  from  six  to  thirty  are 
found  about  the  rivers  and  large  ponds,  and  on  the  wind-swept 
lakes  until  early  November. 

Dates  :   March  to  December. 

32.  Anas    obscura  rubripes  Brewster.      Red-legged 
Black  Duck. 

A  spring  (?)  and  late  fall  migrant.  This  newly  described 
duck  is  stated  by  Mr.  Brewster  (  :  02)  to  be  common  in  migra- 
tion at  Dake  Umbagog  from  the  second  week  of  October  until 
the  waters  are  closed  by  ice,  the  earliest  date  of  its  capture 
there  in  fall  being  September  28,  1899.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue 
has  in  his  mounted  collection  a  specimen  of  this  duck  taken 
late  in  the  fall,  years  ago,  at  Webster.  It  doubtless  occurs  also 
in  spring,  but  I  know  of  no  records. 

Dates  :  1  Spring?  <  ;  I  September  28)  October  8  to  December. 

:\',i.     Mareca  aiiiericana  (Gmel).    American  Widgeon. 

An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  on  the  coast. 
Dates:  April;  September  to  October, 

,34.      Nettion  carolinensis   (Gmel.).      Green-winckd 
Tj.al. 

An  uncommon  spring  and'fall  migrant.  In  the  Connecticut 
valley,  both  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  at  Lancaster  and  Mr.  W.  M. 
Buswell  at  Charlestown    note  its  occurrence.       In  the   central 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  73 

part  of  the  state  it  appears  to  be  rare.     Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  reports 
it  on  the  coast  at  Hampton  Falls. 

35.  Querquedula    discors     (Linn.).        Blue-winged 
Teal. 

An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant.  I  have  records  of 
this  bird  from  the  Connecticut  valley  and  from  the  rivers  and 
lakes  of  the  southern  and  central  parts  of  the  state  as  well  as 
from  the  coast,  but  in  the  White  Mountain  region  it  appears  to 
be  rare,  and  I  have  never  seen  specimens  from  there. 

Dates  :  May  ;  August  22  to  November. 

36.  Spatula  clypeata  (Linn.).    Shoveller. 

A  very  rare  migrant.  The  only  record  is  of  two  "shot  at 
Rve  Beach  in  August,  1872"  (Baird,  Brewer  &  Ridgway,  '84, 
p.  528). 

37.  Aix  sponsa  (Linn.).     Wood  Duck. 

A  not  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  occasional  sum- 
mer resident.  Formerly  it  bred  rather  commonly  throughout 
the  well  watered  portions  of  the  state.  Thus,  Mr.  C.  J.  May- 
nard  records  it  in  1872  as  breeding  about  Lake  Umbagog,  and 
Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  found  it  a  common  summer  resident  at 
Webster  at  about  the  same  time.  At  present  it  still  breeds  in 
small  numbers  at  suitable  localities;  thus  Mr.  Dearborn  ('98) 
instances  a  pair  which  bred  near  Tilton  in  1892  and  in  1893  ; 
Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  that  it  is  a  regular  summer  resident 
at  one  spot  near  Dublin.  Frank  Bolles'('93b)  found  it  to  breed 
about  Chocorua,  and  to  the  north  of  the  White  Mountains  it 
must  still  be  found  in  small  numbers  in  summer.  At  Intervale, 
I  have  usually  seen  only  single  birds  in  fall,  on  the  small  mead- 
ow brooks,  but  on  the  lakes  and  ponds  of  this  region  flocks  of 
six  to  a  dozen  are  not  infrequent  during  migrations,  remaining 
into  the  first  week  of  November. 

Dales:  March  to  December. 

38.  Aythya  marila  (Linn.).     American  Scaup  Duck. 
An  uncommon  migrant  in  fall  along  the  coast,  and  occasional 

inland.     A  few  must  occur  on  the  coast  in  spring,  but  I  have 


74  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

no  records.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  writes  me  that  he  has  once 
taken  it  at  Webster,  and  has  mounted  a  specimen  shot  at  Con- 
cord about  Dec.  13,  1899 

39.  Aythya  affinis  (Eyt.).     Lesser  Scaup  Duck. 

A  rare  migrant.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  has  obtained  it  near 
Webster  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  tbat  he  has  observed  it 
in  fall  at  Dublin  Pond. 

40.  Aythya  collaris  (Donov.).       Ring-necked  Duck. 
A  very  rare  migrant.     The  only  record  at  present  available 

is  that  of  a  specimen  obtained  at  Concord,  during  the  last  of 
November,  a  number  of  years  ago,  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  in 
whose  mounted  collection  the  specimen  now  is. 

41.  Clangulaclangula  americana  (Bonap.).     Amer- 
ican Golden-eye. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident  along 
the  coast  and  on  certain  of  the  larger  lakes  and  streams  inland 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  ;  a  summer  resident  at  Lake 
Umbagog.  Mr.  William  Brewster  (  :  00)  has  given  an  interest- 
ing and  valuable  account  of  the  breeding  habits  of  this  bird  as 
observed  by  him  at  Umbagog,  where,  he  states,  it  still  nests 
abundantly  "especially  about  the  outlet  and  throughout  the 
bottom  lands  of  the  lower  Megalloway  River,  where  the  forests 
were  killed  half  a  century  ago  by  the  back  water  from  the  dam 
at  Errol."  The  birds  remain  on  the  lake  into  November,  dur- 
ing which  month,  according  to  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  7) 
they  first  appear  as  migrants  on  the  lakes  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  state  ' '  finally  descending  into  the  rivers  when  the  larger 
bodies  of  water  are  frozen  over."  Many  of  these  birds,  he 
states,  winter  on  the  Winnipesaukee  and  Merrimack  rivers. 
Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  that  it  is  an  irregular  fall  visitant  to 
Dublin  Pond.  There  is  a  single  male  specimen  in  the  collection 
of  the  Acworth  Public  Library  labeled  as  taken  at  Charlestown 
on  the  Connecticut  River,  June  13,  1885. 

Dates  :  Summer;  October  to  April  15  (June  13). 

42.  Charitonetta  albeola  (Linn.).    Bufm.e-head. 

An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  on  the  coast;  occasion- 


OK  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  75 

al  inland,  as  at  Webster  where  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  has  obtained 

it. 

Dates  :   March  and  April  ;   October  and  November. 

43.  Harelda  hyemalis  (Ljnn.).     Old-squaw. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident  along 
the  coast,  and  occasional  also  inland.  In  the  Connecticut  val- 
ley, this  duck  appears  to  be  of  not  infrequent  occurrence  in  mi- 
grations. Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell  includes  it  in  a  list  of  birds  seen 
about  Charlestown,  probably  on  the  strength  of  two  specimens, 
a  male  and  a  female,  taken  in  Marlow,  an  adjoining  town,  on 
April  24,  1883,  and  now  in  the  collection  of  the  Acworth  Public 
Library.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  also  writes  me  that  it  is  an  irreg- 
ular fall  visitant  to  Dublin  Pond,  sometimes  occurring  in  large 
flocks.  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,  (:02)  also  instances  two 
birds  obtained  at  Windsor,  Vt.,  farther  up  the  Connecticut.  Mr. 
C.  F.  Goodhue  writes  of  two  taken  late  in  November,  about 
1 89 1,  on  the  Winnipesaukee  River,  between  Franklin  Falls  and 
Tilton.  Mrs.  Celia  Thaxter  ('70)  states  that  the  fishermen  at 
Isles  of  Shoals  call  these  birds  "  Scoldenores." 

Dates  :  October  to  April  24. 

44.  Histrionicus  histrionicus  (Linn.).     Harlequin 
Duck. 

A  rare  visitor  to  the  coast  in  late  fall  and  early  winter.  Bel- 
knap (1792,  III,  p.  168)  mentions  it  without  comment  among 
other  New  Hampshire  birds,  and  it  may  have  been  of  more 
frequent  occurrence  in  his  time.  Mrs.  Celia  Thaxter  ('70,  p. 
210)  also  mentions  it  among  the  winter  sea  fowl  at  the  Isles  of 
Shoals.  The  only  definite  record,  however,  is  that  given  by 
Mr.  H.  A.  Purdie  ('73)  of  a  bird  taken  at  Hamt>ton ,  in  Novem- 
ber, 1872. 

45.  Soniateria  dresseri  Sharpe.     American  Eider. 

A  not  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident 
off  the  coast.  This  is  the  bird  commonly  known  as  "Sea 
Duck." 

46.  Oideinia  americana  Swains.     American  Scoter. 
An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident 


76  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

along  the  coast,  and  not  rare  as  a  migrant  in  the  Connecticut 
river  basin.  Mr.  William  Brewster  tells  me  that  off  the  coast 
at  Rye  Beach,  scattering  birds,  no  doubt  barren,  are  seen  occa- 
sionally in  summer.  In  the  collection  of  the  Acworth  Public 
Library  there  are  three  specimens  taken  at  Alstead,  one  a  male, 
Oct.  8,  1883,  and  two  females  on  the  26th  of  the  same  month. 
At  Lancaster,  farther  up  the  valley,  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  writes 
me  that  on  Oct.  12,  1894,  two  gunners  brought  in  four,  3  males 
and  1  female,  shot  from  a  flock  of  8  on  Martin  Meadow  Pond. 
Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,  (  :o2,  p.  10)  also  adduces  a  specimen 
from  the  Connecticut  at  Windsor,  Yt.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  finds 
the  bird  a  rather  regular  migrant  in  fall  at  Dublin  Pond,  and 
notes  that  the  greater  proportion  of  the  birds  are  males. 
I>at«'s:  October  8  to  April ;  summer  (barren  birds). 

47.  Oidemia  deglandi  Bonap.       White-winged  Sco- 

T  E  R  . 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident  on 
the  coast ;  occasional  inland  on  migrations  as  at  Webster,  where 
it  has  been  noted  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue,  and  Dublin  Pond, 
where  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  assures  me  it  occurs  in  the  fall  with 
the  other  Scoters.  Scattering  birds  occur  off  the  coast  in  sum- 
mer, as  noted  under  the  preceding  species. 

48.  Oidemia  perspicillata  (I/inn.).     Surf  Scoter. 
An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident  on 

the  coast;  rare  inland.  Occasional  specimens  are  also  observed 
off  the  coast  in  summer,  these  being  doubtless  barren  birds. 
There  is  a  female  in  the  Acworth  Public  Library  collection, 
without  date,  taken  at  Dempster  in  the  Connecticut  valley. 
Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  states  that  it  occurs  in  fall  on  Dublin  Pond, 
but  is  less  often  seen  than  the  other  two  species. 

49.  Erismatura  jamaicensis  (Gmel.).    Ruddy  Duck. 

An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  occasional  also  in 
summer,  though  its  breeding  in  the  state  is  yet  to  be  established. 
There  are  two  summer  records  for  the  southern  part  of  the  state  : 
Newfound  Lake,  where  on  July  11,  1901,  a  fine  adult  male  was 
shot   by   Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,    ('01,  p.  27)    and  is  now  in 


OF   ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  77 

the  collection  of  Camp  Pasquaney,  Bridgewater  ;  Rye  Beach, 
where,  as  recorded  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Miller,  Jr.,  ('91,  p.  li8),  an 
adult  female  in  worn  breeding  plumage  was  taken  on  August 
22,  1879.  The  bird  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  William  Brew- 
ster. Although  the  latter  specimen  may  have  been  an  early 
migrant,  Mr.  Miller  is  inclined  to  think  that  it  had  not  come 
from  any  great  distance,  as  he  had  found  an  adult  female  still 
accompanied  by  young  in  Massachusetts  on  Aug.  11,  1890. 
Dates  :  Spring.     July  1 1  ;  August  22  to  October  28. 

50.  Chen  hynerborea  (Pall.).     Lessee  Snow  Goose. 

A  rare  and  irregular  fail  migrant.  In  Belknap's  time  it  may 
have  been  more  common  and  his  "  White  Goose,  Alias  ery- 
thropns,"  (1792,  III,  p.  167)  was  probably  this  species.  Mr.  A. 
A.  Eaton  writes  me  that  a  flock  of  six  was  seen  at  Seabrook  in 
1895  or  '96,  but  the  only  actual  capture  of  the  bird  that  I  can 
instance  is  of  a  young  male  taken  October  2,  1896,  at  Lake  Um- 
bagog ,  as  recorded  by  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('97)  in  whose 
possession  the  bird  was  stated  to  be. 

51.  Chen  cjernlescens  (Linn.).     Blue  Goose. 

A  casual  visitant  from  the  interior.  Belknap  (1792,  III,  p. 
167)  mentions  the  "Bluish  Goose,  Alias  cseriilescens," 
without  comment  in  his  list,  but  it  is  of  course  a  cptestion  as  to 
what  this  record  may  refer.  The  only  authentic  record  is  at 
Lake  Umbagog,  where  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('97)  states  that 
an  immature  bird  was  taken  on  October  2,  1896,  the  specimen 
coining  into  his  possession  less  than  an  hour  after  its  death. 

52.  Branta  canadensis  (Linn.).     Canada  Goose. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant.  According  to  a  writer 
in  the  Forest  and  Stream  (vol.  22,  p.  386)  a  pair  was  killed  in 
the  Merrimack  river  at  Concord,  on  June  2,  18S4,  which,  bar- 
ring the  possibility  of  these  having  been  tame  birds,  is  an  unus- 
ually late  date.  During  migrations  flocks  of  these  birds  not  in- 
frequently alight  on  ponds  and  lakes,   in  both  spring  and  fall. 

Dates  :  March  11  to  April  ;  October  to  December  7. 

53.  Branta  bernicla  (Linn.).  Brant. 

Although  probably  a  not  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant 


78  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

on  the  coast,  it  is  only  casual  inland,  the  single  record  being 
that  given  by  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  8)  on  the  authority  of 
Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue,  who  writes  me  that  a  bird  was  shot  late  in 
November  about  1891,  on  the  Winnipesaukce  Rivet  between 
Franklin  Falls  and  Tilton.  The  specimen  is  still  in  Mr.  Good- 
hue's mounted  collection. 

54.  Olor  columbianus  (Ord).     Whistling  Swan. 

Years  ago  this  bird  was  doubtless  of  regular  and  not  uncom- 
mon occurrence,  but  it  is  now  only  accidental  in  migrations. 
There  is  but  a  single  definite  record  :  at  Sea  brook,  where  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('79a)  a  male  in  immature 
plumage  was  shot  on  October  18,  1878,  by  a  gunner  while  lying 
off  shore  in  a  dory.  Regarding  the  Trumpeter  Swan,  Olor 
buccinator,  which  is  also  believed  to  have  formerly  occurred  in 
New  England,  it  is  interesting  to  recall  the  quaintly  phrased 
statement  of  Belknap  (1792,  III,  p.  166)  that  "  naturalists  have 
different  opinions  respecting  the  music  of  the  swan.  The  tame 
swan  of  England  is  said  to  be  silent ;  and  Dr.  Goldsmith  seems 
to  think  the  accounts  of  the  music  of  the  wild  swan  fabulous. 
What  is  deemed  fabulous  in  Europe,  is  often  realized  in  Amer- 
ica. It  is  certain  that  our  swan  is  heard  to  make  a  sound 
resembling  that  of  a  trumpet,  both  when  in  the  water  and  on  the 
wing."  These  remarks  may  very  likely  have  had  reference  to 
Olor  buccinator. 

55.  Plegadis  autumiialis  (Hasselq.).     Glossy  Ibis. 

An  accidental  visitant  from  the  south.  There  is  but  a  single 
record:  Alton,  near  Lake  Winnepesaukee,  "an  old  bird,  in 
full  plumage  "  taken  in  October,  1858,  by  Dr.  Charles  Palmer, 
in  whose  collection  it  was  said  to  have  been  in  1872.  The  bird 
was  first  recorded  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  ('69-'70,  p.  637)  and  this 
record  was  later  supplemented  by  Dr.  Palmer  C71,  p.  120). 
Many  writers  on  New  England  ornithology  have  mentioned 
this  specimen  and  it  figures  also  in  Mr.  Dearborn's  list  ('98,  p. 
8  .  This  specimen  was  incorrectly  recorded  as  "  Wood  Ibis 
{Tantalus  loculalor)"  in  Forest  and  Stream  (vol.  7,  p.  3?5). 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  79 

i>(>.     Botaurus  lentigiiiosus  (Montag.).  American  Bit- 
tern. 

A  not  uncommon  summer  resident  of  the  fresh-water  marshes 
throughout  the  state.  Its  habit  of  breeding  on  the  floating  isl- 
ands of  grass  at  Lake  Umbagog  was  described  by  Mr.  C.  J. 
Maynard  ('72).  In  the  Saco  valley  at  Intervale,  the  bird  is 
present  in  small  numbers  during  late  summer,  keeping  to  the 
grass  grown  marshes  and  little  brooks  on  the  meadows.  Mr.  S. 
A.  Shaw  ('85)  records  a  specimen  obtained  at  Hampton,  on 
December  11,  1881,  and  states  that  one  wing  had  been  broken, 
but  was  entirely  healed. 

Dates  :  March  to  November  (December  11). 

57.  Ardetta  exilis  (Gmel.).    Least  Bittern. 

A  rare  summer  resident  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the 
state.  This  bird  bar&ly  reaches  our  southern  border,  and  finds 
the  northern  limit  of  its  range  well  within  the  Transition  zone. 
Mi.  C.  F.  Goodhue  is  quoted  in  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn's  '98  list  as 
saying  that  he  is  quite  sure  it  has  been  taken  at  or  near  Brad- 
ford, and  Mr.  Dearborn  also  states  that  it  has  been  reported 
from  the  vicinity  of  Hanover.  This  report  is  presumably  that 
given  in  "A  List  of  the  Vertebrates  found  within  thirty  miles 
of  Hanover,  N.  H.,"  1891,  a  list  which,  though  admirable  in 
concept,  must  unfortunately  be  used  with  some  caution,  and 
its  statement  that  the  Deast  Bittern  is  a  "  not  rare  summer  resi- 
dent "  certainly  should  be  carefully  confirmed.  The  only  trust- 
worthy records  that  I  have  obtained  for  the  bird  in  this  state 
are:  Hampton  Beach,  a  specimen  taken  in  1869,  is  in  the 
mounted  collection  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History  ; 
Seabrook,  where  Mr.  A.  A.  Eaton  assures  me  he  has  seen  a 
specimen  killed  in  town,  and  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Isaac 
George.  Samuels  ('67,  p.  404)  says  that  it  has  been  found  to 
breed  in  all  the  New  England  states,  but  I  have  found  no  actu- 
al breeding  record  for  New  Hampshire. 

58.  Ardea  herodias  Linn.     Great  Blue  Heron. 

A  rather  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  summer  resi- 
dent.    Doubtless  many  of  the  individuals  now  seen  in  summer 


8o  PROCKKDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

are  not  breeding  birds,  but  formerly  there  were  rookeries  known 
in  a  number  of  places  in  the  state.  Thus  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue 
('77,  p.  146)  records  the  bird  as  having  bred  at  Webster  prior 
to  1877,  and  Samuels  ('67,  p.  402)  tells  of  a  heronry  in  a  hem- 
lock swamp  at  Errol,  on  a  small  branch  of  the  Androscoggin, 
where  nests  with  partly  grown  young  were  found  about  June 
25th.  Still  more  recently  Mr.  Edward  A.  Preble  writes  me  of  a 
small  colony  which  bred  15  years  ago  at  a  spot  among  the  Ossi- 
pee  Hills,  two  mile.s  northwest  of  Dan  Hole  Pond.  "  Upwards 
of  100  nests  were  occupied  within  an  area  of  about  an  acre. 
These  were  placed  mostly  in  large  beeches,  one  of  which  held  6 
or  8  nests."  The  birds  fished  at  Dan  Hole  Pond,  where  they 
obtained  pickerel.  A  gang  of  sawmill  hands  broke  up  the  col- 
ony in  1888.  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  9)  adduces  a  recent 
instance  from  Belknap  and  Merrimack  Cos.,  where  a  pair  nest- 
ed "  in  an  old  growth  of  pine  situated  in  a  large  swamp.  The 
young  ones  were  supplied  with  food  from  a  pond  nearly  two 
miles  away."  My  friend,  Mr.  H.  C.  Sargent,  also  writes  me 
that  on  May  26,  1901,  he  discovered  a  small  rookery  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  east  of  Chocorua,  on  a  slope  near  two  ponds. 
The  young  birds  were  apparently  hatched,  and  about  a  dozen 
nests  were  observed.  In  the  White  mountains  a  few  of  these 
birds  usually  appear  in  the  Saco  valley,  singly  or  rarely  in 
pairs,  about  the  first  of  August,  and  often  the  same  birds  seem 
to  stay  about  in  one  locality  for  a  number  of  days,  feeding  along 
the  brooks  and  ponds.  Doubtless  there  are  secluded  spots 
where  they  yet  breed  among  the  White  mountains,  and  after  the 
young  are  off  they  seek  the  valleys  for  a  season,  where  food  is 
easily  accessible.  Individuals  are  apt  to  be  seen  in  suitable  lo- 
calities throughout  the  state  during  all  the  summer  months. 
Occasionally  one  or  two  birds  seem  to  linger  late  in  the  season 
as  long  as  there  is  food  and  open  water  to  be  found.  Thus  Mr. 
H.  C.  Sargent  writes  me  of  a  bird  which  was  shot  by  a  resident 
near  Chocorua  on  December  21,  1900.  The  man  found  the  bird 
in  his  yard,  standing  in  eighteen  inches  of  snow,  when  he  first 
went  out  in  the  morning.  Mr.  V.  D.  I^owe  observed  one  at 
Randolph  on  December  31,  1901. 

I>at<'s  :  April  5  to  November  6  (December  31). 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  Sl 

Note:    Ardea  egretta"  Gmel.    American  Egret. 

Belknap  (  1792.  III.  p.  .69)  mentions  a  White  Heron  among  the  birds 
of  the  state  and  Mrs.  E.  U.  Webster  recently  writes  me  of  a  bird  observed 
on  May  [8  1901,  at  Franklin  Falls,  "feeding  on  a  wet  meadow  bordering 
the  Merrimack  River."  which  must  have  been  an  Egret.  It  was  seen  by 
several  persons  and  remained  in  the  vicinity  two  or  three  days.  An  un- 
equivocal instance  of   its  occurrence  in  the  state  is   yet  to  be  Cited,  how- 


ever. 


59.    Ardea  cjerulea  Linn.     Little  Blue  Heron. 

An  accidental  visitant  from  the  south.     The  only  record  is  of 
a  bird   killed   in  Amherst,  April  28,  1897.      It  was  brought  to 
Mr.  James  P.  Melzer,  who  states  ('97)  that  it  was   "  in  perfect 
plumage,  with  maroon  neck." 
CO.    Ardea  virescens  Linn.     Green  Heron. 

A  not  uncommon  summer  resident  about  the  lakes  and  water 
courses  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  rarer  in  the 
central  regions.     It  is  a  bird  of  the  Transition  zone,  and  seems 
to  occur  regularly  about  as  far  northward  in  New  Hampshire  as 
do  the  white  oaks.      Mr.  E.  A.  Preble   informs  me  that  he  has 
observed  it  occasionally  in  summer  at  Ossipee  along  the  Beech 
River,  but  it  appears  not  to  occur  farther  up  in  the  region,  as 
Frank  Bolles  did  not  mention  it  from  Chocorua,  nor  have  I  any 
knowledge  of  its  presence  at  Intervale,  in  the  Saco  valley.    The 
bird  is  also  apparently  quite  absent  from  the  Franconia  region, 
though   doubtless  a  few  do  work   up  the  Connecticut  valley  to 
about  this  latitude.     Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  of  Lancaster  writes 
me   that   on   June  6,  1897,  while  near   the  Connecticut  at   that 
place,  in   company  with  Judge  J.   N.    Clark,  a  bird  flew  over 
which  the  latter  gentleman  pronounced  to  be  "  unmistakably 
a  green  heron."      Mr.  Spaulding  had  never  met  with  the  bird 
there  previously.     Farther  south,  along  the  Connecticut  in  the 
vicinity  of  Walpole,  I  have  found  the  bird  not   uncommon,  and 
it  is  rather  common  at  Newfound  Lake  (Howe,  :oi,  p.  27). 

Dates  :  Last  of  April  to  October, 

61.     Nycticorax  nycticorax  neevius  (Bodd).    Black 
crowned  Night  Heron. 

A  not  uncommon   summer   resident   near   the   coast,  but  less 


82  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

common  inland.  It  appears  to  penetrate  the  interior  of  the 
state  by  following  up  the  water  ways  even  to  the  foot  of  the 
White  Mountains.  At  Dublin  Lake,  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes 
me  that  it  is  an  irregular  visitant,  not  known  to  breed.  In  the 
Merrimack  valley,  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  has  found  it  rarely  near 
Webster,  and  still  farther  up,  it  has  been  recorded  from  New- 
found Lake  in  summer  (Howe,  :oi,  p.  27).  A  number  appear 
to  work  up  the  Saco  valley  through  Maine,  and  thus  reach  the 
White  Mountain  region.  At  Chocorua,  Frank  Bolles  ('93a, 
pp.  36  &  128)  states  that  a  few  are  found  late  in  summer  and 
instances  a  flock  of  ten  which  remained  for  two  or  three  days  in 
the  neighborhood,  one  August.  At  Intervale,  I  have  seen  and 
heard  occasional  birds  on  the  Saco  meadows  in  the  months  of 
June,  July  and  August  and  have  attributed  to  these  birds  the 
two  or  three  large  stick  nests  which  I  have  found  nearly  every 
year  high  up  in  some  large  white  maples  by  the  water's  edge, 
though  doubtless  the  young,  if  such  there  had  been,  were  al- 
ready grown  by  the  time  I  arrived  (late  June).  In  the  Connec- 
ticut valley,  neither  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell  of  Charlestown,  nor 
Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding,  of  Lancaster,  have  met  with  the  bird, 
though  doubtless  a  few  do  penetrate  so  far  up  perhaps  as  the 
latter  station,  and  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior  (:o2,  p.  n)  gives 
it  as  occurring  in  the  Connecticut  valley  at  Windsor,  Yt.,  and  at 
St.  Johnsbury  farther  north  in  that  state.  Certain  it  is,  how- 
ever, that  over  the  greater  part  of  central,  western,  and  north- 
ern New  Hampshire  it  is  absent. 
Dates  :  April  to  October. 

i\2.  Grus  mexicana  (Mull.).  Sandhiu  Crane. 
This  bird  is  supposed  to  have  occurred  as  a  migrant  in  New 
England  at  the  time  of  the  first  settlement  of  the  country.  Sev- 
eral of  the  early  writers  on  this  region  mention  what  seem  to 
have  been  cranes,  and  among  them  Belknap  (1792,  III,  p.  169) 
lists  the  "Crane,  Ardca  canadensis,'"  as  of  the  birds  occurring 
in  New  Hampshire.  The  only  actual  record  for  the  state  ap- 
pears to  be  Wakefield  at  Lovell's  Pond,  where  Mr.  William 
Brewster  (  :  01)  states  that  he  is  informed  by  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn, 
a  specimen  was  obtained  in   1896  or  1897.     Mr.  Dearborn  first 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  83 

saw  the  specimen  at  the  shop  of  Mr.  J.  S.  Turner,  a  taxider- 
mist at  Portsmouth,  to  whom  it  had  been  sent  in  the  flesh  in  a 
fresh  condition.  Mr.  Dearborn  has  purchased  the  specimen 
and  it  is  now  preserved  at  the  State  Agricultural  College  at 
Durham.  The  presence  of  the  bird  in  the  state  is  of  course 
quite  fortuitous  at  this  time. 

63.  Kallus  virginianus  Linn.     Virginia  Rail. 

A  local  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  regions,  and  per- 
haps not  so  rare  as  the  few  records  might  seem  to  show.  The 
following  are  the  only  instances  which  have  come  to  my  notice  : 
Hampton,  a  bird  seen  and  its  nest,  containing  eight  eggs,  found 
May  28,  1887,  and  another  bird  found  dead  under  some  tele- 
graph wires  by  Mr.  S.  Albert  Shaw  ('87)  ;  Hampton  Falls,  Mr. 
W.  E.  Cram  gives  it  as  a  summer  resident ;  Hollis,  Dr.  W.  H. 
Fox  writes  that  it  is  a  rare  summer  resident ;  Marlow,  there  is 
a  specimen  in  the  Acworth  Public  Library,  taken  October  1, 
1 88 1  ;  Lancaster,  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  writes  me  that  several 
years  ago  a  boy  found  a  nest  containing  about  ten  eggs  on  a  low 
meadow  near  the  Connecticut,  and  that  Capt.  B.  F.  Goss  iden- 
tified the  eggs  as  of  this  species.  This  is  the  only  record  I  have 
obtained  for  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  Webster,  Mr.  C.  F. 
Goodhue  has  found  it  rarely  and  does  not  know  of  its  breeding. 

Dates:  April  to  October  1. 

64.  Porzana  Carolina  (Dinn.).     Sora. 

An  uncommon  and  local  summer  resident  in  the  Transition 
area.  I  have  found  it  in  summer  in  a  certain  sedgy  bog  at 
North  Conway,  and  on  July  13,  1897,  at  Intervale,  I  several 
times  started  a  single  bird  from  the  short  grass  of  a  flooded  hay- 
field  on  the  Saco  meadows  during  a  sudden  and  extensive 
freshet.  Doubtless  the  birds  breed  in  the  vicinity.  What  may 
have  been  an  early  migrant  was  seen  at  Intervale  by  a  brook  on 
the  meadows,  August  26,  1898.  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  finds  it  in 
summer  at  Hampton  Falls.  In  migration  Mr.  William  Brew- 
ster has  found  it  not  uncommon  in  fall  at  Rye  Beach. 

Dates  :  May  to  October. 


84  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

65.     Fulica  americana  Gmel.     American  Coot. 

A  rather  rare  autumnal  migrant,  occurring  in  the  Connecticut 
valley  and  in  the  lake  region  of  the  south-central  part  of  the 

state. 

Dates  :  September  to  October  8. 

66.     Crymophilns   fulicarius   (Linn.).      Red  Phala- 

ROPE. 

This  species,  like-  the  next,  is  found  in  migration  off  the 
coast  well  out  to  sea,  but  occasionally  inland,  whither  it  is  prob- 
ably driven  by  storm.  In  May,  1892,  great  numbers  of  Red  and 
Northern  Phalaropes  were  observed  at  various  points  along  the 
New  England  coast,  and  among  others  at  the  Isles  of  Shoals, 
where,  according  to  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  ('97,  p.  392)  thou- 
sands were  observed  by  Mrs.  Celia  Thaxter,  "  in  great  flocks 
that  wheel  and  turn,  and,  flying  in  long  masses  over  the  water, 
show  now  dark,  now  dazzling  silver  as  they  careen".  These 
flocks  probably  included  the  two  species,  as  was  the  case  else- 
where. Mrs.  Thaxter  had  noted  the  birds  the  year  before  at 
the  Isles  of  Shoals.  Mr.  F.  B.  Osgood  records  ('91,  p.  9)  hav- 
ing "put  up  a  flock  of  a  dozen  or  so  in  the  middle  of  Lake 
Umbagog." 

<»7.     Phalaropus  lobatus  (Linn.).     Northern  Piiau- 

ROPE. 

An  abundant  spring  and  fall  migrant  offshore,  casual  inland. 
Mr.  R.  I.  Brasher  ('94)  records  meeting  with  "numerous 
flocks"  some  twenty  miles  off  the  New  Hampshire  coast,  on 
August  9,  1893;  they  disappeared  as  land  was  sighted.  Mr. 
\V.  C.  Prime  ('89)  has  twice  observed  the  bird  in  the  Pranco- 
nia  Mountains.  In  the  first  instance,  the  single  individual  was 
not  captured,  but  was  observed  at  very  close  range  in  Septem- 
ber, about  1884,  as  it  swam  on  the  waters  of  Profile  Lake,  feed- 
ing on  the  multitudes  of  winged  ants  drowned  on  the  surface. 
The  second  instance  was  on  September  22,  1888,  when  a  single 
bird  was  knocked  over  with  a  short  stick  on  Lonesome  Lake 
(about  3,000  feet  altitude).  It  was  quite  fearless,  and  was  feed- 
ing on  the  seeds  of  sedges  which  grew  at  the  margin  of  the  lake. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  85 

The  great   abundance  of   Phalaropes   at  the  Isles  of  Shoals  in 
May,  1892,  has  been  mentioned  under  the  preceding  species. 
Dales  :  May  ;  August  9  to  September  22. 

(>8.     Steganopus   tricolor   Vieill.        Wilson's   Phala- 
ROPE. 

A  rare  migrant  to  the  coast.  Baird,  Brewer  and  Ridgway 
('84,  p.  339)  record  the  bird  as  "shot  by  Mr.  William  Brew- 
ster at  Rye  Beach  in  the  summer  of  1872."  I  am  informed  by 
Mr.  Brewster   that   the  specimen   in   question  was   obtained  on 

Aug.  15,  1872. 

(>1>.  Philohela  minor  (Gmel.).  American  Woodcock. 
A  not  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  a  less  common 
summer  resident  throughout  the  lowlands  of  the  more  remote 
parts  of  the  state.  "  W.  H.  B."  ('96)  records  an  old  bird  with 
a  brood  of  young  seen  by  a  Mr.  Oliver  Dodge  "  on  the  south 
slope  of  a  hill  in  the  town  of  Brookline,  N.  H.,"  on  the  13th  of 
March,  several  years  previous,  after  a  rather  open  winter.  Such 
early  breeding  seems  rather  improbable,  however.  Mr.  C.  J. 
Maynard  ('72)  records  that  they  were  found  to  breed,  though  not 
commonly,  at  Lake  Umbagog,  where  a  nest  with  four  eggs  was 
found  May  10,  1870.  At  Intervale,  I  have  observed  them  not 
infrequently  in  summer  among  the  alder  swales  about  the  brooks 
in  the  valley,  and  in  September,  a  few  are  to  be  found  in  damp 
woods  up  to  1,500  feet. 

Dates  :  Last  of  March  to  October  17. 

TO.  Gallinago  clelicata  (Ord).  Wilson's  Snipe. 
A  migrant,  uncommon  in  spring  and  more  common  in  fall 
near  the  coast ;  inland  it  is  generally  found  only  in  small  num- 
bers, in  marsh)'  spots  about  ponds.  At  Intervale,  in  the  Saco 
valley,  I  have  never  seen  but  a  single  bird,  this  on  Sept.  18, 
1897,  in  a  small  marsh.  A  writer  in  the  Forest  and  Stream, 
signing  himself  "  W.  H.  B."  ('96)  says  he  has  known  the  bird 
to  winter  at  Nashua,  an  occurrence  which,  though  not  improb- 
able, must  be  quite  unusual.  Mr.  William  Brewster  has  ob- 
served it  at  Rye  Beach  on  July  22. 

Dates  :  March  to  May  ;  July  22  to  November  (Winter  ?). 


86  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

71.  Macrorhamplms  griseus  (Gmel.).     Dowitcher. 
A  rather  common  fall  migrant  coastwise  ;    a  few  probably  oc- 
cur in  spring,  but  I  have  no  records. 

Dates  :  July  20  to  August  25. 

72.  Micropalama himantopus  (Bonap.).  Stilt  Sand- 
piper. 

A  rare  fall  migrant.  The  single  classic  record  still  remains 
the  only  published  instance  of  the  occurrence  of  the  bird  in  this 
state  :  Rye  Beach,  "  no  less  than  ten  specimens  "  were  secured 
by  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('72,  p.  309)  in  the  Augusts  of  1868, 
1869.  These  birds  were  first  recorded  in  the  American  Natur- 
alist, Vol.  Ill,  p.  639,  and  have  been  mentioned  by  many  writ- 
ers since  that  time.  Mr.  Brewster  has  kindly  given  me  the 
dates  of  capture  of  eight  specimens  at  Rye  Beach,  as  follows  : 
Aug.  20,  1868,  one  shot;  Aug.  24,  1869,  one  shot;  July  31, 
1871,  one  shot;  Aug.  9,  1871,  one  shot;  Aug.  11,  1 8 7 1 ,  two 
shot  ;  Aug.  24,  1871,  one  shot  ;  Aug.  25,  1871,  one  shot. 

Dates  :  July  31  to  August  25. 

73.  Tringa  maculata  Vieill..       Pectoral  Sandpiper. 
A  rather  uncommon  fall  migrant   inland  about  the  marshes 

and  larger  bodies  of  water  ;    common  also  as  a  coastwise  mi- 
grant. 

Dates  :  July  to  October  10. 

74.  Tringa  fuscicollis  Vieill.     Wiiite-rumped  Sand- 
piper. 

An  uncommon  migrant.  Mr.  William  Brewster  tells  me  that 
he  found  it  not  uncommon  at  Rye  Beach  in  July  and  August  in 
former  years,  while  inland  it  has  been  taken  at  Tyake  Umbagog, 
according  to  Mr.  H.  Merrill  ('82)  who  records  a  specimen 
"  shot  about  Oct.  2,"  and  "  two  others  upon  Oct.  14,"  1876,  by 
Mr.  N.  C.  Brown. 

7/>.     Tringa  bairclii  (Coues).     Baird's  Sandpiper. 

A  rare  fall  migrant  on  the  coast  and  at  Lake  Umbagog.  The 
records  are  :  Lake  lh>ibagog,  one  obtained  "  on  a  nuulflat  at 
the  foot  "  of  the  lake,  Sept.  1,  1875,    by  Mr.  William  Brewster 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  87 

('76a,  p.  19),  and  one  shot  on  the  mudflats  at  the  month  of 
Cambridge  river,  vSept.  4,  1880,  and  two  others,  a  male  and  a 
female,  at  the  same  place  on  the  following  day  (  Brewster,  '81a, 
p.  60)  ;  Rye  Beach,  two  were  shot  on  August  26,  1880,  by  Mr. 
H.  M.  Spelman  ('81  b).  One  of  these  birds  was  in  company 
with  "  a  large  flock  of  peeps." 
Dates  :  August  26  to  September  5. 

70.     Tringa  minutilla  Vieill.     Least  Sandpiper.. 

A  very  common  migrant  in  spring,  late  summer  and  fall,  on 
the  coast,  and  to  a  less  extent  inland,  where  it  occurs  about  the 
larger  bodies  of  water.  Mr.  F.  W.  Batchelder  (  :  00,  p.  125) 
records  this  bird  at  Manchester,  June  3  and  July  10,  and  asks 
thus  if  it  may  not  be  a  summer  resident ;  on  the  contrary,  these 
dates  probably  represent  the  end  of  the  spring  migration  and 
the  beginning  of  the  fall  migration  respectively. 

Dates  :   Last  week  of  May  to  June  3  ;  July  10  to  September. 

77.  Tringa  alpina   paciflca   (Cones).      Red-backed 

Sandpiper. 

An  uncommon  migrant  on  the  coast.  A  few  should  occur  in 
spring,  but  my  only  records  are  in  fall,  when  the  bird  is  com- 
moner. 

78.  Ereimetes  pusillus  (Linn.).  Semipalmated  Sand- 
piper. 

A  very  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  coastwise,  and  also 
not  uncommon  in  fall  as  a  migrant  along  the  shores  of  the  larger 
bodies  of  water,  as  at  Lake  Umbagog  (Brewster,  81a,  p.  61), 
Dublin  Lake  (Thayer,  in  litt.)  and  Ossipee  Lake  (Preble,  in 
lit. ) 

Dates  :   May  ;  July  to  September. 

71).     Calidris  are naria  (Linn.).     Sanderling. 
A  common  spring   and  fall  migrant  on  the  coast.     Mr.  Wil- 
liam Brewster  noted  it  as  common  at  Rye  Beach  after  August  2. 

SO.     Limosa  fedoa  (Linn.).     Marbled  Godwit. 
An  accidental  visitant.     Mr.  William  Brewster  permits  me  to 

7 


88  PROCKEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

record  a  specimen  shot  at  Rye  Beach,  Aug-.  27,  1868,  by  a  local 
gunner.  Mr.  Brewster  examined  the  specimen  shortly  after  its 
death. 

81.  Totanus  melaiioleucus  (Gmel.).     Grkatkk  Ykl- 

LOW-LEGS. 

A.  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  on  the  coast,  but  uncom- 
mon inland,  where  it  is  of  occasional  occurrence  about  the  larger 
bodies  of  water  and  in  the  Connecticut  valley.  Mr.  R.  H. 
Howe,  Junior  (  :  01,  p.  27)  records  an  eaily  specimen  at  the  head 
of  Newfound  Lake,  July  17,  1901.  Both  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding 
at  Lancaster  and  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell  at  Charlestown  in  the  Con- 
necticut river  valley,  find  the  bird  occasionally  on  migrations, 
and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  me  that  it  is  not  infrequent  at  Dub- 
lin Lake  in  fall. 

Dates  :  May;  July  17  to  October  7. 

82.  Totanus  flavipes  (Gmel.).     Yellow-j.kc.s. 

An  uncommon  spring,  and  common  fall  migrant  on  the  coast. 
Rather  rare  inland  ;  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  gives  it  as  "  not 
a  common  summer  visitor  "  at  Lake  Umbagog,  30  years  ago, 
and  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  10)  records  a  single  bird  ob- 
served Aug.  20,  1889,  at  Alton. 

83.  Helodromas  solitarius  (Wils.).    Solitary  Sand- 
piper. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  possibly  a  rare  sum- 
mer resident.  No  conclusive  proof  has  yet  appeared  to  show 
that  the  bird  nests  in  the  state,  though  Baird,  in  Baird,  Brewer 
and  Ridgway's  "  Water  Birds"  ('84,  p.  282),  says,  "  Karly  in 
August,  1878,  I  noticed  a  pair  of  this  species  with  a  brood  of  four 
young  hardly  able  to  fly,  near  an  open  reservoir  of  rain  water,  on 
Appledore,  Isles  of  Shoals.  These  were  too  young  to  have  come 
to  that  island  over  the  water,  the  distance  being  nine  miles  ;  and 
that  this  brood  could  have  been  hatched  on  that  rocky  and  tree- 
less island  seems  very  improbable.  They  were  in  company 
with,  yet  holding  aloof  from,  several  pairs  of  Tringoides  macu- 
lar ins  \A( litis  macularia'^.'''1  Doubtless  occasional  barren  birds 
remain  about  ponds  throughout  the  breeding  season  in  favored 


OF  ARTS  AM)  SCIENCES.  89 

localities.  Thus  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  writes  me  of  one  which  he 
observed  in  June,  feeding  about  a  small  pond  near  the  summit 
of  .South  Kearsarge  Mountain,  ami  Mr.  C>.  II.  Thayer  writes 
that  he  has  repeatedly  observed  them  in  the  breeding  season  on 
a  small  wood  pond  at  an  elevation  of  about  1,580  feet  at  the 
northeastern  end  of  Mt.  Monadnoek.  About  the  last  of  July 
the  migrating  birds  appear  rather  commonly  along  the  water- 
ways and  ponds,  and  usually  spend  the  day  quietly  feeding. 
During-  the  last  week  of  August,  1897,  I  several  times  found  as 
many  as  13  or  14  birds  congregated  about  a  small  drain  at  Inter- 
vale, to  feed,  but  when  closely  approached,  they  would  fly  off  one 
or  two  at  a  time  in  different  directions.  In  early  .September,  I 
have  occasionally  seen  single  individuals  about  the  little  lakes 
in  Carter  Notch,  at  3,360  feet.  Here  they  would  remain  all 
day,  feeding  along  the  shore,  and  pass  on  southward  after  dark, 
sometimes  calling  loudly  as  the}-  departed.  Occasionally,  too, 
I  have  seen  single  birds  in  the  latter  part  of  a  summer  afternoon,  • 
with  stead\-  graceful  flight,  passing  southward  down  the  Saco 
valley.  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  has  noted  a  single  bird  at 
Errol,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  so  late  as  "  November 
1st,  1869,  when  the  ground  was  covered  with  snow  and  the 
-ponds  were  partly  frozen." 

Dates  :   May  9  to  June  ;  July  17  to  November  1. 

84.  Pavoncella  pugnax  (Linn. ).     Ruff. 

An  accidental  visitant  from  the  old  world.  The  bird  is  in- 
cluded here  on  the  strength  of  a  female  obtained  by  Mr,  William 
Brewster  ('76a)  on  September  8,  1N74,  while  it  was  "flying  on 
the  marshes  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cambridge  river,"  which  is 
nearly  on  the  boundary  line  between  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine,  at  the  southern  end  of  Lake  Umbagog. 

85.  Bartramia  longicauda   (Bechst.).    Bartramian 

Sandpiper. 

Formerly  a  common  summer  resident  of  the  upland  fields  and 
pastures  in  the  southern  and  central  parts  of  the  state,  and  a 
common  spring  and  fall  migrant.  Of  late  years,  however,  it 
has  become  scarce  or  has  entirely  disappeared  from  its  old  lo- 


90  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

calities.  Mr.  Ralph  Hoffmann  informs  me  that  a  few  still  sum- 
mer at  Alstead,  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  that  it  breeds 
regularly  but  in  small  numbers  in  the  northwestern  corner  of 
Cheshire  County.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  has  also  found  it  breeding 
at  Webster.  North  of  Lake  Winnipesaukee,  I  have  no  record 
of  its  occurrence  as  a  breeding  bird.  In  the  Howe-Shattuck 
collection  there  is  a  male  (No.  1753)  taken  on  its  breeding 
grounds,  July  13,  1891,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Phelps  at  New  London. 

Dates  :   May  to  September. 

86.  Tryngites   subruflcollis  (Yieill.).     Buff-breast- 

ed  Sandpiper. 

A  rare  fall  migrant  on  the  coast.  Baird,  Brewer  and  Ridgway 
('84,  vol.  I,  p.  306)  record  its  capture  at  Rye  Beach  by  Mr. 
William  Brewster,  who  tells  me  that  he  shot  one  on  each  of  the 
dates  Aug.  25  and  Aug.  28,  187 1. 

87.  Actitis  macularia  (Linn. ).     Spotted  Sanppiper. 

A  rather  common  summer  resident,  of  general  distribution 
along  the  larger  water  courses  and  about  the  lakes  and  large 
ponds.  Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne  ("87,  p.  103)  records  seeing  a 
single  bird  on  July  8,  1886,  in  the  Great  Gulf,  Mt.  Washington, 
on  the  west  branch  of  the  Peabody  river,  at  about  3,100  feet  al- 
titude. It  must  be  only  exceptionally  that  this  bird  ever  pene- 
trates the  forest  brooks  to  this  height.  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding 
records  ('98b)  a  nest  containing  the  unusual  number  of  five 
eggs,  at  Lancaster. 

Dates  :   May  1  to  Octobrr. 

88.  Numeiiius  longirostris  Wils.     Long-billed  Cur- 
lew. 

A  rare  fall  migrant  until  recent  years  ;  now  accidental.  Mr. 
William  Brewster  observed  single  birds  at  Rye  Beach  on  Aug. 
25,  1871,  Aug.  12  and  17,  1872. 

8i).    Numenius  hudsonicus  Lath.  Hudsonian  Curlew. 

An  uncommon  migrant.  Mr.  William  Brewster  noted  it  at 
Rye  Beach  in  former  years  between  August  6  and  September  2. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  91 

90.     Squatarola  squatarola  (Linn.).    Buck-bhi.i.ikd 
Plover. 

A  [spring]  and  fall  migrant  on  the  coast.  Mr.  William  Brew- 
ster noted  it  as  rather  common  in  August,  at  Rye  Beach,  some 
years  ago. 

9  1 .     Charadrius  dominicus  Mull.     American  Golden 
Plover. 

A  rare  fall  migrant.  According  to  "  Samourai  "  ('76,  p.  102) 
they  appeared  at  Rye  Beach  in  1S76  on  September  14.  Mr.. 
William  Brewster  tells  me  of  four  specimens  noted  at  Rye  Beach 
as  follows:  Aug.  26,  1868,  two  seen,  one  of  which  was  shot; 
Aug.  29,  1868,  one  seen;  Aug.  27,  187 1,  one  shot. 

92.  v-Egialitis  vocifera  (Linn.).     Kildeer. 

Formerly  a  rare  migrant.  Mr.  William  Brewster  observed 
one  at  Rye  Beach  on  Aug.  31,  1868,  and  two  at  the  same 
place  on  Aug.  4,  187 1.  Though  probably  still  of  occasion- 
al occurrence  as  a  migrant  on  the  coast,  the  only  other  rec- 
ords which  I  have,  are  of  its  casual  appearance.  Thus  in 
the  midst  of  the  great  storm  of  November  25,  1888,  as  writes  Dr. 
A.  P.  Chadbourne  ('89,  p.  258),  quoting  a  letter  from  Mrs. 
Celia  Thaxter,  they  appeared  at  the  Isles  of  Shoals  (as  elsewhere 
along  the  New  England  coast)  in  great  numbers.  "  After  the 
storm  the  birds  gradually  disappeared,  except  a  few  that  re- 
mained at  favorable  points  for  a  long  time."  Mr.  Bradford 
Torrey  writes  ('89,  p.  275)  that  he  was  assured  by  Mrs.  Thax- 
ter that  some  of  these  birds  remained  at  the  Isles  of  Shoals  un- 
til the  last  week  of  February,  1889.  A  second  accidental  record 
is  of  a  bird  shot  at  Jefferson,  to  the  north  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains, in  December,  1893.  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding,  to  whom  I  am 
indebted  for  this  record,  states  that  the  bird  was  in  a  very  ema- 
ciated condition  and  evidently  unable  to  proceed  farther. 

93.  ^Egialitis  semipalniata  Bonap.      Semipalmated 
Plover. 

A  spring  and  fall  migrant,  common  coastwise,  but  less  com- 
mon in  fall  on  the  shores  of  the  larger  lakes  and  ponds. 


92  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

i)4.  Colinus  virginianns  (Linn.).  Bob-white. 
A  rather  rare  permanent  resident  of  the  Transition  valleys  of 
southern  New  Hampshire.  Owing  to  the  great  numbers  of 
these  birds  which  have  been  introduced  into  New  England  from 
the  south  in  recent  years,  it  is  now  impossible  to  say  what  pro- 
portion, if  any,  of  those  at  present  found,  are  native  bred.  That 
southern  New  Hampshire  is  a  part  of  the  bird's  natural  range, 
is  evident,  however,  as  that  careful  chronicler,  Belknap  (1792, 
vol.  Ill,  p.  170)  mentions  it  over  a  century  ago,  as  a  bird  of 
New  Hampshire.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('77a,  p.  146)  also  gives 
it  as  a  rare  resident  at  Webster  in  the  '70's.  Our  severe  win- 
ters appear  to  keep  the  birds  in  check,  notwithstanding  the  fre- 
quent restocking.  The  repeated  failure  of  southern  birds  to 
survive  the  cold  seasons  is  hardly  to  be  wondered  at,  when  even 
the  native  birds,  inured  by  long  years  of  natural  selection  to  the 
northern  climate,  can  barely  hold  their  own  on  our  southern 
border.  During  the  summer  of  1899,  I  thrice  observed  a  single 
bird  in  the  Saco  valley  at  Intervale,  though  it  is  highly  improb- 
able that  it  was  other  than  an  introduced  specimen  which  had 
been  loosed  in  the  neighboring  region.  I  know  of  none  having 
been  observed  in  the  locality  before  or  since. 

