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BOOK I 




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BT 

JOHN K. LOED, PhD. 

Pbofsbsok of Latut in Dabtmouth Collbgb 




LEACH, SHEWELL, AND SANBORN 

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 

1897 



GIFT 



By JOHN K. LORD. 



J. 8. CushinK tc Co. - Berwick & Smith 
Norwood Mass. U.S.A. 



/ \ 



SUMMARY 



PREFACE 



LivY is uncertain of success in writing a history of Rome, 
because so many have attempted the task, §§ 1-3, and be- 
cause the subject is so great, and because the story of early 
times is not interesting to many readers, §§ 4, 5. The 
poetic and legendary character of early Roman history, unit- 
ing divine and human affairs, is justified by the greatness 
of Rome, §§ 6, 7. History is valuable for instruction for 
the present, §§ 8-10, and Roman history is especially valua- 
ble, §§ 11-13. 

BOOK I 

The scattering of the Trojans on the downfall of Troy, 
and the coming of those under Aeneas into Italy, chs. 1, 2. 
The founding of Alba, ch. 3. Birth of Romulus and Remus, 
ch. 4. Overthrow of Amulius, ch. 5. Romulus and Remus 
wish to found a city, and take the omens for it, ch. 6. Death 
of Remus; establishment of religious rituals; story of Her- 
cules, Cacus, and Evander, ch. 7. Political institutions of 
Romulus; the asylum, ch. 8. Games established to attract 
the neighbors of Rome; rape of the Sabine women; resulting 

wars and union of the Romans and the Sabines, chs. 9-13. 

iu 



msmrs 



iv SUMMARY 

Death of Tatius and war with Fidenae, ch. 14. War and 
treaty with Veii, ch. 15. Death and deification of Romulus, 
ch. 16. Interregnum and party spirit, ch. 17. 

Election of Numa, ch. 18. Civil and religious institutions 
of Numa; the temple of Janus; the arrangement of the cal- 
endar; appointment of flamens, Vestal virgins, and various 
priesthoods; Numa's intercourse with Egeria, chs. 19-21. 
Accession of Tullus Hostilius; war with Alba, chs. 22, 23. 
Story of the Curiatii and Horatii, and triumph of the Ro- 
mans, chs. 24, . 25. Horatius kills his sister and is acquitted 
by the people, ch. 26. War with Fidenae and treachery of 
Mettius, the Alban king ; his punishment and the destruction 
of Alba, chs. 27-29. War with the Sabines, ch. 30. Prodi- 
gies, pestilence, death of Tullus, ch. 31. 

Interregnum ; choice of Ancus Martins ; the fetials, ch. 32. 
Wars of Ancus with the Latins; construction of a prison, 
ch. 33. Coming of Tarquinius Priscus and Tanaquil to Rome, 
ch. 34. Death of Ancus and choice of Tarquinius ; his polit- 
ical measures, ch. 35. Story of Attus Navius, and the enlarge- 
ment of the centuries, ch. 36. Victories of the Sabines, ch. 37. 
Formula of surrender; war with Latins; constructions in 
Rome, ch. 38. 

Birth of Servius Tullius, ch. 39. Death of Tarquin, ch. 40. 
Rise of Servius Tullius, and assumption of royalty, chs. 41, 42. 
Establishment of the comitia centuriata, ch. 43. Growth of 
the city, and union of Rome and Latium, chs. 44, 45. Am- 
bition of young Tarquin; his marriage with Tullia, chs. 46, 
47. They conspire against SeiTius, who is killed, and Tullia 
drives over his dead body, ch. 48. 

Reign ,of Tarquinius Superbus ; his league with the Latins, 



SUMMARY V 

ch. 49. Their discontent, expressed by Tumus, chs. 50, 51, 
who is killed by Tarquinius, ch. 52. War with the Volsci, 
ch. 53. Sends his son to Gabii, who gains control in the 
city and surrenders it to his father, ch. 54. Laying of foun- 
dations for the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline, ch. 55. 
Building of the cloaca maxima; prodigy of a serpent and the 
embassy to Delphi, ch. 56. The story of Lucretia, chs. 57, 58. 
Brutus appears in his real character, and heads an insurrec- 
tion against Tarquinius, who is forced to go from Rome into 
exile, chs. 59, 60. 



NOTE, 

This edition of the 1st book of Livy has been prepared 
especially for the use of those who, in connection with the care- 
ful study of some part of Livy, wish another part for more 
rapid reading. The book lends itself readily to such a pur- 
pose. The subject is interesting, the incidents varied and 
picturesque, and few passages offer unusual grammatical diffi- 
culties. To aid in the reading, the notes have been placed at 
the foot of the page. All critical matter has been omitted 
from them, as also have been all longer explanations, except 
such as occasionally seemed important for clearness of under- 
standing. They contain more than the mere translation of 
words and phrases, but not, it is hoped, more than is necessary 
for an intelligent though rapid reading of the book. The long 
syllables have been marked to aid in the pronunciation of the 
Latin. The text is that of the second edition of Dr. Moritz 
Miiller. 

As the object of this edition is to supply a part of Livy for 
rapid reading, it is bound up with the 21st and 22d books. It 
is also issued separately for use with any other part of Livy or 
with another author. 

To the student who wishes to examine the historical prob- 
lems connected with the period, the following works are sug- 
gested for reference : Mommsen's History of Romej Vol. I. ; 
Niebuhr's History of Rome, Vols. I., 11.; Ihne*s History of 
Rome, Vol. I. ; Dyer's History of the Kings of Rome ; Sir G. C. 
Lewis's On the Credibility of Early Roman History; and J. R. 
Seeley's Livy, Bks. i.-x.. Introduction. 

My thanks are due to Professor E. M. Pease, the editor-in- 
chief of the series, for valuable suggestions and for care in 
reading the proof. 

JOHN K. LORD. 

Dartmouth Gollbgb, October, 1896. 



TITI LIVI 

AB URBE CONDITA LIBRI 



PRAEFATIO. 

Facttlrusne operae pretium sim, si & primOrdiO 
urbis rfis populi KGmaiii perscrlpserim, nee satis seio, 
nee, si sciam, dicere ausim, quippe qui eum veterem 2 
turn vulgatam esse rem videam, dum novl semper 
scriptorfis aut in rfibus certius aliquid adlaturos s6 
aut scribendi arte rudem vetustatem superaturos cr6- 
dunt. Uteumque erit, iuvabit tamen rerum gestarum 3 
memoriae principis terrarum populi pro virill parte 
et ipsum cSnsuluisse ; et si in tanta scriptorum turba 
mea fama in obscuro sit, nobilitate ac magnitQdine 
eorum m6, qui nomini efficient meo, consoler. Res 4 
est praeterea et immfinsi operis, ut quae supra sep- 
tingentesimum annum repetatur, et quae ab exiguis 
profecta initiis eo crfiverit, ut iam magnitudine laboret 
sua ; et legentium plfirisque baud dubito quin primae 

,1-5. Difficulty and purpose of the work; 6-9. legendary character 
of early history ; 10-13. value of historical study and writer's hope of 
success. 

1. Factnmsne . . . sim : whether I shall make it worth the while of 
myself and my readers in writing the early history of Rome. The 
words form part of a hexameter. 2. dam: because,— certiuM a.: 
greater exactness. 3. memoriae: dat. with coTisuluisse. — 'px^ ▼. p.: 
to the best of my ability.— %t ip. : as well as others. — in ob. : obscured. 
4. et i. : the et corresponds with the et before legentium^ but the con- 
stmction changes. —ut q. : 6ecati«e. — legentium : readers; participle 
B 1 



2 TITI LIVI 

originfis proximaque orlginibus minus praebittlra vo- 
luptatis sint festinantibus ad haec nova, quibus iam 
pridem praevaJentis popull vir6s 86 ipsae conficiunt ; 
6 ego contra hoc quoque laboris praemium petam, ut 
me a conspectu malorum quae nostra tot per annos 
vidit aetas, tantisper cert6 dum prisca tota ilia mente 
repeto, avertam, omnis expers ctirae, quae scribentis 
animum etsi nOn flectere a v6r6, soUicitum tamen 
efficere posset. 

6 Quae ante conditam condendamve urbem pofiticTs 
magis decora fabulls quam incorruptis r6rum gesta- 
rum monumentis traduntur, ea nee adfirmare nee 

7 refellere in animo est. Datur haec venia antiquitati, 
ut miscendO htimana divinls primordia urbium- au- 
gustiora faciat; et si cui populo lic6re oportet conse- 
crare origings suas et ad deos referre auctor6s, ea belli 
gloria est populo Komano, ut, cum suum conditorisque 
sui parentem Martem potissimum ferat, tarn et hoc 
gentes humanae patiantur aequo animo quam impe- 

8 rium patiuntur. Sed haec et his similia, utcumque 
animadversa aut existimata erunt, hand in magno 

9 equidem ponam discrimine; ad ilia mihi pro s6 
quisque acriter intendat animum, quae vita, qui mo- 
res fuerint, per quos viros quibusque artibus domi 
militiaeque et partum et auctum imperium sit ; labente 

for noun. — haec n. : the civil wars, in distinction from prisca ilia, in 
which L. takes greater pleasure. 6. conditam condendamve: the 
actual or prospective founding : the gerundive with ante is not often 
used as a substitute for a verbal noun. 7. si . . . oportet : if any 
people ought to be allowed; cui is emphatic. — auctorSs: appositive 
of deo«. — potiBsomom: adv. in preference to any other. — ferat: 
represents. — et: even. 8. haec: myths and traditions, in distinction 
from ilia, the lessons of history. 9. mihi: ethical dat. — Iftbente : 
forms with desidentes, Idpsl sint and Ire praecipites a climax, failing. 



PRAEFATIO 3 

deinde paulatim disciplina velut d6sident6s primo 
mores sequatur animo, deinde ut magis magisque 
lapsi sint, turn Ire coeperint praecipites, donee ad 
haec tempora, quibus nee vitia nostra nee remedia 
pati possumus, perventum est. Hoc illud est praeci- lO 
pu6 in cognitione r6rum salnbre ac frugiferum, omnis 
t6 exempli doeumenta in inlustri posita monuments 
intueri; inde tibi tuaeque rei ptiblicae quod imitere 
capias, inde foedum inceptti, f oedum exitti, quod vit6s. 
Ceterum aut me amor negotii suscepti fallit, aut nulla ii 
umquam r6s publica nee maior nee sanctior nee bonis 
exemplis ditior fuit, nee in quam civitatem tam s6rae 
avaritia luxuriaque immigraverint, nee ubi tantus ac 
tam diti paupertati ac parsimoniae honos fuerit ; adeo 
quant5 r6rum minus, tanto minus cupiditatis erat. 
Ntiper divitiae avaritiam et abundantSs voluptates 12 
dgsiderium per luxum atque libidinem pereundl per- 
dendique omnia invexfire. Sed querellae, ne tum qui- 
dem gratae futurae, cum forsitan necessariae erunt, 
ab initio cert6 tantae ordiendae rei absint ; cum bonis 13 
potius ominibus votisque et precationibus deorum de- 
arumque, si, ut pofitis, nobis quoque mos esset, libentius 
incipergmus, ut orsis tantum operis successus prosperos 
darent. 

settling (as it were), falling and coming doum with a crash.— diBci- 
plXnft: tone of morality. 11. Geterum: for «ed. — ciTitfttem: attrac- 
tion. — adeo: so true it is that; often in L. of a general ground. 
12. certs : at least, 13. potius: much rather,— oxtSa: the begin- 
ning, undertaking. 



TITI LIVI AB UEBE CONDITA 



LIBEK I. 

1. lam prlmum omnium satis constat Troid. capt& 
in ceteros saevitum esse Troianos; duobus, Aen6ae 
Antgnorique, et vetusti itire hospitil et quia pftcis 
reddendaeque Helenae semper auctorgs fufirunt, omne 

2 ius belli Achivos abstinuisse. Casibus deinde variis 
Antgnorem cum multitudine Enetum, qui s6ditione 
ex Paphlagonia pulsi et s6d6s et dueem r6ge Pylae- 
mene ad Troiam Omisso quaer^bant, v6nisse in inti- 

3 mum Hadriatici maris sinum ; Euganeisque, qui inter 
mare Alp6sque incolebant, pulsis Enetos Troianosque 
eas tenuisse terras. Et in quem primum ggressl sunt 
locum Troia vocatur, pagoque inde Troiano nomen 

4 est; gens uni versa Venetl appellati. Aeneam ab 
simili clade domo profugum, sed ad maiora rfirum 
initia dticentibus fatis primo in Macedoniam vfinisse, 

1. The scattering of the Trojans and arrival of Aeneas in Italy. — 
1. lam . . . omnium: to begin with. — BBtiM constat: L. means that 
this is the settled tradition, not historic fact.— duSbus: dat. com. 
with abstinuisse. 2. G&sibus ...▼.: from this point their fortunes 
diverged. Enetum : Homer, H. 2. 852, makes the Eneti of Paphlagonia 
the allies of the Trojans ; the transfer to Veneti under a Trojan leader 
is natural. 3. locum: see praef. § 11. 4. mftiora: hypaUage for 
mdiorum. 

4 



LIBEB I 5 

inde in Sicilian! quaerentem s6dgs dSlfttum, ab Sicilift 
classe ad Laurentem agrum tenuisse. Troia et huic loco 6 
nomen est. Ibi egressi Troiani, ut quibus ab inm6nso 
prope errore nihil praefer arma et nav6s superesset, cum 
praedam ex agris agerent, Latinus r6x Aborlginesque, 
qui turn ea tenebant loca, ad arcendam vim advena- 
rum armati ex urbe atque agris concurrunt. Duplex 6 
inde fama est: alii proelio victum Latinum paeem 
cum AenSa, deinde adf initatem itinxisse tradunt ; alii, 7 
cum instructae acies constitissent, priusquam signa 
canerent, processisse Latinum inter primores ducem- 
que advenarum fivocasse ad conloquium; percun- 
ctatum deinde, qui mortalSs essent, unde aut quo castl 8 
profecti domo, quidve quaerentes in agrum Laurentem 
exissent, postquam audierit multitudinem Troianos 
esse, ducem Aen6am filium Anchisae et Veneris, cre- 
mata patria dom6 profug5s s6dem condendaeque urbi 
locum quaerere, et nobilitatem admiratum gentis virique 
et animum vel bello vel paci paratum dextra data fidem 
futurae amicitiae sanxisse. Inde foedus ictum inter 9 
duces, inter exercitas salntationem factam; Aen6am 
apud Latinum fuisse in hospitio. Ibi Latinum apud 
penates deos domesticum publico adiunxisse foedus f Ilia 
Aenfiae in matrimOnium data. Ea rfis utique Troianis lo 
spem adfirmat tandem stabili certaque sede finiendi 
erroris. Oppidum condunt ; Aeneas ab nomine uxoris ii 
Lavinium appellat. Brevi stirpis quoque virilis ex 

5. inmSnaS: endless; lit. unmeasured. — Latinus: the eponymous 
hero of the Latins, said to be the son of Faonus and the nymph Marica, 
afterward worshipped as Jupiter Latiaris. 6. inde : from this point. 
7. unde: whence they camef Use different clauses in translating 
these questions and connect by and.— quidve q. : with what purpose? 
11. BrevX: wi. tempore. 



6 Tin Livi 

nov5 matrimonio fuit, cui Ascanium parentfis dix6re 
nomen. 

2. Bello deinde Aborigines Troianique simul petiti. 
Turnus, r6x Eutulorum, cm pacta Lavmia ante adven- 
tum Aen6ae fuerat, praelatum sibi advenam aegre 
patiens, simul Aen^ae Latinoque bellum intnlerat. 

2 Neutra acies laeta ex eo certamine abiit: victi Kutuli, 
victorfis Aborigines Troianique ducem Latmum ami- 

3 s6re. Inde Turnus Rutulique diffisi rebus ad florentSs 
op6s Etrtiscorum Mezentiumque r6gem eorum confu- 
giunt, qui Caere, opulento turn oppido, imperitans, iam 
inde ab initio minime laetus novae origine urbis, et 
turn nimio plus quam satis tutum esset accolls rem 
Troianam crescere ratus, baud gravatim socia arma 

4 Rutulis iunxit. Aeneas, adversus tanti belli terrorem 
ut animCs Aboriginum sibi conciliaret, nee sub eodem 
iure solum sed etiam nomine omnes essent, Latinos 

6 utramque gentem appellavit. Nee deinde Aborigines 
Troianis studio ac fide erga regem Aeneam cessere. 
Fretusque his animis coalescentium in dies magis 
duorum populorum Aeneas, quamquam tanta opibus 
Etruria erat, ut iam non terras solum sed mare etiam 
per totam Italiae longitudinem ab Alpibus ad fretum 
Siculum fama nominis sui implesset, tamen, cum moe- 
nibus bellum propulsare posset, in aciem copias eduxit. 

6 Secundum inde proelium Latinis, Aeneae etiam ulti- 
inum operum mortalium fuit. Situs est, quemcumque 

2. 2. fimisere : tradition said that Latinus disappeared. 3. rebus : 
their own strength, — Caere: loc. ab. Caere was one of the twelve 
allied cantons of Etruria. 4. nee = et niy common in L. following ut, 
but the negative belongs only to sdlum. 5. fretusque: que^ and so 
then. L. often uses que in a summary or transition. Cf . c. 42. 4. — 
fftinft: inst. abl. — moenibus: inst. abl. 6. Secundum: successful. — 
Situs est: lies &unee2.— quemcumque ... est: whether human or 



LIBER I 7 

eum dici itis fasque est, super Numicum fluvium; 
lovem indigetem appellant. 

3. Nondum mattirus imperio Ascanius Aeii6ae filius 
erat ; tamen id imperium ei ad ptiberem aetatem inco- 
lume mansit. Tantisper tutela muliebri — tanta indo- 
les in Lavlnia erat — r6s Latina et rggnum avitum 
paternumque puero stetit. Hand ambigam — quis 2 
enim rem tarn veterem pro certo adfirmet? — hicine 
fuerit Ascanius, an maior quam hie, Cretisa matre Ilio 
incolumi natus comesque inde paternae fugae, quern 
Itilum eundem Itilia g^ns auctorem nominis sui nun- 
cupat. Is Ascanius, ubicumque et quacumque matre 3 
genitus — cert6 natum Aenea constat — abundante La- 
vlnl multitudine florentem iam, ut turn res erant, 
atque opulentam urbem matrl sen novercae rellquit, 
novam ipse aliam sub Albano monte condidit, quae ab 
situ porrgctae in dorso urbis Longa Alba appellata. 
Inter Lavinium et Albam Longam coloniam deductam 4 
triginta fermg interfu6re annl. Tantum tamen opes 
crgverant maximg f usis Etruscis, ut ne morte quidem 
Aeneae, nee deinde inter muliebrem tut^lam rudi- 
mentumque primum puerilis rggni, movere arma 
aut Mezentius Etruscique aut ulli alii accolae ausi 
sint. Pax ita convenerat, ut Etruscis Latinisque 5 
fluvius Albula, quern nunc Tiberim vocant, finis esset. 

divine. The ancients were particular iu using tlie right name of a 
deity or hero in speaking of or to him, and in ascribing the right attri- 
butes to him. — super: on the bank of. 

8. The founding of Alba. 1. muliebri = gen. mulieriSt as in § 4 
and often. 2. ambigam: queation^ decide. — lulume. : the same one 
whom under the name of I. 3. ubicumque et q. : often in L. without 
a verb. — multitfidine : population. — ut erant: for the times. — 
Longa A. : order reversed for emphasis. The town lay on a ridge un- 
der the Alban mountain, just above the Alban lake. 4. Lftvlnium: 
80. condi^um. ~ morte : abl. of time. — ausi sint: perfect for the im- 



8 Trri Livi 

6 Silvius deinde r6gnat, Ascanii fllius, casti quodam in 

7 silvls natus. Is Aeneam Silvium creat; is deinde 
Latinum Silvium. Ab eo coloniae aliquot deductae, 

8 Prisci Latinl appellati. Mansit Silviis postea omni- 
bus cognomen, qui Albae r6gnav6runt. Latino Alba 
ortus, Alba Atys, Atye Capys, Capye Capetus, Capeto 
Tiberinus, qui in traiectti Albulae amnis submersus 

9 celebre ad posteros nomen flumini dedit. Agrippa 
inde Tiberini filius, post Agrippam Romulus Silvius 
a patre accepto imperio rggnat. AdventinO fulmine 
ipse ictus rggnum per mantts trOdidit. Is sepultus in 
eo colle qui nunc pars Romanae est urbis, cogn5men 

10 colli fecit. Proca deinde rggnat. Is NumitOrem 
atque Amulium procreat ; Numitori, qui stirpis maxi- 
mus erat, rfignum vetustum Silviae gentis legat. Plus 
tamen vis potuit quam voluntas patris aut verecundia 

11 aetatis. Pulso fratre Amtilius rfignat. Addit sce- 
leri scelus; stirpem fratris virilem interimit, fratris 
filiae R6ae Silviae per speciem honoris, cum Vesta- 
lem earn legisset, perpetua virginitate spem partus 
adimit. 

4. Sed debebatur, ut opinor, fatis tantae origo urbis 

maximique secundum deorum op6s imperii principium. 

2 Vi compressa Vestalis cum geminum partum edidisset, 

sen ita rata, sen quia deus auctor culpae honestior erat, 

perfect, as in 21. 1.2. 6. Silvius : the first tradition gave Romalus as 
the grandson of Aeneas, bat when it appeared that more than 400 
years (cf. c. 29. 6.) lay between the fall of Troy and the founding of 
Rome, a family of Alban kings was put in to fill the gap. 7. Prisci La- 
tinl: so called to distingnish them from later Latin colonies. Cf. c. 
:3.S. 4. 8. cognomen = ndmen^ i.e. Silvius. 10. mftximus = mdior. 
11. Addit: observe in these chapters the succession of short sentences 
and the asyndeton, a style in harmony with the rapid survey of events. 
4. Birth of Romulus and Remus. 1. secundum: next to. 2. erat: 



LIBER I 9 

Martem incertae stirpis patrem nuncupat. Sed nee 3 
dil nee homines aut ipsam aut stirpem a erudelitate 
rggia vindieant : saeerdos vincta in eustodiam datur, 
pueros in profluentem aquam mitti iubet. Forte 4 
quadam divinitus super ripas Tiberis effusus lenibus 
stagnis nee adiri iisquam ad iusti cursum poterat 
amnis, et posse quamvis languida mergl aqua infantes 
spem ferentibus dabat. Ita, velut dgftincti regis im- 5 
perio, in proxima . 6luvi6, ubi nunc ficus Ruminalis 
est — Romularem vocatam f erunt — pueros exponunt. 
Vastae turn in his locis solitudinfis erant. Tenet 6 
fama, cum fluitantem alveum, quC expositi erant 
pueri, tenuis in sicco aqua d^stituisset, lupam sitientem 
ex montibus, qui circa sunt, ad puerilem vagitum 
cursum flexisse ; eam submissas Inf antibus adeo mitem 
praebuisse mammas, ut lingua lambentem pueros ma- 
gister rggil pecoris inv6nerit — Faustulo f uisse nomen 
ferunt. Ab eo ad stabula Larentiae uxori 6ducandos 
datos. Sunt qui Larentiam vulgatS corpore lupam 7 
inter pastores vocatam putent; inde locum fabulae 
ac miraculo datum. Ita geniti itaque educati, cum 8 
primum adolevit aetas, nee in stabulis nee ad pecora 
segues venando peragrare salttis. Hinc robore cor- 9 

would bCf as in 21. 41. 2. 3. Sed: bat whichever was the case. — pro- 
fluentem a.: a stream. — iubet: L. of ten carelessly omits the subject, 
even when it differs from that of the preceding verb. 4. Forte q. d. : 
by a divine chance, — Tiberis . . . dabat: the Tiber having overflowed 
. . . coidd not be approached . . . but they hoped. — iSsti: regvXar; see 
on c. 1. 4. 5. fXcus: afterward shown on the western slope of the 
Palatine. 6. Yftstae : wUd. The stretch between the Palatine, Capi- 
toline, and Aventine was a swampy waste. — qui . . . sunt: svrround- 
inffj i.e. on both sides of the river. — FaustiQo: favorer ^ helper. — 
educandOB : to be brought up. 8. ad pecora: when the herds were in 
the pastures. — vinando : mod. abl. The young men were particularly 
active in hunting. 



10 TITI LIVI 

poribus animisque sumpto iam non fer&s tantum sub- 
sistere, sed in latrongs praeda onustos impetus facere, 
pastoribusque rapta dividere, et cum his crgscente in 
digs grege iuvenum seria ac iocos celebrftre. 

5. Iam tum in Palatio monte Lupercal hoc fuisse 
ludicmm ferunt, et a Pallant6o, urbe ArcadicS, 

2 Pallantium, dein Palatium montem appellatum. Ibi 
Euandrum, qui ex eo genere Arcadum multls ante 
tempestatibus tenuerit loca, sollemne adlatum ex 
Arcadia Instituisse, ut ntidi iuvengs Lycaeum Pana 
venerantes per liisum atque lasciviam currerent, quem 

3 Eromani deinde vocaverunt Inuum. Huic deditis 
ludicro, cum sollemne notum esset, Insidiatos ob iram 
praedae amissae latrones, cum Romulus vi se d6- 
fendisset, Remum cepisse, captum r^gi Amtilio tra- 
didisse ultro acctisantes. Crlmini maxima dabant in 

4 Numitoris agros ab iis impetus fieri ; inde eCs conlecta 
iuvenum manti hostilem in modum praedas agere. 

5 Sic ad supplicium Numitori Remus deditur. Iam 
inde ab initio Faustulo spes fuerat regiam stirpem 
apud se 6ducari : nam et expositos iussu regis infantes 
sciebat, et tempus, quo ipse eos sustulisset, ad id 
ipsum congruere; sed rem immaturam nisi aut per 
occasionem aut per necessitatem aperire noluerat. 



9. iam : already ; before the events of the next chapter. — subsi- 
Btere: lay in wait. — iocos: merry -makings. The expression is used 
simply as a contrast to seria, and to prepare for the foUowing. 

5. Fall of Amulius. 1. monte: appos. of PaXdtio. — hoc: the one 
still in use. —ludicmm : festival. It was in February, in honor of the 
god of flocks, Lupercus ; associated with Pan. 2. tempestfltibus i as 
we say seasons for years. — nudl: i.e. clothed only in goat-skins. 
3. praedae a. : the loss of their booty, as in 21. 1. 5. — cepisse, c. : took, 
and then. — ultro : actually ; one would not expect a charge from rob- 
bers. 5. immfltflram: unseasonably, predicative. — occflsiSnem : 



LIBER I 11 

Necessitas prior vgnit. Ita metu subactus R6mul6 6 
rem aperit. Forte et Numitori, cum in ctistodia 
Remum hab^ret, audissetque geminos esse fratrgs, 
comparando et aetatem eorum et ipsam minime ser- 
vilem indolem tetigerat animum memoria nepotimi; 
sciscitandoque eodem perv6nit, ut baud procul esset 
quin Remum agnosceret. Ita undique regi dolus 7 
nectitur. Romulus non cum globo iuvenum — nee 
enim erat ad vim apertam par — sed aliis alio itinere 
iussis cert5 tempore ad rggiam venire pastoribus, ad 
rggem impetum facit, et a domo Numitoris alia com- 
parata manu adiuvat Remus. Ita r6gem obtruncant. 

6. Numitor inter primum tumultum hostis invasisse 
urbem atque adortos regiam dictitans, cum pubem 
Albanam in arcem praesidio armlsque obtinendam 
avocasset, postquam iuvenes perpetrata caede pergere 
ad se gratulantes vidit, extemplo advocate ooncilio 
scelus in se fratris, orlginem nepotum, ut geniti, ut 
educati, ut cogniti essent, caedem deinceps tyranni 
seque eius auctorem ostendit. Iuvenes per mediam 2 
contionem agmine ingress! cum avum regem saltitas- 
sent, secuta ex omni multitudine consentiens vox 
ratum nomen imperiumque r6gl efficit. Ita Numitori 3 

favorable opportunity. 6. metu b. : under the influence of fear^ 
either of excessive penalty for Remus, or of being implicated as his 
foster-father.— eodem: adv. to the same point as Faustulus. 7. aliis 
a. i. : by different routes. 

6. Romulus and Remus wish to found a city. — 1. Numitor: this 
sentence is an excellent illustration of the Livian period. The thought 
is carried forward by the partic. dictitans, the clauses with cum and 
postquarUf and the abl. abs. and concludes with the main verb. In 
translating it should be broken into several independent sentences. — 
piimum t.: the beginning o/. — deinceps : adj., /oWowinflr. — aucto- 
rem : responsible. 2. ftgxnine : side by side ; the word hardly applies 
to two persons, but it is a stock phrase (abl. modal.), the opposite of 



12 TITI LIVI 

Albana r6 permissa Romulum Remumque cupldo c6pit 
in ils locis, ubi expositi ubique educati erant, urbis 
condendae. Et supererat multitude Albanorum Latl- 
norumque; ad id pastor6s quoque accesserant, qui 
oinngs facile spem facerent, parvam Albam, parvum 

4 Lavlnium prae ea urbe, quae conderetur, fore. In- 
terv6nit deinde his cogitationibus avitum malum, 
regni cupido, atque inde foedum certamen coortum a 
satis miti prmcipio. Quoniam gemini essent, nee 
aetatis verficundia discrimen facere posset, ut dii, 
quorum tutelae ea loca essent, augurils legerent qui 
nomen novae urbl daret, qui conditam imperio regeret, 
Palatium Romulus, Remus Aventinum ad inauguran- 
dum templa capiunt. 

