s
638.5
F2IHH
1980
™MCTS OF HUNGRY HORSE
DAM ON AQUATIC LIFE IN
THE FLATHEAD RIVER
ANNUAL REPORT
Prepared By;
Mpntana Dept, Fish, Wildlife & Parks
Fisheries Division, Region One
Sponsored By
^ter & Power Resources Serv:
Boise, Idaho
Ib4 1003 7425
LOWER FLATHEAD RIVER AQUATIC
RESOURCES STUDY - 1980
MONTANA DEPT. OF FISH, WILDLIFE AND PARKS
FISHERIES DIVISION
Kalispell, MT. 59901
Sponsored By:
U.S. Water and Power Resources Service
Boise, Idaho
Prepared
By:
Patrick J. Graham
Steve L. McMullin
Sue Appert
Ken J. Frazer
Paul Leonard
Project Leader
Project Biologist
Project Biologist
Field Person
Field Person
May, 1980
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2015
https://archive.org/details/lowerflatheadriv1980grah
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Robert E. Schumacher, Regional Fisheries Manager, was instrumental in
setting up this study. Delano A. Hanzel , Montana Dept. Fish, Wildlife and
Parks was helpful in locating and ordering equipment. Leo Marnell and
Cliff Martinka, Research Division, Glacier National Park, cooperated on
McDonald Creek studies. Gordon Pouliot collected temperature data and
provided notes on kokanee spawning runs in the Nyack Flats area. Gayle
Hayley helped collect field data.
We are especially grateful to Dr. Jack Stanford for his professional
criticism, for his assistance with identification of aquatic insects and for
use of facilities at the University of Montana Biological Station.
We are indebted to employees of the YACC and CETA programs for their
assistance in collection and sorting of insects. Among the people who spent
many tedious hours picking and sorting insects were; Dave Arland, Nita Davis,
Laurie Dolan, Sandy Entzel , Kirk Fallon, Rich Johnson, John Squires, Ron
Tate and Andy Wood.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PERSPECTIVES iv
Figure 1. Daily maximum & minimum flow fluctuations in Flathead
River below Columbia Falls as influenced by operational
discharges from Hungry Horse Dam during the kokanee
spawning & incubation period (Sept. - May, 1974-1978).
Discharges are expressed in the number o'^ generators
operating (0-4) with operation occurring at or above the
one generator reference line. One generator is equivalent
to approximately 2500 cfs discharge. The numbers in
parentheses are the average monthly flows of the Flathead
River below Columbia Falls excluding the South Fork.
Compiled by D.A. Hanzel and S. Rumsey. Mont. Dept. Fish,
Wildlife and Parks, Kali spell, NT. 3
Description of Study Area 5
Figure 2. The Upper Flathead River Drainage G
Figure 3. Mean monthly flows of the North, Middle and South Forks
of the Flathead River and the main stem Flathead River
water year 1977 7
Figure 4. Diel fluctuations in temperature of the Flathead River
at Columbia Falls due to release of peaking discharge
at Hungry Horse powerhouse 8
Fisheries 9
Survey Reaches 10
Electrofishing Sites 10
Figure 5. McDonald Creek Survey site 11
Figure 6. Main stem river survey site at Kokanee Bend 12
Figure 7. Reserve Drive survey site at a flow of 38.2M3s
(1 ,350 cfs). 13
Figure 8. Reserve Drive survey site at a flow of 300.2M3s
(10,600 cfs) 14
Fiqure 9. Sampling sites in the main stem and South Fork Flathead
Rivers, 1979 15
Invertebrate Collection Sites 16
1
Page
KOKANEE MIGRATION, SPAWNING AND INCUBATION 17
Introduction 17
Methods 18
Migration 18
Spawning 19
Incubation ■ 19
Figure 10. Centrifugal pump and sampler used to collect hydraulic
samples of kokanee eggs 20
Figure 11. Close-up view of sampler with collecting net attached- 20
, Stream Flow: Fish Length Correlation 21
Figure 12. Whi tl ock-Vi bert Box and fiberglass screen bag used in
experimental egg plant in Beaver Creek 22
Results and Discussion 23
Migration • 23
Table 1. Water conditions during the kokanee spawning (November)
and incubation period (December - March) for Water
Years 1962-78. Mean length of male kokanee spawners
. and weighted three-year moving average water conditions
are also given. All water data from USGS gauge on
Flathead River at Columbia Falls, Montana 24
Figure 13. Catch of kokanee per hour of angling effort by snag
fishermen at three sites in the main stem Flathead
' River, 1979 26
Figure 14. Estimates of kokanee abundance in the upper Flathead
River during the period Sept. 19-28, 1979 27
Figure 15. Catch of kokanee per 1000m per hour of electrofishing
effort at night in three sections of the Flathead
River, 1979 28
Figure 16. Estimates of kokanee abundance in McDonald Creek and
the lower Middle Fork, October 17, 1979 29
Spawning , 30
• ' ■ ii !
r
Page
Table 2. Areas utilized for spawning by kokanee in the Flathead
River between the mouths of the South Fork and
Stillwater Rivers, 1979 31
Figure 17. Frequency distributions of water depths over kokanee redds
in areas of measurable water velocity (top) and areas
with no measurable water velocity 32
Figure 18. Frequency distribution of water velocities measured over ^
kokanee redds in several areas of the main stem Flathead
River. River discharge when measurements were taken
was (this data will be supplied in the Final Report) — 33
Incubation 34
Natural Redds 34
Table 3. Survival of kokanee eggs in natural redds sometimes
dewatered due to fluctuating flows and not influenced
by ground water. Samples were collected in the main stem
Flathead River during the 1979-80 incubation period 35
Table 4. Survival of kokanee eggs in natural redds sometimes
dewatered due to fluctuating flows but influenced by
ground water. Samples were collected in the main stem
Flathead River during the 1979-80 incubation period 36
Table 5. Survival of kokanee eggs in natural redds in permanently
wetted areas of the Flathead River drainage. Samples
from control (nonf 1 uctuati ng ) , fluctuating and
fluctuating but influenced by spring areas are grouped.
Samples were collected during the 1979-80 incubation
period 37
Experimental Egg Plants 38
Rate of Development 38
Figure 19. Survival of kokanee eggs buried in fiberglass screen
bags at Reserve Drive (a spring influenced area) and
Kokanee Bend, 1979 39
Figure 20. Survival of kokanee eggs buried in Whi tlock-Vibert
boxes and fiberglass screen bags in Beaver Creek
(Middle Fork drainage) 1979---- 40
Figure 21 .Accumulated temperature units (C), percent eved kokanee
eggs and percent kokanee sac fry in Whi tlock-Vibert
boxes and fiberglass screen bags buried in Beaver
Creek, 1979 41
i i i
Page
Figure 22. Accumulated temperature units (C), percent eyed kokanee
eggs and percent kokanee sac fry in samples taken from
natural redds in McDonald Creek, 1979 42
Stream Flow: Fish Length Correlation 43
Figure 23. Relationships between length of male kokanee spawners
and mean daily flow of the Flathead River at Columbia
Falls during November (left) and the ratio of mean
r daily flows for the period Dec. -March to mean daily
flows for November (right). Flow data are from water
years 1962-1977. Kokanee length data are from spawn
years 1966-1979 44
Anticipated Research 45
Figure 24.Diel changes in gauge height at one station in the South
Fork and three stations in the main stem Flathead River
caused by release of peaking discharges at Hungry Horse
powerhouse, August 2, 1979 (South Fork flows ranged from
: 164 cfs to 9,100 cfs main stem). Flows at Columbia Falls
ranged from 3,210 cfs to 12,100 cfs 46
FISH FOOD ORGANISMS 48
Introduction 48
Figure 25. Daily maximum and minimum temperature recorded at USGS
stations on the North and South Forks of the Flathead
River in 1979 50
Figure 26. Mean daily temperatures in the unregulated (North Fork)
and partially regulated (Columbia Falls) area of the
Flathead River. 1969; mean daily discharges are
indicated below the temperature data 51
Methods 52
Results and Discussion 54
Figure 27. Mean number of invertebrates per m2 - July, 1979 to
January, 1980--- . 56
Figure 28. Percent of total volume displaced by insect order in
V ^ 1979 58
Figure 29. Percent of total number of invertebrates represented by
insect order in July and October, 1979 59
• Table 6. Species or family found at one site only 61
i v
Page
Table 7. Circular and kick samples combined. Mean number of
individuals per meter^. Mean = X. Standard deviation
= (s.d.). Flathead River, 1979 62
Figure 30. Number /m2 of the caddisflies Arctopsyche and
Symphi topsyche at the partially regulated (Kokanee Bend)
and control (Bible Camp) sites, 1979 66
Figure 31. Degree days (mean daily temperatures) summed by the
month for control, partially regulated and regulated
areas of the Flathead River, 1979 67
Conclusions 69
Figure 32. Mean velocity preferences of two mayfly species. The
number of samples included in each velocity range are
■ given above the bars 70
Figure 33. Mean velocity preferences of two caddisfly species. The
number of samples included in each velocity range are
given above the bars 71
Anticipated Research 72
MIGRATION OF ADULT WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUT AND MONITORING OF FISH
POPULATIONS IN THE MAIN STEM FLATHEAD RIVER 76
Introduction 76
Methods 76
Biotelemetry 76
Fish Population Monitoring 78
Results and Discussion 78
Biotelemetry 78
Fish Population Monitoring 80
Figure 34. Catch of westslope cutthroat (Wet) and rainbow trout (RB)
per kilometer per hour of electrof i shi ng effort at night
in the area of the main stem Flathead River, 1979 82
Figure 35. Catch of mountain whitefish (MWF) and kokanee KOK) per
kilometer per hour of electrofishing effort at night in
three areas of main stem Flathead River, 1979 83
APPENDIX A A-1
APPENDIX B B-1
APPENDIX C C-1
v
Page
LITERATURE CITED 85
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vi
PERSPECTIVES
Hungry Horse Dam was completed in 1953. At that time it was the fourth
largest and highest concrete dam in the world. The dam, 6km upstream from
the mouth of the South Fork of the Flathead River, created a reservoir
approximately 66km long with a storage capacity of 4,267.9 x 106m3 (3.47 x
106 acre-feet). It is operated both for flood control and power production.
The crest of the dam is 1087m above sea level. Four penstocks are located 75m
below the crest. With four generators operating, the powerplant has a nameplate
capacity of 285mw.
Operation of the dam has altered normal discharge and temperature regimes
from the South Fork and modified conditions in the main Flathead River. The
present minimum flow from Hungry Horse is 4.2m3/sec (150 cfs) and peak discharge
is approximately 323.1m3/sec, (11,417 cfs). The influence of discharge from Hungry
Horse on the main Flathead River is modified by the combined natural flows from
the North and Middle Forks. Aquatic biota which are significantly affected by
Hungry Horse discharge include kokanee salmon [Oncho^hynchiLi n(in.ka] , westslope
cutthroat trout {Scubno cIoaIzI boavloxi] , mountain whitefish {?^oi>oplu.m MAJUJ^am^ovii]
and aquatic invertebrates.
The Hungry Horse project is part of the Bonneville Power Administration power
grid. Operation of the project is determined in concert with the complex network
of power producing systems and power needs throughout the northwest. Water
leaving Hungry Horse passes through 19 dams before reaching the Pacific Ocean.
To meet the anticipated need for more peak power in the northwest, many
existing baseload or existing peak power projects are being reviewed for
increasing power production. Several alternatives are presently being assessed
for the Hungry Horse Dam project. These include:
Peaking power (mw)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alternative
existing 328
rewind existing
generators 385
powerhouse addition 55
combine 2 and 3 440
Discharge (m^/sec.)
323.1 (ll,417cfs)
341 (12,060cfs)
383 (13,367cfs)
390.1 (13,783cfs)
These options are being assessed both with and without a reregulating dam.
The dam would be located on the South Fork and be approximately 12m high with
a storage capacity of 2.40 x 10^ m3 - (1950 acre feet). These alternatives
would increase peaking capacity of the project and could increase total annual
power production by ten percent.
This study was undertaken to assess impacts of the various power alternatives
and operating regimes on the aquatic biota in the Flathead River. Preliminary
comments on the impacts of the project will appear in an Appraisal Level Study.
1
These comments and recommendations are also contained in Appendix A of this
report.
To more completely evaluate the influence of the project alternatives on
the aquatic biota, this study was begun in April, 1979. Objectives of the
study include:
Fishery Study
T. To provide the Water and Power Resources Service with the Department
of Fish, Wildlife and Park's best estimate of minimum flows which will
result in the most desirable level of reproduction and survival of
kokanee salmon, mountain whitefish and fish food organisms.
2. To determine the effects of reservoir dischrge fluctuations on survival
of incubating whitefish and kokanee salmon eggs in the Flathead River
below the South Fork junction.
3. ' To quantify the suitable kokanee habitat at staged flows in Flathead
River Basin on additions of flow increments with one to four turbine
generators; that is, natural flows from above the South Fork plus
increments of approximately 2,500 cfs per generator.
4.. To monitor delays in upstream migration of adult cutthroat trout as a
■ " result of unnatural seasonal flow and temperature regimes caused by
discharges from Hungry Horse Dam.
B. Aquatic Invertebrate Study
1. To estimate biomass and species diversity and to compare life history
characteristics of major macroinvertebrates in the Flathead River above
and below the confluence of the South Fork and in the South Fork of the
Flathead River below Hungry Horse Dam.
2. To make estimates of macroi nvertebrate habitat loss as related to
extended periods of minimum discharges from Hungry Horse Dam. To
compare the biomass, composition and life histories of the macroin-
vertebrate communities altered by reservoir discharges. Cooperation and
coordination with the Flathead Basin Study under the Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) guidance will be necessary to ineterpret
altered and non-altered riverine relationships.
C. Temperature Study
1.- To estimate desirable seasonal water temperatures to release if it is
. determined that a multiple outlet discharge structure is significantly
beneficial to game fish and macroi nvertebrate production.
This report contains results from the first year of study and anticipated
research for next year. Some of these preliminary data were used in our most
recent comments on the various project alternatives (Appendix A-2 fii 3) although
it must be remembered that these are preliminary recommendations.
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To compare the relative benefits derived from the various alternatives,
a common unit of measure was established to be Fisherman Satisfaction Units
(FSU). These units are a value judgement as to the relative worth an
anqler places on capturing various size groups of the different sport fish on
a scale of 1 to 10 (Appendix A-1). For example, an adult bull trout larger
than 610mm (24 inches) was assigned a value of 10 while cutthroat trout less
than 229mm (9 inches) was given a value of only 2. In general, impacts of
each alternative on the recruitment of fish into the fishery were used to
determine changes in Fisherman Satisfaction Units.
Certain assumptiosn about the operation of the project were made before
the alternatives could be evaluated. These included modeling mean monthly
flows for Hungry Horse based on historical flow data, existing operation con-
straints in the BPA system and projected power needs. It was assumed that
peak flows would occur on a regular weekly and daily schedule.
These predictable release patterns are the essence of any benefits that
would be derived from the reregulating dam.
Various operational discharges considered in Appendix A-2 and A-3 include:
Peak ; 5 days per week 8 hours per day 52 weeks per year
Peak .... 5 days per week 8 hours per day 48 weeks per year
Peak : 5 days per week 6 hours per day 48 weeks per year
- Peak 4 days per week 8 hours per day 48 weeks per year
It was determined that negative impacts would result from all power alterna-
tives without the reregulating dam. Approximately a 25 percent increase over
present good years in FSU's would result for all power alternatives during
average or above average water years with the reregulating dam and a normal
peaking operation schedule. Although it was not an alternative it should be
pointed out that a constant baseload operation would be the most satisfactory
for maintaining the aquatic biota in the main Flathead River. Natural high
spring flows from the North and Middle Forks provide the mechanism for channel
maintenance.
Balancing the needs of the aquatic biota with the unnatural flow regime
from Hungry Horse is complex even with a predictable flow regime. However, the
benefits of the expansion project may be negligible or negative compared to
existing conditions if a predictable peaking operation for Hungry Horse is not
adopted.
Presently, year-to-year variation in mean monthly discharge is quite
variable. This is also true of weekly and daily discharge patterns (Figure 1).
From this figure it can be seen that on many occasions peak discharges occurred
non-stop for weeks at a time and were often followed by days or weeks of no
generation at all. The small storage capacity of the reregulating dam could
not significantly ameliorate this type of operation. An example of the effect
of these flow variations is contained in the stream flow-fish length section
which is part of the kokanee salmon studies.
■ - 4 -
Description of Study Area
The Flathead River drains 21 ,875km2 of southeast British Columbia and
northwest Montana (Fiaure 2). The Flathead is the northeastern irost drainace
in the Columbia River Basin. Three forks of approximately equal size drain the
west slope of the continental divide.
The North Fork flows south from British Columbia, forming the western
boundary of Glacier National Park. From the Canadian border to Camas Creek, a
distance of 68km, the North Fork is classified a scenic river under the National
Mild and Scenic Rivers Act. The lower 24km of the North Fork is classified a
recreational river.
The Middle Fork is a wild river from its source in the Bob Marshall
''.'ilderness area to its confluence with Bear Creek, near Essex, Montana. Below
Bear Creek, the Middle Fork is a recreational river. The Middle Fork forms
the sourthwestern boundary of Glacier National Park.
The upper South Fork is also a wild river, flowing out of the Bob Marshall
Wilderness to Hungry Horse Reservoir. A short stretch of the South Fork, from
the headwaters of Hungry Horse Reservoir upstream to Spotted Bear, is classified
recreational. The lower South Fork is regulated by flows from Hungry Horse
powerhouse. Vertical water level fluctuations in the lower South Fork can be
as much as 2.5m due to peak hydroelectric energy production.
The main stem Flathead River is classified a recreational river from the
confluence of the North and Middle Forks to the confluence of the South Fork.
Downstream of the South Fork, flows in the main stem are largely regulated by
operation of Hungry Horse powerhouse.
Peak flows in the main stem normally occur in late May or early June,
coinciding with peak runoff in the North and Middle Fork drainages (Figure 3).
Except for peak runoff periods, the hydrograph of the main stem mirrors that of
the South Fork.
Water temperatures in the main stem are also partially regulated by Hungry
Horse powerhouse. Hypolimnial water released from Hungry Horse Dam lowers summer
water temperatures and elevates winter water temperatures in the main stem
(Figure 4). Flow and temperature fluctuations caused by Hungry Horse operations
can have orofound effects upon the biota of the South Fork and main stem Flathead
Ri vers .
The substrate material in the Flathead River consists of larae cobble inter-
spersed with smaller gravels and sand. In the South Fork, the smaller materials
have been removed from the surface layer of rocks by the clean/ater discharges
from Hungry Horse Dam. The reservoir acts as a settling basin for inorganic
materials so there is no redeposition of the finer gravels and sand in the tail-
water area.
- 5 -
BRITISH /
C OL UMBI A S
' M O isl T A N A "^'f
(
ALBERT A__
MONTANA
ntcrnational Boundary
»— •D rainag* Basin Boundary
National Park and
Wildorness Area Boundarias
Figure 2. The Upper Flathead River Drainage
- 6 -
Figure 3. Mean monthly flows of the North, Middle and South Forks of the
Flathead River and the main stem Flathead River. Water Year 77
- 7 -
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KEY
DISCHARGE
TEMPRATURE
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Figure 4. Diel fluctuations in temperature of the Flathead River at
Columbia Falls due to release of peaking discharge at
Hungry Horse powerhouse.
- 3 -
The large rocks in the South Fork are covered with dense orowths of
periphytic alcae. The partially reoulated areas of the Flathead River also
appear to have more periphyton.
A description of the water chemistry nf the Flathead River has been done
by the Flathead Research Group (Stanford et al. 1979). V'dter samples have
been taken during the duration of this project. Samples are collected monthly
at the same time the invertebrate work is done and are being analyzed at the
University of Montana Biological Station. Chemical data will be included with
our next report.
Fi sheries J." , , ' '
Native wests lope cutthroat trout {Salmo cloAk-l tm^^i] and introduced
kokanee salmon {OncofihynchLL^ ncAka] both migrate out of Flathead Lake and up
the main stem river to spawn. Cutthroat begin their mi oration in late winter
and early spring. The exact timing of migration may be affected by operation
0'^ Hunnry Horse powerhouse (Huston and Schumacher 197^). Cutthroat spawnina
success is little affected by river fluctuations because most soawnino occurs in
tributaries of the North and Middle Forks.
Three distinct life history patterns of westslope cutthroat trout commonly
occur throuohout their range (Behnke 1979). Adfluvial cutthroat trout reside ■
in small streams for one to three years before eminrating to a lake. Growth
is Generally more rapid in lakes than in streams. A"fter a period of one to
three years in a lake, adfluvial cutthroat mature and ascend tributary streams
to spawn. Westslope cutthroat probably evolved as adfluvial fish in alacial
Lake Missoula (Wallace 1979). Fluvial westslope cutthroat follow a life history
pattern similar to adfluvials except maturation occurs in a larne river.
Spawninc! typically occurs in smaller tributaries. Resident westslope cutthroat ■
trout spend their entire lives in small headwater streams.
Adfluvial and resident westslope cutthroat are known to be present in the
Flathead River drainage. The presence of fluvial fish has not been proven.
Fluvial cutthroat may be present in the upper South and Middle Fork drainages
where anglers frequently catch large cutthroat. The North Fork has apnarently
never supported a fishable population of fluvial cutthroat trout (Morton 1968).
Many kokanee spawn in the main stem river during late fall. Incubation
of kokanee eggs can be directly affected by fluctuatino water levels. Kokanee
also soawn in sprinos and a lake outlet creek upstream from the mouth of the South
Fork. The extent of kokanee spawning in Flathead Lake is unknown at this time,
but it is believed to be limited by lake drawdown.
Other fish species in the main stem river are probably affected by Hungry
Horse operations during at least a portion of their life history. Other soecies
commonly found in the Flathead include bull trout {Salv^linu^ con()la^Yitiii>] ,
- 9 -
rainbow trout {Salmo gcuAdne.nA,) , mountain whitefish [V^o^opium inittlam^onA.) ^
and larqescale sucker {Cato6tomLL6 mac^ochelliU,) . Several other species are
encountered less frequently includino brook trout {SaZvo^tinui {)0ntlnali6) ,
lonanose sucker {Cato^tomLU, acito^tomu^] , northern squawfish {VtychodiQilui
o^eQoncyi6U>) , peamouth {h^.ijlodmltuA (iaa^iniU>), slimy sculpin {CotXLU> cogncLtui>),
and mottled sculpin [Cottiii bal/idi] . Several more species are known to be
present in the drainage but are rarely encountered in the Flathead River.
Bull trout are widely distributed in the Flathead drainage and are im-
portant trophy sport fish. Recent research by Cavender (197^) distincuished
bull trout from coastal Dolly Varden {SalvQ,tlniU> malma] . Separation of bull
trout and Dolly Varden into the two species {S. Con{ylLimtLi^ cfnd S. mdlma]
is oroposed by the American Fisheries Society (Reeve Bailey, University of
flichiaan, personal communication, 1979).