95.     Canachites  canadensis  canace  (Linn.).     Cana- 
dian- Spruce  Grouse. 

A  not  uncommon  permanent  resident  of  the  spruce  and  bal- 
sam forests  of  the  upper  Canadian  region,  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  slate,  and  along  the  higher  peaks  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains. It  occurs  on  the  Presidential  Range  in  small  numbers 
and  seems  less  common  there  than  on  the  Carter-Moriah  Range, 
where  at  least  one  or  two  are  almost  sure  to  be  seen  in  a  few 
hours'  walk.  On  these  mountains,  it  inhabits  the  rich,  damp 
belt  of  balsams  and  spruces  from  about  3,000  feet  (on  the  south- 
ern exposures)  to  the  upper  limit  of  the  tree  growth,  at  a,Noo  to 
5,000  feet.  It  also  occurs  in  small  numbers  on  the  Twin  Moun- 
tains, on  Moosilauke  (4,810  ft.)  and  on  the  higher  peaks  of 
the  outlying  Sandwich  Range,  as  on  Passaconaway  (4,116  ft.) 
where  it  was  recorded  by  Bolles  ('93b,  p.  155)  "  in  the  autumn," 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIKNCES.  93 

and  on  Tripyrainid  (4,184  ft.)  where  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen  saw  two 
in  June,  1894,  and  Mr.  R.  W.  Graj'  one  on  Aug.  6,  1899;  one 
was  also  seen  by  Mr.  Allen  on  Mt.  Osceola  (4,352  ft. )  in  the  ear- 
ly part  of  the  summer  of  [898.  In  the  primeval  forest  of  the 
East  Branch  of  the  Pemigewasset,  on  August  4,  1902,  I  observed 
a  single  bird  in  a  thick  balsam  swamp  so  low  as  2,000  feet,  and 
another  was  seen  the  day  previous  at  about  4,000  feet  on  a  spur 
of  Mt.  Hancock.  There  seems  to  be  no  movement  of  these 
birds  toward  the  valleys  even  in  severe  winter  weather.  Mr. 
C.  J.  Maynard  ( '72)  speaks  of  the  bird  as  common  thirty  years 
ago  at  Lake  Umbagog,  where  eggs  were  taken  in  the  latter  part 
of  May,  and  young  seen  on  June  15.  On  the  Carter  Range,  I 
saw,  on  July  24,  1899,  an  adult  female,  in  company  with  a  young 
bird,  hardly  larger  than  a  Bob-white,  but  able  to  fly  readily. 
Two  full  grown  young  were  seen  together  on  the  same  range, 
Sept.  14,  1900.  The  crop  of  a  fine  male  shot  on  this  range  in 
1 90 1,  was  found  to  contain  a  quantity  of  balsam  needles. 

96.  Bonasa  unibellus  togata  (Linn.).  Canadian 
Ruffed  Grouse. 

A  rather  common  permanent  resident  of  general  distribution, 
being  found  throughout  all  the  wooded  country  from  the  Transi- 
tion valleys  to  the  upper  limit  of  scrub  growth  on  the  White 
Mountains. 

Typical  examples  of  B.  unibellus  unibellus  apparently  do  not 
occur  in  New  Hampshire.  Birds  from  the  southeastern  portions 
of  the  state  are  usually  more  or  less  intermediate,  but  nearer 
togata.  Specimens  which  I  have  seen  from  the  White  Moun- 
tains seem  quite  typical  of  the  northern  bird,  and  as  stated  by 
Mr.  William  Brewster  ('95,  p.  406,  foot-note)  "the  dark  gray 
birds  which  inhabit  the  primitive  coniferous  forests  of  northern 
Maine  and  New  Hampshire  and  western  Massachusetts  are  all 
nearly,  or  quite  typical  representatives  of  togata." 

From  year  to  year,  their  numbers  are  subject  to  more  or  less 
variation  according  as  the  season  is  favorable  or  not.  Entire 
broods  remain  together  throughout  the  breeding  season,  and 
until  well  into  the  fall,  wandering  about  in  the  woods,  and  be- 
coming quite  fat  on  a  diet  of  various  berries,  leaves,  and  buds. 


94  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

In  the  crops  of  different  birds  I  have  found,  in  early  fall,  bits  of 
leaves  of  Aspidiuiii  spinulosumi  Populus  grandidentata ,  and  fruit 
of  the  snowberry  (Chiogcncs),  blueberry  (  Vaccinium)  and  white 
baneberry  (Acta'a).  The  birds  delight  to  wallow  in  fine,  dry 
dust  in  sunny  spots  in  the  woods,  and  hence  are  often  met  with 
along  trails,  where  the  sun  can  reach  and  dry  the  ground. 
Mr.  Vyron  D.  Lowe,  of  Randolph,  writes  me  that  while  crossing 
the  Presidential  Range  in  the  latter  part  of  winter,  in  1900,  he 
found  two  of  these  birds  frozen  to  death,  away  up  among  the 
scrub,  where,  on  account  of  the  thick  crust,  they  were  unable 
to  burrow  into  the  snow  at  night.  This  fact  is  of  interest  as 
showing  that  the}'  migrate  but  little  from  these  upper  levels, 
even  in  the  winter  season. 

97.  Meleagris  gallopavo  f era  (Vieill.).     Wild  Tuk- 

KEV. 

Formerly  a  common  permament  resident  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  state,  but  long  since  extirpated.  Dr.  Jeremy  Belknap 
(  1792,  vol.  Ill,  p.  170)  writing  of  the  birds  of  this  state,  says 
they  "  were  formerly  very  numerous.  In  winter  they  frequent- 
ed the  sea  shore,  for  the  sake  of  picking  small  fishes  and  ma- 
rine insects,  which  the  tide  leaves  on  the  flats.  *  *  *  They  are 
now  retired  to  the  inland  mountainous  country."  Evidently  the 
birds  were  nearly  extirpated  by  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  though  Dr.  Samuel  Cabot  ('44,  p.  80)  states  that  he 
"purchased  one  in  the  Boston  Market,  brought  from  New 
Hampshire,"  so  late  as  1841  or  '42. 

98.  Ectopistes    migratorius    (Linn.).       Passenger 
Pigeon. 

Formerly  a  summer  resident  of  great  local  abundance,  but 
now  practically  extirpated. 

Arriving  within  our  borders  during  the  first  week  of  April 
in  tremendous  flocks,  they  nested  in  large  colonies,  at  least  as 
far  north  as  the  White  Mountains  proper.  F.  D.  Sanborn,  in 
his  History  of  New  Hampshire  ('75,  p.  159)  states  that  at  about 
17S0,  in  northern  New  Hampshire,  the  air  was  "black  with 
flocks  of  pigeons,  which  were  caught  in  immense  numbers,  and 
their    meat    dried  for  winter    use.       The  feathers   were    used 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  95 

for  bedding."  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue,  of  Webster,  tells  me  that 
as  a  boy,  some  forty  years  ago,  he  remembers  seeing  great 
flocks  of  these  birds  flying  northward  in  early  spring,  forming 
a  solid  phalanx,  with  a  front  of  a  rod  or  so  broad,  and  extend- 
ing to  either  horizon.  They  still  bred  at  Webster  according  to 
Mr.  Goodhue  ('77a,  p.  113)  in  the  'jo's,  and  f  am  informed  by 
an  old  inhabitant  of  the  town  of  Conway  that  some  forty  years 
ago  great  numbers  nested  on  the  Rattlesnake  Range  of  hills  in 
that  township.  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox,  writes  me  that  they  were  for- 
merly very  common  at  Hollis  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state, 
and  used  to  be  netted  extensively  in  the  '70's;  one  nest  was 
found,  and  the  last  flock  seen  was  in  1880.  There  is  a  mounted 
specimen  in  the  Public  Library  at  Acworth,  taken  at  that  town, 
October  10,  18S1,  and  is  the  most  recent  specimen  from  the  state 
that  I  know  of,  though  Mr.  W.  W.  Flint,  of  Concord,  writes 
me  that  the  last  Passenger  Pigeon  of  which  he  has  any  recollec- 
tion was  shot  near  his  house  in  the  summer  of  1885,  when  the 
birds  were  already  rare. 
Dates  :  April  2  to  October  10. 

91).  Zenaidura  macroura  (Linn.).  Mourning  Dove. 
A  not  uncommon  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  country 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  along  the  seacoast  and  es- 
pecially in  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Merrimack  valley  where  it  is 
fairly  common  about  Concord  and  farther  up  at  Franklin.  On 
the  coast,  Mr.  A.  A.  Baton  writes  that  it  is  quite  common  at 
Seabrook,  nesting  in  slender  pines,  and  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  notes 
it  as  a  summer  bird  at  Hampton  Falls.  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  says 
it  was  formerly  rare  at  Plollis,  but  has  since  become  commoner. 
In  the  western  part  of  the  state,  the  bird  is  only  of  occasional  oc- 
currence in  the  southern  Connecticut  valley,  where  a  few  prob- 
ably work  up  from  the  south.  Thus  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell  writes 
me  of  having  several  times  seen  a  bird  or  two  in  the  spring  and 
early  summer  of  1898,  and  again  in  April,  1899,  at  Charlestown. 
beyond  this,  I  have  no  information  of  its  presence  in  the  Con- 
necticut valley.  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen  informs  me  of  a  single  female 
seen  about  the  last  of  June,  1894,  so  far  to  the  northward  as 
Waterville,  on  the  outskirts  of  the  White  Mountains.     The  bird 


96  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

was  evidently  a  straggler,   as  the  species  appears  not  to  occur 
regularly  north  of  L,ake  Winnepesaukee. 
Dates  :  Last  of  March  to  October. 

100.  Carthartes  aura  (Linn.).  Turkey  Vulture. 

An  accidental  visitant  from  the  south.  It  has  twice  been 
captured  in  the  state,  as  follows :  at  Hampton  Falls,  on  the 
coast,  where  on  the  6th  or  7th  of  April,  1882,  a  female  was  shot 
by  Frank  Pereell.  This  specimen,  which  is  preserved  in  the 
mounted  collection  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History, 
was  recorded  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Con-  ('82).  Mr.  William  E.  Cram, 
of  Hampton  Falls,  also  writes  me  that  on  the  15th  of  May,  1.898, 
he  saw  a  bird  of  this  species  at  that  town,  and  that,  although  he 
did  not  shoot  it,  he  had  sufficient  opportunity  to  make  the 
identification  unquestionable.  The  second  capture  of  the  Tur- 
key Vulture  in  the  state  was  at  North  Weave,  near  Concord, 
where,  as  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  C.  M.  Stark,  a  bird  was  found 
one  spring  morning,  about  1887,  by  a  Mr.  Felch,  in  the  latter's 
hen  yard.  It  appeared  unable  to  fly,  and  when  thrown  into  the 
air  would  only  flutter  to  the  ground.  It  was  kept  for  some  time 
by  Mr.  Stark,  and  would  often  wander  off  to  a  considerable  dis- 
tance in  the  fields.  Later  the  bird  was  given  away  to  a  butch- 
er, about  whose  slaughter  house  it  remained  for  some  time  and 
then  suddenly  disappeared. 

Nolo:    Blanoides  forficatus  1  Linn.).    Swallow-tailed  Kite. 
Mi'.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  13)  includes  this  species  in  His  list  of  birds 
of  Belknap  and   Merrimack    Counties  on  the  testimony  of  one   Geo.  Stol- 

worthy,  "  who  states  that  he  saw  one  in  Franklin  in  1875.  It  picked  up 
a  snake  within  one  hundred  feet  from  him,  where  he  had  a  good  chance 
to  see  it."  Dr.  W.  II.  Fox  also  writes  m<  that  on  July  4,  [887,  a  farmer, 
whom  he  considered  reliable  ami  who  was  a  sportsman,  reported  to  him 
"a  large  bird,  thought  to  be  a  hawk,  having  a  forked  tail  like  a  barn  swal- 
low.     It  was  seen  quite  closely  as  it  lit  on  some   alders  near  the  road    and 

remained  while  he  drove  by."     Though  both  these  cases  suggest  the  bird 

in  question,  the  evidence  does  not,  seem  to  warrant  its  inclusion  as  a  bird 
of  the  state. 

101.  Circus  hudsoni US  (Linn.)-      Marsh  Hawk. 

An   uncommon    local  summer    resident,   breeding  in   marshy 
places.     I  have  never  observed  it  in  the  breeding  season  among 


OF  A  K TS  A  N  1  >  SCI  I-'. X C ES.  97 

the  White  Mountains,  though  it  is  rather  common  on  the  mead- 
ows of  the  Saco  valley  during  the  migration  in  August  and 
September.  At  such  times,  a  single  bird  will  remain  in  the 
same  neighborhood  lor  several  days  at  a  time,  evidently  finding 
food  plenty,  and  being  in  no  haste  to  move  southward. 
Dates:  March  [6  to  November  12. 

102.  Accipiter  velox  ( Wils.).     Sharp-shinned  Hawk 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  a  less  common  sum- 
mer resident  ;  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state,  a  winter  resident. 
Throughout  the  heavily-wooded  parts  of  New  Hampshire,  this 
hawk  is  of  general  distribution  during  the  breeding  season,  oc- 
curring well  up  onto  the  mountains.  In  the  winter,  a  few  are  to 
be  found  in  the  lower  part  of  the  state,  and  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue 
('77a,  p.  113)  has  recorded  them  in  this  season,  about  Webster. 
A  northerly  winter  record  for  this  bird  is  that  of  one  obtained 
at  Tamworth,  on  December  27,  1898,  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Gray  and 
now  in  the  Howe-Shattuck  collection.  Throughout  the  White 
Mountain  region  this  is  by  far  the  commonest  hawk  during  the 
fall  migration  and  especially  in  the  months  of  August  and  Sep- 
tember, when  it  is  to  be  found,  usually  singly,  from  the  fertile 
valley  bottoms,  through  the  woods,  even  to  the  summits  of  the 
mountains,  and  I  have  seen  a  single  bird  on  the  rocks  near  the 
summit  of  Mt.  Washington,  on  the  28th  of  August,  1901.  I 
have  not  infrequently  heard  from  this  bird,  a  sharp  "chip," 
much  like  a  Phoebe's  "  chip,"  and  usually  given  when  alarmed 
or  as  it  starts  to  fly  from  the  perch  on  which  it  may  have  just 
alighted. 

103.  Accipiter  cooperii  (Bonap.'.     Cooper's  Hawk. 

A  not  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  summer  resi- 
dent. It  breeds  regularly  over  the  greater  part  of  the  state, 
and  throughout  the  lower  Canadian  region,  up  to  about  3,000 
feet  on  the  higher  mountains. 

Dates  :   March  26  to  October. 

104.  Accipiter  atricapillus  (Wils.).     American  Gos 

HAWK. 

An  irregular,  though  sometimes   common  visitant  in  late  fall 


yS  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

and  winter  ;  rare  summer  resident.  From  the  White  Moun- 
tains northward  the  bird  is  probably  a  regular  breeder, 
and  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  writes  that  he  has  found  its  nest 
and  eggs  on  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  river  on  the  Vermont 
side  opposite  Lancaster.  South  of  the  White  Mountain  region, 
it  has  been  recorded  by  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  14)  as  hav- 
ing bred  at  Dunbarton.  where,  in  1S97,  a  female  was  shot  on 
her  nest,  and  sent  to  Mr.  Thomas  R.  Payson,  of  Northfield,  in 
whose  possession  the  skin  now  is.  Mr.  Ralph  Hoffmann  (103) 
writes  that  on  Jul}7  21,  1902,  he  discovered  a  nest  of  this  species 
at  Alstead,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  It  contained 
two  young,  nearly  full  grown,  which  were  already  taking 
short  flights  by  the  ?gth  of  July.  One  of  these  young 
birds  was  shot,  and  is  now  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  William 
Brewster,  of  Cambridge,  Mass.  The  nest  was  placed  in  a  small 
pine,  at  a  height  of  thirty-five  or  forty  feet.  The  migrating  birds 
appear  in  fall  in  the  lower  part  of  the  state  about  the  last  of 
October,  and  Mr.  W.  K.  Cram,  of  Hampton  Falls,  writes  me 
of  having  seen  it  there  so  late  in  the  spring  as  March  10. 
Dates  :  October  25  to  March  io;   Summer. 

!();">.     Buteo  borealis  (Gmel.)-     Red-tailed  Hawk. 

An  uncommon,  though  generally  distributed  permanent  resi- 
dent of  the  lower  Canadian  region,  breeding  in  the  well  wooded 
upland  and  mountainous  districts.  There  is  a  slight  migratory 
movement  on  the  part  of  many  of  these  birds,  so  that  they  are 
resident  in  winter  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  state  at  localities 
from  which  they  are  generally  absent  in  summer.  They  winter 
so  far  north  at  least  as  the  southern  valleys  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains. 

106.    Buteo  lineatus  (Gmel.).  Red-shouldered  Hawk. 

An  uncommon  permanent  resident  of  general  distribution  at 
the  lower  altitudes  throughout  the  wooded  areas  of  the  south- 
ern and  central  parts  of  the  state.  The  bird  is  apparently  rare 
so  far  up  as  the  White  Mountains.  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  omits 
it  from  a  list  of  birds  seen  by  him  at  Lancaster,  and  I  have 
never  positively  identified   it  but  once  at  Intervale,    where  on 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  99 

August  25,  1898,  an  immature  bird  was  shot  in  the  Saco  valley. 
On  one  or  two  other  occasions,  however,  I  am  confident  that  I 
have  observed  it  there  in  the  month  of  August.  At  Chocorua, 
Frank  Bolles  ('93b  p.  100)  records  it  in  August,  and  it  doubt- 
less breeds  in  that  vicinity. 

107.  Buteo    platypterus    (Vieill.).       Broad-winged 

Hawk. 

A  fairly  common  summer  resident  of  the  dense  mixed  woods 
of  the  sub-Canadian  area.  In  the  White  Mountain  region  and 
northward,  it  is  the  commonest  breeding  hawk,  but  in  central 
and  southern  New  Hampshire  it  is  less  common  except  along 
the  ridge  of  the  western  part  of  the  state.  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox 
writes  me  that  years  ago  he  found  a  nest  and  young  at  Hollis 
on  the  southeastern  border.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  finds  it  not  un- 
common about  Mouadnock,  and  I  have  seen  it  in  summer  along 
the  range  of  hills  west  of  Newfound  Lake,,  where,  however,  it  is 
rare.  In  the  White  Mountains  it  breeds  in  the  woods  up  to  the 
limit  of  large  tree  growth,  about  2,500  feet.  Like  many  of  the 
hawks,  it  shows  attachment  for  a  chosen  locality,  and  I  have 
known  of  a  pair  at  Intervale  which  nested  for  several  seasons  in 
a  large  beech  tree  in  the  forest.  The  nest  was  a  huge  pile  of 
sticks  in  a  crotch  of  the  tree,  and  evidently  the  accumulation  of 
years.  Portions  of  two  or  three  dead  garter  snakes  were  found 
in  the  nest,  which  at  the  time  of  my  visit  on  July  22,  1898,  con- 
tained two  young  birds  ready  to  fly. 

Dales:   April  to  .September  15. 

108.  Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis  (Gmel.). 
American  Rough-Pegged  Hawk. 

An  uncommon  fall  and  winter  visitant,  sometimes  occurring 
in  flights  of  considerable  numbers.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('85) 
mentions  it  in  a  list  of  birds  observed  in  winter  at  Webster, 
and  states  that  one  specimen  in  black  plumage  was  taken.  Mr. 
Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  15)  says  that  he  is  informed  by  a  Mr. 
Henry  Osgood  of  Pittsfield,  of  a  large  number  that  "  passed  in 
loose  flocks  over  Catamount  Mountain  in  this  town  one  day  late 
in  November,  a  few  years  ago.       He  also  has  a  mounted  speci- 


IOO  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

men  in  melanistic  plumage  that  was  killed  in  his  vicinity."  On 
the  coast,  it  also  occurs  in  small  numbers,  and  Mr.  W.  K.  Cram 
of  Hampton  Falls,  who  has  observed  the  bird  frequently,  writes 
me  that  he  had  a  good  opportunity  to  watch  a  pair  at  his  town 
so  late  as  the  5th  and  6th  of  May,  1895.  He  adds  that  they  were 
evidently  male  and  female,  both  in  rather  dark  plumage,  and 
that  he  might  readily  have  killed  both,  but  preferred  not  to. 
Dates  :  October  to  (May  6). 

109.    Aquila  chrysaetos  (Finn.).    Goldkn  Kagi.k. 

A  permanent  resident,  now  become  extremely  rare  and  irreg- 
ular. There  appear  to  be  no  recent  records  of  the  breeding  of 
this  bird  in  New  Hampshire,  though  formerly  a  few  nested  reg- 
ularly in  inaccessible  localities  among  the  White  Mountains. 
As  recorded  by  Baird,  Brewer  and  Ridgway  ('74,  vol'.  Ill,  p. 
316)  a  pair  nested  for  years  on  the  inaccessible  Eagle  cliff,  at 
Profile  L,ake  among  the  Frauconia  Mountains.  Repeated  efforts 
were  made  to  reach  this* nest,  but  in  vain.  "  In  the  summer  of 
1855  a  renewed  attempt  was  made  to  scale  the  precipice. over 
which  the  shelving  rock,  on  which  the  nest  stands,  projects.  A 
party  was  formed,  and  although  they  succeeded  in  ascending 
the  mountain,  which  was  never  achieved  before,  they  could 
reach  only  a  point  beyond  and  above,  not  the  nest  itself.  *  *  * 
The  party  reported  a  large  collection  of  bones  in  its  immediate 
vicinity,  with  other  evidences  of  the  accumulated  plunder  of 
many  years,  as  well  as  a  plentiful  supply  of  fresh  food  at  the 
time  visited."  Nuttall  ('32,  vol.  I,  p.  64)  mentions  that  he  saw  a 
young  bird  which  had  been  brought  from  the  White  Mountains, 
where  it  had  been  taken  from  its  nest  in  the  mouth  of  August. 
The  last  breeding  record  for  the  state  appears  to  be  that  of  C. 
A.  Hawes  ('78)  who  states  that  on  July  6,  1876,  he  observed  at 
White  Horse  Ledge,  North  Conway,  a  nest  containing  two 
young,  partly  fledged.  He  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
reach  the  shelf  of  rock  on  which  the  nest  was  placed,  but  man- 
aged to  get  sufficiently  near  to  see  that  the  nest  itself  was  about 
four  feet  across,  and  built  of  large  sticks,  while  all  about  were 
scattered  feathers,  fur  and  bones.  On  visiting  the  locality  the 
following  year,  he  found  that  the    birds  were   no  longer   there. 


OF  ARTS  i   M)  SCIENCES.  IOI 

Both  H.  D.  Minot  ('77)  and  Mr.  Win.  Brewster  (^95)  mention 
having  seen  the  bird  soaring  high  over  the  summit  of  Mt.  La- 
fayette. The  only  recent  captures  of  this  eagle  in  the  state  are  : 
Bartlett,  one  caught  in  a  fox  trap  on  Feb.  19,  ^93,  recorded  by 
"  Jagare  "  ('93)  ;  Ffollis,  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  informs  me  that  one 
was  shot  eight  miles  west  of  this  town  on  vSept.  16,  1881  ;  New 
Hampshire,  Mr.  Ralph  Hoffmann  writes  me  that  he  examined 
a  mounted  specimen  in  the  shop  of  W.  E.  Balch,  a  taxidermist 
at  Lunenburg,  Vt.,  and  which  was  said  to  have  been  taken  in 
the  state.  Mr.  Balch,  on  my  inquiry,  tells  me  that  it  was  sent 
to  him  on  Oct.  9,  1899,  from  New  Hampshire. 

1  10.  Haliseetus  leucocephalus  (Linn.).  Baud  Kaci.k. 
An  uncommon  summer  resident  in  the  central  and  northern 
parts  of  the  state,  and  occasional  at  all  seasons  in  the  southeast- 
ern section.  It  is  generally  to  be  found  during  the  summer  in 
small  numbers  about  the  larger  lakes,  as  at  Umbagog,  where, 
however,  Mr.  Wm,  Brewster  ('95,  p.  3S6)  does  not  believe  it 
now  nests.  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  15)  finds  the  bird  also 
along  the  shores  of  Lake  Winnipesaukee  and  the  river  that 
drains  it,  and  makes  the  interesting  observation  that  "  they  usu- 
ally roost  in  the  same  place  as  long  as  they  remain  in  a  single 
locality,  and  if  there  are  several  in  the  neighborhood,  they  gen- 
erally assemble  at  nightfall  to  spend  the  night  together." 
Doubtless  these  are  not  breeding  birds.  At  Newfound  Lake, 
however,  is  a  fine  pair  of  old  birds,  which  probably  nests  on 
the  mountains  near,  and  returns  yearly  to  the  lake  to  sum- 
mer ;  indeed,  the  residents  say  that  there  has  not  been  a  sum- 
mer for  generations,  that  has  not  seen  a  pair  of  the  big  birds 
sailing  over  these  waters.  Mr.  Vyron  D.  Lowe,  of  Randolph, 
a  keen  woodsman,  tells  me  that  a  pair  of  Bald  Eagles  has  sum- 
mered for  perhaps  25  years  on  the  Presidential  Range  of  the 
White  Mountains,  and  that  until  seven  years  ago,  or  therea- 
bouts, the  nest  -was  nearly  at  timber  line  on  Mt.  Adams,  but 
that  some  one  robbed  it,  and  the  birds  have  left  the  site,  though 
he  still  sees  them  on  the  range  at  intervals  during  the  summer  ; 
in  1902,  Mr.  howe  first  saw  the  birds  on  March  23d.  On  the 
coast,  a  few  birds  winter,  and  a  specimen  is  recorded  in  the  Or- 


102  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER   INSTITUTE 

nithologist  and  Oologist  ('82)  captured  at  Portsmouth,  Jan.  27, 
1882  ;  Mr.  F.  H.  Alien  also  saw  one  on  Feb.  2,  1900,  from  the 
cars  while  passing  through  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state. 
Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  has  observed  it  the  year  round  at  Hampton 
Falls.  Inland,  the  first  migrants  appear  early  in  March,  and  I 
am  informed  of  a  fine  adult  bird  seen  by  Mrs.  E.  E.  Webster  at 
Franklin  Falls,  not  far  south  of  Lake  Winnipesaukee  on  March 
3,  1900,  there  being  still  two  feet  of  snow  on  the  ground. 

Note:     Palco  island  us  Brunn.     White  Gyrfai.chx. 

Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  states  that  he  saw  what  he  is  certain  was  a 
bird  of  this  species,  flying  high  above  him  as  he  was  crossing  a  mountain 
pass  in  Errol,  on  Nov.  5th,  1868.  While  the  chances  are  in  favor  of  the 
bird  having  been  a  Gyrfalcon,  the  identification  cannot  be  considered 
sufficiently  positive  to  warrant  inclusion  in  this  list. 

111.  Falco  rusticolus  obsoletus  (Gmel.).  Black 
Gyrfalcon. 

A  very  rare  winter  visitant.  There  is  but  a  single  record, 
near  Milfotd,  one  shot  in  January,  1891.  The  bird  was  origi- 
nally recorded  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Melzer  ('91)  as  from  Milford,  Yt., 
which,  as  he  informs  me,  was  a  mistake.  It  was  taken  on  Lynde- 
boro  Mountain,  a  range  of  hills  which  runs  through  the  towns 
adjoining  Milford,  N.  H.  Mr.  Win.  Brewster  C95,  p.  480)  re- 
cords the  locality  correctly. 

112.  Falco  peregrimis  aiiatimi  (Bonap.).  Dick 
Hawk. 

An  uncommon  local  summer  resident.  A  number  of  places 
are  known  to  which  a  pair  of  these  birds  has  returned  year  after 
\ear  to  nest  on  the  same  cliff,  a  notable  instance  being  the  pair 
at  Eagle  Cliff  in  the  Franconia  Mountains  which  appears  to 
have  held  possession  for  a  number  of  years  succeeding  the  de- 
sertion of  the  site  by  the  Golden  Eagles.  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn 
('98,  p.  16)  mentions  a  place  near  Alexandria  where  the  birds 
were  reported  to  be  seen,  and  young  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
summer.  At  Humphrey's  Ledge,  a  high  cliff  rising  from  the 
vSaco  valley  at  Intervale,  a  pair  has  bred  for  several  years.  The 
old  birds  are  noisy  during  the  early  part  of  the  summer,  and 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  IO3 

often  are  seen  soaring  high  over  the  river,  more  like  a  Bnteo 
than  a  Falco,  and  uttering  their  loud,  squealing-  cries.  After 
the  young  leave  the  nest,  gravity  brings  them  down  to  the  val- 
ley bottom,  but  they  are  soon  able  to  fly  sufficiently  well  to 
keep  out  of  gunshot.  The  whole  family  usually  disappears 
soon  after  the  young  are  strong  on  the  wing,  and  I  have  not  ob- 
served them  about  their  ledge  after  Aug.  15th.  Mr.  G.  H. 
Thayer  writes  me  that  he  usually  finds  one  or  two  every  summer 
on  the  higher  ridges  of  Mt.  Monadnock,  but  does  not  know  of 
their  breeding.  On  the  coast,  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  notes  the  bird 
at  Hampton  Falls  as  a  migrant  in  the  months  of  March  and 
April,  September  and  October. 

113.  Falco  columbarius  Linn.     Pigeon  Hawk. 

A  rather  rare  spring  and  fall  migrant.  Dr.  A.  P.  Chad- 
bourne  ('87,  p.  103)  records  that  one  was  "  seen  "  in  the  Great 
Gulf,  Mt.  Washington,  at  about  3,000  feet,  on  July  8,  1886. 
The  bird  was  not  secured,  however,  so  that  the  record  does  not 
certainly  establish  the  bird's  presence  in  New  Hampshire  dur- 
ing the  breeding  season.  I  have  never  found  it  in  the  fall  mi- 
grations among  the  White  Mountains,  when  other  hawks  are 
common,  and  all  the  many  specimens  seen  or  shot  have  been  of 
other  species.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  has  taken  the  bird  at  Web- 
ster, however.  Amateur  local  lists  of  birds  usually  include  this 
species  as  a  summer  resident,  where  doubtless  the  Sharp- 
shinned  Hawk  is  the  bird  in  question. 

114.  Falco  sparverius  Linn.  American  Sparrow 
Hawk. 

An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  a  rather  rare  sum- 
mer resident  of  the  Transition  areas  of  the  state,  breeding  spar- 
ingly in  the  valley  bottoms  well  up  towards  the  bases  of  the 
White  Mountains.  At  Intervale,  I  have  known  of  but  a  single 
pair  to  nest  in  the  vicinity  during  ten  years'  observation  ;  this 
pair  bred  for  one  or  two  seasons  in  a  large  dead  tree  on  the  Saco 
valley  meadows,  about  eight  years  since.  A  few  appear  also  in 
late  summer  in  the  migration   down  the  valley.     I  have  seen 


104  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

there  on  August  25,  1897,  a  small  family  group  of  three  birds, 
which  may  have  come  from  no  great  distance.  The  fall  mi- 
grants appear  at  Intervale  during  the  last  week  of  August  and 
occasional  birds  are  seen  through  the  first  half  of  September. 
They  cross  the  mountain  ranges  in  migration  and  two  have  been 
noted  by  Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne  ('87,  p.  104)  flying  low  over 
the  summit  of  Mt.  Clay,  of  the  Presidential  Range,  on  Sept.  2, 
1884,  and  "  the  next  day  another  came  sailing  down  from  above 
and  disappeared  in  Tuckermau's  Ravine."  Mr.  Bradford  Tor- 
rey  also  saw  one  fly  close  by  the  summit  of  Mt.  Washington 
(  6,290  feet)  about  the  28th  of  August.  1901. 
Dates:  March  15  to  October. 

1  1 5.  Pandion  haliaetus  earoliiiensis  ( Gmel. ) .  Amer- 
ican OSPREY. 

A  rather  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  along  the  coast  and 
on  the  larger  streams  and  lakes  ;  also  a  rare  summer  resident. 
According  to  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72),  they  used  to  breed  at 
Lake  Umbagog.  In  the  fall  migration,  they  appear  with  more  or 
less  regularity  during  the  last  week  of  August  about  the  lakes 
and  streams.  Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne  ('87,  p.  104)  has  recorded 
one  which  flew  a  few  yards  over  his  head  on  Mt.  Jefferson,  Sept. 
2,  1S84,  elevation  about  5,500  ft.  As  with  other  hawks,  they 
appear  often  to  cross  these  high  ranges,  instead  of  keeping  al- 
together to  the  valleys. 

Dates:  April  ;  Summer;  August  25  to  November  1. 

116.  Asio  wilsoniamis  (Less.).  American  Long- 
eared  Owl. 

A  rather  rare  resident.  All  the  records  which  I  have  for 
this  species  are  from  localities  in  the  southern  and  central  part 
of  the  state-     I  have  never  seen  it  in  the  White  Mountains. 

1  17.    Asio  accipitrinus  (Pall.)<    Short-eared  Owl. 

Rare,  occurring  only  as  a  migrant  so  far  as  known.  Mr.  C. 
P.  Goodhue  has  found  it  very  rarely  at  Webster,  and  Mr.  J.  P. 
Mel/.er  writes  me  that  he  has  mounted  perhaps  twenty  speci- 
men -  killed  in  recent  years  about  Milford. 

Dates:  April;  November. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  105 

118.     Syrnium  nebulosum  (Forst.).     Barred  Owl. 

A  permanent  resident  throughout  the  wo  )ded  region  of  the 
state,  and  without  doubt  our  commonest  owl.  In  the  White 
Mountains,  where  other  species  of  owls  seem  generally  rare,  it 
is  fairly  common  and  of  general  distribution  throughout  the 
sub-Canadian  woodlands  up  to  about  3,000  feet.  Frank  Bolles' 
account  C90)  of  his  pet  Barred  Owls  taken  from  the  nest  at 
Chocorua,  on  June  1,  1SS8,  contains  much  of  value  and  inter- 
est. He  found  these  Owls  much  given  to  sunning  themselves 
sleepily  during  the  morning  hours,  and  often,  while  in  the 
woods,  could  call  up  a  bird  by  imitating  its  notes.  Although 
doubtless  this  is  a  strictly  resident  species,  one  always  is  more 
apt  to  see  them  in  fall  than  at  other  times.  There  is  probably 
some  slight  migrator)-  movement,  as  the  young  birds  move  off, 
or  the  older  birds  change  station  occasionally. 

111).  Scotiaptex  cinerea  (Gmel.).  Great  Gray  Owl. 
A  rare  winter  visitant.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  me  that 
there  is  a  mounted  specimen  in  the  possession  of  a  farmer  at 
Ckesham,  which  was  taken  some  years  ago  in  late  autumn,  in  the 
heavy  woods  to  the  northwest  of  Mt.  Mouadnock.  Mr.  James 
P.  Melzer  writes  that  he  has  had  two  or  three  brought  in  for 
mounting  in  years  past,  from  about  Milford.  My  friend,  Mr. 
V.  D.  L,owe,  of  Randolph,  has  also  described  to  me  an  owl  tak- 
en in  late  September,  1892,  on  the  Dead  Diamond  River,  a 
branch  of  the  Megalloway,  in  Weutworth's  Location,  which 
can  hardly  be  other  than  this  species.  Mr.  Dowe  is  acquainted 
with  the  common  owls,  and  I  have  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the 
bird  in  question  was  a  Great  Gray  Owl. 

120.    Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni  (Bonap.).  Rich- 
ardson's Owl. 

A  rare  winter  visitant  from  the  north.  The  definite  records 
for  the  state  appear  to  be  the  following:  Chocorua,  my  friend, 
Mr.  H.  C.  Sargent,  permits  me  to  record  a  specimen  which  he 
shot  there  March  1,  1900,  just  after  an  unusually  heavy  snow 
storm;  Cornish,  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior  (  :o2,  "Errata")  re- 
cords a  specimen   taken    "  in  the  autumn  or  early  winter  about 


106  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

1890,"  and  in  the  collection  of  Mrs.  Russell  Brewster,  of  Wind- 
sor, Vt.  ;  Hollis,  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  ('83)  records  a  female  shot  on 
Dec.  15,  1879.  The  weather  was  mild  at  the  time,  and  there 
were  about  three  inches  of  snow  on  the  ground  ;  Milford,  Mr. 
J.  P.  Melzer  writes  that  he  has  mounted  two  of  three  killed  in 
the  vicinity  during  the  last  twenty-five  years  ;  Webster,  Mr.  C. 
F.  Goodhue  has  mounted  a  specimen  taken  here,  a  number  of 
years  ago. 

Dates:  December  15  to  March  I. 

121.  Nyctala  acadica  (Gmel.).     Saw-whet  Owl. 

A  resident  throughout  the  state,  of  general  distribution,  but 
apparently  nowhere  common.  At  Hampton  Falls,  on  the  coast, 
Mr.  W.  F.  Cram  finds  it  the  year  round  ;  at  Hollis,  Dr.  W.  H. 
Fox  saw  one  in  June,  1875,  and  states  that  it  is  rather  common 
there  in  autumn.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  has  found  it  to  breed 
rarely  at  Webster,  and  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98)  considers  that 
in  point  of  numbers  it  comes  next  to  the  Barred  Owl  in  Belknap 
and  Merrimack  Counties.  In  the  White  Mountain  region,  it  is 
occasional  in  summer;  Frank  Bolles  ('90,  p.  T13)  records  a  sin- 
gle bird  at  Chocorua  on  July  18,  1889  (?);  and  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen 
observed  one  late  in  June,  1888,  at  Campton.  Mr.  V.  D.  Lowe, 
of  Randolph,  tells  me  also  that  he  has  sometimes  heard  it  in 
summer  on  Mt.  Adams,  about  "Perch  Camp,"  4,400  feet, 
slightly  below  the  tree  limit.  At  Lancaster,  in  the  upper  Con- 
necticut valley,  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  ('93)  has  found  it  nesting 
on  several  occasions. 

122.  Megascops  asio  (Finn.).     Scrkkch  Owl. 

An  uncommon  permanent  resident  of  the  Transition  regions 
of  the  state,  following  the  valley  bottoms  well  up  into  the  White 
Mountains,  where,  however,  it  becomes  rather  rare.  Mr.  C.  F. 
Goodhue  finds  it  at  Webster,  and  it  is  occasional  throughout  the 
south-central  parts  of  the  state,  as  at  Acworth,  Charlestown, 
Hollis,  Keene,  Newfound  Fake  and  Peterborough.  Farther 
north,  in  the  central  part  of  New  Hampshire,  Mr.  E.  A.  Preble 
writes  me  that  it  is  fairly  common  about  Ossipee,  and  yet  far- 
ther, a  pair  or  two  are  found  nearly  every  summer  at  Intervale. 


OF  ARTS  AXI)  SCIENCES.  107 

Here  they  are  confined  to  the  river  valley,  and  I  know  of  a  pair 
which  nests  annually  in  a  large  grove  of  sugar  maples  by  the 
Saco  River,  and  one  or  more  of  the  family  are  often  to  be  found 
here  throughout  the  summer.  On  June  18,  1900,  I  found  the 
brood  of  four  young  hardly  out  of  the  nest,  all  sitting  erect  and 
motionless  side  by  side  on  a  maple  branch,  while  one  of  the  old 
birds,  in  great  excitement,  flew  from  tree  to  tree  with  weird 
cries  of  protest.  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  writes  me  that  at  Iyancas- 
ter,  in  the  upper  Connecticut  valley,  he  has  seen  it  but  a  few 
times,  and  never  found  it  to  breed. 

123.  Bubo  virginianus  (Gmel.).  Great  Horned  Owl. 
A  rather  common  resident  throughout  the  well  watered  forest 
areas  of  the  state,  but  apparently  rare  in  the  White  Mountains 
themselves.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  me  that  it  is  present  in 
small  numbers  about  Mt.  Mouadnock  ;  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  has 
often  had  specimens  from  about  Webster,  and  north  of  the 
White  Mountains  it  is  not  uncommon  about  the  larger  lakes 
and  streams. 

121.    Nyctea  nyctea  (Iyinn.).     Snowy  Owl. 

An  irregular  late  fall  and  winter  visitant,  sometimes  occur- 
ring in  considerable  numbers  along  the  sea  coast ;  accidental  in 
summer.  Mr.  L,.  J.  Rundlett  ('97)  has  recorded  a  "  full-grown, 
adult  Snowy  Owl."  shot  on  the  intervale  near  Concord,  July  15, 
1897.  The  previous  week  had  been  extremely  hot,  and  the  bird 
is  conjectured  to  have  lived  in  a  large  ice-house  near  by,  upon 
the  cupola  of  which  it  was  shot.  The  sex  of  the  specimen  was 
not  determined.  Mr.  Rundlett  informs  me  that  it  had  been 
seen  a  few  days  previous  by  some  workmen,  and  that  just  before 
it  was  killed,  it  had  been  started  from  the  tall  grass,  where  it 
may  have  been  searching  for  mice.  This  occurrence  is,  of 
course,  purely  accidental.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('77b)  has  re- 
corded a  specimen  killed  at  Webster  so  early  in  the  fall  as  just 
previous  to  Oct.  10,  1877.  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  17)  ad- 
duces three  records  for  Belknap  and  Merrimack  Counties,  and 
Mr.  H.  L,.  Piper  informs  me  of  having  taken  the  bird  in 
winter  near  Rindge ;    it  is   not   infrequent  throughout  the  Con- 


108  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

necticut  valley  in  winter,  and  at  Colebrook,  a  Mr.  Norton  (  '83) 
records  three  secured  in  the  flight  of  1883-84.  There  was  a 
considerable  flight  along  the  coast  during  the  winter  of  iaor-02, 
and  several  were  killed  near  Portsmouth.  In  the  White  Moun- 
tains, I  have  only  very  rarely  known  of  their  presence  in  win- 
ter. Mrs.  Celia  Thaxter  ('70,  p.  209)  speaks  of  this  owl  as  a 
frequent  winter  visitant  to  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  where  it  feeds 
largely  upon  the  numerous  rats  on  the  islands.  "  Several 
snowy  owls,"  she  writes,  "haunt  the  islands  the  whole  winter 
long.  I  have  never  heard  them  cry  like  other  owls  ;  when  dis- 
turbed or  angry,  they  make  a  sound  like  a  watchman's  rattle, 
very  loud  and  harsh,  or  they  whistle  with  intense  shrillness, 
like  a  human  being." 

Dates  :  (October  10  1  November  3  to  March  4  ;  (Jul}'  15). 

1  35.  Suriiia  ulula  caparoch  (  Mull. ) .  American  Hawk 
Owl. 

A  rare  and  irregular  visitant  in  late  fall  and  winter.  During 
the  late  fall  of  1884,  an  unusual  flight  of  these  birds  occurred 
over  northern  New  England,  of  which  Mr.  William  Brewster 
('85)  has  given  an  account.  During  this  flight,  the  birds  were 
noted  commonly  at  Colebrook,  and  four  were  shot  at  Lake  Um- 
bagog.  The  records  for  the  state,  so  far  as  known  to  me',  are 
as  follows  :  Colebrook,  during  the  flight  mentioned  above,  Mr. 
Ned  Norton  found  them  common  here,  and  writes  (  '84b)  under 
date  of  December  1  :  "  Less  than  one  inch  of  snow  now.  Hawk 
Owls  came  three  weeks  ago  in  greater  numbers  than  ever  be- 
fore. Farmers'  sons  have  been  killing  them  all  over  the  coun- 
try." The  same  observer  states  that  on  April  20,  1884  ('84a), 
he  observed  a  Hawk  Owl  near  Colebrook  with  a  mouse  in  its 
claws.  Lake  I  rmbagogt  four  were  secured  by  Mr.  William 
Brewster  ( '85)  during  the  1884  flight,  on  the  dates  October  25, 
October  31,  November  15  and  November  16  respectively.  Meri- 
dens  a  specimen  in  the  mounted  collection  of  the  Boston  Soci- 
ety of  Natural  History  is  labeled  as  having  come  from  near  this 
town.  Milford,  two  Specimens  from  this  vicinity  have  been 
mounted  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Melzer  in  years  past.  Nashua,  one  was 
taken  by  a  Mr.  O.  H.  Phillips,  formerly  a  taxidermist,  near  this 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  IO9 

place  in  the  late  'jo's  or  early  '8o's,  as  I  am  informed  by  Dr.  \V. 
H.  Fox.  who  examined  the  specimen.  Penacook,  Mr.  C.  F. 
Goodhue  has  mounted  one  shot  lure  some  years  ago,  and  lias  a 
mounted  specimen  shot  by  him  about  thirty  years  ago  at  Web- 
s/cr,  where  he  also  shot  another  bird  at  about  the  same  time. 
Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  18)  states  that  a  Mr.  George  Stol- 
worthy  asserts  that  he  mounted  one  taken  in  Sanbornton  during 
the-  breeding  season,  an  occurrence  which,  if  true,  is  surely 
quite  accidental. 

I  >ates  :  October  25  to  April  20. 

1  *i(>.  Coccyzus  americanus  (Linn.).  Yellow-hilled 
Cuckoo. 

A  very  rare  summer  resident,  barely  reaching  the  south-cen- 
tral parts  of  the  state  in  the  Transition  areas  of  the  valley  bot- 
toms and  the  coast.  A  few  of  these  birds  appear  to  follow  up 
the  Merrimack  valley  for  some  distance,  and  perhaps  with  more 
regularity,  than  the  few  records  might  seem  to  indicate.  Thus 
Mr.  W.  \V.  Flint  writes  me  of  one  killed  a  few  years  ago  at 
Concord,  and  seen  by  him,  and  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  18) 
records  a  pair  seen  in  a  piece  of  inundated  wood's  at  Northfield, 
farther  up  the  valley,  on  June  24,  1897,  and  adds  that  another 
was  brought  in  which  was  found  dead,  that  same  season.  It  is 
stated  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Batchelder  (  :  00,  p.  127)  to  be  a  "rare 
summer  resident"  at  Manchester,  though  no  definite  instances 
of  its  occurrence  are  cited.  The  most  northern  record  for  the 
state  is  that  given  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,  (  :oi,  p.  35)  of 
an  adult  female  shot  on  July  4,  1900,  at  the  head  of  Newfound 
Lake.  The  bird  may  very  well  have  followed  up  the  Merrimack 
and  Pemigewasset  valleys  to  this  point.  The  same  author 
(  :  02)  records  its  presence  in  the  Connecticut  basin  of  Vermont, 
and  I  am  assured  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell  that  it  occurs  at 
Charlestown,  N.  H.,  in  the  Connecticut  valley.  On  the  coast, 
Mr.  A.  A.  Eaton  writes  me  that  he  has  positively  identified  it 
at  Seabrook,  and  Mr.  \V.  E.  Cram  has  noted  it  thrice  at  Hamp- 
ton Falls,  September,  1897,  September,  1899,  and  August,  1900, 
respectively. 


IIO  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

127.  Coccyzus  erythrophthalmus  (Wils.).      Black 
billed  Cuckoo. 

A  common  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  regions  of  the 
state,  penetrating  the  valleys  and  foot  hills  of  both  sides  of  the 
White  Mountains,  where  it  is  found  not  infrequently  in  the 
sub-Canadian  woods  up  to  at  least  1,000  feet.  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen 
has  found  it  quite  common  at  Jefferson  and  Randolph  and  it 
doubtless  occurs  throughout  the  open  valley  lauds  of  the  region 
to  the  north  of  these  mountains. 
Dates  :  May  12  to  August  29. 

128.  Ceryle  alcyon  (L/inn.).     Belted  Kingfisher. 

A  summer  resident,  of  general  distribution  about  the  larger 
streams,  lakes,  and  ponds  ;  rarely  it  winters  in  the  southern  and 
central  parts  of  the  state.  Baird,  Brewer  and  Ridgway  ('74, 
vol.  2,  p.  395)  record  a  single  pair  which  had  a  nest  in  a  bank 
by  the  side  of  the  carriage  road  on  Mount  Washington,  "  more 
than  a  mile  fiom  any  water.  It  was  a  shallow  excavation,  made 
that  season,  and  contained  fresh  eggs  the  latter  part  of  May. 
The  food  of  the  pair  was  taken  near  the  dam  of  a  sawmill  on 
Peabody  River."  The  altitude  at  which  this  pair  bred  must 
have  been  about  2,500  to  3,000  feet.  After  the  breeding  season 
the  birds  often  make  considerable  wanderings  into  the  region 
about  their  nesting  site.  At  such  times  they  will  often  follow  the 
trout  brooks  through  the  woods,  and  in  mid-September,  I  have 
found  them  occasionally  to  reach  so  high  an  altitude  as  3,360 
feet,  at  the  lakelets  in  Carter  Notch.  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98, 
p.  18)  states  that  one  wintered  on  the  Suncook  river  in  1889- 
90,  and  that  he  has  seen  at  least  one  at  Tilton  in  mid-winter. 

Dates  :  March  to  November  24;  (Winter). 

121).     Dryofoiites  villosus  (  Linn. ).  Hairy  Woodpecker. 

A  not  uncommon  permanent  resident,  confined  during  the 
breeding  season  to  the  Canadian  areas.  It  breeds  on  the  high- 
er land  from  the  southwestern  portions  of  the  state  northward, 
and  in  central  New  Hampshire  is  rather  common.  In  the  White 
Mountains  I  have  found  it  commonest  on  the  larger  ranges  from 
3,000  to  4,500  feet  where  there  is  an  abundance  of  birch,  fir,  and 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  1 1 1 

spruce.     In  winter,  there  is  a  slight  movement  southward,  and 
into  the  valleys"from  these  upper  regions. 

130.  Dryobates     pubescens     mediamis     (Swains.). 

Downy   Woodpecker. 

A  common  permanent  resident  throughout  the  Transition 
and  sub-Canadian  life  zones,  up  to  about  3,000  feet  on  the 
mountains,  though  occasional  birds  go  still  higher  into  the 
small  tree  growth,  and  on  Aug.  1,  1899,  I  observed  one  in 
Tuckerman's  Ravine,  Mt.  Washington,  at  over  4,000  feet  among 
the  balsams.  In  winter  there  seem  to  be  nearly  as  many  of 
these  birds  on  the  mountains  as  in  summer,  but  those  which  I 
have  observed  at  this  season  have  all  been  below  3,000  feet. 