7. Priori Remo augurium vgnisse fertur, sex vultu- 
res, iamque ntintiato augurio cum duplex numerus 
Romulo s6 ostendisset, utrumque r^gem sua multitudo 
consaltitaverat. Tempore illl praecepto, at hi numero 

2 avium rfignum trahebant. Inde cum altercatione con- 
gressl certamine Irarum ad caedem vertuntur. Ibi in 
turba ictus Remus cecidit. Vulgatior fama est Itidi- 
brio fratris Remum novos transiluisse mtiros; inde 
ab Irato Romulo, cum verbis quoque increpitans adie- 
cisset, " Sic deinde quicumque alius transiliet moenia 

disorderly. 3. ad id = ad eos, the excessive part. — qui o. : so that all 
together. — prae: in comparison with. 4. satis m.: very trifling. — 
essent : subj. because it is the thought of the youug men. — quorum t. : 
under whose protection; tutelae is pred. gen. of possession. — inaug^- 
randum: for taking the omens; the indispensable preliminary for 
every act at Rome. — templa: posts of observation ; cf. c. 18. 10. 

7. Death of Remus. Establishment of ritual. — 1. utrumque . . . c: 
each was saluted by his own followers as king, s^a refers to utrum- 
que.— TemT^oxe: inst. abl.— trahebant: sc. ad se, claimed. 2. cer- 
tftmine i. : in their passionate strife ; inst. abl. ; note the plu. of 
irarum, as in 21. 58. 1. — increpitftus: join with verbis as adj. ; bitter. 



LIBER I 13 

mea ! '' interf ectum. Ita solus potitus imperio Romu- 3 
lus ; condita urbs conditoris nomine appellata, 

Palatium primum, in quo ipse erat educatus, muniit. 
Sacra diis aliis Albano ritti, Graeco Herculi, ut ab 
Euandro instituta erant, facit. Herculem in ea loca 4 
Geryone interempto bov6s mira specie ab^gisse memo- 
rant, ac prope Tiberim fluvium, qua prae s6 armentum 
aggns nando traiecerat, loco herbido, ut quiete et 
pabulo laeto reficeret boves, et ipsum fessum via 
procubuisse. Ibi cum eum cibo vlnoque gravatum 5 
sopor oppressisset, pastor accola eius ioci, nOmine 
Cacus, ferox viribus, captus pulchritudine boum cum 
avertere eam praedam vellet, quia, si agendo armentum 
in sp^luncam compulisset, ipsa vestigia quaerentem 
dominum eo deducttira erant, aversos boves, eximium 
quemque pulchrittidine, caudis in speluncam traxit. 
Hercules ad primam auroram somno excitus cum gre- 6 
gem perlustrasset oculis et partem abesse numero sen- 
sisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si forte eo 
vestigia ferrent. Quae ubi omnia foras versa vidit 
nee in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus 
animi ex loco infesto agere porro armentum occ^pit. 
Inde cum actae boves quaedam ad desiderium, ut fit, 7 
rellctarum mtiglssent, reddita incltisarum ex spSlunca 
boum vox Herculem convertit. Quem cum vadentem 

3. Albftno . . . Graec5 : i.e. with covered and uncovered head. 4. qufl: 
in the pl^ce to which he had come. — laeto : rich. — et i. : he was tired 
as well as the cattle. 5. feroz: confident. Cacus, the bad robber, 
lived in a cave in the Aventine, as Evander on the Palatine. — eam p. : 
them as plunder; a common attraction. — diductura erant: must 
have led. — quemque: attracted to the adj. as regularly to a superla- 
tive ; he seized the most beautiful and drew. 6. ad. p. a. : poetical for 
prima liice. — si: to see if, 7. ad. d. u. f. : missing ^ as is common. — 
reddita . . . vox: L. is fond of involved order; cf. c. 4. 6. 



14 TITI LIVI 

ad speluncam Cacus vi prohib6re conatus esset, ictus 
clava fidem pastoriim n^qulquam invocans morte oc- 

8 cubuit. Euander turn ea profugus ex Peloponneso 
auctoritate magis quarn imperio regebat loca, venera- 
bilis vir miraculo litterarum, rel novae inter rudes 
artium homines, venerabilior divlnitate credita Car- 
mentae matris, quam fatiloquam ante Sibyllae in 

9 Italiam adventum miratae eae gent^s fuerant. Is 
turn Euander, concursti pastorum trepidantium circa 
advenam manifestae reum caedis excitus, postquam 
facinus facinorisque causam audivit, habitum for- 
mamque virl aliquantum ampliorem augustioremque 
humana intuens, rogitat qui vir esset. Ubi nomen 

10 patremque ac patriam accepit, " love nate, Hercules, 
salve," inquit. "Te mihi mater, v6ridica interpres 
deum, aucttirum caelestium numerum cecinit, tibique 
aram hic dicatum iri, quam opulentissima olim in 

11 terris gens maximam vocet tuoque ritu colat." Dextra 
Hercules data accipere se omen impleturumque lata 

12 ara condita ac dicata ait. Ibi tum primum bove eximia 
capta de grege sacrum Herculi adhibitis ad ministe- 
rium dapemque Potitils ac Pinarils, quae tum familiae 

13 maxime inclitae ea loca incolebant, factum. Eorte ita 
evenit, ut Potitil ad tempus praesto essent, iisque exta 
apponerentur, Pinarii extis ad^sis ad ceteram venirent 

8. auctorit&te: personal influence. — litterSTvan.: the Romans 
brouj;ht their alphabet from the Greek colonies of lower Italy, — Si- 
byllae: the Cumean Sibyl ; cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 35. f. 9. trepidantium : 
gathering in fright. — habitum: note the frequent recurrence of suc- 
cessive words in which the m sound predominates. — rogitat: the fre- 
quentative often in L. with the meaning of the simple form. 10. tibi : 
ind.obj. — tuor. : a rite peculiar to you. 11. fSLta.: prophecy. — ftr&c. : 
abl. abs. ; hy founding. 12. dapem : the religious feast after the 
sacrifice. 13. exta : the larger entrails, as heart and liver. 



LIBER I 15 

dapem. Inde institutum mansit, donee Pinarium 
genus fuit, ne extis sollemnium vescerentur. Potitii 14 
ab Euandro edocti antistitSs sacri 6ius per multas 
aetates f uerunt, donee tradito servis publicis sollemni 
familiae ministerio genus omne Potltiorum interiit. 
Haec turn sacra Romulus ana ex omnibus peregnna 16 
suscepit, iam turn immortalitatis virtute partae, ad 
quam eum sua fata ducebant, fautor. 

8. Rebus divinis rite perpetratis vocataque ad con- 
cilium multitudine, quae coalescere in populi unius 
corpus nulla re praeterquam legibus poterat, iura dedit ; 
quae ita sancta generi hominum agresti fore ratus, si 2 
s6 ipse venerabilem insignibus imperii fgcisset, cum 
cetero habitti se augustiorem, tum maxime llctoribus 
duodecim sumptis f6cit. Alii ab numero avium, quae 3 
augurio rggnum portenderant, eum secutum numerum 
putant ; me hand paenitet eorum sententiae esse, quibus 
et apparitores hoc genus ab Etruscis finitimis, unde 
sella curulis, unde toga praetexta sumpta est, et nu- 
merum quoque ipsum ductum placet ; et ita habuisse 
Etrtiscos, quod ex duodecim populis commtiniter 
creato rege singulos singull populi lictor6s dederint. 

Crescebat interim urbs munitionibus alia atque alia 4 
adpetendo loca, cum in spem magis futurae multitudi- 
nis quam ad id quod tum hominum erat, munirent. 

14. genus = gens. The change was made under the direction of 
Appius Claudius. See 9. 29. 

8. Political institutions. — 2. ita ... si: restrictive; oiUy . . . ^, 
rwt . . . unless. — ipse: this is usually joined to the subject where we 
emphasize the predicate, himself, — citero : besides the lictors. 3. eum : 
agrees with numerum. — m5 . . . esse : I do not hesitate to adopt the 
opinion of those. —"bSc genua = huius generis, i.e. the lictors. — cre- 
ftto : on the appointment of a king ; in case of a general war. 4. mfi- 
nitiSnibuB: inst. abl. with adpetendo. — isL spem: in the /iope.— ad 



16 TITI LIVI 

5 Deinde ne vana urbis magnitudo esset, adiciendae mul- 
titudinis causa vetere consilio condentium urb6s, qui 
obscuram atqUe humilem conciendo ad s6 multittidinem 
natam 6 terra sibi prolem gmentiebantur, locum, qui 
nunc saeptus descendentibus inter duos Iticos est, 

6 asylum aperit. Eo ex finitimis populis turba omnis 
sine discrimine, liber an servus esset, avida novarum 
rerum perfugit, idque primum ad coeptam magnitu- 

7 dinem roboris fuit. Cum iam virium baud paeniteret, 
consilium deinde viribus parat: centum creat sena- 
tores, sive quia is numerus satis erat, sive quia soli 
centum erant, qui creari patres possent. Patr6s cert6 
ab honore, patriciique progenies eorum appellati. 

9. Iam res Romana adeo erat valida, ut cuilibet 
finitimarum civitatum bello par esset; sed pSnuria 
mulierum hominis aetatem durattira magnitudo erat, 
quippe quibus nee domi sp6s prolis nee cum finitimis 

2 conubia essent. Tum ex consilio patrum Romulus 
Iggatos circa vicinas gent^s misit, qui societatem conu- 

3 biumque novo populo peterent : urb6s quoque ut cetera 
ex infimO nasci; dein, quas sua virtus ac dii invent, 

4 magnas opes sibi magnumque nomen facere; satis 
scire origini Romanae et deos adf uisse et non defutti- 

. . . erat: in accordance with the actual number of inhabitants. 
6. vetere c. : in accordance with the old device; modal, abl. — de- 
Bcendentibus : dat. ; to those going down^ on the way down, — duos 1. : 
the two summits of the Capitoline. — as^um: a place of atonement, 
not of residence, from which they passed to the city on the Palatine. 
The modern Piazza del Campidoglio. d. novarum: a change of dr- 
cumstances. — id: i.e. turba. 7. cSnsilium: both a,hatTa.otj guidance, 
and concrete, council ^ the senate. 

9-18. Rape of the Sabine women, and the resulting wars. 

9. 1. quibus: the antecedent is in res. 2. urbes: saying that 
cities. The or. obi. which here contains the argument of the en- 
voys often has no introductory word in Latin. 4. scire: sc. «6. — 



LIBER I 17 

ram virtutem : proinde n6 gravarentur homings cum 
hominibus sanguinem ac genus miscere. Nusquam 5 
benigne legatiO audita est: adeo simul spernebant, 
^ simul tantam in medio crescentem molem sibi ac po- 
steris suis metuebant. A plerisque rogitantibus dl- 
missl, ecquod f eminis quoque asylum aperuissent : id 
enim d6mum compSr conubium fore. Aegre id Romana 6 
pabes passa, et baud dubi6 ad vim spectare r6s coepit. 
Cui tempus locumque aptum ut daret RCmulus, aegri- 
tudinem animi dissimulans ludos ex industria parat 
Neptuno Equestri soUemnls ; Consualia vocat. Indlci 7 
deinde finitimis spectaculum' iubet, quantoque appa- 
ratti tum sciebant aut poterant concelebrant, ut rem 
claram exspectatamque f acerent. Multi mortal6s con- 8 
v6n6re, studio etiam videndae novae urbis, maxime 
proximi quique, Caenin6ns6s, Crustumini, Antem nates ; 
iam Sabinorum omnis multittido cum liberis ac con- 9 
iugibus vfinit. Invitati hospitaliter per domos cum 
situm moeniaque et frequentem tectis urbem vidissent, 
mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse. Ubi lO 
spectaculi tempus venit, deditaeque eo mentes cum 
oculis erant, tnm ex composite orta vis, signoque dato 
inventus Romana ad rapiendas virgines discurrit. 
Magna pars forte, in quem quaeque inciderat, raptae. ii 

proinde . . . homines : there/ore let them not hesitate as men ; proinde 
introduces a conclusion that is also an exhortation. 5. id . . . demum: 
for that only. G. pubSa = mucTies, as in c. 6. 1. — Cui: refers to vim. 
7. GSnsiiiaia : games celebrated on the 21st of August and 15th of De- 
cember in honor of an old Italian deity, whom L. here tacitly identifies 
with Neptune, and who, as the representative of the Greek Poseidon, 
was the maker of the horse; hence equestri. — concelebrant: were 
preparing to celebrate. 8. Caen. Crust. Antem. : Latin peoples in the 
vicinity of Rome. 9. iam : finally ; often in a summary with the last 
member. —frequentem t. : numerous dwellings. 10. e5: to the ex- 
hibition.— Yis: disturbance. 11. forte . . . inciderat: without choice 



18 TITI LIVI 

Quasdam forma excellentSs primoribus patrmn d6sti- 
natas ex plebe homines, quibus datum negotium erat, 

12 domos deferebant. IJnam longe ante alias specie ac 
piilchritudine insignem a globo Talassii ciiiusdam 
raptam ferunt, multisque sciscitantibus cuinam eam 
ferrent, identidem, n6 quis violaret, Talassio ferri 
clamitatum ; inde ntiptialem banc vocem factam. 

13 Turbato per metum ludicro maesti parentis virginum 
prof ugiunt, inctisantes violatum hospitii foedus deum- 
que invocantes, cuius ad sollemne ludosque per fas ac 
fidem decepti venissent. Nee raptis aut sp€s d6 sfi 

14 melior aut indlgnatio est minor. Sed ipse Romulus 
circumibat, docebatque patrum id superbia factum, 
qui contibium f Initimis negassent : illas tamen in ma- 
trimonio, in societate f ortunarum omnium civitatisque, 
et, quo nihil carius humano generi sit, liberum fore ; 

15 mollirent modo Iras, et, quibus fors corpora dedisset, 
darent animos ; saepe ex initiria postmodum gratiam 
ortam, eoque melioribus usuras viris, quod adnisurus 
pro s6 quisque sit, ut, cum suam vicem functus officio 
sit, parentium etiam patriaeque expleat desiderium. 

hy the one who happened to be nearest. — ex. plebe : L. often joins a 
prep, and its case to a noun in an adjectival sense. 12. clftmit&tum : 
the cry was raised. The origin of the shout " Thalassio," with which a 
bride was led into her husband's house, is uncertain. 13. hospitii f . : 
hospitality f guest friendship ^ which the Romans had given by inviting 
them to the games and to their houses. — per . . . decepti: they had 
trusted to the inviolability of a religious festival and to the pledge of 
protection implied in hospitality. Fas and fidem refer chiastically to 
invocantes and incusantes. 14. mSLtrimonio : the women feared that, 
as their people had refused conubium with the Romans, they would be 
held as slaves. Romulus assured them that their marriage should be 
iustuniy regular, as if conUbium had existed, and their children would 
therefore be free. — quo ... sit: the dearest thing to human nature» 
The antecedent of quo is liberum fore. 15. melioribus . . . virls : 
would find their husbands better.— saajn, yicem: for his own part. 



LIBER I 19 

Acc6d6bant blanditiae virorum factum purgantium lo 
cupiditate atque amore, quae maxime ad muliebre 
ingenium efficOces preces sunt. 

10. lam admodum mitigati animi raptis erant. At 
raptarum parentes turn maxim© sordida veste lacrimis- 
que et querellls civitat^s concitabant. Nee domi tan- 
tum indlgnationgs continebant, sed congregabantur 
undique ad Titum Tatium, regem Sabmorum, et lega- 
tion's eo, quod maximum Tatil nomen in ils regioni- 
bus erat, conveni'bant. Caenlnenses Crustuminique 2 
et Antemnates erant, ad quos 6ius iniuriae pars per- 
tinebat. Lente agere his Tatius Sabinique visi sunt ; 
ipsi inter s6 tres populi commtiniter bellum parant. 
Ne Crustuminl quidem atque Antemnat^s pro ardore 3 
iraque Caeninensium satis se impigre movent ; ita per 
s© ipsum nomen Caenlnum in agrum Romanum im- 
petum facit. Sed effus6 vastantibus fit obvius cum 4 
exercitti Romulus, levique certamine docet vanam 
sine viribus iram esse. Exercitum fundit fugatque, 
fusum persequitur; rfigem in proelio obtruncat et 
spoliat; duce hostium occlso urbem primo impettl 
capit. Inde exercitu victore reducto ipse, cum factis 5 
vir magnificus tum factorum ostentator baud minor,, 
spolia ducis hostium eaesi suspensa fabricate ad id 
apte ferculo gerens in Capitolium 6scendit, ibique ea 
cum ad quercum pastoribus sacram dSposuisset, simul 

10. 1. tum mftzimS : i.e. on the ground of personal feelings rather 
than for general reasons. — tantum: not to be taken with nee; they 
did not keep their feeling at home, as one might expect. 2. Lente : too 
slowly. 3. nomen = popul us ; all who were called by the name 
Caeninenses. 4. effUsS ▼. : as they were scattered in plundering. — 
f^um: cf. captuniy c. 6. 3. 5. victore : adj., victorious. — ad id: /or 
the purpose, L. here practically ascribes to Romulus the first triumph, 
though he uses the word first of Tarquinius Priscus in c. 38. 3. — pftsto- 



20 TITI LIVI 

cum donO deslgnavit templo lovis finis cognomenque 

6 addidit deo. "luppiter Feretrl," inquit, "haec tibi 
victor Romulus r6x rggia arma fero, templumque his 
regionibus, quas modo animo mfitatus sum, dedico 
sedem opimis spoliis quae r^gibus ducibusque hostium 

7 caesTs me auctorem sequentes poster! ferent." Haec 
tempi! est origo, quod primum omnium Romae sacrO- 
tum est. Ita deinde diis v!sum, nee inritam condi- 
toris tempi! vocem esse, qua laturos eo spolia posteros 
nuncupavit, nee multittidine conpotum gius d5n! vul- 
gar! laudem. B!na postea inter tot anhos, tot bella 
opima parta sunt spolia ; adeo rara eius forttina decoris 
fuit. 

11. Dum ea ibi Roman! gerunt, Antemnatium exer- 
citus per occasionem ac solittidinem liost!liter in f!nes 
Romanes incursiOnem f acit. Raptim et ad hos Romana 

2 legio ducta palatos in agr!s oppressit. Fus! igitur 
pr!mo impetu et clamore hostes, oppidum captum ; du- 
plic!que victoria ovantem Romulum Hersilia coniunx, 
precibus raptarum fat!gata, orat ut parentibus earum 
det veniam et in civitatem accipiat ; ita rem coalescere 

3 Concordia posse. Facile impetratum. Inde contra 
Crustuminos profectus bellum !nferentes. Ibi minus 
etiam, quod alienis cladibus ceciderant anim!, certa- 



ribUB : by the shepherds ; the dative with sacer usually is of that to 
which an object is consecrated. 6. me a.: my example. 7. Ita: an- 
ticipates the following infinitives. — doni: join with conpotum and 
also laudem. — BIna : two only ; by Cornelius Cossus from the leader 
of the Veientes, 437 B.C., and by Claudius Marcellus from the leader of 
the Insubrians, 222 B.C. 

11. 1. ibi: at Caenina. — per . . . solitudinem : taking advantage 
of the absence of the army. — legiS: army ; originally levy. 2. clfi- 
m5re: battle shout. — Hersilia: one of the stolen women, afterward 
worshipped under the name of Hora, goddess of marriage and fertility. 



LIBER I 21 

minis f uit. Utroque coloniae missae ; plures inventi, 4 
qui propter ubertatem terrae in Crustuminum nomina 
darent. Et Romam inde frequenter migratum est, a 
parentibus maxima ac propinquis raptarum. 

Novissimum ab Sabinis bellum ortum, multoque id 6 
maximum f uit ; nihil enim per iram aut cupiditatem 
actum est, nee ostend^runt bellum prius quam intul6- 
runt. Consilio etiam additus dolus. Spurius Tar- 6 
pgius Eromanae praeerat arci. Htiius filiam virginem 
auro corrumpit Tatius, ut armatos in arcem accipiat — 
aquam forte ea tum sacris extra moenia petltum ierat ; 
accepti obrutam armis necav6re, sen ut vi capta potius 7 
arx vid6r6tur, seu prodendi exempli causa, n6 quid 
tisquam fidum proditori esset. Additur fabulae, quod- 8 
vulg5 Sabini aureas armillas magni ponderis bracchio 
laev5 gemmatosque magna specie anulos habuerint, 
pepigisse earn quod in sinistris manibus haberent ; eo 
scuta illl pro aurels donis congesta. Sunt qui eam ex 9 
pacto tradendi quod in sinistris manibus esset d6r6cto 
arma petTsse dicant, et fraude visam agere sua ipsam 
pergmptam mercede. 



4. ITtr5qae: to Antemnae and Crustamerium. Nothing is said of 
Caenina. The great Roman principle of colonization as the means of 
keeping subject places in order is referred to Romulus. 6. Novissi- 
mum : the last that rose from the ' rape of the Sabines.' — per . . . cupidi- 
tfltem: a modal expression; cf. ird et cup., c. 12. 1. — nee . . . intiilS- 
nmt: nor did announcement precede action; priusquam with the 
perf. ind. in a purely temporal relation. 6. Tarpeius : from c. 55. 1. 
we learn that the original name of the hill was mons Tarpeius. The 
later citadel was on the northern summit. ~ sacris: dat. The legend 
represents Tarpeia as a Vestal. 8. aurefts a. : yet the Sabines were 
the stock example of frugal poverty.— pepigisse: stipulated for. 
9. ftaude y. : the legend says that Tatius, thinking that she intended 
to betray the Sabines, threw his shield so fiercely at her that he 
killed her. 



22 TITI LIVI 

12. Tenu6re tamen arcem Sabini, atque inde postero 
die, cum Romanus exercitus instructus quod inter 
Palatinum Capitolinumque collem campi est comples- 
set, non prius descenderunt in aequum, quam Ira et 
cupiditate recuperandae arcis stimulante animos in 

2 adversum RomanI subi6re. PrmcipSs utrimque pti- 
gnam cifibant, ab Sabinis Mettius Curtius, ab Eromanis 
Hostius Hostilius. Hie rem Romanam iniquo loco ad 

3 prima signa animo atque audacia sustinebat. Ut 
Hostius cecidit, confestim Romana inclmatur acies, 

4 ftisaque est ad veterem portam Palatil. Romulus et 
ipse turba fngientium actus, arma ad caelum tollens, 
" luppiter, tuis," inquit, " iussus avibus hic in Pala- 

6 tio prima urbi fundamenta ieci. Arcem iam scelere 
emptam Sabini habent; inde hue armati superata 
media valle tendunt. At tti, pater deum hominumque, 
hinc saltem arce hostes, deme terrorem Romanis fu- 

6 gamque foedam siste. Hie ego tibi templum Statori 
lovi, quod monumentum sit posteris tua praesenti ope 

7 servatam urbem esse, voveo." Haec precatus, velut si 
sensisset auditas preces, "Hinc," inquit, "Roman!, 
luppiter optimus maximus resistere atque iterare pti- 
gnam iubet." Restitere Roman! tamquam caelest! voce 

8 iussi; ipse ad primores Romulus provolat. Mettius 
Curtius ab Sabinis princeps ab arce decucurrerat, et 

12. 1. tamen: hoioever that may &e, whichever story is true. — 
quod . . . eat: the low ground afterward occupied in part by the 
f or ura. — adversum: sc. montem. 2. Principes: at the head of, in 
advance of, as in § 8. — ab : on the side of. Hostius Hostilius was the 
grandfather of the later king, TuUus Hostilius. — aud&cift: modal abl. 
following animo, 3. veterem p. : the porta MugioniSt one of the 
three gates of the Palatium, on the northeastern side. 6. Statori I. : 
order reversed for emphasis. The temple was not built till 294 b.c. by 
M. Atilius. Its substructions have in recent years been uncovered. 



LIBER I 23 

efftisos ggerat Komanos toto quantum for5 spatium 
est, nee procul iam a porta Palatii erat, clamitans 
"Vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Iam 
sciunt longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud ptignare 
cum viris.'^ In eum haec gloriantem cum globo fero- 9 
cissimorum iuvenum Romulus impetum facit. Ex 
equo tum forte Mettius pugnabat; eo pelli facilius 
fuit. Pulsum Roman! persequuntur, et alia Romana 
acies audacia regis accensa fundit Sabinos. Mettius lo 
in paltidem ses6 strepitti sequentium trepidante equo 
coniecit ; averteratque ea res etiam Sabinos tanti perl- 
culo viri. Et ille quidem adnuentibus ac vocantibus 
suis favore multorum addito animo ^vadit; RomanI 
Sabinique in media convalle duorum montium redinte- 
grant proelium, sed res Romana erat superior. 

13. Tum Sabinae mulieres, quarum ex iniuria bel- 
lum ortum erat, crinibus passis scissaque veste, victo 
mails muliebri pavore, ansae se inter tela volantia 
Inferre, ex trtosverso impetti facto dirimere infestas 
acies, dirimere Iras, hinc patres hinc viros orantes ne 2 
se sanguine nefando socerl generique respergerent, ne 
parricidio macularent partus suos, nepotum illi, hi 
liberum progeniem. "Si adfmitatis inter vos, si co- 3 
nubii piget, in nos vertite Iras; nos causa belli, nos 



8. toto . . . est: across the whole length of the /orwm.— longfi . . . ra- 
pere: stealing maidens is a far di^'erent thing from. 9. tilifi = reliqua , 
10. ftverterat: had turned for the moment. — ille q. : he indeed es- 
caped, but the battle was renewed and the Romans were getting the 
better of it.— adnuentibus: a good illustration of L.'s fondness for 
the abl., two abl. abs. separated by a causal abl. 

18. 1. ex . . . facto: pushing in from the side. 2. parricidio: 
used of the murder of any relative. — buob : of the women. — nep5tum 
and liberum: epexegetic to prdgeniem^ which in translation omit. 
3. Si : the change from indirect to direct speech is very effective ; cf . 



24 TITI LIVI 

vulnerum ac caedium viris ac parentibus sumus ; melius 
peribimus quam sine aJteris vestrum viduae aut orbae 

4 vivemus." Movet rgs cum multitudinem tum duc6s. 
Silentium et repentina fit quies, inde ad f oedus facien- 
dum duces prodeunt ; nee pacem modo sed civitatem 
unam ex duSbus f aciunt, regnum consociant, imperium 

6 omne conferunt Komam. Ita geminata urbe, ut Sabi- 
nis tamen aliquid daretur, Quirites a Curibus appellati. 
Monumentum 6ius ptignae, ubi primum ex profunda 
emersus paltide equus Curtium in vado statuit, Cur- 
tium lacum appellarunt. 

6 Ex bello tam tristi laeta repente pax cariores Sabl- 
nas viris ac parentibus et ante omnes Romulo ipsi 
fecit. Itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divi- 

7 deret, nomina earum ctiriis imposuit. Id non traditur, 
cum baud dubi6 aliquanto numerus maigr hoc mulie- 
rum f uerit, aetate an dignitatibus suis virorumve an 
sorte lectae sint, quae nomina curiis darent. 

8 Eodem tempore et centuriae tres equitum conscri- 
ptae sunt : Ramnenses ab Romulo, ab T. Tatio Titienses 

c. 41. 3, and 47. 3.— meliuB p. : it will be better for us to die. 4. Si- 
lentium: the cessation of the noise: quies: of the fighting. — impe- 
rium : sovereignty. 5. Curibus : the town was about 25 miles N. E. 
of Rome, now Correse. The historical fact underlying this account 
was the union of the Sabine and Roman settlements on the Quirinal 
and the Palatine hills. — Gurtiiun 1.: a place in the forum. L. gives 
the other story of the origin of the name in 7. 6. The monument was 
not the place, but the name. 6. repente: as adj.; of. c. 6. l.fjin. — 
curifts : L. lightly passes over this ultimate fact of Roman history, the 
formation of the tribes and the curiae, but the real origin of the tribes 
is as little known to-day as it \^as to L. Each tribe had ten cUriae, 
but their names were in many cases local. 7. hoc : the number of the 
curiae. 8. centuriae: as the word (= ceniummna) indicates, each 
century consisted of 100 horsemen, ten furnished by each curia.— 
Banmenses : adj. used substantively ; the names were RamneSy Tities, 
Luceres. 



LIBER I 25 

appellati; Lucermn nominis et originis causa incerta 
est. Inde non modo commune sed concors etiam 
reguum duobus regibus fuit. 

14. Post aliquot annos propinqui rggis Tatii legatos 
Laurentium pulsant, cumque Laurentes iure gentium 
agerent, apud Tatium gratia suorum et pieces plus 
poterant. Igitur illorum poenam in s6 vertit: nam 2 
LavinI, cum ad sollemne sacrificium eo venisset, con- 
cursti facto interficitur. Eam rem minus aegrg quam 3 
dignum erat tulisse Romulum ferunt, seu ob infidam 
societatem regni, seu quia baud iniuria caesum crede- 
bat. Itaque bello quidem abstinuit; ut tamen ex- 
piarentur ISgatorum iniuriae regisque caedes, foedus 
inter Romam Laviniumque urb^s renovatum est. 