Specific sites where we conducted fisheries research included three
survey reaches and three electrofi shi no sites. Invertebrate collections were
made in the regulated, partially regulated and unregulated reaches of the river.
Survey Reaches
Two known kokanee spawning areas in the main stem river and one in
McDonald Creek were selected for intensive surveys. The McDonald Creek site
served as a control (non-regulated) area. It was located ,iust downstream of
Apoar Bridge. Deoth and velocity measurements were made along five transect
lines (Figure 5). The Kokanee Bend survey site was located at RK62 in the
east channel near the north end of Eleanor Island (Figure 6). Due to the
larae size of the river channel and the small liklihood that kokanee would
utilize the entire channel for spawning, depth and velocity measurements
on five transect lines were made out from the east bank as far as we could
wade at low flow (Figure 6). The Reserve Drive survey site was located at
RK50, iust north of Lybeck Dike, in a backwater area containina many sprinas.
Water velocities were negligible, but depths were measured along eight tran-
sect lines. In addition, we mapped water surface area at Reserve Drive at
flows of 38.2m3/s (1,350 cfs. Figure 7) and 300.2m3/s (10,600 cfs. Figure 8).
Flows were recorded at the U.S.G.S. gauge at Columbia Falls, Montana.
Electrofi shi ng Sites
The upper river electrofi shi ng section was located iust upstream of
the confluence of the South Fork and main stem at RK76 (Fiqure 9). Hungry
Horse operations did not affect flows in this section. The section began in a
lono, deep run just below the entrance to a narrow canyon. ^ riffle separated
the upper run from the shorter lower run. A boat ramp at Flathead River Ranch
bounded the lower end of the section.
- 10 -
- 12 -
FLOW
FLOW
Figure 7. Reserve Drive survey site at a flow of 38.2 M^/S
(1,350 cfs).
- 13 -
FLOW
Figure 8. Reserve Drive survey site at a flow of 300.2 m3/s. (10,600 cfs).
UPPER RIVER
ELECTROFISHING SECTION
BIBLE CAMP BENTHIC
SAMPLING SITE
COLUMBIA FALLS
ELECTROFISHING SECTION
SOUTH FORK BENTHIC
SAMPLING SITE
KOKANEE BEND BENTHIC
SAMPLING SITE
KOKANEE BEND
SURVEY SITE
KALISPELL
N
RESERVE DRIVE
SURVEY SITE
2 1
I h
0
KILOMETERS
KALISPELL ELECTROFISHING
SECTION
Fiaure 9.
Sampling sites in the main stem and South Fork
Flathead Rivers, 1979.
- 15 -
The Columbia Falls section, located at RK66 benan approximately 1km
below the Anaconda Aluminum Plant and extended downstream to the Montana
Hichway ^0 Bridge (Figure 9). The section contained three long runs
separated by riffles. It ended in a deep pool under the Highway ^0 Bridge.
The Kalispell section, at RK43 began Just upstream of the U.S. Highway
2 Bridae and extended below the Old Steel Bridge (Figure 9). Most of the
section consists of a long, deep run broken by one riffle and a pool under
the Old Steel Bridge, Between the bridges, the river snlits into three
channels. We sampled only the westernmost channel.
Invertebrate Collection Sites
The macroinvertebrate work has been concentrated in riffle areas at
three study sites: 1) South Fork of the Flathead River - 7.^km from Hungry
Horse Dam near the mouth of the South Fork, 2) Glacier Bible Camp (Control
Site) - 1.2km north of the mouth of the South Fork and 3) Kokanee Bend
- 11.3km south of the mouth of the South Fork in the partially regulated
main stem Flathead River (Figure 9).
- 16 -
KOKANEE MIGRATION, SPAWNING AND INCUBATION
Introduction
"Red fish," probably kokanee salmon, were introduced to Flathead Lake in
1916. In the intervening years, the kokanee has become one of, if not the
most important game fish in the Flathead drainage. In addition to the troll
fishery in Flathead Lake, kokanee support a popular snagging fishery in the
Flathead River and its tributaries. Kokanee made up over 80 percent of the
harvest of game fish in the main stem Flathead River between May and October of
1975 (Hanzel, 1977). Anglers from the Flathead Valley, the rest of Montana and
nearby states frequently catch kokanee at rates in excess of two per hour during
the snagging season. Liberal bag and possession limits have helped make the
fishery popular.
Kokanee benefit other fish as well as anglers. Bull trout and lake trout,
both popular game fish, utilize kokanee for food in Flathead Lake. Kokanee
have proven to be excellent forage for large predacious salmonids in several lakes,
including Pend Oreille Lake and Kootenay Lake, as well as Flathead Lake (Behnke,
1979).
Kokanee are probably more directly affected by operations at Hungry Horse
Dam than any other fish species in the drainage. A significant portion of the
system's kokanee spawn in the main stem Flathead River below its confluence with
the South Fork Flathead River. Other major kokanee spawning areas include
McDonald Creek and Beaver Creek, tributaries of the Middle Fork Flathead River,
the Middle Fork below McDonald Creek, the South Fork below Hunnry Horse Dam, the
Whitefish River and shoreline areas of Flathead Lake. A few kokanee spawn in the
North Fork Flathead River drainage. It has been suggested that kokanee from
Flathead Lake found their way into Kintla Lake. Allen (1964) reported kokanee
were never planted in Kintla Lake.
Prior to impoundment of the South Fork by Hungry Horse Dam, most kokanee
spawning took place along the Flathead lakeshore, in McDonald Creek and the
Whitefish River (Stefanich ,1953, 1954). After impoundment, a shift toward
river spawners was noted (Hanzel, 1964). The reason for increased river spawning
and decreased lakeshore spawning is not known but is probably related to warmer
winter water temperatures in the main stem river (Figure 4) due to discharges from
Hungry Horse. Winter drawdown of Flathead Lake is thought to have reduced survival
of shoreline spawning kokanee.
Kokanee spawning in the South Fork and main stem are affected by fluctuating
flows from Hungry Horse Dam. Maximum vertical fluctuations ranged from 2.3m in
the South Fork to 1.5m in the main stem. Kokanee prefer to spawn in shallow areas
with moderate velocities and small gravel. Consequently, redds were usually found
along the margins of the river and in slough and spring areas. If flows were high
during the spawning period, a large proportion of the kokanee redds would be left
above the water's edge when Hungry Horse powerplant ceased discharging. During
the cold winter months when kokanee eggs were incubating, mortality due to
freezing or desiccation could occur rapidly after the water level dropped.
- 17 -
McNeil (1968) felt year-class strength of pink salmon [Oyico-^kyndms go^ibLuscka]
in Alaskan streams was determined primarily by mortality during the incubation
period. Stober et al . (1978) obtained similar results with Cedar River, Washington
sockeye salmon. Life histories of kokanee, sea-run sockeye salmon and pink salmon
are similar except pink salmon migrate to the ocean soon after emergence while
kokanee are landlocked. Sockeye salmon normally spend one to two years in a lake
before smolting.
Incubation mortality is probably one of the most important factors governing
year class strength of kokanee. Thus, fluctuations in river level that increase
incubation mortality, reduce year-class strength and could subsequently reduce
angler satisfaction when a weak year-class recruits to the fishery. This could be
offset to some degree by the larger size of the fish.
The goal of this phase of our study is to evaluate the impacts of Hungry Horse
Dam operations on kokanee populations in the Flathead drainage. We established
the following specific objectives in order to meet this goal:
1. Identify the various runs of kokanee spawners in the Flathead River with
respect to timing and destination.
2. ' Locate and quantify real and potential kokanee spawning areas in the main
stem Flathead River and its tributaries.
3. Determine kokanee spawning habitat preferences.
4. Assess incubation mortality of kokanee eggs in fluctuating and stable
environments.
In addition, we studied historical records to determine if a correlation
existed between Flathead River flows during the kokanee spawning and incubation
period and the length of spawning kokanee produced under those flows. The stream
flowrfish length correlation investigation was undertaken with the assumption that
population density and kokanee length are inversely related. This assumption is
supported by the studies of Foerster (1944), Bjornn (1957) and Johnson (1965).
Methods
■■' Migration
Migration of kokanee spawners was monitored by direct underwater observation
(snorkel ing) , mark and recapture and creel census. We snorkeled throughout the
drainage in an effort to determine which areas were being utilized and to assess
relative abundance in those areas. Tag return information was used to estimate
rate of upstream migration and angler exploitation. Catch/effort data were collec-
ted at several sites to aid in documenting kokanee movement.
We spot-checked the North and Middle Forks in mid-September by snorkel ing in
and around the mouths of several tributaries. North Fork tributaries of particular
interest were; Kintla, Bowman, Logging and Quartz Creeks, all of which drain large
lakes in Glacier National Park. We also snorkeled the North Fork near Coal, Camas
and Canyon Creeks where kokanee had been seen in previous years. The Middle Fork
- 18 -
was checked at Ole, Paola, Coal and Harrison Creeks. He snorkeled McDonald Creek
from the outlet of Lake McDonald to its mouth on September 21 and October 17.
Pools in the Middle Fork from the mouth of McDonald Creek to its mouth were
snorkeled on the same two dates. The main stem Flathead River was spot checked
from the mouth of the South Fork to Pressentine Bar.
We tagged 247 kokanee with blank colored anchor tags on four different dates.
Blue tags were used on 104 fish caught at the Old Steel Bridge near Kalispell on
September 4. Twelve black tags were used on September 6 at Columbia Falls. Fifty-
nine kokanee were tagged with green tags on October 4 and 72 fish were tagged with
red tags on October 31 at the Old Steel Bridge. All fish were caught by electro-
fishing at night. Information on returns of tagged fish was volunteered by anglers
Spawning
Redd counts in the main stem between the mouths of the Stillwater and South
Fork Flathead Rivers were made during 7-to lO-day periods in early and late November.
We used an inboard jet boat to locate areas that appeared to be suitable for kokanee
spawning. Whenever possible, each area was carefully inspected on foot. We did
not attempt to count redds in the North and Middle Forks, McDonald Creek or the
Whitefish River.
Incubation
Egg and alevin mortality was assessed by two methods. Natural redds in several
areas were excavated to determine percentage mortality. We also planted eggs in
Whi tlock-Vibert boxes and bags made of fiberglass screen. Boxes and bags were
periodically excavated.
Natural redds were sampled in areas exposed to three distinct conditions, in-
cluding permanently wetted areas, areas sometimes subjected to dewatering but
influenced by ground water, and sometimes dewatered areas not influenced by ground
water. Permanently wetted redds were excavated with a hydraulic sampling device
(Figures 10 and 11) similar to that used by McNeil (1964). Dry redds and redds
wetted only by ground water were excavated with a shovel. Live and dead eggs
were sorted in the field, preserved in 10 percent formalin and counted in the lab.
Due to the high density of spawners in McDonald Creek, we were able to sample
random points within a previously surveyed area instead of pre-selecting individual
redds. This allowed us to estimate numbers of egcs per square meter for that
section of stream as well as proportions of live and dead eggs. All McDonald Creek
samples v/ere taken with the hydraulic sampler. McDonald Creek temperatures were
monitored with a Foxboro thermograph installed just below the outlet of McDonald
Lake.
Experimental egg plants were made in three areas. Eggs were planted in fiber-
glass screen bags at Reserve Drive, a ground water influenced slough in the main
stem Flathead River (Figure 9) and in the main river channel at Kokanee Bend. Both
areas had been surveyed previously. Bags and Whi tlock-Vibert boxes were buried
side-by-side (Figure 12) in Beaver Creek, a large, spring creek tributary of the
Middle Fork at Nyack Flats.
- 19 -
Figure 10.
Centrifugal pump and sampler used to collect hydraulic samples
of kokanee eggs
Two groups of eggs were buried at Reserve Drive and Kokanee Bend. At each
site, eggs were buried above and below the low water mark. Only one group of
eggs was buried in Beaver Creek. Eggs were excavated periodically throughout
the incubation period to assess mortality and development under the various
conditions.
Mr. Gordon Pouliot, a local resident, monitored temperatures in Beaver Creek.
No site specific temperature data were collected at Reserve Drive or Kokanee Bend.
The U.S. Geological Survey maintains a thermograph at Columbia Falls, approxi-
mately 4km. upstream of Kokanee Bend.
Stream Flow: Fish Length Correlation
Vie studied historical records of discharge in the Flathead River at
Columbia Falls and total length of male kokanee spawners in Flathead Lake in an
effort to determine the correlation between them. Several researchers have
suggested that growth of juvenile sockeye salmon (anadromous or landlocked) is
inversely proportional to population density (Foerster 1944, Bjornn 1957, Johnson
1965 and Rogers 1978). Whether or not intraspeci f i c competition is the mechanism,
the inverse relationship has been demonstrated. It is clear that strong year-
classes produce smaller fish. It appears that interactions between year-classes
can also depress or enhance growth (Delano Hanzel , Mt. Dent. Fish, Wildlife and
Parks 1979, personal communication). Intraspeci fi c interactions may be affected
by kokanee behavior. Kokanee are usually found in schools. Close association
of fish in schools probably accentuates the interactions more than would occur if
the fish were evenly dispersed.
We feel the most important interactions are those between adjacent year-classes.
Thus, when kokanee fry (age 0+) enter Flathead Lake, they would interact primarily
with members of their own year-class and the previous year-class (age I+). At Age
1+ they would interact primarily with members of their own year-class, the previous
year-class (now age 11+) and the year-class entering Flathead Lake that year (0+).
In subsequent years, 11+ fish would interact primarily with 1+ and 1 11+ fish and
III+ fish interact primarily with 11+ fish. Most adult kokanee mature and spawn
in the fall of their fourth year (age III+). The result of four growing seasons
spent in Flathead Lakp by a particular year-class, is three years of interaction
with the previous year-class and three years of interaction with the following
year-class.
We attempted to account for these interactions in calculating correlations
between stream flow and total length of kokanee by using a weighted three-year
moving a^'erage of flow conditions as the independent variable. Two correlations
were calculated. In the first case, mean November flow of the main stem Flathead
River at Columbia Falls was the independent variable. The independent variable
in the second case was a ratio of mean December through March (incubation period)
flows to mean November (spawning period) flows. Conditions for egg incubation
improved as the flow ratio increased. The dependent variable in each case was mean
length of male kokanee spawners.
- 21 -
Figure 12. Whi tlock - Vibert box and fiberglass screen bag used in
experimental egg plant in Beaver Creek.
- 22 -
An example of the procedure followed is presented here using data from
Table 1. Eggs spawned in the river in November, 1975 (water year 1976)
hatched in spring 1976. Fry entered Flathead Lake in late spring or early summer.
During their residence in Flathead Lake, the 1976 year class interacted three
years each with the 1975 and 1977 year-classes. Most of the 1976 year-class
returned to spawn in November 1979.
Flows during water year 1976 were poor for survival of eggs. Mean daily
November flow was 271.2 m^s (9,576 cfs), the second highest mean daily November
flow during the period investigated. Mean daily December to March flow was 128.7
m^s (7,396 cfs), yielding a flow ratio of 0.77. This means many redds were de-
watered during at least part of the incubation period.
Water year 1975 was the worst water year during the study period with a mean
daily November flow of 266.9 m^s (9,423 cfs) and a flow ratio of OAS. Water year
1977 was much more favorable with a mean daily November flow of 99.7 m^s (3,522 cfs)
and a flow ratio of 1.42. Thus, the weak 1976 year class interacted three years
with an even weaker 1975 year-class and three years with a stronger 1977 year-class
in addition to four years of interaction between members of the 1976 year-class.
Weighted three-year moving average November flow is calculated:
{ (3) (266.9) + (4) (271.2) + 3 (99.7) } /lO = 218.5 m^/s
Weighted three-year moving average flow ratio was calculated in the same
manner giving a value of 0.88. These values were correlated with mean length of
1979 male kokanee spawners (361mm).
Results and Discussion - ^
Migration
Although a few kokanee migrated up the Flathead River in mid-summer, the
first large concentration of fish appeared in the Kalispell area approximately
September 1. The first wave of fish moved upstream quickly. Two schools of kokanee
were observed in McDonald Creek, 56km upstream of Kalispell, on September 10.
We received 14 returns (13.5%) from the 104 kokanee tagged near Kalispell on
September 4. Seven tagged fish were caught in the area where they were released,
all within a few days after being tagged. Two caught at Columbia Falls, 24km up-
stream, on September 10 and 13 had moved 4.0 and 2.7km per day, respectively. One
was caught at Blankenship Bridge (47km upstream) on September 13 (5.2km per day).
The rest were caught more than a month after being tagged, including one at the
mouth of McDonald Creek and two that were caught downstream of the tagging site.
We believe most of the early run kokanee were bound for upper river spawning
areas such as McDonald Creek and the Middle Fork. Angler success at various loca-
tions along the river indicate a wave of fish passed through the lower river during
the month of September. Kokanee were abundant in the Old Steel Bridge area during
the period September 4 to 13. During that period we received half of our tag returns.
- 23 -
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- 24 -
After September 13, angler success dropped in the Old Steel Bridge area and we
concentrated our creel census in the upper river. Annler success (catch/hour)
increased from less than 1.0 on September 13 to over 3.0 on Septeipber 14 at
Columbia Falls,?4km upstream of the Old Steel Bridge (Figure 13) and remained
high through September 19. Angler success peaked on September 18 at the mouth
of the South Fork, 8km upstream of Columbia Falls. At Blankenship Bridge, catch/
hour increased during the period September 26 - October 1. Some fish may have
moved upstream at a faster rate, as indicated by the down-swing of a peak in the
catch/hour curve at Blankenship Bridge in mid-September (Fioure 13).
During late September the majority of kokanee in the river system were
observed upstream from the confluence of the Middle and North Forks, '/'e observed
small schools of kokanee in the North Fork on September 19 and 20 in the vicinities
of Bowman, Quartz and Logging Creeks (Figure 14). On September 21, an estimated
1,200 - 1,500 kokanee were in McDonald Creek and 7,000 - 12,000 were observed
in the Middle Fork below McDonald Creek (Figure 14). A large school was holding
at the mouth of McDonald Creek but we could not snorkle the area due to a large
concentration of anglers. Another large school of kokanee at the mouth of
Deerlick Creek could not be counted due to anglers. During the same time period,
only 800 - 1,000 kokanee were counted downstream in the main stem Flathead River
between the South Fork and Pressentine Bar (RK 55).
A second and larger run of kokanee moved through the system in early October.
The second run appeared to be composed largely of upper drainage spawners and
moved upstream more quickly than did the first run. Although kokanee were more
abundant at the Old Steel Bridge on October 4 than they were on September 4
(Figure 15), we tagged only 59 fish. Six (10.2%) of these tags were returned by
analers .
Angler success increased from less than two fish/hour on October 6 to 4.5
fish/hour at Columbia Falls on October 11 and from 1.7 fish/hour on October 11
to 5.0 fish/hour on October 12 (Figure 13) at the mouth of the South Fork. A
similar, although smaller, peak in angler success occurred at Blankenship Bridge
on October 16 and 17.
We snorkeled McDonald Creek and the lower Middle Fork on October 17. There
were an estimated 40,000 to 64,000 kokanee in McDonald Creek at that time, and
6,500 to 9,500 kokanee in the lower Middle Fork (Figure 16). Kokanee were so
abundant in McDonald Creek on October 17 that the estimate reported may not be
accurate.
The majority of kokanee that spawned in the main stem Flathead and South Fork
Flathead Rivers did not enter the snagging fishery until late October and early
November. Anglers enjoyed continued success at Columbia Falls from October 21
through termination of the census on November 9 (Figure 13). Catch rate peaked
from November 3 through 7 at the mouth of the South Fork. No kokanee were checked
at Blankenship Bridge after October 17, although anglers were interviewed on five
separate dates after that.
- 25 -
1 I I 1 1 1 1 — — -r — ~T 1 1 1 1 I
10 20 30 10 20 30 10
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER
Figure 13. Catch of kokanee per hour of angling effort by snag fishermen
at three sites in the main stem Flathead River, 1979
- 26 -
Kintia Crsek
Bowman Cr«ek
100-150
Quartz Creek
25
Logging Creek
Lower M I d d S e Fork
7000-1 2 00
Main Flathead River
800-1000
Camas Creek
Lower North Fork
Lower McDonald Creek
1200-1500
Deerliek Creek
?
Paolo Creek
3
Ole Creek
Fipure 14. Estimates of kokanee abundance in the upper Flathead River
during the period September 19-28, 1979.
- 27 -
20^
UPPER RIVER
RK 76
' — I i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20
AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
Figure 15. Catch of kokanee per lOOOm per hour of electrofishing effort
at night in three sections of the Flathead River, 1979.
- 28 -
Figure 16. Estimates of kokanee abundance in McDonald Creek
and the lower Middle Fork, October 17, 1979.
- 29 -
Spawni no
During our early November redd survey, we counted approximately 755-880
redds in the main stem Flathead River (Table 2). Most of the redds were found
in four areas -- Kokanee Bend, Buck's Gardens, Pressentine Bar and Brenneman's
Slough. We later discovered a spawning area in the eastern-most channel between
Pressentine Bar and Reserve Drive that w'as not checked during the early
November survey. We estimated a minimum of 50 percent of the redds in the main stem
were accounted for during this survey. The expanded count would total 1,500
to 1,760 redds in the main stem in early November.
A more thorough survey in late November resulted in a count of approximately
2,300 to 2,800 redds (Table 2). Spawning was concentrated in the same areas as
before but redds were more numerous. Large concentrations of spawners were dis-
covered near Columbia Falls and in the area between f'ressentine Bar and Reserve
Drive. We estimated a minimum of 70 percent of the redds in the main stem were
accounted for during the late November survey. An expanded count would total 3,360
to 4,080 redds in the main stem.
A late group of spawners entered Brenneman's Slough after our late November
survey. We estimated an additional 200 to 300 redds were constructed during
December, brinaing the total redd count to 3,650 to 4,510 in the main stem. Appendix
B contains a complete list of observed and potential kokanee spawning areas we
encountered in the main stem Flathead River.
With the exception of McDonald Creek, few kokanee spawned in the area
we surveyed during summer 1979. Approximately 20 to 25 redds were counted at
both the Reserve Drive and Kokanee Bend survey sites. Because of the large number,
no attempt was made to count redds in McDonald Creek. Kokanee appeared to be
utilizing all available spawning gravel in McDonald Creek when we snorkeled it on
October 17. Spawning in McDonald Creek began in mid-October and continued until
early December. Egg loss from redd superimposi tion was probably significant.
No kokanee spawned in Beaver Creek, a large spring creek in Nyack Flats
(twiddle Fork) in 1979. Historically, a large run of kokanee entered Beaver Creek
in mid-October (Gordon Pouliot, West Glacier, Mt. 1979, personal communication).
Beaver activity in the creek could have created migration barriers to kokanee;
however, we never observed kokanee concentrated below the beaver dams. A change
in the channel may have caused Beaver Creek kokanee to miss their homing cues.
Whereas, Beaver Creek formerly emptied into the Middle Fork, it now empties into
Deerlick Creek approximately one-quarter mile above its mouth. The channel change
occurred during the spring 1979 flood.