131.  Picoides  arcticus  (Swains.).    Arctic  Three-toed 
Woodpecker. 

A  rather  rare  permanent  resident  of  the  upper  Canadian  re- 
gions of  the  White  Mountains  and  the  northern  part  of  the 
state  ;  occasional  also  in  fall  and  winter  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  state.  In  summer,  its  range  is  practically  that  of  the  fol- 
lowing species  in  the  White  Mountains,  but  it  seems  less  com- 
mon. Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne  did  not  observe  it  during  his 
White  Mountain  trips  and  I  have  seen  it  only  on  two  occasions, 
these  while  on  a  trip  over  the  Carter-Moriah  range,  in  early 
September,  1901.  Frank  Bolles  ('93b,  p.  155)  attests  its  pres- 
ence on  Mt.  Passaconaway  in  summer,  and  H.  D.  Miuot  ('77) 
records  that  he  has  found  the  nest  in  the  White  Mountains.  F. 
A.  Bates  ('91)  records  two  nests  with  young  in  late  June  from 
the  mountain  forests  at  the  head  waters  of  the  Pemige- 
wasset.  Dr.  Walter  Faxon  also  tells  me  that  he  saw  a  bird  of 
this  species  on  Mount  Moosilauke  on  October  4,  several  years 
ago.  Farther  south,  Dr.  A.  L,.  Reagh  has  observed  two  birds 
at  Newfound  Lake,  on  August  18,  1899.  W.  B.  O.  Peabody 
('41  p.  338)  states  that  he  is  informed  by  Dr.  Brewer  that  it 
breeds  at  Keene,  but  while  an  outlying  pair  may  have  bred  on 
the  northern  slope  of  Mt.  Monadnock,  it  certainly  has  not  since 
been  found  to  breed  so  far  south,  though  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer 
(  :  02)  records  a  female  observed  on  May  18,  1899,  at  Chesham, 


I  12  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER   INSTITUTE 

six  miles  north  of  that  peak.  To  the  north  of  the  White 
Mountains,  the  bird  is  a  resident  of  the  coniferous  forests.  In 
fall  and  winter  there  is  often  a  fairly  well  defined  movement  of 
the  birds  into  the  White  Mountain  valleys  and  over  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  state.  Thus  Mr.  G.  C.  Shattuek  saw  3  or  4 
during  the  last  week  of  December,  1899,  at  the  Albany  Inter- 
vales, and  another  at  the  same  place  on  Feb.  18,  1901.  Mr. 
Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  19)  records  a  female  seen  at  Alton  on 
Dec.  20,  1890,  and  implies  that  he  has  known  of  others  taken  in 
winter  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  ;  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue 
('77'  P-  96)  has  found  it  a  very  rare  fall  and  winter  visitant  at 
Webster;  Dr.  Charles  Palmer  ('71)  has  recorded  a  specimen 
taken  late  in  fall  at  Strafford  ;  at  Hampton  Falls,  the  bird  has 
been  observed  in  fall  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Cram,  and  Mr.  A.  A.  Faton 
writes  me  of  one  shot  at  Seabrook  in  November,  1888,  and  a 
second  specimen  killed  at  the  same  place  on  Nov.  26,  1899. 

132.     Picoides  americanus  Brehm.    American  Three- 
toed  Woodpecker. 

An  uncommon  permanent  resident  of  the  upper  Canadian 
zone  in  the  White  Mountains  and  in  the  upper  part  of  the  state. 
In  winter,  there  is  a  slight  movement  into  the  valleys,  and  rare- 
ly into  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  Thus  Mr.  G.  C.  Shat- 
tnck  has  seen  a  single  bird  on  each  of  the  dates  Dec.  31,  1900, 
and  Feb.  14,  1901,  at  the  Albany  Intervales,  the  valley  west  of 
the  Moat  Mountains  and  north  of  the  .Sandwich  range,  and  on 
Bear  Mountain  of  the  latter  range,  Frank  Bolles  ('93b,  p.  247) 
has  recorded  seeing  a  pair  on  Dec.  21,  1891,  apparently  about 
half  way  up  the  mountain.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('85,  p.  14) 
has  taken  a  single  bird  at  Webster  in  January,  1875.  On  the 
White  Mountains  themselves,  whether  by  chance  or  otherwise, 
I  have  found  this  the  commoner  of  the  two  three-toed  wood- 
peckers. It  occurs  in  summer  in  the  rich,  damp,  balsam  forests 
from  3,00b  feet  (or  slightly  less  where  cold  streams  flow  off  on 
the  northern  slopes)  to  4,000  feet.  Mr.  William  Brewster  has 
taken  two  adult  males  at  Gorham,  July  .i".  [870,  and  Mr.  C.  J. 
Maynard  has  seen  one  in  August  by  the  road  not  far  from  the 
Glen   House  (Brewster,  ed.,   '95,  p.  333).      Dr.   A.   P.  Chad- 


OF   ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  I  I  ,> 

bourne  ('87,  p.  104)  has  recorded  an  adult  female  and  a  young 
bird  below  Hermit  Lake  in  Tuekerman's  Ravine  (3,960  feet) 
and  another  in  the  Great  Gulf  on  Mt.  Washington,  July  5, 
[886.  On  the  Carter  Range,  in  the  latter  part  of  summer  I 
have  a  few  times  met  with  the  bird,  and  on  December  27,  1900, 
one  was  seen  among  the  large  trees  in  Carter  Notch  just  above 
the  lakes,  at  about  3,400  feet,  on  the  southern  slope  of  Carter 
Dome.  There  were  about  18  inches  of  snow  on  the  ground  at 
that  time,  but  evidently  the  bird  was  as  much  at  home  at  this 
high  level  in  winter  as  in  summer.  Frank  Bolles  ('93b,  p.  155) 
notes  having  observed  both  kinds  of  three-toed  woodpeckers  in 
summer,  among  the  dense  spruce  forests  which  clothe  the  top 
of  Mt.  Passaconaway  (4,116  ft.),  which  appears  to  be  the  south- 
ernmost New  Hampshire  record  for  this  species  in  summer. 
To  the  north  of  the  White  Mountains  in  the  dense  evergreen 
forests,  it  is  a  rare  resident,  and  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('98a) 
has  given  an  excellent  account  of  a  pair  at  Lake  Umbagog, 
whose  nest,  containing  a  partial  complement  of  two  eggs,  was 
found  on  June  2,  1897. 

133.     Spliyrapicus   varius  (L,inn.).       Yeeeow-beixied 
Sapsucker. 

A  fairly  common  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  a  less  common 
summer  resident.  To  the  north  of  the  White  Mountains,  about 
Dake  Umbagog  and  in  the  saturated  forests  of  the  northern  re- 
gions of  the  state,  it  is  a  common  summer  bird  ;  in  the  White 
Mountains,  too,  it  is  not  infrequent  in  the  damp,  sub-Canadian 
woods  of  paper  and  yellow  birch,  spruce,  balsam,  and  hemlock 
below  3,000  feet,  but  seems  rather  local,  and  becomes  still  more 
local  south  of  the  mountains,  being  confined  more  or  less  to  cold 
swamps  during  May  and  June.  Thus  at  Intervale,  it  is  rare  ; 
and  on  only  a  few  occasions  have  I  observed  it  in  the  woods  on 
the  immediately  surrounding  low  mountains.  Frank  Bolles 
found  it  common  at  Chocorua,  and  I  have  also  noted  several 
birds  in  a  favorable  swamp  near  his  cottage.  In  the  central 
parts  of  the  state  it  is  also  found  here  and  there  in  summer,  as 
at  Bridgewater,  Wonalancet,  Ossipee,  Webster.  Mr.  Ralph 
Hoffmann  has   observed  a  few  in  a  swamp  at  Alstead  in  the 


114  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

southwestern  part  of  the  state,  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes 
me  that  about  Mt.  Mouadnock  it  is  a  regular  summer  resident 
in  the  heavy  timber  about  the  base  of  the  mountain.  At 
Charlestown,  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell  writes  me  that  he  saw  a  fe- 
male Sapsueker  on  Nov.  10,  1898,  and  that  it  was  seen  there 
every  few  days  until  Jan.  5,  1899,  when  he  shot  it  to  make  sure 
of  its  identity.  Its  wintering  so  far  north  is  probably  quite  ac- 
cidental. It  is  now  believed  that  the  specimen  recorded  by 
Baird,  Brewer  and  Ridgway  ('74,  vol.  II,  p.  543)  as  S.  v.  nu- 
chalis,  taken  by  Mr.  William  Brewster  near  Lake.Umbagog  in 
New  Hampshire,  was  merely  an  individual  variation  of  the  east- 
ern bird. 

Dates  :  April  to  October  20  (winter). 

134.  Ceophloeus  pileatus  abieticola  Bangs.  North- 
ern Pileated  Woodpecker. 

A  rather  rare  permanent  resident  of  the  sub-Canadian  mixed 
forests,  up  to  about  3,000  feet  on  the  mountains.  In  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  state,  the  bird  is  now  very  rare,  but  along  the 
ridge  of  land  bordering  the  Connecticut  from  Mouadnock  to 
the  White  Mountains  it  is  rather  frequently  seen,  nor  is  it  us- 
ually very  shy.  I  have  seen  three  birds,  a  pair  and  a  single, 
in  one  forenoon  (July  9,  1894)  at  Walpole  on  the  hills  just  east 
of  the  Connecticut  River,  and  know  of  other  birds  observed 
there.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  has  also  found  it  nesting  in  the  big 
timber  on  Monadnock.  About  Lancaster,  White-field  and  Jef- 
ferson on  the  west  and  north  of  the  White  Mountains,  it  is  not 
uncommon,  and  Mr.  K.  A.  Preble  notes  it  occasionally  in  the 
heavy  forests  of  Ossipee.  To  the  north  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains it  inhabits  the  coniferous  forests  and  has  been  observed  by 
various  persons  about  Lake  Umbagog,  where  among  the  water- 
killed  trees,  it  is  said  to  be  common.  On  the  White  Mountains 
it  appears  to  be  rare,  though  traces  of  its  work  are  often  met 
with,  especially  in  the  denser  primeval  forests.  In  one  large- 
swamp  on  Mt.  Bartlett,  I  found  a  dead  tree  of  a  foot  or  more  in 
diameter  through  whose  trunk  these  birds  had  drilled  a  hole 
large  enough  to  admit  one's  arm. 


OF  ARTS   AND  SCIENCES.  H5 

135.  Melanerpes    erythrocephalus    (Linn.).      Red- 
headed  \Y< >OD]  EC  K  Kk. 

A.  rare  and  irregular  visitant  in  the  southern  and  western  low- 
lands of  the  state,  appearing  in  summer  and  fall.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  records  which  I  have  been  able  to  gather:  Alton, 
two  have  been  seen  by  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  19)  ;  Charles- 
town,  on  May  25,  1899,  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell  writes  that  he  ob- 
served one  ;  Dublin,  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  that  it  has  been 
seen  once  or  twice;  Hampton  Falls,  noted  in  June,  1886,  and 
September,  1897,  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram;  Hanovef ,  about  i88i,a 
bird  was  seen  almost  daily  during  the  breeding  season  near 
the  Dartmouth  College  grounds,  as  I  am  informed  by  Prof.  Ed- 
win B.  Frost,  who  supposes  that  there  was  a  pair  breeding 
there;  Hollis,  adults  noted  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox,  Aug.  1,  1880, 
Sept.  8,  1884,  and  in  August,  1886;  Jefferson,  recorded  in  Sep- 
tember, 1900,  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Wright  (  :02);  Manchester,  re- 
corded on  May  28,  1899,  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Batchelder  (  :  00,  p. 
127)  who  adds  that  it  has  been  reported  from  Londonderry ; 
Milford,  Mr.  J.  P.  Melzer  writes  that  immature  birds  are  some- 
times brought  in  during  the  fall ;  Seabrook,  Mr.  A.  A.  Eaton 
^writes  me  of  three  immature  birds  seen  previous  to  1890  ;  an  adult 
male  was  shot  in  the  spring  about  1896,  and  another  adult  male 
in  July  of  the  same  year,  while  an  immature  bird  was  sent  in  for 
mounting  in  the  fall  of  1899  ;  Webster,  about  June,  1869,  Mr.  C. 
F.  Goodhue  ('77a,  p.  96)  records  having  taken  two  birds, 
"  when  they  were  around  several  days." 

136.  Colaptes    auratus    lnteus    Bangs.       Northern 
Flickkr. 

A  not  uncommon  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  areas, 
wintering  in  small  numbers  on  the  coast,  but  only  occasionally 
inland  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  In  summer  a  few  are 
found  wTell  up  into  the  valleys  of  the  White  Mountains  and  after 
the  breeding  season  is  over,  are  prone  to  wander  up  into  the 
lower  mountains  to  3,000  feet  or  thereabouts.  Thus  in  August 
and  September,  I  have  sometimes  come  upon  a  pair  or  a  single 
bird  on  the  ridges  of  Mt.   Bartlett   and  Kearsarge,  and  on  at 


Il6  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

least  two  occasions  I  have  noted  a  bird  or  two  at  Carter  Notch 
(3,360  feet),  in  the  latter  month.  This  deep  notch  or  cleft  in 
the  mountain  wall,  with  a  valley  opening  out  to  the  north  and 
another  to  the  south,  seems  to  serve  as  a  passageway  for  a 
number  of  birds  in  migration,  and  I  doubt  not  that  these  flick- 
ers had  paused  here  to  rest  on  their  southward  flight,  for  dur- 
ing the  breeding  season  I  have  never  observed  them  above  2,000 
feet  on  these  mountains.  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  19)  has 
recorded  that  he  has  twice  seen  a  flicker  in  Alton  in  January. 
At  Hampton  Falls,  on  the  coast,  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  ('99)  finds 
the  bird  a  regular  winter  resident. 

137.  Antrostomus  voeiferus  (Wils.).  Whip-poor- 
will. 

A  common  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  regions  of  the 
southern  part  of  the  state,  but  becoming  rarer  and  local  far- 
ther north.  In  some  parts  of  central  New  Hampshire 
it  is  very  common,  as  at  Newfound  Take.  On  the  out- 
skirts of  the  White  Mountains  it  is  local  in  the  southern  valleys, 
being  found  about  ponds  in  dry  sandy  woods  where  there  is  an 
undergrowth  of  Bear  Oak  {Quercus  ilicifolia) ,  brake  and  blue-, 
berry  bushes.  In  such  a  locality,  a  few  are  to  be  found  every 
summer  at  North  Conway,  two  miles  south  of  Intervale,  in  the 
Saco  valley.  Frank  Bolles  ('95b)  found  them  about  his 
"Lonely  Lnke  "  at  Chocorua,  and  at  Lancaster,  Mr.  F.  B. 
Spaulding  has  observed  the  bird  also.  Although  their  nightly 
serenades  gradually  cease  as  the  summer  wanes,  the  birds  nev- 
ertheless remain  upon  their  breeding  grounds  until  well  into 
September,  and  Frank  Bolles  notes  them  about  his  lake,  so  late 
as  September  .25. 

Dates  :    May  6  to  September  25. 

138.  Chordeiles  virginiaiius  (Gmel.).     Nighthawk. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  a  rather  common  sum- 
mer resident  of  the  Transition  regions  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
state,  following  the  valleys  up  well  into  the  lowlands  of  the 
White  Mountains.  In  summer  it  is  usually  found  in  dry  open 
woods,  where  there  is  more  or  less  scrubby  undergrowth.     In 


OF  ARTS  A.ND  SCIENCES.  117 

the  Saco  valley,  I  have  found  a  tew  each  year  during  the  breed- 
ing season  at  North  Conway,  among  the  scrubby  Bear  Oaks 
that  grow  on  a  certain  sandy  tract  it  an  altitude  only  a  few  feet 
above  the  valley  (500  ft. ).  During  the  month  of  August  flocks 
of  these  birds,  sometimes  numbering  two  or  three  hundred,  I 
have  frequently  seen  at  Intervale,  in  late  afternoon,  moving 
leisurely  clown  the  Saco  valley.  The  larger  flocks  often  take  a 
considerable  time  to  pass  a  given  point,  as  the  individual  birds 
fly  quarteringup  and  down,  back  and  forth,  so  that  the  flock  as 
a  whole  swings  down  the  valley,  completely  past  the  observer, 
then  back  again,  then  down  the  valley  once  more,  with  each  re- 
turning swing  coming  back  a  less  distance  until  all  are  passed. 
Evidently  the  birds  are  feeding  at  such  times.  On  August  19, 
1897,  I  observed  a  large  flock  of  over  200  birds  thus  passing 
down  the  Saco  valley,  when  it  finally  broke  into  two  divisions, 
one  of  which  moved  off  northward  up  the  valley,  while  the  other 
continued  on  southward.  At  other  times  the  flocks  do  not  seem 
to  be  actively  engaged  in  feeding,  but  each  bird,  usually  sep- 
arated by  a  considerable  space  from  the  next,  flies  swiftly  on 
towards  the  south,  as  if  with  a  distinct  goal  in  view;  and  fre- 
quently such  flocks  are  so  scattered  that  barely  a  half  .dozen 
birds  are  in  sight  at  once,  now  a  little  group  of  two  or  three 
winging  its  way  past,  to  be  followed  shortly  by  a  single  strag- 
gler or  a  pair.  By  the  end  of  August,  their  migration  is  prac- 
tically over  in  the  White  Mountains,  though  an  occasional  be- 
lated migrant  may  be  seen  hurrying  south  during  the  first  week 
or  two  of  vSeptember. 

Dates  :  (April  17,  Hollis)  May  11  to  September  15.  , 

139.     Chaetura  pelagica  (Linn.).     Chimney  Swift. 

A  common  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  area,  especially 
about  the  larger  centers  in  the  southern  and  central  parts  of  the 
state.  In  the  White  Mountains,  a  few  are  usually  to  be  ob- 
served during  the  summer  about  almost  every  small  cluster  of 
houses,  or  less  commonly  a  pair  or  two  will  be  found  inhabiting 
a  chimney  of  some  isolated  farmhouse.  At  Intervale,  there  ap- 
pear rarely  to  be  more  than  a  few  pairs  in  any  season,  notwith- 
standing the  abundance  of  chimneys.     Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbounie 


I  I  8  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

('87,  p.  104)  records  that  on  July  3,  1886,  he  was  given  a  speci- 
men which  had  been  caught  alive  in  an  unused  chimney  of  the 
Halfway  House  on  Mount  Washington  (3,840  feet)  but  that  no 
others  were  seen  during  his  short  stay  there,  nor  had  the  men 
at  the  house  ever  before  observed  the  bird.  Mr.  Bradford  Tor- 
rey  ('84,  p.  57)  also  states  that  on  June  17  he  found  a  company 
of  these  birds  "flying  criss-cross  over  the  summit"  of  Mt. 
Washington,  but  there  is  nothing  to  prove  that  they  ever  nest  in 
any  of  the  buildings  there.  Mr.  Owen  Durfee  also  tells  me  of  a 
single  bird  seen  flying  about  the  summit  on  July  6,  1889.  In 
their  daily  flights  the  birds  often  travel  far  from  their  nesting- 
chimney,  over  the  woods,  so  that  it  is  not  uncommon,  while 
on  a  trip  through  the  mountains,  to  hear  them  chattering  far 
overhead  when  the  nearest  building  must  have  been  two  or  three 
miles  distant.  During  late  August,  I  have  not  infrequently  seen 
them  at  Intervale,  migrating  southward,  often  in  large  flocks 
numbering  upwards  of  one  hundred  birds,  and  at  so  great  a 
height  that  they  appeared  but  specks  in  the  sky,  though  their 
distant  chattering  could  be  faintly  heard.  On  such  occasions,  a 
few  Eave  Swallows,  distinguished  by  their  flight,  have  some- 
times been  observed  in  company  with  the  Swifts.  The  fall  mi- 
gration is  practically  over  by  the  first  week  of  September, 
though  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  ('96,  p.  200)  has  once  observed 
one  flying  swiftly  southward  near  the  Profile  House  so  late  as 
October  1 . 

Dates  :  April  29  to  September  7  (October  1.) 

14().     Trochilus  COlllbris  Linn.     Ruby-throated  Hum- 
mingbird. 

• 

A  not  uncommon  summer  resident,  and  a  common  fall  mi- 
grant. Though  usually  observed  in  the  more  open  regions  and 
about  settlements,  it  is  also  occasionally  found  to  nest  in  the 
woods  at  the  lower  altitudes,  and  I  once  saw  a  single  bird  at 
about  3,000  feet  near  Carter  Notch,  toward  which  it  was  flying. 
During  the  month  of  August  while  the  Jewelweed  (Impatiens) 
blooms  in  luxuriant  beds  in  the  lowlands,  the  hummingbirds 
are  constantly  to  be  found  about  them.  Often  from  four  to  six 
are   in  view  at  once,   some    dipping    daintily  into  the  flowers, 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  119 

others  with  squeaks  and  twitters  engaged  in  mock  combat, 
while  yet  others  rest  momentarily  on  some  dead  twigs  near  by. 
After  these  flowers  are  through  blossoming,  by  about  Septem- 
ber 10,  most  of  the  hummingbirds  depart,  though  I  have  seen 
a  few  belated  individuals  at  Iutervale  so  late  as  the  19th  of  the 
month,  hovering  over  the  nasturtiums. 
Dates  :  May  13  to  September  19. 

141.  Tyramius  tyraiinus  (Linn.).     Kingbird.. 

A  fairly  common  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  valleys  and 
up  to  about  1,500  feet  in  the  White  Mountains.  It  is  a  charac- 
teristic orchard  bird  and  is  seldom  found  at  any  distance  from  the 
apple  trees  during  the  breeding  season.  After  the  young  leave 
the  nest  the  entire  family  is  usually  found  to  remain  about  their 
nesting  ground  in  a  small  flock  for  the  remainder  of  the  season. 
By  the  last  of  August  these  family  parties  migrate  southward,  and 
joining  one  to  another,  soon  form  a  flock  of  20  to  30  birds.  The 
attachment  of  these  flycatchers  to  a  chosen  site  is  strong,  and  I 
know  of  a  pair  at  Intervale  which  has  nested  for  five  consecu- 
tive summers  in  the  same  apple  tree  which  projects  out  over  a 
small  pond  on  the  Saco  meadows.  I  have  seen  on  these  mead- 
ows what  I  presume  to  be  birds  which  had  summered  close  by, 
so  late  as  September  8,  1898,  but  most  of  them  have  left  by  the 
first  of  that  month. 

Dates:  May 3 to  September  8. 

142.  Myiarchus  crinitus  (Linn.).  Crested  Flycatch- 
er. 

An  uncommon  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  and  sub-Can- 
adian woodlands,  occurring  in  the  White  Mountains  as  high  up 
at  least  as  1,500  feet.  About  Intervale,  I  have  found  it  in  fair 
numbers  through  June,  but  after  that  month  the  birds  become 
retiring  and  their  noisy  calls  infrequent,  so  that  a  careful  search 
is  necessary  to  discover  them  at  all.  They  remain  in  these 
northern  valleys  until  September. 

Dates  :  May  13  to  September. 

9 


120  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

143.  Sayornis  phoebe  (Lath.).     Phcebe. 

A  rather  common  summer  resident,  especially  in  the  southern 
and  central  portions  of  the  state.  It  is  generally  found  near 
bodies  of  water,  or  about  barns  and  outbuildings,  following  the 
settlements  up  to  1,500  feet  or  so.  In  numerous  cases,  what  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  same  pair  of  birds  has  returned  year  after 
year  to  build  on  the  same  spot.  The  males  arrive  ten  days  or  a 
fortnight  in  advance  of  their  mates,  and  occasionally  one  may 
see  the  joyful  meeting  of  the  two  on  some  early  April  morning, 
the  male  launching  himself  into  the  air,  alternately  sailing  and 
flying  as  he  pours  forth  a  succession  of  "  chips"  and  " phce- 
bes"  and  finally  flutters  down  to  a  perch  near  his  mate,  who  ap- 
pears to  take  it  all  as  a  matter  of  course.  At  least  two  broods 
are  usually  reared,  and  the  first  brood  may  sometimes  be  seen 
lingering  about  the  nesting  site  long  after  they  are  old  enough 
to  be  independent  of  parental  care. 

Dates  :  March  26  to  October  10. 

144.  Contopus  borealis  (Swains.).     Olive-sided  Fly- 
catcher. 

An  uncommon  summer  resident,  of  general  distribution  in  the 
breeding  season  throughout  the  sub-Canadian  region,  up  to 
about  2,500  feet.  It  is  most  frequently  found  on  dry  hillsides 
where  there  is  a  scattering  growth  of  spruce  or  pine,  with  dead 
trunks  here  and  there  ;  or  it  is  found  about  open  spaces  in  the 
denser  woods.  Mr.  R.  Hoffmann  observed  four  males  at  Alstead 
in  the  summer  of  1900,  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  finds  it  about 
Mt.  Monadnock  in  the  heavier  growth.  Mr.  William  Brewster 
('78,  p.  177)  has  recorded  a  specimen  taken  at  Rye  Beach  on 
July  24,  1872,  and  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  writes  that  it  is  found  dur- 
ing the  summer  at  Hampton  Falls.  About  Lake  Umbagog  it  is 
said  to  be  common  in  summer. 

Dates  :  May  to  September  3. 

145.  Contopus  virens  (Linn.).     Wood  Pewee. 

A  rather  common  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  and  sub- 
Canadian  regions,  showing  no  decided  preference  for  decid- 
uous, evergreen,  or  mixed  growth,  and  often,  as  I  have  observed 
at  Walpole  and  elsewhere,  dwelling  among  the  large  elms  of  the 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  121 

village  street.  Among  the  White  Mountains,  I  have  not  ob- 
served them  above  2,000  feet.  Often  I  have  noticed  that  after 
sunset  or  in  the  dusk  of  early  morning,  instead  of  the  simple 
"pe-a-wee,"  the  last  two  syllables  are  repeated  as  a  sort  of  re- 
frain, thus:  " pe-a-wce,  a-wce"  given  again  and  again  in  the 
twilight.  I  have  also  heard  this  variation  on  cloudy  days,  but 
only  occasionally.  In  the  White  Mountains  a  few  birds  remain 
until  well  into  September. 
Dates  :  May  17  to  September  17. 

146.  Empidonax  flaviventris  Baird.  Ye llow- bellied 
Flycatcher. 

A  common  summer  resident  of  the  upper  Canadian  life  area. 
On  the  White  Mountains  it  is  a  characteristicj  bird  of  the  moss- 
grown,  saturated  forest  of  balsam  and  spruce,  breeding  in  the 
from  about  3,000  to  4,500  feet.  It  is  also  occasionally  seen  at 
lower  altitudes  in  suitable  outlying  localities,  and  I  have  ob- 
served a  pair  on  July  20,  1899,  at  about  1,500  feet  on  Mt.  Bart- 
lett  among  some  hemlocks.  The  birds  may  have  bred  not  far 
away,  and  acted  as  if  young  were  near  by.  Both  were  heard  to 
utter  the  "  pu-ee  "  note.  At  Lancaster,  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  has 
found  the  nest  of  this  bird,  and  records  ('87)  one  with  five  fresh 
eggs  found  on  June  14,  1886,  "near  a  low,  swampy  piece  of 
vvoods."  North  of  the  White  Mountains,  it  is  found  in  the 
dense  swampy  woods,  and  was  recorded  about  Lake  Umbagog 
by  Mr.  C.J.  Maynard  ('72).  There  are  no  recorded  instances  of 
its  breeding  south  of  the  White  Mountains,  but  I  am  assured  by 
Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  that  he  has  found  the  bird  in  summer  in  a 
certain  forest  swamp  on  Mt.  Monadnock  at  an  elevation  of  about 
1,400  feet.  On  June  15,  1902,  on  Imp  Mt.  of  the  Carter  range, 
I  heard  one  of  these  birds  give  a  peculiar  flight  song,  just  after 
sunset.  It  flew  slantingly  upward  for  some  twenty  feet  and  re- 
peated a  number  of  times  alternately  its  ordinary  " pu-ee"  and 
"  killick." 

Dates  :  May  26  (Franconia)  to  August  (September?  ). 

147.  Empidonax   traillii   aliiorum   Brewst.      Alder 
Flycatcher. 

A  rather  common  summer  resident  throughout  the  Transition 


122  PROCEEDINGS  -MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

valleys  of  the  upper  part  of  the  state  but  less  common  in  the 
southern  quarters.  It  is  confined  almost  exclusively  to  the  al- 
der swales  along  meadow  brooks  or  about  swamps  and  ponds. 
Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('9S)  has  recorded  it  from  Belknap  and 
Merrimack  counties;  Mr.  R.  Hoffmann  tells  me  that  it  is  rare 
about  Alstead  ;  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  finds  it  inhabiting  the  al- 
der swamps  at  Dublin  ;  I  have  found  it  rare  at  Bridgewater.  In 
the  White  Mountain  valleys  it  is  locally  common,  and  follows 
the  alder  growth  up  to  about  1,500  feet.  Farther  north,  it  occurs 
at  Umbagog,  and  along  the  alder-bordered  streams  in  the  open 
country.  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  (  :  00,  p.  634)  notes  it  at  Frau- 
conia  on  the  23d  of  May,  and  it  was  "  abundant  "  by  the  26th 
of  that  month.  On  the  Saco  meadows  at  Intervale,  I  found  a 
freshly  built  nest  on  June  21,  1899.  Four  eggs  were  subsequent- 
ly laid,  one  egg  being  deposited  each  day.  In  fourteen  days  the 
eggs  had  hatched.  This  nest  was  only  about  a  foot  from 
the  ground  and  the  date  seems  slightly  late.  The  birds  re- 
main in  the  alder  swamps  until  the  last  of  August,  and  I  have 
not  certainly  identified  them  after  that  month. 
Dates  :  May  23  to  August  31. 

148.     Empidonax  minimus  Baird.   Least  Flycatcher. 

A  common  summer  resident,  usually  found  during  the  breed- 
ing season  in  the  vicinity  of  dwellings,  and  nesting  in  the  or- 
chard trees.  It  seems  to  follow  civilization  almost  as  closely  as 
the  Alder  Flycatcher  does  the  alder  swamps,  and  extends  its 
range  up  the  valleys  with  the  settlements,  going  as  high  at  least 
as  1,500  feet.  It  is  evident  that  the  general  introduction  of  ap- 
ple trees  throughout  the  eastern  states  must  have  had  an  effect 
on  the  habits  of  this  species,  as  it  is  rarely  found  far  from  or- 
chards, and  show?  everywhere  a  decided  preference  for  the  ap- 
ple trees.  After  the  young  are  off,  the  birds  become  more  retir- 
ing, and  often  withdraw  into  the  edge  of  nearby  woods,  desert- 
ing in  part  the  vicinity  of  houses. 

Dates:  May  4  to  September  21. 

141).     Otocoris  alpostris  (Linn.).     Horned  Lark. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  less  common  winter 
resident  along  the  coast,   but  uncommon,   if   not  rare,   inland. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCI E NCI'S.  I  23 

Owing  to  the  frequent  confusion  of  this  species  with  the  Prairie 
Horned  Lark,  it  is  impossible  now  to  say  what  proportion  of  the 
inland  records  for  alpestris  are  really  referable  to  that  form. 
Probably,  however,  many  or  most  of  the  single  and  paired  birds 
taken  inland  during  the  spring  are  of  the  subspecies  praticola, 
true  alpestris  being  more  strictly  confined  to  the  coast.  Mr.  A. 
A.  Eaton  writes  me  that  alpestris  is  common  during  winter  on 
the  beach  at  Seabrook,  and  I  have  also  seen  it  there  in  small 
flocks  flying  northward  on  March  26,  1900. 
Dates  :  November  to  March  26. 

150.     Otocoris  alpestris  praticola  Hensh.       Prairie 
Horned  Lark. 

An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  local  summer  res- 
ident. This  bird  was  first  recorded  as  summering  in  the  state 
by  Dr.  Walter  Faxon  ('92)  who  says  that  on  the  4th  of  June, 
1 89 1,  his  brother  observed  two  birds  haunting  an  old  field  in 
the  town  of  Fra?ico?iia  and  that  their  number  was  afterwards 
augmented  by  '•  what  were  doubtless  the  second-brood  young." 
These  birds  were  seen  in  the  same  spot  as  late  as  July  21st. 
Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  (:oi)  gives  an  account  of  the  habits  of 
these  birds  as  observed  by  him  at  Franconia  during  May,  1901, 
when  at  one  spot  no  less  than  five  birds  were  found,  and  a  half 
mile  up  the  valley  were  two  more  pairs.  Two  years  previous, 
no  horned  larks  had  been  observed  here  by  Mr.  Torrey,  who 
admits,  however,  that  he  may  have  overlooked  them.  At  La?i- 
easter,  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  writes  me  that  he  is  confident  it 
breeds,  as  he  has  seen  pairs  there  in  midsummer,  and  "  once  in 
June  saw  a  young  bird  just  able  to  fly  following  its  parent  and 
begging  for  food."  He  also  states  that  it  arrives  even  in  Feb- 
ruary in  pairs  and  small  flocks.  Mr.  H.  W.  Wright  informs 
me  that  on  Aug.  7,  1899,  he  observed  two  perched  on  a  fence 
bordering  meadows  by  the  Connecticut  River  in  Lancaster. 
Furthermore,  Miss  Mary  V.  Blandy  tells  me  that  a  small  flock 
was  observed  at  Jefferson  (not  far  to  the  east  of  Lancaster)  about 
a  piece  of  ploughed  land  during  the  summer  of  1900,  and  that 
one  of  the  birds  was  killed  and  identified  as  of  this  race.  More 
recently,  Mr.  Ralph  Hoffmann  kindly  permits  me  to  record  that 


J 24  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

on  June  2?,  1903,  at  Errol,  he  flushed  a  female  from  her  nest, 
containing  two  newly  hatched  young  and  one  egg.  He  says 
that  at  least  two  pairs  were  breeding  here.  The  only  other 
summer  record  is  that  of  a  single  bird  seen  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Good- 
hue at  Boscazven  on  June  25,  1901.  As  far  as  at  present  known, 
therefore,  the  Prairie  Horned  Lark  summers  in  New  Hampshire 
in  small  numbers  on  the  fallow  and  pasture  lands  to  the  west 
and  north  of  the  White  Mountain  region.  A  migrant  bird  was 
also  recently  sent  me  from  Randolph,  where  it  was  taken  on 
March  6,  1902,  by  Mr.  V.  D.  Lowe. 

Dates  :  (Last  of  February?)  March  6  to  August  (September  and  Octo- 
ber?). 

151.    Cyanocitta  cristata  (Linn.).     Blue  Jay. 

A  permanent  resident,  of  general  distribution  throughout  the 
Transition  and  sub-Canadian  areas  of  the  state,  apparently  not 
breeding  above  3,000  feet  in  the  White  Mountains.  After 
the  breeding  season,  small  flocks,  apparently  composed  of 
the  individuals  of  a  single  family,  are  often  noted  wander- 
ing through  the  woods.  In  the  White  Mountains  during 
August  and  September,  these  flocks  reach  the  valley  bottoms, 
and  may  then  unite  to  form  companies  of  from  six  to  fre- 
quently 20  or  30  birds.  They  appear  to  be  migrating  in 
a  leisurely  way,  and  at  Intervale  I  have  frequently  seen  them 
moving  down  the  Saco  valley,  in  early  forenoon  or  late 
afternoon.  At  such  times,  I  have  seen  them,  one  by  one,  fly 
from  one  large  tree  to  another  farther  down  the  river  valley, 
where  the  first  arrivals  wait  for  the  rest  to  come  up,  and  then 
move  on  again  as  before  ;  or  the  entire  flock  may  keep  well  to- 
gether and  go  trooping  down  across  the  meadows  from  tree  to 
tree.  It  is  possible  that  these  migrations  are  not  very  exten- 
sive, but  in  the  White  Mountain  valleys  they  are  certainly  well 
marked.  In  the  northern  woods,  these  Jays  appear  to  be  unus- 
ually quiet,  and  one  may  pass  an  entire  day  where  they  are  not 
uncommon,  without  hearing  their  loud  screams,  though  by  im- 
itating their  alarm  cry,  it  is  possible  to  get  an  immediate  reply, 
and  bring  the  inquisitive  birds  to  the  trees  above  one's  head. 
The  wandering  flocks  in  summer  occasionally  reach  considera- 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  I  25 

ble  altitudes  in  their  search  for  food  ;  and  Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne 
has  recorded  ('87,  p.  104)  a  small  flock  seen  on  Mt.  Washing- 
ton opposite  the  Halfway  House  (3,840  ft.)  on  July  26,  1884.  I 
have  once  seen  a  flock  in  the  Carter  Notch  (3,360  ft.)  where, 
on  Sept.  15,  1900,  at  a  sudden  alarm  call  from  one  of  the  birds, 
an  entire  flock  of  eight  flew  up  from  among  the  scrubby  growth. 
They  seemed  to  have  worked  their  way  up  one  side  of  the 
divide,  and  continued  through  the  walls  of  the  notch  down  the 
other  side,  southward.  Occasionally  on  late  summer  afternoons, 
I  have  seen  small  flocks  of  Blue  Jays  busily  catching  flying  in- 
sects with  all  the  ease  and  grace  of  a  flycatcher.  An  old  or- 
chard tree  is  a  favorite  vantage  point  from  which  they  fly  out  at 
the  passing  insects  and  with  easy,  graceful  flight,  snap  up  their 
prey,  and  then  with  set  wings  sail  to  a  branch  of  another  tree. 
I  have  watched  small  flocks  engaged  at  this  occupation  for  a 
half  an  hour  or  more  at  a  time,  the  birds  maintaining  almost 
perfect  silence  throughout,  save  for  an  occasional  low,  rattling 
note. 
152.     Perisorens  canadensis  (Dinn.).     Canada  Jay. 

A  permanent  resident  of  the  upper  Canadian  zone  of  the 
White  Mountains  and  the  northern  parts  of  the  state.  North 
of  the  White  Mountains  the  bird  is  not  uncommon  in  the  dense 
coniferous  forests,  and  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  mentions  two 
specimens  taken  at  Umbagog  early  in  June.  On  the  higher 
mountains  of  the  Presidential  and  neighboring  ranges  the  birds 
are  rather  common  in  the  dense  balsam  and  spruce  growth  from 
3,000  to  4,000  feet.  Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne  ('87)  notes  having 
observed  small  flocks  of  half  a  dozen  on  the  Presidential  range 
on  three  or  four  occasions,  and  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey,  in  his 
"Footpath  Way,"  mentions  having  seen  it  once  on  Clin- 
ton and  again  on  the  side  of  Mt.  Washington,  where  a  small 
"  family  party  "  was  observed.  Mr.  H.  W.  Wright  has  seen 
the  bird  several  times  on  Mt.  Adams,  and  once  also  on  May  26, 
1899,  at  Bowman's,  a  station  on  the  north  side  of  Adams,  and 
at  an  elevation  of  only  1,500  feet.  On  the  Carter- Moriah  range 
I  have  found  the  bird  usually  in  pairs  during  late  summer, 
above  3,000  feet,  and  am  told  of  nests  having  been  found  on 


126  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

these  mountains.  A  few  birds  occur  in  summer  on  the  outlying 
peaks  of  over  3,500  feet  as  on  Tripyramid  and  on  Black  Moun- 
tain of  the  Sandwich  range  (F.  H.  Allen  in  Uteris}  and  also  on 
Osceola.  In  the  fall  and  winter  there  is  a  slight  movement  of 
the  birds  from  the  higher  levels  into  the  valleys,  and  occasional 
birds  wander  even  into  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  Thus  Mr. 
C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  found  it  "  common  at  Errol,  November  3d, 
1879,"  and  at  Shelburne,  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,  ('99)  reports 
that  a  bird  had  visited  the  lumber  camps  in  December.  At 
Passaconaway,  Frank  Bolles  ('93a,  p.  95)  notes  also  that  it  is 
said  to  visit  the  camps  there  sometimes  in  winter.  At  Lancas- 
ter, in  the  upper  Connecticut  valley,  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding 
writes  that  he  took  a  bird  on  November  30,  1899,  and  finds 
it  uncommon  there.  Farther  south,  there  are  several  records 
for  fall  or  winter,  as  at  Bedford,  a  specimen  from  this  locality  is 
said  to  have  been  taken  several  years  ago,  and  until  recently 
was  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  Manchester  Institute  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  ("  Pinfeather  Ornithologist,"  :  02,  p.  173); 
Pittsfield,  where  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  22)  is  assured  of 
its  occurrence  by  local  authority  ;  Penacook,  where  Mr.  C.  F. 
Goodhue  writes  me  one  was  killed  about  1890;  Raymond,  one 
closely  observed,  as  I  am  told  by  my  friend  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen, 
on  November  28,  1901,  by  a  Mr.  F.  A.  Lovejoy  ;  Strafford,  one 
recorded  by  Dr.  Charles  Palmer  ('71)  as  in  his  possession,  shot 
in  winter. 

153.  Corvus  corax  principalis  Ridgw.  Northern 
Raven. 

At  present  this  species  is  an  accidental  visitant,  for  which  the 
more  recent  records  are :  Canterbury,  a  specimen  was  trapped 
in  early  spring  "a  few  years  since,"  according  to  Mr.  Ned 
Dearborn  ('98,  p.  22)  ;  Greenville,  a  specimen  was  killed  at  this 
town  some  years  ago,  as  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Melzer,  of 
Milford,  who  mounted  the  bird,  but  can  give  me  no  definite 
data;  Sutton,  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  records  ('85)  one  taken  and  an- 
other seen  here  on  December  20,  1878  ;  Warner,  a  bird  secured 
about  February  18,  1879,  according  to  M.  C.  Harriman  ('79). 
Many  writers   have  presumed  that    the  raven  breeds    in    the 


OK  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  127 

White  Mountains,  but  no  evidence  has  ever  been  cited  as  a 
basis  for  such  a  belief.  I  have  had  occasional  reports  of  the 
bird  from  this  region,  but  none  that  I  considered  trustworthy. 
154.    Corvus  americanus  And.     American  Crow. 

A  common  summer  resident  throughout  the  Transition  and 
sub-Canadian  regions  ;  it  is  abundant  as  a  spring  and  fall  mi- 
grant, but  as  a  winter  resident  it  is  rare  in  all  but  the  southern 
portions  of  the  state.  Among  the  White  Mountains,  crows  nest 
up  to  3,000  feet  or  so,  but  are  not  to  be  found  in  the  deeper 
woods  at  a  distance  from  open  farm  lands.  Dr.  A.  P.  Chad- 
bourne  records  ('87,  p.  104)  two  birds  seen  in  July  on  the  bare 
rocks  at  5,350  feet  on  Alt.  Washington,  whither  they  had  evi- 
dently flown  from  below.  Late  in  the  summer,  they  gather  in 
small  flocks,  to  feed  by  day  on  the  meadows  and  lowlands  ;  at 
sunset  they  may  often  be  seen  flying  toward  the  mountains  at  a 
considerable  height,  to  roost.  These  smaller  flocks  unite,  by 
September,  to  form  larger,  which  migrate  southward  in  late  Sep- 
tember or  early  October.  A  few  birds  winter  with  some  regu- 
larity as  far  north  as  the  White  Mountain  valleys.  At  Inter- 
vale, I  saw  a  bird  on  Dec.  26,  1900,  and  farther  up  the  valley, 
at  Jackson,  they  occasionally  winter.  They  have  been  record- 
ed by  J.  W.  Nash  ('88)  as  having  wintered  at  North  Conway. 
To  the  north  of  the  White  Mountains,  they  are  rarer  in  winter  ; 
Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,  ('99)  has  recorded  seeing  the  bird  at 
Shelburne  the  last  of  December,  1897.  In  the  Connecticut  val- 
ley, "  E.  C."  ('86)  states  that  crows  passed  the  winter  of  1886 
at  Hanover,  "a  rare  incident."  In  the  southern  parts  of  the 
state,  they  are  sometimes  common  in  winter,  and  in  a  journey 
by  train  up  the  Merrimack  valley  on  Feb.  10,  1900,  occasional 
birds  were  seen  along  the  river,  and  at  Manchester  a  flock  of  from 
30  to  40  was  observed  from  the  car  window  feeding  on  a  large 
pile  of  refuse.  About  Webster,  that  same  winter,  Mr.  C.  F. 
Goodhue  had  observed  crows  to  be  wintering  in  larger  num- 
bers than  usual,  for  the  season  was  comparatively  mild.  On 
March  26,  1900,  on  the  coast  at  Seabmok,  during  the  entire  fore- 
noon, I  observed  Crows  flying  northward  in  small  groups  of  from 
3  to  30,  at  varying  intervals  apart.    At  least  three  or  four  hun- 


128  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

dred  birds  were  counted  in  about  two  and  one-half  hours.  They 
flew  low  and  with  the  light  southeast  wind,  and  appeared  to  be 
following  the  coast  line  in  their  flight. 

155.  Dolichonyx  oryzivorus  (Linn.).     Bobolink. 

A  common  summer  resident  and  abundant  fall  migrant 
throughout  the  broad  meadows  of  the  Transition  valleys.  In 
suitable  localities  it  is  common  even  up  to  the  foot  of  the  White 
Mountains  and  in  the  Connecticut  valley  at  least  as  far  up  as 
Lancaster.  North  of  these  mountains,  however,  it  is  much  less 
common.  Mr.  H.  W.  Wright  writes  me  that  four  or  five  pairs 
breed  every  season  at  Jefferson  Highlands,  and  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen 
has  also  observed  it  in  this  region.  At  Intervale  where  the  bird 
is  plentiful,  the  young  are  hatched  and  have  left  the  nest  by 
the  last  of  June,  and  the  adult  birds  of  one  meadow  or  of  one 
circumscribed  area  sometimes  flock  as  early  as  July  4th,  keep- 
ing rather  closely  together,  while  yet  feeding  their  well  grown 
3'oung  in  the  grass.  These  latter  remain  concealed  until  close- 
y  approached  before  they  take  wing  and  fly  straight  away  to 
drop  into  the  grass  farther  off.  As  the  young  grow  stronger  on 
the  wing,  they  join  the  flock  of  old  birds,  and  by  the  last  of 
July,  flock  joins  flock,  until  large  companies  are  formed  which 
wander  about  to  some  extent  before  moving  southward.  Often 
I  have  noticed,  during  August,  flocks  of  Bobolinks  flying  north - 
ward  up  the  Saco  valley  towards  evening,  the  movement  appear- 
ing to  be  a  general  one,  though  of  its  purpose  I  am  ignorant. 
Others  again  are  to  be  noted  passing  southward  down  the  val- 
ley, sometimes  at  a  considerable  height  in  the  air. 
Dates  :  May  5  to  September  9. 

156.  Molothrus  ater  (Bodd).     Cowbird. 

An  uncommon  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  valleys  in 
the  southern  and  western  part  of  the  state  ;  rarely  wintering. 
The  distribution  of  this  bird  in  New  Hampshire  is  of  interest ; 
it  is  not  uncommon  in  the  extreme  southeastern  portions  of  the 
state,  and  numbers  work  up  the  Merrimack  valley,  where  in 
certain  localities  it  is  said  to  be  common,  as  at  Hollis  (Fox,  '76), 
Manchester   (F.    W.   Batchelder,     :oo),     Webster    (Goodhue, 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  I  29 

'77a)  and  Tilton  (Dearborn,  '98).  Mr.  Dearborn  (1.  c.)  has 
also  observed  it  rarely  at  Alton  near  the  southeastern  end 
of  Lake  Winnepesauke.  North  of  this  lake,  save  in  the 
Connecticut  valley  basin,  the  bird  is  practically  wanting,  and 
appears  not  to  occur  at  all  in  the  White  Mountain  valleys  in 
summer,  though  Mr.  H.  C.  Sargent  tells  me  that  in  the  fall  of 
1902  he  saw  it  at  Chocorua.  In  the  western  part  of  the  state, 
it  is  of  regular  occurrence  in  the  Connecticut  valley  region.  At 
Alstead,  Mr.  R.  Hoffmann  has  found  it  rare  in  summer  ;  Mr.  G. 
H.  Thayer  writes  me  that  it  is  common  at  Keene,  and  on  one  or 
two  occasions  stragglers  have  appeared  at  Dublin  ;  at  Charles- 
town  it  is  common,  according  to  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell,  and  still 
farther  up,  at  Hanover,  Mr.  E.  B.  Frost  has  found  it  in  num- 
bers. The  most  northern  breeding  locality  in  the  Connecticut 
valley  known  to  me  is  Lancaster,  where  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  has 
not  infrequently  seen  the  bird  and  found  its  eggs.  These  Con- 
necticut valley  birds  seem  to  keep  close  to  the  river,  and  rarely 
get  into  the  mountain  valleys  on  either  side  ;  indeed,  the  only 
record  I  have  for  the  Franconia  region  is  of  a  bird  seen  Oc- 
tober 2,  1887,  at  Franconia  by  Dr.  Walter  Faxon.  Mr.  F.  B. 
Spaulding  has  twice  noted  a  single  cowbird  wintering  at  Dan- 
caster  ;  one  was  shot  there  on  Jan.  18,  1895,  which  had  been 
noticed  throughout  the  winter  feeding  on  the  streets  with  the 
English  sparrows  (Spaulding,  '95),  and  a  second  was  seen  into 
December,  1899,  staying  about  with  the  sparrows. 
Dates  :  March  25  to  October  2  ;  (winter). 

157.    Agelaius     phoeniceus      (Linn.).        Red-winged 
Blackbird. 

A  rather  common,  but  local  summer  resident,  breeding  in 
marshes  and  open  swamp  land  throughout  the  Transition  areas  ; 
accidental  in  winter.  It  is  found  rather  commonly  about  the 
rivers  and  lakes  of  the  southern  parts  of  the  state,  and  a  few 
colonies  are  found  even  among  the  White  Mountain  valleys 
and  at  Umbagog.  The  young  are  on  the  wing  by  July,  and  at 
Intervale  I  have  never  seen  the  birds  later  than  August  21st,  as 
they  leave  their  breeding  grounds  during  the  first  part  of  that 
month.     Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('85)  records  that  a  fine  specimen 


130  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

was  taken  at   Warren  by  Mr.  M.  C.  Harriman,  on  January  7, 

1878. 
Dates  :  March  3  to  September  ;  (winter). 

158.  Sturnella  magna  (Lin.).     Meadowlark. 

A  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  valleys,  uncommon  in 
the  southern  parts  of  the  state,  and  rare  so  far  north  as  the 
White  Mountains  ;  l'arely  or  perhaps  accidentally  wintering. 
On  the  coast,  at  Hampton  Falls,  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  writes  me  that 
it  has  been  observed  at  all  seasons.  It  occurs  in  fair  numbers 
in  the  Merrimack  River  basin,  as  at  Hollis,  and  Manchester, 
and  farther  up  at  Webster,  Tilton  and  Gilmanton  (Dearborn, 
'98).  In  the  Connecticut  valley  basin,  the  bird  is  not  uncom- 
mon as  far  up  at  least  as  Charlestown,  as  observed  by  Mr.  W. 
M.  Buswell  and  myself  among  others.  Mr.  E.  B.  Frost  writes 
me  that  two  or  three  pairs  breed  yearly  about  Hanover.  Mr. 
Bradford  Torrey  (:oo,  p.  638)  records  a  single  bird  singing  at 
Franconia,  May  22,  1899,  which  may  have  straggled  up  the 
Connecticut  valley ;  the  bird  was  unknown  to  the  Franconia 
people.  Still  farther  up,  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  of  Lancaster 
found  a  single  pair  nesting  on  his  father's  meadows  at  that 
town  in  1901,  the  first  he  had  ever  noted  there.  At  Intervale, 
in  the  early  '90's,  a  pair  of  these  birds  bred  for  a  few  seasons  on 
the  Saco  meadows,  but  were  finally  shot,  and  none  have  since 
appeared  until  1902,  when  a  pair  was  noted  during  the  sum- 
mer months,  with  four  of  the  full-grown  young,  and  again  in  the 
early  summer  of  1903.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('85)  records  that  a 
single  bird  remained  at  Webster  through  the  winter  of  1874-75. 

Dates:  March  26  to  October  12  ;  (winter). 

159.  Icterus  galbula  (Einn.).     Baltimore  Oriole. 

A  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  portions  of  the  state, 
rather  common  in  the  valleys  and  lowland  towns  of  the  southern 
part,  but  becoming  rare  in  the  White  Mountain  region.  About 
the  larger  southern  towns,  it  delights  to  nest  in  the  elms  of  the 
village  street.  In  the  valleys  on  both  sides  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains one  or  two  pairs  are  found  about  nearly  every  hamlet, 
though  apparently  fewer  occur  on  the  northern  side  of  the  range. 


01      \KTS  AND  SCIENCES.  131 

At  Intervale,  a  pair  is  usually  found  nesting  each  season,  and 
the  birds,  after  the  breeding  period  is  over,  remain  about  the 
village,  often  roaming  over  the  lowlands  a  mile  or  more  from  the 
nesting  site.  I  have  seen  what  were  apparently  these  summer- 
ing birds,  up  to  the  first  of  September,  at  Intervale. 
Dates  :  May  6  to  September  1. 