Et cum his quidem insperata pax erat ; aliud multo 4 
propius atque in ipsis prope portis bellum ortum. 
Eidenates nimis vicinas prope se convalescere opes 
rati, priusquam tantum roboris esset quantum futurum 
apparebat, occupant bellum facere. luventQte armata 
immissa vastatur agri quod inter urbem ac Fidenas est. 
Inde ad laevam versi, quia dextra Tiberis arc^bat, cum 5 
magna trepidatione agrestium populantur; tumultus- 
que repens ex agris in urbem inlatus pro ntintio fuit. 
Excitus Romulus — neque enim dilationem pati tam 6 
vicinum bellum poterat — exercitum edticit, castra a 

14. Death of Tatius. War with Fidenae. 1. pvilBajit: maltreated. 
— iure g. : satisfaction, and the surrender of the wrongdoers were 
demanded by f etials. 2. Igitur = itaque, with the result. — sollemne : 
the annual offering of the Latin league. 3. ob . . . rSgn! : the emphasis 
is in the adj. on account of insincerity that belongs to partnerships in 
royalty. 4. propius: the use of the 2A]. propius followed closely by 
the cognate sAy. prope and prep, prope in the next sentence is charac- 
teristic of L. — occupant: anticipate. Qt. 21. 39. 10. 5. tumultus: 
disorderly crowd ; repens, like an adv. 



26 TITI LIVI 

7 Fidenis mille passuura locat. Ibi modicO praesidio 
relicto, figressus omnibus copiis partem mllitum locis 
circa densa obsita virgulta obscuris subsidere in insidiis 
iussit; cum parte maiore atque omni equitatti profe- 
ctus, id quod quaerSbat, tumultuoso et minaci genera 
ptignae adequitando ipsis prope portis hostem excivit. 
Fugae quoque, quae simulanda erat, eadem equestris 

8 pugna causam minus mlrabilem dedit. Et cum velut 
inter pugnae fugaeque consilium trepidante equitatti 
pedes quoque refer ret gradum, plenis repente portis 
efftisi hostgs, impulsa Romana acie, studio instandi 

9 sequendique trahuntur ad locum Insidiarum. Inde 
subito exorti Roman! transversam invadunt hostium 
aciem; addunt pavorem mota e castris signa eorum, 
qui in praesidio relict! fuerant. Ita multiplic! terrore 
perculsi Fidenates, prius paene quam Romulus quique 
cum eo equites erant circumagerent f ren!s equos, terga 

10 vertunt, multoque effusius, quippe vera fuga, qui simu- 
lantes paulo ante secuti erant, oppidum repetebant. 

11 Non tamen gripuere s6 host!: haerSns in tergo Ro- 
manus, priusquam for€s portarum obicerentur, velut 
agmine uno inrumpit. 

15. Bell! Fid^natis contagione inritati Veientium 
animi et consanguinitate — nam Fidenates quoque 
Etrusci fuerunt — et quod ipsa propinquitas loci, si 

6. mllle: ace. 7. modico: sufficient,^ in 21. 61. 4. — praesidio : 
troops, in § 9 camp.— locis . . . insidiis: to lie in ambush in places 
hidden here and there about the thick underbrush. — id . . . quae- 
rSbat: the very thing he desired, refers to hostem excivit. — adequi- 
tandS : ger. appositive to genere. 8. velut : with partic. as in c. 4. 5 ; 
:n. 3. — plenis: in croi/jc?«, a transferred adj. 9. circnmagerent . . . 
equos: could rein in their horses. 10. fugft: modal abl. In c. 27. 3. 
L. mentions a colony sent to Fidenae. 

15. War with Veil. 1. inritftti: sc. sunt. — Bi: the conclusion is 



LIBER I 27 

Romana arma omnibus inf 6sta f initimis essent, stimu- 
labat. In fines Romanos excucurrerunt populabundl 
magis quam itisti more belli. Itaque non castris 2 
positis, non exspectato hostium exercitti, raptjim ex 
agris praedam portantes Veios rediere. Romanus 
contra, postquam hostem in agris non inv^nit, dimica- 
tioni Tiltimae instrtietus intentnsque Tiberim transit. 
Quem postquam castra ponere et ad urbem accessurum 3 
Veientes audivere, obviam egressi, ut potius acie dg- 
cernerent quam incltisi d6 tectis moenibusque dimi- 
carent. Ibi viribus nulla arte adiutis tantum veterani 4 
robore exercittis rex Romanus vicit, persecutusque 
fusos ad moenia hostes urbe valida muris ac situ ipso 
munita abstinuit; agros rediens vastat ulciscendi 
magis quam praedae studio. Eaque clade baud minus 6 
quam adversa pugna subacti Veientes pacem petitum 
oratorgs Romam mittunt. Agri parte multatis in 
centum, annos indtitiae datae. 

Haec f erme Romulo regnante domi militiaeque gesta, 6 
quorum nihil absonum fidei divinae originis divinita- 
tisque post mortem creditae f uit, non animus in rggno 
avito recuperando, non condendae urbis consilium, non 
bello ac pace firmandae. Ab illo enim prof ecto viribus 7 
datis tantum valuit, ut in qtiadraginta deinde annos 
ttltam pacem haberet. Multittidini tamen gratior f uit 8 
quam patribus, longe ante alios acceptissimus militum 

implied in propinquitds, the danger that would result from the neigh- 
borhood of the Romans. 2. dimicfttioni u. : a decisive struggle. 3. de : 
for. 4. arte: stratagem, as with the Fidenates. — robore : might. 
5. OTSLt^TW = legates, lit. '* speakers."— parte: this was said to be 
on the west bank of the Tiber, the district which, in c. 33. 9, L. says 
was taken by Ancus from Veii. 6. fermi: in general, not a complete 
enumeration, —absoniun f. : inconsistent with the belief; Jidei is dat. 
7. illo : Ue. Romulus. — quadrftgintft : Numa's reign. 8. milituni a. : 



28 TITI LIVI 

animis; trecentosque armatos ad custodiam corporis, 
quos Celeres appellavit, non in bello solum sed etiam 
in pace habuit. 

16. His immortalibus 6ditis operibus cum ad exer- 
citum recensendum cOntionem in campo ad Caprae 
Paladem haberet, subito coorta tempestas cum magno 
f ragore tonitribusque tarn dgnso rggem operuit nimbo, 
ut conspectum eius contioni abstulerit; nee deinde in 

2 terris Romulus fuit. Romana ptibes sedato tandem 
pavore, postquam ex tam turbido die ser6na et tran- 
quilla lux rediit, ubi vacuam sedem rggiam vidit, etsi 
satis credebat patribus, qui proximi steterant, subli- 
mem raptum procella, tamen velut orbitatis metu icta 

3 maestum aliquamditi silentium obtinuit. Deinde, a 
panels initio facto, deum deo natum, regem parentem- 
que urbis Romanae salvere universi Romulum iubent ; 
pacem precibus exposcunt, uti volens propitius suam 

4 semper sospitet progeniem. Fuisse cr6do tum quoque 
aliquos, qui discerptum regem patrum manibus taciti 
arguerent — manavit enim haec quoque sed perob- 
scura fama; illam alteram, admiratio viri et pavor 

5 praesens nobilitavit. Et consilio etiam tinlus hominis 
addita rei dicitur fides. Namque Proculus lulius, 

L. seems to think of a standing army and to have in mind a tradition 
that made Romulus a tyrant like Tarquinius Superbus, hated by the 
senate. The suggestion of it prepares the way for the story of his 
death. — trecentos: apparently L. means those mentioned in c. 13. 8. 
The origin of the name Celeres is obscure. 

16. Deification of Romulus. 1. Paludem: the Goat Swamp was 
in the Campus Martins, perhaps near the site of the Circus Flaminius. 
2. raptiun : so. esse. The infinitive depends upon the thought in cre- 
debat. Note the structure of the period. 3. salvere: hail; note the 
alliteration in the sentence. pScem: favor; explained by the uti 
clause. 4. m&nftvit: spread; lit. trickled, a common metaphor for 
the spreading of a report. 5. fides : confirmation ; objective, while 



LIBER I 29 

sollicita civitate desiderio regis et mfetisa patribus, 
gravis, ut traditur, quamvls magnae rei auctor in con- 
tionem prodit. " Romulus," inquit, " Quirites, parens 6 
Tirbis huius, prima hodierna luce caelo repente delap- 
sus s6 mihi obvium dedit. Cum perftisus horrore 
venerabundus adstitissem, pet6ns precibus, ut contra 
intueri fas esset, * Abi, nuntia,' inquit, ' Romanis, cae- 7 
lestes ita velle, ut mea Roma caput orbis terrarum sit ; 
proinde rem militarem colant, sciantque et ita posteris 
tradant nullas op6s humanas armis Romanis resistere 
posse.' Haec," inquit, " locutus sublimis abiit." Mi- 8 
rum, quantum illi viro nuntianti haec fides fuerit, 
quamque desiderium Romuli apud plebem exercitum- 
que facta fide immortalitatis lenitum sit. 

17. Patrum interim animos certamen r^gni ac cu- 
pido versabat. Necdum ad singulos, quia n6mo 
magnopere eminebat in novo populo, pervenerat ; fac- 
tionibus inter ordines certabatur. OriundT ab Sabinis, 2 
ne, quia post Tatii mortem ab sua parte non erat 
regnatum, in societate aequa possessionem imperii 
amitterent, sui corporis creari regem volebant; Ro- 
man! veteres peregrinum r6gem aspernabantur. In 3 
variis voluntatibus regnari tamen omnes volebant, 

in § 8 it is subjective, confidence, Cf. 21. 34. 3. — gravis . . . auctor: 
an authority of weight. 6. horrore: awe. 8. minim: sc. est. — 
quantum = quam ; how confidence was placed in his story. 

17. Interregnum. 1. Patrum : L. has in mind the senate, which he 
considers as having 100 members, although he implies in c. 13 as others 
expressly state, that the senate had been doubled on the union with 
the Sabines. Later the addition of 100 members by Tarquin made 300 
senators. — singulos. one from each party, i.e. the Ramnes and the 
Titles, to which ordines refers. — factionibus : contrasted with singulos 
{asyndeton) fin parties. 3. In . . . volebant: though their views dif- 
/eredf yet all wished for a monarchy. The thought of a republic had 
not yet arisen. L. often uses prepositional phrases like conditional or 



30 TITI LIVI 

4 libertatis diilc6dine nondum experta. Timor deinde 
patres incessit, n6 clvitatem sine imperio, exercitum 
sine duce, multarum circa civitatium inritatis animis, 
vis aliqua externa adorirgtur. Et esse igitur aliquod 
caput placebat, et n6mo alter! concedere in animum 

5 inducebat. Ita rem inter se centum patres decern 
decuriis factis singulisque in singulas decurias creatis, 
qui summae rerum praeessent, consociant. Decern 
imperitabant ; unus cum insignibus imperii et lictori- 

6 bus erat ; quinque dierum spatio f iniebatur imperium 
ac per omnes in orbem ibat ; annuumque intervallum 
rggni f uit. Id ab r6, quod nunc quoque tenet nomen, 
interregnum appellatum. 

7 Eremere deinde plebs, multiplicatam servittitem, 
centum pro uno dominos factos ; nee ultra nisi regem 

8 et ab ipsis creatum videbantur passurL Cum sensis- 
sent ea moveri patres, offerendum ultro rati quod 
amisstiri erant, ita gratiam ineunt summa potestate 
populo permissa, ut non plus- darent itiris quam reti- 

9 nerent. Decreverunt enim ut, cum populus regem 
iussisset, id sic ratum esset, si patres auctores fierent. 
Hodie quoque in legibus magistratibusque rogandis 
ustirpatur idem itis, vi adempta: priusquam populus 

concessive clauses. 5. rem: government. L. seems to say that the 
100 senators formed ten companies of ten each, which in rotation 
formed a governing council {imperitabant). Each member of the gov- 
erning company was its presiding officer in turn, acting as king, and 
held his imperium five days. 6. ibat : impf . descriptive of the practice 
during the interregnum. 7. videbantur p. : it seemed that they would 
not endure. 8. ea moveri: figure of siege ; the discontent was about to 
assault the position of the senate. — iflris: rights. 9. populus = p/e6», 
in distinction from patres. — rogandis : proposing y the presiding officer 
* asked * the people whether they wished such a law, etc. — vi a. : the 
lex Publilia in 339 B.C., and the lex Maenia probably in 287 B.C. required 
the senate to ratify in advance the action of the people. 



LIBER I 31 

suffragium ineat, in incertum comitiorum 6ventum 
patres auctores fiunt. Turn interr^x contione advo- lo 
cata "Quod bonum faustum felixque sit," inquit, 
" Quintes, regem create : ita patribus visum est. Pa- 
tres deinde, si dignum, qui secundus ab Romulo nume- 
retur crearitis, auctores fient." Adeo id gratum plebl li 
fuit, ut, ne victi beneficio viderentur, id modo sciscerent 
iuberentque, ut senatus decerneret qui Eomae regnaret. 
18. Inclita itistitia religioque ea teinpestate Nu- 
mae Pompili erat. Curibus Sabinis habitabat, con- 
sultissimus vir, ut in ilia quisquam esse aetate poterat, 
omnis dlvini atque humani iuris. Auctorem doc- 2 
trinae eius, quia non exstat alius, falso Sainium 
Pythagoram edunt, quern Servio Tullio rggnante 
Romae centum amplius post annos in ultima Italiae 
ora circa Metapontum Heracleamque et Crotona 
iuvenum aemulantium studia coetus habuisse con- 
stat. Ex quibus locis, etsi eiusdem aetatis fuis- 3 
set, quae fama in Sabinos ? aut quo linguae commer- 
cio quemquam ad cupiditatem discendi excivisset? 
quove praesidio unus per tot gentes dissonas sermone 
moribusque pervenisset ? Suopte igitur ingenio tempe- 4 
ratum animum virttitibus f uisse opinor magis, Instruc- 
tumque non tam peregrinis artibus quam disciplina 



18. Election of Numa. 1. Numae (akin to vo/mo?) : the epony- 
mous author of the Roman system of religious ceremony. — con- 
BUltissimus . . . poterat: acquaintedj as far as any one could be 
in that age. Quisquam implies that no one had complete knowledge. 
2. Auctorem: teacher. L. disbelieves the tradition on account of 
the anachronism involved, and also on account of the impossibility 
of communication between the two men owing to distance, differ- 
ence of language, and the character of the people. 3. fftma: sc. 
adldta esset ; fdma is the subject of excivisset. 4. ingenio: native 
talents, abl. of cause. — artibus : systems. — discipUnft : mode of life. — 



82 TITI LIVI 

taetrica ac tristi veterum Sabinonim, quo genere nul- 
6 lum quondam incorruptius fuit. Audlto nomine Nu- 
mae patres RomanI, quamquam inclinari opes ad 
Sabinos r^ge inde sumpto videbantur, tamen neque se 
quisquam nee f actionis suae alium nee denique patrum 
aut civium quemquam praef erre ill! viro ausi, ad unum 
omnes Numae Pompilio regnum deferendum decer- 

6 nunt. Accitus, sicut Romulus augurato urbe condenda 
regnum adeptus est, d6 se quoque deos consul! iussit. 
Inde ab augure, cui deinde honoris ergo publicum id 
perpetuumque sacerdotium fuit, deductus in arcem, in 

7 lapide ad meridiem versus consedit. Augur ad laevam 
eius capite velato sSdem c6pit, dextra manu baculum 
sine nodo aduncum tenens, quem lituum appellarunt. 
Inde ubi prospectu in urbem agrumque capto deos 
precatus regiones ab oriente ad occasum determinavit, 
dextras ad meridiem partes, laevas ad septemtrionem 

8 esse dixit, signum contra, quoad longissimg conspec- 
tum oculi f erebant, animo f inlvit ; tum, lituo in laevam 
manum translate, dextra in caput Numae imposita pre- 

9 catus ita est : " luppiter pater, si est fas hunc Numam 
Pompilium, cuius ego caput teneo, regem Romae esse, 
uti tu signa nobis certa adclarassis inter e5s fines quos 

10 feci." Tum perggit verbis auspicia quae mitti vellet; 
quibus missis, dSclaratus rex Numade templo descendit. 

genere : race. 6. augurftto : impersonal abl. abs. as adv. of manner. 
— honoris e. : i.e. to give him dignity the office of augur was estab- 
lished.— deductus: escorted, in solemn form. 8. signum c. : a land- 
mark opposite, as a mountain. The augur probably faced the south,' 
making the sky into four sections by east and west and north and 
south lines. The two to the south were favorable (dextrds) , the other 
two unfavorable (/aevas) . 9. utl = utinam. — adcl£rftssis: old forna 
for adcldraveris. 10. quibus: join with decldrdtus; pointed out as 
king by the omens. 



LIBEB I 83 

19. Qui regno ita potitus urbem novam, conditam 
vi et armis, itire earn legibusque ac moribus de integro 
condere parat. Quibiis cum inter bella adsu^scere 2 
videret non posse, quippe efferari militia animos, miti- 
gandum ferocem populum armorum desugttidine ratus, 
Itoum ad infimum Argil^tum indicem pacis bellique 
fecit, apertus ut in armis esse civitatem, clausus paca- 
tos circa omn^s populos significaret. Bis deinde post 3 
Numae regnum clausus fuit, semel T. Manlio consule 
post Punicum primum perfectum bellum, iterum, quod 
nostrae aetati dii dederunt ut vidergmus, post bellum 
Actiacum ab imperatore Caesare Augusto pace terra 
marique parta. Clauso eo cum omnium circa finitimo- 4 
rum societate ac f oederibus iunxisset animos, positis ex- 
ternorum perTculorum ctiris ne luxuriarent otio animi, 
quos metus hostium disciplmaque militaris continuerat, 
omnium primum rem ad multittidinem imperitam et 
illis saeculis rudem efficacissimam, deorum metum ini- 
ciendum ratus est. Qui cum descendere ad animos 5 
sine aliquo commento miraculi non posset, simulat 
sibi cum dea Egeria congressus nocturnos esse ; eius 
s6 monitu, quae acceptissima diis essent, sacra insti- 
tuere, sacerdotes suos cuique deorum praeficere. 

Atque omnium primum ad cursus Itinae in duodecim 6 
m6ns6s describit annum ; quem, quia tric6nos di6s 

19-21. Civil and religious institutions of Numa. 

19. 1. earn: repeats ur&em for emphasis. 2. quippe . . . animos: 
parenthetical, depending on the thought in videret. — Ifinnin : an arch 
near the clay works (Argiletum) at the northeast of the forum. 

3. semel: 235 b.c— iterum: 29 b.c. That L. does not mention the 
fourth time in 25 b.c. shows approximately the time of writing. 

4. ISxoriftrent : figure of an unpruned vine implying lack of control 
and weakness. 5. descendere ad: impress. Egerift: a nymph, one 
of the Gamenae. 6. omnium primum : civil and religious observances 

D 



34 TITI LIVI 

singulis mensibus luna non explet, dSsuntque dies 
solids anno, qui solstitial! circumagitur orbe, interca- 
larils mgnsibus interponendis ita dispensavit, ut vice- 
simo anno ad mfitam eandem solis, unde orsi essent, 
plenis omnium annorum spatiis di6s congruerent. 
7 Idem nefastos dies fastosque fecit, quia aliquando 
nihil cum popul5 agl utile futurum erat. 

20. Tum sacerdotibus creandis animum adiecit, 
quamquam ipse pltirima sacra obibat, ea maxime quae 

2 nunc ad Dialem flaminem pertinent. Sed quia in ci- 
vitate bellicosa plures Romuli quam Numae similes 
regSs putabat fore, ittirosque ipsos ad bella, nS sacra 
rSgiae vicis desererentur, flaminem lovi adsiduum 
sacerdotem creavit, insignique eum veste et curtili rSgia 
sella adornavit. Huic duos flaminSs adiScit, Marti 

3 unum, alterum Quirino ; virginesque Vestae ISgit, Alba 
oriundum sacerdotium et genti conditoris baud alienum. 
lis, ut adsiduae templl antistites essent, stipendium 
de publico statuit, virginitate aliisque caerimoniis ve- 

4 nerabiles ac sanctas fecit. Salios item duodecim Marti 
Gradivo l6git, tunicaeque pictae insigne dedit et super 
tunicam aSneum pectori tegumen; caelestiaque arma, 
quae ancilia appellantur, ferre ac per urbem ire canen- 

and festivals depended upon a correct calendar. — solido anno : a solar 
year. — ad mStam eandem : i.e. when the cycle of lunar years again 
began with the cycle of solar years. 7. nefftstOB : days when it was 
nefas to conduct public business, e.g. courts. 

20. 2. similSs: counterparts. — TQgiQAYiciB: office of king.—fiSr- 
minem : the fldmines were priests set apart to the service of special 
deities. The ^amen Didlis, chief in rank, was hedged about by many 
ceremonies, and could not pass a night outside the city, hence adsi- 
duum, resident, always in attendance. — veste: the toga praetexta. 
3. sUpendiiun: zMcome, from a part of the ager puhlicus. 4. Salios: 
i.e. the Leapers, from salire. — timicae : app. gen. to insigne, dis- 
tinguishing mark of. — caelestiaque : the original of the twelve shields 



LIBER I 35 

tes carmina cum tripudiis sollemnique saltatu iussit. 
Pontificem deinde Numam Marcium Marci fllium ex 5 " 
patribus ISgit, eique sacra omnia exscnpta exsigna- 
taque attribuit, quibus hostils, quibus diebus, ad quae 
templa sacra fierent, atque unde in eos stimptus pecti- 
nia erogargtur. Cetera quoque omnia ptiblica priva- 6 
taque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit, ut esset quo 
consultum pleb6s veniret, ne quid divini iuris'negle- 
gendo patrios ritus peregrinosque adsciscendo turbare- 
tur ; nee caelestes modo caerimonias sed iusta quoque 7 
funebria placandosque manes ut idem pontifex edoc6- 
ret, quaeque prodigia fulminibus aliove quo visti missa 
susciperentur atque curarentur. Ad ea elicienda ex 
mentibus divinis lovi Elicio aram in Aventino dicavit, 
deumque consuluit auguriis, quae suscipienda essent. 
21. Ad haec consultanda procurandaque multittidine 
omni a VI et armis conversa, et animi aliquid agendo 
occupati erant, et deorum adsidua insidens cura, cum 
interesse rebus htimanis caeleste numen videretur, ea 
pietate omnium pectora imbuerat, ut fides ac ius m- 
randum proximo legum ac poenarum metti civitatem 
regerent. Et cum ipsi se homines in r^gis, velut tinici 2 



was said to have fallen from the sky. 5. Pontificem : the pontifices 
were not priests, but had the general charge of religious affairs. — 
attribuit : delivered. In the Roman religion so much depended upon 
exactness of performance that it was necessary that some one should 
have authority to determine the times, forms, and details of cere- 
monies. 7. iusta: proper ^ for laying the spirits (pldcandos manes) ^ 
of which they had great dread. — ut: join with scitis subjecit. — ea: 
sc. prodigia, 

21. 1. haec: the matters of religion, which so absorbed the atten- 
tion of the people that internal dissension and foreign controversy 
were forgotten, while outside peoples stood in awe. —adsidua: adver- 
bial in sense. — ut . . . regerent: that a sense of personal obligation, 
superior to the fear of legal penalty , controlled the state. The sentence 



36 TITI LIVI 

exempli, mores f ormarent, tum finitimi etiam populi, 
qui antea castra, non urbem positam in medio ad solli- 
citandam omnium pacem crediderant, in eam verecun- 
diam adducti sunt, ut civitatem totam in cultum ver- 
sam deorum violare dticerent nefas. 

3 Lticus erat, quem medium ex opaco specu f ons pe- 
reniil rigabat aqua. Quo quia s6 persaepe Numa sine 
arbitrls velut ad congressum deae Infer^bat, Camenis 
eum Iticum sacravit, quod earum ibi concilia cum 
coniuge sua Egeria essent. Et Fidel sollemne Insti- 

4 tuit. Ad id sacrarium famines bigis curru arcuato 
vehi iussit, mantique ad digitos usque involuta rem 
divinam f acere, significantes fidem ttitandam sedemque 

6 eius etiam in dexteris sacratam esse. Multa alia sa- 
crificia locaque sacris faciendls, quae Argeos pontifices 
vocant, dedicavit. Omnium tamen maximum eius 
operum f uit tutSla per omne rSgnl tempus baud minor 

6 pacis quam regnl. Ita duo deinceps reges, alius alia 
via, ille bello hie pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus 
septem et triginta rSgnavit annos, Numa tr6s et qua- 
draginta. Cum valida tum temperata et belli et pacis 
artibus erat civitas. 

22. Numae morte ad interregnum res rediit. Inde 
Tullum Hostilium, nepotem Hostlll, cuius in Infima 
arce clara ptigna adversus Sablnos fuerat, r6gem po- 

con tains two cases of hendiadys, prox . . . metu being abl. abs. 3. ex 
. . . specu: join with /ons, the partic. {prdfluens) being omitted as 
often in L. The grove was just outside the Porta Capena. — quia . . . 
quod: the first clause gives L.'s reason, the second Numa's. 4. Ad id 
8.: to her shrine^ on the Capitol; id for etiM, as often. — bigis . . . 
arcuftto: a two-horse covered car, 5. Argeos: Chapels, of which 
there were 24 in the city. 

22-25. Accession of TuUus Hostilius. War with Alba. Notice the 
simplicity and clearness of the account. 



LIBER I 37 

pulus iussit; patr^s auctores facti. Hic non solum 2 
proximo regi dissimilis sed ferocior etiam quam Ro- 
mulus fuit. Cum aetas virSsque tum avita quoque 
gloria animum stimulabat. Senescere igitur civitatem 
otio ratus undique materiam excitandi belli quaerebat. ^ 
Forte evenit, ut agrestes RomanI ex Albano agro, 3 
Albani ex Romano praedas in vicem agerent. Impe- 
ritabat tum Gains Cluilius Albae. Utrimque l^gati 4 
f erg sub idem tempus ad res repetendas missi. Tullus 
praecgperat suis, ne quid prius quam mandata agerent. 
Satis sciebat negaturum Albanum; ita pi6 bellum 
indicl posse. Ab Albanis socordius r6s acta ; excepti 5 
hospitio ab Tullo blande ac benlgne, comiter r^gis 
convivium celebrant. Tantisper Roman! et res repe- 
tiverant priores et neganti Albano bellum in tric6si- 
mum diem indixerant. Haec rentintiant Tullo. Tum 6 
legatis Tullus dicendi potestatem, quid petentes vene- 
rint, facit. 111! omnium ignarl primum purgando 
terunt tempus : se invTtos quicquam, quod minus plar 
ceat Tullo, dicttiros, sed imperio subigi ; res repetitum 
se venisse ; ni reddantur, bellum indicere iussos. Ad 7 
haec Tullus "Nuntiate," inquit, "regi vestro, regem 
Romanum deos facere testes, uter prius populus r6s 
repetentSs legates aspernatus dimiserit, ut in eum 
omn6s expetant huiusce clades belli." 

23. Haec ntintiant domum AlbanT. Et bellum utrim- 
que summa ope parabatur, civil! simillimum bello, 
prope inter parentes natosque, Troianam utramque pro- 

22. 2. ferocior: more (iann^r.— Senescere: grow weak. 4. rear.: 
the restitution of stolen articles or satisfaction for them. — pie: with 
the satisfaction of proper forms. 5. comiter : as guests. — tantisper: 
meanwhile. 6. purgando : in apologizing ; the apology is in se invi- 
tos, 7. uter : relative referring to eum, — expetant : sc. dil. 



38 TITI LIVI 

lem, cum Lavinium ab Troia, ab Lavlnio Alba, ab Alba- 

2 norum stirpe r6gum oriimdi ROmanI essent. Eventus 
tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit, 
quod nee aciS certatum est, et tectis modo dirutis alte- 

3 rius urbis duo populi in tlnum confusi sunt. Albanl 
prior^s ingenti exercitu in agrum Romanum impetum 
f6c6re. Castra ab urbe baud plus quinque milia pas- 
suum locant; fossa circumdant — fossa Cluilia ab 
nomine ducis per aliquot saecula appellata est, donee 

4 cum re nomen quoque vetustate abolevit.- In bis ca- 
strTs Cluilius Albanus i'6x moritur ; dictatorem Albani 
Mettium Ftif etium creant. Interim TuUus f erox prae- 
cipu6 morte rggis, magnumque deorum numen, ab ipso 
capite orsum, in omne nomen Albanum expetittirum 
poenas ob bellum impium dictitans, nocte praeteritis 
bostium castrls infesto exercitu in agrum Albanum 

6 pergit. Ea res ab stativis excivit Mettium. Dilcit 
quam proximo ad hostem potest. Inde legatum prae- 
missum nuntiare Tullo iubet, priusquam dimicent, 
opus esse conloquio; si s6cum congressus sit, satis 
scire ea se adlaturum, quae nihilo minus ad rem 

6 Romanam quam ad Albanam pertineant. Hand 
aspernatus Tullus, tamen, si vana adferantur, in 
aciem educit. Exeunt contra et Albani. Postquam 
structi utrimque stabant, cum paucis procerum in 

7 medium duc6s proc^dunt. Ibi infit Albanus : " Initi- 
rias et non redditas r6s, ex foedere quae repetitae 

23. 2. tectis modo: without the loss of life usual in war. 3. re: 
in the lapse of time (vetustate) the ditch disappeared and the name 
with it. 4. capite: i.e. Cluilius. —infesto : plundering, as in 21. 44. 3. 
5. opus esse: was desirable. 6. si . . . adferantur: if the proposi- 
tion should be trifling. — st&bant: the impf. with postquam common 
in L. to describe an action in progress. 7. ex. f . : join with red. res. 