Kokanee generally picked shallow areas with little or no water velocity as
spawnina si tes . Mean depth of 189 redds in areas with measurable water velocity
was 29cm (Figure 17). Mean water velocity over those redds where velocity was
measurable was 11.7cm/s at a flow of approximately 285 m^/s (10,000 cfs. Figure 18j.
Sixty-one percent were located in areas of velocity less than lOcm/s. These values
are less than the spawning velocity criteria recommended for kokanee by Smith (1973)
and Hunter (1973).
30
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DEPTH IN METERS
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DEPTH IN METERS
.98 1.1
Figure 17. Frequency distributions of water depths over kokanee
redds in areas of measurable water velocity (top)
and areas with no measurable water velocity.
- 32 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
>- 40
O
UJ
o
LU
DC
U.
30 -
20 -
10 -
n = 189
X — 11.7cm/sec
10
-I 1 1 r I 1
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
VELOCITY (cm/sec)
Figure 18,
Frequency distribution of water velocities measured over
kokanee redds in several areas of the main stem Flathead
River. River discharge when measuretilents were taken was
apDroximately 11,000 cfs.
- 33 -
Incubation
Natural Redds \
Survival of kokanee eggs in the main stem Flathead River downstream from the
South Fork during the winter of 1979-80 was poor. Fxcessive mortality was
caused by high November flows followed by extended periods of low flow in December,
January and February. Extremely cold weather in January contributed to mortality
when redds located in some ground water influenced areas froze.
Every redd we sampled that was located above the low water mark and not
influenced by ground water exhibited 100 percent mortality by early January (Table 3).
!\pproximately 60 percent of the redds we counted in November were above the low
vater mark because kokanee utilized shallow areas during the high spawning season
flows.
Hungry Horse powerplant operated at peak capacity for at least a part of all
but five days in the month of November. Between 1700 hours on November 11 and
2400 hours on the morning of November 22, the plant operated constantly at peak
capacity. Consequently, most kokanee spawning took place above the low water mark.
Mormal peaking operations were maintained until December 21 after which the plant
shut down except for a few hours at a time until the time of this writing (March
26).
Egg survival in redds constructed in areas influenced by ground water was much
better (Table 4). Survival averaged approximately 80 percent in early January.
Some redds that received a flow of ground water nevertheless suffered 100 percent
Tiortality. Mortality was probably caused by freezing during a period of extremely
cold weather in mid-January. Two redds at Kokanee Bend sampled on February 5
suffered 98 percent and 100 percent mortality. They were located in an area that
received a small amount of subsurface flow. One nearby redd still contained 40
oercent live eggs. It was located in an isolated pool created by upwelling ground
iA/ater. Domrose (1968,1975) found few live eggs or fry in dewatered areas of the
Flathead River and Flathead Lake but found good survival in areas influenced by
ground water.
Redds in permanently wetted areas experienced good survival. Survival in
spring influenced areas was better than survival in main stem areas without
springs (Table 5).
Survival in McDonald Creek was comparable to that of eggs in permanently
wetted areas of the main stem Flathead River (Table 5). It is apparent from sub-
sequent samples that we either underestimated survival on December 21_or pver-
sstimated survival on one or both subsequent sampling dates. Overestimation could
be caused by loss of dead eggs due to predation or decay (McNeil 1968). However,
Dur estimate of the density of live eggs was higher on February 1 (1441/m^) than
on December 21 (1267/m2). , total egg densities were similar for the two dates
(1622/m2 Qn December 21 versus 1698/m2 on February 1). Reliability of the esti-
mates could be improved by taking more samples.
- 34 -
Table 3. Survival of kokanee eggs in natural redds sometimes
dewatered due to fluctuating flows and not influenced
by groundwater. Samples were collected in the mainstem
Flathead River during the 1979-80 incubation period.
Site
Date
Number
samples
Number
eggs
Percent
survival
Percen
mortali
Pressentine Bar
Dec .
31
2
731
0.0
100.0
Columbia Falls
Jan .
2
3
835
0.0
100.0
Kokanee Bend
Jan .
4
1
130
- 0.0 :
100.0
Hoerner Area
Jan .
4
2
406
0.0
100.0
Bucks Garden
Jan .
4
2
1,043
0.0 ■'
100.0
- 35 -
Table 4. Survival of kokanee eggs in natural redds sometimes dewatered
due to fluctuating flows but influenced by ground water.
. Samples were collected in the main stem Flathead River during
the 1979-80 incubation period.
Number Number Percent Percent
Site Date samples eggs survival mortality
Pressentine Bar
Dec.
31
1
263
83.7
16.3
Columbia Falls
Jan .
2
1
501
77.8
22.2
Fai rview
Jan.
3
480
77.7
22.3
Kokanee Bend ^ a
Jan.
1
144
87.5
12.5
Feb.
5
3
1 ,220
9.1
90.9
Highway 2 Bridge
Dec.
28
1
205
87.8
12.2
Feb.
4
3
469
69.7
30.3
- 36 -
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- 37
Experimental Egg Plants
Eggs buried above the low water mark in fiberglass screen bags suffered
100 percent mortality by December 29 at both Reserve Drive and Kokanee Bend
(Figure 19). These eggs had been dewatered for seven consecutive days prior
to excavation. Although we buried the eggs at Reserve Drive in a spring area,
we did not place them deep enough to keep them wetted by ground water.
Survival of eggs buried below the low water mark was slightly lower than that
of eggs in natural redds. Dropping water levels, caused by freeze-up resulted in
100 percent mortality of eggs buried below the previous low water mark at Kokanee
Bend. On December 28, the eggs were at water's edge and mortality amounted to
24 percent. By January 24, they were frozen solid in the substrate above the low
water mark.
Eggs buried in fiberglass screen bags at Beaver Creek had better survival than
eggs sampled anywhere else in the drainage. Mortality was less than five percent
on February 2(Figure 20). Survival in Whi tlock-Vibert boxes was lower, dropping
from 99 percent on December 21 to 69 percent on February 2. Much of the mortal-
ity in Whi tlock-Vibert boxes appeared to be a result of infiltration of silt into
the boxes. Dead eggs were frequently found in tightly cemented clusters. Fungi
and bacteria attacked the clusters and spread to adjacent live eggs. Harshbarger
and Porter (1979) found sediment accumulation and fungus development were signifi-
cant causes of mortality in brown trout eggs planted in Whi tlbck-Vibert boxes.
Rate of Development
Eggs buried in Beaver Creek on November 20 had accumulated 392 Centigrade
temperature units (TU) as of February 1 at temperatures ranging from 6.7 - 4.4C
(Figure 21). Essentially, all eggs were eyed (99.6%) but hatching had not yet
begun (0.1% sac fry). Over 97 percent of the eggs were eyed on December 21 (180
TU). Backwards extrapolation would set the date of 50 percent eye-up at December
6 (100 TU). Based on Hunter's (1973) guidelines for temperature requirements of
kokanee eggs to hatch, we expect hatching in the first week of March.
Spawning in McDonald Creek took place over a six- to seven-week period from
mid-October to early December. Consequently, a single date is not representative
of all eggs deposited in the creek. We chose November 1 as a median date of
spawning. Eggs deposited in McDonald Creek on November 1 would have accumulated
487.5 TU as of February 1 at temperatures ranging from 10.6 - 1.1 C (Figure 22).
on December 21 (350 TU) our samples yielded 5^ persent eyed egos. Backwards
extrapolation results in an estimate of 50 percent eye-up on December 18 (335 TU).
The disparity between TU required for 50 percent eye- up in McDonald and Beaver
Creek is probably a result of two factors. More temperature units are required
to attain eye-up at higher temperatures than lower temperatures (Hunter 1973,
Stober et al . 1978). It is also possibl-^^ that our arbitrarily selected date
of November 1 is too early. Although much spawning had taken place in McDonald
Creek prior to November 1, the high density of spawners may have resulted in
displacement of a large portion of the eggs deposited by early spawners. Thus,
- 33 -
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- 40 -
Figure 21. Accumulated temperature units (C), percent eyed kokanee eggs and
percent kokanee sac fry in Whi tlock-Vibert boxes and fiberglass
screen bags buried in Beaver Creek, 1979.
- 41 -
500
400 -
300
2:
<
200 -
100 -
rlOO
-90
-80
-70
-60
hso 5
111
0.
-40
-30
-20
-10
20 30
NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY
Figure 22. Accumulated temperature units (C), percent eyed kokanee
eggs and percent kokanee sac fry in samples taken from
natural redds in McDonald Creek, 1979.
- 42 -
most of the live eggs we sampled could have been deposited by kokanee spawning
after November 1 .
Hatching in McDonald Creek appears to have begun, in mid-January. Although
we collected a few sac fry as early as December ?.] (all in one sample), a sub-
stantial increase did not occur until February 1 (Figure 22).
We could not document rate of development of eggs in the main stem Flathead
River. Insufficient temperature data and difficulty in access due to ice con-
ditions prevented accurate determinations.
■Stream Flow:Fish Length Correlation
Both the November flow:fish length and flow ratio fishrlength correlations
indicated a strong relationship between flows and kokanee year class strength
(Figure 23). The relationship between November flow and length of male kokanee
was: L = 250.0 + 0.445Q, where L = mean length of male kokanee spawners and
Q = mean November flow of main stem Flathead River at Columbia Falls. The
correlation coefficient (r) of 0.89 indicates the strength of the relationship.
The relationship between flow ratio and length of male kokanee was: L = 365.7 -
27.92 F, where, L = mean length of male kokanee spawners and F = mean December -
March flow/mean November flow, both in main stem Flathead River at Columbia Falls.
The flow ratio-length correlation coefficient was -0.92.
The strong positive correlation between November flows and kokanee length was
probably a result of higher incubation mortality when November flows were high.
Because kokanee selected shallow areas for spawning, redds were frequently con-
structed well above the low water mark when Hungry Horse powerplant was dis-
cliaraing at peak capacity. Eggs were then subject to periods of desiccation and/
or freezing during the incubation period. Extended periods of low flow have been
common during the winter months. Down periods at Hungry Horse powerplant lasting
at least 72 hours have occurred during the winter months of every water year since
1966. When November flows were lower, redds were constructed in areas less
frequently dewatered and consequenl ty , mortality was lower.
A strong negative correlation between flow ratio and kokanee length would be
expected. A high flow ratio resulted when incubation flows were higher than
spawning flows. Thus, eggs would be dewatered infrequently.
Using the relationships we have developed, it would be possible to manage
flows in the Flathead River to produce optimum spawning and incubation conditions.
Our goal has been to produce adult kokanee averaging 315-320mm. Based on the
information presently available, this could be achieved with mean November flows
of 1^6-157 m3/s(5, 155-5, 544 cf s ) and a flow ratio of 1.64-1.82.
It is worth noting that the relationships discussed above were based on mean
flows and consequently, would not always represent actual conditions. Steady,
unchanoing conditions would be more favorable for egg survival than fluctuating
conditions even though mean flows may be identical. For example, if Hungry Horse
- 43 ^
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- 44 -
powerplant peaked at 283 ni3/3 (10,000 cfs) for R hours and then dropoed to
12 m3/s (500 cfs) for 16 hours, the 24-hour mean flow would be 111 m^/s (4667
cfs). The mean flow would be in the favorable range of November flows. However,
due to the delay in changing flows downstream of Hungry Horse, the flow in the
main stem Flathead River at Kokanee Bend (near much of the main stem's best spawning
area) miaht remain at near peak levels up to 3 hours later (Figure 24). The water
level at Kokanee Bend would not begin to drop until 2 to 3 hours after the beginning
of shut down at Hungry Horse and would not reach minimum levels for 4 to 6 hours.
Peak kokanee spawning activity general ly occurs durina the period just after sunset.
Consequently, kokanee could be spawning at peak or near peak flows even though
mean daily flow was much lower.
A more desirable option would be if Hungry Horse oower plant limited its
operations to half of capacity during November. This would not prevent the
majority of kokanee from spawning above the low water mark, but would provide
water to supplement minimum flows during the incubation period. Another ootion
would be to shut down earlier in the day, thus reducing flows in critical spawning
areas prior to peak spawning activity during the post-sunset hours. If a re-
regulation dam was eventually constructed downstream of Hungry Horse Dam, it could
be used to help regulate spawning flows.
Anticipated Research ' . .v ^;
In 1980,, we plan to continue our effort to assess kokanee migration, spawn- .
ing and incubation. We hope to tag 400 to 500 kokanee in the Kali spell area.
Four groups of kokanee, tagged with colored, blank anchor tags will be sampled
through the period of migration. An intensive media campaign will be used to
inform anglers of the program and encourage tag returns.
Redd counts will again be made during ground-level surveys of the main stem
Flathead River. Selected areas will be closely monitored in an effort to identify
time of kokanee spawning. Two high density spawning areas will be surveyed and
mapped. Frequent observation of these areas will allow us to determine spawning
dates for individual redds which can then be excavated at a later date to determine
mortality and stage of development. Mapping and surveying in key kokanee
spawning areas will result in quantification of spawning habitat at several places.
We hope to cooperate with researchers at Glacier National Park and the University
of Montana to operate a trap near the mouth of McDonald Creek. Enumeration of
kokanee spawners in McDonald Creek will allow us to make more accurate determin-
ations of incubation mortality and potential production in an unregulated stream.
This information is a prerequisite to determining losses in regulated areas of the
Flathead River.
We also hope to continue snorkel ing and SCUBA surveys in the lower Middle
Fork and North Fork. If possible, we will identify spawning areas in both rivers.
- 45 -
12 4 8 12 4 & 12 4 8
am pm am
TIME
Figure 24. Diel chances in gauge height at one station in the South Fork and
three stations in the main stem Flathead River caused by release
of peaking discharges at Hungry Horse powerhouse, August 2, 1979
(South Fork flows ranged from 164 cfs to 9,100 cfs main stem).
Flows at Columbia Falls ranged from 3,210 cfs to 12,100 cfs.
- 46 -
Our incubation studies will be similar to those of 1979, with some
modifications. We will select high density spawning areas as survey sites in 1980
so that we may estiamte density of egg deposition. This will allow better com-
parisons of the effects of regulation on egg/alevin mortality. With the
cooperation of the Water and Power Resources Service, we will design and execute
a controlled flow experiment to determine the length of time kokanee eggs can
tolerate dewatering.
^ 47 -
FI3H FOQD ORGANISMS
Introduction
This portion of the study involves the assessment of impacts of discharge
from Hungry Horse Dam on fish food organisms in the Flathead River. The impact
of the various alternatives on the aquatic invertebrates will be evaluated. Flow
recommendations will be based on optimizing flows which, 1) cause the least
catastrophic drift, 2) provide the most insect habitat, and 3) provide the best
criteria for the growth and emergence of important fish food species.
The initial phase of the study includes the collection of baseline data to
compare the biomass, species diversity and composition of the macroinvertebrates
at a control site and in regulated areas of the Flathead River. Phase One will
be continued throughout the rest of the study period. A second phase or study
will begin in April, 1980. This will include fish food habit studies to document
possible seasonal changes in diet and food availability in the regulated areas
of the Flathead River.
Certain changes in the discharge regime from dams can benefit invertebrate
populations (high minimum flows, predictable flows, selective withdrawal systems,
etc.) and thereby increase fish production, The effects of regulation on the
life histories of selected insects out of various project alternatives on macro-
invertebrate habitat loss and on insect drift will be studied during the second
year of the project. Insect drift will be measured in conjunction with fish food
habit studies and in relation to proposed discharge regimes. It will be necessary
for the Water and Power Resources Service to provide test flows to simulate
anticipated peaking regimes and various rates of increase and decrease of flows at
different times of the day.
The construction of Hungry Horse Dam has resulted in a number of downstream
modifications which are of significance to river zoobenthos. Rapid, short-term
fluctuations due to hydropower production have profoundly altered biological
processes in the South Fork. The hypolimnial releases from the dam have produced
extreme temperature modifications; presumably many species of insects cannot
complete their life cycles in this constant thermal regime. The lack of trophic
and habitat diversity also contributes to the severely altered invertebrate compo-
sition in the South Fork. The main stem Flathead River is affected by the addition
of waters from the South Fork, but the abnormal effects on the macroinvertebrates
are tempered due to dilution by the North and Middle Forks. Limited studies of the
manifestation of reservoir operation on tailwater benthos, primarily the insect
orders Plecoptera and Trichoptera, have been made (Stanford 1975, Stanford and Hauer
1978, Stanford et al 1979).
Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting the benthos in the
regulated areas of the Flathead River. The marked reduction in thermal amplitude
in the South Fork as compared to the unregulated North Fork (during the period of
the study for which thermograph data is available) is shown in Figure 25. This
greatly modified thermal regime may be the major factor contributing to the absence
of most species in the South Fork. The lack of appropriate thermal criteria for
hatching, growth, and emergence is sufficient cause for elimination of most species.
Ward and Stanford (1979) consider some of the thermal modifications downstream from
deep-release dams under the following categories: 1) increased diurnal constancy, 2)
increased seasonal constancy, 3) summer cold conditions, 4) winter warm conditions.
The thermal regime in the South Fork exemplifies these conditions in the extreme.
The above factors may affect invertebrates in a number of ways. Diurnal
constancy may lead to low growth efficiency. The reason for this may be that
- 48 -
different physiological and behavioral components have different temperature optima
(Ward, 1974). Sweeney (1978) found that the development rate of eggs and larvae
of the mayfly {J^onychla blcoloA] were positively correlated with the magnitude of
the diel temperature fluctuation. Constant seasonal temperatures are thought to
eliminate many species which depend on temperature maxima or minima to break diapause
or to stimulate hatching, growth, and emergence (Ward, 1976b). Summer cold condi-
tions may mean that total degree days may not be adequate for some species to
complete their life cycles, or temperatures may not be high enough to cue emergence.
The time between oviposition and hatching and the length of the hatching period may
be greatly extended by low summer temperatures (Elliott, 1972). Species requiring
winter chill (OOC temperatures) to break egg or larval diapause will be eliminated
if winter temperatures are elevated (Lehmkuhl, 1972). Premature emergence may
eliminate species if air temperatures are lethal to the adults (Nebeker, 1971).
The summer depression and fall and winter elevation in river temperatures can
also be seen in the Flathead River below the mouth of the South Fork (Figure 26). In
the partially regulated areas of the river, severe thermal fluctuations over short
periods of time may occur as power releases peak and wane. In the summer during
periods when there is no generation, river temperatures warm quickly since most of the
flow is from the North and Middle Forks. Mean water temperatures were very low
during the latter part of August when generation was almost continual.
Water discharge is a factor of key importance to the benthos, especially due to
its influence on temperature, current velocity, composition of the substrate and
availability of food. The discharge regime in the regulated Flathead River has been
discussed in the fisheries part of this report. The manipulation of discharge affects
the total lotic ecosystem. Due to the relatively low slope of the terrain, the riffle
areas in the main stem Flathead River are often shallow and broad. The wide riffle
extending across the entire east channel at the head of Eleanor Island (Kokanee Bend
benthic sampling site) is characteristic of this part of the river. Riffles are
typically the areas which are richer both in number and biomass of invertebrate species
(Hynes, 1970). Lo ss of riffle habitat thus has the most marked effect on the produc-
tion of fish food organisms. During minimum water releases from Hungry Horse Dam, a
substantial percentage of the channel is dewatered. We will determine the extent of
this area using aerial photos taken during full and no generation from Hungry Horse.
We will begin to evaluate the effects of regulation on the composition of stream-
bed material in the South Fork in respect to maintenance of hyporeic macroinvertebrate
communities during the second year of the study. The Flathead River has an extensive
hyporheic zone in which the channel and adjacent substrata are composed of loosely
compacted floodplain gravels. Water circulates deep within the substrata and laterally
from the river channel. This subterranean habitat is colonized by certain species of
macrobenthos . Stanford and Gaufin (1974) discovered the existance of a detritus-
based community of invertebrates in the water which circulates through gravels, which
in one location extends 4.2 meters below and 50 meters laterally from the channel of
the Tobacco River (northwest Montana). The extent to which this hyporheic zone may have
been reduced in the South Fork has not been quantified. The prolonged reduction in dis-
charge during the winter months may not provide sufficient water for extensive lateral
hyporheic development. Stanford (1975) suggests that continual clearwater sluicing of
the substrate, without redeposition of sediments during spring runoff has armored the
river channel, thus terminating hyporheic developments.
The South Fork supports a dense growth of peri phytic algae in the permanently
- 49 ^
S3UniVU3dl/\l31 >idOd Hinos
00 rs >o m cp
i
I r— I m— I 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I 1 r— I —
' m o o
S3dniVbl3dl/\i31 XUOd HldON
Lgure 25. Daily maximum and minimum temperature recorded at USGS stations
on the North and South Forks of the Flathead River in 1979
- 50 -
(OOOLXSJD) BOUVHDSia NV3W
i I I I i__J L_l I L
-T — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — rn — r— T — i — i — i — i — f— t — i — i — i — f
JO o m o
Figure 26, Mean daily temperatures in the unregulated (North Fork) and
partially regulated (Columbia Falls)_ area pf the jflathead Riyer,
and mean daily discharges are indicated belpw the tenjperature
data, 1969,
wetted area of the river. Inorganic sediments settle out in the reservoir,
reducina turbidity and sediment scour in the South Fork and main stem Flathead
River. Periphyton also appears to be more abundant in the partially regulated
areas of the river.
Reservoir seston is not abundant in the tailwater areas below Hungry Horse
Dam, since water is withdrawn only from the unproductive hypolimnion of the
reservoir. Plankton is not as available for f i 1 ter-feedi ng species as is the
case in natural lake outlets and reservoirs with epilimnetic or selective with-
drawal discharges. More data are needed on the dynamics of organic carbon in
the regulated areas of the Flathead River. The availability of various sized
particles to filter feeders, shredders and detritivores needs further study.
We will use a wet filtration method to size fractionate ses tonic particles
durinc the second year of this study.
Debris jams consisting of small sticks and organic matter were encountered
much more frequently when samplino the Kokanee Bend than the control site. The
water fluctuations in the regulated areas may collect more wood from the shore-
line areas, which are not in contact with the river during much of the year (i.e
after spring runoff) in unregulated areas. These debris packs may provide more
habitat for depositional species of invertebrates.
Methods
Monthly sampling of benthic invertebrates at the three permanent sites was
beoun after the runoff period in July^ 1979. Eight to ten samnles were taken
at each site each month by a combination of systematic sampling (the transect
method) and stratified random sampling (selection of habitat types) techniques.
Mean current velocity (taken with a Price AA current meter at the 0.6 depth)
and water depth were taken just upstream from each benthic samole. The maximum
depth which could be sampled was about 45cm. All samples were taken at con-
ditions of minimum discharge from Hungry Horse Dam, 150 cfs (4.2m^/sec) from
July to December and 450 cfs (12.7m^/sec) in January and February.
Two different samplers were used in an effort to reduce biases associated
with any one sampling device. Sampling in the Flathead System was difficult
due to the large substrate sizes, so conventional samplers were modified.