100.  Scolecophagus  carolinus  (Mull.).  Rusty  Black- 
bird. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  state,  a  rare  summer  resident.  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  re- 
cords seeing  a  few  at  L,ake  Umbagog  in  June,  and  Samuels 
('67,  p.  551)  states  that  he  found  several  in  June,  1864,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Megalloway  River  in  Maine.  Doubtless  a  few 
breed  regularly  in  the  swamps  of  this  wooded  region.  In  the 
White  Mountain  valleys  they  appear  in  small  flocks  about  the 
first  week  in  September,  and  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  has  observed 
them  in  Franconia  up  to  October  2. 

Dates:  March  8  to  April  19;  summer  (northern  N.  H.);  September  9 
to  October  2. 

101.  Quiscalus  quiscula  seneus  (Ridgw.)      Bronzed 
Grackle. 

An  uncommon  summer  resident  of  local  distribution,  mainly 
within  the  Transition  zone.  Colonies  are  not  infrequently  found 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  along  the  coast  and  in  the 
Merrimack  and  Connecticut  valleys.  At  Manchester,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  F.  W.  Batchelder  (:  00,  p.  19)  it  is  a  "  rare  transient 
visitant."  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  has  found  a  small  breeding  col- 
ony near  Webster,  and  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98)  considers  it  a 
common  summer  resident  in  Belknap  and  Merrimack  counties. 
Dr.  Walter  Faxon  has  also  observed  a  flock  at  Plymouth,  May 
26,  1895.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  assures  me  of  its  presence  at 
Keene  and  Marlboro.  In  the  Connecticut  valley  at  Charles- 
town,  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell  finds  it  uncommon,  and  I  have  seen 
a  few  individuals  at  Walpole  in  early  July,  1894.  In  the  upper 
Connecticut  valley,  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  writes  me  that  at  Lan- 
caster a  dozen  or  more  pairs  nest  in  some  evergreens  at  the  head 
of  the  main  street,  and  that  there  were  formerly  more,  but  their 


132  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

numbers  have  decreased  since  the  removal  of  some  of  the  trees. 
At  Lake  Umbagog,  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('76b)  records  that 
numbers  breed  in  the  old  woodpeckers'  holes  or  natural  cavities 
of  the  standing,  water-killed  trees  by  the  mouth  of  the  Andros- 
coggin. Throughout  the  White  Mountain  valleys,  and  most  of 
central  New  Hampshire  north  of  Lake  Winnepesaukee,  the 
bird  seems  to  be  entirely  absent.  Frank  Bolles  ('93b,  p.  126) 
states,  however,  that  at  Chocorua,  according  to  the  old  resi- 
dents, this  species  and  the  meadowlark  were  formerly  common, 
when  flax  was  cultivated  there,  and  grain  fields  were  broader. 
Dates  :  March  12  to  November. 

16'£.  Coccothraustes  vespertinus  (Coop.).  Evening 
Grosbeak. 

An  accidental  visitant  from  the  northwest,  known  to  have  oc- 
curred only  during  the  famous  1890  flight,  when  so  many  were 
recorded  from  New  England.  During  this  incursion,  the  last 
recorded  specimen  was  taken  in  New  Hampshire.  Following 
are  the  separate  lecords  for  the  state  :  Francestown,  a  fine 
male  was  captured  by  Mr.  T.  Edward  Bishop  on  March 
27,     1890.  A    female    accompanied     this     bird,     but    was 

not  captured  (Colburn,  '90)  ;  Hcnniker,  a  single  bird, 
the  last  recorded  of  this  remarkable  flight,  in  New  England, 
was  shot  by  Mr.  Aubrey  B.  Call  ('90)  on  May  1,  1890  ;  Milford, 
several  were  secured  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Melzer  ('90),  who  re- 
cords that  on  January  6,  1890,  five  were  obtained,  and  four 
others  on  January  9th,  from  a  flock  of  8  or  10  birds  of  both  sex- 
es. These  were  among  the  first  specimens  to  be  obtained  in 
New  England.  Seabrook,  a  male  was  shot  about  Jan.  9,  1890, 
by  a  Mr.  Boyd,  according  to  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('96).  A 
female  accompanied  this  bird.  Mr.  A..  A.  Eaton  of  Seabrook 
writes  me  of  what  must  have  been  this  same  specimen,  that  it 
was  one  of  a  flock  of  six  which  appeared  early  in  January,  and 
that  it  was  presented  to  him  on  the  9th,  after  having  been  sev- 
eral days  dead.  Later  it  was  given  to  Mr.  William  Brewster. 
The  fact  that  there  are  no  records  for  the  northern  part  of  the 
state   is  probably  due   to   lack  of  observation,  for   Mr.    O.    W. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  133 

Knight  ('97)  records  one  captured  so  near  the  White  Moun- 
tains as  Fryeburg,  over  the  border  in  Maine. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Forbush  ('90,  p.  210)  suggests  as  a  possible  cause 
of  this  remarkable  flight,  the  prevalence  of  strong  west  winds, 
following  some  of  the  cyclonic  storms  of  the  early  winter. 

Dates:  January  6  to  May  1,  1890. 

163.  Pinicola  enucleator  leucura  (Mull).  Canadi- 
an Pine  Grosbeak. 

A  permanent  resident,  breeding  in  small  numbers  through- 
out the  saturated  forests  of  the  upper  Canadian  area  of  northern 
New  Hampshire  and  on  the  White  Mountains  ;  as  a  winter  res- 
ident it  is  of  regular  occurrence  over  the  whole  state,  though  in 
varying  abundance.  In  the  wet  balsam  forests  above  3,000 feet 
on  the  White  Mountains,  this  bird  is  an  uncommon  summer 
resident.  The  first  published  record  of  its  presence  here 
in  summer  seems  to  be  that  of  J.  E.  Cabot  ('57)  who 
mentions  having  seen  them  "  at  the  White  Mountains 
in  August,"  nearly  a  half  century  ago.  Dr.  A.  P. 
Chadbourne  ('87)  next  records  two  specimens  seen,  both 
of  them  in  the  low  spruce  and  fir  timber  opposite  the  Half- 
way House  on  Mt.  Washington,  (altitude,  3,800  feet). 
One  was  a  fine  adult  male  in  full  song,  seen  July  12,  1884;  the 
other  an  immature  bird,  seen  July  13,  1886.  Mr.  Bradford 
Torrey  ('90)  notes  two  bright  males  and  a  third  bird  in  dull 
plumage  at  Eagle  Lakes  (4,000  ft.)  among  the  Franconias  on 
June  19,  1889,  and  again  at  the  same  place  on  June  28th,  three 
were  seen  and  one  heard  singing.  I  had  never  observed  the 
bird  on  numerous  camping  trips  on  the  higher  mountains  until 
June,  1902,  when  on  the  14th  of  that  month  a  finely  plumaged 
male  was  seen  at  3,500  feet  in  Carter's  Notch,  singing  gaily. 
He  soon  flew  on  higher  up  the  mountain  side.  The'following 
day  a  second  male  was  observed  about  seven  miles  farther  along 
on  the  same  range.  He  sang^persistently,  notwithstanding  the 
drizzling  rain,  and  appeared  to  be'established  among  the 'firs  at 
an  elevation  of  about  4,500  feet  near  the  top  of  North  Carter. 
I  have  no  doubt  that  a  few  birds  regularly  breed  at  these  upper 
levels.      In   the  northern  part  of  the  state  a  few  breed  at  the 


134  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

Connecticut  Lakes.  Mr.  H.  A.  Purdy  states  that  in  1876  he 
observed  young  birds  the  last  of  July,  being  fed  by  their  parents 
at  these  lakes.  A  writer  in  Forest  and  Stream,  signing  himself 
"N.  U."  ('83)  records  finding  them  in  pairs  at  Second  Con- 
necticut Lake  on  May  24th,  1883.  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72) 
did  not  record  this  species  in  summer  at  Umbagog,  though  from 
the  nature  of  the  country,  it  may  well  occur  during  that  sea- 
son. About  the  first  of  November,  these  birds  begin  to  appear 
in  small  numbers  in  the  lowlands  and  throughout  the  more 
southern  parts  of  the  state,  and  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  has  observed 
them  at  Webster  so  early  as  October  25.  After  a  late  winter, 
they  linger  as  long  as  the  snow  remains  on  the  ground,  and  I 
have  seen  them  still  in  flocks  at  Chocorua  up  to  April  20,  while 
the  melting  drifts  yet  lay  deep  in  the  woods.  Perhaps  these  lin- 
gering flocks  are  mainly  composed  of  birds  which  summer  on 
the  higher  peaks  near  by,  or  at  no  great  distance  northward. 
The  great  abundance  of  Pine  Grosbeaks  during  some  winters, 
and  their  scarcity  in  others  is  an  interesting  fact,  the  determin- 
ing causes  of  which  remain  to  be  worked  out. 

1(54.  Carpodacus  purpureus  (Gmel.).  Purple  Finch. 
A  rather  common  summer  resident  throughout  the  sub-Cana- 
dian and  Transition  areas  of  the  state.  Among  the  White 
Mountains,  it  is  fairly  common  in  the  valleys,  arriving  about 
the  middle  of  April,  and  scattering  birds  may  be  found  in  the 
woods  up  to  3,000  feet.  It  is  said  to  occur  commonly  at  Lake 
Umbagog.  Doubtless  a  few  winter  irregularly  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state  ;  Frank  Bolles  ( '93b)  records  seeing  a  number  at 
Chocorua  on  December  22d;  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('85)  includes 
it  among  the  winter  birds  of  Webster  ;  and  a  Mr.  J.  H.  Johnson 
C92)  records  it  from  "central  New  Hampshire"  as  having 
been  "  very  scarce  during  the  winter  of  1891-92. 

165.     Loxia  curvirostra  minor  (Brehm).     American 

Crossbill. 

A  permanent  resident,  of  notorious  irregularity  in  its  numbers 
and  movements.  At  times  the  bird  is  common  all  summer 
in  the  sub-Canadian  woods  of  the  state  below  3,000  feet  and  in 


OF    VRTS  AND  SCIENCES.  I . o 

the  White  Mountain  valleys,  and  later  in  the  season  invades  the 
lower  parts  of  the  state  ;  again  one  sees  but  few  even  in  the 
most  favorable  localities.  The  Red  Crossbill  is  mainly  a  bird 
of  the  sub-Canadian  areas,  whose  appearance  at  any  season  of 
the  year  may  be  looked  for,  while  the  White-winged  species 
seems  more  definitely  restricted,  during  summer  at  least,  to  the 
upper  Canadian  forests,  and  rarely  appears  in  the  lowlands  till 
fall  or  winter.  Mr.  C.  P.  Goodhue  ('77a,  p.  49)  has  recorded 
that  a  few  have  been  known  to  breed  near  Webster.  They 
doubtless  breed  regularly  also  among  the  White  Mountains, 
whence  I  have  had  occasional  reports  of  nests.  The  great  cross- 
bill flight  of  1 899-1900,  when  this  and  the  following  species 
were  so  abundant,  is  mentioned  under  Migration. 

166.  Loxia  leucoptera  Gmel.  White- winged  Cross- 
bill. 

A  permanent  resident  of  the  upper  Canadian  spruce  and  fir 
forests  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  above  3,000  feet  on 
the  White  Mountains  ;  elsewhere  it  is  of  uncertain  and  irregu- 
lar occurrence,  sometimes  appearing  in  numbers  during  the 
cold  months.  Among  the  White  Mountains  small  flocks  or  sin- 
gle birds  are  almost  always  to  be  found  in  summer  in  the  damp 
forests  at  the  higher  levels.  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  has  recorded 
them  in  June  at  Eagle  Lake,  among  the'Franconias,  and  Mr. 
C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  quotes  Mr.  William  Brewster  as  having 
found  them  at  Franconia  in  summer,  and  adds  that  they  were 
common  in  June,  1870,  at  Lake  Umbagog.  On  numerous  camp- 
ing trips  on  the  higher  White  Mountains,  the  Presidential  and 
Carter  ranges,  I  have  usually  found  a  few  in  summer ;  and 
among  the  wilder  forests  of  the  Carters,  not  infrequently  I  have 
observed  flocks  of  a  dozen  or  twenty  birds  above  3,000  feet,  in 
June,  July,  and  September.  In  the  summer  and  fall  of  1899, 
and  during  the  following  winter  there  was  an  unusual  incursion 
of  these  birds  over  the  southern  part  of  the  state ^nd  beyond, 
which  has  been  considered  at  length  in  the  chapter  on  Migra- 
tion.    I  am  informed  by  guides  that  Crossbills  of  this  or  the  pre- 

10 


136  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

ceding  species  have  been  found  breeding  on  the  White  Moun- 
tains in  late  winter,  and  they  doubtless  do  so  likewise  at  Uraba- 
gog  and  northward.  The  song,  which  I  have  sometimes  heard, 
in  July,  is  a  series  of  trills,  alternately  high  and  low. 

167.     Acanthis  linaria  (Linn.).     Redpoll. 

A  winter  visitant,  of  irregular  abundance,  from  the  north. 
Probably  but  few  winters  pass  when  none  of  these  birds  visit 
the  state,  and  though  rare  in  some  seasons,  in  others  they  come 
in  great  swarms,  frequenting  largely  the  birches  on  whose  seeds 
they  feed.  Specimens  from  these  flocks  show  a  considerable 
range  of  variation  in  size  and  markings,  but  all  which  I  have 
seen  from  the  state  were  referable  to  typical  linaria  rather  than 
to  any  of  the  several  other  species  and  subspecies.  Doubtless 
A.  I.  rostrata  occurs  at  times  along  the  coast,  and  indeed  it  has 
been  reported  from  Manchester  (Proc.  Manchester  inst.  arts 
and  sci.,  Vol.  II,  1901,  p.  80,  81)  but  the  record  is  not  properly 
substantiated. 

Dates:    November  1  to  April. 

168.  Astragaliims  tristis  (Ljun.).  American  Gold- 
finch. 

A  common  permanent  resident  over  most  of  the  state  save  the 
deeply  wooded  portions  above  3,000  feet,  and  usually  occurring 
in  flocks  except  for  the  short  period  in  late  summer  when  the 
birds  pair  off  to  breed.  Though  commonest  in  the  open  valley 
lands,  they  are  also  to  be  found  on  the  forested  mountain  slopes, 
and  not  infrequently  they  may  be  seen  crossing  the  higher  ranges, 
or  even  passing  by  the  summit  of  Mt.  Washington  itself,  though 
rarely,  if  ever,  stopping  at  these  heights.  In  winter  they  may 
be  found  in  small  flocks  at  least  as  far  north  as  the  White 
Mountain  valleys,  and  I  have  seen  small  flocks  at  Jackson  and 
near  Glen  Ellis  Falls  in  Pinkham  Notch  during  the  last  days  of 
December  after  extremely  cold  weather  and  much  snow.  Mr. 
C.  J.  Maynard  C72)  states,  however,  that  he  did  not  find  them 
wintering  about  Lake  Umbagog. 

169.  Spinas  pinus  (  Wils.).  Pine  Siskin. 

A.  common  permanent  resident  of  the  Canadian  region,  and 


OK  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  137 

occurring  also  throughout  the  lower  parts  of  the  state  as  a  fall 
and  winter  visitant.  Over  the  lower  part  of  the  state  they  are 
sometimes  rare  for  an  entire  season,  and  again  appear  in  great 
numbers.  After  a  winter  in  which  they  have  been  plenty,  stray 
birds  seem  to  drop  out  as  the  main  flight  recedes  northward, 
and  these  may  sometimes  breed  at  the  lower  altitudes.  Among 
the  White  Mountains,  a  few  are  almost  always  to  be  found  in 
the  lowland  valleys,  but  they  seem  usually  to  be  crossing  from 
one  mountain  to  another.  In  the  upper  Canadian  zone  above 
3,000  feet,  on  the  mountains,  they  are  common  in  the  spruce 
and  balsam  forests  and  young  fully  grown  may  be  found  so  ear- 
ly as  June  23d,  flying  about  with  their  parents.  At  the  same 
time,  also,  large  flocks  maybe  encountered.  Thus  on  June  15, 
1902,  I  came  upon  a  flock  of  over  40  individuals  in  the  woods  on 
Carter  Dome  at  4,500  feet,  and  again  during  the  latter  part  of 
June,  1900,  numerous  flocks  up  to  as  many  as  50  birds  in  a  sin- 
gle one,  were  observed  in  the  valley  about  Intervale,  as  well  as 
pairs  here  and  there.  These  flocks  were  wandering  about  the 
lowlands,  and  may  later  have  broken  up  in  part  to  breed.  It  is 
evident,  however,  that  in  this  respect,  the  birds  are  somewhat 
irregular.  These  are  restless,  active  little  creatures,  and  when 
observed  among  the  mountains  are  usually  in  flight  overhead. 
I  have  rarely  failed ,  on  trips  over  the  main  ranges  of  the  White 
Mountains,  to  hear  a  few  single  ones  or  an  occasional  pair,  and 
to  observe  them  passing  swiftly  by  from  one  range  of  mountains 
to  another,  or  dropping  down  into  the  forests  below.  Prof.  Ed- 
win B.  Frost  writes  me  that  at  Hanover,  he  and  his  brother 
found  three  or  four  nests  in  two  different  years,  with  eggs  about 
the  middle  of  April.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  also  observed  a  pair 
building  a  nest  in  a  large  pine  at  Webster  during  the  last  of 
April,  1900,  but  they  later  deserted  it. 

170.    Passerina  nivalis  (Linn.).     Snowflake. 

A  rather  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  winter  visitant 
throughout  the  open  lands  of  the  state,  but  of  more  regular  oc- 
currence on  the  coast  than  inland.  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72) 
records  that  they  appeared  in  Coos  County  in  the  latter  part  of 
October,  1869,  and  occasional  individuals  are  known  to  appear 


138  PROCEEDINGS   MANCHESTER   INSTITUTE 

in  the  southeastern  parts  of  the  state  by  the  very  last  of  the 
same  month.  A  late  spring  specimen  is  preserved  in  the  collection 
at  the  Acworth  Public  Library,  taken  at  Acworth  on  April  6, 
1883.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  also  has  in  his  collection  a  male  in  sum- 
mer plumage,  taken  near  his  house  at  Webster  in  June,  a  few 
years  since.  One  of  the  bird's  wings  had  been  injured,  though  Mr. 
Goodhue  says  it  could  fly  quite  well.  Doubtless,  however,  it 
was  unable  to  continue  its  migration.  It  is  now  generally  con- 
ceded that  the  nest,  described  to  Audubon  ('60,  III,  p.  56)  by 
Wright  Boott,  as  seen  "  on  a  declivity  of  the  White  Mountains 
of  New  Hampshire,"  and  stated  by  Audubon  to  have  been  of 
this  species,  must  have  been  that  of  the  Slate-colored  Junco, 
also  called  Snowbird. 
Dates  :  October  25  to  April  6. 

171.    Pooecaetes   gramineus   (Gmel.).     Vesper   Spar- 
row. 

A  fairly  common  summer  resident  of  the  grassy  bottom  lands 
and  dry  hillside  pastures  throughout  the  Transition  valleys  of 
the  state.  Among  the  White  Mountains,  they  follow  the  valley 
clearings  up  to  about  1,500  feet.  During  September  they  gath- 
er in  small  flocks  in  the  fields  preparatory  to  migrating,  and  at 
such  times  are  often  accompanied  by  a  few  Savanna  Sparrows. 
At  Intervale,  I  have  occasionally  heard  individuals  singing 
with  uncertain  voice,  so  late  as  September  15.  Here  too,  as 
elsewhere,  a  decided  falling  off  in  point  of  numbers  was  ob- 
served in  case  of  this  species  during  1899  as  an  effect  of  a  late 
freeze  which  proved  so  disastrous  to  many  birds.  At  Chocoiua 
in  1900  I  found  a  pair  to  have  arrived  by  April  15,  while  the 
melting  snow  still  lay  in  places  nearly  a  foot  deep  on  the  ground. 
In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  the  birds  appear  a  few  days 
earlier. 

Dates:  April  7  to  October. 

Note:    Ammodramus  princeps  <  Mayn.).  Ipswich  Sparrow. 

Although  doubtless  occurring  among  the  sand  dunes  on  the  coast,  this 
bird  has  yet  no  definite  claim  to  a  place  on  the  New  Hampshire  list. 
The  record  by  Mr.  N.  C.  Brown  ('77)  of  one  seen  by  him  at  Lake  Umba- 
gog  has  since  been  expunged  (Brown,  '96). 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  1 39 

172.  Aininodrainus       sandwichensis       savanna 

(Wils.)     Savanna  Sparrow. 

A  common  summer  resident,  especially  of  the  broad  Transi- 
tion valleys,  where  it  frequents  the  meadows  with  the  Bobo- 
links. Occasional  pairs  follow  the  cleared  land  well  up  onto  the 
hillsides,  where,  as  at  Jackson,  among  the  White  Mountains, 
I  have  observed  them  up  to  i,6oo  feet  or  so.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer 
also  reports  that  a  few  breed  at  Dublin,  on  a  high,  grassy,  pas- 
ture hill,  at  i, 600  feet.  On  July  7th,  1898,  and  on  the  follow- 
ing day,  while  on  a  trip  over  the  Presidential  range,  I  observed 
a  single  Savanna  Sparrow  singing,  as  if  quite  at  home,  from  a 
rock  on  the  northeast  side  of  the  summit  of  Mt.  Washington, 
but  a  few  yards  from  the  buildings,  and  it  is  not  impossible  that 
a  pair  was  breeding  there  among  the  sedges. 

F>at<ls  :  April  20  to  October. 

173.  Aimnodranms       savannarum       passeriims 

( Wils. ) .     Grasshopper  Sparrow. 

A  rare  summer  resident  in  certain  localities  among  the  Tran- 
sition valleys  of  southern  New  Hampshire.  A  few  follow  the 
Connecticut  valley  meadows  up  so  far  at  least  as  Walpole, 
where  Mr.  R.  Hoffmann  observed  a  single  bird  in  1899,  and  an- 
other in  1900.  Others  push  up  the  Merrimack  valley,  apparent- 
ly with  some  regularity.  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  writes  me  of  one  not- 
ed at  Hollis  on  May  13,  1876.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('77a,  49) 
has  recorded  its  occurrence  in  summer  at  Webster  ;  Mr.  Ned 
Dearborn  ('98,  p.  25)  also  states  that  he  has  usually  found  one 
or  two  each  season  in  the  neighborhood  of  Tilton,  still  farther 
up  the  valley.  Beyond  Lake  Winnepesaukee  the  bird  seems 
not  to  occur. 

Dates:  May  13  to  Summer. 

174.  Ammodramus  henslowii  (Aud.).  Hensww's 
Sparrow. 

A  local  summer  resident,  breeding  in  small  numbers  in  cool, 
open  swamps  of  the  Transition  area  grown  up  to  sedges,  grass- 
es, small  bushes  and  the  rank  hellebore.  Apparently  this  bird 
is  a  species  characteri;-tic  of  these   peculiar  "islands"  of  the 


140  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

Transition  zone.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  was  the  first  to  make 
known  the  fact  that  Henslow's  Sparrow  is  a  regular  summer 
resident  of  New  Hampshire  (see  R.  Deane,  '78a).  He  found  it 
in  small  numbers  in  certain  meadows  about  Webster,  and  the 
adjacent  towns  of  Boscawen  and  Salisbury,  over  25  years  ago, 
and  observed  a  nest  of  four  young  birds  on  August  16,  1877,  at 
the  last  named  place.  This  record  has  remained  the  only  pub- 
lished instance  of-  the  bird's  presence  in  the  state,  though  H.  D. 
Minot,  in  his  "  Land  and  Game  Birds  of  New  England,"  ('77) 
states  that  he  had  "  suspicions  *  *  *  *  that  the}7  occur  in  at 
least  one  spot  among  the  White  Mountains."  More  recently, 
however,  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  me  that  "  on  the  1st  of  Au- 
gust, several  years  ago,"  his  father  "shot  a  Henslow's  Spar- 
row, and  saw  two  others  high  up  in  the  Walpole  hills  some  ten 
miles  "  northwest  of  Keene,  in  a  small  isolated  wet  place,  grown 
with  rank  grass  and  small  bushes,  in  the  midst  of  a  wide  ex- 
panse of  open  hill  pasture,  at  about  1,000  feet  altitude  ;  he  has 
also  noted  the  bird  at  Dublin  in  June,  1902,  and  at  Hancock  and 
Bennington.  Mr.  R.  Hoffmann  has  also  observed  the  bird  on 
one  or  two  occasions  near  the  same  locality,  at  Alstead.  Else- 
where in  the  state,  I  know  of  its  presence  only  at  Wonalancet, 
on  the  intervale  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  Passaconaway.  Here,  on 
July  14  and  15,  1899,  I  observed  a  pair  evidently  settled,  in  a 
small  cold  marsh,  partly  carpeted  with  sphagnum,  and  grown 
up  with  sedges  and  white  hellebore.  On  the  tops  of  the  helle- 
bores the  male  would  sit  and  sing  incessantly,  but  only  once  did 
I  observe  what  must  have  been  his  mate.  I  have  been  unable 
to  visit  this  spot  since  to  discover  if  it  is  regularly  inhabited  b3r 
the  birds. 

Dates  :  April  17  to  August. 

175.  Aminodramus  caudacutus  (Gmel.).  Sharp- 
tailed  Sparrow. 

A  summer  resident  of  the  salt  marshes  on  the  limited  coastal 
strip  of  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state.  Dr.  Jonathan 
D wight,  Jr.,  ('87)  states  that  true  caudacutus  breeds  as  far  north 
as  Portsmouth.  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('78)  also  mentions  a 
specimen  in  his  collection  taken  at  Rye  Beach,  on  August  20, 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  141 

1869.     Doubtless  the  subspecies  subvirgatus  occurs  in  migra- 
tions, but  records  are  not  available. 

Note:    Ammodramus  maritimus    Wils.  .    Seaside  Sparrow. 

The  statement  of  Dr.  Elliot  Coues  in  his  "  Birds  of  New  England" 
(Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  Vol.  V,  p.  282)  that  this  species  occurred  at  Rye 
Beach,  was  an  error,  the  Sharp-tailed  Sparrow  having  been  the  bird  in- 
tended (Brewster,  '77b). 

176.     Zonotrichia    leucophrys     (Forst).  White- 

Crowned  Sparrow. 

A  spring  and  fall  migrant,  uncommon  in  the  lower  parts  of 
the  state,  but  seemingly  more  plentiful  in  the  higher  country. 
More  birds  are  seen  also  in  fall  than  in  spring.  Mr.  Bradford 
Torrey  and  Mr.  H.  W.  Wright  have  found  the  bird  regularly 
among  the  White  Mountains  from  September  25  into  October, 
and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  reports  it  as  sometimes  common  at  Mo- 
nadnock  in  Migrations.  I  have  observed  it  on  one  occasion  on 
the  Saco  meadows  at  Intervale  so  early  as  September  21,  1900. 
During  the  spring  of  1900  this  species  was  seen  at  many  locali- 
ties in  unusual  numbers,  and  Mrs.  E.  E.  Webster  informs  me 
that  at  Franklin  Falls  it  seemed  more  plentiful  than  the  White- 
throated  species  during  May  of  that  year. 
Dates  :  May  6  to  25 ;  September  21  to  October  11. 

IT  7.     Zonotrichia  albicollis  (Gmel).     White-throat- 
ed Sparrow. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  as  a  summer  resident, 
common  throughout  the  Canadian  portions  of  the  state  and  even 
up  into  the  sub-alpine  zone  on  the  White  Mountains.  South 
of  Eake  Winnepesaukee,  it  breeds  on  Mt.  Monadnock  and  the 
surrounding  hills,  on  South  Kearsarge,  and  elsewhere  locally 
along  the  higher  land  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  Among 
the  foot  hills  of  the  White  Mountains,  scattering  pairs  breed 
even  at  low  elevations  in  the  valleys  in  bushy  open  spots,  but  it 
is  not  very  common  until  the  deeper  sub-Canadian  woods  are 
reached.  On  the  mountains  it  is  common  up  to  the  limit  of 
scrub  growth  at  4,800  to  5,000  feet,  and  a  few  push  still  higher 
up  to  avail  themselves  of  outlying  clumps  of  stunted  growth.     I 


142  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

have  observed  a  few  in  summer  about  the  Lakes  of  the  Clouds 
on  Mt.  Washington  at  some  5,000  feet,  and  Dr.  A.  P.  Chad- 
bourne  ('87)  notes  them  as  high  as  5,300  feet. 

Datos:  April  23  tn  May  14;  Summer;  September  and  October. 

178.  Spizella  moiiticola  (Gmel.).     Tree  Sparrow. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  less  common  winter 
resident.  In  fall  the  main  flight  passes  through  during  late 
October  and  November,  and  a  few  are  left  to  winter  at  least  as 
far  north  as  at  the  White  Mountain  valleys,  as  at  Ossipee, 
where  Mr.  E.  A.  Preble  has  noted  them  in  winter.  Frank 
Bolles  (93b)  records  two  seen  on  December  21st,  at  Cho- 
corua,  but  it  must  be  rarely  that  the  birds  winter  there. 
Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  also  writes  of  seeing  two  on  Dec.  9,  1899, 
at  Lancaster,  the  latest  he  had  ever  noticed  them  there  in  win- 
ter. During  March  and  April  the  northward  flight  takes  place, 
a  few  birds  lingering  nearly  to  the  last  of  the  latter  month. 
Dates  :  October  8  to  April  24. 

179.  Spizella  socialis  (  Wils.).      Chipping  Sparrow. 
A  common  summer    resident  of  the  Transition  area,   found 

mainly  about  orchards  and  door-yards,  and  one  of  the  most 
familiar  and  confiding  of  our  native  birds.  Like  the  Least  Fly- 
catcher, it  follows  closely  the  path  of  civilization  and  has  doubt- 
less greatly  extended  its  range  within  historic  times  as  the  for- 
ests have  disappeared  before  the  advance  of  the  white  man.  Al- 
ready by  August  family  flocks  of  old  and  young  are  seen,  and 
by  the  latter  part  of  that  mouth  these  join  one  to  another,  until 
large  companies  are  formed.  At  such  times  the  birds  fairly 
swarm  over  weedy  fields  or  stubble  land,  and  often  are  accom- 
panied by  Bluebirds  and  Myrtle  Warblers.  These  flocks  move 
leisurely  southward  during  September,  though  a  few  individuals 
remain  among  the  White  Mountains  until  well  into  October. 
Prof.  C.  M.  Weed  ('98)  has  given  a  good  account  of  the  feed- 
ing habits  of  this  bird,  as  observed  by  him  at  Durham. 
Dates:   April  16  to  October  11. 

180.  Spizella  pusillu  (  Wils.)     Field  Sarrow. 

A  summer  resident,  common  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  1 43 

on  bushy  hillside  pastures,  but  becoming  local  and  uncommon 
among  the  White  Mountains.  About  the  Winnepesauk.ee  re- 
gion the  bird  is  very  common  in  suitable  places,  and  follows  the 
valleys  well  up  among  the  mountains  on  both  sides  of  the  great 
range.  On  the  south  side  of  the  range,  I  have  found  small  col- 
onies in  the  Saco  valley  at  North  Conway  and  Intervale,  and  a 
few  pairs  still  farther  up  at  Jackson,  on  the  western  slope  of 
Spruce  Mountain,  facing  the  Glen  road,  and  at  an  elevation  of 
about  1,500  feet.  On  the  north  side  of  the  range,  Mr.  F.  H.  Al- 
len has  found  them  not  uncommon  at  Jefferson  and  Randolph, 
these  birds  very  likely  reaching  this  district  by  way  of  the  Con- 
necticut valley.  It  is  noticeable  that  a  large  part  of  the  nests 
found  in  southern  New  Hampshire  are  built  in  low  bushes.  After 
the  young  are  on  the  wing,  the  birds  continue  on  their  breeding 
grounds  in  small  family  flocks,  into  September,  and  Dr.  Walter 
Faxon  has  observed  them  at  Franconia  so  late  as  October  7. 
Dates  :  April  19  to  October  7. 

181.    Junco  hyemalis  (I^inn.).    Slate-colored  Junco. 

An  abundant  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  throughout  the 
Canadian  area,  a  common  summer  resident  of  coniferous  woods 
or  open,  dry  pastures  grown  up  to  small  pines  or  spruces  ;  also 
a  winter  resident  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  South  of 
Lake  Winnepesaukee  the  bird  is  local  in  summer,  breeding  in 
suitable  localities,  as  at  Northfield  on  Bean  Hill,  South  Kear- 
sarge  (Dearborn,  '98),  on  Mt.  Monadnock  above  1,500  feet  in 
the  spruce  growth  (Thayer,  in  lit.),  and  along  the  ridge  of 'land 
in  the  western  part  of  the  state  northward  to  the  White  Moun- 
tains. At  Intervale,  a  few  pairs  breed  even  in  the  valley  bot- 
tom of  the  Saco  at  520  feet,  and  thence  up  to  the  limit  of  scrub 
growth  on  the  higher  mountains,  at  4,800  to  5,000  feet.  Above 
this  level  a  few  scattering  pairs  are  to  be  found  here  and  there 
where  an  outlying  clump  of  dwarfed  firs  provides  shelter,  and  a 
few  birds  are  usually  to  be  found  feeding  about  the  buildings 
on  the  extreme  summit  of  Mt.  Washington  (6,291  feet) .  I  have 
no  doubt  these  birds  nest  on  the  summit,  and  they  must  surely 
find  an  abundance  of  insect  food.  In  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  the  bird  is  known  to  winter  in  small  numbers  ;  Mr.  W.  E. 


144  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

Cram  writes  me  that  it  occurs  through  the  winter  months  at 
Hampton  Falls,  and  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('85)  records  it  as  a 
winter  bird  at  Webster.  I  do  not  know  of  its  wintering  farther 
north,  though  Frank  Bolles  ('93b)  records  a  flock  seen  on  Bear 
Mountain  on  Dec.  21,  1891.  The  birds  arrive  on  their  breeding 
grounds  among  the  White  Mountains  before  the  snow  is  off, 
and  I  have  observed  the  males  in  mid- April  singing  among  the 
stunted  growth  on  the  summit  of  Mt.  Chocorua  as  though  com- 
pletely at  home  and  settled  for  the  season.  Young,  just  hatched, 
were  observed  at  Jackson  on  June  16.  1902. 

182.  Melospiza  melodia  ( Wils.).  Song  Sparrow. 

A  common  summer  resident  throughout  the  Transition  re- 
gions, breeding  as  high  up  at  least  as  2,000  feet  among  the 
White  Mountains,  in  more  or  less  cleared  areas.  Dr.  A.  P. 
Chadbourne  ('87)  records  having  seen  a  single  bird  "on  the 
bare  rocks  at  an  altitude  of  5,340  feet  on  Mt.  Washington  "  on 
July  6,  1886,  and  he  suggests  that  it  may  have  nested  some- 
where near.  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  records  its  breeding  at 
Lake  Umbagog  the  last  of  May,  and  adds  that  he  has  seen  the 
bird  in  Coos  County  "the  first  week  in  November,  when  the 
snow  was  on  the  ground."  During  September  large  flocks 
often  gather  about  the  weed  patches  in  the  lowlands,  or  swarm 
in  the  swampy  thickets  preparatory  to  migrating  southward. 
Doubtless  a  few  winter  in  the  southeastern  portions  of  the  state, 
but  actual  records  are  unavailable. 

Dates  :  March  9  to  December. 

183.  Melospiza  lincolnii  (Aud.).  Lincoln's  Sparrow. 
A  migrant,  apparently  rare  in  spring,  but  rather  common  in 

fall.  Owing  to  its  inconspicuous  dress  and  retiring  habits  it  is 
very  frequently  overlooked.  On  the  Saco  meadows  at  Inter- 
vale, I  have  observed  it  in  the  fall  migration  as  early  as  Sep- 
tember 7,  on  which  date,  in  1899,  two  birds  were  seen  by  Mr. 
R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,  and  myself,  one  bird  being  taken.  After 
this  date,  from  one  to  as  many  as  five  were  seen  almost  daily 
throughout  the  month.  Often  one  or  two  individuals  are  found 
in  company  with  the  large  flocks  of  Song  Sparrows  which  at 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  145 

this  season  frequent  the  weed-grown  potato  patches,  or  an  oc- 
casional bird  is  found  among  the  tall  grass  and  bushy  tangle  on 
the  edge  of  a  swamp  or  wood.  One  soon  learns  to  recognize 
the  neat,  graceful  form,  the  uneasy  movement  and  inquisitive 
way  of  the  bird,  as  it  hops  restlessly  about,  now  appearing  on 
the  edge  of  a  thicket  or  tangle  of  grass  to  peer  curiously  at  the 
observer,  or  again  vanishing  utterly  in  situations  where  the 
cover  seems  too  slight  to  conceal  it  at  all.  I  have  sometimes 
heard  from  this  bird  in  the  fall,  a  sharp  and  distinctive  "  chip" 
much  like  a  note  of  the  Vesper  Sparrow  ;  also  on  a  few  occa- 
sions a  short,  low  "  tzz,"  similar  to  a  note  of  the  Song  Sparrow 
and  given  as  the  bird  skulks  among  the  shrubbery.  Mr.  Tor- 
rey  has  on  several  occasions  noted  this  bird  among  the  Franco- 
nia  valle)Ts  in  fall,  and  other  observers  have  reported  it  from  lo- 
calities in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  Its  possible  breeding 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  may  be  suggested,  as  it  is  well 
known  to  breed  among  the  Adirondacks  ;  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer 
(  :o2)  has  even  recorded  what  he  believes  to  have  been  a  Lin- 
coln's Finch  seen  by  him  on  July  28,  1900,  at  Lake  Nubanusit 
in  Southwestern  New  Hampshire. 
Dates  :  May  15  to  26  ;  September  7  to  October  4. 

184.  Melospiza  georgiana  (Lath.).     Swamp  Sparrow. 
A  rather  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  a  less  common 

and  local  summer  resident.  During  the  summer  it  is  confined 
to  grassy  swamps  along  streams  and  lakes.  It  is  common  as  a 
breeding  bird  in  many  places  in  southern  New  Hampshire,  but 
among  the  White  Mountain  valleys  it  seems  rare  at  this  season. 
Mr.  F.  H.  Allen  ('89,  p.  78)  has  recorded  it  from  Moultonboro 
in  the  summer,  but  I  know  of  no  other  locality  where  it  breeds, 
in  the  immediately  adjacent  country  to  the  north  though  several 
apparently  favorable  places  have  been  investigated.  Mr.  C.  J. 
Maynard  ('72)  states  that  it  breeds  at  Lake  Umbagog.  In  the 
Saco  valley  at  Intervale,  it  appears  in  some  numbers  during 
September  with  flocks  of  other  migrating  sparrows. 
Dates:  April  to  October  io. 

185.  Passerella  iliaca  (Merr.).     Fox  Sparrow. 

A  rather  common  migrant  in  early  spring  and  late  fall.     The 


146  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

last  of  the  spring  migrants  pass  through  the  White  Mountains 
by  April  23  or  thereabouts,  and  appear  again  on  their  south- 
ward flight  in  early  October. 

Dates  :  March  16  to  April  23  ;  October  5  to  November  7. 

186.    Pipilo  erythrophthalmus     (Linn).      Towhee. 

A  not  uncommon  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  valleys 
in  the  southern  parts  of  the  state  becoming  rarer  and  local  to- 
wards the  White  Mountains,  to  the  north  of  which  it  appears 
not  to  occur.  In  the  lower  Connecticut  valley  this  bird  is  fairly 
common,  and  is  found  also  in  some  numbers  throughout  the  cen- 
tral and  southern  regions  of  the  state  in  open  bushy  lands. 
North  of  Lake  Winnepesaukee  it  occurs  in  bushy,  sandy  areas 
in  the  lowlands.  Mr.  E.  A.  Preble  finds  it  about  Ossipee  among 
the  sandy  "  barrens  "  grown  up  to  bear  oak  and  pitch  pine,  and 
I  have  found  it  in  small  numbers  in  a  few  similar  localites  in 
that  vicinity  and  as  far  up  as  North  Conway  in  the  Saco  valley. 
Dr.  Walter  Faxon  tells  me  also  of  a  bird  seen  by  him  on  June 
17,  1894,  near  Moosilauke.  At  Intervale,  I  have  seen  the  bird 
but  once,  when  on  Sept.  19,  1899,  a  migrant  appeared  on  the 
edge  of  the  vSaco  meadows  in  the  early  morning. 

Dates  :  May  1  to  October. 

187.  Zamelodia  ludoviciana  (Linn.).  Rose-breast- 
ed Grosbeak. 

An  uncommon  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  area,  enter- 
ing also  to  a  less  extent  the  sub-Canadian  region.  A  few  sum- 
mer regularly  in  the  White  Mountain  valleys  at  least  as  far  up 
as  Intervale,  though  I  have  found  them  more  common  there  in 
August  or  September  during  migration.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer 
notes  their  fondness  for  potato  beetles  at  Dublin. 

Dates:  May  12  to  September  18. 

Note:    Guiraea  cserulea  (Linn.),    blue  Grosbeak. 

Miss  Mabel  C.  Berry  ('96)  records  having  observed  at  close  range,  on 
May  26,  1894,  an  adult  male  of  this  species  at  East  Derry.  The  bird  was 
not  secured,  though  the  observer  felt  certain  of  the  identity.  It  seems 
safer,  however,  to  await  a  more  positive  record  before  according  the  bird 
a  place  in  the  list  of  New  Hampshire  birds. 


<>K  ARTS  AND  SCIENC  147 

i«S8.     Cyanospiza  cyanea  (Iyinn.)     Indigo  Bunting. 

A  rather  common  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  region. 
In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  very  common  in  certain 
localities,  and  follows  the  lower  valleys  well  up  among  the 
White  Mountains.  It  is  also  recorded  as  not  common  about 
Lake  Umbagog.  During  September  considerable  flocks  of  old 
birds  and  fully  grown  young  gather  around  the  weed-grown 
fields  and  standing  corn,  and  at  Intervale,  in  the  Saco  valley, 
remain  until  the  first  of  October  when  the  frosts  are  heavy. 
Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  me  that  at  Dublin,  but  few  occur  so 
high  up  as  1,400  feet. 

Dittos  :  .May  9  to  October  1. 

189.  Piranga  erythromelas  Vieill.  Scarlet  Tanager. 
A  not  uncommon  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  and  sub- 
Canadian  woods.  In  the  White  Mountains,  I  have  found  it  in 
small  numbers  on  the  mountain  sides  as  far  as  the  upper  limit 
of  the  beech  woods,  some  2,000  feet.  According  to  Mr.  C.  J. 
Maynard,  it  is  rare  at  Umbagog,  and  is  doubtless  wanting  in 
the  coniferous  forests  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  The 
males  cease  singing  about  the  second  week  in  July,  and  owing 
to  their  habit  of  keeping  to  the  upper  regions  of  the  forest  trees, 
are  not  very  frequently  observed  in  late  summer.  At  Intervale,  I 
have  noted  occasional  birds  in  the  beech  woods  up  to  September 
13th,  and  Frank  Bolles  ('93b)  records  one  seen  at  Chocorua  so 
late  as  the  25th  of  that  month,  1891. 
Dates  :  May  13  to  September  25. 

Note:    Piranga  rubra  (Linn.).     Summet  Tanager. 

Although  this  bird  has  twice  been  recorded  from  New  Hampshire,  once 
by  Mi.  C.  F.  Goodhue,  who  believed  he  saw  one  at  Webster  ('77a,  p.  49), 
and  once  by  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  27),  who  adduces  the  testimony  of 
Mr.  George  Stolworthy  of  Franklin  to  the  effect  that  he  saw  a  number  of 
males  at  that  place  in  the  early  summer  of  1875,  neither  of  the  records 
seems  to  stand  on  a  sufficiently  definite  basis  to  warrant  according  the 
species  a  place  in  the  present  list. 

190.     Progne  subis  (Dinn.).     Purpee  Martin. 
A  not  uncommon,  though  local  summer  resident  of  the  Tran- 
sition valleys  throughout  the  southern  and  central  parts  of  the 


14s  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

state.  It  breeds  in  the  Connecticut  valley  at  least  as  far  up  as 
Colebrook,  where  Dr.  Walter  Faxon  ('97)  has  recorded  that 
Mr.  William  Brewster  found  a  pair  in  1896,  nesting  under  the 
hood  of  an  electric  arc  light.  I  have  never  found  it  breeding  at 
Intervale,  though  two  miles  farther  down  the  valley  at  North 
Conway  a  small  colony  annually  inhabits  a  large  bird  house. 
Apparently  the  birds  are  slowly  falling  off  in  point  of  numbers. 
Dates  :  April  19  to  September. 

191.    Petrocheliclon  lunifrons  (Say).  Cliff  Swaeeow. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  common  local  summer 
resident  throughout  the  lowland  districts  of  the  state  up  to  at  least 
1,500  feet.  The  birds  breed  in  colonies  under  the  eaves  of  barns 
and  outbuildings,  and  the  j^oung  after  leaving  the  nest  are  often  to 
be  seen  in  little  squads  on  the  roof,  where  they  are  fed  by  their 
parents.  Even  after  the  young  are  strong  on  the  wing  they  are 
still  fed  occasionally  by  the  old  ones,  and  not  infrequently  have 
I  observed  the  parent  perform  this  duty  in  mid-air,  both  birds 
hovering  for  a  second  to  effect  the  transfer.  Concerning  the 
supposed  immigration  of  this  species  from  the  west  in  the  early 
part  of  the  century,  there  seems  to  be  no  conclusive  evidence. 
Peabody  ('41)  states  that  the  earliest  information  he  had  of  its 
appearance  in  New  England  was  from  Chief  Justice  Shaw,  who 
"found  it  at  the  White  Mountains  in  the  summer  of  1816." 
Belknap,  writing  in  1792,  does  not  mention  it  as  a  bird  of  New 
Hampshire. 

Dates:  April  28  to  September  1. 

192.  Hirmido  erythrogaster  (Bodd.).  Barn  Swal- 
low. 

A  common  spring,  and  abundant  fall  migrant,  and  fairly  com- 
mon summer  resident,  nesting  throughout  the  farming  districts 
in  the  large  open  barns,  up  to  about  1,500  feet  in  the  White 
Mountain  valleys.  It  is  said  to  be  abundant  at  Lake  llmba- 
gog.  In  August,  the  birds  gather  in  large  flocks  and  move 
southward.  At  Intervale,  one  may  see  them  during  this  mouth 
flying  leisurely  down  the  valley  at  all  hours  of  the  day,  and  sev- 
eral times  I  have  seen  an  entire  flock  of  some  25  birds  pause  in 


OF   ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  14LJ 

their  flight  to  chase  a  passing  hawk.  Only  a  few  are  seen  among 
the  White  Mountains  after  August,  though  I  have  noted  single 
stragglers  at  Intervale  so  late  as  September  12,  1900,  and  in 
1898,  a  single  bird  on  September  21,  the  day  being  cold,  and 
Mt.  Washington's  summit  white  with  snow7. 
Dates  :  April  24  to  September  21. 

1  «.>.{.     Tachycineta  bicolor  (Vieill).     Tree  Swallow. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  less  common  summer 
resident.  These  birds  arrive  in  central  New  Hampshire  in 
early  April  before  the  snow  is  off  the  ground  and  from  one  to 
three  or  more  pairs  are  generally  found  about  the  smaller  towns 
and  villages  in  summer.  At  Intervale,  I  have  rarely  found 
more  than  one  pair  nesting  in  the  village.  In  the  forest  of 
water-killed  trees  at  the  mouth  of  the  Androscoggin  River,  Lake 
Umbagog,  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('76b)  has  recorded  that 
"multitudes"  were  found  "occupying  deserted  nests  of  the 
smaller  Woodpeckers." 

Dates  :  March  23  (Hainptou  Falls)  to  September. 

11)4.     Riparia  riparia  (Linn.).     Bank  Swallow. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  a  locally  abundant 
summer  resident,  nesting  in  colonies  where  steep  banks  of  sand 
occur  along  the  rivers.  The  breeding  birds  often  go  far  afield 
in  search  of  food,  and  I  have  frequently  seen  individuals  flying 
over  the  Saco  valley  at  least  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  nesting 
colony.  It  is  interesting,  in  watching  a  large  colony,  to  observe 
the  apparent  precision  with  which  each  bird  enters  its  proper 
burrow,  and  only  on  rare  occasions  nave  I  seen  a  bird  hesitate 
for  a  second  before  picking  out  its  own  burrow.  This  is  the 
first  of  our  swallows  to  leave,  and  among  the  White  Mountain 
valleys  the  breeding  colonies  break  up  and  disappear  by  the 
middle  of  July,  and  except  on  one  occasion  (a  single  bird  seen 
Aug.  11,  1899)  I  have  never  observed  the  birds  at  Intervale 
after  July.  Mr.  William  Brewster,  however,  ('98b)  notes  them 
with  flocks  of  other  swallows  at  the  lower  end  of  Lake  Umba- 
gog on  Aug.  22,  1896.  As  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn, 
('98)  these  swallows  will  often  dig  their  burrows  in  a  newly-ex- 


150  PROCKEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

cavated  sand  pit,  but  after  a  single  season  desert  the  locality 
altogether.  I  have  often  observed  the  same  thing  in  various 
places  and  attribute  it  to  a  change  in  the  texture  of  the  sand 
near  the  face  of  the  cut  due  to  the  drying  out  of  the  water  on 
the  newly-exposed  front,  so  that  it  would  cave  in  more  readily 
if  a  burrow  were  dug. 
Dates  :  May  to  August  24. 

195.  Ampelis  garrulus  Linn.     Bohemian  Waxwing. 
An  extremely  rare  winter  visitant.       This   bird   is  frequently 

reported  by  amateur  observers,  who,  as  their  judgment  grows 
with  later  experience,  are  led  to  expunge  their  record.  There 
appears  at  present  to  be  no  valid  published  record  for  the  occur- 
rence of  this  species  in  the  state,  but  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  informs  me 
that  in  the  early  part  of  1880,  O.  H.  Phillips,  a  taxidermist, 
took  specimens  near  Nashua.  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  writes  me  he 
has  observed  it  at  Hampton  Falls  on  February  17  and  21,  1897, 

196.  Ampelis  cedrorum  (Vieill.).      Cedar  "Waxwing. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  summer  resident ; 
rarely  wintering  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  state.  Al- 
though these  birds  breed  mainly  in  the  open  Transition  and 
sub-Canadian  regions,  they  are  great  wanderers,  and  small 
flocks  of  from  3  to  6  birds  are  not  infrequently  observed  during 
summer  crossing  the  Presidential  range,  or  stopping  for  a  few 
moments  at  the  higher  levels,  as  at  Carter  Lakes  (3,360  feet), 
and  Halfway  House  (3,840  feet),  to  pass  on  again  shortly.  In 
the  White  Mountain  valleys  they  nest  about  the  middle  of  Jul}', 
and  the  young  are  soon  on  the  wing.  During  September  they 
quickly  gather  into  large  flocks  about  the  wild  cherry  trees, 
preparatory  to  migrating  southward.  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  (:  00) 
records  that  a  flock  of  ten  birds  wintered  at  Durham  during  the 
season  of  1899-1900,  a  circumstance  which  appears  to  be  quite 
unusual.  In  eastern  Massschusetts  there  is  regularly  a  wave  of 
northbound  migrants  about  the  end  of  January,  this  movement 
lasting  into  March,  after  which  there  comes  a  second  wave  in 
late  May.  Apparently  this  first  wave  has  spent  its  energy  by 
the  time  it  reaches  central  New  Hampshire.       Rarely  this  first 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  15  I 

flight  reaches  the  central  part  of  the  state  in  January  ;  thus  Mr. 
C.  F.  Goodhue  ('85)  notes  a  flock  of  20  or  more  at  Webster  in 
January,  1878.  By  February  or  March,  the  birds  appear  irreg- 
ularly in  the  lower  portions  of  the  state,  though  often  observers 
in  the  central  counties  do  not  see  thern  till  late  May,  i.  e.,  dur- 
ing the  second  wave.  The  limits  and  dates  of  these  peculiar 
movements  will  bear  a  much  more  thorough  working  out. 
The  fall  migrants  have  usually  left  by  October. 