LIBER I 39 

sint, et ego r^gem nostrum Cluilium causam htiiusce 
esse belli audisse videor, nee t6 dubito, Tulle, eadem 
prae t6 ferre ; sed si vera potius quam dictu speciosa 
dicenda sunt, cupidq imperii duos cognatos vicinosque 
populos ad arma stimulat. Neque, rScte an perperam, 8 
interpretor; fuerit ista eius deliberatio qui bellum 
suscgpit; me Albani gerendo bello ducem creavere. 
Illud te, Tulle, monitum velim : Etrtisca res quanta 
circa nos teque maxime sit, quo propior es Tuscis, hoc 
magis scis. Multum illi terra, pltirimum mari pollent. 9 
Mem or esto, iam cum signum pugnae dabis, has duas 
aci^s spectaculo fore, ut f essos conf ectosque simul victo- 
rem ac victum aggrediantur. Itaque si nos di amant, 
quoniam non content! libertate certa in dubiam im- 
perii servitilque aleam imus, ineamus aliquam viam 
qua utri utris imperent, sine magna clade, sine multo 
sanguine utriusque populi decerni possit." Haud dis- lo 
plicet res Tullo, quamquam cum indole animi tum sp6 
victoriae ferocior erat. Quaerentibus utrimque ratio 
initur, cui et forttina ipsa praebuit materiam. 

24. Forte in duobus tum exercitibus erant trigemini 
fratres nee aetate nee viribus dispares. Horatios 
Curiatiosque f uisse satis constat, nee f erme r6s antiqua 
alia est nobilior; tamen in re tam clara nominum 
error manet, utrius populi Horatii, utrius Curiatii 
fuerint. AuctorSs utroque trahunt ; pltires tamen in- 

— audisse videor : I have heard, I think ; with Cluilium supply dicen- 
«em.— dictu speciosa: plausible, 8. interpretor: (decide. — fuerit : 
fut. perf. of command. — bello : dat.— Illud: the following ; cog. ace. 
with monitum. — hoc: abl. 9. libertate: independence, 10. Quae* 
rentibus : dat. agt. 

24. In this and the following chapters the alliteration, asyndeton, 
and antithesis are strongly marked. 1. nSbilior: better known,— 
error: uncertainty. 



40 TITI LIVI 

venio qui Romanos Horatios vocent; hos ut sequar, 

2 incllnat animus. Cum trigeminls agunt rgggs ut pro 
sua quisque patria dimicent f erro : ibi imperium fore, 
unde victoria f uerit. Nihil recusatur ; tempus et locus 

3 convenit. Priusquam dimicarent, f oedus ictum inter 
Romanos et Albanos est his Iggibus, ut, cuius populi 
cives eo certamine vicissent, is alterl populo cum bona 
pace imperitaret. Foedera alia aliis Iggibus, c^terum 

4 eodem modo omnia f lunt. Tum ita factum accepimus, 
nee tlllius vetustior foederis memoria est. Fetialis 
regem Tullum ita rogavit : " lubesne me, rex, cum patre 
patrato populi Albam f oedus f erire ? '^ lubente rege 
" Sagmina,'' inquit, " tg, rex, posco." R6x ait,"Puram 

5 tollito." Fetialis ex arce graminis herbam puram 
attulit. Postea regem ita rogavit : " Rex, f acisne m6 
tti rggium ntintium populi Roman! Quiritium, vasa 
comitesque meos?" Rex respondit: "Quod sine 
fraude mea populique Roman! Quiritium fiat, facio." 

6 Fetialis erat M. Valerius. Is patrem patratum Spurium 
Fusium fecit, verbena caput capillosque tanggns. Pater 
patratus ad ius iurandum patrandum, id est, sancien- 
dum fit foedus, multisque id verbis, quae longo effata 

7 carmine non operae est referre, peragit. Legibus 
deinde recitatis, "Audi,'' inquit, " luppiter, audi, pater 



2. agunt: propose, —xmde = ubi ; cf. stare ab aliquo. 3. legibus = 
condicidnibus. — Foedera . . . fiunt: i.e. the form of satisfaction is 
independent of the terms of the treaty. 4. Fetialis : the fetials, whose 
spokesman was the pater patratus, were a college of priests who had 
charge of the proceedings by which war was declared or peace rati- 
fied. — ferlre : the origin of the expression appears in § 8. — Sftgmina : 
sacred herbs, plucked on the Capitol, and taken with their roots and 
the earth clinging to them, here the same as ver&e/2a. 5. regium: in 
place of the king. — Quod . . . fiat: as far as may 6e.— fraude: 
detriment, 6. carmine : formula. 



LIBER I 41 

patrate populi Albani, audi tti, populus Albanus: ut 
ilia palam prima postrema ex illis tabulis c6rave reci- 
tata sunt sine dolo malo, utique ea hic hodie r6ctissim6 
intell6cta sunt, illls legibus populus Romanus prior 
non deficiet. Si prior defexit publico consilio dolo 8 
malo, turn illo die, Juppiter, populum Romanum sic 
ferlto, ut ego hunc porcum hic hodie feriam, tantoque 
magis ferito, quanto magis potes poUesque/' Id ubi 9 
dixit, porcum saxo silice percussit. Sua item carmina 
Albani suumque itis iurandum per suum dictatorem 
suosque sacerdotes pergggrunt. 

25. Foedere icto trigemini sicut conv6nerat arma 
capiunt. Cum sui utrosque adhortarentur, deos pa- 
trios, patriam ac parentis, quicquid civium domi, quic- 
quid in exercitu sit, illorum tunc arma, illOrum intugri 
mantis, feroces et suopte ingenio et pl6ni adhortantium 
vocibus in medium inter duas acies procedunt. Con- 2 
sederant utrimque pro castrls duo exercittis periculi 
magis praesentis quam curae expertes ; quippe impe- 
rium agebatur in tam paucorum virttite atque forttina 
positum. Itaque ergo erecti suspenslque in minimg 
gratum spectaculum animos intendunt. Datur signum, 3 
inf estlsque armis, velut acies, terni iuven^s magnorum 
exercituum animos gerentes concurrunt. Nee his nee 
illis periculum suiun, publicum imperium servitiumque 

7. Bine dol5 mal5 : without guile j or in good faith. 8. defSxit : for 
defecerit, 9. saxo silice: flint stone^ symbolic of Jupiter, who pun- 
ished the breaking of treaties. 

26. 1. quicquid ... sit: the citizens at home and in the army. — 
intuSri: join with adhortarentur ; each party encouraged its champions 
to consider. — et . . . et : connect the two reasons of feroces, the natural 
dispositions of the young men, and the encouragements of their friends, 
although plenl is in the same grammatical construction as feroces. 
2. agebfttur: was at stake. —lUiqviB erffi : thus then. 3. Bnnxn, pfl- 



42 TITI LIVI 

obversatur animo, futuraque ea deinde patriae forttina 

4 quam ipsi fecissent. Ut primo statim concurs^ incre- 
pu6re arma micantfisque fulsfire gladii, horror ingens 
spectantis perstringit, et neutro incllnata sp6 torpebat 

5 vox spiritusque. Consertis deinde manibus, cum iam 
non mottls tantum corporum agitatioque anceps t6lo- 
rum armorumque, sed vulnera quoque et sanguis speo- 
taculo essent, duo Romani super alium alius, vulneratis 

6 tribus Albanls, exspirantfis corrufirunt. Ad quorum ca- 
sum cum conclamasset gaudio Albanus exercitus, Ro- 
manas legiones iam spes t5ta, nondum tamen ctira 
deseruerat, exanimes vice tinius, quern tr6s Curiatii 

7 circumsteterant. Forte is integer fuit,utuniversis solus 
ngquaquam par, sic adversus singulos ferox. Ergo ut 
segregaret pugnam eorum, capSssit fugam, ita ratus 
sectituros, ut quemque vulnere adfectum corpus sineret. 

8 Iam aliquantum spatil ex eo loco ubi ptignatum est aufu- 
gerat, cimi respiciens videt magnis intervallis sequentes, 

. 9 anum baud procul ab s6se abesse. In eum magno impetu 
rediit ; et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis, uti 
opem ferant fratrl, iam Horatius caeso hoste victor se- 
cundam pugnam pet^bat. Tunc clamore, qualis ex 
Insperato faventiiun solet, RomanI adiuvant militem 

10 suum, et ille def ungi proelio f estinat. Prius itaque quam 
alter, qui nee procul aberat, consequi posset, et alterum 

blicum: note the vividness given by the asyndeton and the chias- 
mus. — futura . . . fortuna: the thought that^ partic. for inf. 4. arma: 
shields, as in § 12, upon which the javelins of the first encounter 
rattled. 5. anceps: on both sides. 7. ut . . . sic: though yet.^ 
fmiversis: all together. — itsu as fast as. 8. sequentes, abesse: 
the partic. marks the circumstance, the inf. the fact, so with us. 

9. inclftmat . . . uti: shouts . . . that. — exinsperftto: unexpectedly; 
with solet, sc. esse. — faventium: tlie regular word for partisans. 

10. nee: for non. — alterum : the second, with reference to the one 



LIBER I 43 

Curiatium conficit. lamque aequato Marte singuli 11 
supererant, sed nee spe nee viribus par6s. Alterum 
intactum ferro corpus et geminata vietoria f eroeem in 
eertamen tertium dabat ; alter f essum vulnere, f essum 
cuTsu trahens corpus, vietusque f ratrum ante s6 strage 
victori obieitur host!. Nee illud proelium fuit. Ro- 12 
manus exsultans "Duos" inquit "f ratrum Manibus 
dedi ; tertium causae belli huiusee, ut Eomanus Albano 
imperet, dabo." Male sustinenti arma gladium superng 
iugulo deflgit, iaeentem spoliat. Roman! ovantes ae 13 
gratulantes Horatium accipiunt eo maiore cum gaudio, 
quo prope metum res fuerat. Ad sepulttiram inde 
suorum ngquaquam paribus animis vertuntur, quippe 
imperio alter! aueti, alter! dieionis alienae fact!. Se- 14 
pulcra exstant quo quisque loc6 cecidit, duo Romana 
tino loco propius Albam, tria Albana Romam versus, 
sed d!stantia loc!s, ut et pugnatum est. 

26. Priusquam inde d!grederentur, rogant! Mettio, 
ex foedere iet5 quid imperaret, imperat Tullus, ut! 
iuventutem in arm!s habeat ; tisurum s6 eorum opera, 
s! bellum cum Veientibus foret. Ita exercitus inde 
domos abduct!. Pr!nceps Horatius ibat trigemina 2 
spolia prae s6 gergns ; cm soror virgo, quae d^sponsa 
tin! ex Curiati!s fuerat, obvia ante portam Cap^nam 
fuit; cognitoque super umeros fratris paltidamento 
spons!, quod ipsa conf^cerat, solvit cr!nes et flebiliter 



already killed. 11. Alterum: ace— dabat: made.—Uite b5: b^ore 
his eyes. 12. Male: scarcely.— ivig}ilo: dat. — spoliat : stripped off 
his armor. 13. eo . . . quo: abl. measure; the comparative in the 
relative clause is much more common, but the positive jprope empha- 
sizes the actual nearness. — dieionis : pred. poss. gen. 14. Bomam ▼. : 
Rome . . . ward. 

26. Horatius kills his sister. 2. solvit crinSs : a sign of moumiug. 



44 TITI LIVI 

3 nOmine spOnsum mortuum appellat. Movet feroci 
iuveni animum comploratio sororis in victCria sua 
tantoque gaudio publico. Stricto itaque gladio simul 

4 verbis increpans transf igit puellam. " Abl hinc cum 
immattlro amore ad sponsum/' inquit, " oblita f ratrum 
mortu5rum vivique, oblita patriae. Sic eat quaecum- 

6 que Roniana lagebit hostem." Atrox visum id facinus 
patribus plebique, sed rec6ns meritum facto obstabat. 
Tamen raptus in ias ad rggem. R6x, n6 ipse tarn 
tristis ingratique ad vulgus iadicii ac secundum iudi- 
cium supplicii auctor esset, concilio populi advocato, 
" Duumviros," inquit, "qui Horatio perduellionem 

6 iudicent secundum l6gem facio." L6x horrendi car- 
minis erat: "Duumviri perduellionem iudicent. Si 
a duumviris provocarit, provocatione certato. Si 
Vincent, caput obnubito, infglici arbori reste suspen- 
dito, verberato vel intra pom6rium vel extra pom6- 

7 rium." Hac l6ge duumviri creati, qui s6 absolvere non 
rSbantur ea lege ne innoxium quidem posse, cum con- 
demnassent, tum alter ex iis " Publi Horati, tibi per- 

3. invenl : dat. of ref . instead of gen. as often ; note the order, stirs 
the fierce youth's spirit the lament. 4. iinm&tur5: untimely ^ because 
of her forgetfulness of the Roman victory. 5. obst&bat : palliated, 
stood before so that it could not be seen. — n5 i. . . . anctor e. : that 
he might not pronounce^ lit. he responsible for, L.'s thought is that 
an unquestioned crime» caedes manifesta^ called for no trial, only for 
sentence. The king not wishing to pronounce sentence himself ap- 
pointed two commissioners, duovirif who were to hold no trial, but 
only give sentence. From them an appeal was to the people, not as to 
the justice of the sentence, but as to its execution. — perduellionem: 
high treason, instead of parricidiumf murder. The act of such a hero 
was regarded as more than the crime of an ordinary man. 6. certftto : 
sc. reus; omission of subject, and also change of subject, especially 
with imperative, were common in early laws, —arbori : locative ; arbor 
infelix was either the f urea or crux to which the criminal was fixed. 
— snspenditS: fasten^ not hang. 7. non . . . ne . . . quidem: r&- 



LIBER I 45 

duellionem iudico " inquit. " I, lictor, conliga manus/' 8 
Accesserat lictor inici^batque laqueum. Turn Hora- 
tius auctore Tullo, clemente legis interprete, "Pro* 
voco " inquit. Ita provocatione certatum ad populum 
est. MotI homings sunt in eo itidicio maximg Publio 9 
Horatio patre proclamante, s6 flliam itire caesam iudi- 
care; ni ita esset, patrio itire in filium animadver- 
stinun fuisse. Orabat deinde ne s6, quern paulo ante 
cum egregia stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis face- 
rent. Inter haec senex iuvenem amplexus, spolia 10 
Curiatiorum fixa eo loco qui nunc Pila Horatia appel- 
latur ostentans, "Huncine," aiebat, "quem modo 
decoratum ovantemque victoria inc6dentem vidistis, 
Quirites, eum sub furca vinctum inter verbera et 
cruciattis vid6re potestis, quod vix Albanorum oculi 
tarn deforme spectaculum ferre possent? I, lictor, il 
conliga mantis quae paulo ante armatae imperium 
populo Romano peperfirunt. I, caput obntibe libera- 
toris urbis huius ; arbore inf elici suspende ; verbera 
vel intra pomerium, modo inter ilia pila et spolia ho- 
stium, vel extra pOmerium, modo inter sepulcra Curia- 
tiorum. Quo enim dticere hunc iuvenem potestis, ubi 
non sua decora eum a tanta foeditate supplicii vindi- 
cent?" KOn tulit populus nee patris lacrimas nee 12 
ipsius parem in omni periculo animum ; absolvgrunt- 
que admiratione magis virttltis quam iure causae. 
Itaque, ut caedes manifgsta aliquo tamen piaculo 

peated negative, nOy not even, as in 22. 14. 4. 10. Pila H. : Horatian 
orms^ plural ; cf. § 11. The place was in the forum. — decorfttum . . . 
▼ictoria: with the spoils and shout of victory. — furcft : a wooden fork 
to whose prongs the victim's hands were hound while he was scourged. 
—quod . . . spectJUsiQiixn : so dread a sight that, common attraction 
into rel. cl. 11. modo : provided only it he where surrounding ohjects 



46 TTTI LIVI 

lueretur, imperatum patrl ut fllium expiaret pectlnia 

13 pablica. Is quibusdam piacularibus sacrificiis factis^ 
quae deinde genti Horatiae tradita sunt, transinisso 
per viam tigillo, capite adoperto velut sub iugum 
misit iuvenem. Id hodie quoque public© semper re- 

14 fectum manet; sororium tigillum vocant. Horatiae 
sepulcrum, quo loco corruerat icta, constrilctum est 
saxo quadrato. 

27. Nee diu pax Albana mansit Invidia vulgi, 
quod tribus militibus fortuna publica commissa fuerat, 
vanum ingenium dictatoris corrupit, et, quoniam recta 
consilia baud bene evgnerant, pravis reconciliare popu- 

2 larium animos coepit. Igitur ut prius in bell5 pacem, 
sic in pace bellum quaerens, quia suae civitati animo- 
rum plus quam virium cernebat esse, ad bellum palam 
atque ex 6dicto gerundum alios concitat populos, suis 

3 per speciem societatis proditionem reservat. Fide- 
nates, colonia Romana, Veientibus socils consilii ad- 
sumptis, pacto transitionis Albanorum ad bellum atque 

4 arma incitantur. Cum Fidenae apertS descissent, 
Tullus, Mettio exercituque eius ab Alba accito, contra 
liostes ducit. Ubi Anienem transiit, ad confluentis 

5 conlocat castra. Inter eum locum et Fidfinas Veien- 
tium exercitus Tiberim transierat. Hi in acie prope 



would shame those punishing. 12. lueretnr : the crime of treason in 
which the people became involved by the acquittal of Horatius, called 
for public expiation, hence pecuniapw 6 /ica. 13. sororium t.: the sis- 
ter's beamy mentioned as late as the 4th century, stretched across a 
street leading into the Vicus Cyprius. 14. saxo q. : hewn stone. 

27. War with Fidenae; treachery of Mettius. 1. Nee: but . . . 
not. — Tftnum: inconstant. 2. animorum: impulse. — yirium: en- 
(iwrance.— palam a. e. o.: formally declared. 3. pacto : inst. abl. ; 
agreement that the Albans would go over. 4. coofluentis : the junc- 
tion of the Anio and the Tiber. 5. et : also. 



LIBER I 47 

flumen tenu6re dextrum cornti ; in sinistro Fid6nat6s 
propius months consistunt. Tullus adversus VSientem 
hostem derigit suos; Albanos contra legionem Fid6- 
natium conlocat. Albano non plus animi erat quam 
fidei. Nee manure ergo nee transire apertfi ausus 
86nsim ad months succedit. Inde, ubi satis subisse 6 
ses6 ratus est, erigit totam aciem, fluctuansque 
animo, ut tereret tempus, 6rdin6s explicat. Con- 
silium erat, qua fortana rem daret, ea inclinare 
vMs. Miraculo primo esse Romanis qui proximi 7 
steterant, ut nadari latera sua sociorum digressu sen- 
s6runt; inde eques citato equo nantiat rggi abire 
AlbanCs. Tullus in r6 trepida duodecim vovit Salios 
fanaque Pallori ac Pavori. Equitem clara increpans 8 
voce, ut hostes exaudirent, redire in proelium iubet ; 
nihil trepidatione opus esse; suo iussu circumdtici 
Albanum exercitum, ut Fidenatium nuda terga inva- 
dant. Idem imperat ut hastas equites erigerent. Id 9 
factum magnae parti peditum Romanorum conspectum 
abeuntis Albani exercitus intersaepsit ; qui viderant, 
id quod ab r6ge audltum erat rati, eo acrius pugnant. 
Terror ad hostes transit; et audiverant clara voce 
dictum, et magna pars Fidenatium, ut qui coloni ad- 
diti Romanis essent, Lating sciebant. Itaque, n6 10 
subito ex collibus decursti Albanorum intercluderentur 
ab oppido, terga vertunt. Instat Tullus fusoque 

6. erigit . . . explicat : instead of attacking he went farther toward 
tbe hills than he ought and spent the time in military evolutions, 
drawing up and opening his formation. — qnft ... eft : on which side ; 
= quo . . . eo. — inclinftre : figure of weighing ; throw into that scale. 
7. citfttS equo : galloping up. —- re t. : a crisis, as in 22. 6. 1. —Salios : 
the lesser college» called Quirlndles. 8. increpftns: rebuking the 
horseman for his foolish fear. 9. Id f . : the carrying out of this order. 
—id . . . rati: sc. esse, — B.d6iiX: settlers who had joined those from 



48 . TITI LIVI 

Fidenatium coma in V^ientem alifino pavore percul- 
sum ferocior redit. Nee illi tul6re impetum, sed ab 
11 effQsft fuga flumen obiectiim ab tergo arcSbat. Quo 
postquam fuga inclinavit, alii arnia foede iactantfis in 
aquam caeci ruebant, alii, dum cunctantur in ripis, 
inter fugae pugnaeque consilium oppress!. Non alia 
ante Romana pugna atrocior fuit. 

28. Turn Albanus exercitus, spectator certaminis, 
deductus in camp5s. Mettius Tull6 devictos host6s 
gratulatur ; contra Tullus Mettium benigne adloquitur. 
Quod bene vertat, castra Albanos Ronianis castris 
iungere iubet, sacrificium Itistrale in diem posterum 

2 parat. Ubi inluxit, paratis omnibus, ut adsolet, vocari 
ad contionem utrumque exercitum iubet. Praec5n6s, 
ab extreme orsi, primOs excivere Alban5s. Hi novi- 
tate etiam rei moti, ut regem Romanum contionantem 

3 audirent, proximi constitgre. Ex composite armata 
circumdatur Romana legio ; centurionibus datum nego- 

4 tium erat ut sine mora imperia exsequerentur. Tum 
ita Tullus infit : " Romani, si umquam ante alias ull5 
in bello fuit quod primum dis immortalibus gratias 
ageretis, deinde vestrae ipsorum virtuti, hesternum id 
proelium fuit. Dimicatum est enim non magis cum 
bostibus quam, quae dimicatio maior atque periculo- 

5 sior est, cum proditione ac perfidia sociorum. Nam, 

Rome. 10. ab tergo : . the Yeientes had faced south, but as Tullus 
turned from them to attack the Fidenates they had faced about toward 
the east, and were now driven back to the Tiber. 11. caeci : blindly ; 
in 22. 6. 5., velut caeci. — atrocior : bloody. 

28. Punishment of Mettius. 1. spectfttor: which had watched; 
substantives in tor often describe acts. — sacrificium : the suovetaurilia. 
2. noYitftte : the curiosity of the Albans, in their ignorance of Roman 
customs, led them to seek the best places. 4. si . . . fuit: if there 
ever was a reason. — ipsorum : own. — quae : the relative precedes the 



LIBER I 49 

n6 vos falsa opinio teneat, iniussti me5 Albani subiere 

ad montae, nee imperium illud meum, sed eonsilium 

et imperil simulatio fuit, ut nee v5bis, ignorantibus 

deserl vos, averteretur a certamine animus, et hostibus 

circumveniri se ab tergo ratis terror ac f uga inicer^tur. 

Nee ea culpa, quam arguo, omnium Albanorum est: 6 

dueem sectiti sunt, ut et vos, si quo ego inde agmen 

deelinare voluissem, f 6ciss6tis. Mettius ille est ductor 

itineris huius, Mettius idem huius machinator belli, 

Mettius foederis Romani Albanique ruptor. Audeat 

deinde talia alius, nisi in hunc insigne iam documen- 

tum mortalibus dedero.'' Centuriones armati Mettium 7 

circumsistunt. Eex cetera ut orsus erat peragit: 

"Quod bonum faustum felixque sit populo Romano 

ac mihi voblsque, Albani, populum omnem Albanum 

Romam tradticere in animo est, civitatem dare pl6bi, 

primores in patr6s legere, iinam urbem, unam rem 

publicam f acere. Ut ex tino quondam in duos populos 

divisa Albana rgs est, sic nunc in tinum redeat." Ad 8 

haec Albana pubSs inermis ab armatis saepta, in variis 

voluntatibus commtini tamen metti cogente, silentium 

tenet. Tum Tullus "Metti Ftifeti," inquit, "si ipse 9 

discere posses fidem ac foedera servare, vivo tibi ea 

word to which it is an appositive, as in 21. 57. 4. 5. iniussu: it was 
not by my command. — consilinxn : stratagem. — ut nee : instead of ne 
on account of the following et. The negative belongs to averteretur ; 
vobiSy dat. as hostibus below. — terror . . . fiiga : correspond to Pal- 
Idri and Pavdri of c. 27. 6. ductor, mftchinfttor, ruptor: note the 
order of these words in connection with the genitives, by which the 
latter are brought into prominence. — Audeat: almost a curse; let 
another dare unless, but if I shall punish M. then let him not dare. — 
documentuxn : the warning and the punishment are confused. 7. civi- 
tfttem : citizenship. — urbem : local. — rem p. : political. — in ... co- 
gente : with different feelingSy but under a common fear ; cf . c. 17. 3. 
9. diacere: contrasted with doce. — vivo: emphatic; I would let you 

B 



50 TITI LIVI 

disciplma a m6 adhibita esset ; nunc, quoniam tutun 
Insanabile ingenium est, at tu tuo suppliciO doc6 huma- 
num genus ea sancta credere, quae a t6 violata sunt. Ut 
igitur paulo ante animum inter Fidenatem Eomanamque 
rem ancipitem gessisti, ita iam corpus passim distra- 

10 hendum dabis.'' Exinde duabus admotis quadrigis, in 
currtis earum distentum inligat Mettium, deinde in di- 
versum iter equi concitati lacerum in utroque curru 
corpus, qua inhaeserant vinculis membra, portantes. 

11 Avertere omnfis ab tanta foeditate spectaculi oculos. 
Primum ultimumque illud supplicium apud Romanos 
exempli parum memoris legum htimanarum f uit. In aliis 
gloriari licet nulli gentium mitiOrgs plaeuisse poenas. 

29. Inter haec iam praemissi Albam erant equites, 
qui multittidinem tradticerent Romam. Legiones 

2 deinde ductae ad diruendam urbem. Quae ubi in- 
travere portas, non quidem fuit tumultus ille nee 
pavor, qualis captarum esse urbium solet, cum effractis 
portis stratisve ariete murls aut arce vi capta clamor 
hostilis et cursus per urbem armatorum omnia ferro 

3 flammaque miscet ; sed silentium triste ac tacita mae- 
stitia ita d6f ixit omnium animos, ut prae metti [obliti] 
quid relinquerent, quid sScum ferrent, deficiente consi- 

live and would give you instruction. — nunc: but now^ as in 21. 13. 2. 
— at: at least. — passim: his body, like his mind, should be drawn in 
different directions. 10. quadiigis : abl. abs. instead of gen. —in ... 
iter : in opposite directions ; oftener without iter. 11. foeditftte : the 
horrible sight. — ezempU: epexegetic gen., example of punishment, — 
leg^um h. : humanity. History does not bear out L.'s judgment. 

29. The destruction of Alba. The brilliant description of this chap- 
ter, which consists mainly of two periods, is marked by the vivid 
sequence of details and by the clearness of the scene as a whole. 
2. non q. f . : not indeed that confusion. — clftmor h. = hostes cldr 
mantes. 3. silentium . . . maestitia: gloomy silence and voiceless 
sorrow. — defixit : dazed. — prae : /or. —quid r. : join with deficiente. 



LIBER I 61 

lio rogitant^sque alii alios, nunc in liminibus stftrent, 
nunc errabundi domos suas, ultimum illud visuri, 
pervagarentur. Ut v6ro iam equitum clamor exire i 
iubentium mstabat, iam fragor tectorum quae diru6- 
bantur ultimis urbis partibus audiebsltur, pulvisque 
ex distantibus locis ortus velut nube inducta omnia 
impleverat, raptim quibus quisque poterat 6latis, cum 
larem ac penates tectaque, in quibus natus quisque 
educatusque esset, relinquentSs exirent, iam contin6ns 6 
agmen migrantium impleverat vias, et conspectus alio- 
rum mtitua miseratione integrabat lacrimas ; vocesque 
etiam miserabil^s exaudiebantur, mulierum praecipue, 
cum obsessa ab armatis templa augusta praeterirent 
ac velut captos relinquerent deos. Egressis urbe Alba- 6 
nis Romanus passim publica privataque omnia tgcta 
adaequat solo, tinaque bora quadringentorum annorum 
opus, quibus Alba steterat, excidio ac rumis dedit; 
templis tamen deum — ita enim edictum ab rege fuerat 

— temperatum est. 

30. Roma interim cr^scit Albae rulnis ; duplicatur 
civium numerus ; Caelius additur urbi mons, et, quo 
frequentius habitar^tur, eam s6dem Tullus regiae capit, 
ibique deinde babitavit. Principes Albanorum in 2 
patres, ut ea quoque pars rei publicae crfisceret, l6git 

— Itilios, Servilios, Quinctios, Geganios, Curiatios, 
Cloelios — templumque ordini ab s6 aucto curiam fecit, 

They did not know what to do, and so asked one another. — iQtimum 
illud : for that last time ; adv. ace. 4. iam : now ; notice the repeti- 
tion of tarn, as the reader's attention is called to successive details. — 
quibus: abl. attracted from its quae, 5. ezaudiSbantur : were heard 
above (ex) the din of destruction. 6. 80l5: dat. — tempUs: dat. ; 
temples were spared, 

80. War with the Sabines. 1. quo . . . habitfiretur : that more 
might take up their residence there. 2. 5rdini: dat. with templum 



52 TITI LIVI 

quae Hostilia usque ad patrum nostrorum aetatem 

3 appellata est. Et ut omnium ordinum viribus aliquid 
ex novo populo adicergtur, equitum decern turmas ex 
Albanis l6git, legiongs et vetergs eodem supplfimento 
explevit et novas scrlpsit. 