Our most efficient sampler was a modified kick net which was also being
used by the Flathead Research Group in the ongoing Flathead Basin Environmental
Impact Study. The kick net was constructed of an outer square 97cm wide and
89cm high, made nf Nitex with a 355 pm mesh. A bag (72cm long) with an opening
AAcm by ^2cm extended from the net. The bag was constructed of 150 um mesh which
retained many of the smaller insect instars. The net was held downstream from
the sampling area, which was delineated by a square made of one-quarter inch strap
iron and encompassed one- third m2. The net was curved around the square with the
bottom taut. Rocks in the sampling area were individually lifted inside the
^ 5 2 r.
baa and brushed clean by hand. After all of the larger rocks were removed,
the collection area was disturbed by kicking for 15 seconds. Organisms
were retained in a clear acrylic bucket (with a drain made of Nitex with a
150 )im mesh) at the cod end of the net. They were then transferred to bottles
and preserved in 10 percent (or stronger) formalin to which Rose Bengal stain
had been added (South Fork samples were not stained due to the large amounts
of aloae which also absorbed the dye).
The other sampler employed in this study was a circular depletion sampler
described by Carle (1976). The total area sampled was also one-third m2. The
height of our sampler was 54cm and the inside circumference and diameter were
205 and 65cm, respectively. The collecting net was made of Nitex with 150 |im
mesh. Our sampler was made of aluminum, which was flexible and allowed the
sampler to be wedged in around large rocks. Heavy rubber was riveted to the
bottom of the sampler to provide a seal. An exact sample site was chosen by
attempting to find a location where large rocks did not intersect the sampler
edge. The sampler was then rapidly thrust down and turned into the substrate.
If the sampler could not be stabilized and sealed within a few seconds by moving
rocks, the site was abandoned. The procedure was the same as with the kick net,
brushino all the large rocks and removing them and then kicking the substrate
within the sampler for 15 seconds. Where current velocities were low, hands
were used to promote the flow of water through the sampler.
There were some differences in sites the two samplers could be used. The
kick net functioned better than the circular sampler in shallow areas with large
rocks where certain insects (e.g. Hydropsychidae) were often most abundant. The
circular sampler functioned more efficiently in deeper water and faster current
velocities. If a complete seal was not obtained with the circular sampler, loss
of insects could occur, particularly when working in areas with a larae substrate
Some loss of insects might have occurred due to the backwash resulting from the
small mesh size used in the construction of the kick net. Immigration or emi-
gration of insects to and from the sample area was possible when using the kick
net.
Benthic macroinvertebrates were handpicked from the algae, detritus, and
inorganic material, sorted to order and placed in vials containino 75 percent
alcohol. All of the larger insects were removed and then the sample was picked
with the aid of a microscope. When the sample contained many small nymphs (less
than 2mm in length) a one-quarter or one-eighth subsample was picked. A number
of workers were employed to sort samples, so quality control procedures were
adopted to insure consistency. All samples were checked by a supervisor and
subsamoling methods were standardized.
All insects were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible and
enumerated using a laboratory counter. Chrionomidae have not yet been identified
to genus due to time considerations. Selected samples will be mounted on slides
and identified later in this study. Volumetric measurements were made with
the use of a 50 milliliter self-zeroing burette. Volumes were measured by
- 53 -
displacement, with any volume less than 0.05ml assianed to a trace value of .01.
Three drift nets have been constructed, but only preliminary sampling of
the drift has been done to date. These nets had a rectangular opening measuring
45.7 by 30.5cm and a Nitex bag with 355 pm opening which was 1.5 meters long.
The frame was made of angle iron with holes for steel rods which were driven
into the substrate: it was also anchored upstream with guy wires attached to
heavy stakes. Rubber flanges projecting backward from the edge of the net
prevented large insects from walking out of the net.
Qualitative samples of insects were also collected incidentally in a large
boat sampler which is routinely used to sample larval salmon during the runoff
period in May and June. Certain hyporheic species which were about to emerge
may only be collected during that time. The kick and circular samplers could
not be used during those months due to high water.
Results and Discussion
To date 158 quantitative samples from three sites have been picked and
analvzed. The benthic invertebrate composition was grossly different in the
South Fork than at the main stem stations. Species diversity was low in
the South Fork. Midges (Chi ronomidae) and oligochaetes predominated; small
numbers of a few species of mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies were collected.
Reductions in species diversity in the tailwater areas downstream from hypo-
limnial release reservoirs have been found by a number of researchers (e.g.
Pearson et al 1968; Hilsenhoff 1971; Hoffman and Kilambi 1971; Isom 1971; Spence
and Hynes 1971; Fisher and LaVoy 1972: Lehmkuhl 1972- V'ard 197^, 1976b; Young
et al, 1976 and Wade et al 1978).
Both the control and partially regulated stations on the main stem Flathead
River have diverse insect faunas. To date (July - November) 50 species of
Ephemeroptera , Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Emphemeroptera have ' been collected at
the control site and 36 species of these orders were identified from the
partially renulated site. The total number of species at each site will be much
higher when the taxonomic work on the dipterans has been completed and after
adult collections have been made and identified (many insects cannot be identi-
fied to species in their immature stages). The species lists for the control
and partially regulated sites are similar, but there are a number of differences
in the abundance of species at the two sites.
The fauna in the South Fork was dominated by the dioteran family Chi ronomidae
(Appendix D). Reproducing populations of turbel 1 ari ans , nematodes, oligochaetes,
and water mites were also present. These non-insect invertebrates do not have
an aerial adult phase and their life cycles would not be affected by the lack
of emergence cues (Ward and Short 1978). A few other insect species could probably
comolete their life cycles under the constant temperature conditions that exist
- 54 -
in the South Fork, although their populations were very small. These included
the stonef 1 ies ,Zapa<ia cotimbiana a few species of Capla and litacapviia, TaQnionma
paci{]iciim, and SMdZt^a -6p. and the mayflies BaetOi t/UaaiLdcitLU , SaeXi^ bicaadata^ ,
and Cingymala 6p. These species were consistently found in Soiith Fork samples
in various stages of growth Small VMLjacophlta and pupae of Rkyacopliila ven/iala
were found in the South Fork but it is not known whether trichoperans are able
to emeroe under these conditions. Collections of adults will help clarify which
species have reproducino populations.
To date a total of at least 18 species of Plecoptera, 12 species of
Ephemeroptera and 8 species of Trichoptera have been collected in small numbers
in the South Fork. The fact that only one or a few individuals of many of these
species makes it hiqhly improbable that they have reproductino populations in
the South Fork. Most of these probably drifted downstream from Fawn Creek, a
tributary of the South Fork. In September, five qualitative samples were taken
in Fawn Creek (Appendix C). All but two of the species found in the South Fork ■
during the fall season were collected in the Fawn Creek samples, providing cir-
cumstantial evidence that they could be drifters from Fawn Creek. Some of the
species collected in the South Fork were characteristic of smaller streams like
Fawn Creek and have not been reported in rivers as large as the Flathead River
(other than as components of the drift from tributary streams).
The extend to which variations in discharge from Hunory Horse Dam affect
numbers and biomass of invertebrates in the South Fork (due to sloughing of
the periphyton and the conseguent increase in invertebrate drift during periods
of hiah discharge) cannot be delineated until the life cycles of the major
invertebrates involved are known. Month-to-month fluctuations in numbers
(Fioure 27) and biomass (Figure 28) of invertebrates followed a different pattern
in the South Fork from that in the main Flathead River. Much of the variance
in the South Fork was probably due to normal seasonal variations in numbers
of the dominant midge species. Based on numbers of pupae and adults in the
benthic samples, there appear to be emergences from August throuah October. Life
cycles are generally altered under the condition of a constant thermal regime.
Insects living in natural, constant temperature springs have either longer
emernence periods or tend to emerge earlier than the same species living in
rivers (Nebeker and Gaufin 1967: Smith 1968; Thorup and Lindegaard 1977).
However, certain species appear to be capable of adapting metabol ical ly to
conditions found below dams. BaaZl6 n-hoddwi exhibited similar growth in
isothermic and normal streams in Ireland (Fahy 1973).
To date there has been little evidence of stranding of immature insects
in the South Fork. Rocks close to the water line were checked for stranded
invertebrates at each sampling date and essentially no specimens were found
near the surface. It appears that most insects colonize only the permanently
wetted areas (i.e. those wetted at minimum flows). It probably takes at
least a month of constant flow for substantial invertebrate recolonization of
areas subject to fluctuating flows to occur. If the water level is dropped
even occasionally during that time interval, recolonization does not occur.
In the South Fork much of the invertebrate fauna was associated with the
dense mat of periphyton which occurred only in the permanently wetted area.
- 55 -
15,924
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN
Figure 27. Mean number of invertebrates per m2 - July 1979 to Jan. 1980
- 56 -
The areas without the protective alaal mats orobably did not provide
suitable food and cover for these species. Fisher and LaVoy (1972) found
that the benthic community is able to tolerate brief periods of exposure.
Brusven, et al . (1974) found considerable taxonomic variation in stranding
susceptibility and tolerance to exposure. Stoneflies, caddisflies, and
mayflies do not readily colonize shore regions which are in a daily state of
fluctuation. Chironomids, however, have a greater flexibility in habitat
selection and are the principal insect inhabitants in zones of fluctuation.
Basket samplers will be buried in the areas subjected to fluctuating flows to
quantify the amount of subsurface colonization.
Accurate quantification of total biomass of the zoobenthos in the main
Flathead River was not possible because the hyporheic zone was not sampled
with our gear (we sampled the top 10-20cm). Comparison of the control (Bible
Camp) and the partially regulated (Kokanee Bend) stations was probably valid
for surface benthos, although flow fluctuations could cause more insects to
move into the hyporheic zone at the Kokanee Bend site. Most of the biomass
in the South Fork would be within the sample area if the hyporheic zone has
been eliminated or reduced. Gross underestimation of biomass at the other
two sites due to extensive hyporheic habitat would mean that biomass estimates
in the main Flathead River and South Fork would not be comparable.
The total number of invertebrates collected each month paralleled each
other rather closely at the Bible Camp (control) and Kokanee Bend sites
(Fiaure 27). The fall increase at both sites reflects the life cycle pattern
of the insects. Many mayflies and caddisflies and some stoneflies emeroed
in the late spring, summer and early fall months. Numbers in collections were
low in July and August when many species were in the aerial, eag, or early
instar stages. Mayfly numbers tended to peak in October and stoneflies in
November. Numbers then started to decrease as normal demographic events led
to fewer, larger insects of any species.
Total volumes were higher at the Bible Camp site in July and at the
Kokanee Bend site in October and November. The larger volumes in the fall at
the partially regulated site were mainly due to the fact that the large stonefly,
?t.QAcmoAc2,lta bti(ic(X, and the large caddisfly ^AxcXop^ycha gmndLfi , occurred there
in larger numbers than at the control site.
In July the Diptera were the numerically dominant orouo at Kokanee Bend
{^■^% of total) and the mayflies were the dominant group at the Bible Camp
(50% of total) (Figure 29). In October the dipterans were reduced in numbers
at both sites due to the fall emergences of the dominant midqe family
Chi ronomidae. The mayflies continued to dominate numerically at the Bible Camp
(52"/) and the stoneflies were dominant at Kokanee Bend (45/0-
The stoneflies constituted a larger biomass at Kokanee Bend than at the
Bible Camp in all three months for which volumetric data has been taken (Fiaure
28).
- 57 -
PLECOPTERA
EPHEMEROPTERA
100-
o
>
>- 50-
OQ
O
E
55 10-
o
100-,
o
o
JUL OCT MOV
50-
10-
_ —
L OCT NOV
o
u.
o
m
O
cc
UJ
a.
100-
50-
10-
TRICOPTERA
JUL OCT NOV
100-,
50-
10-
DIPTERA
JUL OCT NOV
BIBLE CAMP —
KOKANEE BEND
SOUTH FORK —
Figure 28. P^^rcent of total volume displaced by insect order in 1979.
- 58 -
BIBLE CAMP
JULY
KOKANEE BEND
SOUTH FORK
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
DIPTER A
OTHERS
TRICHOPTERA
PLECOPTER A
EPHEMEROPTER A
DIPTER A
PLECOPTERA
EPHEMEROPTERA
\\\!
DIPTER A
BIBLE CAMP
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
OCTOBER
KOKANEE BEND
SOUTH FORK
DIPTERA
OTHERS
TRICHOPTERA
PL ECOPTER A
DIPTERA
OTHERS
TRICHOPTERA
PLECOPTE A
EPHEMEROPTERA
EPHEMEROPTERA
\ V
\ \\\
DIPTERA
gure 29. Percent of total number of invertebrates represented
by insect order in July and October, 1979.
- 59 -
The mayflies had a larqer biomass at Kokanee Bend in July - mainly due
and November biomass as well as numbers of mayflies was iarcer at the Bible
Camp site. The biomass of caddisflies was larger at the Bible Camp in July
and September. In October the large abundance of the caddisfly, A^ctop^yak^
Q^cindi^ , at the Kokanee Bend site resulted in a larger biomass there even
though other hydropsychid species were much more abundant at the Bible Camp,
The species lists were similar for the Bible Camp and Kokanee Bend sites
(Appendix D). Very small specimens (generally 2mm or less) could be identified
only to family (e.g. small Heptageni i dae probably included mostly RlvLth^ogma
hage.rU in the summer months and ClmjQmixZa 4p. in the fall months;, small
Perl odi dae in August and September were mostly Jj^opuhXa {]ulva; small
Taeniopteryqidae included TaizyUonma pacA.()i.c(m and Vodd^ia oacyide^ntcUyU;
small Capniidae included mainly UtacapyUa (4sp.) and Capnla (^sp.) Species
of l6a(iapyLla were hyporheic and have not been collected in benthic collections
until the final ins tar (Stanford 1974)). Ephm2.^citla Iniimi^ refers to the E
IviQAmi^ - iE In^^KuciLiHYi^ complex. HantUi tAyicaadcutLL6 probably included speci-
mens of B, lnt^^2,dZiu which could not be differentiated in the smaller instars.
About the same number of species were found only at one site or the other
(Table 6). Many of these were rarer snecies which may occur at both main river
sites. The species of Siphlonuridae {Slpklonu/i(U , AmQ,l<z.tiu> ] were collected
almost exclusively at the Bible Camp site. These species were found in the slow
water's edge areas which have been largely eliminated at Kokanee Bend due to
the water fluctuations. These slow-water species were in-f'requently collected
with our sampling gear; an attempt will be made to better quantify them on
future samplino trips.
Most dipterans appeared to be more abundant at the Kokanee Bend site
(e.n. Blephariceridae, Deuterophlebiidae, Avutocha, AthnK^ix vanyingata, the rare,
primitive cranefly, ?^otanijd^A.ii6 , and the Chironomidae) . The first two families
have suckers which would enable them to hold on during velocity changes; they
are algal scrapers and periphyton was more abundant in reaulated areas. Athimlx.,
P/i.otanijdeALi6 and the Chironomidae are burrowers which would not be as subject
to catastrophic drift during the guick velocity changes due to regulation.
Most mayfly species were more abundant at the control site (Table 7).
Mayflies are scrapers or gatherers and might be expected to increase in regulated
areas due to increases in periphyton; this did not seem to be the case. SaeJ:Jj,
b-lcaudatuA and Bae;tc4 tAlcaadGutUi^ apoear to be able to maintain moderate levels
in the South Fork in the dense algal growths. However, Bo^ati^ 6pp, were more
abundant at the control site in the main river. The heptageni id mayflies showed
decreased numbers at the partially regulated site. Two of the most common
heptageni id species, RhJjtk^ogma hcignni. and f-pdo^iiA oitb<inX.aii have their gills
arranced to form a suction cup which assists in maintaining their position on
rock surfaces. Rapid water fluctuations and increased algal growths probably
impair the efficiency with which they can maintain their positions in the
- 60 -
Table 6. Species or family found at one site only.
Species found at Bible Camp only
Siphlonurus sp.
Ameletus connectus
Ameletus oregonesis
Ameletus cooki
Ephemerella hysptrix
Paraleptophlebia bicornuta
Amphinemura sp
Koqotus modestus
Rhyacophila vaccua
Ochrotrichia sp.
Brychius sp.
Species found at Kokanee Bend only
Ephemerella heterocaudata
Ephemerella spinifera
Isoperla patricia
Cultus aestivalis
Rhyacophila veoulsa
Neophylax rickeri
Antocha sp
Blephariceridae
Deuterophlebia sp
Dytiscidae
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- 64 -
boundary later on the surfaces of rocks. The reduction in mayflies at
Kokanee Bend could indicate a reduction in fine particulate oraanic matter
in the substrate. The Clearwater discharges from the dam would be expected
to remove the finer oraanic sediments on which some species of mayflies feed.
Many mayflies are found in the shallow water along the edge during their early
developmental stages. These shorel i ne areas are particularly affected by
fluctuating flows. Not many data are yet available on the species (e.o. some
Ephemerel 1 idae) which overwinter as eggs or small quiescent nymphs deep in
the substrate. These species may be better preadapted to reoulated conditions
since they are exposed to flow fluctuations for only a short time as active,
full-grown numphs (Henricson and Muller 1979).
The perl id stoneflies appear to be either unaffected {H<i^peAap2.Kla] or
decreased {Cl(U6^nla] by requlation. Stanford (1975) found that no major
emeroence of Cla6^Q.yiLa occurred in 1973, since discharges from Hungry Horse
Dam reduced the daily mean water temperatures enough to delete emergence cues.
The data on ?te,^onoACQlta badla showed a marked increase in this species
at the Kokanee Bend site (Table 7). It is a shredder which is often found in
depositional areas. Wood and large particulate matter was collected much more
frequently in our sample nets at Kokanee Bend and there are indications that
course particulate organic matter was more abundant in the regulated areas.
This may be related to the fact that fluctuating flows can collect more debris
from shoreline areas. After the spring runoff the river channel is removed
from shoreline vegetation in unregulated areas. . .
Our data show larger numbers of capniid and chloronerlid stoneflies in
the fall at the Kokanee Bend site. It may be that hatching occurred sooner
there due to warmer late fall temperatures in the regulated areas (they appeared
to reach maximum numbers one month earlier at Kokanee Bend).
Winter data will need to be analyzed before their relative abundances at
the two sites can be evaluated. It is known that many of the hyporheic species
were abundant in the regulated areas (Stanford 1975). Comparative emergence
data between the two sites will give a better indication of abundances of the
hyporheic species. They were probably unaffected or increased by requlation
since they are found deep in the substrate where flow fluctuations have less
of an effect. Also, discharges from Hungry Horse Dam are generally minimal
during their growth period (late fall, winter and early spring).
Caddisflies often show compositional changes in regulated areas (Henricson
and Muller 1979). In the Flathead River, A^(itop6ych(i gKaivicU was abundant in
the regulated site and the other hydropsychid species {e .o .SymphUXop^ijakd ohHoJvL
5. cocheAe/£^) were much more abundant at the control site (Finure 30). Stanford
et al. (1979) found the same situation in the unregulated North and Middle Horks
and further downstream in the regulated main stem river. AActop^ijdiP^ is a
large particle feeder (mesh net openings generally vary from 400-500 ym)
- 65 -
400-
300-
U
OQ
Z
200-
100-
Arctopsvche
/(KOKANEE BEND)
V
/ \
^ Symphitopsvche
osiari
BIBLE CAMP)
Symphitopsvche
osiari
I KOKANEE BEND)
Arctopsvche
grandis
BIBLE CAMP)
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
Figure 30. Number /m2 of the caddisf] ies Arctopsyche and Symphi topsyche at
the partially regulated (Kokanee Bend) and control (Bible Camp)
sites, 1979.
- 66 -
500-
NORTH FORK AT
CANYON CREEK
FLATHEAD RIVER AT
COLUMBIA FALLS
SOUTH FORK AT
HUNGRY HORSE
400-
IX
W
(f)
a
UJ
UJ
OC
O
UJ
o
300-
200-
DATA FOR
27 DAYS
100
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
Figure 31. Degree days (mean daily temperatures) summed by the month
for control, partially regulated and regulated areas of
the Flathead River, 1979.
- 67 -
(Wallace et al . 1979). There may be differences in available particle sizes
at the two sites. Carbon fractionation studies which will be done on a
seasonal basis may clarify this. It may also be that A^atop^ydie. is more
resistant to current fluctuations (perhaps because their nets are stronger).
Gloiio^oma 4p. showed an increase at the regulated site in our studies
(Table 7). It is an algal scraper and is probably more abundant due to
increased peri phytic growth in the regulated areas. The saddle cases it builds
would also make it more resistant to displacement or desiccation due to flow
changes.
Our data indicate possible changes in growth rates and emergence times
of some insects due to regulation. Life history studies (head capsule
measurements, adult collections) are needed to verify this. The estival
species (Brinck, 1949, estival species emerge in the summer and fall, then the
eggs stay in diapause until late spring) appear to be emerging earlier at the
Bible Camp. Colder summer temperatures at Kokanee Bend would slow summer
growth rates. The total number of degree days (mean daily temperatures summed
by the month) was less in the regulated sections of the river during July,
August and September due to cold water discharges from Hungry Horse Dam
(Figure 31). Several species of Eph^moA^tla appear to emerge later at the
regulated site. Ephm^^olZa tJ^bloLu, an estival species, is a particularly
good example of this. This species was being used for temperature shock and
temperature tolerance experiments in another study and could be collected in
larger numbers at the Kokanee Bend site than at the Bible Camp site in
September. S^matium oAcXlaim 'was found in the pupal stage in August at the
Bible Camp and in September and October at Kokanee Bend.
Species which are growing during August and September, when temperatures
were warmer at the control site, obtained maximum numbers one month later at
Kokanee Bend than at the control site (e.g. ClcL{>6Q,yUa ^abulo^a, I^opeAla {)alva,
Ephmz^e.-ila doddU>A^, Sifmpkltop6ycke- o^Zoaa, and Symp (veto psycho, cockoAntti
(see Appendix D). The reverse situation appears to occur in species which are
growing later in the fall (October and November) when temperatures are warmer
in the regulated areas. Small capniid and chloroperlid stoneflies reach their
maximum abundance one month later at the Bible Camp. These observations need
to be documented by emergence data and head capsule measurements.
Our sample variance was large - mainly due to non-randon (clumped) distri-
bution of insects in the river. The sites where some samples were taken (e.g.
those along the edge or on large rocks in the shallower parts of riffles)
provided much better habitat and thus had much larger numbers of insects.
Certain species, such as blackflies, have narrow habitat requirements and
were densely clumped. The sampling methods used did not give good quantitative
estimates of their abundance.
Our kick sampler consistently collected larger numbers of insects than
the circular sampler. This was partly due to the fact that the kick sampler
- 68 -
could be used more efficiently in the shallow areas where insects were more
abundant. Most quantitative samplers (e.g. circular samplers) were not nearly
as efficient in the larger substrate found in the Flathead River because of
problems in obtaining a good se&l . Under these conditions, the kick net which
is often used only as a qualitative sampler, appeared to sample more efficiently.
Velocity and depth measurements were taken with each sample. We are
usinq them to determine velocity preferences for the abundant species of insects.