197.  Lanius  borealis  Vieill.     Northern  Shrike. 

A  rather  common  late  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident 
throughout  the  state,  occurring  as  high  at  least  as  2,000  feet 
in  the  White  Mountains  during  winter. 

Dates  :   November  12  to  April. 

198.  Lanius  lucloviciaims  Linn.  Loggerhead  Shrike. 
A  rather  rare  and  local  summer  resident  in  the  Transition 

valleys  at  least  as  far  north  as  the  White  Mountains,  and  the 
upper  Connecticut  valley  ;  accidental  in  winter.  In  view  of  the 
general  lack  of  definite  published  breeding  data  for  this  species, 
it  may  be  well  to  detail  the  records  for  New  Hanpshire  as  far  as 
possible.  The  bird  has  been  observed  at  the  following  locali- 
ties in  the  state  :  Charlestown,  Mr.  W.  M.  Buswell  has  observed 
a  pair  for  at  least  two  seasons  in  the  same  yard,  and  on  April 
26,  1898,  took  their  nest  and  six  eggs.  This  nest  was  nearly 
completed  by  April  8,  and  contained  two  eggs  on  the  21st. 
The  earliest  date  at  which  he  has  observed  the  bird  in  spring 
is  March  20.  Concord \  near  this  town  a  specimen  was  obtained 
by  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue,  on  January  20,  1879,  and  identified  and 
recorded  by  Mr.  Ruthven  Deane  ('79).  Hampton  Falls,  one 
was  observed  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  on  August  20,  1899.  Hanover, 
a  pair  is  recorded  by  Mr.  E.  B.  Frost  ('85)  to  have  nested  in  a 
fir  tree  in  a  person's  yard  during  the  season  of  1885.  The  birds 
were  first  seen  on  April  16,  and  by  May  4th,  the  nest  had  been 
built  and  six  eggs  laid.  Both  birds  were  shot  for  identification. 
Mr.  Frost,  in  a  letter  to  the  writer,  adds  that  a  nest  with  six 
young  was  found  at  Hanover  on  May  30,  1884,  and  that  he 
11 


152  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

knew  of  another  at  about  the  same  time.  Also  on  May  17,  1897, 
on  the  Vermont  side  of  the  Connecticut  river,  a  nest  containing 
one  egg  and  four  young  birds  was  found  by  Mrs.  Frost,  and  in 
1898,  the  birds  were  noticed  near  the  same  place.  Mollis,  one 
seen  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  on  September  i,  1885.  Intervale,  I 
have  twice  observed  the  bird  in  the  Saco  valley  here  ;  once  on 
August  25,  1897,  when  a  single  bird  was  seen  for  a  short  time 
on  the  meadows,  and  again  on  August  9,  1899,  when  I  watched 
one  for  part  of  an  afternoon  as  it  stayed  about  an  old  apple  or- 
chard near  the  river  valley.  Possibly  a  pair  may  have  nested 
here  earlier  in  the  season.  Jefferson,  in  an  interesting  letter  on 
birds  observed  in  this  vicinity,  Mr.  H.  W.  Wright  tells  hie 
that  "  it  has  been  breeding  for  several  years  within  town  limits. 
A  friend  living  on  the  road  to  Jefferson  Hill,  when  I  discovered 
a  family  of  shrikes  about  his  pasture,  told  me  they  had  nested 
in  the  same  elm  tree  in  that  pasture  for  4  or  5  years.  In  1899, 
we  observed  them  whenever  we  drove  by  throughout  the  season. 
This  year  (1900)  they  nested  farther  back  and  were  seen  only 
occasionally  on  the  roadside.  I  have  observed  a  pair  or  family 
at  three  or  four  other  points,  in  driving,  in  this  vicinity." 
Lancaster,  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  finds  it  a  regular  summer  resi- 
dent here,  where  it  arrives  early  and  breeds  about  the  first  of 
May.  North-field ,  in  September,  1897,  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98, 
p.  218)  observed  one  at  this  town.  Tamworth,  a  single  bird 
was  observed  on  August  16,  1898,  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Reagh  (see' 
Howe,  :oi,  p.  44).  Tilton,  according  to  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn 
('98,  p.  28)  a  nest  with  eggs  was  discovered  here  by  Mr.  G.  H. 
Davis,  in  May,  1897. 

From  the  foregoing,  it  is  plain  that  this  shrike  is  most  com- 
mon in  the  valleys  of  the  Connecticut  and  its  larger  tributaries, 
by  which  it  reaches  the  country  slightly  north  of  the  White 
Mountains. 

Dfttes  :  (January  20,  '79)  March  20  to  September. 

MM).    Vireo  olivaceus  (Linn.).     Red-eyed  Vireo. 

A  common  summer  resident  throughout  the  Transition  and 
sub-Canadian  areas,  being  found  from  the  shade  trees  of  the  vil- 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  153 

lage  streets  up  to  about  3,000  feet  in  the  mixed  forests  on  the 
White  Mountains.  It  is  also  common  to  the  north  of  these 
mountains,  as  at  L,ake  Umbagog.  At  Intervale,  I  have  on  one 
or  two  occasions  seen  single  birds  on  the  wire  fences,  which 
cross  the  Saco  meadows,  feeding  on  crickets  which  they  ob- 
tained on  the  edge  of  a  farm-road,  and  carried  to  the  fence  to 
eat.  Most  of  them  leave  the  latitude  of  the  White  Mountains 
by  the  middle  of  September,  though  Dr.  Walter  Faxon  informs 
me  that  he  saw  three  on  September  30,  1895,  at  Warren. 
Dates  :  May  8  to  September  30. 

200.     Vireo    philadelphicus    (Cass.).      Philadelphia 

VlREO. 

A  rare  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  state  a  rather  rare  summer  resident.  To  Mr.  William 
Brewster,  we  are  chiefly  indebted  for  our  knowledge  of  this  spe- 
cies as  a  summer  bird  of  New  Hampshire.  About  L,ake  Umba- 
gog, this  gentleman  and  Mr.  Ruthven  Deane  ('76)  secured  in 
all,  three  specimens,  on  the  3d  and  4th  of  June,  1872.  Near  the 
same  spot,  Mr.  Brewster  ('80)  secured  on  August  29,  1874, 
three  more  specimens  and  a  fourth  on  August  31st,  these  being 
all  ' '  young  birds  in  freshly  assumed  but  quite  perfect  fall 
dress."  On  May  29,  1876,  another  was  taken  at  Umbagog, 
and  two  more  on  May  31st,  and  three  years  later,  on  May  27, 
1879,  a  mated  pair  was  shot.  From  Umbagog,  Mr.  Brewster 
('80)  states  that  he  traced  them  westward  to  Dixville  Notch  in 
northwestern  New  Hampshire,  where  "they  were  noted  in 
greater  numbers  than  elsewhere,  and  on  June  10th  several  pairs 
were  found  in  the  open  birch  groves  about  the  '  Dix  House,' 
just  beyond  the  Notch."  He  further  notes  that  although  these 
birds  arrive  at  Umbagog  during  the  last  of  May  or  first  week  of 
June,  they  remain  silent  until  the  breeding  season  has  fairly  be- 
gun, when  they  are  quite  as  indefatigable  singers  as  the  Red- 
eyed  Vireos,  and  are  then  found  generally  distributed  through- 
out the  less  heavily  wooded  areas.  Mr.  Ralph  Hoffmann  has 
also  noted  the  bird  in  the  Dixville  Notch  in  the  breeding  sea- 
son, in  1903.     The  only  White  Mountain  record  of  this  bird  in 


154  PROCEEDINGS  NANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

the  breeding  season  is  that  of  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  ('90,  p.  251) 
who,  in  company  with  Dr.  Walter  Faxon,  observed  one  singing 
"  by  the  roadside  in  the  valley,"  at  Franconia,  on  June  16, 
1889,  and  repeatedly  in  the  same  place  on  subsequent  days. 
The  bird  acted  as  if  settled  there,  but  no  nest  was  found.  The 
following  instances  of  its  occurrence  as  a  migrant  elsewhere  in 
the  state  are  detailed  as  of  interest :  Chocorua,  where  Mr.  F.  H. 
Allen  informs  me  he  observed  a  pair  on  June  5,  1900,  probably 
late  migrants;  Frank  Bolles  ('93b,  p.  39)  also  records  having 
once  observed  it  there  in  migration.  Dublin,  one  taken  Sep- 
tember 29,  1899,  and  a  second  at  the  same  season  in  1900  by 
Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  (  :  02)  who  records  seeing  others  at  Dublin 
on  several  occasions  in  fall ;  near  Fitzwilliam,  one  obtained  on 
May  27.  1897,  as  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer.  Fran- 
conia, one  bird  seen  September  23d  and  another  September  26, 
1900,  by  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  ;  Hollis,  one  recorded  by  Dr.  W. 
H.  Fox  ('77)  as  shot  on  May  26,  1876,  by  a  Mr.  A.  F.  Eaton, 
while  it  was  ' '  feeding  in  company  with  two  other  birds  of  the 
same  kind,  in  some  low  oak  bushes  ;  "  Intervale,  I  observed  a 
single  bird  among  some  small  elms  in  the  Saco  valley  on  Aug. 
26,  1899,  an  early  fall  migrant  doubtless. 
Dates  :  May  26  to  September  29. 

201.     Vireo  gilvus  (Vieill.).     Warbeing  Vireo. 

An  uncommon  summer  resident  within  the  Transition  areas 
of  the  state,  and  during  the  nesting  season  is  usually  confined 
to  the  big  elm  trees  of  the  village  streets.  In  the  White  Moun- 
tain valleys,  the  bird  is  rare  so  far  up  as  Intervale,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  I  have  never  known  more  than  one  or  two  pairs  to 
summer  in  the  big  elms  of  the  village.  What  I  presume  to  be 
the  same  pair  of  birds  has  for  at  least  three  successive  seasons 
lived  among  a  group  of  elms  near  our  house,  and  although  after 
the  young  were  off,  I  have  several  times  seen  the  birds  in  the 
open  valley  at  a  considerable  distance  from  their  nesting  site, 
nevertheless  the  male  is  now  and  then  to  be  heard  singing  in 
the  early  morning  from  the  same  elms  even  into  the  second 
week  of  September.  Apparently  this  species  is  rare  or  gener- 
ally absent  to  the  north  of  the  White  Mountains,  though   Mr. 


OF    VKTS    *.ND  SCIENCES.  155 

F.  B.  Spaulcling  reports  it  from  Lancaster,  in  the  Connecticut 
valley.      Dr.  Walter  Faxon  has  found  it  also  breeding  at  Franco- 
nia. 
Dates:  May  3  to  September  17. 

'ii)'i.    Vireo     flavifrons     Vieill.         Yku.ow-throated 
Vireo. 

An  uncommon  summer  resident  in  the  Transition  valleys  of 
the  lower  part  of  the  state.  At  Hollis,  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  writes 
that  it  is  common  in  summer,  and  it  also  occurs  regularly  on 
the  coast  in  small  numbers.  About  Manchester  it  is  said  to  be 
common,  and  usually  found  about  towns.  Farther  north  in  cen- 
tral New  Hampshire  it  becomes  rarer  ;  at  Bridgewater,  Mr.  F. 
H.  Allen  ('89)  has  observed  it,  and  Mrs.  E.  E.  Webster  writes 
me  of  one  seen  at  Franklin  Falls  in  May,  1899,  while  Mr.  C.  F. 
Goodhue  notes  it  as  breeding  about  Webster.  I  have  no  rec- 
ord of  it  north  of  Dake  Winnepesaukee  in  the  central  part  of 
the  state,  where,  however,  it  may  be  of  casual  occurrence.  Mr. 
Bradford  Torrey  (:oo,  p.  638)  records  a  single  bird  singing 
on  June  3,  1899,  in  a  sugar  maple  grove  at  Franconia,  which  is 
the  first  time,  in  all  his  observations  in  that  region,  that  he  has 
seen  the  bird  there.  This  straggler  may  have  reached  Franco- 
nia by  way  of  the  Pemigewasset  valley,  but  more  probably  by 
the  Connecticut  basin,  where  the  bird  is  a  regular  summer  res- 
ident as  far  up  at  least  as  the  vicinity  of  Hanover,  and  according 
to  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,  (:o2,  p.  19)  it  has  even  been  re- 
corded from  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.,  on  a  northern  tributary  of  the 
Connecticut. 

Dates  :  May  8  to  September. 

203.    Vireo  solitarius  (Wils.).     Biaje-headed  Vireo. 

An  uncommon,  though  generally  distributed  summer  resident, 
throughout  the  sub-Canadian  areas  of  the  state.  On  our  ex- 
treme southeast,  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  finds  it  a  rare  breeding  bird  at 
Hollis,  but  on  the  higher  land  farther  west,  about  Mt.  Monad- 
nock,  and  northward  along  the  eastern  rim  of  the  Connecticut 
valley  and  throughout  the  mixed  woods  of  the  central  and  north- 
ern parts  of  the  state  it   is  fairly  common,  nesting  up  to  about 


156  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

3,000  feet  in  the  White  Mountains.     Apparently  the  great  freeze 
of  1899  killed  numbers  of  the  early  migrants,  and  in  the  White 
Mountains  especially,  I  have  noticed  an  apparent  diminution  in 
their  numbers  in  the  two  following  seasons. 
Dates :  April  29  to  October  7. 

Note:    Vireo noveboracensis  (Ginel.).    White-eyed  Vireo. 

This  species  probably  reaches  the  extreme  southwestern  part  of  the 
state  at  times,  and  has  been  recorded  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Batchelder  (  :  00,  p. 
I33)  to  have  bred  near  Lake  Massabesic,  Manchester,  in  1S99,  and  pre- 
viously on  the  Hooksett  Road  in  the  same  town.  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn 
('98,  p.  29)  includes  it  among  the  birds  of  Belknap  and  Merrimack  Coun- 
ties on  the  authority  of  a  Mr.  George  Stohvorthy  but  this  record  is  per- 
haps to  be  questioned.  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  of  Hampton  Falls  also  writes  me 
that  he  is  confident  he  has  once  observed  it  at  that  place.  At  present, 
however,  it  seems  safer  to  exclude  the  bird  from  the  New  Hampshire  list 
awaiting  an  undoubted  record. 

204.  Vireo  bellii  Aud.     Bell's  Vireo. 

An  accidental  visitant  from  the  interior.  Mr.  William  Brew- 
ster (  :  01)  records  that  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn,  while  driving  along 
a  country  road  in  Durham,  on  November  19,  1897,  observed  a 
small  bird  hopping  about  some  poison- ivy  vines  which  had 
overrun  a  stone  wall.  Mr.  Dearborn  shot  the  bird  and  submit- 
ted it  to  Mr.  Brewster  for  examination,  and  the  latter  states 
that  it  proves  to  be  a  perfectly  typical  example  of  this  species. 

205.  Mniotilta    varia   (Iyinn.).        Black    and    white 
Warbler. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  less  common  summer 
resident  throughout  the  Transition  and  sub-Canadian  woods. 
Among  the  White  Mountains  it  appears  to  be  quite  absent  in 
the  breeding  season  above  the  3,000  foot  level,  and  is  also  rare  or 
wanting  in  the  balsam  and  spruce  forests  of  the  northern  part 
of  the  state.  About  Intervale,  I  have  found  it  common  all  sum- 
mer in  the  lowland  woods  of  mixed  or  deciduous  growth. 

Dates  :  April  30  to  September  29. 

Note:  Helmitherus  vermivorus  Gmel.  .  Worm-bating  War- 
bler. 

A  specimen  is  recorded  as  seen  at  Manchester  <m  <>ct.  r,  1900,  by  a  Mrs. 
A.  A.  Macleod  (  :  00,  p.  102  J  but  the  record  is  not  property  substantiated. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  157 

206.  Helminthophila  chrysoptera  (  Linn).    Golden- 
winged  Warbler. 

A  rare  migrant,  and  probable  summer  resident  in  the  extreme 
southeastern  part  of  the  state.  Although  no  actual  instance  of 
its  breeding  in  the  state  is  known  to  me,  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  writes 
that  he  took  a  specimen  at  Hampton  Falls  in  May,  1887  ;  Mr. 
G.  H.  Thayer  writes  that  he  has  observed  it  once  in  early  sum- 
mer near  Jaffrey  ;  and  local  observers  report  (Proc.  Manchester 
Inst.  Arts  &  Sci.,  Vol.  II,  p.  80)  that  a  few  were  observed  in 
May,  1900.  at  Manchester.  Mr.  Ralph  Hoffmann  also  informs 
me  that  a  fine  male  was  noticed  in  late  May  and  early  June, 
1902,  by  Dr.  \V.  R.  Varick  at  Concord,  where  there  may  have 
been  a  breeding  pair. 

207.  Helminthophila  rubricapilla  (Wils.)-        Nash- 
ville Warbler. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  rather  common  sum- 
mer resident.  It  is  of  general  distribution  in  damp  bushy  local- 
ities throughout  most  of  the  state  and  is  common  in  certain  por- 
tions of  southwestern  New7  Hampshire.  Among  the  White 
Mountains  it  is  scattered  all  over  the  higher  peaks  in  the  Cana- 
dian zone,  and  is  fairly  common  up  to  the  limit  of  small  tree 
growth,  or  nearly  4,500  feet,  and  I  have  repeatedly  noted  birds 
at  the  head  of  Tuckerman's  Ravine  on  Mt.  Washington,  in 
King's  Ravine  and  elsewhere  on  the  great  range.  During  a  trip 
over  the  Carter  range,  June  13  to  16,  1902,  a  large  number  of 
these  birds  was  observed.  They  seemed  to  be  very  evenly  dis- 
tributed above  3,000  feet,  and  showed  a  preference  for  the 
birches,  then  just  in  bud,  scattered  through  the  balsam  forest. 

Dates  :  May  4  to  September  13. 

208.  Helminthophila  celata  (Say).  Orange-crowned 
Warbler. 

An  accidental  visitant,  for  which  there  is  but  a  single  valid 
record  : — Hollis,  a  single  bird  taken  May  16,  1876,  by  Dr.  W.  H. 
Fox  ('76).  Dr.  Fox  informs  me  that  the  spcimen  has  been  ex- 
amined and  thoroughly  identified  by  competent  authorities. 
The  record  by  Mr.  John  Murdoch  ('78)  of  a  bird  taken  at  Isles 
of  Shoals  has  been  shown  to  be  a  misidentification. 


158  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER   INSTITUTE 

209.  Helmiiithopliila  peregrina  ( Wils).  Tennessee 
Warbler. 

A  rare  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  in  the  upper  Canadian  re- 
gions of  the  northern  part  of  the  state  an  uncommon  summer 
resident.  About  Lake  Umbagog  the  bird  was  stated  by  Mr.  C. 
J.  Maynard  ('72)  to  be  common,  and  more  recently,  Mr.  William 
Brewster  is  quoted  as  saying  that  it  is  there  found  during  the 
breeding  season,  generally  in  larch  swamps,  but  sometimes 
among  coniferous  growths  on  the  mountain  sides.  Among  the 
White  Mountains  it  is  a  rare  and  local  summer  resident.  Dr. 
Walter  Faxon  ('89)  records  that  in  1887  he  and  Mr.  Bradford 
Torrey  found  two  males  in  full  song  throughout  the  breeding 
season,  "  in  some  pasture  land  largely  grown  up  to  black  spruce 
in  Franconia,  *  *  *  *  at  a  high  level  (some  distance  above  the 
Profile  House  Farm)."  In  late  May,  1888,  the  bird  was  detect- 
ed in  the  same  place,  and  ' '  also  in  an  extensive  larch  swamp  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  same  town,  where  Mr.  Torrey  found  it  again^in 
the  latter  part  of  the  following  month."  Mr.  Torrey  has  several 
times  since  iecorded  the  bird  from  this  locality.  Elsewhere  among 
the  White  Mountains  it  has  not  been  detected  in  the  breeding  sea- 
son so  far  as  I  am  aware.  In  migrations  the  bird  has  been  ob- 
served once  in  late  May,  1897,  at  Dub////,  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer; 
one  was  captured  on  the  Isles  of  Shoals  Sept.  9,  1877,  and  re- 
corded by  Mr.  John  Murdoch  ('78)  on  supposedly  good  author- 
ity as  H.  celata,  but  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('82)  who  later 
examined  the  specimen  pionounced  it  to  be peregrina  ;  one  was 
noted  at  4,000  feet  on  Mt.  Adams  on  Sept.  2,  T884,  by  Dr.  A. 
P.  Chadbourne  ('87);  and  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  has  taken  it  at 
Webster.  According  to  Mr.  F.  W.  Batchelder  (  :  00,  p.  133) 
it  is  a  "  rare  transient  visitant"  at  Manchester. 

Dates :  May  20  to  September  9. 

210.  Compsothlypis     americana     usneae       Brewst. 
Northern  Paruea  Warbeer. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  a  not  uncommon 
summer  resident  of  the  thick,  sub-Canadian  forests,  though 
found  usually  in  spruce  and  hemlock  woods  where  there  is  more 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  159 

or  less  Usnea  ;  it  occurs  frequently,  however,  in  growths  where 
there  seems  to  be  little  of  this  moss,  and  delights  to  feed  among 
red  oaks.  I  have  not  observed  it  above  2,500  feet  in  the  White 
Mountains,  and  it  is  hardly  a  common  bird  in  the  coniferous 
woods  of  that  region. 
Dates  :  May  3  to  October  1 . 

211.     Denclroica    tigrina  (Gmel.).       Cape    May  War- 
bler. 

A  rare  spring  and  fall  migrant  in  the  central  and  southern 
parts  of  the  state,  and  an  irregular  summer  resident  of  the  Cana- 
dian forests  to  the  north  of  the  White  Mountains.  Mr.  C.  J. 
Maynard  ('72)  records  it  as  formerly  common  at  Umbagog, 
breeding  in  the  thick  evergreen  woods,  and  according  to  Mr. 
Wm.  Brewster  ('95)  it  was  a  really  abundant  summer  resident 
there  from  1871-75,  but  before  1879,  had  quite  deserted  the 
region.  I  do  not  know  of  its  occurrence  in  summer  among  the 
White  Mountains,  though  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  (  :  00)  records 
that  he  observed  a  male  in  full  song  at  the  "  Landaff  Larch 
Swamp"  among  the  Frauconias,  almost  daily  from  the  22d  of 
May  to  the  3d  of  June,  1899,  after  which  date  he  was  called 
away.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  of  having  twice  observed  the 
bird  in  fall  at  Dublin.  Local  observers  record  in  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Manchester  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Vol.  II, 
p.  82,  that  it  was  observed  in  some  numbers  at  Manchester  dur- 
ing the  phenomenal  warbler  migration  of  May,  1900. 
Dates  :  May  10  to  September. 

212.  Denclroica  aestiva  (Gmel).  Yellow  Warbler. 
A  not  uncommon  summer  resident  in  the  Transition  valleys 
of  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  the  state,  but  rare  or  ab- 
sent in  the  White  Mountain  valleys  and  northward.  In  the 
Merrimack  valley  the  bird  is  common  at  least  as  far  up  as  Con- 
cord, and  elsewhere  in  the  southern  valleys  it  is  of  general  oc- 
currence. North  of  Lake  Winnepesaukee  it  is  very  local. 
About  Newfound  Lake  a  small  number  annually  breed,  and  at 
Ossipee,  Mr.  E.  A.  Preble  has  once  found  it  nesting.  Dr. 
Walter  Faxon  found  a  single  pair  in  the   willows  on  Gale  river 


l6o  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

among  the  Franconias  about  the  summer  of  1886,  and  Dr.  J.  A. 
Allen  (Faxon  &  Allen,  '88)  records  them  at  Bethleham  and 
Franconia  in  1874,  though  apparently  the  bird  is  now  very  rare 
or  wholly  absent  from  these  regions  in  summer.  I  have  never 
seen  it  about  Intervale  save  in  fall,  although  there  seems  to  be 
suitable  country  for  it.  On  September  n,  1899,  I  noted  two  in 
some  bushes  on  the  Saco  meadows  at  Intervale,  but  have  never 
seen  others  there.  In  the  Connecticut  valley  the  bird  is  fairly 
common  at  least  as  far  up  as  Lancaster,  where  both  Mr.  F.  B. 
Spaulding  and  Mr.  H.  W.  Wright  have  found  it  in  summer, 
and  the  latter  gentleman  observed  a  single  bird  singing  in  the 
western  part  of  Jefferson  on  Aug.  12,  1901.  A  few  also  work 
up  the  side  valleys  farther  south  to  some  distance ;  thus  Mr.  G. 
H.  Thayer  has  found  it  in  Marlboro  commonly,  while  farther 
up  at  Dublin  it  is  rare. 

Dates:  May  9  to  September  n. 

213.  Dendroica  cserulescens  (Gmel.).  Black-throat- 
ed Blue  Warbler. 

A  fairly  common  summer  resident  of  the  rich,  sub- Canadian 
woods,  inhabiting  the  denser  undergrowth  along  the  forest 
brooks.  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  writes  me  that  it  breeds  rarely  at 
Hollis  on  our  southeastern  border,  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  finds 
it  about  Monadnock  rather  commonly.  In  central  New  Hamp- 
shire it  is  fairly  common  locally.  Among  the  White  Mountains 
it  occurs  commonly  up  to  the  3,000  foot  limit,  above  which  I 
have  rarely  found  it.  On  June  21,  1900,  I  observed  a  single 
male  singing  by  the  lake  in  Carter  Notch  at  the  altitude  of  3,360 
feet.  The  males  continue  to  sing  at  intervals  long  after  the 
breeding  season,  and  I  have  heard  their  song  in  the  woods  at 
Intervale  until  the  17th  of  September. 

Dates  :  May  10  to  October  10. 

214.  Dendroica  coronata  (Linn.).  Myrtle  Warhlkr. 

A  very  common  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  a  common 
summer  resident  of  the  Canadian  fauna.  It  breeds  rather  spar- 
ingly in  coniferous  growth  on  the  hills  of  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  state  and  along  the  height  of  land  which  bounds  the  Con- 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  l6l 

necticut  river  basin  on  the  east.  I  have  no  certain  evidence  of 
its  breeding  in  the  southeastern  section  of  the  state,  though  it 
may  do  so  locally,  and  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  has  recorded  ('84)  tak- 
ing an  adult  male  at  Hollis  on  June  25,  1883.  Among  the 
White  Mountains,  it  is  found  to  breed  sparingly  among  the 
white  pines  in  the  river  valleys  so  low  as  520  feet  at  Intervale, 
while  higher  on  the  mountains  it  is  fairly  common  up  to  3,000 
feet  above  which  it  is  practically  the  only  Dendroica,  except  D. 
striata,  to  occnr  in  any  numbers.  To  the  limit  of  scrub  growth, 
at  4,800  or  5,000  feet,  it  is  generally  distributed,  and  I  have  not- 
ed it  on  numerous  occasions  at  these  upper  levels  on  the  Presi- 
dential and  Carter  ranges.  In  September,  this  species  is  often 
found  in  the  valle}'S  in  considerable  numbers,  accompanying  the 
little  flocks  of  Bluebirds  and  Chipping  Sparrows,  and  frequently 
is  observed  feeding  with  them  on  the  ground,  instead  of  fre- 
quenting the  woods  with  the  hordes  of  other  migrating  war- 
blers. 

Dates:  Spring  migration,  April  23  to  May  28  ;  Summer;  fall  migra- 
tion, September  to  October  23. 

215.    Dendroica  maculosa  (Gmel.).      Magnolia  War- 
bler. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  a  rather  common  sum- 
mer resident  of  the  sub-Canadian  fauna.  It  breeds  in  small 
numbers  among  the  spruce  woods  of  Mt.  Monadnock  and  local- 
ly elsewhere  in  southern  and  western  New  Hampshire,  being 
here  very  strictly  confined  to  the  spruce  growth.  Among  the 
White  Mountains,  it  is  common  along  the  streams  and  in  the 
damp  thickets  of  spruce,  hemlock,  and  fir,  with  an  undergrowth 
of  deciduous  bushes,  and  reaches  the  altitude  of  3,000  feet  011 
the  mountain  sides,  above  which,  however,  it  is  very  rare  or  en- 
tirely wanting.  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('77a)  gives  an  account 
of  the  habits  of  this  bird  as  observed  by  him  in  New  England, 
wherein  he  states  that  he  has  found  it  generally  distributed  over 
high  and  low  country,  alike,  to  the  north  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains, and  notes  its  arrival  at  Umbagog  already  by  the  25th  of 
May,  1876,  while  yet  "  not  a  leaf  had  unfolded,  even  in  the  most 


162  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

sheltered  places,  and  snow   lay  in  large  masses  everywhere  in 
the  hollows  and  on  northern  exposures." 
Dates  :  May  9  to  Octocer  3. 

216.  Dendroica  pensylvanica   (Linn.).      Chestnut- 
sided  Warbler. 

A  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  area,  common  in  the 
southern  parts  of  the  state,  but  becoming  somewhat  less  plenti- 
ful among  the  White  Mountain  valleys.  Mr.  Maynard  ('72) 
reports  it  as  "  not  very  abundant  "  at  Umbagog,  where  also  it 
breeds.  It  is  generally  confined  to  open  bushy  fields,  or  clear- 
ings grown  up  with  sprouts  and  bushes.  Among  the  White 
Mountains  it  is  found  mostly  in  the  valley  bottoms,  but  is  quick 
to  take  advantage  of  sprout  growth  in  newly-made  clearings  even 
far  in  the  woods.  Thus  during  the  winter  of  1898-99,  a  consid- 
erable area  of  beech  woods  was  cut  on  the  west  slope  of  Mt. 
Bartlett  at  about  1,000  feet,  and  during  the  following  year  there 
sprang  up  a  considerable  growth  of  sprouts.  The  next  spring 
a  pair  of  Chestnut-sided  Warblers  was  found  to  have  ensconced 
themselves  there.  In  another  case,  a  pair  was  found  at  slightly 
over  2,000  feet  on  the  Carter  Notch  trail,  where  a  bushy  growth 
had  arisen  in  a  clearing  made  in  the  depth  of  the  forest  about  a 
lumber  camp.  Mr.  E.  A.  Preble  has  also  observed  about  Ossi- 
pee  the  same  readiness  of  these  birds  to  quickl}'  occupy  the 
young  growth  following  the  clearing  off  of  woodland,  a  fact 
which  shows  that  in  the  keen  struggle  for  existence,  this  species 
is  not  slow  to  take  advantage  of  an  increase  in  the  available  liv- 
ing area. 

Dates  :  May  6  to  September  25. 

217.  Dendroica     castanea     (Wils.).      Bay-breasted 

Warbler. 

A  rather  rare  spring  and  fall  migrant  in  the  southern  parts  of 
the  state,  but  sometimes  common,  as  in  May,  1901.  In  the 
White  Mountains  and  northward  it  is  a  fairly  common  summer 
resident  mainly  of  the  upper  Canadian  zone.  The  range  of  this 
species  in  summer  overlaps  that  of  the  Black-poll  Warbler  for 
about    1,000   feet,    and    extends   below    it  to    nearly    an    equal 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  163 

amount.  Thus  one  finds  breeding  birds  at  an  altitude  of  from 
1,800  feet  in  rich,  damp  coniferous  woods  on  southern  expos- 
ures, up  to  about  4,000  feet  among  the  small  balsam  timber. 
The  two  birds  in  respect  to  their  ranges  are  perhaps  somewhat 
comparable  to  the  Olive-backed  and  the  Bicknell's  Thrushes,  the 
former  inhabiting  the  lower  altitudes  and  ranging  upward  into 
the  stronghold  of  the  latter.  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  found  this  a  com- 
mon breeding  bird  at  Lake  Umbagog  thirty  years  ago,  though 
apparently  he  did  not  observe  D.  striata  breeding  there.       Mr. 

F.  H.  Allen  tells  me  that  on  the  Sandwich  range  he  has  found 
the  bird  common  in  the  breeding  season  in  the  vicinity  of  Water- 
ville.  Mr.  M.  Chamberlain  ('91,  Vol.  I,  p.  238)  has  also  re- 
corded that  a  nest  was  found  on  Mt.  Chocorua  by  Frank  Bolles, 
but  the  identification  appears  not  to  have  been  certain.  South  of 
this  range,  I  have  no  actual  evidence  of  the  breeding  of  this 
species,  but  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('77a,  p.  33)  has  recorded  that 
young  birds  hardly  able  to  fly  and  still  fed  by  their  parents,  were 
observed  at  Webster  in  the  latter  part  of  July  about  1875.     Mr. 

G.  H.  Thayer  also  writes  me  that  he  observed  a  pair  in  late 
May,  1897,  in  a  deep  hemlock  and  deciduous  wood  on  Monad- 
nock,  with  nesting  material  in  their  bills,  and  states  that  they 
showed  great  anxiety  when  their  vicinity  was  approached. 
Whether  or  no  the  birds  did  nest  was  not  ascertained.  In  fall, 
owing  to  the  difficulty  of  distinguishing  this  species  from  the 
Black-poll  Warbler,  observations  are  less  easy  to  make,  but  I 
am  inclined  to  think  they  migrate  more  or  less  with  the  latter, 
and  I  have  taken  specimens  in  the  woods  at  2,000  feet  from 
mixed  flocks  of  warblers.  In  the  month  of  May,  1900,  owing 
to  the  occurrence  of  cold  waves,  these  and  other  northbound 
migrants  lingered  in  unusual  numbers  throughout  southern 
New  England  instead -of  passing  by  to  their  breeding  grounds. 

Dates:  May  14  to  28;  Summer  to  September. 

218.  Deiulroica  striata  (Forst.).  Black-poll  War- 
bler. 

A  very  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  over  the  southern 
parts  of  the  state,  and  a  common  summer  resident  of  the  upper 
Canadian  zone  on  the  White  Mountains  and   northward.     On 


164  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

the  higher  mountains  of  the  outlying  Sandwich  range,  which 
includes  several  peaks  of  4,000  feet  or  over,  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen 
has  found  this  species  in  summer  and  in  this  same  region  has 
noted  it  in  the  Mad  River  Notch  at  Greeley's  Ponds  (2,000  feet) 
and  in  small  numbers  as  low  as  1,500  feet  near  Waterville. 
Frank  Bolles  ('93b)  also  mentions  having  come  upon  a  pair  of 
these  birds  on  July. 14,  on  a  high  ridge  of  Chocorua.  Among 
the  White  Mountains, the  birds  are  found  throughout  the  damp 
balsam  forest  above  3,000  feet  on  southern  slopes,  though  on 
the  north  sides  of  the  mountains  they  breed  at  a  much  lower  al- 
titude, following  down  the  cool  mountain  streamlets.  This  in- 
fluence of  slope  exposure  on  distribution  was  well  seen  in  a 
walk  through  the  Pinkham  Notch  on  June  23,  1900.  Starting 
at  a  point  below  the  Glen  House  on  the  north  side  of  the  divide, 
the  road  gradually  rises  until  the  height  of  2,000  feet  is  reached 
and  it  then  decends  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  divide,  to- 
wards the  Saco  valley.  On  the  north  side  of  the  divide,  I  noted 
a  number  of  Black-poll  Warblers  on  this  walk  from  an  altitude 
of  1,500  feet  to  the  top  of  the  water  shed,  2,000  feet  at  the  high- 
way. They  were  among  the  fir  balsams  and  spruces  by  the 
roadside  in  the  valley  of  the  West  Branch  of  the  Peabody  river 
which  flows  out  from  the  Great  Gulf.  Not  a  Black-poll  was 
heard  or  seen  on  the  south  side  of  the  divide,  nor  was  the  vege- 
tation so  well  suited  to  theirYequirements,  being  mostly  of  mix- 
ed and  deciduous  growth.  The  3,000  foot  limit  is;  about  as  far 
down  on  the  south  slopes  of  the  mountains  as  the  bird  breeds, 
except  of  course  where  peculiar  local  conditions  obtain  ;  and 
from  that  height  up  to  the  limit  of  scrub  growth,  at  from  4,800 
to  5,000  feet,  it  is  one  of  the  most  characteristic  birds  of  the 
mountain-top  fauna.  Most  of  the  Black-polls  cease  singing  by 
August,  though  on  trips  into  their  country  during  the  last  week 
of  that  month,  I  have  heard  a  few  still  in  song.  On  September 
14,  1900,  while  in  camp  at  Carter  Notch  (3,360  feet)  where  the 
birds  are  common  all  summer,  I  observed  an  individual  in  the 
fall  plumage  as  it  sang  again  and  again  among  the  stunted  fir 
trees  ;  and  during  a  long  walk  over  the  range  on  the  same  day 
two  or  three  others  were  heard  singing.  On  the  following 
morning.  September  15th,  what  may  have  been  the  same  bird  as 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  165 

previously  noted,  was  again  singing  with  all  its  springtime  vig- 
or about  the  camp.  I  also  heard  a  few  singing  in  early  Sep- 
tember, 1 90 1,  while  on  a  trip  over  this  range.  These  I  take  to 
be  the  resident  birds  still  on  their  breeding  grounds,  as  I  have 
never  observed  the  migrants  at  low  altitudes  singing  in  fall. 
Under  the  head  of  Migration,  I  have  detailed  some  observations 
on  the  interesting  movements  of  the  Black-poll  Warblers,  and 
it  may  be  again  remarked  that  they  appear  to  migrate  along 
the  mountain  tops  in  fall,  keeping  generally  above  2,000  feet  or 
so,  and  uncommonly  appearing  in  the  valley  bottoms  at  this 
season  among  the  White  Mountains,  though  after  the  central 
parts  of  the  state  are  reached,  they  flood  the  low  country  as  we 
are  accustomed  to  see  in  Massachusetts.  In  the  lower  part  of 
the  state,  the  spring  migration  is  over  by  early  June,  and  the 
fall  migrants  again  appear  in  late  August  or  early  September. 
Dates  :  May  8  to  October  10. 

219.  Denclroica  blackburniae  (Gmel.).      Blackburn- 
ian  Warbler. 

A  rather  common  summer  resident  of  the  sub-Canadian 
woods,  especially  those  of  mixed  hemlock  and  deciduous  growth. 
In  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  writes  that  it 
breeds  at  Hollis,  and  it  is  well  known  to  nest  about  Mt.  Monad- 
nock  and  northward  along  the  ridge  forming  the  eastern  rim  of 
the  Connecticut  valley  basin.  In  the  White  Mountain  region, 
it  is  common  in  the  white  pine  and  spruce  woods  up  to  about 
3,000  feet,  but  above  this  level  only  a  few  scattering  pairs  occur. 
Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne  ('87)  records  seeing  a  single  bird  at 
3,800  feet  on  Mt.  Washington  on  July  8,  1886. 

Dates  :  May  4  to  September  10. 

220.  Dendroica    virens    (Gmel.).       Black-throated 
Green  Warbler. 

A  very  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  a  common  sum- 
mer resident,  breeding  most  plentifully  in  the  pine  and  spruce 
woods  of  the  sub-Canadian  area.  In  such  growths,  it  is  very 
common  in  the  White  Mountains  up  to  about  2,000  feet.  A 
few  pairs  penetrate  still  farther  up  the   mountain   sides  into  the 


[66  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

lower  edge  of  the  upper-Canadian  fir  growth.     Thus  I  have  ob- 
served a  bird  singing  by  the  lakes  in  the  Carter  Notch  (3,360 
feet)  on  June  20,  1900,  and  another  by  Hermit  Lake  (3,800  feet) 
on  Mt.  Washington  on  the  same  day. 
Dates  :  (April  26)  May  1  to  October  5. 

221.    Dendroica  vigorsii  (Aud).     Pine  Warbler. 

A  rather  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  state,  and  as  a  summer  resident  not  uncommon  locally  in 
the  Transition  valleys  and  lowlands  as  far  north  as  the  White 
Mountains.  It  is  largely  confined  during  the  breeding  season 
to  groves  of  pitch  pine  {Finns  rigida)  though  where  these  trees 
are  not  to  be  had,  it  will  occasionally  take  to  the  white  pines 
(Pinus  strobus).  In  the  Connecticut  valley,  Mr.  R.  Hoffmann 
has  found  this  bird  in  small  numbers -as  far  up  at  least  as  Cor- 
nish, during  the  summer.  In  central  and  southern  New  Hamp- 
shire, it  is  not  rare  in  the  breeding  season,  but  farther  north, 
especially  in  the  lowlands  about  Ossipee,  where,  on  a  large 
tract  of  dry  sandy  soil  there  is  an  extensive  growth  of  pitch 
pines,  the  bird  is  fairly  common.  Here,  on  April  21,  1900,  be- 
fore the  snow  was  off  the  ground,  I  found  a  few  of  these  War- 
blers singing,  they  having  evidently  just  arrived.  Still  farther 
up  the  state,  a  few  are  found  every  year  in  the  dry  pine  woods 
at  North  Conway  and  Intervale  in  the  Saco  valley.  At  Inter- 
vale three  or  four  pairs  summer  annually  in  the  white  pine 
woods  at  about  500  feet,  there  being  no  growth  of  pitch  pine  of 
any  size.  In  the  fall  migration  I  have  never  found  the  bird 
here  in  any  numbers,  though  single  ones  are  of  occasional  oc- 
currence with  the  flocks  of  Chickadees  and  other  small  birds  in 
the  woods,  or  even  with  the  Chipping  Sparrows  and  Bluebirds 
on  the  open  meadow  lands  till  late  September,  and  I  have  heard 
occasional  birds  singing  up  to  the  2 2d  of  that  month. 

Dates:  April  21  to  September  25. 

221.     Dendroica  palmaruiii  (Gmel.).     Palm  Warbler. 

An  uncommon  fall  migrant.  Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne  ('84) 
was  the  first  to  record  its  presence  in  the  state  on  the  strength 
of  a  specimen  shot  at  Skelbume,  in  the  Androscoggin  valley,  on 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  167 

September  16,  1884.  This  bird  was  in  company  with  a  large 
flock  of  Warblers,  Chickadees  and  other  small  birds  among 
some  low  birches  by  the  roadside.  In  the  Saco  valley  at  Inter- 
vale, I  have  found  this  species  in  small  numbers  usually  in  com- 
pany with  flocks  of  Bluebirds,  Chipping  Sparrows  and  Myrtle 
Warblers  on  the  meadows,  and  have  taken  specimens  between 
the  8th  and  14th  of  September.  Its  reported  presence  at  Man- 
chester in  spring  is  doubtless  an  error  (Proc.  Manchester  Inst. 
Arts  &  Sci.,  Vol.  II,  p.  82,  1901). 
Dates :  September  8  to  16. 

223.  Denclroica    palmarum    hypochrysea     Ridgw. 
Yellow  Palm  Warbler. 

A  migrant,  common  in  spring  and  less  common  in  fall.  This 
bird  appears  in  the  White  Mountain  valleys  after  the  middle  of 
September,  and  usually  is  found  on  the  intervales  in  company 
with  small  flocks  of  Chipping  Sparrows  and  Bluebirds. 

Dates  :  April  13  to  May  10 ;  September  16  to  October  9. 

224.  Dendroica  discolor  (Vieill.).    Prairie  Warbler. 

A  very  rare  summer  resident  in  the  Transition  valley  bottoms 
of  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state.  Two  nests  and  an  egg, 
taken  at  Northfield  about  1880,  have  been  recorded  as  belong- 
ing to  this  species,  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Herrick  ('83)  who  identified 
the  specimens.  The  identification,  in  the  light  of  our  present 
knowledge,  cannot,  however,  be  considered  as  conclusive  evi- 
dence that  the  Prairie  Warbler  occurs  in  summer  so  far  north 
in  the  state.  H.  D.  Minot's  statement  ('76)  that  the  Prairie 
Warbler  occurs  at  Bethlehem  among  the  White  Mountains,  is 
generally  discredited,  and  doubtless  with  reason.  The  only  au- 
thentic records  for  the  state  appear  to  be  the  following  :  — Hollis, 
three  birds  taken  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox,  an  adult  male  June  28, 
1884,  "in  company  of  half  grown  young,"  one  bird  unsexed, 
shot  August  23,  1876,  and  an  adult  female  taken  September  4, 
1876  ;  Manchester,  a  small  colony  is  reported  as  found  among  an 
extensive  growth  of  scrub  pines  and  oaks  in  the  early  summer 

12 


1 68  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

of  1901.     The  birds  were  observed  here  by  several  persons,  and 
also  recorded  by  "  Pinfeather  Ornithologist  "  (:  01,  p.  33). 

225.  Seiurus  aurocapillus  (L,inn.).     Oven-bird. 

A  common  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  and  sub-Cana- 
dian areas,  most  plentiful  in  the  rich  shady  woods  of  mixed 
growth,  which  it  inhabits  in  the  White  Mountains  up  to  nearly 
3,000  feet.  A  few  linger  among  the  mountains  until  the  last  of 
September,  and  Dr.  W.  Faxon  tells  me  that  he  observed  one  at 
Warren  on  the  late  date  of  October  2,  1895. 

Dates  :  May  4  to  October  2. 

226.  Seiurus     noveboraceusis     (Gmel.).        Water- 
Thrush. 

A  rather  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  less  common 
summer  resident  in  the  thick  swamps  of  the  Canadian  fauna. 
It  is  said  to  be  a  common  breeding  bird  about  Lake  Umbagog, 
and  in  the  upper  Canadian  woods  of  the  White  Mountains  it  is 
found  in  summer  about  the  cold  streamlets  on  the  mountains, 
or  at  lower  elevations  in  wooded  swamps.  Mr.  E.  A.  Preble 
has  noted  it  as  fairly  common  in  such  localities  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Ossipee.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  informs  me  that  in  a  small 
wood  swamp  near  Dublin,  he  has  annually  found  a  pair,  and 
believes  they  breed  there.  At  Intervale,  I  have  rarely  found 
the  bird  in  June  in  the  lowlands,  and  as  early  as  the  10th  of 
July,  single  individuals  appear  in  the  valley  along  the  edges  of 
shaded  pools  and  brooks,  whither  they  may  have  come  from  the 
immediate  neighborhood. 

Dates  :  May  15  to  September  21. 

Note:    Seiurus  motacilla  (Vieill.).      Louisiana  Watkr-Thrush. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  (  :o2)  records  having  observed  .on  Aug.  19,  1901,  at 
Dublin,  a  bird  which  he  feels  convinced  was  of  this  species,  though  he 
admits  that  the  record  cannot  be  considered  as  more  than  an  expression 
of  his  own  conviction. 

227.  Geothlypis   agilis  (Wils.).      Connecticut  War- 
bler. 

A  rare  fall  migrant  of  rather  irregular  occurrence,  sometimes 
appearing  rather  commonly  for  a  few  days.     Mr.  C.  F.  Good- 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  169 

hue  has  observed  the  bird  at  Webster  on  several  occasions. 
Elsewhere  in  the  state,  Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne  ('85)  has  record- 
ed a  female  shot  on  September  14,  1884,  on  Mt.  Baldcap  in  the 
town  of  Success,  at  an  altitude  of  about  800  feet.  Mr.  G.  H. 
Thayer  writes  me  of  one  observed  at  Dublin  on  October  3,  1899. 
One  was  also  shot  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Howe,  Junior,  on  September 
6,  1899,  at  an  altitude  of  about  2,000  feet  on  the  Carter  Notch 
trail,  Jackson. 

Dates :  September  6  to  October  3. 

228.  Geothlypis  Philadelphia  (Wils.).  Mourning 
Warbler. 

A  not  uncommon  summer  resident,  from  the  White  Moun- 
tain valleys  northward,  being  mainly  confined  to  the  tangles  of 
bushes,  grapevines,  and  blackberry  canes  on  the  edges  of  woods 
or  along  the  mountain  brooks  ;  as  a  migrant,  it  is  only  rarely 
seen  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  said  to  be  common 
about  Lake  Umbagog  in  summer  and  Dr.  Walter  Faxon  has 
found  it  in  small  numbers  during  the  breeding  season  about 
Mt.  Moosilauke  and  North  Woodstock.  At  Intervale,  during 
the  summer  of  1899,  three  pairs  bred  in  bushy  spots  on  the  out- 
skirts of  a  sugar  maple  grove  by  the  Saco  river,  the  same  grove, 
it  may  be  added,  that  harbored  a  pair  of  Screech  Owls  and  a 
Wood  Thrush.  These  three  pairs  I  observed  almost  daily  for 
a  large  part  of  the  summer.  The  song  period  was  practically 
over  by  the  middle  of  July,  but  the  birds  still  lingered  about 
their  chosen  locality  until  early  September.  During  the  first 
twelve  days  of  July,  I  occasionally  heard  the  males  sing  a  flight 
song  corresponding  to  the  Maryland  Yellow-throat's.  This  was 
usually  given  as  the  bird  flew  slantingly  downward  from  a 
height  of  some  20  feet,  though  on  one  occasion,  a  bird  after  a 
period  of  silence,  suddenly  flew  out  from  the  bushes  in  which  it 
had  been  concealed,  nearly  straight  upward  toward  a  bare  limb 
of  a  white  maple  some  40  feet  from  the  ground.  Just  before  it 
reached  the  branch  it  burst  into  a  short,  ecstatic  song  and  then 
settled  on  the  chosen  perch.  I  have  found  scattered  pairs  along 
the  Pinkham  Notch  road,  and  in  the  Wildcat  Valley  have  traced 
them    up    to'  the    divide    in    Carter   Notch    at    an    altitude    of 


170  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

slightly  over  3,000  feet.     They  avoid  the  forest,  however,    and 
are  more  frequent  in  low  growth  along  open  spaces. 
Dates  :  May  19  to  September  13. 

229.  Geothlypis  trichas  brachidactyla  (Swains.). 
Northern  Yellow-throat. 

A  common  summer  resident  of  swampy,  weed-grown  localities 
in  the  Transition  and  sub-Canadian  areas,  following  the  valleys 
up  to  about  2,000  feet  in  the  White  Mountains. 

Dates  :  May  8  to  October  7. 

Note:    Icteria  virens    Linn.).    Yellow-breasted  Chat. 

According  to  T.  M.  Brewer  ('78,  p.  303)  a  nest  and  four  eggs  of  this 
bird  were  taken  in  the  summer  of  1877  at  North  Conway,  by  his  "young 
friend,  C.  A.  Hawes."  It  seems  unlikely,  however,  that  so  southern  a 
bird  should  breed  i.hus  far  to  the  northward,  and  until  a  well  authenti- 
cated specimen  can  be  shown  from  the  state  it  should  not  be  given  a 
place  among  the  birds  of  New  Hampshire.  Careful  search  on  our  ex- 
treme southeastern  borders  might  nevertheless  establish  its  occasional 
presence  there. 