4 Hac fidiacia vlrium Tullus Sabinis bellum indicit, 
genti ea tempestate secundum Etruscos opulentissimae 

6 viris armisque. Utrimque iniuriae factae ac r6s n6- 
quiquam erant repetitae : Tullus ad Eeroniae f anum 
mercatu frequent! negotiatores Romanes comprehensos 
querebatur ; Sablni suos prius in Iticum c5nf ugisse ac 

6 Romae retentos. Hae causae belli ferebantur. Sabini, 
baud parum memorSs et suarum virium partem Romae 
ab Tatio locatam et Romanam rem ntiper etiam adiec- 
tione populi Albani auctam, circumspicere et ipsi 

7 externa auxilia. Etruria erat vicina, proximi Etrii- 
scorum Veientes. Inde ob residuas bellorum Iras 
maxime sollicitatis ad defectionem animis voluntaries 
traxere, et apud vagos quosdam ex inopi plebe etiam 
merc6s valuit ; publico auxilio nullo adiuti sunt, valuit- 
que apud Veientes — nam d6 ceteris minus mirum est 

8 — pacta cum Romulo indutiarum fides. Cum bellum 



used as adj. ; set apart for. The curia H. was burned in 52 B.C. 
3. ordinum: i.e. also the knights and plebs. — turmfts: of thirty- 
men each. — eodem: i.e. from the Albans. 4. Hftc . . . yirium: be- 
lieving that he was strong enough as the result of these additions ; the 
attraction of hac^ as in 21. 5. 4. 5. mercatu f . : a crowded fair^ held 
at the shrine (probably near Soracte) of Feronia. — negotifttoreB : 
traders.— Ix^xaOL'. probably the asylum of Romulus. 6. sufirum . . . 
partem: apart of their own nation. 7. proximi: i.e. to the Sabines. 
— residuSs: the passions of the earlier war lead some to volunteer 
against the terms of the truce. — vagos: homeless menj who were 
gained by pay. — publico: no state made an alliance, for the Vientes 
were held back by the truce, and it was not strange that those farther 
off did not take part. 



LIBER I 63 

utrimque summa ope pararent, vertique in eo r6s 
videretur, utri prius arma inferrent, occupat Tullus in 
agrum Sabinum transire. Pugna atrox ad Silvam 9 
Malitiosam fuit, ubi et peditum quidem robore, c6te- 
rum equitattl aucto ntiper pltirimum Romana aci6s 
valuit. Ab equitibus repente invectis turbati ordines lo 
sunt Sablnornm ; nee pugna deinde illis constare nee 
fuga explicari sine magna caede potuit. 

31. Devictis Sabinis cum in magna gloria magnis- 
que opibus rSgnum Ttdli ac tota r6s Romana esset, 
nuntiatum r6gi patribusque est in monte Albano lapidi- 
bus plavisse. Quod cum credi vix posset, missis ad id 2 
visendum prodigium in conspectu, baud aliter, quam 
cum grandinem venti glomeratam in terras agunt, 
crebri cecidere caelo lapides. Visi etiam audire vocem 3 
ingentem ex summi cacuminis Itico, ut patrio ritti 
sacra Albani facerent, quae, velut diis quoque simul 
cum patria relictis, oblivion! dederant, et aut Romana 
sacra susceperant aut forttinae, ut fit, obirati cultum 
reliquerant deum. Romanis quoque ab eodem pro- 4 
digio novendiale sacrum public© susceptum est, seu 



8. verti . . . inferrent : the important question was, which should 
he the first to begin the offensive, 9. et . . . cetenun : both . . . but 
also. — a.uc!tS = qui auctus erat. 10. repente i. : sudden charge. — 
fnga e. : the formation of the troops did not admit a sudden breaking 
up without great loss. A surrender is implied. 

81. Prodigies. Death of Tullus. 1. lapidibus: Inst. abl. ; a vol- 
canic phenomenon. 2. missis: dat. with cecidere. The report was so 
incredible that special messengers were sent to observe the prodigy. — 
in conspecta: to their eyes the falling stones looked like masses of 
hail driven by the wind. 3. luco : the grove of Juppiter Latiaris on the 
top of the Alban mount. — et aut : the relative clause passes into what 
is practically an independent sentence. — obir&ti: the gods, when 
angfy, punished their worshippers, and men, when angry at the gods, 
neglected their worship. 4. quoque : i.e. the original Romans as well 



54 TITI LIVI 

vOce caelesti ex Albano iiionte missa — nam id quoque 
traditur — seu haruspicum monittl; mansit certS sol- 
lemne, ut, quandoque idem prodigium nuntiaretur, 
fgriae per novem dies agerentur. 
Haud ita multo post pestilentia laboratum est. 

5 Unde cum pigritia mllitandi orerfitur, nulla tamen ab 
armis qui6s dabatur a bellicOso r6ge, saltibriora etiam 
credente militiae quam domi iuvenum corpora esse, 
donee ipse quoque longmquo morbo est implicitus. 

6 Tunc adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi 
feroces, ut, qui nihil ante ratus esset minus rggium 
quam sacrls dedere animum, repente omnibus magnis 
parvisque superstitionibus obnoxius degeret, religioni- 

7 busque etiam populum impl6ret. Vulgo iam homines, 
eum statum rfirum qui sub Numa r6ge fuerat requiren- 
tes, tinam opem aegris corporibus relictam, si pax venia- 

8 que ab diis impetrata esset, credebant. Ipsum rfigem tra- 
dunt volventem commentarios Numae, cum ibi quaedam 
occulta sollemnia sacrificia lovi Elicio facta invfinisset, 
operatum iis sacris s6 abdidisse ; sed non rite initum 
aut curatum id sacrum esse, nee solum ntillam ei obla- 
tam caelestium speciem, sed Ira lovis soUicitati prava 

as the Albans. For the festival, see on 21. 62. 6. — oerte : however that 
may 6«, whether it was a divine voice or the direction of a soothsayer. — 
quandoque = quanddcumque. 5. labor&tum e. : suffered. — pigritia : 
in(iwpo«i7ion resulting from sickness. — iuvenum: soldiers. 6. qui. . . 
dSgeret : from thinking that nothing was less royal than attention to 
sacrifices, he suddenly became (lit. passed his time ; sc. aetdtem with de- 
geret) a prey to every kind of superstitious fear, great and small. — re- 
ligionibus : all kinds of religious thoughts and ceremonies. 7. si . . . 
esset : explains opem, the obtaining of the divine favor. 8. Tolventem : 
rolling ; as we say, turning the leaves ; hence, reading. — commentftrioe : 
those implied in c. 20. 5. — occulta : join with sol. sac. ; secret forms of 
invocation or incantation.— oper&tum . . . ab. : while engaged in^hese 
sacred rites {sacris is dat . ) he shut himself in his house. — Ir& : casual abl. 



LIBER I 55 

religione fulmine ictuin cum domo conflagrasse. Tul- 
lus magna gloria belli rggnavit annos duos et triginta. 
32. Mortuo Tullo r6s, ut institutum iam inde ab 
initio erat, ad patres redierat, hique interregem nomina- 
verant. Quo comitia habente Ancum Marcium r6gem 
populus creavit ; patrfis f uere auctorfis. Numae Pom- 
pili regis nepos f Ilia ortus Ancus Marcius erat. Qui 2 
ut regnare coepit, et avitae gloriae memor, et quia 
proximum rfignum, cetera ggregium, ab una parte 
haud satis prosperum fuerat aut negl6ctis religionibus 
aut prav6 cultis, long© antlquissimum ratus sacra 
publica ut a Numa instittita erant f acere, omnia ea ex 
commentarils regis pontificem in album relata pro- 
ponere in publico iubet. Inde et civibus otil cupidis 
et finitimis civitatibus facta sp6s in avi mores atque 
Instittita rggem abiturum. Igitur Latini, cum quibus 3 
Tullo rggnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos, 
et, cum incursionem in agrum Eomanum fecissent, 
repetentibus res Eomanis superbe responsum reddunt, 
desidem Romanum regem inter sacella et aras acturum 
esse regnum rati. Medium erat in Anco ingenium, et 4 
Numae et Eomull memor; et praeterquam quod avI 
regno magis necessariam fuisse pacem credebat cum 
in novo tum feroci populo, etiam quod iUl contigisset 
otium, sine initiria id se baud facile habiturum; 

82. Choice of Ancus Marcius. The Fetials. 2. memor, quia: 
union of different constructions common in L. — cetera : adv. ace. — 
antiquiBsimnm : most important.— album: a whitened tablet. The 
publication of the methods of sacrifice was to prevent errors and fail- 
ure in their performance. — abitOnim: we should rather say, would 
proceed according to, i.e, from such a beginning. 3. superbS : modi- 
fies r. r., answered. — desidem: predicative. 4. Medium: interme- 
diate, avoiding the extremes of both. — memor: recalling. — qnod: 
relative; the antecedent attracted, as often.— iniurift: molestation on 



56 TTTI LIVI 

temptari patientiam et temptatam contemni, tempo- 

5 raque esse TuUo rSgi aptiora quam Numae. Ut 
tamen, quoniam Nuraa in pace religion^s instituisset, 
a se bellicae caerimoaiae proderentur, nee gererentur 
solum sed etiam indicereatur bella aliquo ritti, itis ab 
antiqua gente Aequiculis, quod nunc f6tial6s habent, 
descripsit, quo r6s repetuntur. 

6 Lggatus ubi ad fin^s eorum v6nit, unde res repetun- 
tur, capite velat5 filo — lanae vSlamen est — "Audi, 
luppiter," inquit, " audite, fines " — cuiuscumque gen- 
tis sunt, nominat — " audiat fas ! Ego sum publicus 
ntintius popull RomanI; iustg pieque Ifigatus venio, 
verbisque meis fides sit/' Peragit inde postulata. 

7 Inde lovem testem facit: "Si ego initiste impi6que 
illos homines illasque res dedier mihi exposco, turn 

8 patriae compotem m6 numquam siris esse." Haec 
cum finis suprascandit, haec quicumque ei primus vir 
obvius fuerit, haec portam ingrediens, haec forum 
ingressus panels verbis carminis concipiendique iaris 

9 iurandi mutatis peragit. Si non dgduntur quos ex- 
poscit, diebus tribus et triginta — tot enim sollemn6s 

10 sunt — peractis, bellum ita indicit : " Audi, luppiter, 
et tu, lane Quirine, diique omn6s caelestes, vosque ter- 
restres, vosque inferni, audite. Ego vos testor, popu- 
lum ilium'' — quicumque est, nominat — "initistum 
esse, neque itis persolvere. Sed d6 istis rSbus in pa- 
tria maiores natti consulemus, quo pacto itis nostrum 

the part of his neighbors. 6. tamen: though he could not follow N.*s 
example entirely, yet he would do so in the formalities connected with 
war. 6. filo: the thread was wound around the cap. — ISgfltnir: 
ps^Ttic. ', lit. one commissioned ; the pater patrdtus ot ^ 11, 7. dedier: 
old form of dedif as siHs for siveris. — patriae c. : part or lot in my 
country. 8. ooncipiendl: ^Ae expremo?i, of the oath, as if it had been 
conceptis verbis. 9. sollemnes : usual. 10. mftiores n. : our elders. 



LIBER I 57 

adipiscamuT." Cum his nuntius Eomam ad consulen- 
dum redit. Confestim r6x his fermfi verbis patr6s consu- ii 
lebat : " Quarum r6nim litium causarum condixit pater 
patratns populi RCmani Quiritium patri patrato Pri- 
scorum Latinorum hominibusque Priscis Latinis, quas 
r6s nee ded^runt nee solv6runt nee fecerunt, qu§s 
res darl solvi fieri oportuit, die/' inquit ei quern pri- 
mum sententiara rogabat, " quid censes ? " Turn ille : 12 
"Puro pioque duello quaerendas c§nseo, itaque con- 
sentio consciscoque." Inde ordine alii rogabantur, 
quandoque pars maior eorum qui aderant in eandem 
sententiam ibat, bellum erat cons6nsuin. Fieri soli- 
tum, ut fetialis hastam ferratam aut sanguineam prae- 
ustam ad finis eorum ferret, et nOn minus tribus 
puberibus praesentibus, diceret: "Quod populi Pri- 13 
scorum Latinorum hominfisque Prisei Latin! adversus 
populum Romanum Quiritium fec6runt d^liquerunt, 
quod populus Romanus Quiritium bellum cum Priscis 
Latinis iussit esse, senatusque populi Romani Quiri- 
tium censuit consensit conscivit ut bellum cum Priscis 
Latinis fieret, ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus 
populis Priscorum Latinorum hominibusque Priscis 
Latinis bellum indico facioque." Id ubi dixisset, ha- 

i.e. the senate. 11. his : sc. verbis, — QuSnim : its antecedent is (de) et«, 
to be supplied with quid censes. The gen. is an old use of the gen. of 
respect with condixit. The sentence presents the usual repetition of 
legal formulas, e.g. rerum^ the things stolen ; litiumy the legal ques- 
tions connected with them ; causae ^ apparently a general term cover- 
ing the other two; the following verbs correspond. — qaem . . . 
rogSLbat: the practice of the senate, by which the presiding officer 
called for opinions, is here referred to the king. 12. FSro p. d. : a war 
begun without trickery and with the sanctions of religious observances ; 
duelldiot hello. — in . . . ibat : as in 22. 56. 1. -^ sanguineam p. : a spear 
hardened in the fire and smeared with blood, symbolic of war. 13. Qnod 
• . . qnod : conjunctions, but the antecedent idea is in ob eam rem. —Id 



58 TITI LIVI 

14 stam in finis eonim 6mitt6bat. Hoc turn modo ab 
Latinis repetitg^e rfis ac bellum indictum, moremque 
eum poster! accepfirunt. 

33. Ancus, d6mandata curS sacrOrum flaminibus 
sacerdotibusque aliis, exercitu novo conscripto, pro- 
fectus Politorium, nrbem Latmorum, vi c6pit, secu- 
tusque morem r6gum priormn, qui rem Eomanam 
auxerant hostibus in civitatem accipiendis, multitu- 

2 dinem omnem Eomam traduxit. Et cum circa Pala- 
tium, sedem veterum Romanorum, Sabini Capitolium 
atque arcem, Gaelium montem Albani impl6ssent, 
Ayentinum novae multittidini datum. Additi eodem 
baud ita mult5 post, Tell^nis Ficanaque captis, novi 

3 civfis. Politorium inde rursus bello repetitum, quod 
vacuum occupaverant Prlsci Latmi; eaque causa di- 
ruendae urbis eius fuit Romanis, n6 hostium semper 

4 receptaculum esset. Postremo omni bello Latino Me- 
duUiam compulso, aliquamditi ibi Marte incerto varia 
victoria ptignatum est; nam et urbs ttita mtinitionibus 
praesidioque firmata valido erat, et castris in aperto 
positis aliquotiens exercitus Latinus comminus cum 

5 Romanis signa contulerat. Ad ultimum omnibus 
copiis conisus Ancus aci6 primum vincit, inde ingenti 
praeda pot6ns Romam redit, tum quoque multis mili- 

. . . dixisset: as often as he said this; the subj. is iterative; cf. 21. 
28. 10. 

88. Wars of Ancus. 1. dSmandfitfi: delegated in his absence.— 
Politorium : this town and those mentioned below are mere names of 
history. Ficana was on the via Ostiensis, and Medullia lay to the 
northeast, beyond the Anio. 2. circfi: a6ow^, on two sides of . 4. Po- 
stremo: adv. — omni. . . compulso: the Latin war centring about 
M. — Mftrte . . .Victoria: poetical fulness of expression; uncertain 
struggle, varying success. — comminus . . . contulerat : fought in 
hand-to-hand engagements. 5. praedft: inst. abl. with potens, en- 
riched. The capture of the city is only implied, as it is to be men- 



LIBER I 69 

bus Latmorum in civitatem acceptis, quibus, ut iunge- 
rgtur Palatio Aventinum, ad Murciae datae s6des. 
laniculum quoque adiectum, non inopia loci, sed ne 6 
quando ea arx hostium esset. Id non muro solum, 
sed etiam ob commoditatem itineris ponte sublicio, 
turn primum in Tiberi facto, coniungi urbi placuit. 
Quirltium quoque fossa, baud parvum munimentum a 7 
planioribus aditu locis, Anci regis opus est. Ingenti 8 
incremento rebus auctis, cum in tanta multitudine 
hominum, discrlmine recte an perperam facti conftiso, 
facinora clandestina fierent, career ad terrorem incre- 
scentis audaciae media urbe imminens for6 aedificatur. 
Nee urbs tantum hoc rege crevit, sed etiam ager fines- 9 
que : silva Mesia V6ientibus adgmpta usque ad mare 
imperium prolatum, et in ore Tiberis Ostia urbs con- 
dita, salinae circa factae; egregieque rebus bello ge- 
stis aedis lovis Feretrii amplificata. 

34. Anco rggnante Lucumo, vir impiger ac divitiis 
potens, Romam commigravit cupidine maxime ac spe 
magni honoris, cuius adipiscendi Tarquiniis — nam ibi 
quoque peregrina stirpe oriundus erat — facultas non 

tioned again in c. 38. 4. — iimgeretur: i.e. by continuous dwellings. — 
Hurciae : sc. dramy in the valley where later was the Circus Maximus. 

6. axx: stronghold for offence. — ponte s. : so called from the wooden 
piles (or beams), sublicae, of which it was built. Its exact position is 
unknown. The summit of the Janiculan was connected with the river 
by two walls, and the passage of the river secured by this bridge. 

7. Quiiitiam fossa : on the low ground between the Aventine and the 
Coelian, where the city was easy of access {plan, aditu locis). — fl: on 
Av. side of. 8. discrimine . . . confQso : distinctions of right and 
wrong being confused by the coming of so many strangers ; for facti 
as noun and partic. cf. 21. 45. 9. — career: the Tullidnum at the foot of 
the Capitoline, next to the Forum. The rocky chamber still remains. 
9. silva Mesifi: on the north bank of the Tiber toward Ostia.— 
salinae: salt-pits ^ where sea water was evaporated. 

34. Coming of Tarquinius Priscus to Rome. 1. Lucumo : properly 



60 TITI LIVI 

2 fuerat. Demarati Corinthii filius erat, qui ob s6di- 
tiones domo profugus cum Tarquiniis forte consSdis- 
set, uxore ibi ducta duos filios genuit. Nomina his 
Lucumo atque Arrtins fufirunt. Lucumo superfuit 
patri bonorum omnium her6s; Arrtins prior quam. 

3 pater moritur uxore gravida rellcta. Nee diu manet 
superstes flli5 pater; qui cum, ignorans nurum ven- 
trem ferre, immemor in testando nepotis decessisset, 
puero post avi mortem in ntillam sortem bonOrum nato 

4 ab inopia Egerio inditum nomen. Lucumoni contra 
omnium heredi bonorum cum divitiae iam animos 
facerent, auxit ducta in matrimonium Tanaquil, summo 
loco nata, et quae baud facile iis in quibus nata erat, 

6 humiliora sineret ea quo innupsisset. Spementibus 
Etruscis Lucumonem, exsule advena ortum, ferre in- 
dignitatem non potuit, oblitaque ingenitae erga pa- 
triam caritatis, dummodo virum honoratum videret, 

6 consilium migrandi ab Tarquiniis cepit. Eoma est ad 
id potissimum visa : in novo populo, ubi omnis repen- 
tina atque ex virtute nobilitas sit, f uturum locum f orti 
ac strenuo viro ; regnasse Tatium Sabinum, arcessltum 
in r^gnum Numam a Curibus, et Ancum Sabina matre 

7 ortum nobilemque una imagine Numae esse. Facile 
persuadet ut cupido honorum, et cui Tarquinii materna 



a title which L. takes as a name. 3. in . . . nflto : with no share in 
the property. — Egerio: as if from egere. 4. animos: pride. — ducta 
. . . T. : his marriage with T. — quo: into which. 5. advenA: adj.; 
from another country ; cf. 21. 30. 8. — indignitfltem : the lack of social 
and political recognition. —ingenitae . . . cftritfltis: "the Romans 
have no single word for patriotism." S. 6. Soma . . . visa: Rome 
seemed the place above all others for {gaining) this. — omnis . . . nobi- 
litfis : all (the) nobility was of rapid growth and rested on merit. — 
forti a. s. : active and energetic^ as in 21.4.4. — nobilem: ennobled. 
L. has in mind the later ius imdginum. 7. at : a« being. — m&tema : 



LEBER I 61 

tantum patria esset. Sublatis itaque rebus amigrant 8 
E-omain. Ad laniculuin forte ventum erat. Ibi ei 
carpento sedenti cum uxore aquila suspSnsis d6- 
missa Igniter alls pilleum aufert, superque carpentum 
cum magno clangore volitans rtirsus, velut ministerio 
divinitus missa, capiti apt6 reponit; inde sublimis 
abit. Accepisse id augurium laeta dicitur Tanaquil, 9 
perlta, ut vulgo Etrusci, caelestium prodigiorum mu- 
lier. Excelsa et alta spgrare complexa virum iubet : 
earn alitem, ea regione caeli et eius del nantiam 
venisse, circa summum culmen hominis auspicium 
fecisse, levasse htimano superpositum capiti decus, ut 
divinitus eidem redderet. Has spes cogitationesque lo 
secum portantes urbem ingress! sunt, domicilioque ibi 
comparato L. Tarquinium PrTscum edidere nomen. 
Romanis conspicuum eum novitas divitiaeque facie- ii 
bant, et ipse f ortunam benigno adloquio, comitate in- 
vitandi, beneficiisque quos poterat sibi conciliando ad- 
iuvabat, donee in regiam quoque d6 eo f ama perlata est. 
Notitiamque earn brevi apud regem llberaliter dextre- 12 
que obeundo officia in familiaris amicitiae adduxerat 
itira, ut publicis pariter ac privatis consiliis bello 
domique interesset, et per omnia expertus postremo 
tutor etiam liberis regis testamento mstitueretur. 



on his mother's side, 8. suBpensiB . . . ftlis : gently descending with 
outspread wings, not swooping down as if for prey. — clangore ; 
scream. — ministerio: dat. 9. Accepisse: it was necessary that an 
omen should be understood and accepted to be effective. Recall Her- 
cules in c. 7. 11, and Anchises in Verg. Aen. 2. 700 f. — earn . . . eft . . . 
5ius: such a bird {the eagle), such a quarter {favorable) j such a god 
{Juppiter) . — Biimmiun c. : emblematic of a crown. 11. adloquio : this 
and the following are abl. of means with conciliando, which modifies ad- 
iuva&a£ in the same way. 12. Notitiam : this acquaintance he developed 
into close friendship, so that he was admitted to a part in all affairs. 



62 TITI LIVI 

35. Eegnavit Ancus annos quattuor et viginti, cuili- 
bet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria 
par. lam f ilii prope puberem aetatem erant. Eo magis 
Tarquinius instare, ut quam prTmum comitia regi cre- 

2 ando fierent ; quibus indictis sub tempus pueros vgnatum 
ablegavit. Isque primus et petisse ambitiose regnum 
et orationem dicitur habuisse ad conciliandos plebis 

3 animos compositam : [cum] sS non rem novam petere, 
quippe qui non primus, quod quisquam indlgnari mi- 
rarive posset, sed tertius Eomae peregrinus regnum 
adfectet ; et Tatium non ex peregrino solum sed etiam. 
ex hoste regem factum, et Numam ignarum urbis non 

4 petentem in regnum ultro accltum; se, ex quo sui 
potens f uerit, Romam cum coniuge ac forttinls onini- 
bus commigrasse; maiorem partem aetatis eius qua 
civilibus officiis fungantur homines Romae se quam 

5 in vetere patria vixisse ; domi mllitiaeque sub baud 
paenitendo magistro, ipso Anco rege, Eomana se 
itira, Romanos ritus didicisse ; obsequio et observantia 
in rggem cum omnibus, benignitate erga alios cum 

6 r6ge ipso certasse. Haec eum baud falsa memorantem 
ingenti consensu populus Romanus rggnare iussit. 
Ergo virum cetera egregium sectita, quam in petendo 

85. Choice of Tarquinius. His political measures. 1. regi: dat. 
of purpose. L. has in mind the elective machinery of republican titnes, 
when men announced themselves as candidates (petere) with speeches 
designed to commend themselves {amhitiose) to the people. 3. [cum] : 
bracketed as unnecessary ; if retained, it joins with memordret to be 
supplied from memorantem in § G. — quisquam : instead of quispiam, 
on account of the preceding non ; as he was not the first, so no one 
could complain that he aspired to the throne. 4. ez quo: since.— 
sui potens: his own master^ i.e. after the death of his father. 5. pae- 
nitendo: w,ean, a rare personal use of paenitere. — iura, litus: cover- 
ing the two functions of a king. — obsequiS e. o. : dutiful regard. 
6. reg^ftre i. : elected as king. — secuta . . . est: we should rather 



LIBER I 63 

habnerat, etiam rggnantem ambitio est; nee minus 
rggni sui firmandi quam augendae rei publicae memor 
centum in patrSs legit, qui deinde minorum gentium 
sunt appellati, factio baud dubia regis, cuius beneficio 
in curiam veneraht. 

Bellum primum cum Latinis gessit, et oppidum ibi 7 
Apiolas VI cepit, praedaque inde maiore quam quanta 
belli fama fuerat revecta, Itidos opulentius instructi- 
usque quam priores reges fecit. Tunc primum circo, 8 
qui nunc Maximus dicitur, designatus locus est. Loca 
divisa patribus equitibusque, ubi spectacula sibi quis- 
que facerent, fori appellatl. Spectavere furcis duo- 9 
denos ab terra spectacula alta sustinentibus pedis. 
Ltidicrum fuit equi pugilesque, ex Etruria maxima 
acciti. SollemnSs deinde annui mans^re Itldi, Eomani 
magnique vari6 appellatl. Ab eodem rege et circa lo 
forum privatis aedificanda divisa sunt loca, portions 
tabernaeque factae 

36. Mtiro quoque lapideo circumdare urbem para- 
bat, cum. Sabinum bellum coeptis intervenit. Adeo- 
que ea subita r^s fuit, ut prius Anienem transirent 
hostes quam obviam ire ac prohibere exercitus Ro- 
manus posset. Itaque trepidatum Eomae est; et 2 

say that the man foUowed his ambitious course. — nee m. : his plan 
was to form a royalist party {/actio) that would owe its rise to him 
and hence uphold his power, as well as strengthen the state. — mino- 
rum : the names minores and mdidres gentes continued till later times, 
but their functions are indistinguishable. 7. mftiore qnam : greater 
than the importance of the war led them to expect. 8. speetficula: 
stands, which the orders or families made for themselves. 9. Speet&- 
▼ere . . . pecUs : they watched the games from stands, supported by 
Y-shaped posts (furcis), twelve feet above the ground. — eqiii: horse 
races. — Sollemnes: regular. 10. portieus: arcades for public busi- 
ness and lounging places for the citizens. — tabernae: shops for retail 
trade. 



64 TITI LIVI 

priin6 dubia victoria magna utrimque caede pugnatmn 
est. Reductis deinde in castra hostium copiis datoque 
spatio Romanis ad comparandum d6 integro bellum, 
Tarquinius, equitem maximfi suls deesse viribus ratus, 
ad Ramn6s Titiens^s Lucer6s, quas centurias Romulus 
scrlpserat, addere alias constituit suoque insignes 

3 relinquere nomine. Id quia inaugurato Romulus 
fgcerat, negare Attus Navius, inclitus ea tempestat-e 
augur, neque mtitari neque novum constitui, nisi 

4 av6s addixissent, posse. Ex eo ira r6gi mota, 
elud^nsque artem, ut ferunt, "Agedum," inquit, 
"divine ttl, inaugura fierine possit quod nunc ego 
mente concipio." Cum ille augurio rem expertus 
prof ectO f uturam dixisset, " Atqui hoc animo agitavi," 
inquit, " te novacula cotem discissurum ; cape haec et 
perage quod av6s tuae fieri posse portendunt.^^ Turn 

6 ilium baud cunctanter discidisse cotem ferunt. Statua 
Atti capite velato, quo in loco res acta est, in comitio, 
in gradibus ipsis ad laevam curiae f uit ; cotem quoque 
eodem loco sitam fuisse memorant, ut esset ad posteros 

6 miracull eius monumentum. Auguriis certS sacerdo- 
tioque augurum tantus honos accessit, ut nihil belli do- 
mique postea nisi auspicato gereretur, concilia populT, 
exercittis vocati, summa r6rum, ubi aves non admi- 

86. Attus Navius and the enlargement of the centuries. 3. inaag^- 
r&to: impers. abl. abs. used adverbially. — neque . . . neque: the 
negative distribution of the negative. —- addixissent : like admittere 
(§ 6), a technical term for a favorable omen. 4. divine: ironical, 
prophet you. — f uturam : sc. esse rem, used in the place of a partic. of 
/to. — haec: the razor and the whetstone which he handed out to him. 
5. gradibus ip. : close by the steps leading up from the comitium to 
the curia. 6. certe : whether the story has any truth or not, certainly 
augury gained a strong impulse, — concilia p. : later used of the comi- 
tia tributaf here probably of the c. c uH«<a. —exercitus v. : the assem- 
bling of the com, centuridtd. — summa r. : mxitters of the highest 



LIBER I 65 

sissent, diriinerentur. Neque turn Tarquinius d6 7 
equitum centuriis quicquam mutavit; numero alte- 
rum tantum adiecit, ut mille et octingenti equites 
in tribus centuriis essent. Posteriorgs modo sub 
ilsdem nominibus qui additi erant appellati sunt, 
quas nunc, quia geminatae sunt, sex vocant centu- 
rias. 