These data have been tabulated, but to date not enough data points have been
entered at certain velocity ranges to draw accurate histograms. Some of the
curves are bimodal , possibly indicating a preference of the younger instars
for the slower current speeds (0-20m3/sec) at water's edae and of the later
instars for somewhat faster currents or deeper water (e.g. ^O-GOm^/sec. ) . Exampl
of the histograms we are developing are shown in Figures 32 and 33. These are
designed to give mean current preferences, since we are not measuring the
microhabitat current speeds. If possible, this data will be used to calculate
weighted useable area (the carrying capacity of the area based on physical con-
ditions alone) for key species at several discharges (Bovee and Cochnauer 1977).
Insects select areas within the river which have the most favorable com-
binations of hydraulic conditions (important habitat parameters are depth,
velocity, substrate and temperature). We have observed that insects are con-
centrated along the edge of the river at both sites, but particularly at the
Kokanee Bend site. This is more marked in the winter months when very few
insects could be collected nearer the middle of the river. In January we
removed some overhanging sheets of ice at Kokanee Bend and found large concen-
trations of insects under them. This could have serious consequences for the
insects during periods of winter discharge from Hungry Horse Dam. Ice scour
would occur in just those areas where the insects concentrate.
Concl usions
Seasonal fluctuations in numbers and biomass of zoobenthos were different
in the South Fork and main stem Flathead River. A full year of data will be
necessary to determine whether overall numbers and biomass were reduced or increa
sed due to regulation. The faunal composition was markedly changed and the
number of species was decreased in the South Fork. Seldom can a single factor
be identified as the major cause of the increase of a species ynder altered con-
ditions, since organisms respond to a combination of factors. The severe
changes in the temperature regime in the South Fork, however, were sufficient
to prevent most species of insects from completing their life cycles.
Due to the addition of water from the North and Middle Forks of the
Flathead River, the changes were much less marked in the partially regulated
areas of the river (the temperature was modified, flushino and redeposition of
sediments occurred during spring runoff; eggs and drifting insects could be
supplied from upstream, etc.). However, there were compositional changes in
the partially regulated portion of the river. Differences in total numbers and
- 69 -
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Figure 32. Mean velocity preferences of two mayfly species. The number of
samples included in each velocity range are aiven above the bars
- 70 -
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Fiqure 33,
Mean velocity preferences of two caddisfly species. The
number of samples included in each velocity range are
qiven above the bars.
- 71 -
biomass between the control and partially regulated sites reflectes these
compositional changes, due in part to differences in the life cycles and
relative size of the dominant species at each site. The delineation of the
factors responsible for these compositional differences requires further study,
but it is hypothesized that they are related to temperature differences, to
the ability of a species to withstand rapid fluctuations in water velocity,
and to changes in food availability in regulated areas (i.e. changes in the
amounts of periphyton and detritus and changes in the size of sestonic food
particles.) The type of life cycle a species has is also a determinant factor
in its ability to adapt to regulation. There are indications that the timing
of events in the life cycle was different due to seasonal temperature differences
at the two sites.
The ameliorative effects of the North and Middle Forks are limited during
seasons of lower flows from natural areas. Major changes in the discharge
regime from Hungry Horse Dam during certain times of the year could substan-
tially alter the composition of invertebrates in the main stem river. Marked
increases in discharge during certain seasons (e.g. during the summer
emergence and growth season or during the winter) could cause species extinc-
tions and marked compositional changes. Many of the species which were
abundant at the partially regulated site are absent in most rivers with hypo-
limnial or even temperature selected outlets (e.g. most stonefly species
[A^ctop^ycho.] . Until more information is available on what environmental
factors are important for the maintenance of a habitat suitable for specific
groups of species, caution should be exercised in altering discharge regimes.
Even though the partially regulated areas of the Flathead River are still
relatively species rich and complex despite perturbations, they are not resis-
tant to species deletion (see Pimm, 1979).
Anticipated Research
A number of additional studies will be done during the second year of the
project. The inordinate amount of time required for obtaining invertebrate
biomass estimates has demanded full attention during the first year. Good
baseline data are being obtained and will enable us to proceed with other
facets of the study. These include the following prioritized areas of research.
1. Complete baseline data to meet objectives as stated in grant proposal
i.e. diversity, biomass and life history data.
During the second year the number of quantitative samples collected monthly
at each site will be reduced from 8 - 10 to 3. Additional qualitative samples
will be taken at each site to insure that adequate numbers of insects will be
available for life history studies.
Computer analysis of community structure will be performed after a full
year of collections have been enumerated. Selected samples of the abundant
midge family Chrionomidae will be identified to genus for inclusion in
diversity indices. Calculations will be made for species diversity, maximum
and minimum diversity, redundance, evenness, equitability and species richness
(Shannon-Weaver and Brillouin - programs available in Montana State University
- 72 -
computers detai led by Newell, 1976). Wet weights of insects will be obtained
after head capsule measurements have been made and several methods of
estimating production (i.e. removal -summati on , Hynes/Hami 1 ton ) will be applied
to selected species displacement and wet weight estimates cf productivity are
being used in place of estimation of biomass by the carbon content method which
cannot be used on preserved specimens. Also, the carbon content method destroys
the specimens, and it is desirable in studies such as this to save the specimens
for future reference.
Work on changes in insect life histories will be done in an attempt to pre-
dict further compositional changes which are possible under changed discharge
regimes. The effect of possible compositional changes on the availability of
food items for fish will be predicted. Studies will be concentrated on the
Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera because these insect orders are
sensitive to regulated conditions.
Life cycles will be documented for the species of insects which appear to be
most affected by regulation (i.e. baseline data indicate that abundance and
timing of life cycles are significantly different in the unregulated and partially
regulated areas of the Flathead River). The following common species which show
compositional changes in regulated areas are possible subjects: VtoAonoAceZla
hadla, ClcuiydviLa i,abulo6a, l^openZa laZva, SwutUa colon.adQ.vu>-a> , EphmoAdtto.
inQAmU>, EphmoAdUia tlbloLUi, RhithAogma hag^nl, Epeo^tM albiintad, BaeZli)
t/U-caadcutLU) , Badtl-^ kaQdwi, VcuiaZuptophZibi^a. heX-dAoma, An-cXop-i^yckd gKandob,
Symphltop^yckd o^loAl, Sympkltop^ychu cockoAiilJil, and Glo-i^O'fiOma 6p. Head
capsules of immature insects will be measured monthly on 50-100 individuals of
each selected species to determine growth rates. Samples collected during the
first year of the study will also be used for head capsule measurements.
The effects of prolonged generation during times of major hatches (e.g.
possible species eliminations) will be predicted An intensive effort will be
made to collect adult insects in order to document differences in the timing of
emergence. Pit traps (buried cans containing formalin covered with a thin film
of diesel fuel) will be placed along the shore and checked weekly; shoreline
vegetation will be swept weekly. Light traps which are operated by photocells
will be run nightly during periods of peak emergence. Adult collections will
also be used to compile species lists, since some taxa cannot be identified to
species in the immature stages and certain species are present only in the
hyporheic environment and are therefore not collected using conventional methods.
2. Fish food habits studies
Seasonal studies (April, July, October) on the food habits of trout and
whitefish will commence in April, 1980. Fish will be collected using electro-
fishing methods. Insect drift nets will be set just upstream from electroshocking
reaches to determine insect availability, so that electivity indices can be
applied. Hourly drift samples will be taken two hours before sunset and two
hours after sunset (during the hours the fish we collect would be feeding).
Samples will be collected at the Bible Camp site (control), at the Columbia Falls
aluminum plant, and above the Old Steel Bridge at Kalispell. During July a 24-
hour drift study will be done. Food items will be identified to the lowest
taxonomic level possible and analysed using numerical, frequency of occurrence
and volumetric methods.
- 73 ^
3. Quantification of substrate size
The substrate in a given area of the river is largely a function of the flow
regime. Substrate variations due to regulation will be quantified by randomly
selecting ten one-third m2 areas at each of the three permanent sampling sites.
The surface area of the larger rocks will be measured and samples of the finer
sands and gravels will be run through a series of graduated sieves to separate
particles by size, and then each size fraction will be weighed. The Wentworth
size classification will be followed as closely as possible (see Cummins, 1962).
This will be done in late summer 1980 at minimum flows.
4.. Quantification of macroinvertebrate habitat
Estimates of macroinvertebrate habitat available at full, half and no genera-
tion will be made using aerial photographs. The reduction in area between half-
generation and minimum flows will be measured with a planimeter on the photos.
Estimates of the loss of riffle, run, and pool biomass of insects measured in
field collections in selected areas of the river will be used to estimate loss
in insect production at different minimum flows. Minimum flows are significant
because few insects can survive in zones of fluctuation. Limited sampling with
the use of SCUBA gear will be done in the deeper runs and pools in selected areas
of the river in the summer of 1980. Collections will be made in April and July,
1980 to determine the composition of invertebrate taxa in the riffles in the main
stem Flathead River immediately downstream from the mouth of the South Fork. The
effects of the warmer winter and cooler summer temperatures in the South Fork
waters would be most profound in the areas where mixing with the regulated dis-
charge is incomplete.
Sampling to get a rough estimate of insect production in backwater areas of
the Flathead River will be made in April, 1980. The insects in these areas are
particularly vulnerable when there is no generation from Hungry Horse for extended
periods of time. Qualitative samples will be taken from several sites during a
one day period. The biomass of insects in areas of fluctuating flows will be
quantified by placing barbeque basket samplers at various distances from the area
wetted during minimum flows at the South Fork and Kokanee Bend sampling sites.
The amount of colonization which occurs during a month in which flows are
fluctuating will be measured. - ; . . v
5. Experimental work on insect drift
Test flows will be requested in November, 1980, and possibly in late March,
1981, (in conjunction with fisheries studies) to determine the effects of various
discharge regimes on catastrophic drift of aquatic invertebrates. Specific
requests for flows will be made after all studies have been coordinated.
Artificial stream channels, which will be constructed for fisheries work, will
also be used to study drift of insects in relation to discharge. Emphasis will
be on using species which are reduced in number at the Kokanee Bend sampling site
to determine if they are more sensitive to flow fluctuations. Several experi-
mental flow patterns which emulate discharge practices at Hungry Horse Dam will
be used (i.e. raising and lowering the water level at several rates which would
correspond to Hungry Horse discharge alternatives). This work will be done in
the summer of 1985.
- 74 -
Five-minute tows to sample kokanee fry will be taken in April and May; the
driftinq insects collected in these samples will be picked and enumerated. In
May a 24-hour drift study will be made. Two 5-minute tows will be taken every
three hours. This work will give us information on the numbers and species of
driftinq insects during periods of normal high flows.
6. Experimental work on insect stranding
The artificial stream channels will also be used to study the effects of
dessication on selected species of insects. The channels will be dewatered
for periods of 8, 12, 24, and 72 hours and the resulting mortalities will be
quantified.
In situ field experiments will also be done to study the effects of dewatering
under summer and winter conditions. Several species of insects will be placed on
rocks within fiberglass mesh bags of the same type which were used successfully
in our salmon egg' experiments . These bags will be placed in the substrate (within
barbeque baskets in situations where rigidity is needed to protect the insects)
at successive intervals from the low water line. Controls will be placed in
the permanently wetted zone. The amount of time the insects were dewatered may
be measured with the use of temperature probes. The dessication tolerances of
several species will be determined.
The stranding work will be done mainly in the winter and summer of 1981.
7. Determination of sestonic carbon particle sizes
The concentration and size of food particles available to insects in the
regulated main stem river is dependent upon the discharge from the South Fork.
In order to determine the particle sizes which are available to hydropsychid
filter feeders, a wet filtration method will be used to size fractionate samples
of the seston from the control and partially regulated sites. Measured volumes
of water will be filtered through a series of stainless steel buckets with
decreasing mesh sizes and the carbon content will be determined. This analysis
will be done seasonally (April, August and December, 1980).
8. Periphyton sampling
The standing crop of periphyton will be measured by scraping natural and
artificial substrates from a given area at the three benthic sampling sites
and obtaining ash-free dry weights and chlorophyll values. Replicate samples
will be taken at three depths at the three sites in late August, 1980. The
autotrophic index (chlorophyll A/ash-free dry weight) will be applied to the
data.
- 75 -
MIGRATION OF ADULT V'ESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUT
AND MONITORING OF FISH POPULATIONS IN THE MAIN STEM FLATHEAD RIVER
In_troducti_o_n
Previous studies of cutthroat movement in the Flathead drainage have been
limited to information generated by recapture of tagged fish (Plock 1955;
Johnson, 196?; Huston and Schumacher 1978). Mark and recapture techniques
are limited to information gained at two points in time and can be misleading.
A cutthroat, recaptured at a later date in the same location it was tagged,
may have actually traveled over lOOkm upstream, spawned and returned.
Our research is concerned primarily with adfluvial cutthroat that migrate
from Flathead Lake to tributaries of the North and Middle Forks to spawn.
Althouoh spawning in tributary streams occurs in late ^lay or June, mature
cutthroat appear in the Kalispell area as early as February. Huston and
Schumacher (1978) suggest cutthroat may move upstream earlier than they other-
wise would due to peaking operations at Hungry Horse nowerplant. The freshet
effect created by release of a large volume of warmer water from Hunary Horse
Reservoir may act as a migration cue.
l''e are attempting to use biotelemetri c techniques to track adult cutthroat
as they move through the study area. Radio trackino should allow us to
determine if cutthroat continue their migration beyond the mouth of the South
Fork or if they hold in warmer water below the South Fork.
He are also concerned with the effects of Hungry Horse discharaes upon the
bull trout, mountain whitefish and other fish species in the main stem Flathead
River. Frequent electrof ishing samples are being taken in three areas of the
main stem Flathead River. These samples allow us to monitor trends in fish
population abundance and to monitor movement through mark and recapture methods.
Methods
' ''^ Biotelemetry "
l''e used boat-mounted electrofishing gear to capture adult westslope
cutthroat trout for radio tracking. Handling procedures after capture were
varied.
The first cutthroat equipped with a radio transmitter was a 417mm male,
weichinn 760g. It was captured near the Old Steel Bridce at 2100 hours on
April 16, 1979. The fish was held in a cace until 1100 hours on Anril 18.
- 76 ^
We anesthetized the fish, placed it ventral side un in a specially con-
structed box containing a sponge cradle. We added water to the box, keeping
the sponge and fish gills wet. A rectangular, temperature sensisitve trans-
mitter (20mm X -^Smm x 13mm) weighing 21. 3o (2.8% of fish body weight) was
inserted into the abdominal cavity through an incision in the ventral body
wall between the vent and pectoral girdle. An incision of approximately 40mm
was required to admit the transmitter. The surgical procedure lasted approxi-
mately 20 minutes due to inexperience of the crew and the large size of the
incision (12 sutures were required to close the V70und). Nevertheless, the ,
fish regained equilibrium and was swimming strongly 30 minutes after the
ooeration. We held the fish for two more days to allow it to recover from
suroery before releasing it. After release, the fish was tracked from a
jet boat. We followed the fish for 8 to 10 hours per day for several days and
then checked its location once a day from shore or from an airplane until we
could no longer locate the signal.
The second radio-tagged cutthroat was a female, ^09mm in total length,
weighing 590g. It was caught at 0900 hours on May 1, near the Old Steel
Bridge. A longer, thinner transmitter (battery attached to end rather than
ton of transmitter) was surgically implanted at 1000 hours on May 2. The
thinner tag was inserted through a smaller incision (approximately 30mm) which
was closed with six sutures, the fish was released at 1000 hours on May 4.
We attempted an oral implant on the third fish, a ^Olmm female caught
at 0100 hours on May 14 near the Old Steel Bridge. An immediate release was
planned, but after insertion the fish could not maintain equilibrium. We
held the fish in a cage until the following day v/hen it died. An autopsy
revealed extensive hemorrhaging from a torn esophagus.
The last fish v/e radio-tagaed was a 389mm female, weight 600g. It was
caught at 0730 hours on May 18 near Pressentine Bar. The transmitter was
suroically implanted at 0920 hours and the fish released at 2015 hours the
same day.
The main stem Flathead River was near flood staae in late May. Because
of the high water and our lack of success radio- tagging cutthroat in the river,
we made experimental implants in westslope cutthroat in Young Creek, a tribu-
tary of Lake Koocanusa (Kootenai River drainage). Montana Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks maintains a permanent upstream-downstream fish trapping
facility near the mouth of Young Creek.
Two cutthroat were radio tagged in Young Creek. A rectanaular tag with
the same dimensions as the first tag described was surgically implanted in a
male (394mm, 600g). A smaller, cylindrical tag (11mm x '^3mm, 7.4g) was
surgically implanted in a female (378mm, 600g). Both fish were caught in the
upstream trap. We attempted to minimize the time required for surgery by making
incisions as small as possible and closing them with as few sutures as possible.
The fish were held for one hour after surgery and released.
- 77 -
Fish Population Monitoring
Three sections in the main stem Flathead River were electrofished on a
more or less monthly basis from June through December, 1979. Two of the
sections were in the reciulated portion of the river. The Kalispell section is
3,050m lonp. It is located in the area of the U.S. Highway 2 Bridge and the
Old Steel Bridge. The Columbia Falls section is 2,^00m long, extending upstream
from the Montana Highway 40 Bridge. The Upper River section is located in an
unregulated area. It is 2,250m long and extends from the boat ramp at Flathead
River Ranch to just above Glacier Bible Camo.
We used a catch/effort index to compare catches in each section by month.
The index was based on catch, length of sampling section and hours of electro-
fishing effort expended.
Shoal areas in each section were electrofished at night from a jet powered
boat. Anodes were suspended from booms in front of the boat. Although not all
of a section was sampled, each section was sampled in the same manner every
sampling trip.
K'e attempted to net all fish that responded to the electric field. We
taooed all trout and whitefish longer than 225mm with numbered, anchor tags.
We used yellow tags for westslope cutthroat and rainbow trout, international
orange tags for bull trout and blue tags for mountain whitefish. Fish shorter
than 225mm were cold-branded. A different brand or location was used in each
section.
Results and Discussion
Biotel erne try
None of the westslope cutthroat trout we radio tagged in 1979 moved
upstream after being released. One fish, with a surgically implanted trans-
mitter, was found near death two days after it had been released. The other
two surgically tagged fish were presumed to have died. One fish was orally
tagged but it died prior to release.
Many factors could be involved in our lack of success. Biotelemetric
techniques for fish were first developed for large anadromous salmonids. Size
and weight of the transmitter was not a problem because the transmitter was
minute compared to the fish. Oral insertion was the most common method of
transmitter attachment. Groot et al. (1975) and McMaster et al. (1977) were
successful with oral implantation of transmitters in sockeye salmon, chinook
salmon {OncoA^hynchuA t^hawyt^cha] and steel head trout [Salmo QouAdndAl] ,
- 78 -
Oral implants have been made successfully on smaller, oredacious fish
that have large mouths adapted for swallowing large food items. Kelso (1974)
was successful with oral implants in brown bullhead {lcJ:aZuLn.iu n2,balo6a6]
and Hasler et al.(1969) with white bass {Ho^om ckn,Lj6 2,}36) . Successful oral
implants have even been made in fish as small as Atlantic salmon {Salmo ^olIok)
smolts (McCleave and Stred 1975, Fried et al • 1976) but only with very small
transmitters with an expected life of one week or less.
Death of the one westslope cutthroat we tagged orally resulted from a torn
esophagus because the transmitter was too laroe. Westslope cutthroat trout
normally feed on small invertebrates (Behnke 1979) and rarely feed on large
food items such as fish. Thus, their diaestive tract is not adapted to
swallowino larpe food items. A radio transmitter small enough to be inserted
into a westslope cutthroat stomach would not have a long enough life to yield
the information we seek.
McCleave and Horrall (1970) attempted oral implantation with Yellowstone
cutthroat trout {Salmo cloJikl bouivlQ.nl] but without success. They attached
transmitters externally. External attachment was also used by Knight and
Marancik (1977) on juvenile American shad {Mo6a 6apl(ia>6imcL] and by Shepherd
(1973) on coastal cutthroat {S.C. aloAkl] . External tag attachment reduces
swimming speed and stamina (KcCleave and Stred 1975) which essentially pre-
cludes the possibility of external attachment on Flathead River cutthroat that
must migrate long distances.
The only alternative to oral or external attachment is surgical implan-
tation. Coon et al (1977) were successful with suroical implantation in large
white sturgeon (Ac^peji6eA tAammontannA] . A standard technique for surgical
implantation in smaller fish was developed by Hart and Summerfelt (1975)
working on Flathead catfish {VylodlcJU^ oJUvaxJj^] , Ziebell (1973) successfully
implanted transmitters in the abdominal cavities of channel catfish {JctaJLuKuib
punctatu^] . Prince and Maughan (1978) modified the techniques of Hart and
Summerfelt (1975) to surgically implant transmitters in bluegill (Lepomx^
mac^ochA n.a^] as small as 195mm.
Our lack of success with surgical implantation was nrobably a result of
too much stress on the fish. The fish were probably stressed by our electro-
fishing (Schreck et al .1976) and by anesthesia (Allen and Harman 1970). In
addition, the length of time required to perform surgery probably stressed the
fish. Holding the fish during their migration period may have been a contri-
buting factor.
Our experimental implants in cutthroat at Young Creek were designed to
evaluate procedures and equipment. The fish were caught in a trap instead of
by electrofishing. A male cutthroat was held for two days before a rectangular
(20mm x 45mm x 13mm) transmitter was surgically implanted. The smallest incision
that would allow insertion was approximately 40mm in length and was closed with
- 79 -
three sutures. The surgical procedure lasted approximately einht minutes.
A slightly smaller female was held for less than one-half day before we
implanted a cylindrical (11mm x 43mm) transmitter. An incision of approxi-
mately 20mm was required. It was closed with two sutures. Less than five
minutes were required for the surgical procedure. Both fish were released
one hour after surgery.
Both fish remained in the pool created by the traps for four days. On
the fifth day after surgery, the female began moving upstream while the male
remained. The female eventually moved upstream 2.5km and was observed digging
a redd. The male did not leave the trap area during the experiment and was
recaptured 11 days after the surgery. The incision showed no signs of healing.
We were not able to recapture the female. -
Fish Population Monitoring
Westslope Cutthroat Trout '
Electrofishing in the main stem Flathead River for the ourpose of monitoring
fish populations began after peak runoff as flows v/ere receding. Few westslope
cutthroat were caught in the Upper River and Kalispell sections during summer
(Figure 34). In the Columbia Falls section, however, we caught cutthroat at a
rate of nearly 2 fish/km/hour in late June and nearly 6 fish/km/hour in August.
Nearly all the cutthroat we caught during summer were juveniles. Three
adult cutthroat (mean length = 397mm) were caught at Columbia Falls in June.
They appeared to be spent fish. Mean coefficient of condition (C) of the three
adult fish was 0.84, a low value compared to adfluvial westslope cutthroat in
Lake Koocanusa (McMullin 1979).
Juvenile cutthroat caught in all three sections of the main stem river
averaaed 60 to 80mm longer than juvenile cutthroat migrating out of Trail and
Red Meadow Creeks (North Fork drainage) in summer, 1979 (Graham et al , 1980).