230.  Wilsonia  pusilla  ( Wils.).      Wilson's  Warbler. 

An  uncommon  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  a  rare  summer 
resident  in  the  upper  Canadian  faunal  area.  Mr.  F.  B.  Spauld- 
ing  ('94)  has  recorded  finding  a  nest  with  four  eggs  on  June  5, 
1894,  near  Lancaster.  The  female  bird,  he  states,  was  captured 
on  the  nest.  Dr.  Walter  Faxon  informs  me,  also,  that  he  ob- 
served a  single  bird  below  Warren  Village  on  June  4,  1895, 
perhaps  a  late  migrant.  I  have  never  found  the  bird  among 
the  White  Mountains  in  the  breeding  season,  and  although  Mr. 
C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  quotes  Mr.  William  Brewster  as  author- 
ity for  its  presence  during  summer  at  Gorham,  it  appears  that 
the  birds  in  question  were  probably  early  fall  migrants.  At  In- 
tervale, the  first  fall  migrants  appear  in  the  valley  about  the  mid- 
dle of  August,  my  earliest  date  being  on  the  15th  of  that  month. 
Single  birds  are  usually  found,  or  more  rarely  two  may  be  ob- 
served accompanying  a  flock  of  other  Warblers  and  Chickadees 
in  a  damp,  bushy  locality.  Dr.  Walter  Faxon  has  observed 
the  bird  at  Warren  so  late  as  October  3d . 

Dates  :  May  13  to  October  3. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  I71 

231.     Wilsonia  canadensis  (Linn.)-     Canadian  War- 
bler. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and  less  common  summer 
resident  within  the  Canadian  faunal  area.  It  is  common  in 
summer  in  the  White  Mountain  region  along  the  forest  brooks 
grown  up  with  spruce,  balsam  and  a  tangle  of  hobble  bush, 
where  the  dampness  keeps  the  ground  deeply  carpeted  with 
moss  ;  and  in  similar  situations  it  occurs  locally  throughout  the 
state,  though  in  central  and  southeastern  New  Hampshire  it  is 
far  from  common.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  finds  it  in  considerable 
numbers  in  the  deep,  well- watered  woods  about  Mt.  Monadnock. 
The  greatest  altitude  at  which  I  have  observed  breeding  birds 
is  3,360  feet  in  the  Carter  Notch,  where  on  June  21,  1900,  a  bird 
was  heard  singing  by  the  lakes. 

Dates  :  May  13  to  September  13. 

2.32.     Setophag'a  ruticilla    (L,inn.).      American    Red- 
start. 

A  common  migrant  and  summer  resident  of  the  Transition 
and  sub-Canadian  woods  throughout  the  state.  On  the  White 
Mountains  it  is  fairly  common  in  the  deciduous  and  mixed 
woods  up  to  about  3,000  feet,  and  appears  to  be  commoner  in 
such  localities  than  about  the  village  shade  trees  and  the  or- 
chards. The  Redstart  is  the  "  Paul  Pry  "  of  the  woods,  and  in 
the  northern  forests  I  have  usually  found  it  to  be  about  the  first 
bird  on  the  scene  whenever  a  passing  Blue  Jay  or  other  intrud- 
er appears. 

Dates  :  May  4  to  September  21. 

233.     Aiitlms  pensilvaiiicus  (Lath.).   American  Pipit. 

A  migrant,  uncommon  in  spring  but  more  numerous  in  fall. 
Inland,  the  bird  appears  to  be  rare  in  spring,  though  on  the 
coast  it  is  of  regular  occurrence.  Messrs.  Goodhue  and  Dear- 
born have  noted  it  in  spring  in  Belknap  and  Merrimack  Coun- 
ties. In  the  White  Mountain  valleys,  I  have  usually  observed 
it  in  small  flocks  after  the  15th  of  September. 

Dates:  April  to  May  10;  September  15  to  November. 


172  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

234.     Galeoscoptes  carolinensis    (Linn).      Catbird. 

A  rather  common  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  areas, 
following  the  valleys  up  to  the  outskirts  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains and  reaching  the  lower  country  to  the  north  of  that  range, 
as  at  Jefferson  where  it  occurs  sparingly.  At  Intervale,  a  few 
pairs  are  annually  to  be  found  in  the  river  bottom,  or  rarely  on 
the  sides  of  the  valley  up  to  500  or  600  feet.  I  know  of  one  pair, 
presumably  the  same  birds,  which  has  nested  for  at  least  three 
or  four  consecutive  years  in  the  same  isolated  clump  of  bushes 
by  a  brook  on  the  edge  of  our  meadows.  These  birds,  which  I 
used  often  to  watch,  were  frequently  found  to  be  active  until  it 
was  quite  dusk  and  after  most  of  the  other  diurnal  species  had 
quieted  down  for  the  night.  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  has  observed 
this  bird  in  Franconia  up  to  Oct.  5,  and  a  Mr.  D.  L.  Oliver 
(  :  02  )  records  one  observed  at  Concord  so  late  as  the  3d  of  De- 
cember, 190T. 

Dates:  May  6  to  October  5  (December  3). 

234.  Toxostoma  riifuin  (Linn.).  Brown  Thrasher. 
A  summer  resident  within  the  Transition  areas.  In  south- 
eastern New  Hampshire  it  is  not  uncommon  but  elsewhere  it  is 
found  in  less  numbers  following  the  river  bottoms  up  into  the 
White  Mountain  valleys.  At  Intervale,  I  have  usually  found 
two  or  three  pairs  each  year  in  the  fringe  of  vines  and  bushes 
on  the  banks  of  the  Saco  River.  In  a  considerable  stretch  of 
rolling  sandy  country  grown  up  to  bear  oak  and  grey  birches  in 
the  vicinity  of  West  Ossipee  and  Tarn  worth,  these  birds  are 
fairly  common,  haunting  the  thickets  with  the  Towhees.  To 
the  north  of  the  White  Mountains,  I  am  not  certainly  aware  of 
the  presence  of  this  bird,  nor  does  Mr.  F.  B.  Spatilding  include 
it  in  a  manuscript  list  of  birds  seen  by  him  at  Lancaster.  Dr. 
W.  Faxon  has  noted  it  at  Warren. 

Dates :  April  16  to  September. 

235.  Thryothorus  ludoviciaims  (Lath.).      Carolina 
Wren. 

An  accidental  visitant  from  the  south,  having  been  once  re- 
corded  at   Rye  Beach,  where    Mr.  H.  M.  Spelman  ('81a)  on 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  173 

August  7,  1880,  shot  one  bird  and  saw  at  the  time  a  second, 
which,  however,  he  failed  to  secure.  These  birds  were  "in  a 
thick  piece  of  woods"  in  which  Mr.  vSpelman  was  collecting. 
The  sex  of  the  specimen  killed,  is  not  stated.  Mr.  R.  Hoff- 
mann also  writes  me  that  a  single  one  was  observed  singing  at 
Alstead,  on  July  6,  1903,  for  part  of  that  day  only. 

236.  Tliryoiiianes  bewickii  (Aud.).    Bewick's  Wren. 
An  accidental  visitant  from  the  south.     The  only  record  is  of 

a  bird  shot  z.X.  Alton,  on  April  25,  1890,  by  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn 
('98,  p.  32).  Mr.  William  Brewster  has  examined  this  speci- 
men aud  confirms  the  identification.  Mr.  Dearborn  remarks 
that  "  this  wren  is  not  often  found  in  New  Hampshire,"  and  it 
may  be  added  that  this  record  is  not  only  the  sole  one  for  New 
Hampshire,  but  for  New  England  as  well. 

237.  Troglodytes  aeclon  Vieill.     House  Wren. 

An  uncommon  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  valleys  in 
the  southern  and  central  parts  of  the  state.  In  the  Connecticut 
valley  I  have  found  it  rather  common  about  Walpole,  and  it  oc- 
curs at  least  as  far  up  as  Lancaster  where  Mr.  F.  B.  Spauldiug 
has  observed  it.  In  central  New  Hampshire  it  follows  the 
course  of  civilization  along  the  valley  bottoms,  but  appears  to 
be  rare  north  of  Lake  Winnepesaukee.  At  Intervale  a  pair 
has  summered  for  several  consecutive  seasons  about  an  apple 
orchard  near  our  grounds,  and  I  have  also  found  it  in  summer 
at  North  Conway,  the  nearest  village  to  the  south  in  the  Saco 
valley.  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  has  even  recorded  the  bird 
from  Lake  Umbagog,  where  he  states  it  is  rare.  Mr.  F.  H. 
Allen  has  also  once  seen  the  bird  in  early  summer  at  Jefferson 
on  the  north  side  of  the  White  Mountains. 

Dates  :  May  18  to  September  24. 

238.  Olbiorchilus  hiemalis  (Vieill.).     Winter  Wren. 
A  rather  common  spring  and  fall  migrant,  and,  throughout 

the  Canadian  area,  a  summer  resident  of  very  general  distribu- 
tion along  the  cold  brooks  and  swamps  in  the  deep  forest ;  it  is 
also  a  very  rare  winter  resident  in  the  southeastern  pari  of  the 
state.     Thus  Dr.  W.  H.  Fox  writes  me  that  at  Hollis  he  ob- 


174  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

served  a  male  on  February  19,  1875,  and  again  on  March  16  of 
the  same  year.  The  weather  was  cold  at  the  time,  thermome- 
ter 4  degrees  below  zero.  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  ('99)  also  records 
one  seen  at  Hampton  Falls  in  late  December,  1897,  and  a  Mr. 
J.  H.  Johnson  ('92)  records  one  seen  in  "central  New  Hamp- 
shire" on  Nov.  25,  Dec.  5  and  Dec.  12,  1892.  Throughout 
the  northern  part  of  the  state,  the  bird  is  common  as  a  summer 
resident  in  suitable  localities.  In  the  White  Mountains  it  is 
common  along  all  the  little  forest  brooks  up  to  their  very 
sources.  Thus  in  Tuckerman's  Ravine,  and  at  the  head  of  the 
Great  Gulf  on  Mt.  Washington,  a  few  are  to  be  found  among 
the  scrub,  where  the  mountain  streamlets  keep  the  mossy  ground 
saturated,  so  high  up  as  4,500  feet.  To  the  south  of  the  White 
Mountains  it  breeds  here  and  there  at  the  lower  elevations  as 
where,  on  the  northern  exposures  of  hills,  a  growth  of  balsam 
and  spruce  forms  a  cold  swamp  or  borders  a  dashing  mountain 
stream.  In  such  localities,  the  bird  is  not  uncommon  about 
Newfound  Lake.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('77a,  p.  33)  also  notes 
a  male  in  full  plumage  and  song  taken  on  South  Kearsage, 
June  22,  1875.  Mr.  Ralph  Hoffmann  has  once  observed  the 
bird  at  Marlow  in  the  summer  of  1900,  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer 
writes  me  that  it  breeds  sparingly  in  the  woods  of  Mt.  Monad- 
nock.  In  the  Carter  Mountains,  about  the  lakelets  in  the 
Notch,  it  is  not  unusual  to  hear  half  a  dozen  birds  singing  from 
the  dense  forest  round  about,  or  from  the  wooded  cliffs  above. 
Long  before  daylight,  their  songs  break  the  morning  stillness, 
as  one  bird  after  another  takes  up  the  melody.  Here  they  stay 
on  their  breeding  grounds  until  at  least  the  middle  of  Septem- 
ber at  which  date  I  have  heard  occasional  birds  still  singing  in 
the  early  morning  about  the  Carter  lakes  (3,360  feet). 
Dates:    April  5  to  November  15  (Winter). 

2.39.     Cistothorus    stellaris    (Licht.).      Short-billed 
Marsh  Wren. 

A  rare  and  local  summer  resident  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  state.  Mr.  H.  M.  Spelman  ('82)  was  the  first  to  record  the 
bird's  breeding  in  the  state.  He  found  at  Rye  Beach  on  the 
24th  of  August,    1882,  some   half  a  dozen   birds  inhabiting  a 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  175 

small  fresh-water  meadow  about  a  mile  from  the  sea.  He  also 
states  that  Mr.  William  Brewster  found  the  bird  in  1872,  about 
five  miles  farther  inland  from  this  locality.  Mr.  Wi  E.  Cram 
writes  me  that  at  Hampton  Falls  a  few  miles  south  of  Rye  Beach, 
the  bird  breeds  in  a  swamp  in  the  western  part  of  the  town. 
Mr.  F.  W.  Batchelder  (  :  00,  p.  136)  records  further  that  at 
Manchester,  in  1899,  a  nest  was  found  in  the  Cohas  Brook- 
meadows.  Still  more  recently  in  1902,  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  has 
discovered  a  pair  of  these  wrens  in  a  certain  grassy  swamp  at 
an  elevation  of  slightly  over  a  thousand  feet  at  Dublin. 
Throughout  June  the  male  was  often  seen  singing,  and  on 
August  5th  an  old  nest  was  found.  Elsewhere  in  the  state,  I 
have  no  knowledge  of  its  presence,  save  at  Intervale  where  I 
shot  an  immature  female  specimen  on  September  15,  1898,  as  it 
was  hopping  about  among  some  corn  growing  on  the  Saco 
meadows.  The  bird  must  have  been  a  migrant,  but  its  pres- 
ence so  far  north  as  this  valle3'  in  the  mountains  must  be  ex- 
ceptional. It  is  now  in  the  Howe-Shattuck  collection,  No.  936. 
Dates  :  May  23  to  October  4. 

240.     Certhia  f  amiliaris  americana  (Bonap.).   Brown 
Creeper. 

A  permanent  resident,  confined  during  the  breeding  season 
to  the  thick  coniferous  woods  of  the  Canadian  faunal  area, 
where,  however,  it  is  rarely  common,  though  of  general  distri- 
bution. As  a  winter  resident,  it  is  fairly  common  throughout 
the  lower  parts  of  the  state.  Among  the  White  Mountains  it 
occurs  in  summer  at  least  as  high  as  4,  too  feet  where  I  have 
seen  it  among  the  small  timber  in  Tuckerman's  Ravine.  Mr. 
William  Brewster  ('79b)  has  given  a  good  account  of  the  nest- 
ing habits  of  this  species  about  Eake  Umbagog  where  it  breeds 
not  uncommonly  in  the  deep  woods,  eggs  being  found  from  May 
31  to  June  23.  At  Intervale,  I  have  usually  found  a  pair  or  two 
among  the  big  pines  at  about  525  feet.  A  few  also  regularly 
breed  in  the  hill  country  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  Mr. 
G.  H.  Thayer  writes  me  that  it  breeds  sparingly  on  Mt.  Monad- 
nock  above  1,500  feet.  I  have  found  a  few  birds  in  winter  so 
high  as  3,000  feet  in  the  Carter  Mountains. 


176  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

241.  Sitta  carolinensis  Lath.     White-breasted  Nut- 
hatch. 

A  permanent  resident,  of  common  occurrence  throughout  the 
year  in  the  Transition  portions  of  the  state  and  less  common  in 
the  sub-Canadian  areas.  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  found  it  a  com- 
mon resident  at  Errol  in  1870.  In  the  White  Mountains,  I 
have  usually  found  it  in  the  wooded  valley  bottoms,  and  less 
often  in  the  beech  growth  on  the  mountain  sides  up  to  1,500  or 
2,000  feet. 

242.  Sitta  canadensis  L, inn.  Red-breasted  Nuthatch. 

A  common  permanent  resident,  confined  during  the  breeding 
season  to  the  Canadian  fauna.  In  summer,  this  species  entirely 
replaces  .S.  carolinensis  above  3,000  feet  on  the  White  Moun- 
tains, and  is  commonest  from  that  level  up  to  4,500  feet  iu  the 
thick  forest  of  living  and  dead  firs  and  spruces.  In  small  num- 
bers, it  regularly  breeds  along  the  height  of  land  in  the  western 
part  of  the  state,  and  sporadically  over  the  more  southern  dis- 
tricts. Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue  ('77a,  p.  33)  has  recorded  it  as 
nesting  on  South  Kearsarge ;  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  33) 
also  notes  it  as  nesting  in  central  New  Hampshire,  and  Mr.  G. 
H.  Thayer  finds  it  regularly  about  Mt.  Monadnock.  In  late 
summer  and  fall  the  birds  wander  about  with  the  flocks  of  other 
small  birds  and  even  occur  now  and  then  above  the  upper  limit 
of  tree  growth  on  the  Presidential  range.  Thus  Dr.  A.  P. 
Chadbourne  ('87)  records  one  seen  on  Sept.  2,  1884,  running 
over  the  bare  rocks  on  the  summit  of  Mt.  Clay,  and  Mr.  Brad- 
ford Torrey  has  seen  them  on  one  or  two  occasions  at  this  sea- 
son scrambling  about  on  the  roof  of  the  Summit  House  on  Mt. 
Washington.  Most  of  the  birds  move  down  into  the  valleys  and 
the  southern  parts  of  the  state  during  winter.  In  some  seasons 
they  are  extremely  abundant,  and  again  few  are  seen.  Dr.  W. 
H.  Fox  writes  me  that  at  Hollis,  in  1886,  they  were  very  abun- 
dant during  late  June  and  all  of  July.  In  1895,  they  swarmed 
throughout  the  White  Mountain  forests  in  fall.  They  were  also 
fairly  abundant  in   1899  over  parts  of  the  state,  though  in  the 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  x77 

following  summer  and  fall,  they  seemed  strangely  absent  from 

much  of  the  northern  woods. 

243.    Faras  atricapillus  Linn.     Chickadee. 

A  common   permanent   resident   throughout   the  Transition 
and  sub-Canadian  areas.     On  the  White  Mountains,  it  is  rarely 
observed    much    higher   than  the  3,000  foot  limit   during   the 
breeding  season,  giving  place  about  that  level,  to  the  Hudsoni- 
an  Chickadee.     After  the  nesting  period,  small  family  parties, 
consisting  of  the   parent   birds   and   their   several  full   grown 
young,  are  frequent  in  all  the  woodlands,  and  rarely  they  wan- 
der up  into  the  small  timber  growth  to  perhaps  4,000  feet,  on 
the  mountains.     The   immature  birds  are  easily  to  be  distin- 
guished by  their  notes  which  somewhat  resemble  those  of  the 
Hudsonian  Chickadee.     In  late  summer,  many  warblers,  nut- 
hatches, kinglets,  and  vireos  join  these  small  flocks  of  Chicka- 
dees, and  form  large  bands  which  rove  through  the  forests  in 
an  apparently  aimless  way,  searching  for  food.     After  the  war- 
blers and  other  birds  of  passage  have  left,  these  little  flocks  still 
hunt  through  the  winter  woods  going  at  least  as  high  as  3,400 
feet,  at  which  level  in  late  December  I  have  seen  them  in  Car- 
ter's Notch.     In  April,  these  flocks  break  up,  and  the  birds 
pair  off  to  nest.     Often  at  this  season  is  heard  their  plaintive 
love  note,  and  a  whistled  imitation,  though  usually  disregarded 
at  other  seasons,  is  now  eagerly  answered  by  any  single  bird 
within  hearing,  and  seldom  have  I  failed  on  such  occasions  to 
bring  the  bird  to  the  trees  over  my  head.     Sometimes,  by  con- 
tinuing to  imitate  the  note  as  I  walked  along,  I  have  had  a  lone 
Chickadee  follow  me  for  over  a  mile,  answering  note  for  note. 
I  have  sometimes  noticed  also  that  birds  which  have  evidently 
paired  already,  will  pay  no  attention  to  the  call  even  after  many 
repetitions. 

244.    Paras  huclsonicus  Forst.  Hudsonian  Chickadee. 

A  rather  common  permanent  resident  of  the  upper-Can  idian 

area  on  the  higher  White  Mountains  and  in  the  northern  part 

of  the  state.     During  the  breeding  season,  it  is  confined,  on  the 

White  Mountains,  to  the  damp  fir  and  spruce  belt  from  3,000 


178  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

feet  to  the  upper  limit  of  small  tree  growth  at  4,800  to  5,000 
feet,  though  not  at  this  time  often  seen  above  the  timber,  which 
extends  to  some  4,500  feet  on  the  southern  exposures.  South  of 
the  great  range,  I  have  observed  it  in  summer  on  Mt.  Carrigain 
and  on  Mt.  Hancock,  and  it  is  to  be  looked  for  on  the  higher 
peaks  of  the  Sandwich  range.  In  late  summer,  small  flocks  are 
frequently  met  with  trooping  through  the  evergreen  forest  and 
usually  accompanied  by  a  few  Black-poll  and  Myrtle  Warblers 
and  a  pair  or  two  of  Red-breasted  Nuthatches  or  Golden-crowned 
Kinglets.  These  flocks  in  their  wanderings  reach  the  extreme 
upper  limit  of  scrub  growth  on  the  mountains,  and  I  have  ob- 
served them  on  such  occasions  at  Madison  Hut,  on  the  west 
side  of  Mt.  Adams,  and  at  the  summit  of  Carter  Dome  (4,860 
ft.) .  They  move  downward  into  the  valleys  as  late  fall  and  win- 
ter approach.  Thus  Mr.  C.  J.  Mayuard  ('72)  found  them  quite 
common  in  late  October,  1869,  in  the  heavily  wooded  mountain 
valleys  at  Errol.  Frank  Bolles  ('93b)  noted  them  repeatedly 
about  Chocorua  in  December,  single  birds  being  usually  seen, 
though  once  he  mentions  a  flock  of  four  on  December  22d  ;  he 
also  mentions  one  at  Whitten  Pond  on  November  7th.  Mr.  G. 
C.  Shattuck  has  twice  observed  the  bird  near  Albany  Intervale 
during  the  last  of  December,  1900,  and  again  on  February  17th, 
of  the  following  year.  Doubtless  however,  a  large  part  of  the 
birds  remain  throughout  the  winter  at  high  altitudes,  and  I 
have  observed  one  or  two  at  about  3,000  feet  on  the  Carter 
Notch  trail  during  the  last  of  December,  1900,  after  severe 
weather.  Rarely,  straggling  birds  reach  the  country  to  the 
south  of  the  White  Mountains  in  fall  or  winter ;  thus  Mr.  C.  F. 
Goodhue  ('85)  records  one  shot  at  Webster  in  November,  1875, 
and  two  seen  there  in  November,  1878,  and  I  am  told  of  two 
specimens  taken  near  Mt.  Monadnock  in  winter,  by  Mr.  H.  L. 
Piper.  Mr.  A.  A.  Eaton,  of  Seabrook,  writes  me  of  one  taken 
February  15,  1890,  in  Salisbury,  Mass.,  but  a  few  yards  from 
the  state  line. 

245.    Regains  satrapa  Dicht.     Goeden-crowned  King- 
let. 

A  permanent  resident,  confined  during  the  breeding  season  to 


OP  ARTS  AND  SCIKNCES.  179 

the  Canadian  area.  It  is  common  as  a  spring  and  fall  migrant 
throughout  the  state  and  less  common  as  a  winter  resident  at 
least  as  far  north  as  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains. In  southern  and  central  New  Hampshire  it  is  found  in 
summer  almost  wholly  in  spruce  woods,  and  sometimes  a  pair 
will  spend  the  entire  season  in  a  grove  of  these  trees  of  very 
small  extent.  On  the  White  Mountains,  the  birds  occur  in  the 
warmer  mouths  up  to  the  limit  of  tree  growth  at  4,800  feet  as  I 
have  noted  on  Mt.  Madison.  In  the  Carter  Mountains  on  Sept. 
5,  1899,  I  observed  considerable  numbers  of  Kinglets  in  the 
thick  balsam  forest  on  Carter  Dome  (4,860  feet).  In  flocks  of 
from  four  or  six  birds  to  in  one  case  forty,  they  seemed  to  be 
moving  down  the  mountain,  passing  us  by  as  we  ascended. 
Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  finds  this  a  common  breeding  bird  in  the 
spruce  woods  of  Mt.  Monadnock  and  at  other  places  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state  it  occurs  locally  in  summer. 

246.  Regulus    calendula    (LJun.).         Ruby-crowned 
Kinglet. 

A  common  spring  and  fall  migrant.  It  is  not  positively  known 
to  summer  in  the  state,  and  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen  is  now  inclined  to 
the  belief  that  the  birds  noted  by  him  ('89)  as  seen  in  early  Au- 
gust, 1885,  at  Moultonboro,  were  not  of  this  species.  The 
first  fall  migrants  appear  in  the  White  Mountain  valleys  in  ear- 
ly September,  and  I  have  seen  them  at  Intervale  by  the  9th  of 
that  month. 

Dates :  April  14  to  May  11  ;  September  9  to  October  10. 

Note:    Polioptila  caerulea  (linn.).     Blue-gray  Gnatcatcher. 

This  species  is  recorded  in  Vol.  2  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Manchester 
Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences  (pp.  77,  83)  as  having  been  seen  at  Man- 
chester on  May  10,  1900,  by  two  ladies.  Although  the  Blue-gray  Gnat- 
catcher  is  known  from  southern  Maine,  and  might  thus  accidentally  oc- 
cur in  New  Hampshire,  its  presence  in  the  state  does  not  seem  sufficient- 
ly authenticated  to  warrant  its  inclusion  in  this  list. 

247.  Hylocichla  mustelina  (Gmel.).     Wood  Thrush. 

A  rare  summer  resident,  of  occasional  occurrence  in  the  Tran- 
sition valley  bottoms  so  far  north  at  least  as  the  White  Moun- 
tains.    Apparently  this  bird  has    slightly  extended    its   range 


180  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

within  the  last  five  or  six  years,  but  so  far  as  I  can  ascertain  in 
New  Hampshire,  this  appears  not  to  be  noticeably  at  the  ex- 
pense of  any  other  species.  On  the  coast,  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  has 
noted  it  in  summer  at  Hampton  Falls.  In  the  Merrimack  val- 
ley, Mr.  F.  W.  Batchelder  (:oo)  gives  it  as  a  summer  resident 
about  Manchester,  and  at  Concord  I  am  informed  of  its  pres- 
ence by  Mr.  W.  W.  Flint.  Mrs.  E.  E.  Webster  also  writes  of 
having  observed  it  at  Franklin  Falls  on  May  21,  1900,  and  Mr. 
Ned  Dearborn  ('98,  p.  34)  records  it  from  Franklin  on  local  au- 
thority. In  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,  a  few  reach  the 
lower  Connecticut  valley  and  Mr.  Ralph  Hoffmann  has  observed 
it  at  Alstead  in  1899  and  1900.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  assures  me 
that  up  to  about  1895  he  had  never  seen  the  bird  about  Dublin, 
but  that  it  now  appears  annually  in  small  numbers  about  Dub- 
lin Dake,  and  occurs  also  at  Keene,  Hancock  and  Marlboro, 
preferring  the  sugar  maple  groves.  Evidently  these  birds  have 
followed  up  the  side  valley  from  the  Connecticut.  Farther  to 
the  northward,  I  have  observed  a  single  bird  at  Wonalancet  on 
the  Birch  Intervales,  July  14,  1899.  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen  has  also 
observed  one  on  June  7,  1900,  at  Chocorua.  In  the  Saco  val- 
ley at  Intervale,  I  had  never-seen  the  Wood  Thrush  until  July  5, 
1899,  when  I  found  a  bird  singing  among  some  undergrowth  in 
a  large  grove  of  sugar  maples  by  the  river.  The  bird  was  ob- 
served singing  in  the  same  spot  the  following  year  on  June  18th. 
Dr.  Walter  Faxon  also  tells  me  that  he  observed  two  Wood 
Thrushes  singing  near  Mt.  Moosilauke  on  June  20,  1894,  and 
two  others  in  song  on  the  Breezy  Point  road,  North  Woodstock, 
on  June  1,  1895.  In  the  latter  instance  the  birds  were  at  so 
considerable  an  elevation  as  about  2,000  feet.  More  recently, 
Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  (  :  00)  has  for  the  first  time  found  it  in  the 
Franconia  woods,  two  birds  in  full  song  being  noted  in  late 
May  and  early  June,  1899.  In  one  case,  at  least,  the  bird  was 
in  a  large  sugar  maple  grove.  Mr.  Horace  W.  Wright  (  :  02) 
has  recorded  the  bird  for  the  first  time  to  the  north  of  the  White 
Mountains  in  the  Jefferson  valley  in  1902. 

Dates:   May  15  to  September. 

248.     Hylocichla     fuscescens     (Steph.)-         Wilson's 

Thrush. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  I8I 

A  common  summer  resident  throughout  the  Transition  val- 
ley bottoms,  frequenting  the  courses  of  shaded  streams.  In  the 
Connecticut  valley  of  southwestern  New  Hampshire,  this  is  a 
very  common  bird,  nesting  along  the  river  banks  among  the  rank 
growth  of  Equisetum.  It  is  common  in  the  White  Mountain  val- 
leys on  both  sides  of  the  main  range,  and  follows  up  the  side 
branches  of  the  rivers  to  about  1,500  feet,  thus  reaching  well  in- 
to the  lower  edge  of  the  sub-Canadian  area.  At  Intervale,  these 
thrushes  occur  in  bushy  places  all  over  the  valley  floor  of  the 
Saco,  and  numbers  follow  back  the  little  side  streams  well  up 
onto  the  mountain  sides,  so  that  it  is  possible  in  some  places  to 
hear  the  Hermit,  the  Olive-backed  and  the  Wilson's  Thrushes 
all  singing  at  once.  I  observed  a  single  bird  singing  in  the  wet 
woods  at  1,700  feet  on  June  16,  1902,  at  Jackson. 

Dates  :  May  10  to  September  8. 

249.  Hylocichla     aliciae      (Baird).        Gray-cheeked 
Thrush. 

A  rare  migrant.  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  me  of  a  male  shot 
at  Dublin  on  Oct.  2,  1899,  by  Mr.  L,.  A.  Fuertes,  who  identified 
it  as  of  this  species. 

250.  Hylocichla  aliciae  bicknelli  Ridgw.    Bickneee's 
Thrush. 

A  common  summer  resident  of  the  upper  Canadian  zone  on 
the  higher  mountains  of  central  New  Hampshire.  Mr.  Brad- 
ford Torrey,  in  1882,  was  the  first  to  call  the  attention  of  orni- 
thologists to  the  presence  of  this  bird  in  summer  on  the  White 
Mountains,  and  Mr.  William  Brewster  ('83a)  took  the  first  New 
England  specimens  on  Mount  Washington  in  the  same  year.  It 
is  plentiful  in  the  damp,  stunted  fir  growth  above  3,000  feet  on 
all  the  larger  mountains,  and  on  the  Presidential  range  occurs 
as  high  as  the  upper  limit  of  stunted  tree  growth.  South  of  the 
main  ranges,  it  doubtless  breeds  in  small  numbers  on  the  Sand- 
wich range,  where  Mr.  F.  H.  Allen  has  found  birds  in  late  June 
on  Tripyramid  (4,184  feet)  and  Black  Mountain  (3,900  feet)  as 
well  as  on  Osceola  and  Tecumseh  (both  over  4,000  feet)  and 
has  also  heard  them  singing  June  7,  1900,  near  the  top  of  Mt. 
Chocorua  (3,508  feet)  the  easternmost  mountain  of  this  range. 


182  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

Frank  Bolles  appears  not  to  have  observed  the  bird  here  in  sum- 
mer, however,  nor  did  I  find  it  during  a  day  and  night  spent 
near  the  summit  of  Chocorua  in  late  August.  On  Moat  Moun- 
tain, an  adjacent  ridge,  I  have  nevertheless  observed  a  single 
bird  on  July  17,  1898,  in  a  damp  thicket  of  spruces  at  hardly 
more  than  2,700  feet,  and  others  in  early  September,  1902,  in 
the  stunted  growth  at  3,000  feet.  Dr.  Walter  Faxon  tells  me 
that  at  Mount  Moosilauke.  he  has  found  these  birds  arriving  on 
their  breeding  grounds  between  the  25th  and  30th  of  May,  and 
that  a  nest  was  observed  there  by  Mr.  William  Brewster  and 
himself,  which  on  June  22d,  contained  the  full  complement  of 
three  fresh  eggs.  On  the  Presidential  and  Carter  Mountains, 
where  I  have  been  familiar  with  the  bird,  an  occasional  out- 
lying pair  may  be  found  as  low  as  perhaps  2,600  feet  in  some 
cold  brook  bed,  but  they  are  commonest  from  about  3,300  feet 
up  to  the  limit  of  small  tree  growth,  at  about  4,800  feet.  They 
are  silent  much  of  the  day,  and  are  effectually  concealed  in  the 
almost  impenetrable  thickets  of  scrub  growth.  In  the  early 
dawn  and  after  sunset,  they  are  active,  however,  and  from  all 
sides  may  be  heard  their  clear,  wild  call-note,  or  less  often  the 
far-away,  high-pitched  notes  of  their  song,  strangely  impressive 
in  the  mountain  solitudes.  The  song  period  is  practically  over 
by  the  middle  of  July,  though  I  have  heard  an  occasional  song 
in  the  early  morning  as  late  as  September  15th,  in  Carter  Notch, 
where  at  this  date  the  birds  are  still  on  their  breeding  grounds. 
They  are  then  only  to  be  heard,  however,  in  the  very  early 
morning  or  just  at  dusk.  On  September  15,  1900,  while  camp- 
ing in  the  notch  by  the  lakes  (3,360  feet),  I  arose  early  and  by 
4  o'clock  A.  M.,  the  first  dim  light  of  dawn  was  faintly  to  be 
discerned  over  the  eastern  wall  of  the  notch.  At  just  4  :  37  A. 
M.,  as  the  pale  light  of  the  half  moon  was  giving  place  to  the 
first  rays  of  day,  a  single  Bicknell's  Thrush  was  heard  far  over- 
head, on  the  big  ledge  which  faces  the  east  and  forms  the  other 
side  of  the  notch.  Soon  others  were  heard  above,  but  as  the 
sun,  some  while  later,  struck  the  upper  ledges,  only  the  birds 
still  in  the  shadow  below  continued  to  call.  It  was  most  inter- 
esting to  note  the  manner  in  which  the  birds  successively  became 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  183 

quiet  as  the  rising  sun  lit  up  more  and  more  of  the  far  side  of  the 
notch,  until  finally  by  8  :  30,  its  rays  shone  full  into  the  cleft  of 
the  mountain,  and  only  a  single  bird  was  still  calling  from  a 
spot  yet  shaded  by  a  protruding  shoulder. 
Dates  :  May  25  through  September. 

251.    Hylocichla  ustulata  swainsonii  (Cab.).    Oeive- 
backed  Thrush. 

A  rather  common  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  summer  resi- 
dent. During  the  breeding  season  it  is  commonest  in  the  damp, 
cool  undergrowth  of  evergreen  and  young  second  growth  along 
brooks,  or  wood-swamps  of  the  sub-Canadian  regions,  where  it 
is  found  with  the  Winter  Wren  and  Canada  Warbler.  It  is 
essentially  a  bird  of  the  cool,  moist  thickets,  and  is  found  in 
the  White  Mountains  up  to  4,500  feet.  Above  3,000  feet  or 
thereabouts,  on  entering  the  upper  Canadian  zone,  its  numbers 
become  slightly  less,  and  the  few  birds  occurring  above  4,000 
feet  are  confined  rather  closely  to  the  stream  beds.  This  dis- 
tribution, which  has  also  been  noted  by  Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne 
('87),  I  was  interested  to  observe  among  other  places  in  the 
mountains,  while  on  a  trip  with  Mr.  V.  D.  L,owe  in  June,  1900, 
through  the  Great  Gulf  of  Mt.  Washington.  We  camped  at 
Spaulding's  Dake,  a  tiny  sheet  of  water  at  the  foot  of  the  head 
wall  and  at  an  elevation  of  about  4,500  feet.  All  about  was  a 
thick  growth  of  scrubby  balsams  and  large  alder  bushes.  Bick- 
nell's  Thrushes  inhabited  this  growth  on  all  sides  well  up  onto 
the  walls  of  the  gulf,  and  at  all  hours  of  the  day  were  heard 
calling.  There  was  noted  here  but  a  single  Olive-backed 
Thrush,  this  being  a  fine  male,  who  sang  persistently  from  3 
o'clock  in  the  morning  until  our  departure,  a  few  hours  later, 
secured  from  view  the  while  by  the  thick  balsam  scrub  at  the 
foot  of  the  lake.  A  little  farther  down  the  brook,  a  second  bird 
was  heard  singing  on  that  morning  of  June  21st,  but  it  was  evi- 
dent that  these  were  the  extreme  outposts  which  at  these  upper 
levels  had  invaded  the  Bicknell's  Thrushes'  territory.  On  the 
lower  mountain  tops,  Olive-backed  Thrushes  are  not  uncommon 
in  dry  spruce  thickets  with  the  Hermits.     South  of  the  White 

13 


184  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER   INSTITUTE 

Mountains,  these  thrushes  are  rare  and  local  in  summer,  but 
occur  here  and  there  in  cool  swamps  or  along  mountain  brooks, 
as  I  have  noted  rarely  at  Bridgewater  in  1900.  Mr.  E.  A. 
Preble  writes  me  of  a  nest  found  on  June  20.  a  number  of  years 
ago,  on  the  Ossipee  Hills  at  Ossipee.  Mr.  C.  F.  Goodhue 
('77a,  p.  33)  has  also  recorded  it  as  having  bred  once  near 
Webster.  Farther  south,  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  writes  me  that  it 
breeds  regularl}'  in  small  numbers  among  the  thick  spruces 
near  the  summit  of  Mt.  Monadnock  above  2,500  feet,  and  spo- 
radically in  the  lower  country  to  the  northward  ;  he  has  also 
found  it  in  some  numbers  at  Nubanusit  Lake,  Hillsboro' 
County. 
Dates  :  May  16  to  October. 

252.     Hylocichla  guttata   pallasii    (Cab.).      Hermit 
Thrush. 

A  rather  common  summer  resident  of  the  sub-Canadian  woods 
to  which  it  is  almost  entirely  confined  during  the  breeding 
season.  A  few  summer  in  the  extreme  southwestern  portions  of 
the  state,  and  in  the  lower  Connecticut  Valley  it  is  not  uncom- 
mon on  the  ridges  and  among  the  dry  woods  of  mixed  growth. 
In  central  New  Hampshire  in  the  Winnepesaukee  region  it  is 
certainly  the  commonest  thrush,  frequenting  the  dry  hillside 
woods.  Among  the  White  Mountains,  Hermit  Thrushes  are 
fairly  common  at  the  lowtr  levels,  inhabiting  the  white  pine  for- 
ests, or  the  more  open  scattered  growth  of  red  and  pitch  pine  in 
the  valleys,  where  a  sandy  soil  supports  an  undergrowth  of  bear 
oak  and  brakeu.  In  the  beech  woods  about  the  foot  of  the 
mountains  up  to  2,000  feet,  these  thrushes  are  less  common  or 
absent,  but  on  the  lower  peaks,  as  on  Bartlett  and  Kearsarge, 
they  appear  again  in  small  numbers  in  the  dry  clumps  of  dense 
spruces  which  grow  here  and  there  among  the  barren  ledges  up 
to  3,000  feet  or  so.  Above  this  level  on  the  larger  mountains, 
the  bird  is  practically  absent.  Dr.  A.  P.  Chadbourne  ('87)  has, 
however,  recorded  a  single  specimen  seen  in  summer  as  high  as 
3,300  feet  on  Mt.  Washington.  Hermit  Thrushes,  even  in  late 
summer,  are  active  until  the  twilight  becomes  almost  too  deep 
to  permit  more  than  a  dim  view  as  a  bird  is  startled  here  and 


OK  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  185 

there  from  some  wood  road,  and  flies  to  the  bushes  with  its 
characteristic  "chuck."  In  the  Acworth  Public  Library  col- 
lection there  is  a  specimen  taken  at  that  town  so  late  as  Novem- 
ber 24,  1883.  I  have  observed  the  males  already  in  song  on 
their  arrival  at  their  breeding  grounds  at  Chocorna,  April  20, 
1900  ;  the  song  period  is  practically  over  by  July  20. 

Dates:     April  19  to  November  24. 

253.  Merula  migratoria  (Linn.).  American  Robin. 
An  abundant  spring  and  fall  migrant  and  common  summer 
resident  of  the  Transition  areas;  also  a  rither  irregular  winter 
resident.  During  the  summer,  these  birds  are  generally  found 
near  habitations,  and  nest  in  the  shade  trees  about  dwellings  or 
in  the  orchards.  Occasionally,  however,  as  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains, birds  will  nest  in  the  pine  trees  on  the  edge  of  the  woods, 
and  Mr.  G.  H.  Thayer  also  writes  me  that  they  sometimes  breed 
in  the  wild  spruce  woods  of  Mt.  Monadnock.  On  June  14,  1902, 
Mr.  A.  H.  Clark  and  I  noted  a  single  bird  in  the  dense  woods 
on  Imp  Mountain  of  the  Carter  Range,  at  about  3,500  feet,  pos- 
sibly only  a  stray  specimen.  In  August  after  the  young  are  on 
the  wing,  large  flocks  gather  to  feed  on  the  wild  cherries  ripening 
in  the  valleys.  Others  are  to  be  found  scattered  in  small  flocks 
through  the  woods  at  the  lower  altitudes,  and  I  have  on  one  or 
two  occasions  found  small  flocks  about  the  lakelets  in  Carter's 
Notch  in  mid-September,  the  birds  having  apparently  paused  in 
their  southward  flight  to  feed.  Again,  I  noted  a  single  bird  on 
the  nearly  barren  summit  of  Mt.  Hight  (4,770  feet)  of  the  Car- 
ter range,  and  on  Aug.  27,  1901,  three  birds  flew  past  me  and 
alighted  among  the  scrubby  firs  in  the  col  between  Mt.  Jefferson 
and  Mt.  Adams  of  the  Presidential  range.  Dr.  A.  P.  Chad- 
bourne  ('87)  also  notes  a  wandering  pair  seen  on  July  12,  1886, 
on  the  Crawford  Bridle  path  at  an  altitude  of  5,080  feet.  A  few 
robins  appear  to  winter  with  more  or  less  regularity  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state.  Mr.  W.  E.  Cram  reports  them  as  found 
at  Hampton  Falls  the  year  round  ;  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Batchelder 
(,:oo,  p.  138)  states  that  a  few  winter  about  Manchester,  while 
a  Mr.  J.  H.  Johnson  ('92)  records  them  in  January,  1892,  in 
"  central  New  Hampshire."     There  are  apparently  but  few  oth- 


l86  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

er  wintering  records.  Mr.  F.  B.  Spaulding  ('86)  reports  robins 
as  numerous  about  Lancaster  during  the  winter  of  '85-'86, 
"something  very  unusual."  Mr.  V.  D.  Lowe  also  tells  me 
that  occasionally  a  few  winter  about  Randolph,  to  the  north  of 
the  White  Mountains  in  the  valley  of  the  Androscoggin. 
Dates  :  (February  28)  March  3  to  December  25  ;  Winter. 

254.     Sialia  sialis  (Linn.).     Bluebird. 

A  common  summer  resident  of  the  Transition  regions.  It  is 
generally  found  in  open  land  near  farms,  or  among  the  orchard 
trees,  and  the  bhds  are  already  on  their  breeding  grounds  be- 
fore the  snow  has  disappeared.  The  great  destruction  of  Blue- 
birds by  a  blizzard  which  swept  the  country  as  they  were  jour- 
neying northward  in  the  spring  of  1895,  is  well  known,  and  in 
New  Hampshire  as  elsewhere  a  great  scarcity  of  Bluebirds  was 
recorded  for  that  spring.  They  seem  quickly  to  have  recovered 
from  the  blow,  however,  and  in  1897,  I  almost  daily  observed 
from  4  to  20  or  more  birds  in  the  Saco  valley  during  September, 
and  they  have  since  been  present  in  about  their  former  num- 
bers. Single  flocks  will  often,  in  their  leisurely  fall  migration, 
stop  for  three  or  four  days  at  a  time  in  the  same  locality,  evi- 
dently finding  food  in  plenty,  and  thus  being  in  no  haste  to  pass 
on.  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard  ('72)  records  their  breeding  at  Lake 
Umbagog. 

l>ates  :  March  2  to  October  9. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  187 


INTRODUCED  SPECIES. 

1.  Tympanuchus  americanus  (Reich.).  Prairie 
Hen. 

According  to  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn  ('98)  a  number  were  libera- 
ted in  Blue  Mountain  Park,  Croydon,  some  years  ago,  and  soon 
disappeared.  Mr.  Dearborn  believes  that  this  will  sufficiently 
account  for  the  fact  that  one  was  shot  in  Sanbornton  in  March, 
1893,  and  that  others  were  reported  from  Boscawen. 

2.  JPhasianus  colchicus  LJnn.     English  Pheasant. 
Belknap  (1792)  records  that  "the  late  Governor  Wentworth 

brought  several  pairs  of  pheasants  from  England,  and  let  them 
fly  in  his  woods,  at  Wolfeborough  ;  but  they  have  not  since  been 
seen." 

3.  Passer  domesticus  (Linn.).     House  Sparrow. 
Abundant  as  a  resident  about  the  large  villages  and  cities. 

Among  the  country  towns  of  central  and  northern  New  Hamp- 
shire, it  seems  not  to  be  increasing,  and  indeed  barely  holds 
its  own  in  many  places  among  the  White  Mountain  valleys. 
Thus  at  Intervale,  I  have  not  observed  any  increase  in  numbers 
during  several  years,  though  a  single  pair  01  two  is  annually 
found  nesting  about  the  village. 


PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 


POSTSCRIPT. 

While  these  pages  are  going  through  the  press,  there  has 
appeared  an  important  contribution  to  the  ornithological  litera- 
ture of  the  state,  in  the  shape  of  a  paper  by  Mr.  Ned  Dearborn 
on  the  "Birds  of  Durham  and  Vicinity  "  (:03).  This  list  is 
important,  especially  because  it  covers  the  southeastern  part  of 
New  Hampshire  and  is  the  result  of  long  observation  in  a  re- 
gion on  which  there  has  hitherto  been  little  published.  Mr. 
Dearborn's  researches  now  make  it  possible  to  add  to  the  avi- 
fauna of  New  Hampshire  no  less  than  twenty- nine  species, 
which  had  not  been  included  in  the  foregoing  list,  mainly  be- 
cause of  a  lack  of  definite  records.  These  additions  are  as  fol- 
lows :  — 

1.     Alca  torda  Linn.     Razor-billed  Auk. 

Stated  to  occur  "  in  more  or  less  abundance  on  the  coast 
every  year  from  November  to  March." 

'*.     Larus  delawarensis  Ord.     Ring-billed  Gull. 

Found  by  Mr.  Dearborn  to  be  a  spring  and  fall  migrant 
along  the  coast. 

;>.  Sterna  caspia  Pallas.     Caspian  Tern. 

Two  were  shot  at  Hampton  in  the  fall  of  1899.  Both  were 
in  immature  plumage,  and  the  skin  of  one  is  now  in  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  S.  A.  Shaw,  of  Hampton. 

4.     Sterna  aiitillariim  (Less).     Least  Tern. 

Mr.  Dearborn  includes  this  species  on  the  testimony  of  Mr.  S. 
A.  Shaw,  who  finds  it  uncommon  at  Hampton,  and  has  a  single 
specimen  in  his  collection. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  189 

5.  Puffiiius  gravis  (O'Reilly).  Greater  Shearwa- 
ter. 

A  specimen,  taken  near  Portsmouth,  is  stated  to  be  in  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  W.  M.  C.  Philbriek,  of  Kittery,  Me. 

6.  Chaulelasmus  streperas  (Linn.).    Gadwaee. 

A  pair  of  spring  birds  taken  on  Little  Bay,  near  Portsmouth, 
is  said  by  Mr.  Dearborn  to  be  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  George 
Wentworth  of  Dover,  and  Mr.  S.  A.  Shaw  is  authority  for  the 
statement  that  a  few  have  been  killed  at  Hampton  during  the 
last  twenty-five  years. 

7.  Dafila  acuta  (Linn.).     Pintaie. 

"  Rather  scarce  spring  and  fall  migrants." 

8.  Aytliya  americana  (Hyt.).     Redhead. 

Mr.  Dearborn  states  that  he  has  found  several  autumnal  spe- 
cimens in  local  collections. 

9.  Clangula  islandica  (Gmel.).  Barrow's  Goeden- 
eye. 

Mr.  Dearborn  has  examined  a  specimen  of  this  species  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  George  Wentworth  of  Dover,  which  was  shot 
"  some  years  since  on  Little  Bay." 

10.  Somateria  spectabilis  (Linn.).     King  Eider. 

A  female  taken  at  Hampton,  and  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  S. 
A.  Shaw,  is  identified  by  Mr.  Dearborn  as  of  this  species. 

11.  Ardea  egretta  Gmel.     American  Egret. 

A  specimen  is  recorded  as  shot  in  the  summer  of  1897  on  the 
river  about  a  mile  above  Newmarket  village. 

12.  Rallus  crepitans  Gmel.     Ceapper  Raie. 

A  specimen  taken  at  Portsmouth  some  years  since,  after  a 
southwesterly  gale,  is  said  to  be  in  the  collection  of  the  college 
at  Durham. 

13.  Porzaua  noveboracensis  (Gmel.).  Yeleow  Raie. 
A  specimen  taken  at  Hampton  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  S. 

A.  Shaw. 


190  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

14.  Ionoriiis  martiiiica  (Linn.).    Purple  Gallinule. 
A  specimen  was  killed  at  Rye  some  years  since,  and  a  second 

at  Willand's  Pond,  Dover. 

15.  Gallinula  galeata  (L,icht.).     Florida  Gallinule. 
One  was  killed  at  Rollinsford  some  years  ago. 

16.  Himantopus  mexicaims  (Mull.).    Black-necked 
Stilt. 

Mr.  Dearborn  states  that  "  some  years  ago  a  summer  visitor 
at  Rye  Beach"  brought  one  to  Mr.  Shaw,  at  Hampton,  to  be 
mounted. 

17.  Tringa  canutus  Ljnn.     Knot. 

Of  "fairly  common  occurrence  along  the  coast  spring  and 
fall." 

18.  Tringa  maritima  Brunn.     Purple  Sandpiper. 

In  eight  local  collections,  Mr.  Dearborn  finds  but  two  speci- 
mens of  this  bird.     One  was  killed  in  January. 

19.  Ereimetes  occidentals  Dawr.      Western  Semi- 

PALMATED  SANDPIPER. 

Mr.  Dearborn  refers  to  this  species  a  long-billed  female  bird, 
taken  at  Hampton,  Oct.  io,  1899.  That  the  unusual  length  of 
bill  might  fall  within  the  limits  of  variation  of  the  eastern  bird, 
however,  is  a  possibility  which  should  not  be  overlooked. 

20.  Limosahsemastica  (I/inn.).    Hudsonian  Godwit. 
"  Taken  in  October  at  Hampton." 

21.  Symphemia semlpalmata  (Gmel.).     Willet. 
"It  is  a  rather  irregular  migrant  along  the  coast,  generally 

seen  in  autumn,  if  at  all." 

22.  ^Egialitis  meloda  (Ord).     Piping  Plover. 
"  A  regular  migrant  along  our  coasts." 

2.'5.    Arena ri a  interpret  (Linn.).     Turnstone. 
Said  by  Mr.  Dearborn  to  be  a  regular  coastwise  migrant  in 
spring  and  fall,  but  comparatively  few  in  numbers. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  I"9  I 

24.  Icterus  spurius  (Linn.).     Orchard  Oriole. 
This  bird  is  added  to  the  avifauna  of  the  state  on  the  basis  of 

an  adult  male  taken  some  years  ago  at  Rollinsford,  by  Mr. 
George  H.  Yeaton,  of  that  town,  in  whose  collection  the  speci- 
men is. 

25.  Quiscalus  quiscula  (Linn.).     Purple  Crackle. 
Out  of  nine  grackles  shot  from  a  flock  at  Tilton  on  Sept.  13, 

1902,  two  specimens  are  stated  by  Mr.  Dearborn  to  be  unques- 
tionably of  this  form.  The  skin  of  one  is  now  No.  13,446  of  the 
Field  Columbian  Museum  at  Chicago. 