37. Hac parte copiarum aucta iterum cum Sabinis 
confllgitur. Sed praeterquam quod viribus crSverat 
Romanus exercitus, ex occulto etiam additur dolus, 
missis qui magnam vim lignorum, in Anienis ripa 
iacentem, ardentem in flumen conicerent; ventoque 
iuvante accensa llgna, et plgraque in ratibus impacta 
sublicis cum haergrent, pontem incendunt. Ea quoque 2 
res in pugna terrOrem attulit Sabinis, et fusis eadem 
fugam impediit, multique mortales, cum hostem effa- 
gissent, in flumine ipso periere; quorum fluitantia 
arma ad urbem cognita in Tiberi prius paene quam 
ntintiari posset, insignem victoriam fecSre. Eo proe- 3 
lio praecipua equitum gloria f uit ; utrimque ab corni- ^ 
bus positos, cum iam pellerStur media peditum suorum 
acies, ita incurrisse ab lateribus ferunt, ut non siste- 
rent modo Sabinas legiones f erociter instantes cedenti- 
bus, sed subito in fugam averterent. Months efftiso 4 
cursu Sabini petSbant, et pauci tenuere ; maxima pars, 
ut ante dictum est, ab equitibus in flumen acti sunt. 

importance. 7. mille e. o.: TuUus's addition (c. 30. 3.) had raised 
the centuries to 600, with which L.'s number here does not agree. 
The whole subject is very obscure. 

87. War with the Sabines. 1. ftrdentem: to set on fire and, — 
accensa: sc. sunt. — pleraque . . . incendunt: the most of them 
striking in masses against the piles and lodging there set fire to the 
bridge. The bridge was over the Anio, by which the Sabines could 
retreat. 3. cSdentibus : dat. ; the wavering Romans. 4. et . . . tena- 

F 



66 Tin Livi 

5 Tarquinius Instandum perterritis ratus, praeda captl- 
visque Eomam missis, spoliis hostium — id votum 
Volcano erat — ingenti cumulo accensis, pergit porro 
in agrnm Sabinum exercitum indticere ; et quamquam 
male gestae rfis erant, nee gesturos melius spSrare 
poterant, tamen, quia consulendi res non dabat spa- 
tium, i6re obviam Sabini tumultuario milite, ite- 
rumque ibi fusi, perditis iam prope rebus, paeem 
petiere. 

38. Conlatia et quidquid citra Conlatiam agri erat 
Sabinis adSmptum; Egerius — fratris hie filius erat 

2 regis — Conlatiae in praesidio relictus. Deditosque 
Conlatinos ita accipio eamque deditionis formulam 
esse : rex interrogavit ; " Estisne vos legati oratOresque 
missi a populo Conlatino, ut vos populumque Conlati- 
num dederetis ? " " Sumus.'' " Estne populus Conla- 
tinus in sua potestate?" "Est.'' "Deditisne vos 
populumque Conlatlnum, urbem, agros, aquam, termi- 
nos, delubra, titensilia, divina humanaque omnia in 
meam populique EomanI dicionem?" "Dedimus." 

3 " At ego reeipio." Bello Sabino perfect© Tarquinius 

4 triumphans Eomam redit. Inde Priscis Latinis bellum 
fecit, ubi nusquam ad universae rei dimicationem 
ventum est; ad singula oppida circumferendo arma 

9re : but few reached them. 6. spoliis : arms and the less valuable 
articles. — quamquam . . .erant: though they had been defeated. — 
gesturos: sc. se.— tumultu&rio m. : soldiers hastily called together 
in the emergency. More time to consider would perhaps have led to 
an immediate surrender. 

38. Form of surrender. War with Latins. Constructions in Rome. 
1. in praesidio : in command, either of a garrison or a colony. 2. vos 
populumque: the two words form the comprehensive whole, hence 
-qu£, while the following words give the several particulars. 3. tri- 
umph&ns: with the idea of a procession. 4. ubi . . . est: i.e. there 
was not with them, as with the Sabines, a single decisive engagement. 



LIBER I 67 

omne nomen Latlnum domuit. Comiculum, Ficulea 
vetus, Cameria, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medullia, 
Nomentttm, haec d6 Priscis Latinis aut qui ad Latinos 
def gcerant capta oppida. Pax deinde est facta. 

Maiore inde animo pads opera incohata quam quanta 5 
mole gesserat bella, ut non quietior populus domi esset 
quam militiae fuisset; nam et mtiro lapideo, cuius 6 
exordium operis Sabino bello turbatum erat, urbem, 
qua nondum munierat, cingere parat ; et infima urbis 
loca circa forum aliasque interiectas collibus convalles, 
quia ex planis locis baud facile evehebant aquas, cloa- 7 
CIS fastigio in Tiberim ductis siccat, et aream ad 
aedem in Capitolio lovis, quam voverat bello Sabino, 
iam praesagiente animo futtiram olim amplittidinem 
loci, occupat fundamentis. 

39. Eo tempore in rggia prodigium visti eventtique 
mirabile f uit : puero dormienti, cui Servio Tullio f uit 
nomen, caput arsisse ferunt multorum in conspectti. 
Plurimo igitur clamore inde ad tantae rei miraculum 2 
orto excitos reges, et cum quidam familiarium aquam - 
ad restinguendum ferret, ab regina retentum, s6da- 
toque earn tumultu mover! vetuisse puerum, donee sua 
sponte experrectus esset. Mox cum somno et flam- 
mam abisse. Tum abducto in secrStum viro Tanaquil 3 

—nomen: league.— qvd: for de its quit e.g. Medullia; see c. 33. 4. 
6. Mftiore . . . bella : then he began the works of peace with an ear- 
nest7ie88 greater than the energy with which he had conducted 
war. — quietior : less freedom from service^ forced labor. 6. infima 
. . . conyalles: the low marshy ground between the hills and the 
Tiber, including the Forum and the Circus Maximus. 7. fastigio : 
on a grade, sloping ^ distinguished from plants, level. — ftream : 
site, made by clearing the rocks and raising walls on the edge of 
the hill. 

39. Birth of Servius TuUius. 1. eventa: the outcome was as 
remarkable as the omen. 2. rSges: the royal pair. 3. abducto . . . 



68 TITI LIVI 

"Viden til puerum hunc," inquit, "quern tain humill 
cultu educamus? Scire licet hunc ItLinen quondam 
rebus nostris dubiis futtirum praesidiumque regiae 
adflictae; proinde materiam ingentis public6 priva- 
timque decoris omni indulgentia nostra nutriamus/' 

4 Inde puerum liberum loco coeptum haberi grudirique 
artibus quibus ingenia ad magnae forttinae cultum 
excitantur. Ev6nit facile quod diis cordi esset: iu- 
venis 6vasit ver6 indolis regiae, nee, cum quaereretur 
gener Tarquinio, quisquam Eomanae iuventtitis uUa arte 

6 conferri potuit, flliamque ei suam r6x d^spondit. Hic 
quacumque d6 causa tantus illl bonds habitus cr6dere 
prohibet serva natum eum parvumque ipsum servisse. 
Eorum magis sententiae sum, qui Corniculo capto, 
Servi Tulli, qui princeps in ilia urbe fuerat, gravidam 
viro occiso uxorem, cum inter reliquas captivas cognita 
esset, ob tinicam nobilitatem ab regina Romana prohi- 
bitam ferunt servitio partum Romae edidisse Prisci 

6 Tarquini in domo. Inde tanto beneficio et inter mu- 
lieres familiaritatem auctam, et puerum, ut in domo a 
parvo eductum, in caritate atque honore f uisse ; f ortu- 
nam matris, quod capta patria in bostium mantis vene- 
rit, ut serva natus cr6der6tur f ecisse. 

40. Duodgquadragesimo ferme anno, ex quo regnare 
coeperat Tarqiiinius, non apud regem modo sed apud 
patres plebemque longe maximo honore Servius Tullius 

2 erat. Tum Anci filii duo, etsi antea semper pro indi- 

viro: taking her husband aside. — Viden: for uic?e«7ic. — Scire licet: 
it is evident— publics p.: adv. as adj. 4. liberum 1.: as a son. — 
artibus: i.e. an education that leads to culture. — evfisit: turned oiu. 
— que : and so. 5. ffic : the honor of becoming the king's son-in- 
law, —cognita : recognized as of high station. — dom5 : for domi. 
40. Death of Tarquin. 1. honore: abl. qual. 2. filii : has no predi- 



LIBER I 69 

gnissimO habuerant s6 patrio rggno tutoris f raude pul- 
sos, rfignare Romae advenam non modo vicinae, sed 
ne Italicae quidem stirpis, turn imp^nsius iis indigni- 
tas crescere, si n6 ab Tarquinio quidem ad s6 re- 
diret rfignum, sed praeceps inde porro ad servitia 3 
caderet, ut in eadem civitate post centesimum fere 
annum quod Romulus, de6 prOgnatus, deus ipse, tenu- 
erit rfignum donee in terris fuerit, id servus, serva 
natus, possideat. Cum commune Roman! nominis, 
tum praecipug id domus suae dedecus fore, si And 
regis virili stirpe salva non modo advenis sed servis 
etiam rfignum Romae pat6ret. Ferro igitur eam arc6re 4 
contumgliam statuunt. Sed et iniuriae dolor in Tar- 
quinium ipsum magis quam in Servium eos stimula- 
bat, et cum gravior ultor caedis, si superesset, rex 
f uturus erat quam privatus ; tum Servio occiso quem- 6 
cumque alium generum delggisset, eundem rggni h6re- 
dem facturus videbatur; ob haec ipsi regi insidiae 
parantur. Ex pastoribus duo ferocissimi delicti ad 
facinus, quibus consueti erant uterque agrestibus fer- 
ramentls, in vestibulo regiae quam potuere tumultu- 
osissime specie rlxae in s6 omnes apparitores rggios 
convertunt. Inde, cum ambo regem appellarent cla- 
morque eorum penitus in rfigiam perv^nisset, vocati 

cate, bat is taken up by anacoluthon in iis. — n5n modo: sc. non on 
account of the following ne . . . quidem. — iadlgnMB = indlgndtio, 
hitteimesa. 3. servitia: for servos, abstract for concrete. — fere: of 
general statements; the time was 138 years. — quod: agrees with regr- 
num. 4. et . . . et . . . torn: three reasons led them against Tar- 
quin, (a) their personal feeling against him, (6) his ability, greater 
than would be that of Servius, to punish a murder, and (c) the fact 
that if Servius were killed Tarquin would find another son-in-law. — 
factSruB erat: note the indie. ; cf. c. 7. 5. 6. quibuB, etc. = iisferrd- 
mentis q. : dat. ; the rustic implements which they commonly used, e.g. 
axe and mattock. — uterque: appos. to the subject duo, perhaps with 



70 TITI LIVI 

6 ad regem pergunt. Primo uterqne vociferarl et certa- 
tim alter alter! obstrepere. CoercitI ab lictore et iussi 
in vicem dicere tandem obloqui dfisistunt ; tinus rem 

7 ex composite ordltur. Dum intentus in eum se rex 
tOtus averteret, alter elatam securim in caput d^iecit, 
relictoque in vulnere t6l5 ambo s6 foras eiciunt. 

41. Tarqninium moribundum cum qui circa erant 
excfipissent, illos fugientfis lictorfis comprehendunt. 
Clamor inde concursusque populi mirantium quid rei 
esset. Tanaquil inter tumultum claudi rSgiam iubet, 
arbitros 6icit ; simul quae ctlrando vulnerl opus sunt, 
tamquam spes subesset, s6duld comparat, simul, si 

2 dfistituat sp6s, alia praesidia molitur. Servio proper© 
accito cum paene exsanguem virum ostendisset, dex- 
tram tengns orat n6 inultam mortem soceri, n6 socrum 

3 inimicis ludibrio esse sinat. "Tuum est," inquit, 
"Servi, si vir es, rggnum, non eorum, qui alifinis 
manibus pessimum facinus f6c6re. Erige t6 deosque 
duces sequere, qui clarum hoc fore caput dlvinO quon- 
dam circumfuso Ignl portend^runt. Nunc te ilia cae- 
lestis excitet flamma, nunc expergiscere v6r6. Et nos 
peregrin! r^gnavimus. Qui sis, non unde natus sis, 
reputa. Si tua r6 subita consilia torpent, at tu mea 

4 consilia sequere." Cum clamor impetusque multitti- 
dinis vix sustin^ri posset, ex superiore parte aedium. 

the thought of different implements. 6. vociferfiri: hist. inf. — ex 
compoait^: agreed upon beforehand. 7. Diim: like cum, with imp. subj. 
41. Rise of Servius TuUius. 1. qui . . . erant: the bystanders. — 
Glftmor : the omission of the verb, as throughout the chapter the short, 
terse sentences, give force and intensity to the scene. — mirantiiun : 
asking with amazement, agrees withpopvli. — arbitros : witnesses, qui 
circa erant. — subesset . . . destituat: impf. of doubtful, pres. of 
probable, result ; the conclusion of si destituat is praesidia. 3. hoc = 
tuum. — Qui sis : what {manner of) man. — re subitft : surprise. — at : 



LIBER I 71 

per fenestras in Novam Yiam versas — habitabat enim 
r6x ad lovis Statoris — populum Tanaquil adloquitur. 
lubet bono animo esse ; sopitum fuisse r^gem subito 5 
ictti, ferrmn hand alt6 in corpus descendisse, iam ad 
se redisse; inspectum vulnus absterso cruore; omnia 
saltibria esse. Confidere prope diem ipsum eos visu- 
ros ; interim Servio Tullio iubere populum dicto audi- 
entem esse; eum itira reddittirum obitHrumque alia 
regis munia esse. Servius cum trabea et lictoribus 6 
prodit, ac s6de regia sedans alia decernit, de aliis con- 
sulturum s6 regem esse simulat. Itaque per aliquot 
dies, cum iam exspirasset Tarquinius, celata morte, 
per speciem alienae fungendae vicis suas opes firma- 
vit. Tum demum palam factum est comploratione in 
regia orta. ' Servius, praesidio f irmo mtinitus, primus 
iniussti populi voluntate patrum regnavit. Anci li- 7 
beri iam tum, cum, comprensis sceleris ministris, vivere 
regem et tantas esse opes Servi nuntiatum est, Sues- 
sam Pometiam exsulatum ierant. 

42. Nee iam publicis magis consiliis Servius quam 
privatis mtinire opes, et ne, qualis Anci liberum ani- 
mus adversus Tarquinium fuerat, talis adversus s6 
Tarquini liberum esset, duas filias iuvenibus rggiis 
Lticio atque Arrunti TarquiniTs iungit. Nee rilpit 2 

at least. 4. Novam Yiam : the street started at the Porta MugioniSy 
on the eastern side of the Palatine, near which was the temple of 
Juppiter Stator, and passed round the northern end of the hill to the 
Velabrum. — lovis: sc. templum. 5. sopitum: stunned. — Confidere 
. . . iubere : sc. se and regem as subjects, —dicto a. e. : ohey^ with the 
dat. 6. trabeft: the purple-striped official robe of the king. — sSde 
regis : the curule chair. — fungendae : gerundive as of a regular 
transitive verb. — factum: sc. exspirdsse Tarquinium. — volunt&te: 
personal favor y not auctdritds^ official sanction. 

42, 43. Wars and constitution of Servius. 

42. 1. publicis . . . privStis : for the public advantage . . . for 



72 TITI LIVI 

tamen fati necessitatem huinanis consiliis, quin invi- 
dia rggni etiam inter domesticos infida omnia atque 
inf 6sta faceret. Peropportang ad praesentis quietem 
status bellum cum Veientibus — iam enim indtitiae 

3 exierant — aliisque Etruscis stimptum. In eo bell5 
et virttls et fortuna enituit TuUi; ftlsOque ingenti 
hostium exercittl haud dubius rex, seu patrum seu 

4 plebis animos perlclitaretur, Romam rediit. Adgre- 
diturque inde ad pacis longg maximum opus, ut, queni 
ad modum Numa dlvini auctor itiris fuisset, ita Ser- 
vium conditorem omnis in cTvitate discriminis ordi- 
numque, quibus inter gradus dignitatis fortunaeque 

5 aliquid interlucet, poster! fama ferrent. Censum enim 
instituit, rem saltiberrimam tanto futuro imperio, ex 
qu5 belli pacisque mtinia non viritim ut ante, sed pro 
habitu pecuniarum fierent. Tum classes centuriasque 
et hunc ordinem ex censti discripsit vel paci decoruni 
vel bello. 

43. Ex iis qui centum milium aeris aut maiorem 

c6nsum haberent, octoginta confecit centurias, quad- 

2 raggnas seniorum ac itiniorum — prima classis omn6s 

personal gain. 2. qiiin: translate by independent sentence, but, — 
invidia r. : envy of his royal power.— domenticos : his own family. — 
ad . . . BtatQs: for keeping the existing quiet among the people. 
3. haud dubius: unquestionably king, by the wish of plebeians as 
weU as of the aristocracy. 4. -que: and therefore, — ut: join with 
ferrentf final clause. — omnis . . . discriminis : every civil dis- 
tinction^ further explained by ordinum. — qvuhus . . . interlucet: 
by which a clear division might appear between the grades of 
rank and fortune. 5. belU . . . munia : military service and taxes. 
— habitfi: scale or holding. — hunc: the following. — decorum: 
suited. 

43. 1. milium : sc. a^sitim. The original rating, census ^ was doubt- 
less in land, to which a money value is here given according to the 
later coinage. The rating of the first class was perhaps $1600 of our 
money. 2. prima classis : i.e. the first callyOiXje;n.czX!LQdi%im^\j classis. 



LIBER I 73 

appellati — senior^s ad urbis custodiam ut praesto 
essent, iuvenes ut f oris bella gererent. Arma his im- 
perata galea, clipeuin, ocreae, lorica, omnia ex aere; 
haec ut teguinenta corporis essent; tela in hostem 
hastaque et gladius. Additae huic class! duae fabrum 3 
centuriae, quae sine armis stipendia facerent; datum 
munus ut machinas in bello ferrent. Secunda classis 4 
intra centum usque ad quinque et septuSginta milium 
censum Instituta, et ex iis, senioribus iunioribusque, 
vigintl conscriptae centuriae. Arma imperata scutum 
pro clipeo, et praeter loricam omnia eadem. Tertiae 
classis quinquaginta milium c6nsum esse voluit. 
Totidem centuriae et hae, eodemque discrimine aetSr 6 
tium f actae ; nee de armIs quicquam mutatum, ocreae 
tantum ademptae. In quarta classe census quin- 6 
que et viginti milium ; totidem centuriae f actae ; 
arma mutata, nihil praeter hastam et verutum datum. 
Quinta classis aucta, centuriae triginta f actae ; f undas 7 
lapidesque missiles hi sScum gerebant. His acc6nsi 
cornicinSs tubicin6sque, in duas centurias distributi. 
Undecim milibus haec classis censebatur. Hoc minor 8 
census reliquam multittidinem habuit ; inde una centu- 
ria facta est immtinis militia. Ita pedestrl exercittl 
ornato distributoque, equitum ex primCribus civitatis 
duodecim scrlpsit centurias. Sex item alias centurias, 9 

and its members classicif hence our word classical. — OQTBtiB: metal 
leggins. 3. fabrum: gen. pi., engineers, workers in wood and iron, 
having charge of the artillery, machinds. These had not the rating of 
the first class, but simply voted with it. 4. BcGtom : a long rectangu- 
lar shield protecting the body more fully than the round cHpeus, 
6. verHtum: a javelin. 7. fimdfts: slings. — accSnBi: sc. suiit from 
accensere. Horn blowers and trumpeters arranged in two centuries 
were joined to the 30 centuries. 8. immOnis m.: xoithout military 
duties. — ex primoribos : of the leading men. 9. alifls: i.e. other 



74 TITI LIVI 

tribus ab Eomulo instittitls, sub Isdem quibus in- 
auguratae erant nominibus fecit. Ad equos emendos 
d6iia milia aeris ex publico data, et, quibus equos 
alerent, viduae adtributae, quae bina mIlia aeris in 
annos singulos penderent. Haec omnia in dites a 

10 pauperibus inclinata onera. Deinde est honos additus : 
non enim, ut ab Eomulo traditum cfiteri servaverant 
r6g6s, viritim suffragium eadem vi eodemque iure 
promisee omnibus datum est, sed gradtis facti, ut 
neque excltisus quisquam suffragio vid6r6tur, et vis 

11 omnis penes prlmores civitatis esset. Equites enim 
vocabantur primi, octoginta inde primae classis centu- 
riae ; ibi si variaret, quod raro ineidebat, ut secundae 
classis vocarentur, nee fer6 umquam infra ita descen- 

12 derent, ut ad infimos pervenirent. Nee mirari oportet 
hunc ordiaem, qui nunc est post expl6tas quluque et 
triginta tribus, duplicato earum numero centuriis 
iuniorum seniorumque, ad institutam ab Servio Tullio 

13 summam non convenlre. Quadrifariam enim urbe dl- 
vlsa regionibus coUibusque qui habitabantur, partes 
eas tribus appellavit, ut ego arbitror ab tribtito — 

than the twelve just mentioned. — fScit: retained. The number of 
centuries was thus 193. — quibus: the antecedent is 6 ma milia. The 
widows and unmarried women of property (viduae applies to both) 
thus furnished provision money, aes hordedrium, 10. honoB : political 
power. — ab S. tr&ditum : the method of R. which L. takes as without 
distinction of patrician and plebeian, promisci, in the curiae. — g^ftdus : 
gradations. — et: and yet. 11. voc&bantur: those first called to vote 
were praerogdtlvae. — variftret: impers., i.e. if these centuries, ihif 
did not agree. — ut . . . vocftrentur: depends on a verb like accidit 
to be supplied.— dSscenderent: the people in voting. 12. centurus: 
Inst. abl. with duplicato. In 241 B.C. the centuries in the tribes, 
edrum, were doubled by counting the seniores and jQnidres separately, 
making 350 besides the 18 centuries of knights. 13. Quadrif ftriam. : 
Suburdna, Palatina, Esquilina, and CoUina. — regionibus . . . habi- 
tabantur: according to districts and inhabited hills. — tribfito: the 



LIBER I 75 

nam 6ius quoque aequaliter ex c6nsti conferendi ab 
eodem inita ratio est; neque eae tribus ad centu- 
riaruin distributionem numerumque quicquam perti- 
nuere. 

44. Censti perfecto, quern mattiraverat metti legis 
de incensis latae cum vinculorum minis mortisque, 
edixit ut omnes cives Romani, equitSs peditesque, in 
suis quisque centurils in Campo Martio prima luce 
adessent. Ibi instrtictum exercitum omnem suovetau- 2 
rilibus Itistravit, idque conditum lustrum appellatum, 
quia is censendo finis factus est. Milia octoginta eo 
lustro civium c6nsa dicuntur. Adicit scriptorum anti- 
quissimus Fabius Pictor, eorum qui arma f erre possent 
eum numerum fuisse. Ad earn multitudinem urbs 3 
quoque amplificanda visa est. Addit duos cdlles, 
Quirinalem Viminalemque ; inde deinceps auget Es- 
quilias, ibique ipse, ut loco dignitas fieret, habitat. 
Aggere et f ossis et muro circumdat urbem : ita pomg- 
rium profert. Pomerium verbi vim solam intuentes 4 
postmoerium interpretantur esse : est autem magis 
circamoerium, locus quem in condendis urbibus quon- 
dam Etrusci, qua murum ducttiri erant, certis circa 
terminis inaugurato consecrabant, ut neque interiore 
parte aedificia moenibus continuarentur, quae nunc 
vulgo etiam coniungunt, et extrinsecus puri aliquid ab 

derivation is incorrect; each word has the stem tri, three; trihutum 
was not a regular tax, but a levy made for an emergency. 

44. Enlargement of the city. 1. incensis: those who did not 
register.— vinculSrum: imprisonment. 2. suovetaurilibuB : a boar, 
a ram, and a bull, first led around the army and then sacrificed 
as a sin-offering; lustrum. 3. Ad: in accordance with. The en- 
largement was on the eastern side. 4. vim: etymology? — oertis c. 
terminis : with definite bounds (stones, called cippi) on each side, i.e. 
without and within.— continnftrentur: built up to. — pQri . . . ab: 



76 TITI LIVI 

6 hTimanO cultti pat6ret soli. Hoc spatium, quod neque 
habitari neque arari fas erat, non magis quod post 
murum esset quam quod murus post id, p6m6riuiii 
Eomani appellarunt; et in urbis incrSmento semper, 
quantum moenia processura erant, tantum termini hi 
consecrati profer6bantur. 

45. Aucta civitate magnitudine urbis, formatis om- 
nibus domi et ad belli et ad pacis usus, ne semper 
armis opSs adquirerentur, consilio aug^re imperium 

2 conatus est, simul et aliquod addere urbi decus. lam 
tum erat inclitum Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id com- 
muniter a eivitatibus Asiae factum fama fer^bat. 
Eum consensum deosque consociatos laudare mire 
Servius inter procerus Latinorum, cum quibus pub- 
lics privatimque hospitia amicitiasque d6 industria 
iiinxerat. Saepe iterando eadem perpulit tandem 
ut Romae fanum Dianae popull Latin! cum populo 

3 Eomano facerent. Ea erat confessio caput r6rum 
Romam esse, d6 quo toti^ns armls certatum fuerat. 
Id quamquam omissum iam ex omnium cura Latino- 
rum ob rem totigns inf ellciter temptatam armls vidfiba- 
tur, unl s6 ex Sablnis fors dare visa est privato consi- 

4 lio imperil recuperandl. Bos in Sablnis nata culdam 
patrl familiae dicitur miranda magnitudine ac specie. 
Flxa per multas aetat6s comua in vestibulo tempi! 

6 Dianae monumentum el fu6re miraculo. Habita, ut 

free, from. 5. Bpatiiun, quod: quod is relative.— n5n m. quod: as 
much because, 

45. Union of Rome and Latium. 1. omnibus: neuter. 2. deos- 
que cSnsocifttos: religious union, — pfiblice . . . iunxerat: political 
and personal giiest friendships, 3. Ea: this action, — omissum . . . 
▼ideb&tur: seemed to have passed from the thought, — omnium: 
antithetic to iini, hence its position. 4. patri fan^ae: property 
owner. — mirftoulo: dat. (as if one of two datives) instead of gen. 



LIBER I 77 

erat, r6s prodigii loco est; et cecingre vat6s, cuius civi- 
tatis earn civis Dianae immolasset, ibi fore imperium, 
idque carmen perv6nerat ad antistitem fani Dianae. 
Sabmusque, nt prima apta dies sacrificio visa est, bovem 6 
Romam actam dedticit ad fanum Dianae et ante aram 
statuit. Ibi antistes Romanus, cum eum magnitudo 
victimae celebrata fama movisset, memor responsi Sa- 
binum ita adioquitur: "Quidnam tu, hospes, paras," 
inquit, " inceste sacrificium Dianae f acere ? Quin tH 
ante vivo perfunderis flumine ? Infima valle praefluit 
Tiberis.'' Eeligione tactus hospes, qui omnia, ut pro- 7 
digiO responderet fiventus, cuperet rite facta, extemplo 
descendit ad Tiberim. Interea Romanus immolat Di- 
anae bovem. Id mire gratum regi atque civitati fuit. 
46. Servius quamquam iam tistl hand dubi^ regnum 
possederat, tamen, quia interdum iactari voc6s a iuvene 
Tarquinio audi^bat, se iniussu populi r^gnare, con- 
ciliata prius voluntate plebis agro capto ex hostibus 
viritim diviso, ausus est ferre ad populum, vellent 
iubgrentne se rggnare ; tantoque consensu quantO baud 
quisquam alius ante, rex est dSclaratus. Neque ea 2 
r6s Tarquinio spem adfectandi r6gni minuit; immo 
eo impensius, quia d6 agro plebis adversa patrum vo- 
luntate sfinserat agi, criminandi Servi apud patr6s cr6- 
scendique in curia sibi occasionem datam ratus est, et 

5. cecinSre: predicted, as carmen is prediction. — cfiins: its antece- 
dent is in ibi. 6. Sabinusque: the qxie connects with § 4.— incests : 
without washing, hence defiled, — Quin: emphatic, why not {go). 
7. facta: sc. esse. 

46-48. Overthrow of Servius. 