The reason for the disparity in size is not clear at this time. Sampling bias
may be a factor in the problem. Although we sample large numbers of mountain
whitefish as small as 100mm, it is possible that cutthroat less than 200mm total
length are not fully recruited to our gear. Either the smaller cutthroat are
not present or their habitat preferences are such that we do not sample them.
Further downstream movement of juvenile cutthroat occurs in fall. Catch/
effort declined to less than one fish/km/hr at Columbia Falls in early October
while increasing from zero in September to over 5 fish/km/hr in December at
Kalispell (Figure 34). Catch/effort in December at Kalispell was bolstered by
the capture of four mature cutthroat (mean lenqth -- 39Smm). Appearance of
several large cutthroat in the December sample at Kalispell may be indicative
- 80 -
that mature cutthroat begin their upstream movement even earlier than we
thought. However, we are not able to determine at this time whether the
mature cutthroat in the December sample moved upstream, downstream or were
in the area throughout the sampling period. The latter possibility is not
likely, as we captured only one mature cutthroat at Kalispell in four sampling
trips ')etween June 28 and October 29.
!'ie did not recap;ture any marked cutthroat durina 1979. Analers returned
three of our cutthroat tags. Two adults tagged in the Columbia Falls section
were caucht by anglers. One was tagged on June 27 and caught August 8,
aonroximately 2km downstream. The other was tagged on October 3 and caught on
November 29, approximately 1km downstream. A juvenile cutthroat {2Mmm) was
taooed on June 25 in the Upper River section and caught July 9 in the same area.
Rainbow Trout
Previous sampling by Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
personnel indicated rainbow trout were present in the main stem Flathead River
but were relatively scarce. Our samples in 1979 indicate rainbows may be more
abundant than originally thought. We frequently caught more rainbow than
cutthroat in the Upper River section (Figure 34). Late fall catches of
rainbow increased in all three sections.
Future catches of rainbow trout will be watched closely to determine the
status of the rainbow population in the main stem river. Increases in rainbow
abundance couldVesult in increased hybridization with cutthroat.
"^^ountain Whitefish
Mountain whitefish were generally the most abundant species found in our
samplina sections. With the exception of kokanee spawners in fall, whitefish
were nearly always several times more abundant than all other species, especially
in the regulated sections.
Catch/effort fluctuated widely, but low points generally coincided with
peak kokanee abundance (Figure 35). Peak whitefish abundance occurred in late
fall when many spawners were encountered.
Five mountain whitefish we marked were subsequently recaptured. All but
one were recaptured in the area where they had been taooed. A whitefish tagged
at Columbia Falls on June 27 was recaptured on December 4 at Kalispell. Only
one of the recaptures was made by an angler. We also recaptured a whitefish
with a clipped rioht pectoral fin. It was marked in Coal Creek during the
summer of 1979.
- 81 -
UPPER RIVER
RK76
WCT
RB
3
o
X
o
o
o
^
z
u
<
5-
COLUMBIA
FALLS
RK66
5-
4-
3-
2
H
KALISPELL
RK43
1 1 " 1 — " r
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Figure 34. Catch of westslope cutthroat (wet) and rainbow trout (RB) per
kilometer per hour of electrofishing effort at nioht in the
area of the main stem Flathead River, 1979.
- 82 -
40-
30-
20-
10-
Figure 35
KALISPELL
RK 43
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Catch of mountain whitefish (MWF) and kokanee (KOK) per kilometer
per hour of electrofishing effort at night in three areas of main
stem Flathead River, 1979.
- 83 -
Bull Trout
Catch/effort of bull trout was aenerally too low to draw any conclusions
renardinn trends in abundance. Large adult bull trout were seen in all
three sections during our June sampling but few were captured. As with
cutthroat, juvenile bull trout we caught were si ani f i cantly laraer (60-90miii)
than those trapped in Trail and Red Meadow Creeks (Graham et al . 1980).
Nonqame Fish
Few nongame fish were captured during our electrofishing trips.
Largescale suckers were the most common nongame species encountered. We also
captured northern squawfish, peamouth and longnose suckers. Largescale suckers
are probably more abundant than our samples indicate. Large schools of suckers
were seen in deep pools during our snorkel ing surveys in September. Suckers
are orobably as abundant, if not more abundant, than any other soecies in the
river with the exception of mountain whitefish and kokanee during their spawn-
inn seasons.
Anticipated Research
In 1980, we plan to sample the main stem Flathead River more frequently
than we did in 1979. More frequent sampling should allow us to better determine
movements of cutthroat trout. In addition, we hope to collect a large sample
of scales from juvenile cutthroat. Snorkel ing in the main stem will be
attempted. Snorkel ing observations will be used to supplement electrofishing
data.
If flows and weather permit, we will continue our population monitoring
throuchout the winter months. Low flows and ice prevented winter samplina
in 1979-80.
It will not be possible to quantify mountain whitefish spawnino habitat,
but we will assess whitefish spawning qualitatively. Kick samples in several
areas of the main stem will be used to identify areas utilized by whitefish for
spawning.
Biotelemetric monitorina of miqratino adult cutthroat will be continued
in 1980. Based on the success of our experimental work at Youna Creek in 1979,
we plan to utilize the fol loving procedure in the Flathead River in 1980.
1. Allow fish to recover overnight from the ef-^ects of electrofishing.
?. Use cyclindrical transmitters with a 28-day expected life (approximately
the same size as the 14-day transmitter used at Young Creek.
3. Use a buffered anesthetic solution.
4. Implant the transmitter and close the incision in less than five minutes
if possible.
5. Release the fish as soon as it regains equilibrium.
84
APPENDIX A
Correspondence -- U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Correspondence Water & Power Resources Service
- A 1 ^.
Reaion One
490 N. Meridian
Kali spell, MT 59901
March 10, 1980
Larry Vinsonhaler >
U.S. Dept. of Interior
Water and Power Resources Service
Fed. Bldg., 550 W. Fort St. Box 043
Boise, Idaho 83724
Attn: Rich Prange
Subject: Comments on potential peaking power capabilities -- Hungry Horse
In response to a phone conversation we had with Roger Larson on
February 25, 1980, we discussed the assumed inability for Hungry Horse to
follow the recommended approximate equal monthly discharges we proposed for
peaking power. Also of concern was the minimum flow of 500 cfs we used in our
calculations. The use of 500 cfs was used as it was the recommended minimum
flow of the Fish and Wildlife Service.
The information we provided the Bureau in our memo of Febrary 27
indicated in crude calculations that. Hungry Horse Reservoir with a reregulating
dam, could provide peaking power capabilities under three discharge schedules
for the rereg with three alternatives of added peaking power capabilities.
We have recalculated Table 1 for subheadings A and B using a minimum flow
of 150 cfs and enclosed penciled new figures.
We have given careful deliberation to the tables Roger provided and
especially the average monthly discharge, cfs for the years 1929 through 1967
or "Study Number 7895" data.
We are seriously concerned with the management philosophy which I thought
I heard Roger Larson state in our latest phone conversation (about February 25
or 26). I cannot recall the other person{s) on your end of the conference call.
It may have been Bill Mullin. I understood, in essence, that even under peak-
ing power, the average monthly discharge would have to remain at about the same
percentage or the average yearly discharge that it is now, or be about the
percentages listed in Table X-1, line 3. Our concerns are that either with or
without added power capability if Hungry Horse is to go to peaking power, then
it would seem the best cost benefit ratio would be had by regular 5-day weeks
and discharge during the 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. peak use period.
Reservoir
- 2 -
Based on the diel changes in spawning activity we feel that a change from
peak discharge to minimum flow from the rereg dam should start about three
hours prior to sundown or between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. during the November
spawning period (see Figure 1). In order that full peaking discharge from
Hungry Horse Dam can continue to 4 p.m. we would suggest that refilling the
rereg should be started about 1 p.m. with a filling rate of; 1) 11,417 cfs
inflow, 2) 3,000 outflow and 3) 8,417 cfs net filling rate. This would result
in a 3,000 cfs discharge from the rereg structure for downstream spawning areas.
It is believed the major spawning activity occurs during the first four
or five hours after sundown. We would like to keep discharge at the rereg at
about 3,000 cfs until 7 or 8 p.m. which would confine spawning to the wetted
sutiable areas available at a discharge of about 4,500 cfs at Columbia Falls
gauge station. Main river flows excluding the South Fork are about 1,500 cfs
in November.
At 8 p.m. the rereg discharge would drop to 2,000 cfs and could be maintained
at about that flow until Hungry Horse Dam came on line between 7 and 8 p.m.
The rereg would pass the full Hungry Horse discharge without any filling from
8 a.m. until 1 p.m. at which time the cycle would be repeated and continued
for the 5-day peaking week. Figures 1 through 4 illustrate possible discharge
and power alternatives discussed in the paragraphs immediately preceding for
reregulation for November 1 through April 15 for all waters of average or
above predicted runoff.
The proposed discharge of 3,000 cfs to 8 p.m. illustrated in Figures 1 through
4 would be the recommended mode of operation from November 1 to at least
April 15. This is deemed better than gradual ly decreasing the flow over that
time becauise it will keep the spawned eggs submerged for a longer period of time
each day. This pattern could be maintained for 48 weeks in a year with average
or better precipitation. We assumed that no discahrge for generation would be
made during the approximate one month of flood stage in the Flathead River.
In attempting to relate these potential peaking power alternatives with salmon
reproduction and survival, we have assumed that average annual discharge from
Hungry Horse Reservoir would be 2,571,000 acre feet per water year. Looking
at Table 1, Section A, it appears that adequate water would be present for all
alternatives except rewind and powerhouse plus reregulation for 52 weeks
peaking per year. There might be enough water for the combined rewind and
powerhouse alternative if peaking was suspended for a week or two during the
highest river floodstage.
Table 1 B, a 48-week peaking program would have water for all four power alterna-
tives. In addition, there would be water to provide the main river with 1,000
cfs minimum flow for the 24 weeks of major growth and emergence of macroi nverte-
brates for April and July through September for existing and rewind alternatives.
- 3 -
It appears that there would be benefits over present "good years" for all .... ,
but rewind and powerhouse alternative for 52 weeks under average or better
runoff conditions.
During low water years discharge operations would have to be modified for
example to peaking for 5 days per week at 6 hours peaking oer day (Figure 5)
or 4 days a week at 8 hours peaking per day (Figure 6). Water requirements '
for a 5-day, 6-hour per day discharge are shown in Table 2A. All four
alternatives would have enough water to operate at a runoff of about 75
percent of normal. Table 2B gives our estimate of water needed to discharge
peaking power 5 days per week at 6 hours per day. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate
the largest power alternatives (powerhouse plus rewind) quantified in Table 2.
If a 4-day week at 8 hours per day is more in line with peaking power needs
than 5 days at 6 hours the additional off-day could be scheduled for Wednesday
to avoid having the river bed exposed to minimum off-day flows for more than
two consecutive days. This would be most useful in maintaining bank storage
levels during off-days. Notice that according to our calculations during a
water year that is 75 percent of normal, when peaking 5 days for 6 hours,
water would be available for all power alternatives (74% on rewind and power-
house) while peaking 4 days for 8 hours would require 76 percent or more of
averaae runoff for both powerhouse and rewind plus powerhouse alternatives
(Table 2).
A revision of the FSU (Fisherman Satisfaction Units) first given in the memo
to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on May 3, 1979 was necessary in light
of the changed concepts of power alternatives in respect to options for
power peaking other than on a regular 8-hour, 5 days a week schedule for 52
weeks of 48 weeks per year. Table 5 of that May, 1979 memo should be replaced
by the estimates given in Table 3 comparing benefits which could be expected
from each alternative in comparison to FSU's derived during existing good
years from the period 1968-79.
For low water years, all power alternatives with reregulation would have better
FSU's than low water years under existing discharge patterns. These are
generally expected to be better than twice the poor year's under existing
operation. Although benefits during low water years would be less than for
existing "good years" they do approach it with both the rereg only and
rereg plus rewind alternatives.
It should be mentioned that when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service calculated
expected angler expenditures, their data should apply for every year with
reregulation although under the existing operation of Hungry Horse Dam, poor
years can be 50 percent of the time or five out of ten years. Table 1
of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service memo to the Bureau of Reclamation
(June 20, 1979) will likely be revised and included in their report to the
Water and Power Resources Service (Bureau of Reclamation) soon.
- 4 -
Power alternatives without reregulation
One of the misunderstandings from early discussions centered around the concept
that peaking power with no reregulation would be limited to the same 8-hour
day, 5 days per week as would occur under the rereg dam concept. I think we
can definitely say that limiting peaking power to a rigid 8-hour day for 5 days
per week would have less impact on the kokanee than the existing prolonged
periods of 12-18 hours generation followed by consecutive weeks of no genera-
tion at all. Determining how much the impacts will change brings another
set of unknown variables into the process. We do have crude data on angler
harvest which illustrates that during years with high generation in November
and low flows in March and early April result in low numbers of adults from
that year-class which is probably poor egg survival while the reverse in flow
patterns tends to provide larger numbers of adults. Egg survival also appears
to depend on the number of consecutive days without generation during incubation.
One of the main advantages the rereg dam would offer is the ability to reduce
water levels on the spawning grounds to 4,500 cfs (3,000 rereg and main river
1,500 cfs) between 5 and 6 p.m. and hold it at a constant 4,500 cfs on the
spawning grounds from 5 to 10 p.m. In addition, the rereg would allow a
minimum flow of 3,500 cfs over the spawning grounds 5 days per week.
Without reregulation an 8-hour peaking day (8 a.m. to 4 p.m.) would result in
flows on the spawning grounds of 11,417; 12,060; 13,367 or 13,783 cfs for 2 to
5 hours during prime spawning time 5 days per week. This would result in salmon
spawning higher on the gravel banks where bank storage and spring seeps supply
little or no water during the days of no generation.
Some very preliminary data gathered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
Montana Dept. of Fish and Game on September 27 and 28, 1978 indicated the
necessary low velocities for kokanee spawning were found from about 0.5 feet
to no more than 1.75 feet of depth in the partial cross-sections of kokanee
spawning habitat. Preferential spawning velocities compiled mainly from the
literature and some local observations were plotted and showed that spawning
occurred primarily between 0.4 and 1.2 feet per second velocity. This habitat
only occurs near the margins of large rivers such as the Flathead. It is
imperative that flows during prime spawning time be low enough to ensure that
kokanee are confined to areas where redds will be wetted under low flows or in
areas where bank storage or spring seep can keep the eggs wetted during
intervals when Hungry Horse is off-line or at half generation.
Although there are some areas of acceptable depth and velocity at discharges
which occur during the nonpower generation period such redds would likely be
swept away during peak discharges. Flows in November of 1,500 cfs can presently
be increased by 10,000 cfs and to a proposed 13,783 cfs could increase water
depths by 5 feet and increase velocities in excess of 5 feet per second near
the thalweg. Increased spawning flows during off-line time would reduce impact
of peak flows on redds as well as increasing the overall quantity of acceptable
spawni ng.
- 5 -
At this time it appears to Department of Fish, Wildlife and Park biologists
that flows most likely to provide optimum quantity of spawning habitat and
the lowest mortality of eggs in the redds is about 4,500 cfs on the spawning
grounds. These flows could best be provided with a discharge of 3,000 cfs
starting about 2 p.m. at the reregulating dam.
The comparison of Table 3 with Table 4 of the Montana Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Park's memo of June, 1979 will show the nearly complete disaster ■
of peaking and peaking with added power but without reregulation. The
principal reason the timing of flow releases and secondarily because salmon
redds spawned at any flow larger than minimum flows would be exposed to
freezing and desiccation for 18 hours each day, plus the regular 2-day weekend.
This poor situation could be improved if daily peaking hours would start at
6 a.m. and end at 2 p.m.. In this schedule, redds would all be confined to the
areas wetted at low flows. Redds would at least stay wetted but production
would be very low because of limited spawning habitat at that flow level
and the probable egg mortality resulting by many pairs reworking previous
pair's redds. In addition, the macroi nvertebrate population would probably
be restricted to areas wetted only at the minimum flow.
Possible solutions to existing problems prior to alternative power and
reregulating dam construction
Even with best of intentions and planning under the present process of getting
authorization for construction if the alternatives are found feasible, we
believe it is likely that completed construction and fishery mitigation are
a minimum of ten years down the road. A more likely time estimate would be 15
to 20 years. It should also be pointed out that predictable, scheduled
peaking discharges are necessary to manage the fishery and power resources with
any sense of consistency. This would require that water in Hungry Horse be
reserved strictly for power peaking use rather than for unscheduled base load
needs elsewhere in the power system. Prolonged periods of peaking on off-line
use of the Hungry Horse System would completely disrupt the estimated benefits
resulting from a reregulating dam.
We have mentioned in previous discussions the possibility of constructing a
kokanee spawning channel as a means of stabilizing salmon incubation at some
reasonable level. In 1978-79 water year, power generation was off for nearly
five weeks in December and January and in the 1979-80 water year we have seen
more long periods of no power generation. In this year's spawning data, we
have already found 100 percent egg mortality in redds spawned above the minimum
flow level. This was quite common because peak discharges occurred 24 hours
a day in November this year.
_ 6 _
A spawning channel could be built in a single season and placed in operation
to provide salmon for the years before the rereg and power determination were
possible. We would start preliminary sizing and location estimates of such
a structure if requested. We are enclosing some leaflets on the Meadow Creek
spawning channel of Kootenai Lakes, British Columbia. They have constructed
several successful artificial spawning channels in British Columbia and feel
they are placed where they are strongly cost beneficial.
Sincerely,
• ; Thomas R. Hay
Regional Supervisor
-ri'... By:
■ ■ - Robert E. Schumacher
■ Regional Fisheries Manager
TRH:RES:ns
Ends: ;
cc: John Lloyd
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Table 4. (Revised 3/10/80 ) Estimated FSU with peaking power
without reregulation _„ ^
** ★*
Good Year Poor Year
Alternative FSU % Change FSU % Change
Exi sting
Non-peaking
Peaki nq
+
634,800
169,364
190,250
359,614
60%
43%
of
211 ,388
190,250
total
- 10%
Rewi nd
+
105,852
179,680
285,533
75%
55%
of
179,680
total
- 15%
Powerhouse
+
84,682
169,110
253,792
80%
60%
of
169,110
total
- 20%
Rewind and Powerhouse
+
42,341
-147,972
190,312
90%
70%
of
147,972
total
- 30%
* Revised and modified from memo to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6/79
and to replace Table 4 of memo to Bureau of Reclamation of 2/27/80
** Good Years five out of ten years (1968-1978)
Percent loss from 423,412 FSU
Repion One
490 N. Meridian
Kali spell, MT 59901
March 10, 1980
Larry Vinsonhaler
U.S. Dept. of Interior
Water and Power Resources Service
Fed. Bldg., 550 W. Fort St. Box 043
Boise, Idaho 83724 ^ '
Attn: Rich Prange ■
Subject: Comments on potential peaking power capabilities -- Hungry Horse
Reservoir
In response to a phone conversation we had with Roger Larson on
February 25, 1980, we discussed the assumed inability for Hungry Horse to
follow the recommended approximate equal monthly discharges we proposed for
peaking power. Also of concern was the minimum flow of 500 cfs we used in our
calculations. The use of 500 cfs was used as it was the recommended minimum
flow of the Fish and Wildlife Service.
The information we provided the Bureau in our memo of Febrary 27
indicated in crude calculations that. Hungry Horse Reservoir with a reregulating
dam, could provide peaking power capabilities under three discharge schedules
for the rereg with three alternatives of added peaking power capabilities.
We have recalculated Table 1 for subheadings A and B using a minimum flow
of 150 cfs and enclosed penciled new figures.
We have given careful deliberation to the tables Roger provided and
especially the average monthly discharge, cfs for the years 1929 through 1967
or "Study Number 7895" data.
We are seriously concerned with the management philosophy which I thought
I heard Roger Larson state in our latest phone conversation (about February 25
or 26). I cannot recall the other person (s) on your end of the conference call.
It may have been Bill Mull in. I understood, in essence, that even under peak-
ing power, the average monthly discharge would have to remain at about the same
percentage or the average yearly discharge that it is now, or be about the
percentages listed in Table X-1, line 3. Our concerns are that either with or
without added power capability if Hungry Horse is to go to peaking power, then
it would seem the best cost benefit ratio would be had by regular 5-day weeks
and discharge during the 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. peak use period.
larry Vinsonhaler
Paae Two
March 10, 1980
The Department is of the opinion that, with major changes in discharge
toward a peaking power regime, this would be the time to make such other '•
chances as minor alterations in mean monthly discharae. Also, we would ^-
sugaest selecting schedules for peaking power discharges in low water years ^'
which would give consideration to the fishery and aquatic resource as well as
meeting other contracts of storage and release commitments. The Environmental
concerns must not be made to carry the full sacrifice in years of low water.
We recognize that in any one year the maximum benefits come from genera-
tion use of all stored water which can be predicted to be replaced in that
water year. For instance, in Table lA, under Power House (2/27/80 memo) or
Rewind and Power House , my figures would indicate only 92 and 95 percent,
respectively, would be used of an average discharge year with a 150 cfs minimum
flow. We would suggest that the balance of unprogrammed water could be used
effectively by adding a half hour before 8 a.m. and a half hour after 4 p.m.
for any month desired except for November. This would make best use of this
water as peaking loads probably extend at least another hour into the after-
noon as shorter daylight periods develop and also as most of BPS power sales
are west of Kali spell and, therefore, in a later time zone where peak times
also move an hour later.
It is imperative that November discharge patterns be as close as possible
to those shown in Figures 1 through 6. An extra hour or two a day could be
added to days in December through April or summer months without impacting the
fisheries resource. We are most concerned that non-generation days occur no
more than two days per week during the winter incubation period.
It is also imperative that April discharges maintain river flows at
Columbia Falls of at least 5,000 cfs to allow hatched free swimming fry to
escape the gravel redds into a flowing water environment. Emergence of fry
will occur daily for a month or six weeks in April and May. Whereas eggs can
survive only if wet, the hatched fry have to be able to express water past the
gill arches to respire. Days of non-generation, even on weekends, are likely
to exert some unknown percent mortality on the total fry population. It could
be as high as 2/7th each week of attempted emergence.
Table Y also illustrates the percent of average existing monthly flows
(line 2, Table XI) which would be used for generation to provide the uniform
monthly discharges under various peaking power schedules (Table X2).
It can be seen that November, March and April have been months of consider-
ably lower than the existing mean average monthly discharge. We would
recommend the April flows be as shown on the same Figures 1 through 4, at least
for the first half of the month or until North and Middle Fork com.bined with
Hungry Horse minimum discharges exceed 6,000 cfs during of "^-generation hours.
186,143 acre-feet = 58.9%
316,124 acre-feet
186,143 + 125.2% = etc.
148,690
Larry Vinsonhaler
Page Three
March 10, 1980
We have also recommended a 500 cfs minimum flow. Whereas this might not
be economically feasible from a power viewpoint, it did add some FSU benefits
plus an unknown amount of benefits in insect/macroi nvertebrate habitat. It
could be found to be economically feasible if a 500 cfs power unit were added
in the power house and rewind with power house alternatives. Although it
would be producing base load power in off hours, the power probably could be
used by Montana Power at Kerr Dam, for instance and perhaps be exchanged for
peaking power.