26.  Acauthis  hornemannii  exilipes  (Coues) .  Hoary 
Redpoll. 

Mr.  Dearborn  has  identified  as  of  this  race,  a  specimen  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  S.  A.  Shaw,  of  Hampton,  where  it  was  pre- 
sumably taken. 

27.  Calcarius  lapponicus   (Linn.)      Lapland  Long- 
spur. 

This  species,  which  should  occur  as  a  fairly  regular  late  fall 
migrant  on  the  coast,  is  now  definitely  added  to  the  list  on  the 
strength  of  Mr.  Dearborn's  record  of  three  seen  at  Hampton 
Beach  on  Nov.  30,  1899. 

28.  Ammotl ramus  princeps  (Mayn.).     Ipswich  Spar- 
row. 

This  bird  also  is  to  be  stricken  from  the  hypothetical  list,  and 
is  found  by  Mr.  Dearborn  to  be  a  regular  spring  and  fall  mi- 
grant on  the  sand  hills  of  the  coast  in  March  and  April,  and 
from  the  latter  part  of  October  to  early  December. 

29.  Mimus  polyglottos  (Linn.).     Mockingbird. 
According  to  Mr.  Dearborn,  an  immature  bird,  apparently  a 

young  of  the  year,  was  shot  at  Hampton,  Aug.  24,  1900,  and  is 
now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  S.  A.  Shaw.  The  possibility  of 
this  having  been  an  escaped  cage  bird  is,  of  course,  not  alto- 
gether excluded. 

In  addition  to  these  birds  which  are  now  added  to  the  New 


192  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

Hampshire  list,   the  following  important  records  in  Mr.  Dear- 
born's paper  may  be  mentioned: — 

Larus  glaucus  Brunn.     Glaucous  Gull. 

One  taken  at  Hampton  in  May,  some  years  since. 
Spatula  clypeata  (Linn.).    Shoveler. 

"  Mr.  Shaw  has  a  male  taken  in  autumn  some  years  ago,  at 
Hampton." 

Aythya  collaris  (Donov.).     Ring-necked  Duck. 

A  fine  adult  male  was  taken  in  the  fall  on  Little  Bay. 
Histrionicus  histrionicus  (Linn.).     Harlequin  Duck. 

"Three  or  more"  are  said  to  be  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  S. 
A.  Shaw,  of  Hampton. 

Olor  columbianus  (Ord).     Whistling  Swan. 

"Some  years  ago  one  was  wounded  and  captured  alive  on 
Great  Bay  "  and  "  another  was  killed  on  Great  Bay,  December 
1 6,  1902,"  and  is  now  in  the  College  collection  at  Durham. 

Ardetta  exilis  (Gmel.).     Least  Bittern. 

One  taken  at  Hampton  some  years  ago. 
Micropalama  himantopus  (Bonap.).    Stilt  Sandpiper. 

A  specimen  taken  at  Hampton  is  in  Mr.  S.  A.  Shaw's  collec- 
tion. 

Tryngites  subruficollis  ( Vieill.).    Buff-breasted  Sand- 
piper. 

One  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Joseph  Turner  of  Portsmouth. 

Numenins  longirostris  Wils.    Long-billed  Curlew. 

Two  specimens  are  noted  in  local  collections,  one  each  at 
Portsmouth  and  Rollinsford. 

^Egialitis  vocifera  (Linn.).     Killdeer. 

Mr.  Dearborn  is  "assured  by  Mr.  Wentworth  of  Rollinsford 
that  years  ago  Killdeers  nested  regularly  on  his  farm,"  and 
another  informant  states  that  they  formerly  bred  about  the 
marshes  near  Portsmouth. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  193 

Nyctala  tengmalmi  richardsoni  (Bonap.).      Richard- 
son's Owl. 

A  specimen  killed  in  Dover  and  now  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
G.  F.  Wentworth  of  that  city,  is  the  sixth  record  for  the  state. 
Siirnia  ulula  caparoch  (Mull).     American  Hawk  Owl. 

Mr.  Dearborn  adds  two  records  for  the  state,  a  single  bird 
having  been  taken  "recently  near  Portsmouth"  and  another 
near  Piscataqua  bridge. 

Coccyzus  americaims  (Linn.).    Yellow-billed  Cuckoo. 
Mr.  S.  A.  Shaw  "  has  taken  it  at  Hampton." 

Melanerpes   erythrocephalns    (LJnn.).     Redheaded 
Woodpecker. 

Two  specimens  in  immature  plumage  are  said  to  be  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  S.  A.  Shaw,  of  Hampton.  An  additional  re- 
cord is  of  one  seen  at  Hebron  by  Mrs.  C.  P.  Webster  (see 
Howe,  Pasquaney  Annual,  1902,  N.  S.,  vol.  IV). 

Perisoreus  canadensis  (Unn.).     Canada  Jay. 

According  to  Mr.  Shaw  of  Hampton,  two  were  killed  at 
Boar's  Head,  some  years  ago. 

Cocothranstes   vespertiims  (Coop.).      Evening  Gros- 
beak. 

Additional  records  for  the  1890  flight  are  of  two  birds  se- 
cured from  a  flock  of  sixteen  at  Newmarket. 

Helminthophila  chrysoptera  (Dinn).  Golden  winged 
Warbler. 

A  male  specimen  is  recorded  as  taken  at  Durham  on  May  24, 
1898,  and  now  in  Mr.  Dearborn's  collection. 


Note  :  It  has  not  been  possible  to  incorporate  in  the  present 
paper  the  numerous  changes  in  nomenclature  found  necessary 
in  the  Twelfth  Supplement  to  the  American  Ornithologists' 
Union  Check-Dist  of  North  American  Birds  (Auk,  vol.  20^  no. 
3,  July,  1903). 

Cambridge,  Oct.  26,  1903. 


194  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 


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196  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

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100-108. 
'89.     An  unusual  flight  of   Killdeer  Plover   (/Egialitis  voci- 

fera)  along  the  New  England  coast.     Auk,  vol.  6,  no. 

3,  p.  255-263. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  M.,  Editor. 

'91.  A  popular  handbook  of  the  ornithology  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  based  on  Nuttall's  manual.  2 
vols.,  ill.     Boston. 

CODBURN,  W.  W. 

'90.  Evening  Grosbeak  in  New  Hampshire.  Forest  and 
Stream,  vol.  34,  p.  349. 

CORY,  CHARLES  B. 

'82.  The  Turkey  Buzzard  in  New  Hampshire.  Bull.  Nut- 
tall  orn.  club,  vol.  7,  no.  3,  p.  184. 

CRAM,  W.  E. 

'99.  Winter  bird  notes  from  southern  New  Hampshire. 
Bird-Lore,  vol.  1,  no.  6,  p.  180-184. 

DEANE,  RUTHVEN. 

'76.  The  Philadelphia  Vireo  in  New  England.  Bull.  Nut- 
tall  orn.  club,  vol.  1,  no.  3,  p.  74. 

'78a.  Cotumiculus  henslowi  in  New  Hampshire.  Bull.  Nut- 
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'78b.  The  Sooty  Tern  in  New  Hampshire.  Bull.  Nuttall  orn. 
club,  vol.  3,  no.  4,  p.  195. 


198  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

'79.  Capture  of  the  Loggerhead  Shrike  in  winter  in  New 
Hampshire.  Bull.  Nuttall  orn.  club,  vol.  4,  no.  2,  p. 
119. 

DEARBORN,  NED. 

'98.  A  preliminary  list  of  the  birds  of  Belknap  and  Merri- 
mack counties,  New  Hampshire.  Durham,  June, 
1898,  p.  1-34. 

:  00.  Migration  notes  from  Durham,  N.  H.  Wilson  Bulle- 
tin, July,  1900,   no.  32,  p.  13-14. 

:  03.  The  birds  of  Durham  and  vicinity,  etc.  Contrib.  from 
zool.  lab.  of  N.  H.  college  of  agric.  and  mech.  arts, 
VI,  121  pp.,  map. 

D  WIGHT,  JONATHAN,  JR. 

'87.  A  new  race  of  the  Sharp-tailed  Sparrow  (A?nmodra.7mis 
caudacutus).     Auk,  vol.  4,  no.  3,  p.  232-239. 

"E.  C." 

'86.  [Bird  arrivals  at  Hanover,  N.  H.]  Forest  and  Stream, 
vol.  26,  p.  204. 

FAXON,  WALTER. 

'89.  On  the  summer  birds  of  Berkshire  county,  Massachu- 
setts.    Auk,  vol.  6,  no.  2,  p.  99-107. 

'92.  The  Prairie  Horned  Dark  (Otocoris  alpestris praticola) 
breeding  in  New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts. 
Auk,  vol.  9,  no.  2,  p.  201. 

'97.  Purple  Martins  {Progne  subis)  breeding  in  electric  arc- 
light  caps.     Auk,  vol.  14,  no.  4,  p.  407. 

FAXON,  WALTER,  and  J.  A.  Allen. 

'88.  Notes  on  the  summer  birds  of  Holderness,  Bethlehem, 
and  Franconia,  N.  H.  Auk,  vol.  5,  no.  2,  p.  149- 
155. 

FAXON,  WALTER,  and  Ralph  Hoffmann. 

:  00.  The  birds  of  Berkshire  county,  Massachusetts.  Collec- 
tions of  the  Berkshire  Historical  and  Scientific  Soci- 
ety, vol.  3,  p.  109-166;  sep.,  p.  1-60. 

FORBUSH,  E.  H. 

'90.  Evening  Grosbeaks  in  Hampden  county,  Massachu- 
setts.    Auk,  vol.  7,  no.  2,  p.  210. 


OF   ARTS   AM)  SCIENCES.  199 

FOX,  W.  H. 

'76.     Three  migrations  compared.     Forest  and   Stream,  vol. 

6,  no.  22,  p.  354.     . 
'77.     Capture  of  the  Philadelphia  Vireo  in  New  Hampshire. 

Bull.  Nuttall  orn.  club,  vol.  2,  no.  3,  p.  78. 
'83.     Richardson's  Owl  in  southern  New  Hampshire.     Bull. 

Nuttall  orn.  club,  vol.  3,  no.  r,  p.  61. 
'84.     Dendroica  coronata  in  southern  New  Hampshire  in  sum- 
mer.    Auk,  vol.  r,  no.  2,  p.  iw?. 
FROST,  EDWIN  B. 

'85.     The  Loggerhead   Shrike   in  New  Hampshire.      Auk, 

vol.  2,  no.  4,  p.  379. 
GOODHUE,  C.  F.     [  "  Falco."  ] 

'77a.  The  birds  of  Webster  and  adjoining  towns.    Forest  and 

Stream,  vol.  8,  p.  33-34,  49,  96,  113,  146. 
'77b.   [Note  on  Snowy  Owl.]     Forest  and  Stream,  vol.  9,  p. 

216. 
'85.      Winter  birds  of    Webster,    N.    H.     Ornithologist  and 

Oologist,  vol.  10,  no.  1,  p.  14. 
[HARRIMAN,  M.  C]     M.  C.  A. 

'70.      Corvus  corax  in  New  Hampshire.     Forest  and  Stream, 

vol.  12,  no.  6,  p.  106. 

HATHAWAY,  H.  S. 

:  00.     Odd  Notes.     Notes  on  R.  I.  ornithology,  vol.  r,  no.  1, 
P-  4-5- 
HAWES,  C.  ALGER. 

'78.     A  nesting  of  the  Golden  Eagle  {Aquila  chryseztus  [sic].) 
The  Oologist,  vol.  3,  no.  11,  p.  86. 
"  H.  B.  E." 

'77.      [Bonaparte's  Gull   at  Plymouth,    N.  H.]       Forest  and 
Stream,  vol.  8,   no.  21,  p.  345. 

HERRICK,  F.  H. 

'83.     Prairie  Warbler  in  New  Hampshire.      Science,  vol.  2, 
series  1,  no.  31,  p.  309. 

HITCHCOCK,  C.  H. 

'74.     The  geology  of  New  Hampshire.  3  vols.,  4to,  Concord. 
HOFFMANN,  RALPH. 

103.     Nesting  of  the  Goshawk  in  southern  New  Hampshire. 

Auk,  vol.  20,  no.  2,  p.  211-212. 
14 


200  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

HOWE,  REGINALD  H.,  JR. 

'91.     On  the  Birds'  Highway.      Boston,  8vo. 

:oi.  A  list  of  the  birds  of  Pasquaney,  Bridgewater,  N.  H. 
The  White  Birch,  "published  weekly  during  camp 
season"  by  Camp  Pasquaney,  Bridgewater,  vol.  3, 
no.  4,  p.  27  ;  no.  5,  p.  35  ;   110    6,  p.  44  ;  no.  7,  p.  50- 

51; 

:02.  A  review  of  Prof.  George  H.  Perkins'  "  A  Preliminary 
List  of  the  Birds  found  in  Vermont."  Contributions 
to  North  American  ornithology,  vol.  2  [1],  p.  5-23, 
errata. 

HUSE,  WILLIAM  H. 

:oi.     The  Testudinata  of  New  Hampshire.     Proc.  Manches- 
ter [N.  H.]  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  2, 
P-  47-5i- 

"  JAGARE." 

93-  [Golden  Eagle  captured  at  Bartlett,  N.  H.]  Forest  and 
Stream,  vol.  40,   no.  9,  p.  179. 

JENKINS,  W.  E. 

'84.  [Note  on  Loons  at  Northwood,  N.  H.]  Ornithologist 
and  Oologist,  vol.  9,  no.  2,  p.  23. 

JOHNSON,  J.  H. 

'92.  Bird  notes  from  central  New  Hampshire,  winter  of  1891- 
92.     Ornithologist  and  Oologist,  vol.  17,  no.  5,  p.  72. 

JOSSELYN,  JOHN. 

1672.  New  England's  rarities  discovered,  in  birds,  beasts, 
fishes,  serpents,  and  plants  of  that  country.     London. 

KNIGHT,  ORA  W. 

'97.  A  list  of  the  birds  of  Maine,  etc.  Bull.  no.  3,  dep't  of 
natural  history,  Univ.  of  Maine  ;  184  pp. 

L  ITT  LI-;.   WILLI  AJVI. 

'70.  The  History  of  Warren,  *  i  *  New  Hampshire.  Man- 
chester. 

MACLEOD,  ALBERTA  A. 

:  00.  Warblers.  Nature  Study  (Manchester),  vol.  1,  no.  7, 
p.  97-102. 

MAYNARD,  C.  J. 

'72.     A  catalogue  of  the   birds  of  Coos  Co.,  N.  H.,  and  Ox- 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  201 

ford  Co.,  Me.,  etc.    Proe.  Boston  soc.  nat.  hist.,  vol. 
14,  P-  357-385- 

MKLZER,  JAS.  P. 

'90.  [Evening  Grosbeak]  In  New  Hampshire.  Ornitholo- 
gist and  Oologist,  vol.  15,  no.  2,  p.  28. 

'91.  The  Black  Gyrfalcon  in  Vermont  [N.  H.].  Ornitholo- 
gist and  Oologist,  vol.  16,  no.  5,  p.  79. 

'97.  Little  Blue  Heron  in  New  Hampshire.  Auk,  vol.  14, 
no.  3,  p.  316. 

MERRIAM,  C.  H. 

'98.  Life  zones  and  crop  zones  of  the  United  States.  Bull, 
no.  10,  U.  S.  dep't  agriculture,  division  of  biologi- 
cal survey,  p.  1-79  ;  map. 

MERRILL,  HARRY. 

'82.  Maine  notes.  Bull.  Nuttall  orn.  club,  vol.  7,  no.  3,  p. 
190. 

MILLER,  G.  S.,  JR. 

'91.     Further  Cape  Cod  notes.  Auk,  vol.  8,  no.  1,  p.  117. 

MINOT,  H.  D. 

'76.     The    summer   birds   of   the    White    Mountain   region. 

Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  10,  no.  2,  p.  75-80. 
'77.     The  land  and  game  birds  of  New  England. 

MORRIS,  R.  O. 

:  01 .    The  birds  of  Springfield  and  vicinity.  Springfield,  Mass. 

MURDOCH,  JOHN. 

'78.  Report  of  the  second  capture  of  the  Orange-crowned 
Warbler  (Helmintkophaga  eclat  a)  in  New  Hamp- 
shire.  Bull.  Nuttall  orn.  club,  vol.  3,  no.  2,  p.  96. 

NASH,  J.  W. 

'88.  Winter  Notes.  Ornithologist  and  Oologist,  vol.  13,  110. 
7,  p.  104-105. 

NORTON,  NED. 

'83.     Owls— Pine  Grosbeaks.   Forest  and  Stream,  vol.  20,  p. 

26. 
'84a.    [Hawk  Owl  at  Colebroofc,  N.  H.]     Forest  and  Stream. 

vol.  22,  p.  247. 
'84b.   [Hawk  Owls  at  Colebrook,  N.  H.]     Forest  and  Stream, 

vol.  23,  no    19,  p.  368. 


202  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

"N.  U."    [Ned  Norton?]. 

'83.     The    Pine    Grosbeak's   summer   home.        Forest     and 
Stream,  vol.  20,  p.  364. 

NUTTALL,  THOMAS. 

'32-'34.     A  Manual  of  the  Ornithology  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada.     2  vols.     Cambridge. 

OLIVER,  D.  L. 

:o2.    The  Catbird  wintering   at   Concord,  N.  H.     Ank,  vol. 

19,  no.  2,  p.  208-209. 
OSGOOD,  F.  B. 

'91.     Shore  bird  shooting  on  the  New  England  coast.      XII. 

Shooting  and  Fishing,  vol.  9,  no.  21,  p.  9-10. 

ORNITHOLOGIST  AND  OOLOGIST,  ED. 

'82.      [Bald  Eagle  at  Portsmouth.]     Vol.  7,  no.  13,  p.  100. 

PALMER,  CHARLES. 

'71.      Ornithological    notes.     Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  5,  no.  2, 
p.  120. 

"P.  C." 

'89.     New    Hampshire    bird    arrivals.       Forest  and  Stream, 
vol.  32,  p.  275. 

PEABODY,  WM.  B.  O. 

'41.      A  report  on  the  ornithology  of  Massachusetts.      Boston 
journ.  nat.  hist.,  vol.  3,  nos.  1.  2. 

"  PINFKATHER  ORNITHOLOGIST." 

:oi.    Three  Rare  Birds.     Nature  Study    (Manchester),   vol. 

2,  no.  2,  p.  33-34. 
:02.     Snyder.    Nature  Study  (  Manchester),  vol.  2,  no.  10,  p. 

170-174. 

PRIME,  W.  C. 

'89.     The  Northern  Phalarope   (Phalaropus   lobatus)   in   the 

Franconia  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.       Auk,  vol. 
6,  no.  1,  p.  68. 

PURDIE,  H.  A. 

'73.     Notes  on   some   of    the    rarer   birds    of   New    England. 

Amer.  Naturalist,  vol.  7,  no.   11,  p.  692-693. 
RUNDLETT,  L.  J. 

'97.     A  Snowy  Owl  in  an  ice-house.    Osprey,  vol.  2,  no.  1,  p. 

12. 


OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES.  2O3 

'-  SAMOURAI." 

'76.  [Gunner's  notes  from  Rye  Beach.]  Forest  and  Stream, 
vol.  7,  p.  102. 

SAMUELS,  E.  A. 

'67.     Ornithology  and  Oology  of  New  England.    Boston  ,  ill. 

SANBORN,  EDWARD  D. 

'75.     History  of  New  Hampshire.    Manchester. 

SHAW,  S.  ALBERT. 

'85.     Bittern  [at  Hampton,  N.  H.]     Ornithologist  and  Oolo- 

gist,  vol.  10,  no.  2,  p.  30. 
'87.     Nesting  of  the  Virginia  Rail  in  New  Hampshire.    Orni- 
thologist and  Oologist,  vol.  12,  no.  8,  p.  131. 

SPAULDING,  F.  B. 

'86.  [Wintering  of  Robins  at  Lancaster,  N.  H.]  Ornithol- 
ogist and  Oologist,  vol.  11,  no.  5,  p.  80. 

'87.  Nesting  of  the  Yellow-bellied  Sapsucker  in  New  Hamp- 
shire.   Ornithologist  and  Oologist,  vol.  12,    no.  8,  p. 

133- 

'93.  Nesting  of  the  Saw-whet  Owl.  Ornithologist  and  Oolo- 
gist, vol.  18,  no.  8,  p.  112-113. 

'94.  Nesting  of  Wilson's  Black-capped  Warbler.  The  Nid- 
iologist,  vol.  2,  no.  1,  p.  13. 

'95.  The  Cowbird  wintering  in  New  Hampshire.  Auk,  vol. 
12,  no.  2,  p.  182. 

'98a.  Leach's  Petrel  at  Lancaster,  N.  H.  Auk,  vol.  15,  no. 
1,  p.  50. 

'98b.  [Set  of  five  eggs  of  Spotted  Sandpiper  at  Lancaster,  N. 
H.]     Osprey,  vol.  3,  no.  3,  p.  45. 

SPELMAN,  H.  M. 

'81a.  The  Great  Carolina  Wren.  {Tkryothorus  ludovicianus) 

in  New  Hampshire.     Bull.  Nuttall  orn.  club,  vol.  6, 

no.  1,  p.  54. 
'81b.     Occurrence  of  Baird's  Sandpiper  {Tri?iga  bairdii)  on 

the  New  Hampshire  coast.     Bull.  Nuttall  orn.  club, 

vol.  6,  no.  1,  p.  61. 
'82.     The    Short-billed    Marsh    Wren    in    New   Hampshire. 

Bull.  Nuttall  orn.  club,  vol.  7,  no.  2,  p.  118. 

SPINNEY,.  H.  L. 

'98.  Migration  of  birds  at  Seguin  Lighthouse.  The  Museum 
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204  PROCEEDINGS  MANCHESTER  INSTITUTE 

THAXTER,  CELIA. 

'70.  Among  the  Isles  of  Shoals.  III.  Atlantic  monthly, 
vol.  25,  Feb.,  p.  204-213. 

THAYER,  G.  H. 

:02.  Some  southern  New  Hampshire  and  western  Massachu- 
setts notes.     Auk,  vol.  19,  no.  3,  p.  294-297. 

TORRE V,  BRADFORD. 

'84.     Bird-gazing  in  the  White  Mountains.     Atlantic  month- 
ly, vol.  54,  July,  p.  51-59- 
'89.     The  Killdeer  Plover  (.■Eoialifis  vocifera) wintering  on 

the  New  England  coast.     Auk,  vol.  6,  no.  5,  p.  274. 
'90.     June  in  Frauconia.     Atlantic  monthly,  vol.   66,  Aug., 

p.  248-258. 
'96.     Some  Tennessee  bird  notes.     Atlantic  monthly,  vol.  77, 

Feb.,  p.  198-207. 
'97.      A  Carolina  mountain  pond.      Atlantic  monthly,  vol.  80, 

Sept.,  p.  383-393. 
:  00.     May  in  Franconia.     Atlantic  monthly,  vol.   85,   May, 

p.  628-639. 
:oi.     Franconia  Skylarks.     Boston  evening  transcript,  Wed., 

June  12,  1901. 

WEBSTER,  ELLEN  E. 

:  00a.  White-winged  Crossbills  and  Brunnich's  Murres  in  cen- 
tral New  Hampshire.     Auk,  vol.  17,  no.  2,  p.  175-176. 

:  00b.  Ring-billed  Gull  in  New  Hampshire.  Auk,  vol.  17, 
no.  2,  p.  169. 

WEED,  CM. 

'98.  The  feeding  habits  of  the  Chipping  Sparrow.  Bull.  55, 
N.  H.  college  exp.  station,  p.  101-110,  fig.  1. 

"  W.  II .  B." 

'96.  [Snipe  wintering  at  Nashua,  N.  II.]  Forest  and 
.Stream,  vol.  46,  p.  258. 

WORTHEX,  T.  W.  D. 
'91.     A  list  of  vertebrates  found  within  Unity  miles  of  Hano- 
ver, N.  H.     Hanover,  p.  1-29,  map. 

WRIGHT,  H.  W. 

:02.  Birds  of  Jefferson,  N.  H.,  and  the  northern  slope  of  the 
Presidential  range,  etc.  Among  the  clouds,  vol.  26, 
no.  45,  p.  4. 


INDEX. 


(  The  numbers  in  italics  refer  to  the  annotated  list.  ) 


abieticola,    Ceophloeus    p.,    27,    44, 

"  h 
Acadian  Sharp-tailed  Sparrow,  /.//. 
acadica,  Nyctala,  47,  106. 
Acanthis  h.  exilipes,  igi. 
Acanthis  linaria,  1 36. 
Acanthis  1.  rostrata,  136. 
acaule,  Cypripedium,  45. 
Accipiter  atricapillns*,  47,  97. 
Accipiter  cooperii,  27,  97. 
Accipiter  velox,  97. 
accipitrinus,  Asio,  104. 
Actitis  macularia,  29,  99. 
acuta,  Anas,  28. 
acuta,  Dafila,  28,  189. 
aedon,  Troglodytes,  32,  4i,  173. 
^Egialitis  meloda,  190. 
JSgialitis  semipalmata,  30,  9/ . 
^Egialitis  vocifera,  29,  9/,  192. 
aeneus,  Ouiscalus  q.,  27,  41,  131. 
aestiva,  Uendroica,  42,  54,759. 
^Estrelata  hasitata,  69. 
affiuis,  Aythya,  77. 
Agelaius    phceuiceus,   27,  39,  40,  54, 

T29. 
agilis,  Geothl)'pis,  168. 
Aix  sponsa,  28,  73. 
Alauda  alpestris,  31. 
Alauda  magna,  31. 
alba,  Ardea,  29. 
alba,  Quercus,  41. 
albeola.  Anas,  28. 
albeola,  Charitouetta,  28,  77. 
albibarbis,  Sorex,  47. 
albicollis,  Zonotrichia,  40,  47,  49,  51, 

Alca  artica,  29. 
Alca  impennis,  29. 
Alca  torda,  33,  188. 
Alcedo  alcyon,  27. 
alcyon,  Alcedo,  27. 


alcyon,  Ceryle,  27,  no. 

Alder  Flycatcher,  121 . 

aliciae,  Hylocichla,  as'/. 

Alle  alle,  63. 

alle,  Alle,  63. 

aluorum,  Empidonax  t.,  121 . 

alpestris,  Alauda,  31. 

alpestris,  Otocoris,  31,  122. 

Alpine  Azalea,  52. 

aluco,  Strix,  27. 

American  Bittern,  79. 

American  Brown  Creeper,  44,  173. 

American  Coot,  S/. 

American  Crossbill,  134. 

American  Crow,  127. 

American  Egret,  81,  189. 

American  Eider,  75. 

American  Golden-eye,  56,  77. 

American  Golden  Plover,  91 . 

American  Goldfinch,  52,  136. 

American  Goshawk,  47,  97. 

American  Hawk  Owl,  108,  193. 

American  Long-eared  Owl,  104. 

American  Merganser,  70. 

American  Osprey,  104. 

American  Pipit,  171. 

American  Redstart,  171. 

American  Robin,  52,  54,   183, 

American  Rough-legged  Hawk,  99. 

American  Scaup  Duck,  73. 

American  Scoter,  73. 

American  Sparrow  Hawk,  103. 

American    Three-toed  Woodpecker, 

47.  Hi. 
American  White  Pelican,  70. 
American  Widgeon,  72. 
American  Woodcock,  S3. 
americana,  Aythya,  189. 
americana,  Certhia  f.,  27,  44,  173. 
americana,  Clangula  c,  28,  74. 
americana,  Fulica,  84. 
americana,  Mareca,  28,  72. 


205 


206 


INDEX. 


americana,  Mustela,  47,  52. 
americana,  Oidemia,  75. 
ainericanus,  Bufo,  46. 
americanus,  Caprimulgus,  33. 
arnericanus,  Coccyzus,  109,  J93. 
americanus,  Corvus,  27,  127. 
americanus,  Cuculus,  27. 
americanus,  Merganser,  29,  70. 
americanus,  Parus,  32. 
americanus,  Picoides,  47,  112. 
americanus,  Tympanuchus,  1S7. 
americanus,  Prsus,  47. 
Amniodramus  caudacutus,  /  /<>. 
Ammodramus  c.  subvirgatus,  /.//. 
Ainmodramus  henslowii,  42,  139. 
Ammodramus  maritimus,  141 . 
Ammodramus  priuceps,  138,  191 '. 
Ammodramus  s.  savanna,  39,  43,  52, 

139- 
Ammodramus  s.  passer inus,  41,  /jg. 
Ampelis  cedrorum,  31,  /jo. 
Ampelis  garrulus,  31,  130. 
Anas  acuta,  28. 
Anas  albeola,  28. 
Anas  arborea,  28. 
Anas  bernicla,  28. 
Anas  boschas,  7/. 
Anas  bucephala,  28. 
Anas  caerulescens,  28. 
Anas  canadensis,  28. 
Anas  clangula,  28. 
Anas  cygnus,  27. 
Anas  discors,  28. 
Anas  erytbropus,  28. 
Anas  fusca,  28, 
Anas  histrionica,  28. 
Anas  hyemalis,  33. 
Anas  mollissima,  28. 
Anas  nigra,  28. 
Anas  obscura,  28,  72. 
Anas  o.  rubripes,  72. 

Anas  penelope,  28. 

Anas  Bpectabilis,  28. 

Anas  sponsa,  2S. 

Anas  strcpcra,  28. 

anatum,  Falco  p.,  102. 

Anthus  pensilvanicus,  /■//. 

antillarum,  Sterna,  29,  188. 

Antrostomus  voci  ferns,  33,  40,  116. 

Aphides,  51. 

apricarius,  Charadrius,  30. 

Aquila  chrysaetos,  100. 

arborea,  Anas,  28. 

Archibuteo  1,  sancti-johannis,  99. 

Arctic-Alpine  Zone,  49. 


Arctic    Three-toed  Woodpecker,   47, 

arctica,  Fratercula,  63. 
arcticus,  Picoides,  47,  ///. 
Arctomys  monax,  52. 
Afdea  alba,  29. 
Ardea  cierulea,  29,  81. 
Ardea  canadensis,  29. 
Ardea  ciconia,  29. 
Ardea  egretta,  29,  S/,  /S9. 
Ardea  berodias,  29,  79. 
Ardea  vircscelis,  29,  41,  S/. 
Ardetta  exilis,  79,  192. 
arenaria,  Calidris,  29,  Sy . 
Arenaria  groenlandica,  52. 
Arenaria  interpres,  190. 
arenaria,  Tringa,  29. 

argentatus,  Larus,  29,  66. 
artica,  Alca,  29. 
Asio  accipitrinus,  104. 
asio,  Megascops,  27,  40,  106. 
Asio  wilsoniauus,  T04. 
Astragalinus  tristis,  32,  136. 
ater,  Molotbrus,  41,  128. 
atricapillus,  Accipiter,  47,  97. 
atricapillus,  Parus,  32,  43,  777. 
Auk,  Great,  65. 
Auk,  Razor-billed,  r88. 
aura,  Carthartes,  96. 
auratus,  Picus,  27. 
auritus,  Colymbus,  62. 
aurocapillus,  Seiurus,  168. 
autumnalis,  Plegadis,  jS. 
Aytbya  afiinis,  77. 
Aytbya  collaris,  7/,  iq2. 
Aytbya  uiarila,  73. 
A/.alea,  Alpine,  52. 

bairdii,  Tringa,  86. 
I'.ai nl's  Sandpiper,  S6. 

Hald.Ivagle,  26,  27,  /<)/. 

Baltimore   Oriole,  39,  40,  54,  56,  130. 

baltimore,  (3riolus,  27. 

Hank  Swallow,  32,  149. 

Barn  Owl,  27. 

Barn  Swallow,  32,  //S. 

Barred  ( >wl,  /03. 

Barren-ground  .Butterfly,  52. 

Barrow's  ( '.olden-eye,  r8p. 

Bartramia  longicauda,  41,  89. 

Bartramian  Sandpiper,  41,  89. 

bassana,  Sula,  29,  69. 

Bay-breasted  Warbler,  45,  57,  162. 

Beach-bird,  29. 


ENDEX. 


207 


Hear,  Black,  47. 

bellii,  Vireo,  136. 

Bell's  Vireo,  136. 

Belted  Kingfisher,  1 10. 

bernicla,  Anas,  28. 

bernicla,  Branta,  28,  77. 

bewickii,  Thryomanes,  173. 

Bewick's  Wren,  775. 

bicknelli,  Hylocichla  a.,  47,  49,  181. 

Bicknell's  Thrush,  47,  49,  1S1 . 

bicolor,  Parus,  26,  32. 

bicolor,  Tachycineta,  779. 

bigelovii,  Carex  r.,  52. 

Bird  Hawk,  27. 

Bittern,  American,  79. 

Bittern,  Least,  79,  rg2. 

Black  and  White  Warbler,  136. 

Black  Bear,  47. 

Black-bellied  Plover,  gi. 

Black-billed  Cuckoo,  no. 

Blackbird,  Crow,  27. 

Blackbird,  Red-winged,  27,  39,  40,  54, 

I2g . 
Blackbird,  Rusty,  47,  131. 
Black- breasted  Plover,  29. 
blackburnke,  Dendroica,  44,  45,  163. 
Blackburnian  Warbler,  44,  45,  765. 
Black-capped  Petrel,  6g. 
Black-crowned  Night  Heron,  Si. 
Black  Duck,  28,  72. 
Black  Goose,  28. 
Black  Guillemot,  63. 
Black  Gyrfalcon,  102. 
Black  Martin,  32. 
Black-necked  Stilt,  /90. 
Black-poll  Warbler,  47,  49,  57,  163. 
Black  Tern,  68. 
Black-throated  Blue  Warbler,  40,  44, 

45,  160. 
Black-throated     Green  Warbler,    43, 

r65. 
blanda,  Viola,  46. 
Bluebird,  32,  41,  1S6. 
Blue  Goose,  77. 
Blue-gray  Gnatcatcher,  'jg. 
Blue  Grosbeak,  7/6. 
Blue-headed  Vireo,  43,  44,  45,  755. 
Blue  Heron,  29. 
Blue  Jay,  27,  12 }. 
Blue  Titmouse,  32. 
Blue-winged  Teal,  28,  73. 
Bluish  Goose,  28. 
Boblincoln,  32. 
Bobolink,  39,  54,  56,  T28. 
Bob-white,  41,  g2. 


Bohemian  Waxwing,  /30. 

Bonaparte's  Gull,  56,  67. 

Bonasa  u.  togata,  30,  40,  49,  93. 

borealis,  Buteo,  gS. 

borealis,  Contopus,  43,  44,  120. 

borealis,  I.anius,  27,  131. 

borealis,  Xumeiiius,  29. 

boi  ealis,  ( idocoileus  v.,  47. 

boschas,  Anas,  77. 

Botaurus  lentiginosus,  79. 

Box  Tortoise,  43. 

brachidactyla,  Geothlypis  t.,  170. 

Brant,  28,  77. 

Branta  bernicla,  28,  77. 

Branta  canadensis,  28,  77. 

Brent,  28. 

Brerithis  montinus,  49. 

Broad-winged  Hawk,  gg. 

Bronzed  Grackle,  42,  131 . 

Brown  Coot,  28. 

Brown  Creeper,  775. 

Brown  Eagle,  27. 

Brown  Flycatcher,  26,  32. 

Brown  Thrasher,  39,  41,  172. 

Brunnich's  Murre,  57,  63. 

bubo,  Strix,  33. 

Bubo  virginianus,  33,  707. 

buccinator,  Olor,  78. 

bucephala,  Anas,  28. 

Buff-breasted  Sandpiper,  go,  ig2. 

Buffle-head,  7./. 

Bufo  americanus,  46. 

Bunting,  Indigo,  39,-41,  777. 

Buteo  borealis,  gS. 

Buteo  lineatus,  gS. 

Buteo  platypterus,  gg. 

Butterfly,  Barren-ground,  52. 

c 

cserulea,  Ardea,  29,  <SV. 
caerulea,  Giriraca,  146. 
cserulea,  Polioptila,  779. 
caerulescens,  Anas,  28. 
caerulescens,  Chen,  28,  77. 
caerulescens,   Dendroica,  40,  44,   160. 
Calcarius  lapponicus,  79/. 
calendula,  Regulus,  54,  779. 
Calidris  arenaria,  29,  87. 
canace,  Canachites  c,  30,  45,  47,  49, 

g2. 
Canachites  c.   canace,   30,   45,   47,  49, 

92. 
Canada  Goose,  77. 

Canada  Jay,  47,   /.?■,",   /QJ. 
Canada  Lynx,  47. 


208 


INDEX. 


Canada  Porcupine,  47,  52. 

Canada  While-footed  Mouse,  47. 
canadensis.  Anas,  28. 
canadensis,  Ardea,  29. 
canadensis,  Branta,  28,  77. 
canadensis,  I.anius,  27. 
canadensis,  Lynx,  47. 
canadensis,  Muscicapa,  32. 
canadensis,    Perisoreus,   47,   123,  193. 
canadensis,  Peromyscus,  47. 
canadensis,  Sitta,  27,  44,  47,  776. 
canadensis,  Wilsonia,  44,  171 . 
Canadian  Pine  Grosbeak,  47,  48,  59, 

'33- 
Canadian  Red  Squirrel,  47. 
Canadian  Ruffed  Grouse,  40,  49,  93. 
Canadian  Spruce  Grouse,  45,  47,  49, 

Canadian  "\\  arbler,  44,  ///. 
Canadian  Zone,  44. 
canus,  Larus,  29. 
canutus,  Tringa,  190. 
caparoch,  vSurnia  u.,  108,  193. 
Cape  May  Warbler,  47,  57,  139. 
Caprimulgus  ameri canus,  33. 
Capri mulgus  europaeus,  33. 
carbo,  Phalacrocorax,  69. 
Carex  r.  bigelovii,  52. 
caribou,  Rangifer,  48. 
Caribou,  Woodland,  48. 
Carolina,  Cistudo,  43. 
Carolina,  Porzana,  30,  83. 
Carolina  Woodpecker,  26,  27. 
Carolina  Wren,  38,  172. 
carolinensis,  Columba,  31. 
carolinensis,  Galeoscoptes,  32,  39,  41, 

172. 
carolinensis,  Muscicopa,  32. 
carolinensis,  Nettion,  2<S,  72. 
carolinensis,  Pandion  h.,  33,  //>/. 
carolinensis,  Silta,  41,  176. 
carolinus,  Picus,  26,  27. 
carolinus,  Rallus,  30. 
carolinus,  Scolecophagus,  47,  131. 
Carpodacus  purpureus,  43,  13  /. 
Carthartes  aura,  96. 
Carya,  42. 
caspia,  Sterna,  /88. 
Caspian  Tern,  /88. 
cassanus,  Pelecanus,  29. 
Cassiope  hypnoides,  52. 
Castanea,  42. 

castanea,  Dendroica,  162. 

castor,  Mergus,  29. 
Catbird,  32,  ;•,<>.  41,  56,  /J2. 


caudacutus,  Ammodramus,  1/0. 

Cedar  Waxwing,   rjO. 

cedrorum,  Ampelis,  31,  130. 

celata,  Helminthophila,  757. 

Ceophlceus  p.  abieticola,  27,44,  ''/■ 

Cepphus  grylle,  63. 

Certhia  f.  americana,  27,  44,  173. 

Certhia  pinus,  27. 

Ceryle  alcyon,  27,  1 10. 

Chaetura  pelagica,  32,  7/7. 

Charadrius  apricarius,  30. 

Charadrius  dominicus,  9/. 

Charadrius  hiaticula,  29. 

Charadrius  maculatus,  26,  30. 

Charadrius  vociferous,  29. 

Charitonetta  albeola,  28,  7^. 

Chat,  Yellow-breasted,  170. 

Chaulelasnius  streperus,  /.s'y. 

Cheeweeh,  32. 

Chelopus  guttatus,  43. 

Chen  cairulescens,  28,  77. 

Chen  hyperborea,  28,  77. 

Cherry  bird,  31. 

Chestnut,  42. 

Chestnut-sided  Warbler,  39,  162. 

Chickadee,  43,  177. 

Chickadee,  Hudsonian,  47,  49,  777. 

Chimney  Swallow,  32. 

Chimney  Swift,  777. 

Chionobas  semidea,  52. 

Chipping  bird,  32. 

Chipping  Sparrow,  41,  142. 

Chordeiks  virginian us,  33,  40,  1 16. 

chrotorrhinus,  Microtus,  47. 

chrysaetos,  Aquila,  /oo. 

Chrysemys  picta,  43. 

chrysoptera,  I  [elminthophila,  42,  757, 

'93- 
cicognani,  Putorius,  52. 
ciconia,  Ardea,  29. 
cinerea,  Scotiaptex,  rojf. 
Circus  hudsomcus,  96. 
Cistothorus  stellaris,  17  /. 
Cistudo  Carolina ,  [3. 
clangula,  Anas,  28. 
Clangula  C.  americana,   28,  7 /. 
Clangula  islandica,  r8g. 
Clapper  Rail,  189. 
Cliff  vS wallow,  /./S. 
C  limbing  Pern,  42. 
clypeata,  Spatula,  73,  192. 
Coccothraustes  vespertmus,  132,  193. 
Coccyzus  americanus,  109,  193. 
Coccyzus  erythrophthalmus,  27,  no. 
Colaptes  a.  luteus,  27,  113. 


INDICX. 


209 


colchicus.  Phasianus,  1S7. 
Colinus  virginianus,  30,  41,  92. 
collaris,  Aythya,  7 /,  /<>j. 
colubris,  Trocbilus,  27,  //S. 
Coluinba  carolinensis,  31. 
Columba  migratoria,  31. 
columbarius,  Falco,  27,  roj. 
columbianus,  Olor,  27,  77,  ig2. 
Colymbus  auritus,  62. 
Colymbus  glacialis,  33. 
Colymbus  holbcellii,  62. 
Colymbus  immer,  29. 
Colymbus  podiceps,  33. 
Common  Tern,  67. 
Common  Wren,  32. 
Compsothlypis  a.  usneae,  158. 
Connecticut  Warbler,  168. 
Contopus  borealis,  43,  44,  120. 
Contopus  virens,  120. 
cooperii,  Accipiter,  27,  gj. 
Cooper's  Hawk,  97. 
Coot,  American,  S/. 
Coot,  Brown,  28. 
Coot,  Whitehead;  28. 
corax,  Corvus,  27. 
Cormorant,  56. 

Cormorant,  Double-crested,  56,  6g. 
coronata,    Dendroica,   32,   45,  47,  49, 

160. 
Corvus  americanus,  27,  /2j. 
Corvus  corax,  27. 
Corvus  c.  principalis,  j?6. 
Corvus  cristatus,  27. 
Cotton-tail,  Eastern,  43. 
Cowbird,  41,  128. 
Crane,  29. 

Crane,  Sandhill,  82. 
Cream  colored  vSbeldrake,  29. 
Creeper,  27. 

Creeper,  Brown,  44,  775. 
crepitans,  Rallus,  /Sg. 
Crested  Flycatcber,  32,  40,  ug. 
Crested  Titmouse,  26,  32. 
Crested  Wren,  32. 
crinita,  Muscicapa,  32. 
crinitus,  Myiarcbus,  32,  40,  779. 
cristata,  Cyanocitta,  27,  12 /. 
cristatus,  Corvus,  27. 
Crossbill,  31. 

Crossbill,  American,  59,  7?./. 
Crossbill,  White-winged,   47,  49,  59, 

'35- 
Crow,  27. 

Crow,  American,  12J. 
Crow  Blackbird,  27. 


Crymophilus  fulicarius,  84. 
Cuckoo,  Black-billed,  no. 
Cuckoo,  Yellow-billed,  /og,  /qj. 
Cuckow,  27. 

Cuculus  americanus,  27. 
cucullatus,  Lopbod}^tes,  29,  7/. 
Curlew,  Grey,  29. 
Curlew,  Hudsonian,  go. 
Curlew,  Large  Speckled,  29. 
Curlew,  Long-billed,  go,  ig2. 
curvirostra,  Loxia,  31. 
cyanea,  Cyanospiza,  41,  7/7. 
Cyanocitta  cristata,  27,  12  /. 
Cyanospiza  cyanea,  41,  7/7. 
cygnus,  Anas,  27. 
Cypripedium  acaule,  45. 

I> 

Dafila  acuta,  iSg. 

Deer,  Nortliern  Virginia,  47. 

deglandi,  Oidemia,  j6. 

delawarensis,  Ivarus,  67,  188. 

delicata,  Gallinago,  S3. 

Dendroica  testiva,  42,  54,  759. 

Dendroica  blackburniae,  44,  45,   163. 

Dendroica  caerulescens,  40,  44,  760. 

Dendroica  castanea,  162. 

Dendroica  coronata,    32,    45,    47,    49, 
760. 

Dendroica  discolor,  42,  i6j. 

Dendroica  maculosa,  40,  44,  161. 

Dendroica  palmarum,  166. 
I  Dendroica  p.  hypochrysea,  166. 

Dendroica  pensylvanica,  39,  162, 

Dendroica  striata,  47,  49,  57,  163. 

Dendroica  tigrina,  47,  57,  /jg. 

Dendroica  vigorsii,  41,  166. 

Dendroica  virens,  43,  163. 

Diapensia  lapponica,  52. 

dilopbus,  Phalacrocorax,  56,  6g. 

Dipper,  28. 

discolor,  Dendroica,  42,  167. 

discors,  Anas,  28. 

discors,  Ouerquedula,  28,  73. 

Dobcbick,  33. 

Dolicbonyx  oryzivorus,  32,  39,  12S. 

domesticus,  Passer,  7^7. 

domiuicus,  Cbaradrius,  97. 

dorsatum,  Krethizon,  47,  52. 

Double-crested  Cormorant,  56,  69. 

dougalli,  Sterna,  67. 

Dove,  Mourning,  95. 

Dove,  Turtle,  30. 

Dovekie,  63. 

Dowitcber,  86. 


2IO 


[NDEX, 


Downy  Woodpecker,  5  |.  111. 

dresseri,  Somateria,  28,  75. 

Dryobates  p.  medianus,   27,  ///. 

Dryobates  villosus,  27.  43,  44-  47-  //"- 

Duck,  American  Scaup,  73. 

Duck,  Black.    28,  72. 

Duck,  Grey  Wood,  28. 

Duck,  Harlequin,  75,  ig2. 

Duck,  Lesser  Scaup,  7/. 

Duck,  Red-legged  I'. lack,  56,  72. 

Duck,  Ring-necked,  7/,  [92. 

Duck,  Ruddy,  76. 

Duck,  Sea,  28. 

Duck,  Sprig-tailed,  2S. 

Duck,  Wood,  2S.  73. 

Duck  Hawk,  102. 

E 

Bagle,  Bald,  26,  101. 
Eagle,  Brown,  27. 
Bagle,  Golden,  too. 
Eastern  Cotton-tail.  43. 
Eastern  Red-backed  Mouse,  52. 
Eastern  Varying  Hare,  47,  52. 
Ectopistes  migratorius,  31,  94. 
Egret,  .American,  81,  189. 
egretta,  Ardea,  29,  ,sv,  189. 
Eider,  American,  75. 
Eider,  King.  1S9. 
Elanoides  forlicatus,  96. 
Emberiza  hyemalis,  31. 
Emberiza  oryzivora,  32. 
Empidonax  flaviventris,  47,  121. 
Empidonax  minimus,  39,  40,  122. 
Empidonax  t.  alnorum,  121. 
English  Pheasant,  187. 
Epilobium,  48. 
Erethizon  dorsatum,  47,  32. 
Ereunetes  occidentalis,  /90. 
Ereunetes  pusillus,  29,  87. 
Erismatura  jamaicensis,  76. 
erythrocephalus,  Melanerpes,  27,  //■,-. 

'93- 
erythrocephalus,  Picus,  27. 
erythrogaster,  Hirundo,  32,  //.v. 
erythromelas,  Piranga,  32,  41,  ///. 
erythrophthalma,  Fringilla,  32. 
erythrophthalmus,  Coccyzus,  27,  //<>. 
erythrophthalmus,  Pipilo,  32,  146. 
erythropus,  Anas,  28. 
erythrorhynchos,  Pelecanus,  29,  ;<>. 
europaeus,  Caprimulgus,  33. 
Evening  Grosbeak,  1^2,  /<;,'. 
Evotomys  g.  ochraceus,  52. 
exilipes,  Acanthis  h.,  /<//. 


exilis,  Ardetta,  jg,  192. 

V 

Ealco  columbarius,  27,  103. 
Palco  fulvus,  27. 
Falco  haliaetus,  33. 
Ealco  hudsonius,  27. 
Falco  islandus,  102. 
Falco  leucocephalus,  26. 
Ealco  p.  anatum,  102. 
Ealco  r.  obsoletus,  102. 
Falco  sparverius,  27,  103. 
Falco  subbutco,  33.    . 
fedoa,  Dimosa.  87. 

fedoa,  Scolopax,  29. 

fera,  Meleagris  g.,  30,  41,  94. 

Fern,  Climbing,   \2. 
Field  Sparrow,  39.  41,  1/2. 
Finch,  Purple,  43,  56.  /,"/■ 
Fish  Hawk.  33. 
Fishing  Gull,  29. 
Haw.  Muscicapa,  32. 
flavifrons,  Vireo,  41,  y^-j. 
flavipes,  Totaflus,  88. 
flaviventris,  Empidonax,  47,  121. 
Flicker,  Northern,  //J. 
Florida  Galliuule,  190. 
Flycatcher,  Alder,  121. 
Flycatcher,  Brown,  26,  32. 
Flycatcher,  Crested,  32,  40,  1  ig. 
Flycatcher,  Feast,  39,  40,  122. 
Flycatcher,    Olive-sided,   43,    44,  45, 

120. 
Flycatcher,  Yellow-bellied,  47,  121. 
forlicatus,  Elanoides,  96. 
Fox  Sparrow,  145. 
Fratercula  arctica,  63. 
Fringilla  erythrophthalma,  32. 
Fringilla  grisea,  26,  32. 
Fringilla  tristis,  32. 
Fuli<  a  americana,  84. 
fulicaria,  Tringa,  29. 
fulicarius,  Crymophilus,  84. 
fuliginosa,  Sterna.  68. 
fulvus,  Palco,  27. 
lumens,  Sorex,  47. 
fusca,  Anas,  28. 
fusca,   Muscicapa,  26,  32. 
I'uscesceiis,  Ilylocichla,  /So. 

fusci  colli  s,  Tringa,  86. 
fuscus,  Larus,  29. 

a 

< '..id  wall,   T89. 

galbula,  Lct<  1  us,  27,  39,  i<>,  130. 