46. 1. fUiu: prescription, as in 22. 44. 6.— concili&tfl . . . diviso: 
gaining the favor . . .by dividing; two abl. abs., one modifying the 
other. 2. adfectandi : seizing. — impinsias : modifies criminandi, a 
rather loose sentence. — crescendi: i.e. in influence. — et . . .et: two 



78 TITI LIVI 

ipse iuvenis ardentis animi et domi uxore Tullia in- 

3 quietmn animum stimulante. Tulit enim et Edmana 
r6gia sceleris tragic! exemplum, ut taedio rgguin ma- 
turior venlret libertas, ultimumque regnum esset, quod 

4 scelere partum foret. Hic L. Tarquinius — Prisci 
Tarquini regis filius neposne fuerit, parum liquet; 
plaribus tamen auctoribus f ilium ediderim — fratrem 
habuerat Arruntem Tarquinium, mitis ingenii iuvenem. 

6 His duobus, ut ante dictum est, duae TuUiae, rggis 
filiae, nupserant, et ipsae longe dispares moribus. 
Forte ita inciderat, n6 duo violenta ingenia matrimo- 
nio iungerentur, forttina, credo, populi Romani, quo 
diuturnius Servl rggnum esset, constituique civitatis 

6 mores possent. Anggbatur f erox Tullia nihil materiae 
in viro neque ad cupiditatem neque ad audaciam esse ; 
tota in alterum aversa Tarquinium eum mirari, eum 
virum dicere ac regio sanguine ortum ; spernere soro- 
rem, quod virum nacta muliebri cessaret audacia. 

7 Contrahit celeriter similitudo eos, ut f erg fit — maluin 
malo aptissimum — sed initium turbandi omnia a 
femina ortum est. Ea secretis viri alien! adsuefacta 
sermonibus, nuUis verborum contumeliis parcere de 
viro ad fratrem, d6 sorore ad virum; et se rSctius 
viduam et ilium caelibem futurum fuisse contendere 

causal ideas of different constructions. 3. Tulit : produced. — et : in 
Rome as well as in Thebes and Mycenae. — trag^ci: fit for tragedy. 
4. auctoribus: abl. abs. 5. nupserant: had married {veiled them- 
selves for). — ne: instead of ut non, as if the fortune of Rome, here 
personified, had happened with the purpose of preventing such unions. 
— civitfitis mSres: the new constitution. 6. ferox: the violent one, 
in distinction from the mild one ; do not translate ' the violent Tullia,' 
for which the Latin would be Tullia^ mulier ferox. — oupiditfitem : 
ambitious plans. — mir&ri: i.e. expressed her admiration. — cessftret: 
failed in, 7. viri : limits sermonihus. — de . . . virum : of her husband to 
his brother f and of her sister to her (sister's) husband, — viduam: un- 



LIBER I 79 

quam cum imparl iungi, ut elangufiscendum ali6na 
ignavia esset. Si sibi eum quo digna esset dii dedis- 8 
sent virum, domi s6 prope diem vistiram rggnum 
fuisse, quod apud patrem videat. Celeriter adulescen- 
tem suae temeritatis implet. Ita Lucius Tarquinius 9 
et TuUia minor prope continuatis funeribus cum 
domos vacuas novo matrimonio fgcissent, iunguntur 
nuptiis, magis non prohibente Servio quam adprobante. 
47. Turn v6ro in dies infestior Tulli senectas, in- 
fgstius coepit r^gnum esse. lam enim ab scelere ad 
aliud spectare mulier scelus, nee nocte nee interditi vi- 
rum conquiescere pati, ne gratuita praeterita parricidia 
essent : non sibi defuisse, cui nupta diceretur, nee cum 2 
quo tacita serviret ; defuisse, qui s6 r6gno dignum pu- 
taret, qui meminisset s6 esse Prisci Tarquini filium, 
qui habere quam sp6rare regnum mallet. " Si tH is es 3 
cui ntiptam esse m6 arbitror, et virum et regem appello ; 
sin minus, eo nunc peius mutata res est, quod istic 
cum ignavia est scelus. Quin accingeris ? Non tibi 4 
ab Corintho nee ab Tarquiniis, ut patri tuo, peregrina 
regna moliri necesse est ; di t6 penates patriique et 
patris imago et domus rSgia et in domo regale solium 
et nomen Tarquinium creat vocatque regem. Aut si 6 
ad haec parum est animi, quid frustraris civitatem? 



married. 8. temerit&tU : gen. with implet. 9. continu&tis: simul- 
taneous. — m&trimSniS: dat. with vacuds. 

47. 1. infSstior: endangered.— -grSXidta.: without result. 2. n5n 
sibi d. : had not been wanting to himself, i.e. his acts had not fallen 
below his ambition. — cui . . . dicerStur : dissimilarity of natures pre- 
venting a real marriage. 3. Si . . . arbitror : if you are the man 
whom I think I married. — pSius ... eat : the change is for the worse. 
—istic = 1*71 te. — N5n ... eat : i.e. as you do not come from Corinth or 
Tarquinii, this is not a foreign land in which it is necessary for you to 
build up a kingdom for yourself. 5. frustr&ris: since the citizens 



80 Trri Livi 

Quid te ut rSgium iuvenem c6nspici sinis ? FacSsse 
hinc Tarquinios aut Corinthum, dgvolvere retro ad 

6 stirpem, fratris similior quam patris." His alilsque 
increpandS iuvenem Instigat, nee conquifiscere ipsa 
potest, SI, cum Tanaquil, peregrina mulier, tantum 
molirl potuisset animo ut duo continua r^gna viro ac 
deinceps genero dedisset, ipsa, r6gio s6mine orta, 
nullum momentum in dando adimendoque r^gno 

7 faceret. His muliebribus Instinctus furiis Tarquinius 
circumire et prgnsare minCrum maximg gentium patr6s; 
admongre paterni beneficii, ac pro eo gratiam repetere ; 
adlicere dOnis iuvengs ; cum d6 s6 ingentia pollicendS 

8 tum regis criminibus omnibus locis cr6scere. Postrgmo, 
ut iam agendae rei tempus visum est, stipatus agmine 
armatorum in forum inrupit. Inde omnibus perculsis 
pavore, in rfigia s6de pro curia sedans, patr6s in curiam 
per praeconem ad r6gem Tarquinium citari iussit. 

9 Conv6n6re extemplo, alii iam ante ad hoc praeparati, 
alii meta, n6 non venisse fraudi esset, novitate ac 

10 miraculo attoniti et iam d6 ServiO actum ratL Ibi 
Tarquinius maledicta ab stirpe ultima orsus : servum 
servaque natum post mortem indignam parentis sui, 
non interr6gn6, ut antea, inito, non comitiis habitis, 
non per suffragium populi, non auctoribus patribus, 

11 muliebri dono regnum occupasse. Ita natum, ita 
creatum r6gem, fautorem infimi generis hominum, ex 



expect much from you. — rSgium i. : prince. — FaoSsse h. : make off. 
— devolvere . . . stirpem : sink to the level of your family. 6. sSmine : 
stock. 7. circumire et p.: began a general handshaking, a later 
electioneeriDg practice. — beneficii : gen. with verb of remindlDg. 
8. pr5: in the front (part) of. 9. non venisse: the not coming, fail- 
fire to come. —iam . . . ftctnm : it was all over with S. 10. stirpe u. : 
birth. — non : the f oar expressions introduced by non form two pairs 



LIBER I 81 

quo ipse sit, odio alignae honestatis 6reptum primori- 
bus agrum sordidissimo cuique divisisse ; omnia onera, 12 
quae commtmia quondam fuerint, incllnasse in pri- 
mOr^s civitatis ; instituisse censum, ut insignis ad invi- 
diam locupletiorum f orttlna esset, et parata unde, ubi 
vellet, egentissimis largirfitur. 

48. Huic oration! Servius cum interv6nisset trepido 
ntintio excitatus, extemplo a vgstibulo curiae magna 
Toce " Quid hoc," inquit, " Tarquini, rel est ? Qua tti 
audacia m6 vivo vocare ausus es patres aut in s6de 
considere mea ? " Cum Ule f erociter ad haec : se pa- 2 
tris sui tenure sedem, multo quam servum potiorem, 
fllium regis, rfignl hSredem ; satis ilium diti per licen- 
tiam gludentem insultasse • dominis, clamor ab utrius- 
que fautoribus oritur, et concursus populi fiebat in 
curiam, apparebatque rggnattirum qui vicisset. Tum 3 
Tarquinius, necessitate iam etiam ipsa cogente ultima 
aud6re, multo et aetate et viribus validior, medium 
adripit Servium, elatumque 6 curia in mf eriorem par- 
tem per gradtis deicit ; inde ad cogendum senatum in 
curiam redit. Fit fuga regis apparitorum atque comi- 
tum. Ipse prope exsanguis, ab iis qui missi ab Tarqui- 4 
nio fugientem cOnsectiti erant, interficitur. Creditur, 5 
quia non abhorret a cetero scelere, admonitti Tulliae id 
factum. Carpento certe, id quod satis constat, in fo- 
rum invecta nee reverita coetum virorum evocavit virum 

arranged in chiastic order. 11. honestfttlB : nobility, 12. insigmB : 
a mark. 

48. 2. Com: sc. diceret, dependent on oniwr. — poti5rem : more 
lawful; join with heredem. — tUium: appositive to «e. — per . . . elS- 
dentem : in wanton mockery. 3. medium : by the body, — cogendum : 
restoring order. 4. exBanguis : though almost killed by his fall, he 
made his way to the Cyprius vie us (see maps) before he was over- 
taken. 6. abhorret: incojwwie /it. — invecta: ridingr.— reverita: it 
o 



82 TITI LIVI 

6 6 ctlria, rSgemque prima appellavit. A quo fac6ssere 
iussa ex tanto tumultu cum se domum reciperet, per- 
v6nissetque ad summum Cyprium vicum, ubi Dianium 
nuper fuit, flectenti carpentum dextra in Urbium 
clivum, ut in coUem Esquiliarum fiveherStur, restitit 
pavidus atque inhibuit f r6nos is qui iamenta ag^bat, 
iacentemque dominae Servium trucidatum ostendit. 

7 Foedum inhumanumque inde traditur scelus monu- 
mentoque locus est; sceleratum vIcum vocant, quo 
am6ns agitantibus furiis sororis ac viri Tullia per 
patris corpus carpentum ggisse f ertur, partemque san- 
guinis ac caedis paternae cruento vehiculo contaminata 
ipsa respersaque tulisse ad penates suos virique sul, 
quibus Iratis malo rggni prmcipio similes prope diem 
exitus sequerentur. 

8 Servius Tullius rggnavit annos quattuor et qua- 
draginta ita ut bono etiam moderatoque succedenti r6gi 
difficilis aemulatio esset. Ceterimi id quoque ad glo- 
riam accessit, quod cum illo simul itista ac legitima 

9 rfigna occidfirunt. Id ipsum tam mite ac tam modera- 
tum imperium tamen, quia tinius esset, d6p6nere eum in 
animo habuisse quidam auctores sunt, ni scelus intesti- 
num liberandae patriae consilia agitanti intervenisset. 

49. Inde L. Tarquinius rggnare occepit, cui Superbo 



was not considered decorous for women to appear in public assemblies. 
6. Diftniom: a «Ari/ic o/ Diana. —flectenti: sc. Tt/Z^iae, depending on 
restitit. The passenger turns the carriage by giving orders ; cf . egisse 
below. 7. inde: tAcrewpon.— amens: /renzied. — sanguiniB . . . pa- 
ternae: the blood of her murdered father ; hendiadys. — principio: 
dat. with similes. 9. &iiuB : pred. poss. gen. ; his personally, not that 
of a commonwealth. — habuiBse: depends on auctores sunt as a verb 
of saying. — intestinom : family. 

49-52. Tarquin's reign. The Latin League. 

49. 1. Superbo: Tyrant; his acts of tyranny are given in the ^uta 



LIBER I 88 

cognomen facta indidgrunt, quia soceruin gener sepul- 
ture prohibuit, Romulum quoque Insepultum perlsse 
dictitans; primoresque patrum, quos ServT rebus 2 
favisse cr6debat, interfgcit; conscius deinde male 
quaerendi rggni ab s6 ips6 adversus s6 exemplum capi 
posse, armatis corpus circumsaepsit ; neque enim ad 3 
ius regnl quicquam praeter vim habebat, ut qui neque 
popull iussu neque auctoribus patribus rfignaret. Eo 4 
accSdebat, ut in caritate civium nihil spei reponenti 
metti regnum ttitandum esset. Quem ut pltiribus in- 
cuteret, cognitiones capitalium r6rum sine consiliis 
per s6 solus exerc6bat, perque earn causam occidere, in 6 
exsilium agere, bonis multare poterat non suspectos 
modo aut invisos, sed unde nihil aliud quam praedam 
sperare posset. Praecipufi ita patrum numero immi- 6 
ntito statuit nuUos in patrgs legere, quo contemptior 
paucitate ipsa ordo esset, minusque per sfi nihil agi 
indignarentur. Hic enim rggum primus traditum a 7 
prioribus morem d6 omnibus senatum consulendi 
solvit, domesticis consiliis rem publicam admini- 
stravit ; bellum, pacem, f oedera, societat^s per se ipse, 
cum quibus voluit, iniussti populi ac senattis fecit 
dirgmitque. LatinOrum sibi maxim© gentem concilia- 8 
bat, ut peregrinis quoque opibus tiltior inter clv6s 
esset, neque hospitia modo cum primoribus e5rum sed 
adfinitates quoque iungebat. Octavio Mamilio Tus- 9 



clause. 2. r?Sbus: cat/«e. — capi : a kind of zeugma; the precedent, 
ezemphim, was given by him and could be used against him. S,tid: as to; 
lit. toward, — ut qui : since. 4. reponenti : dat. agt. ; sc. ei. — oogniti- 
onSs : trials of cases affecting the life or civil status, caputf of a citizen. 
5. causam: i.e. the trials. — boms m. : confiscate the property of. — 
unde = a quibus. 6. minus . . . indig^ftrentur : their small number 
would prevent their being ashamed of doing nothing. 7. domesticis : 



84 TITI LIVI 

culano — is longe princeps Latini nominis erat, si 
f amae crgdimus, ab Ulixe deaque Circa oriundus — ei 
Mamilio filiam ntiptum dat, perque eas ntiptias mul- 
tos sibi cognatos amicosque eius conciliat. 

60. lam magna Tarquini auctoritas inter Latinorum 
procerus erat, cum in diem certam ut ad Iticum Feren- 
tmae conveniant indieit: esse quae agere d6 rebus 

2 commanibus velit. Conveniunt f requent6s prima luce. 
Ipse Tarquinius diem quidem servavit, sed paulo ante 
quam sol occideret, venit. Multa ibi tota dig in con- 

3 cilio vatils iactata sermonibus erant. Turnus Her- 
donius ab Arlcia ferociter in absentem Tarquiniiun 
erat invectus : baud mirum esse Superbo inditum 
Romae cognomen — iam enim ita clam quidem mus- 
sitantes, vulgo tamen eum appellabant — an quicquam 
superbius esse quam ludificari sic omne nomen Lati- 

4 num ? Principibus longg ab domo excitis ipsum, qui 
concilium indixerit, non adesse. Temptari profecto 
patientiam, ut, si iugum accSperint, obnoxios premat. 
Cui enim non appar^re, adfectare eum imperium in 

5 Latinos ? Quod si sui bene crediderint cives, aut si 
creditum illud et non raptum parricidio sit, credere 
et Latinos, quamquam ne sic quidem alienigenae, de- 

6 bere; sin suos 6ius paeniteat, quippe qui alii super 
alios trucidentur, exsulatum eant, bona amittant, quid 
spei melioris Latinis portendi ? Si se audiant, domum 

his personal following. 9. nuptom : in marriage ; lit. for the veil- 
ing ; supine. 

50. 2. iactSta : discussed without decision, as the presiding officer 
was absent, and deliberations ended at sunset. 3. clam . . . tamen : 
with secret mutterings indeed, but yet general. — an . . . esse: the 
rhetorical question of the direct speech. 4. obnoxios p. : oppress 
them as slaves. 6. Quod: i.e. imperium. — bene: to their profit. — 
credere . . . debere: the Latins also ought to truest him (perhaps) , and 



LIBER I 85 

siiam quemque inde abituros neque magis observattiros 
diem concilii quam ipse qui indlxerit observet. Haee 7 
atque alia eodem pertinentia sfiditiosus f acinorosusque 
homo hisque artibus opes domi nactus cum maximg 
dissereret, intervgnit Tarquinius. Is fmis orationi 8 
fuit. Aversi omnes ad Tarquinium salatandum ; qui, 
silentio facto, monitus a proximis ut ptlrgaret s6, quod 
id temporis v6nisset, disceptatorem ait s6 sumptum 
inter patrem et filium, eura reconeiliandl eOs in gra- 
tiam moratum esse ; et, quia ea r6s ex6misset ilium 
diem, postero die acturum quae constituisset. Ne id 9 
quidem ab Tumo tulisse taciturn ferunt; dixisse enim 
nullam breviorem esse cognitionem quam inter patrem 
et filium pauclsque transigl verbis posse: nl pareat 
patrl, habittirum Infortunium esse. 

51. Haec Ariclnus in rggem Romanum increpans ex 
eoncilio abiit. Quam rem Tarquinius aliquanto quam 
videbatur aegrius ferSns confestim Turno necem ma- 
chinatur, ut eundem terrorem, quo civium anim5s 
domI oppresserat, Latlnis iniceret. Et quia pro im- 2 
perio palam interfici non poterat, oblato f also crimine 
insontem oppressit. Per adversae factionis quosdam 
Arlcinos servum Tumi auro corrupit, ut in dSverso- 
rium eius vim magnam gladiorum Inferri clam sineret. 
Ea cum una nocte perfecta essent, Tarquinius paulo 3 
ante Iflcem accltis ad s6 principibus LatlnOrum quasi 
r6 nova perturbatus, moram suam li6sternam, velut 

yet not {seeing that he was) a foreigner. 7. e5dem pertinentia: of 
the same import, — axtibus : of sedition and daring. 8. id temporis » 
eo tempore. — disceptStorem : arbitrator. 9. tuliBse : sc. Targwi- 
mt/m. —tacitnm: without comment by Turnns. — dizisse : sc. Tur- 
num. — habiturum . . . esse: woe betide him. 

51. 1. vidSb&tnr: seemed to do. 2. proi. : by virtue qf {Tar- 



86 TITI LIVI 

deorum quadam providentia inlatam, ait saltiti sibi 

4 atque illls fuisse. Ab Turno dici sibi et primoribus 
populorum parari necem, ut LatmOrum solus imperium 
teneat. Adgressurum fuisse hfisterno die in concilio ; 
dilatam rem esse, quod auctor concilii afuerit, queni 

5 maxime peteret. Inde illam absentis Insectationem 
esse natam, quod morando spem dfistituerit. Non 
dubitare, si vera deferantur, quin prima luce, ubi 
ventum in concilium sit, instructus cum coniuratorum 

6 manti armatusque venturus sit. Dici gladiorum in- 
gentem esse numerum ad eum convectum. Id vanum 
necne sit, extemplo sciri posse. Kogare eos, ut inde 

7 s^cum ad Turnum veniant. Suspectam fgcit rem et 
ingenium Tumi ferox et oratio h^sterna et mora Tar- 
quiniT, quod vid^batur ob eam differri caedes potuisse. 
Eunt incllnatis quidem ad credendum animis, tamen 

8 nisi gladiis deprehensis cetera vana existimaturi. Ubi 
est eo ventum, Turnum ex somno excitatum circumsi- 
stunt custodSsj comprehfinsisque servis, qui caritate 
domini vim parabant, cum gladii abditi ex omnibus locis 
deverticull protralierentur, enimvgro manif esta res visa, 
iniectaeque Turno catenae; et confestim Latlnorum con- 

9 cilium magno cum tumultti advocatur. Ibi tarn atrox 
invidia orta est gladiis in medio positis, ut indicta causa, 
novo genere l6ti, delectus ad caput aquae Ferentlnae 
crate superne iniecta saxisque congestis mergeretur. 

quin*8) authority. Note the change of subject in the verbs. 4. dka. : 
he had been told. — AdgresBunixu f . : the condition is implied in the 
next clause. — auctor: Tarquin. — peteret : change of tense, as in 
22. 32. 8. 5. cum: join with venturus sit. 7. Suspectam . . . rem: 
gave color to the suspicion. — quod . . . potuisse: because it seemed 
possible that the murder was postponed on that account. — nisi: with 
abl. abs., like conditional sentence. 8. enimvero . . . visa: the case 
seemed really proven, 9. indicts c. : without a hearing. — ad = in. 



LIBEB I 87 

52. Eevocatis deinde ad concilium Latinis Tarqui- 
nius conlaudatlsque, qui Turnum novantem res pro 
manifesto parricidio merita poena adfScissent, ita 
verba f 6cit : posse quidem sfi vetusto itire agere, quod, 2 
cum omn6s Latini ab Alba oriundi sint, eo foedere 
teneantur quo ab Tullo rfis omnis Albana cum colonils 
suis in Eomanum cesserit imperium ; cfiterum s6 utili- 3 
tatis id magis omnium causa c6ns6re, ut renovetur id 
foedus, secundaque potius forttina popull Roman! ut 
particip6s Latini fruantur, quam urbium excidia va- 
stationfisque agrorum, quas Anco prius, patre deinde 
suo regnante perpessi sint, semper aut exspectent aut 
patiantur. Haud difficulter persuasum Latinis, quam- 4 
quam in eo foedere superior Romana rfis erat. Cete- 
rum et capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum 
rege videbant, et Tumus sui cuique periculT, si adver- 
satus esset, recens erat documentum. Ita renovatum 5 
foedus, indictumque itlnioribus Latinorum, ut ex foe- 
dere die certa ad lucum Ferentinae armati frequent6s 
adessent. Qui ubi ad ^dictum RomanI r6gis ex omni- 6 
bus populis convenere, n6 ducem suum n6ve s6cretum 
imperium propriave signa habfirent, miscuit manipulos 
ex Latinis Romanisque, ut ex binis singulos faceret 
binosque ex singulis ; ita geminatis manipulis centu- 
rionfis imposuit. 

52. 1. qui: «iwce ^^y. — parracldio: murder ; rhetorically with 
reference to the king. 2. ab Tullo : from the time of ; with omnis cf . 
aliquot, c. 3. 7. 3. QtilitfttiB: limits causa.— id: obj. of censere; ex- 
plained by ut r. 4. Latinis : dat. ; the Latins were persuaded. — capita : 
chief men. — documentum : warning. 5. iuni5ribuB : i.e. those in arms. 
6. secretum: separate. — miBonit . . . imposuit: dividing each Roman 
and Latin company into two parts, he placed half of one with half of the 
other, thus ** twinning " {geminatis) them, and placed (two) centurions 
oyer each double company. The resalt was complete Roman leadership. 



88 Tin Livi 

53. Nee, ut initistus in pace r6x, ita dux belli pr^- 
vus fuit; quln ea arte aequasset superiorgs rggfis, ni 
dggeneratum in aliis huic quoque decorl offficisset. 

2 Is primus Volscis bellum in ducent6s amplius post 
suam aetatem annos movit, Suessamque Pom6tiam ex 

3 his vl c6pit. Ubi cum div6ndita praeda quadraginta 
talenta argenti refgcisset, conc6pit animo eam ampli- 
tudinem lovis templi, quae digna deum hominumque 
r6ge, quae Romano imperio, quae ipsius etiam loci 
maiestate esset. Captlvam pecuniam in aedificati5nem 
eius templi seposuit. 

4 ExcSpit deinde eum lentius sp6 bellum, quo Gabios 
propinquam urbem, nequiquam vi adortus, cum obsi- 
dendi quoque urbem spes pulso a moenibus adempta 
esset, postrSmo minim© arte Romana, fraude ac dolo, 

5 aggressus est. Nam cum, velut posito bello, funda- 
mentis templi iaciendis aliisque urbanis operibus inten- 
tum sS esse simularet, Sextus filius eius, qui minimus 
ex tribus erat, transfugit ex composite Gabios, patris 

6 in s6 saevitiam intolerabilem conquerens : iam ab alie- 
nis in suos vertisse superbiam, et liberorum quoque 
eum f requentiae taedere, ut, quam in curia solittidinem 
fecerit, domi quoque faciat, ne quam stirpem, ne 

7 quem li6redem r6gni relinquat. Se quidem inter tela 
et gladios patris elapsum nihil usquam sibi tutum nisi 
apud hostgs L. Tarquini cr^didisse. Nam, n6 erra- 

58-54. Volscian war. Capture of Gabii. 

58. 1. Nee, ut ... ita: and though . . . not j^e^— dSgenerfttiun: 
neut. pass, partic, like impersonal verb ; the fact of his degeneracy. — 
aliis : sc. decorihus. 2. in . . . annos : {to continue) for two hundred 
years. — ex his: for ex horumurhibus. 3. refeoisset: had made up ^ 
out of what was left after the division. — loci: the Capitoline. 4. len- 
tius spe : prolonged beyond expectation. — pulso : sc. et. 6. liberSrum 
. . . taedere: wearied of the number of his own children. 7. Nam: for 



LIBER I 89 

rent, manere ils bellum, quod positum simul6tur, et 
per occasionem eum incautos invasurum. Quod si 8 
apud eos suppiicibus locus non sit, pererraturum s6 
omne Latium, Volscosque inde et Aequos et Hernicos 
petiturum, donee ad eos perveniat qui a patrum crti- 
delibus atque impiis suppliciis tegere liberos sciant. 
Forsitan etiam ardoris aliquid ad bellum armaque s6 9 
adversus superbissimum r6gem ac ferocissimum popu- 
lum inventurum. Cum, si nihil morarentur, Inf ensus lO 
Ira porro inde abiturus vidgretur, benign^ ab Gablnis 
excipitur. Vetant mirari, si, qualis in Gives, qualis in 
socios, talis ad ultimum in liberos esset. In se ipsum 
postrgmo saeviturum, si alia desint. Sibi vero gratum ii 
adventum eius esse, futurumque credere brevi, ut illo 
adiuvante a portis Gablnis sub Romana moenia bellum 
transferatur. 

54. Inde in consilia publica adhiberl. Ubi cum d§ . 
alils rebus adsentire se veteribus Gablnis diceret, qui- 
bus eae notiores essent, ipse identidem belli auctor 
esse, et in eo sibi praecipuam prtidentiam adsumere, 
quod utriusque popull vires nosset, sciretque invlsam 
profecto superbiam regiam civibus esse, quam ferre 
ne liberl quidem potuissent. Ita cum sensim ad re- 2 
bellandum* primor^s Gablnorum incitaret, ipse cum 
promptissimis iuvenum praedatum atque in expedi- 
tiones iret, et dictis factisque omnibus ad fallendum 
mstructis vana adcr^sceret fidgs, dux ad ultimum belli 

they were enemies, and to prevent mistake on their part he told them 
that war was waiting for them. 10.. si . . . morftrentur : sc. eum ; if 
they did not care ; lit. if they did not delay him, — esset ; sc. Tarqui- 
niu8, 11. Sibi : the Gabinians. 

54. 1. adhiberi: hist, inf . — adsumere : claimed. 2. rebellandum : 
renew the war. — praedfttum . . . ex. : plundering forays, — dictis: 



90 TTTI LIVI 

3 legitur. Ibi cum, Inscia multitHdine quid agerfitur, 
proelia parva inter Romam Gabiosque fierent, quibus 
pigrumque Gabina rSs superior esset, turn eertatim 
summi Infimlque Gablnorum Sex. Tarquinium dono 

4 deum sibi missum ducem crSdere. Apud militfis vfiro 
obeundo perieula ac labor^s pariter, praedam muni- 
fic6 largiendo, tanta caritate esse, ut non pater Tar- 
quinius potentior Romae quam filius Gabiis esset. 

5 Itaque postquam satis virium conlectufli ad omnSs 
conatus videbat, turn ex suls tinum sciscitatum Roinam 
ad patrem mittit, quidnam se facere vellet, quando- 
quidem ut omnia unus Gabiis posset el dii dedissent. 
Huic ntintio, quia, credo, dubiae fidei vid^batur, nihil 

6 voce responsum est ; rex velut deliberabundus in hor- 
tum aedium transit sequente nuntio filii ; ibi inambu- 
lans tacitus summa papaverum capita dicitur baculo 

7 decussisse. Interrogando expectandoque responsum 
ntintius fessus, ut re imperfecta, redit Gabios ; quae 
dixerit ipse, quaeque viderit, ref ert : seu Ira seu odio 
sen superbia insita ingeniO nuUam eum vocem emi- 

8 sisse. Sexto ubi quid vellet parens quidve praeciperet 
tacitis ambagibus patuit, primores civitatis criminandQ 
alios apud populum, alios sua ipsos invidia opportunos 
interfimit. Multl palam, quidam, in quibus minus 

9 speciosa criminatio erat futura, clam interfecti. Pa- 
tuit quibusdam volentibus fuga, aut in exsilium act! 



inst. abl. 3. quid a. : what Sextus had in mind. — cert&tiin . . . crS- 
dere: were ready to believe; lit. vyingly. 5. soiscitStiim : to ask; 
sup. — omnia . . . posset: become the most power/tU man at G.; 
omnittj ace. with posset, extent of action. 6. sequente: abl. abs. — 
baculo : staff. 7. ut r. i. : as if his mission were unfurled. 8. taci- 
tis a. : unspoken suggestions. — bMob . . . opportunos : others who had 
laid themselves open to attack by their unpopularity. 9. volentibus * 



LIBEB I 91 

sunt, absentiumque bona iaxta atque intergmptorum 
divisul fu6re. Largltiongs inde praedaeque ; et dulce- 10 
dine privati commodi sfinsus inalOrum publicorum 
adimi, donee orba consilio auxilioque Gabina rfis r6gl 
Romano sine tilla dimicatione in manum traditur. 