There would be some change in FSU and probably in the economic value
if the peaking power schedule were mixed with partial use of the water for
base load. We find it nearly impossible to conceptualize in meaningful
numbers if the mix does change between months or within months during the
kokanee spawning and incubation season. It is possible to hypothesize that
FSU's could drop to as low as those for poor years in Table 4 (February 27
and revised this memo) if flows change significantly from our Figures 1
through 4 during November of April. Whereas two consecutive days off may
cause an unknown mortality, more than two consecutive days off generation
from December 1 through April could cuase the 100 percent loss in egg
mortality we are seeing in most redds this year (1979-1980).
The FSU benefits which 500 cfs minimum flow added to hose which 150 cfs
would provide are small, even if both are subject to regularly scheduled
discharge and reregulation. Here the actual minimum flow of 500 or 150 cfs
would impact the aquatic habitat on weekends (48 hours) but would probably
impact the macroinvertebrate and primary productivity the most. Macro-
invertebrates are most likely to be limited to the habitat which is continuously
flooded for prolonged periods, much longer than 5 days at a time. Therefore,
it would seem the weekend 150 cfs minimum would control macroi nvertebrates .
The FSU benefits to the fishing would occur primarily in holding the daily
minimum rereg discharge to 2000 cfs daily during the off generation hours
5 nights a week instead of the 1,310 cfs minimum rereg discharge. Considering
a main river flow of 1,500 cfs plus 2,000 cfs or plus 1,310 cfs, the 150
minimum would cause a reduction of only 20 percent of the total minimum flow
5 days per week. -
The 2,000 cfs can be maintained overnight, starting with the rereg full
and with a continuing 500 cfs Hungry Horse discharge. A Hungry Horse discharge
of 150 cfs would provide 1,310 cfs overnight.
Salmon redds covered by 2,000 cfs rereg discharge plus 1,500 cfs (main
river) would be more numerous than redds which could be covered by a discharge
of 1,310 cfs plus 1,500 cfs (main river).
Regarding John Lloyd's question about Table 4(3/27/80) and the reason the
FSU in "poor years" exceeds that of "good years" this was an error (thanks
John).
Larry Vinsonhaler
Page Four
March 10, 1980
Obviously I have mixed two ideas in concept but neglected to mix the
FSU's. Enclosed is a suggested new set of figures for Table 4 based on
these concepts .
1. 634,000 FSU is for "good year" which under (existing) has only
occurred five out of ten years.
2. 634,000 FSU includes the 1/3 or 211,388 FSU from other areas
principally the Middle Fork tributaries, McDonald Creek and Nyack
area .
3. The 211,388 FSU (poor years) is the result of production from areas
other than the spawning habitat below the confluence of the South
Fork and the main Flathead. As a consequence, the production of
FSU's in poor years is projected on the basis of relatively small
losses due to stranding of fry under rubble cover in daytime
(negative phototrophi c ) during migration to Flathead Lake. This
rubble bed is dewatered to an ever increasing percent with increasing
maximum flows under various power alternatives.
4. The principal reduction of FSU in "aood years" would occur to the
423,411 FSU (634,800 - 211,388 = 423,411) resulting from unregulated
Hungry Horse discharge flows continuing 3-4 hours into the prime
spawning hours or 3 - 5 hours after dark on the main river spawning
habitat. Assuming that Hungry Horse went off line at 4 p.m., the
reduction from 11417, 12060, 13367 or 13783 cfs would not reach
spawning areas until 7 or 9 a.m.. Sunset occurs from 4:30 to 5:00
p.m. here in November.
5. The FSU numbers for Good Years should be the sum of FSU of fry
incubated from other sources (poor year) and added to the percent
of surviving fry from the area influenced by South Fork discharges.
In conclusion, it seems we must always end up treating with average values,
average days, average monthly flows, average maximums or minimums. All living
forms including man are restricted by the minimum life necessities not averages.
It is the minimums imposed for hours or days that cause mortality and limit
populations of aquatic forms. It is not the average of a daily or monthly
minimum. The revised Table 4 is attached.
Sincerely,
Thomas R. Hay
Regional Supervisor
By:
Robert E. Schumacher
Regional Fisheries Manager
TRH:RES:ns
cc:John Lloyd
T.)t.l. (Revised 3/10/80 ) Estimated FSU with peakinci power
^""A^A^A t^gregu I a ti on
A1 ternati ve
Existing.
Non-peakin,g
Peak! nq
Rewi nd
Powerhouse
Rewind and Powerhouse
Good Year
Poor Year
FSU
% Chanoe
rsif ' %
Change
634,800
211 ,388
169,364
6or.
190,250
- lO'},
190,250
359,614
43"/
of
total
105,852
75%
179,680
- 15%
179,680
285,533
55%
of
total
84,682
80%
16Q,110
- 20%
169,110
253,792
60%
of
total
42,341
90%
147,972
- 30%
147,972
190,312
70%
of
total
* Revised and modified from memo to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6/79
and to replace Table 4 of memo to Bureau of Reclamation of 2/27/80
Good Years -- five out of ten years (1968-1978)
Percent loss from 423,412 FSU
490 N. Meridian
Kali spell, MT 59901
May 3, 1979
Burton Rounds, Area Manager
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Billings Area Office
Federal Bldg., Room 3035 ' > ^
316 N. 26th St.
Billings, MT 59101 W '
Attn : John Lloyd
Subject: Economic estimate of Hungry Horse project with added power and
reregulation. -
The Flathead River and Lake fishery are of high economic value and a very
high aesthetic value to northwestern Montana and adjacent states. As
most game fish species in the system are migratory salmonids neither the
lake fishery or the stream fishery could be sustained separately. The
North Fork and Middle Fork and tributaries provide the spawning and small
juvenile rearing areas for westslope cutthroat trout, Dolly Varden, and
mountain whitefish while the main Flathead River below the junction of the
South Fork provide the principal spawning area for kokanee salmon and some
whitefish and limited rainbow trout populations. The main Flathead River
is strongly influenced by fluctuating water discharges from the Hungry
Horse Reservoir six miles up the South Fork and by modified stream tempera-
tures from the 40° hypolimnial reservoir discharges.
This statement is preliminary estimate of the economic assessment of the
expected impacts of the project with various power alternatives. As more
hard data from the newly started study are acquired and analyzed, it seems
likely that changes in the economic estimates will be required.
In 1975 the Department of Fish and Game conducted a creel census of the
free-flowing river tributaries (Hanzel 1977). The Department also conducted
a statewide mail out questionnaire for a pressure estimate for the years
1967-77, 1975-1976, and 1967. Pressure data for 1975 were coupled with the
bag creel census of that year to allow for full expansion to total estimate
harvest.
Westslope cutthroat and Dolly Varden adults migrate through the main Flathead
River starting in March with cutthroat adults and ending in July with Dolly
Varden. Subadult smolts (7" to 12") emigrate from nursery tributary streams
Page Two
to Flathead Lake at a slow rate from June through October. Stream fishing
seasons start in mid-May and end November 30. Flathead Lake fishing is
continuous for the entire year. The break-point for pressure census from
the mail forms is May 1 through September 30 as the summer season and
October 1 through April 30 as the winter season.
Table 1. Pressure estimates from mail form survey -- Flathead River
1975 -
1976
1976 -
1977
ALL ANGLERS
RESIDENT ONLY
RESIDENT
ONLY
Summer 21,493
18,861 (87.8%)*
(20,580)*
18,070
Winter 24,700
16,217(84.4%)*
(1^,513)*
12,249
* Data from non-resident license holders unuseable for pressure census
1976-77. Angler estimate calculated from resident anglers 1976-77
and percent resident anglers were of the 1975-76 totals.
Dolly Varden in the river
A total river estimate from the 1975 creel census (Hanzel 1977) gave 7,28^
caught of which 5,300 were caught in the main Flathead River (72.8 percent).
Approximately 42 percent were kept and were over the 18-inch total length
size limit. Dolly Varden 24 inches and longer are considered trophy fish
and are rated higher in Fisherman Satisfaction Units (FSU) see Table 2 for
al 1 species . , , ,
Table 2. Assigned Fisherman Satisfaction Units (FSU) for species and size in
the Flathead River. Values assigned only to fish kept for creel.
Dolly Varden less than 24" (3.0)
Wet Trout
less than 9" (2.0)
Rainbow trout less than 12" (1.0)
more than 24" (10.0)
less than 14" (3.0) & more than 1^-" (5.0)
less than 18" (2.0)* more than 18" (3.5)
Mtn. Whitefish all sizes
(1.0)
Kokanee
prespawmnq
adults ^ (2.0)
spawning adults (1 . 5)
^Fisherman Satisfaction Units
Page Three
Dolly Varden in the lake
Data on recent harvest of Dolly Varden in the lake are meager. Robbins'
(1966) data for year 1962-63 and the summer of 1963 reported a harvest
of 12,000 fish in the full year and 3,850 for the summer of 1963. This
relates to limited observations that the major Dolly Varden lake fishery is
from October through March.
Westslope cutthroat in the river
The westslope cutthroat catch totaled 15,557 caught in the main Flathead
River or 37,886 for the upper tributaries plus the main river, according
to Hanzel (1977). Data indicates 56 percent of these'were actually kept
and harvested or 8.711 fish for the main river with 21,216 estimated for
the total upstream drainage.
Westslope cutthroat in Flathead Lake
Otis Robbins' 1966 creel data gave a lake harvest of 8,400 cutthroat for a
full license year of angling from May 1, 1962 to April 30, 1963.
Kokanee salmon in the river ' '
Kokanee spawning in the main Flathead River and McDonald Creek, a tributary
to the Middle Fork at West Glacier, are believed to be responsible for more
than 90 percent of the total Flathead kokanee population. Some limited
spawning occurs at eight known sites on lakeshores and a few hundred are
known to spawn in the Whitefish and Stillwater Rivers. Hanzel 's report (1977)
showed 187,124 adult salmon caught by angling and snagging in 1975 in the main
river. Ninety percent were caught from the late run through November by
snagging and 10 percent caught in the early run mainly in August and September
of the summer data season.
Kokanee salmon in the lake
Kokanee are highly sought after by lake anglers from June through September.
The catch is mainly adults at Age III+ which would spawn that fall. 'Some
years when there is an especially strong year-class of Age II, and when the
Age III+ is weak, substantial numbers of immature Age II fish appear in the
catch. The most recent creel census data are for 1962-63 license year and
indicated 317,000 were creeled that year from the lake.
Mountain whitefish in the river
Hanzel (1977) indicated a harvest of 7,717 in the main Flathead River. This
small number is not indicative of the river population, only that the
Paqe Four
whitefish is not sought after by many fishermen. We would hypothesize that
whitefish comprise better than 60 percent of the biomass at any aiven time.
Mountain whitefish in the lake ^ • \
Robbins (1966) showed a harvest of 5,460 for the 1962-63 license year. Both
mountain whitefish and lake whitefish probably comprise a major portion of
the lake biomass.
Economic assessment
A major problem in treating with economic evaluation is the attempt of
pure economists to assign finite, tangible values to a resource that has
tangible and intangible values of infinite worth. All such assignations
are arbitrary to the extent they do not assign values to match individual
fisherman's true benefits received. An angler fishing for Dolly Varden and
hoping to catch one weighing 10-15 pounds would rank his catch much higher than
he would in catching a two-pound cutthroat. A fly fisherman, however, would
probably value a two-pound cutthroat taken on a light line much higher than
a laraer Dolly Varden caught on a boat rod with heavy line and large lure.
We have attempted to assign values, based on our judgement, starting with
one whitefish having a Fishery Satisfaction Unit of 1.0 (1 FSU=1.0). Table
2 has assigned FSU's for the Flathead River and Lake based on our arbitrary
judgement of how each species by size rates with local analers. The FSU for
each species has been derived by multiplying the assigned FSU by the number
of fish harvested in specific sizes, totaled for each species and for the
lower Flathead River and Lake in Table 3. According to our assigned values,
there were 393,175 FSU derived from the river fishery in 1975 which was
deemed to be an average year.
Lake fishery data are more difficult to extrapolate except lake-caught salmon
have a higher FSU rating than stream-caught adults because they are caught
in their prime condition rather than having experienced some spawning deterior-
ation.
The fall of 1975 was believed to be an average year for salmon fishing; 1977
was ranked as better than average; 1976 was ranked as poorer and 1978 was
ranked as equally poor. The fall of 1974 appeared to be average or about
like 1975. The ranking of both 1976 and 1978 as poor needs explanation.
Both years exhibited an almost complete failure of harvest of those salmon
that spawn in October-November in the main Flathead River. The early run
(September and early October) that moved through the main river to spawn
in McDonald Creek was about average in 1976 and better than average in 1978.
This may indicate the factor responsible for poor snagging likely occurred
due to egg or fry losses in the river and not after the fry reached the lake.
This assumption is based on the concept that "in lake" mortality would not
have been a discriminatory mortality for main river fish only. Over the 13
years I have been Regional Fishery Manager at Kali spell, McDonald Creek has
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Page Six
always had a good run. This run is probably limited only by spawning space
and bald eagle predation and to some variable extent by snaggers as the
salmon pass through the lower river.
Flow fluctuations
Fluctuations in the main Flathead River have been plotted for several years
from U.S.G.S. gauging station at Columbia Falls (Station No. 12-36300) which
measures the combined flows from the North, Middle and South Fork. The
South Fork discharges from Hungry Horse Dam (Station No. 12-362500) vary from
a minimum flow of 150 cfs to approximately 11,450 cfs. Frequency of operation
with one to four generators has been generally unpredictable being governed by
discharge for power, discharge to provide reservoir flood storage and discharge
rates to maintain a full pool reservoir from June 15 through August. Full
generation discharge during the October-November spawning run adds to the winter
flow of about 1,200 cfs from the upper main river causing vertical elevation
changes of 5.11 feet at the Columbia Falls gauging station.
Stream width was scaled from photos flown at 3,110 cfs, 5,216 cfs, and 8,770
cfs (actual gauge readings). Site #1 was above the Columbia Falls Highway 40
bridge and site #2 was about two miles below the bridge in known kokanee spav/ning
areas. Distances were not scaled in feet, but measured in image widths in
millimeters. At Site #1 the wetted width increased 32 percent and 36 percent
for the wetted width at 5,216 and 8,770 cfs respectively. At Site #2, 17
percent and 40 percent were added at 5,216 and 8,770 cfs respectively. Average
unregulated flows in late fall and winter are between 1,200 and 2,250 cfs
and regulated flows from the reservoir are generally added in 2,500 cfs incre-
ments for each of four generators. We have insufficient data to project
reliable impact estimates of various flow levels on the major game fish
populations that migrate through or are dependent on the main river for part
of their life cycle. We will make estimates supported by meager data (Table 4).
Dolly Varden smolts (7" to 9") move out of the tributaries at Age 11+ years
and move at an unknown speed to the lake. They leave the tributaries sporatically
and in low numbers most of the time from July through September. There is
likely no significant impact on smolt-sized fish except that the macroinverte-
brates and plankton are probably limited in that area by an unknown amount
and must reduce the food availability for small fish considerably. Small -, ,
fish are dominate forage items for Dolly Varden of this size (Armstrong 1970).-
Dolly Varden were severely impacted by construction of Hungry Horse Dam and
our past estimates were a loss of 60 percent of the spawning and rearing
habitat for Dolly Varden which had inhabited Flathead Lake.
- Armstrong, R,H. Age, food and migration of Dolly Varden smolts in
far southeastern Alaska. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27:991-1004.
Page Seven
Table 4. Percent of wetted perimeter added v/ith regulated discharge
estimated from photo measurement -- Flathead River, 1979
WIDTH OF WETTED SURFACE - Site 1 (low flow photo 21)
Regulated flows 3,110 cfs 5,216 cfs ' 8,770 cfs
Image width (mm) 28 mm 37 mm 38 mm
% increase in wetted width 32 % 36 %
WIDTH OF WETTED SURFACE - Site 2 (low flow photo 57)
Regulated flows 3,110 cfs 5,216 cfs 8,770 cfs
Image width (mm) 42 mm 49 mm 59 mm
% increase in wetted width 17 % 40 %
Westslope cutthroat adults start their spawning migration from the lake in
late March and April since Hungry Horse Dam was built and early movers spend
a month or more near Kali spell. We hypothesize that 40°F reservoir discharge
waters cause cutthroat trout to ascend into the river and then their move-
ments alternately encouraged and interrupted by fluctuations in temperature
and flows. We have no evidence that such cutthroat migration delays cause
decreased egg furtility. We do know warmer temperatures increase the rate
for egg development and eggs over-ripen when trout are held too long where
they can not spawn. We hope to explore this aspect; however, it does require
a sacrifice of numerous trout. Reservoir discharges impact macroinvertebrates
and must reduce available food for migrating fish.
Emigrating Age 11+ cutthroat smolts leave tributary streams in late July
through September and spend weeks before arriving at the lake. They are
likely not impacted by either flows or modified temperatures from reservoir
flows, but again they feed heavily on macroinvertebrates. Impacted popu-
lations of food insects must limit availability to smolts.
Mountain whitefish migrate through or into the main river to feed and spawn.
Little is known of their life history in the main river except they are
both resident and migratory fish in this section. They are dependent on the
same macroinvertebrate populations as the trout and probably offer heavy
competition to the trout for feed. We estimate that 60 percent, or more,
of the biomass in the river is whitefish at any one time. The combination
of reduced macroinvertebrates and heavy competition with whitefish is
likely an added impact on cutthroat adults and smolts.
The major spawning habitat for kokanee salmon is in the main river below the
South Fork confluence. We have referred to the harvest of kokanee from the
main river on Page three (kokanee in the river) and (kokanee in the lake)
and in Table 3. We would guess that in a good year there could be 500,000
Pace Eight
spawnino adults enter the Flathead River. Perhaps ten percent occur as the
early sun and mi orate into McDonald Creek at West Glacier. An estimated ten
percent spawn in the Whitefish and Stillwater Rivers leaving 400,000 to spawn
in the main river. Flow fluctuations impact this main river run during
spawning and incubation and eggs are exposed to below zero air temperatures
and dessi cation. There is also the possibility of fry being stranded in the
qravels as low flow discharges during April and early May likely prevent access
to the water because the gravel redds are above the river flow elevations.
A kokanee study on Meadow Creek, a tributary to Kootenai Lakes, B.C., mortality
of egg to fry stage was about 80 percent under stable flow conditions. Under
the past reservoir discharge patterns from Hungry Horse Dam we believe mortality
from eogs to fry may average 90 percent and range from 70 nercent to 98 percent
in the main river. In years similar to the fall of 1978 and 1976, we believe
eao mortality exceeded 95 percent in the main river.
Our data on yearly production, harvest, and successful fry emergence is
admittedly meager and preliminary. Attempts to detect correlation between
reservoir discharge patterns and large populations of adults four years later
using impact criteria as we now view them, defies logic and is dependent on
speculative analyses.
here are a few observations which do establish patterns. One is that poor
year's of fishing occur when the average individual size exceeds 13.0 inches
total length or that low density populations in the lake cause growth to Age III
to exceed 13 inches. A second observation is that in poor years there appears
to be a rather constant but low recruitment. The reproduction from McDonald
Creek is relatively constant and correlates with the observations that flow,
temperature and habitat are really uniform year-to-year.
In regards to economic analysis with various power and regulation alternatives,
it appears we can make a reasonable assessment of the difference between existing
condition and estimated benefits with reregulati on . The only real difference on
the aquatic environment between rewinding generators, an additional powerhouse
with reregulation, and the combination of rewind and additional powerhouse is the
greater number of days, of more than three or five consecutive days without
pattern of not generating on weekends.
Water discharge conditions for water year 1972 (October 1971 - September 1972)
and angler's success in the lake fishery was 9.12 salmon per trip. Reservoir
discharge was on full generation except for five days after October 12 and
full generation 26 days in November. Full generation occurred 26 days in
December. January was full generation except for two days. February was off
16 days and on 12 days. March was off one day with the last half of March and
29 days in April at full generation, as were the first eight days of May. In
summary, flows were high during most spawning, there were no periods exceeding
three days when discharge was dropped to minimum and discharges were high
during fry emergence of March, April and May.
Page Nine
These conditions provided a good average spawning run in late 1975. This
year-class v/as worth a salmon harvest yielding 63^,800 FSU. These flows
should have fostered a good total food supply of macroinvertebrates and
periphyton but probably impacted an unknown wuantity of these insect species
which key on cold (33° to 34'^F) for certain instar moltinns.
Recent years that produced notably poor late runs were spawnina years 1972-72
and 1974-75. Water discharges were average or somewhat less and discharges
durino spawning appeared to be relatively good. River temperatures were
considerably colder than average during December and January when there was no
Generation discharge for the last half of December and off continuously about
ten days at intervals in January. The most serious impact may have been the
long periods of no discharge for 16 consecutive days in March, 15 consecutive
days in April and 10 consecutive days in early May. These low flows in March
and April may have stranded emergingfry and alevins in redds above the river
level. Many redds had already been impaired by dessication and exposure durino
the 17 days below zero in December and January. The 197^-75 year-class was an
average water year but generators were almost comoletely off durino late April
and early May for fry emergence. It was extremely cold in January and February
on redds spawned high due to full generation during mid-October and November.
BENEFITS WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT ; , '
Status Quo
The present dam and generator capacity of 328 megawatts has modified the
ecolooy of the stream from the historical role the stream played before Hungry
Horse Dam was built. Kokanee salmon spawned primarily on Flathead Lake shores
and in McDonald Creek before 1954 dur to the critical stream temperatures of
37OF causing mortality on kokanee eggs in their first month of embryomic develop-
ment. Following 1954 increasingly larger segments of the total poDulation
successfully spawned in the main Flathead as the hypolimnial reservoir discharge
of AOOF water provided time for embryos to develop past the critical temperature
sensitive stage to where they could withstand water temperatures of 32^f to 37^F
of flows from the unregulated stream tributaries. In this recard, the existing
plan and operation enhanced the total kokanee population as much as twice that
of lakeshore spawners.
The construction of Hungry Horse Dam likely had an adverse effect on Flathead
Lakeshore spawners by providing guaranteed storage to Montana Power to fill
Flathead Lake to full pool (2,893 feet MSL) allowing additional lake drawdown
and also delayed time of full drawdown. This had been further complicated and
impacted by a Corps of Engineers, Montana Power and Flathead Lakers Agreement
to delay reaching full pool until June 15 to allow subsoil drainage of agri-
culture land at the head of the lake. We believe the current operation of
Hungry Horse Dam varies impact on the total kokanee population of the lake
from 100 percent in a good year to 33 percent of the population by damage to
the main river spawning success. This assumption is based on angler success
in the lake and the observation that McDonald Creek spawning success is relatively
constant.
I
Page Ten
E xj sti'nq generation vuth reregulation
There should be the greatest biological benefit to the main river with this
alternative for the following reasons.
1. Reregulation will not require more water to be discharged each day of
full generation.
2. . There will be fewer days between October 1 and May 1 in which the main
river will be reduced to North and Middle Fork flows.