INDKX. 


gah  ata,  Gallinula,  tgo. 
Galeoscoptes  carolinensis,  32,  39,  41 

172. 
Gallinago  delicata,  85. 
Gallinula  galeata,  /go. 
Gallinule,  Florida,  tgo. 
Gallinule,  Purple,  tgo. 
gallopavo,  Meleagris,  30. 
Gannet,  29,  69. 
garrulus,  Ampelis,  31,  130. 
Gavia  imber,  29,  33,  43,  62. 
Gavia  lumme,  63. 
gteorgiana,  Melospiza,  43,  143. 
Geothlypis  agilis,  /6S. 
Geothlypis  Philadelphia,  40,  44,  /6g 
Geothlypis  t.  brachidactyla,  ij<>. 
Geuni,  Peck's,  52. 
Geum  r.  peckii,  52. 
gilvus,  Vireo,  134. 
glacialis,  Colymbus,  33. 
glacialis,  Podisma,  49. 
Glaucous  Gull,  66,  /02. 
glaucus,  Larus,  66,  192. 
Glossy  Ibis,  78. 
Gnatcatcher,  Blue-gray,  ijg. 
Godwit,  Hudsonian,  /go. 
God-wit,  Marbled,  87. 
Golden-crowned  Kinglet,  44,  47,  40, 

i78. 
Golden  Eagle,  too. 
Golden  Robin,  27. 
Golden-eye,  American,  56,  74. 
Golden-eye,  Barrow's,  iSg. 
Golden-winged  Warbler,  42,  157,  igj. 
Golden-winged  Woodpecker,  54. 
Gold  Finch,  27. 
Goldfinch,  American,  52,  /j6. 
Goose,  Black,  28. 
Goose,  Blue,  77. 
Goose,  Bluish,  28. 
Goose,  Canada,  77. 
Goose,  Lesser  Snow,  77. 
Goose,  Swan,  28. 
Goose,  White,  28. 
Goose,  Wild,  28. 
Goshawk,  American,  47,  97. 
Grackle,  Bronzed,  42,  /j/. 
Grackle,  Purple,  igi. 
Gracula  quiscula,  27. 
graculus,  Pelecanus,  29. 
gramineus,  Pooecetes,  39,  40,  ijS. 
Grape  Bird,  32. 
Grasshopper  Sparrow,  4r,  139. 
gravis,  Puffinus,  189. 
Gray  Squirrel,  43. 


Gray-cheeked  Thrush,  181. 

Great  Auk,  65. 

C.reat  Black-backed  Gull,  66. 

Great  Blue  I  [eron,  79. 

Great  Gray  Owl,  103. 

Great  Horned  Owl,  107. 

('.real  Red-crested  Woodpecker,  27. 

Greater  Redpoll,  36. 

Greater  Shearwater,  i8g. 

Greater  Yellow-legs,  88. 

Grebe,  Hplbcell's,  62. 

Grebe,  Horned,  56,  62. 

Grebe,  Pied-hilled,  62. 

Oreen  Heron,  51,  81. 

Greenland  Sandwort,  52. 

Green-winged  Teal,  28,  72. 

Grey  Curlew,  29. 

Grey  Gull,  29. 

Grey  Wood  Duck,  28. 

grisea,  Fringilla,  26,  32. 

griseus,  Macrorhamphus,  S6. 

groenlandica,  Arenaria,  52. 

Grosbeak,  Blue,  146. 

Grosbeak,  Canadian  Pine,  47,  48,  59, 

133- 

Grosbeak,  Evening,  132,  193. 
Grosbeak,  Rose -breasted,  /y<5. 
Grouse,  Canadian  Ruffed,  39,  49,  gj. 
Grouse,  Canadian  Spruce,  45,  47,  49, 

92. 
Growse,  30. 
Grus  rnexicana,  29,  S2. 
grylle,  Cepphus,  <5?. 
Guillemot,  Black,  63. 
Guiraca  c£erulea,  146. 
Gull,  Bonaparte's,  56,  67. 
Gull,  Fishing,  29. 
Gull,  Glaucous,  66,  ig2. 
Gull,  Great  Black-backed,  66. 
Gull,  Grey,  29. 
Gull,  Herring,  66. 
Gull,  Mackerel,    29. 
Gull,  Ring-billed,  67,  /SS. 
Gull,  White,  29. 
guttatus,  Chelopus,  43. 
gymnicus,  Sciurus  h.,  47. 
Gyr falcon,  Black,  102. 
Oyrfalcon,  White,  102. 

H 

haemastica,  Liniosa,  /go. 

Hairy  Woodpecker,  43,  44,  47,  1  /o. 

Haliseetus  leucocephalus,  26,  27,70/. 

haliaetus,  Falco,  33. 

Ilangbird,  27. 


212 


I  NDEX. 


Hangbird,  Little,  32. 

Hare,  Eastern  Varying,  47,  52. 

Harelda  hyemalis,  28,  33,  75. 

Harlequin  Duck,  75,  192. 

hasitata,  j3$strelata,  60. 

Hawk,  American  Rough-legged,  99. 

Hawk,  American  Sparrow,  103. 

Hawk,  Bird,  27. 

Hawk,  Broad-winged,  99. 

Hawk,  Cooper's,  97. 

Hawk,  Duck,  W2. 

Hawk,  Fish,  33. 

Hawk,  Hen,  27. 

Hawk,  Large  Iirown,  27. 

Hawk,   Marsh,  96. 

Hawk,  Pigeon,   27,  33,  T03. 

Hawk,  Red'shouldered,  g8. 

Hawk,  Red-tailed,  98. 

Hawk,  Sharp-shinned,  97. 

Hedgebird,  32. 

Helminthophila  celata,  ijj. 

Helminthophila  chrysoptera,  42,  757, 

193- 
Helminthophila  peregrina,  47,  158. 
Helminthophila  rubricapilla,  43,  47, 

49.  '57- 
Helmitherus  vermivorus,  756. 
Helodromas  solitarius,  29,  88. 
Hen  Hawk,  27. 
Hen,  Prairie,  fSj. 
Hell,  Water,  29. 

henslowii,  Ammodramus,  42,  tjg. 

Henslow's  Sparrow,  42,  139. 

Hermit  Thrush,  40,  43,   )s,  184. 

herodias,  Ardea,  29,  79. 

Heron,  Black-crowned  Night,  Si. 

Heron,  Blue,  29. 

Heron,  C.reat  Blue,  79. 

Heron,  Green,  41,  81. 

Heron,  Little  Blue,  Si. 

Heron,  White,  29. 

Herring  Gull,  66. 

hiaticula,  Charadrius,  29. 

Hickory,  42. 

liienidis,  Olbiorchilus,  44,47,  173. 

Himantopus  niexicanus,  rgo. 

hiniaiitopus,  Micropalama,  86,  192. 

hirundenaceus,  Picus,  27. 

Hirundo  erythrogaster,  32,  148. 

Hirundo  pelasgia,  32. 

Hirundo  purpurea,  32. 

Hirundo  riparia,  32. 

Hirundo  subis,  32. 

hirundo,  Sterna,  29,  67. 

histrionica,  Anas,  28. 


Histrionicus  histrionicus,  28,  75,  192. 

histrionicus,  Histrionicus,  28,  75,  192. 

Hoary  Redpoll,  191 . 

holbceilii,  Colymbus,  62. 

Holbcell's  Grebe,  62. 

Hooded  Merganser,  71. 

Horned  Grebe,  56,  62. 

Horned  Lark,  122. 

Horned  Owl,  33. 

House  Sparrow,  1S7. 

House  Wren,  41 ,  173. 

Hudsonian  Chickadee,  47,  49,  777. 

Hudsonian  Curlew,  90. 

Hudsonian  Oo  lwit,  iqo. 

Hudsonian  Zone,  48. 

hudsonicus,  Numenius,  29,  go. 

hudsonicus,  Parus,  47,  49,  177.  • 

hudsonius,  Circus,  96. 

hudsonius,  Falco,  27. 

Humility,  29. 

Hummingbird,  27. 

Hummingbird,    Ruby-throated,    118. 

Hydrochelidon  n.  surinamensis,  68. 

hyemalis,  Anas,  33. 

hyemalis,  Bmberiza,  31. 

hyemalis,  Harelda,  28,  33,  75. 

hyemalis,  Junco,  31,  4<>.  15.  47.  49.  5L 

143. 
Hylocichla  aliciae,  181. 
Hylocichla  a.  bicknelli,  47,  49,  1S1 . 
Hylocichla  fuscescens,  r8o. 
Hylocichla  g.  p  illasii,  40,  43,  45,  /S/. 
Hylocichla  mustelina,  39,  40,  179. 
Hylocichla  u.  swainsonii,  44,  47,  183. 
hyperborea,  Chen,  28,  77. 
hypnoides,  Cassiope,  52. 
hypochrysea,  Dendroica  p.,  167. 


I  Ins,  Glossy,  78. 
[cteria  virens,  170. 
icterocephala,  Motacilla,  32. 
Icterus  galbula,  27,  39,  40,  130. 
icterus,  (  )riolus,  27. 
Icterus  spurius,  38,  /<->/. 
iliaca,  Passerella,  /  //;. 
iniber,  Gavia,  29,  33,  43,  62. 
immer,  Colymbus,  29. 
impennis,  Alca,  29. 
impennis,  Plautus,  29,  65. 
Indigo  Bunting,  39,  40,  147. 
insignis,  Napaeozapus,  47. 
interpres,  Arenaria,  rg8. 
interpres,  Tringa,  29. 
Ionornis  111  artinica,  rgo. 


INDKX. 


213 


Ipswich  Sparrow,  rj8,  rgi. 
islandica,  Clangula,  189. 
islandus,  Ealco,  T02. 

J 

Jaeger,  Parasitic,  66. 
jamaicensis,  Erismatura,  76. 

Jay,   111  ue,  27,   U /. 

Jay,  Canada,  47,  7^5,  /qj. 

Junco  hyemalis,  31,  40,  45,  47,  49,  51 

.  '43- 
Junco,   Slate-colored,  40,  45,  47,  49 

51.  143- 

K 

Kalmia  latifolia,  42. 

Kildee,  29. 

Killdeer,  9/,  ig2. 

Kingbird,  27,  39,  40,  ug. 

King  Eider,  189. 

Kingfisher,  27,  54. 

Kingfisher,  Belted,  no. 

Kinglet,  Golden-crowned,  44,  47,  49, 

,7S. 
Kinglet,  Ruby-crowned,  ijg. 
Kite,  Swallow-tailed,  g6. 
Kittiwake,  66. 
Knot,  1  go. 

L 

Lady's  Slipper,  45. 

Lanius  borealis,  27,  75/. 

Lanius  canadensis,  27. 

I.anius  ludovicianus,  41,  /j/. 

Lanius  tyr. minis,  27. 

Lapland  Longspur,  /gi . 

lapponica,  Diapensia,  52, 

lapponica,  Scolopax,  29. 

lapponicum,  Rhododendron,  52. 

lapponicus,  Calcarius,  igr. 

Large  Brown  Hawk,  27. 

Large  Speckled  Curlew,  29. 

Large  Spotted  Loon,  ^. 

Large  Spotted  Plover,  26,  30. 

Lark,  Horned,  122. 

Lark,  Marsh,  31. 

Lark,  Prairie  Horned,  T2J. 

Lark,  Sky,  31. 

Larus  argentatus,  29,  66. 

Larns  canus,  29. 

Larus  delawarensis,  67,  188, 

Larns  fnsens,  29. 

Larus  glaucus,  66,  rg2. 

Larns  niarinns,  66. 

Larns  Philadelphia,  6j. 


47-  '33- 


/go. 


Larns  ridibundus,  29, 

latifolia,  Kalmia,  42. 

Laurel,  .Mountain,  42. 

Leach's  Petrel,  6g. 

Least  Bittern,  79,  ig2. 

Least  Flycatcher,  39,  40,  122. 

Least  Sandpiper,  56,  Sj. 

Least  'Pern,  t88. 

lentiginosis,  Botaurus,  jg. 

Lepus  a.  virginianns,  47,  52. 

Lepus  f.  transitionalis,  43. 

Lesser  Scaup  Duck,  77. 

Lesser  Snow  Goose,  JJ. 

leucocephalns,  P'alco,  26. 

leucocephalns,  Haliseetus,  26,  27,  101 . 

leucophrys,  Zonotrichia,  /.//. 

leucoptera,  Loxia,  47,  49,  /j^. 

leucorhoa,  Oceanodroma,  33,  6g. 

leucotis,  Sciurns  c,  43. 

leucura,  Pinicola  e. 

Life  Zones,  38. 

Limosa  fedoa,  Sj. 

Limosa  haemastica, 

linaria,  Acanthis,  /j<5. 

lincolnii,  Melospiza,  /,//. 

Lincoln's  Sparrow,  /././. 

lineatus,  Buteo,  gS. 

Linnet,  Red,  32. 

Little  Blue  Heron,  cS7. 

Little  Brown  Weasel,  52. 

Little  Hangbird,  32. 

lobatus,  Phalaropus,  Sj. 

Loggerhead  Shrike,  41,  151. 

Loiseleuria  procumbens,  52. 

lomvia,  L^ria,  33,  6j. 

Long-billed  Curlew,  go,  192. 

longicauda,  Bartramia,  41,  Sg. 

longirostris,  Numenius,  go,  ig2. 

Longspur,  Lapland,  igr. 

Loon,  29,  43,  62. 

Loon,  Large  Spotted,  33. 

Loon,  Red-throated,  56,  63. 

Lophodytes  cucullatus,  29,  7/. 

Lord  and  Lady,  28. 

Louisiana  Water-Thrush,  /6S. 

Loxia  curvirostra,  31. 

Loxia  c.  minor,  31,  /jy. 

Loxia  leucoptera,  47,  49,  /jj. 

ludoviciana,  Zamelodia,  ij6. 

ludovicianus,  Lanius,  41,  rjf. 

ludovicianus,    Thryothorus,   38,   rj2. 

lnnmic,  Gavia,  63. 

lunifrons,  Petrochelidon,  /./S. 

luteus,  Colaptes  a.,  27,  //■,-. 

Lygodium  palmatum,  42. 


2I4 


INDKX. 


Lynx,  Canada,  47. 
Lynx  canadensis,  47. 
lysteri,  Tamias  s.,  52. 

IVI 

Mackerel  Gull,  29. 
Macrorhamphus  griseus,  86. 
macroura,  Zenaidura,  95. 

macularia,  Actitis,  29,  go. 

maculata,  Tringa,  29,  86. 

maculatus,  Charadrius,  26,  30. 

maculosa,  Dendroica,  40,  43,  45,  161 

maculosus,  Picus,  26,  27. 

magna,  Alauda,  31. 

magna,  Sturnella,  31,  39,  /jo. 

Magnolia  Warbler,  40,  43,  45,  161. 

Mallard,  28,  7/. 

Marbled  Godwit,  87. 

Mareca  americana,  28,  72. 

mania,  Aythya,  73. 

marilandicus,  Tetrao,  30. 

marinus,  Lams,  66. 

maritima,  Tringa,  /go. 

maritimus,  Ammodramus,  ///. 

Marsh  Bird,  29. 

Marsh  Hawk,  g6. 

Marsh  Lark,  31. 

Marten,  Pennant's,  47. 

Martin,  Black,  32. 

Martin,  Purple,  54,  777. 

martinica,  Ionornis,  /go. 

Masked  Shrew,  47. 

maximum,  Rhododendron,  42. 

Meadowlark,  39,  /jo. 

Mechquan,  25. 

medianus,  Dryobates  p.,  27,  ///. 

Medrake,  67. 

Megascops  asio,  27,  40,  /06, 

Melanerpes  erythrocephalus,  27,  //^, 

193- 
melanoleucus,  Totanus,  88. 
Meleagris  gallopavo,  30. 

Meleagris  g.  fera,  30,  41,  g/. 
meloda,  .Egialitis,  /go. 
melodia,  Melospiza,  32,  39,  ///. 
Melospiza  georgiana,  43,  //-,-. 
Melospi/.a  linculnii,  /.//. 
Melospiza  melodia,  32,  39,  ///. 
Merganser,  American,  70. 
Merganser,  Hooded,  7/. 

Merganser,  Red-breasted,  7/. 

Merganser  americanus,  29,  70. 

merganser,   Mergus,  29. 
Merganser  serrator,  29,  7/. 
MergUS  castor,  29. 


Mergus  merganser,  29. 
Mergus  serrator,  29. 
Merula  migratoria,  31,  185. 
mexicana,  Grus,  29,  82. 
mexicanus,  Himantopus,  /go. 
Micropalama  himantopus,  86,  /g2. 
Microtus  chrotorrhinus,  47. 
Migrant  Shrike,  41. 
migratoria,  Columba,  31. 
migratoria,  Merula,  31,  185. 
migratorius,  Rctopistes,  31,  (//. 
migratorius,  Turdus,  31. 
Mimus  polyglottos,  /g/. 
minimus,  Empidonax,  39,  40,  /22. 
Mink,  47. 

minor,  Loxia  c,  31,  /,\/. 
minor,  Philohela,  29,  83. 
minuta,  vSterna,  29. 
minutilla,  Tringa,  Sj. 
Mniotilta  varia,  756. 
Mockingbird,  /g/. 
mollissima,  Anas,  28. 
Molothrtis  ater,  41,  /2S. 
monax,  Arctomys,  52. 
mouticola,  Spizella,  32,  142. 
montiuus,  Brenthis,  49. 
morinella,  Tringa,  29. 
Motacilla  icterocephala,  32. 
Motacilla  regulus,  32. 
motacilla,  vSeiurus,  /68. 
Motacilla  sialis,  32. 
Motacilla  trochilus,  32. 
Mountain  Laurel,  42. 
Mourning  Dove,  95. 
Mourning  Warbler,  40,  44,  57,  /6g. 
Mouse,  Canada  White-footed,  47. 
Mouse,  Eastern  Red-backed,  52. 
Mouse,  Woodland  Jumping,  47. 
Mu  rr,  33. 

Murre,  Brunnich's,  57,  63. 
Muscicapa  canadensis,  32. 
Muscicapa  carolinensis,  32. 
Muscicapa  crinita,  32. 
Muscicapa  flava,  32. 
Muscicapa  fusca,  26,  32. 
Mustela  americana,  47,  52. 

Mustela  pennanti,  47. 
mustelina,  Hylocichla,  39,  40,  /jg. 
Myiarchus  crinitus,  32,  40,  rig. 
Myrtle  Warbler,  45,  47,  49,  55,  57,  160. 

N 

nsevius,  Nycticorax  n.,  29,  81. 
Napaeozapus  insignis,  47. 
Nashville  Warbler,  43,  47,  49,  /^j. 


INI)  ;■;  X  . 


215 


nebulosum,  Syrnium,  27,  roj. 

Nettion  caroliaensis,  28,  7.?. 

Nighthawk,  33,  40,  56,  1/6. 

nigra,  Anas,  28. 

nivalis,  Passerina,  31,  r$j. 

Northern  Flicker,  r/5. 

Northern  Parula  Warbler,  rj8. 

Northern  Phalarope,  84. 

Northern   Pileated  Woodpecker,  4;. 

Northern  Raven,  126. 

Northern  Shrike,  /•,-/. 

Northern  Virginia  Deer,  47. 

Northern  Yellow-throat,  ijo. 

No  Tail,  33. 

noveboracensis,  Porzana,  rSg. 

noveboracensis,  Seiurus,  4^,  /6S. 

Nyctala  acadica,  47,  106. 

noveboracensis,  Vireo,  38,  f$6. 

Numeuins  horealis,  29. 

Numenius  hudsonicus,  29,  go. 

Numenius  longirostris,  go,  ig?. 

Nuthatch,  27. 

Nuthatch,    Red-breasted,  44,  47,  52, 

ij6. 
Nuthatch,  White-breasted,  41,  Ij6. 
Nyctala  tengrmlmi  richardsoni,  roj, 

TQ3- 
Nyctea  nyctea,  27,  ioj. 
nyctea,  Nyctea,  27,  roj. 
nyctea,  Strix,  27. 
Nycticorax  n.  naaviu?,  29,  8r. 
Nymphsea  variegata,  46. 
Nyssa  sylvatica,  42. 

O 

Oak,  Bear, 
Oak,  Red,  42. 
Oak,  White,  41. 
obscura,  Anas,  28,  J2. 
obsoletus,  Falco  r. ,  102. 
occidentals,  Krennetes,  /go. 
occidentalis,  Pelicanus  o.,  29. 
oceanicus,  Oceanites,  6g. 
Oceanites  oceanicus,  6g. 
Oceanodrorna  leucorhoa,  33,  6g. 
ochraceus,  Evotomys  g.,  52. 
Odocoileus  v.  horealis,  47. 
Oidernia  americana,  j§. 
Oidemia  deglaudi,  j6. 
Oidernia  perspicillata,  28,  j6. 
Olbiorchilns  hiemilis,  44,  47,  f/j. 
Old-squaw,  56,  75. 
Oldwife,  28,  33. 
olivaceus,  Vireo,  32,  152. 


olive-  backed  Thrush,  14,  47,  /Sj. 
Olive-sided  Flycatcher,  43,44, 45,  120. 
Olor  buccinator,  jS. 
Olor  Columbian  us,  27,  jS,  ig2. 
Orange-crowned  Warbler,  i^j. 
Orchard  Oriole,  38,  igi. 
Oriole,   Baltimore,  39,  40,  54,  56,  /jo. 
Oriole,  Orchard,  3S,  igi. 
Oriolus  baltimore,  27. 
Oriolus  icterus,  27. 
Oriolus  phceniceus,  27. 
orpheus,  Turdus,  31. 
oryzivora,  Fmberiza,  32. 
oryzivorus,   Dolichouyx,  32,  39,  128. 
Osprey,  American,  104. 
1  Otocoris  alpestris,  31,  122' 
Otocoris  a.  praticola,  /2j. 
Oven-bird,  45,  r68. 
Owl,  American  Hawk,  108,  /pj. 
Owl,  American  Long-eared,  104. 
Owl,  Barn,  27. 
Owl,  Barred,  105. 
Owl,  Great  Gray,  /05. 
Owl,  Great  Horned,  /oj. 
Owl,  Horned,  33. 
Owl,  Richardson's,  105,  /gj. 
Owl,  Saw-whet,  47,  106. 
Owl,  Screech,  40,  106. 
Owl,  Short-eared,  /oj. 
Owl,  Snowy,  /oj. 
Owl,  Speckled,  27. 
Owl,  White,  27. 
Ox-eye,  29. 


pacifica,  Tringa  a.,  87. 
Painted  Tortoise,  43. 
pallasii,  Hylocichla  g.,  40,  43,  45,  184. 
Palm  Warbler,  166. 
palm.irum,  Dendroica,  /66. 
palmatum,  Lygodium,  42. 
Pandion  h.  carolinensis,  33,  104. 
Parasitic  Jaeger,  66. 
parasiticus,  Stercorarius,  66. 
-Partridge,  30. 
Parus  americanus,  32. 
Parus  atricapillus,  32,  43,  ijj. 
Parus  bicolor,  26,  32. 
Parus  hudsonicus,  47,  49,  777. 
Parus  pendulinus,  32. 
Parus  virginianus,  32. 
Passenger  Pigeon,  97. 
Passer  domesticus,  i8j. 
Passerella  iliaca,  775. 
Passerina  nivalis,  31,  /j^. 


2l6 


INDEX. 


passerina,  Strix,  27. 
passerinus,   Vmmodramus  s.,  <■ 
Pavoncella  pugnax,  Sg. 
peckii,  Geum  r.,  52. 

Peek's  Geum,  52. 
Pectoral  Sandpiper,  S6. 

Pee]),  30. 

pelagica,  Chaetura,  32,  ///. 
pelagica,  Procellaria,  33. 
pelasgia,  Hirundo,  32. 
Pelecanus  cassanus,  29. 
Pelecanus  erythrorhynctfos,  2 
Pelecanus  graculus,  29. 
Pelican,  29. 

Pelican,  American  White,  JO. 
Pelicanus6.  occidentals,  29. 
pendulinus,  Parus,  32. 
penelope,  Anas,  28. 
Penguin,  29. 
pennanti,  Mustela,  47. 
Pennant's  Marten,  47. 
pensylvanica,  Dendroica,  39,  162. 
pensilvanicus,  Anthus,  ///. 
peregrina,  Helminthophila,  47,  158. 
Perisoreus  canadensis,  47,  rzj,  193. 
Peromyscus  canadensis,  47. 

inatus,  Sorex,  47. 
perspicillata,  Oidtmia,  29,  j6. 
Petrel,  Pdack-capped,  69. 
Petrel,  Leach's,  69. 
Petrel,  Wilson's,  60. 
Petteril,  33. 

Petrochelidon  lunifrons,  148. 
Pewee,  Wood,  120. 
Phalacrocorax  carbo,  6q. 
Phalacrocorax  dilophus,  56,  69. 
Phalarope,  Northern,  84. 
Phalarope,  Red,  84. 
rope,  Wilson's 
Phalaropus  lobatus,  84. 
Phasianus  colchicus,  30,  187. 
Pheasant,  English,  30,  i8j. 
pb.iladelpb.ia,  Geothlypis, 40,  ;|,  r6g 
Philadelphia,  Parus,  67. 
Philadelphia  Vireo,  /■,.,■• 
philadelphicus,  Vireo,  153. 
Philoliela  minor,  29, 
Phoebe,  40,  120. 
phcebe,  Sayornis,  32,  40,  120. 
phceniceus,  Agelaius,  27,  39,  40,  54 

129. 
phceniceus,  Oriolus",  27. 
Pic  .ides  americanus,  47,  ri2. 
Picoides  arcticus,  47,  ///. 
picta,  Chrysemys,  43. 


Picus  auratus,  27. 
Picus  caroliuus,  26,  27. 
Picus  erythrocephalus,  27. 
Picas  hirundenaceus,  27. 
Picus  maqulosus,  26,  27. 
Picas  pileatus,  27. 
Picus  pubescens,  27. 
Picus  villosus,  27. 
Pied-billed  Grebe,  62. 
Pigeon  Hawk,  27,  33,  103. 
Pigeon,  Passenger,  94. 

a ,  Sea,  28. 
Pigeon,  Wild,  31. 
pileatus,  Picus,  27. 
Pilhannaw,  25. 
Pine  Siskin,  {7,  52,  59,  136. 
Pine  Warhkr,  4  1 ,  166. 
Pinicola  e.  leucura,  47,  /??. 
Pintail,  189. 
pinus,  Certhia,  27. 
pinus,  Spinus,  47.  136. 

Pipilo  erythrophthalmus,  32,  146. 

Piping  Plover,  /go. 

Pipit,  American,  iji. 

Piranga  erythromelas,  32,  41,  ///. 

Piranga  rubra,  ///. 
Plautus  iinpennis,  29,  63. 
platypterus,  Buteo,  gg. 

Plegadis  autumnalis,  j8. 

Plover,  American  Golden,  <;/. 
,  Black-bellied,  91. 

Plover,  Black-breasted,  29. 

Plover,  l.arge  Spotted,  26,  30. 

Plover,  Piping,  /go. 

Plover,  Pyed,  30. 

Plover,  Semipalmated,  9/. 

podiceps,  Colymbus,  33. 

podiceps,  Podilymbus,  33,  62. 

Podilymbus  podiceps,  33,  62. 

Podism  i  glacialis,  40. 

Polioptila  cserulea,  779. 

polyglottos,  Mimus,  ig/. 

Pocecetes  gramineus,  3.  .  n.  138. 

Porcupine,  Canada,  47,  52. 

Porzana  Carolina,  30,  83. 

Porzana  noveboracensis,  189. 

Prairie  Men,  /Sy. 

Prairie  J  [orned  Park,  /.?j. 

Prairie  Warbler,  42,  167. 

pral  icola,  <  >tocoris  a.,  123. 

princeps,  Ammodramus,  13$,  /g/. 

principalis,  Corvus  c,  126. 

!';-  »c<  flaria  pelagica,  33. 

procumbens,  koiseleuri'a,  52. 

Progne  subis,  32,  54,  1  jj. 


IXDKX. 


pubescens,  Picus,  27. 
Puffin,  63. 

Puffinus  gravis,  189. 
pugnax,  Pavoncella,  89. 
Purple  Pinch,  13,  56,  / ;/. 
Purple  ( rallinule,  rgo. 
Purple  Grackle,  191. 
Purpk-  M  irtin,  54,  1  /j. 
Purple  Sandpiper,  rgo. 
purpurea,  Hiruiido,  32. 
purpureus,  C  irpodacus,  43,  /  ,\/. 
pusilla,  Spizella,  39,  41.  //_>. 
pusilla,  Wilsonia,  47,  rjo. 
pusillus,  Ereunetes,  29,  87. 
Putorius  cicognani,  52. 
Putorius  vison,  47. 
Pyed  Plover,  30. 
Pyed  Shelldrake,  29. 

Q 

Quail,  30. 

Quercus  alba,  41,  42. 

Querquedula  discors,  28,  73. 

Quindar,  28. 

Quiscalus  quiscula,  191 . 

Quiscalus  q.  seneus,  27,  42,  131. 

quiscula,  Gracula,  27. 

quiscula,  Quiscalus,  /or. 

R 

Rabbit,  Eastern  Cottontail,  43. 

Rail,  Clapper,  189. 

Rail,  Virginia,  83. 

Rail,  Yellow,  189. 

Rallus  carolinus,  30. 

Rallus  crepitans,  1S9. 

Rallus  virginianus,  83. 

Rangifer  caribou,  48. 

Raven,  Northern,  126. 

Razor-billed  Auk,  t88. 

Red  Linnet,  32. 

Red  Oak,  42. 

Red  Phalarope,  84. 

Red-backed  Sandpiper,  87. 

Red-bellied  Shelldrake,  29. 

Red-bivasted  Merganser,  71. 

Red-breasted    Nuthatch,    44,    47,    5: 

176. 
Red-eyed  Vireo,  32. 
Redhead,  189. 
Redhead  Woodpecker,  27. 
Red-beaded  Woodpecker,  113,  193. 
Red-legged  Black  Duck,  56,  72. 
Redpoll,  59,  136. 
Redpoll,  Greater,  136. 
Redpoll,  Hoary,  191. 


\  merican,  iji. 
iled  Hawk,  98. 
Red  throated  boon,  56,  63. 

I  Blackbird,  27,  39,  40,  54, 
129. 

1  nl a,  51,  179. 
Regu]  a  , ,   1.9,  178. 

Rhododendron  lapponicum,  52. 

■  lend  r<  m  ina  \  ira  11m,   1  !. 
Ribbon  Sn  ike,  43. 
richardsoni,  Nyctala  t.,   roj,  193. 
Richardson's  Owl,  to 
ridibuudus,  I.arus,  29. 

billed  Gull,  67,  r88. 
Ring-necked  Duck,  7,/,  192. 
riparia,  Hirundo,  32. 
Riparia  riparia,  32,  /  /<>. 
riparia,  Riparia,   32,  /  /y. 
Rissa  tridactyla,  66. 
Robin,  31,  54,  56. 
Robin,  American,  5:,  54,  /S3. 
Robin,  Golden,  27. 
Rock  Bird,  29. 
Rock  Vole,  47. 
Roseate  Tern,  6 
Rose-breasted  Grosbeak,  /./6. 
rostrata,  kcanthis  1.,  136. 
rubra,  Pir  inga,  //$). 
rubra,  Tanagra,  32. 
rubricapilla,  Helminthophila,  43,47, 

49.  '57- 
rubripes,  Anas  o.,  72. 
Ruby-crowned  Kinglet,  54,  179. 
Ruby-crowned  Wren,  54. 
Rub  r-throated  Hum;;  118. 

Ruddy  Duck,  76. 
Ruff, 

rufnni,  Toxostoma,  31.  39,  41,  172. 
rufus,  Turdus,  31. 
1  u  i  Lea,  Scolopax,  29. 
Rusty  blackbird,  47,  131. 
ruticilla,  Setophaga,  171 . 

S 

Sable,  47,  52. 

sancti-johannis,  Archibuteo  1.,  99. 

Sanderling,  87. 

Sandhill  Crane,  82. 

Sandpiper,  Baird's,  86. 

Sandpi ;  >er,  Barl  ramia  a,   ■  < 

Sandpiper,  Buff -breasted,  90,  /<jj. 

Sandpiper,  Least,  56,  87. 

Sandpiper,  Pectora ! , 

Sandpiper,  Purple,  190. 

Sandpiper,  Red-backed,  87. 


2l8 


INDEX. 


Sandpiper,  Semipalmated,  56,  87. 
Sandpiper,  Solitary,  88. 
Sandpiper,  Spotted,  go. 
Sandpiper,  Stilt,  86,  102. 
Sandpiper,    Western    Semipalmated, 

/go. 
Sandpiper,  White-rumped,  86. 
Sandwort,  Greenland,  52. 
Sapsucker,    Yellow-bellied,    44,    45, 

"3- 
Batrapa,  Regulus,  32,  44,  47,  49,  ijS. 
saurita,  Thamnophis.  43. 
savanna,  Ammodramus  s.,  39,  43,  52, 

'39- 
Savanna  Sparrow,  39,  43,  52,  /jg. 
Saw-whet  Owl,  47,  106. 
Sayornis  phoebe,  32,  40,  120. 
Scarlet  Tanager,  41,  54,  56,  A/7. 
Sciuropterus  volucella,  43. 
Sciurus  c.  leucotis,  43. 
Sciurus  h.  gymnicus,  47. 
Scoldenore,  75. 

Scolecophagus  carolinus,  47,  /j/. 
Scolopax  fedoa,  29. 
Scolopax  lapponica,  29. 
Scolopax  rustica,  29. 
Scolopax  totanns,  29. 
Scoter,  American,  73. 
vScoter,  Surf,  76. 
vScoter,  White-winged,  76. 
Scotiaptex  cinerea,  /03. 
Screech  Owl,  40,  106. 

Sea  Duck,  28. 
Sea  Pigeon,  28. 
Seaside  Sparrow,  /.//. 
Sciurus  aurocapillus,  16S. 
Sciurus  motacilla,  168. 
Sciurus  noveboracensis,  44,  168. 
semidea,  Chionobas,  52. 
semipalmata,  ^gialitis,  30,  gi . 
semipalmata,  Symphemia,  /go, 
Semipalmated  Plover,  g/. 
Semipalmated  Sandpiper,  56,  87. 
serrator,  Merganser,  29,  7/. 
scrrator,  Mcrgus,  29. 
Setophaga  ruticilla,  iji . 
Shag,  29. 

Sharp-shinned  Hawk,  97. 
Sharp-tailed  Sparrow,  //". 
Shearwater,  Greater,  189. 
Shelldrake,  Cream-colored,  29. 
Shclldrake,  Pyed,  29. 
Shelldrake,  Red-bellied,  29. 
Short-billed   Marsh  Wren,  17  /. 
Short-eared  Owl,  /04. 


Shoveller,  7j,  /g2. 

Shrew,  Masked,  47. 

Shrew,  Smoky,  47. 

Shrew.  Water,  47. 

Shrike,  Loggerhead,  41,  75/. 

Shrike,  Migrant,  41. 

Shrike,  Northern,  757. 

Sialia  sialis,  32,  41,  /S6. 

sialis,  Motacilla,  32. 

sialis,  Sialia,  32,  41,  /86. 

Siskin,  Pine,  47,  52,  59,  /j6. 

Sitta  canadensis,  27,  44,  47,  776. 

Sitta  carolinensis,  41,  776. 

Skouk,  29. 

Sky  Lark,  31. 

Slate-colored  Junco,  40,  45,  47,'  49,  51, 

H3-       ' 
Smoky  Shrew,  47. 
Snake,  Ribbon,  43. 
Snipe,  Wilson's,  85. 
Snipe,  Wood,  29. 
Snowbird,  31,  /j8. 
Snowflake,  /J7. 
Snowy  Owl;  707. 
socialis,  Spizella,  32,  41,  142. 
solitarius,  Helodromas,  29,  88. 
solitarius,  Vireo,  43,  44,  755. 
Solitary  Sandpiper,  88. 
Somateria  dresseri,  28,  75. 
Somateria  spectabilis,  /8g. 
Song  Sparrow,  39,  54,  144. 
Soot}'  Tern,  68. 
Sora,  83. 

vSorex  albibarbis,  47. 
Sorex  funiciis,  47. 
Sorcx  personatus,  47. 
Southern  Plying  Squirrel,  43. 
Sparrow,  Acadian  Sharp-tailed,  7./0. 
Sparrow,  Chipping,  40,  142. 
Sparrow,  Field,  39,  41,  /j2. 
Sparrow,  Fox,  145. 
Sparrow,  Grasshopper,  41,  /jg. 
Sparrow,  Ilenslow's,  42,  /jg. 
Sparrow,  House,  /S7. 
Sparrow,  Ipswich,  138,  ig/. 
Sparrow,  Lincoln's,  /.//. 
Sparrow,  Savanna,  39,  43.  52.  '39- 

Sparrow,  Seaside,  ///. 
Sparrow,  Sharp-tailed,  //<). 
Sparrow,  Song,  39,  54,  ///. 
Sparrow,  Swamp,  43,  T45. 
S])arrow,  Tree,  /  /J. 

Sparrow,  Vesper,  39,  4'.  ^38. 

Sparrow,  W'hitc-crowncd,  /.//. 


Sparrow,  White-throated,  47,  49,  51, 

141 . 
Sparrow,  Winter,  26,  32. 
sparverius,  Falco,  27,  /03. 
Spatula  clypeata,  73,  1Q2. 
Speckled  Owl,  27. 
Speckled  Woodpecker,  26,  27. 
spectabilis,  Anas,  28. 
spectabilis,  Somateria,  t8q. 
Sphyrapicus  varius,  44,  113. 
S])inus  ])inus,  47,  136. 
Spizella  monticola,  32,  142. 
Spizella  pusilla,  39,  41,  142. 
Spizella  socialis,  32,  41,  142. 
sponsa,  Aix,  28,  73. 
sponsa,  Anas,  28. 
Spotted  Sandpiper,  go. 
Sprigtailed  Duck,  28. 
Spring  Bird,  32. 
spurius,  Icterus,  38,  igi . 
Squatarola  squatarola,  29,  gi . 
squatarola,  Squatarola,  29,  gr. 
Squirrel,  Canadian  Red,  47. 
Squirrel,  Gray,  43. 
Squirrel,  Southern  Flying,  42. 
Squirrel,  Striped,  52. 
Steganopus  tricolor,  S3. 
stellaris,  Cistothorus,  777. 
Stercorarius  parasiticus,  66. 
Sterna  antillarum,  29,  r88. 
Sterna  caspia,  /SS. 
Sterna  dougalli,  6S. 
Sterna  fuligiuosa,  6S. 
Sterna  hirundo,  29,  6j. 
Sterna  minuta,  29. 
Stilt,  Black-necked,  /go. 
Stilt  Sandpiper,  86,  ig2. 
Stork,  29. 
strepera,  Anas,  28. 
strepera,  Chaulelasmus,  iSg. 
striata,  Dendroica,  47,  49,  57,  163. 
Striped  Squirrel,  52. 
Strix  aluco,  27. 
Strix  bubo,  33. 
Strix  nyctea,  27. 
Strix  passeriua,  27. 
Sturnella  magna,  31,  39,  130. 
subbuteo,  Falco,  33. 
subis,  Hirundo,  32. 
subis,  Progne,  32,  54,  147. 
subruficollis,  Tryugites,  go,  ig2. 
subvirgatus,  Ammodramus  c.,  /  //. 
Sula  bassana,  29,  6g. 
Summer  Tanager,  147. 
.Surf  Scoter,  76. 


INDEX.  219 

surinamensis,   Hydrochelidon  n.,  6S. 
Surnia  ulula  caparoch,  ro8,  /Q3. 
swainsonii,  Hylocichla  a.,  44,  1S3. 

Swallow,  Hank,  32,  /  /</. 
Swallow,  Barn,  32,  / /S. 
Swallow,  Chimney,  32. 
Swallow,  Cliff,  //.V. 
Swallow,  Tree,  / /g. 
Swallow  Woodpecker,  27. 
Swallow-tailed  Kite,  g6. 
Swamp  Sparrow,  43,  //j. 
Swan,  27. 
Swan  Goose,  2S. 
Swan,  Trumpeter,  78. 
Swan,  Whistling,  y8,  rg2. 
Swift,  Chimney,  117. 
sylvatica,  Nyssa,  42. 
Symphemia  semipalmata,  /go. 
Syrnium  nebulosum,  27,  /03. 

T 

Tachycineta  bicolor,  //<;. 

Tamias  s.  lysteri,  52. 

Tanager,  Scarlet,  41,  54,  56,  147. 

Tanager,  Summer,  147. 

Tanagra  rubra,  32. 

Teal,  Blue-winged,  28,  73. 

Teal,  Green-winged,  28,  72. 

Tee-arr,  29. 

Tennessee  Warbler,  47,  56,  138. 

Tern,  Black,  68. 

Tern,  Caspian,  /SS. 

Tern,  Common,  67. 

Tern,  Least,  /SS. 

Tern,  Roseate,  68. 

Tern,  Sooty,  68. 

Tetrao  marilandicus,  30. 

Tetrao  virginianus,  30. 

Thamnophis  saurita,  43. 

Thrasher,  31. 

Thrasher,  Brown,  39,  41,  172. 

Thrush,  31.  , 

Thrush,  Bicknell's,  47,  49,  181 . 

Thrush,  Gray-cheeked,  181. 

Thrush,  Hermit,  40,  43,  45,  /S/. 

Thrush,  Olive-backed,  44,  47.  ^'j- 

Thrush,  Wilson's,  180. 

Thrush,  Wood,  39,  40,  779. 

Thryomanes  bewickii,  173. 

Thryothorus  ludovicianus,  38,  172. 

tigriua,  Dendroica,  47,  i^g. 

Titmouse,  Blue,  32. 

Titmouse,  Crested,  26,  32. 

Toad,  46. 

togata,  Bonasa  u.,  30,  40,  49,  g2. 


220 


INDEX. 


Tointeet,  32. 

Tomteet,  Yellow-rumped,  32. 

Topography,  36. 

tore  la,  A  lea,  33,  188. 

Tortoise,  Box,  43. 

Tortoise,  Painted,  43. 

Tortoise.  Yellow-spotted,  43. 

Totanus  flavipes, 

Totanus  melanoleucus,  88. 

totanus,  Scolopax,  29. 

Towhee,  146. 

Toxostoma  rufum,  31,  39,  41,  172. 

Transition  Zone,  38. 

transitionalis,  Lepus  f. ,  43. 

Tree  Sparrow,  142. 

Tree  Swallow,  / /g. 

tricolor,  Steganopus,  85. 

tridactyla,  Rissa,  66. 

Tringa  a.  pacifica,  S-. 

Tringa  arenaria,  29. 

Tringa  bairdii,  86. 

Tringa  canutus,  rgo. 

Tringa  fulicaria,  29. 

Tringa  fuscicollis,  S6. 

Tringa  interpres,  29. 

Tringa  maculata,  29,  86. 

Tringa  m  iritim  1,  /go. 

Tringa  minutilla,  87. 

Tringa  morinella,  29. 

tristis,  Astragalinus,  ^2,  1  36. 

trist'is,  Fringilla,  32. 

Trochilus  colubris,  27,  Tl8. 

trochilus,  Motacilla,  32. 

Lodytes  aedon,  32,  41,  173. 
Trumpeter  Sw  in,  78. 
Tryngites  subruncollis,  go,  192. 
Tupelo,  42. 

Turdus  migratorius,  31. 
'1  urdus  orpheus,  31. 
Turdus  rufus,  31. 
Turkey  Vulture,  g6. 
Turkey,  Wild,  30,    ;i,  g/. 
'1  urnstone,  490. 
Turtl(   Iio\ 

Tynipanuchus  americanus,  iSj. 
tyrannus,  Lanius,  27. 
I        Minus  tyrannus,  27,  39,  40,  1 1'). 
tyrannus,  Tyrannus,  27,  39,   u>,  //<). 

U 

1 '  jij  er  Austral  Zone,  38. 
I  ria  Lomvia,  33,  63. 
Ursus  ami  ricanus,  47. 

,  Compsothlypis  a.,  rj8. 


varia,  Mniotilta,  /j<5. 
variegata,  Nymphaea,  45. 
varius,  Sphyrapicus,  44,  //j. 
velox,  Accipiter,  97. 
vermivorus,  I  lelmitherus,  fj6. 
Ves]  er  Sparrow,  39,  41,  138. 
vespertinus,  Coccothraustes,  T32,  /gj. 
vigorsii,  Dendroica,  41,  166. 
villosus,    Dryobates,    27,    43,  .\\,   47, 

no. 
villosus,  Picus,  27. 
Viola  blanda,  46. 
virens,  Contopus,  120. 
virens,  Dendroica,  43,  165. 
virens,  I  etc  ria,  ijo. 
Vireo  bellii,  /j6. 
Vireo  flavifrons,  41,  755. 
Vireo  gilvus,  /j./. 
Vireo  noveboracensis,  38,  /j6. 
Vireo  olivaceus,  32,  152. 
Vireo  philadelphlcus,  /jj. 
Vireo  solitarius,   j.3,  |i.  13$. 
Vireo,  Bell's,  156. 
Vireo,  Blue-headed,  43,  44,  45,  155. 
Vireo,  Philadelphia,  133. 
Vireo,  Red-eyed,  152. 
Vireo,  Warbling,  134. 
Vireo,  White-eyed,  38,  156. 
•Vireo,  Yellow*throated,  41,  155. 
virescens,  Ardea,  29,  41,  81. 
Virginia  Rail, 
virginianus,  Bubo,  33,  107. 
virginianus,  Colinus,  30,  41,  02. 
virginianus,  Chordeiles,  33,  40,  116. 
virginianus,  Lepus  a.,  47,  52. 
virginianus,  Parus,  ^,2. 
virginianus,  Rallus,  83. 
virginianus,  Tetrao,  30. 
visou,  Putorius,  17. 
vocifera,  £$gialitis,  29,  p/,  102. 
vociferus,  Antrostomus,  53,  |o,  116. 
vociferus,  Charadrius,  29. 
Vole,  Rock,  17. 
volucella,  Sciuropterus,  .13. 
Vulture,  Turkey,  g6. 

W 

Warbler,  Bay-breasted,  45,  ^7,  162. 
W  irbler,  Black  and  White,  156. 

.  Blacl  burnian,  \  \,  45,  163. 
Warbler,  Black-poll,  17.  49,  57,  163. 
Warbler,  Black-throated  Blue,  [o,  \\. 
45,  160. 


[NDEX. 


22  I 


Warbler,   Black-throated  Green,   43, 

r65. 
Warbler,  Canadian,  1  ;,  t~i . 
Warbler,  Cape  May,  47,  57,  759. 
Warbler,  Chestnul  sided,  39,  162. 
Warbler,  Connecticut,  168. 
Warbler,  Golden-winged,  42,  757,  193. 
Warbler,  Magnolia,  |o,  14,45,  t6i. 
Warbler,  Mourning,  40,  44,  57,  169. 
Warbler,   Myrtle,    |.s,  47,  49,  55,  57, 

160. 
Warbler,  Nashville,  43,  47,  49,  157. 
Warbler,  Northern  Parula,  rj8. 
Warbler,  Orange  <  rowni  d,  i^j. 
Warbler,  Palm,  166. 
Warbler,  Pine-,  41,  166. 
Warbler,  Prairie,  42,  j6j. 
Warbler,  Tennessee,  49,  57,  rj8. 
Warbler,  Wilson's,  47,  ijo. 
Warbler,  Worm^eating,  136. 
Warbler,  Yellow,  40,  54,  159. 
Warbler,  Yellow  Palm,   167. 
Warbling  Yireo,  75./, 
Water  Hen,  29. 
Water  Shrew,  47. 
Water-Thrush,  44,  168. 
Water-Thrush,  Louisiana,  168. 
Water  Witch,  29. 
Waxwing,  Bohemian,  750. 
Waxwing,  Cedar,  rjo. 
Weasel,  Little  Brown,  52. 
Western    Semipalmated    Sandpiper, 

190. 
Whip-poor-will,  53,  40,  r/6. 
Whistler,  28. 
Whistling  Swan,  ;-.v.  rp  \ 
White  Back  Woodpecker,  27. 
White-breasted  Nuthatch.  41,  ij6. 
White-crowned  Sparrow,  /.//. 
White-eyed  Vireo,  ^8,  756. 
White  Head  Coot,  28. 
White  Goose,  28. 
White  Gull,  29. 
White  Gyrfalcon,  ioz. 
White  Heron,  29. 
White  Oak,  41 ,  42. 
White  Owl,  27. 
White-rumped  Sandpiper,  86. 
White-tail  Woodpecker,  27. 
White-throated   Sparrow,  40,  47,  49, 

5i.  /■//•  . 
White-winged  Crossbill,  47,  49,  /jj. 
White-winged  Scoter,  j6. 
Widgeon,  28. 
Widgeon,  American,  J2. 


Wild  Goose,  28. 

Wild  Pigeon,  31. 

Wild  Turkey,  ,",■>,  41,  .-;/. 

Willet,  190. 

Wilsonia  canadensis,  44,  777. 

Wilsonia  pusilla,  47,  77c;. 

w ilsonianus,  Asio,  104. 

Wilson's  Petrel,  69. 

Wilson's  Phalarope,  85. 

Wilson's  Snipe,  Sj. 

Wilson's  Thrush,"  r8o. 

Wilson's  Warbler,  47,  770. 

Winter  Sparrow,  26,  32. 

Witch,  Water,  29. 

Winter  Wren,  44,  47.  173. 

Wood  Duck,  28,  7j. 

Wood  Pcwce.  120. 

Wood  Snipe,  29. 

Wood  Thrush,  39,  40,  779. 

Woodchuck,  52. 

Woodcock,  29. 

Woodcock,  American,  8$. 

Woodlaud  Caribou,  48. 

Woodland  Jumping  Mouse,  47. 

Woodpecker,    American   Three-toed 

47-  112. 
Woodpecker,  Arctic  Three-toed, 

777. 
Woodpecker,  Carolina,  26. 
Woodpecker,  Downy,  54,  777. 
Woodpecker,  Golden-winged,  54. 
Woodpecker,   Great  Red-crested, 
Woodpecker,  Hairy,  43,  44,  47,  / 10. 
Woodpecker,  Northern   Pileated,   ;i 

7//. 

Woodpecker,  Red  Head,  27. 
Woodpecker,  Red-headed,  113,  tor. 
Woodpecker,  Speckled,  26,  27. 
Woodpecker,  Swallow,  27. 
Woodpecker,  White  Back,  27. 
Woodpecker,  White  Tail,  27. 
Woodpecker,  Wooly  Pack,  27. 
Wooly  Back  Woodpecker,  27. 
Worm-eating  Warbler,  /j6. 
Wren,  Bewick's,  1/3. 
Wren,  Carolina,  38,  772. 
Wren,  Crested,  32. 
Wren,  House,  41,  IJ3. 
Wren,  Ruby-crowned,  54. 
Wren,  .Short-billed  Marsh,  77./. 
Wren,  Winter,  44,  47,  /-jj. 


47, 


27. 


Yellow  Palm  Warbler, 
Yellow  Pond  Lily,  46. 


167. 


222 

Yello-w  Rail,  189. 

Yellow  Warbler,  42.  5b  *59- 

Yellowbird,  32,  54. 

Yellow-bellied  Flycatcher,  47,  121. 

Yellow-bellied  Sapsucker.  4  |,  45,  flj, 
Yellow -billed  Cuckoo,  IO9,  193. 
Yellow-breasted  Chat,  /JO. 
Yellow  Crown,  32. 
Yellow-legs,  88. 
Yellow- legs,  Greater,  88. 
Yellow-rumped  Tomteet,  32. 
Yellow-spotted  Tortoise,  43. 
Yellow-throat,  Northern,  ijo. 


INDEX. 


Yellow-throated  Yireo,  41,  155. 


z 


Zamelodia  ludoviciana,  /  /6. 
Zenaidura  macroura,  95. 

Zone,  Arctic-Alpine,  49. 
Zone,  Hudsonian,  48. 
Zone,  Transition,  38. 
Zone,  Upper  Austral,  38. 
Zonotrichia  albicollis,  40,  47,  49,  51, 

14/. 
Zonotrichia  leucophrys,  /.//.