55, Gabils receptis Tarquinius pacem cum Aequo- 
rum gente f 6cit, f oedus cum Tuscis renovavit. Inde ad 
negotia urbana animum convertit; quorum erat prl- 
mum, ut lovis templum in monte Tarpei5 monumen- 
tum rfignl sui nominisque relinqueret: Tarquinios 
rfigfis ambos, patrem vovisse, filium perfgcisse. Et ut 2 
libera a ceteris religiOnibus area esset tota lovis tem- 
plique Sius, quod inaedificarfitur, exaugurare fana 
sacellaque statuit, quae aliquot ibi a Tatio r6ge 
primum in ipso discrimine ad versus Romulum pugnae 
vota, consecrata inaugurataque postea fuerant. Inter 3 
principia condendi huius operis movisse ntlmen ad in- 
dicandam tanti imperil molem traditur deos ; nam cum 
omnium sacellorum exaugurationes admitterent aves, 
in Termini fan5 n6n addix^re; idque omen auguri- 4 
umque ita acceptum est, non mOtam Termini s6dem 
unumque eum deorum non gvocatum sacratis sibi 
finibus firma stabiliaque ctincta portendere. Hoc 5 
perpetuitatis auspicio accepto secHtum aliud magni- 
ttidinem imperii portendens prodigium est : caput hti- 

dat., as in 21. 50. 10; translate with, fugaf voluntary exile. — divUuI: 
pred. dat. ; divided. 

55. Foundation of the temple of Jupiter. 1. ut : clause appositive 
to negdtium.—moRt% T. : the Oapitoline. 2. oeteris r.: claims of 
other gods. — tota: wholly ^ pred. adj. — exaug^ftre: unconsecrated. 
— quae aliquot: several of which. 3. movisse nSmen: indicated 
their wilL—sAdSxere : assent ; cf. c. 36. 4. 4. nSn . . . sedem : tTiefact 
that the abode of Terminus was not changed. Terminus represented 
the boundary stone over which Jupiter has special care. — fmibus: 



92 Tm Livi 

manum Integra facie aperientibus fundamenta tempji 

6 dicitur apparuisse. Quae visa species haud per amba- 
ges arcem earn imperii caputque rgruin fore portende- 
bat ; idque ita cecinfire vatfis, quique in nrbe erant, 
quosque ad earn rem cOnsultandam ex Etrtiria accive- 

7 rant. Augebatur ad impfinsas r6gis animus. Itaque 
Pomptinae manubiae, quae perdticendo ad culmen 
operl dSstinatae erant, vix in fundamenta suppedita- 

8 vere. Eo magis Fabio, praeterquam quod antlquior 

9 est, crediderim quadraginta ea sola talenta fuisse, 
quam Pisonl, qui quadraginta milia pondo argent! 
seposita in eam rem scribit, summam pecuniae neque 
ex unius tum urbis praeda spfirandam, et ntillius n6 
horum quidem magnificentiae operum fundamenta non 
exsuperaturam. 

56. Intentus perficiendo templo, fabrls undique ex 
Etrtiria accltis, non pectinia solum ad id pablica est 
tisus, sed operis etiam ex plebe. Qui cum baud parvus 
et ipse mllitiae adderetur labor, minus tamen plebs 
gravabatur s6 templa deum exaedificare manibus suls, 
2 quam postquam et ad alia, ut specie minora sic labo- 
ris aliquanto maioris, traducSbantur opera, foros in 
circo faciendos cloacamque maximam, receptaculum 

abl. with evocdtum ; oftener with ex. 5. integrft : not decomposed ; 
tradition farther said it was the head of Olus and was gory. 
6. haud p. a.: not obscurely.— -t^iraan.'. the world. 7. inpinsfts: 
expense, sc. /aciendaa.— manuhiae: spoils, 9. orSdiderim: I am 
inclined to believe,— BpSTSLndBXi: to be expected, — RvHiaB , , . ezsu- 
perftt^am: more than sufficient for the foundations of any magnifi- 
cent structure even in our times. Join nullius with magnificentiae, 
which limits fundamenta. 

56. Cloaca Maxima. Embassy to Delphi. 1. operiB : workmen^ at 
forced labor. — etipse: also. 2. quam: supply gravabatur. — forSs: 
rows of seats, the gerundive constructions are in apposition with 
opera. — oloficam : the great drain still in perfect preservation. — 



LIBER I 98 

omniuin purgamentomm urbis, sub terra agendam; 
quibus duobus operibus vix nova haec magnificentia 
quicquam adaequare potuit. His laboribus exercita 3 
plebe, quia et urbl multitudinem, ubi tisus non esset, 
oneri rfibatur esse, et colonis mittendis occuparl latius 
imperil fines volebat, Signiam Circ6iosque colonos 
misit, praesidia urbl futura terra marique. 

Haec agenti portentum terribile visum: anguis ex 4 
columna lignea elapsus cum terrorem fugamque in 
rggia fecisset, ipsius rSgis non tam subito pavore per- 
culit pectus quam anxiis implevit curls. Itaque cum 6 
ad publica prodigia Etrusci tantum vat6s adhibSrentur, 
hoc velut domestic© exterritus vistl Delphos ad ma- 
xim6 inclitum in terris oraculum mittere statuit. Ne- 6 
que responsa sortium tilli alii committere ausus, duos 
filios per ignotas ea tempestate terras, ignotiora maria, 
in Graeciam misit. Titus et Arruns profecti. Comes 7 
iis additus L. lunius Brfitus Tarquinia, sorore regis, 
natus, iuvenis longg alius ingenio quam cuius simulatio- 
nem induerat. Is cum primorfis civitatis in quibus f ra- 
trem suum ab avunculo suo interf ectum audisset, neque 
in animO suo quicquam regi timendum neque in for- 
tiina concupiscendum relinquere statuit, contemptuque 
tutus esse, ubi in iure parum praesidii esset. Ergo ex s 
industria factus ad imitationem stultitiae cum s6 
suaque praedae esse r6gi sineret, Bruti quoque baud 

haeo : of the present time, as in c. 66. 9. 3. fteus : employment. — Si- 
gniam: to the S. E. — CircSiSs: to the S. on the coast. 6. sortiuni: 
oracle f lit. lots ; cf . 21. 62. 6. 7. ingenio : abl. of specification. — 
quam: sc. is iuvenis. — primoris: so. interf ectos. — animo: bear- 
inQy as the result of his purpose. Tarquin was to find nothing to 
fear in his conduct or his fortune. 8. ex . . . stultitiae : purposely 
assuming the appearance of foolishness. — se . . . esse: allowed him-' 
self and his property to be the sport of the king. — BrfitI : Dullard. — 



94 TITI LIVI 

abnuit cognomen, ut sub eius obtenttl cognominis li- 
berator ille populi Roman! animus latfins opperlrStur 
9 tempora sua. Is tum ab Tarquiniis ductus Delphos, 
ludibrium v6rius quara comes, aureum baculum inclti- 
sum corneo cavato ad id baculo tulisse donum Apol- 
lo lini dicitur, per ambages effigiem ingenii sui. Quo 
postquam ventum est, perf ectis patris mandatis cupido 
incessit animos iuvenum sciscitandl, ad quern eorum 
r^gnum Romanum esset venturum. Ex Infimo specti 
vocem redditam ferunt : " Imperium summum Roma^ 
habebit qui vestrum primus, o iuvenfis, osculum matrl 

11 tulerit." Tarquinii, ut Sextus, qui Romae relictus 
fuerat, ignarus responsi expersque imperii esset, rem 
summa ope tacerl iubent ; ipsi inter s6, uter prior, cum 
Romam redissent, matri osculum daret, sort! permit- 

12 tunt. Brutus alio ratus spectare Pythicam vocem, 
velut si prolapsus cecidisset, terram osculo contigit, 
scilicet quod ea communis mater omnium mortalium 
esset. Reditum inde Romam, ubi adversus Rutulos 
bellum summa vi parabatur. 

57. Ardeam Rutuli habebant, gSns, ut in ea regi- 
one atque in ea aetate, divitiis praepoUens. Eaque 
ipsa causa belli fuit, quod rex Romanus cum ipse di- 

2 tari exhaustus magnificentia ptiblicorum operum, tum 
praeda delenire popularium animos studebat, praeter 
aliam superbiam regno infestos etiam quod se in fa- 
brorum ministeriis ac servili tam diu habitos opera ab 

3 rege indignabantur. Temptata res est, si primo im- 

IfbeTSLtOT = liberaturm. 9. ludibrium: butt. 10. quern = utrum ; * 
primi^ implies the three. 12. alio . . . spectSre : had a different mean- 
ing. 

67-60. Fall of Tarquin and the kingdom. 

67. 2. praeter: in addition to. — regno: the kingdom and not 



LIBER I 95 

petti capi Ardea posset. Ubi id parum processit, 
obsidione munitionibusque coepti premi hostSs. In 4 
his stativis, ut fit longo magis quam acri bello, satis 
llberl commeatus erant, primOribus tamen magis quam 
mllitibus ; regii quidem iuvenes interdum otium con- 5 
viviis comissationibusque inter s6 terfibant. Forte 6 
potantibus his apud Sex. Tarquinium, ubi et Conlati- 
nus cenabat Tarquinius, Egerii fllius, incidit de uxori- 
bus mentio ; suam quisque laudare miris modis. Inde 7 
certamine accenso, Conlatinus negat verbis opus esse, 
panels id quidem horis posse sciri, quantum ceterjs 
praestet Lucrfitia sua. " Quin, si vigor iuventae inest, 
eonscendimus equos invisimusque praesentes nostra- 
rum ingenia? Id cuique spectatissimum sit, quod 
necopinato virl adventti occurrerit oculis.^' Incalue- 8 
rant vino ; " Age sane ! '' omnes. Citatis equls avolant 
Romam. Quo cum primis se intendentibus tenebrls 
perv^nissent, pergunt inde Conlatiam, ubi Lucretiam 9 
haudquaquam ut regias nurtls, quas in convivio luxti- 
que cum aequalibus viderant tempus terentes, sed 
nocte sera deditam lanae inter lucubrant^s ancillas in 
medio aedium sedentem inveniunt. Muliebris certa- lo 
minis laus penes LucrStiam fuit. Adveniens vir 
Tarquiniique except! benigne ; victor maritus comiter 
invitat regios iuvenes. Ibi Sex. Tarquinium mala 
libido Lucretiae per vim stuprandae capit ; cum forma 



merely the king. 4. statiyis : the camps made necessary by the length 
of the siege.— commeatus: furloughs. 5. otium . . . ter?Sbant: 
whiled away their inactivity. 6. potantibus : either dat. or abl. with 
incidit. 7. Quin: why not? — praesentes: with our own eyes. — Id 
... sit : let that be the strongest proof. 8. Age sftnS : come on then ; 
a colloquialism, hence the singular. 9. convivio 1. : luxurious ban- 
queting. — Iftnae: spinning and weaving. 



96 TITI LIVI 

11 turn spectd^ta castitd,s iiicitat. Et turn quidem ab no- 
cturno iiivenali ludo in castra redeunt. 

58. Paucis interiectis diebus Sex. Tarquinius Inscio 

2 ConlatinG cum comite tln6 Conlatiam vfiiiit. Ubi ex- 
ceptus benigne ab ignaris consilii cum post c6nam in 
hospitale cubiculum deductus esset, amore ard6ns, 
postquam satis ttita circa sopitique omn6s videbantur, 
stricto gladio ad dormientem Lucretiam v6nit, sini- 
straque manti mulieris pectore oppresso, " Tace, Lucrfi- 
tia," inquit ; " Sex. Tarquinius sum ; f errum in manti 

3 est; morigre, si 6miseris vocem." Cum pavida ex 
somno mulier ntillam opem, prope mortem imminen- 
tem videret, tum Tarquinius fatfirl amorem, Orare, 
miscere precibus minas, versare in omn6s partes muli- 

4 ebrem animum. Ubi obstinatam videbat et n6 mortis 
quidem metu inclinari, addit ad metum dedecus : cum 
mortua iugulatum servum nudum positurum ait, ut in 

6 sordido adulterio necata dicatur. Quo terrore cum 
vicisset obstinatam pudicitiam velut vi atrox libido, 
profectusque inde Tarquinius ferox exptignato decore 
muliebrl esset, Lucretia maesta tanto malo nuntium 
Romam eundem ad patrem Ardeamque ad virum mit- 
tit, ut cum singulis fid^libus amicis veniant ; ita facto 

6 maturatoque opus esse; rem atrocem incidisse. Sp. 
Lucretius cum P. Valerio Volesi fili5, Conlatinus cum 
L. lunio Bruto vfinit, cum quo forte Eomam rediens 



58. 2. <aicfL—qui circa erant; cf. 22. 45. 7. — BopitS,: fast asleep. 
3. yersSre : sums up the preceding, in short, employed the arguments 
mx)st effective with a wom^n*s mind. 4. metum : of death. — serTiun : 
his slave, the comite uno of § 1. — sordido : i.e. with a slave, a sordidtis 
homo. 6. Quo t. = cuius ret t. ; cf. c. 30. 4. —velut ▼!: with the saiie 
result as if violence had been used. — ferox ex. : exultant in his con- 
quest of. — facto . . . esse: there was need of action and that speedily. 



LIBER I 97 

ab nuntio uxoris erat Conventus. Lucr6tiam sedentem 
maestam in cubiculo inveniiint. Adventti suorum la- 7 
crimae obortae. Quaerentique viro "Satin salvae?" 
"Minime," inquit; "quid enim salvi est mulierl 
amissa pudicitia ? Vestigia viri alieni, Conlatine, in 
lecto sunt tuo ; ceterum corpus est tantum violatum, 
animus insons; mors testis erit. Sed date dexteras 
fidemque, baud impung adulter© fore. Sex. est Tar- 8 
quinius, qui, hostis pro hospite, priore nocte vi arma- 
tus mihi sibique, si vos viri estis, pestiferum hinc 
abstulit gaudium." Dant ordine omnes fidem ; conso- 9 
lantur aegram animi avertendo noxam ab coacta in. 
auctorem delicti : mentem peccare n6n corpus, et unde 
consilium afuerit, culpam abesse. "Vos,'' inquit, lo 
"videritis, quid illi debeatur; ego m6 etsi peccato 
absolvo, supplicio non libero ; nee tilla deinde impudica 
Lucretiae exemplo vivet." Cultrum, quern sub veste ii 
abditum hab^bat, eum in corde defigit, prolapsaque in 
vulnus moribunda cecidit. Conclamat vir paterque. 12 

69. Brutus illis luctti occupatis cultrum ex vulnere 
Lucretiae extractum manantem cruore prae se tengns, 
"Per hunc," inquit, "castissimum ante regiam iniu- 
riam sanguinem itiro, vosque, dii, testes facio, m6 L. 
Tarquinium Superbum cum scelerata coniuge et omni 
liberorum stirpe f erro, igni, quacumque dehinc vi pos- 
sim, exsectiturum, nee illos nee aliumquemquam regnare 
Romae passtirum." Cultrum deinde Conlatino tradit, 2 
inde Lucretio ac Valerio, stupentibus miraculo rei, unde 

abl. 7. salvae: sc. res sunt, is it well? — tore: after expression of 
promising. 10. videritis : fut. perf . ; you will have seen = see to it. 
12. Gonclftmat : the usual conclamatio, calling upon the name of the 
dead. 

69. 1. deliiiic : henc^orward, 2. irnde : sc. esset, indirect question 

H 



98 TITI LIVI 

novum in Brati pectore ingenium. Ut praeceptum 
erat, iurant; totique ab Itlctu vers! in Iram Brti- 
tum, iam inde ad expugnandum regnum vocantem, 

3 sequuntur ducem. Elatum domo Lucretiae corpus in 
fonun def erunt, concientque miraculo, ut fit, rel novae 
atque indignitate homines. Pro se quisque scelus 

4 rfigium ac vim queruntur. Movet cum patris maesti- 
tia, turn Brutus castigator lacrimarum atque inertium 
querellarum auctorque, quod viros, quod Romanos 

6 decSret, arma capiendi adversus hostilia ausos. Fero- 
cissimus quisque iuvenum cum armis voluntarius adest ; 
sequitur et cStera inventus. Inde parte praesidio re- 
licta Oonlatiae ad portas, ctistddibusque circumdatis, 
n6 quis eum motum rggibus ntlntiaret, c6terl armati 

6 duce Bruto Romam profecti. Ubi eo ventum est, qua- 
cumque incedit armata multitude, pavorem ac tumul- 
tum f acit ; rursus ubi anteire primorfis civitatis vident, 

7 quidquid sit, hand temerg esse rentur. Nee minorem 
motum animorum Eomae tarn atrdx res facit, quam 
Conlatiae fficerat. Ergo ex omnibus locis urbis in 
forum curritur. Quo simul ventum est, praeco ad 
tribunum Celerum, in quo tum magistratti forte Bru- 

8 tus erat, populum advocavit. Ibi oratio habita n6qua- 
quam 6ius pectoris ingeniique, quod simulatum ad 
eam diem fuerat, d6 vi ac libidine Sex. Tarquinil, d6 
stupro inf ando Lucr6tiae et miserabill caede, dB orbi- 



depending on the implied thought in miraculo. — toti: adverbial. — 
iam i. : at once, forthwith. 3. indignitftte: objective, indignity t 
shameftU character ; in § 11 it is subjective, indignation. 4. castig&> 
tor : cf. c. 28. 1, the fact that the Dullard had become a leader. — quod 
. . . dec5ret: appos. to arma cap., becoming for men and especially 
for Romans.— haBtSM9.: object of ausos. 5. FerocisBimos q. : every 
resolute man. 6. hand t. : not voiihout reason, 7. tribiinam : cap- 



LIBER I 99 

tate Tricipitini, cui morte f iliae causa mortis indignior 
ac miserabilior esset. Addita superbia ipsms regis 9 
miseriaeque et labores plebis in fossas cloacasque 
exbauriendas demersae: ROmanos homines, victores 
omnium circa populorum, opifices ac lapicidas pro 
bellatOribus factos. Indigna Servi Tulli regis memo- lo 
rata caedis et invecta corpori patris nefando vehiculo 
filia, invocatique ultores parentum dii. His atrOcio- ii 
ribusque credo aliis, quae praesens r6rum indignitas 
haudquaquam relatti scriptoribus facilia subicit, me- ' 
moratis incensam multitudinem perpulit, ut imperium 
regi abrogaret, exsulesque esse iuberet L. Tarquinium 
cum coniuge ac liberis. Ipse iunioribus, qui ultro 12 
nomina dabant, l6ctls armatlsque ad concitandum inde 
adversus regem exercitum Ardeam in castra est pro- 
fectus; imperium in urbe Lucr6ti6, praefecto urbis 
iam ante ab rege instituto, relinquit. Inter hunc tu- 13 
multum Tullia domo profugit, exsecrantibus, quacum- 
que inc^debat, invocantibusque parentum furias viris 
mulieribusque. ^ 

60. Harum rerum ntintiis in castra perlatis, cum r6 
nova trepidus rex pergeret Romam ad comprimendos 
mOttis, flexit viam Brutus — senserat enim adventum 
— nS obvius fieret; eodemque fere tempore diversis 
itineribus Brutus Ardeam, Tarquinius Romam v6ne- 
runt. Tarquinio clausae portae exsiliumque indictum ; 2 



tain; see c. 15. 8. 8. Tricipitini: Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, the 
father of Lucretia. — morte : for quam mors. 9. demersae : the word 
was well applied to workmen engaged in draining the low and swampy- 
ground of the Forum. 10. caedis: nominative. 11. relfttii: supine 
with /aciZia, with which scriptoribus is dative ; writers would not find 
it easy to exhibit the fire of the speaker. 12. ultro: voluntarily. 
13. parentum: Servius and other relatives. 



100 TITI LIVI 

liberatorem urbis laeta castra acc6p6re, exactlque inde 
liberl regis. Duo patrem secuti sunt, qui exsulatum 
Caere in Etruscos ierunt; Sex. Tarquinius Gabios 
tamquam in suum rggnum prof ectus ab nltoribus vete- 
nmi simultatium, quSs sibi ipse caedibus rapinisque 

3 conciverat, est interfectus. L. Tarquinius Superbus 
regnavit annos quinque et vigintl. Regnatum Eomae 
ab condita urbe ad liberatam annos ducentos quadra- 

4 ginta quattuor. Duo consul6s inde comitiis centuriar 
tis a praef ecto urbis ex commentariis Servi Tulli creati, 
L. Iiinius Brutus et L. Tarquinius Conlaianus. 

60. 2. exsulfttum: sup. to live in exUe.—CaBTB: ace. 3. SSgnft- 
tom: the monarchy lasted. 



AnnouncemenU 

THE STUDENTS' SERIES OF LATIH GL&SSICS. 

TJNDSB THB BDITOBIA.L SUPEBTIBION OF 

EBNEST MONDELL PEASE, A.M., 
Leland Stamford JwUor UrUveraiii^, 

AND 

HABRY THURSTON PECK, Ph.D., L.H.D., 

Columbia College, 



This Series will contain the Latin authors usually read in Ameri- 
can schools and colleges, and also others well adapted to class-room 
use, but not as yet published in suitable editions. The several 
volumes will be prepared by special editors, who will aim to revise 
the text carefully and to edit it in the most serviceable manner. 
Where there are German editions of unusual merit, representing 
years of special study under the most favorable circumstances, 
these will be used, with the consent of the foreign editor, as a basis 
for the American edition. In this way it will be possible to bring 
out text-books of the highest excellence in a comparatively short 
period of time. 

The editions will be of two kinds, conforming to the difEerent 
methods of studying Latin in our best institutions. Some will 
contain in the introductions and commentary such a careful and 
minute treatment of the author's life, language, and style as to 
afford the means for a thorough appreciation of the author and his 
place in Latin literature. Others will aim merely to assist the 
student to a good reading knowledge of the author, and will have 
only the text aud brief explanatory notes at the bottom of each 
page. The latter will be particularly acceptable for sight reading, 
and for rapid reading after the minute study of an author or period 
in one of the fuller editions. For instance, after a class has read 
a play or two of Plautus and Terence carefully, with special refer- 
ence to the peculiarities of style, language, metres, the methods 
of presenting a play, and the like, these editions will be admirably 
suited for the rapid reading of other plays. 

The Series will also contain various supplementary works pre- 
pared by competent scholars. Every effort will be made to give 
the books a neat and attractive appearance. 

I 



The following volumes are now ready or in preparation : — 

CAESAS, Oallic War, Books I-Y. By Habold W. Johnston, Ph.D., 

Professor in the Indiana University. 
CATULLUS, Selections, based upon the edition of Riese. By Thomas 

B. Lindsay, Ph.D., Professor in Boston University. 
GIGESO, Select Orations. By B. L. D'Oooe, A.M., Professor in the 

State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Mich. 

GICEBO, De Senectute et de Amicitia. By Charles E. Bennett, 
A.M., Professor in the Cornell University. 

GICEBO, Tusculan Disputations, Books I and n. By Professor 
Peck. 

GICEBO, De Oratore, Book I, based upon the edition of Sorof. By 
W. B. Owen, Ph.D., Professor in Lafayette College. Ready, 

GICEBO, Select Letters, based in part upon the edition of Siipfle- 
Bockel. By Professor Pease. 

EUTBOFIUS, Selections. By Victor S. Clark, Lit.B., New Ulm 
High School, Minn. 

OELLIUS, Selections. By Professor Peck. 

HOBAGE, Odes and Epodes. By Paul Shorey, Ph.D., Professor in 
the Chicago University. Nearly Ready. 

HOBAGE, Satires and Episties, based upon the edition of Kiessling. 
By James H. Kirkland, Ph.D., Professor in Vanderbilt Uni- 
versity. Ready. 

LIV Y, Books ZXI and XXTT, based npon the edition of Wolfflin. By 
John K. Lord, Ph.D., Professor in Dartmouth College. Ready, 

LIVY, Book I, for rapid reading. By Professor Lord. 

LUGBETIUS, De Bemm Natura, Book m. By W. A. Merrill, Ph.D., 
Professor in the University of California. 

MABTIAL, Selections. By Charles Knapp, Ph.D., Professor ii» 
Barnard College. 

NEPOS, for rapid reading. By Isaac Flaoo, Ph.D., Professor in th» 
University of California. Ready, 

NEPOS, Selections. By J. C. Jones, A.M., Professor in the University 
of Missouri. 

OYID, Selections from the Metamorphoses, based upon the edition of 
Meuser-Egen. By B. L. Wiggins, A.M., Professor in the Uniyer- 
sity of the South. 

2 



OYIB, Selections, for rapid reading. By A. L. ^oNDUBAirr, A.M., 
Professor in the University of Mississippi. 

FETBONIUS, Gena Trimalchionis, based upon the edition of Bucheler. 
By W. E. Waters, Ph.D., President of Wells College. 

FLAUTUS, Gaptivi, for rapid reading. By GboybE. Babbbb, A.M., 
Professor in the University of Nebraska. 

FLAUTUS, Menaechmi, based upon the edition of Briz. By Habold 
N. FowLEB, Ph.D., Professor in the Western Beserve Univer- 
sity. Ready. 

FUNY, Select Letters, for rapid reading. By Samuel Ball Plat- 
neb, Ph.D., Professor in the Western Reserve University. Ready. 

QUINTILIAN, Book X and Selections ftom Book Xn, based upon 
the edition of Kriiger. By Cabl W. Bblsbb, Ph.D., Professor in 
the University of Colorado. 

SALLUST, Catiline, based upon the edition of Schmalz. By Chablbs 
G. Hbbbermann, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor in the College of the 
City of New York. Ready. 

SENEGA, Select Letters. By E. C. Winslow, A.M. 

TACITUS, Annals, Book I and Selections from Book n, based upon 
the edition of Nipperdey-Andresen. By E. M. Hyde, Ph.D., Pro- 
fessor in Lehigh University. 

TACITUS, Annals, Book ZY. By J. Eyebbtt Bbady, Ph.D., Pro- 
fessor in Smith College. 

TACITUS, Agricola and Germania, based upon the editions of Schwei- 
zer-Sidler and Drager. By A. G. Hopkins, Ph.D., Professor in 
Hamilton College. Ready. 

TACITUS, Histories, Book I and Selections ftom Books II-Y, based 
upon the edition of Wolff. By Edwabd H. Spiekeb, Ph.D., Pro- 
fessor in the Johns Hopkins University. 

TERENCE, Adelphoe, for rapid reading. By William L. Cowles, 
A.M., Professor in Amherst College. Ready. 

TEBENGE, Fhormio, based upon the edition of Dziatzko. By Heb- 
BEBT C. Elmeb, Ph.D., Assistant Professor in the Cornell Uni- 
versity. Ready. 

TIBULLUS AND FBOFEBTIUS, Selections, based upon the edition of 
Jacoby. By Henby F. Bubton, A.M., Professor in the University 
of Rochester. 

YALEBIUS MAXIMUS, Fifty Selections, for rapid reading. By 
Chables S. Smith, A.M., College of New Jersey. Ready. 

8 



YELLEIUS FATEBCULUS, Historia Bomaaa, Book n. By F. El 
RocKwooD, A.M., Professor in Bucknell University. Beady. 

YEBOU, Books I-VI. By E. Antoinette Ely, A.M., Hampton 
College, and S. Frances Pbllbtt, A.M., Binghamton High 
School, N.Y. 

YEBOU, The Story of TnmuB from Aen. YII-ZII, for rapid reading. 
By MosBS SLi-UGHTEB, Ph.D., Professor in Iowa College. 

YIBI BOICAE, Selections. By G. M. Whicher, A.M., Packer Col- 
legiate Institute. 

LATIN COMPOSITION, for college use. By Walter Miller, A.M.,- 
Professor in the Leland Stanford Jr. University. Ready, 

LATIN COMPOSITION, for adyanced dasBOs. By H. R. Fairclouqh. 
A.M., Professor in the Leland Stanford Jr. University. 

HAND-BOOK OF LATIN STNONTMS. By Mr. Miller. 

A FIBST BOOK IN LATIN. By Hiram Tuell. A.M., Principal of 
the Milton High School, Mass., and ELaaold N. Fowler, Ph.D., 
Western Reserve University. Ready, 

BXEBCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION, for schools. By M. Grant 
Daniell, A.m., Principal of Chauncy-Hall School, Boston. 

Ready, 

THE PBIVATE LIFE OF THE BOMANS, a manual for the use of 

schools and colleges. By Harriet Waters Preston and Louise 
Dodge. Ready. 

GBEEE AND BOMAN MTTHOLOGT, based on the recent work of 
Steuding. By Karl P. Harrington, A.M., Professor in the Uni- 
versity oi North Carolina, and Herbert C. Tolman, Ph.D., Pro- 
fessor in Vanderbilt University. 

ATLAS ANTIQUTTS, twelve maps of the ancient world, for schools and 
colleges. By Dr. Henry Kiepert, M.R. Acad. Berlin. Ready, 

Tentative arrangements have been made for other books not ready 
to be announced. 



LEACH, SHEWELL, & SANBORN, 

Boston, New York, and Chicago. 

4 



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at4i..tcn, C*flf, 



if 



14 DAY USE 

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OWED I 



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LOAN DLPTT 

This book is due oo the last dace stamped belaw, or 

oti the date to which renewed. 

Renewed books are subjea to inLmediate recstU. 



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