.3< There will be less probability of three or more consecutive days of
, "no generation discharge."
4. Vast areas of kokanee spawning habitat no longer dewatered each night
will be added.
Most benefits will accrue five out of seven days throughout the spawning and
incubation. One condition should be avoided; full generation discharge and
maximum rereg discharge should not be for more than eight (day) hours any day
and occur mostly from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Full discharge at night during October
and November would still cause eggs to be deposited at hiah bank elevations that
would be out of the water a large part of the time of the incubation and emer-
gence year. This alternative should provide better than average year for salmon
reproduction which should yield more than eS'ljSOO FSU for salmon (Table 5).
Existing with rewind and reregulation dam
Average discharge during days of generation will be slightly higher. Eggs
will be deposited at slightly higher elevations and there will be a few more
periods of three or more days in succession when there will be no discharge.
This condition might reduce the total FSU to 600,000 or about a five percent
reproduction.
Existing with power at outlet works and reregulation
The average and maximum discharge will be only slightly higher than Existing
with Rewind. The number of consecutive days without discharge would be increased
slightly also. We believe the FSU prediction would still be about 600,000. Our
main concern with this alternative is that once the added generators and power-
house are on line, the existing generators will require rewinding as a maintenance
necessity, due to insulation aging, deterioration, and resulting reduced
efficiency. At this point , anticipated power needs would likely result in rewinding
existing generators to 383 and impacts to the fishery at that would be the same
as under the following alternative.
Rewind to 383 megawatts plus power at outlet of 55 megawatts and
reregulation
Page Eleven
This alternative would require an additional 153,000 acre-feet of water
for 20 days of discharge every four weeks. For three months it would take
approximately 0.5 million acre-feet of 18 percent of the average annual
discharge. It appears existing storage and generating capacity necessitate
about two of the nine months with no generation between September and May.
This means 22 percent of that time added to 18 percent could bring the "off
generation" time to over three months of that fall-winter-spring period. We
would expect the total FSU value for salmon to be reduced by 50 percent or
317,000 FSU.
Table 5. Fisherman Satisfaction Units (FSU) expected for salmon under
variables
Variables
FSU
expected
FSU gained or
lost on good year
Existing
634,800*
Existing + Rereg
793,500
+ 158,700
Rewind + Rereg
753,825
+ 119,025
Existing + powerhouse + Rereg
643,920
+ 9,120
Rewind + powerhouse + Rereg
317,400
317,^00
* 634,800 is FSU on good years which have occurred about five out of
nine years (1969-1978). Four out of nine years expected FSU esti-
mated at 211,388 or about 1/3 of an existing good year.
Local fishermen indicate that a trip would be worth repeating if FSU = 2.0.
Several of our state waters have gone from a ten-fish limit to two-fish and
some for catch and release only without substantially reducing the fishing
effort.
CONCLUSIONS
There is not sufficient data to speculate on the impact of various power
alternatives on Dolly Varden, cutthroat, or mountain whitefish. Macro-
invertebrate studies and mountain whitefish spawning habitat and success
would have to be quantified first. We will assume impacts under various
alternatives are similar for these species.
1. The very preliminary analysis would lead us to estimate that
installation of the rereg without added power would increase the
average FSU for salmon by 25 percent or 158,700 units for a total
of 793,500.
Page Twelve
2. Benefits from reregulation plus rewinding existino generators
would not alter benefits noted in #1 by adding 119,025 or
753,825 total FSU.
3. Benefits from added power at the outlet and reregulation would
probably decrease the added FSU by one-quarter of 158,700 minus
39,675 FSU equalling 753,825 FSU.
4. Benefits from rewind plus pov/er and outlet and reregulation are
estimated to be provided an FSU comparable to 50 percent of the
1975 census evaluation or about 317,400 FSU. This is due to the
18 percent added days of no generation during incubation.
Si ncerely ,
Thomas R.Hay
Regional Supervisor
By:
Robert E. Schumacher
Regional Fisheries Manager
TRH:RFS:ns
References: Hanzel , Delano A. 1977. Angler pressure and game fish harvest
estimates for 1975 in the Flathead River system above Flathead Lake.
Fisheries Investigational Report. Mont. Dept. Fish and Game. 23pp.
Robbins, Otis, Jr. 1966. Flathead Lake (Montana) Fisheries Investi-
gation 1961-64. Technical Paper #4. Bureau Sport Fish and Wildl. 26pp
APPENDIX B
Observed and potential kokanee spawning areas in the main stem
Flathead River from its confluence with the Stillwater River to
its confluence with the South Fork Flathead River.
- B 1 -
Kokanee spawning areas main stem Flathead River
- 1 -
1 • Brenneman's Slouth (RK37.0)
A spring slough area that enters the main river upstream of the mouth of the
Stillwater River from the east side and extends approximately 3km north. The
spawning area is in the upper end of the slough in the northeast corner of Sec. 15
R21W T28N above the first culvert. A large area of good spawning gravel is located
near the upper end of this section of the slough. Many springs are in the area.
All of the gravel is covered with silt. The water level in this area is affected
by the level of Flathead Lake. On November 8, 1979, there were an estimated 200
redds in this area. On December 28, 1979, there were to 500 redds oresent.
with many late spawners still working the area.
There is also a large area of fine loose gravel below the first culvert, but
most of this is dewatered when the lake level drops. One redd was seen in this
area .
2 . East and West Side Channels below Steel Bridge (RK41.8)
Side channels split off both sides of the river approximately 1km downstream
from the Old Steel Bridge. The west channel connects to the Stillwater River at
high flow. There are several areas of good spawning gravel in this channel .During
low flow periods, this channel receives no surface water from the Flathead River,
but there is some flow from the Stillwater River. Pockets of water remain over
70 to 80 percent of the good spawning gravel. One redd was seen in the area on
November 27, 1979.
The east channel also contains a number of pockets of spawning gravel, but
only 10 percent of it remains wet during low flow. On November 27, 1979, two
redds were found in the back of the channel and two more were found where it
returns to the main river.
3- Kiwanis Lane Log Jam (RK42.0) ■. ,
Just downstream from Kiwanis Lane along the west bank is a large log jam.
Just upstream from this at the base of a steep cut bank is a small amount of
spawning gravel consisting of some good gravel mi;<ed with larger cobble. On
November 27, 1979, there were seven redds here. During low flow approximately
one-half the usable gravel was dry and most of these redds were dry or only
partial ly wetted.
4. Kiwanis Lane (RK42.0) '
Along the west bank below the Kiwanis Lane picnic area, two redds were found
on November 27, 1979. These were both located above the low water level. Sub-
strate was considered poor.
5 . Gravel Bar Between Steel Bridge and Highway 2 (RK42.6)
A large expanse of spawning gravel is located along the southeast end of this
- 2 -
bar. During low flow, approximately 80 percent of this gravel is dry.
Approximately 20 percent of the spawning gravels are in some small channels with
flowina water and would probably be good incubation habitat. During high flow,
the velocity may be too fast over most of this area to be good spawning habitat.
No redds were found in this area in 1979.
6. U.S. Highway 2 Bridge (RK43.4)
Just downstream from the U.S. Highway 2 Bridge along the west shore is a
side channel. There is some spawning gravel near the upstream end of this channel.
Water flows through here only during higher flows. During low flow, some of the
spawning gravel is wetted by ground water. Approximately 60 redds were present
when checked on November 26, 1979 during low flow. Sixty to 70 percent of the
redds were completely wet; 20 to 30 percent were located near the water's edge and
10 percent were dry. More redds were dewatered after extensive periods of low flow.
7- Spruce Park (RK44.3)
A small channel on the west side of the river near Spruce Park above the U.S.
Highway 2 Bridge. Near the upstream end of this channel, where it converges with
the main channel, there is a large gravel flat along the west bank. There are also
some pockets of spawning gravel in the sandbars along both sides. Most of this
gravel is dry during low flows, although some of the pockets trap and hold water.
No redds were seen in this area during 1979.
8. East Channel below Lybeck Dike (RK46.7) ,
At the big bend just downstream from Reserve Drive along the west side of
Section 35 T21W T29N, a channel branches off the east side. Approximately 1km up
this channel are two small sloughs that extend back through the islands to the east.
Each of these sloughs have some patches of spawning gravel in them. There is also
some spawning gravel where these two sloughs enter the east channel. All or most
of this gravel is dry during low flow. No redds were seen here during 1979.
9. Lybeck Dike - South End (RK47.3)
Directly across from the lower end of Lybeck Dike at Reserve Drive, the river
splits into a number of small channels around a series of islands. There is a
large area of small, loose -gravel in this area. Water depths range from 30 to 60cm
with mild velocities during low discharge. Good spawning habitat is available
at low flows. During periods of high flow velocities v/ould probably be too fast
for a good spawning site. No redds were found here in 1979.
1 0 • Reserve Drive Backwater (RK48.3) .
At the upstream end of Lybeck Dike is a backwater extending back from the west
side of the river. There is some good gravel at the upstream end of this backwater
with ground water seeps and large springs. Approximately 75 pfercent of this gravel
- 3 -
Kokanee spawning areas main stem Flathead River
- 4 -
is dry during low discharge. Three redds were seen on November 13, 1979 and 20 to
25 on November 16, 1979. Approximately 50 percent of these redds were dry at low
flow. Much of the substrate is silt-covered. - .,- . .
1 1 . Spring Area Above Reserve Drive (Fairview Area) (RK49.^)
Approximately 1km upstream from Reserve Drive, the river splits. The larger
channel is to the west and a smaller channel to the east. Just upstream from
this split, the east channel branches to the north. This branches into several
channels and backwaters. The largest backwater extends 200 to 300 meters back
into the island. Most of the upper half of this long slough contains good spawning
gravel. Some ground water enters at the upstream end. Approximately 110 redds
were seen in this area on November 29, 1979. Of these redds, 10 to 15 percent
were dry during low flow.
There is also good spawning gravel in some of the other channels and back-
waters in this area. Eight to 10 redds were found in one backwater near the outflow
of the above metnioned spring slouqh. These were all dewatered during low flow
and none of it contained redds. Most of this gravel area would probably have
current velocities too fast for spawning during high discharge.
12. East Fairview Area (near old shack) (RK49.9) , , ,
One km up the above mentioned east channel is a large spawning area. This
area is in the northwest corner of Section 30 R20W T29N. Just downstream of '
where this channel makes a bend to the north there is a large, deep hole with
a log jam along the east bank. Just upstream from this log jam above a cut bank
on the east side is an old shack. On November 27, 1979, there was an estimated
200 to 500 redds in this deep hole. They extended from the shallow gravel bar
along the west bank to the bottom of the hole at depths of up to 6m. During low
flow, 5 to 10 percent of the redds along the west bank were dewatered. There
were an additional 9 to 10 redds along the west shore directly below the old
shack on November 27, 1979.
1 3 . East Fairview Area (riffle above the shack) (RK50.4)
Approximately 0.3km above the previously mentioned hole, at the head end of
an island is a large riffle across the channel. There is good gravel throughout
this riffle but the water velocity is probably too fast for spawning. Directly
upstream from this riffle there is a large expanse of gravel. It is slightly
larger than most spawning gravel but is loose and could be worked. Part of
this area should remain watered even during low flows. No redds were found in
this area during 1979.
14. Mouth Gooderich Bayou (RK50.5)
Gooderich Bayou enters the westernmost channel above Reserve Drive in the
southeast corner of Section 23, R20W R29N. Above the mouth of the bayou, one
- 5 -
channel bends to the west while a small channel continues to the north and
loops back to the west river channel. Approximately 100 meters up the north
channel it narrows to a flowing, gravel -bottomed stream. This channel is
anproximately 200 meters in length, with several pockets of good gravel. Three
redds were present below the steep cut west bank on November 7, 1979. On
November 28, 1979, 10 redds were found scattered along the gravel area. All of
these redds remained wetted during low flow.
15. Pumphouse hole at Head of Easternmost Channel Above Reserve (RK52.2)
Where the east and middle channels of the splits above Reserve Drive diverge
south of center in Section 18 R20W T29N, another small channel enters from the
east. Near the mouth of this small channel along the east riverbarik there is
a large pool with a pumphouse on the south side. The pool contains good spawning
gravel and had 50 to 60 redds in it on November 27, 1979. Some of these redds
would be dewatered at low flow.
16. Small East Channel Between Reserve and Pressentine (RK52.2)
The small east channel mentioned above leaves the main channel approximately
2.4km below Pressentine access on a bend with a high bank on the east side. There
is a house visible on top of this high bank. The channel runs for approximately
Ikin to the above mentioned pumphouse. There are stretches of spawning gravel
along the center the full length of this channel. Most of the spawning gravel
should remain wetted at low flow. No redds were found here in 1979.
17. Lower Pressentine Area (below the island) (RK54.4)
At the first major channel split below Pressentine access in the northwest
corner of Section 18, R20W T29N, there is a small island along the east side.
A large spawning area is located in the backwater east of this island. This area
has good spawning gravel interspersed with some fines. Water velocities dire
barely detectable at high flow. During low flow, most of this area is dry. Forty
to 50 redds were present in this area on November 6, 1979 and approximately 100
on November 28, 1979. Most of the redds were dewatered at low flow.
18. Upper Pressentine Channel (RK55.3)
At the head end of the island mentioned above, another channel converges
from the east. This channel forms a second larger island approximately 0.8km
below Pressentine access. At the head end of this island is a small highwater
channel on the east bank. A channel blocked by a large beaver pond enters the
channel that runs behind the island. There is some good gravel in the area where
these channels converge. This gravel extends out to the middle of the east
channel. Redds were first seen in this area on November 7, 1979, and an esti-
mated 50 to 100 were present on November 28, 1979. These redds extended from
water's edge down to 2 to 3m in depth. During low flow, nearly all of the good
spawning gravel in this area is dewatered.
- 6 -
1 9 . Highwater Channel Across From Pressentine (RK55.5)
A small highwater channel is located on the east side of the main river
channel approximately 200m upstream from the large island mentioned above. It
converges with the east channel that runs behind this island. The entire channel
has good spawning gravel and during high flows, water velocities are excellent for
spawning. Fifty redds were present in this area on November 7, 1979 and approxi-
mately 200 on November 28, 1979. When river discharge dropped to low flow, this
area was completely dewatered.
20. Small West Side Channels Between Pressentine and Buck's (RK57.9)
Between Pressentine access and Buck's Garden in the north center of Section 6
R20W T29N, there is a series of small side channels on the west side of the river.
Several patches of good gravel are located in these channels. Most of the spawning
gravel is deposited in shallow flats and would be dry during low flow. No redds
were found in this area during 1979.
21 . Convergence of Channels Along South Side of Buck's Island (RK59.5)
Approximately one-third of the distance up the east channel behind the island
below Buck's Gardens, two channels converge at a large gravel flat. This flat is
composed of good spawning gravel. There are also pockets of gravel along both
channels upstream from this flat. On November 8, 1979, there were 150 to 200
redds on this flat and extending part way up the western channel. There were
200 to 250 redds in this area on November 29, 1979, with more of them scattered
along the west channel up to where the east channel diverges. There were also
approximately 30 redds along the cut west bank of the east channel just above the
convergence. During low flows this area is dewatered.
22 . Buck's Gardens Just Upstream From Divergence of Channels and From
Pumphouse (RK59.8)
One-half the distance up the east channel behind Buck's Island, a large
Dumphouse is situated on the east bank immediately downstream of the channel
divergence. Just upstream of the split channels along the east bank is an area
of spawning gravel. There were ^0 to 50 redds here when checked on both November
8 and November 29, 1979. The current velocity is low here during high flow be-
cause of a small rock dam that increases head for the pump. This area is dewatered
during low flow although there is some ground water coming in along the west bank.
This ground water may be enough to maintain a few redds during a moderate winter.
23. Hoerner Spawning Area -- Head End of Buck's (RK60. 3)
At the head of the channel along the east side of Buck's Island is a large
Birea of spawning gravel along the east river bank. There were 35 to 45 redds
on this flat on November 8, 1979, and approximately 150 on November 29, 1979.
- 8 -
This area has moderately fast current velcoties during hiah flow but is com-
pletely dewatered at low flow.
24. Nouth of Slough at Southeast Side of Eleanor Island (RK60.2)
Just west of and slightly downstream from Hoerner spawning area is a slough
that extends back into Eleanor Island from the east side. A small gravel flat
is at the mouth of this slough. This area has moderate current velocities at
high flow, but is dry during low flow. No redds were seen in this area in 1979.
25 . West Side of Eleanor Island (RK60.8) ,
Approximately one-half the distance up the west channel around Eleanor
Island along the east bank is an area of spawning gravel. This area has good
velocities at high flow, but is dewatered at low flow. No redds were seen
here in 1979.
26. Kokanee Bend Large Bend Below Access (RK60.8)
Between Buck's Island and Kokanee Bend access, the east channel makes a big
bend with a steep cut east bank. From the large rock field at the lower end of
the bend up part way around the bend, is good gravel along the east bank. Seventy-
five to 100 redds were present here on October 23, 1979 and 200 to 300 on November
23, 1979. This area is in the main river channel but the redds are along the bank
where velocities are moderate at high flow. The area is dewatered at low flow,
but there is ground water coming in along the bank that can maintain some eggs.
27. Kokanee Bend Backwater at End of Road (RK61.0)
Approximately one-third of the way down the east channel is a second
smaller island along the east side. The Kokanee Bend access road that extends the
farthest downstream ends on a sandbar at the south end of this small island.
T'lis sandbar extends downstream to form a point with a small backwater behind it
along the east bank. There were 20 redds in this backwater on October 23, 1979
aid 25 on November 23, 1979. Water backs in here from the river during periods
of high flow, i.e., there is no current over the redds. This area is dewatered
at low flow.
28. Kokanee Bend -- Lower End of Survey Site and East Side Channel (RK61.5)
Just upstream from where the river splits around the small island mentioned
above, but downstream from the northernmost Kokanee Bend access, there is a small
gravel area along the east shoreline. There is good gravel in the riffle at
the head of this small channel and the full length of the channel. On November
23, 1979, there were 25 redds upstream of the divergence of this side channel and
a few more along the east bank of the side channel just below the riffle at the
head end. The redds were in the main river channel, but were in a back eddy area
where velocities were moderate. All of the upper gravel area is dewatered at low
^ 9 .
flow as well as most of the side channel. There is a little flow through the
center of this side channel at low flow which could maintain some redds.
29. Kokanee Bend Backwater Along East Bank at Head of Eleanor Island
"(RK61 .8)
Along the east bank just downstream of where the river splits around
Eleanor Island and upstream of the northernmost Kokanee Bend access road, a
backwater extends north from the east bank. Approximately 100 meters upstream
of the mouth of this backwater, the bottom cobble decreases in size and there
are several pockets of good spawning gravel. There is some flow through this
channel at high river flow, but the area is dewatered at low flow. No redds
were seen in this area in 1979.
30 . Large Gravel Bar Above Highway 40 Bridge (RK66.5) .
Approximately 0.8km above the Montana Highway 40 Bridge at Columbia Falls
is a large gravel bar along the east side of the river. During high flow,
water runs behind it creating an island. There is some good gravel along the
outside of the point at the downstream end of this bar just above the steep cut
east bank. This gravel is at the edge of the high water line. There were
approximately 10 redds along this bar on November 9, 1979 and 25 on November 30,
1979. This area is in the main channel where the current is fast, but most of
the redds were along the edge where the current broke on the gravel bar. This
area is dewatered at low flow. There is also a large area of good gravel at the
lower end of the channel that runs behind this gravel bar and another large area
of gravel at the head of this channel. Both of these areas have good water
velocities for spawning at high flow, but would be dewatered at low flows. Some
water is trapped in the upper area. No redds were found in these areas in 1979.
31 . Area Between Columbia Falls Gravel Bar and Slough (RK67.3)
Just upstream from the gravel bar mentioned above the along the east
shoreline is a large area of marginal spawning gravel. The current is moderate
over most of this area during high and medium flows, but the area is dewatered
at low flow. No redds were present in 1979.
32. Mouth Columbia Falls Slough (RK67.6)
A spring slough converges with the main river on the east side approximately
200m upstream from the above mentioned gravel bar. The mouth of this slough is
in the northeast corner of Section 9, R20 T30N. There is some good gravel at
the mouth of this slough along the south shoreline. There were approximately 50
redds in this area on December 1, 1979 near several downed trees. During high
flows the main river cuts across the point but most of the current is broken by
the fallen trees. There is also some flow coming from the slough itself. Most
of this area is dewatered at low flow, although the flow from the slough does
wet some of the gravel .
11 -
MONTANA HIGHWAY 40
L BRIDGE
.COUNTY ROAD
BRIDGE
1 Km
Kokanee spawning areas main stem Flathead River
- 12 -
3 3 . Upper Columbia Falls Slough (RK68.5)
The slough mentioned above extends approximately 1km to the east. Approxi-
mately one-half way up this slough, just below where a road crosses it, the
bottom changes from silt to gravel and cobble. From the road to the end of the
slough there is a large quantity of good spawning gravel. The gravel is inter-
spersed with fines, but there are many springs in the area. There were 50
red is in this area on November 9, 1979 and approximately 330 redds on November
30, 1979. This slough is fed mostly by springs and is affected little by
fluctuating river levels. Few of these redds are dewatered at low flow.
34. Head of Columbia Falls Shocking Section (RK67.7)
Just upstream from the mouth of the above mentioned slough, the river
splits around a large gravel bar. At the downstream end of the south channel,
just before the convergence is a deep hole by a boulder along the south bank.
On December 1, 1979, there were approximately 100 redds in this hole. Water
velocities are slow, but most redds are watered even during low flow periods.
35. Upper End of East Channel Above Columbia Falls Shocking Section
(RK68.5) ~~ '
At the head end of the south channel mentioned above there is an area of
good gravel along the south bank. It is across from a large slide area on the
north river bank. There were approximately 100 redds in this area on December 1,
1979. Most of the current flows along the north bank so the velocity over these
redds is slow. During low flow nearly all of the water flows along the north
bank leaving most of this area dwatered.
36. Large Flat at Upstream End of Anaconda Bar(RK70.6)
At the upstream end of the gravel bar below the Anaconda Aluminum Company
is a large gravel flat along the north bank. This area is in a large back eddy
with little current over it and is dewatered at low flow. No redds were present
in 1979.
37. Deposit Behind Large Boulder near Outflow of Cedar Creek Overflow
(RK70. 9)
A large boulder lies near the north bank approximately 200m upstream of
the Anaconda Bar and just blow the Cedar Creek overflow outlet. A small pocket
of good gravel has collected behind this rock. This area has moderate velocities
at high flow, but is mostly dewatered at low flow. No redds were present in 1979.
38. Side Channel From Monegan Hole Toward Flathead River Ranch Boat
Ramp (RK73.7y
A small side channel extends upstream to the northeast from Monegan 's Hole
- 13 -
(mouth of the South Fork) towards, the flathead River Ranch boat ramp along the
south river bank. Some good gravel is present along the center pf this channel
Most of this is backup water from the river so there is little current. This
area is dewatered at low flow. No redds were present in 1979.
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LITERATURE CITED
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91
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